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A CRITICAL
PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY,
AND EXPOSITOR OF
THE ENGJLISH JLANGUAGE : •
IK WHICH, NOT ONLY THE MEANING OF EVERY WORD IS CLEARLY EXPLAINED,
AND THE SOUND OF EVERY SYLLABLE DISTINCTLY SHOWN,
BUT, WHERE WORDS ARE SUBJECT TO DIFFERENT PRONUNCIATIONS,
THB AUTHORITIES OF OUR BEST PRONOUNCINU DICTIONARIES ARE FULLY EXUIBITEDi
THE REASONS FOR EACH ARE AT LARGE DISPLAYED, AND THE
PREFERABLE PRONUNCIATION IS POINTED OUT.
To which are prefixed,
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION:
IN WHICH THE SOUNDS OP LETTERS, SYLLABLES, AND WORDS, ARE CRITICALLY
INVESTIGATED, AND SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED;
THE INFLUENCE OF THE GREEK AND LATIN ACCENT AND QUANTITY, ON THE ACCENT AND QUANTITY
OF THE ENGLISH, IS THOROUGHLY EXAMINED, AND CLEARLY DEFINED i
AND THE ANALOGIES OF THE LANGUAGE ARE SO FULLY SHOWN AS TO LAY THE FOUNDATION
OF A CONSISTENT AND RATIONAL PRONUNCIATION.
LIKEWISE,
Mules io be observed by the Natives of Scotland, Ireland, and London^
for avoiding their respective peculiarities ; and
DIRECTIONS TO FOREIGNERS, FOR ACQUIRING A KNOWLEDGE OF THE USE OF THIS DICTIONARY.
The whole interspersed with
OBSERVATIONS, ETYMOLOGICAL, CRITICAL, AND GRAMMATICAL.
BY JOHN WALKER,
AUTHOR OF ELEMENTS OF ELOCUTION, RHYMING DICTIONARY, &c. &C
Qoarc, >i fieti potest, et verbc omnia, et vox, hujus alumnum urbis oleant : ut oratio Romana plant videstur, nan civitate donata.— Quint,
THE THIRTIETH EDITION.
LONDON :
STEREOTVPED BY A. WILSON ;
FOR T. CADELL ; 0. J. G. AND F. RIVINGTON ; LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN J J, RICHARD-
SON ; J. booker; BALDWIN AND CRADOCK; SHERWOOD AND CO.; HURST, CHANCE, AND CO.;
HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO.; WHITTAKER, TREACHER, AND CO.; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL; PARBURY,
ALLEN, AND CO.; E. HODGSON J W. MASON ; J. COCHRAN J FOOLE AND EDWARDS 5 J, TEMPLEMAN J.
AND HOULSTON AND SON,
1830,
LOAN STACK
LONDON ;
Printed by William Clowes.
Stamford-streett
PREFACE
TO THE
STEREOTYPE EDITION.
it 3^
X HAT a polite pronunciation is an essential part of a genteel and liberal
education, is incontestable j and whoever smooths the way to an acquirement
60 desirable and important, does a real service to society. This subject has
employed the pens of many learned and ingenious men, who laboured with
various degrees of skill and success: The rules they laid down, and the
analogies they pointed out, had reduced English pronunciation to something
like system. The late Mr. Walker, author of this Dictionary, exerted
himself more earnestly and perseveringly than perhaps any of his predecessors :
he compared the different orthoepists with indefatigable attention, weighed
their reasons with critical justice, and modestly pronounced his decisions
with a confidence which a lifetime's familiarity with the subject entitled
him to assume.
Mr. Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary, and the Principles prefixed to it,
are master-pieces of their kind, and seem to have fixed English pronunciation,
which had long been fluctuating and unsettled. This opinion plainly appears
to be that of the Public, the work having gone through four large editions in
the course of a few years. The Author not only improved each new edition
with respect to orthoepy, but added a considerable number of words not found
in any of our Dictionaries, as well as some of his own forming, that were
evidently , both proper and useful. This work, after so many degrees of
improvement, was thought worthy of being STEREOTYPED, in order to give
stability and permanence to the pronunciation of a language now spoken in
most parts of the known world.
Having been many years intimately acquainted with the author, and greatly
profited by the many personal communications we had together, as well as by
a careful study of his works, by which, it is presumed, I had acquired a com-
petent knowledge of his principles in regard to accentuation, quantity and
notation, Mr. Walker did me the honour, a considerable time before his
decease, of recommending me as a fit person to edit this Stereotype edition. To
the utmost of my power I have justified the confidence that my worthy friend
reposed in me, having sedulously examined and revised every page of this
arduous and important work, with no less zeal for the honour of the author
than anxiety for my own responsibility.
To effect that correctness so necessary and desirable, my coadjutors,
Mr. Wilson and his assistants, have paid unremitting attention, and co-
operated with me entirely to my wish. It is therefore presumed that the Public
will find this edition possessed of an uncommon degree of typographical
exactness. This most important advantage will be perpetuated, by means of
the Stereotype; for it is an admirable feature of this modern improvement ia
the art of printing, that the labours of learned and ingenious men wiU be
thereby protected from the accumulation of errors inseparable from moveable
types. This superiority of the Stereotype method of printing is of the
greatest consequence with respect to all works which, like this volume, are of
a nature difficult to be executed with even humble claims to accuracy : But the
advantages of the Stereotype^ in other respects, are so conspicuously important^
tier respc
528
that I am induced to give a short extract from Mr. Wilson's account of these,
written two years ago, that the Public may be enabled to judge how far his
description is verified upon a close inspection of the present beautiful specimen
of his method of printing
*' The advantages arising from an applica-
tion of the Stereotype invention to the manu-
facture of books, are not confined to any par-
ticular department of the printing business.
In every department of expenditure they are
as self-evident as profitable, and need only
to be mentioned to be well understood.
" The expenditure upon composition and
reading is nearly the same by both methods,
for a first edition : but this great expense must
DC repeated for evert/ succeeding edition from
moveable types ; Vfhereas, by the Stereotype
plan, it ceases for ever.
" The expenditure upon paper and press-
work is the same by both methods; but it is
not incurred at the same time. The old method
requires an advance of capital for a consump-
tion of four years ; whereas, by Stereotype, half
a year's stock is more than sufficient. It follows,
therefore, that ISij- per cent, of the capital
hitherto employed in paper and press-work, is
fully adequate to meet an equal extent of sale.
" A fire-proof room will hold Stereotype
plates of works, of which the dead stock
In printed paper would require a warehouse
twenty times the size ; and thus warehouse-
rent and insurance are saved : with the ad-
ditional advantage, in case of accident by fire,
that the Ste^reotype plates may be instantly
put to press, instead of going through the
tedious operations of moveable type printing ;
and thus no loss will be sustained from the
works being out of print.
In Stereotype, every page of the most
extensive work has a separate plate; all the
pages, therefore, of the said work, must be
equally new and beautiful. By the old method,
the types of each sheet are distributed, and
with them the succeeding sheets are com-
posed; so that, although the first few sheets
of a volume may be well printed, the last part
of the same volume, in consequence of the
types being in a gradual state of wear as the
work proceeds, will appear to be executed in
a very inferior manner.
" The Stereotype art possesses a security
against error, which must stamp every work
so printed with a superiority ot character
that no book from moveable types ever can
attain. What an important consideration it
is, that the inaccuracies of language, the in-
correctness of orthography, the blundeis in
punctuation, and the accidental mistakes that
are continually occurring in the printing of
works by moveable types, and to which every
new edition superadds its own particular share
oferrot, — what a gratifying security it is, that
all descriptions of error are not only com-
pletely cured by the Stereotype invention, but
that the certainty of the Stereotype plates re-
maining correct, may be almost as fully relied
on as if the possibility of error did not at all
exist ! — If these observations be just with re-
ference to the printing of English books, how
forcibly must they be felt when applied to the
other languages generally taught in this coun-
try!— how much more forcibly when applied
to those languages which are the native dialects
of the most ignorant classes throughout the
United Kingdom, but which are as little un-
derstood as they are generally spoken !
" Stereotype plates admit of alteration;
and it will be found that those cast by me will
yield at least twice the number of impressions
that moveable types are capable of producing.
All the preceding advantages may be per-
petuated, by the facility with which Stereotype
plates may be cast from Stereotype plates.
" From the whole it results, that a saving
of 25 to 40 per cent, will accrue to the Public
in the prices of all books of standard reputa-
tion and sale. It is fair to conclude, there-
fore, that the sales of such books will be con-
siderably increased, and that the duties on
paper will be proportionally productive ; so
that the Public will be benefited in a twofold
way by a general adoption and encouragement
of the Stereotype art."
Wilson on Stereotype, May 1807.
From the present size and price of this work, it may be supposed that it must
be abridged J but I can most truly and conscientiously affirm, that this octavo
edition contains, not only every word that is to be found in Mr. Walker's last
improved quarto edition of the Dictionary, together with all his critical notes, but
also the whole of that laborious and inestimable work prefixed, comprising hi-
Principles of English Pronunciation,
Jlai't Street, Bloomshury,
May 1, 1809.
JOHN MURDOCH.
PREFACE.
J EW subjects have of late years more employed the pens of every class of
critics, than the improvement of the English Language. The greatest abilities
in the nation have been exerted in cultivating and reforming it ; nor have
a thousand minor critics been wanting to add their mite of amendment to their
native tongue. Johnson, whose large mind and just taste made him capable of
enriching and adorning the Language with original composition, has con-
descended to the drudgery of disentangling, explaining, and arranging it, and
left a lasting monument of his ability, labour, and patience j and Dr. Lowth,
the politest scholar of the age, has veiled his superioi'ity in his short Introduc-
tion to English Grammar. The ponderous folio has gravely vindicated the
-ights of analogy ; and the light ephemei-al sheet of news has corrected errors in
Grammar, as well as in Politics, by slyly marking them in italics.
Nor has the improvement stopped here. While Johnson and Lowth have
Deen insensibly operating on the orthography and constixiction of our Lan-
guage, its pronunciation has not been neglected. The importance of a con-
sistent and regular pronunciation was too obvious to be overlooked; and the
want of this consistency and regularity has induced several ingenious men to
endeavour at reformation ; who, by exhibiting the regularities of pronuncia-
tion, and pointing out its analogies, have reclaimed some words that were not
iri'ecoverably fixed in a wrong sound, and prevented others fi'om being perverted
by ignorance or caprice.
Among those writers who deserve the first praise on this subject, is Mr. El-
pliinston ; who, in his Principles of the English Language, has reduced the
chaos to a system ; and, by a deep investigation of the analogies of our tongue,
Aas laid the foundation of a just and regular pronunciation.
After him. Dr. Kenrick contributed a portion of improvement by his Rheto-
rical Dictionary ; in which the words are divided into syllables as they are pro-
nounced, and figures placed over the vowels, to indicate their different sounds.
But this gentleman has rendered his Dictionary extremely imperfect, by entirely
omitting a great number of words of doubtftil and difficult pronunciation—
those very words for which a Dictionary of this kind would be most consulted.
To him succeeded Mr. Sheridan, who not only divided the words mto sylla-
bles, and placed figures over the vowels as Dr. Kenrick had done, but, by spel-
ling these syllables as they are pronounced, seemed to complete the idea of a
Pronouncing Dictionary, and to leave but little expectation of future improve-
ment. It must, indeed, be confessed, that Mr. Sheridan's Dictionary is greatly
superior to every other that preceded it; and his method of convepng the
sound of words, by spelling them as they ai'e pronounced, is highly rational and
useful — But here sincerity obliges me to stop. The numerous instances I have
given of impropriety, inconsistency, and want of acquaintance with the fi,nalogies
k PREFACE
of the Lan^age, sufficiently show how imperfect* I think his Dictionaiy is
upon the whole, and what ample room was left for attempting another that
might better answer the purpose of a Guide to Pronunciation,
The last \viiter on this subject is Mr. Nares, who, in his Elements of Or-
thoei)y, has shown a clearness of method and an extent of observation which de-
serve the highest encomiums. His Preface alone proves him an elegant writer,
as weU as a philosophical observer of Language ; and his Alphabetical Index,
referring near five thousand words to the rules for pronouncing them, is a new
and useftjl method of treating the subject ; but he seems, on many occasions,
to have mistaken the best usage, and to have paid too little attention to the first
pi'inciples of pronunciation.
Thus I have ventured to give my opinion of my rivals and competitors, and I
hope without envy or self-conceit. Perhaps it would have been policy in me to
have been silent on this head, for fear of putting the Public in mind that otliers
have ^vritten on the subject as weU as myself : but this is a narrow policy, which,
under the colour of tenderness to others, is calculated to raise ourselves at their
expense. A writer who is conscious he desei-ves the attention of the Public,
(and unless he is thus conscioxis he ought not to write) must not only wish to
be compared with those who have gone before him, but will promote the com-
parison, by informing his readers what others have done, and on what he founds
his pretensions to a preference ; and if this be done with fairness and Avithout
acrimony, it can be no more inconsistent with modesty, than it is with honesty
and plain dealing.
The work I have offered on the subject has, I hope, added something to the
public stock : it not only exhibits the principles of pronunciation on a more ex-
tensive plan than others have done, divides the words into syllables, and marks
the sounds of the vowels like Dr. Kenrick, spells the words as they are pro-
nounced like Mr. Sheridan, and directs the inspector to the inile by the word
like Mr. Nares j but, where words are subject to different pronunciations, it
shovi^s the reasons from analogy for each, produces authorities for one side and
the other, and points out the pronunciation which is preferable. In short, I
have endeavoured to unite the science of Mr. Elphinston, the method of Mr.
Nares, and the general utility of Mr. Sheridan ; and, to add to these advantages
have given critical observations on such words as are subject to a diversity o*
pronunciation, and have invited the inspector to decide according to analogy
and the best usage.
But to all works of this kind there lies a formidable objection ; which is, that
the pronunciation of a Language is necessarily indefinite and fugitive, and that
au endeavours to delineate or settle it are vain. Dr. Johnson, in his Grammar,
prefixed to his Dictionaiy, says : " Most of the writers of English Grammar have
given long tables of words pronounced otherwise than they are written j and
seem not sufficiently to have considered, that, of English, as of all living tongues,
there is a double pronunciation j one, cursory and colloquial j the other, re-
giUar and solemn. The cursory pronunciation is always vague and uncertain,
being made different, in different mouths, by negligence, imskilfulness, or afiec-
tation. The solemn pronunciation, though by no means immutable and per-
manent, is yet always less remote from the orthography, and loss liable to capri-
* See Principles, No. 124, 126, 129, 386, 454, 462, 479, 480, 530 ; and the words Assume,'
Collect, Covetous, Donative, Ephemera, Satiety, &c, and the inseparable preposition
Dis.
PREFACE. %
cious innovation. They have, however, generally fonned their tables according
to the cursory speech of those with whom they happened to converse, and, con-
cluding that the whole nation combines to vitiate language in one manner, have
often established the jargon of the lowest of the people as the model of speech.
For pronunciation the best general rule is, to consider those as the most elegant
speakers who deviate least from tlie written words,"
Without any derogation from the character of Dr. Johnson, it may be as-
serted, that in these observations we do not perceive that jvistness and accuracy
of thinking for which he is so remaikable. It would be doing great injustice
to him, to suppose that he meant to exclude all possibility of conveying the
actual pronunciation of many words that depart manifestly from their ortho-
graphy, or of those that are written alike, and pronounced diflferently : and in-
versely. He has marked these differences with great propriety himself, in many
places of his Dictionary ; and it is to be regretted that he did not extend these
remarks farther. It is impossible, therefore, he could suppose, that, because the
ahnost imperceptible glances of colloquial pronunciation were not to be caught
and described by the pen, that the very perceptible difference between the initial
accented syllables of money and monitor , or the final unaccented syllables oi finite
and infinite, could not be sufficiently marked upon paper. Cannot we show that
cellar, a vault, and seller, one who sells, have exactly the same sound ; or that
the monosyllable /wW, and the first syllable oi fulminate, are sounded differently,
because there are some words in which solemnity will authorize a different shade
of pronunciation from familiarity ? Besides, that colloquial pronunciation whicli
is perfect, is so much the language of solemn speaking, that, perhaps, there is
no more diflFerence than between the same picture painted to be viewed near and
at a distance. The symmetry in both is exactly the same ; and the distinction
lies only in the colouring. The English Language, in this respect, seems to
have a great superiority over the French, which pronounces many letters in the
poetic and solemn style, that are wholly silent in the prosaic and familiar. But
if a solemn and familiar pronunciation really exists in our language, is it not
the business of a gi*ammarian to mark both ? And if he cannot point out the
precise sound of unaccented syllables, (for these only are liable to obscurity) he
may, at least, give those sounds which approach the nearest, and by this means
become a little n^re useful than those who so liberally leave every thing to the
ear and taste of the speaker.
The truth is. Dr. Johnson seems to have had a confiised idea of the distinct-
ness and indistinctness with which, on solemn or familiar occasions, we some-
times pronounce the unaccented vowels ; and with respect to these, it nmst be
owned, that his remarks are not entirely without foundation. The English
Language, with respect to its pronunciation, is evidently divisible into accented
and unaccented sounds. The accented syllables, by being pronounced with
greater force than the unaccented, have their vowels as clearly and distinctly
sounded as any given note in music ; while the unaccented vowels, for want of
the stress, are apt to slide into an obscui'ity of sound, which, though sufficiently
distinguishable to the ear, can not be so definitely marked out to the eye by other
sounds as those vowels that are under the accent. Thus some of the vowels,
when neither under the accent, nor closed by a consonant, have a longer or a
shorter, an opener or a closer sound, according to the solemnity or familiarity,
the deliberation or rapidity of our delivery. This will be perceived in the sound
of the e in emotion*, of the o in obedience, and of the u in monument. In the
• See the words Collect, Co.mmanu, Despatch, Domestick, Efface, Occasion.
Vl PREFACE.
hasty pronunciation of common speaking, the e in emotion is often shortened,
as if spelt im-mo-tion ; the o in obedience shortened and obscured, as if written ub-
le-di-ence; and the u in monument changed into e, as if written mon-ne-ment
while the deliberate and elegant sound of these vowels is the long open sound
they have, when the accent is on them, in equal, over, and unit : but a, when un-
accented, seems to have no such diversity ; it has generally a short obscure
sound, whether ending a syllable, or closed by a consonant. Thus the a in able
has its definite and distinct sound ; but the same letter in tolerable* goes into
an obscure indefinite sound approaching the short u ; nor can any solemnity or
deliberation give it the long open sound it has in the firet word. Tbas, by dis-
tinguishing vowels into their accented and unaccented sounds, we are enabled
to see cleai'ly what Dr. Johnson saw but obscurely ; and by this distinction en-
tirely to answer the objection.
Equally indefinite and uncertain is his general rule, that those are to be con-
sidered as the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the written words.
It is certain, where custom is equal, this ought to take place ; and if the whole
body of respectable English speakers were equally divided in their pronunciation
of the word busy, one half pronouncing it bew-ze\, and the other half biz-ze, that
the former ought to be accounted the most elegant speakers ; but till this be the
case, the latter pronunciation, though a gross deviation from orthography, will
still be esteemed the more elegant. Dr. Johnson's general rule, therefore, can
only take place where custom has not plainly decided ; but, unfortunately for
the English Language, its orthography and pronunciation are so widely dif-
ferent, that Dr. Watts and Dr. Jones lay it down as a maxim in their Treatises
on Spelling, that all words which can be sounded different ways, must be written
according to that sound which is most distant from the true pronunciation j
and consequently, in such a Language, a Pronouncing Dictionary must be of
essential use.
But still it may be objected to such an undertaking, that the fluctuation of
pronunciation is so great as to render aU attempts to settle it useless. What will
it avail us, it may be said, to know the pronunciation of the present day, if, in
a few years, it will be altered ? And how are we to know even what the present
pronunciation is, when the same words are often differently pronounced by dif-
ferent speakers, and those, perhaps, of equal numbers and reputation ? To this
it may be answered, that the fluctuation of our Laii^niage, with respect to its
pronunciation, seems to have been greatly exaggerated]:. Except a very few
single words, which are generally noticed in the following Dictionaiy, and the
* Principles, No. 88, 545.
•|- Principles, No. 178.
X The old and new 'AtSV, with all the various dialects, must have occasioned infinite irre-
gularity in the pronunciation of the Greek tongue ; and if we may judge of the Latin pronun-
ciation by the ancient inscriptions, it was little less various and irregjular than the Greek.
Aulus Gellius tells us, that Nigidius, a grammarian who lived a little more than a century be-
fore him, acuted the first syllable oiValeri ; but, says he, " si quis nunc f^uteiium ajipellans,
in casu vocandi, secundum id prseceptum Nigidii acuerit primam, non aDerit quin rideatur."
Whoever now should place the accent on the first syllable of Falerhis, when a vocative case,
according to the precept of Nigidius, would set every body a laughing. Even that highly
polished language the French, if we may believe a writer in the Encyclopedic, is little less ir-
regular in this respect than our own.
" II est arrive," says he, " par les alterations qui se succ^dent rapidement dans la maiii&re
de prononcer, et les corrections qui s'introduisent lenteraent dans la mani^re d'ccrire, que
la pronouciation et I'ecriture ne marchent point ensemble, et que quoiqu'il y ait cliez les
PREFACE. vH
words where e comes before r, followed by another consonant, as merchant, service,
&c. the pronunciation of the Language is probably in the same state in which
t was a centuiy ago ; and had the same attention been then paid to it as now,
t is not likely even that change would have happened. The same may be ob-
served of those words which are differently pronounced by different speakers : if
the analogies of the language had been better understood, it is scarcely con-
ceivable that so many words in polite usage would have a diversity of pronunci-
ation, which is at once so ridiculous and embarrassing ; nay, perhaps it may be
with confidence asserted, that if the analogies of the Language were sufficiently
known, and so near at hand as to be applicable, on inspection, to every word,
that not only many words which are wavering between contrary usages would
be settled in their true sound, but that many words, which are fixed by custom
to an impro[)er pronunciation, would by degrees grow regular and analogical j
and those which are so already would be secured in their purity by a knowledge
of their regularity and analogy.
But the utility of a work of this kind is not confined to those parts of lan-
guage where the impropriety is gross and palpable : besides such imperfections
in pronunciation as disgust every ear not accustomed to them, there are a
thousand insensible deviations, in the more minute parts of language, as the
unaccented syllable may be called, which do not strike the ear so forcibly as to
mark any direct impropriety in particular words, but occasioh only such a ge-
neral imperfection as gives a bad impression upon the whole. Speakers, with
these imperfections, pass very well in common conversation ; but when they are
required to pronounce with emphasis, and for that purpose to be more distinct
and definite in their utterance, here their ear fails them : they have been accus-
tomed only to loose cursory speaking, and, for want of firmness of pronuncia-
tion, are like those painters who draw the muscular exertions of the human
body without any knowledge of anatomy. This is one reason, perhaps, why we
find the elocution of so few people agreeable when they read or speak to an
assembly, while so few offend us by their utterance in common conversation.
peuples les plus polices de I'Europe, des soci^t^s d'homtnes de lettres charff<$s des les mod^rer,
des les accorder, et de les rapprocher de la m^me ligne, elles se trouvent enfin si une distance
inconcevable ; en sorte que de deux choses, dont I'une n'a ^t6 imagin^e dans son origine que
pour r^pr^senter fidellement I'autre, celle-ci ne difF&re gut^re moins de celle-lk, que k portrait
de la m^me personne peinte dans deux ages tr&s-61oign^s. Enfin rineonv^nient s*est accru ^
un tel exc^s (ju'on n'ose plus y rem^dier. On prononce une langue, on ^crit une autre : et
Ton s'aecoutume tellement pendant le reste de la vie k cette bisarrerie qui a fait verser tant
de larmes dans I'enfance, que si Ton renonf.oit k sa mauvaise orthographe pour une plus voisine
de la prononciation, on ne reconnottroit plus la langue parleesous cette nouvelle combinaison
de caract^res. S'il y en a qui ne pourroient se succ^der sans une grande fatigue pour I'or-
gane, ou ils ne se rencontrent point, ou ils ne durent pas. lis sont ^chappds de la langue par
I'euphonie, cette loi puissante, qui agit continuellement et universellement, sans ^gard pour
I'l^tymologie et ses d^fenseurs, et qui tend sans intermission ?l amener des fitresqui ont les mfi-
mes organes, le mCme idi6me, les m^mes mouvemens presents, k-peu-pr^s A la m<5me pronon-
ciation. Ler, causes dont Taction n'est point interrompue, deviennent toujours les plus fortes
avec les terns, quelque foibles qu'elles soient en elles-m^mes, et il n'y a jffesque pas une seule
voyelle, une seule dipbthongue, une seule consonne, dont la valeur soit tellement constaiite
que I'euphonie n'en puisse disposer, soit en alterant le son, soit en le suppriraaut."
I shall not decide upon the justness of these complaints, but must observe, that a worse
picture could scarcely be drawn of the English, or the most barbarous language of Europe. In-
deed a degree of versatility seems involved in the very nature of language, and is one of thosu
evils left by Providence for man to correct : a love of order, and the utiKty of regularity, wl!
always incline hira to confine this versatility within as narrow bounds as possible.
Fill PREFACE.
A thousand faults lie concealed in a miniature, which a microscope brings to
view ; and it is only by pronouncing on a larger scale, as public speaking maj
be called, that we prove the propriety of our elocution. As, therefore, there
are certain deviations from analogy which are not at any rate tolerable, there
are others which only, as it were, tarnish the pronunciation, and make it less
brilliant and agreeable. There are few who have turned their thoughts on this
subject, without observing that they sometimes pronounce the same word or
syllable in a different manner j and as neither of these manners offend the ear,
they are at a loss to which they shall give the preference : but as one must ne-
cessarily be more agreeable to the analogy of the language than the other, a
display of these analogies, in a Dictionary of this kind, wiU immediately remove
this uncertainty : and in this view of the variety we shall discover a fitness in
one mode of speaking, which will give a firmness and security to our pronun-
ciation, from a confidence that it is founded on reason, and the general tendency
of the language. See Principles, No. 530, 547, 551, &c.
But, alas ! reasoning on language, however well founded, may be aU over-
turned by a single quotation from Horace :
USUS,
* Quem pcnhs arbitrium est, et jus et norma loquendi."
Tliis, it must be OAvned, is a succinct way of ending the controversy ; and,
by virtue of this argument, we may become critics in language, without the
trouble of studying it : not that I would be thought, in the most distant
manner, to deny that custom is the sovereign arbiter of language ; far from it.
I acknowledge its authoiity, and know there is no appeal from it. I wish only
to dispute, where this arbiter has not decided j for, if oince custom speak out
however absurdly, I sincerely acquiesce in its sentence.
But what is this custom to which we must so implicitly submit ? Is it the
usage of the multitude of speakers, whether good or bad ? Tliis has never been
asserted by the most sanguine abettors of its authority. Is it the usage of the
studious in schools and colleges, with those of the learned professions, or that
of those who, from their elevated birth or station, give laws to the refinements
and elegancies of a court ? To confine propriety to the latter, which is too often
the case, seems an injury to the former j who, from their veiy profession, appear
tc have a natural right to a share, at least, in the legislation of language, if not
to an absolute sovereignty. The polished attendants on a throne are as apt to
depart from simplicity in language as in dress and manners ; and novelty, in-
stead of custom, is too often the jus et norma loquendi of a court.
Perhaps an attentive observation will lead us to conclude, that the usage,
which ought to direct us, is neither of these we have been enumerating, taken
singly, but a sort of compound ratio of aU three. Neither a finical pi'onun-
ciation of the court, nor a pedantic Graecism of the schools, will be denominated
respectable usage, till a certain number of the general mass of speakers have
acknowledged them ; nor will a multitude of common speakers authoiize any
pronunciation which is reprobated by the learned and polite.
As those sounds, therefore, which are the most generally recei^^ed among the
learned and polite, as well as the bulk of speakers, are the most legitimate, ^^e
may conclude that a majority of two of these states ought always to concm-, h
order to constitute what is called good usage.
But though custom, when general, is commonly well understood, there are
several states and degrees of it which are exceedingly obscure and equivocal ;
and the only method of knowing the extent of custom in these cases, seems to
PREFACE ix
be an inspection of those Dictionaries which professedly treat of pronunciation.
We have now so many works of this kind, that the general current of custom,
with respect to the sound, of words, may be collected from them with almost as
much certainty as the general sense of words from Johnson. An exhibition of
the opinions of orthoepists about the sound of words always appeared to me a
very rational method of determining what is called custom. This method I
have adopted in the following work ; and if I have sometimes dissented from
the majority, it has been either from a persuasion of being better informed of
what was the actual custom of speaking, or from a partiality to the evident
analogies of the language.
And here I must entreat the candid reader to make every reasonable allowance
for the freedom with which I have criticised other writers on this subject, and
particularly Mr. Sheridan. As a man, a gentleman, and a scholar, I knew
Mr, Sheridan, and resjiected him ; and think every lover of elocution owes him
a tribute of thanks for his unwearied addresses to the Public, to rouse them to
the study of the delivery of their native tongue. But this tribute, however just,
does not exempt him from examination. His credit with the world necessarily
subjects him to animadversion, because the errors of such a writer are danger-
ous, in proportion to his reputation : this has made me zealous to remark his
inaccuracies, but not without giving my reasons ; nor have I ever taken advan-
tage of such faults as may be called inadvertencies*. On the same principles I
have ventured to ciiticise Dr. Johnson f , whose friendship and advice I was ho-
noured with, whose memory I love, and whose intellectual powers impress me
with something like religious veneration and awe. I do not pretend to be
exempt from faults myself; in a work like the present, it would be a miracle
to escape them ; nor have I the least idea of deciding as judge, in a case of so
much delicacy and importance as the pronunciation of a whole people ; I have
only assumed the part of an advocate, to plead tlie cause of consistency and ana-
logy, and, where custom is either silent or dubious, to tempt the lovers of their
language to incline to the side of propriety : so that my design is principally to
give a kind of history of pronunciation, and a regbter of its present state ; and,
where the authorities of Dictionaries or Speakers are found to differ, to give
such a display of the analogies of the language as may enable every inspector to
decide for himself.
With respect to the explanation of words, except in very few instances, I have
scrupulously followed Dr. Johnson. His Dictionary has been deemed lawful
plunder by every subsequent lexicographer ; and so servilely has it been copied,
that such words as he must have omitted merely by mistake, as Predilection,
Respectable, Descriptive, Sulky, Inimical, Interference, and many others, are neither
in Mr. Sheridan's, Dr. Kenrick's, nor sevei*al other Dictionaries.
* The inspector will be pleased to take notice, that my observations on Mr. Sheridan's
Dictionary relate to the first edition, published in his life-time, and the second, sometime
after his death : whatever alterations may have been made by his subsequent editors, I am
totally unacquainted with.
t See Sceptic, Scirrhus, Codlr, Further, &c.
ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FOURTH EDITION.
1 HE rapid sale of tbe Third Edition of this Dictionary called upon me for a Fourth, at a
time of life, and in a state of health, little compatible with the drudgery and attention ne-
cessary for the execution of it; but as I expected such a call. I was not unmindful of what-
ever might tend to render it still more worthy of the acceptance of the Publick, and therefore
collected many words, which, though not found in Dictionaries, were constantly to be met
with in polite and literary conversation. In the midst of the impression of the present work,
I met with Mason's Supplement to Johnson, and found several words worthy of insertion ;
and I take this opportunity of thanking that gentleman for the benefit I have derived from
his Supplement, which I think, if continued, admirably calculated for the improvement and
stability of the language.
jrtut as the great object of the present Dictionary was pronunciation, I was very solicitous
to be as accurate as possible on this point, and therefore neglected no opportunity of inform
ing myself where I was in the least doubtful, and of correcting tyself where there was the
least shadow of an error. These occasions, however, were not veiy numerous. To a man
born, as I was, within a few miles of the Capital, living in the Capita! almost my whole life,
and exercising myself there in publick speaking for many years ; to such a person, if to anj
one, the true pronunciation of the language must be very familiar : and to this familiarity .
am indebted for the security I have felt in deciding upon the sounds of several syllables, which
nothing but an infantine pronunciation could determine. If I may borrow an allusion from
musick, I might observe, that there is a certain tune in every language to which the ear of a
native is set, and which often decides on the preferable pronunciation, though entirely igno-
rant of the reasons for it.
But this vernacular instinct, as it may be called, has been seconded by a careful investiga
tion of the analogies of the language. Accent and Quantity, the great eflBcients of pronun-
ciation, are se.dom mistaken by people of education in the Capital ; but the great bulk of the
nation, and those who form the most important part in it, are without these advantages, and
therefore want such a guide to direct them as is here offered. Even polite and literary people,
who speak only from the ear, will find that this organ will, in a thousand instances, prove
but a very uncertain guide, without a knowledge of those principles by which the ear itself
is insensibly directed, and which, having their origin in the nature of language, operate with
steadiness and regularity in the midst of the ficklest affectation and caprice. It can scarcely
be supposed that the most experienced speaker has beard every word in the language, and
the whole circle of sciences, pronounced exactly as it ought to be ; and if this be the case, he
must sometimes have recourse to the principles of pronunciation, when his ear is either un-
informed or unfaithful. These principles are those general laws of articulation which deter-
mine the character, and fix the boundaries of every language ; as in every system of speakii/j
however iiregular, the organs must necessarily fall into some common mode of enunciation,
or the purpose of Providence in the gift of speech would be absolutely defeated. These laws,
like every other object of philosophical inquiry, are only to be traced by an attentive obser-
vation and enumeration of particulars ; and when these particulars are sufficiently numerous
to form a general rule, an axiom in pronunciation is acquired. By an accumulation of these
axioms, and an analogical comparison of them with each other, we discover the deviations
of language where custom has varied, aod the only clew to guide us where custom is eithei
indeterminate or obscure.
Thus, by a view of the words ending in ittf or ety, I find the accent invariably placed ou
the preceding syllable, as in diver' sity, congru'ity, &c. On a closer inspection, I find every
vowel in this antepenultimate syllable, when no consonant intervenes, pronounced long, as
dt?ity,yi'ety, &c. A nearer observation shows me, that if a consonant intervene, every vowei
in this syllable but « contracts itself, and is pronounced short, as sever'ity, curios'ity, impti^
tity, &c. ; and therefore that chastity and obscenity ought to be pronounced with the penulti*
mate vowel short, and not as in chaste and obscene, as we frequently hear them. I find totv
that even u contracts itself before two consonants, as cur'vity, tacitur'nity, &c. ; and that
scarcity and rarity (for whose irregularity good reasons maybe given) are the only exceptiom
12 ADVERTISEMENT.
to this rule throughout the language. And thus we have a series of near jeven hundred
words, the accentuation of which, as well as the quantity of the accented vowel, is reduced
to two or three simple rules.
The same uniformity of accentuation and quantity maybe observed in the first syllable of those
words which have the accent on the third, as dem-on-stra' tio7i, dim-i-nu' Hon, lu-cu-bra'tion*^
&c. where we evidently perceive a stress on the first syllable shortening every vowel but m, and
this in every word throughout the language, except where two consonants follow the m, as in
cur-vi-lin' e-ar ; or where two vowels follow the consonant that succeeds any other vowel in
the first syllable, as de-vi-a' Hon ; or, lastly, where the word is evidently of our own composi-
tion, as re-con-vey' : but as u in the first syllable of a word, having the accent on the third, has
the same tendency to length and openness as was observable when it preceded the terminatioa
ity, I find it necessary to separate it from the consonant in bu-ty-ra' ceous, which I have never
heard pronounced, as well as in lu-cu-hra' Hon, which I have ; and this from no pretended
agreement with the quantity of the Latin words these are derived from ; for, in the former
word, the m is doubtful : but, from the general system of quantity I see adopted in English
pronunciation: this only will direct an English ear with certainty; for, though we may some-
times place the accent on words we borrow from the Greek or Latin on the same syllable as in
those languages, as acu'men, elegi'ac, &c. nay, though we sometimes adopt the accent of the
original with every word of the same termination we derive from it, as assidu'ity, vi-du'ity, &e.
yet the quantity of the accented vowel is so often contrary to that of the Latin and Greek,
that not a shadow of a rule can be drawn, in this point, from those languages to ours f . Thus,
in the letter in question, in the Latin accnmulo, dubius, tumor, &c. the first m is every-where
short ; but in the English words accumulate, dubious, tumour, every where long. NiipHalis,
murmur, turbulentus, &c., where the u in the first syllable in Latin is long, we as constantly
pronounce it short in nuptial, nncrtnur, turbulent, &c. Nor indeed can we wonder that
a different oeconomy of quantity is observable in the ancient and modern languages, a8,in the
former, two consonants almost always lengthen the preceding vowel, and in the latter as con-
stantly shorten it. Thus, without arguing in a vicious circle, we find, that as a division of the
generality of words, as they are actually pronounced, gives us the general laws of syllabication,
so these laws, once understood, direct us in the division of such words as we have never heard
actually pronounced, and consequently to the true pronunciation of them. For these
operations, like cause and effect, reflect mutually a light on each other, and prove, that by
nicely observing the path which custom in language has once taken, we can more than guess
at the line she must keep in a similar case, where her footsteps are not quite so discernible.
So true is the observation of Scaliger : Jta omnibus in rebus certissima ratione sibi ipsa
1 espondet natura. De Causis Ling. Lat.
* Sf« Prindp\c4, No 594. 627 biO t See Pnncipln, N» 544, 545
RULES to he observed bij the NATIVES of IRELAND in order to obtain a just
Pronunciation of English.
As Mr. Sheridan was a native of Ireland, and
nad the best opportunities of understanding
Ihose ])eculiarities of pronunciation which ob-
tain there, I shall extract his observations on
that subject as the best general direction, and
add a fev/ of my own, by way of supplement,
Avhieh I hope will render this article of in-
struction still more complete.
The reader will be pleased to take notice,
that as I have made a different arrangement
of the vowels, and adopted a notation different
from that of Mr. Sheridan, I am obliged to
make uss of different figures to mark the
vowels, but still such as perfectly correspond
to his.
*' The chief mistakes made by the Irish in
nronouneing English, lie for the most part in
the sounds of the two first vowels, a and e ;
the former being generally sounded a by the
Irish, as in the word b?ir, in most words where
It is pronounced k, as in diy, by the English.
rh'Js, the Irish say, patron, matron, the vowel
A having the same sound as in the word father ;
while the English pronounce them as if writ-
I en paytron, maytron. The following rule,
.strictly attended to, will rectify this mistake
through the whole language.
" When the vowel a finishes a syllable, and
has the accent on it, it is invariably pronounced
4, as in day, by the English. To this rule there
are but three exceptions in the whole language,
to be found in the words father, papii, mama.
The Irish may think also the word rather an
exception, as well as father ; and so it would
appear to be in their manner of pronouncing
it, ra-ther, laying the accent on the vowel a;
but in the English pronunciation the consonant
y* is taken into the first syllable, as rath' er,
which makes the difference.
" Whenever a consonant follows the vowel
a in the same syllable, and the accent is on
the consonant, the vowel a has always its
fourth sound, as hilt, miln ; as also the same
sound lengthened when it precedes the letter
r, as f?ir, bar, though the accent be on the
vowel ; as likewise when it precedes Im, as
balm, psalm. The Irish, ignorant of this latter
exception, pronounce all words of that struc-
ture, as if they were written hawm, psawm,
quaivm, caivm, &c. In the third sound of a,
marked by different combinations of vowels or
consonants, such as au, in Paul ; aic, in law;
all, in call ; aid, in bald ; alk, in talk, &c.
the Irish make no mistake, except in that of
Im, as before mentioned.
" The second vowel, e, is for the most part
sounded ee by the English, when the accent is
'upon it; whilst the Irish in most words give
it the sound of slender A, as in hate. This
sound of h [ee] is marked by different com-
binations of vowels, such as ea, ei, e final
mute, ee, and ie. In the two last combina-
tions of ee and ie, the Irish never mistake ;
such as in meet, seem, field, believe, &c. ; but
in all the others, they almost universally
change the sound of e into L Thus, in the
combination ea, they pronounce the words
tea, sea, please, as if they were spelt tay, say,
plays; instea.d of tee, see, plecse. The English
constantly give this sound to ea whenever the
accent is on the vowel e, except in the follow-
ing words : great, a pear, a bear, to bear, to
forbear, to swear, to tear, to ivear. In ail
which the e has the sound of k in hate. For
want of knowing these exceptions, the gentle-
men of Ireland, after some time of residence
in London, are apt to fall into the genera,
rule, and pronounce these words as if spelt
greet, beer, siveer, &c.
" £i is also sounded ee by the English, and
as A by the Irish ; thus, the words deceit, re-
ceive, are pronounced by them as if written
ilesate, resave. Ei is always sounded ee, ex-
cept when a g follows it, as in the words
reign, feign, deign, &c. as also in the words
rein (of a bridle) , rei7i-deeT, vein, drein, veil,
heir, which are pronounced like rain, vain,
drain, vail, air.
" The final mute e makes the preceding e
in the same syllable, when accented, have the
sound of ee, as in the words supreme, sincere,
replete. This rule is almost universally broken
through by the Irish, who pronounce all such
words as if written suprAme, sinsAre, rcplate,
&c. There are but two exceptions to this
rule in the English pronunciation, which are
the words there, where.
" In the way of marldng this sound, by a
double e, as thus, [ee] as the Irish never make
any mistakes, the best method for all who
want to acquire the right pronunciation of
these several combinations is, to suppose that
ea, ei, and e, attended by a final mute e, are
all spelt with a double e.
" Ey is always sounded like k by the Eng-
lish, when the accent is upon it ; as in the
words prey, convey, pronounced pray, convay.
To this there are but two exceptions, in the
words key and ley, sounded kee, lee. The
Irish, in attempting to pronounce like the Eng-
lish, often give the same sound to ey, as
usually belongs to ei ; thus, for prey, convey,
they say, pree, convee.
" A strict observation of these few rules,
with a due attention to the very few ex-
ceptions enumerated above, will enable the
well-educated natives of Ireland to pionounce
their words exactly in the same way as the
more polished part of the inhabitants of Eng-
land do, so far as the vowels are concerned,
1)
14
RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY THE NATIVES OF IRELAND.
The diphthongs they commit no fault in, ex-
cept in the sound of I, which has been ah'eady
taken notice of in the Grammar* : where, like-
wise, the only difference in pronouncing any
of the consonants has been pointed out ; which
is, the thickening the sound of d and t, in
certain situations ; and an easy method pro-
posed of correcting this habit f.
" In order to complete the whole, I shall
now give a list of such detached words as do
not come under any of the above rules, and
are pronounced differently in Ireland from
what they are in England :
Irilh Pronunciation. English Pronunciation.
cb^'arful, cher'ful.
fi'arful, fer'ful.
door, d&re.
floor, flire.
gApe,
geth'er, (gather)
geth'er.
beard,
herd.
b5ll.
bull.
bush,
bush.
push.
push.
pSll,
pull.
pul'pit,
pul'pit.
c|lf.
clM.
ketch, (catch)
c^tch.
corse, (coarse)
cAarse.
corse, (course)
cAarse.
court.
cAurt.
male'cious,
malish'us.
pudding,
pudding.
qufch, (quash)
quJsh.
lezh'ur, (leisure)
le'zhure.
cla'mour.
clAm'mur.
Me'kil, (Michael)
Ml'kel.
droth, (drought)
droiit.
sarch, (search)
serch.
source, (source)
sorce.
cushion.
cushion.
strenth, (strength)
strengkth.
lenth, (length)
lengkth.
• " Vide page H, where the true manner of prononncing the
diphthong i !» pointed out; the Irish pronouncing it much in the
tame manner as the French.
t The letter d ba§ always the came sound hy tliose who pro-
nounce Englisn well ; but the provincials, particularly the Irish,
Scotch, and Welsh, iu many words thicken the sound by a mixture
of breath. Th\is, though they sound the d right in the positive
Icwi and broadf in the comparative degree they thicken it by an
aspiration, and sound it as if it were written tuudhtTt broadher.
Tliis vicious pronunciation is produced by pushing the tongue for-
ward so as to touch the teeth in forming that sounil : and the way
to ciire it is easy ; for as they can pronounce the d properly in the
»«ril (ourf, let them rest a I'tle upon that syllable, keeping the
tongue in the position of forming d, and then let them separate it
from the upper gum without pushing it forward, and the sound
dcr will be produced of course : for the organ being left it. the
position of sounding d at the end of the syllable /wrf, is necessarily
in the position of forming the same d in uttering the last syllable,
unless it makes a new inuvcment, as in the case of i>rotruding it so
at to touch the teeth. This letter is sometimes, though not ol\cn,
quiescent, as in the words handkerchief, hindsonie, handsel.
" In pronouncing the letter, t, the Irish and other provincials
thicken the sound, as was before mentioned with regard to the d ;
for belter, they say bellher ; for utte:; utther ; and so on in all
words of that structure. This faulty manner arises from the same
vause that was mentioned as affecting the sound of d ; I irean the
{irotrudiug of the tongue su as to touc). the tectli, and is curable
•nljr ill the same way."
Irish Pronunciation. Eii
struv, (strove)
dniv, (drove)
ten'ure,
teii'able,
wrath,
wrath, (wroth)
fi'rewell,
rftd,
strode,
shAne,
shism, (schism)
whA'refore,
thA'refore,
breth, (breadth)
cow Id, (cold)
bowld, (bold)
cA^fer,
endA'vour,
fut, C/oot)
mischA'evous,
in' ion, (onion)
put,
rctsh, (reach)
sciui'dron,
za'lous,
zk'lut.,
glish Pronunciation.
strAve.
drove,
to'nure.
t^'nable.
wrath,
wrftth.
far'wel.
rode.
sti-Ad.
shftii.
2
sizm.
wher'fore,
ther'fore.
brwlth.
cAld.
bAld.
cAf fer.
endev'iir.
fiit.
mis'chivoui.
un'yun.
put.
rAach.
sou Ad' run.
zel'lus.
zel'lut.
" These, after the closest attention, are all
the words, not included in the rules befoie laid
down, that I have been able to collect, i
which the well-educated natives of Ireland
differ from those of England."
I shall make no observations on the accuracy
of this list, but desire my reader to observe,
that the strongest characteristit-s of the pro-
nunciation of Ireland is the rough jarring pro-
nunciation of the letter R, and the aspiration
or rough breathing before all the accented
vowels. (For the true sound of R, see that
letter in the Principles, No, 419.) And for
the rough breathing or aspiration of the
vowels, the pupil should be told not to bring
the voice suddenly from the breast, but to
speak, as it were, from the mouth only.
It may be observed too, that the natives of
Ireland pronounce »m at the end of a word so
distinctly as to form two separate syllables.
Thus storm and farm seem sounded by them
as if written staw-rum, fa-rum; while the
English sound the r so soft and so close to the
m, that it seems pronounced nearly as it
written stawm,faam.
Nearly the same observations are applicable
to Im. When these letters end a word, they
are, in Ireland, pronounced at such a distance,
that helm and realm sound as if written hel-
um and rel-utn but in England the I and m
are pronounced as close as possible, and so as
to form but one syllable. To remedy this, it
will be necessary for the pupil to make a col-
lection of words terminating with these con
sonants, and to practise them over till a true
pronunciation is acquired.
RULES to be observed by the NATIVES of SCOTLAND for attamingajust
Pronunciation of English.
1 HAT pronunciation wliich distin^ishes the
inhabitants of Scotland is of a very different
kind from that of Ireland, and may be divided
Uito the quantity, quality, and accentuation
of the vowels. With respect to quantity, it
may be observed, that the Scotch pronounce
almost all their accented vowels long. Thus,
if I mistake not, they would pronounce ?ia-
bit, hay-bit; tepid, tee-pid ; sintier, see-ner-,
conscious, cone-shus ; and subject, soob-ject : *
it is not pretended, however, that every ac-
cented vowel is so pronounced, but that such
a pronunciation is very general, and parti-
cularly of the i. This vowel is short in Eng-
lish pronunciation, where the other vowels are
long ; thus evasion, adhesion, emotion, con-
fusion, have the a, e, o, and u, long ; and in
these instances the Scotch would pronounce
them like the English : but in vision, decision,
&c. where the English pronounce the i short,
the Scotch lengthen this letter by pronouncing
it like ee, as if the words were written vee-
sion, decee-sion, &c. ; and this peculiarity is
universal. The best way, therefore, to cor-
rect this, will be to make a collection of the
most usual words which have the vowel short,
and to pronounce them daily till a habit is
formed. See Principles, No. 507.
With respect to the quality of the vowels, it
may be observed, that the inhabitants of Scot-
1 and are apt to pronounce the a like aw, where
the English give it the slender sound : thus
Satan is pronounced Sawtan, ^nA fatal, faiv-
tal. It may be remarked too, that the Scotch
give tins sound to the a preceded by w, ac-
cording to the general rule, without attending
to the exceptions. Principles, No. 88 ; and
thus, instead of making wax, waft, and twang,
rhyme with tax, shq/'t, and hang, they pro-
nounce them so as to rhyme with box, soft,
and song. The short e in bed, fed, red, &c.
borders too much upon the English sound of a
in bad, lad, mad, &c. ; and the short i in bid,
lid, lid, too much on the English sound of e in
bed, led, red. To correct this error, it would
be useful to collect the long and short sounds
• TTiat this is the general mode of pronouncing these words in
Scotland, is indisputable -. and it is highly probvible that thi Scotch
have preserved the old English pronunciation, from which the
Bnglisli themselves have insensibly departed. Dr. Hicks observed
long ago, that the Scotch Saxonijeii in their language much more
than the Eiiglish ; and it is scarcely to be doubted that a situation
nearer to the Continent, and a greater commercial intercourse
with other nations, made the English admit of numberless changes
which never extended to Scotland. About the reign of Queen
Elizabeth, when the GreiV and Latin languages were cultivated,
and the pedantry ofahuwiiig an acquaintance with them became
fashionable, it is not improbable that an alteration in the quantity
of many words took place; for a& in Latin almost every vowel be-
fore a single consonant is short, so in English almost every vowel
In tilt same situation was supimsed to be long, or our ancestors
Would not have doubled the consonant in the participles of verbs,
to prevent the preceding vowc. from lengthening, but when once
^his alfectation of Latinity was adopted, it is no wonder it should
extend beyond its principles, and shorten several voweli in English,
because they were short iii the original Latin; and in this manner,
perhaps, might the diversity between the quantity of the English
»ud the Scotch pronnaciatioD arise. M2, 543 . Sec Drama.
15
of these vowels, and to pronounce the long
ones first, and to shorten them by degrees till
they are perfectly short ; at the same time
preserving the radical sound of the vowel in
both. Thus the correspondent long sounds to
the e in bed, fed, red, are bade, fade, rade ;
and that of the short i in bid, lid, rid, and
bead, lead, reed ; and the former of these
classes will naturally lead the ear to the true
sound of the latter, the only difference lying
in the quantity. The short o in not, lodge,
got, &c. is apt to slide into the short u, as if
the words were written nut, ludge, gut, &c.
To rectify this, it should be remembered, that
this o is the short sound of atv, and ought to
have the radical sound of the deep a in ball.
Thus the radical sound corresponding to the o
in not, cot, sot, is found in naught, caught,
sought, &c. and these long sounds, like the
former, should be abbreviated into the short
ones. But what will tend greatly to clear the
difficulty will be, to remember that only those
words which are collected in the Principles,
No. 165, have the o sounded like short m when
the accent is upon it : and with respect to u in
bull, full, pull, &c. it may be observed, tha
the pronunciation peculiar to the English is
only found in the words enumerated. Princi-
ples, No. 174.
In addition to what has been said, it may
be observed, that oo in food, mood, soon, &c.
which ought always to have a long sound, is
generally shortened in Scotland to that middle
sound of the u in bull : and it must be remem-
bered, thatiroo^, wood, good, hood, stood, foot,
are the only words where this sound of oo
ought to take place.
The accentuation, both in Scotland and Ire-
land, Cif by accentuation we mean the stress,
and not the kind of stress) is so much the
same as that of England, that I cannot re-
collect many words in which they differ. In-
deed, if it were not so, the versification o^
each country would be different : for as Eng-
lish verse is fortued by accent or stress, if this
accent or stress were upon different syllables
in different countries, what is verse in England
would not be verse in Scotland or Ireland ;
and this sufficiently shows how very indefinitely
the word accent is generally used.
Mr. Elphinston, who must be allowed to be
a competent judge in this case, tells us, that
in Scotland they pronounce silence, bi&s, can-
v&s, sentence, triiumph, comfSrt, solace, con-
strue, rescue, respite, govh'n, hardss, ransdek,
cancel, with the accent on the last syllable
instead of the first. To this list may be added
the word menace, which they pronounce as if
written mendss ; and though they place the
accent on the last syllable of canal, like the
English, they broaden the a in the last sylla-
ble, as if the word were spelt canaivl. It may
IG
RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY THE NATIVES Of SCOTLAND, &c.
be farther observed, that they place an accent
on the comparative adverb as, in the phrases as
much, as Uttle, as tnany, as great, &c. while
the English, except in some very particular em-
phatical cases, l<iy no stress on this word, but
pronounce these phrases like words of two or
three syllables without any accent on the first.
But besides the mispronunciation of single
words, there is a tone of voice with which these
words are accompanied, that distinguishes a
native of Ireland or Scotland as much as an
improper sound of the letters. This is vulgarly,
and, if it does not mean stress only, but the
kind of stress, I think, not improperly, called
the accent *. For though there is an asperity
in the Irish dialect, and a drawl in the Scotch,
independent of the slides or inflections they
make use of, yet it may with confidence be
affirmed, that much of the peculiarity which
distinguishes these dialects may be reduced to
a predominant use of one of these slides. Let
any one who has sufficiently studied the speak-
ing voice to distinguish the slides, observe the
pronunciation of an Irishman and a Scotch-
man, who have much of the dialect of their
country, and he will find that the former
abounds with the falling, and the latter with
the rising inflection -f- ; and if this be the case,
a teacher, if he understand these slides, ought
to direct his instruction so as to remedy the
imperfection. But as avoiding the wrong,
and seizing the right at the same instant, is
perhaps too great a task for human powers, I
would advise a native of Ireland, who has much
of the accent, to pronounce almost all his
words, and end all his sentences, with the
rising slide ; and a Scotchman, in the same
manner, to use the falling inflection : this will,
in some measure, counteract the natural pro-
pensity, and bids fairer for bringing the pujiil
to that nearly equal mixture of both slides
which distinguishes the English speaker, than
endeavouring at first to catch the agreeable
variety. For this purpose the teacher ought
to pronounce all the single words in the lesson
with the falling inflectioato a Scotchman, and
with the rising to an Irishman ; and should fre-
quently give the pauses in a sentence the same
iufleclioiisto each of these pupils, where he
would vary thein to a native of England. But
while the human voice remainsunstudied, there
is little expectation that this distinction of the
slides should be applied to these useful purposes.
Besides a peculiarity of inflection, which I
take to be a falling circumflex, directly op-
posite to that of the Scotch, the Welsh pro-
Bounce the sharp consonants and aspirations
jnstead of the flat. (See Principles, No. 29,
41.) Thus for lig they say pick; for blood.
* See this more fully exemplified in Elemeius of Elocution,
ml. 11. page 13.
+ O.- rather the rising circiimncx. Tor an ixiilanatiim of this
Inflection see Fiheturical Criiinmar, lliiril eUilioii, p;ige 'I'j.
phot; and for good, coot. Instead of virtue
and vice, they sa.y Jii'tue and Jice ; instead of
zeal and praise, they say seal and prace ; in-
stead of these and those, they say thece and
thoce ; and instead of azure and osier, they
say aysher and osher ; and for jail, chail.
Thus there are nine distinct consonant sounds
which, to the Welsh, are entirely useless. To
speak with propriety, therefore, the Welsh
ought for sometime to pronounce the flat con-
■sonants and aspirations only ; that is, they
ought not only to pronounce them where the
letters require the flat sound, but even where
they require the shai-p sound ; this will be the
best way to acquire a habit ; and when this is
once done, a distinction will be easily made, and
a just pronunciation more readily actjuired.
There is scarcely any part of England, re-
mote from the capital, where a different system
of pronunciation does not prevail. As in Wales
they pronounce the sharp consonants for the
flat, so in Somersetshire they pronounce many
of the flat instead of the sharp : thus for Somer-
setshire, they say Zomerzetzhire ; iov father,
vather; for ^/nnk,THink; andiov sure, zhure*.
There are dialects peculiar to Cornwall,
Lancashire, Yorkshire, and eveiy distant
county in England ; but as a consideration of
these would lead to a detail too minute for the
present occasion, I shall conclude these re-
marks with a few observations on the peculi-
arities of my countrymen, the Cockneys ; who,
as they are the models of pronunciation to the
distant provinces, ought to be the more scru-
pulously correct.
First Fault of the Londoners. — Pro-
nouncing s indistinctly after st.
The letter s after st, from the very difficulty
of its pronunciation, is often sounded inarti-
culately. The inhabitants of London, of the
lower order, cut the knot, and pronounce it
in a distinct syllable, as if e were before it ; but
this is to be avoided as the greatest blemish in
speaking: the three last letters in posts, Jists,
mists, &c. must all be distinctly heard in one
syllable, and without permitting the letters to
coalesce. For the acquiring of this sound, it
will be proper to select nouns that end in st, or
ste ; to form them into plurals, and pronounce
them forcibly and distinctly every day. The
same may be observed of the third person of
verbs ending in sts or stes, as persists, wastes,
hastes, Sic.
Second Fault. — Pronouncing w for v, and
inversely.
The pronunciation of v for iv, and more
frequently of w for v, among the inhabitants
of London, and those not always of the lower
order, is a blemish of the first magnitude.
The difficulty of remedying this defect is the
See llie worJ Change,
RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY THE LONDONERS.
17
greater, as the cure of one of tliese mistakes
lias a tendency to promote the other.
Thus, if you be very careful to make a pupil
pronounce veal and vinegar, not as if written
weal and ivinegur, you will find him veiy apt
to pronounce wire? and wind, as if written fi«e
and vind. The only method of rectifying this
habit seems to be this : Let the pupil select
from a Dictionary, not only all the words that
begin with v, but as many as he can of those
that have this letter in any other part. Let
him be told to bite his under lip while he is
sounding the v in those words, and to practise
this every day till he pronounce the v jyoperly
at first sight : then, and not till then, let him
pursue the same method with the w ; which he
must be directed to pronounce by a pouting out
of the lips without suffering them to touch
the teeth. Thus by giving all the attention to
only- one of these letters at a time, and fixing
by habit the true sound of that, we shall at
last find both of them reduced to their proper
pronunciation, in a shorter time than by en-
deavouring to rectify them both at once.
Third Fault. — IVot sounding h after w.
The aspirate h is often sunk, particularly in
the capital, where we do not find the least dis-
tinction of sound between while and wile, whet,
and wet, where, and were, &c. The best
method to rectify this, is to collect all the
words of this description from a Dictionary,
and write them down ; and, instead of the u'h,
to begin tliem with hoo in a distinct syllable,
and so to pronounce them. Thus let while be
written and -sounded hoo-ile ; whet, hoo-et ;
where, hoo-are ; whip, hoo-ip, &c. This is no
more, as Dr. Lowth observes, than placing the
aspirate in its true position before the w, as it
is in the Saxon, which the words come from ;
where we may observe, that though we have
altered the orthography of our ancestors, we
have still preserved their pronunciation.
Fourth Fault. — Not sounding h whei-e it
ought to he sounded, and inversely,
A still worse habit than the hist prevails,
chiefly among the people of London, that of
sinking the h at the beginning of words where
it ought to be sounded, and of sounding it,
either where it is not seen, or where it ought
to be sunk. Thus we not unfrequently hear,
especially among children, heart pronounced
art, and arm, harm. This is a vice perfectly
similar to that of pronouncing the v for the w,
and the w for the v, and reqmres a similar
method to correct it.
As there are so very few words in the lan-
guage where the initial h is sunk, we may
select these from the rest, and, without setting
the pupil right when he mispronounces these,
or when he prefixes h improperly to other
words, we may make him pronounce all the
words wlvere h is sounded, till he has almosf
forgot there are any words pronounced othe*
wise : then he may go over those words ti
which he improperly prefixes the /;, and those
where the h is seen but not sounded, without
any danger of an interchange. As these latter
words are but few, I shall subjoin a catalogue
of them for the use of the learner : Heir
heiress, herb, herbage, honest, honest;/, ho-
nestly, Jionour, honourable, honourably, has
pital, hostler, hour, hourly, humble, humbles,
humbly, humour, humourist, humourous, hu-
morously, humoursome : where we may ob-
serve, that humour and its compounds not
only sink the h, but sound the u like the pro-
noun you, or the noun yew, as if written yew-
mour, yewmorous, &c.
Thus I have endeavoured to correct some of
the more glaring errors of my countrymen,
who, with all their faults, are still upon the
whole the best pronouncers of the English
language : for though flie pronunciation of
London is certainly erroneous in many words,
yet, upon being compared with that of any
other place, it is undoubtedly the best ; that
is, not only the best by courtesy, and because
it happens to be the pronunciation of the
capital, but the best by a better title — that of
being more generally received ; or, in other
words, though the people of London are erro-
neous m the pronunciation of many words, the
inhabitants of eveiy other place are errone-
ous in many more. Nay, harsh as the sentence
may seem, those at a considerable distance
from the capital do not only mispronounce
many words taken separately, but they scarcely
pronounce, with purity, a single word, syllable,
or letter. Thus, if the short sound of the letter
u in trunk, sunk, &c. differ from the sound of
that letter in the northern parts of England,
where they sound it like the u in bull, and
nearly as if the words were written trooitk^
soonk, &c. it necessarily follows that every
word where the second sound of that letter
occurs must by those jirovincials be mispro-
nounced.
But though the inhabitants of London have
this manifest advantage over all the other in-
habitants of the island, they have the disad-
vantage of being more disgraced by their pe-
culiarities than any other people. The grand
difference between the metropolis and the pro-
vinces is, that people of education in London
are generally free from the vices of the vulgar;
but the best educated people in the provinces,
if constantly resident there, are sure to be
strongly tinctured with the dialect of the
country in which they live. Hence it is, that
the vulgar pronunciation of London, though
not half so erroneous as that of Scotland, Ire-
land, or any of the provinces, is, to a person
of correct taste, a thousand times more offe
sive ard disgusting.
DIRECTIONS TO FOREIGNERS,
In ordei' to attain a Knoivledge of the Marks in this Dictionary, and to acquire a right
Pronunciation of every TVord in the English Language.
As the sounds of the vowels are different in
different languages, it would be endless to
bring parallel sounds from the various lan-
guages of Europe ; but, as the French is so ge-
nerally understood upon the Continent, if we
can reduce the sounds of the English letters to
those of the French, we shall render the pro-
nunciation of our language very generally at-
tainable : and this, it is presumed, will be
pretty accurately accomplished by observing
the fallowing directions :
A ei
N en
B hi
0 0
C ci
P pi
D di
Q kiou
E i
R arr
F ef
S ess
G dgi
T ti
H etch
U iou
I at
V vi
J dj6
W dohliou
K qiie
X e.v
L ell
Y ouai
M e7n
Z zedd.
The French have all our vowel sounds, and
will therefore find the pronunciation of them
very easy. The only difficulty they vvill meet
with seems to be i, which, though demonstra-
dy composed of two successive sounds, has
passed for a simple vowel with a very com-
petent judge of English pronunciation *. The
reason is, these two sounds are pronounced so
tloiely together as to require some attention
to discover their component parts : this atten-
tion Mr. Sheridan f never gave, or he would
not have told us, that this diphthong is a com-
pound of our fullest and slenderest sounds a
and i ; the first made by the largest, and the
last by the smallest aperture of the mouth.
Now nothing is more certain than the inac-
curacy of this definition. The third sound of
«, which is perfectly equivalent to the third
«)und of 0, when combined with the first sound
»f e, must inevitably form the diphthong in
loy, joy, &c. and not the diphthongal sound
of the vowel i in idle, or the personal pronoun
/; this double sound will, upon a close ex-
amination, be found to be composed of the
Italian a in the last syllable oi papa, and the
first sound of e, pronounced as closely together
as possible % ; and for the exactness of this
• Nares, ElrmenU t,f OrthOepy, page 2.
t See Section lU. of liis Trusodial Grammar prefixed to his
Dictionary.
X Holder, the most philosophical and accurate investigator of
the formation and powers of the letters, says : ** Our vulgar i, as
in ttile, seems to he such a diphthong, (or rather syllahle, or part
of a syllable) composed of a, i, or e, t, and not a simple original
towel " Elements of Speech, page 05.
Dr. Wallis, speaking of the long English t, says it is sounded
«udem fere moduquo Gatlorum ai in vocihus mmin, manus; pain,
panis. See. Nenipe «onum hahei compusitum ex Gallorum e fuemi-
miio et i vcl y." Grammatica Liugiue AogUcanK, page 48.
18
definition, I appeal to every just English ear
in the kingdom.
The other diphthongal vowel, u, is composed
of the French i, pronounced as closely as pos-
sible to their diphthong oxi, or the English e^
and o, perfectly equivalent to the sound the
French would give to the letters you, and
which is exactly the sound the English give to
the plural of the second personal pronoun.
The diphthong oi or oy is composed of the
French d and i; thus toy and boy would be
exactly expressed to a Frenchman by writing
them tdi, bdi.
The diphthong ou and ow, when sounded like
ou, are composed of the French d and the
diphthong o?< ; and the English sounds of thoui
and 1WW may be expressed to a Frenchman by
spelling them thdou and ndou.
fV is no more than the French diphthong
OU; thus tVest is equivalent to Quest, and
wall to ouAll.
Y is perfectly equivalent to the French letter
of that name, and may be supplied by i ; thus
yoke, you, &c. is expressed by ioke, iou, &c.
J, or / consonant, must be pronounced by
prefixing d to the F"rench y. thus jay, joy, &c.
sound to a Frenchman as if spelled dje, djdi,
&c. If any difficulty be found in forming this
combination of sounds, it will be removed by
pronouncing the d, ed, and spelling these words
edje, edjdi, &c.
Ch, ill English words not derived from the
Greek, Latin or French, is pronounced as if <
were prefixed ; thus the sound of chair, cheese,
chain, &c. would be understood by a French-
man if the words were written tsh^re, tshize,
tchene.
Sh in English is expressed by ch in French ;
thus shame, share, &c. would be spelled by a
Frenchman cheme, chere, &c..
The linging sound 7ig in long, song, &c. may
be perfectly conceived by a pupil who can pro-
nounce the French word encore, as the first
syllable of this word is exactly correspondent
to the sound in those English words ; and for
the formation of it, see Principles, No. 57 ;
also the word Encore.
But the greatest difficulty every foreigner
finds in pronouncing English, is the lisping
consonant th. This, it may be observed, has,
like the other consonants, a sharp and a flat
sound ; sharp as in thin, hath ; flat as in that,
with. To acquire the true pronunciation of
this difficult combination, it maybe proper to
begin with those words where it is initial :
and first, let the pupil protrude his tongue a
little way beyond the teeth, an! press it be-
tween them as if going to bite the tip of it ;
while this is doing, if he wishes to pronounce
thin, let him hiss as if to sound the letters; and
after tlie hiss, let him draw back his tongue
DIRECTIONS TO FOREIGNERS.
19
within his teeth, and pronounce the preposition
m, and thus will the word thin be perfectly pro-
nounced. If he would pronounce that, let him
place the tongue between the teeth as before ;
and while he is hissing, as if to sound the letter
z, let him withdraw his tongxie into his mouth,
and immediately pronounce the preposition.^^.
To pronounce this combination when final in
bath, let him pronounce ba, and jjrotrude the
tongue beyond the teeth, pressing the tongue
with them, and hissing as if to sound s ; if he
would pronounce with, let him first form wi,
put the tongue in the same position as before,
and hiss as if to sound z. It will be proper
to mai<e the pupil dwell some time with the
tongue beyond the teeth in order to form a
habit, and to pronounce daily some words out
of a Dictionary beginning and ending with
these letters.
These directions, it is presumed, if properly
attended to, will be sufficient to give such
Foreigners as understand French, and have not
access to a master, a competent knowledge of
English pronunciation ; but to render the
sounds of the vowels marked by figures in this
Dictionary still more easily to be compre-
hended— with those English words which ex-
emplify the soimds of the vowels, I have as-
sociated such French words as have vowels
exactly corresponding to them, and which im-
mediately convey the true English pronuncia-
tion. These should be committed to memory,
or written down and held in his hand while
the pupil is inspecting the Dictionary.
Perhaps the greatest advantage to foreigners
and provincials will be derived from the clas-
sification of words of a similar sound, and
drawing the line between the general rule and
the exception. This has been an arduous task ;
but it is hoped the benefit arising from it will
amply repay it. When the numerous varieties
of sounds annexed to vowels, diphthongs, and
«ronsonants, lie scattered without bounds, a
learner is bewildered and discouraged from at-
tempting to distinguish them ; but when they
are all classed, arranged, and enumerated, the
variety seems less, the number smaller, and
the distinction easier. What an inextricable
labyrinth do the diphthongs ta and ou form as
they lie loose in the language ! but classed and
arranged as we find them. No. 226, &c. and
313, &c. the confusion vanishes, they become
much less formidable, and a learner has :'\t in
his power, by repeating them daily, to become
master of them all in a very little time.
The English accent is often an insurmount«-
able obstacle to foreigners, as the rules for it
are so various, and the exceptions so numer-
ous ; but let the inspector consult the article
Accent in the Principles, particularly No. 492,
505, 506, &c. and he will soon perceive how
much of our language is regularly accented,
and how much that which is irregular is fa-
cilitated by an enumeration of the greater
number of exceptions.
But scarcely any method will be so useful
for gaining the English accent as the reading
of verse. This will naturally lead the ear to
the right accentuation ; and though a different
position of the accent is frequently to be met
with in the beginning of a verse, there is a
sufficient regularity to render the pronouncing
of verse a powerful means of obtaining such a
distinction of force and feebleness as is com-
monly called the accent: for it may be ob-
served, that a foreigner is no less distinguish-
able by placing an accent upon certain words
to which the English give no stress, than by
placing the stress upon a wrong syllable. Thus
if a foreigner, when he calls for bread at table,
by saying, give me some bread, lays an equal
stress upon every word, though everj word
should be pronounced with its exact sound, we
immediately perceive he is not a native. An
Englishman would pronounce these four words
like two, with the accent on the first syllable
of the first, and on the last syllable of the last,
as if written glveme somebrSd; or rather giv-
me sumbrM; or more commonly, though vul-
garly, gimme sombrid. Verse may sometimes
induce a foreigner, as it does sometimes in-
judicious natives, to lay the accent on a sylla-
ble in long words which ought to have none}
eis in a couplet of Pope's Essay on Criticism :
" False eloquence, like the prismatic glass,
** Its gaudy colours spreads on every place."
Here a foreigner would be apt to place an ac-
cent on the last syllabla of eloquence as well as
the first, which would be certainly wrong ; but
this fault is so trifling, when compared with
that of laying the accent on the second syllable,
that it almost vanishes from observation y
and this misaccentuation, verse will generally
guard him from. The reading of verse, there-
fore, will, if I mistake not, be found a power-
ful regulator, both of accent and emphasis.
CONTENTS OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH I'RONUNCJAIION.
Alphabet - — — — — no. i
Definition of vowels and consonants — — 5
Analogical table of the vowels — — — 16
Diphthongs and tjiphthongs enumerated J — 17
Consmiants distinguished into classes — — 18
Analogical table of the consonants — — 29
Organic formation of the letters — — — 31
Of the quantity and quality of the voivels — 62
Of the influence of accent on the sounds of
the letters _ — __-, — 69
The letter A, and its different sounds — — 72
The letter E, and its different sounds — — 93
The letter I, and its different sounds — — 105
The letter O, and its different sounds — — 161
The letter V, and its different sounds — — 171
The vowel Y, and its different sounds — — 180
Tlie vowel W, and its different sounds — — I89
Cf the diphthongs called semi-consonants — I96
Of the diphthongs AE, AT, AO, and all the rest
la their alphabetical order — — — 199
C?f the sounds of tlie consonants _ _ _ 347
i), ti'Jien mute — — — — — — ib.
C its different sounds — — — — — 348
^, its different sounds — — — — — 358
Improperly changed into T. Dr. Lowth's
opinion of this change in certain verbs,
considered, and corrected — — — 169
r, its different sounds — _ _ _ _ 377
W, its different sounds — — — — _ 379
Always mute before >! in the same syllable at
the end of a word, exemplified in the words
iinpiign, oppugn, propugn, expugn, imprcgn,
<Sf- with the authorities of the most re-
spectable orthoepists — _ _ _ 336
H, when sounded, and uheti mute — — — 394
J, its uniform sound — — — — — 398
Ki tt'/ien sounded, and when m,ute — _ — 399
I., whe7i sounded, and when mute — — — 401
M, when sounded, and when mute — — — 407
N, when it has its fiasogtittural sound — — 408
When it has its ringing sound in the par-
ticipial termination iiig — — — 410
P, when sounded, and when mute — — — 41<>
PH, its uniform sound — — _ _ _ ib.
Q, Us different sounds, when combined with u — 414
H, wlien its sound is transposed — — — 416
WJien it is to be pronounced rough, and when
smooth — — — _ 419
8, its different sounds — — — _ _ ib.
When it is to be pronounced like z — — 432
When it is to be pronounced like sh and zh 430
Mr. Sheridan's error in this point detected 454
J, its different sounds ' — — — — — 459
Hoiv it slides into sh in the 7iutnei-ous termi-
nation tion — — — — — — ib.
, Why it slides i7ito this sound before n, pre-
ceded by the accent _ _ _ _ 4fii
Mr. Sheridan's error in this point detected 462
XII, its different sounds — _ _ _ 465
When the h is silent in this combination — 471
T, when silent — — — — — — 472
V, its uniform sound — — — — — 473
"Vf , when silent, and whe/i sounded — 474,475
X, is exactly similar to ks, and liable to the same
alterations of sound — — — — 479
Mr. S/teridan's error in this point detected — 480
Y, as a consonant, and its different sounds Ko, 1st
Z, improperly resolved by Dr. Johnson into s
hard : Its true name IzMid — — 484
Its different sounds — — — — — 434
OF THE NATURE OF ACCENT.
Tlie only true definition of accent — — — 4m
The different position of the English accent — lag
Accent on dissyllables — — — — — 491
Disyllabic nouns and verbs differently accented 492
Accent on trisyllables — — — — — 501
Partial dependance of the English accent on that
of the Greek and Latin — — — — 533
Accent on Polysyllables — — — — 504
Enclilical accent exemplified in the termination
logy> graphy, i(C. — — — — — 513, 513
'Ihe tendency of compounds to contract the sound
of the simple — — _ _ _ — ^i\
Secondary acceiit — — — — — _ 522
Tlie shortening power of this accent — — 52T
ON QUANTITY.
Tlie shortening power of the secondary accent ex-
emplified in the uncertainty and inconsistency
of Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Kenrick in their
division of words ifito syllables — — 5%
ON SYLLABICATION.
Syllabication different according to the different
ends to be attained by it — — — — 538
Syllabication exhibiting the sound of a word, de-
pending, in some measure, on the nature oj
the letters prior to actual pronunciation — 514
The almost total independence of the English
quantity on that of the Greek and Latin, ex-
emplified by an enumeration of tnost of the
dissyllables in our language derived from the
Latin and Greek — — — — — 544
The only possible case in which we can argue
from the Latin quantity to the English — ib.
Dissyllables from the Saxon andFreitch languages
enumerated — — — — — — ib.
Causes of the prevalence of shortening the first
syllable of dissyllables from these languages ib.
Of the quantify of unaccented syllables ending
with a vowel — — — — — — 547
Uncertainty and inconsistency of Dr. Keni-ick
in his notation of the quantify of these vowels ib.
Uncertainty and inconsiite?icy of Mr Sheridan
and Dr. Kenrick in marking the quantity of
these vowels — — — — — — 551
Exception to the general rule of pronounciiig
these syllables when e is followed by r — 558
Uncertainty of 07ir best orth'oepists in their syl-
labication of such words, exemplified by a list
from Sheridan, Kenrick, Scott, and Perry 551
Peculiar delicacy of the sound of these syllables 55>
Tendency of o before r to go into the same ob-
scurity as c, exemplified in the diversity and
inconsisteiicy of our best orthHepists, in
marking these syllables — — — — 557
Table of the simple and diphtlwngal voteels, re-
ferred to as a key to the figures over tlie
lettcrt in the Dictionary — — — s- 559
Principles of English Pronunciation.
1. 1 ME First Pniunples or Elements of Pro-
nunciation are Letters :
The Letters of the English Language are.
lionnu
Itilic
N;inie
A
a
A a
a
B
I)
B b
bee
C
c
C c
see
D
d
D d
(h-e
E
e
E e
e
F
f
1' f
ef
G
g
G g
jee
H
h
H h
aitch
I
i
I i
i, or ei/e
J
.1
J J
j consonant, or jay
K
k'
K k
hay
L
1
L I
el
M
in
M m
em
N
n
N n
en
O
0
O 0
0
P
P
P p
pee
Q
fl
Q 1
cue
II
r
R r
ar
s
s
S s
ess
T
t
T t
tee
U
u
U u
u, or you
V
V
V V
V consonant, or vee
w
w
TV xo
double u
X
X
X X
eks
Y
y
y y
ivy
Z
z
Z z
zed, or izzard. 4 1 8
S!. To these may be added certain combina-
tions of letters sometimes used ni pnntiiig; as,
fF, fi, fl, (Ti, fll, and &, or arid per se and, or
rather et per se and; j[f\fi,fi,ffi'>ffli and i^.
3. Our letters, says Dr. Johnson, are com-
monly reckoned twenty-four, because anciently
i and j, as well a^ u and v, were expressed by
the same character ; but as these letters, which
had always different powers, have now differ-
ent forms, our alphabet may be properly said
to consist of twenty-six letters.
4. In considering the sounds of these first
princijdes of language, we find that some are
so simple and unmixed, that there is nothing
required but the opening of the mouth to make
them understood, and to form different sounds ;
whence they have the names cf vowels, or
voices, or I'ocal sounds. On the contrary, we
find that there are others, whose pronunciation
depends on the particular a])plication and use
of every part of the mouth, as the teeth, the
lips, the tongue, the palate, &c. which yet
cannot make any one perfect sound but by
their union with those vocal sounds ; and these
are called consonants, or lettei^s sounding with
other letters.
Definition of foivels and Consotiants.
5. Vowels are generally reckoned to be five
in number ; namely, a, e, i, o, ?< ,- — y and w
are called vowels when they end a syllable or
word, and consonants when they begin one.
6. The definition of a vowel, as little liable
to exception as any, seems to be the following :
A vowel is a simple sound, formed by a con-
tinued effusion of the breath, and a certain
conformation of the mouth, without any alter-
ation in the position, or any motion of the
organs of speech, from the moment the vocal
sound commences till it ends.
7. A consonant may be defined to be, an in-
terruption of the effusion of vocal sound, aris-
ing fi-om the application of the organs of speech
to each other.
8. Agreeably to this definition, vowels may
be divided into two kinds, — the simple and
compound. The simple, a, e, o, are those
which are formed by one conformation of the
organs only ; that is, the organs remain ex-
actly in the same position at the end as at the
begimiing of the letter : whereas, in the com-
pound vowels, i and m, the organs alter their
pjsition before the letter is completely sound-
ed ; nay, these lettei-s, when commencing a
syllable, do not only require a different posi-
tion of the organs in order to form them per-
fectly, but demand such an application of the
tongue to the roof of the mouth as is incon-
sistent with the nature of a pure vowel ; for
the first of these letters, i, when sounded alone,
or ending a syllable with the accent upon it,
is a real diphthong, composed of the sounds o'*
a in fa-ther, and of e in tlie, exactly corre
spoiulent to the sound of the noun eye; ami
when this letter commences a syllable, as in
min-ion, pin-ion, &c. the sound of e with which
22
CLASSTFICATION OF VOWELS AND CONSONANTS.
it terminates, is squeezed into a consonant
sound, like the double e heard in queen, dif-
ferent from the simple sound of that letter in
quean; and this squeezed sound in the com-
mencing i makes it exactly similar to y in the
same situation, which, by all grammarians, is
acknowledged to be a consonant*. The latter
of these compound vowels, u, when initial, and
not shortened by a consonant, commences with
this squeezed sound of e equivalent to the y,
and ends with a sound given to or in woo and
coo, which makes its name in the alphabet ex-
actly similar to the pronoun youf. If, there-
fore, the common definition of a vowel be just,
these two letters are so far from being simple
vowels, that they may be more properly called
semi-consonant diphthongs.
9. That y and w are consonants when they
begin a word, and vowels when they end one,
IS generally acknowledged by the best gram-
marians ; and yet Dr. Lowth has told us, that
w is equivalent to oo : but if this were the case,
it would always admit of the particle an before
it : for though we have no word in the lan-
guage which commences with these letters, we
plainly jierceive, that if we had such a word, it
would readily admit of an before it, and con-
sequently that these letters are not equivalent
to IV. Thus we find, that the common opinion,
with respect to the double capacity of these let-
ters, is perfectly just.
10. Besides the vowels already mentioned,
there is another simple vowel sound found
under the oo in the words woo and coo : these
• How so accurate a grammarian as Dr. Lowth could pronounce
to definitively en the nature of y, and insist on its being always a
vowel, can only be accounted for by considering the small attention
which is generally paid to this part of grammar. His words are
these-
'* The same sound which wc express by the initial y, our Saxon
ancestors in many instances expressed by the vowel e; as, eower,
your ; and by the vowel i ; as, iiu, yew ; iong, young. In tlie word
yetc, the initial y has prvciscly the same sound with t in the words
vieiv, lieu, adieu ; the i is acknowledged to be a vowel in these lat-
ter ; how then can the y, which has the very same sound, possibly
be a consonant in the former? Its initial sound is generally like
that of i in shire, or ee nearly ; it is formed by the opening of the
mouth without any motion or contact of the parts : in a word, it
has every property of a vowel, and not one of a consonant.'' —
Introduction to English Grammar, page 3.
llius far the learned Bishop, who has too fixed a fame to suffer
any diminution by a mistake in so trifling a part of literature as
this : but it may he asked, if y has every property of a vowel, aud
not one of a consonant, why, when it begins a word, docs it not
admit the euphonic article an before it?
t An ignorance of the real composition of u, and a want of
knowing that it partook of the nature of a couftonant, has occa-
: loned a great diversity and uncertainty in prefixing the indefinite
article an before it. Our ancestois, judging of its nature front its
name, never suspected tbpt it was not a pure vowel, and constantly
prefixed the article an before nouns beginning wiUi this letter ; as,
ttn union, an useful book. 'Yhey were conftrmecT in this opinion by
finding the an always adapted to the short u, as, an umpire, an
umhrella, without ever dreaming that the short u is a pure vowel,
and essentially different from the lung one. But the modems, not
resting inthenameof a letter, aud consulting theirears rather than
their eyes, have frequently placeil the a instead of an before the
long II I and we have seenatim'on, a univerrily, a useful book, from
some of the most respectable pens of the present age. Nor can we
doubt a moment of the propriety of this orthography, when we re-
flect that these words actually begin to the ear with y, and might
b? spelled yuunion, yountt;erjtfy, youseful, and can therefore no
more admit of nn before them than yeai »nd fmth — See Remarks
«ll the word an iu this Dictionary
letters have, in these two words, e^ ery properly
of a pure vowel ; but when foand in food,
tnood, &c. and in the word too, pronounced
like the adjective two, here the oo has a
squeezed sound, occasioned by contracting the
mouth, so as to make the lips nearly touch
each other ; and this makes it, like the i and
M, not so much a double vowel, as a sound be-
tween a vowel and a consonant.
Classification of Voiueh and Consonants.
1 1 . Vowels and consonants being thus de-
fined, it will be necessary, in the next place, to
arrange them into such classes as their simili-
tudes and specific differences seem to require.
12. Letters, therefore, are naturally divisi-
ble into vowels and consonants.
13. The vowels are, a, e, i, o, u ; and y and
w when ending a syllable.
14. The consonants are, b, c, d,f, g; h,j, k,
I, m, n,p, q, r, s, i, v, x, z; and y and w, when
beginning a syllable.
15. The vowels maybe subdivided mtosuch
as are simple and pure, and into such as are
compound and impure. The simple or pure
vowels are such as require only one conforma-
tion of the organs to form them, and no mo-
tion in the organs while forming.
16. The compound or impure vowels are
such as require more than one confornicition
of the organs to form them, and a motion in
the organs while forming. These observatioiw
premised, we may call the following scheme
An Analogical Table of the trowels,
a pa-per,^
a fa-ther,
a wa-ter,
e me-tre,
0 no-ble,
00 . • coo.
simple
or pure
vowels.
t •.ti-tle,^ J
J compound
y cy-der, ' '
M lu-cid.
wpow-er
■J
or mipure
vowels.
Diphthongs and Triphthongs enumerated.
17. Two vowels forming but one syllable are
generally called a diphthong, and three a
triphthong : these are the following —
de .... Caesar,
at aim,
ao gaol,
ail ..taught,
aw law,
uy say,
ea ....clean,
^e reed,
ei .ceiling,
eo . . . • people,
eu feud.
Consonants enumerated and distinguis/ied into
Classes.
18. The consonants are divisible into mutes,
semi-vowels, and liquids.
19. Tlie mutes are such as emit no sound
ew
jewel.
ey
they,
la
.poniard,
le .
. . . friend,
10
. . passion,
oa
.... coat.
oe
oeconomy.
01
. . . .voice.
00 .
. . .moon,
ou.
. . .found.
ow
. . . .now,
oy boy,
ue mansuetude,
ui .... languid,
uy buy,
aye • • (for ever,)
cau .... beauty,
ecu . • plenteous,
ieu adieu,
iciv view,
oeu . . manoeuvre.
ORGANIC FORMA riON OF THE LETTERS AND VOWELS.
23
without a vowel, as, b,p, t, d, h, and c and f^
hard.
20. The semi-vowels are such as emit a
sound without the concunence of a vowel, as,
r,v,s,z,x, g soft or J.
21. The liquids are such as flow into, or
unite easily with the mutes, as, /, m, n, r.
22. But, besides these, there is another clas-
sification of the consonants, of great import-
ance to a just idea of the nature of the letters,
and that is, into such as are sharp or flat, and
simple or aspirated.
23. The sharp consonants are, p,f, t, s, k,
c hard.
24. The flat consonants are, b, v, d, z,
g hard.
25. The simple consonants are those which
have always the sound of one letter unmixed
with others, as, b,p,f, v, k, g hard, and g
soft or J.
26. The mixed or aspirated consonants are
those which have sometimes a hiss or aspira-
tion joined with them, which mingles with the
letter, and alters its sound, as, t in motion, d
in soldier, s in mission, and z in azure,
27- There is another distinction of conso-
nants arising either from the seat of their for-
mation, or from those organs which are chiefly
employed in forming them. The best distinc-
tion of this kind seems to be that which di-
vides them into labials, dentals, gutturals, and
nasals.
28. The labials are, b, p,f, v. The dentals
are, t, d, s, z, and soft g orj. The gutturals
are, k, q, c hard, and g hard. The nasals are,
m, n, and ng,
29. Tliese several properties of the conso-
nants may be exhibited at one view in the fol-
lowing table, which may be called
y/M Analogical Table of the Consonants.
Hmng labials {^-P-//j'
Hissing acntals |„3j ^^ ^, ' j j. iezhe, vUU>nhU\au\ I.
lUninir .inni.I. /sharp cth, dfulh.
i^isping (lentils I ji^j f,^^^ ^yff^^^
Gutturals {tTgAda)' sag ]s'm^''>^ liiuul r.
Dento-guttiiral or nasal ng, hang.
30. Vowels and consonants being thus de-
fined and arranged, we are the better enabled
to enter upon an inquiry into their different
powers, as they are differently ix)mbined with
each other. But previous to this, that nothing
may be wanting to form a just idea of the
first principles of pronunciation, it may not be
improper to show the organic formation of
each letter.
Organic Formation of the Leltei-s.
31. Though I think every mechaziical ac-
; Utbio-nasal licpwl in.
count of the organic formation of the letters
rather curious than useful, yet, that nothing
nliich can be presented to the eye may be
wanting to inform the ear, I shall in this fol-
low those who have been at the pains to trace
every letter to its seat, and make us, as it
were, to touch the sounds we articulate.
Organic Formation of the Vowels.
32. It will bo necessary to observe, that
there are three long sounds of the letter a,
which are formed by a greater or less expan-
sion of the internal parts of the mouth.
33. The German a, heard in halt, wall, &c.
is formed by a strong and grave expression of
the breath through the mouth, which is open
nearly in a circular form, while the tongue,
contracting itself to the root, as if to make way
for the sound, almost rests upon the under
jaw.
34. The Italian a, heard in fa-ther, closes
the mouth a little more than the German a ,
and by raising the lower jaw, Avidening the
tongue, and advancing it a little nearer to
the lips, renders its sound less hollow and deep.
35. The slender a, or that heard in lane, is -
formed in the mouth still higher than the last ;
and in pronouncing it, the lips, as if to give it
a slender sound, dilate their aperture horizon-
tally ; while the tongue, to assist this narrow
emission of breath, widens itself to the cheeks
raises itself nearer the palate, and by these
means a less hollow sound than either of the
former is produced.
36. The e in e-qual is formed by dilating the
tongue a little more, and advancing it nearer
to the palate and the lips, which produces the
slenderest vowel in the language ; for the
tongTie is, in the formation of this letter, as
close to the palate as possible, without touch-
ing it ; as the moment the tongue touches the
palate, the squeezed sound of ee in thee and
meet is formed, which, by its description, must
partake of the sound of the consonant y.
37. The i in i-dol is formed by uniting the
sound of the Italian a in fa-ther and the e in
e-qual, and pronouncing them as closely to-
gether as possible. See Directions to Foreign-
ers at the beginning of this book.
38. The 0 in open is formed by nearly the
same position of the organs as the a in wa-ter;
but the tongue is advanced a little more into
the middle of the mouth, the lips are protrud-
ed, and form a round aperture like the form
of the letter, and the voice is not so deep in
the mouth as when a is formed, but advances
to the middle or hollow of the mouth.
39. The u in u-nit is formed by uniting the
squeezed sound ee to a simple vowel sound,
heard in woo and coo ; the oo in these words is
formed by protruding the lips a little mjre
than in o, forming a smaller aperture with
them, and, instead of swelling the voice in ha
84
ORGANIC FORMATION OF THE VOWELS AND CONSONAN'IS.
middle of the mouth, bring;ing it as forward
as possible to the lips.
40. Y final, in tri/, is formed like i : and w
final, in now, like the oo, which has just been
described.
In this view of the organic formation of the
vowels we find that a, e, and o, are the only
simple or pure vowels : that i is a diphthong,
and that u is a semi-consonant. If we were
inclined to contrive a scale for measuring the
breadth or narrowness, or, as others term it,
the openness or closeness of the vowel, we
might begin with e open, as Mr. Elphinston
calls it, and which he announces to be the
closest of all the vocal powers. In the pro-
nunciation of this letter we find the aperture
of the mouth extended on each side ; the lips
almost closed, and the sound issuing hori2on-
tally. The slender a in waste opens the mouth
a little wider. The a in Ja-t her opens the
mouth still more, without contracting the cor-
ners. The German a, heard in wall, not only
opens the mouth wider than the former a,
but contracts the corners of the mouth so as
to make the aperture approach nearer to a
circle ; while the c opens the mouth still more,
and contracts the corners so as to make it the
OS rotunduni, a picture of the letter it sounds.
If therefore the other vowels were, like o, to
take their forms from the aperture of the
mouth in pronouncing them, the German a
ought necessarily to have a figure as nearly
appn^ching the o in form as it does in sound ;
that is, it ought to have that elliptical form
which approaches nearest to the circle ; as the
« of the Italians, and that of the English in
fa-thcr, ought to fonn ovals, in exact propor-
tion to the breadth of their sounds ; the Eng-
lish a in tt'a5<e ought toha%e a nari'ower oval ;
the e in the ought to have the cun-e of a pa-
rabola, and the scpieezed sound of ee in see7i,
a right line ; or to reduce the lines to solids,
the 0 would be a perfect globe, the German a
an oblate spheroid like the figure of the earth,
the Italian a like an egg, the English slender
a a Dutch skittle, the e a rolling pin, and the
double e a cylinder.
Organic Formation of the Consonants.
41. The best method of showing the organic
formation of the consonants will be, to class
them into such pairs as they naturally fall
into, and then, by describing one, we shall
nearly describe its fellow ; by which means the
labour will be lessened, and the nature of the
■\onsonants better perceived. The consonants
^.at fall into pairs are the following :
P f t s sh th k ch— chair,
b V d z zh dh g j—jail.
42. Holder, who wrote the most elaborately
and philosophically upon this subject, tells us,
II his Elements of Speech, that when we only
whisper we cannot distinguish the first rank of
these letters from the second. It is certain
the difference between them is very nice ; the
upper letters seeming to have only a smarter,
brisker appulse of the organs than the lower ;
which may not improperly be distinguished by
sharp and flat. The most marking distinction
between them will be found to be a sort o
guttural murmur, which precedes the latter
letters when we wish to pronounce them for-
cibly, but not the former. Thus, if we close
the lips, and put the finger on them to keep
them shut, and strive to pronounce the p, i;o
sound at all will be heard ; but in striving to
pronounce the h we shall find a murmuring
sound from the throat, which seems the com-
mencement of the letter ; and if we do but
stop the breath by the appulse of the organs,
in order to pronounce with greater force, the
same may be observed of the rest of the letters.
43. This difference in the formation of these
consonants may be more distinctly perceived
in the * and z than in any other of the letters ;
the former is sounded by the simple issue o.
the breath between the teeth, without any vi-
bration of it in the throat, and may be called
a hissing sound ; while the latter caimot be
formed without generating a sound in the
throat, which may be called a vocal sound.
The upper rank of letters, therefore, may be
called breathing consonants ; and the lower,
vocal ones.
44. These obsei-vations premised, we may
proceed to describe the organic formation of
each letter.
45. P and B are formed by closing the lips
till the breath is collected, and then letting it
issue by forming the vowel e.
46. F and y are formed by pressing the
upper teeth upon the under lip, and sounding
the vowel e before the former and after the
latter of these letters.
47. 3" and D are formed by pressing the tip
of the tongue to the gums of the ujiper teeth,
and then separating them, by pronouncing the
vowel e.
48. S and Z are formed by placing the
tongue in the same position as in T and Z>,
but not so close to the gums as to stop the
breath : a space is left between the tongue and
the palate for tlie breath to issue, which forms
the hissing and buzzing sound of these letters.
49. SH heaid in 7nission, and zh in evasion,
are formed in the same seat of sound as * and
z; but in the former, the tongue is drawn a
little inwards, and at a somewhat greater dis-
tance from the palate, which occasions a fuller
effusion of breath from the hollow of the
mouth, than in the latter, which are formed
nearer to the teeth.
50. TH in think, and the same letters in
that, are formed by protruding the tongue be-
tween the foie teeth, pressing it against the
OF THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF THK VOWELS.
upjier teeth, and at the same time endeavour-
ing to sound the s or z ; the former letter to
sound th in think, and the latter to sound th
in that.
51. K and G hard are formed hy pressing
the middle of the tongue to the roof of the
mouth, near the throat, and sejiarating them
a little smartly to form the first, and more
gently to form the last of these letters.
52. €H in chair, and J in jail, are fonned
by pressing t to sh, and d to zh.
53. M is formed by closing the lips, as in P
and B, and letting the voice issue by the nose.
54. N is formed by resting the tongue in
the same jiosition as in T or I), and breathing
through the nose, with the mouth open.
55. L is formed by nearly the same position
of the organs as t and d, but more with the
tip of the tongue, which is brought a little for-
warder to the teeth, while the breath issues
from the mouth.
56. R is formed by placing the tongue nearly
in the position of /, but at such a distance
from the palate as suffers it to jar against it,
when the breath is propelled from the throat
to the mouth.
57. NG in ring, sing, &c. is formed in the
same seat of sound as g hard ; but while the
middle of the tongue presses the roof of the
mouih, as in G, the voice passes principally
through the nose, as in A/'.
58. Y consonant is formed by placing the
organs in the position of e, and squeezing the
ongue against the roof of the mouth, which
1 roduces ee, which is equivalent to initial y. (36)
59. ^consonant is formed by placing the
oigans in the position of oo, described under
M, and closing the lips a little more, in order
Jo pro])el the breath upon the succeeding vowel
which it articulates.
Go. In this sketch of the formation and dis-
tribution of the consonants, it is curious to ob-
serve on how few radical principles the almost
infinite variety of combination in language de-
pends. It is with some degree of wonder we
perceive that the slightest aspiration, the al-
most insensible intlectiou of nearly similar
sounds, often generate the most different and
opposite meanings. In this view of nature, as
m eveiy other, we find uniformity and vaiiety
very conspicuous. The single^a^, at first im-
pressed on the chaos, seems to operate on lan-
guages ; which, from the simplicity and pau-
city of their principles, and the extent and
power of their combinations, prove the good-
ness, wisdom, and omnipotence of their origin.
61. This analogical association of sounds is
not only curious, but useful : it gives us a
comprehensixe view of the powers of the let-
ters ; and, from the small number that are
radically different, enables us to see the rules
on which their varieties depend : it discovers
lu us the genius and propensities of several
languages and dialects, and, when atithority is
silent, enables us to decide agreeably to ana-
log}'.
62. The vowels, diphthongs, and consonants,
thus enumerated and defined, before we pro-
ceed to ascertain their different powers, as
they are differently associated with each other,
it may be necessary to give some account of
those distinctions of sound in the same vowels
which express their quantity as long or short,
or their quality as open or close, or slender and
broad. ITiis will appear the more nesessarj',
as these distinctions so frequently occui in de-
scribing the sounds of the vowels, and as they
are not unfreciuently used with too little pre-
cision by most writei-s on the subject.
Of the Quantity and Quality of Vowels.
63. The first distinction of sound that seems
to obtrude itself upon us when we utter the
vowels, is a long and a short sound according
to the gre.iter or less duration of time taken
up in pronouncing them. This distinction is
so obvious as to have been adopted in all lan-
guages, and is that to which we annex clearer
ideas than to any other ; and though the short
sounds of some vowels have not in our lan-
guage been classed, with sufficient accuracy,
with their parent long ones, yet this has bred
but little confusion, as vowels long and short
are always sufficiently distinguishable ; and the
nice appropriation of short sounds to their spe-
cific long ones is not necessary to our convey-
ing what sound we mean, when the letter to
which we apply these sounds is known, and its
power agreed upon.
64. The next distinction of vowels into their
specific sounds, which seems to be the most
generally adopted, is that which arises from
the different apertures of the mouth in forming
them. It is certainly very natural, when we.
have so many more simple sounds than we ha\a
characters by which to express them, to distin-
guish them by that which seems their organic
definition ; and we accordingly find vowels de-
nominated by the French, ouvert ?i.\\i\ J'ermi :
by the Italians, aperto and chiuso ; and by the
English, open and shut,
65. But whatever propriety there may be in
the use of these terms in other languages, it is
certain they must be used with caution in Eng-
lish, for fear of confounding them with long
and short. Dr. Johnson and other gramma-
rians call the a m father the open a ; which
may, indeed, distinguish it from the slender 4
in paper ; but not from the broad a in ivater
which is still more open. Each of these lettere
has a short sound, which may be called a shut
sound ; but the long sound cannot be so i)ro-
perly denominated open, as more or less broad ;
that is, the rt in paper, the slender sound*
the a in father, the broadish or middle sound,
and the a in water, the broad sound. The
2G OF THE INFLUENCE OF ACCENT ON THE SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS.
same may he observed of the o. This letter
has three long sounds, heard in move, note,
nor; which graduate from slender to broad-
ish, and broad, like the a. The i also in
mine, may be called the broad i, and that in
machine, the slender i ; though each of them
IS equally long ; and though these vowels that
are long may be said to be more or less open,
according to the different apertures of the
mouth in forming them, yet the short vowels
caimot be said to be more or less shut : for as
short always implies shut, (except in verse)
though long does not alwaj-s imply open, we
must be careful not to confound long and
open, and close and shut, when we speak of
the quantity and quality of the vowels. The
truth of it is, all vowels either terminate a
syllable, or are united with a consonant. In
tlie first case, if the accent be on the syllable,
the vowel is long, though it may not be open :
in the second case, where a syllable is termi-
nated by a consonant, except that consonant
be r, whether the accent be on the syllable
or not, the vowel has its short sound, which,
compared with its long one, may be called
shut : but as no vowel can be said to be shut
that is not joined to a consonant, all vowels
that end syllables may be said to be open,
whether the accent be on them or not (550)
(551).
66. But though the terms long ana short,
as applied to vowels, are pretty generally un-
derstood, an accurate ear will easily perceive
that these terms do not always mean the long
and short sounds of the respective vowels to
which they are applied ; for if we choose to be
directed by the ear, in denominating vowels
long or short, we must certainly give these
appellations to those sounds only which have
exactly the same radical tone, and differ only
in the long or short emission of that tone.
Thus measuring the sounds of the vowels by
this scale, we shall find that the long i and y
have properly no short sounds but such as seem
essentially distinct from their long ones ; and
that the short sound of these vowels is no
other than the short sound of e, which is the
latter letter in the composition of the diph-
thongs (37).
67. The same want of correspondence in
classing the long and short vowels we find in
a, e, o, and u ; for as the e in theme does not
find its short sound in the same letter in them,
but in thn t in him ; so the e in them must de-
scend a step lower into the province of a for
its long sound in tame. The a in carry is not
ihe short sound of the a in care, but of that
in car, father, &c. as the short broad sound
of the a in want, is the true abbreviation of
that in wall. The sound of o in don, gone,
&c. is exactly correspondent to the a in swan,
and finds its long sound in the a in wall, or
^he diphthong aw in dawn, lawn, &c. j while
the short sound of the o in tone, is nearly that
of the same letter in ton, (a weight) and cor-
responding with what is generally called the
short sound of u in tun, gun, &c. as the long
sound of u in pule, must find its short sound
in the u in pull, bull, &e. ; for this vowel, like
the I and y, being a diphthong, its short sound
is formed from the latter part of the letter
equivalent to double o; as the word jmte, if
sjielled accordmg to the sound, might be writ-
ten peoole.
68. Anotiier observation preparatory to a
consideration of the various sounds of the
vowels and consonants seems to be tlie in-
Huence of the accent ; as the accent or stress
which is laid upon certain syllables has so ob-
vious an effect upon the sounds of the letters,
that unless we take accent into the account,
it will be impossible to reason rightly upon
the proper pronunciation of the Elements of
Speech.
Of the Influence of Accent on the Sounds of
the Letters,
69. It may be first observed, that the exer-
tion of the organs of speech necessary to pro-
duce the accent or stress, has an obvious ten-
dency to preserve the letters in their pure and
uniform sound, while the relaxation or feeble-
ness which succeeds the accent, as naturally
suffers the letters to slide into a somewhat dif-
ferent sound a little easier to the organs of
pronunciation. Thus, tne first a in cabbage is
pronounced distinctly with the true sound of
that letter, while the second a goes into an
obscure sound bordering on the i short, the
slenderest of all sounds ; so that cabbage and
village have the a in the last syllable scarcely
distinguishable from the e and i in the last
syllables of college and vestige.
70 In the same manner the a, e, i, 0, and
y coming before r, in a final unaccented syl-
lable, go into an obscure sound so nearly ap-
proaching to the short u, that if the accent
were carefully kept upon the first syllables of
liar. Her, elixir, mayor, martyr, &c. these
words, without any perceptible change in the
sound of their last syllables, might all be
written and pronounced lieur, lieur, elixur,
mayur, martur, &c.
7 1 . The consonants also are no less altered
in their sound by the position of the accent
than the vowels. The k and s in the compo-
sition of X, when the accent is on them, in
e.reicise, execute, &c. preserve their strong
pure sound ; but when the accent is on the
second syllable, in exact, exonerate, &c. these
letters slide into the duller and weaker sounds
of g and z, which are easier to the organs of
pronunciation. Hence not only the soft c and
the * go into sh, but even the t, before a diph-
thong, slides into the same lettei"s when the
stress is on the preceding syllable. Thus, u;
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER A.
87
toeiety and satiety the c and t preserve their
pure sound, because the syllables ci and ti
fcive the accent on them ; but in social and
satiate these syllables come after the stress,
and from the feebleness of their situation na-
turally fall into the shorter and easier sound,
as if written soshial and sashiate. See the
'vord Satiety.
J.
72. A has three long sounds and two short
ones.
73. The first sound of the first letter in our
alphabet is that which amon^ the English is
its name. (See the letter A at the beginning
of the Dictionary.) This is what is called, by
most giammarians, its slender sound, (35)
(6'5) ; we find it in the words lade,sfadc,tradey
&c. In the diphthong ai we have exactly the
same sound of this letter, as in pairiy gain,
stain, &c. and sometimes in the diphthong ea,
as bear, swear, pear, &c.; nay, twice we find
it, contrary to every rule of pronunciation, in
Ihe words where and there, and once in the
anomalous diphthong ao in gaol. It exactly
corresponds to the sound of the French e in
fhe beginning of the words etre and tete.
74. The long slender a is generally produced
by a silent e at the end of a syllable ; which e
not only keeps one single intervening conso-
nant from shortening the preceding vowel,
but sometimes two : thus we find the mute e
makes of rag, rage, and veiy improperly keeps
the a open even in ratige, change, &c.; (see
Change) Juit, with the mute e, becomes hate,
and the a continues open, and perhaps some-
what longer in haste, waste, paste, &c. though
it must be confessed this seems the privilege
only of a : for the other vowels contract be-
fore the consonants ng m revenge, cringe,
plunge; and the ste in our language is pre-
ceded by no other vowel but this. Every
consonant but n shortens eveiy vowel but a,
when soft g and e silent succeed ; as, bilge,
badge, hinge, spunge, &c.
75. Hence we may establish this general
rule : A has the long, open, slender sound,
when followed by a single consonant, and e
mute, as lade, vtade,fude, &c. The only ex-
ceptions seem to be, have, are, gape, and bade,
the past time of to bid.
76. A has the same sound when ending an
accented syllable, as, pa-per, ta-per, spec-ta-
tnr. The oidy exceptions axG,fu-ther, master,
wa-tei:
77. As the short sound of the long slender
« is not found under the same character, but
m the short e (as may be perceived by com-
paring mate and met,) (67) we proceed to de-
lineate the second sound of this vowel, which
is that heard m father, and is called by some
the open sound ; (34) but this can never distin-
guish it from the deeper sound of the a in a//,
ball, &c. which is still more open . by some it
is styled the middle sound of a, as between the
a in pale, and that in wall : it answers nearly
to the Italian a in Toscano, Romana, &c. or
to the final a in the naturalized Greek words,
papa and mamma ; and in baa : the word
adopted in almost all languages to express the
cry of sheep. We seldom find the long sound
of this letter in our language, except in mo-
nosyllables ending with r, as far, tar, mar,
&c. and in the word father. There are
certain words from the Latin, Italian, and
Spanish languages, such as lumbago, bravado,
tornado, camisado, farrago, &c. which are
Sometimes heard with this sound of a; but
except in bravo, heard chiefly at the theatres,
the English sound of a is preferable in all
these words.
78. The long sound of the middle or Italian
a is always found before r in monosyllables,
as car, far, mar, &c. ; before the liquids Im;
whether the latter only be pronounced, as in
psalm, or both, as in psalmist: sometimes
before If, and Ive, as calf, half, calve, halve,
salve, &c. ; and, lastly, before the sharp as-
pirated dental th in bath, path, lath, &c. and
in the word father : this sound of the a was
formerly more than at present found before the
nasal liquid n, especially when succeeded hyc,
t, or d, as dance, glance, lance, France, chance,
prance, grant, plant, slant, slander, &c.
79. The hissing consonant * was likewise a
sign of this sound of the a, whether doubled,
as in glass, grass, lass, &c. or accompanied
by t, as in last, fast, vast, &c. ; but this pro-
nunciation of a seems to have been for some
years advancing to the short sound of this let-
ter, as heard in liand, land, grand, Sec. and
pronouncmg the a in after, answer, basket,
plant, mast, &c. as long as in half, calf, &c.
borders very closely on vulgarity : it must be
observed, however, that the a before n in mo-
nosyllables, and at the end of words, was an-
ciently written with u after it, and so probably
pronounced as broad as the German a; for
Dr. Johnson observes, " Many words pro-
nounced with a broad were anciently written
with au, as sault, mault ; and we still write
fault, vault. This was probably the Saxon
sound, for it is yet retained in the northern
dialects, and in the rustic pronunciation, as
maun for man, haund for hand." But since
the u has vanished, the a has been gradually
pronounced slenderer and shorter, till now al-
most every vestige of the ancient orthography
seems lost ; though the termination mand in
command, demand, &c. formerly written com-
niaund, dtmaund, still retains the long sound
inviolably*.
• Since tlie fint publi.-arion of this Dictionary the pnUic h«y€
iK-en favoured with some very elaborate anJ judiciou* observaliuus
oil EoKlUh l>^NMUlnatial| by Mr. Smith, in a Scheme ef • l'rcn<rfc
28
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER A.
80. As the mute I in calm, psalm, calf,
half, &c. seems to lengthen the sound of this
letter, so the abbreviation of some words by
apostrophe seems to have the same effect.
Thus when, by impatience, that grand cor-
rupter of manners as well as language, the no
is cut out of the word camiot, and the two
syllables reduced to one, we find the a length-
ened to the Italian or middle a, as, cannot,
can't ; have not, han't ; shall 7iot, shan't, &c.
This is no more than what the Latin language
is subject to ; it being a known rule in that
tongue, that when, by composition or other-
wise, two short syllables become one, that
syllable is almost always long, as alius has
the penultimate long because it comes from
uliius, and the two short vowels in coago be-
come one long vowel in cogo, &c,
8 1 . The short sound of the middle or Italian
a, which is generally confounded with the
short sound of the slender a, is the sound of
this vowel in man, pan, tan, mat, hat, &c.
VA e generally find this sound before any two
successive consonants (those excepted in the
foregoing remarks), and even when it comes
before an r, if a vowel follow, or the r be
doubled ; for if this consonant be doubled, in
order to produce another syllable, the long
sound becomes short, as mar, marry; car,
carry, &c. where we find the monosyllable has
the long, and the dissyllable the short sound ;
but if a come before r, followed by another
consonant, it has its long sound, as in part,
Partial, &c.
82. The only exception to this rule is in ad-
jectives derived from substantives ending in r;
for in this case the a continues long, as in the
primitive. Thus the a in starry, or full of
stars, is as long as in stan and the a in the
adjective tarry, or besmeared with tar, is as
long as in the substantive tar, though short in
the word tarry, to stay.
83. The third long sound of a is that which
We more immediately derive from our mater-
nal language, the Saxon, but which at present
we use less than any other; this is the a in
/nil, ball, gall, (33): we find a correspondent
sound to this a in the diphthongs au and «?/•,
as laud, laiv, saw, &c. ; though it must here be
noted, that we have improved upon our Ger-
«nd KnglUli Ditiionar)-. 1 n lliis work he departs frequently from
my judgment, and particularly in the pronuncialion of the letter
a, Hlitn smietdcil by ss, «(, ov ii, and another consonant, at jiait,
hit, ch-ince, 5ic. towi.ich he annexes the long sound of o in father.
'I'llat tins was the sound formerly, is highly prohable, from its
biiug still the sound ifiven it by the vulgar, who are gcneeally the
Idst tu alter the common pronunciation; but that the rhort a in
tlu'ie words is now the general pronunciation of the polite and
Uaruf.l world, sccnis to be candidly acknowletlged by Mr. Smitli
himself; and as every correct lar would be disgusted at jiviae the
a in these viords the full sound of n iufalher, any middle sound
ought to be discountenanced, at tending to render the pronuucia
lion of a language obscure aud iudifinitc, ^103).
Ben Jonson, in his Grammar, classes s»(f, ma/(, balm, and calm,
h % having the same louDd of a ; and mint, as having th« same deep
•ound, as uudirnce, author, taw, tatv, draw, tic
man parent, by giving a broader sound to this
letter, in these words, than the Germans them-
selves would do, were they to pronounce them.
84. The long sound of the deep broad Ger-
man a is produced by II after it, as in all,
wall, call; or, indeed, by one I, and any other
consonant, except the mute labials, p, b, f,
and v, as salt, bald, false, falchion, falcon, &c.
The exceptions to this rule are generally words
from the Arabic and Latin languages, as Alps,
Albioti, asphaltic, falcated, salve, calculate,
amalgamate, Alcoran, and Alfred, &c. the
two last of which may be considered as ancient
proper names, which have been frequently la-
tinized, and by this means have acquired a
slenderer sound of a. This rule, however,
must be understood of such syllables only as
have the accent on them : for when al, fol-
lov/ed by a consonant, is in the first syllable of
a word, having the accent on the second, it is
then pronounced as in the first syllables of
al-ley,val-ley,Si.c. 2ts alternate, balsamic, fal-
cade, falcation, &c. Our modern orthogra-
])hy, which has done its utmost to perplex pro-
nunciation, has made it necessaiy to observe,
that every word compounded of a monosylla-
ble with //, as albeit, also, almost, doiviifuU,
&c. must be pronounced as if the two liquids
were still remaining, notwithstanding our
word-menders have wisely taken one way, to
the destruction both of sound and etymology ;
for, as Mr. Elphinston shrewdly observes,
" Every reader, young and old, must now be
so sagacious an analyst as to discern at once
not only what are compounds and what are
their simples, but that al in composition is
equal to all out of it ; or in other words, that
it is both what it is, and what it is not." —
Prin. Eng. La7iguage, vol. I. page 60. — See
No. 406.
8.5. The w has a peculiar quality of broad-
ening this letter, even when prepositive : this
is alw.ays the effect, except when the vowel is
closed by the sharp or flat guttural k or g, x,
ng, nh, or the shar]) labial y, as wa.v, waft,
thwack, twang, twank : thus we pronounce
the a broad, though short in xvad, wan, jvant,
was, what, &c. and though other letters suffer
the a to alter its sound before //, when one of
these letters goes to the formation of the latter
syllable, as tall, tal-low ; hall, ha I- low ; call,
cal-low, &c. yet we see tv preser\e the sound
of this vowel before a single consonant, as
wal-low, swal-low, &c.
86. The q including the sound of the w, and
being no more than this letter preceded by k,
ought, according to analogy, to broaden every
a it goes before, like the w; thus quantify
ought to be pronounced as if written kwontity,
and quality should rhyme with Jollity ; instead
of which we frequently hear the w robbed of
its rights in its proxy ; and quality so pro-
novmcod as to rhvme with legality; while tc
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER A.
29
rliyme (juuniitt/, according to this affected
mode of pronouncing it, we must coin such
words as plantity and consonantity . The a in
quaver and equator is an exception to this
inile, from the preponderancy of another which
requires a, ending a syllable under the accent,
to have the slender sound of that letter ; to
which rule, father, master, and water, and,
perhaps, quadrant, are the only exceptions.
87. The short sound of this broad a is heard
when it is preceded by w, and succeeded by a
single consonant in the same syllable, as wal-
low, swal-low, &e. or by two consonants in
the same syllable, as want, wast, wasp, &c.
but when Z or r is one of the «. jnsonants, the
a becomes long, £is walk, swarm, &c.
Irregular and unaccented Sounds.
88. But besides the long and short sounds
common to all the vowels, there is a certain
transient indistinct pronunciation of some of
them, when they are not accented, that can-
not be so easily settled : when the accent is
not upon it, no vowel is more apt to run into
this imperfect sound than the a; thus, the
particle a before participles, in the phrases
a-going, a-walking, a-shooting, &c. seems,
says Dr. Lo^vth, to be the true and genuine
preposition on, a little disguised by familiar
use and quick pronunciation : the same indis-
tmctness, from rapidity and coincidence of
sound, has confounded the pronunciation of
this mutilated preposition to the ear, in the
different questions, wnat's o'clock, when we
would know the hour, and what's a clock,
when we would have the description of that
horary machine ; and if the accent be kept
strongly on the first syllable of the word to-
lerable, as it always ought to be, we find
scarcely any distinguishable difference to «the
ear, if we substitute m or o instead of a in the
penultimate syllable. Thus, tolerable, tolera-
ble, tolei-uble, are exactly the same word to the
ear, if pronounced without premeditation or
transposing the accent, for the real puqjose of
distinction ; and inwards, outwards, &c. might,
with respect to sound, be spelt i?iwurds, out-
icurds, &c. Thus, the word man, when not
under the accent, might be written mun in
nobleman, husbandman, woman ; and tertian
and quartan, tertiun and quartun, &c. The
same observation will hold good in almost
Every final syllable where a is not accented,
as medal, dial, giant, bias, &c. defiance, tem-
perance, &c. ; but when the tinal syllable ends
in age, ate, or ace, the a goes into a somewhat
different sound. See (90) and (91).
89. There is a corrupt, but a received pro-
nunciation of this letter in the words any,
tnany, Thames, where the a sounds like short
e, as if written etiny, menny. Terns. Catch,
among Londoners, seems to have degenerated
into Ketch and says, the third person of the
verb to say, has, among all ranks of people,
and in every part of the united kingdoms, de-
generated into sez, rhymmg with fez,
90. The a goes into a sound approaching the
short i, in the numerous termination in age,
when the accent is not on it, as cabbage, vil'
lage, courage, &c. and are pronounced nearly
as if written cabbige, villige, courige, &c. The
exceptions to this rule are chiefly among words
of three syllables, with the accent on the first ;
these seem to be the following : Adage, pre-
sage, scutage, hemorrhage, vassalage, carci-
lage, guidage, pucilage, mucilage, cartilage,
pupilage, oiphanage, villanage, appanage,
concubinage, baronage, patronage, parsonage,
personage, equipage, ossifrage, saxifrage, um-
pirage, embassage, hermitage, heritage, pa.
rentage, messuage,
91. The a in the numerous termination ate,
when the accent is on it, is pronounced some-
what differently in different words. If the
word be a substantive, or an adjective, the a
seems to be shorter than when it is a verb :
thus a good ear will discover a difference in
the quantity of this letter, in delicate and de-
dicate; in climate, primate, and ultimate,
and the verbs to calculate, to regulate, and
to speculate, where we find the nouns and ad-
jectives have the a considerably shorter than
the verbs. Innate, however, preserves the a
as long as if the accent were on it : but the
unaccented terminations in ace, whether nouns
or verbs, have the a so short and obscure as to
be nearly simiLir to the u in w*,- thus, palace,
solace, menace, pinnace, ])opulace, might, with-
out any great departure from their common
sound, be written pallus, sollus, &c. nhWefur-
nace almost changes the a into i, and might
be writtenyi<»MW*.
92. When the a is preceded by the gutturals,
hard g or c, it is, in polite pronunciation, sof-
tened by the intervention of a sound like e, so
that card, cart, guard, regard, are pronounced
like ke-ard, ke-art,ghe-ard, re-ghe-ard. When
the a is pronounced short, as in the first syllaljle
o( candle, gander, &c. the interposition of the
e is very perceptible, and indeed unavoidable
for though we can pronounce guard and care
without interposing the e, it is impossible to
pronounce garrison and carriage in the same
manner. This sound of the a is taken notice
of in Steele's Grammar, page 49. Nay, Ben
Jonson remarks the same sound of this letter,
which proves that it is not the offspring of the
present day, (16'0) ; and I have the satisfaction
to find Mr. Smith, a very accurate inciuirer
into the subject, entirely of my opinion. But
the sound of the a, which I have found the
most difficult to appreciate, is that where it
ends the syllable, either immediately before or
after the accent. We cannot give it any of its
three open sounds without hurting the ear >
thus, in pronouncing the words abound and
C
30
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER E.
diadem, ay-bound, ab-bound, and aw-bound ;
di-ay-dem, di-ah-dem, and di-aw-dem, are all
improper ; but giving the a the second, or
Italian sound, as ah-bound and di-ah-dem,
<eems the least so. For which reason I have,
like Mr. Sheridan, adopted the short sound of
this letter to mark this unaccented a : but if
the unaccented a be final, which is not the
case in any word purely English, it then seems
to approach still nearer to the Italian a in the
last syllable of papa, and to the a m father,
as may be heard in the deliberate pronuncia-
tion of the words idea, Africa, Delta, &c. (88).
See the letter A at the beginning of the Dic-
tionary.
E.
93. The first sound of e is that which it has
when lengthened by the mute e final, as in
glebe, theme, &c. or when it ends a syllable
with the accent upon it, as sc-cre-tion, ad-he-
sion, &c. (36).
94. The exceptions to this rule are, the
words where and theie, in which the first e is
pronounced like a, as if written whare, thare;
and the auxiliary verb were, where the e has
its short sound, as if written werr, rhyming
with the last syllaWe of pre-fer; and ere (be-
fore), which sounds like air. When there is
in composition in the word therefore, the e is
generally shortened, as in were, but in my
opinion improperly.
95. Tlie short sound of e is that heard in
bed, fed, red, wed, &c. This sound before r is
apt to slide into short tt ; and we sometimes
hear mercy sounded as if written murcy : but
this, though very near, is not the exact sound.
Irregular and unaccented Sounds.
96. The e at the end of the monosyllables
be, he, me, we, is pronounced ee, as if written
bee, hee, &c. It is silent at the end of words
purely English, but is pronounced distinctly at
the end of some words from the learned lan-
guages, as epitome, simile, catastrophe, apos-
trophe, &c.
97. The first e in the poetic contractions,
e'er and ne'er, is pronounced like a, as if
written air and nair.
98. The e in her is pronounced nearly like
short M ; and as we hear it in the unaccented
terminations of M>rj?er, reader, &c. pronounced
as if written writur, readur, where we may
observe that the r being only a jar, and not a
definite and distinct articulation like the other
consonants, instead of stopping the vocal efflux
of voice, lets it imperfectly pass, and so cor-
rupts and alters the true sound of the vowel.
The same may be observed of the final e after
r in words ending in cie, gre, tre, where the e
is sounded as if it were placed before the r, as
in lucre, ntaugre, theatre, &c. pronounced
luhur, maugur, thculur, &c. See No. 418,
It may be remarked, that thougn ac ought
cautiously to avoid pronouncing the e like u
when under the accent, it would be iiimis Al-
tici, and border too much on affectation of ac-
curacy, to preserve this sound of e in unac-
cented syllables before r; and though terrible,
where e has the accent, should never be pro-
nounced as if written turrible, itK impossible,
without pedantry, to make any difference in
the sound of the last syllable of splendour and
tender, sulphur and suffer, or martyr and
garter. But there is a small deviation froir
rule when this letter begins a word, and is fol-
lowed by a double consonant with the accent
on the second syllable : in this case we find
the vowel lengthen as if the consonant were
single. See Efface, Despatch, Embalm.
Q9. This vowel, in a final unaccented sylla-
ble, is apt to slide into the short i : thus, faces,
ranges, praises, are pronounced as if written
faciz, rangiz, praiziz; poet, covet, linen, duel,
&c. as if written poit, covit, linin, dull, &c.
Where we may observe, that though the e goes
into the short sound of i, it is exactly that
sound which corresponds to the long sound of
e. See Port Royal Grammaire, Latin, p. 142.
100. There is a remarkable exception to the
common sound of this letter in the words
clerk, Serjeant, and a few othei"s, where we
find the e pronounced like the a in dark and
margin. But this exception, I imagine, was,
till within these few years, the general i-ule of
sounding this letter before r, followed by ano
ther consonant. See Merchant. Thirty years
ago eveiy one pronounced the first syllable of
merchant like the monosyllable march, and as
it was anciently written marchant. Service
and servant are still heard among the lower
order of speakers, as if written saridce and
sarvant ; and even among the better sort, we
sometimes hear the salutation. Sir, your sar-
vant ! though this pronunciation of the word
singly would be looked upon as a mark of the
lowest vulgarity. The proper names, Derby,
and Berkeley, still retain the old sound, as if
written Darby and liurkeley ; but even these,
in polite usage, are getting into the common
sound, nearly as if written Durby and Burke-
ley. As this modern pronunciation of the e
has a tendency to simplify the language by
lessening the number of exceptions, it ought
certainly to be indulged.
101 . This letter falls into an irregular sound,
but still a sound which is its nearest relation,
in the words, England, yes, and pretty, where
the e is heard like short i. Vulgar sj)eakers
are guilty of the same irregularity in engine,
as if written ingine ; but this cannot be too
carefully avoided.
102. The vowel e before / and n in the final
unaccented syllable, by its being sometimes
suppressed and sometimes not, fflrms one ot
the most puzzling difficulties in pronunciation*
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS E AND 1.
«I
When any of the liquids precede these letters,
the e is heard distinctly, s&ivoollen, flannel, wo-
men, syren ; but when any of the other conson-
ants come before these letters, the e is some-
times heard, as in novel, sudden; and some-
times not, as in swivel, raven, &c. As no
other rule can be given for this variety of pro-
nunciation, perhaps the best way will be to
draw the line between those words where e is
pronounced, and those where it is not ; and
this, by the help of the Rhyming Dictionary,
I am luckily enabled to do. In the first place,
then, it may be observed, the e before /, in
a final unaccented syllable, must always be
pronounced distinctly, except in the following
words : shekel, weasel, ousel, 7iousel (better
written nuzzle'), navel, ravel, snivel, rivel,
diivel, shrivel, shovel, grovel, hazel, drazel,
nozel. The words are pronounced as if the
e were omitted by an apostrophe, as shek'l,
weas'l, Otis' I, &c. or rather as if written
sheckle, weasle, ousle, &c. ; but as these are
the only words of this termination that are so
l>ronounced, great care must be taken that
we do not yironounce travel, gravel, rebel (the
substantive),/>rtrce?, chapel, and vessel, in the
same manner ; a fault to which many are very
prone.
103. E before w in a final unaccented syl-
lable, and not preceded by a liquid, must
always be suppressed in the verbal termina-
tions in en, as to loosen, to hearken, and in
other words, except the following : sudden,
mynchen, kitchen, hyphen, chicken, ticken
(better written ticking), je^-ken, aspen, platen,
paten, marten, latten, patten, leaven or leven,
sloven, mittens. In these words the e is heard
thstinctly, contrary to the general rule which
sup])resses the e in these syllables, when pre-
ceded by a mute, as harden, heathen, heaven,
as if written harden, heath'n, heav'n, &c.; nay,
even when preceded by a liquid, in the words
fallen and stolen, where the e is suppressed,
as if they were written y'aY/'w and stol'n : gar-
den and burden, therefore, are very analogi-
cally pronounced g-arrf'n and burd'n; and this
pronunciation ought the rather to be indulged,
as we always hear the e suppressed in gardener
and burdensome, as if written gardener and
burdensome. See No. 472.
104. This diversity in the pronunciation of
these terminations ought the more carefully
to be attended to, as nothing is so vulgar and
childi^ as to hear swivel and heaven pro-
nounced with the e distinctly, or novel and
chicken with the e suppressed. But the most
general suppression of this letter is in the
preterits of verbs, and in participles ending in
ed : here, when the e is not preceded by d or
t, the e is almost universally sunk, (362), and
the two final consonants are pronounced in
one syllable : thus, loved, lived, barred, mar-
red, are pronounced as if written lovd, Uvd,
bard, mard. The same may be observed of
this letter when silent in the singulars of
nouns, or the first persons of verbs, as theme,
make, &c. which fiirm themes in the plural,
and makes in the third person, &c. where the
last e is silent, and the words are pronounced
in one syllable. When the noun or first person
of the verb ends in y, with the accent on it,
the e is likewise suppressed, as a reply, two
replies, he replits, &c. When words of this
form have the accent on the preceding sylla-
bles, the e is suppressed, and the y pronounced
like short i, as cherries, marries, cuiiies, &c.
pronounced cherriz, tnarriz, carriz, &c. In
the same manner, carried, married, embodied,
&c. are pronounced as if written carrid, mar-
rid, embodid, &c. (282). But it must be care-
fully noted, that there is a remarkable excep-
tion to many of these contractions when we
are pronouncing the language of scripture •
here every participial ed ought to make a dis-
tinct syllable, where it is not preceded by a
vowel: thus, " Who hath ftp/jci'eef our report,
and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed?"
Here the participles are both j)ronounced in
three syllables ; but in the following passage,
Whom he did predestinate, them he also
called) and whom he called, them he also
justified; and whom he justified, them he also
glorified." Called preserves the e, and is
pronounced in two syllables ; k\\\ juslificd xndi
glorified suppress the e, and are pronounced
in three.
/.
105, This letter is a perfect diphthong,
composed of the sounds of a m father, and e
in he, pronounced as closely together as pos-
sible, (37). When these sounds are openly pro-
nounced, they produce the familiar assent aye
which, by the old English ilramatic writeri,
was often ex])ressed by i ; hence we may ob-
serve, that unless our ancestors pronounced
the vowel i like the o in oil, the ])resent pro
nunciation of the word ay in the House of
Commons, in the phrase, the Ayes have it, is
contrary to ancient as well as to present usage :
such a pronunciation of this word is now
coai-se and rustic. The sound of this letter is
heard when it is lengthened by final e, as
time, thine, or ending a syllable with the ac-
cent upon it, as ti-tle, di-al; in monosyllables
ending with nd, as bind, find, mind, &c. ; in
three words ending with Id, as child, mild,
wild; and in one very irregularly ending with
nt, as j}int, (37).
10f>. There is one instance where this letter,
though succeeded by final e, does not go into
the broad English sound like the noun eye,
but into the slender foreign sound like e.
Tins is, in the word shire, pronounced as if
wiitten sheer, both when single, as a knight
oj' the shire; or in composition, as in AW-
33
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OP THE LETTER /.
tingJiamsJiire, Leicestershire, &c. This is the
Bound Dr.* Lowth gives it in his Gran.mar,
pag;e 4 . and it is highly probable that the
simple shire acquired this slender sound from
its tendency to become slender in the com-
pounds, where it is at a distance from the ac-
cent, and where all the vowels have a natural
tendency to become short and obscure. See
Shire.
lOT. The short sound of this letter is heard
in hitn, thin, &c. and when ending an unac-
cented syllable, as, van-i-ty, qual-i-ty, &c.
where, though it cannot be properly said to
be short, as it is not closed by a consonant,
yet it has but half its diphthongal sound.
This sound is the sound of e, the last letter of
the diphthong that forms the long i ; and it
is not a little surprising that Dr. Johnson
should say that the short i was a sound wholly
different from the long one, (551.)
108. When this letter is succeeded by r,
and another consonant not in a final syllable,
it has exactly the sound of e in vermin, vernal,
&c. as virtue, virgin, &c. which approaches to
the sound of short u ; but when it comes be-
fore r, followed by another consonant in a fi-
nal syllable, it acquires the sound of u exactly,
as bird, dirt, shirt, squirt, &c. Mirth, birth,
gird, gilt, skirt, girl, whirl, und Jlrm, are the
only exceptions to this rule, where i is pro-
nounced like e, a«d as if the words were writ-
ten merth, berth, wnAferm.
103. The letter r, in this case, seems to
have the same influence on this vowel, as it
evidently has on a and o. When these vowels
come before double r, or single r, followed by
a vowel, as in arable, carry, marry, orator,
hoi-rid, forage, &c. they are considerably
shorter than when the r is the final letter of
the word, or when it is succeeded by another
consonant, as in arbour, car, mar, or, nor,
for. In the same manner, the i, coming be-
fore either double r, or single r, followed by
a vowel, preserves its pure short sound, as in
'irritate, spirit, conspiracy, &c. ; but when r
is followed by another consonant, or is the
final letter of a word with the accent upon it,
the I goes into a deeper and broader sound,
equivalent to short e, as heard in virgin,
virtue, &c. So fir , a tree, is perfectly similar
to the first syllable oi ferment, though often
corruptly pronounced like fur, a skin. Sir,
and stir, are exactly pronounced as if written
sur and slur. It seems, says Mr. Nares, that
our ancestors distinguished these sounds more
correctly. Bishop Gardiner, in his first letter
to Cheke, mentions a witticism of Nicholas
Rowley, a fellow Cantab with him, to this
effect: Let handsome girls be called virgins ;
plain ones, vurgins.
** Si puU'lira est, virgo, sin turpis, vurgo vocetur "
Which, SAys Mr. Eljihiuston, may be mo-
dernized by the aid of a far more celebrated
line :
** Sweet ri;-g-iH can alone tile fair express,
** Fine ky tU-^n-ees^ and beantifnUij less:
** But let the hoyden, homely, rough-Iiewn vitrgin,
" Engross the homage of a ^lajor Sturgeon,"
1 10. The sound of i, in this situation, ought
to be the more carefully attended to, as letting
it fall mto the sound of u, where it should
have the sound of e, has a grossness in it ap-
proaching to vulgarity. Perhaps the only ex-
ception to this rule is, when the succeeding
vowel is u ; for this letter being a semi-conso-
nant, has some influence on the preceding i,
though not so much as a perfect consonant
would have. This makes Mr. Sheridan's pro-
nunciation of the i in virulent, and its com-
pounds, like that in virgin, less exceptionable
than I at first thought it ; but since we can-
not give a semi-sound of short i to correspond
to the semi-consonant sound of ?«, I have pre-
ferred the pure sound, which I think the most
agreeable to polite usage. See Mr. Garrick's
Epigram upon the sound of this letter, under
the word Virtue.
Irregular and unaccented Sounds.
111. There is an irregular pronunciation of
this letter, which has greatly multiplied within
these few years, and that is, the slender sound
heard in ee. This sound is chiefly found in
words derived from the French and Italian lan-
guages ; and we think we show our breeding
by a knowledge of those tongues, and an igno-
rance of our own .
" Report of fashions in proud Italy,
'* ^^'hose manners stili our tardy apish nation
" Limps after, in hase an-kward imitation."
Shakespeare, Itichaid It
When Lord Chesterfield wrote his lettei's to
his son, the word oblige was, by many polite
speakers, pronounced as if written obleege, to
give a hint of their knowledge of the French
language ; nay. Pope has rhymed it to this
sound :
** Dreading ev*n fools, by tVtterers hetieg^d,
** And so obliging, that he ne'er ohlig*d."
But it was so far from having generally ob-
tained, that Lord Chesterfield strictly enjoins
his son to avoid this pronunciation as aftected.
In a few years, however, it became so general,
that none but the lowest vulgar ever pronounced
it in the English manner ; but upon the pub-
lication of this nobleman's letters, which was
about twenty years after he wrote them, his
authority has had so much iiifluence with the
polite world, as to bid fair for restoring the i,
in this word, to its original rights ; and we
not unfrequently hear it now pronounced with
the broad Englisli i, in those circles, where,
a few years ago, it would have been an in-
fallible mark of vulgarity. Mr. Sheridan,
W. lohnston, and Mr. Barclay, give both
sounds^ but place the sound of oblige fiistt
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER /.
33
Mr. Scott gives both, but places obleege fii-st. I
Dr. Kenrick and Buchanan give only oblige;
and Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Perry, and Penning,
give only obleege; but though this sound has
lost ground so much, yet Mr. Nares, who wrote
about eighteen years ago, says, " Oblige still,
I think, retains the sound of long e, notwith-
standing the proscription of that pronuncia-
tion by the late Lord Chesterfield."
112. The words that have preserved the fo-
reign sound of i like ee, are the following :
ambergris, verdegris, antique, hecafico, bom-
basin, brasil, capivi, capuchiti, colbertine, chiop-
jnne, or chopin, caprice, chagrin, chevaux-de-
frise, critique (for criticism,) festucine,J'rize,
gabardine, haberdine, sordine, rugine, tre-
phine, quarantine, routine, fascine, fatigue,
intrigue, glacis, invalid, machine, magazine,
marine, palanquin, pique, police, profile, reci-
tative, mandarine, tabourine, tambourine, ton-
tine, transmarine, ultramarine. In all these
words, if for the last i we substitute ec, we
shall have the true pronunciation. In signior
the first t is thus pronounced. Mr. Sheridan
pronounces vertigo and serpigo with the accnat
on the second syllable, and the t long, as in
tie and pic. Dr. Kenrick gives these words
the same accent, but sounds the i as <■ in tea
and pea. The latter is, in my opinion, the
general pronunciation ; though Mr. Sheridan's
is supported by a very general rule, which is,
that all words adopted whole from the Latin
preserve the Latin accent, (503, b). But if
the English ear were unbiassed by the long i
in Latin, which fixes the accent on the second
syllable, and could free itself from the slavish
imitation of the French and Italians, there is
little doubt that these words would have the
accent on the first syllable, and that the i
would be pronounced regularly like the short e,
as in indigo and portico. See Vertigo.
1 13. There is a remarkable alteration in the
sound of this vowel, in certain situations,
where it changes to a sound equivalent to
initial y. The situation that occasions this
change is, when the i precedes another vowel
in an unaccented syllable, and is not preceded
by any of the dentals : thus we hear iary in
mil-iary, bil-iary,&.c. pronounced as if written
mil-yary, bil-yary, &c. Rfm-ion, pin-ion, &c.
as if written min-yon and pin-yon. In these
words the i is so totally altered to y, that pro-
nouncing the ia and io in separate syllables,
would be an error the most palpable ; but
where the other liquids or mutes precede the
i in this situation, the coalition is not so ne-
cessary: for though the two latter syllables
of convivial, participial, &c. are extremely
prone to unite into one, they may, however,
be separated, provided the separation be not
too distant. The same observations hold good
of e, as malleable, pronounced mal-ya-ble.
1 14. But the sound of the i, the most dif-
ficult to reduce to rule, is where it ends a syl-
lable immediately before the accent. When
either the primary or secondary accent is on
this letter, it is invariably pronounced either
as the long t in title, the short i in tittle, or
the French i in magazine; and when it ends
a syllable after the accent, it is always sounded
like e, as sen-si-ble, ra-ti-fy, &c. But when it
ends a syllable, immediately before the accent,
it is sometimes pronounced long, as in vi-ta-
li-ty, where the first syllable is exactly like tlie
first of vi-al; and sometimes short, as in di- '
gest, where the i is pronounced as if the word
were written de-gest. The sound of the i, in
this situation, is so little reducible to rule, that
none of our writers on the subject have at-
tempted it ; and the only method to give some
idea of it, seems to be the very laborious one
of classing such words together as have the i
pronounced in the same manner, and observing
the diffei"ent combinations of other letters that
may possibly be the cause of the different
sounds of this.
115. In the first place, where the i is the
only letter in the first syllable, and the accent
is on the second, beginning with a consonant,
the vowel has its long diphthongal sound, as
in idea, identity, idolatry, idoneous, irasciblCy
ironical, isosceles, itinerant, itinerary. Ima-
ginary and its compounds seem the only ex-
ceptions. But to give the inspector some idea
of general usage, I have subjoined examples of
these words as they stand in our different pro-
nouncing Dictionaries :
idea, Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston,
Kenrick.
Idea, Perry.
identity, Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Jolmstoii,
Kenrick.
Identity, Perry.
idolatry, Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Jolinston,
Kenrick.
idolatry, Peny.
idoneous, Sheridan, Kenrick.
irascible, Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, Kcnnck.
Irascible, Perry.
isosceles, Sheridan, Scott, Perry.
itinerary, Sheridan, Scctt, W. Johnston, Kenrirk.
itinerary. Perry.
itinei-ant, Slieridon, Scott, W. Johnston, Nares.
itinerant, Buclianan, Perry.
116. When i ends the first syllable, and the
accent is on the second, commencing with a
vowel, it generally preserves its long open diph-
thongal sound. Thus in di-ameter, di-urnal,
&e. the first syllable is equivalent to the verb
to die. A corrupt, foreign manner of pro-
nouncing these words may sometimes minc4
the i into e, as if the words were written de-
ametur, de-urnal, &c. but this is disgusting
to every just English ear, and contrary to the
whole current of analogy. Besides, the vowel
that ends and the vowel that begins a syllable
84
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER /
are, by pronouncing the t long, kept more dis-
tinct, and not suffered to coalesce, as they
are apt to do if i has its slender sound. Tliis
proneness of the e, which is exactly the slender
sound of i, to coalesce with the succeeding
vowel, has produced such monsters in pronun-
ciation as joggTuphy and jommetry for geo-
graphy and geometry, And jorgics ior georgics.
The latter of these words is fixed in this absurd
pronunciation without remedy ; but the two
former seem recovering their right to four syl-
lables ; though Mr. Sheridan has endeavoured
to deprive them of it, by spelling them with
three. Hence we may observe, that those who
wish to pronounce correctly, and according to
analogy, ought to pronounce the first syllable
of biography, as the verb to buy, and not as if
written beography.
117. When i ends an initial syllable without
the accent, and the succeeding syllable begins
with a consonant, the i is generally slender, as
if written e. But the exceptions to this rule
are so numerous, that nothing but a catalogue
will give a tolerable idea of the state of pro-
nunciation in this point.
118. When the prepositive hi, derived from
his (twice ,ends a syllable immediately before
the accent, the i is long and broad, in order
to convey more precisely the specific meaning
of the syllable. Thus, bi-capsular, bt-cipital,
bi-cipitous, bi-cornous, hi-corporal, hi-dental,
bi-J'arious, hi-furcated, hi-lingous, bi-nocular,
hi-pennated, bi-petalous, bi-quadrate, have the
i long. But the first syllable of the words bi-
tumen, and hitutnenous, having no such sfg-
nification, ought to be pronounced with tlie i
short. This is the Sound Buchanan has given
It ; but Sheridan, Kenrick, and W. Johnston,
make the i long, as in bible.
119. The same may be observed of words
beginning with tri, having the accent on the
second syllable. Thus, tri-butial, tri-corporal,
tri-chotomy, tri-gintals, have the i ending the
first syllable long, as in tri-al. To this class
ought to be added, di-petalous and di-lemma,
though the i in the first syllable of the last
word is pronounced like e, and as if written
de-lemma, by Mr. Scott and Mr. Perry, but
long by Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, and Bu-
chanan ; and both ways by W. Johnston, but
placing the short first. And hence we may
conclude, that the verb to bi-sect, and the
noun bisection ought to have the t at the end
of the first syllable pronounced like buy, as
Mr. Scott and Dr. Kenrick have marked it,
though otherwise marked by Mr. Sheridan,
Mr. Perry, and Buchanan.
120. When the first syllable is chi, with the
accent on the second, the i is generally long,
as, chi-ragrical, chi-rurgic, cld-rurgeoti, chl-
rographist, chi-rographer, chi-rography . Chi-
mera and chi-merical have the i most fre-
•juentiy short, as pronounced by Buchanan and
Perry ; though otherwise marked by Sheridan,
Scott, W. Johnston, and Kenrick ; and, in-
deed, the short sound seems now established.
Chicane and chicanery, from the French, have
the i always short, or more properly slender.
121 . a before the accent has the i generally
short, as, ci-vilian, ci-vility, and, I think,
ci-licious and ci-nerulent, though otherwise
marked by Mr. Sheridan, d-barious and ci-
tation have the i long.
122. Cli before the accent has the i long, as
cli-macter ; but when the accent is on the
third syllable, as in climacteric, the i is short-
ened by the secondary accent. See 530.
123. Cri before the accent has the i generally
long, as, cri-nigerous, cri-teiion ; though we
sometimes hear the latter as if written cre-
terion, but I think improperly.
124. Di before the accented syllable, begin-
ning with a consonant, has the i almost always
sliort ; as, digest, digestion, digress, digression,
dilute, dilution, diluvian, dimension, dimen-
sive, dimidiation, diminish, diminutive, diplo~
ma, direct, direction, diversify, diversification,
diversion, diversity, divert, divertisement, di-
vertive, divest, diveslure, divide, dividable, di-
vidunt, divine, divinity, divisible^ divisibility,
divorce, divulge. To these, I think, may be
added, didacity, didactic, dilacerate, dilaceror
tion, dilaniate, dilapidation, dilate, dilatable,
dilatability, dilection, dilucid, dilucidate, di"
lucidation, dinetical, dinumeration, diverge,
divergent, divan; though Mr. Sheridan has
marked the first i in all these words long,
some of them may undoubtedly be pronounced
either way ; but why he should make the i in
diploma long, and W. Johnston should give it
both ways, is unaccountable ; as Mr. Scott,
Buchanan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, and the
general usage is against them. Dieeresis and
dioptrics have the i long, according to the ge-
neral rule (116), though the last is absurdly
made short by Dr. Kenrick, and the diphthong
is made long in the first by Mr. Sheiidan,
contrary to one of the most prevailing idioms
in pronunciation ; which is, the shortening
power of the antepenultimate accent, (503).
Let it not be said that the diphthong must be
always long, since Ccesarea and Daedalus have
the (£ always short.
125. The long i, in woi-ds of this form, seems
confined to the following : digladiation, di-.
judication, dinumeratioti, divaricate, direp-
tion, diruption. Both Johnson and Sheridan,
in my opinion, place the accent of the word
didascalic improperly upon the second sylla-
ble : it should seem more agi'eeable to analogy
to class it with the numerous terminations iq
ic, and place the accent on the penultimate
syllable, (509) ; and, in this case, the i in the
first will be shortened by the secondary accent,
and the syllable pronounced like did (527).
The first i in dimissory, maiked long by Mr.
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER I.
35
Sheridan, and with the accent on the second
syllable, contrary to Dr. Johnson, is equally
erroneous. The accent ought to be -on the
first syllable, and the i short, as on the adjec-
tive dim. See Possessory.
126. Vi, before the accent, ought always to
be short : this is the sound we generally give
to the i in the first syllable oi ji-delity : and
why we should give the long sound to the i in
fiducial TiwA Jiduciary, as marked by Mr. She-
ridan, I know not : he is certainly erroneous
in marking the first i in frigidity long, and
equally so in placing the accent upon the last
syllable oijinite. Finance has the i short uni-
versally.
127. Gigantic has the i in the first syllable
always long.
128. Li has the t generally long, as U-tation,
li-brarian, li-bration, li-centious, li-pothymy,
li-quescent, li-tliography , li-thotomy. Litigious
has the t in the fii-st syllable always short.
The same may be obsei-ved of libidinous, though
otherwise marked by Mr. Sheridan.
129. Mi has the i generally short, as iu mi-
nority, militia, mimographer, minacious, tni-
nacity, miraculous; though the four last are
marked with the long i by Mr. Sheridan : and
what is still more strange, he marks the i,
which has the accent on it, long in minatory;
though the same word, in the compound com-
minatory, where the i is always short, might
have shown him his error. The word mimetic,
which, though in very good use, and neither in
Johnson nor Sheridan, ought to be pronounced
with the first i short, as if written mim-et-ic.
The i is generally long in micrometer, micro-
graphy, and migration.
130. Ni has the t long in nigrescent. The
first i in nigri/ication, though marked long by
Mr. Sheridan, is shortened by the secondary
accent (527), and ought to be pronounced as
if divided into nig-ri-Ji-cation.
131. PAihasthe i generally short, as in^^At-
lanthropy, philippic, philosopher, philosophy,
philosophize ; to which we may certainly add,
philologer, philologist, philology, philological,
notwithstanding Mr. Sheridan has marked the
t in these last words long.
132. Pi axiA pit have the i generally short,
3& pilaster, pituitous, pilosity, plication. Pias-
ter and piazza, being Italian words, have the
a short before the vowel, contrary to the ana-
logy of words of this form (116), where the i
is long, as in pi-acular, pri-ority, &c. Pira-
tical has the i marked long by Mr. Sheridan,
and short by Dr. Kenrick. The former is, in
my opinion, more agreeable both to custom
and analogy, as the sound of the i before the
accent is often determined by the sound of
that letter in the primitive word.
133. Pri has the i generally long, as in^-i-
meval, ptimevous, prim itial, prtmero, primor-
dial, privado, privation, privative, but always
short in primitive and primer.
134. Ri has the i short, as in ridiculous.
Rigidity is marked with the i long by Mr. She
ridan, and short by Dr. lienrick : the latter
is undoubtedly right. Rivality has the i long
in the first syllable, in compliment to rival,
as piratical has the i long, because derived
from pirate. Rhinoceros has the i long in
Sheridan, Scott, Kenrick, W. Johnston, and
Buchanan ; and short in Perry.
135. Si has the i generally short, as simili-
tude, siriasis, and ought certainly to be short
in silicious (better written cilicious), though
marked long by Mr. Sheridan. Simultaneous
having the secondary accent on the first syl-
lable, does not come under this head, but re-
tains the i long, notwithstanding the shorten-
ing power of the accent it is under, (527).
136. Ti has the i short, as in timidity.
137> Tri has the i long, for the same reason
as bi, which see, (118) (119).
138. l^i has the i so unsettled as to puzzle
the correctest speakers. The i is generally
long in vicarious, notwithstanding the short i
in vicar. It is long in vibration, from its re-
lation to vibrate. Vitality has the i long, like
vital. In vivifick, vivtficate, and viviparous,
the first t is long, to avoid too great a same-
ness with the second. Vivacious and vivacity
have the i almost as often long as short ; Mr.
Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and Dr. Kemick, make
the t in vivacious long, and Mr. Perry and Bu-
chanan, short ; Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and
W. Johnston, make the i in the first of vi-
vacity long, and Perry and Buchanan, short :
but the short sound seems less formal, and
most agreeable to polite usage. Vicinity, vi-
cinal, vicissitude, vituperate, vimineous, and
virago, seem to prefer the short i, though
Mr. Sheridan has marked the three last words
with the first vowel long. But the diversity
will be best seen by giving the authorities for
all these words :
vicinity, Dr. Kenrick.
vicinity, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Uuchanan, VV.
Jolinston, and Perry.
vicinal, Mr. Sheridan.
vicissitude, Mr. Slieridan, Dr. Kenriclt, W. Johnston,
Buclianan, and Perry.
Vituperate, Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston.
vituperate, Mr. Perry.
Vimineous, Mr. Sheridan.
virago, Mr. Slieridan, and W. Johnston.
Virago, Dr. Kenriclc, Mr. Scott, Buchanan, and
Perry.
I have classed vicinal here as a word with
the accent on the second syllable, as it stands
in Sheridan's Dictionary, but think it ought
to have the accent on the first. See Medici-
nal.
139. The same diversity and uncertainty in
36
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER 7.
the sound of this letter, seem to reign in those
final unaccented syllableswhich are terminated
with the mute e. Perhaps the best way to
give some tolerable idea of the analogy of the
language in this point, will be, to show the
general rule, and mark the exceptions ; though
these are sometimes so numerous as to make
us doubt of the rule itself; therefore the best
way will be to give a catalogue of both.
140. There is one rule of veiy great extent,
in words of this termination, which have the
accent on the penultimate syllable, and that
is, that the i in the final syllable of these words
is short : thus, servile, hostile, respite, deposite,
adamantine, amethystine, &c. are pronounced
as if written sei'vil, hostil, respit, deposit, &c.
The only exceptions in this numerous class of
words seem to be the following : exile, senile,
edile, empire, umpire, rampire, finite, feline,
ferine, archives; and the substantives, con-
fine and supine: while the adjectives saline
and contrite have sometimes the accent on the
first, and sometimes on the last syllable ; but
in either case the i is long. Quagmire and
pismire have the * long also ; likeivise hiis the
i long, but otherwise has it more frequently,
though very improperly, short. Myrrhine,
vulpine, and gentile, though marked with the
I long by Mr. Sheridan, ought, in my opinion,
to conform to the general rule, and be pro-
nounced with the i short. Vulpine, with the
i long, is adopted by Mr. Scott ; and VV. John-
ston, Mr. Scott, and Buchanan, agree with
Mr. Sheridan in the last syllable oi gentile ;
and this seems agreeable to general usage,
though not to Analogy. See the word.
That the reader may have a distinct view of
the subject, I have been at the pains of collect-
ing all our dissyllables of this termination,
with the Latin words from which they are de-
rived, by which we may see the correspondence
between the English and Latin quantity in
these words :
reptile, .... reptUis,
sculptlle, sculpttlis,
fertile, ferttliv,
futile, futllis,
utile, utllis,
textile, .... textllis,
gentile, gentilis,
aedlle, tEdilis,
senile, senilis,
febrile, . . . fehrllis,
virile, virllis,
subtile, . . . .suhtllis,
coctile, . . . ■ coctllis,
quintile, . .quinlllis,
hostile, .... hostilis,
servile, . . . .servUis,
sextlle, .... sextllis.
In this list o Latin adjectives, we find only
ten of them with the penultimate i long; and
flablle, .
. . .fiahUis,
deblle, .
. . . debllis.
mobile, .
• . • jnohilis.
sorblle, .
. . . sorbtlis.
nubile, .
. . . nuMlis,
facile, . .
. . . facllis,
graclle.
. • gracilis.
docde, . .
. . . . docllis.
agile, ..
agllis,
fragile, .
. fragllis.
pensile, .
. . ■pensilis.
tortile, .
. . . tortllis.
scisslle, .
. . . scissllis,
missile, .
• . . missllis,
tactile, .
. . . tactllis.
fictile, . .
. . . .fictllis.
ductile,.
. . . ductilis.
four of them with the i in the last syllable
long, in the English words gentile, a:dlle, sen-
ile, and virile. It is highly probable that this
short i, in the Latin adjectives, was the cause
of adopting this i in the English words derived
from them ; and this tendency is a sufficient
reason for pronouncing the words projectile,
tractile, and insectlle, with the i short, though
we have no classical Latin words to appeal to,
fiom which they are derived.
141 But when the accent is on the last
syllable but two, in words of this termination,
the length of the vowel is not so easily ascer-
tained.
142. Those ending in ice, have the i short,
except sacrifice and cockatrice.
143. Those ending in ide have the i long,
notwithstanding we sometimes hear suicide
absurdly pronounced, as if written suicid.
144. Those ending in i/'e, have the i long,
except housewife, pronounced huzziff, accord-
ing to the general rule, notwithstanding the i
in ivife is always long. Midwife is sometimes
shortened in the same manner by the vulgar;
and se'nnight for sevennight is gone irrecover-
ably into the same analogy ; ^}i\o\y^\ fortnight
for fourteenthnight is more frequently pro-
nounced with tne i long.
145. Those ending in He have the i short,
except reconcile, chamomile, estipile. Juvenile,
merca7itile, and puerile, have the i long in
Sheridan's Dictionary', and short in Kenrick's.
In my opinion, the latter is the much more
prevalent and polite pronunciation ; but iif un-
tile, though pronounceable both ways, seems
inclinable to lengthen the i \\\ the last sylla-
ble. See Juvenile.
146. In the termniation lyne, pantomime
has the i long, rhyming with titne ; and ma-
ritime has the i short, as if written maritim.
147. Words in ine, that have the accent
higher than the penultimate, have the quan-
tity of i so uncertain, that the only method to
give an idea of it will be to exhibit a catalogue
of words where it is pronounced differently.
148. But, first, it may not be improper to
see the different sounds given to this letter
in some of the same words by different or-
thiJepists :
columbine, Sheridan, Narcs, W. Jolmston.
colutnblne, Kenrick, Perr>-.
sacchai-lne, Sheridan, Nares.
saccharine, Kenrick, Perry.
saturnine, Sheridan, Nares, Buchanan.
saturnine, Kenrick, Perry.
mettallne, Kenrick.
mettallne, Sheridan, W. Jolinston, Perrj-.
crystalline, Kenrick.
crystalline, Slieridan, Perry.
uterine, Slieridan, Buchanan, W. Johnston.
uterine, Kenrick, Scott, Perry.
149. Ill these words I do not hesitate to
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER /.
37
pronounce, that the general rule inclines evi-
dently to the long i, which, in doubtful cases,
ought always to be followed ; and for which
reason I shall enumerate those words first
where I judge the i ought to be pronounced
long: cannabine, carabine, columbine, bizan-
tine, gelatine, legatine, oxi/rrhodine, concu-
Vine, muscadine, incarnadine, celandine, al-
mandine, secundine, amygdaline, ciystalline,
vHuline, calamine, asinine, saturnine, saccha-
rine, adulterine, viperine, uterine, lamentine,
armentine, serpentine, turpentine, vespertine,
belluine, porcupine, countermine, leonine, sap-
phirinCj and ?netalline,
150. The words of this termination, where
the i is short, are the following : jacobine, me-
dicine, discipline, masculine, jessamine, femi-
nine, heroine, nectarine, libertine, gemcine,
hyaline, palatiiie. To these, I think, ought
to be added, alkaline, aquiline, coralline, bri-
gantine, eglantine: to this pronunciation of
the i, the proper names, Valentine and Con-
stantine, seem strongly to incline ; and on the
stage Cymheline has entirely adopted it. Thus,
we see how little influence the Latin language
has on the quantity of the i, in the final syl-
lable of these words. It is a rule in that lan-
guage, that adjectives, ending in His or inus,
derived from animated beings or proper names,
with the exception of veiy few, have this i pro-
nounced long. It were to be wished this dis-
tinction could be adopted in English words
from the Latin, as in that case we might be
able, in time, to regularize this very irregular
part of our tongue ; but this alteration would
be almost impossible in adjectives ending in
ive, as relative, vocative, fugitive, &c. have
the i uniformly short in English, and long in
the Latin relativus, vocativus, fugitivus, &c.
151. The only word ending in ire, with the
accent on the antepenultimate syllable, is
acrospire, with the i long, the last syllable
sounding like the spire of a church.
152. Words ending m rse have the i short,
when the accent is on the last syllable but
one, as franchise, except the compounds end-
ing in wise, as likewise, lengthwise, &c. as
marked by Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and Bucha-
nan ; but even among these words we some-
times hear otherwise pronounced otherwiz, as
marked by Mr. Sheridan and W. Johnston ;
but, I think, improperly.
153. When the accent is on the last syllable
but two in these words, they are invariably
pronounced with the i long, as a'iticise, equa-
lise.
154. In the termination ite, when the ac-
cent is on it, the i is always long, as requite.
When the accent is on the last syllable but
one, it is always short, as respite, (140), pro-
nounced as if ^vritten respit, except contrite
and crinite ; but when the accent is on the
last syllable but two, the i is generally long:
the exceptions, however, are so many, that a
catalogue of both will be the best rule.
1 55. The i is long in expedite, recondite, in-
condite, hermaphrodite, curmelite, theodolite,
cosmopolite, chrysolite, eremite, aconite, tnar-
garite, marcasite, parasite, appetite, bipar-
tite,triparlite,quadripartite, ennvevtite, ancho-
rite, pituiie, satellite. As the last word stands
in Kenrick's Dictionary, sa-tell-it, having the
i short, and the accent on the second syllable,
it is doubly wrong. The i in the last syllable
is shortened also by W. Johnston and Perry,
but made long, as it ought to be, by Mr. She-
ridan, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Nares. See Re*
CONDITE.
156. The i is short in cucurbite, ingenite,
definite, indefinite, infinite, hypocrite, favour*
ite, requisite, pre-requisite, perquisite, exqui-
site, apposite, and opposite. Heteroclite has
the i long in Sheridan, but short in Kenrick.
The former is, in my opinion, the best pro-
nunciation, (see the word in the Dictionary;)
but ite, in what may be called a gentile ter
mination, has the i always long, as in Hivite
Samnite, cosmopolite, bedlamite, &c.
157. The termination ive, when the accent
is on it, is always long, as in hive, except in
the two verbs, give, live, and their compounds,
giving, living, &c. for the adjective live, as a
live animal, has the i long, and rhymes with
strive; so have the adjective and adverb,
lively and livelily : the noun livelihood follows
the same analogy ; but the adjective live-long,
as the live-long day, has the i short, as in the
verb. When the accent is not on the i in tliis
termination, it is always short, as sportive,
plaintive, &c. rhyming with give, (150), except
the word be a gentile, as in ylrglve,
158. All the other adjectives and substan-
tives of this termination, when the accent is
not on it, have the i invariably short, as offen-
sive, defensive, &c. The i in salique is short,
as if written sallick, but long in oblique, rhym-
ing with pike, strike, &c. ; while antique has
the i long and slender, and rhymes with speak.
Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Perry, Bu-
chanan, and Barclay, have obleek for oblique ,
Mr. Scott has it both ways, but gives the
slender sound first ; and Mr. Sheridan, Mr.
{«Jares, and W. Johnston, obllke. The latter
is, in my opinion, more agreeable to polite
usage, but the former more analogical ; for,
as it comes from the French oblique, we can-
not write it oblike, as Mr. Nares wishes, any
more than antique, antike, for fear of depart-
ing too far from the Latin antiquus and obli^
quus. Opaque, Mr. Nares observes, has be-
come opake ; but then it must be remembered,
that the Latin is opacus, and not opacuus.
159. All the terminations in ize have the i
long, except to endenize ; which, having the
38
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS / AND O.
accent on the second syllable, follows the "ge-
neral rule, and has the i short, pronounced as
the verb is, (140). To these observations we
may add, that though evil and devil suppress
the i, as if written ev'l and dev'l, yet that
(avil and pencil preserve its sound distinctly ;
and that Lati7i ought never to be pronounced
as it is generally at schools, as if written Z/O^^'w.
Cousiii and cozen, both drop the last vowels,
as if spelled cuzz'n, and are only distinguish-
able to the eye.
Thus we see how little regularity there is
in the sound of this letter, when it is not
under the accent, and, when custom will per-
mit, how careful we ought to be to preserve
the least tiace of analogy, that " confusion
may not be worse confounded." The sketch
that has been just given may, perhaps, afford
something like a clue to direct us in this la-
byrinth, and it is hoped it will enable the ju-
dicious speaker to pronounce with more cer-
tainty and decision.
160. It v'as remarked under the vowel yl,
that when a hard g or c preceded that vowel,
a sound like e interposed, the better to unite
the letters, and soften the sound of the con-
sonant. The same may be observed of the
letter /. When this vowel is preceded by g
hardjOr k, which is but another form for hard
c, it is pronounced as if an e were inserted be-
tween the consonant and the vowel : thus, sky,
kind, guide, guise, disguise, catechise, guile,
beguile, mankind, are pronounced as if writ-
ten ske-y, ke-ind, gue-ise, dis-gue-ise, cat-e-
che-ise, gue-ile, he-gue-ile, man-ke-ind. At first
we are surprised that two such different letters
as a and t should be affected in the same man-
ner by the hard gutturals, g, c, and k; but
when we reflect that i is really composed of a
and e, (.37), our surprise ceases and we are
pleased to find the ear perfectly uniform in its
procedure, and entirely unbieissed by the eye.
From this view of the analogy we may see how
greatly mistaken is a very solid and ingenious
writer on this subject, who says, that ^* ky-ind
for kind, is a monster of pronunciation, heard
only on our stage." Nares's English Orthoepy,
page 28. Dr. Beattie, in his Theory of Lan-
guage, takes notice of this union of vowel
rounds, page 266. See No. 92.
It may not, perhaps, seem unworthy of no>
tice, that when this letter is unaccented in
the numerous terminations ity, ible, &c. it is
frecjuently pronounced like short u, as if the
words sensible, visible, &c. were written sen-
pibble, visubble, &c. and charity, chastity, &c,
like charutty, chastutty, &c. ; but it may be
observed, that the pure sound of i like e in
these words, is as much the mark of an elegant
speaker, as that of the « in singular, educate^
&c. See No. 179.
O.
161. Grammarians have generally allowed
this letter but thiee sounds. Mr, Sheridan
instances them in 7iot, note, prove. For a
fourth, I have added the o in love, dove, &c. ;
for the fifth, that in or, nor, for ; and a sixth,
that in tvoman, tvolf, &c.
162. The first and only peculiar sound of
this letter is that by which it is named in the
alphabet : it requires the mouth to be formed,
in some degree, like the letter, in order to
pronounce it. This may be called its long
open sound, as the o in prove may be called
its long slender sound, (65). This sound we
find in words ending with silent e, as tone,
bone, alone; or when ending a syllable with
the accent upon it, as mo-tion, po-tent, &c.
likewise in the monosyllables, go, so, no. This
sound is found vuider several combinations of
other vowels with this letter, as in moan,
groan, bow (to shoot with), low, (not high),
and before st in the words host, ghost, postj
most, and before ss in gross.
163. The second sound of this letter is called
its short sound, and is found in not, got, lot,
&c. ; though this, as in the other short vowels,
is by no means the short sound of the former
long one, but corresponds exactly to that of a,
in what, with which the words not, got, lot,
are perfect rhymes. The long sound, to which
the 0 in not and sot are short ones, is found
under the diphthong au in naught, and the o%t
in sought ; corresponding exactly to the a in
hall, ball, &c. The short sound of this letter,
like the short sound of a inyaWe*-, (78) (79),
is frequently, by inaccurate speakers, and
chiefly those among the vulgar, lengthened to
a middle sound approaching to its long sound,
the 0 in or. This sound is generally heard,
as in the case of a, when it is succeeded by
two consonants : thus, Mr. Smith j)ronounces
broth, froth, and moth, as if written brawth,
frawth, and mawth. Of the projiriety or im-
propriety of this, a well-educated ear is the
best judge ; but, as was observed under the
article A (79), if this be not the sound heard
among the best speakers, no middle sound
ought to be admitted, as good orators will
ever incline to definite and absolute sounds,
rather than such as maybetialled nondescripts
in language.
164. The third sound of this ktter, as was
marked in the first observation, may be called
its long slender sound, corresponding to the
double 0, The words where this sound of o
occurs are so few, that it will be easy to give
a catalogue of them : prove, move, behove.
and their compounds, lose, do, ado, Rome,
poltron, ponton, sponton, who, whom, womb,
tomb. Sponton is not in Johnston ; and this
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER O.
3D
and the two preceding words ought rather to
be written with oo in the last syllable. Gold
is pronounced like goold in familiar conversa-
tion ; but in verse and solemn language, es-
pecially that of the scripture, ought always to
rhyme with old, fold, &c. See Encore, Gold,
and Wind.
165. The fourth sound of this vowel is that
which is found in love, dove, &c.; and the long
sound, which seems the nearest relation to it,
is the first sound of o in note, tone, rove, &c.
This sound of o is generally heard when it is
shortened by the succeeding liquids n, m, r,
and the semi-vowels v, z, th ; and as Mr. Nares
has given a catalogue of those words, I shall
avail myself of his labour. Above, affront,
allonge, among, amongst, attorney, bomb,
bombard, borage, borough, brother, cochineal,
colour, come, comely, comjit, conifort, com-
pany, co?npass, comrade, combat, conduit,
coney, conjure, constable, covenant, cover, co-
vert, covet, covey, cozen, discomjit, done, doth,
dost, dove, dozen, dromedary, front, glove,
govern, honey, hover, . love, Monday, money,
mongrel, monk, monkey, month, mother, none,
nothing, one, onion, other, oven, plover, pome-
granate, pommel, pother, romage, shove, sho-
vel, sloven, smotlier, some, Somerset, son, so-
vereign, sponge, stomach, thorough, ton,
tongue, word, work, wonder, world, worry,
%vorse, worship, wort, worth : to which we
may add, rhomb, once, comfrey, and colander.
166. In these words the accent is on the o
in every word, except pomegranate : but with
very few exceptions, this letter has the same
sound, in the unaccented terminations, oc,ock,
od, ol, om, on, op, or, ot, and some; as, mam-
mock, cassock, method, carol, kingdom, union,
amazon, gallop, tutor, turbot, troublesome,
&c. all which are pronounced as if written
mammuck, cassuck, methud, &e. The o in
the adjunct monger, as cheesemonger, &c. has
always this soimd. The exceptions to this
inile are technical terms from the Greek or
Latin, as achor, a species of the herpes ; and
proper names, as Calor, a river in Italy.
167. The fifth sound of 0 is the long sound
produced by r final, or followed by another
oonsonant, 2&for,formet. This sound is per-
fectly equivalent to the diphthong au; and
for Rndfortner might, on account of sound
only, be written faur and faurmer. There
are many exceptions to this rule, as borne,
corps, corse, force, forge, form (a &edX),forl,
horde, porch, port, sport, &c. which have the
first sound of this letter.
168. O, like ^, is lengthened before r, when
terminating a monosyllable, or followed by
another consonant ; and, like a too, is short-
ened by a duplication of the liquid, as we may
iiear by comparing the conjunction or with
the same letters in toi-rid, floridy &c.; for
though the r is not doubled to the eye in
florid, yet, as the accent is on it, it is as effec-
tually doubled to the ear as if y/v\\.tf:n florrid ;
so, if a consonant of another kind succeed the
r in this situation, we find the 0 as long as in
a monosyllable : thus, the 0 in orchard is as
long as in the conjunction or, and that uxfor-
■tnal, as in the \so\Afor: but in orifice and
forage, where the r is followed by a vowel,
the o is as short as if the r were double, and
the words written orrifice a.ndforrage. See
No. 81.
1 69. There is a sixth sound of 0 exactly cor-
responding to the M in bull, full, pull, &c.
which, from its existing only in the following
words, may be called its irregular sound.
These words are, womati, bosom, worsted,
wo{f, and the proper names, TVolsey, Worces-
ter, and Wolvei'hampton.
Irregular and unaccented Sounds.
170. Wliat was observed of the a, when fol-
lowed by a liquid and a mute, may be observ-
ed of the 0 with equal justness. This letter,
like a, has a tendency to lengthen, when fol-
lowed by a liquid and another consonant, or
by s, ss, or s and a mute. But this length of
0, in this situation, seems every day growing
more and more vulgar : and, as it would be
gross, to a degree, to sound the a in castle,
mask, and plant, like the a in palm, psalm,
&c. so it would be equally exceptionable to
pronounce the 0 in moss, dross, a.mi frost, as
if written mawse, drawse, anAfrawst (78)
(79). The 0 in the compounds of solve, as
dissolve, absolve, resolve, seem the only words
where a somewhat longer sound of the o is
agreeable to polite pronunciation : on the
contrary, when the 0 ends a syllable, im-
mediately before or after the accent, as in
po-lite, im-po-tent, &c. there is an elegance in
giving it the open sound nearly as long as in
po-lar, Riid po-tent, &c. See Domestic, Col-
lect, and Command. It may likewise be ob-
served, that the 0, like the e (102), is sup-
pressed in a final unaccented syllable when pre-
ceded by c or k, and followed by n, as bacon,
beacon, deacon, beckon, reckon, pronounced
bak'n, beak'n, deak'n, beck'n, reck'n; and
when c is preceded by another consonant, as
falcon, pronouncedyawi'w. The 0 is likewise
mute in the same situation, when preceded by
d in pardon, pronounced pard'n, but not in
guerdon : it is mute when preceded by p in
weapon, capon, &c. pronounced weap'n, cap'n,
&c. ; and when preceded by * in reason, season,
treason, oraison, benison, deniso7i, unison, foi^
S071, poison, prison, da?Hson, crimson, aduow-
son, pronounced reaz'n, treaz'n, &c. and ma-
son, bason, garrison, lesson, caprison, com-
parison, disinherison, parson, and person^
pronounced mas'n, bas'n, &c. Unison, diapu-
40
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER U.
son, and cargason, seem, particularly in so-
lemn speaking, to preserve the sound of o like
u, as if written unizun, diapazun, &c. The
Jame letter is suppressed in a final unaccented
syllable begiiming with t, as seton, cotton,
hutton, mutton, glutton, pronounced as if
written set'n, cott'n, &c. When x precedes
the t, the o is pronounced distinctly, as in
sexton. When I is the preceding letter^ the
0 is generally suppressed as in the proper
names, Stilton cheese, ff^ilton carpets, and
Melton Mowbray, &c. Accurate speakers
sometimes struggle to preserve it in the name
of our great epic poet, Milton ; but the former
examples sufficiently shew the tendency of the
language ; and this tendency cannot be easily
counteracted. This letter is likewise sup-
pressed in the last syllable of blazon, pronoun-
ced blaz'n; but is always to be preserved in
the same syllable of horizon. This suppres-
sion of the o must not be ranked among those
careless abbreviations found only among the
vulgar, but must be considered as one of those
devious tendencies to brevity, which has worn
itself a currency in the language, and has at
last become a part of it. To pronounce the o
in those cases where it is suppressed, would
give a singularity to the speaker bordering
nearly on the pedantic ; and the attention
given to this singularity by the hearer, would
necessarily diminish his attention to the sub-
ject, and consequently deprive the speaker of
something much more desirable.
U.
171. The first sound of m, heard in tube,
or ending an accented syllable, as in cu-bic, is
a diphthongal sound, as if e were prefixed, and
these words were spelt teivbe and kewbic. The
letter u is exactly the pronoun t/ou.
172. The second sound of u is the short
sound, which tallies exactly with the 0 in
done, so?i, &c. which every ear perceives
might, as well, for the sound's sake, be spelt
dun, sun, &c. See all the words where the 0
has this sound, No. 165.
173. The third sound of this letter, and
that in which the English more particularly
depart from analogy, is the u in bull,Jull,'
pull, &.C. The first or diphthongal u in tube
seems almost as peculiar to the English as
the long sound of the i in thine, mine, &c. ;
but here, as if they chose to imitate the Latin,
Italian, and French u, they leave out the e
before the u, which is heard in tiibe, mule, &c.
and do not pronounce the latter part of u
quite so long as the 00 in pool, nor so short as
the u in dull, but with a middle sound between
both, which is the true short sound of the 00
in coo and vjoo, as may be heard by comparing
tvoo and wool; the latter of which is a perfect
rhyme to bull.
174. This middle sound of M, so unlike the
general sound of that letter, exists only in the
following words : bull, full, pull ; words com-
pounded oi full, as wonderful, dreadful, &.c.
bullock, bully, bullet, bulwark, fuller , fulVaig-
mill, pulley, pullet, push, bush, bushel, pulpit,
puss, bullion, butcher, cushion, cuckoo, pud-
ding, sugar, hussar, huzza, and put, when a
verb : but few as they are, except full, which
is a very copious termination, they are suf-
ficient to puzzle Englishmen who reside at
any distance from the capital, and to make
the inhabitants of Scotland and Ireland, (who,
it is highly probable, received a much more
regular pronunciation from our ancestors) not
unfrequently the jest of fools.
175. But vague and desultory as this sound
of the zi may at first seem, on a closer view
we find it chiefly confined to words which be-
gin with the mute labials, b, p, f, and end
with the liquid labial /, or the dentals s, t, and
d, as in bull, full, pull, bush, push, pudding,
puss, put, &c. Whatever, therefore, was the
cause of this whimsical deviation, we see its
primitives are confined to a veiy narrow com-
pass ; put has this sound only when it is a
verb ; for putty, a paste for glass, has the
common sound of u, and rhymes exactly with
nutty, (having the qualities of a nut); so put,
the game at cards, and the vulgar appellation
of country put, follow the same analogy. Al .
bulVs compounds regularly follow their primi-
tive ; as, bull-baiting, bull-beggar, bull-dog,
&c. But though fuller, a whitener of cloth,
and Fulham, a proper name, are not com-
pounded oifull, they are sounded as if they
were ; while Putney follows the general rule,
and has its first syllable pronounced like tlie
noun put. Pulpit and pullet comply with
the peculiarity, on account of their resem-
blance to pull, though nothing related to it ;
and butcher and puss adopt this sound of u for
no other reason but the nearness of their form
to the other words ; and when to these we have
added cushion, sugar, cuckoo, hussar, and the
interjection huzza, we have every word in the
whole language where the u is thus pronounced.
176. Some speakers, indeed, have attempted
to give bulk and pufiish this obtuse sound of tc,
but luckily have not been followed. Tht
words which have already adopted it are suf-
ficiently numerous; and we cannot be toe
careful to check the growth of so unmeaning
an irregularity. When this vowel is preceded
by r in the same syllable, it has a sound some-
what longer than this middle sound, and
exactly as if written 00 : thus rue, true, &e.
are pronounced nearly as if written roo, troo,
&c. (339).
177. It must be remarked, that this sound
of u, except in the wovd fuller, never extends
to words from the learned languages ; for,
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER Y.
41
fulminant, fulinination, ebullition, repulsion,
sepulchre, &c. sound the u as in dull, gull,
&c. and the u in pus and pustule is exactly
like the same letter in thus. So the pure
English ^f/oxA%, fulsome, buss, bulge, bustle,
bustard, buzzard, preserve the m in its second
sound, as us, hull, and custard. It may like-
wise not be unworthy of remark, that the
letter u is never subject to the shortening
power of either the primary or secondary ac-
cent ; but when accented, is always long, un-
less shortened by a double consonant. See
the words Drama and Muculent, and No.
503, 534.
Irregular and unaccented Sounds.
178. But the strangest deviation of this letter
from its regular sound is in the words bus^,
business and bury. We laugh at the Scotch
for pronouncing these words, as if written bew-
ty, bewsiness, bewry ; but we ought rather to
blush for ourselves in departing so wantonly
from the general rule as to pronounce them
Lizzy, bizness, and berry.
179. There is an incorrect pronunciaflon of
this letter when it ends a sellable not under
the accent, which prevails not onij among the
vulgar, but is sometimes found in better com-
pany ; and that is, giving the u an obscure
sound, which confounds it with vowels of a very
different kind : thus we not unfrequently hear
singular, regular, and particular, pronounced
as if written sing-e-lar, reg-e-lar, and pai--
ticli-e-lar ; but nothing tends more to tarnish
and vulgarize the pronunciation than this
short and obscure sound of the unaccented u.
It may, indeed, be observed, that there is
scarcely anything more distinguishes a person
of mean and good education than the pronun-
ciation of the unaccented vowels (547J (558).
When vowels are under the accent, the prince,
and the lowest of the people in the metropolis,
with very few exceptions, pronounce them in
the same manner ; but the unaccented vowels
m the mouth of the former have a distinct,
open, and specific sound, while the latter often
totally snik them, or change them into some
other sound. Those, therefore, who wish to
pronounce elegantly, must be particularly at-
tentive to the unaccented vowels ; as a neat
pronunciation of these forms one of the greatest
beauties of speaking.
Y final.
180. y final, either in a word or syllable, is
a pure vowel, and has exactly the same sound
as i would have in the same situation. For
:his reason, printers, who have been the great
correctors of our orthography, have substituted
the i in its stead, on account of the too great
frequency of this letter in the English language.
That y final is a vowel, is universally acknow-
ledged ; nor need we any other proof of it than
its long sound, when followed by e mute, as in
thyme, rhyme, &c. or endfng a syllable with
the accent upon it, as buying, cyder, &c.; this
may be called its first vowel sound.
18). The second sound of the vowel y is its
short sound, heard in system, syntax, &c.
Irregular and unaccented Sounds.
1 82. The unaccented sound of this letter at
the end of a syllable, like that of i in the same
situation, is always like the first sound of e :
thus vanity, pleurisy, &c., if sound alone were
consulted, might be written vanitee, pleurisee,
&c.
183. The exception to this rule is, when /
precedes the y in a final syllable, the y is then
pronounced as long and open as if the accent
were on it : thus justify, qualify, &c. have the
last syllable sounded like that in defy. This
long sound continues when the y is changed
into i, \\\ justifiable, qualifiable, &c. The same
may be observed of multiply and multipliable,
&c. occupy arid occupiable, &c. (512).
184. There is an irregular sound of this letter
when the accent is on \t,\n panegyric, when it
is frequently pronounced like the second sound
of e ; which would be more correct if its true
sound were preserved, and it were to rhyme
with pyrrhic ; or as Swift does with satiric:
" On nie when dunces are satiric,
** I take it for a panegyric."
Thus we see the same irregularity attends this
letter before double r, or before single r, fol-
lowed by a vowel, as we find attends the vowel
i in the same situation. So the word syrinx
ought to preserve the y like i pure, and the
word syrtis should sound the y like e short,
though the first is often heard improperly like
the last.
185. But the most uncertain sound of this
letter is, when it ends a syllable immediately
preceding the accent. In this c.ise it is sub-
ject to the same variety as the letter i in the
same situation, and nothing but a catalogue
will give us an idea of the analogy of the lan-
guage in this point.
186. The y is long in chylaceous, but short-
ened by the secondary accent in chylifaction
and chy If active (53o), though, without the
least reason from analogy, Mr. Sheridan ha?
marked them both long.
187. Words composed of hydro, from the
Greek CJwe. 'water, have the y before the accent
generally long, as hydrography, hydrographer,
hydrometry, hydropic; all which have the y
long in Mr. Sheridan but hydrography, which
must be a mistake of the press ; and this long
sound of y contniues in hydrostatic, in spite
of the shortening power of the secondary ac-
cent (530). The same sound of ?/ prevails m
hydraulics and hydatides. Hygrometer and
42
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS.
hygrometry seem to follow the same analog^',
as well as hyperbola swA hyperbole ; which are
generally heard with the y long' ; though Ken-
rick has marked the latter short. Hypostasis
and hypotenuse ought to have the y long like-
wise. In hypothesis the y is more frequently
short than long ; and in hypothetical it is
more frequently .long than short ; but hypo-
crisy has the first y always short. Myraholan
and myropolist may have the y either long or
short. Mythology has the first y generally
short, and mythological, from the shortening
power of the secondary accent (530), almost
always. Phytivorous, phytography, phyto-
logy, have the first y always long. In phy-
lactery the first y is generally short, and in
physician always. Pyllf^s has the y long in
Mr. Sheridan, but, I thiS|k improperly. In
pyramidal he marks the y^iag, though, in
my opinion, it is generally heamshort, as in
pyramid. In pyrites, with the accfent on the
second syllable, he marks the y short,, much
more correctly than Kenrick, who places the
accent on the first syllable, and marks the y
long. (See the word.) Synodic, synodical,
synonima, and synopsis, have the y always
short : synechdoche ought likewise to ha.\e
the same letter short, as we find it in Perry's
and Kenrick's Dictionaries ; though in She-
ridan's we find it long. Typography and ty-
pographer ought to have the first y long, as
we find it in Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan,
W. Johnston, Kenrick, and Perry, though
frequently heard short ; and though tyran-
nical has the y marked short by Mr. Perry,
it ought rather to have the long sound, as we
see it marked by Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
Buchanan, W. Johnston, and Kenrick.
188. From the view that has been taken of
the sound of the i and y immediately before
the accent, it may justly be called the most
uncertain part of pronunciation. Scarcely
any reason can be given why custom prefers
one sound to the other in some words ; and
why, in others, we may use either one or the .
other indiscriminately. It is strongly to be
presumed that the i and y, in this situation,
particularly the last, was generally pronounced
long by our ancestors, but that custom has
gradually inclined to the shorter sound as
more readily pronounced, and as more like
the sound of these letters when they end a syl-
lable after the accent ; and, perhaps, we should
contribute to the regularity of the language,
if, when we are in doubt, we should rather in-
cline to the short than the long sounds of
these letters.
TV final.
1'89. That w final is a vowel, is not dis-
puted (9) ; when it is in this situation, it is
ttiuivalent to oo ; as may be perceived in the
sound of vow, tow-el, &c. ; where it forms a
real diphthong, composed of the a in wa-ter,
and the oo in woo and coo. It is often joined
to 0 at the Mid of a syllable, without affecting
the sound of that vowel ; and in this situation
it may be called servile, as m bow, (to shoot
with), «'0M>, Zow, not high &e.
DIPHTHONGS.
1,90. A diphthong is a double vowel, or the
union or mixture of two vowels pronounced
together, so as only to make one syllable ; as
the Latin ae, or a, oe, or ce, the Greek e<,
the English ai, au, &c.
191. This is the general definition of a
diphthong ; but if we examine it closely, we
shall find in it a want of precision and accu-
racy*. If a diphthong be two vowel sounds
in succession, they must necessarily form two
syllables, and therefore, by its very definition,
cannot be a diphthong ; if it be such a mix-
ture of two vowels as to form but one simple
sound, it is very improperly called a diph-
thong ; nor can any such simple mixture exist.
192. The only way to reconcile this seem-
ing contradiction, is to suppose that two vocal
sounds in succession were sometimes pro-
nounced so closely together as to form only
the time of one syllable in Greek and Latin
verse. Some of these diphthongal syllables we
have in our own language, which only pass for
monosyllables in poetry ; thus, hire (wages),
is no more than one syllable in verse, though
perfectly equivalent to higher (more high),
which generally passes for a dissyllable : the
same may be observed of dire and dyer, hour
and power, &c. This is not uniting two vocal
sounds into one simple sound, which is impos-
sible, but pronouncing two vocal sounds in
succession so rapidly and so closely as to go
for only one syllable in poetry.
193. Thus the best definition I have found
of a diphthong is that given us by Mr. Smith,
in his Scheme for a French and English Dic-
tionai-y. " A diphthong (says this gentleman)
I would define to be two simple vocal sounds
uttered by one and the same emission of breath,
and joined in such a manner that each loses a
portion of its natural length ; but from the
junction produceth a compound sound, equal
in the time of pronouncing to either of them
taken separately, and so making still but one
syllable.
194. " Now if we apply this definition (says
Mr. Smith) to the several combinations that
may have been laid down and denominated
diphthongs by former orthoepists, I believe we
* M'e see how many disputes the simple and ambiguous natura
of vo'.vcis created among grammarians, and how it lias begot the
mistake concerning diphtllongt t all that are properly so are syl-
lables, and not diphthongs, as intended to be signified by that
word. — Holder
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS AE, Al.
shall find only a small number of them merit-
mg this name." As a proof of the truth of
this observation, we find, that most of those
vocal assemblages that go under the name of
diphthongs, emit but a simple sound, and that
not compounded of the two vowels, but one of
them only, sounded long : thus pain and pane,
pail and pale, hear and here, are perfectly the
Same sounds.
195. These observations naturally lead us to
a distinction of diphthongs into proper and
improper : the proper are such as have two
distinct vocal sounds, and the improper such
as have but one.
196. The proper diphthongs are,
ea .
. . . ocean.
to .
.question.
op boy,
evo
. . . .jewel.
ou .
. . .pound.
ue mansuetude.
la .
. poniard.
utv.
now.
ui .... languid.
te . .
. .spaniel.
In this assemblage it is impossible not to see
a manifest distinction between those which be-
gin with e or i, and the rest. In those begin-
ning with either of these vowels we find a
squeezed sound like the commencing or con-
sonant y interpose, as it were, to articulate the
latter vowel, and that the words where these
diphthongs are found, might, agreeably to the
sound, be spelt oshe-yan,f-yude, j-yewel, pon-
yard, span-yel, pash-yon, &c. ; and as these
diphthongs (which, from their commencing
with the sound of y consonant, may not im-
properly be called semi-consonant diphthongs)
begin in that part of the mouth where s, c
soft, and t, are formed, we find that coal-
escence ensue which forms the aspirated hiss
in the numerous terminations sion, tion, tial,
&c. ; and by direct consequence in those end-
ing in ure, une, as future, fortune, &c. ; for
the letter u, when long, is exactly one of these
semi-consonant diphthongs (s) ; and coming
immediately after the accent it coalesces with
the preceding *, c, or t, and draws it into
the aspirated hiss of *^, or tsh (459). Those
found in the termination ious may be called
semi-consonant diphthongs also, as the 0 and
M have but the sound of one vowel. It may
be observed too, in passing, that the reason
why in mansuetude the s does not go into sh,
is, because when u is followed by another
vowel in the same syllable, it drops its conso-
nant sound at the beginning, and becomes
merely double 0,
197. The improper diphthongs are,
ne .... Caesar, ea .... clean, ie ... . friend,
ni aim, ee reed, ou coat,
«" g<iol> ei .... ceiling, oe . . oeconomy,
aw. .. .taught, eo ....people, 00 ....moon,
nw law, ey they, ow crow.
19H. The triphthongs having but two sounds
43
are merely ocular, and must therefore be
classed with the proper diphthongs :
aye (for ever,) I ecu plenteous, I iew view,
eau ..beauty, New adieu, I oew manoeuvre.
Of all these combinations of vowels we shall
treat in their alphabetical order.
AE.
199. Ae or a> is a diphthong, says Dr. John-
son, of veiy frequent use in the Latin lan-
guage, which seems not properly to have any
place in the English ; since the te of the Saxons
has been long out of use, being changed to e
simple ; to which, in words frequently occur-
ring, the <B of the Romans is, in the same
manner, altered, as in equator, equinoctial,
and even in Enectjl,
200. But thwigh the diphthong w is per-
fectly useless' in our language, and the sub-
stitution of e in its stead, in Cesar and Eneas,
is recommended by Dr. Johnson, we do not
find his authority has totally aimihilated it,
especially in proper names and technical terms
derived from the learned languages. Ccesar,
jEneas, ^sop,pcEan, <EtJier,^thiop'sm'mera.\,
amphishana, anacephalaosis, aphceresis, cegi-
lops, ozcena, &c. seem to preserve the diph-
thong, as well as certain words which are
either plurals or genitives, in Latin words not
naturalised, as cornucopice, exuvice, aqua vitee,
minutiee, strice, &c.
201. This diphthong, when not under the
accent, in Micfiaelmas, and when accented in
Dadalus, is pronounced like short e : it is,
like e, subject to the short sound when under
the secondary accent, as in .^nobarbtis, where
(P?i, in the first syllable, is pronounced exactly
like the letter n (530).
AI.
202. The sound of this diphthong is exactly
like the long slender sound of a ; thus pail, a
vessel, and pale, a colour, are perfectly the
same sound. The exceptions are but few.
203. When said is the third person preter-
imperfect tense of the verb to say, ai has the
sound of short e, and said rhymes with bed:
*he same sound of ai may be observed in the
third person of the present tense saith, and
the participle said : but when this word is an
adjective, as the said man, it is regular, and
rhymes with trade.
204. Plaid, a striped garment, rhymes
with mad.
205. Raillery is a perfect rhyme to salary,
and raisin, a fruit, is pronounced exactly like
reason, the distinctive faculty of man. See
both these words in the Dictionary.
206. Again and against sound as if written
agen and agenst.
207. The aisle of a church is pronouncetj
44
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS AO, AU, ATV, AY.
exactly like isle, an island ; and is sometimes
written He.
208. When this diphthong is in a final un-
accented syllable, the a is sunk, and the i
Tsronounced short : thus, mountain, fountain,
captain, curtain, villain, are all pronounced
as \iyivittenmountin,fountin, captin,curtin,
villin ; but when the last word takes an ad-
ditional syllable, the i is dropped, and the a
has its short sound, as villanous, villany. See
the words in the Dictionary.
209. The at in Britain has the short sound
approaching to u, so common, with all the
vowels in final unaccented syllables, and is
pronounced exactly like Briton.
210. Plait, a fold of cloth, is regular, and
ought to be pronounced like plate, a dish ;
pronouncing it so as to rhyme with meat is a
vulgarism, and ought to be avoided.
211. Plaister belongs no longer to this class
of words, being now more properly written
plaster, rhyming with carter.
AO.
212. This combmation of vowels in a diph-
thong is only to be met with in the word^ao/,
now more properly written as it is pronounced,
jail.
AU.
213. Tlie general sound of this diphthong
is that of the noun awe, as taught, caught,
&c. or of the a in hall, hall, &c.
214. When these letters are followed by n
and another consonant, they change to the
second sound of a, heard in far, farther,
&c. ; thus, aunt, askaunce, askaunt, flaunt,
haunt, gauntlet, jaunt, hautich, launch,
craunch, jaimdice, laundress, laundry, have
the Italian sound of the a in the last syllable
o{pupa and mamma. To these I think ought
to be added, daunt, paunch, gaunt, ^XiA saun-
ter, as Dr. Kenrick has marked them with
the Italian a, and not as if written daxvnt,
pawnch, &c. as Mr. Sheridan sounds them.
Maund, a basket, is always pronounced with
the Italian a, and nearly as if written marnd;
for which reason, Maundy Thursday, which
is derived from it, ought, with Mr. Nares, to
be pronounced in the same manner, though
generally heard with the sound of aw. To
maunder, to grumble, though generally hoard
as if written tnawnder, ought certainly to be
pronounced, as Mr. Nares has classed it, with
the Italian a. The same may be observed of
taunt, which ought to rhyme with aunt,
though sounded tawnt by Mr. Sheridan ; and
])eing left out of the above list, supposed to
De so pronounced by Mr. Nares.
215. Laugh and draught, which are very
properly classed by Mr. Nares among these
words which have the long Italian a in fa-
ther, are marked by Mr. Sheridan with his first
sound of a in hat, lengthened into the sound
of a in father, by placing the accent on it.
Staunch Js spelled without the tc by Johnson,
and therefore improperly classed by Mr. Nareu
in the above list.
216. Vaunt and avaunt seem to be the only
real exceptions to this sound of a in the whole
list ; and as these words are chiefly confined
to tragedy, they may be allowed to " fret and
strut their hour upon the stage" in the old
traditionai-y sound of aive.
217. This diphthong is pronounced lilie
long 0, in hautboy, as if written ho-hoy ; and
like o short in cauliflower, laurel, and lauda-
num ; as if written colliflower, lorrel, and lod-
danum. In guage, au has the sound of slen-
der a, and rhymes with page.
218. There is a corrupt pronunciation of
this diphthong among the vulgar, which is,
giving the au in daughter, sauce, saucer, and
saucy, the sound of the Italian a, and nearly
as if written darter, sarce, sarcer, amlsarcy;
but this pronunciation cannot be too carefully
avoided. Au in sausage also, is sounded by
the \'ulgar with short a, as i{ written sassage ;
but in this, as in the other words, au ought
to sound awe. See the words in the Dic-
tionary.
ATV
219. Has the long broad sound of a in hall,
with which the word hawl is perfectly iden-
tical. It is always regulai".
AY.
220. This diphthong, like its near relation
ai, has the sound of slender a in pay, day, &c.
and is pronounced like long e in the word
quay, which is now sometimes seen written
hey ; for if we cannot bring the pronunciation
to the spelling, it is looked upon as some im-
provement to bring the spelling to the pro-
nunciation : a most pernicious practice in lan-
guage. See Bowl.
221. To flay (to strip off the skin), also, is
corruptly pronounced flea ; but the diphthong
in this word seems to be recoveiing its rights.
222. There is a wanton departure from
analogy in orthography, by changing the y
in this diphthong to i in the words paid, said,
laid, ior payed, sayed, and layed. Why these
words should be written with i, and thus con-
tracted, and played, prayed, and delayed, re-
main at large, let our wise correctors of or-
thography determine. Stayed also, a parti-
cipial adjective, signifying steady, is almosf
always written staid.
223. When aye comes immediately aftei
the accent in a final syllable, like ai, it dropi
the former vowel, in the colloquial pronun-
ciation of the days of the week. Thus, as we
pronounce captain, curtain, &c. as if written
captin, curtin, &c. ; so we hear Sunday, Mon*
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS AYE, EA.
45
Hay, &c. as if written Sundy, Mundy, &c. A
more distinct pronunciation of day, in these
words, is a mark of the nortliern dialect, (208).
224. The familiar assent, ay for yes, is a
combination of the long Italian a in the last
syllable oi papa, and the first sound of e. If
we give the a the sound of that letter in ball,
the word degenerates into a coarse rustic pro-
nunciation. Though, in the House of Com-
mons, where this word is made a noun, we
frequently, but not correctly, hear it so pro-
nounced, in the phrase. The ayes have it.
AYE.
225. This triphthong is a combination of
the slender sound of a, heard in pa-per, and
the e in me-tre. The word which it composes,
signifying ever, is almost obsolete.
EA.
226. The regular sound of this diphthong is
that of the first sound of e in here; but its ir-
regular sound of short e is so frequent, as to
make a catalogue of both necessary ; especially
for those who are unsettled in the pronuncia-
tion of the capital, and wish to practise in
order to form a habit.
227. The first sound of ea is like open e,
and is heard in the following words : aj'eard,
affear, anneal, appeal, appear, appease, aread,
arrear, beacon, beadle, beadroll, beads, beads-
man, beagle, beak, beaker, beam, bean, beard,
bearded, beast, beat, beaten, beaver, beleaguer,
beneath, bequeath, bereave, besmear, bespeak,
bleach, bleak, blear, bleat, bohea, breach, bream,
to breathe, cease, cheap, cheat, clean, cleanly,
(adverb), clear, clearance, cleave, cochineal,
colleague, conceal, congeal, a'eam, creak,
crease, creature, deacon, deal, dean, deanery,
dear, decease, defeasance, defeasible, defeat,
demean, demeanor, decrease, dream, drear,
dreary, each, eager, eagle, eagre, ear, east,
Easter, easy, to eat, eaten, eaves, entreat, en-
dear, escheat, fear, fearful, feasible, feasibi-
lity, feast, feat, feature, flea, fleam, freak,
gear, gleam, glean, to grease, grease, greaves,
heal, heap, hear, heat, heath, heathen, heave.
Impeach, increase, inseam, interleave, knead,
lea, to lead, leaf, league, leak, lean, lease,
leash, leasing, least, leave, leaves, mead,
meagre, meal, mean, meat, measles, meathe,
^eap, near, neat, pea, peace, peak, peal, pease,
peat, plea, plead, please, reach, to read, ream,
reap, rear, rearward, reason, recheat, red-
itreak, release, repeal, repeat, retreat, reveal,
screak, scream, seal, sea, seam, seamy, sear,
searcloth, season, seat, shear, sheui-s, sheath,
sheathe, sheaf, sleazy, sneak, sneaker, sneakup,
speak, spear, steal, steam, streak, streamer,
streamy, surcease, tea, teach, lead, teague,
teal, team, tear (substantive) , tease, teat, trea-
ele, treason, treat, treatise, treatment, treaty,
tweag, tweak, tweague, veal, undemeathf un-
easy, unreave, uprear, weak, weaken, weal,
weald, wean, weanling, weariness, wearisome,
weary, weasand, weasel, weave, wheal, wheat,
wheaten, wreak, wreath, wreathe, wreathy,
yea, year, yeanling, yearling, yearly, zeal.
228. In this catalogue we find beard and
bearded sometimes pronounced as if written
derrf and berded ; but this corrujition of the
diphthong, which Mr. Sheridan has adopted,
seems confined to the stage. See the word.
229. Tlie preterimperfect tense of eat is
sometimes written ate, particularly by Lord
Bolingbroke, and frequently, and, perhaps,
more correctly, pronounced et, especially in
Ireland ; but eaten always preserves the ea
long. ^
230. Ea in fearful is long when it signifies
timorous, and short when it signifies terrible,
as if written ^cr/w/. See the word.
23 1 . To read, is long in the present tense,
and short in the past and participle, which
are sometimes written red.
232. Teat, a dug, is marked by Dr. Kenrick,
Mr. Elphinston, and Mr. Nares, with short e,
like tit ; but more properly by Mr. Sheridan,
Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Mr.
Smith, with the long e, rhyming with meat.
233. Beat, the preterimperfect tens?, and
the participle of to beat, is frequently pro-
nounced in Ireland like bet (a wager), and if
utility were the only object of language, this
would certainly be the preferable pronuncia-
tion, as nothing tends more to obscurity than
words which have no different forms for their
present and past times ; but fashion in this,
as in many other cases, triumphs over use
and propriety ; and bet, for the past time and
participle of beat, must be religiously avoided.
234. Ea is pronounced like the short e in
the following words : abreast, ahead, already,
bedstead, behead, bespread, bestead, bread,
breadth, breakfast, breast, breath, cleanse,
cleanly (adjective), cleanlily, dead, deadly,
deaf, deafen, dearth, death, earl, earldom,
early, earn, earnest, earth, earthen, earthly,
endeavour, feather, head, heady, health,
heard, hearse, heaven, heavy, jealous, im-
pearl, instead, lead (a metal), leaden, leant
(past time and participle of to lean), learn,
learning, leather, leaven, meadow, meant,
measure, pearl, peasant, pheasant, pleasant,
pleasantry, pleasure, read (past time and par-
ticiple), readily, teadiness, ready, realtn, re-
hearsal, rehearse, research, searnstress, scarce,
search, spread, stead, steadfast, steady, stealth,
stealthy, sweat, sweaty, thread, threadeuj
threat, threate?i, treachery, tread,' treadle^
treasure, uncleanly, wealth, wealthy, weapov^
weather, yearn, zealot, zealous, zealously.
235. I have given the last three words,
compounded of zeal, as instances of the shoi?
sound of the diphthong, because it is certainly
the more usual sound} but some attempts
d
46 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS E/l, EAU, EE, EI.
have lately been made in the House of Com-
mons, to pronounce them long:, as in the
noun. It is a commendable zeal to endeavour
to reform the language as well as the consti-
tution ; but whether, if these words were
altered, it would be a real reformation, may
admit of some dispute. See Enclitical Ter-
mination, No. 515, and the word Zealot.
236. Heard, the past time and participle of
hear, is sometimes corruptly pronounced with
the diphthong long, so as to rhyme with
rear'd; but this is supposing the verb to be
regular ; which, from the spelling, is evidently
not the case.
237. It is, perhaps, worth observation, that
when this diphthong comes before r, it is apt
to slide into the short u, which is undoubtedly
very near the true sound, but not exactly :
thus, pronouncing earl, earth, dearth, as if
written url, urth, durth, is a slight deviation
from the true sound, which is exactly that of
i before r, followed by another consonant, in
virtue, virgin; and that is the true sound of
short e in vermin, vernal, &c. (108).
238. Leant, the past time and participle of
to lean, is grown vulgar: the regular form
leaned is preferable,
239. The past time and participle of the
verb to leap, seems to prefer the irregular
form ; therefore, though we almost always
hear to leap, rhyming with reap, we generally
hear leaped written and pronounced leapt,
rhymiiig with wept.
240. Ea is pronounced like long slender a
in ba7-e, in the following words : bear, hearer,
break, forbear, forsweary treat, pear, steak,
ttvear, to tear, wear.
241. The word great is somet'mes pro-
nounced as if written greet, generally by
people of education, and almost universally
in Ireland ; but this is contrary to the fixed
and settled practice in England. That this is
an affected pronunciation, will be perceived in
a moment by pronouncing this word in the
phrase, Alexander the Great ; for those who
pronounce the word greet in other cases, will
generally in this rhyme it y/'xthfate. It is true
the ee is the regular sound of this diphthong;
but this slender sound of e has, in all proba-
bility, given way to that of a, as deeper and
more expressive of the epithet great.
242. The same observations are applicable
to the word break, which is much more ex-
pressive of the action when pronounced brake
than breek, as it is sometimes affectedly pro-
nounced.
243. Ea is pronounced like the long Italian
a \n father, in the following words: heart,
hearty, hearten, hearth, hearken.
244. Ea, unaccented, has an obscure sound,
kpproaching to short u in vetigeance, serjeant,
ageant, &n\S. pageantry.
EAU.
245. This is a French rather than an Eng-
lish triphthong, being found only in words
derived from that language. Its sound is that
of long open o, as beau, bureau, fambeau,
portmanteau. In beauty, and its compounds,
it has the first sound of u, as if written hewty,
EE.
246. This diphthong, in all words except
those that end in r, has a squeezed sound of
long open e, formed by a closer application of
the tongue to the roof of the mouth, than in
that vowel singly, which is distinguishable to
a nice ear, in the different sounds of the verbs
to fee and to meet, and the nouns flea and
meat. This has always been my ojjinion :
but, upon consulting some good speakers on
the occasion, and in particular Mr. Garrick,
who could find no difference in the sounds of
these words, I am less confident in giving it
to the public. At any rate the difference is
but very trifling, and I shall therefore con-
sider ee as equivalent to the long open e.
247. This diphthong is irregular only in
the word breeches, pronounced as if written
britches. Cheesecake, sometimes pronounced
chizcake, and breech, britch, I look upon as
vulgarisms. Beelzebub, indeed, in prose, has
generally the short sound of e in bell: and
when these two letters form but one syllable,
in the poetical contraction of e'er and Jie'er,
for ever and never, they are pronounced r.s il
written air and nair.
El.
*248. The general sound of this diphthong
seems to be the same as ey, when under the
accent, which is like long slender a ; but the
other sounds are so numerous as to require a
catalogue of them all.
249. Ei has the sound of long slender a in
deign, vein, rein, reign, feign, feint, veil,
heinous, heir, heiiess, inveigh, weigh, neigh,
skein, reins, their, theirs, eight, freight, weight,
neighbour, and their compounds. When gh
comes after this diphthong, though there is
not the least remnant of the Saxon guttural
sound, yet it has not exactly the simple vowel
sound as when followed by other consonants;
ei, followed hy<gh, sounds both vowels like ae;
or if we could interpose the y consonant be-
tween the a and t in eight, tveight, &c. it
might, perhaps, convey the sound better. The
difference, however, is so delicate as to render
this distinction of no great importance. The
same observations are applicable to the words
straight, straighten, &c. See the word Eight.
250. Ei has the sound of long open e, in
here, in the following words and their com-
pounds : to eeil, ceiling, conceit, deceit, re-
ceipt, conceive, paceive, deceive, rcceivCf in
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS El, EO, EOV, htJ. A}
veigle, seize, seisin, seignior, seigniory, seine,
plebeian. Obeisance ought to be in the pre-
ceding class. See the word.
251. Leisure is sometimes pronounced as
rhyming with pleasure ; but, in my opinion,
very improperly ; for if it be allowed that
custom is equally divided, we ought, in this
case, to pronounce the diphthong long, as
more expressive of the idea annexed to it
'241).
252. Either and neither are so often pro-
nounced eye-iKer and nigh-ther, that it is
hard to say to which class they belong. Ana-
logy, however, without hesitation, gives the
diphthong the sound of long open e, rather
than that of i, and rhymes them with hreather,
one who breathes. This is the pronunciation
Mr. Garrick always gave to these words ; but
the true analogical sound of the diphthong in
these words is that of tlie slender a, as if writ-
ten ay-ther and nay-ther. This pronunciation
is adopted in Ireland, but is not favoured by
one of our orthoepists ; for Mr. Sheridan, Mr.
Scott, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Perry, Mr. Smith,
Steele's Grammar, and Dr. Jones, all pro-
nounce these words with the diphthong like
long e. W. Johnston alone adopts the sound
of long i exclusively ; Dr. Kenrick gives both
ether and ither : He prefers the first, but
gives neither the sound of long e exclusively.
Mr. Coote says these words are generally
jjronounced with the ei like the i in mine.
Mr. Barclay gives no description of the sound
of ei in either, but says neither is sometimes
pronounced nlther, and by others nether;
and Mr Nares says, " either and neither are
spoKen by some with the sound of long » I
have heard even that of long a given to them;
but as the regular way is also in use, I think
it is preferable. These differences seem to
have arisen from ignorance of the regular
sound of ei." If by the regular way, and the
regular sound of this diphthong, Mr. Nares
mean the long sound of e, we need only in-
sjiect No. 249 and 250, to see that the sound
of a is the more general sound, and therefore
ought to be called the regular ; but as
there are so many instances of words where
this diphthong has the long sound of e, and
custom is so uniform in these words, there
can be no dtubt which is the safest to
follow.
253. Ei has the sound of long open i, in
height and sleight, rhyming with white and
right. Height is, indeed, often heard rhym-
ing with eight and weight, and that among
very respectable speakers ; but custom seems
to decide in favour of the other pronunciation,
that it may better tally with the adjective
high, of which it is the abstract.
254. Ei has the sound of short e, in the
two words, heifer and nonpaieil, pronounced
heffer and nonpareil.
255. This diphthong, when unaccented, like
ai (208), drops the former vowel, and is pro-
nounced like short i, in foreign, foreig7ier,
forfeit, forfeiture, sovereign, sovereignty, sur-
feit, counteifeit.
EO.
256. This diphthong is pronounced like e
long in people, as if written peeple ; and like
e short, in leopard amd jeopardy, as if written
leppard and jeppardy ; and in the law terms
feoffee, f coffer, and feoffment, as if written
feffee,feffer, &nAfcffment.
257. We frequently hear these vowels con-
tracted into short o in geography and geo-
metry, as if viritten joggi-aphy And jotnmetry;
but this gross pronunciation seems daily wear-
ing away, and giving place to that which se-
parates, the vowels into two distinct syllables,
as it is always heard in geographical, geometer,
geometrical, and geometrician. Georgic is
always heard as if written jorgic, and must be
given up as incorrigible (116).
258. Eo is heard like u in feod, feodal,
feodatory, which are sometimes written as
they are pronounced, feud, feudal, feudatory.
259. Eo, when unaccented, has the sound
of M short in surgeon, sturgeon, dudgeon,
gudgeon, bludgeon, curmudgeon, dungeon,
luncheon, puncheon, truncheon, burgeon, ha-
bergeon ; but in scutcheon, escutcheon, pigeon,
and widgeon, the eo sounds like short i.
260. Eo sounds like long o in yeoman and
yeomanry ; the first syllable of which words
rhyme with go, no, so. See the words.
261. Eo in galleon, a Spanish ship, sounds
as if written galloon, rhyming with moon.
EOU.
262. This assemblage of vowels, for thej
cannot be properly called a triphthong, is
often contracted into one syllable in prose,
and poets never make it go for two. In cu-
taneous and vitreous, two syllables are pal-
pable ; but in gorgeous and outrageous, the
soft g coalescing with e, seems to drop a syl-
lable, though polite pronunciation will always
preserve it.
263. This assemblage is never found but in
an unaccented syllable, and generally a final
one ; and when it is immediately preceded by
the dentals d or t, it melts them into the
sound of y and tch : thus, hideous and piteous
are pronounced as if written hijeous and
pitcheous. The same may be observed of
righteous, plenteous, bounteous, courteous,
beauteous, and duteous, (293) (294) .
EU.
264. This diphthong is always sounded like,
long u or ew, and is scaicely ever irregular •
thns, feud, deuce, &c. are pronounced as il
writteo/ra^rf, dewse, &c.
43 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS Eff^, FJrE, EY, EYE, &c.
ETK
265. This diphthong is pronounced like
long M, and is almost always regular. There
is a corrupt pronunciation of it like oo, chiefly
in London, where we sometimes hear deio and
new pronounced as if written doo and noo ;
but when r precedes this diphthong, as in
hrew, crew, drew, &c. pronouncing it like oo,
IS scarcely improper. See 176, 339.
266. Sheiv and streiv have almost left this
class, and, by Johnson's recommendation,
are become show and strow, as they are pro-
nounced. The proper name, Shrewsbury, how-
ever, still retains the e, though always pro-
nounced Shrowshury. Sew, with a needle,
always rhymes with no; and sewer, signifying
a drain, is generally pronounced shore; but
server, an officer, rhymes with fewer. See
Sewer.
267. Ew is sometimes pronounced like aw
in the verb to chew; but this is gross and
vulgar. To chew ought always to rhyme with
new, view, &c.
EWE.
268. This triphthong exists only in the
word ewe, a female sheep, which is pro-
nounced exactly like yew, a tree, or the pro-
noun you. There is a vulgar pronunciation
of this word, as if written yoe, rhyming with
doe, which must be carefully avoided. See
the word.
EY.
269. When the accent is on this diphthong,
it is always pronounced like ay, or like its
kindred diphthong ei, in vein, retgn, &c. ;
thus, bey, dey, grey, prey, they, trey, whey,
obey, convey, purvey, survey, hey, eyre, and
eyry, are always heard as if written bay,
day, &c. Key and ley are the only exceptions,
which always rhyme with sea (220) .
270. Ey, when unaccented, is pronounced
like ee: thus, galley, valley, alley, barley,
&c. are pronounced as if y/vitltn gallee, vallee,
&c. The noun survey, therefore, if we place
the accent on the first syllable, is anomalous.
See the word.
EYE.
271. This triphthong is only found in the
word eye, which is always pronounced like
the letter /.
IJ.
272. This diphthong, in the terminations
ian, ial, iard, and iate, forms but one syl-
lable, though the i, in this situation, having
the squeezed sound oiee, perfectly similar to y,
gives the syllable a double sound, \ery distin-
guishable in its nature from a syllable formed
without the i: thus, christian, filial, poniard^
conciliate, sound as if written crist-yan,fil-yulj
pon-yard, concil-yale, and have in the last
syllable an evident mixture of the sound of y
consonant (113).
273. In diamond, these vowels are properly
no diphthong ; and in prose the word ought
to have three distinct syllables ; but we fre-
quently hear it so pronounced as to drop the
a entirely, and as if written diniond. This,
however, is a corruption that ought to be
avoided.
274. In carriage, marriage, parliament,
and tniniattire, the a is dropped, and the i
has its short sound, as if written carridge,
mar ridge, par liment, and miniture (90).
IE.
275. The regular sound of this diphthong
is that of ee, as in grieve, thieve, fiend, lief,
liege, chief, Iterchief, handkerchief ,auctionier,
grenadier, &c. as if written greeve, theeve,
feend, &c.
276. It has the sound of long i, in die, hie,
lie, pie, tie, vie, as if written dy, hy, &c.
277. The short sound of e is heard infriend,
tierce, and the long sound of the same letter
in tier, frieze.
278. Ir» variegate, the best pronunciation
is to sound both vowels distinctly like e, as if
written vary-e-gate.
279. In the numeral terminations in ieth,
as twentieth, thirtieth, &c. the vowels ought
always to be kept distinct ; the first like open
e, as heard in the y in twenty, thii-ty, &c, and
the second like short e, heard in breath,
death, &c.
230. Ill fiery too, the vowels are heard dis-
tinctly.
281. In orient and spaniel, vihere these let-
ters come after a liquid, they are pronounced
distinctly ; and great care should be taken
not to let the last word degenerate into span-
nel (113).
282. When these letters meet, in conse-
quence of forming the plurals of noun?, they
retain either the long or short sound they hnd
in the singular, without increasing the number
of syllables : thus, a fiy makes files, a lie
makes lies, company makes cotnpanics, and
dignity, dignities. The same may be observed
of the third persons and past i)articiples of
verbs, as, T fiy, he files, I deny, he denies, he
denied, I sully, he sullied, &c. which may be
pronounced as if written denize, denide, sullid^
&c. (104).
283. When ie is in a termination without
the accent, it is pronounced like e only, in the
same situation : thus, brasicr, grasier, and
glasier, have the last syllable sounded as if
written brazhur, grazhur, and glazhur, or
rather as brazc-yur, graze-yur,Stc. (98) (418).
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS lEU, lETV, 10, lOU, &c. 45
lEU.
284. These vowels occur in adieu, lieu, pur-
lieu, where they have the sound of long u, as
if written adeu, leu, purleu.
285. In one word, lieutenant, these letters
are pronounced like short e, as if written lev-
tenant. See the word.
lEfF.
286. These letters occur only in the word
view, where they sound like ee, rhyming with
few, new,
10.
287. When the accent is upon the first of
these vowels, thej form two distinct syllables,
as violent, violet ; the last of which is some-
times corruptly pronounced vi-let.
28»i. In marchioness, the i is entirely sunk,
and the unaccented o pronounced, as it usually
is in this situation, like short u, as if written
marshuness (352).
289. In cushion, the o is sunk, and the word
pronounced cushin. See the word.
290. In the very numerous termination ion,
these vowels are pronounced in one syllable
like short u ; but when they are preceded by
a liquid, as in million, minion, clarion, &c.
(113), the two vowels, though they make but
one syllable, are heard distinctly ; the same
may be observed when they are preceded by
any of the other consonants, except s and t,
as champion, scorpion, &c. where the vowels
are heard separately : but the terminations
lion and sion are pronounced in one syllable,
like the verb shun.
291. The only exception to this rule is,
when the t is preceded by s : in this case the
t goes into tch, and the i is in a small degree
audible like short e. This may be heard in
question, mixtion, digestion, combustion, and,
what is an instance of the same kind, in chris-
tian, as if written ques-tchun, hiix-tchun, &c.
or quest-yun, viixt-yun, &c. (461) (462).
7017.
292. This triphthong, when preceded by a
liquid, or any mute but a dental, is heard dis-
tinctly in two syllables, as in bilious, various,
glorious, abstemious, ingenious, copious : but
when preceded by the dentals t, soft c and s,
these vowels coalesce into one syllable, pro-
nounced like shus : thus, precious, factious,
noxious, anxious, are sounded as if written
presh-usyjac-shus, nock-shus, angk-shus (459).
293. The same tendency of these vowels to
coalesce after a dental, and draw it to aspira-
tion, makes us hear tedious, odious, and in-
sidious, pronounced as if written te-je-us,
o-jee-us, and in-sid-je-us ; for as rf is but flat
t, it is no wonder it should be subject to the
same aspiration, when the same vowels follow:
nay, it may be affirmed, that so agreeable is
this sound of the d to the analogy of English
pronunciation, that, unless we are upon our
guard, the organs naturally slide into it. It
is not, however, pretended that this is the po-
litest pronunciation ; for the sake of analogy
it were to be wished it were : but an ignorance
of the real powers of the letters, joined witl^
a laudable desire of keeping as near as pos-
sible to the orthography, is apt to prevent the
d from going into j, and to make us hear
o-de-us, te-de-us, &c. On the other hand, the
vulgar, who, in this case, are right by mstinct,
not only indulge the aspiration of the d, which
the language is so prone to, but are apt to
unite the succeeding syllables too closely, and
to say o-jus and te-jus, instead of o-je-us and
te-je-us, or rather ode-yus and tede-yus.
294. If the y be distinctly pronounced, it
sufficiently expresses the aspiration of the d,
and is, in my opinion, the preferable mode of
delineating the sound, as it keeps the two last
syllables from uniting too closely. Where
analogy, therefore, is so clear, and custom sp
dubious, we ought not to hesitate a moment
at pronouncing odious, tedious, perjidious, fas-
tidious, insidious, invidious, compendious, me-
Imlious, commodious, preludious, and studious,
as if written o-Je-ous, te-je-ous, &c. or rather,
ode-yus, tede-yus, &c. ; nor should we forget
that Indian comes under the same analogy,
and ought, though contrary to respectable
usage, to be pronounced as if written Ind-yan,
and nearly as In-je-an (376).
OA.
295. This diphthong is regularly pronounced
as the long open sound of o, as in boat, coat,
oat, coal, loaf, &c. The only exceptions are,
broad, abroad, groat, which sound as if writ-
ten brau'd, abrawd, grawt. Oatmealis some-
times pronounced ot-meal, but seems to be re-
covering the long sound of a, as in oat.
OE.
296. Whether it be proper to retain the 0
in this diphthong, or to banish it from our
orthography, as Dr. Johnson advises, certain
it is, that in words from the learned languages,
it is always pronounced like single e, and
comes entirely under the same laws as that
vowel : thus, when it ends a syllable, with the
accent upon it, it is long, as in An-toe'-ci,
Peri-oe-ci : when under the secondary accent,
in oec-umenical, oec-onomics, it is like e short:
it is long e in foe-tus, and short e infoet-id
and assafoet-ida : in doe, foe, sloe, toe, throe,
hoe (to dig) , and bilboes, it is sounded exactly
like long open 0 ; in canoe and shoe, like 00,
as if written eanoo and shoo : and in the verb
does, like short u, as if written duz.
so DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS OEI, OEU, 01, &c.
OEL
297, There is but one word where this
triphthong occurs, and that is jn Shakespeare's
King Lear, in the word oeiliads (glances), and,
in my opinion, it ought to be sounded as if
written e-il-t/ads.
OEU.
298. I'his diphthong is from the French, in
the word manoeuvre: a word, within these
few years, of very general use in our language.
It is not in Johnson, and the oeu is generally
fronounced, by those who can pronounce
French, in the French manner ; but this is
s\ich a sound of the ti as does not exist in
English, and therefore it cannot be described.
The nearest sound is 00 ; with which, if this
word is ]ironounced by an English speaker, as
if written manoovre, it may, except with very
nice French ears, escape criticism.
)/.
!;^99. The general, and almost universal
sound of this diphthong, is that of a in water,
and the first e in meire. This double sound
is very distinguishable in hoil, toil, spoil, joint,
point, anoint, &c. which sound ought to be
carefully pieserved, as there is a very pre-
valent practice among the vulgar of dropping
the 0, and pronouncing these words as if
written bile, tile, spile, &c.
300. The only instance which admits of a
doubt in the sound of this diphthong, when
under the accent, is in the word choir; but
this word is now so much more frequently
written quire, that uniformity strongly in-
clines us to pronounce the oi in choir, like
long i, and which, by the common orthography,
seems fixed beyond recovery. But it may be
observed, that either the spelling or the pro-
nunciation of chorister, commonly pronounced
quirtster, ought to be altered. See the words.
301. When this diphthong is not under the
accent, it is variously pronounced. Dr. Ken-
rick places the accent on the fitst syllable of
turfois, and, for I know not what reason,
pronounces it as if written turkiz ; and tur-
kois, with the oi broad, as in boi/s. Mr. She-
ridan places the accent on the second syllable,
and gives the diphthong the French sound, as
if the word were written turkaze. In my opi-
nion the best orthography is turquoise, and
the best pronunciation with the accent on the
last syllable, and the oi sounded like long e,
as if written turkees ; as we pronounce tortoise,
with the accent on the first syllable, and the
oi like short i, as if written tortiz.
302. In avoirdupoise, the first diphthong is
pronounced like short e, as if written averdu-
poise.
303. In connoisseur, the same sound of e is
substituted, as if written connesseur.
304. In shamois, or chamois, a species cf
leather, the oi is pronounced like long e, as if
written shammee.
305. Adroit and devoir, two scarcely na-
turalized French words, have the oi regular ;
though the latter word, in polite pronuncia-
tion, retains its French sound, as if written
devwor.
00.
306. The sound of this diphthong is regular,
except in a few words : it is pronounced long
in moon, soon, fool, rood, food, mood, &e.
This is its regular sound.
307. It has a shorter sound corresponding
to the u in hull, in the words wool, 7Vood, good,
hood, foot, stood, tmderstood, withstood, and
these are the only words where this diphthong
has this middle sound.
308. It has the sound of short u, in the two
words, blood zmi Jlood, rhyming with mud.
309. Soot is vulgarly pronounced so as to
rhyme with but, hut, &c. but ought to have
its long, regular sound, rhyming with boot, as
we always hear it in the compound sooty. See
the word.
310. Door and floor are universally pre
nounced by the English as if written dore and
flore I but in Ireland they preserve the regular
sound of 00. See the word Door.
311. Moor, a black man, is regular in po-
lite pronunciation, and like more in vulgar.
Moor, a marsh, is sometimes heard rhyming
with store; but more correct speakers pro-
nounce it regularly, rhyming with poor.
OU.
?1S. This is the most irregular assemblage
of vowels in our language : its most common
sound is that heard in hound, found, ground,
&c. and this may be called its proper sound ;
but its deviations are so many and so various,
that the best idea of it will be conveyed by
giving the simples of all its different sounds.
313. The first or proper sound of this diph-
thong is composed of the a in hall, and the
00 in woo, or rather the u in hull, and is
equivalent to the ow in down, frown, &c.
This sound is heard in abound, about, account,
acoustics, aground, aloud, ainount, aroimd
arouse, astound, avouch, hough, bounce, bound,
bounteous, bounty, bout, cai'ouse, chouse, cloud,
dough, clout, clouterly, compound, couch,
couchant, crouch, deflour, devour, devout,
doubt, doubtful, doughty, douse, drought,
encounter, espouse, expound, flout, flounder
foul, found, foundling, fountain, frousy.glout,
gout (a disease) , ground, grouse, grout, hound,
hour, house, impound, loud, lounge, louse, lout,
mound, mountain, mountebank, mouse, mouth,
noun, ounce, our, oust, out, outer, outei'tnost,
j)aramount, plough, pouch, pounce, pound,
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONG OfP:
pout, profound, pronoun, pronounce, propound,
proud, rebound, recount, redoubt, redoubted,
redound, rencounter, round, roundelay, rouse,
rout, scoundrel, scour, scout, shout, shroud,
slouch, spouse, spout, sprout, stout, surround,
south, thou, thousand, touse, trounce, trousers,
trout, wound Cdid wind), slough (a miry place)*
vouch, vouchsafe, without, scaramouch.
314. The second sound is that of short u in
bud, and is heard in the following words and
their compounds : Adjourn, journey, journal,
bourgeon, country, cousin, couple, accouple,
double, trouble, courteous, courtesy, courage,
encoui-age, joust, gournet, housewife, flourish,
tnounch, nourish, enough, chough, rough,
tough, slough (a cast skm), scourge, southerly,
southern, southernwood, southward, touch,
touchy, young, younker, and youngster ; but
southern, southerly, and southward, are some-
times pronounced regularly like south : this,
however, is far from the prevailing pronuncia-
tion. This is the sound this diphthong always
has when the accent is not on it, unless in
very few instances, where the compound retains
the sound of the simple, as in pronoun ; but in
sojourn and sojourner, with the accent on the
first syllable, and in every unaccented termi-
nation in our and ous, this diphthong has ex-
actly the sound of short u: thus favour,
honour, odour, Anii famous, are pronounced as
if writtenyistfMr, honur, odur, SiuAfamus.
315. The third sound given to these vowels
is that of 00 in coo and woo 39, and is found
in the foUowmg words : liouge, croup, group,
aggroup, amour, paramour, bouse, bousy,
utefeu, capouch, cartouch, fourbe, gout
(taste), and ragout, (pronounced goo and ra-
goo), rendezvous, rouge, soup, sous (pro-
nounced soo), surtout, through, throughly,
toupee or toupet, you, your, youth, tour, con-
tour, tourney, tournay, tournament, pour, and
route (a road), accoutre, billet-doux, agouti,
uncouth, wound (a hurt), and routine (a beaten
roHtl. ) SeeTouRNKV.
316. The verb to pour is sometimes pro-
nounced to pore, and son'.etimes to poor ; in
each case it interferes with a word of a dif-
ferent signification, and the best pronuncia-
tion, which is that similar to power, is as
little liable to that exception as either of the
others. See the word.
317. To wound is sometimes pronounced so
as to rhyme with found; but this is directly
contrary to the best usage ; but route (a road,
as to take a different route) is often pro-
nounced so as to rhyme with doubt, by re-
spectable speakers.
318. The fourth sound of this diphthong is
that of long open o, and is heard in the fol-
lowing words : Though, although, coulter,
court, accourt, gourd, courtier, course, dis-
course, source, recourse, resource, bourn.
dough, doughy, four, mould, mouldy, moult,
mourn, shoulder, smoulder, soul, poultice,
poult, poulterer, poultry, troiil, (to roll
smoothly, marked by Mr. Sheridan as rhym-
ing with doll, but more properly by Dr. Ken-
rick with roll); and borough, thorough, fur
lough, fourteen, concourse, and intercourse,
preserve the diphthong in the sound of long o,
though not under the accent.
319. The fifth sound of ou is like the noun
awe, and is heard only in ought, bought,
brought, sought, besought, fought, nought,
thought, methought, wrought.
320. The sixth sound is that of short oo, or
the u in bull, and is heard only in the auxiliary
Yerbs,would, could,should, rhyming with ^oorf,
hood, stood, &c.
321. The seventh sound is that of short Oj
and heard only in cough and trough, rhyming
with (j^and scoff; and in lough and shough,
pronounced lock and shock.
OfFi
322. The elementary sound of this diph-
thong is the same as the first sound of ou, and
is heard in how, now, &c. ; but the sound of
long 0 obtains in so many instances, that it
will be necessary to give a catalogue of both.
323. The general sound, as the elementary
sound may be called, is heard in now, hoiv,
how (a mark of respect), mow (a heap of
barley, &c.} cow, brow, brown, browse, plow,
vow, avow, allow, disallow, endow, down,
clown, frown, town, crown, drown, gown, re-
nown, dowager, dowdy, dower, dowre, dowry,
dowery, dowlas, drowse, drowsy, flower,
bower, lower (to look gloomy), power, powder,
piowes, prow, prowl, vowel, towel, bower,
rowel, cowl, scowl, croivd, shower, tower, sow
(a swine), sowins, sowl, thowl, low (to bellow
as a cow). This word is generally pronounced
as low, not high; but if custom, in this case,
has not absolutely decided, it ought, in my
opinion, to have the first sound of this diph-
thong, rhyming with how, as much more ex-
pressive of the noise it signifies ; which, where
sounds are the ideas to be expressed, ought to
have great weight in pronunciation. (241. 251.)
See the word.
324. The second sound of this diphthong is
heard in blow, slow, crow, flow, glow, bow (to
shoot with), know, low (not high), mow (to
cut grass\ row, show, sow (to scatter grain),
straw, snow, trow, below, bestow, owe, own,
owner, flown, grown, growth, know, known,
sown, lower (to bring low), throw, throivn
m all these words the ow sounds like long o \n
go, no, so, &c.
325. The noun /(»07f, signifying the forepart
of a ship, rhymes with go in Mr. Sheridan,
and with now in Dr. Kenrick. The latter is,
in my opinion, the preferable sound ; while
S3
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS OY, UJ, UE.
the verb to prowl fto seek for prey) rhymes
with owl, according to Mr. Sheridan, and with
Boul, according to Dr. Kenrick : the latter has
•he old spelling ^>ro/e to plead, but the former
ms, in my opinion, both analogy and the best
usage on its side. Both these writers unite in
giving the first sound of this diphthong to
prowess; which is unquestionably the true
pronunciation. See To Prowl.
326. The proper names How, Howel, How-
ard, and Powel, generally are heard with
the first sound of this diphthong, as in how,
now, &c. ; but Howes and Stow (the historian)
commonly rhyme with knoivs and know.
Howard, among people of rank, is generally
pronounced with the second sound, rhyming
with froward: and Grosvenor, as if written
Grovenor. Snowden is frequently pronounced
with the first sound of ow ; but the second
sound seems preferable ; as it is not improba-
ble that these mountains had their name, like
the Alps, from the snow on their tops.
327. When this diphthong is in a final un-
acce^ited syllable, it has always the second
sound, like long o, in borrow, sorrow, felloiv,
willow, &.C. The vulgar shorten this sound,
and pronounce the o obscurely, and sometimes
as if follow ed by r, as winder and feller, for
window and fellow ; but this is almost too de-
spicable for notice. Good speakers preserve
the diphthong in this situation, and give it the
full sound of open o, rhyming with no, so, &c.
though it should seem in Ben Jonson's time,
the 0 in this situation was almost suppressed.
See his Grammar, page 149.
328. This diphthong, in the word knowledge,
lias of late years undergone a considerable re-
volution. Some speakers, who had the re-
gularity of their language at heart, were
grieved to see the compound depart so far
from the sound of the simple, and with heroic
fortitude have opposed the multitude by pro-
nouncing th€ first syllable of this word as it is
heard in the verb to know. The pulpit and
the bar have for some years given a sanction
to this pronunciation ; but the senate and the
stage hold out inflexibly against it ; aKd the
nation at large seem insensible of the improve-
ment. They still continue to pronounce, as
in the old ludicrous rhymes—
" Among the mighty mm of knowledge,
" That are professors at Gresham College."
But if ever this word should have the good
fortune to be restored to its rights, it would
be but charity to endeavour the restoration of
a great number of words in a similar situation,
such as breakfast, vineyard, bewilder, meadow,
hearken, pleasure, whitster, shepherd, wind-
ward, and a long catalogue of fellow sufferers.
(515). But, before we endeavour this restora-
tion, we should consider, that contracting the
•ouiul of the simple, when it acquires an ad-
ditional syllable, is an idiom of pronunciation
to which our language is extremely prone ^
nor is it certain that crossing this tendency
would produce any real advantage ; at least,
not sufficient to counterbalance the diversity
of pronunciation which must for a long time
prevail, and which must necessarily call off our
attention from things to words. See Enclitical
Termination. No. 514.
OY.
329. This diphthong is but another form
for oi, and is pronounced exactly like it.
When alloy is written with this diphthong, it
ought never to be propounced allay. Custom
seems to have appropriated the former word
to the noun, and the latter to the verb ; for
the sake of consistency, it were to be wished
it were always written allay ; but it is not to
be expected that poets will give up so good a
rhyme to joy, cloy, and destroy.
330. The only word in which this diphthong
is not under the accent, is the proper name
Savoy ; for savoy, a plant, has the accent on
the second syllable ; but the diphthong in
both is pronounced in the same manner.
UA.
331. When the a in this diphthong is pro-
nounced, the u has the power of w, which
unites both into one syllable : thus aittiquate,
antiquary, assuage, persuade, equal, lan-
guage, &c. ; are pronounced antikwate, anti-
kwary, asswage, &c.
332. The u in this diphthong is silent, in
guard, guardian, guarantee, and piquant;
pronounced gard, gardiafi, garantee, and
pickant (92).
333. In Mantua, the town of Italy, both
vowels are heard distinctly. The same may
be observed of the habit so called : but in
mantuamaher, vulgarity has sunk the a, and
made it mantumaker The same vulgarity at
first, but now sanctioned by universal custom,
has sunk both letters in victuals, and its com-
pounds victualling and victualler, pronounced
vittles, vittling, and vittler. See Mantua.
VE.
334. This diphthong, like ua, when it
forms only one syllable, and both letters are
pronounced, has the u sounded like w ; as
consuetude, desuetude, and mansuetude, which
are pronounced conswettide, deswetude, and
manswetude. Thus conquest is i)ronounGed
according to the general rule, as if written
conkivest , but the verb to conquer has unac-
countably deviated into conker, particularly
upon the stage. This error, however, seems
not to be so rooted in the general ear as to be
above correction ; and aiialogy undoubtedly
demands conkwer.
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS UI, UO, UY, UOY, &c.
335. This diphthong, when in a final sylla-
ble, sinks the e, as clue, cue, due. Hue, glue,
hue,Jlue, rue, sue, true, mue, accrue, ensue,
endue, imbue, imbrue, pursue, subdue, perdue,
Krgue, residue, avenue, revenue, continue, re-
tinue, construe, statue, tissue, issue, virtue,
value, ague ; in all these words, whether the
accent be on the diphthong ue or not, it is
pronounced like long open u, except in words
where the r comes before u ; in this case it is
sounded like oo. When the accent is not on
this diphthong as in the latter portion of these
words from argue, it is apt to be feebly and
indistinctly pronounced, and therefore care
ought to be taken to sound it as if these words
were written argew, residew, &c. In Tuesday,
ue, the diphthong, is pronounced in the same
manner.
336. In some words the u is silent, and the
e pronounced short, as in guess, guest, guerdon,
where the u aets eis a servile to presen'e the
g hard.
337. In some words, both the vowels are
sunk, as in antique, oblique, league, feague,
teague, colleague, plague, vague, intrigue,
fatigue, huraiigue, tongue, disetnbogue, col-
logue, rogue, prorogue, brogue, fugue ; in all
which the ue is silent, and the g, pronounced
nard. The q in antique and oblique, is pro-
nounced like k, as if the words were written
anteek and oblike (158).
t 338. The terminations in ogue, from the
■ Greek, are pronounced in the same manner.
Thus pedagogue, demagogue, pti/smagogue,
menagogue, emmenagogue, synagogue, mys-
tagogue, decalogue, dialogue, trialogue, cata-
logue, theologue, eclogue, monologue, pi-o-
^ logue, and epilogue, are all pronounced as if
I- written pedagog, demagog, &c. with the o
short.
339. This diphthong, after r, becomes 00 :
thus tnce is pronounced troo (176).
UI.
340. The u in this diphthong, as in ua and
ue, when both vowels are pronounced without
forming two syllables, is pronounced like w :
thus languid, anguish, languish, extinguish,
distinguish, relinquish, vanquish, linguist, pen-
guin, pursuivant, guiacum, are pronounced
as if written langwid, angwish, &c. and cuiss
and cuisses, as if written kwiss and kwisses,
and cuirass, as if written hivirass.
341. The M is silent, and the i pronounced
long, in guide, disguise, guile, and beguile ;
but the u is silent and the i short, in guild,
build, guilt, guinea, guitar. Guild, in Guild-
hall, is, by the lower people of London, pro-
nounced so as to rhyme with child ,- but this is
directly opposite to the best usage, and con-
trary to its etymology, as it is a compound of
guild (a corporation, always pronounced like
53
the verb to gild) and hall. Dr. Jones, who
wrote in Queen Anne's time, tells us it was
then pronounced as if written Gildhall. In
circuit and biscuit the u is merely servile ; in
both the c is hard, and the i short, as if
written surkit, and bisket. Conduit is \)Vo-
nounced cundit.
342. Ill Juice, sluice, suit, and pursuit, the
i is silent, and the u has its diphthongal^sound,
as if preceded by e, and the words were writtar.
slewse, jewse, sewt, persewt.
343. When this diphthong is preceded by r,
it is pronounced like 00 ; thus bruise, cruise,
fruit, bruit, recruit, are pronounced as if
written broose, croose, broot (339).
UO.
344. The u in this diphthong is pronounced
like w, in quote, quota, quotatioji, quotient,
quotidiayi, quorum, quondam, siliquose, quoth,
as if written kwote, kwota, kwotation, &c.
Coif, and coit, commonly pronounced hwoif
and kwoit, do not come under this class. See
the words.
UY.
345. This diphthong, with the accent on it,
sinks the u, and pronounces the y like long i:
thus buy, the only word where uy has the ac-
cent, rhymes with fly, dry, &c. when the ac-
cent is not on this diphthong it is sounded like
long e, as plaguy, roguy, gluy, pronounced
pla-gee, ro-gee (with the g hard, as in get)
glu-ee. Tlie same may be observed of obloquy,
ambiloquy, pauciloquy, soliloquy, ventriloquy,
alloquy, colloquy, pronounced oblo-qjiee, am~
bilo-quee, &c.
UOY.
346. This diphtnong is found only in the
word buoy, pronounced as if written l/woy, but
too often exactly like boy. But this ought to
be avoided by correct speakers.
OF THE CONSONANTS.
B.
347. When b follows m in the same syllable,
it is generally silent, as in lamb, kemb, limb,
comb, dumb, &c. except aceumb a.iid succmnb :
it is silent also before t in the same syllable,
as in debt, doubt, redoubt, redoubted, and their
compounds : it is silent before t, when not in
the same syllable, in the word subtle (cunning)
often inaccurately used for subtile (fine},wher«
the b is always pronounced. In the mathe-
matical term rhomb, the b is always heard, and
the word pronounced as if written rhumb.
Ambs-ace is pronounced Aims-ace. See
Rhomb.
PRONUNaATION OF THE CONSONANT C, D.
348. C is always hard like h before a, o,
or ti: as card, cord, curd; and soft, like s,
before e, i, or y ; as cement, city, cynic.
349. When c ends a word, or syllable, it is
always hard, as in music, flaccid, siccity,
pronounced musick, fiack-sid, sick-sity. See
Exaggerate.
350. In the word sceptic, where the first c,
according to analogy, ought to be pronounced
like s, Dr. Johnson has not only given his ap-
probation to the sound of k, but has, contrary
to general practice, spelt the word skeptic. It
may be observed, perhaps, in this, as on other
occasions, of that truly great man, that he is
but seldom wrong ; but when he is so, that he
is generally wrong to absurdity. What a
monster does this word skq)tic appear to an
eye the least classical or correct ! And if this
alteration be right, why should we hesitate to
write and pronounce scene, sceptre, and Lace-
daemon, Skene, skeptre, and JLakedamon, as
there is the same reason for k in all ? It
is not, however, my intention to cross the
general current of polite and classical pro-
nunciation, which I know is that of sounding
the c like k; my objection is only to writing
it with the k : and in this I think I am sup-
ported by the best authorities since the publi-
cation of Johnson's Dictionary.
351. C is mute in Czar, Czarina, victuals,
indict, arhuscle, corpuscle, and muscle; it
sounds like tch in the Italian words vermicelli
and violoncello ; and like z in suffice, sacrifice,
sice (the number six at dice), and discern.
352. This letter, when connected with h, has
two sounds ; the one like tch, in child, chair,
rich, which, &c. pronounced as if written
tchild, tchair, ritch, whitch, &c. the other
like sh, after I ov n, as in belch, bench, filch,
&c. pronounced belsh, bensh,filsh, &e. This
latter sound is generally given to words from
the French, as chaise, chagrin, chamade,
champagne, champignon, chandelier, chape-
ron, charlatan, chevalier, chevron, chicane,
capuchin, cartouch, machine, machinist, chan-
cre, marchioness.
353. Ch in words from the learned lan-
guages, are generally pronounced like k, as
chalcography, chalybeate, chameeleon, chamo-
mile, chaos, character, chart, chasm, chely,
chemist, (if derived from the Arabic, and
chymist if from the Greek), chersonese,
chimera, chirography, chiromancy, chlorosis,
■ holer, chorus, chord, chorography, chyle and
ts compounds ; anchor, anchoret, cache.vy,
catechism, catechise, catechetical, catechumen,
echo, echinus, epoch, epocha, ichor, machina-
tion, machinal, mechanic, mechanical, orches-
tra, orchestre, technical, anarch, anarchy,
conch, cochleary, distich, hemistich, monostich.
eunuch, monarch, monarchical, hierarch,
heresiarch, pentateuch, stomach, stomachic,
scheme, school, scholar, schesis, mastich,
seneschal, and in all words where it is followed
by / or r, as chlorosis, Christ, Christian, chro-
nology, chronical, &c. To these may be
added the Celtic word loch (a lake). The
exceptions are, charity, archer, and archery.
354. When arch, signifying chief, begins a
word from the Greek language, and is followed
by a vowel, it is always pronounced ark, as in
archangel, archipelago, architect, archives,
archetype, archaism, archiepiscopal, archidia-
conal, architrave, archaiology. But when we
prefix arch to a word of our own, and this
word begins with a consonant, we pronounce
is so as to rhyme with march, as archduke,
archdeakon, archbishop ; and sometimes, when
the following word begins with a vowel, if it is
a composition of our own, and the word does
not come to us compounded from the Greek or
Latin, as arch-enemy.
355. The word ache (a pain), pronounced
ake, comes from the Greek, and was by Shake-
speare extended to two syllables, aches with
ch, as in wat/^hes ; but this is obsolete. It is
now almost miversally written ake and akes,
except where it is compounded with atiother
word, as head-ach, heart-ach, &c. and by thus
absurdly retaining the ch in the compound, we
are puzzled how to form the plural, without
pronouncing aches in two syllables.
356. In choir and chorister, the ch is almost
universally pronounced like qu : (300) in
ostrich, like dge, as if spelled ostridge. It is
silent in schedule, schisin, and yacht ; pro-
nounced seddule, sizm, and yot. It is sunk in
drachm, but heard in drachma; pronounced
dram and drachma.
357. When c comes after the accent, either
primary or secondary, and is followed by ea,
ia, io, or eous, it takes the sound of sh : thus
ocean, social, Pfiocion, saponaceous, are pro-
nounced as if written oshean,soshial, Phoshian,
saponasheous, fasciation, negociation, &c.
(196). Financier has the accent after the c,
which on that account does not go into sh,
D.
358. In order to have a just idea of the
alterations of sound this letter undergoes, it
will be necessary to consider its near relation
to T. (41). These consonants, like p, and b, f,
and V, k, and hard g, and *, and z, are letters
of the same organ ; they differ by the nicest
shades of sound, and are easily convertible
into each other ; t, p, J', k, and s, may, for
the sake of distinction, be called sharp, and d,
b, V, g, and z, may be called flat. For this
reason, when a singular ends in a sharp con-
sonant, the s, which forms the plural, pre-
serves its sharp sound, as in cuffs, packs, lijpt^
PRONtJNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT D.
S5
hats, deaths: and when the singular ends with
a flat consonant, the plurjfl s has the sound of
z, as drabs, hags, heads, lives, &c. are pro-
nounced drahz, hagz, &c,
359. In the same manner, when a verb ends
with a sharp consonant, the d, in the termina-
tion ed, assumed by the preterit and participle,
becomes sharp, and is sounded lilce t ; thus
stuffed, tripped, cracked, passed, vouched,
faced (where the e is suppressed, as it always
ouo^ht to be, except when we are pronouncing
the language of Scripture) (104), change the
d into t, as if written stuft, tript, aakt, past,
voucht,faste. So when the verb ends in a flat
consonant, the d preserves its true flat sound,
as drubbed, pegged, lived, huzzed, where the e
is suppressed, and the words pronounced in
one syllable, as if written drubb'd, pegg'd,
liv'd, buzz'd. It may be observed too, that
when the verb ends in a liquid, or a liquid and
mute e, the participle d always preserves its
pure sound ; as blamed, joined, filled, barred,
pronounced blam'd,join'd,filCd, harr'd. This
contraction of the participial ed, and the verbal
en (103), is so fixed an idiom of our pronun-
ciation, that to alter it, would be to alter the
sound of the whole language. It must, how-
ever, be regretted, that it subjects our tongue
tosomeofthe most hissing, snapping, clashing,
grinding sounds, that ever grated the ears of a
Vandal : thus rasped, scratched, wrenched,
bridled, f angled, birchen, hardened, strength-
ened, quickened, &c. almost frighten us when
written as they are actually pronounced, as
raspt, scratcht, wrencht, bridtd, fiangCd,
hirch'n, strength'nd, quich'n'd, &c. ; they
become still more formidable when used con-
tractedly in the solemn style, which never
ought to be the case ; for here, instead of thou
strength'n'st or strength'n'd'st, thou quick' n'st
or quickn'n'd'st, we ought to pronounce, thou
strength'nest or strength' nedst, thou quick'nest
or quick'nedst, which are suflSciently harsh of
all conscience. (See No. 405). But to com-
pensate for these Gothic sounds, which, how-
ever, are not without their use, our language
is full of the smoothest and most sonorous
terminations of the Greeks and Romans.
360. By the foregoing rule of contraction,
arising from the very nature of the letters, we
see the absurdity of substituting the t for ed,
when the verb ends in a sharp consonant ;
for, when the pronunciation cannot be mis-
taken, it is folly to alter the orthography : thus
the Distressed Mother, the title of a tragedy,
needs not to be written Distrest Mother, as we
generally find it, because, though we write it
in the former manner, it must necessarily be
pronounced in the latter.
3(}1. By this rule, too, we may see the im-
projiriety of writing blest for blessed, when a
participle.
" Bleit iu tliy geuiiu, in tby luve too \tlni."— PoV^-
But when the word blessed is an adjective, it
ought always to be pronounced, even in the
most familiar conversation, in two syllables,as,
this is a blessed day, the blessed thistle, &c.
36'2. This word, with learned, cursed, and
winged, are the only participial adjectives
which are constantly pronounced in two syl-
lables, where the participles are pronounced in
one : thus a learned man, a cursed thing, a
winged horse, preserve the ed in a distinct syl-
lable ; while the same words, when verbs, as
he learned to write, he cursed the day, they
winged their fiight, are heard in one syllable,
as if written harnd, curst, and wingd ; the d
in cursed changing to t, from its following the
sharp consonant * (358).
363. Poetry, however, (which has been one
great cause of improper orthography) assumes
the privilege of using these words, when adjec-
tives, either as monosyllables or dissyllables ;
but correct prose rigidly exacts the pronun-
ciation of ed in these words, when adjectives,
a3 a distinct syllable. The ed in aged and
winged, always make a distinct syllable, as an
aged man; the winged courser: but when
this word is compounded with another, the ed
does not for«i a syllable, as ajull-ag'd horse,
a sheath-wing' d fowl.
364. It is, perhaps, worthy of notice, that
when adjectives are changed into adverbs by
the addition of the termination ly, we often
find the participial termination ed preserved
long and distinct, even in those very words
where it was contracted when used adjectively ;
thus though we always hear confess' d, prof ess' di
design' d, &c. we as constantly hear con-fess-
ed-ly, pro-fess-ed-ly, de-sign-ed-ly, &c. The
same may be observed of the following list of
words, which, by the assistance of the Rhym-
ing Dictionary, I am enabled to give, as, per-
haps, the only words in the language in which
the ed is pronounced as a distinct syllable in
the adverb, where it is contracted in the par
ticipial adjective : Forcedly, enforcedly, un
veiledly, deformedly, feignedly, unfeignedly
discernedly, resignedly f refinedly, restrained
ly, concernedly, unconcernedly, discernedly,
undiscernedly, preparedly, assuredly, advised'
ly, dispersedly, diffusedly, confusedly, unper-
ceivedly, resolvedly, deservedly, undeservedly,
reservedly, unreservedly, avowedly, perplex-
edly, fi,xedly, amazedly.
365. To this catalogue may be added several
abstract substantives formed from participles
in ed: which ed makes a distinct syllable in
the former, though not in the latter: thus
numbedness, blearedness, preparedness, assur-
edness, diseasedness ^ advisedness, reposednesSf
composedness, indisposedness , diff'usedness, con-
fusedness, distressedness, resolvedness, reserv-
edness, perplexedness, fixedness, aniazedness,
have ed pronounced distinctly.
366. The adjectives naked, wicked, picked
h6
PRONUNCIATON OF THE CONSONANT D.
(pomieU), hooied, crooked,forhed, tusked, tress-
ed, and wretched, are not derived from verbs,
and are therefore pronounced in two syllables,
nie same may be observed of scabbed, crabbed,
chubhed, stubbed, shagged, snagged, ragged,
scrubbed, dogged, rugged, scragged, Jiawked,
jagged; to which we may add, the solemn
pronunciation f ' stiff-necked ; and these, when
formed into nouns by the addition of ness, pre-
serve the ed in a distinct syllable, as wicked-
ness, scabbedness, raggedness. Sec.
367. Passed, in the sense of beyond, becomes
a preposition, and may allowably be written
past, as past twelve o'clock ; but when an ad-
jective, though it is pronounced in one syllable,
it ought to be written with two, as passed
pleasures are present pain : this I know is
contrary to usage ; but usage is, in this case,
contrary to good sense, and the settled analogy
of the language,
368. It needs scarcely be observed, that when
the verb ends in t or d, the ed in the past time
and participle has the d pronounced with its
own sound, and always forms an additional
syllable, as landed, matted, &c. otherwise the
final d could not be pronounced at all.
369. And here, perhaps, it may not be use-
less to take notice of the very imperfect and
confused idea that is given in Lowth's gram-
mar, of what are called contracted verbs, such
as snatcht, checkt, snapt, mixt, dwelt, and
past, for snatched, checked, snapped, mixed,
dwelled, and passed. To these are added,
those that end in I, m, and n, or p, after a
diphthong ; which either shorten the diph-
thong, or change it into a single vowel ; and
instead of ed, take t only for the preterit, as
dealt, dreamt, meant, feU, slept, crept ; and
these are said to be considered not as irregular,
but contracted only. Now nothing can be
clearer than that verbs of a very different kind
are here huddled together as of the same.
Snatched, checked, snapped, mixed, and passed,
are not irregular at all ; if they are ever
written snatcht, checkt, snapt, mixt, and past,
it is from j)ure ignorance of analogy, and not
considering that if they were written with ed,
unless we were to pronounce it as a distinct
syllable, contrary to the most settled usage of
the language, the pronunciation, from the very
nature of the letters, must be the same. It is
very different with dwelled ; here, as a liquid,
and not a shai'p mute, ends the verb, d might
be pronounced without going into t, just as
well as in/elf d, the participle of to/ell (to cut
down trees). Here then, we find custom has
determined an irregularity, which cannot be
altered, without violence to the language ;
dwell may be truly called an irregular verb,
fttul dwelt the preterit and participle.
370. The same may be observed of deal,
tjrcam, mean, feel, weep, sleep, and creep. It
is certain we can pronounce d after the four
first of these words, as well as in sealed,
screamed, cleaned, and reeled; but custom has
not only annexed t to the preterit of these
verbs, but has changed the long diphthongal
sound into a short one ; they are therefore
doubly irregular, TVeep, sleep, and creep,
would not have required t to form their pre-
terits, any more than peeped, and steeped ^ but
custom, which has shortened the diphthong in
the former words, very naturally annexed t as
the simplest method of conveying the sound.
371. The only two words which occasion
some doubt about classing them are, to learn,
and to spell. The vulgar (who are no con
temptible guides on this occasion) pronounce
them in the preterit learnt and spelt ; but as
n and / will readily admit of d after them, it
seems more correct to favour a tendency to re-
gularity, both in writing and speaking, which
the literary world has given into, by spelling
them learned and spelled, and pronouncing
them learn' d and spelt d : thus earned, the
preterit of to earn, has oeen recovered from
the vulgar earnt, and made a perfect rhyme to
discerned.
372. To these observations may be added,
that, in such irregular verbs as have the pre-
sent, the preterit and participle the same, as
cast, cost, cut, &c. ; the second person singular
of the preterit of these verbs takes ed before
the st, as / cast, or did cast ; Thou castedst,
or didst cast, &c. ; for if this were not the
case, the second person of the preterit might
be taken for the second person of the present
tense.
373. I have been led insensibly to these ob
servitions by their connexion with pronuncia-
tion ; and if the reader should think them too
remote from the subject, I must beg his pardon,
and resume my remarks on the sound of the
letter d.
374. The vulgar drop this letter in ordinary,
and extraordi7iary, and make them or'nary
and extr'or'nary : but this is a gross abbrevia-
tion ; the best pronunciation is sufficiently
short, which is ordinary and extrord'nary ;
the first in three, and the last in four syllables ;
but solemn speaking preserves the i, and makes
the latter word consist of five syllables, as if
written extr ordinary.
375. Our ancestors, feeling the necessity of
showing the quantity of a vowel .followed by
ge, when It was to be short, inserted d, as
wedge, ridge, badge, &c. The same reason
induced them to write colledge and alledge
with the d; but modern reformers, to the
great injury of the language, have expelled the
d, and left the vowel to shift for itself ; because
there is no d in the Latin words from whidi
these are derived.
376. D like t, to which it is so nearly
PRONUNCIATION OF TIIE CONSONANTS F, G, AND GN.
57
related, when it comes after the accent, either
primary or secondary (522), and is followed
by the diphthong ie, io, ia, or eou, slides into
gzh, or the consonant j ; thus soldier is uni-
^lersally and justly pronounced as if written
sol-jer ; grandeur, gran-jeur ; and verdure
(where it must be remembered that m is a
diphthong), i^er-ywre; and, for the same reason,
education is elegantly pronounced ed-jucation.
But duhe and reduce, pronounced juhe and
rejuce, where the accent is after tlie d, cannot
be too much reprobated.
F.
377. Fhas its pure sound in often, off, &c.
but in the preposition of, slides into its near
relation v, as if written ov. But when this
preposition is in composition at the end of a
word, they* becomes pure; thus, though we
sound of, singly, ov, we pronounce it as if the
y*were double in whereof
378. There is a strong tendency to change
they into v, in some words, which confounds
the plural number and the genitive case : thus
we often hear of a wive's jointure, a calves
head, and houze rent, for wife's joiriture, a
calf's head, and house rent.
G.
379. G, like C, has two sounds, a hard and
a soft one : it is hard before a, o, u, I, and r,
as game, gone, gull, glory, grandeur. Gaol
is the only exception; now more commonly
Vrittenjaj/ (212).
380. G, before e and i, is sometimes hard
and sometimes soft : it is generally soft before
words of Greek, Latin, or French original, and
hard before words from the Saxon. These
latter, forming by far the smaller number,
may be considered as exceptions.
381. G is hard before e, in gear, geek,
geese, geld, gelt, gelding, get, gewgaw, shag-
ged, snagged, ragged, nagged, scragged,
dogged, rugged, dagger, swagger, stagger,
trigger, dogger, pettifogger, tiger, auger,
eager, meager, anger, finger, linger, conger,
longer, stronger, younger, longest, strongest,
youngest. The last six of these words are ge-
nerally pronounced in Ireland, so as to let the
g remain in its nasal sound, without articu-
lating the succeeding vowel, thus, longer (more
long) is so pronounced as to sound exactly
like the noun a long-er (one who longs or
wishes for a thing), the same may he observed
of the rest. That the pronunciation of Ireland
is analogical, appears from the same pronun-
ciation of ^ in strmg-y, spring-y, full of strings
and springs ; and wronger and wrongest, for
njore and most wrong. But though resting
the g in the nasal sound, without articulating
the succeeding vowel, is absolutely necessary
in verbal nouns derived from verbs ending in
ing, as singer, bringer, sHnger, &c. pronoun-
ced sing-er, hring-er, sling-er, &c. and not
sing-ger, bri7ig-ger, sling-ger, &c. yet in lon-
ger, stronger, and younger ; longest, strongest^
and youngest, the g ought always to articulate
the e : thus, younger ought always to rhyme
with the termination monger, which has always
the g hard, and articulating the vowel ; and
this pronunciation is approved by Mr. Nares.
Forget, target, and together, fall into this
class. See No. 409.
382. G is hard before i, in gibbe, gibcat,
gibber, gibberish, gibbous, giddy, gift, gig,
giggle, giglet (properly gigglet), gild, gill
{oidifish'), gimlet, gimp, gird, girdle, girl,
girth, gizzard, begin, give, forgive, biggin,
piggin, noggin; also derivatives from nouns
or verbs ending in hard g, as druggist, wag-
gish, riggish, hoggish, doggish, sluggish, rig-
ging, digging, &c.
383. G before y is generally soft, as in elegy,
apology, &c. and almost in all words from the
learned languages ; but hard in words from the
Saxon, which are formed from nouns or verbs
ending in g hard, as shaggy, jaggy, knaggy,
snaggy, craggy, sa-aggy, quaggy, swaggy,
dreggy, spriggy, ttviggy, boggy, foggy, clog-
gy, buggy, muggy. Gyve, from its Celtic
original, ought to have the g hard, but has
decidedly adopted the soft g.
GN in the same Syllable at the beginning of
a Word.
384. The g in this situation is always silent,
as gnaw, gnash, gnat, gnarl, gnomon, gno-
monics ; pronounced naw, nash, nat, narl,
nomon, nomonics.
GN in the same Syllable at the end of a Word.
385. No combination of letters has more
puzzled the critics than this. Two actresses of
distinguished merit, in Portia, in the Merchant
of Venice, pronounced the word impugn dif-
ferently, and each found her advocate in the
newspapers. One critic affirmed, that Mis?
Young, by preserving the sound of g, pro-
nounced the word properly ; and the other
contended, that Mrs. Yates was more j udicious
in leaving it out. The former was charged
with harshness ; the latter, with mutilating
the word, and weakening its sound ; but if
analogy may decide, it is clearly in favour of
the latter ; for there is no axiom in our pro-
nunciation more indisputable than that which
makes g silent before n in the same syllable.
This is constantly the case in sign, and all its
compounds, as resign, design, consign, assign,
and in indign, condign, malign, benign; all
pronounced as if written sine, rezine, &c. In
which words we find the vcwel i long and open,
to compensate, as it were, for the suppression
oi g, as every other word ending in gn, whea
the accent is on the syllable, has a diphthong-
pronounced like a long open vowel, as arraign^
58
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS GN AND GM.
campaign, feign, reign, deign ; and conse-
quently, unless the vowel u can produce some
sjiecial privilege which the other vowels have
not, we must, if we pronounce according to
analogy, make the u in this situation long, and
sound impugn as if written impune.
386. The same analogy will oblige us to
pronounce impregn, oppugn, expugn, propugti,
as if written imprene, oppune, expune, propune,
not only when these verbs are in the infinitive
mood, but in the preterits, participles, and
verbal nouns formed from them, as impugned,
impugning, and impugner, must be pro-
nounced impuned, impuning, and impuner.
The same may be observed of the rest.
Perhaps it will gratify a curious observer of pro-
nunciation to see the diversity and uncertainty
of our ortlioepists in their notation of the
words before us :
impune.
Sheridan, Scott, Nares, Murray. Barclay
says the gin this word and its derivatives
is mute, but talies no notice of the quan-
tity of the u.
impUn,
Buchanan, Kenrick, Perry,
impUng,
W. Jolmston.
oppime,
Sheridan, Scott, Narcs, Murray.
oppHn,
Kenrick, Perry, Barclay.
oppUng,
W. Johnston.
propune.
Sheridan, Scott, Perry, Nares.
propnng.
Barclay.
hnprSne,
Nares, Murray.
ijnprSn,
Sheridan, Kenrick, Perry. Barclay says
the g is mute, but says nothing of the
quantity of thee.
expune.
Sheridan, Scott, Nares.
expUn,
Perry, Barclay.
impuner.
Sheridan.
impuned.
Murray.
impUnner,
Perry, Barclay.
oppngner.
Sheridan.
propUgner,
Sheridan.
propuner.
Scott.
propUnner,
Perry.
Nothing is clearer than that all these woids
ought to follow the same fortune, and should
be pronounced alike. How then shall be re-
conciled Mr. Sheridan's pronouncing impugn,
oppugn, expugn, and propugn, with the u
long, and impregn with the e short ? Kenrick,
who has not the v/ord propugn, is consistent
in pronouncing the rest with the vowel short.
The same may be observed of Scott, who adopts
the long sound, but has not the word impregn.
Mr. Perry gives the short sound to all hut pro-
pugn, where he makes the u long, but absurdly
makes the verbal noun propunner ; and VV.
Johnston, who has only impugn and oppugn,
pronounces the vowel short, and spells them
impung and oppung. Barclay, under the word
impung, says the g in this word and its deri-
vatives is mute, without noticing the quantity
of the vowels, but spells oppugn, oppun ; and
of impregn, onlj says the g is mute ; but
writes propugn, propung, in the manner flint
W. Johnston does impugn and oppugn but
Mr. Nares observes, that analogy seems to re-
quire a similar pronunciation in all these words,
and that the vowel should be long. The same
inconsistency is observable in Mr. Sheridan's
pronunciation of the verbal nouns ; for he
expunges the g in impugner, and writes it
impuner, but preserves it in oppugner and
propugner, Mr. Scott has only the word pro-
pugner, which he very properly, as well as
consistently, spells propuner. Mr. Perry has
propunner and impunner, and Barclay impun-
ner only. — ^The inconsistency here remarked
arises from not attending to the analogy of
pronunciation, which requires every verbal
noun to be pronounced exactly like the verb,
with the mere addition of the termination :
thus, singer is only adding er to the verb sing,
without suffering the g to articulate the e, as
it does in finger and linger, &c. The same
may be observed of a signer, one who signs :
and as a corroboration of this doctrine, we
may take notice that the additional er and est,
in the comparatives and superlatives of adjec-
tives, make no alteration in the sound of the
radical word ; this is obvious in the words be-
nigner, henignest, &c. except younger, longer,
and stronger. See No. 381.
387. But in every other compound where
these letters occur, the n articulates the latter
syllable, and g is heard distinctly in the
former, as sig-nify, malig-tiity, assig-nation,
&c. Some affected speakers, either ignorant
of the rules for pronouncing English, or over-
complaisant to the French, pronounce physi-
ognomy, cognizance, and recognizance, with-
out the g ; but this is a gross violation of the
first principles of spelling. The only words to
keep these speakers in countenance are, poig-
nant and champignon, not long ago imported
from France, and pronounced poiniant, cham-
pinion. The first of these words will probably
be hereafter written without the g ; while the
latter, confined to the kitchen, may be looked
upon as technical, and allowed an exclusive
privilege. See Cognizance.
388. Bagnio, seignior, seraglio, intaglio,
and ogUo, pronounced ban-yo, seen-yar, seral-
yo, intal-yo, and ole-yo, may be considered as
foreign coxcombs, and treated with civility, by
omitting the g, while they do not pervert the
pronunciation of our native English words.
GM in the same Syllable.
389. What has been said of gn is applica-
ble to gm. We have but one word in the
language where these letters end a word with
the accent on it, and that is phlegm ; in this
the g is always mute, and the e, according to
analogy, ought to be pronounced long, as if
the word were written fleme • but a short
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS GH, GHT, //, J, K.
39
pronunciation of the e has generally obtained,
and we commonly hear it ftem ; it is hig^hly
probable Pope pronounced it properly, where
*!>• says,
** Our Critics take a contrary extreme ;
" They juilge with fury, but they write with pUegm."
Essay on Criticism,
Perhaps it would not be difficult to reduce this
word to analogy, as some speakers still pro-
nounce the e long : but in the compounds of
this word, as in those where gn occur, the
vowel is shortened, and the g pronounced as in
phleg-mon, phleg-monous, phleg-matic, and
phleg-magogues ; though Mr. Sheridan, for no
reason I can conceive, sinks the g in the last
word. When these letters end a syllable not
under the accent, the g is silent, but the pre-
ceding vOwel is shortened : thus paradigm,
pnrapegm, diaphragm, apophthegm, are pro-
nounced, paradim, parapem, diaphram, apo-
them.
GH.
390. This combination, at the beginning of
a word, drops the h, as in ghost, ghastly,
ghnstness, gherkin, pronounced gost, rhyming
with most ; gastly, gastness, gtrkin : but when
these letters come at the end of a word, they
form some of the greatest anomalies in our
language ; gh, at the end of words, is generally
silent, and consequently the preceding vowel or
diphthong is long, as high, nigh, thigh, neigh,
weigh, inveigh, eugh (the obsolete way of
spelling yew, a tree), bough, dough, though,
although, clough (a cliff), plough, furlough,
slough fa miry place), thrcugh, throughout,
thorough, borough, usquebaugh, pugh !
391. Gh is frequently pronounced likey, as
laugh, laughter, cough, chovgh, elough (an
allowance in weight), slough (the cast skin of
a snake or sore), enough, rough, tough, trough.
392. Gh is sometimes changed into ck, as
hough, shough, lough, pronounced hock, shock,
lock ; sometimes we hear only the g sounded,
as in burgh, burgher, and burgership.
GHT.
393. Gh, in this termination, is always
silent, as fight, night, bought, fought, &c.
The only exception is draught; which, in
poetry, is most frequently rhymed with caught,
taught, &c. but, in prose, is so universally pro-
nounced as if written draft, that the poetical
sound of it grows uncouth, and is becoming
obsolete. Draughts, the game, is also pro-
nounced drafts. Drought (dryness) is vulgarly
pronounced drowth: it is even written so by
Milton ; but in this he is not to be imitated,
having mistaken the analogy of this word, as
well as that of height, which he spells heighth,
and which is frequently so pronounced by the
vulgar. See the words Height and Drought.
H.
394. This letter is no more than breathing
forcibly before the succeeding vowel is pro-
nounced. At the beginning of words, it is
always sounded, except in heir, heiress, honesty
honesty, honour, honourable, herb, herbage^
hospital, hostler^ hour, humble, humour, hu-
morous, humorsome. Ben Johnson leaves
out the h in host, and classes it in this respect
with honest.
395. H is always silent after r, as rhetoric,
rhapsody, rheum, rheumatism, rhinoceros
rhomb, rhubarb, myrrh, catarrh, and their
compounds.
396. H final, preceded by a vowel, is always
silent, as ah ! hah .' oh I foh ! sirrah, halle-
lujah, Messiah.
397. This letter is often sunk after w, par-
ticularly in the capital, where we do not find
the least destinction of sound between while
and wile, whet and wet, where and wear.
Trifling as this difference may appear at first
sight, it tends greatly to weaken and im-
poverish the pronunciation, as well as some-
times to confound words of a very different
meaning. The Saxons, as Dr. Lowth observes,
placed the h before the w, as hwat ; and this
is certainly its true place : for, in the pronun-
ciation of all words beginning with wh, we
ought to breathe forcibly before we pronounce
the w, as if the words were written hoo-at,
hoo-ile, &c. and then we shall avoid that
feeble, cockney pronunciation, which is so dis-
agreeable to a correct ear.
J.
398. J is pronounced exactly like soft g,
and is perfectly uniform in its sound, except iu
the word hallelujah, where it io pronounced
like y.
K.
399. K has exactly th« sound of hard c ; it
is always silent before n in the same syllable,
as knee, kneel, knack, knight, know, knuckle,
knab, knag, knap, knare, knave, knit, knock,
knot, knoll.
400. It has been a custom within these
twenty years to omit the k at the end of words
when preceded by c. This has introduced a
novelty into the language, which is that of
ending a word with an unusual letter, and is
not only a blemish in the face of it, but may
possibly produce some irregularity in future
formatives ; for mimicki7ig must be written
with the k, though to 7nimic is without it. If
we use colic as a verb, which is not uncommon,
we must write colicking and colicked ; and
though physicking and physicked are not the
most elegant words, they are not quite out of the
line of formation. This omission of k is, how-
GO
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS, K, L.
ever, too general to be counteracted, even by
the authority of Johnson : but it is to be hoped
it will be confined to words from the learned
languages : and hideed, as there ij not the
same vanity of appearing learned in the Saxon,
as in the Latin and Greek, there is no great
fear that thick and stick vrill lose their k,
though they never had it in the original.
L.
401. Ben Jonson says L melteth in the
sounding, and is therefore called a liquid.
This, however, cannot be the reason that r is
called a liquid ; for no two letters can, in this
respect, be more opposite. See No. 21.
Li is mute in almond, calf, half, calve,
halve, chaldron, falcon, folk, yolk (better
written yelk with the I sounAed) ^fusil, kaiser,
malmsey, salmon, salve, talhot (a species of
dog). See Saive.
402. L is mute also between a and k in the
same syllable, as balk, chalk, talk, stalk, walk.
403. L is silent likewise between a and m
in the same syllable, as alms, balm, culm,
palm, psalm, qualm, shalm ,- but when the m
is detached from the I by commencing another
syllable, the / becomes audible. Thus, tho' the
/ is mute in psalm, palm, it is always heard in
f sal-mist, psal-mody, and pal-mistry ; but in
balmy and palmy, where the y is an adjective
termination of our own, no alteration is made
in the sound of the substantive which sinks
the / (386). Calmer and cahnest ought to
have the I mute, as they are only degrees of
comparison ; and j)almer and palmerworm
(except in the language of scripture, where the
I in palmerivorm ought to be heard) are only
a sort of verbal nouns, which never alter the
sound of the original word, and therefore ought
to have the / mute. But though I is some-
times mute in the noun salve, and in the verb
to salve, it is always heard in salver (a kind of
plate). See Salve.
404. L ought always to be suppressed in the
auxiliary verbs would, could, should: it is
sometimes suppressed in fault; but this sup-
pression is become vulgar, (see the word). In
soldier, likewise, the Hs sometimes suppressed,
and the word pronounced so-jer; but this is far
from being the most correct pronunciation :
/ ought always to be heard in this word, and
its compounds soldierly, soldiership, &c.
405. L, preceded by a mute, and followed
by e, in a final syllable, has an impeifect
sound, which does not do much honour to our
language. The I, in this situation, is neither
sounded like el nor le, but the e final is
suppressed, and the preceding mute articulates
the /, without either a preceding or a succeed-
ing vowei ; so thaf <bis sound may be called a
monster in Grammar — a syllable without a
Kowel ! This will easily be perceived in the
words able, table, circle, &c. which are pro^
nounced as if written abl, tabl, circl, &c. and
in those still more Gothick and uncouth ab-
breviated participial terminations, peopled^
bridled, saddled, trifles, gaffl.es, &c. prt»
nounced pee-pVd, bri-dl'd, sad-dl'd, triflz,
gaf.flz, &c. (359) (472).
406. This letter has not only, like f and s,
the privilege of doubling itself at the end of a
word, but it has an exclusive privilege of being
double where they remain single ; though by
what right cannot well be conceived. Thus,
according to the general rule, when a verb
ends in a single consonant, preceded by a
single vowel, and the accent is on the last syl-
lable, the consonant is doubled when a par-
ticipial termination is added, as abet, abetting,
beg, begging, begin, beginning, &c. but when
the accent is not on the last syllable of the
verb, the consonant remains single, as suffered,
suffering, benefiting, &c. but the / is doubled,
whether the accent be on the last syllable or
not, as duelling, levelling, victualling, tra-
velling, traveller, &c. This gross irregularity,
however, would not have been taken notice of in
this place, if it had not suggested an absurdity
in pronunciation, occasioned by the omission
of I. Though the latter / is useless in traveller,
victualler, &c. it is not so in controller : for
as II is a mark of the deep broad sound of a
in ball tall, all, &c. (84) so the same letters
are the sign of the long open sound of o in boll
(a round stalk of a plant), to joll, noil (the
head), knoll (a little hill), poll, clodpoll, roll,
scroll, droll, troll, stroll, toll: for which reason,
leaving out one I in bethral, catcul, miscnl,
overfal, forestal, reinstal, downfal, withal,
control, and unrol, as we find them in John-
son's Dictionary, is an omission of the utmost
importance to the sound of the words ; for as
the pronunciation sometimes alters the spel-
ling, so the spelling sometimes alters the pro-
nunciation*. .Accordingly we find some
speakers, chiefly the natives of Ireland, in-
clined to give the a its middle sound, to words
commencing with al, followed by another con-
sonant, because they do not see the // in the
all with which these words are compounded :
thus we sometimes hear Almighty, albeit, so
pronounced as to make their first syllable
rhyme with the first of al-ly, val-ley, and extol
is pronounced by the Scotch so as to rhyme
with coal ; and with just as much reason as we
pronounce control in the same manner. For
though compounds may, in some cases, be at
lowed to drop such letters of their simples, .j
either are not necessary to the sound, as ;
* This omission of the letter L, I see, has been rectified iu the
last quarto edition of Johnson's Dictionary: and it woulu have
been well if the Editors had aekna\i-ledgf<l their obligations and
extended their emendatians to the word Codle, and sneral olbcc».
PRONUNCIATION OF THfe CONSONANTS, M, A^.
61
Christmas; or might possibly lead to a wrong
one, as in Reconcileahle ; (which see) yet where,
by omitting a letter, the sound may be altered,
the omission is pernicious and absurd (84). The
same observations might be extended to the
numerous termination full, where, in com-
pounds, one I is omitted, though nothing can
be more certain, than that^/w/, with a single I,
Das not the same sound as when this Istter is
ioubled ; for who could suppose, without being
used to the absurdity, that fulfil should stand
for fullfill : but this abbreviation is too in-
veterate and extensive to afford any hope, that
the great arbiters of orthography, the printers,
will ever submit to the additional trouble of
putting another I.
M.
407. M preserves its sound in every word,
except comptroller; compt and accompt are
now universally written as they are pronounced,
count and account; and though m and p are
preserved to the eye in the officer called a
comptroller, the word is pronounced exactly
like the noun controller, one who controls.
N.
408. A^ has two sounds ; the one simple and
pure, as in man, net, &c. the other com-
pounded and mixed, as in hang, thank, &c.
The latter sound is heard when it is followed
by the sharp or flat guttural mutes, g hard, or
k ; or its representatives, c hard, qu or x .• but
it may be observed, that so prone is our lan-
guage to the flat mutes, that when n is fol-
lowed by h, or its representatives, the flat mute
g seems interposed between them : thus thank,
banquet, anxious, are pronounced as if written,
not than-k, han-quet, an-xious, but thangk,
batigkqifef, anglishus. But this coalition of
the sound of n and g, or hard c, is only when
the accent is on them ; for when the g or hard c
articulates the accented syllable, the n becomes
pure : thus, though congress and congregate,
are pronounced as if written cong-gress and
cong-gregate, yet the first syllable of congra-
tulate and congressive, ought to be pronounced
without the ringing sound of n, and exactly
like the same syllabic in contrary/. The same
difference may be observed in the words con-
course and concur; the first word, which has
the accent on the first syllable, is pronounced
as if written cong-course ; and the last, which
has the accent on the second syllable, with n
pure. It must, however, be carefully observed,
that the secondary accent has the same power
of melting the n into the succeeding hard g
or c, as the primary (522) : thus congregation
and concremation have the first syllable pro-
nounced as if written cong.
409. It may, perhaps, be worthy of notice,
that when n is followed by k, the k has a
finished or complete sound, as in link, think,
&c. but when n is followed by hard g, the g
has an unfinished or imperfect sound, as in
hang, bang, &c. where we may observe the
tongue to rest upon the palate in the sound
of g; but when this letter is carried off to
articulate another syllable, its sound is com-
pleted, as in anger and Baiigor (the name of
a town), where the sound oi g may be oerceived
to be very different from the noun hanger
(a sword), and banger (one who beats or bangs.)
This perfect sound of ^is heard in all simples,
as anger, angle, finger, linger, conger,
anguish, languish, distinguish, extinguish,
unguent : but in words derived fi'om verbs or
adjectives, ending in 7ig, the g continues im-
perfect, as it was in them. Thus a singer
(one who sings), does not finish the g like
finger, but is merely er added to sing : the
same may be observed of sing-ing, bi'mg-ing^
and hang-ing. So adjectives, formed by the
addition of y, have the imperfect sound of g
as in the original word : thus springy, stringy,
dungy, and wingy, are only the sound of e
added to spring, string, dung, and wing;
but the comparative and superlative adjec-
tives, longer, stronger, and younger ; longest,
strongest, and youngest, have the g hard and
perfectly sounded, as if written long-ger,
stro?>g-ger, young-ger, &c. where the g is
hard, as in finger, linger, &c. And it may be
looked upon as a general rule, that nouns, ad-
jectives, or verbs, do not alter their original
sound upon taking an additional syllable. In
these three words, therefore, the Irish {)ro-
nounce more agreeably to analogy than the
English ; for, if I mistake not, they do not
articulate the g-. (381)
410. Hitherto we have considered these
letters as they are heard under the accent;
but when they are unaccented in the par-
ticipial termination ing, they are frequently a
cause of embarrassment to speakers who desire
to pronounce correctly. We are told, even by
teachers of English, that ing, in the words
singing, bringing, aud swinging, must be pro-
nounced with the ringing sound, which is heard
when the accent is on these letters, in king,
sing, and wing, and not as if written without
the g, as singin, bringin, swingin. No one
can be a greater advocate than I am for the
strictest adherence to orthography, as long as
the public pronunciation pays the least atten-
tion to it ; but when I find letters given up by
the public, with respect to sound, I then con-
sider them as ciphers ; and, if my observation
do not greatly fail me, I can assert, that our
best speakers do not invariably pronounce the
participial ing, so as to I'hyme with sing, king,
and ring. Indeed, a very obvious exception
seems to offer itself in those verbs that end in
these letters, as a repetition of the ringing
03
PKONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS, P, PH, Q, R.
sound in successive syllables would produce a
tantophony (see the word), and have a very
bad effect on the ear ; and therefore, instead
of singing, bringing, and Jfingi7ig, our best
speakers are heard to pronounce sing-in, bring-
in, M\i\ fli)ig-in : and for the very same reason
that we exclude the linjjing sound in these
words, we ought to admit it wVien the verb
ends with in . for if, instead of sinning, pin-
ning, and beginning, we should pronounce sin-
nin, pin-nin, and begin-nin, we should fall
into the same disgustins; repi'titicn as in the
former case. '\hG participial ing, therefore,
ought always to have its ringing sound, except
in those words formed from verbs in this ter-
mination ; for writing, reading, and speaking,
are certaiidy preferable to wrilin, readin, and
speakin, wherever the pronunciation has the
least degree of precision or solemnity.
411. A'^ is mute when it ends a syllable, and
IS preceiled by / or m, as kiln, hymn, limn,
solemn, column, uutumti, condemn, contemn.
In hym-ning , and lim-ning, the n is generally
pronounced, and sometimes, in very solemn
speaking, in condein-ning and contem-ning ;
but, in both cases, contrary to analogy, which
forbids any sound in the participle that was
i.ot ia the verb (381).
'413. This letter is mute before s and t at
tlie beginning of words, psalm, psalmist, psal-
mody, psalmograp/iy, psalter, psallry ; the
prefix;;.«eM£fo, signifying false, as pseudography ,
pseudology, and the interjection pshaw ! To
these we may add ptisan, ptyalism, ptysma-
gogue. It is mute in the middle of words
between m and t, in empty, sempstress, per-
emptory, sumptuous, presutnptHous, redemp-
tion, exemption, and rasplerry. In cupboard
it coalesces with and falls into its flat sound b,
as if written cubboard. It is mute in a final
Sj'llable between the same letters, as tempt,
attempt, contempt, exempt, promvt, accompt.
tu receipt it is mute between i and t, and in
the military corps (a body of troops) both p
and s are mute, as custom has acquiesced in
the French pronunciation of most military
terms.
PH.
413. Ph is generally pronounced likey, as in
philospphy, phantom, &c. In nephew and
Stephen it has the sound of v. In diphthong
and triphthvjig the sound of p only is heard ;
and the h is mute likewise in naphtha, oph-
thalmick, &c. In apophthegm both letters are
dropped. The same may be observed of
yhthisis, phthisic, and phthisical. \n sapphire
the first p slides into ph, by an accentual coali-
tion of similar letters, very asreeable to
aiiulogy. See Exagckuatg.
414. Q has always the sound of * . it is con-
stantly followed byw, pronounced like w: and
its general sound is heard in quack, guill,
queen, &c. pronounced kwack, kwill, kween,
&.C. That the u subjoined to this letter has
really the power of w, may be observed in the
generality of words where a succeeds ; for we
find the vowel go into the broad sound in
quart, quairel, quantity, &c. as much as in
war, uariant, want, &c. (35). But it must
be carefully noted, that this broad sound is
o!ily heard under the accent ; when the a pre-
ceded by qu, is not accented, it has the sound
of every other accented a in the language (.92).
Thus the a in quarter, quarrel, quadrant, &c.
because it has the accent, is broad : the same
may be observed when the accent is secondary
only (522) (527), as in quadragesimal, qua-
drisyllable, &c. but when the accent is on the
succeedi.ng syllable, as in qua-dratick, qua-
drangular, &c. the a goes into the obscure
sound approaching to the Italian a. (92) .
415. .\s a great number of words, derived
from the French, have these letters in them,
according to our usual complaisance for that
language, we adopt the French ])ronunciation :
thus in coquet, doquet, etiquette, masquerade ,
harlequin, oblique, antique, opaque, pique,
piquant, piquet, burlesque, grotesque, casque,
mosque, quadrille, quatercousin, the qu is pro-
nounced like k. Quoif' a.nd quoit ought to be
written and pronounced coi/', coit. Paquet,
laquey, chequer, and risque, have been very
properly spelled by Johnson as they are pro-
nounced packet, lackey, checker, and risk.
Quoth ought to be pronounced with the u, as
if written kwuth, and therefore is not irregular.
Liquor and harlequin always lose the u, and
conquer, conquerable, and conqueror, some-
times, particularly on the stage. This devia-
tion, however, seems not to have gone beyond
recovery ; and conquest is still regularly pro-
nounced congkwest. Quote and quotation are
perfectly regular, and ought never to be pro-
nounced as some do, cote and eolation. Clique,
contracted from circus, and cinque, cinquefoil,
cinque-ports, cinque-spotted, are pronounced
sirk and sink : and critique, when we mean a
criticism, to distinguish it from critick, is pro-
nounced eriteek, rhyming with speak. See
Quoit and Quotation.
JR.
416. Iliis letter is never silent, but its sound
is sometimes transposed. In a final unaccentec.
syllable, terminating with re, the r is pro-
nounced after the e, as ac7-e, lucre, sabrCf
fibre, ochre, eagre, maugre, sepulchre, theatre f
spectre, metre, petre, mitre, nitre, antre, lustre,
accoutre f massaa'e; to which we may add;
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONaNI 5.
03
eefttre and sceptre; sometimes written center
and scepter ; but, in my opinion, very impro-
perly, as this peculiarity is fixed, and easily un-
derstood ; while reducing meagre to meager
disturbs the rule, and adds another anomaly to
our pronunciation, by making the g hard
before e (98) .
417. The same transposition of r is always
perceived in the pronunciation of apron and
trow ; and often in that of citron and saffron,
as if written apurn, turn, citurn, saffurn:
nor do I think the two first can be pronounced
otherwise without a disagreeable stiffness ; but
the iwo last may preserve the r before the
vowel with great propriety. Children and
iundred have slid into this analogy, when
used col. jquially, but preserve the r before the
e in solemn speaking.
418. .\s this letter is but a jar of the tongue,
sometimes against the roof of the mouth, and
sometimes at the orifice of the throat, it is
the most imperfect of all the consonants ; and,
as its formation is so indefinite, no wonder,
when it is not under the accent, that the vowels
which precede it, should be so indefinite in
their sounds, as we may perceive in the words
^riar. Her, elixir, nadir, mayor, martyr,
which, with respect to sound, might be written
fr«Mr, liur, elixur, nadur, mayur, martyr (98).
These inaccuracies in pronunciation,' says an
ingenious writer, ' we seem to havederived from
our Saxon ancestors. Dr. Hicks observes in
the first chapter of his Saxon Grammar, that
Comjtarativa apud eos (Anglo-saxonas) indif-
' ferent^r exeunt in ar, eer, er, ir, or, ur, yr ; et
** Superlativa in ast, (est, est, ist, ost, ust, yst ;
' participia praesentis temporis in and, tend,
" end, ind, ond, und,ynd : praeteriti ver5 in ad,
" ad, id, nd, ud, yd; pro vario scilicet vel aevi
vel loci dialecto." Upon various other oc-
casions also they used two or more vowels and
diphthongs indifferently; and this not always
from difference of age or place, because these
variations are frequently found in the same
page. This will account for the difference be-
tween the spelling and pronunciation of such
anomalous words as busy and bury, now pro-
nounced as if written bisy and bery Uhe i and e
having thc'lr common short sound) and formerly
spelt indifferently with e, u, or y.' Essay on
the Harmony a/Language. Robson, 1774.
419- There is a distinction in the sound of
this letter, scarcely ever noticed by any of our
writeis on the subject, which is, in my opinion,
of no small importance ; and that is, the rough
and smooth r. Ben Jonson, in his Grammar,
says it is sounded firm in the begirming of
words, and more liquid in the middle and ends,
as ni rarer, riper : and so in the Latin. The
rough r is formed by jarring the tip of the
tongue against the roof of the mouth near the
fore teeth : the smootk r is a vibration of the
lower part of the tongue, near the root, against
the inward region of the palate, near the
entrance of the throat. This latter » is that
which marks the pronunciation of England,
and the former that of Ireland. In England,
and particularly in London, the r in lard,
bard, card, regard, &.c. is pronounced so much
in the throat as to be little more than the
middle or Italian a, lengthened into laad,
baud, caad, regaad; while in Ireland the r, in
these words, is pronounced with so strong a jai'
of the tongue against the fore-partof the palate,
and accompanied with such an aspiration, or
strong breathing, at the beginning of the letter,
as to produce that harshness we call the Irish
accent. But if this letter is too forcibly pro-
nounced in Ireland, it is often too feebly
sounded in England, and particularly in Lon-
don, where it is sometimes entirely sunk ; and
it may, perhaps, be worthy of observation, that,
provided we avoid a too forcible pronunciation
of the r, when it ends a word, or is followed by
a consonant in the same syllable, we may give
as much force as we please to this letter, at
the beginning of a word, without producing
any harshness to the ear: thus Rome, river,
rage, may have the r as forcible as in Ireland ;
but bar, bard, card, hard, &c. must have it
nearly as in London.
S.
420. As the former letter was ajar, this is h
hiss ; but a hiss which forms a much more
definite andcomplete consonant than the other.
This consonant, like the other mutes, has a
sharp and a flat sound ; the sharp sound is
heard in the name of the letter, and in the
words same, sin, this ; the flat sound is that of
z, heard in is, his, was : and these two sounds,
accompanied by the aspirate, or h, form all the
varieties found under this letter (41),
421. S has always its sharp hissing sound at
the beginning of words, as soon, sin, &c. and
when it immediately follows any of the sharp
mutes, y, k, p, t, as scoffs, blocks, hips, jnts, ix
when it is added to the mute e after any of
these letters, as strifes, Jlakes, pipes, mites.
422. S is sharp and hissing at the end of the
monosyllables yes, this, us, thus, gas ; and at
the end of words of two or more syllables, if it
be preceded by any of the vowels but e, and
forms a distinct syllable: thus es in pipes and
mites do not form a distinct syllable ; and as
they are preceded by a sharp mute, tlie s is
sharp li-kewise : but in prices these letters form
a syllable, and the s is pronounced like z, ac-
cording to the general rule.
423. The only exceptions to this rule are,
the words as, whereas, has, his, was ; for bias,
dowlas, Alias, metropolis, basis, chaos, tripos,
pus, chorus, Cyprus, &c. have the final s pro*
nounced sharp and hissing.
C4
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT S.
■ 424. Agreeably to this rule, the numerous
terminations in ov.s, as pious, superjitious, &c.
have the s sharp, and are pronounced exactly
like the pronoun us ; and every double s in the
language Is pronounced in the same manner,
except in the words dissolve, possess, and their
compounds ; scissors, hussy, and hussar.
425. S in the inseparable preposition dis,
when either the primary or secondary accent is
on it (522), is always pronounced sharp and
hissing: the word dismal, which seems to be
an exception, is not so in reality ; for, in this
word dis is not a preposition : thus, dissolute,
dissonant, &c. with the primary accent on dis;
and disabilitj/, disagree, &c. with the secondary
accent on the same letters, have the s sharp
and hissing; but when the accent is on the
second syllable, the * is either sharp or flat, as
it is followed either by a vowel, or a sharp or
flat consonant : thus, disahle, disaster, disease,
disinterested, dishonest, disorder, disuse, have
all of them the s in dis flat like z, because the
accent is not on it, and a vowel begins the
next syllable ; but discredit, disfavour, dis-
kindness, dispense, distaste, have the s sharp
and hissing, because a sharp consonant begins
the succeeding accented syllable ; and disband,
disdain, disgrace, disjoin, disvalue, have the*
flat like z, because they are succeeded by a fiat
consonant in the same situation (435).
426. S, in the inseparable preposition mis,
is alway sharp and hissing, whether the accent
be on it or not ; or whether it be followed
either by a vowel, or a sharp or flat consonant,
as miscreant, misaim, misapply, misorder,
misuse, tnisbegot, misdeem, misgovern, &c.
See the prefix Mis.
427. S, followed by e in the final syllable of
adjectives, is always sharp and hissing, as base,
obese, precise, concise, globose, verbose, mor-
hose, pulicose, tenebricose, corticose, ocose,
oleose, rugose, desidiose, close, siliculose, cnl-
culose, tumulose, animose, venenose, nretiose,
siliginose, crinose, loose, operose, morose, ede-
matose, comatose, acetose, aquose, siliquose,
actuose, diffkise, profuse, occluse, recluse, ab-
struse, obtuse , except wise and otherguise, and
the pronominal adjectives these and those.
428. S, in the adjective termination sive, is
always sharp and hissing, as suasive, persua-
sive, assuasive, dissuasive, adhesive, cohesive,
decisive-, precisive, incisive, derisive, cicatri-
sive, visiue, plausive, abusive, diffkisive, inj'u-
sive, inclusive, conclusive, exclusive, elusive,
delusive, prelusive, allusive, illusive, collusive,
amusive, obtrusive, &c.
429. -S", in the adjectives ending in sory, is
always sharp and hissing, as suasory, per-
suuso7-y, decisory, derisory, delusory, &c.
430. The same may be observed of s in the
adjectives ending in some, as troublesome, &c.
and substantives in osity, generosity, &c.
431. Se, preceded by the liquids /, n, 6t r,
has the s sharp and hissing, as pulse, apprtlse,
dense, tense, intense, sense, verse, adverse, &c.
except cleanse.
S pronounced like Z.
432. S has always its flat buzzing sound,
as it may be called, when it immediately
follows any of the flat mutes b, d, g hard, or
V, as ribs, heads, rags, sieves. (24),
433. S is pronounced like z, when it forms
an additional syllable with e before it, in the
plurals of nouns, and the third person singular
of verbs ; even though the singulars and first
persons end in sharp hissing sounds, as asses,
riches, cages, bo.ves, &c. thus prices and prizes
have both the final s flat, though the preceding
mute in the first word is sharp (422).
434. As s is hissing, when preceded by a
liquid, and followed by e mute, as transe,
tense, &e. so when it follows any of the li(iuids
without the e, it is pronounced like z, as morals,
means, seems, hers. In the same analogy,
when * comes before any of the liquids, it has
the sound of z, as cosmetic, dismal, pismire,
chastn, prism, theism, schism, and all poly
syllables ending in asm, ism, osm, or vsm, as en-
thusiasm, judaUm, microcosm, paroxys7n, &e,
435. S, in the preposition dis, is either sharp
or flat, as it is accented or unaccented, as ex-
plained above ; but it ought always to be pro-
nounced like z, when it is not under the accent,
and is followed by a flat mute, a liquid, cr a
vowel, as disable, disease, disorder, disuse,
disband, disdain, disgrace, disvalue, disjoiji,
dislike, dislodge, dismay, dismember, dis-
mount, dismiss, dis?iatured, disrunk, dis-
relish, disrobe (425). Mr. Sheridan, and those
orthOepists who have copied him, seem to have
totally ovei'looked this tendency in the liquids
to covert the s to z when this letter ends the
first syllable without the accent, and the liquids
begin the second syllable with it.
436. S is pronounced like z, in the mono-
syllables as, is, his, was, these, those, and in
all plurals whose singulars end in a vowel, or a
vowel followed by e mute, as commas, opei'as,
shoes, aloes, dues, and consequently when it
follows the w or y, in the plurals of louns, or
the third person singular of verbs, as ways, be-
trays, news, vieivs, &c.
437. Some verbs ending in se have the soft
2, to distinguish them from nouns or adjectives
of the same form.
Nouns. Verbs.
grease. ... to grease
close to close
house .... to house
mouse .... to mouse
louse .... to louse
abuse .... to abuse
Nouns. . Verbs.
excuse . . to excuse
refuse. ... to refuse '
diffuse . . to diffuse^
use to use
rise to rise
premise , , to pretnise.
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT S.
65
438. St/ and sey, at the end of words, have
the s pronounced like z, if it has a vowel before
it, with the accent on it, as easy, greasy,
queasy, cheesy, daisy, misy, rosy, causey, noisy;
but if the accent is on the antepenultimate
syllable, the s is sharp, as heresy, poesy, &c. if a
sharp mute precede, the s is sharp, as tricksy,
tipsy ; if a liquid precede, and the accent is on
the penultimate syllable, the s is flat, as palsy,
flimsy, clumsy, pansy, tansy, phrensy, quinsy,
tolsey, whimsey, malmsey, jersey, kersey.
Pursy has the s sharp and hissing from its
relation to purse, and minstrelsey and con-
troversy have the antepenultimate and pre-
antepenultimate accent : thus we see why busy,
bousy, lousy, and drowsy, have the s like z,
anil jealousy, the sharp hissing s.
439. S, in the termination sible, when pre-
ceded by a vowel, is pronounced like z, as per-
suasihle, risible, visible, divisible, infusible,
conclusible ; but if a liquid consonant precede
the s, the s then becomes sharp and hissing, as
sensible, responsible, tensible, reversible, &c.
440. S, in the terminations sary and sory,
is sharp and hissing, as dispensary, adversary,
suasory, persuasory, decisory, incisory, de-
risory, depulsory, compulsory, incensory, com-
pensory, suspensoi-y, sensory, rcsponsory, cur-
ijry, discursory, lusory, elusory, delusory, il-
lusory, collusory. Rosary and jnisery, which
have the s like z, are the only exceptions.
441. S, in the termination ise, is pro-
nounced like z, except in the adjectives before
mentioned, and a few substantives, such as
varadise, anise, rise, grise, verdigrise, mor-
tise, travise.
442. S, in the termination sal and sel, when
preceded by a vowel, is pronounced like z, as
nasal, ousel, housel, nousel, reprisal, proposal,
refusal, and sharp and hissing when preceded
by a consonant, as mtnsal, universal, &c.
443. S, in the termination son, sen, and sin,
IS pronounced like z, as reason, season, treason,
cargason, diapason, orison, benison, venison,
ilenison, f Olson, poison, prison, damson, crimson,
chosen, resin, rosin, raisin, cousin. But the s
in mason, bason, garrison, caparison, com-
parison, parson, and person^ is sharp and hiss-
ing (170).
444. S, after the inseparable prepositions
pi-e and pro, is sharp, as in presage, preside,
presidial,preseance, presension, prosecute, pro-
secution, prosody, prosopopeia, but flat like z
in presence, president, presidency, presume,
presumptive, presumption, but where the pre
is prefixed to a word which is significant when
alone, the s is always sharp, as presuppose,
pre-surmise, &c.
445. S, after the inseparable preposition re,
is almost always pronounced like z, zsresemble,
resent, resentment, reserve, reservation, re-
servoir, residue, resident, residentiary, reside,
resign, resignment, resignation, resilience,
resiliency, I'esilition, resm, resist, resistance,
resolve, resolutio?i, resolute, result, resume,
resumptio7i, resurrection.
446. iS is sharp after re in resuscitation, re-
supination, &c. and when the word added to
it is significant by itself, as research, resiege,
reseat, resurvey. Thus to resign, with the <
like z, signifies to yield up ; but to re-sign, to
sign again, has the s sharp, as in sign : so to
resound, to reverberate, has the s like z ; but
to re-sound, to sound again, has the s sharp
and hissing.
447. Thus we see, after pursuing this letter
through all its combinations, how difficult it
often is to decide by analogy, when we are to
pronounce it sharp and hissing, and when flat
like z. In many cases it is of no great import-
ance : in others, it is the distinctive mark of a
vulgar or a polite pronunciation. Thus design
is never heard with the s like 2, but among
the lowest order of the people ; and yet there
is not the least reason from analogy that we
should not pronounce it in this manner, as
well as in resign ; the same may be observed
of preside and desist, which have the s sharp
and hissing ; and reside and resist, where the
same letter is pronounced like z. It may,
however, be remarked, that re has the s like z
after it more regularly than any other of the
prefixes.
448. It may, perhaps, be worthy of observa-
tion, that though s becomes sharp or flat, as
it is followed by a sharp or flat consonant, or
a liquid, as cosmetic, dismal, disband, disturb,
&c. yet if it follows a liquid or a fiat consonant,
except in the same syllable, it is generally
sharp. Thus the s in tubs, suds, &c. is like z;
but in subserve, subside, subsist, it is sharp and
hissing : and though it is flat in absolve, it is
sharp in absolute and absolution ; but if a sharp
consonant precede, the s is always sharp and
hissing, as tipsy, ti icksy : thus in the pronunci-
ation of the word Glasgow, as the s is always
sharp and hissing, we find the g invariably
slide into its sharp sound k : and this word is
always heard as if written Glaskow. We see,
therefore, that a preceding sharp consonant
makes the succeeding * sharp, but not in-
versely.
44.9. S is always sharp and hissing when
followed by c, except in the word discern,
S aspirated, or sounding like sh or zh.
450. S, like its fellow dental t, becomes as-
pirated, and goes either into the sharp sound
sh, or the flat sound zh, when the accent is on
the preceding vowel, and it is followed by a
semi-consonant diphthong, as nauseate, or a
diphthongal vowel, as pleasure, pronounced
nausheate axid plezhure (195).
451. S, in the termination sion, preceded b/
C6
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT T.
a vowel, goes into the flat aspiration zh, as
tvasion, cohesion, decision, confusion, pro-
nounced cvazhion, &c. but when it is preceded
by a liquid or another s, it has the sharp aspira-
tion sh, as expulsion, dimension, reversion,
pronounced expulshion, &c.
452. The same may be observed of s before
U: when a vowel preceds the s, with the
accent on it, the s goes into the flat aspiration,
as pleasure, measure, treasure, rasure, pro-
nounced plezkure, &c. but when preceded by a
liquid, or another*, it is sounded */i, as sensual,
censure, tonsui-e, pressure, pronounced sen-
shual, censhure, &c.
453. From the clearness of this analogy, we
may perceive the impropriety of pronouncing
Asia with the sharp aspiration, as if written
Ashia; when, by the foregoing rule, it ought,
undoubtedly to be pronounced ^z/ua, rhyming
with Arpasia, euthanasia, &c. with the flat as-
piration of z. This is the Scotch pronunciation
of this word, and, unquestionably, the true
one : but if I mistake not, Persia is pronounced
in Scotland with the same aspir.ition of s, and
as if written Perzhia ; which is as contrary to
analogy as the other is agreeable to it.
454. The tendency of the s to aspiration
before a diphthongal sound, has produced
Several anomalies in the language, whicli can
only be detected by recurring to first principles :
for which purpose it may be necessary to ob-
serve, that the accent or stress naturally pre-
serves the letters in their true sound ; and as
feebleness naturally succeeds force, so the
letters, immediately after the stress, have a
tendency to slide into different sounds, which
require less exertion of the organs. Hence the
omission of one of the vowels in the pronuncia-
tion of the last syllable izi fountain, inountain,
captain, &c. (208); hence the shcrt sound of i
in respite, servile, &c.; hence the * pronounced
like r in disable, where the accent is on the
second syllable ; and like s sharp and hissing
in disability, where there is a secondary stress
on the first syllable ; and hence tne difference
between the .r in exercise, and that in exert ;
the former having the accent on it, being pro-
nounced vks, as if the word were written eckser-
cise ; and the latter without the accent, pro-
nounced gz, as if the word were written egzert.
This analogy leads us immediately to discover
the irregularity o{ sure, sugar, and their com-
pounds, which are pronounced shure and
shugar, though the accent is on the first sylla-
ble, and ought to preserve the * without aspira-
tion ; and a want of attending to this analogy
has betrayed Mr. Sheridan into a series of mis-
takes in the sound of * in the words suicide,
presume, resu7ne, &c. as if written shoo-icide,
p7'e-zhoom, re-zhoom, &c. but if this is the
true pronunciation of these words, it may be
«sked, why is not suit, suitable, pursue, &c.
to be pronounced shoot, shoot-able, Pur-shoo t
&c. If it be answered, Custom ; I own this
decides the question at once. Let us only be
assured, that the best speakers pronounce i
like 0, and that is the true pronunciation : but
those who see analogy so openly violated,
ought to be assured of the certainty of the
custom before they break through all the laws
of language to conform to it (69) (71). See
SUPERABLE.
455. We have seen, in a great variety of in-
stances, the versatility of s, how frequently it
slides into the sound of z : but my observation
greatly fails me if it ever takes the aspiration
unless it immediately follows the accent, ex-
cept in the words S7ire, sugar, and their com-
pounds ; and these irregularities are sufficient,
without adJmg to the numerous catalogue we
have ali-eaay seen under this letter.
456. The analogy we have just been observ-
ing, directs us in the pronunciation of usury,
usurer, and usxirious. The first two have the
accent on the first syllable, which permits the s
to go into aspiration, as if the words were
written uzhury and uzhurer : but the accent
being on the second u in the last word, the j
is prevented from going into aspiration, and is
pronounced uzurious (479) (480).
457. Though the ss in passion, mission, &c.
belong to separate syllables, as if spelt passion,
mission, &c. yet the accent presses the first
into the same aspiration as the last, and they
are both pronounced with the sharp aspirated
hiss, asif they were but one*. See Exaggerate.
458. S is silent in isle, island, aisle, demesne,
puisne, viscount, and at the end of some words
from the French, as pas, sous, vis-h-vis ; and
in corps the two last letters are silent, and the
word pronounced core (412).
T.
459. T is the sharp sound of D(-il); but
though the latter is often changed into the
former, the former never goes into the latter.
The sound to which this letter is extremely
prone, is that of s. This sound of t has greatly
multiplied the hissing in our own language,
and has not a little promoted it in most modern
tongues. That/) and b, t and d, k and g hard,
s and z, should slide into each other, is not
surprising, as they are distinguished only by a
nice shade of sound ; but that t should alter
to s, seems a most violent transition, till we
consider the organic formation of these letters,
and of those vowels which always occasion it.
If we attend to the foimation of t, we shall
find that it is a stoppage of the breath by the
application of the upper part of the tongue,
near the end, to the correspondent part of the
palate ; and that if we just detach the tongue
from the palate, sufliciently to let the breath
pass, a hiis is produced which forms the letter s.
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT TH.
Gt
Now the vowel that occasions this transition
of t to *, IS the s'jueezed sound of e, as lieanl
in ?/ consonant f8); which squeezed sound is
a species of hiss ; and this hiss, from tiie absence
of accent, easily slides into the *, and s as
easily into sh : thus mechanically is generated
that hissing termination, lion, which forms but
itfie syllable, as if written shun (i95\
460. But it must be carefully remarked,
that this hissing sound, contracted by the t
before certain diphthongs, is never heard but
after the accent : when the accent falls on the
vowel immediately after the t, this letter,
like s or c in the same situation, preserves its
simple sound : thus the c in social, goes into
sh, because the accent is on the preceding
vowel ; but it preserves the simple sound of*
in societi/, because the accer\t is on the succeed-
ing vowel. The same analogy is obvious in
satiate and satiety j and is perfectly agreeable
to that difference made by accent in the sound
of other letters ^7\). See Satiety.
461. As the diphthongs la, ie, io, or iu, when
coming after the accent, have the power of
drawing the t into sh, so the diphthongal
vowel M, in the same situation, has a similar
power. If we analyse the «, we shall find it
commence with the squeezed sound of e,
equivalent to the consonant y (39). This
letter produces the small hiss before taken
notice of (459^, and which may be observed in
the pronunciation of nature, and borders so
closely on natshur, that it is no wonder
Mr. Sheridan adopted this latter mode of
spelling the word to express its sound. The
only fault of Mr. Sheridan in depicung the
sound of this word, seems to be that of making
the u short, as in bur, cur, &c. as every
correct ear must perceive an elegance in
lengthening the sound of the «, and a vulgarity
.n shortening it. The true pronunciation seems
to lie between both.
4G2. But Mr. Sheridan's greatest fault seems
t(^ lie in not attending to the nature and
influence of the accent: and because THtture,
creature, feature, fortune, 7nisfortune, &c.
have the t pronounced like ch, or tsh, as if
written crea-chure,foa-tshure, &c. he has ex-
tended this change of t into tch, or tsh, to the
word tune, and its compounds, tutor, tutoress,
tutorage, tutelage, tutelar, tutelary, &c. tu-
mult, tumour, &c. which he spells tshoon,
tshonn-ehle, &c. tshoo-tur, tshoo-triss, tshoo-
tur-idzh, tshoo-tel-idzh, tshoo-tel-er, tslioo-tel-
<?r-v, &c. tshoo-mult, tshoo-mur, &c. Though
it is evident, from the foregoing observations,
that as the u is under the accent, the preced-
ing t is preserved pure, and that the words
ought to be pronounced as if written tewtor,
tewmn?ir, &c. and neither tshootur, tshnomutl,
tshoomour, as Mr. Sheridan writes them, nor
tootor, toomult, toomour, as they are often
pronounced by vulgar speakers. Seo Super-
able.
46'3. Here, then, the line is drawn by ana-
logy. Whenever t comes before these vuwels,
and the accent immediately follows it, the t
I)reserves its simple sound, as in Amtiade»,
elephantiasis, satiety, &c. but when the accent
precedes the t, it then goes into sh, tch, or tsh,
as natshure or natchure, nu-shion, vir-tshue
or virtchue, patient, &e. or nashion, pashcnt,
&c. 464. In similar circumstances, the same
may be observed of d, as arduous, hideous, &c.
(293) (294) (376) . Nor is this tendency oil
before long u found only when the accent im-
mediately precedes ; for we hear the same as-
piration of this letter in spiritual, spirituous,
signature, ligature, forfeiture, as if written
spiritshual, spiritshuous, signatshure, ligat-
shure, forfoilshure, &c. where the accent is
two syllables before these letters; and the
only termination which seems to refuse this
tendency of the t to aspiration, is that in tude,
as latitude, longitude, multitude, &c.
464. This pronunciation of t extends to
every word where the di|)hthong or diphthongal
sound commences with i or e, except in the
terminations of verbs and adjectives, which
preserve the simple in the augment, without
suffering the t to go into the hissing sound, as
I pity, thou pitiest, he pities, or pitied,
mightier, worthier, twentieth, thirtieth, &c.
This is agreeable to the general rule, which
forbids the adjectives or verbal terminations to
alter the sound of the primitive verb or noun.
See No. 381. But in the words bestial,
celestial, frontier, admi.vtion, &c. where the
s, x, or n precedes the t, this letter is pro-
nounced like tch or tsh, instead of sh f'i9l)
as bes-tchial, celes-tshial, fron-tcheer, admix-
tchion, &c. as also when the t is followed by
eou, whatever letter precede, as righteous,
piteous, plenteous, &c. pronounced righ-
tcheous, pit-cheous, plen-tcheous, &c. The
same may be observed of t when succeeded by
uou, as unctuous, presumptuous, &c. pro-
nounced ung-tchuous, presump-tchuous, &c.
See the words.
TH.
465. This lisping sound, as it may be called,
is almost peculiar to the English (41) (50)
(469). The Greek 0 was certainly not the
sound we give it : like its principal letter, it
has a sharp and a (l.it sound ; but these are so
little subject to rule, that a catalogue will,
pei'haps, be the best guide.
466. Th, at the beginning of words, is sharp,
as in thank, think, &c. except in the following
words : This, that, than, the, thee, their, them,
then, thence, there, these, they, thine, thither,
those, thou, though, thus, thy, and their com
pounds.
68
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS T, V, TV.
sheath
/to
'••••\to
467. Th, at the end of words, is sharp, as
deaths breath, &c. except in beneath, booth,
ivith and the verbs to wreath, to loath, to un-
'cioath, to seeth, to smooth, to sooth, to tyiouth:
iall which ought to be written with tlie e final ;
hot only to distinguish some of them from the
houns, but to show that th is soft ; for though
th, Vvhen final, is sometimes pronounced soft,
as in to loath, to mouth, &c. yet the at the
end of Words is never pronounced hard. There
is as obvious an analogy for this sound of the
th in these verbs, as for the z sound of s in
verbs ending in se (437); and why we should
write some verbs with e, and others without it,
is inconceivable. The best way to show the
absurdity of our orthography in this particular,
will be to draw out the nouns and verbs as
they stand in Johnson's Dictionary.
Adjectives and Nouns. Verbs
breath, to breathe.
wreath, to wreath, to imoreathe,
loath, to loathe. ,
cloth, to cloathe, to uncloath.
bath, to bathe.
smooth, to smooth.
mouth, to mouth.
swath, to swathe.
sheath.
sheathe,
sooth, to sooth. •»
Surely nothing can be more evident than the
analogy of the language in this case. Is it not
absurd to hesitate a moment at writing all the
verbs with the e final ? This is a departure
from our great lexicographer, which he him-
self would approve, as nothing but inad-
vertency could have led him into this unmean-
ing irregularity. — It may not be improper to
observe here, that those substantives which in
the singular end with th sharp, adopt the th
flat in the plural, as path, puTHs; bath,
baTHs, &c. Such a jrropensity is there to slide
into the flat sound of s, that we frequently
hear this sound in the genitive case, as. Mi/
wive's portio?i, for mt/ tvife's portion. In the
same manner we hear of paying so much for
houze rent and taxes, instead of house rent and
taxes ; and shopkeepers tell us they have goods
of all prizes, instead of all prices. Nay, some
go so far as to pronounce the plural of truth,
truTHs ; but this must be carefully avoided.
468. 7% is hard in the middle of words,
either when it precedes or follows a consonant,
as panther, nepenthe, orthodox, orthography,
orthoepy, thwart, athwart, ethnic, m isanthrope,
vhilanthropy, &c. except brethren, farthing,
farther, northern, worthy, burthen, murther,
where the th is flat ; but the two last words
are better written burden and murder.
469. Th, between two vowels, is generally
loft in words purely English, asfat/ier,feather,
heathen, hither, thither, whither, whethery
either, ?ieither, iveather, wether, witheVj
gather, together, pother, mother.
470. Th, between two vowels, particularly
in words from the learned languages, is
generally hard, as apathy, sympathy, antipathy,
Athens, atheist, authentick, author, authority,
athii'st, cathartic, cathedral, catholick, cathe-
ter, ether, ethicks, lethargy, Lethe, leviathan,
litharge, lithotomy, mathesis, mathematicks,
method, pathetick, plethora, polymathy, pro-
thonotary, anathema, amethyst, theatre, am-
phitheatre, apothecary, apotheosis.
471. Th is sometimes pronounced like
simple t, as Thomas, thyme, Thames, asthma,
phthisis, phthisick, phthisical, and is silent in
twelfthtide, pronounced twelftide.
T silent.
472. T is silent when preceded by s, and
followed by the abbreviated terminations en
and le, as hasten, chasten, fasten, listen,
glisten, christen, moisteii, which are pro-
nounced as if written hace'n, chacen, &c. in
bursten the t is heard : so castle, nestle, trestle,
wrestle, thistle, whistle, epistle, bristle, gristle,
Jostle, apostle, throstle, bustle, justle, rustle,
are pronounced as if written cassle, nessle, &c.
in pestle the t is pronounced ; in often, faste?i,
and soften, the t is silent, and at the end of
several words from the French, as trait, gout
(taste), eclat. In the first of these words the t
begins to be pronounced ; in the last, it has
been sometimes heard ; but in the second,
never. Toupet is more frequently written
toupee, and is therefore not irregular. In
billet-doux the t is silent, as well as in hautboy.
The same silence of t may be observed in the
English words, Christmas, chestnut, mortgage,
ostler, bankruptcy, and in the second syllable
of mistletoe. In currant and currants, the t is
always mute. See No. 102, 103. 405.
V.
473. ^is flatyi and bears the same relation
to it as b does to p, d to t, hard g to h, and z
to * (41). It is never irregular; and if ever
silent, it is in the word twelvemonth, where
both that letter and the e are, in colloquial
pronunciation, generally dropped, as if written
twel'month.
TV initial.
474. That w at the beginning of a word is
a consonant, has been proved already (^9) (59).
It is always silent before r, as in wrack,
wrangle, wrap, wrath, wreak, wreath, wreck^
tvren, wrench, wrest, wrestle, wretch, wriggle,
Wright, wring, wrinkle, wrist, write, writhe,
wrong, wrought, wry, awry, bewray; and
before h, and the vowel 0, when long, as zvJiol?^
who, &c. pronounced hole, hoo, &e,
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS X, Y, Z.
475. Pf, before h, is pronounced as if it were
after the h, as hoo-y, why, hoo-en, when, &c.
but in whole, whoop, &c. the single and douhle
o coalescing with the same sound in w, this last
letter is scarcely perceptible. In swoon, how-
ever, this letter is always heard ; and pro-
nouncing it soon, is vulgar. In sword and
answer it is always silent. In two it mingles
with its kindred sound, and the number two is
pronounced like the adverb too. In the pre-
positions toward and towards, the w is dropped,
as if written toard and toards, rhyming with
hoard and hoards; but in the adjectives
and adveris toward and towardly, J'roward
and frowardly the ^v is heard distinctly. It
is sometimes dropped in the last syllable of
awkward, as if written awkard; but this pro-
nunciation is vulgar.
476. A" is a letter composed of those which
have been already considered, and therefore
will need but little discussion (48) (51). It is
flat or sharp like its component letters, and is
subject to the same laws.
477. X has a sharp sound like ks, when it
ends a syllable with the accent upon it, as
exercise, excellence, &c. or when the accent is
on the next syllable, if it begin with a con-
sonant, as excuse, expense, &c. (71)
478. X has its flat sound like gz, when the
accent is not on it, and the following syllable
having the accent begins with a vowel, as
exert, example, exist, &c. pronounced egzert,
egzample, egzist, &c. The same sound may be
observed if h follow, as in exhibit, exhale, &c.
pronounced egzhibit, egzhale ; but if the se-
condary accent be on the x, in the polysyllable
exhibition, exhalation, &c. this letter is then
sharp, as in exercise (71); but in compound
words, where the primitive ends in x, this
letter retains its primitive sound, &s fixation,
taxation, vexation, vexatious, relaxation. Sec.
to which we may add the simples in our
language, doxology and proximity: so that
this propensity of x to become egz, seems con-
fined to the inseparable preposition.
479. X, like s, is aspirated, or takes the
sound of h after it, only when the accent is
before it : hence the difference been luxury
and luxurious ; anxious and anxiety : in the
true pronunciation of which words, nothing
will direct us but recurring to first principles.
It was observed that * is never aspirated, or
pronounced like sh, but when the accent is on
the preceding syllable (45o) ; and that when
the accent is on the succeeding vowel, though
the s frequently is pronounced like z, it is
never sounded z7i: from which prensises we
may conclude, that luxury and luxurious
ought to be pronounced luckshury and lugzu-
rious, and not lug-zho-ryus, as Mr, Sheridan
spells it. The same error runs through his
pronunciation of all the compounds, luX'
uriance, luxuriant, luxuriate, &c. which un-
questionably ought to be pronounced lug-zu-
ri-ance, lug-zu-ri-ant, lug-zu-ri-ate, &c. in
four syllables, and not in three only, as they
are divided in his Dictionary.
480. The same principles will lead us to
decide in the words anxious and anxiety : as
the accent is before the x in the first word, it
is naturally divisible into angk-sMous, and as
naturally pronounced angk-shus ; but as the
accent is after the x in the second word, and
the hissing sound cannot be aspirated (456),it
must necessarily be pronounced angziety. But
Mr. Sheridan, without any regard to the com-
ponent letters of these words, or the different
position of the accent, has not only spelled
them without aspiration, but without letting
the *, in the composition of the last word, go
into z ; for thus they stand in his Dictionary :
ank-syus, ank-si-e-ty (456),
48 1 . The letter .r, at the beginning of words,
goes into z, as Xerxes, Xenophon, &c. pro-
nounced Zerxses, Zenophon, &c. it is silent at
the end of the French billet-doux, and pro-
nounced like 5 in beaux; often and better
written beaus.
Y initial.
482. Y, as a consonant, has always the same
sound ; and this has been sufficiently described
in ascertaining its real character (40J ; when
it is a vowel at the end of a word or syllable
with the accent upon it, it is sounded exactly
like the first sound of i, as cy-der, ty-rant, re-
ply, &c. but at the end of a word or syllable,
without the accent, it is pronounced like the
first sound of e, liberty, fury, tenderly, &c.
483. Z is the flat s, and bears the same re-
lation to it as b does to p, d to t, hard g io k,
and V tof. Its common name is izzard, which
Dr. Johnson explains into * hard ; if, however,
this be the meaning, it is a gross misnomer:
for the z is not the hard, but the soft s* : but
as it has a less sharp, and therefore not so
audible a sound, it is not impossible that it may
mean s surd. Zed, borrowed from the French,
is the more fashionable name of this letter ;
but, in my opinion, not to be admitted, because
the names of the letters ought to have no
diversity.
484. Z, like s, goes into aspiration before
a dij)hthong, or a diphthongal vowel after the
* Trofessor Ward, speaking of the reason for doubling the » at
the enil of words, says, *** doubled retains its proper force, uhicb,
when single at the end of words, is softened into z, as his. hist."
And Dr. Wallis tells us, that it is almost certain when a noun has f
hard in the last syllable, and becomes a verb ; that in the latter
case the i becomes solt, as a house is pronounced with the lian)
aud to house with the < soft.
TO
OF THE NATURE OF ACCENT.
accent, as \s beard in vizier, glazier, grazier,
&c. pronounced vizh-i-er, glazh-i-er, grazh-i-
er, &c. The same may be observed of azure,
razure^ &c.
485. Z is silent in the French word rendez-
vous ; and is pronounced in the Italian manner,
as if t were before it, in mezzotinto, as if written
metzotinto.
Thus have we endeavoured to exhibit a just
idea of the principles of pronunciation, both
with respect to single letters, and their various
combinations into syllables and words. The
attentive reader must have observed how much
the sounds of the letters vai^, as they are dif-
ferently associated, and how much the pro-
nunciation of these associations depends upon
the position of the accent. This is a point of
the utmost importance, and a want of attend-
ing to it has betr.iyed several ingenious men
into the grossest absurdities. This will more
fully appear in the observations on accent,
which is the next point to be conuidered.
OF THE NATURE OF ACCENT.
486. The accent of the ancients is the op-
probnum of modern criticism. Nothing can
show more evidently the fallibility of the
human faculties than the total ignorance we
are in at present of the nature of the Latin and
Greek accent*. This would be still more sur-
prising if a phenomenon of a similar kind did
not daily present itself to our view. The accent
of the English language, which is constantly
sounding in our ears, and every moment open
to investigation, seems as much a mystery as
that accent which is removed almost two thou-
sand years from our view. Obscurity, per-
plexity, and confusion, run through every
treatise on the subject, and nothing could be
so hopeless as an attempt to explain it, did not
a circumstance present itself, which at once
accounts for the confusion, and affords a clew
to lead us out of it.
487. Not one writer on accent has given us
such a definition of the voice as acquaints us
with its essential properties : they speak of
high and low, loud and soft, quick and slow ;
but they never once mention that striking pro-
perty which distinguishes speaking from sing-
ing sounds, and which, from its sliding from
high to low, and from low to high, may not
improperly be called the inflection of the voice.
No wonder, when writers left this out of the
account, that they should blunder about the
nature of accent : it was impossible they should
* See Observfttions on the Greek and l^tin Accent Hnd Qunntity,
mt the end of the Key to the Clnssical Vroqunciation o'' Gre«it,
\MAXi, aud Scnpture Proper Names.
do otherwise ; so partial an idea of the speak-
ing voice must necessarily lead them into error
But let us once divide the voice into its rising
and falling inflections, the obscurity vanishes,
and accent becomes as intelligible as any other
part of language.
488. Keeping this distinction in view, let us
compare the accented syllables witli others,
and we shall find this general conclusion maj
be drawn : " The accented syllable is alwaji
louder than the rest ; but when it has the
rising inflection, it is higher than the preced-
ing, and lower than the succeeding syllable :
and when it has the falling inflection, it is pro-
nounced higher as well as louder than the other
syllables, either preceding or succeeding." The
oidy exception to this rule is, " when the
accent is on the last syllable of a word which
has no emphasis, and which is the concluding
word of a discourse." Those who wish to see
this clearly demonstrated may constdt Ele-
ments of Elocution, second edition, page 181.
On the present occasion it will be sufficient to
observe, that the stress we call accent is as well
understood as is necessai-y for the pronuncia-
tion of single words, which is the object of this
treatise; and therefore, considering accent
merely as stress, we shall proceed to make
some remarks on its proper position in a word,
and endeavour to detect some errors in the use
and application of it.
The different Positions of the JUnglish Accent.
489. Accent, in its very nature, implies
a comparison with other syllables less forcible;
hence we may conclude that monosyllables,
properly speaking, have no accent : when they
are combined with other monosyllables and
form a phrase, the stress which is laid upon
one, in preference to others, is called emphasis.
As emphasis evidently points out the most
significant word in a sentence, so, where other
reasons do not forbid, the accent always dwells
with greatest force on that part of the word
which, from its importance, the hearer has
always the greatest occasion to observe ; and
this is necessarily the root, or body of the
word. But as harmony of termination fre-
quently attracts the accent from the root to
the branches of words, so the first and most
natural law of accentuation seems to operate
less in fixing the stress than any of the other.
Our own Saxon terminations, indeed, with per-
fect uniformity, leave the principal part of the
word in quiet possession of what seems its law-
ful property C'idl) ; but Latin and Greek ter*
minations, of which our language is full,
assume a right of j>reserving their original
accent, and subjecting many of the words they
bestow upon us, to their own classical laws.
490. Accent, therefore, seems to be re-
gulated, in a great measure, by etymology.
ACCENT ON DISSYLLABLES.
n
In words ft'oin the Saxon, the accent is gene-
rally on the root ; in words from the learned
languages, it is generally on the termination ;
and if to these we add the different accent we
lay on some words, to distinguish them from
others, we seem to have the three great prin-
ciples of accentuation ; namely, the radical,
the terminational, and the distinctive.
Accent on Dissyllables.
491. Every word of two syllables has neces-
sarily one of them accented, and but one. It
is true, for the sake of emphasis, we sometimes
lay an equal stress upon two successive sylla-
bles, as di-rect, some-times ; but when these
words are pronounced alone, they have never
more than one accent. For want of attending
to this distinction, some writers have roundly
asserted, that many dissyllables have two ac-
cents, such as convoy, concourse, discord, ship-
wreck : in which, and similar instances, they
confound the distinctness, with which the latter
syllables are necessarily pronounced, with ac-
centual force ; though nothing can be more
different. Let us pronounce Ihf last syllable
of the noim torment as distinctly as we please,
it will still be very different with respect to
force, from the same syllable in the verb to
torment, where the accent is on it ; and if we
do but carefully watch our pronunciation, the
same difference will appear in every word of two
syllables throughoiit the language. The word
Amen is the oidy word which is pronounced
with two consecutive accents when alone.
492. There is a peculiarity of accentuation
In certain words of two syllables, which are
both nouns and verbs, that is not unworthy of
notice ; the nouns having the accent on the first
syllable, and the verbs on the last. This seems
an instinctive effort in the language (if the ex-
pression will be allowed me) to compensate in
some measure for the want of different termi-
nations for these different parts of speech*.
The words which admit of this diversity of
accent are the following :
Nouns.
Verbs.
Nouns.
Verbs.
ibject,
to abject.
bdmbard.
to bombdrd.
dbsent.
to absent.
cSment,
to cement.
dbstract.
to abstr&ct.
cSlleague,
to colleague.
Accent,
to accent.
cdllect.
to collect.
tgnx.
to affix.
cdmpact.
to compdct.
Assign,
to assign.
cdmpound, to comphund.
Augment,
to augment.
cdmpress.
to compriss.
• It i« not improbable ihat the rerb, by receiving a purticfpial
temiiiiatiotiybas iiit'Iiticd us to pruiioimce that part uf speech with
an accent nearer the end than we do the noun : for though we can
without any difficuUy pronounce the verb with the accent on the
nouu, we cannot so easily pronounce the participle and the adverb
formed from it with that accent; thus we can pronounce to trd-ns-
port with the accent on the 6rst syllable; but not so easily trfins-
portinz and hfinsjjorthigly. This is a solid reason for the distint-
tion, and eup;ht to induce ns, where we can, to observe it. A s^-
piUcfrt and to stjrulchrt K«in to require it. Sec the word.
Nouns.
Verbs.
Nouns.
Verbs.
ci'mcei-t.
to concert.
frequent,
xofrequin ,
cdnerete,
to concrete.
import.
to imp6rt.
cSnduct,
to conduct.
incense,
to incense.
c6nfine.
to confine.
insult.
to insAlt,
c6njlict,
to conflict.
Abject,
to object.
coTiserve,
to conserve.
pirfume.
to perfAme.
cSnsort,
to consort.
pirmit.
to permit.
contest.
to contest.
prifix.
to prefix.
contract.
to contract.
premise.
to premise.
rrinfrast,
to contrast.
presage.
to presAge.
convent.
to convent.
present.
to present.
converse.
to converse.
prSduce,
to prodAce,
cdnvert.
to convert.
prdject,
to project.
cdnvict.
to convict.
protest,
to protest.
cSnvoy,
to convoy.
rSbel,
to rebil.
desert.
to desert.
rScord,
to rcc6rd.
discount,
to disco&nt.
rSfuse,
to refAse.
descant,
to desc&nt.
subject.
to subject.
digest.
to digest.
survey.
to surviy.
issay.
to essAy.
tirment.
to torment.
Export,
to expdrt.
trAject,
to trajSct.
Extract,
to extrAct.
trAnsfer,
to transfer.
^xile.
to exile.
trAnsport
, to transpdrt.
ferment.
toferment.
Attribute,
to attribute.
493. To this analogy, some speakers are
endeavouring to reduce the word contents;
which, when it signifies the matter contained
in a book, is often heard with the accent on
the first syllable ; but though this pronuncia-
tion serves to distinguish words which are dif-
ferent in signification, and to give, in some
measure, a difference of form to the noun and
verb, in which our tongue is remarkably de-
ficient, still it is doubtful whether this distinc
tion be of any real advantage to the language.
See Bowl. This diversity of accentuation
seems to have place in some compound verbs.
See Counterbalance and the subsequent
words.
494. Sometimes words have a different ac-
cent, as they are adjectives or substantives.
Substantive
August, the month.
cdmpact.
champAign, wine.
ixile, banishment.
gallAnt, a lover.
instinct,
invalid.
I^evAnt, a place.
minute of time.
sApine, in grammar.
Adjectives.
augAst, noble.
compAct,
chAmpaign, open.
exile, small.
gAllant, bold.
instinct.
invAlid.
Uvant, eastern.
minAte, small.
supine, indolent.
495. Sometimes the same parts of speech
have a different accent to make a difference of
signification :
bAffet, a blow. buffet, a cupboard,
to c6njure, to practise "> . . ^
magic. / *'<"V^^e> *" entreat.
disert, a wilderness. desSrt,xaev\t
sinister^ insidious. sinister, the left side.
72
ACCENT ON TRISYLLABLES.
496. In this analogy some speakers pro-
nounce the word concordance with the accent
on the fijit syllable, when it signifies a dic-
tionary of the Bible ; and with the accent on
the second, when it signifies agreement : but
besides that, there is not the same reason for
distinguishing nouns from each other, as there
is nouns from verbs ; the accent on the first
syllable of the word concordance gives a harsh-
ness and poverty to its sound, which ought to
be avoided.
497. But though the different accentuation
of nouns and verbs of the same form does not
extend so far as might be expected, it is certain,
that in words of two syllables, where the noun
and verb are of different forms, there is an
evident tendency in the language to place the
accent upon the first syllable of the noun, and
on the last of the verb. Hence the nouns out-
rage, upstart, and uproar, have the accent on
the first syllable ; aiid the verbs to ujili/'t, to
uphold, and to outstrip, on the last.
498. This analogy will appear still more
evident if we attend to the accent of those
nouns and verbs which are compounded of two
words. Every dissyllable compounded of words
which, taken separately, have a meaning, may
be deemed a qualified substantive ; and that
word which qualifies or describes the other, is
that which most distinguishes it, and conse-
quently is that which ought to have the accent :
accordingly we find that inkhorn, outrage,
chairman, freehold, sand-box, hook-case, pen-
knife, have the accent on the first syllable,
which is the specifying part of the word ; while
gainsay, foresee, overlook, undersell, have the
accent on the last syllable, which is the least
distinguishing part of the word. This rule,
however, is either by the caprice of custom, or
the love of harmony, frequently violated, but
.5 sufficiently extensive to mark the general
tendency of the language. Akenside brings
the verb to comment imder this analogy :
" The sober zeal
" Of tge, tammmting on prodigious things "
Pleasures of tlit Imagination,
And Milton, in the same manner, the verb to
"ximmerce :
" And looks commercing with the sVieSj
** Thy rapt soul sittiu^ in chine eyes.
n Penseroto.
499. Something very analogous to this we
find in the nouns we verbalize, by changing
the * sharp of the noun into the s flat, or 2 of
tVie verb (437), as a use, and to use ; where we
may remark, that when the word in both parts
of speech is a monosyllable, and so not under
the laws of accent, the verb, however, claims
the privilege of lengthening the sound of the
consonant, when it can, as well as when it
cannot, prolong the accentuation : thus we not
only find grass altered to graze, brass to braze,
glass to glaze, price to prize, breath to breathe,
&c. but the c fxc s sharp altered to the s flat in
advice to advise, excuse to excuse, device \ja
devise, &c. The noun adopting the sharp
hissing sound, and the verb the soft buzzing
one, without transferring the accent from one
syllable to another. The vulgar extend this
analogy to the noun practice and the verb to
practise, pronouncing the first with the i short,
and the c like sharp s, as if written, practiss,
and the last wiSi the i long, and the s like z,
as if written practize; but correct speakers
pronounce the verb like the noun ; that is, as
if written practiss. The noun prophecy, and
the verb to prophesy, follow this analogy, only
by writing the noun with the c, and the verb
with the s, and without any difference of sound,
except pronouncing the y in the first like e,
and in the last like i long ; where we may still
discover a trace of the tendency to the barytone
pronunciation in the noun, and the oxytone in
the verb (467), See the words.
500. This seems to be the favourite tendency
of English verbs ; and where we find it crossed,
it is generally in those formed from nouns,
rather than the contrary: agreeably to this.
Dr. Johnson has observed, that though nouns
have often the accent on the latter, yet verbs
have it seldom on the former syllable ; those
nouns which, in the common order of language,
must have preceded the verbs, often transmit
this accent to the verbs they form, and
inversely : thus the noun uater must have pre-
ceded the verb to water, as the verb to corres-
pond must have preceded the noun corres-
pondent ; and to pursue must claim priority to
pursuit. So that we may conclude, whenever
verbs deviate from this rule, it is seldom by
chance, and generally in those words only
where a superior law of accent takes place.
Accent on Trisyllables.
501. As words increase in syllables, the more
easily is their accent known. Nouns some-
times .acquire a syllable by becoming plural ;
adjectives increase a syllable by being com-
pared ; and verbs by altering their tense, ol
becoming participles : adjectives become ad-
verbs, by adding ly to them ; and prepositions
precede nouns or verbs vvithout altering the
accent of the word to which they are prefixed :
so that when once the accent ot dissyllables is
known, those polysyllables, whose terminations
are perfectly English, have likewise their ac-
cent invariably settled. Thus lion becomes
lioness ; poet, poetess ; polite becomes politer,
or politely, or even politeiier ; mischief) mis-
chievous; happy, happiness; nay, lioness be-
comes lionesses: mischief, mischievousness ;
and service, serviceable, serviceableness, ser-
viceably, and unserviceably, without disturbing
the accent, either on account of the prepositive
WW, or the subjunctives able, ably, and ablcness.
502. Hence we may perceive the glaring
absurdity which prevails even in the firet
ACCENT ON POLYSYLLABLES.
73
circles; that of pronouncing the plural of
princess, and even the singular, with the ac-
cent on the second syllable, like success and
successes • for we might just as well say,
ilulchhs, and dutchesses, as princess and prin-
cesses; nor would a correct ear be less hurt
with the latter than the former.
503. So few verbs of three syllables follow
the analogy observable in those of two, that of
protracting the accent to the last syllable, that
this economy seems peculiar to dissyllables :
many verbs, indeed, of three syllables, are
compounded of a preposition of two syllables :
and then, according to the primary law of for-
mation, and not the secondary of distinction,
we may esteem them radical, and not distinc-
tive : such are contradict, intercede, supercede,
contraband, circumscribe, superscribe, ike.
while the generality of words ending in the
verbal terminations ise and ize, retain the ac-
cent of the simple, as criticise, tyrannise,
modernise, &c. and the whole tribe of trisylla-
ble verbs in ate, very few excepted, refuse the
accent on the last syllable : but words of three
syllables often take their accent from the
learned languages from which they are deriv-
ed ; and this makes it necessary to inquire
Iiow far English accent is regulated by that of
the Greek and Latin.
Of the Influence of the Greek and Latin
Accent on the Accent of English Poly-
syllables.
(«) As our language borrows so largely
from the learned languages, it is not wonder-
ful that its pronunciation should be in some
measure influenced by them. The rule for
placing the Greek accent was, indeed, essen-
tially different from that of the Latin ; but
words from the Greek, coming to us through
the Latin, are often so much latinized as to
lose their original accent, and to fall into that
of the Latin ; and it is the Latin accent which
we must chiefly regard, as that which in-
fluences our own.
(6) The first general rule that may be laid
down is, that when words come to us whole
from the Greek or Latin, the same accent
ought to be preserved as in the original: thus
horizon, sonorous, decorutn, dictator, gladia-
tor, mediator, delator, spectator, adulator,
&c. preserve the penultimate accent of the
original; and yet the antepenultimate ten-
dency of our language has j)laced the accent
on the first syllable of orator, senator, auditor,
minister, cicatrix, plethora, &c. in opjiosition
to the Latin pronunciation of these words,
and would have infallibly done the same by
ubdomen, bitutnen, and acumen, if the learntd
had not stepped in to rescue these classical
words from the invasion of the Gothic accent,
and to breserve the stress inviolablv oa the
second syllable : nor has even the interposi-
tion of two consonants been always able to
keep the accent from mounting up to the
antepenultimate syllable, as we may see in .
minister, sinister, character, magistrate, &c.
and this may be said to be the favourite accent
of our language. See Miscellany.
(c) But notwithstanding this prevalence of
the antepenultimate accent, the general rule
still hdds good ; and more particularly in
words a little removed from common usage,
such as terms in the arts and sciences : these
are generally of Greek original ; but coming
to us through the Latin, most commonly
contract the Latin accent when adopted into
our language. This will appear plainly bv the
following lists : and first, let us select some
where the Greek and Latin accents coincide :
plethora,
inetabusis,
emphdsis,
antispdsis,
antithesis, '
antiphrdsis,
protasis,
metathesis,
epenthSsis,
aphaeresis.
ifi'paa'ti.
avTiiTTrans,
avTtfpag-i!,
wpirafft;.
(xtTaOstrif.
(d) Another list will show us where the
accents of these languages differ :
antanacldsis, avTavaxKotffti,
catachresis, yoiTdy^prig-ii,
paracentesis, crapax/vTijir/f.
aposiopSsis, airoaiwTrriO-if,
antiptOsis, avTlTTTwa-ti.
anadipl5sis, avaSi7r\i»a-ii,
auxesis, otS^rig-ii.
mathesis, /jiiOtitns.
exegesis, i^f,yria-i;.
hydrophobia, iipofoSloc.
cyclopcedia, xvuXoTrouiifx.
aporta, »nopla.
prosopopoeia, wpoa-wjrojrolx.
epiphonema, «s-<^a)v»!/ja.
diaphoresis, tixfiprjait.
diploma, llirKuifiK.
parogoge, crapayoiy^.
apostriphe, an-oiTTpo^fj.
In this list we perceive the peculiar tendency
of the Latin language to accent the long
penultimate vowel, and that of the Greek, to
pay no regard to it if the last vowel is short,
but to place the accent on the antepenulti-
mate. It will, however, be easily perceived,
that in tlws case we follow the Latin analogy,
this analogy will appear niore evident by a list
of words ending in osls, where, though the
0 in the penultimate syllable is the omega,
the Greek accent is on the antepenultimate :.
14
ACCENT ON POLYSYLLABLES.
a.va.o'Tifiwiri;,
OL/xavgwiri;,
avvoixeiwa'ii,
ajTQvevpwiri!.
This analogy has led us to accent certain words,
formed from the Greek, where the omega was
not in the penultimate of the original, in the
same manner as those words where this long
vowel was found : such as exostosis, formed
from ix and oo-teov, g ynneurosls from avv and
ftZqov, &e. This tendency therefore has suffi-
ciently formed an analogy ; and since rules,
however absurdly formed at first, are better
than no rules at all, it would, in my opinion,
be advisable to consider every word of this
form as subject to the penultimate accent,
and to look upon apotheosis and metamorpho-
sis, as exceptions.
(e) The next rule we may venture to lay
down as a pretty general one, is, that if the
words derived from the learned languages,
though anglicised by altering the termination,
contain the same number of syllables as in the
original languages, they are generally to be
pronounced with the same accent . that is,
with the same accent as the first person pre-
sent of the indicative mood active voice, or as
the present participle of the same verb. The
reality of this rule will best appear by a selec-
tion of such classes of words as have an equa'
number of syllables in both languages.
(^/*) Words which have a in the penulti-
mate syllable :
prevalent,
equivalent,
adjAcent,
ligament,
infamous,
pr6pagate,
indagate,
suffragan.
prcevdlens,
eequivdlens.
adjucens.
ligdmen.
infumis.
propugo.
iniidgo.
suffragans.
In this small class of words we find all but
the first two have a diflFerent accent in E iglish
from that of the Latin. The rule for placing
the accent in that language being the simplest
in the world : if the penultimate syllable is
long, the accent is on it ; if short, the accent
is on the antepenultimate.
{g) Words which have e in the penultimate
syllable :
penetrate,
discrepant,
precedent,
Elegant,
exiip'^rant,
exuberant,
Eminent,
^xccllt'llt,
penetro.
discrepans.
prcEcedens,
elegans.
exuperuiis.
exuberans.
emlnens.
excellens.
Alienate,
ddi'gate.
alteno,
delego.
In this class we find the penultimate e ac-
cented in English as in Latin, except in the
three last words. The word alienate departs
from the Latin accentuation, by placing the
stress on the first syllable, as if derived from
the English noun alien. The e in penetro is
either long or short in Latin, and in this case
we generally prefer the short sound to the
long one.
[h) Words which have i in the penultimate
syllable :
acclivous,
declivous,
proclivous,
litigant,
muigai:':,
sibilant,
vigilant,
fiilminant
discriminate,
perspicience,
conscience,
obedience,
p&tilence,
supplicate,
Explicate,
Abdicate,
providence,
festinate,
hAbitant,
beneficent.
Accident,
Evident,
indigent,
diligent,
negligent,
Exigence,
intelligence,
deficicnce,
mendicant,
resident,
diffidence,
confidence,
investiga»'.e,
castigate,
Extricate,
irritate,
profligate,
instigate,
acclivus,
declivus.
proclivus.
litigans.
mitlgans,
sibllans.
vigllans.
fubninans.
discrimino.
perspictens,
consciens.
ohediens
pestilens.
supplicans
expllcans.
aldicans.
provldens.
festino.
hahitans.
beneficus.
acetdens-
evidens.
indXgens,
dillgens.
negllgens,
cxigens.
intelligens.
dijiciens.
mendicans.
residens.
diffidens.
CO nf idem,
investlgo.
castigo.
extrico,
irrlto.
projligo.
instigo.
In the foregoing list of words we find a very
general coincidence of the English and Latin
accent, except in the last eleven words, where
we depart from the Latin accent on the pe-
nultimate, and place it on our own favourite
syllable the antepenultimate. These last
words must therefore be ranked as exceptions.
CO Words whicli l»ave o in the penultimate
syllable
ACCENT ON POLYSYLLABLES.
rs
int<5rrog;ate,
hiterrdgo.
drros^ant,
arrSgans.
dissonant,
dissOnnns.
redolent,
reddlens.
insolent.
insSlens,
benevolent,
heneidlus.
condolence.
condolens.
indolence.
indolens.
armi potent.
arinipotens
umnipotent.
etnnipdtens.
iiniocent,
inndcens.
renovate.
rendvo.
d«5solate.
desolo.
decorate.
decSro,
elaborate.
elabSro.
Idborant,
labor ans.
ignorant.
ignorans.
suffocate,
suff'oco.
In this list the difference of the English and
Latin accent is considerable. The last six
words desert the Latin penultimate for the
English antepenultimate accent, and condo-
lence falls into an accentuation diametrically
opposite,
(A) Words which have u in the penultimate
syllable :
fdbulate,
mdculate,
Adjuvate,
cdrrugatCj
petulant,
disputant,
impudent,
speculate,
pullulate,
populate,
subjugate,
abducent,
reliicent,
imprudent,
ddjutant,
peculate,
indurate,
6bdurafre,
fdhXtlor.
mnctllo.
adjuvo.
corrdgo,
petfi/ans.
disptUans,
impHdens.
specUlor.
pulliilo.
popUlo.
suhjUgo.
ahducens,
relucens.
impriidens.
udjfttans,
pectdur,
indtlro.
cbduro.
Here we find the gerfral rule obtain, with,
perhaps, fewei exceptions than in any other
class. Adjuvate, peculate, and indurate, are
the only absolute deviations ; for obdurate has
the accent frequently on the second syllable.
See the word.
(/) To these lists, perhaps, might be added
the English words ending in fion, sion, and iti/:
for though tion and sion are really pronounced
in one syllable, they are by almost all our
orthijt'pisis generally divided into two ; and
conseciiiently nittion, pronunciation , occasion,
evasion, 6lc. contain the same number of syl-
lables as nalio, pronunciatio, occusio, evasio,
&.C, and have the accent, in both English and
Latin, on the antepenultimate syllable. The
larae may be observed of words ending in
itt/, or ieti/; as diversity, variety, &c. from
diversitas, varietas, &c.
(m) By this selection (which, though not
an exact enumeration of every particular, is
yet a sufficient specimen of the correspondence
of Latin and English accent) we may perceive
that there is a general rule ruiniing through
both languages, respecting the accent of poly-
syllables, which is, that when a single vowel
in the penultimate is followed by a single con.
sonant, the accent is on the antepenultimate,
This is so agreeable to English analogy, that
in words derived from the Latin, where the
penultimate vowel, followed by a single con-
sonant, is long, and consequently has the
accent, we almost always neglect this excep-
tion, as it may be called, in the Latin lan-
guage, and fall into our own general rule of
accenting the antepenultimate. Nor is it un-
worthy of being remarked, that when we
neglpct the accent of the original, it is almost
always to place it at least a syllable higher;
as adjacent and condolence are the oidy words
in the whole selection, where the accent ol
the English word is placed lower than in th«
Latin.
(»0 There is, indeed, a remarkable coinci-
dence of accent between Latin verbs of three
syllables, commencing with a preposition, and
the English words of two syllables, derived
from them, by dropping a syllable,* a.s excello,
rebello, inquii'o, conj'ino, confiUo, consumo,
desiro, explOro, procedo, procldmo, have the
accent in Latin on the second syllable ; and
the English verbs excel, rebel, require, con-
fine, confute, consume, desire, explore, pro-
ceed, proclaim, have the accent on the same
syllable. This propensity of following the
Latin accent in these words, perhaps, in this,
as well as in other cases, formed a general
rule, which at last neglected the Latin accent,
in words of this kind ; as we find prefer, con-
fer, defer, desert, compare, complete, congeal,
divide, dispute, prepare, have the accent on
the second syllable, though prafero, defero,
confCro, desiro, cotnpdro, compleo, congSlo,
divtdo, dispfcto, prapHro, have the accent on
the first : and this propensity, perhaps, laid
the foundation of that distinction of ac-
cent which is so remarkable between dis-
syllable nouns and verbs of the same form,
(492),
(o) But when English polysyllables are
derived from the Latin by dropping a syllable.
* Pin Jonson seems to have had a faint idea of this coiiic:
driire, where he says, " all verbs coming from the Latin, either
of the supine or otherwise, hold the accent as it is found in the
first periton present of those Latin verbs, as /rniTito, dnhnate.
cdUtifo, celebrate ; except words compounded of fncio, as liqne
fncio, liquefy I and of slatuo, as conjlititto, conilitute." English
Graiuuiar. — Of the extent and justness of these observatious, Ut9
critical re»dcr will be the best jud^e
re
TERMINATIONAL ACCENT.
scarcely any analogy is more apparent than
the coincidence of the principal accent of the
English word, and the secondary accent (522)
we give to the Latin word, in the English pro-
nunciation of it. Thus parsimony, ceremony,
matrimony, melancholy, &c. have the accent
on the first syllable, because, in pronouncing
the Latin words, parsimonia, cceremonia, ma-
trimonia, melancholia, &c. we are permitted,
and prone, in our English pronunciation of
these words, to place a secondary accent on
that syllable. See Academy, Irreparable,
&c.
(jo) With respect to the cjuantity of the an-
tepenultimate syllable in polysyllables, it may
be observed, that, regardless of the quantity
of the original, we almost, without excep-
tion, follow the analogy of our own language.
This analogy uniformly shortens the vowel,
unless it be u, followed by a single consonant,
or any othei- vowel followed by a single con-
sonant, succeeded by a semi-consonant diph-
thong : thus the first u in dubious is pro-
nounced long, though short in the Latin word
dfiblus : the same may be observed of the
e and o in medium and empdiau>n ' and the
first i in delirium, and the first e in delicate,
are pronounced shorl in English, according to
our own analogy (507)» though these letters
are long in the Latin delirium, and delicatus.
For the quantity of English dissyllables derived
from the Greek and Latin, see Syllabica-
tion, No. 543, 544, &c.
Terminational Accent,
504. We have seen that the Saxon termina-
tions, regardless of harmony, always leave the
accent where they found it, let the adventi-
tious syllables be ever so numerous. The
Saxons, attentive chiefly to sense, preserved
the same simplicity in the accentuation, as in
the composition of their words ; and, if sense
were the only object of language, it must be
confessed, that our ancestors were, in this
respect, suj)erior to the Greeks and Romans.
What method could so rigidly preserve, and
so strongly convey, the sense of words, as
that which .always left the accent on the root,
wht^re the principal meaning of the word un-
doubtedly lies ? But the necessities of human
nature require that cur thoughts should not
only be conveyed with force, but with ease ;
to give language its due effect, it must be
agreeable as well as forceful ; and the ear
must be addressed while we are informing the
mind. Here, then, terminational accent, the
music of language, interposes ; corrects the
discordant, and strengthens the feeble sounds;
removes the difficulty of pronunciation which
arises from placing the accent on initial syl-
lables, and brings the force gently down to
the latter part of the word, where a cadence
is formed, on the principles of harmony and
proportion.
505. To form an idea of the influence of
termination upon accent, it will be sufficient
to observe, that words which have ei, ta, ie,
io, eu, eou, in their termination, always ha\e
the accent on the preceding syllable': thus
atheist, alien, regalia, ambrosia, caduceus,
&c. the numerous terminations in ion, lan,
&c. as gradalioji, promotion, confusion, logi-
cian, physician, &c. those in ious, as har-
monious, abstemious, &c. those in eous, as
outrageous, advantageous, &c. These vowels
may not improperly be styled semi-consonant
diphthongs (196).
506. The only exceptions to this rule are
one word in iac, as elegiac, which has the
accent on the i, and the following words in
iacal, as prosodiacaU cardiacal, heliacal,
genethliacal, maniacal, demoniacal, ajntno-
niacal, theriacal, paradisiacal, aphrodisia-
cal, and hypochondriacal ; all which have the
accent on the antepenultimate i, and that
long and open, as in idle, title, &c.
507. Nothing can be more uniform than
the position of the accent in words of these
terminations ; and, with very few exceptions,
the quantity of the accented vowel is as re-
gular as the accent ; for when tliese termina-
tions are preceded by a single consonant, every
accented vowel is long, except i ; which, in
this situation, is as uniformly short : thus
occasion, adhesion, erosion, and confusion,
have the a, e, o, and ?*, long; while vision
and decision have the i short. The same may
be observed of probation, concretion, devotion,
ablution, and exhibition. The exceptions are,
impetuous, especial, perpetual, discretion, and
battalion, which last ought to be spelt with
double /, as in the French, from wliich it is
derived, and then it would follow the general
rule. AhUional and rational form two more
exceptions ; and these are almost the only
irregularities to which these numerous classes
of words are subject.
508. Nearly the same uniformity, both of
accent and quantity, we find in words ending
in ic. The accent immediately precedes this
termination, and every vowel under this ac-
cent, but It, is short : thus Satanic, pathetic,
elliptic, har7nonic, &c. have the accent on the
penultimate, and the vowel short: while tunic,
ru7iic, and cubic, have the accented vowel
long.
509. The same may be observed of words
ending in ical, as fanatical, poetical, leviti-
cal, canonical, &c. which have the accent on
the antepenultimate syllable, and the vowels
e, t, and o, short ; but cubical and 7nusical,
with the accent on the same syllable, have
the u long.
510. The only exceptions to this rule are.
TERMINATIONAL ACCENT.
77
arsenic, choleric, ephemeric, turmeric, em-
piric, rhetoric, bishopric (better written
bishoprick, see No. 400), lunatic, arithmetic,
splenetic, heretic, politic, and, perhaps, phleg-
matic, which, though more frequently heard
with the accent on the antepenultimate syl-
lable, ought, if possible, to be reduced to re-
gularity. Words ending in scence have uni-
formly the accent on the penultimate syllable,
as quiescence, reminiscence, 8ic. concupis-
cence, which has the accent on the antepenul-
timate, is the only exception.
511. In the same manner, if we take a view
of the words ending in ity, we find the accent
invariably placed on the preceding syllable, as
in diversity, congruity, &c. On a closer in-
spection we find every vowel in this ante-
penultimate syllable, when no consonant in-
tervenes, pronounced long, as deity, piety,
&c. A nearer inspection shows us, that, if
a consonant precede this termination, the
preceding accented vowel is short, except it
be u, as severity, curiosity, impunity, &c.
we find too, that even u contracts itself before
two consonants, as in curvity, taciturnity,
&c. and that scarcity and rarity (signifying
uncommonness ; for rarity, thinness, has the
a short) are the only exceptions to this rule
throughout the language. The same observa-
tions are applicable to words ending in ij'y,
as justify, clarify, &c. The only words where
the antepenultimate accent, in words of this
termination, does not shorten the vowel, are
glorify and notify. The y in these words is
always long, like the first sound of i; and
both accent and quantity are the same when
these words take the additional syllable able,
ss justifiable, rarejiable, &c. (183)
512. To these may be added the numerous
class of words ending in arous, erous, and
orous, as barbarous, vociferous, and humor-
ous : all which have the accent on the ante-
penultimate syllable, except canorous and
sonorous; which some unlucky scholar hap-
pening to pronounce with the accent on the
penultimate syllable, in order to show their
derivation from the Latin adjectives, canoi-us
and sonorus, they stand like strangers amidst
a crowd of similar words, and are sure to
betray a mere English scholar into a wrong
pronunciation.
To polysyllables in these terminations might
be added those in ative, atory, ctive, &c.
Words ending in ative can never have the
accent on the penultimate syllable, if there
be a higher syllable to place it on, except in
the word creative ; and when this is the case,
as it is seldom otherwise, the accent seems to
rest on the root of the word ; or on that syl-
lable which has the accent on the noun, ad-
jective, or verb, with which the word in
atiue corresponds • thus copulative, estimative,
alterative, &c. follow the verbs to copulate, to
estimate, to alter, &c. When derivation does
not operate to fix the accent, a double con-
sonant will attract it to the antepenultimate
syllable, as appellative ; and two consonants
have sometimes this power, in opposition to
derivation, as adversative and argumentative,
from adverse and argument. Indicative and
interrogative are likewise exceptions, as they
do not follow the verbs to indicate and interro-
gate: but as they are grammatical terms,
they seem to have taken their accent from the
secondary accent we sometimes give to the
Latin words indicativus and interroirativi
(see the word Academy). Words ending in
ary, ery, or ory, have generally the accent
on the root of the word ; which, if it consist
of three syllables, must necessarily be accented
on the first, as contrary, treachery, factory,
&c. if of four or five, the accent is generally
on that syllable which has the accent in the
related or kindred words ; thus expostulatory
has the accent on the same radical syllables as
expostulate : and cojigratulatory, as congra-
tulate : interrogatoi-y and derogatory are
exceptions here, as in the termination ative ;
and ii paci/icatory, sacrificatory*, significa-
tory, vesicatory, &c. have not the accent on
the first syllable, it seems to arise from the
aversion we seem to have at placing even the
secondary accent on the antepenultimate a
(which we should be very apt to do if the
principal accent were on the first syllable),
and the difficulty there would be in pronounc-
ing such long words with so many unaccented
syllables at the end, if we were to lay the
accent on the first. Words ending in ctive
have the accent regularly on the penultimate
syllable, except adjective, which, like indica-
tive, being a grammatical word, seems to have
taken its accent from the secondary stress of
the Latin adjectivus (see Acauemv), and
every word ending in live, preceded by a con-
sonant, has the accent on the jjenultimate
syllable likewise, except substantive; and
perhaps, for the reason just given. After all,
it must be owned, that words ending in ative
and atory are the most irregular and desul-
tory of any in the language ; as they are
generally accented very far from the end, they
are the most difficult to pronounce ; and
therefore, whenever usage will permit, we
should incline the stress as much as possible
to the latter syllables : thus refractory ought
never to have the accent on the first syllable ;
* Tllese words ought certaiuly to be accrnted alike; and ac-
cordingly we find Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Barclay, and
Mr. Smith, place the accent on the second syllabic; but though
Penning accents si^nifi.Qalory in the same manner, he places the
accent on the antepenultimate of pac'/ica'oi'y; and Kcnrick like-
wise accents the second syllable of n^\fi.calOTy, but the Brst of
pocificnfoiy • the other ortboe pists who hate not got there wolds
hare avoided thoe iocoiuistcnciei.
78
ENCLITICAL ACCENT.
but refectory, with the accent on the first, is
a school term, and, like substantive, adjec-
tive, indicative, and interrogative, must be
left in quiet possession of their Latin secondary
accent.
Enclitical Accent.
513. I have ventured to give the name of
enclitical to the accent of certain words, whose
terminations are formed of such words as seem
to lose their own accent, and throw it back
on the last syllable of the word with which
they coalesce, such as theology, orthography,
&c. The readiness with which these words
take the antepenultimate accent, the agree-
able flow of sound to the ear, and the unity it
preserves in the sense, are sufficient proofs of
the propriety of placing the accent on this
syllable, if custom were ambiguous. I do not
remember to have heard the accent disputed
in any word ending in elogy; but orthography
is not unfrequently pronounced with the ac-
cent on the first syllable, like orthodoxy. The
temptation we are under to discover our
knowledge of the component parts of words,
is very apt to draw us into this pronunciation ;
but as those words which are derived from the
Greek, and are compounded of K6yo;, have
universally given into this enclitical accentua-
tion, no good reason appears for preventing
a similar pronunciation in those compounded
of •yfaipd', aa, by placing the accent on the
antepenultimate syllable, the word is much
more fluent and agreeable to the ear. It is
certain, however, that at first sight the most
plausible reasoning in the world seems to lie
against this accentuation. When we place the
accent on the first syllable, say our opponents,
we give a kind of subordinate stress to the
third syllable graph, by which means the
word is divided into its primitive og^o; and
ygatpo), and those distinct ideas it contains
are preserved, which must necessarily be con-
founded by the contrary mode ; and that
pronunciation of compounds, say they, must
certainly be the best which best preserves the
import of the simples.
514. Nothing can be more specious than
this reasoning, till we look a little higher
than language, and consider its object : we
shall then discover, that in uniting two words
under one accent, so as to form one compound
term, we do but imitate the superior opera-
tions of the mind, which, in order to collect
and convey knowledge, unites several simple
ideas into one complex one. " The end of
language," says Mr. Locke, " is by short
sounds to signify, with ease and despatch,
general conceptions, wherein not only abun-
dance of particulars are contained, but also
a great variety of independent ideas are col-
lected into one complex one, and that which
holds these different parts together in the
unity of one complex idea, is the word we
annex to it." " For," as Mr. Locke con-
tinues, " men, in framing ideas, seek more
the convenience of language and quick de-
spatch by short and comprehensive signs, than
the true and precise nature of things ; and
therefore, he who has made a complex idea
of a body with life, sense, and motion, with
a faculty of reason joined to it, needs but use
the short monosyllable, man, to express all
particulars that correspond to that complex
idea." So it may be subjoined, that, in fram-
ing words for the purpose of immediate com-
munication, the end of this communication
is best answered by such a pronunciation as
unites simples into one compound, and at the
same time rendei-s the compound as much
a simple as possible : but it is evident that
this is done by no mode of accentuation, so
well as that which places the accent on the
antepenultimate syllable of the words thed-
logy, orthography ; and therefore that this
accentuation, without insisting on its superior
harmony, must best answer the great end of
language (228).
515. This tendency in our language to sim-
plify compounds, is sufficiently evident in that
numerous catalogue of words, where we find
the long vowel of the simple changed into
a short one in the compound, and by this
means losing much of its original import to
the ear : thus breakfast, shepherd, vineyard,
meadow, shadow zealous, hearken, vallejf,
cleanse, cleanly ^eat), forehead, wilderness,
bewilder, kinared, hinder, knowledge, dart-
ing, fearful, pleasant, pleasure, whitster ,
whitleather, seamstress, stealth, wealth,
health, wisdom, wizard, parentage, lineage,
children, pasty, gosling, collier, holiday,
Cfiristmas, Michaelmas, windlass, cripple,
hinder, stripling, starling, housewife, hus-
band, primer, peascod, fieldfare, birth from
bear, dearth from dear, weary from wear,
and many others, entirely lose the sound of
the simple in their compound or derivative.
516. The long i in white, when a simple, is
almost universally changed into a short one
in proper names, as TVhitchurch, fVhitfield,
fVhitbread, JVhitlock, TVhitaker, &c. for
compendiousness and despatch being next in
importance to perspicuity, when there is no
danger of mistake, it is no wonder that the
organs should fall into the. shortest and easiest
sounds.
517. It must, however, be observed, that
this tendency to unite simples into a com-
pound, by placing an accent exactly where
the two words coalesce, is still subservient to
the laws of harmony. The Greek word Iwiw,
which signifies to opine, and from which the
last syllables of orthodoxy are derived, WM
ENCLITICAL ACCENT.
79
never a general subjui.ctive word like ^oyof
and ypa^to; and even if it had been so, the
assemblage of consonants in the letter x would
have prevented the ear from admitting an
accent on the syllable immediately preceding,
as the X would, by this means, become diffi-
cult to pronounce. Placing the accent, there-
fore, on the first syllable of orthodoxy, gives
the organs an opportunity of laying a secon-
dary stress upon the word, which enables
them to pronounce the whole with distinct-
ness and fluency : thus galaxy and cachexy,
having the accent on the first syllable, are
very difficult to pronounce ; but this difficulty
is removed by placing the accent a syllable
higher in the words apoplexy, ataraxy, and
anorexy.
518. But the numerous classes of words
that so readily adopt this enclitical accent,
sufficiently prove it to be agreeable to the
genius of our pronunciation. This will more
evidently appear by adducing examples.
Words in the following terminations have
always the accent on that syllable where the
two parts unite, that is, on the antepenulti-
mate syllable : in logy, as apology, amhilogy,
genealogy, &c. ; in graphy, as geography,
orthography, historiography, &c. ; in phngus,
as sarcophagtts, ichthyophagus, androphagus,
&c. ; in loquy, as obloquy, soliloquy, ventri-
loquy, &c. ; in strophe, as catastrophe, apo-
strophe, anastrophe, &c. ; in meter, as geo-
meter, barometer, thermometer, &c. ; in
gonal, as diagonal, octagonal, polygonal,
&c. ; in vorous, as carnivorous, granivorous,
piscivorous, &c. ; in ferous, as baccifei'ous,
cocciferous, somniferous, &c. ; in Jluous, as
superfluous, mellifluous, fellifluous, &c ; in
fluent, as mellifluent, circumfluent, inter-
fluent, &c. ; in vomous, as ignivomous, flam-
mivomous, &c. ; in parous, as viviparous,
oviparous, deiparous, &c. ; in cracy, as theo-
cracy, aristocracy, democracy, &c. ; in gony,
as theogony, cosmogony, hexugony, &c. ; in
phony, as symphony, cacophony, colophony,
&c. ; in machy, as theomachy, logomachy,
sciomachy, &c. ; in nomy, as economy, astro-
nomy, Deuteronomy, &c. ; in tomy, as ana-
tomy, lithotomy, arteriotomy, &c. ; in scopy,
as metoposcopy, deuteroscopy, &c. ; in pathy,
as apathy, antipathy, idiopathy, &c. ; in
mathy, as opsimathy, polymathy, &c, &c. &c.
519. Some of these Greek compounds seem
to refuse the antepenultimate accent, for the
same reason as orthodoxy ; such as necro-
mancy f chiromancy, hydromancy ; and those
terminating in archy, as hierarchy, oligarchy,
•patriarchy : all of which have the accent on
the first syllable, which gives the organs time
to recover their force upon the third, and to
pronounce the two consonants with much more
tase than if the accent immediately preceded
them, but periphrasis and antiphrasis, be-
sides their claim to the accent of their ori-
ginals, readily admit of the accent on the
second syllable, because the consonants in the
two last syllables do not come together, and
are therefore easily pronounced after the ac-
cent. Words of more than two syllables,
ending in ogue, as pedagogue, dialogue, &c.
have the accent on the antepenultimate.
Orthoepy having no consonant in the penul-
timate syllable, naturally throws its accent
on the preceding. See Monomachv.
520. By this view of the enclitical termina-
tions, we may easily perceive how readily our
language falls into the antepenultimate accent
in these compounded polysyllables ; and that
those terminations which seem to refuse this ac-
cent, do it rather from a regard to etymology
than analogy : thus words ending in asi$, as
periphrasis, apophasis, hypostasis, antiperis-
tasis, &c. have the antepenultimate accent of
their originals. The same may be observed of
those ending in esis, as hypothesis, antithesis,
parenthesis, &c. but exegesis, mathesis, auxe-
sis, catachresis, paracentesis, aposiopesis, have
the accent on the penultimate syllable, be-
cause the vowel in this syllable is long in
Greek and Latin. But all words ending in
osis have the accent on the penultimate, ex-
cept metamorphosis and apotheosis, which
desert the accent of their Latin originals,
while those in ysis are accented regularly on
the antepenultimate in Greek, Latin, and
English, as analysis, paralysis, &c. We may
note too, that every s in all these terminations
is sharp and hissing. See the words Exostosis
and Apotheosis.
521. Words of three syllables ending in
ator, have the accent on the penultimate, as
spectator, collator, delator, fee. except ora-
tor, senator, legator, and barrator. But
words in this termination, of more than three
syllables, though they have generally the
accent on the penultimate, are subject to
a diversity not easily reduced to the rule :
thus navigator, propagator, dedicator, &c.
are sometimes pronounced with the accent on
the first syllable, and sometimes on the third :
but as these words may be pronounced with
an accent on both these syllables, it is of less
consequence on which syllable we place the
accent, when we use only one. (528) The
general rule certainly inclines to the penulti-
mate accent ; but as all these words are verbal
nouns, and, though generally derived from
Latin words of the same terminations, have
verbs corresponding to them in our own lan-
guage, it is very natural to preserve the
accent of the verb in these worde, as it gives
an emphasis to the most significant part of
them : thus equivocator, prevaricator, dedi-
cator, might be regularly formed from the
BO
SECONDARY ACCExNT.
verbs to equivocate^ to prevaficate, and to
dedicate; and, agreeably to analogy, would
have been written equivocater, prevaricater,
and dedicater, but an affectation of preferring
every analogy to our own, has given these
words a Latin termination, which answers no
purpose but to involve our language in absur-
dities ; but the ear, in this case, is not quite
so servile as the eye : and though we are
obliged to write these words with or, and not
er, we generally hear them pronounced as if
they were formed from our own verbs, and
not from Latin nouns in ator. But when the
word has no verb in our own language to cor-
respond to it, the accent is then placed with
great propriety upon the a, as in Latin : thus
violator, instigator, navigator, &c. ought to
have the accent on the first syllable ; but
emendator, gladiator, adulator, &e. on the
last but one.
SECONDARY ACCENT.
522. Hitherto we have considered that ac-
cent only, which necessarily distinguishes one
syllable in a word from the rest ; and which,
with very little diversity, is adopted by all who
speak the English language.
523. The secondary accent is that stress we
may occasionally place upon another syllable,
besides that which has the principal accent,
in order to pronounce every part of the word
more distinctly, forcibly, and harmoniously.
Thus the accent may be placed on the first
syllable of conversation, commendation, &c.
524. There are few authors who have not
taken notice of two accents upon some of the
longer polysyllables, but none have once
hinted that one of these is not essential to
the sound of the word : they seem to have
supposed both accents equally necessary, and
without any other difference than that one
was pronounced more forcibly than the other.
This mistake arose from a want of studying
the speaking voice. A knowledge of this
would have told them, that one accent only
was essential to every word of more than one
syllable, and that the secondary stress might,
or might not, be adopted, as distinctness, force,
or harmony should require, thus, complai-
%ant, contraband, caravan; and violin, par-
tisan, artisan, courtesan, metaphysick, have
frequently an accent on the first, as well as
on the third syllable, though a somewhat less
forcible one. The same may be observed of
reptsirtee, referee, privateer, domineer, &c.
but it must still be observed, that though an
accent be allowable on the first syllable of
these words, it h by no means necessary ; they
may all be pronounced with one accent, and
that on the last syllable, without the least
deviation from propriety.
525. In order to give some idea of the na-
ture of the secondary accent, let us suppose^
that, in giving our opinion of an astronomical
argument, we say,
" It is a direct demonstration of the Copernican system."
In this sentence, as an accent is necessarily
upon the last syllable of direct, we seldom lay
a strees on the first syllable of demonstration,
unless we mean to be uncommonly emphati-
cal ; but in the following sentence,
" It is a d^nionstiilion of tlie Copernican system."
Here, as no accented word precedes demon-
stration, the voice finds a rest, and the ear
a force, in placing an accent on the first, as
well as on the third syllable.
526. But though we may, or may not, use
the secondary accent at pleasure, it is by no
means a matter of indifference on what syl-
lable we place it : this is fixed with as much
certainty as the place of the principal accent
itself; and a wrong position of one would as
much derange the sound of the word, as
a wrong position of the other : and it must
be carefully noted, that though we lay no
stress upon the syllable which may have the
secondary accent, the consonartts and vowels
have exactly the same sound as if the doubtful
syllable (as it may be called) were acccented.
Thus, though I lay no stress upon the second
syllable of negociation, pronunciation, eccle-
siastick, &c. the c and s go into the sound of
sh and zh, as if the secondary accent were on
the preceding syllable (357) (451) (459).
527. It may be observed, in the first place,
that the secondary accent is alwaj-s two syl-
lables, at least, distant from the principal
accent : thus in deiiionstrafion, lamentation,
provocation, &c. the secondary accent is on
the first syllable, and the principal on the
third ; and in arteriotomff, meteorology, and
hypochondriacal, the secondary accent is on
the first, and the principal on the fourth syl-
lable ; and in the word indivisibility we may
place two secondary accents, one upon the
first, and the other on the third.
528. In the next place it may De observed,
that though the syllable on which the prin-
cipal accent is placed, is fixed and certam, yet
we may, and do frequently make the secon-
dary principal, and the principal secondary :
thus caravan, complaisant, violin, repartee,
referee, privateer, domineer, courtezan, arti-
zan, charlatan, may all have the greatest
stress on the first, and the least on the last
syllable, without any violent offence to the
ear : nay, it may be asserted, that the prin-
cipal accent on the first syllable of these words,
and none at all on the last, though certainly
improper, has nothing in it grating or dis«
QUANTITY.
81
cordant ; but placing an accent on the second
Syllable of these words would entirely derange
them, and produce an intolerable harshness
and dissonance. The same observations may
be applied to demonstration, lamentation,
provocation, navif>ator, propagator, alligator,
and every similar word in the language. But,
as we have observed. No. 526, the consonants
t, d, c, and *, after the secondary accent, are
exactly under the same predicament as after
the primary ; that is, if they are followed by
a diphthong or diphthongal vowel, these con-
sonants are pronounced like sh, tsh, zh, or
j, as sententiositi/, partiality, &c. (.')26)
QUANTITY.
529. In treating this part of pronunciation,
it will not be necessary to enter into the nature
of that quantity which constitutes poetry; the
quantity here considered will be that which
relates to words taken singly; and this is no-
thing more than the length or shortness of
the vowels, either as they stand alone, or as
they are differently combined with vowels or
consonants (6,3),
530. Quantity, in this point of view, has
already been fully considered under every
vowel and diphthong in the language. What
remains to be said on this subject is, the
quantity of vowels under the secondary accent.
We have seen that vowels, under the principal
accent, before the diphthongs ia, ie, eou, ion,
are all long except i (507). That all vowels
are long before the terminations ity and ety,
as deity, piety, &c. (511) that if one or more
consonants precede these terminations, every
preceding accented vowel, except the a in
scarcity and rarity, signifying uncommonness,
is short but u : and that the same analogy of
quantity is found before the terminations ic
and ical, and the numerous enclitical ter-
minations we have just been pointing out.
Here we find custom conformable to analogy ;
and that the rules for the accent and quantity
of these words admit of scarcely any excep-
tions. In other parts of the language, where
custom is more capricious, we can still dis-
cover general rules ; and there are but very
few words in which the quantity of the vowel
under the principal accent is not ascertained.
Those who have but a common share of edu-
ration, and are conversant with the pronun-
riation of the capital, are seldom at a loss
for the quantity of the vowel under that accent
which may be called principal ; but the se-
condary accent in the longer polysyllables
does not seem to decide the quantity of the
vowels so invariably. Mr. Sheridan divides
the words deglutition, depravation, degrada-
tioHf dereliction, and democratical, into
de-glu-ti-tion, de-pra-va-tion, de-gra-da-tiom,
de-re-lic-tion, and de-mo-crat-i-cal ; while
Dr. Kenrick more accurately divides them
into deg-lu-ti-tion, dep-ra-va-tion, deg-ra-
da-tion, and dem-o-crat-i-cat ; but makes not
any distinction between the first a in profana-
tion and profane, prodigality and prodigious,
prorogation and prorogue, though he distin-
guishes this letter in the first syllable of pro-
gress and that in progression : and though
Mr. Sheridan divides retrograde into ret-ro-
grade, he divides retrogradation, retrogres-
sion, retrospect, retrospection, and retrospec-
tive, into re-tro-gra-da-tlon, re-tro-gres-sion,
re-tro-spect, re-tro-spec-tion, and re-tro-spec-
five. At the first sight of these words we are
tempted to prefer the preposition in a distinct
syllable, as supposing that mode to convey
more distinctly each part of the word; but
custom at large, the best interpreter of nature,
soon lets us see that these prepositions coalesce
with the word tb^y are prefixed to, for reasons
greatly superior to those which present them-
selves at first (514), If we observe the ten-
dency of pronunciation, with respect to inse
parable prepositions, we shall find, that those
compound words which we adopt whole from
other languages, we consider as simples, and
pronounce them without any respect to their
component parts; but those compounds which
we form ourselves, retain the traces of their
formation, in the distinction which is observ-
able between the prepositive and radical part
of the word : thus lelrograde, retrogression,
retrospect, and retrospective, coming com-
pounded to us from the Latin, ought, when
the accent is on the preposition, to shorten
the vowel, and unite it to the root, as in res-
ur-rec-tion, rec-ol-lec-tion, prep-o-sit-ion, &c.
while re-commit, re-convey, &c. being com-
pounds of our own, must preserve it separate.
531. From what has been observed, arises
this general rule : Where the compound re-
tains the primary sense of the simples, and
the parts of the word are the same in every
respect, both in and out of composition, then
the preposition is pronounced in a distinct
syllable ; but when the compound departs
ever so little from the literal sense of the
simples, the same departure is observable in
the pronunciation ; hence the different sylla-
bication and pronunciation of re-com-mence
and rec-om-mend; the former signifies a re-
petition of a commencement, but the latter
does not imply a repetition of a commenda-
tion : thus re-petition would signify to petition
again ; while rep-etition signifies only an
iteration of the same act, be it what it will.
The same may be observed of the words re-
create and rec-reate, re-formation and ref-
ormation.
532, That this is perfectly agreeable to the
ii
QUANTITY.
nature of the language, appears from the short
pronunciation of the vowel in the first syl-
lable of preface, prelate, prelude, prologue,
&c. as if divided into pref-ace, prel-ate,
prsl-ude, prol-ogue, &c. It is much to be
regretted, however, that this short sound
of the penultimate vowel has so much ob-
tained in our language, which abounds too
much in these sounds ; nor can etymology be
always pleaded for this pronunciation : for in
the foregoing words, the first vowel is long in
the Latin praj'atio, prcelatus, prceludium,
though short in prilogus: for though in words
from the Greek the preposition ar^o was short,
in Latin it was generally long ; and why we
should shorten it in progress, project, &c.
where it is long in Latin, can only be ac-
counted for by the superficial application of
a general rule, to the prejudice of the sound
of our language (543).
633. It will be necessary, however, to ob-
serve, that in forming a judgment of the
propriety of these observations, the nicest care
must be taken not to confound those preposi-
tions which are under the primary and secon-
dary accent, with those which immediately
precede the stress ; for preclude, pretend, &c.
are under a very different predicament from
prologue, preposition, &c. and the very same
law that obliges us to pronounce the vowel
short in the first syllable of prov-i-dence, prov-
o-cation, and prof-u-nation, obliges us to
pronounce the vowel open, and with some
degree of length, in pro-vide, pro-voke, and
pro-fane. The same may be observed of the
e in re-pair and rep-a-ration, re-ply and rep-
li-catien, re-peat, and rep-e-tition, the accent
making the whole difference between the
quantity of the vowel iu one word and the
ether.
534. The only exception to the shortening
power of the secondary accent, is the same as
that which prevents the shortening power of
the primary accent (503)» namely, the vowel
M, as in lucubration, or when any other of
the vowels are succeeded by a semi-consonant
diphthong (l96):th\is mediator amd media-
toriai have the e in the first syllable as long
as in mediate; deviation has the e in the first
syllable as long as in deviafk, notwithstanding
the secondary accent is on it, and which would
infallibly have shortened it, if it had not been
for the succeeding diphthong ia ; and even
this diphthong, in gladiator, has not the
power of preserving the first syllable long,
though Mr. Sheridan, by his marking it, has
made it so.
535. From what has been seen of accent
and quantity, it is easy to perceive how prone
our language is to an antepenultimate accent,
and how naturally this accent shortens the
vowel it falls upon: nay, so great a propensity
have vowels to shrink under this accent, that
the diphthong itself, in some words, and
analogy in others, are not sufficient to prevent
it, as valiant, retaliate. Thus, by the sub-
joining only of al to nation, with the a long,
it becomes national, with the a short, though
contrary to its relation with occasion and con-
gregation, which do not shorten the a upon
being made occasional and congregational :
in like manner the acquisition of the same
termination to the word nature, makes it
nat-u-ral 1 but this, it may be j)resumed, is
derived from the Latin naturalis, and not
from adding al to the English word, as in the
foregoing instances ; and thus it comes under
the shortening power of the antepenultimate
accent, notwithstanding the semi-consonant
diphthong u.
536. The same shortening power in the ante-
penultimate accent may be observed in
rational and ratiocinate, where the first a in
the first word, and the o in the second, are
short. The first a in the second word is short
also by the power of the secondary accent }
though Mr. Sheridan has, in my opinion, very
erroneously divided ratiocination into ra-sho-
sy-na-shun t that is, into a syllable less than
it ought to have, with the o long instead of
short.
537. The accent on the Latin antepenulti-
mate seemed to have something of a similar
tendency : for though the great difference in
the nature of the Latin and English accent
will allow us to argue from one to the other,
but in very few circumstances (503), yet we
may perceive in that accent, so different from
ours in general, a great coincidence in this
particular ; namely, its tendency to shorten
an antepenultimate syllable. Bishop Hare
tells us, that " Quae acuuntur in tertia ab
extrema, interdum acuta corripiunt, si posi-
tione sola longa sunt, ut 6ptime, servitus,
pirvelim, Pumphilus, et pauca alia, quo
Cretici mutantur, in Anapestos. Idem factum
est in niutiquam, licet incipiat diphthoiigo."
De Metr. Comic, pag. 62. Those words wliich
have the acute accent on the antepenultimate
syllable, have sometimes that syllable short-
ened, if it was only long by position, as
Sptime, servitus, pirvelim, Pdmphilus, and
a few others, which by this means are changed
from Cretic to Anapestic feet : nay, neutiquam
undergoes the same fate, though it begins
with a diphthong.
SYLLABICATION.
538. Dividing words into syllables is a very
different operation, according to the different
ends proposed by it. The object of syllabica-
tion may be, either to enable children to
SYLLABICATION.
99
discover the sound of words they are unac-
quainted with, or to show the etymology of
a v/ord, or to exhibit the exact pronunciation
of it.
5S9. When a child has made certain ad-
vances in reading, but is ignorant of the
sound of many of the longer words, it may
not be improper to lay down the common
general rule to him, that a consonant between
two vowels must go to the latter : and that
two consonants coming together must be
divided. Farther than this, it would be ab
surd to go with a child ; for telling him that
compounds must be divided into their simples,
and that such consonants as may begin a word
may begin a syllable, requires a previous
knowledge of words, which children cannot be
supposed to have ; and which, if they have,
makes the division of words into syllables un-
necessary. Children, therefore, may be very
usefully taught the general rule above men-
tioned, as, in many cases, it will lead them
to the exact sound of the word, as in pro-vi-
ded : and in others, it will enable them to give
a good guess at it, as in de-li-cate ; and this
is all that can be expected : for, when we are
to form an unknown compound sound, out of
several known simple sounds, (which is the
case with children, when we wish them to
find out the sound of a word by spelling it),
this, I say, is the only method that can be
taken.
540. But an etymological division of words
is a different operation : it is the division of
a person acquainted with the whole word, and
who wishes to convey, by this division,
a knowledge of its constituent parts, as ortho-
graphy, theo-logy^ &c.
541. In the same manner, a person, who is
pre-acquainted with the whole compound
sound of a word, and wants to convey the
sound of each part to one unacquainted with
it, must divide it into such partial sounds as,
when put together again, will exactly form
the whole, as or-thog-ra-phy, the-ol-o-gy, &c.
This is the method adopted by those who
would convey the whole sound, by giving dis-
tinctly every part ; and, when this is the
object of syllabication. Dr. Lowth's rule is
certainly to be followed. " The best and
easiest rule," says the learned bishop, " for
dividing the syllables in spelling, is, to divide
them as they are naturally divided in a right
pronunciation, without regard to the deriva-
tion of words, or the possible combination of
consonants, at the beginning of a syllable."
Introduction to Eng. Gram, page 7.
542. In this view of syllabication we con-
sider it only as the picture of actual pronun-
ciation ; but may we not consider it as directed
likewise by some laws of its own ? L?tws which
arise but of the very nature of enunciatian,
and the specific qualities of the letters .' These
laws certainly direct us to separate double
consonants, and such as are uncombinable
from the incoalescence of their sounds : and
if such a separation will not paint the true
sound of the word, we may be certain that
such sound is unnatural, and has arisen from
caprice: thus the words rAawier, Cambridge,
and cambrick, must be divided at the letter
»i, and as this letter, by terminating the
syllable according to the settled rules of pro-
nunciation, shortens the vowel — the general
pronunciation given to these words must be
absurd, and contrary to the first principles of
the language. Angel*, ancient, danger,
manger, and ranger, are under the same
predicament ; but the paucity of words of
this kind, so far from weakening the general
rule, strengthen it. See Change.
543. By an induction which demonstrates
the shortening power of the antepenultimate
accent, has been shown the propriety of unitr
ing the consonant to the vowel in the first
syllable of demonstration, lamentation, prc-
pagation, &c. and thus deciding upon the quan-
tity of these vowels, which are so uncertain
in our best dictionaries ; and may we not
hope, by a similar induction, and with the
first principles of language in view, to decide
the true, genuine, and analogical sound of
some words of another kind which waver
between different pronunciations? The ante-
penultimate accent has unquestionably a
shortening power ; and I have not the
smallest doubt that the penultimate accent has
a lengthening power : that is, if our own words,
and words borrowed from other languages, of
two syllables, with but one consonant in the
middle, had been left to the genpral ear, the
accent on the first syllable would have infal-
libly lengthened the first vowel. A strong
presumption of this arises from our pronun-
ciation of all Latin dissyllables in this manner,
without any regard to the quantity of the
original (see Drama), and the ancient prac-
tice of doubling the consonant when preceded
by a single vowel in the participial termina-
tions, as to begin, beginning, to regret,
regretted : and I believe it may be confidently
affirmed, that words of two syllables from the
Latin, with but one consonant in the middle,
would always have had the first vowel long,
if a pedantic imitation of Latin quantity had
not prevented it (see Drama), Let an English-
man, with only an English education, be put
to pronounce zephyr, and he will, without
hesitation, pronounce the e long, as in zenith •
if you tell him the e is pronounced short in
* It is highly probably that, in Ben Jonson'a timff, the a !u
this word was pronounced as in an, since he classes it- to showtKl
short sound of a with art act, nnd applt. Grammar
84
SYLLABICATION.
the Latin zepTiyrus, which makes it short in
English, and he should happen to ask you the
Latin quantity of the first syllable of coinick,
mimick, solace, &c. your answer would be
a contradiction to your rule. — What irrefra-
gably proves this to be the genuine analogy of
English quantity, is the different quantity we
give a Latin word of two syllables when in the
nominative, and when in an oblique case:
thus in the first syllable of sidus and nomcn,
which ought to be long ; and of miser and
onus, which ought to be short, vi'e equally
use the common long sound of the vowels :
but in the oblique cases, sideris, nominls,
miseri, oneris, &c. we use quite another
sound, and that a short one : and this ana-
logy runs through the whole Engliali pronun-
ciation of the learned languages (533}. (535)
544. But the small dependanee of the
English quantity on that of the Latin, will
be Ijest seen by a selection of words of two
syllables, with the accent on the first, and
but one consonant in the middle, and com-
paring them with the Latin words from which
they are derived.
English, dissyllables which have but one con-
sonant, or a mute and a liquid in the
middle, and hate the Jirst syllable ac-
ce?ited, contrasted with the Latin ivords
from which they are derived, marked
with their respective guafitities.
Words in which the first vowel in both
languages is long :
pica,
dra.ma.
labra,
hydra,
era,
strata,
Icon,
stipend,
notice,
penal,
final,
spinal,
trinal,
horal,
thOral,
floral,
nasal,
fatal,
pica,
drama.
S labra,
i l&bra.
hydra.
(pra.
strata.
elxuiv,
stlpendium.
notitia.
pocndlis.
J'lnillis.
spinalis,
irlnus.
hSra.
thSra.
flOrdlis,
ndsfis.
futalis.
fragrance, frdgro.
licence,
credence,
female,
ediJe,
feline,
rasure,
fibre.
licentia.
crtdentia.
fixmina.
(Edllis.
fellnus.
rusura.
{fibra,
./ibra.
metre,
nature,
placate,
primate,
climate,
llbrate,
vibrate,
private,
cerate,
finite,
levite,
native,
motive,
votive,
vocal,
predal,
legal,
legal,
flavour,
feces,
manes.
Iris,
gratis,
egress,
{metrum,
meirum.
ndtura.
pldcdtus.
primdtus.
dim a.
librdtus.
{vibro,
vlbro.
prtvdtus.
cerdtus.
finltus.
Icvita.
ndtivus,
motivus.
votivus.
vocdlis.
prceda,
regdlis.
legdlis.
JldvUs.
faces,
mdnes.
Iris.
{xpKTi;,
crisis,
grdtis,
eg'-essus.
{rSgrSssus.
regrSssus.
regress,
,. (tigris,
tygress, •< ^, .
•'* ' \tlgris.
rebus,
bolus,
precept,
plenist,
papist,
climax,
reflex,
prefix,
phenix,
matrix,
varix,
syrinx,
natal,
vital,
naval,
rival,
oval,
Idol,
grecism,
pagan.
Omen,
siren,
siphon,
colon,
demon,
halo,
solo,
tyro.
rebHs.
bolus, bohts.
prcEceptum,
ptenus,
papa.
climax.
{reflexus,
rSjlexus.
prajixum,
phwnix,
matrix,
vdrix.
{syrinx,
ndtdtis.
vitdlis.
ndvdlis.
rivdlis.
Bvdlis.
idohcm.
gi'cecismus.
pdgdnus,
omcti.
sii'en.
{irifov,
siphon,
{KwKov,
colon,
deemon,
halo,
solo,
ttro.
sOlar,
lazar,
sober,
tyger,
ether,
Oker,
mlmer,
caper,
viper,
pretor,
limous,
spinous,
vinous,
crebrous,
fetus,
edict,
secret,
fibre.
sSldris.
Idzdi-us.
sobrtus.
ftigris,
\ tigris.
(Ether.
wyjpa.
mimus.
cdppures,
vipera.
pra tor.
limdsus.
spinSsus,
vlnSsus.
creber,
foetus.
edictum.
secretus.
(fibra,
Xflbra.
fragrant, frdgrans.
cOgent, cogent.
_-. i fmonien-
mOment, < ^
I turn.
pOnent, pOnens.
digest, sub. digestus.
{refluxus.
ri
reflux, ^ „^
t rejtuxus,
, , (trophaum,
'' ^' \tr6ph(Eum.
chely,
spiny,
chary,
query,
glory,
stOiy,
chcle.
spina.
cdrus.
quare.
gloria.
histdria.
Words in which the
both languages :
same vowel is short in
magic,
tragic,
sabine,
famine,
logic,
cOlic,
chrOnie,
lyric,
rabid,
acid,
placid,
rigid,
calid,
valid,
gelid.
Olid,
solid,
timid,
rapid,
sapid,
vapid.
tepid,
nltid.
magicus.
triiglcus.
sabini.
fumes,
logica.
collcus.
chrdnicus,
Ipricus.
rubidus,
dcidus.
pldcidus.
rlgldus.
cdlidus.
vdlidus.
gilldus.
olidus.
solidus.
tlmidus.
rdpidus.
sdptdus.
Viipldus,
tepldus.
nltldus.
sficono.
decade,
method,
palace,
amice,
clialice,
malice,
anise.
Image,
refuge,
adage,
aloe,
gracile,
docile,
agile,
fragile,
febrile,
globule,
macule,
platane,
basil,
cavil.
sicundus.
deeds.
methddus.
puldtium.
dmictus,
cdlix.
mdlltta.
dnisum.
Imago.
rcfAgium,
dddgium.
aide.
gracilis.
ddcllis.
dglHs,
fragllis.
ffebrilis,
ifebrilis. '
gldlMus.
mdcUla.
pldtdnUs.
bdsicicum-
cavillor.
SYLLABICATION.
8S
devil,
atom,
sophism,
mTnum,
alum,
fibon,
platin,
rfibin,
ctimin,
latin,
cavin,
savin,
rapine,
patine,
tribune,
stature,
refuse,
palate,
senate,
Ugatc,
hibute,
mTnute,
statute,
value,
statue,
monarch,
stomach,
epOch,
polish,
flmish,
pfirisb,
parish,
ravish,
cOrinth,
Cpick,
tOnick,
cOnick,
tOoick,
trOpick,
cynick,
statick,
crltick,
metal,
rebel,
model,
camel,
dtdholus.
dtdtnus.
sSphisma.
tnlnus.
dlumen.
Shinus.
pldtlna.
mhicula.
ctLminum.
Idtinus.
c&vea.
sdhina.
rdpina,
p&tlna.
trlbunus,
stdtura.
rtfusus.
pdhdtum.
sindtus,
Achates,
trlhutio.
mlnutus,
stdtutus.
vdlor.
stdtila.
mdnarcha.
stdmachus.
epocha.
pdlitus.
fames.
pSHo.
pdrdchia.
rdpio.
cdrinthus.
epic&s.
tOnlcus.
cdnicus.
tdplcus.
trdplcus.
cpnicus.
stdtlcus.
critlcus,
mStallum,
rSbello.
mddiXlus.
cdmelus.
chapel,
nOvel,
sigil,
vigil,
stCril,
rigour,
valour,
colour,
tenor,
dolour,
honour,
aloes,
relict,
cdpella.
ndvellus.
sigillum.
vlsfilia.
sterllis.
rigdr.
vdlor.
cdlor.
tinor.
ddldr.
honor.
dloes.
rSlictus.
prOphet, propheta.
cOmet, cometa.
planet,
tenet,
tapet,
habit,
column,
dragon,
canon,
cavern,
tavern,
sat urn,
vicar,
scholar,
salver,
prOper,
zephyr,
liquor,
vigour,
placit,
tacit,
adit,
vflmit,
merit,
talent.
pldnSta.
tenSo.
tdpcs,
hdbitus.
cdlumna.
drdco.
cdnon.
cdverna.
tdherna.
sdturnus.
vlcdrius.
schdldris.
silliva.
proprlus.
zephprAs.
liquor.
vigor.
pldcUiim.
tdcltus.
ddltus.
vdnio.
mSritum.
tdlentum.
patent, sub. pdteo.
modest, mddeshcs.
forest, fdrestum.
nephew, nepns.
sinew, slnuo.
mOney, mdneta.
study, stiidium.
Words in which the same vowel is long in
English, and short in Latin :
trluniphus.
/ileus.
Idcdlis.
gregdlis.
chdrus.
nivalis.
Idhellnm.
lihellus.
serum.
Jorum.
Idpis.
hdsls.
tQmid,
tamldus.
triumph.
cOma,
c6ma.
focal,
quota.
gudta.
local,
tripod.
trlpus.
gregal,
sequence,
sSguentia.
choral.
cadence.
cddens.
nival,
silence.
sllentium.
label.
mOnade,
mdnas.
libel.
trochee.
trdchceus.
serum.
s&tire.
s&tpra.
forum.
vacate.
vdcn.
lapis,
civate.
cdvo.
basis,
dative.
ddtlvus.
phasis,
schesis,
thesis,
tripos,
fOcus,
crocus,
modus,
genus,
sinus,
garous,
scabrous.
notus,
epact,
sataii,
hymen,
trident,
trigon,
negro,
hero,
polar,
paper,
vapour,
fever,
fragor,
rigor,
ichor,
achor,
sapor,
tepor,
favour,
labour.
Odour,
\ schesis,
^icrig.thesis.
tripos.
fdc&s.
crocUs.
mddus.
genUs.
slnils.
gdrum.
, scdher.
ndlUs.
sdtan.
Mmen.
trldens,
trigon.
nlger.
heros.
pSldris.
pdpyrus.
vdpdr.
{febris.
Jibris.
frdgor.
rigor.
•W-
dchdr.
sdpor.
tepor.
J'dvor.
Idbdr.
dddr.
tremour,
vapour,
pedal,
petal,
recent,
decent,
regent,
client,
silent,
parent,
patent, adj
latent,
potent,
gerent,
vlrent,
frequent,
sequent,
sacrist,
locust,
rOset,
vacant,
secant,
vagrant,
tyrant,
blatant,
natant,
phalanx,
apex,
calix,
hylix,
pharynx,
larynx,
onyx.
trSmSr,
vdpor.
peddlis.
petdlum.
recens.
decens.
regens.
cllens.
sllentium,
pdrens.
.pdteo.
Idtens.
pdtens.
gerens.
vire7is.
frSquens.
sequens.
sdcer.
Idcustd.
rosa.
vdcans.
secans.
vdgus.
tlrannus,
bldterans
ndtans.
phdlanx,
apex,
cdlix.
Xafuyfr.
onyx.
Words in which the same vowel is short in
English, and long in Latin :
civick,
mimick,
ethick,
tabid,
frtgid,
squalid,
acrid,
arid,
florid,
rOrid,
fetid,
livid,
vivid,
facund,
ftcand,
prebend,
solace,
4)reface,
pflmice,
penance,
flOrence,
province,
produce,
flabile,
debile,
granule,
civicxis,
mlmicus.
tdbldus.
frlgldus.
squdlldus.
deer,
drldus.
Jldrldus.
rOridus.
foetldus.
llvldus,
vivldus.
fdcundus,
faecundus.
prcebenda.
sSldtium.
prcefatio.
ptimex.
poena.
JlSrentia.
prGvincia.
productio.
Jidhllis.
debllis.
grdnU'um.
promise,
ceruse,
leper,
primer,
proffer,
river,
sever,
clamour,
ethics,
crasis,
process,
spirit,
traject,
project,
product,
credit,
legate,
gran ate,
granite,
spinach,
radish,
planish,
vanish,
finish,
ptinish,
prOmitto.
cerilssa.
lepra,
lepra.
pi'imitius.
jirdf'ero.
rivus.
sepdro.
cldmdr.
crasis.
processus,
splritus.
trdjectus
projectus.
prdduttus,
creditus.
legdtus.
grdndtus.
grdnuttit.
sptndchia,
radix,
planus,
vdnesco.
finio.
punio.
8S
SYLLABICATION.
nourish,
nourish,
cOmick,
cOral,
moral,
tramel,
civil,
linen,
ofiven,
florin,
rfisin,
rOsin,
ni9.tin,
solemn,
fSlon,
melon,
Ifiinons,
fl6rxo.
m'Urio.
comTcus.
cord Ilium,
mordlis.
trdma.
civllis.
linum.
septem.
fiorentia.
resina.
resina,
mdtulius.
solemnis.
felonia,
melo,
llmones.
echo,
bishop,
profit,
limit,
spirit,
visit,
pedant,
clement,
cement,
present,
protest,
lily,
filly,
very,
city,
privy,
echo, fiX'^'
eplscopus.
profwio.
limitatio.
spiritus.
v'lsito.
pcEddneus.
Clemens,
camentum.
prcEsens.
protestor,
lilium.
fllla.
verb,
civltas.
privus.
b45. In this view of the Latin and English
quantify, we see how uncertain it is to argue
from the former to the latter ; for though the
Latin accent is frequently a rule for placing
the English accent, as in words derived whole
from that language, as abdomen, acumen,
&c. (503) or preserving the satne number of
syllables, as in impudent, elegant, from im-
pudens, elegans, &c. (503) yet the quantity
of the Latin seems to have no influence on
that of the English. In words of two sylla-
bles, where one consonant comes between two
vowels, asjvcus, basis, local, &c. though the
vowel in the first syllable is short in Latin, it
is long in English ; and inversely, florid,
frigid, livid, &c. have the vowels in the first
syllable short, though these vowels are long in
floridus, frigidus, lividus, &c. so that if any
thing lilce a rule can be formed, it is, that
when a word of three syllables in Latin, with
the two first short, is anglicised by dropping
the last syllable ; we shorten the first syl-
lable of the English dissyllable, unless it
ends with the vowel u. (535) Thus we see
the shortening power of our English ante-
penultimate accent, which shortens every
antepenultimate vowel but u in our pro-
nunciation of Latin words ; as in mimicus,
vividus, &c. and continues its shartening
power in the penultimate accent of these
words when anglicised into mimick and vivid;
and hence it is that the short quantity of
the first vowel in dissyllables is become so
prevalent in our language, to the great
detriment of its sound and the disturbance
of its simplicity.
It may be necessary, in the next place, to
take a view of such words as are either of
Saxon or French original, or not so imme-
diately derived from the ^Latin, as to be in-
fluenced by its quantity.
Dissyllables with but one consonant in the
middle, having the first syllable pronounced
\ons;
sofa.
iiga,
epha.
gala.
china.
navel.
hazel.
focil.
evil.
acorn.
mason.
dado.
sago.
bravo.
trOchar.
polar.
grOcer.
spider.
cider.
wafer.
wager.
sera.
bifold,
dotard.
dotage.
coping.
egre.
cipher.
father.
saker.
Oker.
stoker.
taper.
tOper.
water.
waver.
lever.
Over,
rigol,
token,
megrim.
besom.
lllach.
triglyph.
garish.
zenith.
cadi.
bOsom.
raven.
even.
zechin.
bason.
capon.
apron.
Iron.
gleby.
holy.
zany.
tiny.
pony.
crony.
tOry.
misy.
sOphi.
kali.
rebeck.
copal.
gabel.
gravy.
Ivy.
hazy.
nizy.
clover,
sizer.
nadir.
tabour,
wages.
bolis.
tophet
egret
rOlant.
pilot.
borax.
baby.
but one consonant in the
first syllable pronounced
Dissyllables with
middle, having the
short :
borough,
seraph,
relish,
blemish,
banish,
dlmask.
frOlick.
medal
shekel,
amel.
chisel,
gclvel.
ephod.
hazard,
hagard.
dizard.
lizard,
vizard,
wizard,
bodice,
balance,
valance,
damage,
homage,
gravel,
bevil.
level,
revel,
snivel;
rivel.
From the perusal of this selection we see
a great majority of words where the first
vowel is sounded short, and therefore, to some
inspectors it may seem improbable that the
original tendency of our Saxon language was
to the long quantity of the penultimate vowel.
But as Mr. Nares very judiciously observes,
drivel.
flagon.
genet
swivel.
wagon.
claret.
hOvel.
talon.
closet.
grOvel.
tenon.
civet.
shovel.
heron.
trivet.
drazel.
baron.
rivet.
manage.
sirup,
cOvet.
borage.
lecher.
fagot.
visage.
wether.
bigot.
ravage.
gather.
.jlgot.
savage.
lather.
spigot.
rivage.
rather.
pivot.
travise.
nether.
desart.
traverse.
hither.
cOver-',,
refuse.
wither.
cOpist.
frigate.
thither.
prOvost.
sherilf.
tither.
gamut.
travail.
Other.
shadow.
peril.
mother.
widow
venom.
smother.
hOney.;
woman.
pother.
cOmely,
riven.
siker.
many.
sloven.
clever.
cOny.
Oven.
never.
bury.
satin.
quiver.
blisy.
bavin.
cOver.
bevy.
ravin.
hOver.
levy.
spavm.
manor.
tlvy.
plevin.
clract.
privy.
cOvin.
valet.
P"y.
OF THE QUANTITY OF UNACCENTED VOWELS.
87
** the rule is sufficiently general to be ad-
mitted, and is undoubtedly founded in the
nature of our pronunciation :" for which he
quotes Dr. Wallis, who says, " Haec videtur
genuina linguse nostra; ratio antiqua." Ele-
ments of Orthoepy, page S^n.
546". Those who have made the progress of
languages tlieir study, will observe, it is pre-
sumed, that the broad sounds of vowels change
to the slender*, the difficult consonants to the
easier, and the long vowels to short ones.
This, it is imagined, will be found to be true
in all languages, as well as our own ; and such
alteration seems founded in the nature of man
and of society. The next object to under-
standing a language being despatch, it is no
wonder that short sounds have been encroach-
ing on us, and depriving us of the tune of our
words for the sake of saving time. This is
apparent in the abbreviation of simples when
compounded^ as in knowledge, shepherd, &c.
(518) but as it is the business of art to cor-
rect and regulate the eccentricities of nature
and the excesses of custom, it should be the
care of every philosophick grammarian to keep
his eye upon the original genius and general
scope of his language, and to suffer custom to
depart as little from them as possible. But
although no inconsistency or want of analogy
can alter any pronunciation which is once
acknowledged and settled, yet, when a pro-
nunciation is waveritig, consistency, analogy,
and general principles, ought to decide against
a great majority of mere fashion and caprice.
Thus have I endeavoured to give a distinct
view of the correspondence between the accent
and quantity of the learned languages and our
own ; and to rescue a plain Englishman (who,
as Ben Jonson says of Shakespeare, has little
Latin and less Greek) from the supercilious
criticism of those Greeklings and Latinitasters,
who are often remarkably ignorant of their
own language, and yet frequently decide upon
its accent and quantity, because they have
a smattering of Greek and Latin. If the
question turns upon the accent of an English
word, the Latin word it is de^;ived from is
immediately produced, and sentence passed
without appeal ; and yet if the Englishman
were to ask the rule on which this decision is
founded, the scholar would, in all probability,
be at a loss to tell him. Has every English
word, he might say, the same accent as the
Latin word from which it is derived.' This the
scholar could not answer in the affirmative.
* Alioqni, pro uan, abuiui et inveteratut error nobia obtrude-
retur. Olim eniin pro mutatioue sonorum routubantur et litterae :
et si quando consuetude allquid mutasset, scribendi quoqiie modus
•Utim variabatur. Unde quum apud Ennium et Plautum SmI
et Servos diceretur et scriberctur, posted muttis aurium deliciis
o vocali rpjecta, quod vastus ilUus videretur sonuSfH littera sub-
ttituta est, et sono expressa ; ita ut eorum loco Sunt et Semu
prolatum et scnptum sit. Adolphi Mekerchi Brugensis D« Vet.
et Rtct. Pronuu. Linguae Gr«c<e Commentariui
as the least 'recollection would tell him tha
parsimony, acrimony, &c. cannot be accented
after the Latin parsimonia, acrimonia, &c. as
the Latin is never accented higher than the
antepenultimate. But perhaps the English
word is adopted whole from the Latin. Here
is undoubtedly a fair pretence for pronouncing
it with the Latin accent ; and yet we see how
many exceptions there are to this rule. (See
No. 503, b.) Or perhaps the Latin word,
though anglicised, retains the same number of
syllables. This, indeed, may be said to be
a general rule for preserving the Latin accent,
but so general as to be neglected in a thousand
instances. (See No. 503, f, g, h, i, k.) But
if the scholar, as is often the case, huddles
quantity and accent together, and nifersthe
English quantity from the Latm ; the English
scholar needs only to refer him to the selec-
tions here given (No. 544, 545), to show the
inanity of such a plea. Upon the whole,
therefore, I flatter myself that men of learn-
ing will be gratified to see the subject in a
clearer point of view than any in which it has
ever been exhibited ; and the plain English
scholar will be indebted to me for giving him
as clear and distinct an idea of the connexion
between the Greek and Latin accent and
quantity, and the accent and quantity of his
native tongue, as if he had Komer and Horace
by heart ; and for placing him out of the
reach of those pert minor criticks, who are
constantly insulting him with their knowledge
of the dead languages.
Of' the quantity of the Unaccented Vowels
not in the same Syllable with Consonants.
547. Accented syllables, as we have before
observed (179), are so strongly marked as to
be easily comprehended when they are once
settled by custom or analogy ; but those
immediately before or after the accent are in
a state of uncertainty, which some of our
best judges find themselves unable to remove.
Some grammarians have called all the open
vowels before or after the accent short, though
the ear so evidently dictates the contrary in
the u in utility, the o in obedience, &c. Some
have saved themselves the trouble of farther
search by comprehending these vowels under
the epithet obscure -. nay, so unfixed do the
sounds of these vowels seem, that Dr. Kenrick,
whose Rhetorical Dictionary shows he was
possessed of very great philological abilities,
seems as much at a loss about them as the
meanest grammarian in the kingdom ; for
when he comes to mark the sound of the
vowel 0 in the first syllable of a series of
words with the accent on the second, he
makes the o in promulge, propel, and prolix,
long, as they ought to be ; and the same
letter in proboscis, proceed, and procedure,
short. Dominion, domestick^ donation, and
83
OF THE QUANTITY OF UNACCENTED VOWELS.
domain, are marked as if pronounced dom-
mion, dom-estic, don-ation, and dom-ain,
with the 0 short ; while the first of docility,
potential, and monotony, have the o marked
long, as in donor, potent, and inodish; though
it is certain to a demonstration, that the ety-
mology, accent, and letters, being the same,
the same sound must be produced, unless
ivhere custom has precisely marked a dif-
ference ; and that the first syllables of /;>o-
mulge, propel, and prolix, and those of
proboscis, proceed, and pi'ocedure, have no
such difference, seems too evident to need
proof*.
548. I know it may be demanded, with
great plausibility, how do I know that there
is not this very inconsistency in custom itself?
What right have I to suppose that custom" is
not as vague and capricious in these syllables
as in those under the accent ? To which I an-
swer : if custom has determined the sound of
these vowels, the dispute is at an end. I im-
plicitly acquiesce in the decision ; but if pro-
fessors of the art disagree in their opinions, it
is a shrewd sign that custom is not altogether
so clear in its sentence ; and I must insist on
recurring to principles till custom has unequi-
vocally decided.
549. Every vowel that is neither shortened
by the accent, nor succeeded by a double con-
sonant, naturally terminates a syllable ; and
this terminating vowel, though not so properly
long as if the accent were on it, would be
very improperly termed short, if by short, as
is often the case, be meant shut (65), Accord-
ing to this idea of syllabication, it is presumed
that the word opinion would fall into three
distinct parts, and every part be terminated
by a consonant but the first, thus, o-pin-ion,
550. But it may be demanded, what reason
is there in the nature of the thing for dividing
the word in this manner, rather than into
op-in-ion, where a consonant ends every syl-
lable ? In this, as in many other cases of
delicacy, we may be allowed to prove what is
right, by first proving what is wrong. Every
ear would be hurt, if the first syllable of
opinion and opulence were pronounced exactly
alike, op-in-ion would be as different from
o-pin-ion, as o-pu-lence from op-u-lence, and
consequently a different syllabication ought
* I am aware that this ingenious writer seems to avoid this in-
consistency, by premising, in his Rhetorical Grammar, page 43,
that he has sometimes marked the o in words beginning witli
a preposition with the oratorial, and sometimes witli the colloquial
pronunciation ; thus., in comrmine, comniunica/e, &c. the oratorial
found is given as in the first syllable of ixmrnoxif while the
colloquial sound changes the o into n, as if the words werewrittcn
citminuTie, cummiinicafe, &c. but the ilistiuction in these examples
does not touch the point; here there is a change only of one short
Cound for another, and not any promiscuous use of a long and
•hort, or open and shut sound of the same letter. Dr. Kenrick
himself, when he marks the o in pyoIiosciSf procterf, and proceduitf
does not adopt the short it, as he does in connnuTie, commttnicatef &c.
nor is he aware of the essential difference with respect to the
quantity of the vowel, in the doublt consonant in one »ct of words,
and the single one in the other
to be adopted ; but as opulence is rightly
divided into op-u-lence, opinion must be
divided into o-pin-ion; that is, the o must be
necessarily separated from the p, as in o-pen ;
for, as was before observed, every vowel pro-
nounced alone has its open sound, as nothing
but its junction with a consonant can shut it,
and consequently unaccented vowels not ne-
cessarily joined to a consonant are always
open : therefore, without violating the funda
mental laws of pronunciation, opinion must
necessarily be divided into o-pin-ion, and not
op-in-ion, and the o pronounced as in the word
open, and not as in opulence : which was the
thing to be proved.
551. If these reasons be valid with respect
to the vowel in question, they h<ave the same
force with respect to every other vowel, not
shut by a consonant, throughout the language.
That the vowels in this situation are actually
open, we may easily perceive by observing <Aa/
vowel, which, from its diphthongal and semi-
consonant sound, is less liable to suffer by
obscure pronunciation than any other. The
letter u, in this situation, always preserves
itself full and open, as we may observe in
utility, lucubration, &c. The o, the most open
of all the simple vowels, has the same tendency
in obedience, opaque, position, &c. the e in the
first syllable oi event, in the second oi delegate,
the first and third of evangelist, in the second
of gaiety, nicety, &c. the a in the first of
abate, and the second of probable, &c. and
the i in 7iullity. This unaccented letter being
no more than e, and this sound, when long,
corresponding exactly with its short sound
(which is not the case with any of the other
vowels, 65, 6S) the difference between the long
and short, or open and shut sound of this letter,
is less perceptible than in any other: yet we
may easily perceive that a delicate pronuncia-
tion evidently leaves it open when unaccented
in indivisibility, as this word would not be
justly pronounced if the i in every syllable
were closed by a consonant, as if divided into
in-div-is-ib-il-it-y ; the first, third, and fifth
syllables would, indeed, be justly pronounced
according to this division, as these have all ac-
centual force, which shuts this vowel, and joins
it to the succeeding consonant ; but in the
second, fourth, and sixth syllables, there is no
such force, and consequently it must remain
open and \mconnected with the consonant:
though, as was before observed, the long and
short sound of this vowel are so near eacL
other, that the difference is less perceived than
in the rest. Every ear would be displeased at
such a pronunciation as is indicated by ut-til ■
lit-y, luc-cub-bration, op-piji-ion, pos-ition,
ev-vent, ev-van-gel-list, ab-bate, pi-ob-bab-hle
&c. but for exactly the same reasons that the
vowels out of the stress ought to be kept open
in these words, the slender i must be kept
OF THE QUANTITY OF UNACCENTED VOWELS.
89
open in the same situation in the word in-di-
vis-i-bil-i-ty, and every similar word in the
lansruage *•
552. From all this it will necessarily follow,
that the custom adopted by the ancients and
moderns of joining the single consonant to the
latter vowel in syllabication, when investigat-
ing the unknown sound of a word, has its
foundation in reason and good sense : that the
only reason why vowels are short and shut, is
their junction with a consonant ; so those
that are not joined to consonants, when we
are not speaking metrically, cannot be said to
be either short or shut: and that as all ac-
cented vowels, when final or pronounced alone,
have their open sound, so those vowels that
are alone, or final in a syllable, must necessarily
retain their open sound likewise, as nothing
but uniting instantaneously with thesucceeding
consonant can shut them : and though nothing
hut a delicate ear will direct us to the degree
of openness with which we must pronounce
the first unaccented o in docility, domestick,
potential, proceed, motiastick, monotony, &c.
we may be assured that it is exactly under
the same predicament, with respect to sound,
in all these words : and as they can never be
pronounced short and shut, as if written
dossility, dommestick, &c. without hurting the
dullest ear ; so the e in event, evangelist, &c.
and the i in the third syllable of utility, and
in the second, fourth, and sixth of indivisibility,
can never be sounded as if joined to the con-
sonant, without oftending every delicate ear,
and overturning the first principles of pro-
nunciation.
553. The only considerable exception to
this general rule of syllabication, which de-
termines the sound of the unaccented vowels,
is when e succeeds the accent, and is followed
by r, as in literal, general, misery, &c. which
can never be pronounced lit-e-ral, gen-e-ral,
mis-e-ry, &c. without the appearance of affec-
tation. In this situation we find the r corrupt
the sound of the e, as it does that of every
other vowel when in a final unaccented syllable.
For this consonant being nothing more than
ajar, it unavoidably mixes with the e in this
situation, and reduces it to the obscure sound
of short M (413), a sound to which the other
unaccented vowels before r have sometimes so
evident a tendency.
554. An obscure idea of the principles of
syllabication just laid down, and the con-
tradiction to them perceived in this exception,
nas made most of our orthoepists extremely
* It is plain that Mr. Sheridan considered the unaccented vowel
t, whether ending a syllahte, or joined to the succeeding consonan'',
as staitdini; for the same sound ; for we sec him sometimes malting
use of one division, and sonietinirs of another : thus he divides the
word di-tur-si-ty v* ith the i terminating the penultimate syllable,
and n*ni-t'er-si(-y with the same i uniteil tu the consonant. The
same variety takes place in the viordt di'vii-i-bil-i-iy and in-<U-vis-i-
hil-il-y, while Dr. Kcurick divides all nrnnit of ibM trrniinalion
regularly iu ihc former manner
wavering and uncertain in their division of
words into syllables, when the unaccented e
has preceded r, where we not only find them
ditfering from each other, but sometimes even
from themselves :
She
ridan.
K
enrick
Scott.
Perry.
mi:-:
r-ii6f,
ur-y,
mis-e-ra-hl,
mij-e-ry.
mis-er-a-blt.
mis-er-y.
niis-e-ry.
sttr-dzhury,
Jiir
s'-m.
mr-ge-ry,
turg-e-ry.
rob-b
ir-y,
■CMy,
tor-ce-ry,
rob-ber-y.
tor-CMy
rob-be-ry.
slave-
bra-v
cook-
rook-
f-y»
er-y,
r-y,
1-y,
*r-y,
M
sltt
k,ic
s'-ry,
ne-ry,
i-ic-i-y. -
fvr-ge-ry,
sla-ve-ry,
kna-ve-ry,
bra-ve-ry,
wok-e-ry,
rook-e-ry.
f&rg-e-ry,
sla-ve-ry.
knav-e-ry.
hrav-t-ry
cook-e-ry,
rook-e-ry.
rook-er-y.
Turn-
dzh-ry,
mury,
tm-a-srer-y,
^.,m.mer-y.
im-a-ger-i,
ftum-ma-ry.
im-a-ge-ry,
flum-mer-y
miim-.nur-y,
mur-der-ur.
mil
m-mf r-y,
mum-me-ry,
mur-der-er.
mtim-me-ry
mur-der-er
mur-rfur-«».
mtir-der-oiu,
mur-der-out.
^ne-u
irim-r
d,m.j
r-yt
ui-y,
fine-ry,
gunnt-ry,
dan-ger-ou»,
fine-ry.
gun-ne-ry.
dang-er-ous.
g7n
da„
-ner-y,
-^er-OHSf
TO-nf
-cr-tu.
vo-cif-e-roiu.
vo-eif-er-oiu.
vo-cif-e->vns.
tom-n
./-/er.ur,
tom-ni/-e-rous.
som-nif-er-oui,
lom-nif-e-rou*
iiK-mer-raj,
ni(-
me-rous.
nu-me-rout.
nu-me-roas.
iH-nu
-mitr-uj,
pros-per-ous,
un-pros-per-ous,
ul-ter-a-Ue,
pros-per-oas.
un-pros-per-oii$
ut-ter-a-bte.
im-pvoj-p«r-w»,
ul-tnr-M,
vn-ut-tm'-ebl.
un-iU-tcr-a-ble,
un-ut-ter-a-ble
555. I have been the more copious in my
collection of these varieties, that I might not
appear to have taken the advantage of any
oversight or mistake of the press : nor is i*
any wonder when the principles of syllabication
so strongly ir. .line us to leave the vowel e, like
the other /owels, open before a single con-
sonant ; and the ear so decidedly tells us, that
this letter is not always open when preceded by
the accent, and followed by r, it is no wonder,
I say, that a writer should be perplexed, and
that he should sometimes incline to one side,
and sometimes to the other. I am conscious
I have not always been free from this incon-
sistency myself. The examples therefore which
I hare selected, will, I hope, fully justify me
in the syllabication I have adopted ; which is,
that of sometimes separating the e from the r
in this situation, and sometimes not. When
solemn and deliberate speaking has seemed to
admit of lengthening the e, I have sometimes
made it end the syllable ; when this was not
the case, I have sometimes joined it to the r:
thus, as e in the penultimate syllable of incar-
cerate, reverberate, &c. seems, in solemn
speaking, to admit of a small degree of length
and distinctness, it ends a syllable ; but as no
solemnity of pronunciation seems to admit of
the same length and openness of the e in
tolerate, deliberate, &c. it is united with »•,
and sounded in the notation by short «. It
ought, however, to be carefully observed, that
though the e in this situation is sometimes
separated from the r, there is no speaking,
however deliberate and solemn, that will not
admit of uniting it to r, and pronouncing it
like short tc, without offending the nicest and
nu).'?t critical ear.
90
OF THE QUANTITY OF UNACCENTED VOWELS.
556. It must also be noted, that this altera-
tion of the sound of e before r is only when
it follows the accent, either primary or
secondary (522) (530) : for when it is in the
first syllable of a word, though unaccented, it
keeps its true sound : thus, though the e is
pronounced like u in alter, alteration, &c.
yet in perj'ecfion, terri/ick, &e. this letter is as
Dure as when the accent is on it in perfect,
terrible, &c.
557. Something like the corruption of the
sound of unaccented e before r we may perceive
in the colloquial pronunciation of the vowel o
in the same situation ; and accordingly we find
our best orthoepists differ m their notation of
this letter : thus memory, memorable, im-
inemorable, memorably, memorize, have the e
pronounced like short u by Mr. Sheridan and
Mr. Scott ; and memorandum, with the o, as
in open; while Dr. Kenrick gives the a in all
these words the sound it has in the conjunction
or, Mr. Sheridan marks the unaccented o in
corporal, corporate, ?^nA corporation, like the o
in open; but Mr. Scott pronounces this o in
corporal, corporate, and corporation, like short
M, and the same letter in incorporate and in-
corporation like Mr. Sheridan ; and Dr. Ken-
rick, like the o in the former instances.
Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott are uniform in
their pronunciation of the same vowel like
short M in armour, armorer, armory, pillory,
tttosory, pirsuasory, allegory, compulsory,
cuisory, and predatory, while Dr. Kenrick
pronounces the o in armour and armory like
the 0 in open, and the same letter in pillory
allegory, and cursory, like the o in or, nor, &e
This diversity, among good judges, can arise
from nothing but the same uncertainty of the
sound of this letter that we have just observed
of the e ; but if we narrowly watch our pro-
nunciation, we shall find that the unaccented o
may be opened and lengthened, in deliberate
speaking, without hurting the ear, which i3
not always the case with e ; and this has
induced me generally to separate the o from the
succeeding r, when immediately following the
accent ; though I am sensible that the rapidity
of colloquial speaking often reduces it to short
u without offending the ear : but when the o
is removed more than one syllable from the
accent, the most deliberate speaking generally
lets it slide into the other vowel : for which
reason I have commonly marked it in this
manner. See Command.
558. It may, perhaps, appear to some of my
readers, that too much time has been spent
upon these nice distinctions of sound, in which
judges themselves are found to disagree ; but
when we consider how many syllables in the
language are unaccented, and that these syl-
lables are those in which the peculiar delicacy
of the pronunciation of natives consists; when
we reflect on the necessity of having as distinct
and permanent sounds as possible, to which we
may refer these fleeting and evanescent ones,
we shall not look upon an attempt to arrest
and investigate them as a useless part of
philology.
At-
1.
I.
2.
3
I.
1.
6.
2.
11
o.
3.
S.
4.
8.
1.
A.
2.
a.
3.
a,
559. A TABLE of the SIMPLE and DIPHTHONGAL VOWELS referred to
by the Figures over the Letters in this Dictionary.
ENGLISH SOUNDS. FRENCH SOUNDS.
1 . L The long slender English a, as in fite, piper, &c. 73 ^ in fee, eph.
2. i. The long Italian a, as in far, fa-ther, pa-pa, mam-ma, 77 a m fable, ruble.
3. a. The broad German a, as in fall, w^ll, wa-ter, 83 dm dge, Chdlons.
4. k. The short sound of the Italian o, as in f^t, mJt, m4r-ry, 81 a in fat, matin.
1 . h. The long e, as in m^, h6re, m^-tre, me-dium, 93 i in mitre, epitre,
2. e. The short e, as in met, let, get, 95 e in mette, nette.
The long diphthongal i, as in pine, tl-tle, 105 ais in laique, naif.
The short simple i, as in pin, tit-tle, 107 • i\r\inni,titr^.
The long open o, as in nX, nite, nA-tice, 1 62 o in globe, lobe.
The long close o, as in move, prove, 164 om in motivoir, pouvoir.
The long broad o, as in nor, for, or ; like the broad a, 167 o in or, for, encor.
The short broad o, as in nftt, h&t, g6t, 163 o in hotte, cotte.
The long diphthongal u, as in tibe, cu-pid, 171 iou in Cioutat, cMourme.
The short simple m, as in tub, cup, sup, 172 ew in neuf, veuf.
The middle or obtuse m, as in bull, full, pull, 173 om in boule,foule, poule.
Ii. The long broad o, and the short i, as in oil, 299 oii in cycloide, hero'ique.
ou. The long broad o, and the middle obtuse \x, as in thou, pound, 313 aoll in Aoiit.
Th. The acute or sharp th, as in </iink, th\n, 466.
Th. The grave or flat th, as in rais, THat, 41. 50. 469.
560. When G is printed in the Roman character, it has its hard sound in get, gone, &c. as
go, give, geese, &c. when it has its soft sound, it is spelled in the notation by the consonant J,
as giant, ginger, ji-ant, jin-ger. The same may be observed of S : the Roman character de-
notes its hard sound in sin, sun. Sac. as so, sit, sense, &c. its soft sound is spelled by z, as rose,
raise, &c. rote, raze, &c.
•3- In the course of a critical investigation of the powers of the letters in the foregoing
principles, there is scarcely a word of any difficulty or diversity of sound which has not been
noticed, and the true pronunciation, with the reasons and authorities for it, pointed out ; so
that if the inspector should not meet with sufficient information in the Dictionary under the
word, let him consult the Principles under the vowel, diphthong, or consonant, he wishes to be
explained, and it is highly probable he will meet with the satisfaction he requires. Thus to
know something more concerning the g, in the word impugn, which some speakers pronounce,
and others suppress, let him look into the Principles under the letter G, No. 386, and he will
find additional observations to those in the Dictionary under the word. It is true that most of
these doubtful, as well as other words, are referred to the Principles ; but if this reference
should by chanco be omitted, it is hoped that this Adv-ertisement will supply the deficiency^
A ABD
ft?. 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— mJ93, met 95— pine 105, p?n 107— n6 162, move 164,
any other sound, it inevitably follows that theirs only is
the proper appellation of that letter.
But there is another analogy hy which we may deter-
mine the true sound of the vowels when pronounced
singly ; and that is, the sound they have when preserved
long and open by the final e. Thus, we call the letter e
by the sound it has in theme, the letter i as it sounds in
time, the letter o as heard in tone, and the u as in tune :
and why the letter a should not be pronounced as heard
in face, can not be conceived, as each of the other vowels
has, like a, a variety of other sounds, as they are united
with letters which, in some measure, alter their quality.
In consequence of entertaining a different idea of the
a, when pronounced in the alphabet, we see the natives
of Ireland very prone to a different pronunciation of the
words where this letter occurs ; and, indeed, it is quite
consistent with their doctrine of the sound of a, that the
v/ords parent, papal, taper, and fatal, should be pronoun-
ced/)aA-rcnt, pah-pal, tah-per, andfah-tal. We find the
Scotch likewise inclinable to the same pronunciation of
a, when in words, as when alone. Thus, we hear Sajutan
for Satan, sawcred for sacred, and law-ity tor laity ; and
this is perfectly consistent with the manner in which
they pronounce the letter a, when alone : there is no
medium. If this be not the true pronunciation of these
words, the o is certainly to be sounded as the English
do: for, whenever the English give the Italian sound, as
it may be called, to the u, except in the words father
and master, it is always in consequence of its junction
with some consonant, which determines it to that sound ;
as, in monosyllables terminating in r, ai bur, car, far :
but where it is not affected by a succeeding consonant,
as in the words parent, papal, natal, fatal, we then hear it
pronounced as the slender English a, both in and out of
composition.
It will, perhaps, be objected, that the most frequent
short sound of u, as heard in cat, rut, mat, carry, ma-—^,
parry, is the short sound of the Italian <i in father, car,
mar, par, and not ttie short sound of the a in care, mare,
and pare ; but it may be answered, that this want of cor-
respondence between thenameof the letter, and the most
frequent short sound, is common to the rest of the vowels:
for the o, as heard in cot, not, rot, is not the short sound
of the o in coat, note,vrote, but of the a in xcater, or of the
diphthongs in caught, naught, and tcrought; and if we
ought to call the a, ah, because its short sound corre-
sponds to ah, for the very same reason we ought to call
the 0, au; and a similar alteration must take place with
the rest of the vowels. As, therefore, from tlie variety
of sounds the vowels have, it is impossible to avoid the
inconvenienceof sometimes sounding the letter oneway
in a syllable, and another way in a word, we must cither
adopt the simple long sound when we would pronounce
the letter alone, or invent new names for every different
sound in a different word, in order to obviate the diffi-
culty.
It must not be dissembled, however, that the sound
of o, when terminating a syllable not under the accent,
seems more inclined to the Irish than the English a, and
that the ear is less disgusted with the sound of Ah-mer-i-
cah than of A-mer-i-cay : but to this it may be answered,
tliat letters not under the accent, in a thousand instan-
ces, deviate from their true sound ; that the vowel a,
like several other vowels in a final syllable not accented,
has an obscure sound, bordering on u; but if the a, in
this situation, were pronounced ever so distinctly, and
that this pronunciation were clearly the a in father, it
would be nothing to the purpose: when the a is pro-
nounced alone, it may be said not only to be a letter,
but a distinct character, and a norun substantive ; and, as
such, has the same force as the letters in an accented
syllable. The letter a, therefore, as the first character
in the alphabet, may always be said to have the accent,
and ought to have the same long open sound as is given
to that letter when accented in a syllable, and not in-
fluenced in its sound by any preceding or succeeding
consonant.
We may therefore conclude, that if all vowels, when
pronounced alone, are accented and long, if spelling be
the pronunciation of letters alone, (as it would be absurd
to suppose ourselves acquainted with the different con-
sonants that determine the sound of the vowels before
they are pronounced), it follows, that in spelling, or re-
peating the component parts of a word, we ought to give
those parts their simple and uncombined sound : but
there is no uncombined sound of the vowel a, except the
slender sound contended for, unless in the words father
and master; andtherefore, when we repeat letters singly,
in order to declare the sound of a word, we must un-
doubtedly give the first letter of the alphabet the sound
we ever give it in the first syllableof the numerous class,
a-dy, pa-gan, ma-son, ba-son, &c.
Thus, after placing every objection in its strongest
light, and deducing our arguments ion the simplest and
U
clearest principles, this important question seems at last
decided in favour of the English ; who, independent of
the arguments in their favour, may be presumed to have
a natural right to determine the name of the letter in
question, though it has been so often litigated by theit
formidable and learned, though junior, relations. For
though, in some cases, the natives of Ireland and Scot-
land adhere rather more closely to analogy than the
English themselves, yet in this we find the English pro-
nounce perfectly agreeable to rule ; and that the slender
pronunciation of the letter a, as they pronounce it in the
alphabet, is no more than giving it that simple sound,
it ever has, when unconnected with vowels or conso-
nants that alter its power.
An appeal to the vulgar for the analogy of language is
perhaps as proper as an appeal to the learned and polite
for the best usage. In an old ballad, where the last syl.
lable is made the accented syllable of America, we find
it rhymed with the first soundof a, orwhat may be called
its alphabetical sound.
** Oh may Amerrca
Yield to our Monarch's sway.
And no more contend :
May they their iut'rest see,
M'ith Kngland to agree.
And from oppression free.
All that amend.''
Abacus, ib-i-kus, s. [Lat]. A counting ti'.bie;
the uppermost member of a column.
Abaft, 4-b^ft; ad. 545. From the fore part of the
ship, towards the stern.
To Abandon, ^-b^n^dun, v. a. \66. To give up,
resign, or quit ; to desert ; to firsake.
Abandoned, ^-bin-duiid, />«j-^. 362. Given up;
forsaken ; corrupted iu the highest degree.
Abandonment, 4-b^n-dun-ment, *. The act of
abandoning.
Abarticulation, ^b-ar-tik-u-la'-sbiin, s. 2.90.
That species of articulatiim that lias manifest motii.n.
To Abase, ^-bisej v. a. To cast down, to depress,
to bring low.
Abasement, ^-bilse^ment, *. The state of being
brought low ; depression.
To Abash, i-bashj v. a. To make ashamed.
To Abate, 4-bAte{ v. a. 545. To lessen, to di-
minish.
To Abate, i-bate,' v. n. To grow less.
Abatement, 4-bateiment, s. The act of abating;
the sum or quantity taken away by the act of abating.
Abater, k-hk-tur, S. 98. The agent or cause by
which an abatement is procured.
Abb, ab, s. The yarn on a weaver's warp.
Abbacy, Ab^bi-si, *. 452. The rights, possessions,
or privileges of an abbot.
Abbess, Ab-bess, *. The superior of a nunnery.
Abbey, or Abby, 4b-bi, s. 270. a monastery
of religious persons, whether men or women.
Abbot, ab-but, S. 166. The chief of a convent of
men.
T'o Abbreviate, ib-breiv^-ite, i». a. 505. To
shorten, to cut short.
Abbreviation, Ab-bre-ve-A^shun, s. The act of
shortening.
Abbreviator, 4b-bre-ve-iitur, s. 521. One
who abridges.
Abbreviature, ib-brMv^-4-tchAre, s. 461.
a mark used for shortening.
To Abdicate, Ab^d^-kate, v. a. 503. To give
up right, to resign.
Abdication, 4b-d^-ki-sbun, s. The act of abdi»
eating, resignation.
AbDICATIVE, AbM^-cA-tlve, a. 512. That which
causes or implies an abdication.
ti:y- Dr. Johnson places tlie accent on the first syllable
of this word, and Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Perry on the se-
cond. The former is, in my opinion, the most correct.
Abdomen, Ab-di^men, s. 503. 521. A cavitj
commonly called the kiwer venter nr belly.
Abdominal, Ab-dSm-me-n^l, \a. Relating to
Abdominous, ib-doni-me-nus, J the abdomen.
ABL
ABO
nor 167, uSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Mn 466, this 469.
*. A deviation from
Wandering from the
Tlie act of de-
5. The act of ab-
To AbducE, ^b-dusej v. a. To draw to a different
part, to withdraw one pan from another.
Abducent, ab-du-sent, a. Muscles abducent serve
to open or pull tiack divers parts of the bodv.
Abductor, ib-duk-tur, J. 1C6. The muscles which
draw back the several members.
Abed, i-bed{ ad. In bed.
Aberrance, ib-er-r.tnse, \
Aberrancy, ib-er-r^n-se, /
the right way ; an errour.
Aberrant, ^b-er-rint, a.
right or known way.
Aberration, ab-er-ra-shun, s
viating from the common track,
Aberring, ^b-er^ring, /»ar^. 410. Going astray.
To Aberuncate, 4b-i-run-kAte, v. a. 91. To
pull up by tlie roots.
7b Abet, 4-bet{ v. a. To push forward another, to
support him in his designs by connivance, encourage-
ment, or help.
Abetment, 4-betiment, s. The act of abetting.
Abetter, or Abettor, 4-betUur, *. 166. 418.
He that abets ; the supporter or encourager of another.
Abeyance, i-bi-lnse, s. The right of fee simple
lieth in aheyanre, when it is all only in the remem-
brance, intendment, and consideration of the law.
Tb Abhor, ^b-hor{ ». O. 168. To hate with acri-
mony ; to loathe.
Abhorrence, ib-hor^rense, \
Abhorrency, ib-hor-ren-sl, J
horring, detestation.
Abhorrent, ^b-hSrirent, a. 168. struck with
abhorrence; contrary to, foreign, inconsistent witli.
Abhorrer, 4b-hor-rur, *. 28. A hater, detester.
To Abide, i-blde| v. n. To dwell in a place, not
to remove; to bear or support the consequences of a
thing : it is used with the particle with before a person,
and at or in before a place.
AbidER, i-bUdur, *. 98. The person that abides
or dwells in a place.
Abiding, 4-bl-ding, s. 410. Continuance.
Abject, 4b-jekt, a. 492. Mean or worthless; con-
temptible, or of no value.
Abject, ab-jekt, *. A man without hope.
To Abject, ib-jektj v. a. 492. To throw away.
Abjectedness, ib-jek'-ted-ness, s. The state of
an abject.
Abjection, ib-jek-sbun, *. Meanness of mind ;
servility ; baseness.
Abjectly, ib-jekt-1^, ad. 452. In an abject
manner, meanly.
AbjectNESS, ^b-jekt-ness, * Servility, meanness.
Ability, 4-blU^-t^, *. 482. The power to do any
thing; capacity, qualification : when it has the plural
number, abilities, it frequently signifies the faculties
or powers of the mind.
To Abjure, 4b-iure{ v. a. To swear not to do
something ; to retract, or recant a position upon oath.
Abjuration, S^b-ju-rA'shun, *. The act of ab-
juring; the oath taken for that end.
To Ablactate, ib-lik-tite, v. a. 91. To wean
from the breast.
Ablactation, 4b-lik-ti-shun, s. One of the
methods of grafting.
Ablaqueation, ^b-li-kwi-i^shun, s. 534. The
practice of opening the ground about the roots of trees.
Ablation, 4b-la-shun, S. The act of taking away.
Ablative, ^b^li-tiv, «. 158. That which takes
away ; the sixth case of the Latin nouns.
Able, i-bl, a. 405. Having strong faculties, or great
strength or knowledge, riches, or any other power of
mind, body, or fortune ; having power sufficient.
Able-boimed, i-bl-b8didld, a. 99. Strong of
body.
To Ablegate, ih'-ll-gkte, v. <x. To send abr o
upon some employment.
AbleGATION, ^b-li-ga^shun, *. A sending abroad.
AbleneSS, A-bl-ness, S. Ability of body, vigour
force.
AblepSY, SbMep-S^, *. 482. Want of sight.
Abluent, 4b-lu-ent, a. That which has the power
of cleansing.
Ablution, ab-lA-shun, s. Tiie act of cleansing.
To Abnegate, ib-n^-gAte, v. a. 91. To deny.
Abnegation, ib-ne-gi-sliun, s. Denial, renun-
ciation.
Aboard, ^-burd{ ad. 295. In a ship.
Abode, a-b6de5 s. Habitation, dwelling, place of
residence; stay, continuation in a place.
Abodement, l-bAde-ment, s. A secret anticipa-
tion of something future.
To Abolish, 4-b&l-lsh, v. a. To annul; to put an
end to : to destroy.
Abolishable, a-bMilish-J-bl, a. That which
may be abolished.
AboLISHER, i-bSl-llsh-ur, *. 91. He that abo-
lishes
Abolishment, i-bol-lish-ment, s. Tlie act of
abolishing.
Abolition, Ib-i-lish-un, s. 544. The act of
abolishing.
Abominable, i-bSm-^-ni-bl, a. Hateful, de-
testable.
Abominableness, 4-b8m-^-n4-bl-ness, s. 501.
The quality of being abominable ; liatefuliiess, odious-
ness.
Abominably, t-htm-k-nt-hlk, ad. Most hate-
fully, odiously.
To Abominate, i-bSmi^-nite, v. a. To abhor,
detest, hate utterly.
Abomination, ^-bSm-^-ni-shun, s. Hatred, de-
testation.
Aborigines, 4b-6-ndgei^-nlz, s. The earliest
inhabitants of a country.
Abortion, 4-bor-shun, s. The act of bringing forth
untimely; the produce of an untimely birth.
Abortive, J-bor^tlv, *. 157. That which is bom
before the due lime.
Abortive, 5-boritlv, a. Brought forth before the
due time of birth ; that which brings forth nothing.
Abortively, 4-bor-tiv-li', ad. Bom without the
due time; immaturely, untimely.
Abortiveness, i-bor-tiv-ness, s. The state of
abortion.
Abortment, 4-b8rtiment, s. The thing brought
forth out of time; an untimely birth.
AhoVE, k-huv', prep. 165. Higher in place; higher
in rank, power, or excellence; beyond, more than;
too proud for. too high for.
Above, i-buv{ ad. Over-head; in the regions of
heaven.
Above-all, i-buv-allj In the first place; chiefly.
Above-board, 4-buv-bArd, In open sight; without
artifice or trick.
Above-cited, i-buv-sl-ted. Cited before.
Above-ground, A-buv-ground, An expression
used to signify, tliat a man is alive ; not in the grave.
Above-mentioned, a-buvimen-shund.
See Abnre-cited.
To Abound, A-bound{ v. n. 545. To have in great
plenty ; to be in great plenty.
About, i-boutj prep. 545. Round, surrounding,
encircling; near to; concerning, with regard to, re-
lating to; engaged in, einploynd upon; appendant
to the person, as clothes, &c relating to th'e person,
as a servant.
About, A-bout{ ad. Circularly; in circuit; nearly;
the longest way, in opposition to the short straight
way; to bring about, to bring to the point or state d*-
AB<5
ABS
ts- 55D. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— Uo 163, move 164,
sired, as he has brought about his purposes; to come
about, to come to some certain state or point; to go
about a thing, to prepare to do it.
Abracadabra, 4b-ii-ki-d^b-r^, s. A supersti-
tious cliarm against agues.
To Abrade, i-bradej v. a. To rub off, to wear
away from the other parts.
Abrasion, H-bra'zhun, s. The act of rubbing, a
rubbing off.
Abreast, i-brest{ ad. 545. Side by side.
To Abridge, ^-bridjej v. a. To malce shorter ill
words, keeping still tlie same substance; to contract,
to diminish, to cut sliort ; to deprive of.
Abridged of, ^-bridjd' tv, 359. Deprived of,
debarred from.
AbridGER, ^-bnd-jur, S. He that abridges, a
sliortener; a writer of compeiidiums or abridgments.
Abridgment, it-bndje-ment, «. The contraction
of a larger work into a small compass ; a diminution
in general.
Abroach, ^-brotshj «</. 295. In a posture to run
out ; in a state of being diffused or propagated.
Abroad, 4-bravvdJ ad. 295. Out of the house; in
another country; without, not within.
To Abrogate, 4b^ro-gite, v. a. 91. To take
away from a law its force ; to repeal : to annul.
Abrogation, 4b-ri-gA-shun, s. The act of ab-
rogating ; the repeal of a law.
Abrupt, ^b-rupt| a. Broken, craggy, sudden, with-
out the customary or proper preparatives.
Abruption, 4b-riip-shun, *. Violent and sudden
separation.
Abruptly, itb-rupt-1^, ad. Hastily, without the
due forms of preparation.
Abruptness, ab-rupt-ness, s. An abmpt manner,
haste, suddenness.
Abscess, ib'sess, s. A morbid cavity in the body.
To Abscind, ^b-sindj v. a. To cut off.
Abscission, 4b-si/;h-un, *. The act of cutting off;
the state of being cat off.
03" I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in marking the
is in this word, and, I think, with the best usage on my
side. Though double s is almost always pronounced
sharp and hissing, yet when a sharp s precedes, it seems
more agreeable to the ear to pronounce the succeeding s
flat. Thus, though the termination i/io7! is always sharp,
yet, because the s in transition is necessarily sharp, the t
goes into the flat sound, as if written transizhion, which
see.
7b Abscond, ah-skondj v. n. To hide one's self.
Absconder, 4b-sc5n-dur, *. The person that ab-
sconds.
Absence, ^b-sense, s. The state of being absent,
opposed to presence; inattention, heedlessness, neg-
lect of the i)rcsent object.
Absent, ^b'-sent, a. 492. Not present; absent in
mind, inattentive.
To Absent, ab-.senti v. a. To wiilidraw, to forbear
to'come into presence.
Absentee, ab-sen-t^{ *. A word used commonly
with regard to Irishmen living out of their country.
Aesinthiated, ^b-sin^i/(i-a-ted, part. Impreg-
nated with wormwood.
To Absist, Sb-sistJ V. n. To stand off, to leave off.
To Absolve, ^b-zJlv( v. a. 448. To dear, to
acquit of a crime in a judicial sense ; to set free from
an engagement or promise ; to pronounce a sin remit-
ted, in tf>e ecclesiastical sense.
Absolute, db-so-lute, a. 448. Complete, applied
as weU to persons as things ; unconditional, as an ab-
solute promise; not relative, as absolute space; not
limited, as absolute power. — See Domestic.
Absolutely, ^b-so-liite-le, ad. Completely,
without restriction; without condition ; peremptory,
positively.
Absoluteness, ib-s5-lite-ness, s. Complete-
ness ; freedom from dependence, or limits ; despotism.
4
Absolution, 4b-so-lu-shun, s. Acquittal; the
remission of sins, or of penance.
Absolutory, ib-s5l-u-tur-re, a. That which
absolves.
CO" In the first edition of this Dictionary I followed
the accentuation of Johnson and Ash in this word, and
placed the stress upon the first syllable, contrary to what
I had done some years before in the Rhyniing Dictionary,
where I had placed the accent on the second, and which
was the accentuation adopted by Mr. Sheridan. Upon a
nearer inspection of the analogies of the language, I find
this the preferable mode of marking it, as words in this
termination, though very irregular, generally follow the
stress of the corresponding noun or verb ; and, conse-
quently, this word ought to have the same accent as ab-
solve, which is the more immediate relation of the word
in question, and not the accent of absolute, which is the
most distant, 512. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Entick, and
Nares, have not inserted this word ; and Mr. Perry very
improperly accents it upon the third syllable.
Absonant, ib-s6-n^nt, 544. \
Absonous, 4b'-si-n&s, J"- ^^^"''^' *=*»»-
trary to reason.
7b Absorb, ^b-sorbj v, a. To s« Iloiv upj to suck
up.
Absorbent, 4b-sor-bent, s. A med.":lne that sucks
up humours.
Absorpt, Xb-sorpt', part. Swallowed up.
Absorption, 4b-sorp-shun, s. The act of swallow-
ing up.
7b Abstain, lb-st:lne{ v. n. To forbear, to deny
one's self any gratification.
Abstemious, ^b-ste-me-us, a. Temperate, sober,
abstinent.
Abstemiously, 4b-stef^me-us-le, ad. Temper-
ately, soberly, without indulgence.
Abstemiousness, Sb-ste^m^-us-ness, s. 534.
The quality of being abstemious.
Abstention, ^b-sten-shun, s. The act of holding
off.
7b Absterge, 4b-sterjeJ v. a. To cleanse by
wiping.
Abstergent, ^b-ster-jent, a. Cleansing; having
a cleansing quality.
7b Absterse, ab-sterse{ v. a. To cleanse, to
purify.
Abstersion, 3.b-stt-r-shun, s. The act of cleansing.
Abstersive, ^b-ster^siv, a. 428. That has the
quality of absterging or cleansing.
Abstinence, ib-ste-nense, s. Forbearance of any
thing ; fasting, or forbearance of necessary food.
Abstinent, ^b-ste-nent, a. That uses abstinence.
7b Abstract, ^b-str^ktj v. a. To take one thing
from another ; to separate ideas; to reduce to an epi-
• tome.
Abstract, ^b-str;1kt{ a. Separated from some-
thing else: generally used with relation to mental per-
ceptions.
Abstract, db^strakt, 5. 492. A smaller quantity,
containing the virtue or power of a greater; an epi-
tome made by taking out the principal parts.
Abstracted, ;tb-sti4k-ted, ^. a. Separated; re
fined, abstruse; absent of mind.
Abstractedly, itb-str^k^ted-le, a<f. With ab
straction, simply, separate from all contingent circum-
stances.
Abstraction, ^b-strtlk-shun, s. The act of ab-
stracting ; the state of being abstracted.
Abstractive, Sb-str^k-tiv, a. Having the power
or quality of abstvacliug.
Abstractly, ib-strikt^le, ad. In an alutrad
manner.
Abstruse, ^b-struse{ a. 427. Hidden; difficult,
remote from conception or apprehension.
Abstrusely, ^b-struse^l^, ad. Obscurely, not
plainly or obviously.
Abstruseness, ;tb-struse-iiiss, s. Difficwliy, oV
scnrity.
ACA
ACC
nor 167, n6t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173, oil299--pound3l3— ain466, this 469.
Abstrusity, ^b-stru-sJ-te, *. 511. Abstmseness ;
that wliich is abstruse.
7b AeSUME, A.b-sumej V, a. To bring to an end by
graitnal waste.
Absurd, ab-surdj a, Inconsistentj contrary to
reason.
Absurdity, ib-sur-d^-ti, s. 511. Tlie quality of
being absurd ; that which is absurd.
Absurdly, ib-Surd-1^, ad. Improperly, unreason-
ably.
AbSURDNESS, ib-Surd-neSS, f. The quality of being
absurd; injudiciousness, impropriety.
Abundance, i-bun-dinse, s. Plenty; great num-
bers ; a great n\iantity ; exuberance, more than enough.
Abundant, a-bun-dint, a. Plentiful; exuberant;
fully stored.
Abundantly, 4-bunidilnt-li, ad. In plenty;
amply, liberally, more than sufficiently.
To Abuse, 4-buzeJ v. a. 437. To make an ill use
of; to deceive, to impose upon ; to treat with rudeness.
Abuse, 4-buse| S. 437. The ill use of any thing; a
corrupt practice, bad custom; seducement; unjust
censure, rude reproach.
Abuser, 4-bu-Zur, S, He that makes an ill use; he
that deceives ; he that reproaches with rudeness.
Abusive, i-bu-SlV, a. 428. Practising abuse; con-
taining abuse; deceitful.
Abusively, i-bii-siv-li, ad. Improperly, by a
wrong use; reproachfully.
To Abut, i-but{ v. n. obsolete. To end at, to
border upon ; to meet, or approach to.
Abutment, i-but^ment, s. That which abuts, or
borders upon another.
Abyss, A-biss{ s. A deptli without bottom j a great
depth, a gulf.
Acacia, J-kdish^-i, s, 505. A drug brought from
Egypt.
AcADEMIAL, Sik-k-di-m^-K\, a. Relating to an
academy.
ACADEMIAN, ^k-i-de-m^-in, S. A scholar of an
academy or university.
Academical, Ak-ll-dein-m6-k4l, a. Belonging
to an university.
AcADEMicK, ak-i-dem-ik, s. 508. A student of
an university.
AcADEMiCK, 4k-ki-dcmiik, a. Relating to an
university.
Academician, Ak-ki-de-mishiAn, s. Tiie mem-
ber of an academy.
AcADEMiST, ^- kid-d^-mist, or ik'H-dem-ist, s.
The member of an academy.
Academy, i-kid^d^-me, or 4k-A-dem-J, s. An
assembly or society of men, uniting for the promotion
of some, art; the place where sciences are taught; a
place of education, in contradistinction to tlie univer-
sities, or public schools.
Or>- Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word was anciently
and properly accented on the first syllable, tliougli now
frequently on the second. That it was accented on the
firstsyllable till within these few years, is pretty generally
remembered ; and if Shakespeare did not, by poetical
license, violate the accentuation of his time, it was
certainly pronounced so two centuries ago, as appears by
Dr. Johnson's quotation of him :
" Our court shall be a little academj,
** Still and contcmplatire in living arts."
Love'i Lahour't last.
And in Ben Jonson's New Inn we find the same acccn-
Ualion ;
" Every house became
An academy of houonr, and thoK parts
We see departed."
But the accentuation of this word formerly, on the first
pliable, is so generally acknowledged, as not to stand in
need of poetic authority. The question is, whether this
accentuation, or that'which places the stress on the
second syllable, is the more proper? To wave, therefore,
the authority of custom, which precludes all reasoning
on language, and reduces the dispute to a mere matter of
5
fact, it may be presumed, that whatever is agreeable to
the most genetal usage of the language in similar words,
is the most proper in this ; and if it appears that general
usage, in similar words, is in favour of the old pronunci-
ation, it must certainly, for that reason, be allowed to be
the best. And first it may be observed, that as our lan-
guage is almost as averse to the accent on the last sylla-
ble as the Latin, it is a general custom with us, when we
adopt a word from the Latin, and abridge it of one or two
of its syllables, to remove the accent at least a syllable
higher than it was in the original language, that the ac-
cent, when the word is naturalized, may not rest on the
last. Thus of Home'rus we make Hu'jner; of Virgi'lius,
yi'rgil; and of //ora'tius, Ilo'race : Hyaci'nthus, altered to
Hy'acinth, removes the accent two syllables higher; and
cce remo' nia, become eeremoni/, does tliesame ; and no law,
that I know of, forbids us to accent acalcmia, or if you
will AxaJiyiu'a, when turned into academy, on the first syl-
lable, as it was constantly accented by our ancestors,
who, receiving Greek through the medium of Latin, ge-
nerally pronounced Greek words according to the Lat.n
analogy, and tlierefore necessarily placed the accent of
aca((cmio on the third syllable, which, when reduced to
academy, required the accent to be removed higher.
But how. It will be said, does this account for placing
the accent on the first syllable of the English word acade'
my, rather than the second' To this it may be answered,
that the numberless instances of preference given by the
accent to the first syllable in similar words, such as
melancholy, parsimony, dilatory, &c. mi^ht be a suiTicient
authority without any other reason. But, perhaps, it will
b." pardoned me if I go farther, and hazarn a supposition
that seeins to account for the very common practice ot
placing the accent of so many of the longer polysyllables
from the Latin on the first or second sjllabie." Though
in the Latin there never was more than one accent upon
a word, yet, in our pronunciation of Latin, we commonly
place an accent nn alternate syllables, as in our owu
words; and when the Latin word, by being anglicised,
becomes shorter, the alternate accent becomes the prin-
cipal. Thus, in pronouncing the Latin word acudemia,
the English naturally place an accent on the first and
third syllable, as if divided into «'c-a-t/e'mi-a ; so that
when the word becomes anglicised into a'c-a-dc-my, the
first syllable retains the accent it had when the word was
Latin. On the other hand, it may be conjectured with
some probability, that a fondness for pronouncing like
the French has been the occasion of the alteration. As
the English ever suppose the French place the accent on
the last syllable, in endeavouring to pronounce this word
after their manner, the stress must naturally fall on the
second and last syllables, as if divided into e-ca'rf-a-mi'e;
and from an imitation of this, it is probable, the present
pronunciation of the word was produced. Thus we have
a very probable reason why so many of our longer words
from the Latin are accented so near the beginning ; as,
in this mode of pronouncing them, they seem to retain
one of the accents of the original. Hence the long train
of words voluntary, comparable, dis/iutable, admirable, &c.
have the accent on the first syllable; because, in pro-
nouncing the words volhntcriua, comiiarnbilis, disputabilis,
admirakilhtkc. we commonly lay a stress upon the first,
as well as the third syllable. As to the analogy, as Mr.
Sheridan pretends, of pronouncing this word with the ac-
cent on the second syllable, because words ending in my
have the accent on the antepenultimate, nothing can he
more ill-founded. True it is, that words of this termina-
tion never have the accent on the pei4ultimate ; but that,
for this reason, they must necessarily have the accent on
the antepenultimate, I cannot well comprehend. ICpo-
lygamy, economy, astronomy, iic. (bl3) have their accent
on the antepenaltimate, it arises from the nature of the
terminations; wliicji being, as it were, a species, and
applicable to a thousand other words, have, like logy and
graphy, the accent always on the preceding syllable;
which seems best to unite the compound into one wordt
but academy being a simple, is subject to no such rule,
and seems naturally to incline to a different analogy of
pronunciation. Thus Dr. Johnson seems to have decided
justly in saying the word academy ought to have the ac-
cent on the first syllable ; though present usage, it must
be confessed, seems to lead to the contrary pionuncia-
tion.
Acanthus, t-\ih\!-thhsy S. 470. The herb bears-
foot
ACATALECTIC, J-kJt-i-lek'tik, s. a verse which
has the complete number of syllables.
To Accede, ik-sedej v. n. To be adaed to, to
come to.
To Accelerate, ^k-seUlur-ite, v a. To make
quick, to hapten, to quicken motion.
ACC
ACC
Its- 559. Vke 73, far, 77, fall 83, fSt 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nA 162, move
Acceleration, Kk-sel-lur-A-shun, s. 555. The
act of quickening motion ; the slate of the body ac-
celerated.
T'o AcCEND, ^k'send, v. a. To kindle, to set on fire.
AcCENSION, 4k-sen-shun, s. The act of kindling,
or the state of being kindled.
Accent, 4k-sent, *. 486. The manner of speaking
or pronouncing ; the marks made upon syllables to re-
' gulate their pronunciation ; a modification of the voice,
expressive of the passions or sentiments.
To Accent, ik-sent{ v. a. 492. To pronounce, to
speak words with particular regard to the grammatical
marks or rules j to write or note the accents.
Accentual, ik-sen-tshA-il, a. 463. keiating
to accents.
t-5- Tills word is in no English Dictionary I have met
with ; but, conceiving its formation to be perfectly agree-
able to the analogy of English adjectives, and finding it
used by several very respectable authors, I have ventured
to insert it. Mr. 'Foster, in his Essay on Accent and
Quantity, says, " When a higli notesucceeds a low one,
or rises above the grave tone of voice, the perception of
it is sudden and instantaneous, before the continuance
of the note is determined one way or the other for long
or short. This 1 more clearly conceive, than I can per-
haps express. I can however engage to make it perceptible
to a common English ear in any Greek word, according
to its present accenttuil mark." And Dr. Galley, in ois
Dissertation against Greek Accents, makes use of the
same word, where he says, " for if llOSiU means, ac-
cording to Mr. Foster, that oratorical or common dis-
course differs from music only in the number of sounds,
t. e. that the former lias only four or five notes, but that
the latter has many more, then the accentual pronuncia-
tion of a Greek sentence will not differ from the singing
of the same sentence, when set to four or five correspond-
ing notes in music, i.e. it will, in both cases, be a song."
To Accentuate, ik-sen-tshu-ite, v. a. 461.
To place the accent properly.
Accentuation, 4k-sen-tshu-i-shun, s. Tlieact
of placing the accent in pronunciation or writing.
To Accept, ^k-sept{ v. a. To take with pleasure,
to receive kindly.
Acceptability, JLk-sep-ti-biUli-ti, s. Tiie
quality of being acceptable.
Acceptable, ikisep-t4-bl, a. Grateful, pleasing.
C^- Within these twenty years this word has shifted its
accent from the second to tlie first syllable. There are
now few polite speakers who do not pronounce it ac'cepla-
ble ; and it is much to be regretted that this pronunciation
is become so general ; for where consonants of so different
an organ as p and t are near the end of a word, the word
is pronounced with much more difficulty when the accent
is removed higher than when it is arrested by these let-
ters : for, in this case, the force which accompanies the
accent facilitates the organs in their transition from the
formation of the one letter to the other. As nature,
therefore, directs us to place the accent upon these con-
sonants in all words ending in active, ective,ictive, active,
and uctive ; actiUe, tctible, octible, and uctible; so we
ought to listen to the same voice in pronouncing accepia-
ble, susceptible, corruptible, with the accent on the second
syllable. — See Commendable.
Acceptableness, &^sep-tA-bl-ness, s. The
quality of being acceptable.
Acceptably, ik-sep-tJ-ble, ad. In an acceptable
manner.
Acceptance, ik-sep-tlnse.. s. Reception with
approbation.
Acceptation, ^k-sep-ti-shun, s. Reception,
whether good or bad ; the meaning of a word.
Accepter, Itk-sep^tur, s. 98. The person that
accepts.
Acception, ik-sep-shun, s. Tlie received sense of
a word; the meaning.
Access, ak-sessj s. The way by which any thing may
be approached , the means, or liberty, of approaching
either to things or men ; increase, enlargement, addi-
tion ; the returns or fits of a distemper.
([;?■ This word is sometimes heard with the accent on
the first syllable:
" Hdil, water-gruel, healing power,
" Of ea»y accett to the poor 1 "
G
But this pronunciation ought to be avoided, as contrary
to analogy, and the general usage of the language; a»
may be seen in Johnson, under the word.
Accessariness, 4k-ses-si-r4-ness, *. The state
of being accessary.
Accessary, ^k-ses-s^-r^, *. He that, not being
the chief agent in a crime, contributes to it.
Accessary, 4k-ses-si-re, a. Joined to, additional,
helping forward.
Accessible, ik-sesisi-bl, a. That which may be
approached.
Accession, ^k-sesb-un, *. Increase by something
added ; the act of coming to, or joining one's self to,
as, accession to a confederacy; the act of arriving at,
as, the king's accession to the throne.
ACCESSORILY, ik'ses-sA-ri-1^, ad. In the manner
of an accessory.
Accessory, ik-ses-sA-ri, a. 557. Joined to
.inother thing, so as to increase it ; additional.
Accidence, 4k^sA-dense, s. The little book con-
taining (Jie first rudiments of grammar, and explaining
the properties of the eight parts of speech.
Accident, ^k-sA-dent, S. The property or quality
of any being which may be separated from it, at least
in thought ; in grammar, the property of a word; that
which happens unforeseen ; casualty, chance.
Accidental, ^k-Se-den-t^I, s. A property non-
essential.
Accidental, ik-s^-denitil, a. Having the quality
of an accident ; non-essential ; casual, fortuitous,
happening by chance.
Accidentally, 4k-se-denit^l-lA, ad. Casually,
fortuitously.
Accidentalness, Sk-se-den-t4l-ness, s. The
quality of being accidental.
AcciPIENT, ^k-Sip-pe-ent, S. A receiver.
To AcCITE, ^k-sltej v. a. To call j to summon.
Acclaim, ^k-klame' S. A shout of praise; accla-
mation.
Acclamation, Sk-kl^-mA-sbun, s. Shout of
applause.
Acclivity, 4k-kliv-v^-tA, *. 511. The steepness
or slope of a line inclining to the horizon, reckoned
upwards; as, the ascent of a hill is the acclivity, the
descent is the declivity.
Acclivous, ik-kll-vus, a. 503, (A) Rising with
a slope.
To ACCLOY, ^k-kldel v. a. 329. To fill up, in an
ill sense ; to fill to satiety.
To AccoiL, Ak-koii; v. n. 229. To cro^vd, to
keep a coil about, to tiustle, to be is a hurry.
AccOLEN T, ^k-ko-leiit, s. 544. A borderer.
AccoMMODABLE, ak-k6m-mi-da-bl, a. Thai
wFiich may hf fitted.
To Accommodate, Ik-kSm^mo-dite, v. a. 91.
To supply with conveniencies of any kind.
Accommodate, ^k-kom-mo-date, a. 91. Suit-
able, fit.
Accommodately, ik-kSm-m5-d^te-lA, ad. 91.
Suitably, fiily.
Accommodation, Sk-k8m-m6-da-sbun, *. Pro-
vision of conveniencies ; in the plural, conveniencies,
things requisite to ease or refreshment; composition
of a difference, reconciliation, adjustment.
Accompanable, ik-kum-pi-ni-bl, a. Sociable.
Accompanier, ^k-kum-pa-n^-ur, s. The person
that makes part of the company ; comjmnion.
Accompaniment, 4k-kum-pi-n^-ment. *. The
adding of one thing to another by way of ornament ;
the insirumental that accompanies the vocal part in
music.
To Accompany, ^k-kumipi-nA, v. a. 165.
To be with another as a companion ; to join with.
Accomplice, iik-kftm-plis, *. 142. An associate,
a partaker, usually in an ill sense; a partner, or co-
operalur.
To Accomplish, Jk-kftm-phsh, v. a. To com-
plete, to execute fully, as, to accomplish a design; to
ACC
nor 16'7, uSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173-
nl 299-
ACI
-pound 313— Mill 466, this 469.
fulfil, as a prophecy ; to adorn, or furnish, either mind
or body.
Accomplished, ^k-kftraiplish~ed, part. a.
Complete in some qualification ; elegant, finished in
respect of embellishments.
AccoMPLiSHER, Hk-kSmCplish-ur, *. The person
that accomplishes.
Accomplishment, Ik-kSra-plish-ment, s.
Completion, full performance, perfection ; comple-
tion, as of a prophecy ; embellishment, elegance, orna-
ment of mind or body.
ACCOMPT, ik-kountj S. 407. An account, a
reckoning.
AccoMPTANT, ik-koun'tint,s. 412. A reckoner,
computer.
To Accord, Jk-kord{ v. a. To make agree, to
adjust one thing to another.
To Accord, ik-kord5 v. n. To agree, to suit one
with another.
Accord, A.k-kord5 s. A compact, an agreement;
concurrence, union of mind; harmony, symmetry.
Accordance, Sk-korW;\nse, *. Agreement with
a person ; conformity to something.
Accordant, Jk-kor-d4nt, a. Willing, in good
humour.
According to, ^k-kor-ding to, prep. In a
manner suitable to, agreeable to ; in proportion ; with
regard to.
Accordingly, ik-koriding-li, ad. Agreeably,
suitably, conformably.
To Accost, 4k-k8st5 v. a. To speak to first, to
address, to salute.
AccosTABLE, ^.k-kSs^t^-bl, a. 405. Easy of
access, familiar.
Account, ^k-kount{ *. 407. a computation of
debts or expenses : the state or result of a computa-
tion ; value or estimation; a narrative, relation; the
relation and reasons of a transaction given to a person
in autliorily ; explanation, assignment of causes.
7'o Account, ik-kountj v. a. To esteem, to
think, to hold in opinii/n ; to reckon, to compute; to
give an account, to assign the causes ; to make up the
reckoning, to answer for practice; to hold in esteem.
Accountable, ^k-koun-ti-bl, a. Of whom an
account may be required ; who must answer for.
Accountant, ^k-koun-t4nt, a. Accountable to,
responsible for.
Accountant, ik-kouii-t<tnt, s. A computor, a
man skilled or employed in accounts.
Account-book, ^k-kount-book, *. A book con-
taining accounts.
T**) Accouple, 4k-kup^pl, v. a. 314. To join,
to link together.
To ACCOURT, ik-kirt{ v. a, 318. To entertain
with courtship or courtesy.
To Accoutre, ik-koo-tur, v. a. 315. To dress,
to equip.
Accoutrement, ^k-koo-tur-ment, s. Dress,
equipage, trappings, ornaments.
Accredited, ^k-kred-it-ed, a. Of allowed re-
putation, cunfidential.
Accretion, dk-kre-shuu, s. The act of growing
to another, so as to increase it.
Accretive, ^k-kre-tiv, a. 158. Growing, added
by growili.
yo Accroach, ^k-kritsh| v. a. 295. To draw
to one as with a hook.
To Accrue, 4k-kroo5 v. n. 339. To accede to,
to be added to; to be added, as an advantage or im-
provement; in a commercial sense, to be produced, or
arise, as profits.
Accusation, ik-ku-ba^shun, s. The ancient
posture of leaning at meals.
T'o AccUMB, ^k-kumb| v. n. 347. To lie at the
table, according to the ancient manner.
To Accumulate, ^k-ku^mu-late, v. a. 91.
To pile up, to heap together.
Accumulation, Ak-ku-mu-la^shun, s. The act
of accumulating ; the state of being accumulated.
Accumulative, ^k-ku-mu-ld-tiv, a. 157. That
which accumulates; that which is accumulated.
Accumulator, ik-ku-mu-la-tur, s. 521. He
that accumulates, a gatherer or heaper together.
Accuracy, ik-ku-ri-se, S. Exactness, nicety.
Accurate, ik^kiWite, rt. 91. Exact, as opposed
to negligent or ignorant; exact, without defect or
failure.
Accurately, Jkiki-rite-le, ad. Exactly, with-
out error, nicely.
AcCURATENESS, JkikA-rite-neSS, S. Exactness,
nicety.
To Ac CURSE, ^k-kurse{ v. a. To doom to misery.
Accursed, Ak-kur-sed, part. a. 362. Cursed
or doomed to misery ; execrable, hateful, detestable.
Accusable, ik-kuizi-bl, a. 405, That which
may be censured ; blameaWe; culpable.
Accusation, ik-ku-zA'shun, s. The act of
accusing ; the charge brought against any one.
Accusative, Jk-ku-zi-tiv, a, A term of gram-
mar, the fourth case of a noun.
Accusatory, ik-ku-z^-tiir-e, a. 512. Tliat
which produceth or containeth an accusation.
To Accuse, ^k-kusej v, a. To charge with a
crime ; to blame or censure.
Accuser, Jk-ki^zur, s. 98. He that brings a
charge against another.
To ACCLSTOM, 4k-kus'-tum, v. a. To habituate,
to inure.
AccusTOMABLE, Ak-kus^tum-m^-bl, a. Done
by long custom or habit.
AccuSTOMABLY, ak-kus-tum-i-ble, ad. Accord-
ing to custom.
AccusTOMANCE, ^k-kusitum-m^nse, s.
Custom, habit, use.
AccusTOMARiLY, llk-kusitum-ml-r^-l^, ad.
In a customary manner.
AccusTOMARY, 3.k-kus'tum-mi-ri, a. 512.
Usual, practised.
Accustomed, ^k-kus-tiim-ed, a. 362. Accord-
ing to custom, frequent, usual.
Ace, ase, *. An unit, a single point on cards or dice j
a small quantity.
Acerbity, i-ser^b^-t^, s. 511. A rough sour
taste; applied to men, sharpness of temper.
To AcERVA TE, S-ser-vite, v, a. 91. To heap up.
Acervation, iis-er-va-shun, s. 527- Heaping
together.
Acescent, 4-ses-sent, a. That which has a
tendency to sourness or acidity.
ACETOSE, ^-^-tisej a. 427. That which has in It
acids.
AcETOSITY, ^i-tSs-^-t^, 5. 511. The State of
being acetone.
Acetous, i-s^-tus, a. 314. Sour.
Ache, ike, S. 355. A continued pain.
To Ache, ake, V, n. To be in pain.
To Achieve, it-tsh^ve{ v. a. 257. To perform,
to finish.
Achiever, A.t-tsh^-vur, s. He that performs what
he endiiavouis.
Achievement, it-tshiveiment, s. The perfor-
niance of an action; the escutcheon, or ensigns ar-
morial.
AcHOR, a-kor, s. 166. A species of the herpes.
Acid, As'-Sld, a. Sour, sharp.
Acidity, i-sid-de-te, 5. 511. Sharpness, sourness.
AcIDNESS, ^isid-ness, S. The quality of being
acid.
AciDULiE, i-Sld-du-li, S. 199. Medicinal springs
impregnated with sharp particles.
ACR
ADA
A shoot ol
362.
try 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^93, met 95— pine 105, piu 107— no 162, move 164,
To Acidulate, i-sid^du-late, v, a. 91. To
tinge Willi aciJs in a sliglit degree.
To Acknowledge, ^k-nSl-ledj, v. a. 328. To
own the knowledge of; to own any thing or person in
a particular character; to confess, as a fault; to own,
as a benefit.
Acknowledging, ^k-nSKledj-ing, a. Grateful.
Acknowledgment, ^k-n8l-ledje-ment, s. 328.
Concession of the truth of any position; confession
of a fault ; confession of a benefit received. — See
Knowledge.
Acme, 5.k-me, S. The height of any thing; more
especially used to denote the height of a distemper.
Acolothist, it-kSl-lo-^/iist, ")
Acolyte, ^k^o-llte, 544. J
One of the lowest order in the Roman church.
Aconite, ^k-kA-nlte, s. 155. The iierb wolfs-
bane. In poetical language, poison in general.
Acorn, A-korn, S. The seed or fruit borne by the oak.
ACOUSTICKS, ^-kou-Stiks, 5. 313. The doctrine
or theory of sounds ; medicines to help the hearing.
To Acquaint, ak-kwant{ v. a. 202. To make
familiar with ; to inform.
Acquaintance, ^k-kwAn-t^nse, s. The state of
being acquainted with, familiarity, knowledge; familiar
knowledge; a slight or initial knowledge, short of
friendship ; the person with whom we are acquainted,
without the intimacy of friendship.
Acquainted, Sk-kwin^ted, part, a. Familiar
well-known.
Acquest, ilk-kwestj S. Acquisition ; the thing
gained. ^
To Acquiesce, ak-kwe-essj v. n. To rest in, or
re;naiii satisfied.
Acquiescence, ^k-kw^-ess^ense, s. A silent
appearance of content; satisfaction, rest, content;
submission.
Acquirable, Sk-kwI-ra-bl, a. 405. Attainable.
To Acquire, ^k-kwire{ v. a. To gain by one's
labour or power.
Acquired, Ak-kwi-red, part, a, 362. Gained by
one's self.
Acquirer, 4k-kwl-rur, s. 98. The person
that acquires ; a gainer.
Acquirement, 4k-kwlre^ment, s. That which
is acquired, gain, attainment.
Acquisition, 4k-kwe-zish-shun, s. The act of
acquiring; the thing gained, acquirement.
Acquisitive, ^k-kwiz^z^-tiv, a. 157. That which
is acquired.
ACQUIST, ^k-kwist{ S. Acquirement;, attainment.
To Acquit, ^k-kwit| v. a. 415. To set free; to
clear from a charge of guilt, to absolve ; to clear from
^ny obligation, as, the man hath acquitted himself
well, he discharged his duty.
Acquitment, ^k-kwit-ment, s. The state of
being acquitted, or act of acquitting.
Acquittal, ^k-kwit-til, «. 157. Deliverance from
an offence.
To Acquittance, ik-kwit'i4nse, v. a. To
procure an acquittance, to acquit.
Acquittance, ak-kwit^tinse, s. Tlie act of dis-
charging from a debt; a writing testifying the receipt
of a debt.
Acre, a^kur, s. 98. 416. A quantity of land,
containing in length forty perches, and four in breadth,
or four thousand eight hundred and forty square yards.
Acrid, ^kikrid, a. Of a hot biting taste.
Acrimonious, ik-kr^-mi-ni-us, a. 314. Sharp,
corrosive.
Acrimony, 4kikri-mi-n^, s. 557. Sharpness,
corrosiveness ; sharpness of temper, severity. — See
Domestic.
AcRiTUDE, ^kikre-tude, s. Anacrldiaste, a biting
heat on the palate.
Acroamatical, ^k-kr6-i-mJtite-k^l, a. 500.
Of or pertaining to deep learning,
8
AcROSPiRE, Ak-kri-splre, *. 151
sprout from the end of seeds.
AcROSPiRED, ^k-kri-spl-red, part, a
Having sprouts.
Across, i-kross{ ad. Athwart, laid over something
so as to cross it.
AcroSTICK, A-krS.ss-tlk, s. A poem, in which
the first letter of every line being taken, makes up the
name of the person or thing on which the poem is
written.
To Act, ^kt, v. n. To be in action, not to rest.
7*0 Act, akt, v. a. To perform a borrowed character,
as a stage player; to produce ell'ects in some passive
subject.
Act, akt, *. Something done, a deed, an exploit,
whether good or ill ; a part of a play, during which the
action proceeds without interruption ; a decree of par-
liament.
Action, ak^shun, s. 290. The quality or state of
acting, opposite to rest : an actor thing done, a deed;
agency, operation ; the series of events represented in
a fable; gesticulation, the accordance of the motions
of the body with the words spoken ; a term in law.
Actionable, ^k^shun-3,-bl, a. 405. That which
admits an action in law, punishable.
Action-taking, ik-shun-ta-king^, a. Litigious.
Active, ^k-tlV, a. 1 50, That which has the power
or quality of acting : that which acts, opposed to pas-
sive; busy, engaging in action, opposed to idle or
sedentary; nimble, agile, quick; in grammar, a verb
active is that which has both an agent and an object,
as, John instructs Joseph.
Actively, 4k^tiv-l^, ad. Busily, nimbly.
AcTIVENESS, ikitlV-neSS, S. Quickness; iiimble-
ness.
Activity, ik-tivie-ti, s. 515. The quality of
being active.
Actor, ^k^tiir, s. 93. 418. He that acts, or per-
forms any thing ; he that personates a character, a
stage player.
Actress, Ak-tress, *. She that performs any thing;
a woman that plays on the stage.
Actual, Rk-tshu-4l, a. 461. Really in act, not
merely potential; in act, not purely in speculation.
Actuality, Sk-tsliu-4l-l^-te, s. The state of
being actual.
Actually, ^k-tshu-Al-le, ad. In act, in effect,
really.
AcTUALNESS, ^k'-tshu-il-neSS, S. The quality of
being actual.
Actuary, ik^tshu-i-re, s. Tiie register or officer
who compiles the minutes of the proceedings of a court
To Actuate, ^k-tshu-ate, v. a. To put into
action.
Ac TUOSE, ak-tu-6sej a. Having the power of
action. — See the jlppendix.
To AcUATE, 4k^u-ate, v. a. Q\. To sharpen.
Aculeate, i-ku^le-ate, a. 91. Prickly, termi-
nating in a sharp point.
Acumen, ^-ku-men, s. 503, (A.) A sharp point j
figuratively, quickness of intellects.
Acuminated, 4-ku^me-ni-ted, part, a. End-
ing in a point, sharp pointed.
Acute, i-kute{ a. Sharp, opposed to blunt; in-
genious, opposed to stupid; acute disease, any disease
which is attended with an increased velocity of blood,
and terminates in a few days ; acute accent, that which
raises or sharpens the voice.
Acutely, 1,-kute-le, ad. After an acute manner,
sharply.
AcuteneSS, i-kute-ness, S. Sharpness; force of
intellects; violence and speedy crisis of a malady;
sharpness of sound.
Adacted, .^-d^k-ted, part. a. Driven by force.
Adage, Jld'aje, s. 90. A maxim, a proverb.
Adagio, A.-dA-je-6, «. A term used by musicians, t«
mark slow time.
ADD ADJ
nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 6il299--pound313— ifAin466, this 469.
■h
Adamant, Jd-i-milnt, s. a stone of impenetrable
liaiduess ; the diamond ; the load-stone.
AdAMANTEAN, 4d-i-m^n-te-an, a. Hard as ada-
mant.
Adamantine, ^d-4-man-tin, a. Made of ada-
mant; having the qualities of adamant, as, hardness,
indissolubility.
<(:> Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry, uni-
formly pronounce the last syllable of this word as it is
liere marked, and W. Jolmston only so as to rhyme with
line, (140).
AdAM'S-APPLE, Sdiimz-5p-pl, S. A prominent
part of the throat.
To Adapt, ^-daptj v. a. To fit, to suit, to pro-
portion.
Adaptation, A.d-ip-ta^shun, s. 527. The act of
fitting one thing to another, the fitness of one thing to
another.
Adaption, J-dip-shun, s. The act of fitting.
To Add, Ad, v. a. To join something to that which
was before.
To Addecimate, Ad-des-se-mite, v. a. 91. To
take or ascertain tithes.
To Addeem, id-deem{ v. a. To esteem; to
account.
Adder, Ad-dur, s. 93. 418. A serpent, a viper, a
poisonous reptile.
Addeu's-grass, ididurz-grSss, *. A plant
Adder's-tongue, Ad^durz-tung,
Adder's-wort, Ad-dura'wurt,
Addible, id-de-bl, «. 405. Possible to be added.
Addibihty, Ad-d6-bilile-te, 5. 511. The possi-
bility of being added.
Add ICE, Ad-dlS, S. 142. A kind of ax, corruptly
pronounced adz.
To Addict, Ad-dlktJ v. a. To devote, to dedicate:
it is commonly taken in a bad sense, as, he addicted
himself to vice.
Addictedness, id-dik-ted-ness, s. The state of
being addicted.
Addiction, id-dik-shun, s. The act of devoting;
the state of being devoted.
Additament, ad-dit-A-ment, S. Addition, the
thing added.
Addition, Ad-dish-shun, s. 459. The act of
adding one thin^ to another; the thing added; in
arithmetic, addition is the reduction of two or more
numbers of like kind together into one sum or total.
Additional, Ad-dish-shuu-il, a. That which is
added.
Additory, id-de-to-re, a. 512. That which has
the power of adding.
Addle, Ad-dl, a, 405. Originally applied to eggs,
and signifying such as produce nothing, thence trans-
ferred to brains that produce notliing.
Addle-PATED, id-dl-pi-ted, a. Having barren
brains.
7b Address, Ad-dress{ v. a. To prepare one's
self to enter upon any action 5 to apply to another by
words.
Address, Ad-dress{ S, Verbal application to any
one; courtship; manner of addressing another, as, a
man of pleasing address J skill, dexterity; manner of
directing a letter.
Addresser, id-drts-sur, *. 98. Tlie person
tliat addresses.
To Adduce, 3.d-dtJSe{ v. a. To bring something
forward in addition to something already produced.
a^- This word, though constantly arising in conver-
sation, has not yet found its way into any of our Dic-
tionaries. It is, however, legitimately formed, and has a
distinct and specific signification, which distinguishes it
from conduce, induce, produce, and rediiee, and has there-
fore a just title to become a part of th.e language. The
propriety of it is a sufiicient authority.
Adducent, lld-diaisent, a. A word applied to
those muscles that draw togetlierthe parts ol the body.
To AdduLCE, ad-dulsej v. a, Te sweeten.
Ademption, 4-demishun, s. 412. Privation.
Adenography, Ad-de-nog-gr^-l'^', *. 518.
A treatise of the glands.
Adept, A-deptJ S, He that is completely skilled in
all the secrets of his art.
Adequate, id-e-kwate, a, 91. Equal to, pro-
portionate.
Adequately, Ad-e-kwate-le, ad. In an adequate
manner; with exactness of proportion.
Adequateness, Ad^e-kwate-ness, s. The state
of being adequate, exactness of proportion.
To Adhere, ad-here{ v. 71. To stick to; to re-
main firmly fixed to a party, or opinion.
Adherence, Ad-be-rense, \
Adherency, Sd-he-ren-s^, 182. J
The quality of adhering, tenacity ; fixedness of mind,
attachment, steadiness.
Adherent, 5d-he-rent, a, sticking to ; united
with.
Adherent, 4d-he-rent, *. A follower, a partisan.
Adherer, 4d-he-rur, s. 98. He that adheres.
Adhesion, Ad-heizbun, s. 451. The act or state
of sticking to something.
Adhesive, id-he^siv, a, 158. 428. Sticking,
tenacious.
To Adhibit, 4d-hib-bit, v. a. To apply, to make
use of.
Adhibition, id-h^-bish-sbun, s. 507. Applica-
tion, use.
Adjacency, id-ji-seii-s^, *. 132. The state of
lying close to another thing.
Adjacent, id-ja-sent, a. Lying close, bordering
upon something.
Adjacent, ^d-ji-sent, s, Tliat which lies next
another.
Adiaphorous, ^-d^-if-fi-rus, a. Neutral.
Adiaphory, i-de-Af-fo-re, S. 534. Neutrality,
indifference.
To Adject, Ad-jektJ v. a. To add to, to put to.
Adjection, Ad-jek-sbuii, S, The act of adjecting,
or adding; the thing adjected, or added.
AdJECTITIOUS, Ad-jek-tlsll-US, a. Added, Ihrowii
in.
Adjective, Ad-jek-tiv, s. 5J2. A word added to
a noun, to signify the addition or separation of some
quality, circumstance, or manner of being; as, good,
bad.
AdJECTIVELY, Ad-jek-tlV-l5, ad. After the man-
ner of an adjective.
Adieu, 4-du| ad. 284. Farewell.
7h Adjoin, 5d-joiii,' v. a. 299. To join to, to
unite to, to i)Ut to.
To Adjoin, Ad-joiii5 v. n. To be contiguous to.
To Adjourn, id-Jurn{ v. a. 314. To put off to
another day, namijig tlie time.
Adjournment, ad-jurn-inent, s. A putting off
till another day.
Adipous, Ad-de-pus, a. 314. Fat.
Adit, ad-lt, S. A passage under ground.
Adition, 4d-ish^shun, s, 459. The act of going
to another.
To Adjudge, Ad-judje{ v, a. To give the thing
controverted to one of the parties; to sentence to a
punishment ; simply, to judge, to decree.
Adjudication, Ad-Ju-d^-kaishun, s. The act of
eranting somethin}: to a litigant.
7'o Adjudicate, ^.d-jii-dl-kkie, v. a.
To adjudge.
Tb Adjugate, Ad-ju-gate, i;. a. 91. To yoke to.
Adjument, ad^ju-ment, s. Help.
Adjunct, Ad^jungkt, S. Something adherent or
united to anotlier.
Adjunct, Ad-jungkt, a. immediately joined.
ADM
ADO
(»• 559. Fite 73, fSr 77, fill 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, m3ve 164,
Adjunction, ^d-j?in^k^shun, s. The act of ad-
joining ; the thing adjoined.
Adjunctive, id-jungkitiv,s. 158. Hethatjoinsi
that wliich is joined.
Adjuration, 4cl-ju-raishun, s. The act of pro-
posing an oath to another j tlie form of oath proposed
to anotlier.
To Adjure, id-jurej v, a. To impose an oath
upon another, prescribing the form.
To Adjust, ad-ju^tj v. a. To regulate, to put in
order; to malve conformable.
Adjustment, Id-just-ment, s. Regulation, the
act of putting in method; the state of being put in
method.
Adjutancy, id^ju-tin-si, s. The military office
of an adjutant, skilful arrangement.
Adjutant, ^d^ju-tint, s. 503, {k). A petty
officer, whose duty is to assist the major, by distribut-
ing pay, and overseeing punishment.
To Adjute, ^d-iute{ v. a. To help, to concur.
Adjutor, id-jii^tur, s. 98. 166. A helper.
Adjutory, id'-ju-tur-re, a. 512. 557. That
which helps.
Adjuvant, 4d-ju-vant, a. Helpful, useful.
To Adjuvate, id^u-vate, v. a. 503, {k). To
help, to further.
Admeasurement, Sd-mezh-ure-ment, s. The
act or practice of measuring according to rule.
Admensuration, id-men-shu-ra^shun, s. 452.
The act of measuring to each his part.
Adminicle, id-min'-4-kl, *. 405. Help, support.
Adminicular, ^d-me-nik^u-l4r, a. 418. That
which gives help.
T'o Admini.ster, id-min'-nis-tur, 98. ■'1
T'oAdministrate, id-min'-nis-trate,91./"*"*
To give, to afford, to supply; to act as the minister or
agent in any employment or office; to perform the
office of an administrator.
Administration, ^d'-min-nis-tri'-shun, s. 527.
The act of administering or condnctii.g any employ-
ment; the active or executive p.irt of government ;
those to whom the care of public affairs is committed.
Administrative, ^d-min^iiis-trA-tiv, a, 157.
That which administers.
Administrator, ad'-min-ms-tri'-tur, s. 98.527.
He that has the goods of a man dying intestate com-
mitted to his charge, and is accountable for the same;
he that officiates in divine rites; he that conducts the
government.
Administratrix, idimin-is-triitriks, s. 527.
She who administers in consequence of a will.
Administratorship, 4d^min-nis-trA'-tur-ship,
s. The office of an administrator.
Admirable, ii!-m^-A-h\, a. 405. To be admired,
of power to excite wonder.
Admihablenes? Id^me-ri-bl-Pess, \
Admirability, idime-ri-blr-ll-ti, 511 .527. J *'
The quality or state of being admirable.
Admirably, 4dime-ri-bl^, ad. In an admirable
manner.
Admiral, 4d-me-r4l, S. An officer or magistrate
that has the government of the king's navy; the chief
commander of a fleet; the ship which carries the ad-
miral.
Admiralship, id'-me-ral-ship, s. The office of
admiral.
Admiralty, Sd-me-ril-t^, *. The power, or of-
ficers, appointed for the administration of naval affairs.
C?- This word is frequently pronounced as if written
admiraUry, with an r in the last syllable; nor is tliis
mispronunciation, however improper, confined to the
lowest order of the oeople. The same may be observed
nimayoralty.
Admiration, 4d-me-r^ishun, s. Wonder, the act
of admiring or wondering.
To Admire, 4d-ralre{ v, a. To regard with wonder;
to regard with love.
10
Admirer, id-ml-rur, s. 98. The person that won-
ders, or regards with admiration ; a lover.
Admiringly, id-mi-nng-lJ, ad. With admiration.
Admissible, id-mis-se-bl, a. 405. That which
tnay be admitted.
Admission, id-mishishun, s. The act or practice
of admitting: the state of being admitted; admit
tance, the power of entering ; the allowance of an ar-
gument.
To Admit, id-mitj v. a. To suffer to enter; to suffer
to enter upon an office ; to allow an argument or posi-
tion ; to allow, or gixint in general.
AdmiTTABLE, ad-nilt^t4-bl, a. Which may be ad-
mitted.
Admittance, 4d-mit^t4nse, s. The act of admit-
ting, permission to enter ; the power or right of enter-
ing ; custom; concession of a position.
T'o Admix, 4d-miks{ v. a. To mingle with some-
thing else.
Admixtion, 4d-miks^tshun, s. The union of one
body with another.
Admixture, 4d-miks-tshure, s. 461. The body
mingled with another.
To Admonish, 4d-mftn-nish, v. a. To warn of a
fault, to reprove gently.
Admonisher, 4d-mSn^nish-ur, s. The person
that puts another in mind of his faults or duty.
Admonishment, ^d-miin^nish-ment, *. Admo-
nition, notice of faults or duties.
Admonition, 4d-ni&-nish^un, s. The hint of a
fault or duty, counsel, gentle reproof.
Admonitioner, id-mo-msh^un-ur, *. A general
adviser. A ludicrous leim.
Admonitory, id-mftn^n^-tur-re, a. Tiiat which
admonishes. — See Domestic.
To Admove, 4d-moov{ v. a. To bring one thing
to another.
Admurmuration, id-mur-inu-ia-shun, s. The
act of murmuring to another.
Ado, i-doo( S. Trouble, difficulty; bustle, tumult,
business ; more tumult and show of busine"!* than the
affair is worth.
Adolescence, 4d-i-les^sense, \
Adolescency, 4d-i-les'-seii-se, 510. J *' "^''^
age succeeding childhood, and succeeded by puberty.
To Adopt, 4-d5ptJ v. a. To take a son by choice,
to make him a son who is not so by birth ; to place any
person or thing in a nearer relation to something else.
Adoptedly, 4-d5p-ted-l^, ad. After the manner
of something adopted.
Adopter, J-d5p'-tur, *. 98. He that gives some one
by choice the rights of a son.
Adoption, i-dOp^shun, s. 459. The act of adopt-
ing ; the state of being adopted.
Adoptive, 4-d6p-tlv, a. 157. Adopted by anotherj
that adopts another.
Adorable, i-do^r^-bl, a. 405. That ought to be
adored.
Adorableness, i-do^ri-bl-ness, s. Worthiness
of divine honours.
Adorably, 4-d6-r4-bl^, ad. In a manner worthy
of adoration.
Adoration, Hd-di-raishim, s. The external ho.
mage pai<l to the Divinity ; homage paid to persons in
high place or esteem.
To Adore, 4-d6re{ v. a. To worship with external
homage,
Adorer, 4-d6irur, s. 98. He that adores; a wor.
shipper.
To Adorn, 4-dorn{ v. a. 167. To dress; to deck
the person with ornaments; to set out any place ot
thing with decorations.
Adornment, 4-doniiment, *. Ornament, embel-
lishment.
AdoWN, 4-doun{ ad. 323. Down, on the ground.
Adown, 4-d'JUnJ prep. Dov»n, towards the ground.
ADV
ADV
■ 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 173, bull 173— 811299— pound 313— Min 466, THIS 469.
AdreAD, 5-dredJ ad. 234. In a state of fear.
Adrift, i-dnftj ad. Floating at random.
Adroit, A-droitJ a. 305. Active, skilftil.
Adroitness, i-droit-ness, s. Dexterity, readiness,
activity.
Adry, i-dr!,' a. Athirst, thirsty.
Adscititious, 4d-s^-tishius, a. 314. That which
is taken in to complete something else.
AdSTRICTION, id-strlk^shun, S. The act of bind-
ing together.
To Advance, id-vinse{ v. a. 78. To bring for-
ward, in the local sense ; to raise to preferment ; to
aggrandize; to improve; to forward; to accelerate; to
propose ; to offer to the public.
To Advance, id-vinse{ v. n. To come forward ;
to make improvement.
Advance, ad-vinsej s. 79. The act of coming for-
ward ; a tendency to come forward to meet a lover;
progression; rise from one point to another ; improve-
ment; progress towards perfection.
Advancement, ad-vinse^ment, *. The act of
coming forward ; the stale of being advanced; prefer-
ment; improvement.
Advancer, ^d-vln-sur, S. 98. A promoter; a for-
warder.
Advantage, id-v3.n-t4dje, s. 90. Superiority ;
superiority gained by stratagem ; gain, profit; prepon-
deration on one side of the comparison.
To Advantage, Hd-vRn-tadje, v. a. To benefit;
to promote, to bring forward.
Advantaged, Jd-vin^ti-jed, a. 362. Possessed
of ad\tintages.
Advantage-ground, ^d-vin-t^dje-^oiind, s.
Ground that gives superiority, and opportunities of an-
noyance or resistance.
Advantageous, id-vAn-tA-j US, a. Profitable, use-
ful, opportune.
Advantageously, id-vjln-tA-jus-le, ad. Con-
veniently, 0|iportuncly, profitably.
Advantageousness, id-vin-tAyfis-ness, s.
Profitableness, usefulness, convenience.
To Advene, id-v^nej v. n. To accede to some-
thing, to be superadded.
Advenient, id-vi-ne-ent, a. Advening, super-
added.
Advent, sldivent, s. The name of one of the holy
seasons, signifying the coming; that is, the coming of
our Saviour, wjiich is made the subject of our devotion
during the four weeks before Christmas.
AdveNTINE, id-vcn-tin, a. 140. Adventitious,
that which is extrinsically added.
Adventitious, Ad-ven-tish-us, a. Advening, ex-
trinsically added.
AdveNTIVE, 4d-ven-t1v, s. 157- The thing or
person that comes from without.
Adventual, Ad-ven-tshu-Al, a. 461. Relating
to the season of Advent.
Adventure, Ad-ven-tshiare, s. 4G1. An accident,
a chance, a hazard ; an enterprise in which something
must be left to hazard.
To Adventure, Ad-ven-tshure, v. n. To try
the chance, to dare.
Adventurer, Ad-ven-tshur-ur, *. 98. He that
seeks occasions of hazard, he that puts himself in tlie
hands of chance.
Adventurous, Ad-ven'-tshfir-us, ")
Adventuresome, Ad-ven-tshur-sum, /
Inclined to adventures, daring, courageous; full of
hazard, dangerous.
Adventurously, ad-veii^tshur-us-1^, ad.
Boldly, daringly.
Adventuresomeness, Ad-ven-tshur-sum-ness,
s. 461. The quality of being adventuresome.
Adverb, Ad-verb, s. A word joined to a verb or
adjective, and solciy applied to the use of qualifying
lid restraining the latitude of their signification.
11
Adverbial, Ad-ver^be-Al, a. That which has the
quality or structure of an adverb.
Adverbially, Ad-verib^-Al-ll, ad.
In the manner of an adverb.
Adversable, Ad-ver-sA-bl, a. 405. Contrary to.
Adversary, Ad-ver-sA-re, s. 512. An opponent,
antagonist, enemy.
Adversative, Ad-ver-sA-tiv, a. 512. A worn
which makes some opposition or variety.
Adverse, Ad-verse, a. Acting witi» contrary
directions; calamitous, afflictive, opposed to prosper-
ous.
Adversity, Ad-ver^s^-te, *-. 511. Affliction,
calamity; the cause of sorrow, misfortune; the state
of unhappiness, misery.
Adversely, Ad-verse-1^, ad. Oppositely, unfor-
tunately.
To Advert, Ad-vert{ v. n. To attend to, to
regard, to observe.
Advertence, Ad-ver-tense, "I
Advertency, Ad-ver^ten-si, J
Attention to, regard to.
To Advertise, Ad-ver-tlzeJ v. a. To inform
another, to give intelligence; to give notice of any
tiling in public prints.
Advertisement
Ad-ver-tiz-ment, 1
Ad-ver-tlze-nient, J
Intelligence, information ; notice of any thing pub-
lished in a paper of intelligence.
O::?- As nouns ending in ment always follow the accen-
tuation of the verbs from which they are formed, we fre-
quently hear advertisement taxed with the grossest irre-
gularity for liaving the accent on a different syllable from
advertise. The origin of this irregularity seems to have
arisen from a change wliicli has taken place in the pro-
nunciation of the verb since the noun has been formed
advertise and chastise were, in Shakespeare's time, both
accented on the penultimate, and therefore advertise-
ment and chastisement were formed regularly from them.
" Wherein he did the king his lord advertise." — Hen. VIU.
** My grief cricf louder than eLdvertxsement." — Much Ado, Sfe.
" Oh, then bow quickly should this arm of mine,
" Now pris'ner to the palsy, chatliMt thee." — Richard II.
" And chastisement doth therefore liide its head." — Jul. Caiar,
But since that time the verbs advertise and chastise have
fallen into an analogy more agreeable to verbs of the
same form — for the verbs to promise, practise, franchise,
mortise, and divertise, are the only words where the ter-
mination ise has not the accent either primary or secon-
dary ; and if an alteration must be made to reconcile
the pronunciation of the simple with that of the com-
pound, we should find it much easier to change adver'-
tisentent and c/ias'(isement into advertisement and cAai-
tise'ment, than advertise' and chastise' into adver'tise and
chas'tise; but the irregularity seems too inveterate to
admit of any alteration.
Advertiser, Ad-ver-tUzur, s. 98. He that gives
intelligence or information ; the paper in which ad-
vertisements are published.
Advertising, Ad-ver-tl-zing, a. Active in giving
intelligence, monitory.
To Advesperate, Ad-ves-pe-rate, v. n. 91.
To draw towards evening.
Advice, Ad-vlce( S. 499. Counsel, instmction,
notice; intelligence.
Advice-boat, Ad-vlce-bite, s. A vessel employed
to bring intelliKence.
Advisable, Ad-vl-zA-bl, a. 405. Prudent, lit to
be advised.
Advisableness, Ad-vUzA-bl-ness, s.
Tlie quality of being advisable.
To Advise, Ad-vlze{ v. a. 437. To counsel ; tr
inform, to make acquainted.
To Advise, Ad-vlzeJ v. n. 499. To consult, as, h
advised with his companions ; to consider, li delibe
rate.
Advised, Ad-vl-zed, part. a. 362. Acting with
deliberation and aesign ; prudent, wise j performed
with deliberation, acted with design.
ADU
AFF
fc?- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fitSl-- m^ 93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Adust, i-dustj a. Burnt up, scorched : it is ge-
nerally now applied to the humours of the body.
AdusteD, l-dust-ed, a. Burnt, dried with fire,
AduSTIBLE, ^-dus^tl-bl, «. 179. That which may
be adusted, or burnt up.
Adustion, i-dus-tshun, *. 464. The act of burn-
ing up, or drying.
iEoiLE. See Edile.
iEcYPTiACUM, e-jip-tUa-kum, s. 460. An oint-
ment consisting of honey, verdigris, and vinegar.
iSloLiPiLE, i4Ue-pIle, *. (From jEolus.) a
hollow ball made of metal, with a small tube or neck,
from which, after the ball has been partly filled with
water and heated on the fire, a blast of air issues with
great violence.
Aerial, A-e-r^-^1, a. Belonging to the air, as con.
sisting of it; inhabiting the air; placed in the air 5
high, elevated in situation.
Aerie, k'-ih, s. A nest of hawks, or other birdi of
prey.
Aerology, A-ur-8l-lo-j^, s. 556. The doctrine
of the air.
Aeromancy, ^^ur-6-m^n-se, s, 519. The art of
divining by the air.
Aerometry, i-ur-&m-m^-tr^, J. 518. The art
of measuring the air.
Aeronaut, A-ur-A-n^wt, s. One who sails through
tlie air.
Aeroscopy, A-ur-oS-ko-pl, S. 518. The observa.
tion of the air.
jEthiop's-mineral, ^-f/te-ups-min-ur-r4l, s.
A medicine so called, from its dark colour, made of
quicksilver and sulphur ground together in a marble
mortar.
vEtiTES, ^-tl'-t^Z, 5. Eagle-stone.
Afar, ^-farj ad. At a great distance 5 to a great dis-
tance.
AieARD, ^-ferdj J}a}'t. a. Frightened, terrified
afraid.
AfeR, i-fur, S. 98. The south-west wind.
Affability, ^f-f^-blUle-te, s. Easiness of man-
ners; courfeousness, civility, condescension.
Affable, ^f^f^-bl, a. 405, Easy of manners,
courteous, complaisant.
AfFABLENESS, ilf-ft-bl-nessj S. Courtesy, affa-
bility.
Affably, 4P-f^-ble, ad. Courteously, civilly.
AffaBROUS, ^f^fil-brus, a. Skilfully made, com-
plete.
Affair, if-fAre{ s. Business, something to be
managed or transacted.
To Affear, ^f-fere{ v. a. 227. To confirm, to
establish.
Affect, af-fektj s. Affection, passion, sensation.
Tb Affect, ^f-fektj v. a. To act upon, to produce
effects in any other thing; to move the passions; to
aim at, to aspire to ; to be fond of, to be pleased with,
to love; to practise the appearance of any thing, with
some degree of hypocrisy; to imitate in an unnatural
and constrained manner.
Affectation, ^f-fek-tA-shun, s. The act of
making an artificial appearance, awkward imitation.
Affected, ^f-fek-ted, part, a. Moved, touched
with affection; studied with over-much care; in a
personal sense, full of affectation ; as, an affected lady.
Affectedly, ^f-fek-ted-1^, ad. In an affected
manner, hypocritically.
Affectedness, 3.f-fekited-ness, *. The quality
of being affected.
Affection, ^f-fek-shun, s. The state of being
affected by any cause, or agent ; passion of any kind 5
love, kindness, good-will to some person.
Affectionate, ^f-fek-shun-Ate, a. Full of affec-
tion, warm, zealous ; fond, tender.
Affectionately, llf-fek-s)iun-dte-lJ, arf. pi,
Fondly, tenderly.
Advisedly, ad-vi-zed-l^, ad, 364. Deliberately,
purposely, by design, prudently.
Advisedness, ad-vl-zed-ness, s. 365. Delibera-
tion, cool and prudent procedure.
Advisement, ^d-vlze-ment, s. Counsel, infor-
mation ; prudence, circumspection.
Adviser, 4d-vl-zur, s. 98. The person that ad-
vises, a counsellor.
Adulation, 3.d-ju-laisbun, s, 294, Flattery,
high compliment.
Adulator, ^d-ju-la-tur, s. 521, A flatterer.
Adulatory, jld-ju-li-tur-r5, a, 512. Flattering,
— See Domestic.
Adult, ^-dult{ a. Grown up, past the age of
infancy.
Adult, ^-dultj S, A person ahore the age of in-
fancy, or grown to some degree of strength.
AdultNESS, i-dult-ness, s. The state of being
adult.
To Adulter, ^-duUtur, v, a. 98. 556. To
commit adultery with another.
Adulterant, ^-dul-tur-int, s. The person or
thing which adulterates.
To Adulterate, ^-dul-tur-ite, v, a. 9I. To
commit adultery; to corrupt by some foreign admix-
ture,
ADULfteRATE, ^-dul-tur-ite, «. 91. Tainted with
the guilt of adultery ; corrupted with some foreign ad-
mixture.
Adulterateness, ^-dul-tur-ite-ness,*, I9.98,
559. The quality or state of being adulterate.
Adulteration, i-ditl-tiir-i-shun, s. The act of
corrupting by foreign mixture 5 the state of being con-
taminated.
Adulterer, i-dul-tur-ur, s, 98, The person
guilty of adultery.
Adulteress, a-dul-tur-ess, s. A woman th»t
commits adultery,
Adulterine, S-duUtur-Ine, *. 149. A child
born of an adulteress.
Adulterous, ^-dul-tur-us, a. 314, Guilty of
adultery.
Adultery, i-dul-tur-e, s, 556, Tlie act of
violating the bed of a married person.
Adumbrant, ^d-um-brint, a. That which gives
a slight resemblance.
To Adumbrate, ^d-um-brite, v. a, 91. To
shadow out, to give a slight likeness, to exhibit a faint
resemblance.
Adumbration, ^d-um-bri-shun, s. The act of
giving a slight and imperfect representation; a faint
sketch.
AdunATION, M-u-ni-shun, S, The state of being
united, union;
Aduncity, i-dun-se-te, s, 511. Crookedness,
hookedness.
Adunque, i-dungkj a,415. Crooked.
Advocacy, ^d-vo-kd-s^, s, 546, Vindication,
defence, apology.
Advocate, ^d-vS-kite, s. He that pleads the
cause of another in a court of judicature; he that
pleads any cause, in whatever manner, as a contro-
vertist or vindicator.
Advocation, 4d-v6 k5,ishun, *, Tlie office of
pleading, plea, apology.
AdVOLATION, 3id-v6-lA-shun S, The act of flying
to something.
Advolution, ^d-vi-l6-shun, *• The act of roll-
ing to something.
AdVOUTRY, Ad-vou-trci, S, 313. Adultery,
Advowee, ild-vou-ee{ s. He that has the right of
advowson.
AdvOWSON, id-vou-zun, S. 170. A right to pre-
sent to a benefice.
To Adure, i-dure{ v. n. To bum up.
13
AFF
AFr
n8r 167, ntt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— #Ain 466, this 469.
Affluency, Ar-ah-hi-si, J '■ '^''" ^'^^ "'■ ""'*"«
beri
Flowing to any part;
Affectionateness, 4f-fekishun-ite-ness, s.
Fondness, tenderness, good-will.
Affectioned, if-fek'-shund, a. 359. Affected,
conceited; inclined, mentally disposed.
Affectiously, 4f-fek-shus-l^, ad. In an affect-
ing manner.
Affective, if-fek^tiv, a. That which affects,
which strongly touches.
Affectuosity, ^f-fek-tsbi-Ss-s^-tJ, s.
Passionateness.
Affectuous, 4f-fek-tshu-us, a. 464. Full of
passion.
To AfFERE, k{-ihre', v. a. A law term, signifying
to confirm.
Affiance, if-fl-^nse, S. A marriage contract ;
trust in general, confidence j trust in the divine pro-
mises ana protection.
To Affiance, 4f-fl-inse, v. a. To betroth, to
bind any one by promise to marriage, to give con-
fidence.
Affiancer, df-fl-^n-sur, s. He that makes a con-
tract of marriage between two parties.
Affidation, Af-fJ-dii-shfin, \
Affidature, 4f-fe-d4-tshure, /
Mutual contract, mutual oath of fidelity.
Affidavit, If-fe-di-vit, *. a declaration upon
oath.
Affied, ^f-fUed, part, a. 362. Joined by con-
tract, affianced.
Affiliation, 4f-fll-lJ-A-sbun, s. Adoption.
Affinage, ^f^fe-iiilje, s. 90. The act of refining
metals by the cupel.
Affined, ;lf-fl-ned, a. 362. Related to another.
Affinity, <\f-fin-n^-t^, s, 511. Relation by mar-
riage; lelation to, connextion with.
To Affirm, 4f-.ferni{ v. n. 108. To declare, to
assert confidently, opposed to the word deny.
Affirm, if-fermj v. a. To ratify or approve a
former law, or judgement.
Affirmable, ^f-fer-m4-bl, a. That may be
affirmed.
Affirmance, ^f-fer-minse, *. Confirmation, op-
l>osed to repeal.
Affirmant, 4f-ferimint, s. The person that af-
firms.
Affirmation, slf-fer-miishun, S The act of af-
firming or declaring, opposed to negation; the position
affirmed ; confirmation, opposed to repeal.
Affirmative, ^f-fer-m^-tiv, a. 158. That affirms,
opposed to negative ; that can or may be affirmed.
Affirmatively, if-fcr^mtl-tiv-l^, ad. On the
positive side, not negatively.
Affirmer, ilf-fei-imur, S. 98. The person that
affirms.
To Affix, 4f-f1ksJ v. a. To unite to the end, to
subjoin.
Affix, 4fiflks, S. 492. A particle united to the
end of a word.
Affixion, if-flk-shun, s. Tlie act of affixing; the
state of being affixed.
AfflATION, stf-flA-sbun, S, Tlie act of breathing
ujjon any thing.
Afflatus, 4f-fliitus, S. Communication of the
power of prophecy.
To Afflict, if-flikt{ v. a. To put to pain, to
grieve, to torment.
Afflictednes.s, &f-flikited-ness, s. Sorrowful-
ness, grief.
Afflicter, Jf-flik'-tur, *. 98. The person that
afflicts.
Affliction, 4t-flikisbun, s. The cause of pain or
sorrow, calamity ; the state of sorrowfulness, misery.
Afflictive, 4f-flikitiv, a. 158. Painful, torment-
ing.
13
Affluence, ^f^flu-ense, ")
to any place, concourse ; exuberance of riches, plenty.
Affluent, if-flu-etit, a. i7i„,..:„„ . _„_*.
abundant, exuberant, wealthy.
Affluentness, ilfiflu-ent-ness, s. The quality
of bemg affluent.
Afflux, ^f-fluks, S. The act of flowing to some
place, affluence; tliat which flows to any place.
AfFLUXION, ^f-fluk-shun, s. The act of flowing
to a particular place ; that which flows from one place
to another.
To Afford, 4f-f6rd{ v. a. To yield or produce j
to grant, or confer any thing; to be able to sell; to be
able to bear expenses.
To Afforest, if-fdr'-rest, v. a. 109. 168.
To turn ground into forest.
To Affranchise, ^f-Mn-tshiz, v. a. 140.
To make free.
To Affray, ^f-frA{ v. a. To fright, to terrify.
Affray, if-frij s, A tumultuous assault of one or
more persons upon others.
Affriction, ^f-fnk^shun, s. The act of rubbing
one thing upon another.
To Affright, 4f-frlte{ v. a. To affect with fear,
to terrify.
Affright, ^f-fritej s. 393. Terror, fear.
Affrightful, If-frlte^ful, a. Full of affright or
torror, terrible.
Affrightment, if-frlteiment, s. The impression
of fear, terror; the state of fearfulness.
To Affront, ^f-fruntj v. a. 165. To meet face
to face, to encounter; to provoke by an open insult, to
olfend avowedly.
Affront, 4f-frunt| S. Insult offered to the face ;
outrage, act of contempt.
Affronter, if-frun-tur, s. 98. The person that
affronts.
Affronting, if-frun^ting, part. a. That which
has the quality of affronting.
To AffUSE, 4f-fuze{ v. a. To pour one thing
upon another.
Affusion, 4f-fiVzhun, s. The act of affusing.
To Affy, 4f-fl{ V. a. To betroth in order to
marriage.
To Affy, if-fl{ v. n. To put confidence in, to put
trust in.
Afield, i-flfeldj ad. 275. To the field.
Aflat, ^-flatj ad. Level with the ground.
Afloat, A-fliteJ ad. 295. Floating.
Afoot, tl-fi'itj ad. 307. On foot, not on horse-
back ; in action, as, a design is iifuot.
Afore, i-firej prep. Before, nearer in place to
any thing ; sooner in time.
Afore, a,-fore{ ad. In time foregone or past ; first
in the way ; in front, in the fore pait.
Aforegoing, i-f6re-g6-ing, part. a. Going
before.
AfoREHAND, i-fore^h4nd, ad. By a previous pro-
vision; provided, prepaved ; previously lilted.
Aforementioned, ^-foreimen-sbund, a. 362.
Mentioned before.
Aforenamed, ^-fore-na-nied, a. 362. Named
before.
Aforesaid, ^-fore-side, a. Said before.
Aforetime, i-fire-tlme, ad. In time past.
Afraid, i-frAde| part. a. struck with fear, ter-
rified, fearful.
Afresh, A-fresh{ ad. Anew, again.
Afront, i-frunt{ ad. 165. In front, in direct
opposition.
After, ftf-tur, prep. 98. Following in place ; in
pursuit of; behind; posterior in time 5 according to;
in imitation of.
AGG AGN
(!r^ 559. Fite 73, fSr, 77, fill 83, fXt 8 1— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
After, ^f^tur, ad. In succeeding time ; following
another.
AfterageS, JP-tur-4-jez, S. Succeeding times,
posterity.
AftekALL, 4Ptur-lll{ ad. At last, in fine, in
conclusion.
Afterbirth, iPtur-berM, s. The secundine.
Afterclap, itf^tur-klnp, S. Unexpected event,
happening after an affair -s snpposed to be at an end.
Aftercost, Af-tur-kftst, s. The expense incurred
after the original plan is executed.
Aftercrop, ii-tur-krftp, s. Second harvest.
Aftergame, ^f^tur-gAme, s. MeUiods taken after
tlie tirst turn of atfairs.
Aftermath, M'-tur-mith, S. Second crop of grass,
mown in Autumn.
Afternoon, if^tur-noon{ s. The time from the
meridian to the evening.
AfterpAINS, 4f^tur-pAnz, *. Pains after birth.
Aftertaste, ^l^tur-tAste, S. Taste remaining
upon tlie tongue after the draught.
Afterthought, ^f^tur-<Mwt, s. Reflections
after the act, expedients formed too late.
AfterTIMES, ^f^tur-tlmz, S. Succeeding times.
Afterward, if^tur-wurd, ad. 88. In succeeding
time.
Afterwit, ^f^tur-wit, s. Contrivance of expedients
after the occasion of using them is past.
Again, 4-gen5 ad. 206. A second time, once more ;
back, in restitution ; besides, in any other time or
place ; twice as much, marking the same quantity once
repeated; again and again, with frequent repetition.
(t:5- We find this word written according to the general
i)ronunciation in the Duke of Buckingham's verses to
kir. Pope :
" I little thonght of launching forth agen,
" Amidst aJyent'rom rovers of the pen."
Against, J-genst{ prep. 206. Contrary, opposite,
in general ; with contrary motion or tendency, used of
material action ; opposite to, in place; in expectation
of.
Agape, i-gapej ad. 75. staring vriUi eagerness.
— See Gape.
Agarick, ig-4-rik, S. A drug of use in physic, and
the dying trade.
AgAST, A-gist{ a. Amazed.
Agate, ig-it, s. 91. A precious stone of the
lowest class.
Agaty, ig-4-ti, a. Partaking of the nature of
agate.
7b Agaze, a-gAze{ v. a. To strike with amaze-
ment.
Age, Aje, *. Any period of time attributed to some-
thing aslhewhole,or part of its duration ; a succession
or generation of men ; the time in which any particular
man, or race of men, lived, as, the age of lieroes ; the
space of a hundred years ; the latter part of life, old
age. In law, a man of twenty-one years is at the
full age. A woman at twenty-one is able to alienate
lier lands.
Aged, A-jed, a. 363. Old, striken in years.
Agedly, A-jed-li, ad. After the manner of an
aged person.
AgeN, a-gen{ ad. 206. Again, in return.
Agency, A-jen-sJ, s. The quality of acting, the
state ot being in action j business performed by an
agent.
Agent, a-jent, a. Acting upon, active.
Agent, A-jent, S. A substitute, a deputy, a factor;
that which has the power of operating.
Aggeneration, Ad-itn-nur-A-shun, s. The state
of growing to another l>ody.
To Aggerate, Ad-jiir-Ate, v. a. To heap up.
— Ste Exagseraie.
To Agglomerate, %-glSm-mur-Ate, r. a. To
gather up in a ball, at Uuead.
14
Agglutinants, %-glu-te-nAnts, s. Those
medicines which have the power of uniting parts to
gether.
To Agglutinate, %-glu-ti-nate, v. a. To unite
one part to another.
Agglutination, ig-glii-te-nA-shun, «. Union,
coliesion.
Agglutinative, ;tg-glii-te-iia-tiv, a. 512.
Having the power of procuring agglutination.
To Aggrandize, ag-grdn-dize, v. a. 159. To
make great, to enlarge, to exalt.
Aggrandizement, Ag-gi4n-dlze-ment, *.
The state of being aggrandized. — See Academy.
Aggrandizer, Ag-grAn-dlze-ur, s. The person
that makes another great.
To Aggravate, Ig^gr^-vAte, v. a, 91. To
make heavy, in a metaphorical sense, as, to aggravate
an accusation ; to make any thing worse.
Aggravation, Ag-grA-vA-shun, s. The act of
aggravating; the circumstances which heighten guiit
or calamity.
Aggregate, Agigre-gate, a. 91. Framed by the
collection of particular parts into one mass.
Aggregate, Ag^gr^-gAte, s. The result of the
conjunction of many particulars.
To Aggregate, Ag-gre-gAte, v. a. To collect
together, to heap many particulars into one mass.
Aggregation, Ag-gr^-gA-shun, s. The act of
collecting many particulars into one whole ; thewhole
composed by the collection of many particulars ; state
of being collected.
To Aggress, Ag-gressJ v. n. To commit the first
act of violence.
Aggression, Ag-gresh-un, s. Commencement of
a quarrel by some act of iniquity.
Aggressor, Ag-gres-sur, s. 98. 418. The as-
saulter or invader, opposed to the defendant.
AgGRIEVANCE, Ag-gr^-vAnse, S. Injury, wrong.
To Aggrieve, Ag-gr^ve{ v. a. 275. To give
sorrow, to vex ; to impose, to hurt in one's right.
To Aggroup, Ag-groopJ v. a. To bring together
into one figure.
Aghast, A-gAst{ a. struck with horror, as at the
sight of a spectre.
Agile, Aj-ll, a. 140. Nimble, ready, active.
Agileness, Aj-il-ness,
Agility, A-jil-^-t^,
Nimbleness, quickness, activity.
To Agist, A-jlst{ v. a. To take in and feed the
cattle of strangers in the king's forest, and to gather
the money.
Agistment, A-jlstiment, S. Composition, or mean
rate.
Agitable, Aj-i-tA-bl, a. That which may be put
in motion.
To Agitate, Aj-J-tAte, v, a. 91. To put in
motion ; to actuate, to move ; to affect with perturba-
tion ; to bandy, to discuss, to controvert.
Agitation, Aj-i-tA-shun, *. The act of moving
anything; the state of being moved ; discussion, con-
troversial examination ; perturbation, disturbance of
the thoughts; deliberation, the state of being consulted
upon.
Agitator, Aj-J-tA-tur, s. 521. He who manages
affairs.
Aglet, Ag-let, S, A tag of a point carved into some
represcntaiion of an animal ; the pendants at the ends
of the chives of flowers.
AgmiNAL, Ag'm^-nAl, a. Belonging to a troop.
Agnail, Ag-nAle, s. A whitlow.
Agnation, Ag-nA-shun, «. Descent from the same
falliei, in a direct male line.
AgNITION, Ag-nish-uri, S. Acknowledgment.
To Agnize, Ag-nlze{ v, a. To acknowledge^ to
own.
less, J
i.511./*-
AID
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, biiU 1
Agnomination, %-nftm-m^-ni-shun, s.
Allusion of one word to another.
Agnus Castus, 4g-nus-c^^tus, s. The chaste
tree.
Ago, i-g»V ««?• Past, as, long ago ; that is, long
time has pyssed since.
Agog, 4-g6g{ ad, in a state of desire.
Agoing, k-gh-mg, ad. 410. In action.
Agone, it-ginj ad. Ago, past.
Agonism, igiA-nizm, s. 548. Contention for a
prize.
Agonistes, 4g-i-nis-tez, s. A prize-fighter, one
tliat contends at a public solemnity for a prize.
Th Agonize, ^g-6-nlze, v. n. To be in excessive
pain.
Agony, Rg-o-ni, *. 548. The pangs of death; any
violent pain of body or mind.
Agood, ^-gudj ad. In earnest.
7b Agkace, 4-griceJ v. a. To grant favours to.
AgrajjiaN, i-gra-re-^n, a. Relating to fields or
grounds.
To AgreASE, 4-greze| t;. a.To dawb, to grease.
Th Agree, ^-gr^^{ v. n. To be in concord ; to
jield to; to settle terms by stipulation; to settle a
price between buyer and seller; to be of the same
mind or opinion ; to suit with.
Agreeable, 4-grii-i-bl, a. Suitabie to, con-
sistent with; pleasing.
Agreeableness, ^-gr^^'a-bl-ness, s.
Consistency with, suitableness to; the quality of
pleasing.
Agreeably, i-gr^e-^-bl6, ad. Consistently with,
in a manner suitable to.
Agreed, ^-gre^dj pai-t. a. Settled by consert.
AgREEINGNESS, ^-gr^e-ing-ness, S. Consistence,
suitableness.
Agreement, 4-gr^4-ment, S. Concord ; resem-
blance of one thing to another; compact, bargain.
Agrestic, ^-gres-tlk, «. (From the Latin agrestis)
Belonging to the field, rude, unpolished.
Agriculture, Ag-ri-cul-tschure, s. 462.
Tillage, husbandry.
Agrimony, Sig^ri-mun-n^, g 557. The name of
a plant.
Aground, a-groundj ad, 313. stranded,
hindered by the ground from passing farther ; hindered
in the progress of alfairs.
Ague, a-gue, *. 335. An intermitting fever, with
cold fits succeeded by hot.
Agued, a-gu-ed, a. 362. 359. Stnick with the
ague, shivering.
Ague-fit, i-gue-fit, s. The paroxysm of the ague.
Ague tree, A^gue-tr^^, *. Sassafras.
Aguish, i-gu-ish, a. Having the qitaHMos of an
ague.
AgUISHNESS, i-gu-ish-ness, S. The quality of
resembling an ague.
Ah, a, int. A word noting sometimes dislike and
censure; most frequently, compassion and complaint.
Aha ! Aha ! a-ha{ int. A word intimating triumph
and contempt.
Ahead, 4-bed{ ad. Further onward than another.
Ahight, A-hke{ ad. Aloft, on high.
To All), ide, V. a. 202. To help, to support, to
succour.
Aid, ade, S. Help, support; in law, a subsidy.
Aidance, ide-ilnse, s. Help, support.
Aidant, ide^int, a. Helping, helpful.
Aid-de-camp, Ade-d^-kawngJ s. An officer who
attends the general that lias the chief command of the
army, to carry his orders to the inferior officers.
(13» This word, like most other military terms from the
French, is universally adopted, but the polite pronuncia-
16
ALA
73--oil 299— pound 3 1 3— thin 466, th is 469.
tioii of the nasal vowel in the last syllable is not to b«
attained by a mere Englishman. — See Encore.
Aider, ide-ur, *. A helper, an ally.
Aidless, Ade^less, a. Helpless, unsupported.
To Ail, ale, v. a. To pain, to trouble, to give pain-,
to aifect in any manner.
Ail, ile, s. 202. A disease.
Ailment, ale-ment, s. Pain, disease.
Ailing, ale^uig, part. a. Sickly.
To Aim, Ame, v. a. 202. To endeavour to strike
with a missile weapon ; to point the view, ordirect the
steps towards any thing ; to endeavour to reach oi
obtain ; to guess.
Aim, ame, *. The direction of a missile weapon j
the point to which the thing thrown is directed; an in-
tention, a design ; the object of a design; conjecture,
guess.
Air, are, *. 202. The element encompassing the
earth; a gentle gale; nuisic, whether light or serious;
the mien, or manner, of the person; an affected or
laboured manner or gesture; appearance.
To Air, are, v. a. Toe.\pose to the air; to take
tlie air; to warm by the tire.
Aiubladder, Are-blitd-dur, S. A bladder filled
with air.
AirDUILT, Are-bllt, a. Built in the air.
Air-drawn, ire-drawn, a. Painted in air.
Airer, Are-ur, s. 98. He that exposes to the air.
Airhole, AreMiole, s. A hole to admit air.
Airiness, Are-^-ness, s, Ex])osure to the air ;
lighiness, gayety, levity.
Airing, are^inj^, s. 410. A short jaunt.
Airless, are-less, a. Without communication with
the free air.
AIRLING, Are-hng, S. 410. A young gay person.
AiRPUMP, Are-pump, S. A machine by means of
which the air is exhausted out of proper vessels.
AiRSHAFT, Areishift, S. A passage for the air into
mines.
Airy, Are-^, a. Composed of air; relating to the
air; high in air ; light as air, unsubstantial; without
reality, vain, trifling; gay, sprightly, full of mirth,
lively, light of heart.
Aisle, lie, S. 207. The walk in a church.
Ait, Ate, S. 202. A small island in a river.
To AkE, Ake, V. n. 355. To feel a lasting pain.
Akin, A-kinJ a. Related to, allied to by blood.
Alabaster, aKa-bAs-tur, s. 98. A kind of soft
marble, easier lo cut, and less durable, than the other
kinds.
Alabaster, Al-A-bAs-tiir, a. 418. Made of
alabaster.
Alack, A-lakJ int. Alas, an expression of sorrow.
AlACKADAY, A-lAk-A-dA5 int. A word noting sor-
row and melancholy.
AlacrioUSLY, A-lak^re-us-le, ad. Cheerfully,
without dejection.
Alacrity, A-lAk-krd-t^, 5. 5)1. Cheerfulness,
sprightliness, gayety.
Alamode, Al-a-mode{ ad. According to the
fashion.
Aland, A-lAndJ ad. At land, landed.
Alarm, a-larin{ *. A cry by which men are sum-
moned to their arms ; notice of any danger approach-
ing; a species of clock ; any tumult or disturbance.
To Alarm, A-la.rm{ v. a. To call to arms ; to
surprise with the apprehension of any danger; to
disturb.
AlarmbeLl., A-larm-bell, s. The bell that la
rung to give the alarm.
Alarming, i-lAr-ming, part. a. Terrifying,
awakening, surprising.
Alarmpost, A-larmipSst, s. Tlie post appointed
to each body of men to appear at>
ALE ALI
(»• 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fk 81— m^93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 163, move 1G4,
A woman that keeps an
Alas, a-lassj int. A word expressing lamentation' ;
a word of pity.
Alate, i-late{ ad. Lately.
Alb, ^Ib, s. A surplice.
Albeit, al-be-it, ad. 84. Altliough, "notwitli-
standing.
AlbugiNEOUS, Al-bu-jin-^-US, a. Resembling an
albugo.
Albugo, 4l-bu-gi, S. 84. A disease in tlie eye,
by wliicli the corner contracts a whiteness.
Alcahest, ^1-ki-hest, S. 84. An universal dis-
solvent.
Alcaid, 4l-l<4je| $. 84. The government of a
castle ; in Spain, the judge of a city.
Alcanna, 4l-k4n^ni, s. 84. An Egyptian plant
used in dying.
Alchymical, il-kimime-k4l, a. Relating to
alchymy.
Alchymically, Jl-kira-mJ-k^l-1^, orf. In the
manner of an alcliymist.
AlchymisT, A^l-k^-imst, S. 84. One who pur-
sues or professes the science of alchymy.
Alchymy, il-ke-mJ, s. 84. The more sublime
cliymistry, which proposes the transmutation of
metals ; a kind of mixed metal used for spoons.
Alcohol, ^l-k6-h6l, *. 84. A high rectified spirit
of wine.
Alcoholization, iKki-hftl-e-ziishun, *. The
act of alcoholizing or rectifying spirits.
To Alcoholize, ;\Uko-h6-llze, v. a. To rectify
spirits till they are wholly dephlegmated.
Alcoran, 4l-k6-r<^n, s. 84. The book of the
Mahometan precepts, and credenda ; now more pro-
perly called the Koran.
Alcove, il-kove{ s, A recess, or part of a cham-
ber, separated by an estrade, in which is placed a bed
of state.
Alder, al-dur, S. 84. A tree having leaves re-
sembling those of the hazel.
Aldekmav, al-dur-mc\n, s. The same as senator,
a governor or magistrate.
AldermANLV, a.V-dur-min-\k, ad. Like an alder-
man.
Aldern, Sl'-durn, a. 84. 555. Made of alder.
Ale, ale, S. A liquor made by infusing malt in liot
water, and then fermenting tlie liquor.
AleBERRY, Ale-ber-r^, S. A beverage made by
boiling ale with spice and sugar, and sops of bread.
Alebrewer, dleibroo-ur, S. One that professes
to brew ale.
Aleconner, ile-kSn-nur, s. An officer in the
city of London to inspect the measures of public
houses.
Alecost, ale-kSst, s. An lierb.
Alectryomancy, i-lekiti'e-i-m4n-s6, s. 519.
Divination by a cock.
Alectryomachy, i-lfck-tre-om-^-k^, s. 518.
Cockfighting.
Alegar, ^1-le-gur, s. 98. 418. Sour ale.
AleHOOF, ale-hoof, *. Ground ivy.
Alehouse, Ale-hoiise, s. A tippiing-house.
Alehousekeeper, aleMioiise-ke-pur, s. He
that keeps aio piiblicly to sell.
Alernigh T, ale-nlte, s. A pot companion, a
tipjilcr. Obsolete.
Alembick, A-lem-bik, *. A vessel used in dis-
tilling.
Alength, ^-leng^/t{ ad. At full length.
Alert, i-lert{ a. Watchful, vigilant ; brisk, pert,
petulant.
Alertness, ^-lert-nuss, ». The quality of being
alert, peitness.
Alewashed, aleivvusht, a. 359. Soaked in ale.
16
Algebraical, ^l-je-bra-^-kil, ") a.
Algebraick, il-je-bnUik, J
s.
Alewife, Ale-wife,
alehouse.
Alexanders, iUlegz-AniJurz, s. The name of
a plant.
Alexander's Foot, JUlegz4nidurz-fut,' s.
478. The name of an herb.
Alexandrine, ^l-legz-^n^drin, s. 1 50. A kind
of verse borrowed from the French, first used in a
poem called Alexander. This verse consists of twelve
syllables.
ALEXiPHARfiiCK, il-lek-se-far^mik, a. That
which drives away poison, antidotal.
Alexiterical, ^-lek-se-ter^re-kal, 509.")
Alexiterjck, ^-lek-se-ter-nk, J ''•
That which drives away poison.
AlgateS, aKgates, ad. On any terms ; althougli.
Obsolete.
Algebra, il-je-br^, s. 84. A pecidiar kind of
arithmetic.
Relating to
algebra.
Algebraist, ^1-je-bra-lSt, s, A person that un-
derstands or practises the science of algebra.
Algid, ^1-jid, a. 84. Cold, chili.
Algidity, ^l-jid^de-te, s. 511. Chiincss, cold.
Algific, ^1-jlf^flk, a. 509. That which produces
cold.
AlGOR, dKgor, S. 418. Extreme cold, chilness,
(KJ" The 0 in the last syllable of this word escapes
being pronounced like u from its being Latin, and seldom
used.
Algorism, itl'-gi-nzm, 557.1
Algorithm, ^1-gS-n^^m, j
Arabic words used to imply the science of numbers.
Alias, i-l^-^S, ad. A Latin word, signifying otlier-
wise.
Alible, <4l-4-bl, a. 405. Nutritive, nourishing.
Alien, Ale^yen, a. 505. Foreign, or not of the
same family or land; estranged from, not allied to.
Alien, he'-ym, s. 113. 283. A foreigner, not a
denison, a stranger; in law, an alien is one born in a
strange country, and never enfrancliised.
Alienable, ale-yen-i-bl, a. That of which the
l)roperty may be transferred.
To Alienate, ale^yen-Ate, v. a. To transfer the
property of any thing to another; to withdraw the
heart or affections.
(fc5» There is a strong propensity in undisciplined
speakers to pronounce this word with the accent on e
in the penultimate; but this cannot be too carefully
avoided, as all the compounds of aiien have invariably
the accent on the first syllable. But whether the n in
this syllabic bo long or short, is a dispute among our best
orth6epists. Mr. I'erry, Mr. Buchanan, W.Johnston,
Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Elphinstone, join it with the con-
sonant, and make it short ; but Mr. Sheridan separates i.
from the I. and makes it long and slender: and though
Mr. Elpliinstone's opinion has great weight with me, yet
I here join with Mr. Sheridan against them all ; not
only because I judge his pronunciation of this word the
most agreeable to the best usage, hut because it is agree-
able loan evident rule which 'engtlieos every vowel with
the accent on it, except t when followed by a single con-
sonant and a diphthong. See Principles, No. 505. 534.
O ! alletmte from Heav'n, O sp'rit accurst !"
Milton's Par. Lost, h. c. 877.
Alienate, ileiyen-ilte, a. Withdrawn fron\
stranger to.
Alienation, Ale-yen-a-shun, *. The act of trans-
ferring property; the state of being alienated; change
ofatlectioii.
To Alight, ;t-llte5 v. n. To come dov^-n; to fall
upon.
Alike, a-llRoJ ad. With resemblance, in the same
manner.
Aliment, ilKle-ment, «. Nourishment, nutriment,
food.
Alimental, ^l-le-men^tal, a. Thatwhicli has the
quality of aliment, that which nourishes.
ALL
nSr 167, n6t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 1
Alimentariness, ^-li-men-ti-re-ness, s. The
quality of being alimentary.
Alimentary, ^l-l^-menit^-r5, a. Belonging to
aliment; having the power of nourishing.
Alimentation, il-l^-men-ti-shun, s.
The quality cf nourishing.
AlIMONIOUS, il-l^-mi-n^-US, a. Nourishing.
Alimony, al-le-mun-nl, *. 556. Legal proportion
of the husband's estate, which, by the sentence of the
ecclesiastical court, is allowed to the wife, upon the
account of separation. — See Domestic.
Aliquant, AKl^-kwftnt, a. Parts of a number,
which will never make upthe number exactly : as, 3 is
an aliquant of 10, thrice 3 being 9, four times 3 making
1-2.
Aliquot, ill-l^-qwftt, a. Aliquot parts of any
number or quantity, such as will exactly measure it
without any remainder : as, 3 is an aliquot part of li.
Alisii, Ale-ish, a. Resembling ale.
Alive, 4-lIveJ a. In the state of life ; not dead;
unextinguished, undestroyed, active; cheerful,
sprightly: it is used to add emphasis; as, the best man
alive,
Alkahest, iKki-best, s. 84. An universal dis-
solvent, a liquor.
Alkalescent, ^l-ki-les^sent, a. That which has
a tendency to the properties of an alkali.
Alkali, Al-ki-1^, S. 84. Any substance, which,
when mingled with acid, produces fermentation.
Alkaline, Jl-ki-lin, a. 150. That which has
the qualities of alkali.
To Alkalizate, il-kil-li-zite, v, a. To make
alkaline.
Alkalizate, Al-kill-li-zite, a. Having the
qualities of alkali.
Alkalization, 4l-k;t-li-zA-sbun, s. The act of
alkalizatine.
AlKANET, al-kd-net, s. The name of a plant.
AlkEKENGI, Al-ki-keil-j4,#.The wint?r cherry, a
genus of plants.
Alkermes, ^l-keKmJz, s. A confection whereof
the kermes berries are the basis.
All, all, a. 77. The whole number, every one; the
whole quantity, every part.
All, all, *. The whole ; every thing.
All, Ml, arf. Quite, completely; altogether, wholly.
All-EEARING, idl-ba-nng, a. Omniparous.
All-cheering, all-tshe-nng, a. Tliat which
gives gayety to all.
All-conquering, Ill-kong-kSr-ing, a. 334.
Subduing every thing.
All-devouring, ?lll-d5-vour-iiig, a. Eating
up every thing,
All-fours, lU-forzJ s. A low game at cards,
played by two.
All-hail, all-bi\le{ *. and int. All heoith.
All-HALLOWN, all-bal-lun, s. The time about
All-saints day.
All-HALLOWTIDE, all-liil-li-tlde, s. The term
near All-saints, or llie first of November.
All-heal, all-h^lc, *. a species of iron-wort.
All-judging, all-judijing, a. Having the
sovereign right of judgement.
All-knowing, all-no'-iiig, a. Omniscient, all-
wise.
All-seeing, Rll-see-ing, a. Beholding every
thing.
All Souls Day, all-silz-dA,' s. The day on
which supplications are made for all souls by the
church of Konie, the second of November.
All-sufficient, ^ll-suf-f1sh-ent, a. Sufficient
to any thing.
All-wise, alL-wIzeJ a. Possest of iuftnite wisdom.
17
ALL
73— oil 299— pSund 313— <Ain 466, this 469.
To Allay, Jl-lAj v. a. To mix one metal with
another, to make it fitter for coinage ; to join any
thing to another, so as to abate its qualities ; ta quiet,
to pacify, to repress.
Allay, Al-lA,' S. 329. The metal of a baser kind
mixed in coins, to harden them, that they may wear
less ; any thing which, being added, abates the predo-
minant qualities of that with which it is mingled.
Allayer, ;tl-lA-ur, S. The person or thing which
has the power or quality of allaying.
Allayment, il-la-ment, s. Thai which has the
power of allaying.
Allegation, il-l^-gi-shun, S. Affirmation, de-
claration; the thing alleged or affirmed ; an excuse, a
plea.
To Allege, 3.1-ledje{ v. a. To affirm, to declare,
to maintain ; to plead as an excuse or argument.
Allegeable, il-ledjei^-bl, a. That may be
alleged.
Allegement, Jl-ledj eminent, s. The same witlt
allegation.
Alleger, il-ledjeiur, S. He that alleges.
Allegiance, ^l-leijSnse, s. The duty of subjects
to the government.
AllegiaNT, Al-l^ijint, a. Loyal, conformable to
the duty of allegiance.
Allegorick, ^l-le-g8r-rik, a. Not real, not
literal.
Allegorical, 4l-l^-gSrir5-k^, a. in the form
of an a"egory, not literal.
Allegorically, 4l-l^-g6r-r5-kj\l-l6, ad. Aftei
an allegorical manner.
To Allegorize, ^V-l^-sh-rlze, v. a. To turi\
into allegory, to form an allegory.
Allegory, itUl^-g5r-r^, s. 557. a figurative
discourse, in which something is intended that is not
contained in the words literally taken.
Allegro, il-le^gri, S. A word denoting in music
a sprightly motion. It originally means gay, as iii
Milton.
AllelujaH, ^l-l^-lu-y4, S. A word of spiritual
exultation ; Praise God.
To Alleviate, i\-ll-'-\^-ite,v. a. 91. To make
light, to ease, to softcti.
Alleviation, 4l-l4-v^-i-shun,5, Theactof making
light; that by wnicn any paiu Is eased, or fault ex-
tenuated.
Alley, il-l5, S. 270. a walk in a garden ; a
passage in towns, narrower than a street.
Alliance, ^1-imnse, s. Tlie state of connexion
with another by confederacy, a league; relation by
marriage ; relation by any form of kindred ; tiie
persons allied to each other.
Alliciency, ^-lish'yen-si, s. 113. The power
of attracting.
To Alligate, alil^-gite, v. a. 91. To tie one
thing to another.
Alligation, ;ll-l5-gA-shun, s. The act of tying
together; the arithmetical rule that teaches to adjust
the price of compounds, formed of several ingredients
of different value.
Alligator, ill-l^'-gjlitur, s. 521. The crocodile.
Tliis name is chiefly used for the crocodile of America.
AlliSION, ill-lizb^un, S, The act of striking one
thing against another.
Alliteration, 4l-lit-er-i^sbun, *. The begin-
ning two or more words with the same letter to give
them a sort of rhyming consonance somewhat similar
to the termination of the adjective ar.d substantive jix
Latin ; and used by the best writers.
" The bookfiil blockhead ignorantly read,
" With loads of learned lumber in his head." — P<^e.
Allocation, Sl-li-kiisbun, s. The act of putting
one thing to another ; the admission of an article in
reckoning, and addition of it to the account.
Allocution, :\l-lo~ku'-sbun, s. The act of speak-
in to another.
c
ALM ALT
»3. 559. FAte73, f^rTT, f^ll83, fit 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 1G2, move 164,
Omnipotence,
Allodial, A.l-l6-d4-3.1, a. Not feudal, independent.
Allodium, il-li-d^-um, S. Possession held in
absolute independence, without any acknowledgment
of a lord paramount. There are no allodial lands in
England.
Allonge, il-lundje{ s. 165. A pass or thrust
with a rapier.
• 3'o AlLOO, il-loo5 V. a. To set on, to incite.
Alloquy, JUli-kw5, S. The act of 8i>eaking to
another.
To Allot, il-lSt{ v. a. To distribute by lot ; to
grant; to distribute, to give each his share.
Allotment, il-lSt-ment, s. The part, the share.
Allottery, il-liti^tur-^, s. 555. That which is
granted to any in a distribution.
To Allow, il-louj v. a. To admit ; to grant, to
yield; to permit; to give to; to pay to; to make
abatement.
Allowable, 3)-loo-i-bl, a. That which may be
admitted without contradiction, lawful, not forbidden.
Allow ABi eness, sll-lou-i-bl-ness, s. Lawftil-
ness, exemption from prohibition.
Allowance, Jl-lou-4nse, *. Sanction, licence ;
permission ; an appointment for any use, abatement
from the strict rigour; a sum granted weekly, or yearly,
as a stipend.
Alloy, il-loi{ S. 329. Baser metal mixed in coin-
age; abatement, diminution.
To Allude, M-liide{ v. n. To have some reference
to a thing, without the direct mention
Alluminor, il-lu'mi-nur, *. One who colours
or paints upon paper or parchment.
To AlLURE, il-lurej v. a. To entice to any thing.
Allurement, 4l-lire-ment, s. Enticement
temptation.
AllLRER, 4l-liJ-rur, S. 98. Enticer, inveigler.
Alluringly, il-luinng-le, ad. In an alluring
manner, enticingly.
Alluringness, M-lir-ing-nes, s. Enticement,
temptation by proposing pleasure.
Allusion, il-lu-zhun, S. A hint, an implication.
Allusive, il-li-siv, a. 158. 428. Hinting at
something.
Allusively, ll-li-siv-lJ, ad. in an allusive
manner.
Allusiveness, il-lu^siv-nes, S. The quality of
being allusive.
Alluvion, il-lu-ve un, S. The carrying of any
thing to something else by the motion of the water;
the thing carried by water.
To Ally, tll-ll| v. a. To unite by kindred, friend-
ship, or confederacy ; to make a relation between two
things.
Ally, Hl-llj S. One united to some other by marriage,
friendship, or confederacy. — See Survey.
^t^• A few years ago there was an affectation of pro-
Bouncing this word, when a noun, with the accent on
the first syllable; and this had an appearance of pre-
cision from the general custom of accenting nouns in
this manner, when the same word, as a verb, had the
accent on the last, 49a : but a closer inspection into the
analogies of the language showed this pronunciation to
be improper, as it interfered with an universal rule,
which was, to pronounce the y like e in a final unaccent-
ed syllable. l!ut whatever was the reason of this novelty,
it now seem.* to have subsided ; and this word is ge-
nerally pronounced witn the accent on u\e second syl-
lable, as it U uniformly marked by all the orthOepists in
our language.
AlMACANTER, il-mj-kin-tur, S. A circle drawn
parallel to the horizon.
Almacanter's Staff, il-mi-k4u-t?irz-st4f^ s.
An instrum.-;nt used to take observations of the sun,
about the time of its rising and setting.
Almanack, 3.KmJ-n^k, s. 84. a calendar.
Almandive, il^miii-tilne, 5. 149. A ruby,
coarser and lighter than the oriental -
18
Almightiness, al-iuUte-nes, *.
one of the attributes of God.
Almighty, al-mUt^, a. 84. 406. Of unlimited
power, omnipotent.
Almond, A^mund, *. 40 1 . The nut of the almond
tree.
Almond Tree, a-mund-tr^^, *. It has leaves
and flowers very like those of the peach tree.
Almonds, a^mundz, s. The two glands of the
throat J the tonsils.
Almoner, ^Kmun-ur, t. 84. Tiie officer of
prince, employed in the distribution of charity.
Almonry, al^mun-r^, S. The place where alms
are distributed.
Almost, aKmist, ad. 84. Nearly, well nigh.
Alms, Sraz, s. 403. What is given in relief of the
poor,
Almsbasket, amz^b^s-kit, *. The basket in which
provisions are put to be given away.
AlMSDEED, amz-de^d, S. A charitable gift.
Almsgiver, imz^giv-ur, s. He that supports
others by his charily.
Almshouse, amz^house, s. An hospital for the
poor.
Almsman, anz-man, s. A man who lives upon
alms.
Almug-TREE, il-mug-tre^, S. A tree mentioned
in scripture.
AlNAGEH, iKn^-jur, *. 88. A measurer by the
ell ; a sworn officer, whose business formerly was to
inspect the assize of wotiUen cloih.
AlNAGR, ^UnAje, S. 90. Ell measure.
Alnight, ^1-nke, s. Alnight is a great cake of wax,
with the wick in tlie midst.
Aloes, al-oze, *. A precious wood used in the east
for perf'imcs, of which tlie best sort is of higher price
than gold ; a tree which grows in hot countries ; a me-
dicinal ji ice extracted from the common aloes tree.
C3- This word is divided into three syllables by Mr.
Sheridan, and but into two by Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry,
Mr. Scott, and W. Johnston. Tlie latter is, in my opi-
nion, prefeiable. My reason is, that though this plural
word is perfectly Latin, and in that language is pro-
nounced in three syllables ; yet as we have the singular
aloe in two syllables, we ought to form the plural accord-
ing to our own analogy, and pronounce it in two syllables
likewise. — See Aiitijwdes.
Aloetical, il-i-et-^-k^l, a.
of aloes.
Aloft, |-l6ftj ad On high, in Uie air.
Aloft, 4-ltiftJ prep. Above.
AlOGY, al-o-je, .9. Unreasonableness ; absurdity.
Alone, 4-lone{ a. 545. single ; without company,
solitary.
Along, 4-l6ng{ ad. At length ; through any space
measured lengthwise ; forward, onward; in company
with.
Aloof, i-loofj ad. At a distance.
Aloud, i-loudj ad. Lo«dly, with a great noise.
Alow, a-luj ad. In a low place, not aloft.
Alpha, iV-fK, s. 84. 545. The first letter in the
Greek alphabet, answering to our A ; tiieiefore used to
signify the first.
Alphabet, il-f4-bet, *. The letters, or elemenU
of speech.
Alphabetical, il-fi-bet^t^-kil, a. According
to the series of letters.
Alphabetically, ^l-M-bet^-ti-kHl-l^, ad.
According to the order ol tlie letters.
to the Alps.
At this present
time ; before the present.
Als, als, ad. Also.
Also, a.1' sA, ad, 84, In the same manner, likewise.
Altar, al'-t&r, *. 84, 98. The plaoe where offer-
Consisting chiefly
Alpine, &['-mn, a. 140. Belonging
Already, al-redWe, ad. 84. A
ALT
AMA
nor 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil299— pound313— «Mn466,THiS4fi9.
ings to heaven are laid ; the table in christian churches
where the communion is administered.
Altarage, al-tur-aje, s. 90. An emolument
from oblations at the altar.
Altar-cloth, al-tur-clSM, *. The cloth thrown
over the altar in churches.
To Alter, il-tur, v. a. 418. To change, to make
otherwise, than it is.
7b Alter, il-tur, v. n. To become otherwise than
it was, to be changed, to suffer change.
Alterable, lUtur-i-bl, a. That may be altered
or changed.
AlteRABLENESS, al-tur-J-bl-neSS, *. The quality
of being alterable.
Alterably, aUtur-4-bl4, ad. In such a manner
as may be altered.
Alterant, ll^tur-4nt, a. 555. That which has
the power of producing changes.
Alteration, Hl-tur-A-shun, *. The act of altering
or changing ; the change made.
Alterative, ^itur-i-tiv, a. Medicines called
alterative, are such as have no immediate sensible
operation, but gradually gain upon the constitution.
Altercation, ll-tur-kiishun, *. 84. Debate,
Controversy.
03- The first syllable of this word, and of the sixteen
that follow it, except although, are subject to a double
pronunciation, between which it is not very easy to de-
cide. There is a general rule in the language, that I,
followed by another consonant, gives the preceding a its
broad sound, as in salt. This rule is subject to several
exceptions, 84; and if we take in these words into the
exceptions, there is some doubt of the exception s be-
coming the general rule. But the a in question is now
so generally pronounced, as in the first syllable of alley,
vallej/, &c. that we should risk the imputation of inaccu-
racy to sound it otherwise. Mr. Sheridan, Pr. Kenrick,
and Mr. Scott, are uniformly for this fourth sound of a.
Mr. Perry marks all with the same sound, except alter-
cate and altercation; and W.Johnston has only the words
uliercation and alternative, which he pronounces with
the third sound. It is certain that this sound of a was
the true Angto-saxon sound, and it is highly probable
that the fourth sound has only obtained within ttiese few
years, in words obviously derived from the Latin as these
are; but there seems to be agrossness in one sound, and
a neatness in the other, which has so decidedly given one
of them the preference.
AlteRN, &-tern{ a. 84. 98. Acting by turns.
Alternacy, 4l-terini-s4, *. 84. Action per-
formed by turns.
Alternate, Itl-terinite, a. 91. Being by turns,
reciprocal.
To Alternate, 4l-ter^nite, v. a. 91. To per-
form alternately; to change one thing for another
reciprocally.
Alternately, ^-ter^nite-li, ad. in reciprocal
succession.
Alternateness, 4l-terinite-nes, *. Tlie quality
of being alternate.
Alternation, il-tur-nAUhun, s. 555. Tiie re-
ciprocal succession of things.
Alternative, Jl-terin^-tlv, s. 158. Tlie choice
given of two things, so that if one be rejected, the
other must be taken.
Alternatively, lll-terini-tiv-li, ad By turns,
• reciprocally.
Alternativeness, il-terini-tiv-nes, *. The
quality or state of being alternative. — Seer Altercation.
AlterNITY, ll-ter^n^-ti, s. 98. Reciprocal suc-
cession, vicissitude.
Although, al-TniJ conj. 84. Notwithstanding,
however.
Altiloquence, M-txl^li-kwense, *. 98.
Pompous language.
Altimetry, 4l-timiini-tr^, s. 518. The art of
taking or measuring altitudes or heights.
Altisonant, 4l-t1s^s6-n^nt, a. 518. Hlijh
sounding, pompous in sound.
Altitude, iUti-tiide, *. Height of place, apace
tnea«ured upward ; the elevation of any of the heaven-
19
ly bodies above the horizon ; situation with regard to
lower things ; height of excellence ; highest point.
Altogether, il-ti-geTH-ur, ad. Completely,
without restriction, without exception.
AlUDEL, al-i-del, *. Aludels are subliming pots
used in chymistry, fitted into one another without
luting.
Alum, il-Ium, S. A kind of mineral salt, of an
acid taste.
Alum-stone, il-lum-stone, s. a stone or calx
used in surgery.
Aluminous, 4l-lu^mi-nus, a. Relating to alum,
or consisting of alum.
Always, iUwAze, ad. 84. Perpetually, through
out all time; constantly, without variation.
Am, 4m. The first person of the verb To be.
AmABILITY, 4m-4-blIi4-t^, *. 511. 627. Love-
liness.
Amadetto, 4m-l-detit6, "I _.„
Amadot, am'-i-d$t, / *• ^^^- ^ ^" '^^ P^^"-'
Amain, 4-m4ne{ ad. With vehemence, with vigour.
Amalgam, 4-mil-g4m, ") •
Amalgama, 4-m4l-g4-in4, J *'
The mixture of metals procured by amalgamation.
Amalgamation, 4-m4l-g4-m;Vshun, *. 84,
The act or practice of amalgamating metals. — See
Alteration.
To Amalgamate, 4-m4l-e4-inite, v. a.
To unite metals with quicksilver.
Amandation, 4n]-4n-d4i^sbun, *. 527. The ac»
of sending on a message.
Amanuensis, 4-ni4n-u-en-sis, *. a person who
writes what another dictates.
Amaranth, im^i-rdllM, S. The name of a plant-
in poetry, an imaginary flower unfading.
Amaranthine, Am-k-rkn'-thlu, a. 150.
Consisting of amaranths.
03- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Perry, pro-
nounce the t in the last syllable of this word shoit, as it
is here marked.
Amaritude, l-m4rir4-tude, s. 81. Bittemew.
To Amass, 4-m4s' v. a. To collect together into
one heap or mass ; to add one thing to another.
Amassment, 4-m4siment, s. a heap, an accumu-
lation.
(t5- This word is spelled with one s by Dr. Johnson,
but undoubtedly ought to have double t as well as cess-
ment, embosimenf, and embarrassment.
To Am ATE, A-mAtef v. a. To terrify, to strike nrith
horror.
Amateur, 4m-4-tireJ S. A lover of any particular
art or science; not a professor.
(K?- As this is a Frenoh word, it will be expected that
every polite speaker should give the last syllable the
French sound ; that wliich I have given, though not the
exact pronunciation, approaches nearest to it.
AmatoriAL, im-4-tiir^-4i, a. Concerning love.
Amatory, imi4.-tur-ri, a, 512. 555. Relating
to love.
Amaurosis, 4in-^u-r&-sis, s. 520. A dimness of
sight, not from any visible defect in the eye, but from
some distemperature in the inner parts, occasioning
the representations of flies and dust float inir before the
eyes.
To Amaze, H-mizeJ v. a. To confuse with teiror j
to put into confusion with wonder ; to put into per-
plexity.
Amaze, i-mize^ s. AstonUtiment,conAision, either
of fear or wonder.
Amazedly, Itrxai-ezd-lkf ad. 364. Confusedly,
with amazement.
Amazedness, i-mi^zed-nes, s. 365. The state
of being amazed, wonder, confusion.
Amazement, 4-mizeiment, s. Confused appre-
hension, extreme fear, horror ; extreme dejection j
height of admiration ; wonder at an unexpected event.
Amazing, k-mk-zlng, part. a. "Wonderful,
astonishing.
AMB
AME
559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, ^t 81— mc 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164
AmBLINGLY, imibling-le, ad. With an ambling
movement.
Ambrosia, tm-hrh'-zhh-K, s. 505. The imaginary
food of the gods ; the name of a plant.
Ctj" Mr. Sheridan has pronounced this and the follow,
ing word am-6ro-sAa and am-bro-shal. Dr. Kenrlck has
divided them into the same number of syllables, but has
given the s the flat aspiration, like zh. That this is the
true sound, see letter S. No. 453 ; and that these words
ought to be divided into four syllables, see Syllabication,
No. i42, 543.
Ambrosial, ^m-broizhJ-Jl, a. Partaking of the
nature or quality of ambrosia ; delicious.
Ambry, im-bre, S. The place where alms arc dis-
tributed ; the place where plate, and utensils for house-
keeping, are kept.
Ambs-ace, amz-ase{ s. 347. A double ace, aces.
Ambulation, ^m-bu-lA-shun, s. The act of
walking.
Ambulatory, ^mibu-]^-tur-re, a, 512.
Having the power or faculty of walking.
Ambury, .W^bu-r^, *. A bloody wart on a horse's
body.
Ambuscade, ^m-biis-kadej s. A private station
in which men lie to surprise others.
Ambuscado, Am-bus-ka^di, s. 77. A private
post, in order to surprise.
Ambush, Am-biish, s, 175. The post where
soldiers or assassins are placed in order to fall unex-
pectedly upon an enemy ; the act of surprising another,
by lying in wait; the state of lyir.g in wait.
Ambushed, imibush-ud, «. 359. Placed in
ambush.
Ambush MENT, itmibush-ment, s. Ambush,
surprise.
Ambustion, Jrn-busitshun, s. 464. A bum,
a scald.
Amazingly, 4-ma.-2ing-l^, ad. To a degree that
may excite astonishment.
Amazon, Jm-H-zun, S. 166. The Amazons were
a race of women famous for valour; a virago.
CO" This word has the accent on the first syllable, con-
trary to the Latin original, which has it on the second ;
while the following word Ambages has the same penulti-
mate accent, as in Latin.
Ambages, am-bA-jez, s. 503. A circuit of words,
a multiplicity of words.
AmeaSSADE, ilm-bis-sade{ S, Embassy. Not in
use.
Ambassador, Sm-bls-s^-dur, s. 418. A person
sent in a public manner from one sovereign power to
another. — See Honour.
Ambassadrfss, ^m-kts^s^-dres, s. The lady of
an ambassador ; a woman sent on a message.
Ambassage, Itm-bfc-saje, s. 90. An embassy.
Amber, im-bur, *. 98. A ycUow transparent sub-
stance of a gummous or bituminous consistence.
Amber, ^ra-bur, a. Consisting of amber.
Ameer-drink, Jm-bur-dnnk, s. Drink of the
colour of amber.
Ambergris, tm-bur-grese, s. 112. A fragrant
drug that melts almost like wax, used both as a per-
fume and a cordial.
Amber-seed, ^m-bur-seed, s. Musk. seed; it
resembles millet.
Amber-tree, ^m-bur-tree, s. A shrub whose
beauty is in its small evergreen leaves.
Ambidexter, ^m-be-dex-ter, s. A man who has
equally the use of both his hands; a man who is
equally ready to act on either side in party disputes.
Ambidexterity, ^m-bl-dex-ter-re-te, *.
The quality of being able equally to use both hands;
double dealing.
Ambidextrous, ^m-bJ-dex-trns, a. Having,
with equal facility, the use of either hand; double
dealing, practising on both sides.
Ambidextrousness, ftm-bi-dex-trus-nes, s.
The quality of being ambidextrous.
Ambient, imibc-ent, a. Surrounding,
sing.
Ambigu, ^m-be-^, S. An entertaiiunent consisting
of a medley of dishes.
Ambiguity, Am-b4-gu^^-t5, s. Doubtfulness of
meaning; uncertainty of signification.
Ambiguous, ^m-big-u-us, a. Doubtful, having
two meanings ; using doubtful expressions.
Ambiguously, im-big-u-iis-le, ad. In an am-
biguous manner, doubtfully.
Ambiguousness, Sm-big-u-us-nes, s.
Uncertainty of meaning; duplicity of signification.
Ambilogy, ;tm-bil-lo-j^, s. ^518. Talk of am-
biguous signification.
Ambiloquo'us, 5m-biKl5-kwus, a. 518, Using
ambiguous expressions.
AmBILOQUY, ^m-bll-i-kwe, S. 518. Ambiguity
of expression.
Ambit, ^m-blt, S. The compass or circuit of any
thing.
Ambition, ^m-blsh-un, *. 507. The desire of
preferment or honour ; the desire of any thing great or
excellent.
Ambitious, 4in-bislx-us, a. 459. Seized or
touched with ambiiion, desirous of advancement,
aspiring.
Ambitiously, am-blsh^us-le, ad. With eagerness
of advancement or preference.
^MBITIOUSNESS, am-blsh'-US-UeS, S. The quality
of being ambitious.
Ambitude, jlm^bJ-tude, s. 463. Compass,
circuit.
To Amble, cW^bl, v. n. 405. To move upon
an amble, to pace ; to move easily ; to walk daintily.
Amble, ;tm-bl, s. 405. An easy pace.
Ambler, iiu-blur, s. 98. A pacer.
20
encompas-
Amel, ^m-mel, S. The matter with which the
variegated works are overlaid, which we called en-
amelled.
Amen, a-menj ad. A term used in devotions, by
which, at the end of a prayer, we mean, so be it; at
the end of a creed, so it is.
03" This is the only word in the language that has ne-
necessarily two consecutive accents. — See Principles,
No. 491.
Amenable, i-me-ni-bl, a. 405. Responsible,
subject so as to be liable to account.
-AmeNANCE, 4-m^-nSnse, S. Conduct, behaviour.
To Amend, ^.-mendl v. a. To correct, to change
any thing that is wrong ; to reform the life ; to restore
passages in writers which the copiers are supposed to
have depraved.
To Amend, a-meud{ v. n. To grow better.
Amendment, a-mendiment, s. A change from
bad for the better; reformation of life; recovery of
health ; in law, the correction of an error committed
in a process.
Amender, S-men-dur, s. 98. Tlie person that
amends any thing.
Amends, a-inends{ s. Recompense, compensation.
Amenity, a-men-ne-t^, *. 511. Agreeabieness
of situation.
To Amerce, ^-mersej v. a. To punish with a fine
or penalty.
Amercer, i-murisur, s. 98. He that sets a fine
upon any misdemeanor.
Amercement, a-merse^ment, s. The pecuniary
punishment <.>f an offender.
Ames-ACE, Amz-<ice{ s. Two aces thrown at the
s;ime time on two dice.
Amethodical, ^-mh-thid!-k-\i&\, a. Out ol
method, irregular.
Amethyst, Km-^-f}i\st, s. A precious stone of a
violet colour, bordering on purple.
Amethystine, km-h-thh-tin, a, 140,
Resembling an amethyst,
AMP
AN
n3r 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— </an 4G6, mis i69.
Amiable, ^-me-^-bl, a. 405. Lovely, pleasing,
worthy to be loved ; pretending love, sliowing love.
AmiableNESS, ^-rae-a-bl-nes, S. Loveliness,
power of raising love.
Amiably, a-m^-^-bl5, ad. In such a manner as to
excite love.
Amicable, im-mi-kH-bl, a. 405. Friendly,
kind.
Amicableness, imim^-ki-bl-nes, s. Friendii-
ness, good-will.
Amicably, ^m^e-kl-bll, ad. In a friendly way.
Amice, im-mis, S. 142. The first or undermost
part of a priest's habit.
Amid, i-mid{ \ , .
, 4 2i .# fprep. In the midst, middle;
Amidst, a-midst; J ^ ^
mingled with, surrounded by ; among.
Amiss, i-mis{ ad. Faultily, criminally ; wrong,
not according to the perfection of the thing; impaired
in liealtli.
Amission, i-mish-un, s. Loss.
To Amit, 4-mit{ V. a. To lose.
Amity, Am-me-ti, 5. 511. Friendship.
Ammoniac, 4m-m6-ne-ik, s. 505. A gum;
a salt.
Ammoniacal, ira-mi-nUi-kil, a. 506. Having
the nature of ammoniac salt.
Ammunition, ^in-mi-msh^un, s. Military stores.
Ammunition-bread, ^m-mu-mshiun-bred, s.
Bread for the supply of armies.
Amnesty, Jm'nes-t5, s. An act of oblivion.
Amnion, l.m-n^-8n, "I
Amnios, Jm^n^-is, 166./*'
tfte innermost membrane with which the fcctus in tlie
womb is immediately covered.
AmoedeaN, Jm-i-be-^n, a. Verses alternatively
responsive.
Amomum, d-m6-mujn, s. A sort of fmit.
165,
Among, 4-mung{ \ \
Amongst, ^-mun^tj jP^^P'
Mingled with; conjoined with others, so as to make
part of the number.
Amorist, 4mi6-rist, s. An inamorato, a gallant.
Amorous, 5m^A-rus, a. 544. Enamoured;
naturally inclined to love, fond ; belonging to love.
Amorously, ^m'-o-rus-le, ad. Fondly, lovingly.
Amorousness, ^m-i-i-fts-nes, s. Fondness,
lovingness.
Amort, ^-mort{ ad. Depressed, spiritless.
Amortization, 4-raor-te-ziishun, \
Amortizement, i-mor-tiz-mcnt, J *■"
The right or act of transferring lands to mortmain.
T'o Amortise, i-xnov'-tlz, v. n. 140. To alien
lands or tenements to any corporation.
<i^ I have made the last syllabic of this word, short,
contrary to Mr. Sheridan's pronunciation of it, not only
because it is so pronounced by Mr. Scott and Dr. Kenrick,
but because it is agreeable to the general rule.
To Amove, 4-mooveJ v. a. To remote from a
post or station ; to remove, to move, to alter.
To Amount, 4-mountJ v. n. To n»e to in the
accumulative quality.
Amount, i-moiint{ s. The sum total.
Amour, ^-moorj s. An affair of gallantrj', an in-
trigue.
Amphibious, 5m-fibie-us, a. That which can
live in two elements.
Amphibiousness, 5m-fibie-us.nes, s.
The quality of being able to live in difl'crent elements.
Amphibological, am-fJ-bi-K^d'-je-kal, a. 509.
Doubtful. •'
Amphibology, Ilm-f^-b6lii-jj, s. Discourse of
uncertain meaning.
21
Amphibolous, ^in-fib-bi-lus, a. Tossed from
one to another.
Amphibrach, itm-fe-br^k, ")
Amphibrachys, Jm-fe-brik-iiz, /
A foot, consisting of three syllables, having one syl-
lable long in the middle, and a short one on each side.
Amphisb«na, im-fis-be-ni, s. 92. A serpent
supposed to have two heads.
Amphitheatre, im-fe-<Ae-A-tur, s. 516.
A building in a circular or oval form, having its area
encompassed with rows of seats one above another.
Ample, Jm-pl, a. 405. Large, wide, extended ;
great in bulk; unlimited, without restriction ; liberal,
large, without parsimony ; dift'usivc, not contracted.
AmpLENESS, itn-pl-nes, S, Largeness, liberality.
To Ampliate, Ara^pli-ate, v. a. To enlarge, to
extend.
Ampliation, im-ple-a-shim, s. Enlargement,
exaggeration ; ditfuseness.
To Amplificate, Hm-plif^e-kate, v. a.
To enlarge, to amplify.
Amplification, ;tm-ple-f^-ki-shuii, s. Enlarge-
ment, extension ; exaggerated representation.
Amplifier, ^m-pl^-fi-ur, s. 98. One that
exaggerates.
T'o Amplify, 3.m-pl^-rt, t;. o. 183. To enlarge;
to exaggerate any thing; to improve by new additions.
To Amplify, ^miple-fl, v. n. To lay one's self
out in diffusion j to form pompous representations.
Amplitude, ^in-pl^-tude, S. Largeness, great-
ness ; copiousness, abundance.
Amply, am-pl^, ad. Largely, liberally ; copiously.
To Amputate, ^m-pu-tate, v. a. To cut off a
limb.
Amputation, 4m-pu-tAishun, s. The operation
of cutting off a limb, or other part of the body.
Amulet, ^m-u-let, S. A charm; a thing hung
about the neck, for preventing or curing a disease.
To Amu?E, i-muze{ v. a. To entertain the mind
-^ with harnili'ss trifling; to engage the attention; to
' deceive by artful management.
Amusement, i-muze-raent, s. That which
amuses, entertainment.
Am USER, ^-mA-Zur, S, He that amuses.
Amusive, l-mu-siv, a, 158. 428. That which
has the power of amusing.
Amygdalate, i-mig-di-late, a.
Made of almonds.
Amygdaline, it-migidi-lin,- a. 149.
Resembling almonds.
An, an, art. One, but with less emphasis ; any, or
some.
O:?- This indefinite, and, as it may be called, cvphonic
article, is said by all our Grammarians to be used before
a vowel or h mute; but no notice is taken of using a
instead of it before what is called a vowel, as a useful
book, a usual ceremony, a usurer, &c. ; nor is any mention
made of its constant usage before k when it is not mute,
if the accentof the word be on the second syllable, as, an
heroic action, an historical account, &c. This want of ac-
curacy arises from a want of analyzing the vowels, and
not attending sufliciently to the influence of accent on
pronunciation. A proper investigation of the power oi
the vowels would have informed our Grammarians, that
the letter a, when long, is not so properly a vowel as a
semi-consonant, and perfectly equivalent to commenc-
ing y 8; and that a feeling of this has insensibly in-
fluenced the best speakers to prefix a to it in their con-
versation, while a confused idea of the general rule aris-
ing from an ignorance of the nature of the letters has ge-
nerally induced them to prefix an to it in writing. The
same observations are applicable to the A. The ear alone
tells us, that before heroic, historical, &c. the an ought
invariably to be used; but by not discovering that it is
the absence of accent on the A that makes an admissible
in these words, we are apt to prefix an to words where
the h is sounded, as an hurse, an house, &c. and thus set
our spoken and written language at variance. 'Diis sef m»
better to account for the want of accuracy in this tirticl'j
than a conjecture I once heard from Dr. Jo'mson, that
ANA
ANC
(»■ 559. The 73, fir 77, (111 83, fit 81— mJ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
oar ancestors, particularly in the time of the Spectator,
where this misapplication of the article frequently oc-
curs, did not pronounce vhe h at the beginning of words
so often as we do. However this may be, it seems ne-
cessary, to a correctness of language, to make our ortho-
graphy and pronunciation as consistent as possible : for
which purpose it may not be useless to attend to the fol-
lowing general rules. The article A must be used before
all [words beginning with a consonant, and before the
vowel u when long: and the article \<4» must be used
before all words beginning with a vowel, except long u;
before words beginning with h mute, as an hour, an heir,
&c. or before words where the h is not mute, if the accent
be on the second syllable, as an heroic action, an historical
account, &c. For tl.e few words in our language, where
the h is mute, see this letter in the Principles, No. 394 :
and for a just idea of the letter u, and the reason why it
admits of' an before it when long, see Principles, No. 8,
and the Notes upon it.
Anacamptick, Hn-i-kJm-tik, a. ReBecting, or
reflected.
Anacampticks, in-i-c4mitiks, s. The doctrine
of reflected light, or catoptricks.
Anacathartick, ^n-k-kt-thaxf-tik, s.
Any medicine that works upwards.
Anachorite, kn-tk'-h-Ate, s. 155. A monk,
who leaves the convent for a more solitary life.
Anachronism, 4n-ik-kr6-nizm, *. Anerrourin
computing time.
Anaclaticks, 4n-i-klit^?ks, s. The doctrine of
refracted light ; diojjlricks.
AnADIPLOSIS, ill-il-de-pli-SlS, 4; 520. Redupli-
cation ; a figure in rhetorick.
Anagram, an-4-gr^m, S. A conceit arising from
the letters of a name transposed so as to form some
other word or sentence.
Anagrammatism, in-i-gi:W-m4-t!zm, *. 434.
The art or practice of making anagrams.
Anagrammatist, in-i-^r4mim4-tist, s.
A maker of anagrams.
To Anagrammatize, itn-i-grimimj-tize, v. n.
159. To make anagrams.
AnaleptiCK, 4n-a-lepitlk, «. Comforting, cor-
roborating.
Analogical, Sn-i-lftdjeii-kil, a. Used by way
of analogy.
Analogically, Jn-i-lftdjeiJ-kal-li, T<f. Ins-n
analogical manner ; in an analogous manner.
Analogicalness, iii-i-l$dje-i-kil-nes, s. The
quality of being analogical.
To Analogize, 4-nal-lo-jlze, v. a. To explain
by way of analogy.
/Analogous, 4-n4l-l6-giis, a. 314. Having an-
alogy, having something parallel.
Analogy, i-nilMi-j^, s. 518. Resemblance
between things with regard to some circumstances or
effects.
Analysis, i-ii4l-l^-sis, s. 520. A separation of
any compound into its several parts ; a solution of any
thing, whether corporal or mental, to its first elements.
Analytical, io-i-lit^t^-k^, a. That which re-
solves any thin^ into first principles j that which pro-
ceei's by analysis.
Analytically, in-J-lititJ-kJl-lJ, ad.
The manner of resolving compounds into the simple
constituent or component parts.
To Analyze, ^n-i-llze, v. a. To resolve a com-
pound into its first principles.
Analyzer, 4n^i-ll-zur, s. 98. That which has
the power of analyzing.
Anamorphosis, in-i-mSr-fi^sis, $, Defonna-
tion; perspective projection, so that at one point of
view it shall appear deformed, in another an exact re-
presentation.
{!3> I have accented this word on the penultimate, as
Dr. Johnson and Mr. Sheridan have done; as it is a
technical word, and not naturalised like metanwrphosii.
—See Principles, No. 520.
Ananas, i-n^-n^, 5. The pine apple.
AnAPJEST, in-i-pest, S, A foot consisting of three
22
syllables } two short and one long ; the reverse of the
dactyle.
AnapjESTIC, in-i-pes^tik, a. Belonging to aa
anapxst.
Anaphora, i-nif^fS-ri, *. 92. A figure when
several clauses of a sentence are begun with the same
word.
Anarch, in-Jrk, s. 353. An author of confusion.
Anarchial, i-nar-k^-il, "I
Anarchic, i-nar'-kik, /
Confused, without rule.
Anarchy, In^ir-k^, s. Want of goverment, a
state without magistracy.
Anasarca, iii-i-sarikct, s. 92. A sort of dropsy,
where the whole substance is stuffed with pituitous
humours.
Anastrophe, i-n^'-trh-f^, s. 518. A figure
whereby words, which should have been precedent, arc
postponed.
Anathema, k-n^-th-h-mk, s. 92. A curse pro-
nounced by ecclesiastical authority.
Anathematical, kn-i-the-mit'-h-k&l, a. 509.
That which has the properties of an anathema.
Anathematically, kn-i-thk-mkt-l-k&l-ll, ad.
In an anathematical manner.
To Anathematize, in-ifA-e-mi-tIze, v. a.
Ibg. To pronounce accursed by ecclesiastical authority.
Anatiferous, in-i-tififi-rus, a, 518.
Producing ducks.
Anatocism, A-n^t-ti-sizm, s. The accumulation
of interest upon insterest.
Anatomical, Hn-J-tSm-i-kil, a. Relating or
belonging to anatomy; proceeding upon principles
taught in anatomy.
Anatomically, kn-i-ttm-k-klil-lk, ad. In an
anatomical manner.
Anatomist, 4-nJt-6-mist, s. He that studies the
structure of animal bodies, ly means of dissection.
To Anatomize, 4-n4t^ti-mlze, v. a. To dissect
an animal ; to lay any thing open distinctly, and by
minute parts.
Anatomy, k-nit^-h-mh, s. 518. The art of dis-
secting the body j the doctrine of the structure of the
body; the act of dividing any thing; a skeleton; a
thin meagre person.
Ancestor, sln-ses-tur, s. 98. One from whom
a person descends.
AnceSTREL, in-seS-trel, a. Claimed from an-
cestors.
ANCtlSTRY, Sn-ses-tri, S. Lineage, a series of an-
cestors ; the honour of descent, birth.
Anchentry, ine^tshen-tre, *. Antiquity of a
family, projjerly ancientry.
Anchor, iiigk-ur, *. 353.418. A heavy iron, to
hold the ship, by being fixed to the ground ; any thing
which confers stability.
Jb Anchor, ingk-ur, «. n. 166. To cast anchor,
to lie at anchor 5 to stop at, to rest on.
Anchorage, 4ngk-ur-idje, s. 90. Ground to cast
anchor upon ; the anchors of a ship ; a duty paid for
anchoring in a port.
Anchor-hold, ingk^ur-hold, *. The hold or
fastness of the anchor.
Anchored, 4ngk^ur-red, par^ a. 353. Held by
the anchor.
Anchoret, angk-6-ret, 1 ^
Anchorite, kngk-h-Ate, 155. J
A recluse, a hermit.
Anchovy, in-tsho-v^, s. A little sea fish, much
used by way of sauce, or seasoning.
Ancient, Ane^tshent, a. 542. Old, not modern;
old, that has been of long duration ; past, former.
Ancient, ine-tshent, S. The flag or streamer of a
ship.
Ancient, ineitsheilt, S. The bearer of a flag, now
ensign.
ANG
ANK
nSr 167, nJt 163; tibe 171> tub 172, bull 173 ; oil 299 ; p8&nd 313 ; thin 466, THi8469.'
Anciently, ine-tshent-1^, ad. In old times,
Ancientness, ine-tshent-nes, s. Antiquity,
Ancientry, aneitshen-tr^, s. The honour of
ancient lineage.
Ancillary, ^n-sil-^-ri, a. Subservient as a
handmaid. —See Maxillary and PapiUary.
And, and, conj. The particle by which sentences
or terms are joined.
Andiron, indil-urn, s. 417. Irons at tlie end of
a fire-grate, in which the spit turns.
AndrogyNAL, in-dridjei^-nil, a. Hermaphro-
ditical ; partaking of both sexes.
Androginally, tn-drijeie-nll-l^, ad. With
two sexes.
Androgynus, Jn-drftdje^e-nus,*, 482. An hcr-
maplirodite.
AndROPHAGUS, lln-dr8fi4-gUS, *. 518. A can-
nibal, a man eater. Plural, Andu/phagi.
Anecdote, 4n-ek-dote, *. Something yet un-
published; secret history.
Anecdotical, 4n-ek-d&t-4-k4l, o. Relative to
anecdotes.
Anemograph Y, 4ri-i-m&g-gr4-fiJ, «. 518, The
description of the winds.
Anemometer, ^n-^-mftm-mi-ter, s. 518. An
instrument contrived to measure llic wind.
Anemone, 4-nem-i-n^, *. The wind flower.
Anemoscope 4-nem-i-skipe, *. A macliine in-
vented to foretel the changes of r he wind.
AneNT, i-nent{ prep. A Scotticism, Concerning,
about; over against, opposite to.
Aneurism, ^n-u-nzm, s. 503, A disease of the
arteries, in which tliey become excessively dilated.
Anew, a-nu| ad. Over again, another time , newly,
in a new manner.
Anfractuousness, An-frikitshu-us-ness, *.
461. Fullness of windings and turnings.
Angel, Ane'jel, *. 542. Originally a messenger;
a spirit employed by God in human affairs : ai^gel is
sometimes used in a bad sense, as, angcU nf darkness :
in the style of love, a beautiful person : a piece of
ancient money. — See Change.
Angel-shot, ine'-jel-shftt, *•. Chain shot,
Angelica, an-jeUe-kd, s. 92, The name of a
plant.
Angelical, in-jeKi-k^l, a, 509. Resembling
angels; partaking of the nature of angels; belonging
to angels.
Angelicalness, Jn-jeUl^-k4l-nes, s. Excellence
more than human.
AngelicK, in-jel-llk, a. 508. Angelical ; above
human.
AngelOT, an-je-lot, s. A musical instrument
somewliat resembling a lute.
Anger, Jngigur, S. 409. 98. Uneasiness upon
the receipt of any injury ; smart of a sore.
To Anger, ing^gur, v. a. To provoke, to enrage.
Angerly, ^ng-gur-l^, ad. In an angry manner.
Angiography, 4ii-j^-6gigrlL-f^, *. a description
of vessels in the human body.
Angle, Ungigl, s. 405. The space intercepted
between two lines intersecting each other.
Angle, ang-gl, S. An instrument to take fish, con-
sisting of a rod, a line, and a hook.
To Angle, ing^gl, v. a. To fish with a rod and
hook ; to try to gain by some insinuating artifices.
Angle-rod, 4ng^gl-rid, s. The stick to which
the fisher's line and hook are hung.
Angler, Ing^glur, s. 98. He that fishes with an
angle.
Anglicism, 4ngigl^-sizm, *, An English idiom;
a mode of speech peculiar to the English.
AngOBER, 3ngigO-bur, S. 98. A kind of pear.
Angrily, 4ng-grc-Ie, ad. in an angry manner,
23
Angry, ^ngigr^, a. 409. Touched with anger ^
having tlie appearance of anger; painful, inflamed.
Anguish, Sng^gwlsh, s. 340. Excessive pdn
either of mind or body.
Anguished, ing^gwish-ed, a. 359, Excessively
pained.
Angular, ing^gi-lur, a. 98. Having angles or
corners.
Angularity, ^ng-gi-lir^^tl, s. The quality of
being angular.
Angularly, IngigA-lur-l^, ad. With angles.
Angularness, Arig^gu-lur-nes, s. The quality
of being angular.
AngulaTED, Allgi^-li-ted,a.Formed with angles.
Angulous, dny^gu-lus, a. 314. Hooked, angular.
Angust, iu-gust{ a. 409- 98. Narrow, strait.
Angustation, in-gus-tAishun, s. The act of
making narrow ; the state of being narrowed.
Anhelation, :1n-h^-lA-shun, *. The act of
panting.
Aniielose, in-he-lisej a. Out of breath.
Aniented, ^n-^-en-ted, a. Frustrated.
Anights, A-nItes{ ad. In the night time.
Anil, in-il, *. The shrub from whose leaves and
italics indigo is prepared.
Anileness, 4-nIleines, "I
Anility, 4-nii-I^-t^, ' /
The old age of women.
Animable, tnQi-rak-h\, a. 405.
may be put into life.
Animadversion, Hn-i-mid-ver^shun, s.
Reproof; severe censure; observation.
Animadversive, iln-i-m^d-verisiv, a. 428.
That has the power of judging.
To Animadvert, In-^-mid-vertJ v. n. To con-
sider ; to observe ; to pass censures upon.
Animadverter, in-l-mid-ver-tur, s. He that
passes censures, or observes upon.
Animal, Inil-mil, s. A living creature, corporeal:
by way of contempt, we say a stupid man is an animal.
Animal, \n'-h-mti\, a. That belongs or relates
to animals : animal is jused in opposition to spiritua!.
Animalcule, in-i-mil^kile, s. A small animal.
(!CJ» This word is derived from the French, and forms
its plural by adding s; but this plural is sometimes ex-
pressed by the Latin word animalcula, which being mis-
taken for a singular by those who have but a faint me-
s. 530.
That which
mory of their accidence, is sometimes made plural by the
change of a into <c diphthong: but it ought to be re-
membered that animalcule in the singular, makes animal-
cules in the plural, without any additionable syllable;
and that the singular of animalcula is animalculum.
Animality, 4u-e-mllii-ti, *. The state of animal
existence.
To Animate, inii-m:lte, v. a. To quicken, to
make alive; to give powers to ; to encourage, to incite.
Animate, Jni^-mite, a. 91. Alive, possessing
animal life.
Animated, ^n^^-mi-ted,/>ar#. a.
Lively, vigorous.
Animation, ia-i-mi-shun, *, The act of animat-
ing or enlivening; that which animates ; the state of
being enlivened.
Animative, kn'-it-Tak-tiv, a. 157. Tliat has the
power of giving life.
Animator, 4ni^-mi-tur, s. 521, That which
gives life.
Animose, 4n-i-ni6se| a. 427- Full of spirit, hot.
Animosity, in-i-mSsis^-t^, *. vehemence of
liafred ; passionate malignity.
Anise, in^nis, s. 140. A species of apium or
parsley, with large sweet-scented seeds.
Anker, ^ngk-iir, *. 98. 409, A liquid measure
the fourth part oi the awm.
ANN
ANT
ft> 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit Sl—ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 IS'2, move 1 64,
Ankle, Ink-kl, s. 405. The joint which joins the
foot to the leg.
Ankle-bone, Ink^kl-bine, *. The bone of the
ankle.
Annalist, In^nl-list, s. a writer of annals.
Annals, an-nilz, S, Histories digested in the exact
order of time.
Annats, In-nJts, S. First fruits.
To Anneal, In-neleJ v. a. To heat glass that
the colours laid on it may pierce through ; to heat any
thing in such a manner as to give it the true temper.
To Annex, In-neksJ v. a. To unite to at the end ;
to unite a smaller thing to a greater.
Annexation, ^n-nek-si-shun, s. Conjunction,
addition; union, coalition.
Annexion, In-nek-shun, s. Tiie act of annexing,
AnneXMENT, In-neks-ment, S. TIjc act of an-
nexing ; tlie thing annexed.
Annihilable, in-ni-h^-ll-bl, a. That which
may be put out of existence.
To Annihilate, 4n-nl-he-late, v. a. To reduce
to nothing; to destroy; to annul.
Q^ Englishmen who have been bred in foreign semi-
naries, where they pronounce the i in Latin liiicc, gene-
rally pronounce this word as if written an-ne-'ir-lale, be-
cause they pronounce the Latin word from which it is de-
rived in the same manner; but Englishmen, educated in
their own countrj', pronounce tlie i, when it ends a sylla-
ble, with the accent on it, both in Latin and Englisli, as
it is here marked.
Annihilation, in-nl-he-la^sliun, s. The act of
reducing to nothing, the state of being reduced to
nothing.
Anniversary, In-nJ-vei^sl-rJ, s. A day cele-
brated as it returns in the course of the year; tlie act
of celebration of the anniversary.
Anniversary, Sn-nJ-ver-sl-r^, a. Returning
with the revolution of the year ; annual.
Anno Domini, ln-ni-dom-^-n5. In tlie year of
our Lord.
Annolis, In-n6-lis, S. An American animal like
a lizard.
Annotation, In-nS-ta^shun, s. Explication ;
note.
Annotator, iln-iio-ti-tur, 5. 521. A writer of
notes, a commentator.
To Announce, ^n-nounse| v. a. To publish, to
proclaim ; to declare by a judicial sentence.
To Annoy, ^ii-noej v. a. 329. To incommode,
to vex.
Annoy, ^n-nol', S. Injurj-, molestation.
Annoyance, Jn-noe-Ansc, s. That which annoys;
the act of annoying.
Annoyer, ;tn-noeiur, s. 98. The person that
annoys.
Annual, In-nu-il, a. That which comes yearly;
that which is reckoned by the year; that which lasts
only a year.
Annually, In-nu-^l-le, ad. Yearly, every year.
Annuitant, Sn-nu-^-t^nt, s. He that possesses
or receives an annuity.
Annuity, In-nil-e-t^, s. A yearly rent to be paid
for a term of life or years ; a yearly allowance.
To Annul, ^n-nul5 v. a. To make void, to
nullify; to reduce to nothing.
Annular, ^n^nu-lir, a. 98. Having the form of
a ring.
Annulary, In-ni-ll-ii, a. Having tlie form of
rings.
Annulet, In^nu-let, s, A little ring.
7h Annumerate, In-nitm^-rAte, v. a, 91*
To add to a former number.
Annumeration, In-nu-m4-ri-shun, s. Addition
to a former number.
To Annunciate, jln-nunishi-dte, v. a, 91, 357.
lUO. To bring tidings,
24
Annunciation-day, In-nun-she-aishun-dA, s.
The day celebrated by the church, in mcmoiy of tlie
Angel's salutation ot the Blessed Virgin, solemnized
on the twenty-fifth of March.
Anodyne, an-o-dlne, a. That which lias the
power of mitigating pain.
To Anoint, l-nointj v. a. To mb over with
unctuous matter ; to consecrate by unction.
AnoiNTER, 3,-noin-tur, s. The person that anoints.
AnoMALISM, l-nftm-l-lizm, S. Anomaly, irre-
gularity.
Anomalistical, 3.-n8m-J-lis^te-kll, a. 509.
Irregular.
Anomalous, l-nSm-5.-luS, a. irregular, deviat-
ing from the general method or analogy of things.
Anomalously, l-n8m-i-lus-le, ad. irregularly
Anomaly, i-n6mi|l-l4, S. Irregularity, deviation
from rule.
Anomy, In-o-me, S. Breach of law.
Anon, a-nonj ad. Quickly, soon ; now and then.
Anonymous, 4-nftn-i-mus, a. Wanting a name.
Anonymously, 4-n8ni^-mus-l^, ad. Without
a name.
Anorexy, in-n6-rek-se, s. 517. Inappetency.
Another, in-uTH-ur, «. 98. Not the same,
one more; any other; not one's self; widely different.
Ansated, In-si-ted, a. Having handles.
To Answer, an^sttr, v. n. 475. 98. To speak
in return to a question ; to speak in opposition ; to be
accountable for; to give an account ; to correspond to,
to suit with ; to be equivalent to ; to satisfy any claim
or petition ; to stand as opposite or correlative to
something else; to bear proportion to; to succeed, to
produce the wished event; to appear to any call, or
authoritative summons.
Answer, ^n^sur, *. 475. That which is said ui
return to a question, or position; a confutation of a
charge.
Answerable, in-siir-A-bl, a. 475. That to
which a reply may be made; obliged to give an ac-
count; correspondent to pruportionate to ; equal to.
AnsWERABLY, ^n-Sur-A-blc, ad. In due pro-
portion ; with proper correspondence; suitably.
Answerableness, in-sur-il-bl-nes, *. The
quality of being answerable.
Answerer, lii-sur-ur, *. 554. He that answers ;
he that manages the controversy against one that has
written first.
Ant, ant, s. An emmet, a pismire.
Ant-bear, int-bire, S. An animal that feeds on
ants.
Ant-hill, JntUnll, s. The small protuberance of
earth in which ants make their nests.
Antagonist, An-tAg-tVmst, *. One who con-
tends with another, an opponent; contrary to.
To Antagonize, In-tig-o-nize, v. n. To con-
tend against another.
Antanaclasis, Int-l-nl-kla-sis, s. A figure in-
rhetorick, when thcsame word isrepeated in a dilferent
manner, if not in a contrary signification ; it is also a
returning to the matter at the end of along parenthesis.
Antaphroditick, Ant-i-fro-dit-ik, a.
Efficacious against the venereal disease.
Antapoplectick, 4nt-^p-p6-plek-tik, a. Good
against an apoplexy.
Antarctick, in-tark-tik, a. Relating to the
southern pole.
Antarthritick, Int-ar-^/ii'it^ik, a.
Good against the gout.
Antasthmatick, Unt-lst-mit'ik, a.
Good against the asthma.
Anteact, in^te-4kt, s. A former act.
Anteambulation, In-t5-lm-bi-li^shun, s.
A walking before.
To Antecede, ^-ti-s5de{ v, a. To precede; to
go before.
ANT
ANT
nor 16T, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sil 299— pound 313— #/tin466, THis4()9.
Antecedence, Sn-t^-s^idense, *. The act or
state of going before.
A.NTECEDENT, in-t^-s^^dent, a. Going before,
preceding.
Antecedent, Sn-ti-se^dent, s. Tiiat whicii goes
before ; in grammar, the noun to which the relative
is subjoined.
Antecedently, ^n-t^-se-dent-l5, ad.
Previously.
Antecessor, 4n-t^-ses-sur, s. One who goei
before, or leads another.
Antechamber, Jn-t^-tshim-bur,s. The chamber
that leads to the chief apartment. — See Chamber.
To Antedate, ^n-te-dite, v. a. To date earlier
than the real time; to date something before the
proper time.
Antediluvian, ^n-ti-de-lu^vi-ln, a. Existing
before the deluge j relating to things existing before
tlie deluge.
Antelope, 4n-t^-lipe, s. A goat with curled or
wreathed horns.
Antemeridian, Sn-t^-m^-ridji^-in, a. 294.
376.507. Being before noon.
Antemetick, Snt-i-met-ik, a, Tliat has the
power of preventing or stopping vomiting.
\ntemundane, ^n-ti-munidAne, a. Tliat which
was before the world.
Antepast, 4n-te-p^t, s. A fore-taste.
Antepenult, An-te-p^-nult{ s. Tlie last syllable
but two.
Antepileptick, int-ep-i-lepitik, a.
A medicine against convulsions.
To Antepone, ^n-ti-p6ne, v. a. To prefer one
thing to another.
Antepredicament, ^n-ti-pri-dikii-ment, s.
Something previous to tlie doctrine of the predica-
ments.
Anteriority, kn-tl-rl-tr-k-tl, s. Priority; the
state of being before.
Anteriour, 4n-ti-ri-ur, a. Ooing before.
03- Now more commonly and better written Anterior.
Antes, ^n-t^Z, S, PiUars of large dimensions that
support the front of a building.
Antestomach, in-t^-stumiuk, « 166. Acavitv
'Iiat leads into the stomach.
Anthelminth ck, Xa-thel-mln-thik a.
That which kills worms.
Anthem, in-Mem, s. A holy song.
Anthology, ^n-thiV-h-^k, s. 518. A collection
of flowers; a collection of devotions; a collection of
poems.
Anthony's Fire, in-ti-niz-flre{ s. A kind of
erysipelas.
Anthrax, Kn-thr^ks, s. A scab or blotch which
burns the skin.
Anthropology, knUhrh-^i\-h-jk, s.
The doctrine of anatomy.
Anthropophagi, in-^ArJ-pftP-J-ji, «.
Man-eaters, cannibals.
ANTHRopoPHAGiNiAN,^ni</ai-p8f^A-jin-i-An,*.
a ludicrous word, formed by Shakespeare from anthro-
pophagi.
Anthropophagy, ^n'</tri-pSf^^-j^, s.
The quality of eating human flesh.
Anthroposophy, kn'-thrli-To&i'-b-fh, s.
The knowledge of the nature of man.
Anthypnotick, Ant-bip-nfttiik, a. That which
has the power of preventing sleep.
Anthypophora, in-<A^-pftf^-r^«,The refutation
of an objection by the apposition of a contrary sen-
tence.
Antiacid, ^n-t^-ils-id, s. Alkali.
Antichamber, 4n^t^-tshim-bur, s. Corruptly
written for antechamber. — See Chamber.
Anti CHRISTIAN, ^n-t^-kris-tshun, a. Opposite
to Christianity,
S5
Antichristianism, ^n-t6-kris^tshun-izm, s.
Opposition or contrariety to Christianity.
Antichristianity, ^n-t^-kris-tshe-An-e-t^, s.
Contrariety to Christianity.
To Anticipate, Jn-tis^^-pite, v. a. To take
something sooner than another, so as to prevent him ;
to take up before the time; to foretaste, or take an
impression of something which is not yet, as if it really
were ; to preclude.
Anticipation, 4n-tis-s^-pi^shun, s. The act oi
taking up something before its time ; fore-taste.
AntiCK, ^n-tlk, a. Odd; ridiculously wild.
Antick, ^n-tlk, S. He that plays anticks, or uses
odd gesticulation ; a buffoon.
AnTICKLY, ^n-tlk-1^, ad. With odd postures.
Anticlimax, ^n-t<^-kll-iniks, s. A sentence in
which the last part is lower than the first; opposite to
a climax.
Anticonvulsive, in-ti-c5n-vul-siv, a.
Good against convulsions.
Anticor, ^n^te-kor, s. 166. A preternatural
swelling in a horse's breast, opposite to his heart.
Anticourtier, in-ti-cireitshur, s. One that
opposes the court.
Antidotal, in-tl-di-t^l, a. Having the power
or quality of counteracting poison.
Antidote, ^n-t^-dite, *. A medicine given to
expel poison.
Antifebrile, in-tJ-feb-ril, a. 140.
Good against fevers.
Antilogarithm, hi-tk-lig'-X-rlthm, s.
The complement of the logarithm of a sine, tangent,
or secant.
Antimonarchical, Anite-mi-narik5-k4l, a.
Against government by a single person.
Antimonial, in-t^-nii-n^-Al, a.
Made of antimony.
Antimony, ^n-te-mun-o, s. 556. Antimony is
a mineral substance, of a metalline nature.
Antinepiiritick, iln-te-ne-fnt-ik, a. Good
against diseases of the reins and kidneys.
Antinomy, Jln-tin-A-in4, J. 518. A contradiction
between two laws.
Antiparalytick, An-ti'-plr-i-lit^ik, a.
Efficacious against the pulsy.
Antipathetical, ^n-t^-pi-<Aet-^-k4i, a.
Having a natural contrariety to any thing.
Antipathy, ^n-tip-i-^/*i, s. 518. A natural
contrariety to any thing, so as to shun it involuntarily;
opposed to sympathy.
Antipekistasis, iln^t^-pe-nsUi-sis, s. 520.
The opposition of a contrary quality, by which the
quality it opposes becomes heightened.
Antipestilential, ilniti-pes-t^-lcuishil, a.
Efficacious against the plague.
Antiphon, ^n'-ti-fSn. Alternate singing.
AnTIPHONY, ^4 .•!„i 1
. > An-tif^o-ne, s,
Antiphone, J
An echo. The method of singing by way of response.
Antiphrasis, 3.n-tififri-sis, *. 519. The use of
words in a sense opposite to their meaning.
Antipodal, 5n-tip-i-d4l, a. 518. Relating to
the antipodes.
Antipodes, in-tip-i-dez, s. Those jjeople who,
living on the other side of the globe, have their feet
directly opposite to ours.
CO» We frequently hear disputes whether this word
should be pronounced in four syllables, as it is here,
with the accent on the second, or in three, as if divided
into an-ti-pudes, with the accent on the tirst syllable, and
the last rhyming with abodes. To solve the difftculty it
must be observed, that the word is pure Latin ; and that
when we adopt such words into our own language, we
seldom alter the accent. If, indeed, the singular of this
word were in use like satellite, 155, then we ought to
form the plural regularly, and pronounce it in three syl-
lables only; but as it is always used in the plural, and
I is perfect Latin, we ought to pronounce it in four.
APA
APO
ts- 559. Fite 73, f&r77, fall 83, f4t 81— m^93, met 95— -pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
Apart, i-partj ad. Separately from the rest in
place ; in a state of distinction ; at a distance retired
from llie other company.
Apartment, i-part^ment, *.
A room ; a set of rooms.
Apathy, ap-a-/Ae, S. Exemption from passion.
Ape, ape, s, A Icind of monltey; an imitator.
To Ape, ape, v. a. To imitate, as an ape imitates
liumaii actions.
Apeak, a-peke{ ad. In a posture to pierce the
ground.
ApePSY, Sp-ep-s4, S. 503. A loss of natural con-
coction.
Aperient, J-peir^-ent, a. Gently purgative.
Aperitive, a-per-e-tiv, a. That which has the
quality of opening.
Apert, ^-pertj a. Open.
ApertioN, A-lJer-shlin, *. An opening, a passage,
a gap; the act of opening.
Apertly, a-pert-1^, ad. Openly.
ApERTNESS, 4-pert-IieS, S. Openness.
Aperture, ip'ur-tshure, s. 4(70. 463.
The act of opening ; an open place.
Apetalous, ^-pet-^-lus, a. 314.
Without flower-leaves.
Apex, A-peks, *. The tip or point.
Aph^RESIS, cl-fei-i^-sis, s. 124. A figure in
grammar that takes away a letter or syllable from the
beginning of a word.
Aphelion, i-fjile-un, *. That part of the orbit
of a planet in which it is at the point remotest from
the sun.
Aphilanthropy, if^i-lin-Mro-p^, *. Want of
love to mankind.
Aphorism, ^f-h-rizm, s. 503. A maxim, an un-
connected position.
ApHORISTICAL, if-i-ns-te-k^l, a. Written in
separate unconnected sentt-nces.
Aphoristically, ;tf-i-ris-te-k^l-l^, ad.
In the form of an aphorism.
Aphrodisiacal, af^fro-de-zi-i-kil,
Aphrodisiack, 4f^fro-ilizh-e-^k, 451.
Relating to the venereal disease.
Apiary, a-pe-i-re, s. 534. The place where bees
are kept.
Apiece, i-peese( ad. To the part or share of each.
Api.SII, R-ptsll, «. Having the qualities of an ape,
imitative; foppish, atl'ecttd ; silly, trifling; wanton,
playful.
Apish LY, A-pish-le, ad. In an apish manner.
ApishneSS, A-pisli-nes, *. Mimickry, foppery.
ApiTPAT, ^-pit-p;lt, ad. With quick palpitation.
Apocalypse, 4-pSk-A-lips, *. Revelation, a word
used only of the sacred writinps.
Apocalyptical, ^-pSk-^-lip-t^-kil, a.
Containing revelation.
Apocope, 3,-p&k-o-pe, *. A figure, when the last
letter or syllable is taken away.
ApocrusticK, Ap-0-krus-tlk, a. Repelling and
astringent.
Apocrypha, l-pSk-re-ll, s. 92. Books added
to the sacred writines, of .Imibtfiil aulliors.
Apocryphal, i-pok-r^-f^l, a. Not canonical, of
uncertain auiliuriiy ; ccnliiiiiL-d in the Apocrypha.
Apocryphally, i-pik-re-fll-l^, ad.
Uncertainly.
Apocryphalness, a-pSk-re-ill-ncs, s.
Uncertainty.
Apodictical, ap-i-dikite-kil, a.
Demonstrative.
Apodixis, ip-i-dik-SlS, *. 527. Demonstration.
Apogeon, ip-i-'e-6n, 527. \
js.
" To counterpoise thii hero of the mode,
** Some for renown are singular and odd ;
" What other men dislike is sure to please,
'* Of all mankind, these dear antipodes;
** Through pride, not malice, they run counter still,
" And birth-days are their days of dressing ill."
Yuung's Love of Fame.
AntipoPE, in-t^-p6pe, S. He that usurps the
popedom.
AntiPTOSIS, ^n-tip-ti^SlS, S. 520. a figure in
grammar by which one case is put for another.
Antiquary, ^n-te-kwi-re, s. A man studious of
antiquity.
7b Antiquate, ^n^te-kwAte, v. a.
To make obsolete.
Antiquatedess, ^n-ti-kwi-ted-nes, s.
The state of being obsolete.
Antique, ^n-teek( a. 112. Ancient, not modem;
of genuine antiquity ; of old fashion.
Antique, ^n-teek{ 5. 112. An antiqu'.ty, a remain
of ancient times.
Antiqueness, in-teek-nes, s. The quality of
being antique.
Antiquity, ^n-tik-kw^-te, s, Old times; the
ancients; remains of old times ; old age.
Antiscorbutical, ^n^t^-skor-buit^-kll, a.
Good against the scurvy.
AnTISPASIS, In-tlS-p^-SlS, S. The revulsion of
any humour.
Antispasmodick, ^n^te-sp^z-mSd^ik, a.
That which has the power ofrelieving the cramp.
Antispastick, iii-ti-spis-tik, a.
Aledicines which cause a revulsion.
Antisplenetick, in't^-splen^^-tik, a.
Efficacious in diseases of the spleen.
AntiSTROPHE, ill-tis-tri-f4, s. In an ode sung
in parts , the second stanza of every three.
Antistrumatick, initi-stru-mat'ik, a.
Good against the king's evil.
Antithesis, in-tl^A-e-SlS,*. Opposition; contrast.
Antitype, in^t^-tlne, *. Tliat which is resembled
or shadowed out by the type. A term of theology.
L, ^n-t^-tip-e-k^l, a. That which
Antitypical, an-t6-tip-
explains the type.
Antivenereal, in-t4-vi-neire-il, a.
Good against the venereal disease.
Antler, ^llt'lur, *. Branch of a stag's liorn.
AntOECI, 4n-t^^isl, S. 296. Those inhabitants
of the earth who live (inder the same meridian, at the
same distance from the equator ; the one towards the
north, and the other to the south.
Antonomasia, 4n-ti-ni-mA-zhi-^, *. 453.
a form of speech, in which, for a proper name, is put
tlie name of some dignity. We say the Orator for
Cicero, 92.
Antre, an-tur, *. 416. A cavern, a den.
Anvil, ^n-Vll, S. The iron block on wliich the smith
lays his metal to be forged; any thing on which blows
are laid.
Anxiety, ^ng-zi-^-t^, s. 479- 480. Trouble of
mind about some future event, solicitude; depression,
lowness of spirits.
Anxious, ilngk-shus, a. 480. Disturbed about
some uncertain event; careful, full of inquietude.
Anxiously, 4ngk^shus-l^, ad.
Solicitously, unquietly.
Anxiousness, ^ngk-shus-nes, s. The quality of
being anxious.
Any, eil-n^, a. 89. Every, whoever, whatever.
AoNIAN, i-i-ni-^n, a. Belonging to the hill
Parnassus, the supposed residence of the muses.
AORIST, A-A-rist, s. Indefinite. A tense in the
Greek language.
Aorta, i-or-t^, S 92. The great artery which
rises immediately oif. of the left ventricle of the heart.
Apace, 4-p^eJ ad. Quick, speedily ; hastily.
26
.}-
Apogee, Jp-i-j^,
APO APP
nSr 167, n8t 163— tfibe 171, tub 173, bull 173— o!l 299— pSund 313— fAin 466, this 469.
A point in the heavens, in which the sun, or a planet,
is at the greatest distance possible from the earth in
its whole revolution.
Apologetic AL, Hp-pftl-^-jet^^-k^l, \
Apologetick, .^-p8l-A-jet^ik, /
That which is said in defence of any tiling.
Apologist, a-pol-O-jlSt, S, One who makes an
apology.
To Apologize, 4-pSK6-jlze, v. n.
To plead in favour.
Apologue, Sp-6-l6g, s. 338. 503. Fable, story
contrived to teach some moral truth.
Apology, i-p8l-i-ji, *. 518. Defence, excuse.
Apomecometry, apii-m^-kSm-me-tr^, s. 527.
The art of measuring things at a distance.
Aponeurosis, i-p6n-nu-r6isis, s. An expansion
of a nerve into a membrane.
ApOPHASIS, i-p6fii-sis, S. 520. A figure by which
the orator seems to wave what he would plainly in-
sinuate.
Apophlegmatick, Ip-i-flegimJ-tik, a. 510.
Drawing away phlegm. j'
Apophlegmatism, ^p-i-flegim4-dzm/«.
A medicine to draw phlegm. /
Apophthegm, ^y'-h-th^n\, s. 503. j
A remarkable saying. '%
Apophyge, i-pftfi^-jl, *. That part of a column
where it begins to spring out of its base ) the spring of
a column.
Apophysis, 4-p6f^4-sis, s. 520. The prominent
parts of some bones ; the same as process.
Apoplectical, 4p-i-plek-ti-kil, "I
Apoplectick, 4p-i-plek-tik, J
Relating to an apoplexy.
Apoplexy, ip^i-plek-s4, s. 517. A sudden
deprivation of all sensation.
Aporia, i-pAiri-4, s. 505. 92. A figure by which
the speaker doubts where to begin.
Aporrhoea, kp-ftr-ri-i, s. 92.
Effluvium, emanation.
Aposiopesis, i-p6zh-i-i-pi-sis, s. 520. 526.
A form of speech, ny which the speaker, through some
affection or vehemency, breaks off his speech.
ApoSTACY, i-pSsitJ-si, *. Departure from what
a man has professed ; it is generally applied to religion.
Apostate, 4-p8s-tite, *. 91. One that has for-
saken his religion.
Apostatical, 4p-p8s-titii-k4l, a. After the
manner of an apostate.
To Apostatize, i-^iSs^ti-tlze, v. n.
To forsake one's religion.
To Apostemate, a-p6s-tl-mAte, v. n, 91.
To swell and corrupt into matter.
Apostemation, a-p8s-ti-miishun, s.
Tlie gathering of a hollow purulent tumour.
Aposteme, 4p-i-st^me, *. 503. A hollow swell-
ing, an abscess.
Apostle, i-p6s-sl, s. 472. 405. A person sent
with mandates, particularly applied to them whom our
Saviour deputed to preach the gospel,
(t^- This word is sometimes heard in the pulpit, as if
divided into a-po-stU ; the second syllable like the first of
po-et. If the long quantity of the o, in the Latin apo-
stolus, is urged for a similar length of the English apostie,
et usonly turn to No. £i37 of the Principles, and we shall
see the futility of arguing from the Latin quantity to
ours. If these reasons are not satisfactory, it is hoped
that those who are abettors of this singular pronunci-
ation will alter e-pis-tle into e-pi-stle, the second syllable
like pie, and then their reasoning and practice will be
uniform.
Apostleship, J-pSsisl-ship, s. The office or
dignity of an apostle.
Apostolical, ip-pSs-tSl^-k4l, a.
Delivered by the apostles.
Apostolically, ^p-&s-t8lii-k4l-li, ad.
In the niannei <if the apostles.
27
Apostolick, 4p-8s-t8Klik, a. 509.
Taught by the apostles.
Apostrophe, 4-p6sitr&-fi, s. 518. in rhetorick,
a diversiim of speech to another person than the speech
appointed did intend or require; in gianimai, the con-
traction of a word by the use of a comma, as tlio' for
though.
To Apostrophize, k-p&s'-tri>-Aie, v. a.
To address by an apostrophe.
Apo.STUME, 4p-o-stume, s. 503. A hollow tumour
filled with purulent matter.
Apothecary, i-\>tth'-^-kk-rk, s. 470. A man
wiiose employment is to keep medicines for sale.
03> There is a corrupt pronunciation of this word, not
confined to the vulgar, as if it were written Apotetary.
Apothegm, Apio-fAeiu, *. 503.
a remarkable saying.
Apotheosis, 4p-i-*Ai-i-sis, s. Deification.
(J:5- This word, like Metamorphosis, has deserted .ts
Latin accentuation on the pemiltimate syllable, and re-
turned to its original Greek accent en the antepenulti-
mate. See Principles, No. 503, page 72. The other
words of this termination, as Jnadiplosis, Antiptosis, &c.
retain the Latin accent, though all these words in Greek
have the accent on the antepenultimate. This accentu-
ation on the antepenultimate i« soagreeabletothe genius
of our own tongue, that it is no wonder it is so prevalent.
Johnson, Slicridan, Kenrick, Aj.*!, Scott, Buchanan,
Bailey, and Perry, have adopted it as I have done ; and
only Smith, Baiclay, and Entick, accent the penulti-
mate. So eminent a poet as Garth approves of the choice
1 have made, wliere lie says,
" Allot! the prince of bis celestial line
" An apotheosis, and rites divine "
ApotoME, ^-pftt-i-m^, *. The remainder or dif-
ference of two incommensurable quantities.
Apozem, 4p-A-zem, s. 503. A decoction.
To Appal, ip-plll,' v. a. 406,
To fright, to depress.
(t> Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word might more
properly have been written Appale ; and we find Bacon,
in his History of Henry VII. actually writes the com-
pound Appalemevt. Whether Johnson founds his opinion
upon the pale colour which fear generally jiroduces, or
upon the derivation of the word from the French Appalir,
it cannot be certainly known ; but this is certain, that
this word has been so often rhymed with all, ball, fall,
&c. that such a change as Dr. Johnson recommends
would be attended with no small inconvenience. It may
be observed too, that spelling this word with single I as
he has (kue, is at variance with its general pronunci-
ation : foftne C, when final, does not broaden the a like
that in all, but leaves it in the sound of that vowel in
fal-loui, tal-low, &c. Considering therefore that the pro-
nunciation of tins word is so irrevocably fixed, it is but
borrowing an I from the Latin Palleo to make the sound
and the spelling exactly correspond. We are often fond
of neglecting the French for the Latin etymology when
there is no necessity, — in the present case such a pre-
ference would he commendable.
ApPALMKNT, Ap-pRlKment, g. Depression, im-
pression of fcai .
Appanage, ip^p^-nAje, *. 90. 503. lands set
apart for the rnainieiiance of younger children.
Apparatus, Ap-pi-i a-tus, s. Those things which
are provided f< r the accomplishment of any purpose;
as the tools of a trade, the furniture of a house; equi-
page, show.
Apparel, ip-pir^el, S. Dress, vesture ; external
habiliments.
To Apparel, ip-pir^el, v. a. To dress, to clothe j
to cover, or deck.
Apparent, ip-pi-rent, a. Plain, indubitable
seeming, not real; visible; open, discoverable; cer-
tain, not presumptive.
Apparently, Hp-pairent-lJ, ad.
Evidently, openly.
Apparition, 4p-pi-nsh-un, s. Appearance, visi-
bility: a visible object; a spectre, a walking spirit,
somuthing only apparent, not real ; the visibility c*
some luminary.
Apparitor, 4p-pir-^-tur, s. 98. Tiie lowguj
officer of the ecclesiastical court.
APP APP
(»• 559. The 73, far, 77, fall 83, fit 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
To AppAY, ip-pa^ V. a. To satisfy.
To Appeach, ^p-pitsh{ V. a. To accuse ; to
censure, to reproach.
Appeachment, Rp-petsh-ment, s. Charge ex-
liibited against any man.
To Appeal, Sp-pele5 v. n. To transfer a cause
from one to another; to call another as witness.
Appeal, ^p-pele{ *. A removal of a cause from an
inferior to a superior court; in the common law, an
accusation ; a call upon any as witness.
AppealANT, ip-pel'-lint, S. He that appeals.
To Appear, ip-pere' v. n. To be in sight, to be
visible ; to become visible as a spirit ; to exhibit one's
self before a court; to seem, in opposition to reality ;
to be plain beyond dispute.
Appearance, ^p-pJ-rinse, s. Tiie act of coming
into sight; the thing seen; semblance, not reality;
' outside show; entry into a place or company; exhi-
bition of the person to a court; presence, mien; pro-
bability, likelihood.
Appearer, ^p-pe^rar, s. 98.
The person that appears.
Appeasable, ip-pMzl-bl, a. 405. Reconcilable.
Appeasableness, Ip-pe-zJ-bl-nes, s.
Reconcilableness.
To Appease, Sp-pezeJ v. a. To (luiet, to put in
a state of peace ; to pacify, to reconcile.
Appeasement, ip-peze-ment, s.
a state of peace.
AppeASER, ip-pe-zur, S. 98. He that pacifies, he
that quiets disturbances.
Appellant, tlp-pel-l4nt, S. A challenger; one
that appeals from a lower to a higher power.
Appellate, ^p-pel-late, s. 91.
The person appealed against.
Appellation, ^p-pel-la-shun, s. Name.
Appellative, ap-pel-l^-tiv, s. 157. A name
common to all of the same kind or species; as man,
hoi-se.
Appellatively, ^p-peKl^-tiv-le, ad. According
to the manner of nouns appellative.
Appellatory, ^p-peUl^-tur-ri, a. 512. That
which contains an appeal.
Appellee, a-pel-lej s. One who is accused.
To Append, Ap-pend{ v. a. To hang any thing
upon another ; to add to something as an accessory.
Appendage, ^p-pen-dAje, s. 90. Something
added to another thing, without being necessary to its
essence.
Appendant, itp-pen-d^nt, a. Hanging to some-
thing else : annexed, concomitant.
Appendant, ^p-pen-dilnt, s. An accidental or
adventitious part.
To Appendicate, ^p-pen-de-kite, v. a. 91.
To add to another thing.
Appendi CATION, ^p-pen-dJ-kA-shun, s. 459.
Annexion.
Appendix, ip-pen^diks, s. Something appended
or added ; an adjunct or concomitant.
7b Appertain, Sp-per-taneJ v. n. To belong to
as of nght ; to belong to by nature.
Appertainment, 4p-per-tane-ment, s. That
which belongs to any rank or dignity.
Appertenance, itp-pei-iti-niuse, *. That which
belongs to another thing.
Appertinent, Sp-per-ti-nent, a.
Belonging, relating to.
Appetence, ap-p^-tense, ")
Carnal desire.
Appetency, ip^pe-ten-si,
Appetibility, Sp-pet-te-bil-i-ti, *.
The quality of being desirable.
Appetible, ^p-p6-t^-bl, a. 405. Desirable.
Appetite, ilp^pe-tke, s. 155. The natural desire
of good J the desire of sensual pleasure} violent long-
ing) keenness of stomach, hunger.
23
Appetition, ^p-p^-tTsh-un, s. 507. Bcsire.
Appetitive, ap-pe-t^-tiv, a. That desires.
To Applaud, ^p-plawdj v. a. To praise by clapping
the hands; to praise in general.
Applauder, 5p-plaw-dur, s. 98.
He that praises or commends.
Applause, ip-plawz{ s. Approbation loudly ex-
pressed.
Applausive, 5p-plaw^ziv, a. 428. Applauding.
Apple, ap-pl, s. 405. The fruit of the apple-tree •
the pupil of the eye.
Applewoman, ip-pl-wum-un, s.
A woman thf.t sells apples.
Appliable, ^p-pll-i-bl, a. 405.
That which may be applied.
Appliance, itp-plMnse, s. The act of applying,
the thing applied.
Applicability, ipiple-ka-bil-i-ti, «. Thequaiity
of being fit to be applied.
Applicable, ^p-ple-kJ-bl, a. That which may
be applied.
Applicableness, apiple-ka-bl-nes, s.
Fitness to be applied.
Applicably, ap-pl^-k^-ble, ad. In such manner
as that it may be properly applied.
Applicate, ^p-ple-kate, s. 91. A right line
drawn across a curve, so as to bisect the diameter.
Application, ^p-ple-ka-shun, S. The act of ap-
plying any thing to another; the thing applied; the
act of applying to any person as a petitioner; the em-
ployment of any means for a certain end ; intensenes*
of thought, close study; attention to some particular
affair.
Applicative, ^p-ple-ki-tiv, a. 512.
Belonging to application.
Applicatory, <ip^ple-k^-tur-i, a. 512.
Belonging to the act of applying.
To Apply, 4-pl}{ v. a. To put one thing to
another; to lay medicaments upon a wound ; to make
use of as relative or suitable ; to put to a certain use;
to fix the mind upon, to study ; to have recourse to, as
a petitioner; to ply, to keep at work.
To Appoint, ^p-point{ v. a. To fix any thing ; to
establish any thmg by decree ; to furnish in all points,
to equip.
Appointer, ^p-poin-tur, s. 98.
He that settles or fixes.
Appointment, ip-point-ment, s. Stipulation ;
decree, establishment; direction, order; equipment,
furniture; an allowance paid to any man.
To Apportion, 4p-p6re-shun, v. a. To set out
in just proportions.
Apportionment, Ap-p(^re-shun-nient, s.
A dividing into portions.
To Appose, ^p-p6ze{ v. a. To put questions to.
Apposite, ^p-p6-zit, a. 156. Proper, fit, well
adapted.
Appositely, Ip-p6-zit-l^, ad. Properly, fitly
suitably.
Appositeness, itp-p6-zit-nes, s.
Fitness, propriety, suitableness.
Apposition, tlp-po-zish-un, s. The addition of
new matter; in grammar, the putting of two nouns in
the same case.
To Appraise, ^p-praze{ v. a. To set a price upon
any thing. ^ ^
Appraisement, Rp-prazeiment, s. The act of
appraising; a valuation.
Appraiser, ^p-prA-zur, s. 98. A person ap-
pointed to set a price upon things to be sold.
To Appreciate, ^p-pri-sh^-Ate v. a.
0:5» This word is not in Johnson ; and Bailey, who has
it, seems not to have given its piesent signification, for
he explains it, " to set a high value or esteem upon any
thing;" for my recollection fails me, if it has not been
generally used in the sense of the French word it comes
from, Apprvcier, to appraise, to rate, to value, to dcdaie
APP ARA
no • 167, n5t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173>-oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, miS 469
the just price of any thing, as nearly synonimous to tlie
English word to estimate.
Appreciable, ilp-pr^-she-ft-bl, a.
(t7> This word is the genuine olTspring of the former ;
and if we admit the parent, we cannot refuse the child,
especially as the latter seems of more use than the for-
mer ; for though we may pretty well supply the place of
appreciate by estimate, we have not so good a word as ap-
"reciable to express the capability of being estimated.
To Apprehend, ap-pr^-hend| v. a. To lay lioid
on ; to seize, in order for trial or punisliment ; to con-
ceive by the mind; to think on with terrour, to fear.
Apprehender, ^p-pre-ht;n'dur, s.
One who apprehends.
Apprehensible, Ip-pre-hcn-se-bl, a. 160.
That which may be apprehended or conceived.
Apprehension, %>-pre-hen-shun, *. The mere
contemplation of things ; opinion, sentiment, concep-
tion ; the faculty by which we conceive new ideas ;
fear; suspicion of something; seizure.
Apprehensive, Jp-pre-hen^siv, a. 158. Quick
to understand; fearful.
Apprehensively, ^p-pre-hen-siv-le, ad.
In an apprehensive manner.
Apprehensiveness, ^p-pr^-hen^siv-nes, s.
The quality of being apprehensive.
Apprentice, 5p-pren-tis, s. 140, 142. One that
is bound by covenant to serve another man of trade,
upon condition that the tradesman shall, in the mean
time, endeavour to instruct him in his art.
7'o Apprentice, 4p-pren-tis, v. a. To put out
to a master as an apprentice.
Apprenticehood, ^p-pren-tis-hiid, s. The years
of an apprentice's servitude.
Apprenticeship, ip-pren^tis-ship, s. The years
which an apprentice is to pass under a master.
To Apprize, Sp-prlze{ v. o. To inform.
To Approach, Sp-protshJ v. n. To draw near
locally ; to draw near, as time ; to make a progress to-
wards, mentally.
To Approach, ^p-prStsh{ v. a. To bring near to.
Approach, ip-protshj S. The act of drawing near;
access; means of advancing.
Approacher, ip-pro-tshur, s. 98.
The person that approaches.
Approachment, ^p-protsh-ment, s.
The act of coming near.
Approbation, Sp-pr6-baishun, s. The act of
approving, or expressing himself pleased; the liking
of any thing; attestation, support.
ApPROOF, ^p-proof^ S. Commendation. Obsolete.
To Appropinque, Ip-pr6-pink| v. n. To draw
near to. Not in use.
Appropriable, Jp-pro-pre-^-bl, a. Tiiat whicli
may be appropriated.
To Appropriate, ^p-pro^pre-Ate, v. a. 91.
To consign to some particular use or person ; to claim
or exercise an exclusive right; to make peculiar, to
annex; in law, to alienate a benefice.
Appropriate, ^p-pro-pre-ite, a. 91. Peculiar,
consigned to some particular use or person.
Appropriation, ap-prS-pre-A-shun, s. The ap-
plication of something to a particular p\npose ; the
claim of anything as peculiar; the fixing of a par-
ticular signification to a word ; in law, a severing of a
benefice ecclesiastical to the proper and perpetual use
of some religious house, or dean and chapter, bishop
rick, or college.
Appropriator, ttp-pro-prJ-a^tur, s. 98. He that
is possessed of an appropriated benefice.
Approvable, ^p-prooiv^-bl, a. 405.
That which merits approbation.
Approval, Rp-proo-v^l, s. Approbation.
ApPROVANCE, ^p-proo-vinse, S. Approbation.
Not ill use.
To Approve, ^p-proov{ v. a. To like, to be
Dleased with; to express liking; to prove, to show; to
experience J to make wurlhy of approbation.
29
Approvement, ^p-proov^ment, s.
Approbation, liking.
Approver, ^p-prooiyur, *. 98. He that approve*}
he that makes trial ; in law, one that, confessing felony
of himself, accuses another.
To Approximate, ip-prSksi^-mite, v. n. 91.
To approach, to draw near to.
CO This word, as a verb, is not in Johnson ; but its
very frequent use among good writers and speakers is a
sufficient authority for its insertion here, without the
trouble of searching for a precedent.
Approximate, ^p-prSks^e-mate, a. Near to.
Approximation, ^p-prftk-s^-ma^shun, s.
Approach to any thing; continual approach nearer
still, and nearer to the quantity sought.
Appulse, ;ip-pulse, S. The act of striking against
any thing.
Appurtenance, 5p-pur-te-nRnse, s. That which
belongs to something else, which is considered as the
principal.
Apricot, or Apricock, a-pr5-k3t, s.
A kind of wall fruit.
(i:>The latter manner of writing this word is grown
vulgar.
April, aipnl, S. Tlie fourth month of the year,
January counted first.
Apron, a-purn, s. 417. A cloth hung before, to
keep the other dress clean, or for ornament.
Apron, A-purn, S. 417. A piece of lead which
covers the touch-hole of a great gun.
Aproned, a-purnd, a. 362. Wearing an apron.
Apsis, Ap-SlS, *. Tlie higher apsis is denominated
aphelion, or apogee ; the lower, perihelion, or perigee.
Apt, Apt, a. Fit ; having a tendency to ; inclined to,
led to ; ready, quick, as an apt wit ; qualified for.
To Aptate, ip^tate, z;. a. 91. To make fit.
Aptitude, Ap-te-tude, S. Fitness; tendency;
disposition.
Aptly, Apt-le, ad. Properly, fitly; justly, per-
tinently ; readily, acutely ; as, he learned his business
very aptly.
Aptness, Apt-nes, S. Fitness, suitableness; dis-
position to any thing; quickness of apprehension;
tendency,
Aptote, Ap-tote, s. A noun which is not declined
with cases.
Aqua, i^-kwA, s. 92. Water.
Aqua-fortis, Ak-kwA-for-tis, s. A corrosive
liquor made by distilling purified nitre with calcined
vitriol.
Aqua-marina, Ak-kw a-mA-rl-nA, s. The Beryl.
AqUA-VITJE, ak-kwA-vUte, s-. Brandy.
AqUATICK, A-kwAt-lk, a. That which inhabits
the water ; that which grows in the water.
Aquatile, Ak^kwA-til, a. 145. 503. That which
inhabits the water.
Aqueduct, Ak-kwJ-dukt, S. A conveyance made
for carrying water.
Aqueous, A^kw^-us, a. 534. Watery.
AqUEOUSNESS, A-k\ve-uS-nes, S, Waterishncss.
Aquiline, Ak^we-lin, a. 145. Resembling an
eagle ; when applied to the nose, hooked.
AqUOSE, A-kwoseJ a. Watery. — See Appendix.
AqUOSITY, A-kwos-e-tJ, 5. 511. Wateriness.
Arabic, Ar-A-bik, a. Of Arabia, written in it«
lani;uage.
Arable, Ar-A-bl, a. 405. Fit for tillage.
[CT^ Tiie a in the first syllable of this word has the
short sound as much as if the r were double. The same
may be observed of every accented a before r, followed
by a vov/el, 81, 168.
ArANEOUS, A-ra-nJ-us, a. Resembling a cobweb.
AratioN, A-rA'.shun, s. The act or practice of
ploughing. ^
Aratory, ar'-a-tur-re, a. 512. That which con
tributes to tillage.
ARC
ARE
es- 559. Fite73, far 77, fill 83, fit 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Ardalist, ar-bl-list, s. 503. A cross-bow.
Arbiter, ar-be-tur, s. 98. A judge appointed by
the parties, to whose determination they voluntarily
submit; a judge.
Arbitrable, ar-bl-tri-bl, a. Arbitrary, depending
upon the will.
Arbitrament, ar-bit^tri-mlnt, s.
Will, determination, choice.
Arbitrarily, ar^be-tri-re-le, ad. With no
other rule than the will ; despotically, absolutely.
Arbitrariness, aribe-tr§.-re-nes, s.
Despoticalness.
Arbitrarious, ar-bi-tri-re-us, a. Arbitrary,
depending on the will.
Arbitrariously, ar-be-tra-rJ-us-le, ad.
According to mere will and pleasure.
Arbitrary, ar-b^-tri-ri, a. Despotick, absolute ;
depending on no rule, capricious.
To Arbitrate, h^-hk-tTkte,v. a, 91. To decide,
to determine; to judge of.
Arbitration, ar-b^-tr^^shun, s. The determina-
tion of a cause by a judge mutually agreed on by the
parties.
Arbitrator, ^.r^be-tri-tur, s. 521. An ex-
traordinary judge between party and party, chosen by
their mutual consent; a governor; a president; he
that has the power of acting by his own choice; the
determiner.
ArBITREMENT, ar-blt-tr^-mtnt, S. Decision,
determination ; compromise.
Arbitress, ir-bi-tress, *. A female arbiter.
Arbor ARY, Iribi-ri-ri, a. 512.
Of or belonging to a tree.
Arboret, ir^bA-ret, *. A small tree or shrub,
Arborist, ar^bi-rist, a. A naturalist who makes
trees his study.
Arborous, Ir^bS-rus, a. 314. Belonging to trees.
Arbour, ar^bur, *. 314. A bower.
Arbuscle, 3,ribus-sl,j, 351. 405, Any little shrub.
Arbute, ^r-bute{ s, strawberry tree.
Arc, ark, *. A segment, a part of a circle ; an arch.
Arcade, ar-kidej s. A continued arch.
Arcanum, Rr-ki^num, s. 503.
(Plural Arcana). A secret.
Arch, artsh, *, Part of a drcle, not more than the
half; a building in form of a segmentof a circle, used
for bridges ; vault of heaven ; a chief.
To Arch, artsh, v. a. To build arches ; to cover
with arches.
Arch, artsh, a. Chief, of the first class ; waggish,
mirthful.
Archangel, irk-ineijel, s, 354. One of the
highest order of angels.
(tr?" The accent is sometimes on the first syllable,
though not so properly.
Archangel, irk-Aneijel, s. A plant, dead nettle.
Archangelick, ^rk-An-jel^lik, a.
Belonging to archangels.
Archbeacon, irtsh-be^kn, s. 170. The chief
place of prospect, or of signal.
Archbishop, irtsh-bish^up, s. 354. a bishop
of the first class, who superintends the conduct of
other bishops his suffragans.
Archbishoprick, artsh-bish^up-rik, s. Tiie
state, province, or jurisdiction of an archbishop.
Archchanter, Irtsh-tshin^tur, s.
The chief chanter.
Archdeacon, irtsh-deikn, s. 170. One that
supplies the bishop's place and office.
Archdeaconry, Rrtsh-de^kn-r^, s. The office
or jurisdiction of an archdeacon.
Archdeaconship, artsh-de^kn-sblp, s.
The office of an archdeacon.
Archduke, artsh-d&kej s, a title given to princes
of Austria and Tuscany.
30
Archduchess, artsh-dutsh-es, *, The sister ot
duughtL'i uf the archduke of Austria.
Archphilosopher, artsh-fi^-l6s-i-fur, *.
Chief philosopher.
Archprelate, artsh-prel-lJte, s. 91.
Chief prelate,
Archpresbyter, artsh-prez-bi-ter, *.
Chief presbyter.
Archaiology, ar-ki-SKi-ji, s. 518.
A discourse of antiquity.
Archaiologick, ar-k4-6-lSdy ik, a. Relating to
a discourse on antiquity.
Archaism, ar^ki-izm, *. 353. An ancient phrase.
Arched, ^r^-tshed, part. a. Bent in the form of
an arch.
(t> Words of this form are colloquially pronounced in
one syllable ; and this syllable is one of the harshest
that can be imagined, for it sounds as if written artsht,
359.
Archer, artsh-ur, s. He that shoots with a bow.
Archery, 3,rtsh-ur-^, s. The use of the bow; the
act of shooting with the bow j the art of an archer.
Arches-court, artsh-ez-c6rt, s. The chief and
most ancient consistory that belongs to the archbishop
of Canterbury, for the debating of spiritual causes.
Archetype, ar^k^-tlpe, s. 354. Tlie original of
which any resemblance is made.
Archetypal, ar-k^-tUp4l, a. Original.
Archeus, ^r-k^-us, 5. 353. A power that presides
over the animal economy.
Archidiaconal, ar-k^-di-ik-6-nil, a.
Belonging to an archdeacon.
Archiepiscopal, ar-kW-pisik6-pil, a. 354.
Belonging to an archbishop.
Architect, Ar-ke-tekt, s. 354. A professor of
the art of building; a builder; the contriver of any
thing.
Architective, Rr-ke-tek^tiv, a. That performs
the work of architecture.
Architectonick, ar-kJ-tek-tSninik, a. 509.
That which has the power or skill of an architect.
Architectural, ar-k^-tek-tshu-ril, a.
Belonging to architecture.
Architecture, ^r-k^-tek-tshure, s. 461.
The art or science of building; the effector perfoim>
ancc of the science of building.
Architrave, ax'-kk-trkye, s. That part of a
column which lies immediately upon the capital, and
is the lowest member of the entablature.
Archives, ar-klvz, s. 354. The places where
records or ancient writings are kept.
Archwise, artsh-wize, a. 354. In the form of
bji arch.
ArctatioN, ark-tiishun, s. Confinement.
Arctick, ark-tik, a. Northern.
Arcuate, ar-ku-Ate, a. 91. Bent in the form
of an arch.
ArcUATION, ar-ku-d-shun, S. The act of bending
any thing, incurvation; the state of being bent, cur-
vity, or crookedness.
Arcubalister, ar-ku-biKis-tur, *.
A cross-bow man.
Ardency, ar-den-s5, s. Ardour, eagerness.
Ardent, ar-d^nt, a. Hot, burning, fiery; fierce,
vehement ; passionate, affectionate.
Ardently, ar-dent-1^, ad. Eagerly, affectionately
Ardour, ar'dur, *. 314. Heat; heat of affection,
as love, desire, courage.
Arduity, ar-du-e-t^, .?. Height, difficulty.
Arduous, ai-iju-us. a. 293. 376. Lofty, hard
to climb ; difficult.
Arduousnf.ss, a.r-JLi-u.s-nes, s. 293. 376.
Height, difficulty.
Arf, Ar. 75. The plural of the present tense of the
verb To be.
ARI
ARM
nor 167, n6t 163; tibe 171, tub 173, bull 173 ; Sh 999 ; pound 313 ; ^Ain 466, Tuis 469.
Area, a'-rk-^., S. 70. 545. 534. The surface con-
tained between any lines or boundaries ; any open
surface.
To Aread, k-rlkd', v. a. To advise, to direct.
Little used.
Arefaction, ir-re-fik-sbun, *. The state of
growing dry, the act of drying.
To Arefy, ar^re-fi, v, a. To dry.
Arenaceous, ^r-e-n^^shus, 527. \
Arenose, ir-^-n6se{ /
Sandy. — See /Appendix.
AreNULOUS, l-ren-u-lus, a. Full of small sand,
gravelly.
Areopagite, 4-ri-Sp'i-ilte, *. 156. A judge of
the court of Areopagus in Athens.
ArEOTICK, k-rk-it-\k, a. 534. Such medicines
as open the pores.
Argent, ^r-jent, a. Having the white colour
used in the armorial coats of gentlemen, knights, and
baronets; silver, bright like silver.
Argil, 2,r-jll, *. Potters clay.
Argillaceous, ^r-j!l-U-shus, a. Clayey, con-
sisting of argil, or potter » clay.
ArgilloUS, ar-jll-lus, «. 314. Consisting of clay,
clayish.
Argosy, ar-gi-s^, *. 503. A Urge vessel for
merchandise, a carrack.
To Argue, ar-gu, v, n. 355. To reason, to offer
reasons j to persuade by argument ; to dispute.
Arguer, ar-gu-ur, s, 98. A leasoner, a disputer.
Argument, ir-gu-ment, S, A reason alleged
for or against any thing ; the subject of any discourse
or writing ; the contents of any work summed up by
way of abstract; controversy.
Argumental, ar-gu-n»en-til, a.
Belonging to arguments.
Argumentation, ar-gu-men-ti-shun, s.
Reasoning, the act of reasoning.
Argumentative, ar-gu-meii-li-tiv, a. 512.
Consisting of argument, containing argument.
Argute, ar-gute{ a. Subtile, witty, sharp, shrill.
Arid, ir-nd, a. 81. Dry, parched up. — See
.^raiZe.
Aridity, l-r!didi-ti, S, 511. Dryness, siccity;
a kind of insensibility In devotion.
Aries, k-rk-kz, s. The ram ; one of the twelve signs
of the zodiack.
To Arietate, i-rl-i-tite, v. n. 91. To butt
like a ram.
03- I have, in this word, followed Dr. Johnson, in
placing the accent on the second syllable, and not on the
first, according to Mr. .Sheridan, and Dr. Ash ; but I do
not very well know for what reason, unless it be that
words of this termination derived from the Latin, gene-
rally preserve the accent of the original. See Principles,
No. S03.
ArIETATION, 4-ri-l-tA-shun, *. The act of butting
like a ram ; the act of battering with an engine called
a ram.
Arietta, k-rk-hf-tk, s. 534. A short air, song,
or tune.
Aright, i-rltej arf. 393. Rightly, without errour ;
rightly, without crime; rightly, without failing of the
end designed.
Ariolation, i-ri-A-lfeb&n, *. 534.
Sooth-saying.
To Arise, 4-rlze{ v. n. jiret. arose, pait. arisen.
To mount upward as the sun ; to get up as from sleep,
or from rest; to revive from death; to enter upon a
new station ; to commence hostility.
Aristocracy, ir-is-tftk^kri-si, s. That form of
government which places the supreme power in the
nobles.
Aristocrats, 4r-is-t6-cr3.t{ *. a favourer of
aristocracy.
1!p3- In the fury of the French revolution we took up
this word and iQ opposite Democrate ; but if we could
have waited till they had been formed by our own ana-
31
logy, they would have been Jristocrattst and Democr*-
ist.
Aristocratical, 4r-ris-tiVkr4t-te-k^l, a% 544.
Relating to aristocracy.
Aristocratjcalness, ir-ris-to-kritit^-kil
nes, *. An aristocratical state.
ArITHMANCY, k-rlth'-min-sk, S. a fortelling of
future events by numbers.
Arith.metical, ir-i^A-metit^-kil, a. 527.
According to the rules or methods ofaritlimetick.
Arithmetically, krAth-met'-tk-k^-lk, ad.
In an arithmetical manner.
Arithmetician, J-riM-me-tish-4n, s.
A master of the art nf numbers.
Arithmetick, k-rith'-mk-tik, s. The science of
numbers ; the art of computation.
t5> There is a small, but a very general deviation from
accuracy in pronouncing this word, which lies in giving
the first t the sound of pliort e, as if written aTethmetick.
As this inaccuracy is bnt trifling, so it may be rectitiea
without any great singularity.
Ark, ark, «. — See ^rt. 77. A vessel to swim upon
the water, usually applied to that in which N n:\li was
preserved from the universal deluge; the re|insitory of
the covenant of God with the Jews.
Arm, ^rm, S. — See yfrt. The limb which reaches
from the hand to the shoulder; the large boiigli nf a
tree; an inlet of water from the sea; power, might, as
the secular arm.
To Arm, irm, v. a. — See ^ri. To furnish with
armour of defence, or weapons of offence ; to plate
with any thing that may add strength; to furnish, to
fit up.
To Arm, arm, v. n. — See Art. To take arms, to
provide against.
Armada, ar-mA-d^, s. An armament for sea.
— See Lumbago,
Armadillo, ir-ma-dilMo, 5. A four-footed animal
of Brasil.
Armament, ar-ma-ment, *. 503. A naval force.
Armature, ar-nii-tshure, s. 461. Armour
Armeniai., ar-men-titl, \
Armentine, ar^men-tlne, 149./
Belonging to a drove or herd of cattle.
Armgaunt, arm^gant, a. 214. Slender as the
arm ; or rather, slender with want.
Arm-hole, arm-bile, s. The cavity under the
shoulder.
ArmigerouS, ar-mid-jur-rus, o. Bearing arms
Armillary, ar^mil-li-re, a. Resembling a
bracelet. — See MaxiWtry.
Armillated, ir-mil-lA-ted, a.
Wearing bracelets.
Armings, ^rm^ingz, S. The same with wais
clothes.
Armipotence, ir-mip'-i-tense, *. 518.
Power in war.
Armipotent, Rr-mip-i-tent, a. Mighty in war.
Armistice, arimi-stis, *. 503. 142.
A short truce.
Armlet, irm'let, », A little arm ; a piece of a».
mour for the arm ; a bracelet for the arm.
Armoniack, ar-mutnt-Ak, s. 505.
I'lie name oi a sa.t.
Armorer, 3.rimur-ur, *. 557. He that make
armour, or weapons ; he that dresses another in ar
mour.
Armorial, ^r-mi-r^-^l, a. Belonging to the armi
or escutcheon of a family.
Armory, ar-mur-^, s. 557. The place in which
arms are deposited for use; armour, arms of defence
ensigns armorial.
Armour, ^r^mur, 5. 314. Defensive arms.
Armour-bearer, ^r-mur-bire£ur, s. He that
carries the armour of another.
Armpit, irm-pit, s. The hollow place under tltc
shoulder.
ARR ART
t> 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fJtei— me93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 16^2, move 1G4,
Arms, armz, S, 77- Weapons of offence, or armour
of defence ; a state of hostility ; war in general ; ac-
tion,* the act of taking arms ; tlie ensigns armorial of
a family.
Army, ar-me, «. 482. A collection of armed men,
obliged to obey their generals ; a great number.
Aromatical, kr-o-mh'-h-k&l, ")
Aromatick, ir-h-mh-^lk, 527. J
Spicy; fragrant, strong scented.
Aromaticks, Ir-A-mat^iks, s. 527- Spices.
Aromatization, ir-6-mit-^-zA-shun, s.
The act of scenting with spices.
To Aromatize, 4r-r6-mi-tlze, v. a. To scent
with spices, to impregnate with spices j to scent, to
perfume.
Arose, J-rozeJ 554. Tlie preterite of the verb Arise,
Around, i-roundj ad. In a circle, on every side.
'Vround, S.roiindJ prep, 545. About.
iTj Arouse, ^-rouzej v, a. To wake from tleepj
to raise up, to excite.
Arow, H-rol ad. 545. In a row.
AroyNT, ^.-rointj ad. Be gone, away.
.\rquebuSE, ar-kvve-bus, s. A hand gun.
Arquebusier, ar-kwe-bus-eerj s. 275.
A soldier armed with an arquebuse.
Arrack, ilr-r.^ki s. A spiritous liquor.
To Arraign, ^r-rAne,' v. a. To set a thing in
order, in its place ; a prisoner is said to be arraigned,
■when he is brought forth to his trial ; to accuse, to
charge with faults in general, as in controversy or in
satire.
Arraignment, ^r-rane-ment, s. The act of ar-
raigning, a charge.
To Arrange, ir-ra.nje{ v. a. To put in the
proper order for any purpose.
Arrangement, ir-rAnje-meiit, s. The act of
putting in proper order, the state of being put in order.
Arrant, ;V-rint, a. 81, 83.
BluI in a high degree.
ArUANTLY, Ar-ntnt-lejef^. Cormptly, shamefully.
Arras, h'-ih, s. 81, 82. Tapcstiy.
ARRAUGHT, ^r-rawtj part, a. Seized by violence.
Out of use.
Array, tlr-rij S. Dress; order of battle; .n law,
the ranking or setting in order.
To Array, ir-rA{ v. a. To put in order; to deck,
to dress.
ArRAYERS, a-ra-urs, S. Officers, who anciently
had the care of seeing the soldiers duly appointed in
their armour.
ArrEAR, ^r-reer{ S. That which remains behind
unpaid, though due.
Arrearage, ^r-ree-rAje, s. 90. The remainder
of an account.
ArRENTATION, 4r-ren-tA-sbun, *. The licensing
an owner of lands in the forest to enclose.
Arreptitious, ar-rep-tishiu3, a.
Snatched away ; crept in privily.
Arrest, 4r-rtSt{ S. in law, a stop or stay; an
arrest is a restraint of a man's person ; any caption.
2\> Arrest, ^r-restj v. a. To seize by a mandate
from a court ; to seize any thing by law ; to seize, to
lay liands on; to withhold, to hinder; to stop mo-
tion.
Aruiere, Jr-rcerJ S. Tlie last body of an army.
ArRISION, ^r-rizh-un, S. 451. A smiling upon.
Arrival, Ar-rl-v4l, S. The act of coming to any
place; the attainment of any purpose.
ArRIVANCE, 4r-li-vinse, S. Company coming.
To Arrive, ir-rlve{ v. n. To come to any place
by water; to reach any place by travelling; to reach
any point; to gain any thing; to happen.
To ArrODE, ir-rode{ v. a. To gnaw or nibble.
Arrogance, Sr-ro-ginse, ")
Arrogancy, ^r^ro-g^n-se, J
The act or quality of taking much upon one's self.
Arrogant, ii-ro-g^nt, a. 81, 82.
Haughty, proud.
Arrogantly, ^r^ro-gJnt-le, ad.
In an arrogant manner.
Arrogantness, ^r-ro-gJnt-ness, s. Arrogance.
To Arrogate, ^r-ro-gAte, v. a, 9^- To claim
vainly; to exhibit unjust claims.
ArroGATION, Ar-ri-ga'shun, S. A claiming in a
proud manner.
Arrosion, Ar-ro-zhiiii, s. 451. A gnawing.
Arrow, Ar-ro, S. 327. The pointed weapon which
is shot from a bow.
Arrowhead, Ar^ri-hed, s. A water plant.
Arrowy, Ir'-rh-h, a. Consisting of arrow.
Arse, arse, s. The buttocks.
Arse-foot, ars-fut, s. A kind of water-fowl
Arse-smart, ars-smart, s. A plant.
Arsenal, ar-se-nAl, s. A repository of thing*
requisite to war, a magazine.
Arsenical, ar-senie.k4l, a.
Containing arsenick.
Arsenick, arse-nik, s. A mineral substance; s
violent corrosive poison.
Art, art, S. 77. The power of doing something not
taught by nature and instinct ; a science, as the liberal
arts; a trade; artfulness, skill, dexterity ; cunning.
cry- As a before r, followed by a vowel, has the sliort
or fourth sound, so when it is followed by a consonant
it lias the long or second sound. — See Arable, 81. 168.
Arterial, ar-t^-r^-Al, a. That which relates to
the artery, that which is contained in the artery.
Arteriotomy, ar-t^-rWt^ti-m^, 5. 518.
The operation of letting blood from the artery; the
cutting of an artery.
Artery, ar-tur-c, S. 555. An artery is a conical
canal, conveying the blood from the heart to all pans
of the body.
Artful, art-ful, a. 174. Performed with art;
artificial, not natural; cunning, skilful, dexteroivs.
Artfully, art-ful-U, ad. With art, skilfully.
Artfulness, art-fUl-nes, 5. Skill, cunning.
Artiiritick, ar-</trit-ik, 509. "I
Arthritical, Ir-thvit-h-h^l, j
Gcftity, relating to the gout; relating to joints.
Artichoke, ar-t^-tshoke, s. This plant is very
like the thistle, but hath large scaly heads shaped like
the cone of the pine-tree.
Artick, ar'tik, a. properly Arctic. Northern.
Article, ar-te-kl, s. 405. A part of speech, as
tlie, an; a single clause of an account, a particula
part of any complex thing; term, stipulation; point
of time, exact time.
To Article, ar^-te-kl, v. n. 405. To stipulate,
to make terms.
Articular, ar-tik-u-lAr, a. Belonging to the
joints.
Articulate, ar-tik^u-lAte, a. 91. Distinct j
branched out into articles.
To Articulate, ar-tik^u-lAte v. a. 91.
To form words, to speak as a man ; to draw up in ar-
ticles ; to make terms.
Articulately, ar-tik^u-late-l^, ad.
In an articulate voice.
Articulateness, ar-tik-u-late-nes, s.
nie quality of being articulate.
Articulation, ir-tik-i-la^shun, s.
The juncture, or joint of bones; the act of forming
words ; in botany, the joints in plants.
Artifice, ar-ti-fis, s. 142. Trick, fraud, strata,
gem ; art, trade.
Artificer, ^r-tif^f^-sur, s. 98.. An artist, a
ASC ASP
nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tul) nS, bull 173— oil 299— po&nd 3\3—thm 466. this 489.
jnanufacturer, a forger, a contriver; a dexterous or
artful fellow.
AUTIFICIAL, ar-te-fish^4l, a. Made by art, not
natural: fictitious, not genuine; artful, contrived with
skill.
Artificially, ar-te-fishi^l-le, ad. Artfully,
with skill, with good contrivance; by art, not natu-
rally.
Artificialness, ar-t^-fish-il-nes, s. Artfulness.
Artillery, ar-til-lur-re, s. 555. Weapons of
war ; cannon, great ordnance.
Artisan, ar-t4-zltn{ s. 528. Artist, professor of
an art; manufacturer, low tradesman.
Artist, art^ist, S. The professor of an art; a skil-
ful man, not a novice.
Artlessly, irt-les-le, ad. In an artless manner,
naturally, sincerely.
Artless, art-les, a. Unskilful, without fraud, as
an artless maid; contrived without skill, as an artless
tale.
To Artuate, iritshu-ite, v. a. 91. 461.
To tear limb from limb.
Arundinacious, ^-run-dl-ni-shus, a. 292.
Of or like reeds.
AnuNDiNEOUS, ^r-un-dini^-us, a.
Abounding with reeds.
As, §LZ, conj. 423. In the same manner with some-
thing else; like, of the same kind with ; in the same
degree with ; as if, in the same manner ; as it were, in
some sort; while, at the same time that; equally;
how, in what manner; with, answering to like or same;
in a reciprocal sense, answering to As ; answering to
Such ; having so to answer it, in tl>.e conditional sense ;
answering to So conditionally : As for, with respect to ;
As to, with respect to; As well as, equally with; As
though, as if.
ASAFOETIDA, Ss-si-fet-5-(la, 5. A gum or resin
brought from the East Indies, of a sharp taste and a
strong offensive smell.
AsARABAccA, Hs-s^-r^-bitkikl, s.
The name of a plant.
Asbestine, Jz-bes^tin, a, 140.
Something incombustible.
Asbestos, iz-bes-tus, s. 166. A sort of native
fossile stone, which may be split into threads and fila-
ments, from one inch to ten inches in length, very fine,
brittle, yet somewhat tractable. It is endued with the
wonderful property of remaining unconsumed in the
fire, which only whitens it.
ASCARIDES, &S-kir-i-d\z, S. Little worms in the
rectum.
To Ascend, fc-sendj v. n. To mount upwards ; to
proceed from one degree of knowledge to another ; to
stand higher in genealogy.
To Ascend, 4s-sendJ v. a. To climb up any thing.
Ascendant, Its-sen-dAnt, s. The part of the
ecliptick at any particular time above the horizon,
which is supposed by astrologers to have great influ-
ence; height, elevation; superiority, influence; one
of the degrees of kindred reclconcd upwards.
Ascendant, is-senidint, a.
Superior, predominant, overpowering; in an astrolo-
gical sense, above the horizon.
Ascendency, Js-sen-den-s^, *. influence, power.
Ascension, ^-sen-shun, *. 451. Tiie act of
ascending or rising; the visible elevation of our Sa-
viour to Heaven ; the thing rising or mounting.
Ascension Day, ^-sen-shun-daj s. The day on
which the ascension of our Saviour is comniemnraled,
commonly called Holy Thursday, the Thursday but
one before Whitsuntide.
Ascensive, ^-sen-siv, a, 158.
In a state of ascent.
Ascent, 4s-sentj S. Rise, the act of rising ; the
way by which one ascends; an eminence, or high
place.
To Ascertain, 4s-ser-tAne| v. a. To make certain,
to fix, to establish; to make confident.
Ascertainer, Is-ser-tA-nur, s. The person that
proves or establishes.
33
Ascertainment, is-ser-line-ment, s.
A settled rule ; a standard.
Ascetick, ^S-set-lk, a. 509. Employed wholly
in exercises of devotion and mortification.
Ascetick, fc-set-lk, S. He that retires to devo-
tion, a hermit.
Ascites, ils-ol-lez, s. A particular spocies of dropsy,
a swelling of the ower belly and depending parts, "
from an extravasation of water.
Ascitical, fc-Slt-6-k4l, \ -
Ascitick, Js-sit-ik, J
Dropsical, hydropical.
Ascititious, ^s-se-tish-us, a.
Supplemental, additional.
Ascribable, fts-skrl-b^-bl, a. 405.
That may be ascribed.
To Ascribe, fc-krlbej v. a. To attribute to as a
cause ; to attribute to as a possessor.
Ascription, as-knp-shun, s. The act of ascribing.
Ascriptitious, ^-krip-tish-us, a.
That is ascribed.
Ash, 4sh, S. A tree.
Ash-coloured, 3.siiikul-urd a, 362.
Coloured between brown and gray,
Ashamed, i-shi^med, a. 359. 363
Touched with shame.
Ashen, ^h-shSn, a. 103. 359.
Made of ash wood.
Ashes, ish-iz, S. 99. The remains of any thing
burnt; the remains of the body.
AsH-WEDNESDAY, ish-weiiz^da, S. The first day
of Lent, so called from the ancient custom of sprink-
ling ashes on the head.
Ashlar, fch-l^r, S. Free stones as they come out
of the quarry.
ASIILERING, 4sh-lur-ing, f. 555. Quartering in
garrets. A term in building.
Ashore, i-sh6re{ ad. ' On shore, on the land ; to
the shore, to the land.
AshweeD, ^h^wied, S. An herb.
Ashy, ^sh-^, a. Ash-coloured, pale, inclined to a
whitish gray.
Aside, il-Slde{ ad. To one side; to another part;
from the company.
AsiNARY, is-se-na-re, ")
Asinine, ^s^se-nlne, 149. J
Belonging to an ass.
To Ask, fck, v. a. 79. To petition, to beg ; to
demand, to claim ; to inquire, to question ; lo require.
Askance, ) j.^tansel arf. 214.
ASKAUNCEjJ
Sideways, obliquely.
Askaunt, ^-skant{ ad. 214.
Obliquely, on one side.
Asker, ask-ur, S. 98. Petitioner ; inquirer.
ASKER, isk-ur, s. A water newt.
Askew, 4-sku{ ad. Aside, with contempt, con-
temptuously.
To ASLAKE, i-sUke{ v. a. To remit, to slacken.
Aslant, 4-sla.nt5 ad. 78. Obliquely, on one side.
Asleep, 5-sleep{ ad. Sleeping; into sleep.
Aslope, d-slopej ad. With declivity, obliquely.
Asp, oj* Aspick, fcp, oi- fc-pik, s. A kind of
serpent, whose poison is so dangerous and quick in its
operation, that it kills without a possibility of apply-
ing any remedy. Those that are bitten by it, die by
sleep and lethargy.
Asp, isp, s. A tree.
ASPALATH'JS, ^-Tpkl'-i-tJiuS, S. A plant called the
wood of Jerusalem ; rlie wood of a certain tree.
Asparagus, fc-pir-i-gus, s.
The name of a plant.
Cj" This word is vulgarly pronounced Sparrowgrasa.
It may be observed, that such words as ttie vulgat do >u>t
V
ASP
ASS
559. Fite73, ^r77, fall 83, fltSl— in^93, met 95— pine 1 05, pin 107— n6 16'^ move 164^
85-
know how to spell, and which convey no definite idea of
the thing, are frequently changed by them into such
words as they do know how to spell, and which do con-
vey some definite idea. The word in question is an in-
jtance of if and the corruption of this word into S/mr-
rowgrass is so general, that asparagus has an air of stiff-
ness and pedantry. — See Lanlern.
Aspect, is^pekt, S. Look, air, appearance J
countenance; glance, view, act of beholding; direc-
tion towards any point, position ; disposition of any
thing to something else, relation; disposition of a
planet to other planets.
C:?- This word, as a noun, was universally pronounced
with the accent on the last syllable till about the middle
of the seventeenth century. It grew antiquated m Mil-
ton's time, and is now entirely obsolete. Dr. Farmer's
observations on this word, in his no less solid than in-
genious Essay on The Learning of Shakespeare, arc so
curious, as well as just, that the reader will, I doubt not,
be obliged to me for quoting them :
" Sometimes a very little matter detects a forgery
" You may remember a play called the Double Falsehooa,
" which Mr. Theobald was desirous of palming upon the
" world for a posthumous one of Shakespeare : and I see
•' it is classed as such in the last edition of the Bodleian
" catalogue. Mr. Pope himself, after all the strictures
" of Scriblerus, in a letter to Aaron Hill, supposes it of
" that age ; but a mistaken accent determines it to have
" been written since the middle of the last century :
" Thi» late example
" Of base Henriquei, bleeding in me now,
" From each good aspect takes away my tnut."
And in another place,
" You ha»e an aspect. Sir, of wondrous witdom."
" The word aspect, you perceive, is here accented on
" the^rst syllable, which, I am confident, in any sense
" of it, was never the case in the time of Shakespeare j
" though it may sometimes appear to be so, when we do
" not observe a preceding Elision.
" Some of the professed imitators of our old poets have
" not attended to this and many other minutice : I could
" point out to you several performances in the respective
" styles of Chaucer, Spenser, and Shakespeare, which the
«« imitated bards could not possibly have either read or
«« construed.
" This verv accent hath troubled the annotators on
«• Milton. 6r. Bentley observes it to be a tone different
" from the present use. Mr. Manwaring, in his Treatise
•' of Harmony and Numbers, very solemnly informs us,
" that this verse is defective both in accent and quantity.
" Hii words here ended; but hit meek asp4Xi,
" Silent, yet spake,"
" Here, says he, a syllable is acutea ^nd long, whereas
" it should be short and graved I"
" And a still more extraordinary gentleman, one
" Green, who published a specimen of a new i-erstoM of
" the Paradise Lost, into blank verse, ' by which that
«• amazine work is brought somewhat nearer the summit
•« of perfection,' begins with correcting a blunder in the
♦• fourth book.
" The setting •»■!
" Slowly descended, and with right aspect —
" Levell'd his evening rays."
" Not SO in the new versio7i :
" Meanwhile the setting sun descending slow —
" Levell'd with asptct right his ev'ning rays."
" Enough of such commentators.— The celebrated Dr.
" Dee had a spirit, who would sometimes condescend to
"correct him, when peccant in auantily : and it had
" been kind of him to have a little assisted the wights
" above mentioned.— Milton affected the antique; but it
"may seem more extraordinary, that the old accent
*« should be adopted in Hudibras."
To Aspect, 4s-pekt| v. a. 492. To behold.
AsPECTABLE, As-pek-ti-bl, a. 405. Visible.
ASPECTION, 4s-pek-shun, S. Beholding, view.
AsPEN, 4si-pen, *. 103. A tree, the leaves of
which always tremble.
AsPEN, lU-pen, a. Belonging to the asp-tree ; made
of aspen wood.
ASPER, 4s£-pur, a. 98. Rough, rugged.
To AsPEEATE, Is-pJ-rite, v. a. 91.
To make rough.
(t^ This word, and those that succeed it of the same
family, seem to follow the general rule in the sound of the
t before r when after the accent; that is, to preserve it
pittCi andinaseparate syllable.— Se« Principles, No. »5S.
34
AspERATioN, ^-pe-ri-shun, S. A making rough.
ASPERIFOLIOUS, As-per-^-fi-l^-us, a. Plants, so
called from the roughness of their leaves.
Asperity, ^s-per-e-te, S. Unevenness, roughness
of surface; roughness of sound ; roughness or rugged-
ness of temper.
AsPERNATioN, its-pet-na-shun, *.
Neglect, disregard.
Asperous, is-pe-rus, a. Rough, uneven.
To Asperse, Is-perseJ v. a. To bespatter with
censure or calumny.
Aspersion, as-per^shun, *. A sprinkling; calumny,
censure.
AsPHALTiCK, is-fll-tik, a. 84.
Gummy, bituminous.
ASPH ALTOS, as-fal-tus, *. A bituminous, inflam-
mable substance, resembling pitch, and chiefly found
swimming on the surface of the Lacus Asphaltites, or
Dead Sea, where anciently stood the cities of Sodom
and Gomorrah.
ASPHALTUM, is-f^l-tum, *. A bituminous stone
found near the ancient Babylon.
Asphodel, fc-f6-del, s. Day-lily.
ASPICK, is-pik, *. The name of a serpent.
To Aspirate, 4s-pe-rate, w. a. 91 • To pronounce
with full breath, as hope, not ope.
Aspirate, Ss^pe-rite, a. 91. 394.
Pronounced with full l)reath.
Aspiration, ^-pe-rA-shun, *. a breathing after,
an ardent wi.Mi, the act of aspiring, or desiring some-
thing high trhe pronunciation of a vowel with iull
breath.
To Aspire, Aspire, w.n. To desire with eagerness
to pant after something higher ; to rise higher
Asportation, ^-por-ti'shun, *.
A carrying away.
Asquint, ^-skwintj ad. Obliquely, not in the
straight line of vision.
Ass, Iss, s. An animal of burden ; a stupid, heavy,
dull fellow, a dolt.
To Assail, is-sale( v. a. To attack in a hostile
manner, to assault, to fall upon ; to attack with argu»
ment or censure.
Assailable, Is-sa-lA-bl, a. 405. That which
may be attacked.
Assailant, is-sA-l4nt, s. He tnat attacks.
Assailant, lls-sa-lint, a. Attacking, invading.
Assailer, as-si-lur, *. 98. One who attacks
another.
AssapaniCK, is-s4-p^n-nik, s. The flying squirrel.
Assassin, ^-S^s-sin, S. a murderer, one that kills
by sudden violence.
T'o Assassinate, ILs-sAsise-nite, v. a, 91.
To niuider by violence; to way-lay, to take by trea-
chery.
Assassination, &-s^-s^-ni'shun, *.
The act of assassinating.
Assassinator, ^-s4s-e-nA-tur, s.
Murdeier, maukiller.
ASSATION, 4s-sA-shun, S. Roasting.
Assault, 3.s-salt{ *. storm, opposed to sap or
siege; violence; invasion, hostility, attack; inlaw,
a violent kind of injury offered to a inan's person.
To Assault, iU-salt( v. a. To attack, to invade.
Assaulter, ^s-salt-ur, s. One who violently
assaults another.
Assay, ^S-saJ S. Examination ; in law, the ex-
amination of measures and weights used by the clerk
of the market ; the first entrance upon any thmg ;
attack, trouble.
To Assay, ^-sa{ v. a. To make trial of; to apply
to, as the touchstone in assaying metals; to try, to
endeavour.
AsSAYER, is-sA-ur, *. 98. An officer of the mintt
for the due trial of silver.
AsSECTATION, fc-SKk-ta-shu.. S, Attendance.
ASS
ASS
lAr ler, nSt 163— tibe 171 , tub 172, bull ITS-^ft 299— pSund 313— Mm 466, this 46».
ASSECUTION, its-S^-ku^shun, S. Acquirement.
Assemblage, is-sem^bladje, s. 90. A collection;
a number of individuals brougiit together.
To Assemble, fc-sem-bl, v. a. 405. To bring
together into one place.
To Assemble, fc-semibl, v. n.
To meet together.
Assembly, is-semibl^, s.
A company met together.
Assent, as-slntj S. The act of agreeing to any
thing; consent, agreement.
To Assent, ^-sentj v. n. To concede, to yield to.
Assentation, is-sen-tiishun, s. Compliance with
the opinion of another out of flattery.
Assentment, is-sent-ment, S. Consent.
To Assert, 4s-8ert{ v. a. To maintain, to defend
either by words or actions; to affirm; to claim, to
vindicate a title to.
Assertion, is-ser^shun, *. The act of asserting.
Assertive, is-ser-tiv, a. 158.
Positive, dogmatical.
ASSERTOR, as-seKtur, *. 98. Maintainer, vindi-
cator, affirmer.
To AssERVE, 4s-serv{ v, a.
To serve, help, or second.
To Assess, Js-ses{ v. a. To charge with any
certain sum.
ASSESSION, Is-seshiun, S. A sitting down by one.
Assessment, fc-sesiment, s. The sum levied on
certain property ; the act of assessing.
Assessor, ^s-ses^sur, s. 98. The person that sits
by the judge; he that sits by another as next in dig-
nity ; he that lays taxes.
Assets, is^sets, s. Goods sufficient to discharge
that burden which is cast upon the executor or heir.
To Assever, Is-sev^ur, 98. 1
To Asseverate, 4s-sev'-^-rite, 91. 555. J ^' ""
To affirm with great solemnity, as upon oatli.
Asseveration, 4s-sev.^-rA-shun, *.
Solemn affirmation, as upon oath.
ASSHEAD, is^hed, s. a blockhead.
Assiduity, 4s-se-duie-te, s. Diligence.
Assiduous, is-sid^u-us, a. 294. 376.
Constant in application.
Assiduously, is-sidijA-us-li, ad.
Diligently, continually.
ASSIENTO, Is-se-enit5, S. A contract or convention
between the kings of Spain and other powers, for fur-
nishing tlie Spanish dominions in America with slaves.
To Assign, lU-slneJ v. a. To mark out, to
appoint ; to fix with regard to quantity or value ; to
give a reason for ; in law, to appoint a deputy, or m,ake
over a right to another,
ASSI 3NABLE, is-slne^j-bl, a. That which may
be assigned.
Assignation, ^-sig-ni^sbun, *. An appointment
to meet, used generally of love appointments ; a mak-
ing over a thing to another.
Assignee, Hs-s^-n^J s. He that is appointed or
deputed by another to do any act, or perform any
business, or enjoy any commodity.
AssiGNER, ^-sUnur, s. 98. He that assigns.
Assignment, lU-sln^^ment, s. Appointment of
one thing with regard to another thing or person • in
law, tlie deed by which any thing is transferred from
one to another.
Assigns, ls-slnz{ S. Those persons to whom any
trust is assigned. This is a law term, and always used
in the plural ; as, a legacy is left to a person's heirs,
administrators, or assigns.
Assimilable, Is-sim^e-li-bl, a. That which may
be converted to the same nature with something else.
To Assimilate, tls-simi^-late, v. a. 91.
To convert to the same nature with anothw thing: to
luing to a likeness^ or resemblance.
35
Assimilateness, Is-simimMite-nes, *.
Likeness.
Assimilation, ^-sim-m^-Ia^shun, «. The act of
converting any Diing to the nature or substance of an-
other ; the state of being assimilated ; the act of grow-
ing like some other being.
To Assist, 4s-sist{ v, a. To help.
Assistance, is-sis^t4nse, s. Help, furtherance
Assistant, is-sis-tint, a. Helping, lending aid.
Assistant, is-sis^t^nt, s. a person engaged in
an affair, not as principal, but as auxiliary or minis-
terial.
Assize, ^-slzej s. a court of judicature held
twice a year in every county, in which causes are tried
by a ju.ige and jury ; an ordinance or statute to deter-
mine the weight of bread.
To ASSI/E, as-slze{ v. a. To fix the rate of any
thing. ^
Assizer, 4s-sl-zur, s. An officer that has the care
of weights and measures.
AssoCIABLE, ^si^sh^-J-bl, a. That which may
be joined to another.
To Associate, is-si-she-ite, v. a. 91.
To unite with another as a confederate ; to adopt as a
friend upon equa' terms; to accompany.
Associate, 4s-s6ish^-ite, a. 91. Confederate.
Associate, Ss-siish^-ite, s. a partner, a con-
federate, a companion.
Association, is-s6-sbl-Aishun, s. Union, con-
junction, society; confederacy; partnership; connec-
tion.— See Pronunciation.
Assonance, is^sA-ninse, s. Reference of one
sound to another resembling it.
Assonant, isis6-nlnt, a. Resembling another
sound.
To Assort, 4s-Sort{ v. a. To range in classes.
To Assot, is-S&tJ V. a. To infatuate.
To Assuage, 4s.swije{ v, a. 331. To mitigate;
to soften ; to appease, to pacify ; to ease.
Assuagement, ^swij eminent, s.
What mitigates or softens.
Assuager, ds-swiijur, S. 98. One who pacifiej
or appeases.
Assuasive, is-swa^siv, a. 158. 428.
Softening, mitigating.
To Assubjugate, 5s-sub'-ji-gite, v. a. 91.
To subject to.
ASSUEFACTION, Js-Sw4-ftkishun, S. The state of
bemg accustomed.
Assuetude, ^isw^-tude, *. 334.
Accnstomance, custom.
To Assume, 4s-sume{ v. a. 454. To take; t>
take upon one's self; to arrogate, to claim or seize
unjustly ; to suppose something without proof; to ap-
propriate.
ft:?- Why Mr. Sheridan should pronounce this word
and the word consume without the A, and presume and
resume, as if written prezAoom and rezhoom, is not easily
conceived ; the « ought to be aspirated in all or none
See Principles 454. 478, 479.
Assumer, Is-suimur, *. 98. An arrogant man.
Assuming, lis-sh'-ming, part, a.
Arrogant, haughty.
Assumpsit, ^s-sum-sit, s. A voluntary promise
made by word, whereby a man taketh upon him to
perform or pay any thing to another.
Assumption, ^s-sum-shun, s. The act of taking
any thing to one's self; the supposition of any tiling
without farther proof; the thing supposed, a postulate;
tlie taking up any person into heaven.
Assumptive, is-sumitiv, a. 157. That which
is assumed.
Assurance, fch-shuirinse, s. Certain expecta-
tion; secure confidence, Iru.t; freedom from di.uht,
certain knowledge; firmness, undoubting steadiness;
confidence, want of modesty; giound of confidence,
security given ; spirit, intrepidity; testimony of credit!
conviction } insurance.
AST
ATI
•}.
(»- 559. Fit€ 73, &T, 77, fall 83, fit 81— mJ03, met 95— pine 105. pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
Astrology, As-tr6l-i-je, s. 518. The practice
of foretelling things by the knowledge of the stars.
Astronomer, 4s-trSnin6-mur, s. He that studies
the celestial motions.
Astronomical, 4s-tr6-nftmii-k4l, 509.
AsTRONOMicK, 4s-tri-n8m'ik,
Belonging to astronomy.
Astronomically, ^-tr5-n5m!^^-kil-ll, ad.
In an astronomical manner.
Astronomy, ^-tr8n-ni-m5, s. 518. A mixed
mathematical. science, teaching the knowledge of the
celestial bodies, their magnitudes, motions, distances,
periods, eclipses, and order.
Astro-theology, 4s-tri-Mi-6U6-je, s. Divinity
founded on the observation of the celestial bodies.
Asunder, i-sun-dur, ad, 98. Apart, separately,
not together.
Asylum, 4-sI-lum, S. A sanctuary, a refuge.
(fS- Nothing can show more plainly the tendency of our
language to an antepenultimate accent than the vulgar
pronunciaticm of this word, which generally places the
accent on the first syllable. This is however an unpar-
donable offence to a Latin ear, which insists on preserv-
ing the accent of the original whenever we adopt a Latin
word into our own language without alteration. — See
Principles, No. 503.
Asymmetry, J-simime-tr5, s. Contrariety to
symmetry, disproportion.
Asymptote, as^sim-tite, s. Asymptotes arc right
lines which approach nearer and nearer to some curve,
but which would never meet.
To Assure, Ssh-shureJ v. a. 175. To give con-
fidence by a firm promise; to secure another; to make
confident, to exempt from doubt or fear; to make
secure.
Assured, 4sh-shA-red, or ish-shiirdj part. a.
359. Certain, indubitable; certain, not doubting ; im-
modest, viciously confident.
Assuredly, fch-shuired-1^, ad. 364.
Certainly, indubitably.
Assuredness, Ush-shu^red-nes, s. 365.
Tlie state of being assured, certainty.
Assurer, Jsh-shA-rur, s. He that gives assuriacej
he that gives security to make good any loss.
Asterisk, 4s-te-nsk, J. A mark in printing, as*.
Asterism, ^s-te-nzm, s. A constellation.
Asterites, fc-ter-l-tiz, *. A precious stone.
A kind of opal sparkling like a star.
Asthma, ast'-mS., s. 471. A frequent, difficult,
and short respiration, joined with a hissing sound and
a cough.
Asthmatical, 4st-m^t-^-k^l, "I
Asthmatick, ist-mit-ik, 509./*"*
Troubled with an asthma.
Astern, ^-sternj ad. In the hinder part of the
ship, behind the ship.
To ASTERT, i-stert{ v. a. To terrify, to startle,
to fright.
Astonied, ^-st8n-^-ed, part. a. A word used
for astonished.
To Astonish, fc-tJn-nish, v. a. To confound with
fear or wonder, to amaze.
Astonishingness, ^-t&n-msh-ing-nes, *.
Quality to excite astonishment.
Astonishment, -As-tSn-ish-ment, s.
Amazement, confusion of mind.
To Astound, ^-tound| v. a. To astonish, to con-
found with fear or wimder.
Astraddle, 4-sti4d-dl, ad. 405. With one's
legs across any thing.
Astragal, As^tra-gil, s. 503. A little round
member, in the form of a ring, at the tops and bottoms
of columns.
Astral, is-trcll, a. Starry, relating to the stars.
Astray, J-strA{ ad. Out of the riglit way.
To ASTRICT, ^S-tnktJ v. a. To confiact by
application.
ASTRICTION, Js-trik^shun, s. The act or power of
contracting the parts of the body.
AsTRicTiVE, 4s-trikitiv, a. 138.
Styptick, binding.
ASTRICTORY, As-trikitur-rJ, a. Astringent.
Astride, i-stridc| ad. With tiie legs open.
AsTRiFEROUS, ils-triP-^-rus, a.
Hearing, or having stars.
To ASTRINGE, As-tnnje,' v. a. To make a con-
traction, to make the parts draw together.
AstringeNCV, ;\s-triiiyen-se, *. The power of
contracting the parts of the body.
Astringent, 4s-tnn-jent, a. Binding, contracting.
AsTROGRAPHY, is-tfig^nt-fe, s. 518.
The science of descriliin/ the stars.
Astrolabe, Jsitro-Ube, j. An instrument
< iiicfly used fcir taking the altitude of the pole, the
sun, or stars, al sea.
Astrologer, As-trSl-')-jur, *. One that, sup-
posing the influence of the stars to have a causal
power, professes to foretell or discover events.
Astrologian, ^-tro-lo-.ie-;tll, s. Astrologer,
AstrologicaLj ;1.s-tro-l&d^ju-k4l, 509
ASTROLOGICK, is-tlO-ludiilk,
Relating to astrology, professing astrology.
Astrologically, !is-tri-l6d-je-k4l-li, ad.
In an astrological manner.
To AsTROLOGiZE, ^-tril-o-jizc, V. n.
To praciijc astrology.
3C
■}«■
0:5- I have preferred Dr. Johnson's accentuation on the
first syllable, to Mr. Sheridan's and Dr. Ash's on the
second.
Asyndeton, l-sinid^-t8n, s. A figure in gram-
mar, when a conjunction copulative is omitted.
At, at, prep. At, before a place, notes the nearness
of the place ; as, a man is at the house before he is in
it; At, before a word signifying time, notes thd co-
existence of the time with the event ; At, before a su-
perlative adjective implies in the state, as at most, in
the state of" most perfection, &c. At signifies the par-
ticular condition of the person, as at peace ; At some-
times marks employment or .ittention ; as, he is at
work; Atsometimes the samewith furnished with ; as,
a man at arms; At sometimes notes the place wliere
any thing is ; as, he is at home ; At sometimes is nearly
the same as In, noting situation ; At sometimes seems
to signify in the power of, or obedient to; as. At your
service ; At all, in any manner.
AtaBAL, 4t-ft-bil, S. A kind of tabour used by
the Moors.
Ataraxy, it-ti-r^k-S^, *. 517. Exemption from
vexation, tranquillity.
AthaNOR, a^/t-i-nSr, 5. ]G6. A digesting furnace
to keep heat for some time.
Atheism, -d'-thhAzra, s. 505.
The disbelief of God.
Atheist, A-f/te-lst, S. One that denies the exi»
tt'iice of God.
Atheistical, fl-^Ae-is-tc-k^l, a.
Given to atheism, impious.
Atheistically, k-the-h'-th-ki\-\!i, ad.
In an atheistical manner.
Atiieisticalness, ii-</ie-is-te-k4l-nes, s.
The quality of being atheistical.
AtheISTICK, i-^/ic-lS-tlk, a. Given to atheism
Atheous, X-thti-viS, a. 505. Atheistick, godless
Atheroma, 4</t-e-ro-m;t, s. 527.
A species of^wcn.
Atheromatous, iM-^-roin-i-tus, a. Having
the qualities of an atheroma, or curdy wen.
AthirST, a-^/iurst,' ad. 108. Thirsty, in want of
drink.
AthleticK, ^th-\it'-lk, a. 500. Belonging to
wrestling; strong of body, vigorous, lusty, robust.
Athwart, i-</twart{ prep. Across, transverse to
any thing; through.
AtilT, i-tilt{ ad. With Uie action of a man
ATT ATT
nor 167, n8t 163— tfibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pSund 313— ^Ain 466, this 469.
making a thrust ; in the posture of a barrel raised or
tilted behind.
Atlas, 4t-lis, *. a collection of maps; a large
square folio; sometimes the supporter of a building;
a rich kind of silk.
Atmosphere, ^timi-sfere, s. The air that
encompasses the solid earth on all sides.
Atmospherical, St-m6-s(er-e-ldU, a.
Belonging to the atmosphere.
Atom, it-tum, s. 166. Such a small particle as
cannot be physically divided; any thing extremely
small.
AtomICAL, J-t5miJ-kll, a. Consisting of atoms;
relating to atoms.
Atom I ST, ^t-t6-mist, *. One that holds the ato-
mical philosophy.
Atomv, h.-h-mh, S. An atom.
To Atone, J-tone{ v. n. To agree, to accord ; to
stand as an equivalent for something ; to answer for.
To Atome, i-tAneJ v. a. To expiate.
Atonement, i-tineiment, s. Agreement, con-
cord; expiation, expiatory equivalent.
Atop, i-t5p{ ad: On the top, at the top.
Atrabilahian, Jt-tr4-bi-liiri-4n, a. 507.
Melancholy.
Atrabilarious, 4t-tr^-bi-li-r^-us, a.
Melancholick.
Atrabilariousness, it-tri-bi-li-ri-Ss-nes, s.
The state of being melancholy.
Atramental, It-tr4-men-tll, "I
Atramentous, it-tri-men-tus, J
Inky, black.
Atrocious, A-tri-shus, a. 292. WicKed in a
high degree, enormous.
Atrociously, i-tr6ishus-l5, ad.
In an atrocious manner.
Atrociousness, i-tri-shus-nes, *. Tlie quality
of being enormously criminal.
Atrocity, i-tr6s-si-ti, s. 511.
Horrible wickedness.
Atrophy, 4t-trA-fJ, s. Want of nourishment, a
disease.
To Attach, It-t^tshJ v. a. To arrest, to take or
apprehend ; to seize ; to lay hold on ; to win ; to gain
over, to enamour ; to fix to one's interest.
Attachment, 4t-t4tsh-ment, s.
Adherence, regard.
To Attack, It-tJk} v. a. To assault an enemy ;
t'o begin a contest.
Attack, it-tik{ s. An assault.
Attacker, ^t-t4kiur, s. 98. The psrson that
attacks.
To Attain, 4t-tine{ v. a. To gain, to procure;
to overtake ; to come to ; to reach ; to equal.
To Attain, ^t-tAne{ v. n. To come to a certain
state; to arrive at.
Attainable, 4t-tineii-bl, a. Tliat which may
be obtained, procurable.
AiTAiNABLENESS, ^t-tine'i-bl-iies, S.
The quality of being attainable.
Attainder, A.t-tAneidur, *. 98. The act of
attainting in law; taint.
Attainment, ^t-tine-ment, *. That which is
attained, acquisition ; the act or power of attaining.
To Attaint, At-tant{ v. a. To attaint is par-
ticularly used for such as are found guilty of some
crime or offence; to taint, to corrupt.
Attaint, at-tAntJ s. Any thing injurious, as illness,
weariness ; stain, spot, taint.
Attainture, at-tine-tshure, s. 461.
Reproacli, imputation.
To Attaminate, it-t;tmie-n;\te, v. a.
To corrupt. Not used.
To Attempkb, it-tem-pur, v. a. To mingle, to
weaken by the mixture of something else ; to regulate,
37
to soften; to mix in just proportions; to fit to soma
thing else.
To Attemperate, 4t-tem-per-ate, i». a. 555.
To proportion to something.
7'o Attempt, 4t-temt{ v. a. 4)2. To attack, to
venture upon ; to try, to endeavour.
Attempt, it-temtj s. 412. An attack, an essay,
an endeavour.
Attemptable, it-temt-t4-bl, a.
Liable to attempts or attacks.
Attempter, at-temtitur, s. The person that
attempts ; an endeavourer.
To Attend, At-tendJ v. a. To regard, to fix the
mind upon; to wait on ; to accompany; to be present
with, upon a summons; to be appendant to; to be
consequent to ; to stay for.
To Attend, at-tendj v. n. To yield attention; to
stay, to delay.
AlTENDANCE, ^t-ten-dif.se, S. The act of waiting
on another; service; the persons wailing, a train;
attention, regard.
Attendant, it-ten-d^nt, s. One that attends i
one that belongs to the train ; one that waits as a suitor
or agent; one that is present at any thing; a con-
comitant, a consequent.
Attender, at-ten-dur, s. 98.
Companion, associate.
Attent, it-tenti a. Intent, attentive.
Attentates, it-ten^tites, s. Proceedyigs in a
court after an inhibition is decreed.
Attention, it-ten-shun, s. The act of attending
or heeding.
Attentive, il-tenitiv, a. 158.
Heedful, regardful.
ATrENTivELY, 4t-ten-tlv-le, ad.
Heedfully, carefully
Attentiveness, 4t-ten-tiv-nes, s.
needfulness, attention.
Attenuant, it-ten-i-int, a. Endued with tht
power of making thin or slender.
Attenuate, 4t-ten-i-^te, « 91.
Made thin or slender.
Attenuation, it-ten-u-Aishun, *. The act of
making any thing thin or slender.
Atter, it-tur, s. 98. Corrupt matter.
To Attest, it-tt'St{ v. a. To bear witness of, to
witness; to call to witness.
Attestation, It-tes-ti'shun, s.
Testimony, evidence.
Attic, It-tik, a. Belonging to Attica, belonging
to Athens. In philology, delicate, poignant, just, up-
right. In architecture, belonging to the upper uart of
a building; belonging to an upper story, flat, having
the roof concealed ; belonging to a peculiar kind oT
base sometimes used in the Ionic and Doric orders.
To Atticise, it-t^-slze, v. n. To make use of
atticisms.
Atticism, hf-th-svzm, s. An imitation of the
Attic style ; a concise and elegant mode of expression.
AtTIGUOUS, it-tlg^A-US, a. Hard by.
To AttiNOE, it-tinje( v. a. To touch slightly.
To Attire, it-tlre{ v. a. To dress, to habit, to
array.
Attire, 4t-tlre{ s. Clothes, dress; in hunting, the
horns of a buck or stag ; in botany, the flower of a
plant is divided into three parts, the impalement, the
foliation, and the attire.
Attirer, 4t-tl-rur, s. One that attires another, a
dresser.
Attitude, at^t^-tude, *. A posture, the posture
or action in which a statue or painted figure is placed.
AttolleNT, it-t6l-lent, a. That which raises of
lifts lip.
Attorney, ilt-tur-ne, s. 165. Such a person a.
by consent, commandment, or request, takes heed to,
sees, ar.d takes upon him the cliafge of other men's
business, in their absence ; one who is apiwinted or
AUC
AVE
559. F^te 73, far 77, fall 83, fSt 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Auctioneer, iwk-shun-ilrj s. 275. The person
that manages an auction.
AUCTIVE, awk-tlV, a. 158. Of an increasing
quality. Not used.
AUCOPATION, aw-ku-pi-shun, S. Fowling, bird-
catching.
Audacious, aw-dA-shus, a. 292. Bold, impudent.
Audaciously, Iw-d4ishus-le, ad.
Boldly, impudently.
Audaciousness, aw-dA-shus-nes, s. Impudence.
Audacity, Iw-dfc-^-ti, s. 511.' Spirit, boldness.
Audible, dw-d4-bl, a, 405. That which may be
perceived by hearing ; loud enough to be heard.
AudIBLENESS, iw-di-bl-nes, S. Capableness of
being heard.
Audibly, aw-dl-bl^, ad. In such a manner as
to be heard.
Audience, aw-je-ense, s. 293, 294. The act of
hearing; the liberty of speaking granted, a hearing;
an auditory, persons collected to hear ; the reception
of any man who delivers a solemn message.
Audit, S.w-dit, *. A final account.
To Audit, aw-dlt, v. a. To take an account
Anally.
Audition, aw-dish-un, *. 507. Hearing.
Auditor, aw-de-tur, s. 98. 503, b. A hearer;
a person employed to take an account ultimately; a
king's officer, who, yearly examining the accounts of
all under officers accountable, makes up a general
book.
Auditory, Jw'd^-tur-ri, a. 557. That has the
power of hearing.
Auditory, aw-di-tur-re, s. An audience, a col •
lection of persons assembled to hear; a place where
lectures are to be heard.
Auditress, aw-d^-tres, S. The woman that hears.
To Avel, i-veU V. a. To pull away.
Avemary, k-vh-m^-rk, S, A form of worship in
honour of the Virgin Mary.
AveNAGE, 3.v-en-ldje, *. 91. A certain quantity of
oats paid to a landlord.
To Avenge, 4-venje{ v. a. To revenge ; to punish
AVENGEANCE, ^-ven-j^nse, *. 244. Punishment.
Avengement, ^-venjeiment, s.
Vengeance, revenge.
Avenger, i-ven-jur, S. Punisher; revenger,
taker of vengeance.
AVENS, ^v-ens, 5. The herb bennet.
AveNTURE, ^-ven-tshure, S. 461. A mischance,
causing a man's death, without felony.
AVENUE, k\'-h-xi\i, S. 335. 503. A vray by which
any place may be entered ; an alley, or walk of trees
before a house".— See Revenue.
To Aver, 4-ver{ v. a. To declare positifely.
Average, iv'-ur-idje, s. 90. 555. That duty or
service which the tenant is lo pay to the king; a me-
dium, a mean proportion.
Averment, ^-ver-raent, s. Establisltment of any
thing by evidence.
AverNAT, ^-ver-nit, S. A sort of grape.
7b AVERBUNCATE, ^v-er-rungikite, v. a. 91-
408. lo loot up.
Aversation, ^v-er-sa^shun, s.
Hatred, abhorrence.
Averse, i-verse{ a. Malign, not favourable | not
pleased with, unwilling to.
Aversely, A-verse-le, ad.
Unwillingly; backwardly.
Averseness, R-verse-nes, s.
Unwillingness; backwardness.
Aversion, i-ver-shun, s. Hatred, dislike, dete»-
tation ; the cause of aversion.
To Avert, 4-virt; v. a. To turn wide, to tum
olf, to put by.
retained to prosecute or defend an action at law; a
lawyer.
Attorneyship, 4t-tur^n^-ship, s. The office of
an attorney.
Attornment, Ht-turn-ment, s. A yielding of
the tenement to a new lord.
To Attract, it-tr^kt^ v. a. To draw to some-
thing; to allure, to invite.
Attractation, 3.t-trJk-ti^shun, *.
Frequent handling.
Attractical, It-trik^t^-kil, a. Having the
power lo draw.
Attraction, ^t-tr^k-shun, *. The power of
drawing any thing ; the power of alluring or enticing.
Attractive, it-trik-tiv, a. 15». Having the
power to draw any t^ing ; inviting, alluring, enticing.
Attractive, 4t-trik-tiv, s. That which draws
or incites.
Attractively, 4t-trtkit3v-lf, ad. With the
power of attracting.
Attractiveness, It-trlk^tiv-nes, *. The quality
of being attractive.
Attractor, 4t-trak^tur, *. 98. The agent that
attracts.
ArrRAHENT, ^t-tri-hent, *. 503, J'.
That which draws.
Attributable, ^t-trib-u-ti-bl, a. That which
may ba ascribed or attributed.
To Attribute, it-trib^ute, v. a. 492.
To ascribe, to yield ; to impute, as to a cause.
Attribute, ^t-tre-bute, s. 492. The thing at-
tributed to another; quality adherent; a thing belong-
ing to another, an appendant ; reputation, honour.
Attribution, ^t-tr^-bu-slmn, s. Commendation.
AtTRITE, at-trlte{ a. Ground, worn by rubbing.
AtTRITENESS, ^t-trlte-nes, 5. The being much
worn.
Attrition, slt-trish-un, s. 507. The act of
wearing things by rubbing; grief for sin, arising only
from the fear of punishment; the lowest degree of re-
pentance.
To Attune, ^t-tunej v. a. To make any thing
musical ; to tune one thing to another. — See 7't«He.
Atween, ^-twMnJ ad. or prep.
Betwixt, between.
Atwixt, i-twikstj prep. In the middle of two
things.
To Avail, i-v^lej v. a. To profit, to turn to
profit ; to promote, to prosper, to assist.
Avail, 4-v^le| *. Profit, advantage, benefit.
Available, ^-va'-li-bl, a. 405. Profitable, ad-
vantageous i powerful, having force.
Availableness, i-vAM4-bl-nes, s. Power of
promoting the end for which it is used.
Availably, ^-vA'-l4-bl^, ad.
Powerfully, profitably.
AvAiLMENT, i-vAleiment, s.
Usefulness, advantage.
To AvALE, J-vileJ V. a. To let fall, to depress.
Avant-guard, ^-vjnt-gard, s. The van.
Avarice, 3.v-i-ns, S. 142. Covetousness, insa-
tiable desire.
Avaricious, ^v-H-rish^us, a. 292. Covetous.
Avariciously, ivi^-ri.sh-us-le, ad. Covetously.
AVARICIOUSNESS, 4v-4-rish-US-neS, S. The quality
of being avaricious.
AvAUNT, a-vantj m^. 216. A word of abhorrence
by which any one is driven away.
AUBURNE, tw-burn, a. Brown, of a tan colour.
Auction, iwk-shun, s. A manner of sale in
which one person bids after another; the thing sold
by auction.
Auctionary, awk^shun-4-r£, a. Belonging to
an auction.
38
AVO
AUT
nlr 167, nSt 163; tibe 171, tSb 172, b6ll 173 ; 5!l 299 ; pSund 313 ; thin 466, thIs 469.
Auger, aw^^r, s. 98. 166. A carpenter's tool
to bore holes with.
Aught, awt, s. 393. Any thing.
OS- This word is not a pronoun, as Dr. Johnson has
marked it, but a substantive.
To Augment, awg-mentj v. a. To increase, to
make bigger or more.
To Augment, iwg-mentj v. n. To increase, to
grow bigger.
Augment, ^wg^ment, s. 492. Increase; state
of increase.
Augmentation, iwg-men-ti-shun, s. The act
of increasing or making bigger; the state of being
made bigger ; the thing added, by which another is
made bigger.
Augur, aw-gur, s. 98. 166. One who pretends
to predict by ihe flight of birds.
To Augur, aw-gur, v. n. To guess, to conjecture
by signs.
Tb Augurate, aw-gu-rate «;. w. 91. To judge
by augury.
AuGURATiON, iw-gA-ri-shun, s. The practice of
ai'gi'ry. ^ ^
AuGURER, aw-gur-ur, s. 555. The same with
augur.
AUGURIAL, aw-gu-re-al, a. Relating to augury.
Augury, itwigu-r^, *. 179. The act of prognos-
ticating by omens ; the rules observed by augurs ; an
omen or prediction.
August, ^W-gust{ a. 494. Great, grand, royal,
magnificent.
August, aw^^gust, t. The name of tlie eighth
month from January inclusive.
AugustneSS, iiw-gust-nes, S. Elevation of look,
dignity.
Aviary, i-v^-J-re, s, 505. A place enclosed to
keep birds in.
Avidity, 3.-vid-^-tJ, S. Greediness, eagerness.
AviTOUS, ^v-^-tus, a. 503. 314. Left by a man's
ancestors. Not used.
To AviZE, i-vlze{ v. a. To counsel; to bethink
liimself, to consider.
AULI), awld, a. Old. Not used.
AULETICK, aw-let^ik, a. 509. Belonging to pipes.
AULICK, iw-llk, a. Belonging to the court.
AULN, awn, *. A French measure of length, an ell.
To Aumail, aw-male5 v. a. To variegate.
Aunt, ^nt, *. 214. A father or mother's sister.
Avocado, iv-i-ki-di, S. A plant. — See Lumbago.
To Avocate, iv-vi-kAte, v. a. 91.
To call away.
Avocation, 4v-vo-ki-shun, s, Tlie act of calling
aside ; the business that calls.
To Avoid, i-voidj v. a. 299. To shun, to escape ;
to endeavour to shun ; to evacuate, to quit.
7b Avoid, A-vo)d{ f. W. To retire; to become void
or vacant.
Avoidable, ^-vSid-A.-bl, a. That which may be
avoided or escaped.
Avoidance, il-void-inse, «. The act of avoiding;
the course by wliich any thing is carried otf.
AvoiDER, 4-void-er, *. ,98. The person that shuns
any thing; the person that carries any thing away;
the vessel in which things are carried away.
AVOIDLESS, i-v5ld-l2s, a. inevitable.
Avoirdupois, iv-er-du-poiz| a. 302. A kind of
weight, of which a pound contains sixteen ounces, and
is in proportion to a pound Troy as 17 to 14.
AVOLATION, iv-0-la-shun, S. The flying away.
To Avouch, i-voutsl)5 v. a. To affirm, to
maintain ; to produce in favour of another ; to vindi-
cate, to justify.
^VOUCH, 4-V0Utsh5 5. 313. Declaration, evidence.
39
AvoucHABLE, t-vSutshiJ-bl, ffl. Tliat may be
avouched.
AvoucHER, 3.-v5utsh'ur s. He that avouches.
To Avow, It-vouJ v. a. To justify, to declare
openly.
AVOWABLE, i-VOU-^-bl, a. That which may be
openly declared.
Avowal, ^-vou-al, *. Justificatory declaration.
Avowedly, ^-vou^d-le, ad. 364. In an avowed
manner.
Avowee, iv-ou-^J S. He to whom the right of
advowson of any church belongs.
AvoWER, J-vou-ur, s. 98. He that avow or
justifies.
Avowry, J-v5u-r4, S. Where one takes a distress,
the taker shall justify for what cause he took it ; whiclj
is called his avowry.
AvowSAL, ll-vouiz4l, S. 442. A confession.
Avowtry, 4-vou-tr^, *. Adultery.
AuRATE, Sw^rate, s. A sort of pear.
AureliA, iw-r^-1^-^, S. 92. A term used for the
first apparent change of the eruca, or maggot of any
species of insects, the chrysalis.
Auricle, aw^re-kl, s. 405. The external ear;
two appendages of the heart, being two muscular caps
covering the two ventricles thereof.
Auricula, iw-nk^i-ll, *. 92. Bear's ear, a
flower.
Auricular, aw-nkiu-l^r, a. Within the sense
or reach of hearing; secret, told in the ear.
Auricularly, ^w-rikiu-l^r-li, ad. In a secret
manner.
Auriferous, aw-rif-fe-rus, a. 518. That pro-
duces gold.
Aurigation, Jw-r^-ga^shun, s. The act of
driving carriages. Not used.
AURIST, aw-rist, *. One who professes to cure
disorders of the ear.
Aurora, aw-ri-ri, 5. 545. A species o' crow- foot-
the goddess that opens the gates of day, poetically the
morning.
Auscultation, aws-kul-tAishun, *. A hearkening
or listeninR to.
Auspice, iw-spis, s. 140. 142. The omens of
any future undertaking drawn from birds ; protection,
favour shown ; influence, good derived to others from
the piety ot their patron.
Auspicial, aw-spish^l, a. 292. Relating to
prognosticks.
Auspicious, iw-spish^us, a. 292. With omens
of success ; prosperous, fortunate; favourable, kind,
propitious; lucky, happy, applied to things.
Auspiciously, aw-spish-us-l^, ad. Happily,
prosperously.
Auspiciousness, iw-spish-u.s-ness, s.
Prosperity, happiness.
Austere, aW-StireS a. Severe, harsh, rigid , sour
of taste, harsh.
Austerely, ^w-stire'-l^, ad. Severely, rigidly.
Austereness, iw-stere'-nes, S. Severity, strict-
ness, rigour; roughness in taste.
Austerity, aw-ster'-^-te, s. 511. Severity,
mortified life, strictness; cruelty, harsh disciphne.
Austral, aws^tr^l, 1 ^
Austrine, aws^trin, 140. J
Authentical, hf-thvn'-th-k&l, a. 509-
Autlientick.
Authentically, iw-^/ten'-te-klll-le, ad. With
circumstances requisite to procure authority.
Authenticalness, aw-<Aen-te-kAl-nes, s.
Tlie quality of being authentick, genuineness.
To Authenticate, aw-Men'ti-kate, v. a. 91.
To establish any thing by authority.
CTT- I have inserted this woid without any piecedent
from our other dictionaries; but it is, in ray opinioi).
Sontliem.
AUT AXL
(0> 559. ¥kte 73, fUr 77, fall 83, f^t 81— m6 93, m^t95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
AuTL'MNAL, aw-tum^n;tl, a. Belonging to auti-mn.
Avulsion, i-vfil-shun, s. The act of pulling one
tiling from another.
AUXESIS, awg-ze-sis, 5. 478. 520. Amplification
AUXII.IAR, awg-ZlKy^r, S. 478. Helper, assistant.
Auxiliary, awg-zil-y4-r^, a. Helping, assisting
AuxiLiATiON, av?g-zil-e-i-shun, S. Help, aid.
To Await, i-v/ite', v. a. To expect, ta wait for-
to attend, to be in store for.
Await, 4-wate{ s. Ambush.
To Awake, 4-wike{ v. a. To rouse out of sleep,
to raise from any state resembling sleep ; to put into
new action.
To Awake, ^-wAkeJ v. n. To break from sleep,
to cease to sleep.
Awake, i-wakej a. Without sleep, not sleeping.
To Awaken, i-wA-kn. 103. — See Awake.
To Award, 4-Ward( v. a. To adjudge, to give any
thing by a judicial sentence; to judge, to determine.
Award, 4-ward{ S. Judgment, sentence, determi.
nation.
Aware, i-r/kre', a. Vigilant, attentive.
To Aware, i-wAreJ v. n. To beware, to be
cautious.
Away, a-waj ad. Absent from any place or person ,
let us go j begone ; out of one's own power.
Awe, aw, s. Reverential fear, reverence.
To Awe, aw, v. a. To strike with reverence or fear.
Aweband, aw-bAnd, s. A check.
Awful, iw^ful, a. 173. 406. That which strikes
with awe, or fills with reverence; worshipful, invested
with dignity ; struck with awe, timorous.
Awfully, awiful-l^, ad. In a reverential manner.
AwFULNESS, aw-fiil-nes, S. The quality of striking
with awe, solemnity; the state of being struck with
suSiciently established by good usage to give it a place
in all of them.
Authenticity, aw-^/^en-tls-se-te, s.
Authority, genuineness.
Authentick, aw-<Aen^tik, a. That which has
every thing requisite to give it authority.
Authentickly, Rw-fAen'tik-1^, ad. After an
authentick manner.
Autiientickness, aw-<Aenitik-nes, s.
Authenticity.
Author, avv-</mr, 5. 98. 418. The first beginner
or mover of any thing ; the efficient, he that effects or
produces any thing; the first writer of any thing; a
writer in general.
Authoress, aw-<Aur-ess, s. A female writer.
Authoritative, aw-Mftr-e-ti-tiv, a. Having
due authority ; having an air of authority.
Authoritatively, aw-<A6rie-ti-tiv-li, ad.
In an authoritative manner; with a shew of authority ;
with due authority.
Authoritativeness, aw-^Aftri^-td-tiv-nes, s.
Authoritative appearance.
Authority, hfl-th&v'-h-t^, S. Legal power; in-
fluence, credit ; power, rule ; support, countenance ;
testimony; credibility.
t:?- Tliis word is sometimes pronounced as if written
autority. This affected pronunciation is traced to a gen-
tleman who was one of the greatest ornaments of the
law, as well as one of the polkest scholars of the age,
and whose authority has been sufficient to sway the
bench and the bar, though author, authentic, theatre,
theory, &c. and a thousand similar words where the th is
heard, are constantly staring them in the face.
The public ear, however, is not so far vitiated as to
acknowledge this innovation; for though it may with
securiCy, and even approbation, be pronounced in West-
minster Hall, it would not be quite so safe for an actor
to adopt it on the stage.
I know it will be said, that autoritas is better Latin,
that the purer Latin never had the ft; and that ourword,
which is derived from it, ought, on that account, to omit
it. But it may be observed, that, according to the best
Latin critics, the word ought to be written auctoritas, and
that, according to this reasoning, we ought to write and
pronounce auctoriti/ and auctor : but this, 1 presume, is
farther than these innovators would choose to go. The
truth is, such singularities of pronunciation should be
left to the lower order of critics, who, like coxcombs in
dress, would be utterly unnoticed if they were not dis-
tinguished by petty deviations from the rest of the
world.
Authorization, ^vf-thh-rl-zk-shun, s.
Establishment by authority.
To Authorize, hv-thtt-vlze, v. a. To give
authority to any person ; to make any thing legal ; to
establishany tiling by authority ; to justify, to prove
a thing to be right; to give credit to any person or
thing.
Autocrasy, aw-tSk^ri-si, *. 518.
Independent power.
AuTOCRATRicE, Ew-tSkir^-tris, s. A female
absolute sovereign.
Autograph, aw-tA-grif, s, A particular person's
own writing, the original.
Autographical, aw-ti-grif^e-k4l, a.
Of one's own writing.
.Automatical, aw-t?o-mit-^-kill, a. Having the
power of moving itself.
Automaton, aw-t6m^^-t5n, *. a machine that
hath the power of motion within itself.
AUTOMATOUS, aw-tjm-i-tus, a. Having in itself
the power of motion.
Autonomy, aw-tSnini-mJ, s. 518. The living
according to one's own mind and prescription. Not in
use.
Autopsy, aw-t6p-si, s. Ocular demonstration.
Autoptical, aw-t(V-te-kAl, a. Perceived by one's
own eyes.
Autoptically, R\v-t5pit5k-3i-le, ad.
By means of one's own eyes.
Autumn, Rw-tuni, *. 4! 1. The season of the year
between summer and winter
40
Awhile, A-hwIle{ ad. 397. Some time.
Awkward, ^wk^wurd, a. 475. Inelegant, un-
polite, untaught; unready, unhandy, clumsy; per-
verse, untoward.
Awkwardly, awk^wurd-le, ad. Clumsily, tm-
readily, inelegantly.
Awkwardness, awk-wurd-ncs, s. inelegance,
want of gentility, clumsiness.
Awl, all, s A pointed mstrument to bore holes.
AwLESS, aw-les, a. Without reverence ; without
the power of causing reverence.
AwME, awm, s. A Dutch measure answering to
what in England is called a tierce, or one-seventh of
an English ton.
Awning, aw-ning, s. 410. A cover spread over a
boat or vessel to keep off the weather.
Awoke, ^-wike{ The preterite of Awake.
AworK, il-wurkj ad. 165. On work, in a state of
labour.
AwoRKiNG, d-wuik^ing, ad. In the state of
working.
Awry, $-rlj ad. 474. Not in a straight direction,
obliquely; asquint, with oblique vision; not level,
unevenly; not equally between two points; not in a
right slate, perversely.
Axe, aks, s. An instrument consisting of a metal
head, with a sharp edge.
AxiLLAR, Aks^sil-lir. 478. \
Axillary, Aks^sil-l^-ri, J
Belonging to the arm-pit. — See Maxillary.
Axiom, Ak-shum, s. 479- A proposition evident
at first siiilit.
Axis, ;lk-sis, s. The line, real or imaginary, that
passes through any thing on which it may revolve.
Axle, Ak'-sl. 405. 1
Axle-tree, 4k-sl-tree.J
The jiiin which j^asses through the mictst of tlie wheel.
BAC
BAG
nor 167, nit 163 ; tube 171, tub 173, bull 173 ; oil 299 ; pound 313 ; thin 466, mis 469.
on which the circumvolutions of the wheel are per-
formed.
Av, ae, ad. 105. Yes.
(Ky> See Directions to Foreigners prefixed to this Dic-
tionary, page 18.
Aye, ae, ad. Always, to eternity, for ever.
Aygreen, Ae-grt4n, s. The same with houseleek.
Ayry, a-re, a. — See Mrt/.
Azimuth, ^z-e-mu^/t, s. Tlie azimuth of the sun,
or of a star, is an arch between the meridian of the
place and any given vertical line ; magnetical azimuth,
is an arch of the horizon contained between the sun's
azimuth circle and the magnetical meridian ; azimuth
compass, is an instrument used at sea for finding the
sun's magnetical azimuth.
Azure, a-zhure, a. 484. 461. Blue, faint blue.
B.
Jjaa, b^, S. 77. The cry of a sheep.
To Baa, ba, v. n. To cry like a sheep.
To Babble, bjlb^bl, v. n. 405. To praulc like a
child; to talk idly ; to tell secrets ; to talk much.
Babble, bA.b-bl, *. Idle talk, senseless prattle
Babblement, bib^bl-ment, *. Senseless prate.
Babbler, b^b^blur, s. 93. An idle talker j a
teller of secrets.
Babe, babe, *. An infant.
Babery, bi-bur-r^, s. 555. Finery to please a
babe or child.
Babish, bA^blsh, a. Childish.
Baboon, b^-boon{ S. A monkey of the largest kind.
Baby, bd-b^, s. vulgarly bib^bi. A child, an
infant; a small image in imitation of a child, wliich
girls play with.
Baccated, bik^ki-ted, a. Beset with pearls;
having many berries.
Bacchanalian, bik-k^-ni-lJ-dn, s.
a drunkard.
Bacchanals, bikiki-nJlz, *. The drunken feasts
of Bacchus.
Bacchantes, b4k-kln-t^z, s. The mad priests
of Bacchus.
Bacchus Bole, h4k'kiis-bile, s. A flower, not
tall, but very full and broad leaved.
Bacciferous, b^k-sifi^-rus, «. 555.
Berry-bearing.
Bachelor, b^tsh-5-lur, S. A man unmarried; a
man who takes his first degrees; a knight of the lowest
order.
Bachelor's Button, b.^tsh^e-lurz-but-tn, s.
170. Campion, an herb.
Bachelorship, b4tshi^-lur-ship, s. The con-
dition of a bachelor.
Back, bilk, s. The hinder part of the body ; the
outer part of the hand when it is shut; the rear; the
place behind ; the part of any thing out of sight ; the
thick part of any tool, opposed to the edge.
Back, bak, ad. To the place whence one came;
backward from the present station; behind, not com-
ing forward; toward things past; again, in return;
again, a second time.
To Back, bik, v. a. To mount a horse ; to break
a horse; to place upon the back; to maintain, to
strengthen; to justify, to support; to second.
To Backbite, b^k-blte v. a. To censure or re-
proach the absent.
Backbiter, bak^bl-tur, s. A privy calumniator,
censurer of the absent.
Backuoor, b^k-dore, s, Tlie door behind the
bouse.
41
Backed, b^kt, a. 359. Having a back.
Backfriend, bikifrend, s. An enemy in secret.
Backgammon, b^k-gW^mun, s. 166. a play
or game with dice and tables.
Backhouse, bik^house, s. The building behind
the chief part of the house.
Backpiece, bik-peese, *. The piece of armour
which covers the back.
Backroom, bAk-room, *. A room behind.
Backside, bik^slde, S. The hinder part of any
thing; the hind part of an animal; the yard or ground
behind a house.
yo Backslide, bik-sllde{ w. w. 497. To fall off.
(B?" I have in this word preferred Dr. Johnson's accen-
tuation on the second syllable, to Mr. Sheridan's on the
first: for the reasons, see Principles under the number
marked. Dr. Ash, Entick, Scott, and Perry, are on
the side of Rlr. Sheridan ; and Dr. Johnson and W.
Johnston only on that which I have chosen; but Mr.
Sheridan and Dr. Ash, by marking the noun backslider
with the accent on the second syllable, as it is always
heard, have betrayed their pronunciation of the verb s
for one of these modes must be wrong, as the verbal
noun must unquestionably have the same accent as the
verb.
Backslider, bik-slUdur, s. 98. An apostate.
Backstaff, bikistif, s. An instrument useful in
taking the sun's altitude at sea.
Backstairs, bak-starz, s. The private stairs in
a house.
Backstays, bik^stize, s. Ropes which keep the
mast from pitching forward.
Backsword, bAk-sord, s. A sword with one sharp
edge.
Backwards, bak-wurdz, ad. 88. With the
back forwards ; towards the back ; on the back ; from
the present station to the place behind; rcgressively ;
towards something past ; out of the progressive stale j
from a better to a worse state; past, in lime past.
Backward, bik-wurd, a. Unwilling, averse;
hesitating; sluggish, dilatory ; dull, not (}uick, or ap-
prehensive. - -
Backward, bikiwurd, i. Tiie tilings past.
Backward! Y, bAk^wurd-l^, ad.
Unwillingly, aversely.
Backwardness, bik-wurd-nes, s,
Dulness, sluggishness.
Bacon, bi-kn, s. 170. Tlie flesh of a hog salted
and dried.
Bad, b4d, a. Ill, not good; vicious, corrupt; un-
fortunate, unhappy ; hurlful, unwholesome; sick.
Bade, bad, 75. Tlie preterite of Bid.
Badge, badje, s. 74. A mark or cogrii'^ance worn j
a token by which one is known ; IIm; mark of any thing.
To Badge, bidje, v. a. To mark.
Badger, bid^jur, s. 98. A brock, an animal.
Badger, b^dijur, s. One that buys com and
victuals in one place, and carries it into another.
Badly, bdd'-l^, ad. Not well.
Badness, bid-nes, S. Want of good qualities.
To Baffle, b^f-fl, v. a. 405. To elude; to con-
found; to crush.
Baffler, bif^flur, s. 98. He that baffles.
Bag, b;tg, 5. A sack, or pouch ; that part of animals
in which some particular juices are contained, as the
poison of vipers ; an ornamental purse of silk tied to
men's hair; a term used to signify quantities, as a bag
of pepper.
To Bag, hXg, v, a. To put into a bag; to load
with a bag.
To Bag, b%, v. n. To swell like a full bag.
BagA'I ELLE, b Jg-^-tel{ s. A trifle. Not English.
Baggage, b%-gidje, s. 90. The furniture of an
army ; a worthless woman.
Bagnio, bitn-yo, s. 388. A house for bathing and
sweating.
BAL
BAN
b- 559. FAte73, fJr77, fSUSS, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, p'n 107— no 162, move 164,
Ballad, balM^d, s. A song.
Ballad-singer, bil-lid-sing-ur, s. One wliose
employment is to sing ballads in the streets.
Ballast, b^l-l^t, s. 88. Sometiung put at the
boitom of the ship to keep it steady.
BallETTE, biKlet, S. A dance.
Balloon, bal-loonj *. A large round short-necked
vessel used in cliymistry ; a ball placed on a pillar; a
ball of |>asteboard, stuffed with combustible matter,
which is shot up into the air, and then bursts ; a large
hollow ball of silk filled with gas, which makes it rise
into the air.
Ballot, bAKlut, s. 166. A little ball or ticket
used in giving votes ; the act of voting by ballot.
To Ballot, bil-lut, v. n. To clioose ly ballot.
Ballotation, bil-lo-ta^shun, s. The act of
voting by ballot.
Balm, bam, s. 403. The sap or juice of a shrub,
remarkably odorifeious; any valuable or fragrant
ointment; any thing that soothes or mitigates pain.—
See No. 79 in the Note.
Balm, bRm, S. The name of a plant.
Balm of Gilead, bara-6f-gil-yid, s. The juice
drawn from the balsam tree, a plant liaving a strong
balsamick scent.
Balmy, bam-e, a. 403. Having the qualities of
balm ; pri)diicii)g balm ; soothing, soft ; fragrant, odor-
iferous; mitigatitig, assuasive.
Balneary, bil-ne-i-re, *. A bathing-room.
Balneation, b4l-n^-A-shun, s.
The act of bathing.
Balneatory, bal-n^-i-tur-r^, a. 512. 557.
liclonging to a bath.
Balsam, bawl-sum, s. 88. Ointment, ungaent.
Balsam Apple, biwl-sfim ip-pl, s.
All Indiati plant.
Balsamical, bil-sSmi^-kil. 84.1
Balsamick, bil-sim^ik. 509. J
Unctuous, mitigating.
Balustrade, bil-us-tridej s. Rows of little
pillars called balusters.
fcy- This word is often corrupted into banisters, as, the
banisters of a staircase.
Balustrade means the row of small pillars supporting
the guard of a staircase, taken collectively ; as a colon-
nade means a collection of columns in regular order;
but, besides this collective term, there is the distributive
Balusters, meaning either the whole of the balustrade,
or any part of it, as each of the small pillars that com-
pose It may be called a baluster.
Bamboo, b4m-boo{ s. An Indian plant of the reed
kind.
To Bamboozle, bim-boo-zl, v. a. To deceive, to
impose upon. A low word.
Bamboozler, b^-boo-zlur, *. A cheat.
Ban, bin, S. Public notice given of any thing j a
curse; excominunication ; interdiction; Ban of the
Empire, a public censure by which the privileges of
any German prince are suspended.
Banana Tree, bi-na-ni-trel, s. Plantain.
Band, bind, S. A tie, a bandage; a chain by which
any animal is kept in restraint; any union or con-
nexion ; any thing bnund round another ; a company
of persons joined together; a particular kind of neck-
cloth worn chiefly by the clertiy : 'n architecture, any
Hat low tnoulding, fascia, face, or plinth.
To Band, bind, v. a. To unite togetlier into one
body or troop ; to bind over with a band.
Bandage, bin^dldje, S. 90. Something bound
over another; ttie fillet or roller wrapped over a
wiiunded member.
Bandbox, bind^bSks, s. A slight box used for
b;inils, and other things of small weight.
Bandelet, bin-d^-let, *. Any flat moulding or
fillet.
Bagpipe, big^^plpe, S. A musical instrument, con.
sisting of a leathern bag, and pipes.
Bagpiper, big-pi-pur, *. 98. One that plays on
a bagpipe.
Bail, bile, S. Bsul 5» the freeing or setting at
liberty one arrested.or imprisoned upon action either
civil or criminal, under security taken for his appear-
ance.
To Bail, bile, v. a. To give bail for another ; to
admit to l)ail.
Bailable, bi-li-bl, a. 405. That may be set at
liberty by bail.
Bailiff, bi-llf, S. a subordinate officer; an officer
whose business it is to execute arrests; an under-
steward of a manor.
Bailiwick, bi-ll-wlk, *. The place of the juris-
diction of a bailiff.
To Bait, bite, v. a. To put meat to tempt
animals.
To Bait, bite, v. a. To set dogs upon.
To Bait, bite, v. n. To stop at any place for re-
freshment ; to clap the wings, to flutter.
Bait, bite, s. Meat set to allure animals to a
snare; a temptation, an enticement; a refreshment
on a journey.
Baize, bize, *. a Icind of coarse open cloth.
To Bake, bike, v. a. To heat any thing in a
close place ; to dress in an oven ; to harden in the fire ;
to harden with heat.
To Bake, bike, v. n. To do the work of baking.
Bakehouse, bike-house, s. A place for baking
bread.
Baker, bi^kur, S. 98. He whose trade is to bake.
Balance, biKlinse, s. A pair of scales; ihe act
of comparing two things; the overplus of weight;
that which is wanting to make two parts of an account
even; equipoise; the beating part of a watch; in
astronomy, one of the signs, Libra.
To Balance, bil-linse, v. a. To weigh in a
balance ; to counterpoise ; to regulate an account ; to
pay that which is wanting.
To Balance, bil-linse, v. n. To hesiute, to
fluctuate.
Balancer, biKlin-sur, *. The person that weighs.
Balass Ruby, biUis-ruib^, s. A kind of ruby.
Balcony, bil-ko^n^, S. A frame of wood, or stone,
before the window of a room.
Bald, bawld, a. Without hair; without natural
covering; unadorned, inelegant; stripped, without
dignity.
Balderdash, bawl-dur-dish, s. Rude mixture.
Baldly, bawld-li, ad. Nakedly, meanly, inele-
gantly.
Bai.dmony, biwld^mun-nl, s. Gentian, a plant.
Baldness, biwld-nes, s. The want of hair; the
loss (if hair ; meanness of writing.
Baldrick, biwl'drik, s. A girdle; the zodiack.
Bale, bile, s. A bundle of goods.
Baleful, bile-ful, a. Sorrowful, sadj full of
misdiief.
BalefulLY, bileiful-li, ad. Sorrowfully, mis-
chievously.
Balk, bawk, s. 402. 84. A gr«at beam.
Balk, bawk, S. a ridge of land left unploughed.
Balk, bawk, S. Disappointment when least ex-
pected.
To Balk, bawk, v. a. 402. To disappoint, to
frustrate; to miss any thing.
Balkers, baw-kurz, *. 98. Men who give a sign
which way the shoal of herrings is.
Ball, bawl, S. 33. 77. Any thing made in a
round form; a rout<d thing to play with ; a globe ; a
globe borne as an ensign of sovereignty ; any part of
the body that approaches to roundness.
Ball, bawl, S. An entertainment of dancing.
42
Banoi r, bin-dit. ) . , „.,
« I -J i^.^*! f*- An outlawed robber.
Banditto, Laii-dit-to.J
BAN BAR
n8r 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tSb 172, bSll 1 73— Sll 299— pound 313— ^«n 466, this 469.
A company of outlawed
Banditti, biii-dititJ, s
robbers.
Bandoo, ban-dS^, s. A mastiff.
Bandoleers, ban-dS-l^^rzJ s. Small wooden
cases covered with leather, each of them containing
powder that is a sufficient charge for a musket.
BandROL, bind-rill, S. A little flag or streamer.
Bandy, b^n-de, s. A club turned round at bottom
for striking a ball.
7^0 Bandy, bin-d^, v. a. To beat to and fVo, or
from one to another ; to give and take reciprocally ; to
agitate, to toss about.
Bandyleg, bin-d^-leg, s. A crooked leg.
Bandylegged, hkn-dh-\egd, a. 362.
Having crooked legs.
Bane, bAne, *. Poison ; mischief, ruin.
To Bane, bAne, v. a. To poison.
Baneful, bineiful, a. Poisonous j destructive.
Banefulness, bAiie?ful-ues, s. Poisonousnes*,
destructiveness.
Banewort, bineiwurt, *. 88.
Deadly nightshade.
To Bang, bins, v. a. 409. To beat, to thump ;
to handle roughly.
Bang, bing, S. A blow, a thump.
To Banish, b^n-nisb, v. a. To condemn to leave
his own cinmtry ; to drive away.
Banisher, bAn-nish-ur, $. He that force* another
from his own country.
Banishment, bSn-nish-ment, s. The act of
banishing another; the state of being banished, exile.
Bank, ba,ngk, g. 409. 'Che earth rising on each
side of a water ; any heap of earth piled up ; a bench
of riiwers ; a place where money is laid up to be called
for occasionally; the company of persons concerned
in managing a bank.
To Bank, bAngk, v. a. To lay up money in a bank ;
toenclosewiih banks.
Bank-bill, bingk^blll, s. A note for money laid
up in a bank, at the sight of which the money is paid.
Banker, bAngk^ur, S. 98. One that trafficks in
money.
Bankruptcy, blngk^rup-s^, ». 472. Tlie state
of a man broken, or bankrupt; the act of declaring
one's self bankrupt.
Bankrupt, bingk^rupt, a. In debt beyond the
power of payment.
Banner, ban-nur, S. 98. A flag, a standard; a
streamer borne at the end of a lance.
Banneret, bin-nur-et, s
A knight made in the
A little flag or
(ield.
Bannerol, b4n^nur-rill, s. 555
streamer.
BaNNIAN, ban-yin{ s. A man's undress, or morning
gown.
Bannock, bAn-iiuk, s. 166. A kind of oaten or
pease-meal cake.
Banquet, bingk-kwet, s. 408. A feaM.
To Banquet, bAngk^kwet, v. n. 409. Te ft<ast,
to fare daintily.
Banqueter, bingk^kwet-ur, *. a fenster j one
that lives delkiously ; he that makes feasts.
Banquet-house, bingk-kwet-hSuse. )
Banqueting- house, b^ngk-kwtt-ing-bouse. )
«. A house where banquets are kept.
Banquette, bAngk-ketJ «. a small bank at the
l<)ot of the parapet.
Bansticle, bin-stlk-kl, s. 405. A small fish, a
stickleback.
To Banter, bln^tur, v. a. 99. To play upon,
to rally.
Banter, bAn-lur, *. Ridicule, raillery.
BaNTERER, b4n-tur-ur, S. One that l.anters.
Bantling, bAnt'liug, s. a little child.
4i
Baptism, bap-tizm, *. Baptism is given by water,
and that prescript form of words which the church of
Christ doth use ; baptism is often taken in Scripture
for sufl'erings.
Baptismal, bip-tiz-mll, a. Of or pertaining tc
baptism.
Baptist, bap-tist, S. He that administers baptism
Baptistery, b^p^tis-tur-i, *. 555. The place
where the sacrament of baptism is administered.
To BAflIZE, b4p-tlze{ v. a. To christen, to
administer the sacrament of baptism.
BapTIZER, bip-tl-zur, «. 98. One that christens,
one that administers baptism.
Bar, bar, *. 77. A piece of wood laid across a
passage to hinder entrance: a bolt to fasten u door ;
any obstacle ; a rock or bank at the entrance of a har-
bour ; any thing used for prevention ; the place where
causes of law are tried; an enclosed place in a taverr
where the housekeeper sits j in law, a peremptory ex-
ception against a demand or plea; any thing by which
the structure is held together; bars in music, are
strokes drawn perpendicularly across the lines of a
piece of music, used to regulate the beating or mea-
sure of musical time.
To Bar, bar, v. a. To fasten or shut any thing
with a bolt or bar; to hinder, to obstruct ; to prevent;
to shut out from; to exclude from a claim; to pro-
liibit; to except; to hinder a suit.
Barb, barb, *. Any thing that grows in the place
of the beard ; the points that stand backward in an
arrow ; the armour for horses.
Barb, birb, s. A Barbary horse.
To Barb, birb, v. a. Tu shave, to dress out the
beard; to furnish the horsewith armour; tojagarrows
with houks.
BaRBACAN, bir-bl-kSn, S. A fortification placed
before the walls of a town ; an opening in the wall
through which the guns are levelled.
Barbadoes Cherry, bRr-bA-duz-tsher-re, s.
166. A pleasant tart fruit in the West Indies.
Barbarian, bir-bi-r^-An, s. a man uncivilized,
a savage; a foreigner ; a man without pity.
Barbarick, blLr-bAr-1k, a. Foreign, far-fetched.
Barbarism, bar-bi-rizm, s. A form of speech
contrary to the purity of language ; ignorance of arts,
want of learning; brutality, savageness of manners,
incivility; cruelty, hardness of heart.
Barbarity, bar-bir-^-t^, S. Savageness, in-
civility; cruelty, inhumanity, impurity of speech.
To Barbarize, bSr-bA-rIze, v. a.
To make barbarous.
Barbarous, bar-bA-rus, a, 314. Stranger to
civility, savage, uncivilized ; unacquainted with arts;
cruel, inhuman.
Barbarously, bar-bA-rus-li, ad.
Without knowledge of arts; in a manner contrary to
the rules of speech ; cruelly, inhumanly.
BARBAROUSNESS, baribA-rus-neS, *. Incivility
of manners; impurity of language; cruelty.
To Barbecue, baribe-kti, v. a. A term for
dressing a hog whole.
Barbecue, bar-bi-ki'i, *. A hog dressed whole.
Barbed, bir^bed, or barbd. 362. Furnished
w'tU armour ; bearded, jagged with hooks.
BAnREL, bir^bl, t. 102. 405. A kind of fish
found in rivers.
Barber, bar-bur, s. 98.
beard.
Barberry, b^r-ber-r^, *.
Bard, bird, s. 77. A poet.
Bare, bAre, a. Naked, without covering; uncovered
in respect; unadorned, plain, simple; detected, with-
out concealment ; poor, without plenty ; mere ; thread-
bare, much worn ; not united with any thing else.
To Bare, bare, v. a. To ktrip.
Bare, bAre. Preterite of To Bear. Almost obsolete.
Barebonb, bAre-bAne, s. A very lean persoiu
A man who shaves t)ie
Pipperidge bush
BAR
BAR
C3- 559. Tate 73, far77> fall 83, f^t 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Without shoes.
Barefaced, bare-fastej «. 359. With the face
naked, not masked ; shameless, unreserved.
Barefacedly, bare-fasteUe, ad, 364. Openly,
shamelessly, without disguise.
BarefacedneSs, bire-fiste-nes, s. 365.
Effrontery, assurance, audaciousness.
Barefoot, bare-fut, \
Barefooted, bire-fut-ed, J
Bareheaded, bare-hed-ded, a. Uncovered in
respect.
Barely, bAre-le, ad. Nakedly; merely, only.
Bareness, bare-nes, s. Nakedness ; leanness ;
poverty; meanness of clothes.
Bargain, bar-gin, S. 208. A contract or agree-
ment concerning sale; the thing bought or sold ; sti-
pulation.
To Bargain, bar-gin, v, n. To make a contract
for sale.
Bargainee, ba,r-gin-nee{ s. He or she that ac-
cepts a bargain.
Bargainer, bar^gin-nur, s. 98. The person who
proffers or makes a bargain.
Barge, barje, s. A boat for pleasure ; a boat for
burden.
Barger, bar-jur, S. 98. Tlie manager of a barge.
Bark, bark, S. The rind or covering of a tree ; a
small ship.
To Bark, bark, v. a. To strip trees of their bark.
To Bark, bark, v. n. To make the noise which a
dog makes ; to clamour at.
Barker, barikur, s. 98. One that barks or
clamours ; one employed in stripping trees.
Barky, bar-k^, a. Consisting of bark.
Barley, bar-1^, *. 270. A grain, of winch malt
is made.
Barleybrake, bar-le-brake, s. A kind of rural
play.
Barleycorn, bar^l^-korn, s. A grain of barley.
Barm, barm, S. Test, the ferment put into drink
to make it work.
Barmy, bar-me, a. Containing bann.
Barn, barn, S. A place or house for laying up any
sort of grain, hay, or straw.
Barnacle, bar-na-kl, s. 405. A bird like a
goose, fiibulously supposed to grow on trees ; a species
of shell-fish.
Barometer, bi-rftm-me-tur, s, 518.
A machine for measuring the weight of the atmos-
phere, and the variations in it, in order chiefly to de-
termine the changes of the weather.
Barometrical, b^r-o-metitre-kal, a. 509. 515.
Relating to the barometer.
Baron, bir-run, S. 166. A degree of nobility
next to a viscount ; baron is one of tlie judges in the
court of exchequer; there are also baioiis of the
cinque ports, that have places in the lower house of
parliament; baron is used in law for the husband in
relation to his wife.
Baronage, bir-run-idje, s. 90.
The dignity of a baron.
Baroness, b^r-run-es, s. 557. A baron's lady.
Baronet, b$r-un-et, s. 557. The lowest degree
of honour that is hereditary; it is below a baron, and
fibovc a knight.
Barony, b^r^run-^, s. 557. That honour or
lordship that gives title to a baron.
Baroscope, b^r-r6-sk6pe, s. An instrument to
show the weight of the atmosphere.
Barracan, b^r^r^-kin, s. a strong thick kind
of camelot.
Barrack, bir^rtlk, s. A building to lodge scldiers.
Barrator, b^r^r^-tur, s. A wrangler, an en-
courager of lawsuits.
Barratry, bJi^ri-trl, s. Foui practice in law.
44
Barrel, bir^ril, S. 99- a round wooden vessel
to be stopped close; a vessel containing liquor; any
thing hollow, as the barrel of a gun ; a cylinder.
To Barrel, bir^nl, v. a. To put any thing in >
barrel.
Barren, bSr^ren, a. Not prolifick j unfruitful,
not fertile, sterile; not copious, scanty; unmeaning,
uninventive, dull.
Barrenly, b^r^ren-le, ad. Unfruitfully.
Barrenness, bir-ren-nes, s. Want of the power
of procreation ; unfruitfulness, sterility; want of in-
vention; want of matter; in theology, want of sea
sibility.
Barrenvvort, bir-ren-wurt, s. A plant.
Barrful, bar-full, a. Full of obstructions—
properly BarJ'ut.
Barricade, b^-r^-kade{ s. A fortification made
to keep off an attack ; any stop, bar, obsruction.
To Barricade, b4r-re-kade{ v. a. To stop up a
passage.
Barricado, bir-ru-kil-do, s. A fortification, a
bar. — See Lumbago.
To Barricado, bir-re-ka-di, v. a. To fortify,
to bar.
Barrier, b^r-re-ur, S. 98. A barricade, an en-
trenchment; a fortification, or strong place; a stop,
an obstruction; a bar to mark the limits of any place j
a boundary.
Cr^ Pope, by the licence of his art, pronounced this
word in two syllables, with the accent on the last, as if
written bar-reer.
** Twixt that ami reason what a nice barrier!
" For ever sep'rate, yet for ever near."
Essaij on Man, Ep. I. ». 215.
And yet in. another part of his works he places the ac-
cent oil the first syllable, as we always hear it in prose.
" Safe in the love of Heav'n, an ocean flows
" Around our realm, a tamer from the foes."
Barrister, b^r-ris-tur, s. A person qualified to
plead the causes of clients in the courts of justice.
Barrow, bar-ro, S. Any carriage moved by the
hand, as a handbarrow.
Barshot, bai-ishot, S. Two bullets or half-bullets
joined by a bar, and used chiefly at sea to cut down
the masts and rigging of ships.
To Barter, bar^tur, v. n. 98. To traffick by
exchanging one commodity for another.
To Barter, bar-tur, v. a. To give any thing in
" exchange.
Barter, bar-tur, S. The act or practice of trafiick-
ing by exchange.
Barterer, bar-tur-ur, s. He that trafiicks by
exchange.
Bartery, bar-tur-r^, s. 555. Exchange of com-
riiodities.
BartrAM, baritritm, S. A plant, pellitoty.
Barytone, bjlr-e-t6ne, s.
(tr?- A word with the grave accent on the last syllable.
If the inspector does not know what is meant by tli«
grave accent, it maybe necessary to inform him, tha'
writers on the Greek accent tell us that every syllabi ,
which has not the acute accent has the grave ; and aj
there could be but one syllable acuted in that language,
the rest must necessarily be grave. What these accents
are has puzzled the learned so much that they seem nei-
ther to understand each other nor themselves ; but it
were to be wished they had kept this distinction into
acute and grave out of our own language, as it is impos-
sible to annex any clear ideas to it, except we consider
the grave accent merely as the absence of the acute,
which reduces it to no accemt at all. If we divide the
voice into its two leading inflections, the rising and fall-
ing, and call the former the atnte ana the latter the
grave, we can annex distinct ideas to these words : and
perhaps it is an ignorance of this distinction of speaking
sounds, and confounding them with high and low, or
loud and soft, that occasions the confusion we meet with
in writers on this subject. — See Elements of Elocution,
page 60. Also Observations on the Greek and Latin
Accent and Quantity, at the end of the Key to the ClaS'
sicttl Pronuwiation oj Greek and Latin Proper Names*
BAS
BAT
nor 1G7, nftt 163 ; tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 ; 3il 299 ; pound 313
BasALTES, b^-siUtlz, S. A kind of marble, never
found in layers, but standing upriglit.
Base, base, a. Mean, vile, worthless ; disingenuous,
illiheral, ungenerous; of low station, of mean account;
base-born, born out of wedloclv ; applied to metals,
without value; applied to sounds, deep, grave.
Base-born, base-born, a. Bom out of wedlock.
Base-court, bAse-kort, s. Lower court.
Base-minded, bdse-mind-ed, a. Mean spirited.
Base-viol, base-vl-ul, s, 166. An instrument
used in concerts for the base sound.
Base, bAse, S. The bottom of any thing; the
pedestal of a statue ; the bottom of a cone ; stockings ;
the place from which racers or tillers run ; the string
that gives a base sound ; an old rustick play.
Basely, base-le, ad,. Meanly, dishonourably; in
bastardy, as basely born.
Baseness, base-nes, s. Meanness, vileness J vile-
ness of metal; bastardy; deepness of sound.
Bashaw, b^h-aw{ s. . Among the Turks, the
viceroy of a province.
Bashful, bash-ful, a. Modest, shamefaeed shy.
Bashfully, bfcb^ful-le, ad.
Timorously, modestly.
Bashfulness, bfch-ful-nes, s. Modesty; foolish
or rustic shame.
Basil, b^Z^ll, S. The name of a plant.
Basilica, b^-zii-i-kJ, s. The middle vein of the
arrn.
Basilica, bi-zil-e-kJ, s. The basiiick vein.
Basilick, b^-zil-lik, a. 494. Belonging to the
basilica.
Basilick, b^z-il-lik,S. The basilick vein j a large
hall.
BaSILICON, b4-ziKc-k5n, S. An ointment, called
also tetrapharmacon.
Basilisk, b4z-^-llsk, S. A kind of serpent, a
cockatrice, said to kill by looking. He is called Basi-
lisk, or little king, from a comb or crest on his head ;
a species of cannon.
Basin, ba'sn, s. 405. A small vessel to hold water
for washing, or other uses; a small pond; a part of
the sea inclosed in rocks; any hollow place capacious
of liquids; a dock for repairing and building ships;
Basins of a Balance, the same with the scales.
Basis, bA-SlS, *. The foundation of any thing ; the
lowest of the three principal parts of a column ; that
on which any thing is raised ; the pedestal ; the ground-
work.
To Bask, bAsk, V, a. 79. To warm by laying out
in the heat.
To Bask, bisk, V.n. ToUe in a place to receive heat.
Basket, bAs^kit, *. 99. a vessel maae of twigs,
rushes, or splinters.
Basket-hilt, bis-kit-hilt, s. 99- A hilt of a
weapon so Uiade as to contain the whole hand.
Basket-woman, b^s^kit-wum-un, s. 166.
A woman that plies at market with a basket.
Bass, bise, a. properly Base.
In muslck, grave, deep.
Bass-viol, bAse-vI-ul, s. 166.
See Base-viol.
Bass, bas, s. A mat used in churches.
Bass-relief, bAs-re-leift s. Sculpture, the
figures of which do not stand out from the ground in
their full proportion.
Basset, bAs^Slt, s. 99. A game at cards.
Bassoon, bjs-soon| S. a musical instrument of
the wind kind, blown with a reed.
Bastard, bAs'-tird, *. 88. A person bom of a
woman out of wedlock ; any thing spurious.
Bastard, bis^t^rd, a. Begotten out of wedlock;
spurious, supposititious, adulterate.
To Bastardize, bJsitir-dlze, v. a. To convict
of being a bastard ; to beget a bastard.
■ 45
thin 466, THIS 469.
In the manner o(
Bastardly, bas^t^rd-le, ad.
a bastard.
Bastardy, b;ts^tlr-de, s. An unlawful state of
birth, which disables a child from succeeding to an in-
heritance.
To Baste, biste, v. a. To beat with a stick ; to
drip butter upon meat on the spit; to sew slightly.
Bastinade, bis-tl-nadej "l
Bastinado, b4s-te-niUd6, / '
The act of beating with a cudgel ; a Turkish punish-
ment of beating an offender on his feet.
To Bastinade, bfc-te-nade{ "J
To Bastinado, b^s-te-na-do, j ' '
To beat. — See Lumbago.
Bastion, bis^tshun, *. 291. A huge mass of
earth, usually faced with sods, standing out from a
rampart; a bulwark.
Bat, bat, s. a heavy stick.
Bat, bat, S. An animal having the body of a mouse,
and the wings of a bird, not with feathers, but with a
sort of skin which is extended. It brings torth its
young as mice do, and suckles them.
Bat-fowling, b4t^fou-ling, s. Bird-catching in
the night-time.
Batable, ba-tA-bl, a. 405. Disputable. Batable
ground seems to be the ground heretofore in question,
whether it belonged to England or Scotland.
Batch, bdtsh, s. The quantity of bread baked at
a time ; any quantity made at once.
Bate, bite, S. strife, contention.
To Bate, bate, v. a. To lessen any thing, to re-
trench; to sink the price; to lessen a demand ■ to cut
off.
Bateful, bate^ful, a. Contentious.
BaTEMENT, biteiment, S. Diminution.
Bath, ba^A, S. 78. A bath is either hot or cold,
either of art or nature ; a vessel of hot water, in which
another is placed that requires a softer heat tlian the
naked fire; a sort of Hebrew measure, containing
seven gallons and four pints.
To Bathe, b^THe, v. a. 467. To wash in a bath 5
to supple or soften by the outward application of warm
liquors; to wash with any thing.
To Bathe, b^THe, v. n. To be in the water.
Bating, baiting, /»re/>. 410. Except.
Batlet, bAt-let, s, A square piece of wood used
in beating linen.
BatooN, b<Vtoon{ S. A staff or club ; a truncheon
or marshal's staff.
Battailous, bAt-ta-lus, a. Warlike, with military
appearance.
Battalia, bat-tile^yA, s. 272. The order of battle.
Battalion, bit-tAl'-yun, s. Til. 507.
A division of an army, a troop, a body of forces 5 an
army.
To Batten, bat^tn, v. a. 103. To fatten, to
make fat ; to fertilize.
To Batten, bit-tn, v. n. 103. To grow fat.
To Batter, bAt'-tur, v. a. 98. To beat, to beat
down ; to wear with beating ; to wear out with service.
Batter, bAt-tur, s. A mixture of several in
grcdients beaten together.
Batterer, bat^tur-rSr, *. He that batters.
Battery, bit-tiir-r^, s. 555. The act of battering}
the instruments with which a town is battered; the
frame upon which cannons are mounted; in law, a
violent striking of any man.
Battle, bAt-tl, s. 405. A fight ; an encounter
between opposite armies; a body of forces ; the main
body of an army.
To Battle, bAt^tl, v. n. To contend in fight.
BaTFLE-ARRAY, bAt-tl-^r-rAj S. Array, or order
of battle.
BaTTLE-AX, bAtitl-Aks, s. 405. A weapon, a bill.
BaTTLE-DOOB, bit^tl-dire, S. An instrument
BEA
BEA
(fc>559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, Mt 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 16'2, move 164,
vrith a round handle and a Hat blade, to strike a ball
or shuttlecock.
Battlement, bit-tl-ment, *. A wall with open
places to look through, or to annoy an enemy.
Batty, bit-t^, a. Belonging to a bat.
Bavaroy, biv-4-roe{ s. A kind of cloke.
BaubEE, biw-beej S. In Scotland, a halfpenny.
Bavin, biv-m, s. A «tick like those bound up in
fagots.
Bawble, baw-bl, s. 405. A gewgaw, a trifling
piece of finery.
BaWBLING, biw^bling, a, 410. Trifling, con-
temptible.
BAVVfCOCK, baw-kSk, *. A fine fellow.
Bawd, bawd, *. A procurer or procuress.
To Bawd, bawd, v. n. To procure.
Bawdilv, baw-d^-1^, ad. Obscenely.
BawdiNESS, baw-dl-nes, *. Obsceneness.
Bawdrick, baw-dnk, s. A belt.
Bawdry, baw-dre, S. A wicked practice of bring-
ing whores and rogues together ; olwcenity.
Bawdy, baw-d^, a. Obscene, unchaste.
Bawdy-house, biw-d4-house, *. A house where
traffick is made by wickedness and debaucliery.
To Bawl, bill, v. n. To hoot, to cry out witli great
vehemence ; to cry as a froward child.
TV Bawl, ball, v. a. To proclaim as a crier.
Bawrel, baw-ril, *. 99. A kind of hawk.
Bawsin, baw-sin, s. A badger.
Bay, bA, a. 220. A colour.
Bay, bl, S. An opening in the land.
Bay, bA, s. The state of any thing surrounded by
enemies.
Bay, ba, s. In aichitecture, a term u»ed to signify
the divisions of a barn or other building* Bays are
from fourteen to twenty feet long.
Bay, ba, s. A tree.
Bay, ba, s. An honorary crown or garland.
To Bay, b4, v. a. To bark as a dog at a thief; to
shut in.
Bay Salt, bi-salt, S. Salt made of sea water,
which viv-eives its consistence from the heat of the
sun, and is so called from its brown colour.
Bay Window, bi-win-di, s. A window jutting
outward.— See Bow-window.
Bayard, bA-yird, s. A bay horse.
Bayonet, bi-yun-net, s. A short sword fixed at
the end of a musket.
(!3> This word is very frequently pronounced bagonet,
but chiefly by the vulgar.
Bdellium, del-yum,*. An aromatick gum brought
from the Levant.— See Pneumalick.
To Be, bee, v. n. To have some certain state, con-
dition, quality, as, the man is wise; it is the auxiliary
verb by which the verb passive is formed; to exist, to
have existence.
Beach, bietsh, s. 227. The shore, the strand.
Beached, bcetsh^ed, a. Exposed to the waves.
Beach Y, be^tsh-l, a. Having beaches.
Beacon, be-kn, S. 170. Something raised on an
eminence to be fired on the approach of an enemy ;
marks erected to direct navigators.
Bead, bede, s. 227. Small globes or balls strung
upon a thread, and used by the Roman Catholicks to
count their prayers ; little balls worn about the neck
for ornament ; any globular bodies.
Bead-tree, bide^tr*^^, s. Tlie nut of this tree is,
by religious persons, bored through, and strung as
beads, wlience it takes its name.
Beadle, be-dl, s. 227. 405. A messenger or
servitor belonging to a court} a petty officer in
parishes i
46
Beadroll, bide-r6ll. S. A catalogue of those who
are to be mentioned at prayers.
Beadsman, beedz-min, *. a man employed in
praying for another.
Beagle, be-gl, 4. 227. 405. A small hound with
which nares are hunted.
Beak, beke, *. 227. The bill or homy mouth of
a bird ; a piece of brass like a beak, fixed at the head
of the ancient galleys ; any thing ending in a point like
a beak.
Beaked, b^iked, or bikt, a. 362.
Having a beak.
Beaker, b^'-kur, .». 98. A cup with a spout in th«
form of a bird's heak.
Beal, bile, s. 227. A whelk or pimple.
Beam, beme, s. 111. The main piece of timber
that supports the lofts of a house ; any large and long
piece of tiwiber ; that part of a balance to the ends of
which the scales are suspended; a cylindrical piece of
wood belonging to the loom, on which the web is gra-
dually rolled as it is wove; the ray of light emitted
from some luminous body.
Beam-tree, beme-tr^l, s. Wildservice.
Beamy, be-m^, a. Radiant, shining; emitting
beams ; having horns or antlers.
Bean, b^ne. i. 227* The common garden bean, the
horse bean.
Bean-caper, olne-ki-pur, s. A plant.
To Bear, bire, v. a, 240. To cany as a burden j
to convey or carry ; to carry as a mark of authority ; to
carry as a mark of distinction ; to support, to keep from
falling ; to cany in the mind, as love, hate ; to endure,
as |>ain, without sinking; to suffer, to undergo; to
produce, as fruit ; to bring forth, as a child; to support
anything good or bad ; to behave; to impel, to urge,
to push; to press; to bear in hand, to amuse with
false pretences, to deceive ; to bear off, to carry away
by force ; (o bear out, to support, to maintain.
To Bear, bAre, v. n. 73. To suffer pain; to be
patient; to be fruitful or prolifick; to tend, to be di-
rected to any point ; to behave ; to be situated with
respect to otiier places ; to bear up, to stand firm with-
out falling; to bear with, to endure an unpleasing
thing.
Bear, bare, S. 73. A rough savage animal; the name
(pf two constellations, called the Greater and Lesser
Bear: in the t.iit of the Lesser Bear is the Pole star.
Bear-bind, bare-blnd, *. A species of bind-weed.
Bear-fly, bAre-fll, s. An insect.
Bear-garden, bare-gar-dti, s. A place in which
bears are kept for sport ; any place of tumult or mis-
rule.
Bear's-BREECH, birz-bntsh, *. The name of a
plant.
Bear's-EAR, b^X-^er, s. The name of a plant.
The AuTtmla.
BeAR's-FOOT, barr-fut, *. A species of hellebore.
Bear's-wort, birz-wurt, S. 165. An herb.
Beard, bi^rd, s. 288. The hair that grows on the
lips and chin j sharp prickles growing upon the ears of
corn ; a barb on an arrow.
(l:^' This word, as Pr. Kenrick observes, is frequently
pronounced so as to rhyme with herd: but I am of iiis
opinion that this pronunciation is improper. Mr. Scott
and Mr. Perry give it both ways. Buchanan sounds it
short, like Mr. Sheridan. W. Johnston makes it rhyme
with laird, a Scotch lord: but Mr. Elphinston, who is
the most accurate observer of pronunciation 1 ever met
with, gives it as I have done. The stage has, in my opi-
nion, adopted the short sound of the diphthong without
good reason, and in this instance ought not to he fol-
lowed ; as the long sound is not only more agreeable to
analogy, but to general usage. I am glad to find my opi-
nion confirmed by so good a judge as Mr. Sinith; and
though the poets so often sacrifice pronunciation to
rhyme, that their authority, in these cases, is not always
decisive, yet, as Shakespeare says on another occasion,
" They still may help tc thicken other proofs
" That do demonstrate thinly." — 0(A«Q*
" Rail'd at their coTenaut, and jeer'd
" Thdr reTttcnd pcnons t» sjr htmi,*^ HadUrm*
BEA
BED
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oi. 299— pound 313— #/nn 466, THis 469.
" Some thin remains of chastity appear'd
" Ev'n un«3er Jove, but Jove without a beard." — Drydcn
The impropriety-of pronouncing this word as it is heard
on the stage, will perhaps appear more perceptible by
carrying this pronunciation into the compounds, as the
false sound of great may be detected by the phrase,
Alexander the Great, 241.
" Old prophecies foretel our fall at blAd,
" When bearded men in floarifff c-agtles land.
*' And as young striplioft whip the top for sporty
** On the fmooth pavement of an empty court,
" Tbe wooden engine files and whirls about,
" Admir'd with clamours of the beardless rout." — Dryden
To Beard, bl^rd, v. a. To take or pluck by the
beard ; to oppose to the face.
Bearded, b^^rd-ed, a. Having a beard ; having
sharp prickles, as corn ; barbed or jagged.
Beardless, b^erd'les, a. Without a beard;
youthful.
Bearer, bire^ur, S. 98. A carrier of any thing;
one employed in carrying burdens ; one who wears any
thing ; one who carries the body to the grave ; one who
supports the pall at a funeral ; a tree that yields its
produce ; in architecture, a post or brick wall raised
between the ends of a piece of timber.
BearherD, hireih5rd,#. A man that tends bears.
Bearing, bireiing, s, 410. The site or place of
any thing with respect to something else; gesture,
mien, beliaviour.
Beakwaud, b^e^wird, s, A keeper of bears.
Beast, b^^St, g. 227. An animal distinguished
from birds, insects, fishes, and man ; an irrational
animal, opposed to man ; a brutal savage man.
Beastliness, b^&st-l^-nes, *. Brutality.
Beastly, b^^St^l^, a. Brutal, contrary to the
nature and dignity of man ; tiaving the nature or form
of beasts.
To Beat, bi'te, v. a. 227. 233. To strike, to
knock; to punish with stripes; to mark the time in
music; to give repeated blows; to strike ground; to
rouse game ; to mix things by long and frequent agita-
tion ; to batter with engines of war ; to make a path
by treading it; to conquer, to subdue, to vanquish;
to harass, to over-labour; to depress; to deprive by-
violence ; to move with fluttering agitation; to beat
down ; to lessen the price demanded ; to beat up ; to
attack suddenly ; to beat the hoof, to walk, to go on
foot.
C^ The past time of this verb is, by the English, uni-
formly pronounced like the present. Nay, except in
solemn language, the present, preterit, arul participle are
exactly the same; while the Irish, more agreeably to
analogy, as well as utility, pronounce the preterit as the
noun bet, a wager; and this pronunciation, though con-
trary to English usage, is quite conformable to that ge-
neral tendenc^v observable in the preterits of irregular
verbs, which is to shorten the vowel that is long in the
present, as eat, ate, (often pronounced et {) hear, heard;
deal, dealt ; mean, meant ; dream, dreamt ; he.
To Beat, b^te, v. n. To move in a pulsatory
manner; to dash, as a flood or storm j to knock at a
door; to throb, to be in agitation; to fluctuate, to be
in motion ; to try in different ways, to search ; to act
upon with violence; to enforce by repetition.
Beat, bete, s. A stroke, or a striking.
Beaten, be^tn, ;>ar/. 103. Frota Beat.
Beater, b^-tur, S. 98. An instrument with which
any thing is beaten ; a person much given to blows.
Beatifical, b^-i-tift^-kii, \
Beatifick, bi-i-tif^ik, 509./"'
Blissful. Jt is used only of heavenly fruition after
death.
Beatifically, bi-4-tif-^-k^l-li, ad. In such
a manner as to complete happiness.
Beatification, b^-it-e-fe-ka-shun, s.
Beatification is an acknowledgment made by the Po[)e,
that the person beatified is in heaven, and therefore
may be reverenced as blessed.
Tb Beatify, be4ti^^-fl, v. a. 183. To bless
with the completion of celestial enjoyment.
Beating, bke^ing, S. 410. Correction by blows.
Beatitude bi-^t^^-tude, *. BteMedaes*, fcliciij',
47
happiness; a declaration of blessedness made bymir
Saviour to particular virtues.
Beau, bo, *. 245. 481. a man of dress.
Beaver, be^^vur, S. 227. 98. An animal, other-
wise named the castor, amphibious, and remarkable
for his art in building his habitation ; a hat of the best
kind ; the part of a helmet that covers the face.
BeaveRED, b^e^vurd, a. 362. Covered with 4
beaver.
BeaUISH, b6-ish, a. 245. Befitting a beau, foppish.
BeAUMONDE, bi-mond| S. The fashionable world.
Beauteous, bu-tsh^-us, a. 263.
Fair, elegant in form.
BeAUTEOUSLY, bu-tshe-US-le, ad. In a beauteous
manner.
Beauteousness, bi-tsh^-us-nes, S. The state
of being beauteous.
Beautiful, bu-t^-ful, a. Fair.
Beautifully, bi-te-ful-le, ad. In a beautiful
manner.
BeAUTIFULNESS, bi-ti-ful-nes, S. The quality
of being beautiful.
7<> Beautify, buiti-f{, i;. a. 183. To adom, lo
embellish.
Beauty, bi-t^, S. That assemblage of graces which
pleases the eye ; a particular grace ; a beautiful person.
Beauty-spot, bu-ti-spSt, s, a spot placed to
heighten some beauiy.
BecafICO, bek-i-feik6, *. 112. A bird like a
nightingale, a tig pecker.
To Becalm, be-kamj v. a. 403. To still the
elements ; to keep a ship from motion ; tu quiet the
mind.
Became, b^-k^me{ The preterit of Become.
Because, be-kawz{ conj. For this reason; forj
on this account.
To Bechance, be-tsh4nse{ v. n. 352.
To befal, to liapgien to.
To Beck, bek, V,n. To make a sign with the head.
Beck, bek, S. A sign with the head, a nod ; a nod
of command.
To Beckon, bek-kn, v. n. 170. To make a sign.
To Beclip, b^-klip{ v. a. To embrace.
To Become, b^-kum{ v. n. To enter into some
state or condition ; to become of, to be the fate of, to
be the end of.
To Become, be-kuin' v. a. To appear in a
manner suitable to something ; to be suitable to the
person ; to befit.
Becoming, b^-kum-ming, part. a. 410.
That pleases by an elegant propriety, graceful.
Becomingly, be-kfim-ming-1^, ad. After .
becoming manner.
Becomingness, b^-kuin-mlng-nes, s. Elcgan
congruity, propriety.
Bed, bed, f. Something made to sleep on ; lodging;
marriage ; bank of earth raised in a garden ; the chan ■
nel of a river, or any hollow; the place where any
thing is generated; a layer, a stratum; To bring to
Bed, to deliver of a child ; to make the Bed, to put
the bed in order after it has been used.
To Bed, bed, v. a. To go to bed with ; to piace
in bed ; to be made partaker of the bed ; to sow or plan
in earth; to lay in a place of rest; to lay in order, in
strata.
To Bed, bed, v, n. To cohabit.
To Bedabble, b^-dib-bl, v. a. To wet, to be-
sprinkle.
To Bedaggle, b^-digigl, v. a. To bemire.
To Bedash, b^-dishj v. a. To bespatter.
To Bedawb, b^-dawbj v. a. To besmear.
To Bedazzle, be-diz^zl, v. a. To make the
sight dim by too much lustre.
Bedchamber, beditshdme-tur, 5. The chamber
appropriated to rest.
HEE
t3- 559. Fale 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— mi 93,
Bedclothes, bed-clize, s. Coverlets spread over
a bed.
Bedding, bed-ding^, S, 140. The materials of a
bed.
To Bedeck, be-dekj v. a. To deck, to adorn.
To Bedew, be-dii{ v. a. To moisten gently, as
Willi the fall ofdew.
Bedfellow, bed-fel-lo, s. One that lies in the
same bed.
To BedigHT, be-dite5 v. a. To adorn, to dress.
To Bedim, be-dim| v, a. To obscure, to cloud, to
darken.
7'o Bedizen, b^-dl-zn, v. a. 103. To dress out.
A low term.
Bedlam, bed-lum, .y. 88. A madhouse; a mad-
man.
Bedlamite, bed-kim-ite, s. 155. A madman.
Bedmaker, bfcd'-ma-kur, s. A person in the
universities whose office it is to make the beds.
Bedmate, bed-m^te, s. A bedfellow.
Bedmoulding, bed-mold-ing, s. A particular
moulding.
Bedpost, bed-pSst, s. The post at the corner of
the bed, which supports the canopy.
Bedpresser, bedipres-sur, s, A heavy lazy
fellow.
To Bedraggle, bi-dr%%l, v. a. 405. To soil
the clothes.
To Bedrencii, be-drenshj v. a. To drench, to
soak.
Bedrid, bed-rid, a. Confined to the bed by age
or sickness.
Bedrite, bed-rite, S. The privilege of tlie marriage
bed.
To Bedrop, bJ-dropJ v. a. To besprinkle, to
mark with drops.
Bedstead, bed-sted, s. The frame on which the
bed is placed.
Bedstkaw, bed-straw, s. The straw laid under a
bed to make it soft.
Bedswerver, bed-swer-vur, S. One that is false
to the bed.
Bedtime, bedMme, s. The hour of rest.
To BeDUNG, be-dungj v. a. To cover with dung.
To BedusT, be-dust{ v. a. To sprinkle ^^ith dust.
Bedward, bed-ward, ad. Toward bed.
7'o BedwaRF, be-dwarf| v. a. To make little, to
stunt.
Bedwork, bed-wurk, S. Work performed without
toil of the hands.
Bee, b^e, S. The animal that makes lioney j an in-
dustrious and careful person.
Bee-eater, bii-i-tur, S. A bird that feeds upon
bees.
Bee-flower, beiiflou-ur, s. A species of fool-
stones.
Bee-garden, b^eigar-dn, s. 103. A place to
St hives of bees in,
Bel-IIIVE, bee-hive, *. The case, or box, in which
bees are kept.
Bee-master, bi^imas-tur, s. One that keeps
bees.
Beech, beetsh, s. A tree.
Beechen, bei-tshn, a. 103. Consisting of the
wood of the betch.
Beef, be^f, *. The flesh of black cattle prejiared for
food ; an ox, bull, or cow. It has the plural beeves.
Beef-eater, bMfi^-tur, s. A yeoman of the
guard. — Probably a corruption of the French word
licaufetier, one who attends at the side-board, which
was anciently placed in a Beaufet.
Been, bin. Tlie part. pret. of To Be.
8^ This word, in the solemn, as well as the familiar
48
BeeU
BEG
met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 162, move 1G4,
style, has shared the fate of most of those words,
wFiich, from their nature, are in the most frequent use.
It is scarcely ever heard otherwise than as the noun bin,
a repository for corn or wine, and must be placed among
those deviations which language is always liable to in
such words as are auxiliary or subordinate to others;
for, as those parts of bodies which are the most fre-
?uently handled grow the soonest smooth by constant
fiction, so such words as are in continual use seem to
wear off their articulations, and become more irregular
than others. So lov/ as the age of James the First, I have
seen this word spelled Syn.
Beer, bi^r, S. Liquor made of malt and hops.
Beet, b^et, S. The name of a plant.
Beetle, bee-tl, S. 405. An insect distinguished
by having hard cases or sheaths, under which he folds
his wings ; a heavy mallet.
Beetleurowed, beeti-tl-bruud, a. 362.
Having prominent brows.
Beetleheaded, bee-tl-hed-ed, a. Loggerheaded,
having a stupid head.
Beetlestock, b^e-tl-stok, S. The handle of a
beetle.
Beetrave, beet-rive, ")
Beet-radish, b^et^rid-isb, J
Beeves, b^evz, S. Black cattle, oxen.
To Befall, be-fawl{ v, n. To happen to; to
come to pass.
To Befit, bi-fltj v. a. To suit, to be suitable to.
To Befool, be-fool{ v. a. To infatuate, to fool.
Before, b^-forej prep. Further onward in place;
in the front of, not behind ; in the presence of; under
the cognizance of ; preceding in time; in preference
to; prior to; superior to.
Before, bi-forej ad. Sooner than ; earlier in
time; in time past; in some time lately past; pre-
viously to; to this time, hitherto; further onward in
place.
Beforehand, bi-f6re^h^nd, ad. In a state of
anticipation or pre-occupation; previously, by way of
preparation ; in a state of accumulation, or so as that
more has been received than expended ; at first, before
any thing is done.
Beforetime, b^-fore-time ad. Formerly.
To Befortune, be-for-tshune, v. n. 4G1.
To betide.
To Befool, be-fotdj v. a. To make foul, to soil.
To Befriend, be-frendj v. a. To favour ; to be
kind to.
To Befringe, be-frinjej v, a. To decorate as
with fringes.
To Beg, beg, v. n. To live upon alms.
To Beg, beg, v. a. To ask, to seek by petition ;
to take any thing for granted.
To Beget, be-getj v. a. To generate, to procreate;
to produce, as effects ; to produce, as accidents.
Begetter, be-get-tur, s. 98. He that procreates
or begets.
Beggar, beg-gur, s. 418. One who lives upon
alms; a petitioner; one who assumes what he does
not prove.
To Beggar, beg^gur, v. a. To reduce to beggary,
to impoverish; to deprive ; to exhaust.
Beggarliness, beg-gur-le-nes, s. The state of
being beggarly.
Beggarly, beg-gur-l4, a. Mean, poor, indigent.
Beggary, beg-giir-e, s. Indigence.
To Begin, b^-gin| v. n. To enter upon something
new; to commence any action or state; to enter upon
existence; to have its original; to take rise; to come
into act.
To Begin, be-gin5 v. a. To do the first act of any
thing; to trace from any thing as the first ground; to
begin with, to enter upon.
Beginner, b^-gin'-nur, s. 95. He that gives the
first cause, or original, to any thing; an unexperienced
atteinpter.
Beginn ng, bi-gin'-mng, s. 410.
BEL
BEL
n5r 167, nJt 163— tibe 171, tab 172, b&ll 173— S!l 299— pS&nd 313— ^Ain 466, thIs 4GS
Tlie first original or cause; tlie entrance into act or
being ; the state in which any thing first is ; the rudi-
ments, or first grounds ; the first part of any thing.
To Begird, b^-gerd{ v. a. 160. To bind with a
t.irdle; to surrouad, to encircle; to shut in with a
siege, to beleaguer.
Beglerbeg, beg-ler-beg, s. The chief governor
of a province among the Turks.
To Begnaw, bl-naw{ v. a. To bite, to eat away.
Begone, be-ffSnJ interj. Go away, hence, away.
Begot, be-gotj \ t, ^ r
Begotten, b^-gSt'-tn, 103./ ^''' P'""'' P"'"' °'
the verb Beget.
To Begrease, bl-gr^ze{ v. a. To soil or dawb
with fat matter.
To Begrime, be-grimej v. a. To soil with dirt
deep impressed.
To Beguile, be-gullej v. a. 160. To impose
upon, to dek\de ; to deceive, to evade ; to deceive
pleasingly, to amuse.
Begun, M-gimJ The part. pass, of liegin.
Behalf, be-haft *. 78. 403. Favour, cause;
vindication, sup|Mrt>
To Behave, bi-hAve{ v. a. To carry, to conduct.
To Behave, be-hivej v. n. To act, to conduct
one's self.
Behaviour, b5-hive-yur, *. 294. Manner of
behaving one's self, whether good or bad ; external ap-
pearance ; gesture, manner of action ; elegance of
manners, eracefulness ; conduct, general practice,
course of lift ; To be upon one's behaviour, a familiar
phrase, noting such a state as reqViires great caution.
To Behead, b^-hedj v. a. To kill by cutting off
the head.
Beheld, b4-heldl Part. pass, from Behold.
Behemoth, bi-h^-m$tb, s. The hippopotamus,
or river horse.
Behest, b^-hest{ *. Command.
Behind, be-hlndj prep. — See Jf^nd. At the back
. of another; on the back part; towards the back ; fol-
lowing another; remaining after the departure of
something else; remaining after the deatli of those
to whom It belonged; at a distance from something
going before ; inferior to another.
Behind, b^-hlnd| ad. Backward.
Behindhand, bi-hliid-h^nd, ad. In a state in
which rents or profits are anticipated ; not upon equal
terms with regard to forwardness.
To Behold, b^-h6ldj v. a. To view, to see.
Behold, bi-holdj interj. See, lo.
Beholden, bJ-hol-dn, part. a. 103.
Bound in gratitude.
Beholder, be-hoUdur, s. Spectator.
Beholding, be-hil-ding, a. 410. Beholden.
Beholding, bi-hol-ding, part. From the verb
Behold. Seeing, looking upon.
Behoof, b^-hooft S. Profit, advantage.
To Behoove, b^-hoov{ v. n. To be fit, to be meet.
Used only impersonally with it, as It behooves.
(K?- This word is sometimes improperly written behove,
and corruptly pronounced as rhyming with rove; but this
is contrary to the analogy of words of this form ; whicli
preserve the same sound of the vowel, both in the noun
and verb; as proof , prove ; wife, wive; thief, thieve; &c.
Behooveful, b^-hooveiful, a. Useful, profitable.
Behoovefullv, bi-hooveiful-l5, ad.
Profitably, usefully.
To Behowl, b^-houK v. a. To howl at.
PeiNG, bi-ing, S. 410. Existence, opposed to
non-entity ; a particular stale or condition j the person
existing.
Being, be-ing, conj. since.
Be it so, be^it-so
let it be so.
To Belabour, be-la-bur, v, a
To beat, to thump.
4I>
A phrase, suppose it to be so ;
Belamie, bel-i-me, s. A friend, an intimate.
Belamour, beUi-moor, s. A gallant, consort.
Belated, be-la-ted, a. Benighted.
To Belay, b^-1^ v. a. To block up, to stop the
passage ; to place in ambush.
To Belch, belsh, v. n. To eject the wind from the
stomach ; to issue out by eructation.
Belch, belsb, s. 352. The action of eructation ;
a cant term for liquor.
Beldam, bel-d4m, S. 88. An old woman ; a hag.
To Beleaguer, b^-le-gur, v. a. To besiege, to
block up a place.
Beleaguerer, be-le-gur-ur, *. One that besieges
a place.
Belflower, bel-flou-ur, s. A plant.
Belfounder, bel^foun-dur, s. He whose trade
it is to found or cast bells.
Belfry, bel-fr^, s. The place where the bells arc
rung.
To Belie, be-ll{ v. a. To counterfeit, to feign, to
mimick ; to give the lie to, to charge with falsehood;
to calumniate; to give a false representation of any
thing.
Belief, be-leefj S, Credit given to somPthing which
we know not of ourselves; the theological virtue of
faith, or firm confidence of the truths of religion ; re-
ligion, the body of tenets held ; persuasion, opinion ;
the thing believed; creed, a form containing the ar-
ticles of faith.
Believable, be-lJMvU-bl, a. Credible.
To Believe, b^-le^v{ v. a. To credit upon the
authority of another ; to put confidence in the veracity
of any one.
To Believe, b^-le^v{ v. n. To have a firm
persuasion of any thing; to exercise the theological
virtue of faith.
Believer, be-l^e-vur, s. 98. He that believes or
gives credit ; a professor of Christianity.
Believingly, b^-lle-ving-l5, ad.
After a believing manner.
Belike, b^-llke{ ad. Probably, likely, perhaps;
sometimes in a sense of irony.
Bell, bell, S. A vessel, or hollow body of cast
metal, formed to make a noise by the act of some in-
strument striking against it ; it is used for any thing in
the form of a bell, as the cups of flowers.
Belle, bell, s. A gay young lady.
Belles Lettres, bel-U-tur. Polite literature.
Belligerous, bel-lidje^i-rus, 314. 518.
Belligerant, bel-lid-jur-^nt, 518.
Waging war.
Bellipotent, bel-lip'pi-tent, a. 518.
Mighty in war.
To Bellow, bel'li, v. n. 327. To make a noise
as a bull; to make any violent outcry j to vociferate,
to clamour ; to roar an the sea or the wind.
Bellows, bel-lus, *. The instrument used to blow
the fire.
03- The last syllable of this word, like that of Gallows,
is corrupted beyond recovery into the sound of Itis.
BellUINE, beKlu-ine, a. 149. Beastly, brutal.
Belly, bel'-l^, S. 182. That part of the human
body which reaches from the breast to the thighs, con-
taining the bowels; the womb; that part of a man
which requires food; that part of any thing that swells
out into a larger capacity ; any place in which some-
thing is enclosed.
To Belly, bel-1^, v. n. To hang out, to bulge out.
Bellyache, belM^-ike, s. 355. The cholick.
Bellybound, bel-le-bound, a. Costive.
Bellyful, beKl^-ful, s. As much food as fill*
the belly.
Bellygod, bel-le-gJd, s. A glutton.
BelmaN, bell-niAn, S. 8a. He whose business it
is to proclaim anything in towns, and to gain atten-
tion by ringing his bell.
■h
BEN
BER
W 559. Fite 73, far, 77, fill 83, fJit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n J 162, move 164,
405. The metal of
Belmetai., bell-met-tl, s,
wliich bells are made.
To Belock, b^-lSk{ v. a. To fasten.
To Belong, b^-lSng{ v. n. To be the property
of; to be the province or business of; to adhere, or be
appendant to ; to have relation to ; to be the quality
or attribute of.
Beloved, b^-luvied, a. Dear.
C3> This word, when an adjective, is usually pronoun-
ced in three syllables, as a beloved son , and when a par-
ticiple in two, as, he was much beloved. — See Principles,
No. 362.
BelOVC, bl-lij prep. Under in place, not so high ;
inferior in dignity ; inferior in excellence ; unworthy
of, unbetitting.
Below, be-l6j ad. In the lower place ; on earth,
in opposition to heaven j in hell, in the regions of the
dead.
To Belowt, b4-lout{ V. a. To treat with oppro-
brious language.
Belsvvagger, bel-swlgigur, *. A whoremaster.
Belt, belt, s. A girdle, a cincture.
BeLWETHER, belKweTH-ur, s. A sheep which
leads the flock with a bell on its neck ; hence. To bear
the bell.
To Bemad, b^-m^dj v, a. To make mad.
To Bemire, be-mirejr. a. To drag, or encumber
in the mire.
To Bemoan, b4-in5ne{ v. a. To lament, to
bewail.
Bemoaner, b^-mi^nur, s. 98. A lamenter.
To BeMOIL, b^-moilj v. a. To bedrsijgle, to be-
mire.
To Bemonster, bi-m&nsitur, v. a.
To make monstrous.
Bemused, b^-muzdj a. 359. Overcome with
musing.
Bench, bensh, S. 352. A seatj a seat of justice;
the persons sitting upon a bench.
Bencher, ben-shur, s. 98. The senior members
of the society of the inns of court.
To Bend, bend, v. a. To make crooked, to crook;
to direct to a certain point; to incline , to subdue, to
make submissive.
To Bend, bend, v. n. To be incurvated ; to lean
or jut over ; to be submissive, to bow.
Bend, bend, S. Flexure, incurvation ; the crooked
timbers which make the ribs or sides of a ship.
BeNDABLE, ben-d4-bl, a. 405. That may be bent.
Bender, ben-dur, *. 98. The person who bends ;
the instrument with which any thing is bent.
Bendwith, hend'-with, S. An herb.
Beneaped, b^-n^ptj a, 352. A ship is said to be
beneaped, when the water does not flow high enough
to bring her off the ground.
Beneath, bi-n^THe{ prep. Under, lower in
place; lower in rank, excellence, or dignity ; unworthy
of.
Beneath, bJ-n^THe| ad. 467. in a lower place,
under; below, as opposed ♦olieaven.
Benedict, beni4-dikt, a. Having mild and salu-
brious qualities.
Benediction, ben-ni-dikishun, s. Blessing, a
decretory pronunciation of happiness; the advantage
conferred hy blessing; acknowledgments for blessings
received; the form of instituting an abbot.
BejsEfaction, ben-i-fAk-shun, *. The act of
conferring a benefit ; the benefit conferred.
Benefactor, ben-^-fak^tur, s. 166.
He that confers a benefit.
Benefactres.!, ben-i-ftk-tres, s. A woman who
confers a benefit.
Benefice, bejl-^-fls, s. 142. Advantage conferred
on another. Thii word is generally used for all eccle-
siastical livings.
Beneficed, ben-^-fist, a. 352
Possessed of a benefice.
50
Beneficence, b^-neP-^-sense, s. Active goodness .
Beneficent, be-nef^^-sent, a.
Kind, doing good.
Beneficial, ben-i-f1sh-il, a. Advantageous, con-
ferring benefits, profitable; helpful, medicinal.
Beneficially, ben-i-flsh-Hl-le, ad.
Advantageously, helpfully.
Beneficialness, ben-e-f ishidl-nes, s.
Usefulness, profit.
Beneficiary, ben-^-f ish-yl-rl, a. ) 13.
Holding something in subordination to another.
Beneficiary, ben-^-fish-yi-ri, s. 113.
He that is in possession of a benefice.
Benefit, ben^^-f it, *. A kindness, a favour con-
ferred ; advantage, profit, use.
83- Benefit of Clergy in law is a privilege formerly
allowed, by virtue of which a man convicted of felony or
manslaughter was put to read in a Latin book of aOothick
black character; and if the Ordinary of Newgate said
Legit ut Clericus, i. e. he reads like a clerk, he was only
burnt in the hand and set free, otherwise he suffered
death for his crime.
To Benefit, ben^^-f it, v. a. To do good to.
To Benefit, ben-l-f it, v. n. To gain advantage.
To BeNET, b^-net{ v. a. To ensnare.
Benevolence, b4-nevivi-lense, s.
Disposition to do good, kindness ; the good done, the
charity given , a kind of tax.
Benevolent, bi-nev^vS-lent, a. Kind, having
good-will.
Benevolentness, b^-nev^vi-lent-nes, s.
The same as benevolence.
Bengal, ben-gallj s. A son of thin slight stuff.
Benjamin, ben-j^-min, *. The name of a tree.
To Benight, b^-nlte{ v. a. To surprise with the
coming on of night ; to involve in darkness, to embar-
rass by want of light.
Benign, bi-nlnej fl. 385. Kind, generous, liberal,
wholesome, not malignant.
Benignity, be-mg^ne-t^, s. Graciousness, actual
kindness; salubrity, wholesome quality.
Benignly, b4-nlne-li, ad. Favourably, kindly,
Benison, ben-n^-zn, s. 170. 443.
Blessing, benediction.
Bennet, ben-net, *. 99. An herb.
Bent, bent, S. The state of being bent ; degree of
flexure; declivity; utmost power; application of the
mind; inclination, disposition towards something;
determination, fixed purpose ; turn of the temper or
disposition ; tendency, flexion ; a sort of grass, called
the bent-grass.
Bent, bent, part, of the verb To Bend. Made
crooked; directed to a certain point; determined
itipon.
Benting Ti me, ben^ting-time, *. The time when
pigeons feed on bents before peas are ripe.
To Benumb, b^-nuin{ v. a. To make torpid, to
stupify. — See To Numb.
Benzoin, ben-z8in{ s. A medicinal kind of resin,
imported from the East Indies, and vulgarly called
Benjamin.
To Bepaint, b^-pint( v. a. To cover with paint.
To BePINCH, be-puishj v. a. To mark with
pinches.
,To Bequeath, b^-kw^THeJ v. a. 467. To leave
by will to another.
Bequest, bJ-kwest} s. 334. 414.
Something left by will.
7V Berattle, b^-rAt-tl, v. a. To rattle off".
Berberry, bar-ber-r^, *. 555. A berry of a
sharp taste, used for pickles.
To Bereave, b4-reve{ v. a. To strip of, t«
deprive of; to take away fiom.
Bereft, b^reftl part, pass, of Bereave.
Bergamot, ber-g4-mSt, s. A sort of pear, com-
monly called Burgainot, and vulgarly csflled Burgamee,
BES BET
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sil 299— pound 313— </an 4Gb', this 4S9.
■ ad. Over and above ; not in
a sort of essence or perfume, drawn from a fruit pro-
duced by ingrafting a lemon tree on a bergamot pear
stocic ; a sort of snuff.
To Berhyme, b^-rlme{ v, a. To celebrate in
rhyme or verses.
Berlin, ber-lin{ S. A coach of a particular form.
Berry, ber-re, S. Any small fruit with many seeds.
To Berry, ber-ri, v. n. To bear berries.
Bertram, ber^trllm, s. 88. Bastard pellitory.
Beryl, ber^rJ, *. A precious stone.
To Bescreen, b4-skri^n5 v. a. To shelter, to
conceal.
To Beseech, b^-s4itsh{ v. a. To entreat, to
supplicate, to implore; to beg, to ask.
To Beseem, b^-si^m{ v. n. To become, to be fit.
To Beset, bi-set{ v. a. To besiege, to hem in ;
to embarrass, to perplex; to waylay, to surround ; to
fall upon, to harass.
To Beshrew, bi-shrooj v, a. To wish a curse
to; to happen ill to.
Beside, bi-slde' ~l
Besides, bl-sldesj / " ^'
At the side of another, near ; over and above ; not ac-
cording to, though not contrary; out of, in a state of
deviation from.
Beside, bi-slde{ "I
Besides, b4-sides{ J
this number, beyond this clasS:
To Besiege, bi-siije{ v. a. To beleaguer, to lay
siege to, to beset with armed forces.
Besieger, bi-sM-jur, S, 98. One employed in
a siege.
To Beslubber, bJ-slub^bur, v. a.
To dawb, to smear.
To Besmear, bi-sme^r{ v. a. To bedawb; to
soil, to foul.
To Besmirch, b^-smertshj v. a.
To soil, to discolour.
To Besmoke, b^-smike{ v. a. To foul with
smoke; to harden or dry in smoke.
To BeSMUT, be-sraut{ v. a. To blacken with smoke
or soot.
Besom, b^-zum, s. An instrument to sweep with.
To Besort, be-sortj v. a. To suit, to fit.
BeSORT, b^-sortj S. Company, attendance, train.
To Besot, bi-sit{ v. a. To infatuate, to stupify ;
to make to dote*
Besought, be-siwt{ part, past, of Sestech;
which see.
To Bpspangle, be-sp^ng-gl, v. a. To adorn with
spangles, to besprinkle with something sliining.
To Bespatter, b^-spit^tur, v, a. To spot or
sprinkle with dirt or water,
To Bespawl, be-spawl{ V, a. To dawb with
spittle.
To Bespeak, b^-sp^ik{ v. a. To order or entreat
any thing before hand; to make way by a previous
apology 5 to forebode ; to speak to, to address ; to be-
token, to show.
Bespeaker, b4-spie^kur, s. He that bespeaks
any thing.
To Bespeckle, b^-spek-kl, v, a. To mark with
speckles or spots.
To Bespew, b^-spu{ V, a. To dawb with spew or
vomit.
To BeSPICE, b4-splce{ v. a. To season with spices.
To Bespit, bJ-spitJ v. a. To dawb with spittle.
To BesPOtJ b^-sp5t, V. a. To mark with spots.
To Bespread, be-spredj v. a. To spread over.
To Besprinkle, be-sprlnk-kl, v. a.
To sprinkle over.
To BESPUrrER, be-sput^tur, v, a. To sputter
ever something, P* dawb any thing by sputtering.
51
Best, l)est, a. Most good.
Best, best, ad. In the highest degree of goodness
fittest.
To BesTAIN, be-Stine{ v, a. To mark with stains
to spot.
To Bestead, b^-st2d{ v, a. To profit; to treai^
to accommodate.
Bestial, bls-tsh^-il, a. 464. Belonging to
beast; brutal, carnal.
B:3» This word is sometimes improperly pronounced
with the e long, as if written fteasfiai, whereas it comes
directly from the French bestial; and ouglit to be pro-
nounced as if written best-yal,' 272.
** A hare, who in a civil way,
*' Complied with ev'ry thing, like Gay,
" Wa» known to all the bestial train
" That haunt the woods or scour tlie plain." Gay,
Bestiality, bes-tsh^-^Ki-t^, s.
The quality of beasts.
Bestially, besitsh^-4l-li, ad. Brutally.
7'o Bestick, bi-stik{ v. a. To stick over with
any thing.
To Bestir, be-stur{ v, a, IO9. To put int«
vigorous action.
To Bestow, bi-st6{ v, a. To give, to confet
upon ; to give as charity ; to give in marriage ; to give
as a present ; to apply ; to lay out upon ; to lay up, te
etow, to place.
Bkstower, be-st6^ur, «. 98. Giver, disposer.
BeSTKAUGHT, be-striwt5 part. Distracted, mad.
To Bestrew, b^-stri{ v. a. To sprinkle over.—
See Streio,
To Bestride, b^-strlde{ v. a. To stride over any
tiling; to have anything between one's logs; to step
over.
To BeSTUD, b^-Stud{ V, a. To adorn with studs.
Bet, bet, S. A wager.
To Bet, bet, V, a. To wager, stake at a wager.
To Betake, b^-tike{ v. a. To take, to seize j to
have recourse to.
To Bethink, b^/A?nk{ v. a.
To recal to reflection.
To Bethral, hh-thrkV, v, a. 406.
To enslave, to conquer.
To Bethump, b^-f/mmp{ »>. a. To beat.
To Betide, b4-tide{ v. n. To happen to, to
befall; to come to pass, to fall out.
Betime, b^-time{ 1
Betimes, bi-tlmz(/
ad. Seasonably ; early ; soon,
before long time has passed; early in the day.
To Betoken, bl-ti^kn, v. a. To signify, to marK,
to rejjreseiit ; to foreshow, to prcsignify.
Betony, betiti-n^, s. A plant.
Betook, b4-took{ irreg.przt. from Betake.
To Betoss, be-tfts{ v. a. To disturb, to agitate.
To Betray, hk-Xvi^ v. a. To give into the hands
of enemies ; to discover that which has been intrusted
to secrecy 5 to make liable to something inconvenient ;
to show, to discover.
Betrayer, b^-tri-ur, s. He that betrays, a
traitor.
To Betrim, b^-trimj v. a. To deck, to dress,
to grace.
To Betroth, h^-tvtith', v. a. To contract to any
one, to affiance ; to nominate to a bishoprick.
To Betrust, b^-trust{ v. a. To entrust, to put
into the power of another.
Better, bet^tur, a. 98. Having good quaUtie*
in a greater degree than something else.
Better, bet'tur, ad. Well m a greater degree.
To Better, bet-tur, v. a. To improve, to me
liorate ; to surpass, to exceed, to advance.
Better, bet-tur, S. Superior in goodness.
BIC
BIG
(»■ 559. FiUe73, far?", fall 83, Mt 81-— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 163, move 1G<*,
Bettor, bet'tur, S. 166. One that lays bets or
wagers.
Betty, bet^te, s. An instrument tobreak open doors.
Between, b^-tw^^nj prep. In the intermediate
space; fiom one to another; belonging to two in
partnership ; bearing relation to two j in separation of
one from the other.
Betwixt, b^-twikst{ prep. Between.
In masonry and joinery, a kind of square, one leg of
which is frequently crooked.
Beverage, bev^ur-idje, 5. 90. 555.
Drink, liquor to be drunk.
Bevy, h^v'-k, S. A flock of birds ; a company, an
assembly.
7'o Bewail, bi-wile{ v. a. To bemoan, to lament.
To Beware, be-wAreJ v. n. To regard with
caution, to be suspicious of danger from.
To Beweep, b^-wiip5 V. a. To weep over or upon.
To Bewet, be-wetj v, a. To wet, to moisten.
To Bewilder, be-wll-dur, v. a. 515. To lose
in pathless places, to puzzle.
To Bewitch, be-Wltsh{ v. a. To injure by witch-
craft ; to charm, to please.
Bewitchery, be-witsh-ur-r^, s. 555.
Fascination, charm.
Bewitchment, bi'-witsh-ment, s. Fascination.
To Bewray, hk-rK', v, a. 427. To betray, to
discover perfidiously ; to show, to make visible.
Bewrayer, b^-ra-ur, S, Betrayer, discoverer.
Bey, La, S. (From the Turkish.) A governor of a
province, a viceroy.
Beyond, be-ySndJ wrep. Before, at a distance not
reached; on the farther side of; farther onward than ;
past, out of the reach of; above, exceeding to a greater
degree tiian ; above in excellence; remote from, not
within the sphere of; To go beyond, is to deceive.
03" There is a pronunciation of this word so obviously
wrong as scarcely to deserve notice; and that is sound-
ing the 0 like a, as if the word were written beyand. Ab-
surd and corrupt as this pronunciation is, too many of
the people of London, and those not entirely uneducated,
are guilty of it.
BeZOAR, be-zore, S. A medicinal stone, formerly
in high esteem as an antidote, brought from the East
Indies.
BeZOARDICK, bez-6-ai"idlk, a. Compounded with
bezoar.
Biangulated, bi-ing-^-li-ted,
BiANGULOUS, bl-Sng-gu-lus
Having two corners or angles.
Bias, bUis, s. 88. Tlie weight lodged on one side
of a bowl, whicli turns it from the straight line; any
tiling wliich turns a man to a particular course j pro-
pension, inclination.
To Bias, bl-4s, v. a. To incline to some side.
Bib, bib, S. A small piece of linen put upon the
breasts of children, over their clothes.
BiBACIOUS, bl-bA-shus, a. 118. Much addicted
to drinking.
K7- Perhaps the first syllable of this word may be con-
sidered as an exceptioii to the general rule, 117.
BiBbER, bibibur, j. 98. A tippler.
Bible, bUbl, s. 405. The sacred volume, in which
are contained the revelations of God.
Bibliographer, bib-l^-Sg-gnt-fur, s,
A transcriber.
Bibliothecal, bib-le-5<A^^-k4l, a.
Belonging to a library.
Bibulous, bib-u-lus, a. 314. That has the
quality of drinking moisture.
Bi capsular, bl-k;tp^shu-lir, a. 118. 552.
A plant whose seed-pouch is divided into two parts.
BlCE, bke, s, A colour for painting.
52
i-t?d, ■)
s,116./«-
Bicipital, bl-sVe-t^l, 118,1
Bicipitous, bl-slpi^-tSs, / «• "=^""2 two
heads ; it is applied to one of the muscles of the arm.
To Bicker, bik^kur, v. n. 98. To skirmish, to
fight off and on; to quiver, to play backward and for-
ward.
BickeRER, bik-ur-ur, S. 555. A skirmisher.
BiCKERN, bik^kurn, «. 98. 418. An iron ending
in a point.
BicoRNE, bUkorn, 118,1 ,, .
T, 1 1 1 3 / ^ r <"• Havmg two horns.
BicoRNOUS, bi-kor^nus, J ^
BicoRPORAL, bl-koi-ipo-ril, a. 118.
Having two bodies.
To Bid, b?d, v. a. To desire, to ask ; to command,
to order; to offer, to propose; to pronounce, to de-
clare; to denounce.
Bidden, bid^dn, /?ar^ joa**. 103.
Invited; commanded.
Bidder, bid-dur, s. 98. One who offers or pro-
poses a price.
Bidding, bidding, S, 410. Command, order.
To Bide, bide, v. a. To endure, to suffer.
To Bide, bide, v. n. To dwell, to live, to inhabit ;
to remain in a place.
Bidental, bl-den-t4l, a. 118. Having two teeth.
Biding, bl-ding, S. 410. Residence, habitation.
Biennial, bl-en^ne-^l, a. 1 16. Of the con-
tinuance of two years.
Bier, be^r, S. 275. A carriage on which the dead
are carried to the grave.
Biestings, bei'S-tingz, s. 275. Tlie first milk
given by a cow after calving.
Bifarious, bl-fa're-us, a. Two-fold.
BiFEROUS, bil-fe-rus, a. 503. Bearing fruit twice
a year.
&:?» We see that the antepenuUimate accent on this
word, as well as on Bigamy, and some others, has the
power of shortening the vowel in the first syllable, bib.
Bifid, bl'-fid, 118, \
Bifidated, bif'-fc-da-ted, 503. 535./""
Opening with a cleft.
BiFOLD, bi-lold, a. Two-fold, double.
Bl FORM ED, bl-formd, a. 362. Compounded of
two forms.
Bifurcated, bl-fur^ki-ted, a. 118.
Shooting out into two heads.
Bifurcation, bl-fur-ka-sbun. s.
Division into two.
Big, big, a. Great in bulk, large ; teeming, preg-
nant; full of something; distended, swoln ; great in
air and mien, proud; great in spirit, brave.
Bigamist, blg-gi-mist, S, One that has committed
bigamy.
Bigamy, bigiga-me, s. 535. 503. The crime of
having two wives at once.
Bigbellied, big^bel-lid, a. 282. Pregnant,
Biggin, big-gin, s. a child's cap.
BiGLY, blg-1^, ad. Tumidly, haughtily.
Bigness, blg-nes, S. Greatness of quantity ; size,
whether greater or smaller.
Bigot, blg-gut, 5. 166. A man devoted to a certain
party- ^ , 3
Bigoted, big-gut-ed, a. Blindly prepossessed in
favoui of something.
^3- From what oddity I know not, this word is fre-
quently pronounced as if accented on the last syllable but
one, and is generally found written as if it ought to be
so pronounceil, the t being doubled, as is usual when a
participle is formed from a verb that has its accent on
the last syllable. Dr. Jdinson, indeed, has very judi-
ciously set both orthography and pronunciation to rights,
and spells the word with one t, though he finds it with
two in the quotations he gives us from Garth and Swift.
That the former thought it might be pronounced with
the accent on the second syllable, is highly presumable
from the use he makes of it, where he says,
BIN
BIR
nor 167, nftt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— </un 466, Tiiis 469.
" bigottcil to this idol, we disclaim
" Restj health, and ease, for nothing but a name."
Far if we do not lay the accent on the second syllable.
here.the verse will be iinpardonably rugged. This mis-
lake must certainly take its rise from supposmg a verb
which does not exist, namely, as bigot; but as this word
is derived from a substantive, it ought to have the same
accent ; thus, though the words ballot and billet are verbs
as well as nouns, yet as they have the accent on the first
syllable, the participial anjectives derived from them
have only one t, and both are pronounced with the ac-
cent on the first syllable, as balloted, billeted. Bigoted
therefore ought to have but one| t, and to preserve the
accent on the first syllable.
Bigotry, blg-gut-tre, S. 555. Blind zeal, pre-
judice ; the practice of a bigot.
BiGSWOLN, blg-swiln, a. Turgid.
BiLANDER, bil-an-dur, s. 503. A small vessel
used for the carriage of goods.
BiLUERRY, bll-ber-r^, S. Whortleberry.
BlLBO, bll-bi, S. A rapier, a sword.
Bilboes, hli'-bbze, s. 296. A sort of stocks.
Bile, bile, S. A thick, yellow, bitter liquor, separated
in llie liver, collected in the gall bladder, and dis-
charged by the common duct.
Bile, bile, S. A sore angry swelling. Improperly
Boil.
To Bilge, bllje, v. n. 74. To spring a leak.
Biliary, biKyl-re, a. 113. Belonging to the bile.
BlLING.SGATE, bll-lingZ-gite, S. Ribaldry, foul
language.
Bilinguous, bl-lingigwus, a. 118.
Having two tongues.
Bilious, bll-yus, a. 113» Consisting of bile.
7'o Bilk, bilk, v. a. To cheat, to defraud.
Bill, bill, s. The beak of a fowl.
Bill, bill, S. A kind ofhatchet with a hooked point.
Bill, bill, S. A written paper of any kind ; an ac-
count of money; a law presented to tlie parfiamentj
a physician's prescription ; an advertisement.
To Bill, bill, V, n. To caress, as doves by joining
bills.
To Bill, bill, V, a. To publish by an advertisement.
Billet, bll'-li*-, *, 99. 472. 481. A small paper,
a note ; billet-doux, or a soft billet, a love letter.
Billet, bll-lit, S. 99- A small log of wood for the
chimney.
To Billet, bil-lit, v. a. To direct a soldier where
he is to lodge; to quarter soldiers.
Billiards, bil-yurdz, s. 113. A kind of play.
K?- Mr. Nares has very judiciously corrected a false
etymology of Dr. Johnson in this word, which might
eventually lead to a false pronunciarion. Dr. Johnson
derives it from ball and yard, or stick, to push it with.
So Spencer—
" With dice, with cards, with balliards far unfit,
** With shuttle-cocks, unseeining manly wit."
Spencer, says Mr. Nares, was probably misled, as well
as the Lexicographer, by a false notion of the etymology.
The word, as well as tlie game, is French, billiard; and
made by the addition of a common termination, from
bille, the term for the ball used in playing.
Billow, bll-lo, *. a wave swollen.
Billowy, bil'l6-e, a. Swelling, turgid.
Bin, bin, S, A place where bread or wine is reposited.
Binary, bl'-n i r^, a. 1 18. Two double.
To Bind, bino, v. a. To confine with bonds, to
enchain; to gird, to enwrap; to fasten to any thing;
to fasten together; to cover a wound with dressings;
to compel, to constrain; to oblige by stipulation ; to
confine, to hinder; to make costive ; to restrain; To
bind to, to oblige to serve some one; To bind over, to
oblige to make appearance.
To Bind, bind, v. n. To contract, to grow stiff;
to be obligatory.
Binder, bind^ur, », 98. A man whose trade it is
to bind books: a man that binds sheaves; a fillet, a
slircd cut to bind with.
53
Binding, blnd-ing, s. 410. A bandage.
Bindweed, bindiweed, s. A plant.
Binnacle, bin-^-kl,*. 405. A sea term, meaning
the compass box.
Cc3> This word is not in Johnson ; and Dr. Ash and
Mr. Smith, who have it, pronounce the i in the first syl-
lable short. It is probably only a corruption of the word
Bittacle.
Binocle, bin^ni-kl,5. 405. A telescope fitted eo
with two tubes, as that a distant object may be seen
with both eyes.
(t3- The same reason appears for pronouncing the i in
the first syllable of this word short as in Bigamy, 535
Binocular, bl-nftk^u-lur, a. 118. 88. 98.
Having two eyes.
Biographer, bl-6g^gr^-fur, s. 116.
A writer of lives.
Biography, bi-ftg^gnt-f^, 5. IIG. 518.
An historical account of the lives of particular men.
Biparous, bip-p4-rus, a. 503. Bringing forth
two at a birtli.
t3» This word and Bipedal have the i long in Dr. Ash
and Mr. Sheridan; but Mr. Perry makes the i in the
first long, and in the last short : analogy, however, seems
to decide in favour of the sound I have given it. For
though the penultimate accent has a tendency to length-
en the vowel when followed by a single consonant, as in
biped, tripod, &c. the antepenultimate accent has a
greater tendency to shorten the vowel it falls upon. — See
Bigamy and Tripod, 503.
Bipartite, bipipar-tlte, a. 155. Having two
correspondent parrts.
0:5" Every orthSepist has the accent on the first sylla-
ble of this word but Entick, who places it on the second ;
but a considerable difference is found in the quantity of
the first and last t. Sheridan and Sco'« have them both
long. Nares the last long, Perry botn short, and Bu-
chanan and W. Johnston as I have marked them. The
varieties of quantity on this word are the more surprising,
as all these writers that give the sound of the vowels
make the first i in tripartite short, and the last longj
and tliis uniformity in the pronunciation of one word
ought to have led them to the same pronunciation of the
other, so perfectly similar. The shortening power of
the antepenultimate accent is evident in both, 503.
BiPARTiTiON, bl-p^r-tishiun, s. The act of divid.
ing into two.
Biped, bl-ped, S. 118. An animal with two feet.
Bipedal, bip-p^-dAl, a. 503. Two feet in length.
See Biparous.
Bipennated, bl-pentnl-ted, a. 118.
Having two wings.
BiPETALOUS, bl-pet-ti-lus, a. 118. Consisting
of two flower-leaves.
Biquadrate, bl-qwa-drate, 91, 1
BiQUADRATiCK, bl-qwa-dr^t-ik. J
The fourth power arising from the multiplication of a
square by itself.
Birch, burtsh, s. 108. A tree.
Birchen, bur-tshn, a. 103. 405. Made of bircli.
C^ An Englishman mav blush at this cluster of con-
sonants for a syllable ; antf yet this is unquestionably the
exact pronunciation of the word ; and that our language
is full of these syllables without vowels. — See Principles,
No. 103. 405,
Bird, burd, s. 108, A general term for the feathered
kind, a fowl.
7b Bird, burd, v. n. To catch birds.
BiRDBOLT, burd-bAlt, s. A small arrow.
BiRDCATCHER, burd-k^tsh-ur, s. 89. One that
makes it his employment to take birds.
Birder, burd-ur, s. 98. a birdcatcher.
BiRDiNGPiECE, burd-jng-p^^se, s,
A gun to shoot birds with.
Birdlime, burd-iimc, s. A glutinous substance
spread upon twigs, by which the birds that light upon
them are entangled.
Birdman, burd'-m^n, *. 88. A b»rd<atch»r.
BIT
BLA
W- 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 163, move 164 ,
BiRDSEYE, burdz-l, *)
BiRDSFOOT, burdz'-fut,/*- -^P'"^
BiRDSNEST, biirdz-nest, *. An herb.
Bi K DS N EST, burdz-nest, s. The place where a bird
lays her eggs and hatches her young.
BiRDSTONGUE, burdz-tung, s. An herb.
BiRGANDER, bej-giu-dur, s. A fowl of the gooie
kind.
Bl RTH , berth, s. 1 08. The act of coming into life ;
extractio'i, lineage; rank which is inherited by de-
scent ; the condition in which any man is born j thing
born i the act of bringing forth.
Birthday, hevth-dk, s. The day on which any
one is bom.
Birthpom, ber^Aidum, s. Privilege of birth.
BiRTHNlGHT, heith'-nlte, s. The night on which
any one is born.
Birthplace, berf''/-pl4se, s. Place where any
one is born.
Birthright, her^A^rlte, s. The rights and
privileges to which a man is born ; the rigitt of the first
born.
Birthstrangled, ber^/tistrSng-gld, a. 359.
Strangled in being born.
(tv- See Birchen.
Birthwort, bertA^wurt, s. 166. The name of
a plant.
Biscuit, bis^klt, *. 341. A kind of hard dry
bread, made to be carried to sea ; a composition of fine
flour, almond's, and sugar.
To Bisect, bl-sekt,' v. a. 118. 119.
To divide into two parts.
Bisection, bl-sek-shun, *. 118. a geometrical
term, signifying the division of any quantity into two
equal parts.
Bishop, bish-up, s. 166. One of the head order
of the cler(;y.
Bishop, bish-up, s. A cant word for a mixture of
wine, oranges, and sugar.
BiSHOPRICK, bish-up-rik, s. The diocese of a
bishop.
BiSHOPWEED, bvshiup-w^ld, *• A plant.
Bisk, bisk, *. Soup, broth.
Bismuth, \nz-muth, s. Mareasite, a hard, white,
brittle, mineralsubstance, of a metalline nature, found
at Misnia.
Bissextile, bis-seks^til, ». 140. Leap year.
^ Mr. Scott places the accent on the first syllable of
this word; Dr. Kenrick on the first and last ; Mr. She-
ridan, Dr. Johnson, W. Johnston, Dr. Ash, Buchanan,
Perry, Entick, and Bailey, on the second; Mr. Scott,
Dr. Kenrick, and W. Johnston, pronounce the last t long,
as in tile. But as the accent is on the second syllable by
so great a majority, analogy determines the last t to be
short.
BissoN, bisisun, a. 166. Blind. Obsolete.
Bistort, bis-tort, s. A plant called snake-weed.
Bistoury, bis-tur-i, *. 314. A surgeon's instru-
ment u-ed in making incisions.
Bit, bit, s. The iron part of the bridle which is put
iiuo the horse's mouth.
Bit, bit, *. As much meat as is put into the mouth
at once ; a small piece of any thing : a Spanish West
India silver coin, valued at seven-pence halfpenny.
To Bit, bit, v. a. To put the bridle upon a horse.
Bitch, bltsh, s. The female of the dog kind;
a vulgar name of reproach for a woman.
To Bite, bite, v. a. To crush or pierce with the
teeth; to give pain by cold; to hurt or pain with re-
proacii ; to cut, to wound; to make the mouth smart
with an acrid taste; to cheat, to trick.
Bite, bite, s. The seizure of any thing by the teeth ;
the act of a fish that takes the bait ; a cheat, a trick ;
a sharper.
Biter, bi^tur, s. 98. He that bites j a fish apt to
take the bait ; a tricker, a deceiver.
BiTTACLE, blt-t4-kl, S. 405. A frame of timber
54
in the steerage, where the compass is placed. More
commonly Binnacle.
Bitter, blt-tur, a. 98. Having a hot, acrid, biting
taste, like wormwood; sharp, cruel, severe; calami-
tous, miserable; reproachful, satirical ; unpleasing or
hurtful.
Bitterg ROUND, bit-tur-ground, s. A plant.
Bitterly, bit-tur-1^, ad. With a bitter taste j
in a biting manner, sorrowfully, calamitously; sharply,
severely.
Bittern, bit-turn, *. 98. a bird with long legs,
which feeds upon fish.
Bitterness, bit-tur-nes, s. A bitter taste j
malice, grudge, hatred, implacability; sharpness, se-
verity of temper; satire, piquancy, keenness of re-
proach ; sorrow, vexation, affliction.
Bittersweet, bit^tur-sw^^t. s. An apple whicfc '
has a compounded taste.
Bitumen, b^-tu^men, s. 1 18. 503.
A fat unctuous matter dug out of the earth, or scum-
med off lakes.
fc3- This word, from the propensity of our language to
the antepenultimate accent, is often pronounced with
the stress on the first syllable, as if written bit'u-men ;
and this last mode of sounding the word may be consi-
dered as the mostcommon, though not the most learned
pronunciation. For Dr. Ash is the only orthftepist who
places the accent on the first syllable ; but every one
who gives the sound of the unaccented vowels, except
Buchanan, very improperly makes the i long, as in idle;
but if this sound be long, it ought to be slender, as in
the second syllable of visible, terrible, &c. 1 17. 551.
Bituminous, bi-tiim^-nus, a. 118.
Compounded of bitumen.
Bivalve, bl-vilv, a. 118. Having two valves ot
shutters, used of those fish that have two shells, as
oysters.
Bivalvular, bl-vilivi-lir, a. Having two valves.
Bixwort, biks-wurt, *. An herb.
Bizantine, biz^in-dne, s. 149. A piece of gold
valued at fifteen pounds, which the king offers upon
high festival days.
CC7- Perry is the only orthOepist who pronounces th«
last i in this word short : and Dr. Johnson remarks, that
the first syllable ought to be spelled with y, as the word
arises from the custom established among the Emperors
of Constantinople, anciently called Byzantium.
To Blab, blib, v. a. To tell >vhat ought to be
kept secret.
To Blab, blib, v. n. To tell tales.
Blab, bl4b, s. A tell-tale.
Blabber, bl^b^bur, *. A tattler.
Black, blik, a. Of the colour of night; dark;
cloudy of countenance; sullen ; horrible, wicked ; dis-
mal, mournful.
BlACK-BRYONY, blJk-bli-ft-n^, S. The name of
a plant.
BlACK-CATTLE, blik^k^t-tl, S. Oxen, bulls, and
cows.
Black GUARD, bl%-gard, *. 448. A dirty fellow.
A low term.
Black-lead, bl^-led{ S. A mineral found in th«
lead mines much used for pencils.
Black-pudding, blik^pud-ding, s. A kind oi
food made of blood and grain.
Black-rod, bl4k-r&dj S. Tlie usher belonging tr
the order of the garter; so called from the black rod
he carries in his hand. He is usher of the parliament.
Black, bktk, S. A black colour ; mourning j a
blackamoor; that part of the eye which is black.
To Black, blik, v. a. To make black, to blacken.
Blackamoor, blUk'-i-mire, s. A negro.
Blackberry, blak-ber-re, s. A species of
bramble ; the fruit of it.
Blackbird, blak-burd, s. The name of a bird.
To Blacken, bl3.k'-kn, v. a. 103. To make of
black colour ; to darken, to defame.
To Blacken, blik-kn, v. n. To grow black.
Blackish, blik-isb, a. Somewhat black.
BLA
BLI
nor 167, n6t 163; tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 ; oil 299 ; pound 313 ; thin 466, Tflis 469.
A plant.
Blackmoor, bl^k^mAre, s. A negro.
Blackness, blJk-nes, s. Black colour ; darkness.
Blacksmith, bl^k^smi^A, s. a smith that works
in iron, so called from being very smutty,
Blacktail, bl^^k^tAle, s. The ruff or pope.
A small tish.
Blackthorn, blik-tliorn, s. The sloe.
Bladder, blRd^dur, s. 98. That vessel in the
body which contains the urine ; a blister, a pustule.
Bladder-nut, bUd-dur-nut, \
Bladder Senna, blid^dur-seni^, / *'
Blade, blade, S. The spire of grass, the green shoots
of corn.
Blade, blacle, S. The sharp or striking part of a
weapon or instrument; a brisk man, either fierce or
gay-
BlADEBONE, blide^bine, S. The. scapula, or
scapular bone.
(Kr- Probably corrupted from Platebone . Gr. a)/i.i<«rXaTri.
BladED, bld-ded, a. Having blades or spires.
Blain, blane, 5. A pustule, a blister.
Blameable, bli^mi-bl, a. 405.
Culpable, faulty.
Blameablene.ss, bli-mi-bl-nes, s. Fault.
Blameably, bla-m4-bl4, ad. Culpably.
To Blame, bUme, v. a. To censure, to cliarge
with a fault.
Blame, bliine, *. Imputation of a fault j crime,
hurt.
Blameful, blame-ful, a. Criminal, guilty.
Blameless, blAme-les, a. Guiltless, innocent.
Blamelesly, bUme-les-lJ, ad. Innocently.
Blamelesness, blAme-les-nes, s. innocence.
Blamer, blimur, s. 98. A censurer.
Blameworthy, blimeiwur-THi, a.
Culpable, blameable.
To Blanch, bl^nsh, v. a. To whiten j to strip
or peel such things as have husks ; to obliterate, to
pass over.
Blancher, blin-shur, s. 98. A wUiiener.
Bland, bl^nd, a. Soft, mild, genUc.
To Blandish, blin-dish, v. a.
To smooth, to often.
Blandishment, blAnidish-ment, *. Act of fond-
ness, expression of tenderness by gesture ; soft words,
kind speeches ; kind treatment.
Blank, blingk, a. White j unwritten ; confused;
without rhyme.
Blank, blangk, s. A void space; a lot by which
iiolhing is gained; a paper unwritten; the point to
which an arrow or shot is directed.
Blanket, blAngkiit, *. i)9- a woollen cover, soft,
and loosely woven ; a kind of pear.
To Blanket, blingk'-it, v. a. To cover with a
blanket ; to toss in a blanket.
Blankly, blangk^ll, ad. In a blank manner, with
paleness, with confusion.
To Blaspheme, bl^-f^me{ v. a. To speak in
terms of impious irreverence of God ; to speak evil of.
7'o Blaspheme, blis-f(^ine| v. n. To speak blas-
phemy.
Blasphemer, blis-fe-mur, s. A wretch that
speaks of God in impious and irreverent terms.
Blasphemous, blas-fe-mus, a. Impiously irre-
verent with regard to God.
(K?- We sometimes hear this word pronounced with
the accent on the second syllable like blaspheme; and as
the word blasphevms in Latin has the second syllable
long, and the English word has the same number of syl-
lables, it has as good a right to the accent on the second
syllable, as Sonorous, Bitumen, Acumen, &c.; but placing
the accent on the first syllable of blasj)hemous is by much
the most polite; as, unfortunately for the other pronun-
ciation, though the learned one, it lias been adopted by
the vulgar. 503,
?5
Blasphemously, bl^-f^-mua-l^, ad. impiously
witli wicked irreverence.
Blasphemy, blls-fi^-m^, s. Blasphemy is an
ofi'ering of some indignity unto God himself.
Blast, bl4st, *. A gust, or puff of wind; the
sound made by any instrument of wind musick; the
stroke of a malignant planet.
To Blast, blist, v. a. To strike with some sudden
plague; to make to wither; to injure, to invalidate
to confound, to strike with terror.
Blastment, blSstiment, s. Sudden stroke of in-
lection.
Blatant, blAitint, a. Bellowing as a calf.
To Blatter, blit-tur, v. n. To roar.
Blay, bla, s. A small whitish river fish ; a bleak.
Blaze, blAze, s. a flame, the light of the flame j
publicatiun ; a white marh. upon a horse.
To Blaze, blize, v. n. To flame, to be con-
spicuous.
To Blaze, blize, v. a. To publish, to make
known; to blazon ; to inflame, to fire.
Blazer, bla-zur, s. 98. One that spreads reports.
To Blazon, bl^zn, v. a. 170. To explain, in
proper terms, the figures on ensigns armorial ; to
deck, to embellish; to display, to set to show; to ce-
lebrate, to set out ; to blaze about, to make publick.
Blazonry, bla-zn-r^, s. The art of blazoning.
To Bleach, ble^tsh, v. a. To whiten.
Bleak, bleke, a. Pale ; cold, chill.
Bleak, bleke, *. A small river fish.
Bleakness, bleke'nes, *. Coldness, chillness,
Bleaky, ble^k^, a. Bleak, cold, chill.
Bleak, bleer, a. Dim with rheum or water ; dim,
obscure in general
Blearedness, bl^^-red-nes, *. 365. The state
of being dimmed with rheum.
To Bleat, blete, v. n. To cry as a sheep.
Bleat, blt^te, *. The cry of a slieep or lamb.
Bleb, bleb, 4. A blister.
To Bleed, bleed, v. n. To lose blood, to run
with blood i to drop as blood.
To Bleed, bli^d, v. a. To let blood.
To Blemish, blem-ish, v. a. To mark with any
deformity ; to defame, to tarnish, with respect to re-
putation.
Blemish, blem-ish, S. A mark of deformity, a
scar ; reproach, disgrace.
To Blench, blensh, v, n. 352. To shrink, to
Stan back.
To Blend, blend, v. a. To mingle together ; to
confound; to pollute, to spoil.
Blent, blent. The obsolete part. o( Blend.
To Bless, bles, v. a. To make happy, to prospei;
to wish happiness to another ; to praise; to glorify fot
benefits received.
Blessed, bles^sed, paif. a. 361. Happy, en-
joying heavenly felicity.
Blessedly, bles-sed-le, ad. Happily.
Blessedness, bles'sed-nes, s. Happiness, felicity,
sanctity; heavenly f'cliciiy; Divine favour.
BlesseR, bles-sur, S. 98. He that blesses.
Blessing, bles-sing, *. 410. Benediction j the
means of happiness; divine favour.
Blest, blest, /'ar<. a. 361. Happy.
Blew, blu. The pret. of Blow.
Blight, bllte, s. 393. Mildew, any thing nipping
or blasting.
To Blight, blite, v. a. To blast, to hinder from
fertility.
Blind, bllr d, a. Without sight, ds-k : intellcctuall/
dark, uns- en, privaie; d.irk, obscure
To Blind, blind, v. a. To make blind, to darken I
to obscure ;o tlve eye j to obscure to tl.e anden landing.
BLO
BLO
fc»- 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, f^tSl— ml93, met95— pine 105, pia 107— no 162, move 164,
Bmnd, blind, S. Something to hinder the sight j
something to mislead.
To Blindfold, blind-fold, v. a. To hinder from
seeing by blinding the eyes.
Blindfold, blind-fold, a. Having the eyes
covered.
Blindly, bllndU^, ad. Without sight ; implicitly,
without examination; without judgment or direction.
Blindman's Buff, bllnd-m^nz-bufj s. A play
in which some one is to have his eyes covered, and
hunt out the rest of the company.
Blindness, bllnd^nes, s. Want of sight} igno-
rance, intellectual darkness.
Blindside, bllnd-slde( s. Weakness, foible.
Blindworm, bllnd-wurm, s. A small viper,
venomous.
To Blink, blingk, v. n. To winlc ; to see obsturdy.
(J::5- This word has been use& for some years, chiefly in
Parliament, as a verb active ; as when a speaker lias
omitted to take notice of some material point in ques-
tion, he is said to blink the question. It were to be
wished that every word which finds its way into that
house had as good a title to remain there as the present
word. It combines in its signification an omission and
an artful intention to omit; and as this cannot be so
handsomely or so comprehensively expressed by any
other word, tliisword, in this sense, ought to be received.
Blinkard, blingk-urd, s. 98. One tliat has bad
eyes J something twinkling.
Bliss, blis, S. The liighest degree of liappiness ;
the happiness of blessed souls; felicity in general.
Blissful, blis-ful, a, Happy in the highest degree.
Blissfully, blis^ful-1^, ad. Happily.
BlISSFULNESS, blis-ful-nes, S. Happiness.
Blister, blis-tur, s. 98. A pustule formed by
raising the cuticle from tlie cutis; any swelling made
by the separation of a film «r skin froiri the other parts.
To Blister, blis^tar, v. n. To rise in blisters.
To Blister, blis-tur, v. a. To raise blisters by
some hurt.
Blithe, WIthc, a. 467. Gay, airy.
BlITHLY, bllTH-le, ad. In a blithe manner.
{py- These compounds of the word hlithc oucht to be
written with the final e, as blithely, blithesome, &c. for as
they stand in Johnson, the t might be pronounced short.
—See Introduction to the Rhyming Dictionary, Ortho-
graphical Aphorism the 8th.
Blithness, bllTH-nes, l
Blithsomeness, bllTHjsum-nes,J
The quality of being blithe.
Blithsome, bllTH-sum, a. Gay, cheerful.
To Bloat, blite, v. a. To swell.
To Bloat, blite, v. n. To grow turgid.
Bloatedness, blMted-nes, *.
Turgidness ; swelling.
Blobber, bl6b-bur, *. 98. A bubble.
Blobberlip, bl&b-bur-lip, *. A thick lip.
Blobberli
Bloblipped.
Having swelled or thiclt lips,
Block, bl6k, s. A short heavy piece of timber ; a
rough piece of marble ; the wood on which hats are
formed; the wood on which criminals are beheaded;
an obstruction, a stop; a sea term for a pulley; a
blockhead.
To Block, blSk, v. a. To shut up, to enclose.
Block-house, blSk^house, s. A fortress tii>lt to
obstruct or block up a pass.
Block-tin, bl6k-tin( *. Tm pure or unmixed.
Blockade, blSk kade{ s. A siege carried on by
shutting up Ihe place.
To Blockade, blftk-kide{ v. a. To shut up.
Blockhead, blftk-hed, s. A stupid fellow, a dolt,
a man without parts.
56
L.ir, uiuu-uui-iL^, a. j\ uiii
LIPPED, blSbibur-l!pt, "I
■ED, bl6b'-lipt, . J "'
a. 103.
Blockheaded, blSk-hedied, ")
Blockish, bl6ki?sh, ^ /"• stup.J. dull.
Block ISHLY, bl&k-ish-le, ad. In a stupid manner,
BlOCKISHNESS, bl8k-lSh-neS, S, Stupidity.
Blood, blud, *. 308. The red liquor that circulates
in the bodies of animals; child; progeny; family,
kindred; descent, lineage; birth, high extraction;
murder, violent death; temper of mind, state of the
passions; hot spark, man of fire.
To Blood, blud, v. a. To stain with blood ; to
inure to blood, as a hound ; to heat, to exasperate.
Blood-boltered, blud^b6l-turd, a.
Blood sprinkled.
Bloodstone, blud^stine, s. The bloodstone is
green, spotted with a bright blood-red.
Blood-thirsty, bludifAurs-t^, a.
Desirous to shed blood.
Blood-flower, blud-floit-ur, s. A plant.
BloODGUILTINESS, blud-gllt-e-nes, s. Murder.
Blood-hound, blud-boiind, s. A hound that
follows by Ihe scent.
Bloodily, blud-e-le, ad. Cruelly.
Bloodines.S, bliid'-e-nes, s. The state of being
bloody.
Bloodless, blud-les, a. Without blood, dead ;
without slaughter.
Bloodshed, blud^shed, s. The crime of blood,
or murder; slaughter.
Bloodshedder, blud-shed-dur, s. Murderer.
Bloodshot, blud-shot, 1
Bloodshotten, blud-shSt-tn, J '
Filled with blood bursting from its proper vessels.
Bloodsucker, blud-suk-ur, *. A leech, a fly,
any thing that sucks blood ; a murderer.
Bloody, blud-^, a. stained with blood; cruel,
murderous.
Bloom, bloom, S. A blossom ; the state of im-
maturity.
To Bloom, bloom, v. n. To bring or yield
blossoms; to produce, as blossoms; to be in a state of
youth.
Bloomy, bloom-e, C. Full of blooms, flowery.
Blossom, blfts-sum, s. 166. The flower that
grows on any plant.
To Blossom, blfts-sum, v. n. To put forth
blossoms.
To Blot, bl8t, v. a. To obliterate, to make writing
invisible; to efface, to erase; to blur ; to disgrace, to
disfigure; to darken.
Blot, blSt, S. An obliteration of something written ;
a blur; a spot in reputation.
Blotch, blotsh, s. A spot or pustule upon the
skin.
To Blo TE, bl6te, v. a. To smoke, or dry by the
smoke.
Blow, blo, S. 324. A stroke ; the fatal stroke ;
a single action, a sudden event; the act of a fly, by
which she lodges eggs in flesh.
To Blow, blo, v. n. To move with a current of
air: This word is used sometimes impersonally with
It; to pant, to puff; to breathe hard; to sound by
being blown; to play musically by wind; to bloom ;
to blossom ; To blow over, to pass away without effect .
To blow up, to fly into the air by the force of gun-
powder.
To Blow, bl6, v. a. To drive by the force »f the
wind; to inflame with wind; to swell, to puff into
size ; to sound an instrument of wind musick ; to warm
with the breath; to spread by report; to infect with
the eggs of flies ; To blow out, to extinguish by wind ;
To blow up, to raise or swell with breath ; To blow up,
to destroy with gunpowder; To blow upon, to make
stale.
BlOWZE, blouze, S. 323. A ruddy fat-faced
wench ; a female whose hair is in disorder.
Blowzy, blou'zJ, a, Sun-burnt, high-coloured.
BOA
nor 167, n&t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173
Tlie part of a whale that
To weep in such a
BOI
nl299— pound 313— Min 466, mis 469.
Blubber, blijo-bur, *
contains the oil.
To Blubber, blub'bur, v. n
manner as to swell the cheeks.
Bludgeon, blud-jun, s. 259. A short stick, with
one end loaded.
Blue, blti, a. 335. One of the seven original
colours.
Bluebottle, blu-b5t-tl, s. A flower of the bell
shape ; a fly with a large blue belly.
Bluely, blu-le, arf. With a blue colour.
(i3> There is an inconsistency in spelling this and si-
milar words with the silent e, and leaving it out in duly
and truly, which shows how much our orthography still
wants regulating, notwithstanding the labour and atten-
tion of Dr. Johnson. My opinion is, that the servile e
ought to be omitted in these words; for my reasons, I
must refer the inspector to the Introduction to the Rhym-
ing Dictionary, Aphorism the 8th.
BlueNESS, blu-nes, s. Tlie quality of being blue.
Bluff, bluf, a. Big, surly, blustering.
Bluish, blu-ish, a. Blue in a small degree.
To Blunder, blun-dur, v. n. 98. To mistake
grossly ; to err very widely ; to flounder, to stumble.
To Blunder, blun^dur, v. a. To mix foolishly,
or blindly.
Blunder, blun-dur, s. A gross or shameful
mistake.
Blunderbuss, blun-dur-bus, s. A gun that is
discharged with many bullets.
Blunderer, blun-dur-ur, s. A blockhead.
Blunderhead, blun-dur-hed, s. A stupid fellow.
Blunt, blunt, a. Dull on the edge or point, not
sharp ; dull in understanding, not quick ; rough, not
delicate; abrupt, not elegant.
To Blunt, blunt, v. a. To dull the edge or point j
to repress or weaken any appetite.
Bluntly, blunt-le, ad. Without sharpness;
coarsely, plainly.
Bluntness, blunt-nes, J. Want of edge or point,
coarseness, roughness of manners.
Blur, blur, S. A blot, a stain.
To Blur, blur, v. a. To blot, to eflace ; to stain.
To Blurt, blurt, V, a. To let fly without thinking.
To Blush, blush, V, n. To betray shame or con-
fusion, by a red colour in the cheek ; to carry a red
colour.
Blush, blush, S, Tlie colour in the cheeks; a red
or purple colour; sudden appearance.
Blush Y, blush-e, a. Having the colour of a blush.
To Bluster, blus-tur, v. n. To roar, as a storm ;
to bully, to pufl".
Bluster, blus-tur, S. Roar, noise, tumult ; boast,
boisterousness.
Blusterer, blus'-tur-ur, s. A swaggerer, a bully.
BlUSTROUS, blus-trus, a. Tumultuous, noisy.
Bo, bi, int. A word of teirour.
Boar, bore, S. 295. The male swine.
Board, bord, S, A piece of wood of more length
and breadth than thickness ; a table, at which a coun-
cil or court is held J a court of jurisdiction; the deck
or floor of a ship.
To Board, bird, v. a. To enter a ship by force ;
to attack, or make the first attempt; to lay or pave
w>th boards.
To Board, bird, v. n. To live in a house where
a certain rate is paid for eating.
Board-wages, bird-wi-jiz, s, 99. Wages
allowed to servants to keep themselves in victuals.
Boarder, bfir-dur, S. One who diets with another
at a certain rate.
BoARISH, bore-ish, a. Swinish, brutal, -ruel.
To Boast, b6st, v. n. To display one's ov r. worth
or actions.
S7
To Boast, host, v. a. To brag of; to magnify, to
exalt.
Boast, host, 5. A proud speech ; cause of boasting.
Boaster, bost'-ur, s. A bragger.
Boastful, bost-ful, a. Ostentatious.
BoASTINGLY, boSt-ing-1^, ad. Ostentatiously.
Boat, b6te, s. 295. A vessel to pass the water in.
Boation, bo-a-shun, s. Roar, j«ise.
Boatman, bote-m^n, \ „„
BoATSMAN, botes^mln,/
He that manages a boat.
Boatswain, bi-sn, s. An oflScer on board a ship,
who has charge of all her rigging, ropes, cables, and
anchors.
(O This word is universally pronounced in common
conversation as it is here marked ; but in reading it
would savour somewhat of vulgarity to contract it to a
sound so very unlike the orthography. It would be ad-
visable, therefore, in those who are not of the naval pro-
fession, where it is technical, to pronounce this word,
when they read it," distinctly as it is written.
To Bob, b4b, v. a. To beat, to drub j to cheat, to
gain by fraud.
To Bob, bfib, V, n. To play backward and forwa'rd.
Bob, bSb, S. Something that hangs so as to play
loose; the words repeated at the end of a stanza; a
blow; a short wig.
Bobbin, bSb-bin, s. A small pin of wood with a
notch.
BoBCHERRY, bJb-tshcr-re, S. A play among
children, in which the cherry is hung so as to bob
against the mouth.
Bobtail, bSb-tile, .v. Cut tail.
BOBTAILED, bSb-t^ld, rt, 359. Having a tail cut.
BoBWIG, bSb-Wlg, S. A short wig.
To Bode, bide v. a. To portend, to be the omen
of.
Bodement, bode-ment, S. Portent, omen.
To Bodge, bSdje, v. n. To boggle.
Bodice, bSd-dis, s. 142. stays, a waistcoat
quilted with whalebone.
Bodiless, b&d-de-les, a. incorporeal, without a
body.
Bodily, bSd-de-le, O. Corporeal, containing body j
relating to the body, not the mind ; real, actual.
Bodily, bftd-d^-li, ad. Corporeally.
Bodkin, bJd-kin, S. An instrument with a small
blade and sharp point ; an instrument to draw a thread
or ribbon through a loop ; an instrument to dress the
hair.
Body, bSd-dJ, S. The material substance of an
animal ; matter, opposed to spirit ; a person ; a human
being ; reality, opposed to representation ; a collective
mass ; the main army, the battle ; a corporation ; the
outward condition; the main part; a pandect, a ge-
neral collection ; strength, as wine of a i^ooA body. .
BoDY-CLOTHES, bSd-di kl6ze, s. Cloathing for
horses that are dieted.
Bog, bSg, S. A marsh, a fen, a morass.
BoG-TROTTER, bSg-trit-tur, s. One that lives ii!
a boggy country.
To Boggle, bSg'-gl, v. n. 405. To start, to fly
back; to hesitate.
BoGGLER, bSg-glur, S. A doubter, a timorous man.
Boggy, bSg-g^, a. 283. Marshy, swampy.
Bogiiouse, bftg-hoiise, *. A house of office.
BOHEA, bo-he{ S, A species of tea.
To Boil, boil, v. n. 299. To be agitated by
heat; to be hot, to be fervent; to move like boiling
water; to be in hot liquor.
To BOIL, boil, V. a. To seeth ; to heat by putting
into boiling w,iter, to dress in boiling water.
Boiler, bbil-ur, s. The person that boils anj
thing; the vpssel in which any thing is boiled.
BOM
BOO
»> 559. Fite 73, fir 77, fall 83, fStSl— m^93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
Boisterous, b6is^tlr-us, a. Violent, loud, roar-
ing, stormy ; turbulent, furious ; unwieldy.
Boisterously, bois-ter-us-le, ad.
Violently, tumultuously.
BoiSTEROUSNESS, bois^ter-us-nes, *.
Tumultuousness, turbulence.
BOLARY, bi-ll-re, a. Partaking of the nature of
bole.
Bold, bold, a. Daring, brave, stout ; executed
with spirit; confident, not scrupulous; impudent,
rude; licentious-; standing out to the view; To make
bold, to take freedoms.
71) BoLDEN, bold^dn, t'. a. 103. To make bold.
Boldface, bold-fase, s. Impudence, sauciness.
Boldfaced, bold-faste, a. Impudent.
Boldly, bold-1^, ad. In a bold manner.
Boldness, bold-nes, S. Courage, bravery ; ex-
emption from caution ; assurance, impudence.
Bole, bile, S. The body or trunk of a tree ; a kind
of earth ; a measure of corn containing six bushels.
BOLIS, bo-llS, *. Bolis is a great fiery ball, swiftly
hurried through the air, and generally drawing a tail
after it.
Boll, b6le, s. 406. A round stalk or stem.
Bolster, bile-stur, S. Something laid in the
bed, to support the head; a pad, or quilt; compress
for a wound.
7b Bolster, bile^stur, v. a. To support the
head with a bolster ; to afford a bed to ; to hold wounds
together with a compress ; to support, to maintain.
Bolt, bolt, s. An arrow, a dart; a thunderbolt;
Bolt upright, tliat is, upright as an arrow ; the bar of
a door; an iron to fasten the legs; a spot or stain.
To Bolt, bAlt, v. a. To shut or fasten with a bolt;
to blurt nut ; to fetter, to shackle ; to sift, or separate
with a sieve; to examine, to try out ; to purify, or
purge.
To Bolt, b6lt, v. n. To spring out with speed and
suddenness.
Bolter, bolt-ur, J, a sieve to separate meal from
bran.
BOLTHEAD, bilt-hed, *. A long strait-necked glass
vessel, a matrass, or receiver.
BoLTiNG-HousE, b6lt-ing-house, s. The place
where meal is sifted.
Boltsprit, or Bowsprit, bi^spnt, s. A mast
ruuningout atthe head of a ship, not standing upright,
but aslope.
Bolus, bo-lus, S. a medicine made up into a soft
mass, larger than pills.
Bomb, bum, J. 165. A loud noise; a hollow iron
ball, or shell, filled with gunpowder, and furnished
with a vent for a fusee, or wooden tube, filled with
combustible matter , to be thrown out from a mortar.
. CC?" I do not hesitate to follow Dr. Kenrick and Mr.
Nares in this word, and all its compounds, in giving the
I) its fourth sound, equivalent to the second sound of u,
though contrary to Mr. Sheridan's pronunciation, which
inakes it rhyme with Tom, from, &c. Dr. Johnson's de-
rivation of the word to hump, from the same origin as
bomb, makes the pronunciation l.have given more agree-
able to analogy.
Bomb-chest, bum-tshest, s. A kind of chest
filled with bombs, placed under ground to blow up in
the air.
Bomb-ketch, bum'ketsh, \
Bomb-vessel, bumives-sel, J *'
A kind of ship, strongly built, to bear the shock of a
mortar.
Bombard, bum-bard, s. A great gun; a barrel
of wine.
7'o Bombard, bum-bardj v. a. To attack with
hoinbs.
BoMiiARDiER, bum-bar-d(^^rf s. 275.
The engineer, whose employment it is to shoot bombs.
Bombardment, bum-bard-ment, s. An attack
made by tlirowing bombs.
BOMBASIN, buin-bll-Ze^n{ S, Asligi. silken stuff
Bombast, bum-bist, s. Fustian, big words.
Bombast, bum-blst{ a. High-sounding.
BombaSTICK, bum-b^^tlk, a. High-sounding,
pompous.
03- Dr. Ash is the only lexicographer who has inserted
this word; but 1 think its general usage entitles it to a
place in the language, especially as it has the true adjec-
tive termination, and relieves us from the inconvenience
to which our language is so subject, that of having the
substantive and adjective of the same form ; and though,
as bombast stands in Dr. Johnson, the substantive has
the accent on the last syllable, and the adjective en the
first, contrary, 1 think, to the analogy of accentuation,
494 (yet this is buj a bungling way of supplying the want
of different words fordilferent parts of speech. — See Bowl.
Bombulation, bum-bu-lA-shun, S. Sound, noise.
BONAROBA, hh-iA-rh'-bi, S. A whore.
BoNASUS, b6-ni-SUS, S. A kind of buffalo.
BoNCHRETiEN, bAn-kretitsh^en, *. A species of
pear.
Bond, bond, S. Cords, or chains, with which any
one is bound; ligament that holds any If.ing together;
union, connexion ; imprisonment, captivity ; cement
of union, cause of union ; a writing of obligation; law
by which any one is obliged.
Bondage, bfin-d^e, *. 90. Captivity, imprison-
ment.
Bondmaid, bSnd-mide, s. A woman slave.
Bondman, bfind^min, s. 88. A man slave.
Bondservant, bSnd^ser-vint, s. A slave.
Bondservice, bftnd-ser-vis, s. Slavery.
Bondslave, bSnd-slave, s. A man in slavery.
Bondsman, bSndz^m^n, s. 38. One bound for
another.
Bondwoman, b$nd'wum-un, s. A woman slave.
Bone, bone, S. The solid parts of the body of an
animal ; a fragment of meat, a bone with as muclt flesh
as adheres to it ; To make no bones, to make no scru-
ple ; dice.
To Bone, bine, v. a. To take out the bones from
the flesh.
BoNELACE, bine-lise{ s. Flaxen lace.
Boneless, bine-les, a. Without bones.
To Boneset, bine-set, v. n. Vo restore a bone
out of joint, or join a bone broken.
Bonesetfer, bine-set-tur, s. One who makes a
practice of setting bones.
Bonfire, bSn-flre, s. A fire made for triumph.
03- Mr. Sheridan pronounces this word bovejire; Dr.
Kenrick, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and W. Jnhnston, make
tlie first syllable rhyme with don ; and though in the first
edition of this Dictionary ] made it rhyme with tun, I
now prefer the sound rhyming with <foii.
BoNGRACE, bun-gras, S. A covering for the fore-
head.
Bonnet, bin-nit, s. 99. a hat, a cap.
Bonnets, bin-nits, s. Small sails set on the
courses of the mizzen, mainsail, and foresail.
BONNILY, b5ll-ne-l^, ad. Gayly, handsomely.
BoNNINESS, b6n-ne-nes, S. Gayety, handsomeness.
BoNNY, bSn-ne, a. Handsome, beautiful ; gay,
merry.
BoNNY-CLABBER, bSn-n^-klib-bur, *. Sour
buttermilk.
BoNUM Magnum, bi-num-miginum, s.
A great plum.
Bony, bi-ne, a. Consisting of bones ; full of bones.
BoOBY, boo-be, *. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow.
Book, book, *. A volume in which we lead or
write ; a particular part of a work ; the register in
which a trader keeps an account; In books, in kind
remembrance ; Without book, by memory.
To Book, book, v. a. To register m a i>ook.
Book-keeping, book-keep-iu^, i. itie art of
keeping accounts. ,
BOR BOX
nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bfill 173— 3il 299— pound 313— #Mn 466, THis 469.
Bore, b6re, s. The hole made by boringj the in-
strument with which a hole is bored ; the size of any
hole.
Bore, b6 re. The pret. ofPeor.
Boreal, bi'r^-il, a. Northern.
Boreas, b6ire-as, *. The north wind.
Boree, bi-reij s, A step in dancing.
Born, bom. Come into life.
Borne, birne. Carried, supported.
ftj- Dr. Johnson has made no distinction in the spell-
ing of the participle of to bear, to bring forth, and of to
bear, to support : They undoubtedly both come from the
same common stock, but the necessities of men are na-
turally urging them to make distinctions in language,
when there is a diiference of idea; and this has produced
the universally adopted difference between these two
words J the former rhyming with scorn, and the latter
with viourn. The same necessity which urged the ear to
the distinction of sound, induced the eye to adopt a dif-
ference in the spelling, and to admit of the final e in the
latter participle, and this procedure of custom arose
from an instinctive sense of utility : for without this dis-
tinction in the spelling, nothing can be more puzzling
and disgraceful than the bungling method of distin-
guishing tlie same word by different sounds, according to
Its different meaning. Therefore, though the final e in
6onie does not necessarily give the o the first sound of
that letter heard in worn, yet there is something analo-
gical in making the e a distinctive mark of that sound:
and as such a mark does not in the least endanger ety-
mology, but prevents confusion in the pronunciation, it
certainly ought to be adopted. To reduce the sound of
born, supported, to bom, brought forth, would be imprac-
ticable and detrimental to precision ; to let these diffe-
rent sounds be both signified by the same letters, would
be to perpetuate perplexity ; no better way, therefore,
remains than to spell them differently. — See the words
Bowl and Form.
Borough, bur^ri, «, A town with a corporation.
To Borrow, b6riri, v. a. To take something
from another upon credit ; to ask of another the use
of something for a lime 5 to use as one's own, though
not belonging to one.
Borrower, bftr-ri-ur, *. He tliat borrows ; he
that takes what is another's.
Boscage, bfts^kije, s. 90. Wood, or woodlands.
Bosky, bfts^k^, a. Woody.
Bosom, bou-zuni, «. The breaat, the heart j the
innermost part of an enclosure; the folds of the dress
that cover the breast ; tiie tender affections; inclina-
tion, desire ; in composition, implies intimacy, con-
fidence, fondness, as my bosom friend.
(j:y- This word is pronounced four ways, Bozum, Buz-
zum, and Boozum, the 00 like u in buUi and boozom, as
ou in bouse. Sheridan and Scott adopt the third sound ;
Perry seems to mark the fourth ; Dr. Kenrick has the
second and fourth, but seems to prefer the former ; and
W. Johnston has the second ; and that is, in my opinion,
the most general : but the stage seems to have adopted
the fourth sound, which has given it a currency among
polite speakers, and makes it the most fashionable.
Mr. Elphinston, a nice observer, as well as a deep in-
vestigator, announces the second, but tells us that the
third was the original pronunciation.
To Bosom, boo-zum, v. a. To enclose in tlit
bosom ; to conceal in privacy.
Boson, bi^sn, s. 170. 103. Corrupted from
Boatswain, which see.
Boss, bos, S. A stud ; the part rising in the midst
of any thing ; a thick body of any kind.
BOSSAGE, bSsisije, S. 90. Any stone that has a
projecture.
BOSVEL, bSzivel, *. 448. A species of crowfoot. .
Botanical, b6-t4ni>i-k4l, \
BoTANicK, bA-t3n-nik, j^'
Relating to herbs, skilled in herbs.
Botanist, b8tii-mst, s. 503, b. 543.
One skilled in plants.
BoTANOLOGY, b6t-4n-SUi-je, s. 518.
A discourse upon plants.
BOTCH, b6tsb, *. 352. a swelling, or eruptive di».
coloration of the skin ; a part in any work ill finished
Bookbinder, boSk-bln-dur, s. A man whose
profession it is to bind books.
BOOKFUL, book-ful, a. Crowded with undigested
knowledge.
B00Kl!»H, book-ish, a. Given to books.
Bookishness, book-ish-nes, s. Overstudiousness.
BookleARNEU, book'lern-ed, a. Versed in books.
Book-learning, book-lern-ing, s. Skill in
literature ; acquaintance with books.
Bookman book-man, s. 88. A man whose pro-
fession is the study of books.
Bookmate, book-mite, *. School-fellow.
Bookseller, book-sel-lur, *. A man whose
profession it is to sell bixiks.
Bookworm, book-wurm, s. A mite that eats
holes in bonks; a student too closely fixed upon books.
Boom, boom, *. In sea language, a pole used to
spread out the clue of the studding sail a pole with
bushes or baskets, set up as a mark to show tlie sailors
how to steer ; a bar laid across a harbour to keep out
the enemy.
To Boom, boom, v. n. To rush with violence.
Boon, boon, s. a gift, a grant.
Boon, boon, a. Gay, merry.
Boor, boor, s. A lout, a clown.
Boorish, booKish, a. Clownish, rustick.
Boorishly, boor-ish-le, ad. After a clownish
manner.
Boorishness, booriish-nes, s. Coarseness of
manners.
To Boo r, boot, v. a. To profit, to advantage 5 to
enrich, to benefit.
Boot, boot, S. Profit, gain, advantage ; To boot,
with advantage, over and above; booty, or plunder.
Boot, boot, s. A covering for the leg, used by
horsemen.
Boot of a Coach, boot, s. The place under the
coach-box.
Boot-HOSE, boot^bize, s, stockings to serve for
boots.
BoOT-TREE, bootitr^i, s. Wood shaped like a
leg, to be driven into boots for stretching them.
Boot-CATCHER, boot-ketsh-ur, s. The person
whose business at an inn is to pull off the boots of
passengers.
Booted, boot-ed, a. In boots.
Booth, booTH, s. A house built of boards or boughs.
Bootless, boot^les, a. Useless, unavailing ; with-
out success.
Booty, boo-te, s. Plunder, pillage ; things gotten
by robbery ; To play booty, to lose by design.
Bopeep, bA-pe^pl- s. To play Bopeep, is to look
out, and draw hack as if frighted.
Borachio, b6-ra.t^tsbi, s. A drunkard.
Borable, bi^ri-bl, a. That may be bored.
Borage, biiriidje, *. 90. 165. A plant.
Borax, bo^riks, s. An artificial salt, prepared from
sal ammoniac, nitre, calcined tartar, sea salt, and
alum, dissolved in wine.
Bordel, bor-del, s. A brothel, a bawdy-house.
Border, bor'-dur, s. 98, The outer part or edge
of any thing; the edge of a country; the outer part of
a rarment adorned with needle-work ; a bank raised
round a garden, and set with flowers.
To Border, bor-dSr, v. n. To confine upon } to
approach nearly to.
To Border, bor^dur, v. a. To adorn with a
border ; to reach, to touch.
Borderer, bor^dur-ur, *. 555. He that dwells
on the borders.
To Bore, bAie, v. a. To pierce in a hole.
To lioiu-., bore, v, n. To make a hole; to push
forwards to a certain point.
59
an adventitious part clunwily added
BOU
BOW
559. Fite 73, far, 77, fall 83, f^t 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nS 162, move 164
To Botch, bStsh, V, a. To mend or patch clothes
clumsily J to put together unsuitably, or unskilfully ;
to mark with botches.
BOTCHY, bSt-tshe, a. Marked with botches.
Both, both, a. 467. The two.
Both, hbth, conj. As well.
BOTS, hfits, s. Small worms in the entrails of
horses.
Bottle, bSt-tl, s. 405. A small vessel of glass,
or other matter; a quantity of wine usually put into a
bottle, a quart J a quantity of hay or grass bundled
up.
To Bottle, bSt^tl, v. a. To enclose in bottles.
Bottleflower, bSt-tl-flou-ur, s. A plant.
Bottlescrew, bSt^tl-skroo, s, A screw to pull
out the cork.
Bottom, bSt-tum, s. 166. The lowest part of
anything; the ground under the water; the founda-
tion, the ground-work; a dale, a valley ; the deepest
part ; bound, limit; the utmost of any man's capacity;
the last resort ; a vessel for navigation ; a chance, or
security ; a bal 1 of thread wound up together.
To Bottom, bSt^tum, v. a. To build up, to fix
upon as a support ; to wind upon something.
To Bottom, bSt-tum, v. n. To rest upon as its
support.
Bottomed, bSt-tumd, a. 359.
Having a bottom.
Bottom less, bSt^tum-les, a. Without a bottom,
fathomless.
Bottomry, b5titum-rl, s. Tlic act of borrowing
money on a ship's bottom.
BoUD, boud, s. An insect which breeds In malt.
To Bouge, boodje, v. n. 315. To swell out.
Bough, bou, S. 313. , An arm or a large shoot of
a tree.
BoiJGHT, bawt, 319. pret. of To Buy.
To Bounce, bounse, v, n. To fall or fly against
any thing with great force; to make a sudden leap;
to boast, to bully.
Bounce, bounse, s. A strong sudden blow; a
sudden crack or noise ; a ooast, a threat.
Bouncer, boun-sur, s. A boaster, a bully, an
empty threatener; a liar.
Bound, bound, S. 313. A limit, a boundary; a
limit by which any excursion is restrained ; a leap, a
jump, a spring ; a rebound.
To Bound, bound, v. a. To limit, to termmatej
to restrain, to confine ; to make to bound.
To Bound, bound, v. n. To jump, to spring; to
rebound, to fly back.
Bound, bound, part. pass, of Bind.
Bound, bound, a. Destined, intending to come to
any place.
Boundary, boun-di-rl, s. Limit, bound.
BoUNDEN, boiiniden, part. pass, of Bind.
Bounding-stone, bouniding-st6ne, "J
Bound-stone, bound-stine, / '
A stone to play with.
Boundlessness, bound-les-nes, s. Exemption
from limits.
Boundless, bound-les, a. Unlimited, unconfineJ.
Bounteous, boun-tshl-us, a. 263. Liberal,
kind, generous.
Bounteously, bSun-tshl-us-ll, ad.
Liberally, generously.
BouNTEOusNEss, boun^tshl-us-nls, s.
Munificence, liberality.
BOUNTIFOL, bounitl-ful, a. Liberal, generous,
munificent.
Bountifully, bovinitl-ful-lJ, ad. Liberally.
BouNTiFULNESS, boun^tl-ful-nes, s. The quality
of being bountiful, generosity,
GO
>, boiinite-hed, ")
d, boun-te-hud, J
BOUNTIHEAD, l^Ai'.^'ti
Bountyhood,
Goodness, virtue.
Bounty, boun^te, S. Generosity, liberality,
munificence.
To Bourgeon, bur-jun, v. n. 313. 259.
To sprout, to shoot into branches.
Bourn, birne, S. A bound, a limit ; a brook, a
torrent.
C3- 1 have differed from Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Kenrick
in the pronunciation of this word. They make it sound
as if written boorn; but if my memory fail me not, it is
a rhyme to mourn upon the stage; and Mr. Garrick so
pronounced it.
** That undiscoverM country, from wliose bourne
" No traveller returns." Smkcspeare's Hamlet.
I am fortified in this pronunciation by the suff'ragcs of
Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Nares, and Mr. Smith.
To Bouse, booze, v. n. To drink lavishly.
BousY, booize, a. Drunken.
Bout, bout, s. A turn, as much of an action as is
performed at one time.
To Bow, bou, v. a. To bend, or inflect ; to bend
the body in token of respect or submission ; to bend,
or incline, in condescension ; to depress, to crush.
To Bow, bou, V, n. To bend, to suffer flexure ; to
make a reverence; to stoop ; to sink under pressure.
Bow, bou, S. An act of reverence or submission.
Bow, bo, S. An instrument of war; a rainbow; the
instrument with which string-instruments are played
upon ; the doubling of a string in a slip knot ; Bow of
a ship, that part of her which begins at the loof, and
ends at the sternmost part of the forecastle.
To Bow, b6, V. a. To bend sideways.
^13- While some words are narrowing and contracting
their original signification, others are dividing and sub-
dividing into a thousand different acceptations. The
verb to hcrw rhyming with cow might originally signify
flexure every way, and so serve for that actic:: which
made any thing crooked, let its direction be what it
would; but it appears certain, that at present it only
means that flexure which is vertical, and which may be
called a bowing down, but is by no means so applicable to
that flexuie which is sideways or horizontal, and for
which, necessity seems insensibly to have brought the
verb I have inserted into use. This verb seems accom-
panied by the word out as the other is by down, and we
may say such a thing buv:s down, but another thing bova
out, or swells sideways ; the first verb is pronounced so
as to rhyme with cow, now, &c, and the last with go, no,
&c. Milton seems to have used the wordwith this sound,
where in his Penseroso he says —
** And love the high embowed roof,
'* With antique pillars* massy proof."
But as nothing can tend more to the ambiguity of lan-
guage than to have words spelled in the same manner
sounded diH"erently in order to distinguish their meaning
by their pronunciation, I would humbly advise to spell
the word bow (to shoot with), and the verb to how (to bend
sideways), with the final e; this slight addition will re-
lieve a reader from the embarrassment he is under at
first sight, where he is not thoroughly acquainted with
the circumstances of a relation, and does not know how
to pronounce the word till he has read the context. For
the propriety of this additional e, sec the words iJotrf,
Borne, and Form.
I cannot refrain from quoting Mr. Nares on this word,
as his opinion has great authority : — " A bow for arrows,
" and to bow, when it signifies merely to bend any thing,
" have ow like o long. This distinction I believe to be
" right, though our great Lexicographer has not noticed
" it. He gives to bow, in every sense, the regular sound
"ofouj, (that is, rhyming with cow). But of this in-
" stance the first and fourth appear to be erroneous; the
" third is doubtful ; and in the second, the word is used
" to express an inclination of the body, but metaphori-
" cally applied to trees. See the four instances from
" Shakespeare, DrytJen, and Locke, under To bow, v. a.
"No. I."
A want of attending to the different ideas thewoid Jote
conveys, as it is differently sounded, has occasioned the
inconsistent sea-terms ; the bow of a ship rhyming with
cow; and an anchor, called the best bower, rhyming with
hour; and iou", in the word bowsj^rit, rhyming with go,
no, &c.
BOX
BRA
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299~pound 3\3—thin 466, Tilis 469.
Bow-bent, bo-bent, a. Crooked.
Bow-hand, bi^h^nd, s. The hand that draws the
bow.
Bow-legged, b6-legd, a, 359. Having crooked
legs.
Bowels, boilielz, S, Intestines, the vessels and
organs within the body } the inner parts of any thing}
tenderness, compassion.
Bower, bou-ur, s. 98. An arbour: it seems to
signify, in Spenser, a blow, a stroke.
Bower, bou-ur, s. An anchor so called.
Bowery, bou-ur-re, a. Full of bowers.
Bowl, bole, S. A vessel to hold liquids ; the
hollow part of any thing; a, basin, a fountain. — See
the next word.
Bowl, bole, s. Round mass rolled along the ground.
C;y- Many respectable speakers pronounce this word so
as to rhyme with howl, the noise made by a dog. Dr.
Johnson, Mr. Elphinston, and Mr. Perry, declare for
it; but Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr.
Smith, proQounce it as the vessel to hold liquor, rhym-
ing with hole, I remember having been corrected by
Mr. Garrick for pronouncing it like howl; and am upon
the whole of opinion, that pronouncing it as I have
marked it is the preferable mode, though the least ana-
logical. But as the vessel has indisputably this sound,
it is rendering the language still more irregular to give
the ball a different one. The inconvenience of this ir-
regularity is often perceived in the word bow; to have
the same word signify different things, is the fate of all
languages ; but pronouncing the same word differently
to Signify different things, is multiplying difficulties
without necessity ; for though it may be alleged, that a
different pronunciation of the same word to signify a dif-
ferent thing, is in some measure remedying the poverty
and ambiguity of language, it may be answered, that it
is in reality increasing the ambiguity by setting the eye
and ear at variance, and obliging the reader to under-
stand the context before he can pronounce the word. It
may be urged, that the Greek and Latin languages had
these ambiguities in words which were only distinguisli-
able by their quantity or accent. But it is highly pro-
bable that the Greek language had a written accent to
distinguish such words as were pronounced differently to
signify different things, and this is equivalent to a differ-
ent spelling; and though the Latin word 2e^o signified
either to read or to send, according to the quantity with
which the first syllable was pronounced, it was certainly
an imperfection In that language which ought not to be
iinitp.ted. Ideas, and combinations of ideas, will always
be more numerous than words; and therefore the same
word will often stand for very different ideas : but alter-
ing the sound of a word, without altering the spelling, is
forming an unwritten language.
To Bowl, bJle, v. a. To play at bowls j to throw
bowls at any thing.
Bowler, bi-lur, s. He that plays at bowls.
Bowline, bou-lin, S. A rope fastened to the middle
part of the outside of a sail.
Bowling-green, bA^ling -g r^^n, s. A level piece
of ground, kept smooth for bowlers.
Bowman, biimin, s. 88. An archer.
Bowsprit, bA-sprit, s. BoJtsprlt ; which see.
Bowstring, biistring, s. The string by which
the bow is kept bent.
Bow-window, bi^winidi, s.
(ty- Dr. Johnson derives this word, and, perhaps,
justly, from Hay-window, or a window forming a 5ay in
the internal part of the room; but present custom has
universally agreed to call these windows bow-v>indows,
from the curve, tike a Soui, which they form by jutt^jrg
outwards. However original and just, therefore. Dr.
Johnson's derivation may be, there is little hope of a
conformity to it, either in writing or pronunciation,
while there is apparently so good an etymology, both for
sense and sound, to support the present practice. — See
To Bow.
BoWYER, bo-yur, *. 98. An archer; one whose
trade is to make bows.
Box, bSks, s. A tree; the wood of it.
Box, boks, S. A case made of wood, or other
matter, to liold any thing ; the case of the mariner's
compass; the chest into which money given is put;
»cat in the play-house,
Gl
To Box, bSks, V. a. To enclose in a box.
Box, boks, *. A blow on the head given with the
hand.
To Box, bSks, V. n. To fight with the fist.
BoXEN, bSk-sn, fl, 103. Made of box, resembling
box.
Boxer, bSks-ur, S, A man who fights with his fists.
Boy, boe, S. 482. A male child, not a girl ; one
in the state of adolescence, older than an infant; a
word of contempt for young men.
Boyhood, boe^hud, s. The state of a boy.
Boyish, boe-ish, a. Belonging to a boy ; childish,
trifling.
Boyishly, boe-ish-le, ad. Childishly, triflingly.
Boyishness, boe-ish-nes, S. Childishness, trifling-
ness.
BOYISM, boe-izm, S. Puerility, childishness.
Brabble, br^b-bl, s. 405. A clamorous contest.
To Brabble, brab^bl, v. n. To contest noisily.
BrABBLER, br^b-lur, S. A clamorous noisy fellow.
To Brace, brise, v. a. To bind, to tie close with
bandages j to strain up.
Brace, brise, S. Cincture, bandage; that which
holds any thing tight; Braces of a coach, thick straps
of leather on which it hangs; Braces in printing, a
crooked lineenclosing a passage, as in a triplet; ten-
sion, tightness.
Brace, br^e, s. A ' ar, a couple.
Bracelet, brdse-lel, s. An ornament for the
, arms.
- ft?" I have, in the pronunciation of this word, made
the a long and slender, as in brace, as I find it in Dr.
Kenrick, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Scott; and
not short as in brass, as Mr. Sheridan has marked it ; and
which, I believe, is the prevailing pronunciation in Ire-
land ; for though many compounds shorten the vowel in
the simple, as is shown at large in the Principles of Pro-
nunciation, 308. 515; yet I think such words are excep-
tions as are only diminutives, plurals and feininines.-.
See Patroness.
Bracer, br^isur, s. 98. A cincture, a bandage.
BraCH, bi-Stsh, S. 252. A bitch hound.
Brachial, brlk^yll, a. 353. Belonging to the
arm.
Brachygraphy, brfl-kjg^gr4-fe, s. 353.
The art or practice of writing in a short compass.
Brack, brUk, s. A breach.
Bracket, brdkikit, j. 99. A piece of wood fixed
for the support of something.
Brackish, brik-isb, a. Salt, something salt.
Brackishness, brSkiish-nes, s. Saitness.
Brad, br4d, S. A sort of nail to floor rooms with.
To Brag, br%, V, n. To boast, to display osten-
tatiously.
Brag, brag, S, A boast ; a proud expression ; the
thing boasted.
Braggadocio, br^-gi-do'shJ-o, s.
A puffing, boasting fellow.
Braggart, brigigA.rt, a. 88. Boastful, vainly
ostentatious.
Braggart, br^g-girt, 5. "1 . ,
r, 14/* no f A boaster.
Bragger, brilg-gur, s. 98. J
Brag LESS, brig-les, a. Without a boast.
Bragly, brAg-le, ad. Finely.
To Braid, brAde, v. a. To weave together.
Braid, bride, s. A texture, a knot.
Brails, bralz, s. Small ropes reeved through blocks.
Brain, brane, s. That collection of vessels and
organs in the head, from which sense and motion arise ,
the understanding.
To Brain, brane, v. a. To kill by beating out
the brain.
Brainish, brine-ish, «. Hot-headed, furious.
BRA
BRE
ty- 559. Fite 73, fSrYT, fill 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
Brainless, brine-les, a. Silly.
Brainpan, brane-pin, *. The skull contaimng
the brains.
Brainsick, brine-sik, a. Addleheaded, giddy.
Brainsickly, brane^sik-le, ad. Weakly, headily.
Brainsickness, brine-sik-nes, s.
Indiscretion, giddiness.
Brake, brike. The pret of Break.
Brake, brake, s. Fern, brambles.
Brake, brake, *. An instrument for dressing hemp
or flax ; the handle of a ship's pump ; a baker's knead-
ing trough.
Braky, bra-ki, a. Thorny, prickly, rough.
Bramble, brim^bl, S. 405. Blackberry bush,
dewberry bush, raspberry bush; any rough prickly
shrub.
Brambling, br^m^bling, s. A bird, called also
the mountain chaffinch.
Bran, bran, 5. The husks of com ground.
Branch, brinsh, s. 352. 78. The shoot of a
tree from one of the main boughs; any distant article;
any part that shoots out from the rest ; a smaller river
running into a larger : any part of a family descending
in a collateral line ; the offspring, the descendant ; the
antlers or shoots of a stag's horn.
T'o Branch, brinsh, V.n., To spread in branches ;
to spread into separate parts ; to speak diffusively ; to
have horns shooting out.
To Branch, brinsh, v. a. To divide as into
branches ; to adorn with needlework.
BrANCHER, br^n-shur, S. One that shoots out
into branches ; in falconry, a young hawk.
Branchiness, brin-sh^-nes, s.
Fullness of branches.
Branchless, brJnshiles, a. Without shoots or
boughs; naked.
Branchy, brin-shJ, a. Full of branches, spreading.
Brand, brind, s. A stick lighted, or fit to be
lighted; a sword; a thunderbolt; a mark made by
burning with a hot iron.
To Brand, britnd, v. a. To mark with a note of
infamy.
BrANDGOOSE, brind-gOOS, *. A kind of wild fowl.
To Brandish, brin-dish, v. a. To wave or
shake; to play with, to flourish.
Brandling, brind-iing, s. a particular worm.
Brandy, brin-di, *. A strong liquor distilled from
wine.
BrANGLE, bring-gl, S. 405. Squabble, wrangle.
To Brangle, brlng-gl, v. n. 405. To wrangle,
to squabble.
Brank, bringk, *. Buckwheat.
Branny, brin-n^, a. Having the appearance of
bran.
BrasieR, bri-zhur, S. 283. A manufacturer that
works in brass ; a pan to hold coals.
Brasil, or Brazil, bri-zeel| *. An American
wood, commonly supposed to have been thus denomi-
nated, because first brought from Brasil.
Brass, bras, s. A yellow metal made by mixing
copper with lapis calamiuaris ; impudence.
Brassiness, br^-S^-nes, s. An appearance like
brass.
Brassy, brisis^, a. Partaking of brass ; hard as
brass; impudent.
Brat, brat, *. a child, so called in contempt ; the
progeny, the offspring.
Bravado, bril-vi^do, s. a boast, a brag.
See Lumbago.
Brave, brave, a. Courageous, daring, bold ; gallant,
having a noble mien; magnificent, grand; excellent,
fiolilc.
Brave, brive, s. A hector, a man daring beyond
pnidence or litness ; a boast, a challenge.
62
To Brave, brive, v. a. To defy, to challenge j to
carry a boasting appearance.
Bravely, brAve-l^, ad. in a brave manner,
courageously, gallantly.
Bravery, bri-vur-re, S. 555. Courage, mag-
nanimity; splendour, magnificence; show, ostenta-
tion; bravado, lioast.
Bravo, bra'-vo, s. Spanish. A man who murders
for hire.
To Brawl, brawl, v. n. To quarrel noisily ar.d
indecently ; to speak loud and indecently ; to make a
niiise.
Brawl, brawl, S. Quarrel, noise, .currility.
Brawler, briw-lur, *. A wrangler.
Brawn, brawn, s. The fleshy or musculous part of
the body; the ann, so called from its being musculous;
bulk, muscular strength ; the flesh of a boar ; a boar.
Brawner, braw^nur, s. A boar killed for the
table.
Brawninrss, br^w-ne-nes, s. strength, hardness.
Brawny, braw^ne, a. Musculous, fleshy, bulky.
To Bray, bra, v. a. To pound, or grind small.
To Bray, bra, v. n. To make a noise as an ass j
to make an offensive noise.
Bray, bri, S. Noise, sound.
Braver, bra-ur, *. One that brays like an assj
with printers, an instrument to temper the ink.
To Braze, brAze, v. a. To solder with brass ; to
harden to impudence.
Brazen, bri^zn, a. 103. Made of brass; proceed-
ing from brass; impudent.
To Brazen, bri-zn, v. n. To be impudent, to bully.
Brazenface, hrA-zn-fAse, *. An impudent wretch.
Brazenfaced, bri^zn-faste, a. 359.
Impudent, shameless.
Brazenness, bra-zn-nes, s. Appearance like brass;
impudence.
Brazier, brAzeiyur, *. 283. — See Brasier.
Breach, breitsh, «. The act of breaking any
thing: the state of being broken ; a gap in a fortifica-
tion "made by a battery ; the violation of a law or con-
tract; difference, quarrel; infraction, injury.
Bread, bred, *. Food made of ground corn ; food
in general ; support of life at large.
Bread-chipper, bred^tship-ur, *.
A baker's servant.
Bread-corn, bred^korn, s. Com of which bread
is made.
Breadth, bred^A, s. The measure of any plain
superficies from side to side.
To Break, brike, v. a. 240. 242. To burst, or
open by force ; to divide ; to destroy by violence j to
'overcome, to surmount ; to batter, to m;ike breaches or
gaps in ; to crush or destroy the strength of the body ;
to sink or appal the spirit ; to subdue ; to crush, to dis-
able, to incapacitate; to weaken the mind; to tame,
to train to obedience ; to make bankrupt ; to crack the
«km ; to violate a contract or promise; to infringe a
law ; to intercept, to hinder the effect of; to interrupt;
to separate company , to dissolve any union; to open
something new; To break the back, to disable one's
fortune ; To break ground, to open trenches ; To break
the heart, to destroy with grief; To break the neck, to
lux, or put out the neck joints ; To break off, to put a
sudden stop ; To break off, to dissolve ; To break up,
to separate or disband; To break upon the wheel, to
punish by stretching a criminal upon the wheel, and
breaking his bones with bats; To break wind, to give
vent to wind in the body.
To Break, brike, v. n. To part in two j to burst
by dashing, as waves on a rock; to open and discharge
matter ; to open as the morning ; to burst forth, to ex-
claim ; to become bankrupt; to decline in health and
strength ; to make way with some kind of suddenness,
to come to an explanation; to fall out, to be friends
no longer ; to discard ; to break from, to separate from
will) some vehemence; to break in, to enter unexpect-
edly ; to break loose, to escape from captivity ; t9
break off, to desist suddenly; To break off from, ti»
part from with violence j to break out, to discove*
BRE BRl
n5r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173—811 299— pound SU—tlan 466, this 46.9.
itself in sudden effects ; To break out, to have eruptions
from the body ; To break out, to become dissolute ;
To break up, to cease, to intermit; To break up, to
dissolve itself; To break up, to begin holidays; To
break with, to part friendship with any.
Break, brike, S. state of being broken, opening ,
a pause, an interruption; a line drawn, noting that
the sense is suspended.
Breaker, bri-kur, S. He that breaks any thing ;
a wave broken by rocks or sand banks.
To Breakfast, brekiflst,w. n. 234. 515.
To eat the first meal in the day.
Breakfast, brek-ftst, s. 88. The first meal in the
day; the tiling eaten attlie first meal; a meat in general.
Breakneck, brike-nek, S. A steep place en-
dangering the neck.
Breakpromise, brike-pr&ra-is, j. One that
makes a practice of breaking his promise.
Bream, brerae, s. The name of a fish.
Breast, brest, S. The middle part of the human
body, between the neck and the belly; the dugs or
teats of women which contain the milk; the part of a
beast that is under the neck, between the fore-legs ; the
heart; the conscience; the passions.
To Breast, brest, v. a. To meet in front.
Breastbone, brest^bine, s. The bone of the
breast, the sternum.
Breasthigh, brest-hl, a. Up to the breast.
Breasthooks, brest^hooks, *, With shipwrights,
the compassing timbers before, that help to strengthen
the stem and all the fore part of the ship.
Breastknot, brestinJt, s. A knot or bunch of
ribbands worn by women on the breast.
Breastplate, brest-plite, s. Armour for the
breast.
Breastplough, brest-plou, *. A plough used
for paring turf, driven by the breast.
Breastwork, brest^wurk, s. Works thrown-up
as high as the breast of the defendants.
Breath, hrtth, S. 437. The air drawn in and
ejected out of the body; life; respiration; respite,
pause, relaxation; breeze, moving air; a single act;
an instant.
To Breathe, br^THe, v. n. 437. To draw in
and throw out the air by the lungs; to live ; to rest ;
to take breath; to inject by breathing; to eject by
breathing ; to exercise ; to move or actuate by breath j
to utter privately ; to give air or vent to.
Breather, br^-THur, S. One that breathe*, or
lives.
Breathing, breiTHing, s. Aspiration, secret
prayer; breathing place, vent.
Breathless, bre^A^les, a. Out of breath, spent
with labour; dead.
Bred, bred. Part. pass, from To Breed.
Brede, br^de, s. — See Braid.
Breech, breksb, s. 247. The lower part of the
body; breeches; the hinder part of a piece of ordnance.
To Breech, bri^tsh, v. a. 247. To put into
breeches ; to fit any thing with a bieecb, as to breech
a gun.
Breeches, britchiiz, 5. 247. 99. The garment
worn by men over the lower part of the body ; to wear
the breeches, is, in a wife, to usurp the authority of
the husband.
7'o Breed, briid, v. a. To procreate, to generate ;
to occasion, to cause, to produce ; to contrive, to hatch,
to plot ; to produce from one's self; to give birth to ;
to educate, to qualify by education } to bring up, to
take care of.
7b Breed, brild, v. n. To bring young ; to in-
crease by new production } to be produced, to have
birth ; to raise a breed.
Breed, brMd, s. A cast, a kind, a subdivision of
species; progeny, offspring; a number produced at
once, a hatch.
Breedbate, br^^d-blte, s. One that breeds
quarrels.
Breeder, hrlkf-dur, s. 98. That which produce*
Gi
anything; the person who brings up another; » fe.
male that is prolifick; one that takes care to raise a
breed.
Breeding, bre^iding, S. Education, instruction}
qualifications; manners, knowledge of ceremony i
nurture.
BreeSE, breez, S. A stinging fly.
Breeze, breez, s. A gentle gale.
Breezy, bree-zl, a. Fanned with gales.
Bret, bret, *. A fish of the turbot kind.
Brethren, breTH-ren, *. The plural of Brother.
Breviary, br^ve-yi-r^, s, 507. An abridgment,
an epitome ; the book containing the daily service of
the church of Rome.
(t?- All our orthOepists but Mr. Perry pronounce the
first syllable of this word long; but if authority were si-
lent, analogy would decide for the pronunciation I have
given, 534.
Breviat, br^veiyit, s. 113. A short compendium.
Breviature, br^ve-y4-tshure, s. 465. 1 13.
An abbreviation.
Brevity, brev-i-tl, 5. 511. Conciseness, shortness.
To Brew, broo, v. a. 339. To make liquors by
mixing several ingredients; to prepare by mixing
things together ; to contrive, to plot.
To Brew, broo, v. n. To perform the office of a
brewer.
Brewage, broo-idje, *. 90. Mixture of various
things.
Brewer, broo-ur, S. A man whose profession it
is to make beer.
BreWHOUSE, broo-hous, s. A house appropriated
to brewing.
Brewing, broo-iiig, s. 410. Quantity of liquor
brewed.
Brewis, broo-is, *. A piece of bread soaked in
boiling fat pottage, made of salted meat.
Bride, bribe, s. A reward given to pervert the
judgment.
To Bribe, bribe, v. a. To give bribes.
Briber, brl-bur, S. 98. One that pays for corrupt
practices.
Bribery, brl^bur-r^, s. 555. Tlie crime of
giving or taking rewards for bad practices.
Brick, bnk, s. a mass of burnt clay ; a loaf
shaped like a brick.
To Brick, brik, v. a. To lay with bricks.
Brickbat, bnk-bit, s. A piece of brick.
Brickclay, brik-kli, S. Clay used for making
bricks.
BricKDUST, bnk-dust, S, Dust made by pound-
ing bricks.
Brick-kiln, bnkikil, s. A kiln, a place to burr
bricks in.
Bricklayer, brik-li-ur, *. A brick mason.
Brickmaker, brik^mi-kur, s. One whose trade
it is to make bricks.
Bridal, brl-dil, a. Belonging to a wedding,
nuptial.
Bride, bride, s. A woman new married.
Bridebed, bride-bed, s. Marriage bed.
Bridecake, brlde-kike, s. A cake distributed to
the guests at a bedding.
Bridegroom, bride-groom, *. A new-married
man.
Bridemen, bilde-men, \
Bridemaids, bride-mAdz, /
The attendants on the bride and bridegroom.
Bridestake, bride^stake, *. A post set in tb
ground to dance round.
Bridewell, brlde^wel, s. A houst of correction.
Bridge, bndje, *. A building raised over water
for the convenience of passage; the upper part of the
nose ; the supporter of the strings in stringed instru-
ments of musick.
BRI
BRO
(»• 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, Mt 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni IG'I, move 164,
To Bridge, bndje, v. a. To raise a bridge over
any place.
Bridle, bll-dl, S. 405. The headstall and reins
by which a horse is restrained and governed; a re-
straint, a curb, a check.
To Bridle, brUdl, v. a. To guide by a bridle ; to
restrain, to govern.
To Bridle, bri-dl, v. n. To hold up the head.
Bridlehand, brl!^dl-hJnd, s. The hand which
holds the bridle in riding.
Brief, bre^f, a. Sliort, concise ; contracted, narrow.
Brief, breef, ,y. A short extract, or epitome; the
writing given the pleaders, containing the case; letters
patent, giving licence to a charitable collection; in
miisicl<, a measure of quantity, which contains two
strokes down in beating time, and as many up.
Briefly, breefMe, ad. Concisely, in a few words.
Briefness, bre^f-nes, 5. Conciseness, shortness.
Brier, brl'-ur, s. 98. 4)8. A plant.
Briery, brl-ur-re, o. 555. Rough, full of briers.
Brigade, bre-gadej 4*. 1 17. A divison of forces,
a body of men.
Brigadier General, brig-i-delr ijen^u-rAl, *.
Q75. An officer next in order below a major-general.
Brigandine, bng^in-dkie, 150. \
Brigantine, brig-^n-tlne, /
A light vessel, such as has been formerly used by
corsairs or pirates ; a coat of marl.
(KJ» All our orthOepists sound the last i in this word
long ; and yet my memory fails me if the stage does not
pronounce it short : a pronunciation to which the stage is
very prone, as Valentine, Cymbcline, &c. are heard on the
stage as if written Falentiji, Cymbelin, &c.
** You may remember, scarce three j-ears arc past,
** W'lien in j-our brigantine you sail'd to see
** The Adriatic wedded by our Duke,
** And I was with you. ft Venice Prescned.
Bright, brlte, a. Shining, glittering, full of
light; clear, evident; illustrious, ag, a bright reign;
witty, acute, asjBbriglit genius.
To Brighten, brl-tn, v, a. 103. To make
bright, to make to shine ; to make luminous by light
from without ; to make gay, or alert; to make 'llus-
trious; to make acute.
To Brighten, brl'tn, v, n. To grow bright, to
clear up.
Brightly, brIte'-lJ, ad. Splendidly, with lustre.
Brightness, biiite^nes, s. Lustre, splendour;
acuteness.
Brilliancy, bnl-yin-se, s. Lustre, splendour.
Brilliant, briKyAnt, a. 1 13. Shining, sparkling.
Brilliant, bnl-y^nt, s, A diamond of the finest cut.
Brilliantness, briUyint-nes, s.
Splendour, lustre.
Brim, bnm, s. The edge of any thing ; the upper
edge of any vessel ; the top of any liquor ; the bank of
a fountain.
To Brim, bnm, v. a. To fill to the top.
To Brim, bnm, v. n. To be full to tiie brim.
Brimful, bnm^fi'il, a. Full to the top.
Brimfulness, brim^ful-nes, s.
Fulness to the top.
Brimmer, bnm-mur, s. A bowl full to the top.
Brimstone, brim^stone, s. Sulphur.
Brimstony, bnm-sto-ne, a. Full of brimstone.
BrINDED, bnn-ded, a. Streaked, tabby.
Brindle, brinidl, 5. 405. 359. The state of
being bnnded.
Brindled, bnn-dld, a. 405. Bnnded, streaked.
Brine, brine,*. Water impregnated with salt, tlie
sea; tears.
Brinepit, brlne^pit, S. Pit of salt water.
To Bring, bring, v, a. 408. 409. To fetch from
another place; to convey in one's own hand, uot to
64
send ; to cause to come ; to attract, to draw along; to
put into any particular state ; to conduct; to induce,
to prevail upon; To bring about, to bring to ))ass, to
effect; To bring forth, to give birth to, to prorUite ;
To bring in, to reclaim ; To bring in, to afford gain ;
To bring off, to clear, to procure to be acquitted ; To
bring on, to engage in action ; To bring over, to draw
to a new party ; To I)ring out, to exhibit, to show ; To
bring under, to subdue, to repress; To bring up, to
educate, to instruct; To bring up, to bring into
practice.
Bringer, bnng-ur, s. 409. The person tliat
brings any thing.
Brinish, bri-nisb, a. Having the taste of brine,
salt.
Brinishness, brl^nish-nes, s, Saltness.
Brink, bringk S, Tlie edge of any place, as of
a precipice 01 a river.
Briny, brl-ne, a. Salt.
Brisk, brisk, a. Lively, vivacious, gay ; powerful,
spirituous ; vivid, bright.
Brisket, bns^klt, 5. 99- The breast of an animal.
Briskly, brisk-le, ad. Actively, vigorously.
Briskness, bnsk-nes, s. Liveliness, vigour, quick-
ness; gayety.
Bristle, bris^sl, *. 405. 472. Tiie stiff hair of
swine.
To Bristle, bns-sl, v. a. To erect in bristles.
To Bristle, bns-sl, v. n. To stand erect as bristles.
Bristly, bris-li, a. Thick set with bristles.
Bristol Stone, bns-tul-stone, s. A kind of iolt
diamond found in a rock near the city of Bristol.
Brit, bnt, S. Tlie name of a fish.
Brittle, brit^tl, a. 405. Fragile, apt to break.
BrittleneSS, bnt-tl-nes, *. Aptness to break.
BrIZE, brlze, S. The gadfly.
Broach, brotsh, s. 295. A spit.
To Broach, brotsh, v. a. To spit, to pierce u
with a spit; to pierce a vessel in order to draw the li-
quor; to open any store; to give out, to utter any
thing.
BrOACHER, brotsh-ur, S. A spit ; an opener, or
utterer of any thing.
Broad, brawd, a. 295. Wide, extended in
breadth; large; clear, open; gross, coarse; obscene,
fulsome ; bold, not delicate, not reserved.
Broad Cloth, brawd^cl6^/2, s.
A fine kind of cloth.
To Broaden, braw-dn, v. n. 103.
To grow broad.
Broadly, brawd-le, ad. In a broad manner.
Broadness, brawd-nes, s. Breadth, extent from
side to side; coarseness, fulsomeness.
Broadside, brawd-side, s. The side of a shipj
the volley of shot fired at once from the side of a ship.
Broadsword, bi"awd-sord, s, A cutting sword,
with a broad blade.
Broadwise, brawd-wlze, ad. 140. According
to the direction of the breadth.
Brocade, bro-kidej s. A silken stuff variegated.
Brocaded, bro-ka-ded, a. Brest in brocade .
woven in tlie manner of brocade.
Brocage, bro-kldje, S. 90. The gain gotten by
promoting bargains'; the hire given for any unlawfu
office ; the trade of dealing in old things.
Broccoli, br3k-k6-le, s. A species of cabbage.
Brock, brSk, s. A badger.
Brocket, brftk-kit, S. 99. A red deer, two yean
old.
Brogi'E, brig, *. 337. A kind of shoe J a corrupt
dialect.
To Broider, broe-d'ir, v. a. To adorn vfith
figures of needle-work.
Broidery, broi-dur-re, s. 555.
Embroidery, flower-work.
BRO
BUG
nor 167, not 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain466, this 469.
Broil, broil, s. A tumult, a quarrel.
To Broil, broil, !>. a. To dress or cook by laying
on the coals.
To Broil, broil, v. n. To be in U»e heat.
Broke, broke. Preterimperfect tense of the verb
To break.
To Broke, broke, v. n. To transact business for
others.
Broken, bro^kn, 103. Part. pass, of Break.
Broken-hearted, bro^kn-haritcd, a. Having
tlie spirits crushed by grief or fear.
Brokenly, bro-kn-l^, ad. Without any regular
series.
Broker, bri-kur, S. A factor, one that does
business for another; one who deals in old household
goods; a pimp, a match-maker.
Brokerage, bro^kur-idje, s. 90. The pay or
reward of a broker.
i^RONCHOCELE, brSn^ki-sele, S. A tumour of
that part of the aspera arteria, called the Dronchus.—
See Hydrocele.
Bronchial, brfin^ke-ll, ")
Bronchick, brSn-kik, J
Belonging to the throat.
Bronchotosiy, brftn-k6titi-m^, s. 518.
The operation which opens the windpipe by incision,
to prevent suffocation.
Bronze, br6nze, *. Brass j a medal.
Brooch, brotsh, *. a jewel, an ornament of
jewels.
To Brood, brood, v. n. To sit on eggs to hatch
tlieni ; to cover chickens under the wing ; to watch, or
consider any thing anxiously ; to mature any thing by
care.
To Brood, brood, v. a. To cherish by care, to hatch.
Brood, brood, J. Offspring, progeny ; generation;
a liatch, the number hatched at once ; the act of co-
vering the eggs.
Broody, broo-dl, a. In a state of sitting on the
eggs.
Brook, brook, S, A running water, a rivulet.
To Brook, brook, v. a. To bear, to endure.
To Brook, brook, v. n. To endure, to be content.
Brooklime, brook-lime, s. A sort of water; an
herb.
Broom, broom, S. A shrub, a besom so called
from the matter of which it is made.
Broomland, broomilind, s. Land that bears
broom.
Broomstaff, broom^stif, *. The staff to which
the broom is bound.
Broomy, broo-m^, a. Full of broom.
Broth, hroth, s. Liquor in which flesh is boiled.
Brothel, brSTH-el, ")
Brothel-house, brSTH -el-house, J *'
A bawdy-house.
Brother, bruTH^ur, *. 98. One bom of the
same father or mother ; any one closely united ; any
one resembling another in manner, form, or profes-
sion ; Brother is used in theological language, for man
in general.
Brotherhood, bruTH-ur-hud, s. The state or
quality of being a brother; an association of men for
any purpose, a fraternity ; a class of men of the same
kind.
Brother ly, bruTH^ur-le, a. Natural to brothers,
such as becomes or beseems a brother.
BrOI GHT, brdWt, 393. Part. pass, of Bring.
Brow, brbu, S. The arch of hair over the eye; fore-
head ; the general air of the countenance ; llie edge of
any high place.
To Browbeat, broii-bete, v. a. To depress with
stern looks.
Browbound, brju-bound, a. Crowned.
BrOWSICK, brou-sik, a. Dejected.
Brown, broun, a. Tlie name of a colour.
Brownbill, brounibil, *. The ancient weapon of
the English foot.
Brownness, broun-nes, j. A bro\vn colour.
Brownstudy, broun-stud-de, s.
Gloomy meditations.
To Browse, brouze, v. a. To eat branches or
shrubs.
To Bruise, brooze, v. a. 343. To crush or
mangle with a heavy blow.
Bruise, brooze, S. A hurt with something blunt
and heavy.
Bruisewort, brooze^wurt, s. Comfrey.
Bruit, broot, S. 343. Rumour, noise, report.
Brumal, broo-mil, a. Belonging to the winter.
BruNETT, broo-netj S. A woman witli a brown
complexion.
Brunt, brunt, S. Shock, violence; blow, stroke.
Brush, brush, S, An instrument for rubbing ; a
rude assault, a shock.
To Brush, brush, v. a. To sweep or rub with a
brush ; to strike with quickness ; to paint with a brush-
To Brush, brush, v. n. To move with liastej to
fly over, to skim lightly.
Brusher, brush-ur, s. He that uses a brush.
Brushwood, brush-wSd, s. Hough, shrubby
thickets.
Brushy, brush-e, a. Rough or shaggy, like a brush.
To BrUSTLE, brus-sl, v. n. 472. To crackle.
Brutal, broo-tal, a. 343. That which belongs
to a brute; savase, cruel, inhuman.
Brutality, bioo-t^l-e-t^, s.
Savageness, churlishness.
To Brutalize, broo-t^-lLze, v. n. To grow
brutal or savage.
Brutally, hroo-iii\-\h, ad. Churlishly, inhumanly.
Brute, broot, a. 339- Senseless, unconscious
savage, irrational ; rough, ferocious.
Brute, broot, S. A creature without reason.
Bruteness, broot^nes, s. Brutality.
To Brutify, broot-t^-fl, v. a.
To make a man a l)rute.
Brutish, brooitish, a. Bestiai, resembling a
beast; rough, savage, ferocious ; gross, carnal ; igno-
rant, untaught.
Brutishly, broo-tish-1^, ad. In the manner of
a brute.
Brutishness, broo-tish-iifcs, s.
Brutality, savageness.
Bryony, bri-o-ni', s. A plant.
Bub, bub, S. Strong malt liquor. A low word.
Bubble, bubibl, *. 405. A small bladder of
water; any thing which wants solidity and firmness;
a cheat, a false show ; the person cheated.
To Bubble, bub-bl, v. n. To rise in bubbles } to
run with a gentle noise.
To Bubble, bub-bl, v. a. To cheat.
Bubbler, bub^blur, s. 405. A cheat.
BuBBY, bub-b^, S. A woman's breast. A low
word.
Bubo, bu-bfi, S. The groin from the bending ot
the thigh to the scrotum : all tumours in that pan are
called Buboes.
Bubonocele, bu-b&n-i-sile, s. A rupture, in
which some part of the intestines bresks down into the
groin. — See Hydrocele.
Bucaniers, buk-a-neerzj s. A cant word for the
privateers, or pirates, of America.
Buck, buk, *. The liquor in which clothes are
washed ; the clothes washed in the liquor.
Buck, buk, S. The male of the fallow deer, the male
of rabbits and other animals.
To Buck, b&k, v. a. To wash clothes.
F
BUI
BUM
(t5- 559. Filers, fir 77, fall 83, Mt 81— me 93, met 95— plnelOS, p!n 107— nA 162, inove 1G4
7b Buck, buk, V, n. To copulate as bucks and does
BUCKBASKET, bulc-bls-ket, S. The basket in
wliich clothes are carried to the wash.
BUCKBEAN, buk^bene, S. A plant, a sort of trefoil.
Bucket, buk^klt, S. 99- The vessel in which
water is drawn out of a well; the vessel in which wa-
ter is carried, particularly to quench a fire.
Buckle, buk^kl, s. 405. a link of metal, wth a
tongue or catch made to fasten one thing to another ;
the state of the hair crisped and curled.
To Buckle, buk-kl, v. a. To fasten with a
buckle ; to confine.
To Buckle, buk-kl, v. n. To bend, to bow ; To
buckle to, to apply to ; To buckle with, to engage with.
Buckler, buk-lur, s. A shield.
Buckmast, buk^mfct, s. The fruit or mast of
the beech tree.
Buckram, buk-rum, s. A sort of strong linen
cloth, stiffened with gum.
Buckshorn-plantain, buks^hSm-plin-tin, s.
A plant.
Buckthorn, huk-tJtorn, s. A tree.
BucOLiCK, bu-k8l-ik, s, A pastoral.
C:^ From the tendency we have to remove the accent
to the beginning of such Latin words as we Anglicize by
dropping the last syllable, we sometimes hear this word
improperly accented on the first syllable. — See Academy.
The authorities for the accent on the second syllable
are, Air. Sheridan, Dr. Johnson, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry,
Dr. KenricW, Bailey, Dr. Ash, and Entick ; Buchanan
stands alone for the accent on the first.
Bud, bud, *. The first shoot of a plant, a germ.
To Bud, bud, v. n. To put forth young slioots, or
germs ; to be in the bloom.
7'o Bud, bud, v. a. To inoculate.
To Budge, budje, v. n. To stir.
Budge, budje, a. stifl", formal.
Budger, bud^jur, s. One that stirs.
Budget, bud-jet, *. A bag, such as may be easily
carried ; a store, or stock.
Bu I'Fi buf, S. Leather prepared from the skin of
the buffalo, used for waist belts, pouches, &c. a mili-
tary coat.
To Buff, buf, v. a. To strike. A low word.
Buffalo, buf-fi-l6, *. A kind of wild bull or cow.
Buffet, bufifit, s. 99, A blow wit the fist.
Buffet, buf-fetj s. A kind of cupboard.
To Buffet, buf^fit, v. a, 99' To box, to beat.
To Buffet, buf^flt, v. n. To play a boxing
match.
Buffeter, buf-ttt-tur, s. A boxer.
BUFFLE, buf'^fl, s. 405. The same with Buffalo.
Buffleheaded, buf-fl-hed-ed, a. Dull, stupid.
Buffoon, buf-foon( s. a man whose profession is
to make sport by low jests and antick postures, ajack-
pudding; a man that practises indecent raillery.
Buffoonery, buf-foon-ur-re, *. The practice of
a buffoon; low jests, scurrile mirth.
Bug, bugp, *. A stinking insect, bred in 'old liouse-
hold stuff.
Bugbear, bug-bire, S. A frightful object, a false
terrour.
BUGGINESS, bugigj-nes, S. Tlie state of being in-
fected with bugs.
Buggy, bug-g^, a. 283. Abounding with bugs.
Bugle, bu^g., 405. "1
BUGLEHORN, biigl-hSm,' /* ' ^ '™"*'"S ''^™-
Bugle, bu-gl, *. a shining bead of black glass.
Bugle, btj^gl, s. A plant.
Bugloss, bta-glSs, *. The herb ox-tongue.
To Bc'LD, blld, V. a. 341. To make a fabrick, or
an edifice, tt ,aise any thing on a suppor*. or founda-
tion.
cc
To Build, blld, f, n. To depend on, to rest on.
Builder, bild^ur, s. 98. He that builds, »^
architect.
Building, bild-ing, f. 410. A febrick, an edifice.
Built, bllt, s. The form, the structure.
Bulb, bulb, *. A round body, or root.
Bulbaceous, bul-bi^shus, a. The same with
Bulbous.
Bulbous, bul-bus, a. 314. Containing bulbs.
To Bulge, bulje, v. n. To take in water, to
founder; to jut out.
Bulk, bulk, *. Magnitude, size, quantity ; the
gross, the majority j main fabrick.
Bulk, bulk, S. A part of a building jutting out.
Bulkhead, bulk-hedj s, A partition made across
a ship with boards.
Bulkiness, bul^k^-nes, S. Greatness of stature
or size.
Bulky, bul-k5, a. Of great size or stature.
Bull, bul, S. 173. The male of black cattle •
in the scriptural sense, an enemy powerful and violent;
one of the twelve signs of the zodiack; a letter pub-
lished by the Pope ; a blunder.
BullbAITING, bul-bi-ting, *. The sport of bait-
ing bulls with dogs.
Bull-beggar, bul-beg-ur, S. Something terrible
to fright children with.
Bull-dog, bill-dog, s. A dog of a particular form,
remarkable for his courage.
Bull-head, bul-hed, s. A stupid feUow, the
name of a fish.
Bull-weed, bul-weed, $. Knapweed.
BuLL-AVORT, bul-wurti S. Bishops-weed.
BullacE, bul-llS, S. 99. A wild sour plum.
Bullet, bul-lit, s. 99- A round ball of metal.
Bullion, bul-j'un, «. 113. Gold or silver in the
lump unwrought.
Bullition, bul-lish-un, 5. 177. The act or state
of boiling.
Bullock, bul-luk, s. 166. A young bull.
Bully, biil-le, s. A noisy, blustering, quarrelling
fellow.
Bulrush, bul'-rush, s. A large rush.
Bulwark, bul-wurk, *. A fortification, a citadel^
security.
Bum, bum, S. The part on which we sit ; it is used
in composition, for any thing mean or low, as bum-
bailiff.
Bumbailiff, bum-baMif, s. a bailiff of the
meanest kind, one that is employed in arrests.
Bum BARD, bum-bird, *. — See Bombard.
BumBAST, bum-bast,' S. A doth made of patches }
l>atchwork; more properly written Bombast, as derived
by Mr. Stevens from Bombycinus, made of silk.
Bump, bump, *. A swelling, a protuberance.
To Bump, bump, v. a. To make a loud noise.
See Bomb.
Bumper, bum^pur, s. 98. A cup filled.
03- There is a plausible derivation of this word from
the French BonPere, which, say the anti-clerical critics,
was the toast which the Monks gave to the Pope in a full
glass. The farther a derivation is traced, the better it is
liked by the common crowd of critics ; b\it Mr. Elphin-
ston, who saw farther into English and French etymo-
logy than any author I have met with, contents himself
with deriving this word from the word Bump, which, as
a verb, signifies the action of some heavy body that
makes a dense noise, and, as a noun, implies the general
effect of such an action on the animal frame, wliich is a
protuberance or swelling-; and the swelling out of the
liquor when a glass is full, seems the natural offspring of
the substantive Bump.
Dr. Ash, whose etymological knowledge seems very ex-
tensive, gives this word the same derivation, but tells
MS that the word Bumjikin is of uncertain etymology ; a
little attention, however, would, I thiuk, have led him
BUR
BUS
nor 167,ii5t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bJUl 173— oil 299— pound 313— thm 466, this 46.9.
One em-
to the same origin of this word as tlie former; for the
heavy and protuberant form of the rusticks, to whom tliis
word is gpnerally applied, might very naturally generate
the appellation.
Bumpkin, bum-kin, s. An awkward heavy mstick.
Sec Bumper.
BUMI'KINLY, bum-kin-1^, a. Having the manner
or appearance of a clown.
BuNt'H, buDsh, *. 352. A hard lump, a knob; a
cluster; a number of things tied together; anything
bound into a knot.
Hunchbacked, bSnsh-bjlkt, a. Having biuiclies
on the back.
Bunchy, bun-shi, a. Growing into bunches.
Bundle, bun^dl, S. 405. A number of things
bound together ; any thing rolled up cylindrically.
To Bundle, bun-til, v. a. To tie in a bundle.
Bung, bung, S. A stopper for a barrel.
To Bung, bung, v. a. To stop up.
Bunghole, bungihiie, S. The hole at which the
barrel is dUcd.
To Bungle, bune^gl, v. n. 405.
To perform clumsily.
To Bungle, bung^gl, v. a. To botch, to manage
clumsily.
Bungle, bimg^gl, S. A botch, an awkwardness.
Bungler, bungiglur, s. A bad workman.
Bunglingly, bung-gling-1^, ad.
<^lum.«ily, awkwardly.
BUNN, bun, S. A kind of sweet bread.
Bunt, bunt, s. A swelling part; an increasing cavity.
Bun TER, bun-tur, S. 98. Any low vulgar woman.
Bunting, bun^tfng, S. The name of a bird.
Buoy, buoe, s. 346. A piece of cork or wood
floating, tied to a weight.
To Buoy, buo^, v. a. To keep afloat.
Buoyancy, buo^-^n-si, S. The quality of floating.
Buoyant, buo^ijlnt, a. Which will not sink.
Bur, bur, s. a rough head of a plant.
Burbot, bur-but, *. 166. A fish full of prickles.
Burdelai.s, bur-de-li,' s. A sort of grape.
Burden, bur^dn, s. 103. A load; something
grievous ; a birth ; the verse repeated in a song.
To Burden, bur'-du, v. a. To load, to enciunber.
Burdener, bur^dn-ur, s, 98. A loader, an
oppreEsor.
BurdENOUS, bur-dn-US, a. Grievous, oppressive;
usekss.
Burdensome, biiridn-sum, «.
Grievous, troublesome.
Burdensomeness, bui-'dn-sum-nes, s.
Weight, uneasiness.
Burdock, bur^dik, s. — See Dock.
Bureau, bu-ro| *. a chest of drawers.
Burg, bSrg, *. — See Burrow.
Burgage, bur-gAdje, s. 90. A tenure proper to
cities and towns.
BURGAMOT, bur-g4-mStJ S. A species of pear.
Buuganet, or Burgonet, burigi-net, s.
A kind of helmet.
Burgeois, bur-j3ice{ S. A citizen, a burgess; a
type of a particular size.
Burgess, bur-jes, S. A citizen, a freeman of a
ciiy ; a repre.-icntative of a town corporate.
Burgh, burg, s. 392. A corporate town or
: borough.
Burgher, bur-gur, S. One who luis a right to
certain privileges in this or that pface.
BuRGHERSHIP, bui-gur-ship, s. The privilege
of a burgher.
Burglary, bur^gli-re, s. Robbing a housp by
niglit, or breaking in with intent to rob.
67
Burgomaster, bur-go-mas-tur, s.
ployed in the government of a city.
Burial, ber-r^-^1, s. 178. The act of burying,
sepulture, interment; the act of placing any thing
under earth ; the church-service for funerals.
BURIER, ber-r^-ur, *. He that buries.
BURINE, bu-rin, S. A graving tool.
BURLACE, bur-l^e, s. A sort of grape.
To Burl, burl, v. a. To dress cloth as fullers do.
Burlesque, bui^leskj a. 415. Jocular, tending
to raise laughter.
Burlesque, bur-leskj s. Ludicrous language.
To Burlesque, bur-leskj v. a.
To turn to ridicule.
Burliness, bur^le-nes, s. Bulk, bluster.
BVRLY, burble, a. Big of stature.
To Burn, burn, v. a. To consume with fire ; lo
wound with fire.'
To Burn, burn, v. n. To be on fire; to be in-
flamed with passion ; to act as fire.
Burn, burn, *. A hurt caused by fire.
Burner, bur-nur, *. A person that burns ant-
thing.
Burnet, bur^nit, s. 99. A plant.
Burning, bur^nlng, S. 410. State of inflammation.
Burning-glass, bur^ning-glts, s. A glass ^vhich
collects the rays of the sun into a narrow compass, and
so increases their force.
To Burnish, bur-nish, v. a. To polish.
To Burnish, bur-nish, v. n. To grow bright or
glossy.
Burnisher, bur^nish-ur, s. The person that
burnishes or polishes ; the tool with which bookbinders
§ive a gloss to the leaves of books; it is commonly e
og's tooth set in a stick.
Burnt, burnt. Part, pass, of Bttm.
Burr, bur, *. The lobe or lap of the ear.
Burrel, buririi, s. 99- a sort of pear.
Burrow, bur^^ri, S. A corporate town, that is not
a city, but such as sends burgesses to the parliament;
a place fenced or fortified; the holes made in the
ground by conies.
To Burrow, bur^ri, v. n. To mine as conies or
rabbits.
Bursar, bur^sur, 5. 88. Tlietfeasurer of a college.
Burse, burse, t. An exchange where merchants
meet.
To Burst, burst, v. n. To break, or fly open ; to
fly asunder; to break away, to spring; to come sud-
denly; to begin an action violently.
To Burst, burst, v. a. To break suddenly, to
make a quick and violent disruption.
Burst, burst, *. A sudden disruption.
Burst, burst, "J _
Bursten, bur-stn,/^*'^ ' *
Diseased with a hernia or rupture.
Burstenness, burstn-nes, s. A rupture.
BurstworT, burst-wiirt, S. An Iterb good against
ruptures.
Burt, burt, *. A flat fish of tlie turbot kind.
Burthen, bur^THn, s. 468. — See Burden.
To Bury, ber-r^, v. a. 178. To inter, to put
into a grave ; to inter with rites and ceremonies; to
conceal, to hide.
Bush, biash, *. 173. A thick shrub; a bough of
a tree fixed up at a door, to show that liquors are sold
tliei-c.
Bushel, bush-ll, S. 173. A measure containing
eight gallons, a strike.
Bush I NESS, blish-e-nes, S. The quality of being
biisliy.
Bushme.nt, b?ish-ment, s, A tuickct.
BUT
BY
(t^- 559 Fke 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— me 93, met 95— pint 05, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
A piece of
Bushy, biish-e, a. Thick, full of small branches ;
full of bushes.
BusiLESS, biz-ze-les, a. 178. At leisure.
Busily, biz-ze-le, ad. With hurry, actively.
Business, biz-nes, s. 178. Employment, muiti-
plirity of atl'airs ; aa affair; th'' subject of action;
serious engagement; right of action; a matter of
question ; To do one's business, to kill, to destroy, or
ruin him.
Busk, busk, s. A piece of steel, or whalebone, worn
by women to strengthen their stays.
Buskin, bus-kin, S. A kind of half boot, a shoe
which comes to the mid-leg ; a kind of high shoe worn
by the ancient actors of tragedy.
BUSKINED, bus-kind, rt. 359. Dressed in buskins.
BUSKY, bus-ke, a. Woody.
Buss, bus, S. A kiss, a salute with lips ; a boat for
fishing.
To Buss, bus, V. a. To kiss. A low word.
Bust, bust, s. A statue representing a man to his
breast.
BuSTAKD, bus^turd, s
A wild turkey.
7'o Bustle, bus-sl, v. n. 472.
To be busy, to stir.
Bustle, biis-sl, S. A tumult, a hurry.
Bustler, bus-lur, *. 98. An active stirring man
Busy, blZ-ze, a. 178. Employed with earnestness;
bustling, active, meddling.
To Busy, biz-z^, v. a. To employ, to engage.
Busybody, biz-ze-bftd-de, s. A vain, meddling,
fantastical person.
But, but, conj. Except ; yet, nevertheless ; the
particle which introduces the minor of a syllogism,
now; only, nothing more than; than; not otherwise
than ; by no other means tlian ; if it were not for this ;
however, bowbeil ; otherwise than ; even, not Kinger
ago than ; yet it maybe objected; but for, had not this
been.
BuT-END, but-endj S. The blunt end of any thing.
Butcher, but-tshur, s. 175. One that kills
animals to sell their flesh ; one that is delighted witli
blood.
To Butcher, but-tshur, v. a. To kill, to murder.
Butciierliness, biit-tshur-le-nes, s.
A butcherly manner.
Butcherly, biit-tsliur-l^, a. Bloody, barbarous.
Butchery, but-tshur-re, s. The trade of a
butcher; murder, cruelty; the place where blood is
shed.
Butler, but-lur, s. 98. A servant employed in
furnishing the table.
Butment, but-ment, s. That part of the arch
which joins it lo the upright pier.
Butt, but, S, The place on which the mark to be
shot at is placed ; the point at.whicli the endeavour is
directed; a man upon wliom the company break their
jests. ^
Bu'IT, but, S. A vessel, a barrel containing one
hundred and twenty-six gallons of wine.
To Butt, but, v. a. To strike with the head.
Butter, but-tur, s. 98. An unctuous substance,
made by agitating the cream of milk till the oil sepa-
rates from the whey.
7o Butter, but-tur, v. n. To smear, or oil with
butter; to increase the stakes every tlnow.
^UTTER-BUMP, but^tur-bump, s.
A fowl, the bittern.
FjUTTerbur, bUt^tur-bur, s. A plant.
BuTTERiLOWER, but-tur-flouiur, s.
A yellow flower of May.
Butterfly, but-tiir-fll, s. A beautiful insect.
Butter IS, but-tur-ris, s. An instrument of steel
used in pariig the foot of a horse.
Buttermilk, bi't-tur-milk, s. The whey that is
♦cparated from the cream when bullet is made.
Butterprint, but-tur-print, s.
carved wood, used to mark butter.
Butter TOOTH, but-tur-toof A, S. The great broad
foretooth.
BuTTERVVOMAN, but-tur-wiim-un, s.
A woman that sells butter.
Buttervvort, but-tur-wurt, s. A plant, sanlcle.
Buttery, but-tur-r^, a. Having the appearance
or qualities of butter.
Buttery, bi^it-tSr-re, s. The room where pro.
visions are laid up.
Buttock, but-tuk, s. 166. The rump, the part
near the tail.
Button, but'-tn, 5. 103. 170. Any knob or ballj
the bud of a plant.
To Button, but-tn, v. a. 405. To dress, to clothe j
to fasten with buttons.
Buttonhole, but-tn-hole, s. The loop in which
the button of the clothes is caught.
Buttress, but-tris, s. 9d. A prop, a wall built
to support anotlier ; a prop, a support.
Tu Buttress, but-tris, v. a. To prop.
Buxom, buk^sum, a. 166. Obedient, obsequiousj
gay, lively, brisk; wanton, jolly.
BuxoMLY, buk-sum-le, ad. Wantonly, amorously
BuxoMNESS, b?ik-sum-nes, s.
Wantonness, amorousness.
To Buy, bl, v. a. To purchase, to acquire by pay.
ing a price; to manage by money.
To Buy, bl, v. n. To treat about a purchase.
Buyer, bl-ur^ S. He that buys, a purchaser.
To Buzz, buz, v. n. To hum, to make a noise \\\«
bees ; to whisper, to prate.
Buzzard, buz-zurd, s. 83. A degenerate or mean
species of liawk ; a blockhead, a dunce.
Buzzer, buz-zur, s, 98. A secret whisperer.
It notes the agent ; it notes the instrument ; it notes
the cause; it notes the means by which anything is
performed; at, or in, noting place; it notes the sum
of the difference between two things comnared; not
later than, noting time; beside, noting passage ; near
to, in presence, noting proximity: before Himself, it
notes the absence of all otliers : it is the solemn form
of swearing; at hand ; it is used in forms of obtesting;
by proxy of, noting substitution.
(f:5- The general sound of this word is like the verb to
buy ; but we not unfrequently hear it pronounced like the
verb to be. This latter sound, however, is only tolerable
in colloquial pronunciation, and then only when used a«
a preposition ; as when we say, Do you travel by land or
by water! Thus in reading these lines of Pope:
" By l&p.il, by water, they renew tlie charge,
" They stop the chariot, and they board the barge."
Here we ought to give the word by the sound of the verb
to buy ; so tiiat pronouncing this word like be, is, if the
word will be pardoned me, a colloquialism.
By, bl, ad. Near, at a small distance } beside,
passing; in presence.
By AND BY, bl-ind-bl{ ad. In a short time.
By, bl, *, Something not the direct and immediate
object of regard, as by the by.
By-concernment, bi-kftn-sern-ment, s.
Not the main business.
By-end, bl-endj s. Private interest, secret pd.
vantage.
By-gone, bl-gJn,' a. Past.
By-law, bl-lkwj *. By-laws are orders made for
the good of those that make them, farther than the
public law binds.
By-name, bl-name' s. A nick-name.
By-PATII, bl-pil^/i' s. A private or obscure path.
15 Y- RESPECT, bl're-spt'ktj s. Private end or view ^
By-room, l)l-rt)uiiij s. A private room witliin.
CAC CAL
nSr 167, nJt 163— tibe 171, tub 173, bull 173— oil299— pound 313— f /tin 466, TH-is 469.
Bv-SPEECH, bl-speitsllj s. An incidental or casual
speech.
By-STANDER, bl-stin-dur, s. A looker on, one
unconcerned.
By-street, bi-street{ s. An obscure street.
By-view, bl-vu| S, Private self-interested purpose.
By-walk, bUwiwkJ *. Private walk, not the
main road.
By-way, bi-waj s, A private and obscure way.
By-west, b^-westj a. Westward, to the west of.
By-word, bl-wurdj s. A saying, a proverb; a
term of reproftch.
c.
h
v^AB, kab, s. A Hebrew measure, containing about
three pints English.
Cadal, ki-b^l{ s. The secret science of the Hebrew
rabbins ; a body of men united in some close design ;
intriene.
03- The political signification of this word owes its
original to the five Cabinet Ministers in Charles the Se-
cond's reign ; Clifford, Ashley, Bnckingham, Arlington,
and Lauderdale: this Junto were known by the name of
the Cabal; a word which the initial letters of their names
happened to compose.
7'o Cabal, ki-bilj v, n. To form close intrigues.
CabalIST, k^b-i-list, S. One skilled in the tradi-
tions of the Hebrews.
Caba listical, kib-^l-lisi-tfi-kil,
fJABALISTlCK, kUb-Sll-llsitlk,
Something that has an occult meaning.
Caballer, ki-bUl-lur, *. He that engages in close
designs, an intriguer.
Cabbage, k^b-bidje, s, 90. A plant. •
7'o Cabbage, k^b-bidje, v. a. To steal in cutting
clothes.
Jabbage-tree, kibibidje-tri^, *.
A species of paljn-tree.
^abbage-worm, kdb'bidje-wurm, s. An insect.
JaBIN, kab-bm, S, A small room ; a small chamber
in a ship ; a cottage, or small house.
7'o Cabin, kib'bin, v. n. To live in a cabin.
To Cabin, k3.bibin, v. a. To confine in a cabin.
Cabined, kib-bmd, a. 362. Belonging to a cabin.
Cabinet, kib-in-et, s. A set of boxes or drawers
for curiosities ; any place in which things of value are
hidden: a private room in which consultations are
held.
abinet-council, k^b-in-et-koun-sil, s.
A council held in u private manner.
Cabinet-maker, k4b-in-et-miikur, s. One that
makes small nice work in wood.
Cable, ki^bl, s. 405. The great rope of a sliip to
which the anchor is fastened.
Cachectical, k^-kek-t5-k4l,
Cachectick, k^kek^tik.
Having an ill habit of body.
Cachexy, kilk-kek-se, s. 517. Suci a distem-
pcratiire of the humours as hinders nutrition, and
weakens llie vital and animal functions.
(K^ Mr. Sheridan is the only ortliOepist who accents
this word on the first syllable as I have done; and yet
everj' other lexicographer, who has the word, accents
Anorexy, Alazy, anAAtaraxy, on the first syllable, except
Mr. Sheridan, who accents Anorexy, and Bailey ^(oiy,
on the penultimate. Whence this variety and inconsis-
tency slioiiUI aiise, it is not easy to determine. Ortho-
doxy and Apoplexy had suthciently chalked out the ana-
logy of accentuaiion in these words. The terminations
in ujcy and ety do not form a species of words which may
be tailed cnciitical, like logy and graphy, bn, but seem
to be exactly unlet the predicament of tliose Latin and
69
•}«•:
Greek words, which, when adopted into English by drop-
ping their last syllable, remove the accent at least two
syllables higher. — See Academy.
Cachinnation, k^k-kni-nd^shun, s. 353.
A loud laughter.
Cackerel, k4kiur-il, s. 555. 99. A fish.
To Cackle, kilk-kl, v. n. 405. To make
noise as a goose ; sometimes it is used for the noise
a hen ; to laugh, to giggle.
Cackle, ktlk-kl, S. The voice of a goose or fowl.
Cackler, k^k-lur, S, 98. A fowl that cackles
a tell-tale, a tattler.
Cacochymical, kik-ko-kim^e-k^l, \
Cacochymick, k^k-ko-kim-ik, 353. 509, J '''
Having the humours corrupted.
Cacochymy, kik^ko-kim-me, *. A depravation
of the humours from a sound state.
(K5- Johnson and Bailey accent this word Cacochym'y,
Sheridan and Buchanan Cacoch'ymy, and Dr. Ash Ca&o'
chymy; and tliis last accentuation 1 have adopted for
reasons given under the word Cachexy, which see.
CacodjemoN, kak-6-deimon, S. An evil spirit j
the Devil. — See Principles, No. 50y.
Cacophony, k4-k3£^6-n6, *. 518. A bad sound
of words.
To Cacuminate, kJ-ku-ra^-nite, v, a.
To make sharp or pyramidal.
Cadaverous, kH-div-i-rus, a. Having the ap.
pearance of a dead carcass.
Caddis, kad-dis, S. A kind of tape or ribbon j a
kind of worm or grub.
Cade, kade, a. Tame, soft, as a cade lamb.
Cade, kAde, s. A barrel.
Cadence, ka^dense, \
Cadency, kA^den-s^, J
Fall, stale of sinking, decline; the fall of the voice;
the flow of verses, or periods ; the tone or sound.
Cadent, ka-dent, a. Falling down.
Cadet, ki-detj S. The younger brother; the
youngest brother ; a volunteer in the army, who serves
in expectation of a commission.
Cadger, ked-jur, s. A huckster.
QO' This word is only used by the vulgar in London,
where it is not applied to any particular profess!.. i, or
employment, butnearly in the same sense as Citrrmidgei/H,
and is corruptly pronounced as if written Codger.
Cadi, ka-de, S. A magistrate among the Turks.
CaDILLICK, kil-dll-Uk, S. A sort of pear.
Caduceus, ki-du-she-us, s. 505. The red oi
wand with which Mercury is depicted.
Caducity, ki-diii-se-te, *. 511.
Tendency to fall.
C«sura, s^-zn'-rk, s. 479- 430. A figure in poetry,
by which a short syllable after a complete foot is made
long; a pause in verse.
Caftan, k^f^tan, S. A Persian vest or garment.
Cag, k^g, S. A barrel or wooden vessel, containing
four or five gallons.
Cage, kaje, S. An enclosure of twigs or wire, in
which birds arc kept ; a place for wild beasts; a prison
for petty malefactors.
To Cage, kije, v. n. Toeticlose in a cage.
Caiman, ki-min, S. 88. Tlie American name of
a crocodile.
To Cajole, ki-jolej v. a. To flatter, to soothe.
Cajoler, ki-i6-lur, *. A flatterer, a wheedler.
Cajolery, ki-]o-lur-r6, e. 555. Flattery,
Caitiff, ki-tif, *. A mean villain, & despicable
knave.
Cake, kake, S. A Kind of delicate bread ; any
thing of a form rather flat than high.
To Cake, kAke, v. n To harden as dough in the
oven.
Calabash, kdi-i-bdsn, i. A species of a irrg*
gourd.
CAL
ty 55.9. The 73, fur, 77, fill 83, tXt 81— m4 93,
Calabash Tree, kil-4-bish-tr^^, s. A tree, of
which the shells are used by the negroej for cups, as
also for instruments of musick.
Calamanco, ki\A-m^ng'-kh, s. A kind of
woollen stuff.
Calamine, k^U^-mlne, *. 149. A kind of fossile
bituminous earth, which being mixed with copper,
changes it into brass.
Calamint, kal-^-mint, S. Tlie name of a plant.
Calamitous, ki-l4m-^-tus, a. Miserable, in-
volved in distress, unhappy, wretched.
Calamitousness, k4-l^m-e-tu3-nes, s.
Misery, distress.
Calamity, k4-lSm-e-te, s. Misfortune, cause of
misery.
Calamus, kAl-J-mus, s. A sort of reed or sweet-
scenied wood, mentioned in Scripture.
Calash, ka-lash, *. a small carriage of pleasure.
Calcarious, k^l-ki^re-us, a. Partaking of the
nature of calx.
Calc BATED, kal-shl-i-ted, a. 450. Shod, fitted
witli shoes.
Calcedonios, kal-sl-diinl-us, s. A kind of
precious stone.
Calcination, kal-sj-niishun, «. Such a manage-
ment of bodies by fire as renders them reducible to
potvder; Chymical pulverization.
Calcinatorv, kal-sii»ia-tur-^, s. A vessel used
in calcinalion
G3- Mr. SlierlHan accents this word on the first sylla-
ile, and Dr. Johnson and Mr. Perry on the second. I
prefer tiie same accent iis on the verb 'J'o calcine, Sia.
To Calcine, kal-slue' v. a. To bum in the fire
to a calx or substance easily reduced to powder; to
burn up.
To Calcine, k^l-slnej v. n. To become a calx
by heat.
To Calculate, k^liki-lite, v. a. To compute,
to reckon ; to adjust, to project for any certain end.
Calculation, kil-ki-lAishun, s. a practice or
manner of reckoning, the art of numbering; the re-
sult of arithmetical operation.
Calculator, kjKku-lA-tur, s. 521. A computer.
Calculatorv, kAliku-li-tur-e, a. 5)2.
Belongiiii! til calculation.
Calcule, kal-kule, *. Reckoning, compute.
Calculose, kill-ku-liseM
Calculous. kAliki-lfig. j "' ^*°"y' 8"»y-
CACULUS, kAl-ku-lus, s. The stone in the bladder.
Caldron, kawl-drun, s. 166. A pot, a boiler, a
kettle.
CaLefaction, kJl-J-fSk^shun, S. The act of
heating any thing ; the state of being heated.
Calefactive, kil-e-likitiv, a. That which
makes any thing hot, healing.
Calefactory, k4l-^-fakitur-l, a.
That wliicli heats.
Tu Calefv, kUl^e-fl, v. n. 183. To grow hot, to
be heated.
Calendar, k4l-en-dup, *. 88. A register of the
year, in which the months, and stated times, are
marked, as festivals and hnlydays.
To Calender, kil'-en-ciur, v, a. To dress cloth.
Calender, k4l-et)-dur, s. 98. A hot press, a
press in which clothiers smooth their cloth.
Calenderer, kil-eii-dur-ur, *. The person who
calenders.
Calends, UAl'-endz, s. The first day of the month
among the Rotnans.
Calenture, kAi^en-tsh&re, s. 461. A distemper
in hot climates, wherein they imagine the sea to be
green fields.
Calf, kaf, s. 401. 78. The young of a cow; the
thick, plump, bull>ous part of the leg.
70
CAL
met 95— p!ne 105, pin 107— ni 163, move 164,
Caliber, kftKe-blir, S. The bore, the diameter a
the barrel of a gun.
8:^- Mr. Sheridan accents this word on the second syl.
lable, and gives the t the sound of double e like the
French; but Johnson, Kenrick, Ash, Buchanan, Perry,
and Eniick, consider the word as perfectly anglicised,
and place the accent on the first syllable as 1 have done.
CaliCE, kil-lis, t. A cup, a chalice.
Calico, k^l-^-ki, S. An Indian »tuir made ol
cotton.
Calid, kil-ld, a. Hot, burning,
Caliditv, ka-lid^de-t^, 5. 511. Heat.
^ ' J-ka-hf, S. A title assumed by the sue
Caliph, J ' '
cessors of Mahomet among the Saracens.
Caligation, k^l-le-gi-shun, s.
Darkness, cloudiness.
CalIGINOUS, ki-lldje-^-nus, a. Obscure, dim.
Caliginousness, kA-l!dje-^-nus-nes, s.
Darkness.
CaliVER, klll-e-vur, S. A handgun, a harquebuse,
an old musket.
To Calk, kiwk, v. a. To stop the leaks of a ship
Calker, kaw-kur, S, The workman that stops th
leaks of a ship.
To Call, kawl, v. a. 77. To name; to summon
or invite; to convoke; to summon judicially ; in the
theological sense, to inspire with ardours of piety : to
invoke, to appeal to ; to proclaim, to publish ; to make
a short visit ; to excite, to put in action, to bring into
view J to stigmatize with some opprobrious denomitia-
tion ; To call back, to revoke; To call in, to resume
money at interest ; To call over, to read aloud a list or
muster-roll ; To call out, to challenge.
Call, kawl, *. A vocal address; requisition;
divine vocation ; summons to true religion ; an im-
pulse ; authority, command ; a demand, a claim j an
instrument to call birds; calling, vocation, employ-
ment; a nominatitn.
CalLAT,|^^j,j. a trull.
Callet, J
CaLLI.NG, kawl-hnsf, S. Vocation, profession,
trade ; proper station, or employment ; class of persons
united by the same employment or profession ; divine
vocation, invitation to the true religion.
Callipers, kitl-l^-purz, S. 98. Compasses with
bowed shanks.
Callosity, kil-lfis-s^-t^, s. A kind of swelling
without pain.
Callous, kal-lus, a. Hardened, insensible.
Callousness, kiKlus-nes, s. Induration of the
fibres; insensibility.
Callow, k^l-lS, a. Unfledged, naked, wanting
feathers.
Callus, kil-lus, S. An induration of the fibres;
the hard substance by which broken bones are united.
Calm, kam, a. 80. Quiet, serene ; undisturbed,
nnrnffled. — See No. 79, in the Note.
Calm, kam, s. Serenity, stillness; quiet, repose.
To Calm, kam, v. a. To still, to quiet; to pacify,
to appease.
Calmer, kam-ur, *. 403. The person or thing
which has the power of giving quiet.
Calmly, kam-le, ad. Without storms, or violence;
without passions, quietly.
Calmness, kam-nes, s. Tranquillity, serenity j
mildness, freedom from passion.
Calomel, k4l-i-mel, s. Mercury six times
sublimed.
Calorifick, k^l-o-rif^ik, a. Tliat which hat the
quality of producing heat.
Calotte, kil-lotj s. A cap or coif.
Caltrops, kAl-trSps, S. An instrument made with
four spikes, so that which way soever it falls to tfie
ground, one of them points upright; a plant men-
tioned in Virgil's Georgicks,under the name of Iri-
bulus.
CAN ' • CAN
fiSr 167, ntt 163— tube n\, tub 172, bull 173— oil 399— pound 313— #Ain 466, -niis 469
78. To bring forth a calf.
To Calve, kav, v, n.
spoken of a cow.
To Calumniate, ki-luminJ-^te, v. a. 91.
To slander.
Calumniation, ka-lum-nJ-aishun, s.
A malicious and false representation of words or ac-
tions.
Calumniator, ki-lum-ni-i-tur, s. 521.
A forger of accusation, a slanderer.
Calumnious, ki-luua-n^-us, a. slanderous,
falsely reproachful.
Calumny, kil-um-ne, «. Slander, false charge.
""alX, k^lks, S. Any thing rendered reducible to
powder by burning.
Calycle, k^l'4-kl,J. 405. A small bud of a plant.
CaMAIEU, kk-mk^yoo, S. A stone with various
figures and representations of landscapes, formed by
nature.
Camder, k^m-bur, S, A piece of timber cut arcli-
wise.
CAMblST, kSm-blst, S. A person who deals in
bills of excliange, or who is skilled in tlie business of
exchange.
Cambrick, kimeibrlk, *. 542. A kind of fine
linen. — See Chamber.
Came, kime. The pret. of To Come.
Camel, kim-el, s. 99. A beast of burden.
Camelopard, ki-m?l-li-p^rd, s. An animal
taller than an elephant, but not so thick.
Camelot,|j^^ ,^g
Camlet, J
A kind of stuff originally made by a mixture of silk
and camel's hair ; it is now made with wool and silk.
Camera Obscura, k^m-i-ri-ftb-sku-ri, s.
An optical machine used in a darkened cliamber, so
that the light coming only through a double convex
glass, objects opposite are represented inverted.
CameRADE. — See Comrade.
Camerated, kim-er-i-ted, a. Arched.
Cameration, kim-er-A-shSn, ». a vaulting or
arching.
Camisado, k^m-l-sA-di, s. 77. An attack made
in the dark, on which occasion they put their shirts
outward.
CaMISATED, kim-k-sk-t^d, a. Dressed with the
shirt outward.
AMIET, kilmilet, *.-^See Camelot.
Cammock, kitn-muk, *. 166. An herb, petty
whin, or lestharrow.
Camp, kitmp, *. The order of tents placed by
armies when they keep the field.
To Camp, k4mp, v, n. To lodge in tents.
Campaign, k^m-pdue{ *. 385. A large open,
level tract of ground; the time for which any army
keeps the field.
Campaniform, kim-pJn-nl-form, a. A term
used of flowers which are in the shape of a bell.
Campanulate, k^m-pin-u-lite, a.
Campaniform.
Campestral, kAm-pes'tril, a. Growing in fields.
Camphire, kXm'-flT, S. 140. A kind of resin
produced by a chymical process from the camphire-
tree.
Camph I re-tr e e, kim-f ir-trii, #. The tree from
which camphire is extracted.
Camphorate, kHm-fi-rite, a. 91. impregnated
with camphire.
Campion, kW-pJ-un, s. 166. A plant.
Can, k^n, *. a cup.
To Can, k^n, v. n. To be able, lo have power j it
expresses the potential mood, as, I can do it.
Canaille, ki-nalej s. The lowest people.
CaNAKIN, kln-i-kin, a. a can ; a small oup.
71
Canal, ka-nalj S. A basin of water in a garden t
any course of water made by art ; a passage through
which any of the juices of the body flow.
Canal-coal. This word is corrupted into ken-
nil-ki>le, s. A fine kind of coal.
Canaliculated, k^n-i-likiu-lA-ted, a.
Made like a pipe or gutter.
Canary, hk-nk-re, s. Wine brought from the
Canaries, sack.
Canary-bird, kt-ni-rl-burd, s. An exceUent
singing bird.
TIj Cancel, kJn-sil, r. a. 99. To cross a writlngi
to eflFace, to obliterate in general.
Cancellated, kiin-sel-iA-ted, a. Cross-barred.
Cancellation, kin-sel-lA-shun, ». An expung-
ing or wiping out of an instruincnt.
Cancer, kin^sur, *. 98. A crab-fish j the sign
of the summer solstice ; a virulent swelling or sore.
To Cancerate, kin-sur-rite, v. n, 91.
To become a cancer.
Canceration, kjln-sur-ri-shSn, *. A growing
cancerous.
Cancerous, kin-sur-rus, a. Having the virulence
of a cancer.
Cancerousness, k^n-sur-rus-nes, s. Tiie state
of being cancerous.
Cancrine, kJngikrln, a. 140. 408. Having the
qualities of a crab.
Candent, k^nident, «. Hot.
CaNDICANT, k^nide-k^nt, a. Growing white.
Candid, kSn-dul, a. White; fair, open, ingenuous.
Candidate, k^n-d^-dlte, s. A competitor, one
that solicits advancement.
Candidly, kdn-did-le, ad. Fairly, ingenuously.
Candidness, kin-did-nes, S. Ingenuousness,
openness of temper.
To Candify, kan-di-fl, v. a. To make white.
Candle, k^n-dl, s. 405. A light made of wax or
tallow, surrounding a wick of flax i>r cotton.
Candleberry-tree, kin-dl-ber-r^-tr^i, *.
A species of sweet-willow.
Candleholder, kin-dl-hild-ur, s. He that
holds the candle.
Candlelight, k4nidl-llte, s.
The light of a candle.
Candlemas, k^n-dl-mus, s. 88. The feast of
the purification of the Blessed Virgin, which was for-
merly celebrated with many lights in churches.
Candlestick, kln^dl-stik, s. The instrument
that holds candles.
CandlesTUFF, kan-dl-Stuf, S, Grease, tallow,
Candlewaster, kin-dl-wis-tur, s.
A spendthirft.
Candock, kin-dftk, S. A weed that grows in rivers.
Candour, k^n-dur, «. 314. Sweetness of temper,
purity of mind, ingenuousness.
To Candy, k^n-de, v. a. To conserve with sugar »
to form into congelations.
To Candy, k^.n-d^, v. n. To grow congealed.
Cane, kine, s. A kind of strong reed ; the plant
which yields the sugar; a lance; a reed.
To Cane, kane, v. a. To beat with a cane or stick.
Canicular, ki-nikiu-l4r, a. Belonging to the
dog-star.
Canine, k4-nlnet «. Having the properties of a dog.
Canister, kin-ia-c.^r, s. 98. A small basket j a
small vessel in which any thini; is laid up.
Canker, k^ng^kur, s. 409. A worm that prey*
upon, and destroys fruits; a fly that preys upon fruits j
any tiling tliat comtpts or consumes ; an eating or cor-
roding humour; corrosion, vimlence; a disease in
trees.
To Canker, k^ng^kur, v. n. To grow corrupt.
CAN CAP
is- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, lilt 81—m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nS 162, move 164,
To Canker, kJng-kur, v. a. To corrupt, to cor-
rode; to ir.fect, to pollute.
Cankerbit, k;tng-kur-bit, part. ad. Bitten
with an envenomed tooth.
Cannauine, kin^nl-blne, a. 149. Hempen.
Cannibal, kJn-ne-bil, s. A man-eater.
Cannibalism, kln-ne-b5l-izm, s. The manners
of a cannibal.
Cannibally, kin-nJ-bil-l^, ad. In the manner
of a cannibal.
CaNNIPERS, kin^nJ-purz, S. Callipers.
Cannon, kin-nun, s. 166. A gvm larger than can
be managed by the hand.
Cannon-ball, k.4n-nun-bawi; \ ^
Cannon-shot, k^n-nun-shStJ J
The balls which are shot from great guns.
To Cannonade, kin-nun-nide| v. a. To play
the great guns ; to attack or batter with cannon.
Cannonier, k^n-nun-neerj s. 275. Tlie engineer
that manages the cannon.
Cannot, kin^niit, v. n. of Can and Not.
To be unable.
CaNOA, 1 j.^n.nggj j_ A boat made by cutting the
Canoe, J
trunk of a tree into a hollow vessel.
Canon, kail'-un, *. 166. A rule, a law ; law made
by ecclesiastical councils ; tliehooksof Holy Scripture,
or the great rule; a dignitary in cathedral churches ;
a large sort of printing letter.
Canon ESS, kan-un-nes, *. In Catholic countries,
women living after the example of secular canons.
Canonical, kA.-nftn-e-k(ll, a. According to the
canon ; constituting the canon ; regular, stated, fixed
by ecclesiastical laws ; spiritual, ecclesiastical.
Canonically, k^-nftn^e-k^l-li, ad. In a manner
agreeable to the canon.
Canonicalness, ki-nJn-^-kil-nes, s.
The quality of belni; canonical.
Canonist, kin'-nun-nlst, J. 166. A professor of
the canon law.
Canonization, kAn-no-ne-zi-shun, s.
The act of declaring a saint.
To Canonize, k^n-no-nlze, v. a. To declare any
one a saint.
Canonry, k;1n-uii-re, 1
Canonship, kin-un-sbip, J
benefice in some cathedral or collegiate church.
Canopied, k^n-o-pid, a, 282. Covered with a
canopy.
Canopy, k^n-o-pJ, s. A covering spread over the
head.
7b Canopy, kSln-i-pe, v. a. To cover with a canopy.
Canorous, k^-n6-rus, a. 512. Musics;, umefui.
Cant, k^nt, S. a corrupt dialect used by beggars
and vagabonds ; a form of speaking peculiar to some
certain class or body of men : a whining pretension to
goodness; barbarous jargon ; auction.
(t5" It is scarcely to be credited, that the writer in the
Spectator, signed T. should adopt a derivation of this
word from one Andrew Cant, a Scotch Presbyterian Mi-
nister, when tlie Latin cantus, so expressive of the sing-
ing or whining tone of certain preachers is so obvious
an etymology. The cant of particular professions is an
easy derivation from the same origin, as it means the
set phrases, the routine of professional language, resem-
Dling the chime of a song. Quaint, from which some
derive this word, is a much less probable etymology.
To Cant, k^nt, v. n. To talk in the jargon of par-
ticular professions ; to speak with a particular tone.
To Cant, kA.nt, v. a. To toss or fling away.
Cantata, kXn-tk'-i^, s. 77. Italian, a song.
Can TATION, kin-ti-shun, S. The act of singing.
Canter, k^n^ur, S. 98. A hypocrite; a short
Cantharides, kan-^/tar-e-dez, s. Spanish flies,
used to raise blisters.
72
An ecclesiastical
CantHUS, hXn-thus, S. The corner of the eye.
Canticle, k^n-te-kl, s. 405. A song j the Song
of Solomon.
Cantle, kAn-tl, S. 405. A piece with comers.
CaNTLET, k3.nt-let, J. 99. A piece, a fragment.
Canto, k3.n-to, S. A book or section of a poem.
Canton, k^n-tun, s. 166. A small parcel or
division of land ; a small community, or clan.
To Canton, kttn-tun, v. a. To divide into utfle
parts.
To Can TONiZE, k^n-tun-ize, v. a. To parcel out
into small divisions.
Canvass, k^n-vis, s. A kind of cloth woven for
several uses ; solicitation upon an election.
To Canvass, kan-vis, v. a. To sift, to examine ;
to debate, to controvert.
To Canvass, kin^vis, v. n. To solicit.
Cany, ki-n^, a. FuU of canes, consisting of canes. .
Canzonet, kin-zo-netj *. A little song.
Cap, kilp, S. The garment that covers the head; the
ensign of the cardin.tlate ; the topmost, the liighestj
a reverence made by uncovering the head.
To Cap, k^p, v. a. To cover on the top ; to snatch
off the cap ; To cap verses, to name alternately verses
beginning with a particular letter.
Cap-a-pie, kip-^-p^5 <•<'» FroJ" ii^ad to foot.
Cap-paper, kip-p^-pur, s. A sort of coar»e
brownish paper.
Capability, ki-pi-bil-^-t^, s. Capacity.
Capable, kcl-p^-bl, a. see incapable.
Endued with powers equal to any particular things
intelligent, able to understand ; capacious, able to re-
ceive; susceptible; qualified for; hollow.
Capableness, ki^pi-bl-nes, s. The quality or
state of being capable.
Capacious, ki-pa-shus, a. Wide, large, able lo
hold much ; extensive, equal to great designs.
Capaciousness, k^-pa'-shus-ncs, *. The power
of holding, largeness.
To Capacitate, ki-pasiJ-tate, v. a. To enable,
to qualify.
Capacity, ka-pis-i-te, s. 511. The power of
containing; the force or power of the miud; power,
ability; room, space ; state, condition, character.
Caparison, ki-p^i^e-sun, s. 170. 443. A sort
of cover for a horse.
To Caparison, ki-p^r-e-sun, v. a. To dress in
caparisons ; to dress pompously.
Cape, kApe, *. Headland, promontory ; the neck-
piece of a cloak or coat.
Caper, ka^pur, s. 98. A leap, or jump.
Caper, k^pur, S. An acid pickle.
Caper-bush, ka^pur-bush, s. This plant grows
in the South of France, the buds are pickled for eating.
To Caper, ka-pur, v. n. ,To dance frolicksomely $
to skip for merriment.
Caperer, ka-pur-lur, s. 555. A dancer. ^
Capias, ka-pe-is, s. 88. A writ of execution.
Capillaceous, kip-pil-la^shus, a. The same
with capillary.
CaPILLAIRE, kap-pil-lare| S. Syrup of Maidenhair.
CapILLAMENT, ka-pil-li-ment, *. Small tiircads
or hairs which grow up in the middle of a flower.
Capillary, k^p-pil-l^-ro, a. Resembling hairs,
small, minute.— See PajnUary.
CaPILLATION, kSp-pil-la'shun, S. A small ramifi-
cation of vessels.
Capital, kilp-e-t^l, a. 88. Relating to the head;
criminal in the highest degree; that which affects life;
chief, principal ; applied to letters, large, such as are
written at the beginning or heads of hooks; Capital
Stock, the principal or original stock of a trading
coini«ny.
CAP CAR
n8r 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pSund 313— <Mn 466, this 469.
The act or practice
Capital, k4p^e-t.^l, s. The upper part of a pillar;
the chief city of a nation.
Capitally, kip-e-tal-le, ad. In a capital manner,
so as to affect life, as capitally convicted.
Capitation, kip-e-ta-shun, s.
Numeration by heads.
apitular, ki-pitsh'-u-lur, s. 88. 463.
The body of the statutes of a chapter ; a member of a
chapter.
To Capitulate, k^-pitsh^u-Ute, v. n. 91.
To draw up any thing in heads or articles j to yield or
surrender on certain stipulations.
Capitulation, kl-pitsh-u-ld-shun, *.
Stipulation, terms, conditions.
CapivI Tree, ki-p^^ve-tr^i, s. A balsam tree.
Capon, ka-pn, s. 405. 170. A castrated cock.
Caponniere, kJp-p8n-n^er,' s. A covered lodg-
ment, encompassed with a little parapet.
CatOT, ka-potj S, Is when one party wrins all the
tricks of cards at the game of Piquet.
Caprice, k^-priesej or kap-r^^se, *.
Freak, fancy, whim.
(tj» The first manner of pronouncing this word Is the
most established ; but the second does not want its pa-
trons. Thus Dr. Young, in his Love of Fame:
" Tis tnie great fortunes »ome great men confei ;
** But ofYen, er'n in doing right they err:
** From caprice, not from choice, their faroun comcj
" Tbey give, but think it toil to kuow to whom "
Capricious, k^-prishifis, a. Whimsical, fanciful.
Capriciously, ki-prish^us-lJ, ad. Whimsically.
Capri ciousness, k4-prish-us-nes, s. Humour,
whimsicalucss.
Capricorn, k^p-pre-k3rn, s. One of the signs of
the zod lack, the winter solstice.
Capriole, kA.p-rWleJ s. Caprioles are leaps, such
as horses make in one and tlie same place, without ad-
vancing forward.
Capstan, k^pist^n, $. A cylinder with levers to
wind up any great weight.
Capsular, k^pishu-lilr, 452. \
Capsular Y, kip-sh&-l4r4, J"'.
Hollow like a chest.
Japsulate, kSp'-shu-lAte,
Capsulated, kipishi-li-ted
Enclosed, or in a box.
Caffain, k^p^tin, s. 208. A chief commander ;
the commander of a company in a regiment; the chief
commander of a ship j Captain Geiieral, the general
or commander in chief of an army.
Captainry, kdp-tin-v^, *. The power over a
certain district; the chieftainship.
Captainship, kip'-tin-ship, s. The rank or post
of a captain; the condition or post of a chief com-
mander.
Captation, k^p-ta-shun, *. The practice of
catching favour.
Caption, kip-shun, S. The act of taking any
person.
Captious, kip-shSs, a. 314. Given to cavils,
eager to obiect ; insidious, ensnaring.
Captiously, kap-shus-li, aa. With an inclination
to object.
Capfiousness, kipishus-nes, s. laclination to
,object; peevishness.
To Captivate, kip-t^-v^te, v. a. To take
prisoner, to bring into bondage ; to charm, to subdue.
Iaptivation, kap-te-va-shun, s. The act of
taking one captive.
Captive, kip-tiv, s. 140. One taken in war ; one
charmed by beauty.
Captive, kip-tiv, a. Made prisoner in war.
Captivity, kip-tiv^e-te, *. Subjection by the fate
of war, bondage; slavery, servitude.
Captor, kSj/tur, S. 1 G6. He that takes a prisoner,
or a prize.
T3 •
i}"-
Capture, kilpitsliure, 5. 461.
of taking any thing; a prize.
Capuchin, kip-u-she^nj s. 112. a female
garment, consistingof a cloak and hood, made in imi-
tation of the dress of capuchin monks.
Car, kar, s. 78. a small carnage of burden ;
a chariot of war.
Carabine, or Carbine, kar-blnej s.
A small sort of fire-arms.
(t> Dr. Ash, Bailey, W. Johnston, Entick, and Bu-
chanan, accent Carabine on the last syllable, and Dr.
Johnson and Mr. Ferry on the first ; while Mr. Sheridan,
Dr. Ash, Buchanan, Dr. Johnson, and Bailey, accent
Carbine on the first; but Mr. Scott, Entick, Perry, and
Kenrick, more properly on the last. The reason is, that
if we accent Carbine on the first syllable, the last ought,
according to analogy, to have the i short : but as the i is
always long, the accent ought to be on the last syllable,
140.
Carbinier, kar-bi-n^ef{ s. A sort of light
horseman.
Carack, kar-ak, S. A large ship of burden, galleon.
p ' r kar^at, *. A weight of four grains 5 a
manner of expressing the fineness of gold.
Caravan, k4r-J-vanJ s, 524. A troop or body of
merchants or pilgrims.
Caravan SARV, kir-i-vinisi-r5, s. a house bu-a
for the reception of travellers.
Caraway, kir-i-wA, s. A plant.
Carbonado, kar-bi-ni-di, s. 92. 77.
Meat cut across, to be broiled.
To Carbonado, kar-b6-na-d6, v. a. To cut or
hack. — See Lumbago.
Carbuncle, kai-bungk-kl, s. 405. A jewel
shining in the dark; red spot or pimple.
Carbuncled, kar^bungk-kld, a. 362. Set with
carbuncles; spotted, deformed with pimples.
Carbuncular, kar-bung^ku-lur, a, Ked like
a carbuncle.
Carbunculation, kar-bung-ku-la-shun, s.
The blasting of young buds by heat or cold.
CarcANET, kar-ki-net, *. A chain or collar of
jewels.
Carcass, kar^klls, s. 92. A dead body of an
animal; the decayed parts of any thing; the main
parts, without completion or ornament ; in gunnery,
a kind of bomb.
CarcelAGE, klKs^-lldje, *. 90. Prison fees.
Card, kard, S. 92. A paper painted with figure*,
used in games ; the paper on which the several points
of the compass are marked under the mariner's needle;
the instrument with which wool is combed.
To Card, kard, v. a. To comb wool.
Cardamomom. This word is commonly pro-
nounced kar-dA.-mum, *. A medicinal seed.
Carder, kar-dur, s. 98. One that cards woolj
one that plays much at cards.
Cardiacal, kar-di'-i-kill, 1
Cardiack, kar-d^ 4k, J
Cordial, having the qu.ility of invigorating.
Cardinal, kai-de-n4l, «. 88. Principal, chief.
Cardinal, kar-de-nAl, s. One of the chlei
governors of the church.
Cardinalate,
Cardinalship, kar-ue-nai-siiip,
The office and rank of a cardinal.
Cardmatch, kard^niiltsh, s. A match made by
dipping a piece of a card in melted sulphur; a party a
cards.
Care, kare, S. Solicitude, anxiety, concern;
caution ; regard, charge, heed in order to preservation ;
the object of care, or of love.
To Care, kire, v. n. To be anxious or solicitous
to be inclined, to be disposed ; to be alTccted with.
Carecrazed, kire-krdzd, a. 359. Broken with
care and solicitude.
lie cnurcii.
, kar'-d^-nJ-lAte, 1 ,
', kar'd^-n4l-ship, J '
CAR
CAR
. 559. Fite 73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107-^ii 162, move 164,
2b Careen, ki-reen{ v. a. To calk, to stop up
leaks.
Careek, ki-r^^r{ S. The ground on which a race
is run; a course, a race; full speed, swift motion;
course of action.
To Career, k4-r^^r{ v. n. To run with a gwift
motion.
Careful, kire-ful, a. Anxious, solicitous, full of
concern; provident, diligent, cautious; watchful.
Carefully, kAre-ful-1^, ad. In a manner that
shows care; lieedfuUy, watchfully.
Carefulness, kare^fiil-nes, s. VigHrtnce, caution.
Carelesly, kare-les-le, ad.
Negligently, heedlessly.
CarelesneSS, kAre^leS-neS, S, Heedlesness, in-
attention.
Careless, kire^les, a. Without care, without
solicitude, iincdncerned, negligent, heedless, unmind-
ful, cheerful, undisturbed, unmoved by, unconcerned
at.
To Caress, ki-ree} v. a. To endear, to fondle.
Caress, kS-resJ S. An act of endearment.
Caret, kA-ret, s. A note which shows where
something interlined should be read, as a.
Cargo, kar-go, S. The lading of a ship.
Cakiatides, ki-r^-^tiJ-dez, s. Tlie tariatides
in arcliitecture are an order of pillars reseniblii>g
women.
Caricature, kir-ik-l-tshure{ s. 461.
CO- This word, though not in Johnson, I have not
scrupled t.> insert, from its frequent and legitimate usage.
Baretti tells us, that the literal sense of this word is
certa quantita di muniiione che si mettee neW archibiiso o
allro, which, in English, signifies the charge of a gun :
but its metaphorical signification, and ilie only one in
wliich tl'.e English use it, is, at he tens u.s dtcheti anche at
ritratto riilicolo iv cui sensi grandemenle accresciute i dijfetti
when applied to paintings, chiefly portraits, that height-
tning of snmo features, and lowering ef others, which
we call in English overcliarging, and which will make a
very ugly picture, not unlike a handsome person : whence
any exagp.erated character, which is redundant in some
of its parts, and defective in others, is called a Caricature.
Caries, k:V-r^-iz, 9.9. 1
Cariosity, kA-re-Ss^J-ti, j
Carious, kA-re-us, a. 314. Rotten.
Cark, k?uk, S. Care, anxiety.
To Cark, kark, v. n. To be careful, to be anxious.
Carle, karl, S. A rude, bri:tal man, a churl.
Carline Thistle, kar-lIne-^Ais^sl, s. A plant.
Carlinos, kar-lingz, *. In a ship, timbers lying
fore and aft.
Carman, kar-min, S. 88. A man whose employ-
ment it is to drive cars.
Carmelite, ka,r-m^-llte,s. 156. A sort of pear;
one of the order of White Friars.
Carminative, kar-minii-tiv, *. Carminatives
are such things as dispel wind, and promote insensible
perspiration.
Carminative, kar-min-4-tiv, a, 157.
Belonging to carminatives.
Carmine, kar-mlne{ s. A powder of a bright
red or crimson colour.
(j:3» Dr. Johnson, Sheridan, Ash, and Smith, accent
this word on the first syllable; but Mr. Nares, Dr. Kcn-
rick, Mr. Scott, Perry, Buchanan, and Entick, more
properly on the last : — for the reason, see Car6ine.
Carnage, klr-niilje, s. 90. Slaughter, havock ;
heaps of flesh.
Carnal, kar-nal, a. 88. Fleshly not spiritual ;
lustful, lecherous.
Carnality, kar-nAl-e-t^, s. Fleshly lust; gross-
ness of mind.
Carnally, klr^nil-l^, ad. According to the flesh,
not spiritually.
CARNALNESS, kar^nill-nes, *. Carnality.
?4.
Carnation, kar-na-shun, s. The name of the
natural flesh colour.
Carnelion, kar-nele-ytin, s. 113. A preciou*
stone, more commonly written and pronounced Cor»
nelian.
Carneo'.S, kar^n^-us, a. Fleshy.
To Carnify, kar-n4-fl, v. n. To breed fte«h.
Carnival, karin^-v4l, *. Tiie feast held in
Roman Catholick countries before Lent.
Carnivorous, klr-niv-v6-rus, a. 518.
Flesh-eating.
Carnosity, kar-nSs-s^-t^, s. Fleshy excrescence.
Carnous, kir-nus, a. 314. Fleshy.
Carob, ki-rSb, s. A plant.
Carol, kir-rul, s. 166. A song of joy and
exultation ; a song of devotion.
To Carol, kir-rul, v. n. To sing, to warble-
lb Carol, kir'rul, v. a. To praise, to celebrate.
Carotid, ki-rit'lil, S. Two arteries which arise
out of the ascending trunk of the aorta.
Carousal, ki-iou-zil, s. 88. A festival.
To Carouse, ki-rouzj v. n. To drink, to quaff.
To Carouse, kA-rouz{ v, a. To drink.
Carouser, ki-roii-zur, s. 98. A drinker, a toper.
Carp, karp, *. a pond fish.
To Carp, karp, v. n. To censure, to cavil.
Carpenter, kir-pen-tur, s. 98. An artificer in
wood.
Carpentry, kir-pen-tr^, s. The trade of a
carpenter.
Carper, kar-pur, .v. 98. A caviller.
Carpet, kar-pit, s. 99. A covering of various
colours ; ground variegated with flowers ; to be on the
carpet, is to be the subject of consideration.
To Carpet, kar-pit, v. a. To spread with carpets.
Carping, kar^ping, />«r^. a. 410.
Captious, censorious.
Carpingly, kar^ping-y, ad.
Captiously, censoriously.
Carriage, kir-ndje, s. 90. The act of carrying
or transporting; vehicle; the frame upon which
cannon is carried; behaviour, conduct, management.
Carrier, kAr-re-UI, S. One who carries some-
thing; one whose trade is to carry goods; a mes-
senger; a species of pigeons.
Carrion, k4r-r4-un, *. 166. The carcass ot
something not proper for food ; a name of ro'uoach foi
a worthless woman; any flesh so corrupted as ivittobe
fit for food.
Carrion, kir-r^-un, a. Relating to carcases.
Carrot, kSr-rut, s. 166. a garden root.
CarrotINESS, k4rirut-^-nes, s. Redness of hair.
Carroty, kir-rut-^, a. Spoken of red hair.
To Carry, kJr-re, v. a. To wnvey from a place ;
to bear, to have about one; to convey by force; to
effect any thing; to behave, to conduct; to bring for-
ward; to imply, to iini>ort; to fetch and bring, as
dogs : To carry off, to kill ; To carry on, to promote, to
help forward ; To carry through, to support to the last.
To Carry, kir-ri, v. n. A horse is said to carry
well, when his neck is arched, and he holds his head
high.
Cart, kart, S. 92. A wheel-carriage, used com-
monly for luggage ; the vehicle in which criminals are
carried to execution.
To Cart, kart, v. a. To expose in a cart.
To Cart, kart, v. n. To use carts for carnage.
Cart-horse, kart-horse, s. a coarse unweiidy
horse.
Cart-load, kart-lide' S. A quantity of any thiuj;
piled on a cart ; a quantity sufficient to load a cart.
Cartway, kart^wA, s. A way through whiiJi a
carriage may conveniently travel.
CAS
CAS
nor
167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, b&ll 173— ill 299— p8und 313— ^Ain 466, th» 46?,
CaRT-CLANCHE, kSrt-bllnsbJ *. A btanlt paper,
a paper to be filled up with such conditions as the
person to whom it is sent thinks proper.
Cartel, kar-tel{ s. A writing containing stipula-
tions.
Carter, kirt^ur, S. 98. The man who drives a
cart.
Cartilage, kar-t^-Iidje, s. 90. A smooth and
solid body, softer than a bone, but harder than a
ligament.
CartIlagineous, kar-t^-l4-jin'yus, 113, \
Cartii ACINOUS, kar-ti-l4dje^-nus, 314,/
Consisting of cartilages.
Cartoon, kar-toon{ s. A painting or drawing upon
large paper.
CartoucH, kar-tootshj S. A case of wood three
inches thick at the bottom, hok.iiig balls. It is fired
out of a hobit or small mortar.
A case of paper or parchnii'nt filled with gunpowder,
used for the greater expedi».on in charging guns.
Cartrut, kSrt-rut, *. The track made by a cart
wlieel.
Cartulary, kSr^tsb'!t-ll-rl, s. 461. A place
wlicre papers are kept.
CartwrigHT, kir^'rite, *. A maker of carts.
To Carve, karv, v. a. To citt wood, or stone j
to cut meat at the 'able; to engrave; to choose one's
own part.
7'o Carve, karv, v. n. To exercise the trade of a
sculptor; to pcri'/rmat table the office of supplying the
company.
Carver, kir'-vur, *. 98. A sculptor; he that
cuts up tlif meat at the table; he that chooses for
himself.
Carving, kar-ving, s. 410. Sculpture, figures
carved.
Caruncie, k^r^ungk^kl, s. 405. 81. A small
protube-ance of flesh.
Cascade, k4s-kAde{ S. a cataract, a water-fall.
Case, kase, s. A covering, a box, a sheath ; the
outer partof a house; a building unfurnished.
Casf knife, k^e-nife, s, A large kitchen knife.
Case-shot, k^e.-shiit, «. Bullets enclosed in a
rase.
Case, kase, S. Condition with regard to outward
circumstances; state of things; in physick, state of
the body ; condition with regard to leanness, or health ;
contingence; question relating topariicular persons or
things; representation of any question or state of the
body, mind, or affairs; the variation of nouns ; Incase,
if it should happen.
Tj Case, k4se, v. a. To put in a case or cover j
to cover as a case ; to strip off the covering.
To Caseharden, kAseih^-dn, v. a. To harden
on the outside.
asemate, kAse-mite, s, A kind of mult or arch
of stone-work.
Casement, kaze^ment, s. A window opening
upon hinges.
Caseworm, k^e-wurm, s, A grub that makes
itself a case.
Cash, kash, S Money, ready money.
Cash-keeper, kishik^ip-ur, s. A man entrusted
with the money.
Cashewnut, k^-shoS-nut, s. A tree.
Jashier, k^-she^r{ s. 275. He that has charge
of the money.
To Cashier, kil-shi^rj v. a. To discard, to dismiss
from a post.
Cask, klsk, S. A barrel.
Casque, kisk, S. 415. A lielmet, armour for the
head.
Casket, kHs^kit, *. 99. A small box or chest for
jewels.
75.
To Cass ATE, k^isite, v. a. 91. To vacate, to
invalidate.
Cassation, kls-s^^shun, s, A mi^king mA or
void.
Cassavi, kisis4-v5, \
Cassada, kls'-sS-di,/*- ^^ ^"'"'^" P'*"'-
Cassia, kishishe-4, *. A sweet spice mentioned by
Moses.
Cassiowarv, kSshishJ-i-viri-r^, s.
A large bird of prey.
Cassock, kfc-suk, /. 166. A rtose garment.
CassweeD, kisiw^id, s. Shepherd's pouch.
To Cast, kist, v. a. 79. To throw with the
hand ; to throw away, as useless or noxious ; to throw
dice, or lots ; to throw in wrestling; to throw a net or
.«nare; to drive by violence of weather; to leave be-
hind in a race; to shed, to let fall, to moult; to lay
aside, as fit to be worn no longer ; to overweigh, to
make to preponderate, to decide by overhalancing; to
compute, to reckon, to calculate ; to contrive, to plan
out; to fix the parts in a play; to direct the eye; to
form a mould ; to model, to form ; To cast away, to
shipwreck; to waste in profusion; to ruin; To cast
down, to deject, to depress the mind; To cast off, to
discard, to disburden one's self; to leave behind ; To
cast out, to turn out of doors; to vent, to speak; To
cast up, tu compute, to calculate ; to vomit.
To Cast, klst, v. n. 92. To contrive, to turn the
thoughts to; to admit of a form by casting or melting
to warp, to grow out of form.
Cast, kast, s. The act of casting or throwing, a
throw; state of any thing cast or thrown j a stroke, a
touch; motion of the eye ; the throw of dice j chance
from the cast of dice; a mould, a form; a shade, or
tendency to any colour ; exterior appearance ; manner,
air, mien ; a flight of hawks.
Castanet, k^^ti-net, s. Small shells of ivory, or
hard wood, which dancers rattle in their hands.
Castaway, kist-4-wi, s. A person lost, or
abandoned by Providence.
Castellin, k^-tel-lm, \
Castellain, k^-tel-line, j
Constable of a castle.
Caster, kls-tur, s. A thrower, he that casu J a
calculator, a man that calculates fortunes.
To Castigate, k^-t^-gAte, v. a. 91.
To chastise, to chasten, to punis4i.
Castigation, k^-te-gi-shun, s. Penance, dis-
cipline; punishment, correction ; emendation.
Castigatory, kisiti-ffA-tur-^, a. 512. Punitive.
Castile Soap, kAs-t^elisope{ s. A kind of soap.
Casting-net, kAsiting-net, «. A net to be thrown
into the water by hand to catch fish.
Castle, kAs^sl, S, 472. A house fortified : Castles
in the air, projects without reality.
Castled, kis-sld, a. 405. 472. Furnished with
castles.
Castling, kAst-lIng, *. An abortive.
Castor, kAs^tur, s. 98. a beaver.
CasTOREUM, kAs-toip^-um, *. in pharmacy, a
liquid matter inclosed in bags or purses, near the anus
of the castor, falsely taken for his testicles.
Castrametation, kAs-trA-me-tdighun, s.
The art or practice of encamping.
To Castrate, kis^trAte, v. a. To geld j to take
away the obscene parts of a writing.
Castration, kAs-trAishun, s. The act of gelding.
Casteril,|^^,^^,
Castrel, j '
A mean or degenerate kind of hawV..
Castrensian, kAs-tren-sh^-An, a. Belonging to
a cum p.
Casual, kAzh'-i-Al. a. 451. 453.
Accidental, arising from chance.
Casually, kkzh<-ii-^\-lk, ad. Accidentany, witk*
out design.
CAT
CAT
ft>
559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164
CasUALNESS, kizh'u-4l-nes, S. Accidentalness
Casualty, k^zhiu-il-t^, S. Accident, a thing
happening by chance.
Casuist, k^zh^u-ist, S. One that studies and
settles cases of conscience.
Casuistical, k^zh-u4s-ti-kJl, a. Relating to
cases of conscience.
Casuistry, kJzb^u-is-tr5, *. The science of a
casuist.
Cat, kit, S. A domestick animal that catches mice.
Cat, kit, S. A sort of ship.
Cat-o'-nine-tails, kit-i-nlneitilz, s. 88.
A whip witli nine lashes.
CATACHRESIS, kit-i-kre'-sis, s. 520. The abuse of
a trope, when the words are too far wrested from tlieir
native signification ; as a voice beautiful to tlie ear.
Catachrestical, kit-i-kres-t^-kil, a.
Forced, far-fetched.
Cataclysm, kit-i-klizm, S. A deluge, an inun-
dation.
Catacombs, kit^i-kSmz, S. Subterraneous
cavities for the burial of the dead.
Catalectick, kit-i-lek-tlk, a. In poetry,
wanting a syllable.
CatalepSIS, kit-i-lep-SlS, s. A disease wherein
the patient is without sense, and remains in tlie same
posture in whiclx the disease seized him.
Catalogue, kit-i-lig, *. 33B. An enumeration
of particulars, a list.
Catamountain, kit-i-moun-tin, s. A Berce
animal resembling a cat.
CataphrAOT, kit-i-frikt, s. A horseman in
complete aimour.
Cataplasm, kit^i-plizm, s. A poultice.
Catapult, kit-i-pult, s. 489. An engine used
anciently to throw stones.
Cataract, kit^a-rikt, s. A fall of water from
on high, a cascade.
Cataract, kit-i-rikt, s. An inspissatiou of the
crystalline humour of the eye; sometimes a pellicle
that hinders the sight.
Catarrh, ki-tarj S. A deftuction of a sharp
serum from the glands about the head and throat.
Catarrhal, ka-tar-ril, "l
Catarrhous, ki-tar^rus, /
Relating to the catarrh, proceeding from a catarrh.
Catastrophe, ki-tis-tro-fe, s. The change or
revolution which produces the conclusion or final event
of adramatickpiece; a final event, generally unhapi)y.
CatcAL, kit-kail, 406. A squeaking instrument,
used in the playhouse to condemn plays.
0:> This word ought undoubtedly to be written with
double I. — See Principles of Pronunciation, Letter L.
and Introdiciion to Rhyming Dictionary, Orthographi-
cal Aphorism xii.
To Catch, kitsll, v. a. 89. To lay hold on with
the hand: to stop any thine flying; to seize any thing
by pursuit; to stop, to intercept falling; to ensnare,
to entangle in a snare; to receive suddenly ; to fasten
suddenly upon, to seize: to please, to seize the affec-
tions, to charm j to receive any contagion or disease.
(tT- This word is almost universally pronounced in the
capital like the noun ketch, but this deviation from the
true sound of o is only tolerable in colloquial pronuncia-
tion, and ought, by correct speakers, to be avoided even
in that.
To Catch, kitsh, v. n. To be contagious, to
spread infection.
Catch, kitsh, s. Seizure, the act of seizing ; the
act of taking quickly ; a song sung in succession ;
watch; the posture of seizing; an advantage taken,
hold laid on ; the thing caught, profit ; a short interval
of action ; a taint, a slight contagion ; any thing that
catches, as a hook ; a small swift-sailing ship.
Catcher, kitsh-ur, S. He that catchss j that in
which any thing is caught.
Catch FLY, kitsh-m, s. A plant, a species of
campion.
.7G
Catchpoll, kitsh-pile, s. A seijeant, a bum-
bail iff.
Catchword, kitshiwurd, s. The word at the
corner of the page under the last line, which is re-
peated at the top of the next page.
Catechetical, kit-e-ket-e-kil, a. Consisting
of questions and answers.
Catechetically, kit-e-ket^e-kil-^, ad.
In the way of questions and answers.
To Catechise, kit-e-kelze, v. a. 160.
To instruct by asking questions ; to question ; to inter-
rogate, to examine.
Catechiser, kit-e-kM-zur, s, 160.
One who catechises.
Catechism, kit-i-kizm, s. A form of instruction
by means of questions andanswers concerning religion.
CatECHIST, k^t-^-klSt, S. One whose charge is
to question the uninstrocted concerning religion.
Catechumen, kit-^-ku-men, 5. 503. Ooewiio
is yet in the first rudiments of Christianity.
CATECHUMENiCAL,kit-e-ki!i-menii-kil,a. 509.
Belonging to the catechumens.
Categorical, kit-e-g5r-e-kil, a.
Absolute, adequate, positive.
Categorically, kit-^-gftr-i-kil-e, ad.
Positively, expressly.
Category, kit-e-g5r-^, s. A class, a rank^ au
order of ideas, predicament.
Catenarian, kit-e-nair5-in, a.
Relating to a chain.
To Catenate, kit-e-nite, v. a. To chjun.
Catenation, kit-e-na-sliun, s.
Link, regular connexion.
To Cater, ka-tur, v. n. 98. To provide food,
to buy in victuals.
Cater, ka-tur, S. The four of cards and dice.
Cater-cousin, ki-tur-kuz-zn, s.
A petty favourite, one related by blood or mind.
Caterer, ka-tur-ur, s. A purveyor.
Cateress, ki-tur-res, s. A woman employed to
provide victuals. •
Caterpillar, kit^tur-pil-lur, s.
A worm sustained by leaves and fruits; a plant.
To Caterwaul, kit-tur-wawl, v. n. To make a
noise as cats in rutting time ; to make an offensive or
odious noise.
CaTES, kites, .9. Viands, food, dish of meat.
Catfish, kit-fish, S. A sea fish in the West Indies.
Catgut, kit-gut, *. A kind of cord or gut, of
which fiddle strings are made; a kiiHl of canvass for
ladies' work.
,(!;:?• Either I have been misinformed, or fiddle strings
are made in Italy of the guts of goals, and therefore ought
properly to be called goatgtit.
Cathartical, ki-^/(arite-kil,
Cathartick, ki-^/t?ir-tik,
Cathartick, ki-^/tiir-tik, s, 509- A medicine
to purge downward.
Catharticalness, ki-<Aarite-kil-nes, s.
Purging quality.
Cathead, kit-hed, s. .n a ship, a piece of timber
with two shivers at one end, having a rope and a block j
a kind of fossile.
Cathedral, ki-^/te-dral, «. 88. Episcopal, con-
taining the see of a bishop ; belonging to an episcopal
church.
Cathedral, ki-^/te-dril, *. 88. The head
church of a diocese.
Cathf.rink-pear, ki?/t-ur-nn-parej s.
An inferior kind of pear.
^:y- This proper name ought to be written with an a in
the second syllable instead of e, as it comes from tlie
Greek K«5afo;, signifying jinre.
Catheter, kii/t-e-tur, s. 98. A noiiow and
somewhat crooked instrunien>: to thrust ini') the blad-
der, to assist in bringing away the urine when the pas-
sage is stopped.
' /■ a. Purgative
CAV
nor 167, n$t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 17
CatHOLES, kit-holz, S. In a ship, two liUle holes
asttrn above the gun-room ports.
Catholicism, ka-f/t&l-e-sizm, s. Adherence to
the Catholickcluircli.
Catholick, kS/Aio-hk, a. Universal or general.
Catholicon, k;1.-f/t4l-e-kSn, s.
An unh'ersal mediciHe.
Catkins, k^t-kinz, *. Imperfect flowers lianging
from trees, in manner of a rope or cat's tai!.
Catling, kA.t-ling, ,v. A dismembering knife, used
by surgeons ; catgut, fiddlestring.
Catmint, kit^mint, s. A plant.
Catoptrical, kit-ftp-trJ-kil, a. Relating to
catoptricks, or vision by reflection.
Catoptricks, k^t-6p-triks, S. That part of
opticks whicli treats of vision by reflection.
Caipipe, kit-pipe, S. Catcal.
Cat's-EYE, kitts-l, s. A stone.
Cat's-FOOT, kitS-fut, S. Alehoof.
Cat's-HEAD, kits-hed, S. A kind of apple.
Cf.'.TSILVER, kAt-Sli-vur, 5. 98. A kind of fossil
C'.t's-TAIL, kats-tale, S. A long round substance
that grows upon nut-trees ; a kind of reed.
Catsup, universally pronounced kJtsb-up, s.
A kind of pickle.
Cattle, kit-tl, S. 405. Beasts of pasture, not
wild nor domestick.
Cavalcade, kJv-3,l-kAdeJ s. 524. A procession
on liorsebacii.
Cavalier, ktlv-i-l^irj *. 275. A horseman, a
KniglU ; a gay, sprightly, military man ; the appella-
tion of the party of King Charles the First.
Cavalier, kiv-i-leer{ a. Gay, sprightly, warlike;
generous, brave; disdainful, haughty.
Cavalierly, kiv-i-le^r^le, arf. Haughtily, arro-
ganily, disdainfully.
Cavalry, kiviil-re, s. Horse troops.
To Cavate, kA-vate, v. a. To hollow.
Cavation, ki-va-shun, s. The hollowing of the
earth for cellarage.
Caudle, k^w-dl, s. 405. A mixture of wine and
other ingredients, given to women in childbed.
Cave, kive, S. A cavern, a den ; a lioUow, any
hollow place.
Caveat, ka-ve-at, S. A caveat is an intimation
given to some ordinary or ecclesiastical judge, notify-
ing to liim, that he ought to beware how he acts.
Cavern, kHv^urn, s. 555. A hollow place in the
ground.
Caverned, kHv-urnd, a. 362. Full of caverns,
hollow, excavated; inhabiting a cavern.
Cavernous, kAv-ur-nus, a. 557. Full of caverns.
CaveSSON, k4v-es-sun, S. 98. A sort of noseband
for a horse.
Cauf, kawf, s. A chest with holes, to keep fish
alive in the water.
Caught, kawt, 213. 393. Part. pass, from To
Catch.
Caviare, kil-veer{ s. The eggs of a sturgeon
salted.
(Ky- Either the spelling or the pronunciation of this
word sliould be altered : we have no instance in the lan-
guage of sounding are, ere; the ancient spelling seems
to have been Caviare; though Buchanan and Bailey, in
compliap.ce with the pronunciation, spell it Caveer, and
W. Johnston, Cavear ; and Ash, as a less usual spelling,
Cavier: but the Dictionary De la C'rusca spells it Caviale,
To Cavil, kivill, v, n. 159. To raise captious
and frivolous objections.
To Cavil, kiv-il, v, a. To receive or treat with
objections.
Cavil, kiv-il, s. A false or frivolous objection.
CaVILLATION, kav-il-l;\-shun, S. The disposition
to make captious obieciious.
7T
CAU
il 299— pound 313— /AIn 466, this 469.
Caviller, kiv-vil-ur, ». An unfair adversary,
a captious disputant.
Cavillingly, kiv^il-ling-l5, ad.
In a cavilling manner.
CavilloUS, kiv^vil-lus, a. Full of objections.
Cavity, kavie-t^, s. 511. Holiowness, hollow.
CaUK, kawk, S. A coarse talky spar.
Caul, kawl, s. The net in which women enclose
ilieir hair, the hinder part of a woman's cap ; an) kind
of small net; the integument in which the guts are
enclosed ; a thin membrane enclosing the head of some
children when born.
Cauliferous, kaw-llfife-ius, a. A term for
such plants as have a true stalk.
Cauliflower, kSl-l^-flou-ur, s. A species of
cabbage.
Causable, kaw-zi-bl, a. 405. That which may
be caused.
Causal, kaw^zil, a. Relating to causes.
Causality, kaw-zil-e-te, s. The agency of a
cause, the quality of causing.
Causation, kaw-za-shun, s. Tlie act oi power of
causing.
Causative, kaw-zi-tiv, a. 157. That expressei
a cause or reason.
Causator, kaw-zAitur, s, 521. 98.
A causer, an author.
Cause, kawz, *. Tliat which produces or effects
any thing, the efficient; the reason, motive to any
thing; subject of litigation ; party.
To Cause, kawz, v. a. To efi'ect as an agent.
Causelessly, kawz-les-lJ, ad. Without cause,
witliout reason.
Causeless, kRwz-les, a. Original to itself; with-
out just ground or motive.
Causer, kawizur, s. 98. He that causes, the
agent by which an effect is produced.
Causey, kaw^xi, \
Causeway, kawz-wi, / '
A way raised and paved above the rest of the ground.
Gj- Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word, by a falss no-
tion of its etymology, has been lately written causeway.
It is derived from the French chaussie. In the scripture
we find it written causey,
" To Scuppim the lot came forth westward by the caiuty."
I Chrvn, xxvi 16,
But Milton, Dryden, and Pope, write it causnea;/ j and
these authorities seem to have fixed the pronunciat:on.
This word, from its mistaken etymology, may rank with
Lantern — which see.
Caustical, k^wsite-kil,l
Caustick, kiws-tik, J
Belonging to medicaments which, by their violent ac-
tivity, and heat, destroy the texture of the part to
which they are applied, and burn it into an eschar.
Caustick, kaws-tik, s. A caustick or burning
application.
Cautel, kaw-tcl, s. Caution, scruple.
CautelOUS, kaw-t^-lus, a. Cautious, wary i
wily, cunning,
Cautelously, kiw^t^-lus-lJ, ad. Cunningly,
slily, cautiously, warily.
Cauterization, kaw-tur-re-za-shun, *.
The act of burning with hot irons.
To Cauterize, kaw-tur-lze v, a.
To burn with the cautery.
Cautery, kaw-tur-re, s. 555. Cautery is either
actual or potential ; the tirst is burning by a hot iron,
and the latter with caustick medicines.
Caution, kaw-shun, s. Prudence, foresight,
wariness; provisiouary precept ; warning.
To Caution, kaw-sliun, v. a. To warn, to give
notice of a danger.
Cautionary, kaw-sh,in-il-re, a. Given as •
pledge, or in security.
Cautious, k^w-shus, a. 292. Wary, v.aiciifuU
CEL CEN
^559. Fite73, ^r 77, fili 83, fit 81— ml 93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 )62, move 164,
Cellular, seKlu-lir, a. Consisting of little ceU«
Cautiously, kaw-shus-le, ad. In a wary manner.
Cautiousness, kaw^shus-n«s, $. Watchfulness,
vigilance, circumspection.
To Caw, kaw, v. n. To cry as the rook, or crow.
Cayman, ka-m^n, *. 88. The American alligator
or crocodile.
To Cease, Sese, v. n. To leave off, to stop, to give
over ; to fail, to be extinct; to be at an end.
To Cease, sese, v, a. To put a stop to.
Cease, sese, *, Extinction, failure. Obsolete.
Ceaseless, sese-leS, a. Incessant, perpetual, con-
tinual.
Cecity, ses-l-tl, S. 503. Blindness, privation of
sight.
tt5- I have given the e in the first syllable of this word
the short sound, notwithstanding the diphthong in the
«riginttl ccedtasi being convinced of the shortening
power of the antepenultimate accent of these words, 124.
511, and of the pre-antepenultimate accent of Cetiatory
and Pr^atoTU'
CecutieNCY, sl-ku-sh6-en-sl, S. Cloudiness of
sight.
Cedar, se^dur, *. 88. A tree j the wood of the
cedar tree.
To Cede, siJde, v. a. To yield j to resign ; to give
up to another.
Cedrine, siMrine, a. 140. Of or belonging to
the cedar tree.
To Ceil, sile, v. a. To cover the inner roof of a
building.
Ceiling, se-ling, s. The inner roof.
Celandine, sel-^n-dlne, s. 149. A plant.
Celature, seK^-tshure, s. 461. The art of
engraving.
To Celebrate, seUll-brite, v. a. 91.
To praise, to commend j to distinguish by solemn ritesj
to mention in a set or solemn manner.
Celebration, sel-^-bri-shun, s. Solemn per-
formance, solemn remembrance; praise, renown, me-
morial.
Gelebrious, sJ-ll^brJ-us, a. 505.
Famous, renowned.
Celebriously, sl-ll-brl-us-l^, ad.
In a famous manner.
Celebriousness, sl-U^brl-us-nes, s.
Renown, fame.
Celebrity, s^-leb-bre-te, *. 511.
Celebration, fame.
CelerIACK, S^-le-rJ-lk, S. Turnip-rooted celery.
Celerity, sl-ler-rl-tl, S. Swiftness, speed,
velocity.
Celery, sel-er-re, S. A species of parsley : corruptly
■ pronounced Salary.
Celestial, s4-ies-tsb4l, a. 272. Heavenly,
relating to the superior regions; heavenly, relating to
the blessed state ; heavenly, with respect to excellence.
Celestial, se-les-tshil, s. 464. An inhabitant
of heaven.
Celestially, se-les^tsbftl-1^, ad.
In a heavenly manner.
To CeleSTIFY, se-les-t^-fl, »'. a. To give some-
tliing of a heavenly nature to any thing.
Celiack, se-l^-ik, a. Relating to the lower belly.
Celibacy, sel-^bi-sl, \
Celibate, seUJ-b;tt, 91./**
single life.
Cell, sell, s. A small cavity or hollow place ; the
cave or little habitation of a religious person ; a small
and close apartment in a prison; any small place of
residence.
Cellar, sel-lur, S. 88. a place under ground,
where stores are reposited, or where liquors are kepu
Cellarage, sel-lfir-ulje, s. 90. The part of the
building which maives the cellars.
Cellarist, seUlur-ist, s. 555. Tlic butler in a
religiou* iiouse.
78
or cavuies.
Celsitude, sel-se-tude, *, Heigju,
Cement, sem-ment, *. 492. The matter with
which two bodies are made to cohe/.e ; boud of union
in friendship.
To Cement, se-mentj v. a. To unite by means
of something interposed.
To Cement, se-ment^ v. n. To come into cor>
junction, to cohere.
Cementation, s3m-en-ti^sh&n, s.
The act of cementing.
Cemetery, sem-me-ter-e, *. A place where the
dead are reposiied.
Cenatory, sen'ni-tur4, s. 505. 512.
Relating to supper. — See Cecity.
Cenobitical, sen-n6-biti^-k4l, a. 503.
Living in community.
Cenotaph, Sen-i-t4f, S. A monument for one
elsewhere buried.
Cense, sense, *. Publick rates.
To Cense, sense, v. a. To perfume with odours.
Censer, sen-sur, $. 98. The pan in which
incense is burned.
Censor, sen-sSr, s. 166. An officer of Rome who
had the power of correcting manners ; one who is given
to censure.
Censorian, sen-s6-re-^n, a. Relating to the
censor.
Censorious, sen-so-rl-us, a. Addicted to censure,
severe.
Censoriously, sen-so^ri-us-1^, ad. m a severe
reflecting manner.
CensoriousneSS, sen-s6-rl-us-nes, s.
Disposition to reproach.
Censorship, sen^s8r-ship, *. 166.
The office of a censor.
Censurable, sen^shu-r^-bl, a. Worthy c'
censure, culpable.
Censurableness, sen-shi-ri-bl-nes, *.
Blameableness,
Censure, sen-shure, s. 452. Blame, reprimand,
reproach; judgment, opinion; judicial sentence; spi
ritual punishment.
To Censure, sen-shure, v. u. To blame, to
brand piiblickly; to condemn.
CeNSURER, Sen-sllltr-ur, *. He that blames.
Cent, sent, s. A hundred, as, five per cent. ; that
is, five in the hundred.
Centaur, sen-tawr, *. A poetical being, supposed
to be compounded of a man and a horse; the arclier in
the zodiack.
Centaury, sen-taw-re, s. A plant.
Centenary, sen-te-nit-r^, s. The number of a
hundred.
Centennial, sen-ten-nl-<1l, a. Consisting of
hundred years.
Centesimal, sen-tes-i-m*l, «. 88. Hundredth.
Centifolious, sen-te-fo-le-us, a.
Having a hundred leaves.
Centipede, sen-te-ped, s. A poisonous insect, so
called from its being supposed to have a hundred feet.
03- Biped and Quadruped are spelled in Johnson with-
out the finale; while Solipede, Palmipede, Plitmipede,
Muhipede, and Centipede, retain it. The orthography in
these words is of importance to the pronunciation, and
therefore, as they are of perfectly similar original, their
spelling and pronunciation ought certainly to be alike.
liiped and Quadrxqted are the words most in use; and as
they have omiited the final e, which there does not seem
to be any reason to retain, we may infer that the silen
and insensible operation of custom directs us to do the
same by the other words, and to pronounce the last syl-
lable of all of tkem short. — See Millepedes.
Cento, sen-to, s. A composition formed by joining
scraps from different authors.
Central, sen-tr^l, O. 88. Relating to the centre.
CER
CHA
n*r 167, nJt 163-^ibe 71, tub 172, bull 173— oil 599— p5«nd 313— fAin 466, this 4^.
-^,}«-
Centre, sen'-tur, 5. 416. Tiie middle.
To Centre, sen-tur, v. a. To place on a centre,
to fix as on a centre.
To Centre, sen-tur, v. n. To rest on, to repose
on ; to be placed in the midst or centre.
Centrick, sen^tnk,
Centrical, sen-tnk-
Placed in the centre.
^3" This word, though in constant usage, is not in any
of our Dictionaries. It seems to be perfectly equivalent
to Centrick; but custom, in time, generallyeitlier finds
or malces a different shade of meaning between word,
where no suc^i difference was perceived at first.
CeNTRIFUGAI, sen-tnf^U-g^l, a. Having the
quality acquired by bodies in motion, of receding from
the centre.
■Centripetal, sen-tnp'-^-t^l, a.
Having a tendency to the centre.
CeNTRV, Sen^tr^, »•. — see Sentinel.
Centwle, sen-tu-pl, «. 405. A hundred fold.
To Centuplicate, sen-tu-pl^-kite, v. a.
To make a hundred fold.
To Centuriate, sen-tiii^r^-ite, v. a.
To divide into hundreds.
Centuriator, sen^tu-r^-^^tur, s. 5QI. A name
given to liistorians, who distinguish times by centuries.
CeNTCRJON, sen-ti-re-un, ». a military office',
who commanded a hundred men among the Romans.
Century, senitshu-r^, s. 461. A hundred:
usually employed to specify time, lif,the second cen-
tury.
Cephalalgy, sef^4-l^l-ji, s. The head-ache.
CEP«ALlCK,se-f4l'-lik, a. 509. That is medicinal
to the head.
Cerastes, S^-ris-tlz, *. a serpent having homs.
Cerate, si^rit, .9. 91, a medicine made sf wsr.
Cerated, s^iri-ted, a. Waxed.
To Cerk sire, v. a. To wax.
Cerebel, seri|-bel, s. 503. Part of the brain.
Cerecloth, a^re'-doth, s. Ciotii smeared over
with glutinous matter.
Cerement, s6reim^nt, s. Cloths dipped \n
melted wax, with which dead bodies were infolded.
Ceremonial, Ber-k-mb-nk-k\, a. Relating to
ceremony, or outward rite ; fermal, observant of old
forms.
Ceremonial, ser-l-mi^nl-il, s. Outward form,
external rite; the order for rites and forms in the Ro-
man church.
tEREMONiALNESS, ser-l-itii^nl-il-Ties, *.
Tlie quality of being ceremonial.
Ceremonious, ser-l-miinl-iis, a. Consisting of
outward rites; full of ceremony ; attentive to the out-
ward rites of religion ; civil and formal to a fault.
Ceremoniously, ser-l-mi'-n^-us-le, ad.
In a ceremonious manner, formally.
Ceremoniousness, ser-l-mAine-us-nes, *.
Fondness of ceremony.
Ceremony, ser^e-mi-ne, s. 489. Outward rite,
external i"orm injeligion; forms of civility ; outward
forms of state.
Certain, ser^tin, a. 208. Sure, indubitable;
determined ; in an indefinite sense, some, as a certain
man told me this; undoubting, put past doubt.
Certainly, ser^tin-l^, ad. indubitably, without
question; without fail.
Certainty, ier^tin-te, *. Exemption from doubt;
that which is real and fixed.
£ertes, Ser^tiz, ad. Certainly, in truth.
Certificate, ser-tif-e-ket, *. 91.
A writing made in any court, to give notice to another
court of any thing done therein ; any testimony.
To Certify, ser-te-ft, v. a. To give certain
information of; to give certain assurance of.
Certiorari, scr-slil-i-ri-rl, s. A writ issuing
79
;,}"■
Certainty, freedom
Belonging to the necfc.
out of the Chancery, to call up the records of a ca\i«e
therein depending.
Certitude, ser-te-tude, s.
from doubt.
Cervical, ser-ve-k4l, a.
Cerulean, se-rA-le-Sn,
Ceruleous, se-m-le-us,
Blue, sky-coloured. — See European.
CerulificK, ser-A-llf^ik, a. Having the power
to produce a blue colour.
Cerumen, se-ru-men, s. The wax of the ear.
See Bitumen.
Ceruse, se-riise, s. White lead.
Br* I prefer l)r. Keiirick's, Mr. Perry's, and, as far as
I can guess by their accentuation, Dr. Ash's and Bailey's
pronur/ciation of this word, who make the first syllable
long, to Mr. Sheridan's, Scott's, and Enlick's, who
make it short. — See Principles, 529.
Cesarian, se-za^r^-in, a. The Cesarian section
is cutting a child out of the womb.
Cess, ses, s. A levy made upon the inhabitants of
a place, rated according to their property ; an assets-
mf nt i the act of laying rates.
To Cess, ses, v. a. To lay charge on, to assess.
Cessation, ses-si-shun, s. a stop, a rest, a
vacation ; a pause of hostility, without peace.
Cessavit, ses-si-vit, s. A writ.
CeSSIBILITY, ses-se-bil^e-tl, S. The quality of
receding, or giving way.
CesSIBLE, ses^se-bl, a. 405. Easy to give way.
Cession, seslAhutl, s. Retreat, the act of giving
way; resignation.
Cessionary, sesliislum-ni-rl, a.
Implying a resignation.
Cessment, ses-ment, s. An assessment or tax.
Cessor, ses^sur, *. 98. 166. He that ceaseth or
neglecteth so lung to perform a duty belongin to hita.
«« that he mcurrelh the danger of law.
CesTUS, sesitus, s. The girdle of Venu» .
Cetaceous, s^-ta^shus, a. 357.
Of the whale kind.
Chad, shAd, s. A sort of fish.
To Chafe, tshife, v. a. To warm with rubbing;
to heat ; to perfume ; to make angry.
To Chafe, tshafe, v. n. To rage, to fret, to fume j
to fret against any thing.
Cuafe, tshafe, *. a heat, a rage, a fury.
Chafe Wax, tsbafeiw^ks, s. An officer belong-
ing to the lord high chancellor, who tits the wax for the
sealing of writs.
Chafer, tsliafe^ur, s. 98. An insect ; a gort of
yellow beetle.
Chaff, tsbif, *. The husks of com tliat are
separated by thrashing and winnowing ; it is used for
any tiling worthless.
To Chaffer, tsh^Pfur, v. n. To haggle, ta
bargain.
ChAFFERER, tsh;lPfur-rur, S. A buyer, bargainer
Chaffinch, tshilf^finsb, *. A bird so called,
because it delights in chaff.
Chaffless, tShif-les, a. Without chnff.
Chaffweed, tshif-weed, *. Cudweed.
Chaffy, tsh^f^fe, a. Like chaff, full of cha/T..
Chafingdish, tsha-f^ng-dish, s. A vessel to
make any thing hot in ; a portable grate for coals.
Chagrin, shi-grMnJ s. Ill humour, vexation.
To Chagrin, sh4-green{ v. a. To ve,\:, to put
out T>f temper.
Chain, tshane, S. A series of link^ lastened one
wiiliin anollR-r; a bond, a manacle; a fetter; aline
of links wHh which land is measured ; a series linked
loppilier.
To Chain, tshane, v. a. To fasten or linlc witha
chain ; to bring into slavery ; to put on a chain j tv
CHA
CHA
*». 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93,'met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Ch<inpump, tshine^pump, s. A pimp used in
large English vessels, which is double, so that one rises
as the other falls.
ChAINSHOT, tshane-sllftt, S. Two bullets or half
bullets fastened together by a chain, which, when they
fly open, cut away whatever is before tliem.
Chainwork, tshane^wurk, S. Work with open
spaces.
Chair, tshire, S. 52. A moveable seat; a seat of
justice, or of authority; a vehicle borne by men; a
sedan.
Chairman, tsh^retmln, s. 88. The president of
an assembly ; one whose trade it is to carry a chair.
Chaise, sh4ze, s, A carriage either of pleasure or
expedition.
ft3- The vulgar, who are unacquainted with the spell-
ing of this word, and ignorant of its French derivation,
are apt to suppose it a plural, and call a single carriage
a shay ; and the polite seem sometimes at a loss, whether
they should not consider it as both singular and plural ;
but the best usage seems to have determined it to be, in
tills respect, regular, and to make the plural chaises.
Chalcographer, kil-kog-gri-fur, s. 353.
An engraver in brass.
Chalcography, kil-kftg-grl-fJ, *.
Engraving in brass.
Chaldron, V^^,,^^4^^^
Chaudron,J
A dry English measure of coals, consisting of thirty-six
bushels heaped up. The chaldron should weigh two
thousand pounds.
Chalice, tsbil^is, s. 142. A cup, a bowl; the
communion cup, a cup used in acts of worship.
Chaliced, tshJKiist, a. 359.
Having a cell or cup.
Chalk, tshawk, S, 402. A wliite fossile, usually
reckoned a stone, but by some ranked among the boles.
To Chalk, tshawk, v. a. To rub with chalk ; to
manure with chalk ; to mark or trace out, as with chalk.
Chalk-cutter, tshawk-kut-tur, s.
A ninu that digs chalk.
Chalky, tshawk-k^, a. Consisting of chalk 5
white with chalk ; impregnated with chalk.
To Challenge, tsh4l'lenje, v. a. To call another
to answer for an offence by combat; to call to a con-
test; to accuse ; inlaw, to object to the impartiality
of anyone; to claim as due; to call one to the per-
formance of conditions.
Challenge, tshdl-lenje, s, A summons to com-
bat ; a demand of something as due; in law, an excep-
tion taken either against persons or things.
Challenger, tshil'-len-jur, s. One that desires
or summons anotl>er to combat ; one that claims su-
periority; a claimant.
Chalybeate, ki-lib^bi-et, a. 91. Impregnated
with iron or steel.
Chamade, sh3.-mide{ 5. Tlie beat of the drum
which declares a surrender.
Chamder, tshime^bur, s. 542. An apartment In
a house, generally used for those appropriated to lodg-
ing; any retired room ; any cavity or hollow ; a court
of ji:stice ; the hollow part of a gun where the charge
is lodged ; the cavity where the powder is lodged in a
mine.
B:> I have in this word de|)arled from Mr. Sheridan
and Dr. Keurick, because I think the best usage has en-
tirely dc|iaiied from them. About thirty years ago the
first syllable of Chamber was universally pronounced so
as to rhyme with Palm, Psalm, &c. but since that time
it.his been gradually narrowing to the slender sound of
n in came, fame, Ike. and seems now to be fully established
in this sound. This, however, is to be regretted, as it
militates with the laws of syllabication: there are few
words in the language which we cannot so divide into
jiorts as to show by this division the quantity of the
vowels ; this word forms an exception ; for vib, being
uncombinahle consonants, we cannot end the first
syllable with a; and if we join m to it, the o becomes
fhort, and reqiiircs another sound. But if two such words
ks Coot and Bridge could not resist the blind force of
custom, whicli lias for so many years reduced lliein to
80
Camehridge, why should we wonder that Chamber ant
Cambrick, Tinmouth and Yarmouth, should yield to the
same unrelenting tyrant >
To Chamber, tshame^bur, v. n. To be wantoa,
to intrigue; to reside as in a chamber.
Chambeeer, tshame-bur-ur, *.
A man of intrigue.
Chamberfellow, tsbame^bur-fel-l6, s.
One that lies in the same cliamber.
Chamberlain, tsbAme-bur-lin, s. 208.
Lord great chamberlain of England is the sixth officet
of the crown ; lord chamberlain of the household has
the oversight of all officers belonging to the king'
chambers, except the precinct of the bedchamber; .
servant who has the care of the chambers.
Chamberlainship, tshame-bur-lm-ship, s.
The office of a chamberlain.
Chambermaid, tshame-bur-mide, s. A n.aid
whose business is to dress a lady.
Chambrel, of a horse, k^m-bnl, s. The join
or bending of the upper part of the hinder leg.
Chameleon, ki-m^-l4-un, s. A kind of lizard,
said to live on air.
Cham LET, kSm-let, s. — See Camelot.
Chamois, shi-mo^{ S. An animal of the goa
kind, the skin of which made into leather is called
Shaminy.
Chamomile, kim-6-mlle, s. 353. The name of
an odoriferous plant.
To Champ, tshimp, v. a. To bite with a fre-
quent action of the teeth ; to devour.
To Champ, tshimp, v. n. To perform frequently
the action of biting.
Champaign, shim-pine{ s. A kind of wine.
Champaign, tsh3.m-pine, s. A Hat ipcn country
Champignon, sb3,m-pin-yun, s.
A kind of mushroom.
Champion, tshim-p^-un, s. A man who under-
takes a cause in single combat ; a hero, a stout warrior.
To Champion, tsh^-pe-un, v. a. To challenge.
Chance, tshinse, S. 78. 79. Fortune, the cause
of fortuitous events ; tne itx. of fortune ; accident j
casual occurrence, fortuitous event, whether good or
bad; possibility of any occurrence.
To Chance, tshinse,u. n. To happen, to i\ll out.
Chance-medley, tsh^nse-med^le, s.
In law, the casual slaughter of a man, not altogether
without the fault of the slayer.
Changeable, tshin-s4-bl, a. Accidental.
Chancel, tshin-sel, S. The eastern part of the
church, in which the altar is placed.
Chancellor, tshin-sel-lur, s. An officer of the
. highest power and dignity in the court where he pre-
sides.
Chancellorship, tshin-sel-lur-ship, s.
The office of chancellor.
Chancery, tshitn-sur-J, s. The cowrt of equity
and conscience.
Chancre, shingk^ur, s. 416. An ulcer usually
arising from venereal maladies.
Chancrous, shAngk-rus, a. Ulcerous.
Chandeleer, shin-de-leerj s,
A branch for candles.
Chandler, tshandUiir, s. An artisan whose
trade is to make candles.
To Change, tshAnje, v. a. 74. To put one
thing in the place of another ; to resign any thing for
the sake of anotlier; to discount a larger piece of
money into several smaller; to give and take recipro-
cally ; to alter, to mend the disposition or mind.
C:?- This word, with others of the same form, such as
range, strange, mange, &c. are, in the West of England,
pronounced with the short sound of a in raji, man, &c.
The same may be observed of the a in the ftrst syllable
o( angel, ancient, kc. which, in that part of the kingdom,
sounds like the article un; and this, though disagreeable
to a London ear, and contrary to the best usage, which
forms the only rule, is more analogical than pronouncing
CHA
CHA
nor 167, not 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— poimd 313— Min 46G, this 469.
them as If written chainge, strain^e, aincient, aingel, &c.
for we find every other vowel in this situation short, as
revenge, hinge, spunge, &c.
To Change, tshinje, v. n. To undergo change,
to suffer alteration.
Change, tshanje, S. An alteration of the state of
any thing; a success-on of one thing in the place of
another; the time of ihe moon in which it hegins a
new montlily revolution; novelty; an alteration of
the order in which a set of hells is sounded ; that which
makes a variety ; small money.
Changeable, tshinje-^-bl, a. Suhject to change,
fickle, inconstant; possible to be changed; having the
quality of exhibiting different appearances.
Changeableness, tshanje-i-bl-nes, s.
Susceptibility of change ; inconstancy, fickleness.
ChANGEABLY, tshinjeii-ble, ad. Inconstantly.
Changeful, tshAnje-flll, a. Inconstant, uncertain,
mutable.
Changeling, tsbinje-linj, s. A child left or
taken in the placeof another ; an idiot, a natural; one
apt to change.
Changer, tshaneijur, S. One that is employed
in changing or discounting money.
Channel, tshan-nel, s. 99. The hollow bed of
running waters ; any cavity drawn longwise; a strait
or narrow sea ; a gut or furrow of a pillar.
To Channel, tsh^n^nel, v. a. To cut any thing
in channels.
To Chant, tsb^nt, v. a. To sing ; to celebrate by
song, to sing in the cathedral service.
To Chant, tshint, v. n. 78. To sing.
Chant, tshUllt, s. 79. Song, melody.
Chanter, tsbin-tur, *. a singer, a songster.
Chanticleer, tshlii^te-kle^r, s.
The cock, from his crow.
Chantress, tshin-tres, s. A woman singer.
Chantry, tsliAn-tr^, s. Chantry is a church
endowed with revenue for priests, to sing mass for the
souls of the donors.
Chaos, kA-Ss, S. 353. The mass of matter sup-
posed to he in confusion before it was divided by Ihe
creation into its proper classes and elements ; confu-
sion, irregular mixture; any thing where the parts are
undistinguished.
ChaoTICK, ki-St-tlk, a, Hesembling chaos, con-
fused.
To Chap, tsbSp, v. a. To divide the surface of the
ground by excessive heat; to divide the skin of the
face or hands by excessive cold.
(fc3» The etymology of this word will not suffer us to
write it chop; and universal usage will not permit us to
pronounce it c/iap : so that it must be classed among those
incorrigible words, the pronunciation and orthography
of which must ever be at variance.
Chap, tsbop, *. A cleft, a gaping, a chink.
Chap, tsbSp, S. The upper or under part of a
beast's mouth.
Chape, tsbApe, S. The catch of any thing by which
it is held in its place.
Chapel, tsbip-el, s. A chapel is either ttdjoining
to a church, as a parcel of the same, or separate, call-
ed a chapel of ease.
CHAPELESSjtshApe-leS, a. Without a chape,
ChAPELLANY, tsb^p-pel-len-n6, *. Achapel'.any
is founded within some other church.
Chapelry, tsb^pipel-re, s. The jurisdiction or
hounds of a chapel.
Chaperon, ship'ur-oon| s. A kind of hood or
cap worn by the knights of the garter in the habit of
their order.
(ir>" For the pronunciation of the last syllable, see the
word Encore.
ChapfALN, tsbftp'-fibi, a. Having the mouth
shrunk. — Sec Cutcal.
Chaplain, tsbap-lin, s. 208. He that attends
the king, or other great person, to perform divine ser-
vice.
ChaplAINSHIP, tsbip-lin-ship, s. The office or
81
business of a chaplain ; the possession or revenue of
chapel.
Chapless, tsbSp-les, a. Without any flesh about
the mouth.
Chaplet, tsh^p-let, s. A garland or wreath to be
worn about the head : a string of beads used in the Ro-
man chuicli; in architecture, a little moulding carved
into round beads.
Chapman, tsbJp-m$n, s. 88. A cheapencr, one
that offers as a purchaser.
Chaps, tsbSps, S. The mouth of a beast of prey j
the entrance into a channel.
Chapt, 1^,4^
Chapped J **""P*' P*""'- I"^^- Cracked, cleft
Chapter tsb^p-tur, S. A division of a book ; an
assembly of I'le clergy of a cathedral; the place in
wnich assemblies ot tne clergy are ne.o.
ChapTREL, tsli^pitrel s. The capitals of pillars,
or pilasters, which support arches.
Char, tsb«^r, *. A fish found only in Winander-
nieer, in Lancashire.
To Char, tsh^r, v. a. To burn wood to a black
cinder.
Char, tsbare, S. Work done by the day.
To Char, tshire, v. n. To work at others* nouses
by the day.
" As the maid that milks,
** And does the meanest chart " Shakespeart.
(ty> In Ireland they seem to have retained the ecnuine
pronunciation of this, as well as many other old English
words; I mean that which is agreeable to the oitho-
graphy, and rhyming with tar. In English it is generally
heard like cAuir, to sit on, and its compound, char-ieoman,
like chaiT-woman. Skinner, I know, admits that the word
may be derived from the Dutch keeren, to sweep ; and
Junius spells the word chare, and tells us the Saxons have
the same word spelled cyrre, signifying business or charge,
but be its derivation w'hat it will, either the orthography
or the pronunciation ought to be altered ; fur, as it stantfs
at present, it is a singular and disgraceful anomaly.
Char-woman, tsbAre-wum-un, s. A woman
hired accidentally for odd work.
Character, kir-Ak-tiV, s. 353. A mark, a
stamp, a representation; a letter used in writing or
printing; the hand or manner of writing ; a represen-
tation (Kf any man as to his personal qualities; an ac-
count of any thing as good or bad ; the person with his
assemblage of qualities.
To Character, kitr-Ak-tur, v. a. To inscribe,
to engrave.
Charac teristical, kHr-ak-te-ns-t^-kitl, \
CHARACTERiSTlCK,k;tr-ak-te-ris-tik,509./
Constituting or pointing out the true character.
Charac TERisTiCALNESS, ki-rAk-tt'-ris-tc-k:!!-
nes, s. The quality of being peculiar to a character.
Characteristick, kAr-;\k-te-ris^tik, s.
That which constitutes the character.
To Characterize, kir-ik-te-rlze, v. a.
To give a character or an account of the personal qua-
lities of any man; to engrave or imprint; to mark
with a particular stamp or token.
Characterless, kAr-Ak-tur-les, a.
Without a character.
Ciiaractery, kAi-i\k-tur-ri', s.
Impression, mark.
Charcoal, tshar-kt^le, S. Coal made by burning
wood.
Chard, tsbard, *. Chards of artichokes are the
.'caves of fair artichoke plants, tied and wrapped up all
over but the top, in straw ; Chards of beet are plants
of wnite beet transplanted.
To Charge, tsbai'je, v. a. To intrust, to com-
mission for a certain purpose ; to impute as a debt j to
impute as a ciimc j to impose as a task ; to accuse, to
censure; to command; to fall upon, to attack; to
burden, to load; to fill; to load a gun.
Charge, tsharje, s. Care, trust, custody ; pre-
cipt, mandate, cinr.mand ; commission, trust confer-
red, oflice; accusation, imputation j the thing in.
a
CHA
CHE
»• 559. Flte73, &7r, ^U 83, lltSl— m^ 93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— ».o 162, move 1G4;
trusted to care or managementj expense, cost ; onset,
attack; the signal to fall upon enemies ; the quantity
of powder ?rid ball put into a gun ; a preparation, or a
sort of ointment, applied to the shouiaer-splalts and
sprains ot norses.
Chargeable, tshar-ja-bl, a. 405.
Expensive, costly ; imputable, as a debt or crime; sub-
ject to change, accusable.
Chargeableness, tshar^^-bl-nes, s.
Expense, cost, costliness.
Chargeably, tshar-ji-bl^, ad. Expensively.
Charger, tshiryur, s, 98. A large dish ; an
officer's horse.
Charily, tshi-re-1^, ad. Warily, frugally.
Chariness, tsha-re-nes, s. Caution, nicety.
Chariot, tshir-r^-ut, s. 543. A carriage of
pleasure, or state; a car in which men of arms were
anciently placed. *
(i^' If this word is ever heard as if written Charrot, it
is only tolerable in the most familiar pronunciation : the
least solemnity, or even precision, must necessarily re-
tain the soundof t, and give it three syllables.
Charioteer, tshlr-re-ut-tier{ s.
He that drives the chariot.
Chariot Race, tsh^r-re-ut-rise, s. A sport
where chariots were driven for the prize.
Charitable, 1511^1^4-1^-61, a. Kind in giving
alms; kind in judging of others.
Charitably, tsb^Ke-t^-bl^, ad.
Kindly, liberally; benevolently.
Charity, tshJr-^-tl, s. 160. Tenderness, kind-
ness, love; good will, benevolence; the theological
virtue of universal love ; liberality to the poor ; alms,
relief given to the poor.
7b Chark, tshark, v. a. To burn to a black cinder.
Charlatan, shUi-ili-tin, s. 528. A quack, a
mountebank.
Charlatanical, sbar-li-t4n-i-k4l, a.
Quackish, ignorant.
Charlatanry, sbir^l4-t4n-r^, s.
Wheedling, deceit.
Charles's-wain, tsharlz'-iz-winej s.
The ncvrthern constellation called the Bear.
Charlock, tsbar-kik, s. A weed growing among
the corn with a yellow flower.
Charm, tsharin, *. Words or philtres, imagined to
have some occult power; something of power to gain
the affections.
To Charm, tsharm, v. a. To fortify with charms
against evil; to make powerful by charms ; to subdue
by some secret power; to subdue by pleasure.
Charmer, tshar-mur, s. One that has the power
of charms, or enchantments; one that captivates the
heart.
Charming, tshar-ming, part. a. Pleasmg in tlie
highest degree.
Charmingly, tsbar-ming-li^, ad. In such a
manner as to please exceedingly.
Ciiarmingness, tshar-ming-nes, s.
Tiie power of pleasing.
Charnel, tshar-nel, a. Containing flesh or
carcasses.
Charnel-house, tshar-nel-house, s. The place
where the bones of the dood are reposited.
Chart, kart. or tshart, s. A delineation of coasts.
0::>" As tins word is perfectly anglicised, by cutting off
the a in the Latin Charta, and rx in the Gieek x,«f")f> we
ought certainly to naturalize the initial letters by pro-
nouncing them as in charter, charity, &c. : but such is
our fondness for Latin and Greek originals, that we catch
at the shadow of a reason for pronouncing after these lan-
guages, though in direct opposition to the laws of our
own. Thus we most frequently, if not universally, hear
this word pronounced as Cart, a carriage, and perfectly
like the French (arte.
Charter, tshar'-tiir, s. A charter is a written
evidence; any writing bestowing privileges or rights;
privilege, iinnuinily, cxeinption.
Chaktek-Party, tshar-tur-par-te, s. A paper
relating to a contract, of which eacl> partv lias a copy-
82
Chartered, tshar-turd, a. 359. Privileged.
Chary, tsha^re, a. Careful, cautious.
To Chase, tshAse, v. a. To hunt ; to pursue as
an enemy ; to drive.
Chase, tsbase, S. Hunting, pursuit of any thing as
game ; fitness to be hunted ; pursuit of an enemy ;
pursuit of something as desirable ; hunting match ; the
game hunted; open ground stored with such beasts as
are hunted; the Chase of a gun, is the whole bore or
length of a piece.
Chase-gun, tshase-gun, S. Guns in the fore-part
of the ship, fired upon those that are pursued.
Chaser, tsVii-Sur, *. Hunter, pursuer, driver.
Chasm, kizm, s. 353. A cleft, a gap, an ppeningj
a place unfilled; a vacuity.
Chaste, tsh^te, a. Pure from all commerce of
sexei ; pure, uncorrupt, not mixed with barbarous
phrases; without obscenity ; true to the marriage bed.
To Chasten, tshase^tn, v. a. 405. To correct,
to punish.
(J3- This word is sometimes falsely pronounced with
the a short, so as to rhyme w\lh fasten ; but it is exactly
under the same predicament as the verb to haste, which,
when formed into what is called an inchoative veil), be-
comes hasten, and with which chasteii is a perfect rhyme.
To Chastise, tshfc-tlze,' v. a. To punish, to cor-
rect by punishment ; to reduce to order or obedience.
Chastisement, tsbls-tiz-ment, s. Correction,
punishment.— See Advertise.
Chastiser, tsbis-ti-zur, S, A punisher, a cor-
rector.
Chastity, tshis-te-t^, s. 511. Purity of the
body; freedom from obscenity; freedom from bad
mixture of any kind.
C3- I have in this word departed from Mr. Sheridan,
and several other speakers, in the sound of the a in the
first syllable, as no analogy can be clearer than that
which prevails in words of this termination, where the
antepenultimate accent always shortens the vowel. Thus,
though the a, e, and i, are long in humane, sereve, and
divine, they are short in humanity, serenity, and divinity i
and unless custom clearly forbids, which 1 do not believe
is the case, chastity ought certainly to have the a as I
have marked it.
Chastly, tshisteil^, ad. Without incontinence,
purely, without coatamination.
53" In these words Dr. Johnson has very improperly
omitted the silent e; they ought to be written chastely
and chasteness. — See Introduction to Rhyming Dictionary,
Orthographical Aphorism the 8th.
ChASTNESS, tshiste^nes, S. Chastity, purity.
To Chat, tsllit, v. n. To prate, to talk idlyj to
prattle.
Chat, tsb^t, S. Idle talk, prate.
Chatellany, tsli^t'-tel-len-^, *. The district
under the dominion of a castleT
Chattel, tshit'-tl, S. 405. Any moveable pos-
session.
To Chatter, tsb^t-tur, v. n. To make a noise as
a pie, or other unharmonious bird ; to make a noise by
collision of the teeth ; to talk idly or carelessly.
Chatter, tshat-tur, s. Noise like that of a pie or
monkey ; idle prate.
Chatterer, tsbit-tur-rur, *. An idle talker.
Chatty, tshit^t^, a. Liberal of conversation.
Chavender, tsb^v^in-dur, s. The chub, a fish.
Chaumontelle, sli6-m6n-tel,' s. A sort of pear,
To Chaw, tshaw, v. a. — See To Chew.
Chawdron, tshaw-drun, s. Entrails.
Cheap, tshepe, a. To be had at a low rate ; easy
to be had, not respected.
To Cheapen, tshe^pn, v. a. 103. To attempt to
purchase, to bid for any thing ; to lessen value.
Cheaply, tsh^pe-le, ad. At a small price, at
a low rate.
Cheapness, tsbepe-nes, s, Lowness of price.
To Cheat, tsbite, v, a. To defraud, to )mpos«
upon, to trick.
CHE
CHI
nor 167, xAt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— thu 466, 'fus 469.
Cheat, tsliete, S, A fraud, a trick, an imposture;
a person guilty of fraud.
Cheater, tshe-tur, s. 95. One that practises
fraud.
To Check, tshek, v. a. To repress, to curb ; to
reprove, to cliide ; to control by a counter reckoning.
To Check, tshek, v. n. To stop, to make a stop;
to clash, to interfere.
Check, tshek, S. Repressure, stop, rebuff; re-
straint, curb, government; reproof, a slight; in fiil-
conry, when a hawk forsakes the proper game to follow
other birds ; the cause of restraint, a stop.
To Checker, T. ,2, ,2
_, ,, >-tshek-ur, v. a.
To Chequer, J
To variegate or diversify, in the manner of a chess-
board, with alternate colours.
Checker-work, tshek-ur-wurk, s.
Work varied alternately.
Checkmate, tshek^m^te, s. The movement on
the chess-board, that puts an end to the game.
Cheek, tsheek, *. The side of the face below the
eye; a general name among mechanicks for almost
all those pieces of their machines tliat are double.
Cheek-tooth, tsh^ek-too/Zt, s. The hinder
tooth or tusk.
Cheer, tsheer, S, Entertainment, provisions ; in-
vitation togayety; eayety, jollity ; air of the counte-
nance ; temper of mind.
To Cheer, tsheer, v. a. To incite, to encourage,
to inspirit; to comfort, to console, to gladden.
To Cheer, tsh^^r, v. n. To grow gay or gladsome.
Cheerer, tshie-rur, S. Gladdener, giver of gayety.
Cheerful, tsh^^ri-tul, or tsheKful, a. Gay,
full of life, full of mirth; having an appearance of
gayety.
Orj- This word, Wke fearful, has contracted an irregular
pronunciation that seems more expressive of the turn of
mind it indicates than the long open e, which languishes
on the ear, and is not akin to the smartness and vivacity
of the idea. We regret these irregularities, but they are
not to be entirely prevented; and as they sometimes
arise from an effort of the mind to express the idea more
forcibly, they should not be too studiously avoided;
especially when custom has given them considerable cur-
rency ; which I take to be the case with the short pro-
nunciation of the present word. Mr. Sheridan and some
other or'hOepists seem to adopt the latter pronunciation ;
and W. Johnston, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry, the for-
mer; and as this is agreeable to the orthography, and it
may be added, to the etymology (which indicates that
state of mind which arises from being full of good cheer),
it ought, unless the other has an evident preference in
custom, to be looked upon as the most accurate, 241,242.
Cheerfully, tsh^er-ful-le, ad. Without de-
jection, with gayety.
Cheerfulness, tsheeriful-nes, s. Freedom from
dejection, alacrity ; freedom from gloominess.
Cheerless, tsh^^r-les, a. Without gayety, com-
fort, or gladness.
CheerlY, tsh^^rilJ, a. Gay, cheerful, not gloomy.
Cheerly, tshe^r-le, ad. Cheerfully,
Cheery, tsh4^-r^, a. Gay, sprightly.
Cheese, tsheeze, s. A kind of food made by
pressing the curd of milk.
Cfjeesecake, tshe^zeikike, s. 247. A cake
made of soft curds, sugar, and butter.
Cheesemonger, tsheeze-raung-gur, s.
One who deals in cheese.
Cheesevat, tsh^^ze-vRt, s. The wooden case in
which the curds are pressed into cheese.
Cheesy, tshee-z^, a. Having the nature or form
of cheese.
Chely, k^'-le, s. 353. The claw of a shell fish.
To Cherish, tsherirish, v, a. To support, to
shelter, to nurse up.
ut-imch?^.-,. o y^„ encourager, a
Cherisher, tsherirish-ur, s.
supporter.
Cherishment, tsher-rish-ment, s,
menu support, comfort.
Encourage-
Cherry, tsher-r^, 1
Cherry-tree, tsher^rJ-trl^, J '^'
A tree and fruit.
Cherry, tsher'r^, a. Resembling a cherry m
colour.
Cherrybay, tsherire-b<i, s. Laurel.
Cherrycheeked, tsher-r^-tsh^^kt, a.
Having ruddy cheeks.
Gherrypit, tsher^re-pit, S. A child's play, in
which they throw cherry-stones into a small hole.
Chersonese, ker^s6-nes, s. 353. a peninsula.
Cherub, tsher-ub, *. a celestial spirit, which, in
the hierarchy, is placed next in order to the Seraphim.
Cherubick, tshe-ru-bik, a. Angelick, relating
to the Cherubim.
Cherubim, tsher-i-bim, *. The Hebrew plural
of Cherub.
G^- Those who understand no language but th'eir own,
are apt to commit an unpardonable fault with critics, by
taking this word for a singular, and willing the plural
Cherubims. Others are apt to commit a ini;ch greater
fault in speaking, which is that of forming an adjective
from this word, as if written Cherubimical or Cherubinicnl,
instead of Cherubick. How hard is the fate of an En-
glishman, who, to speak and write his own language pro-
perly, must not only understand French, Latin, and
Greek, but Hebrew also I
CHERUBiNi, tsher-u-b1n, a. Angelical.
Chervil, tsherivil, s. An umbelliferous plant.
To Cherup, tsher-up, v, n. To chirR to use a
cheerful voice.
Chess, tshes, S, A nice and intricate game In
imitation of a battle between two armies.
Chess-apple, tshes^ip-pl, s. Wild service.
Chess-board, tshes^bord, *. The board or table
on which the game of chess is played.
Chess-man, tsh(^;s^m4n, *. 88. A puppet for chess.
Chessom, tshes-sum, S. 166. Mellow earth.
Chest, tshest, S. A box of wood or other materials.
Chested, tshest-ed, a. Having a chest.
Chestnut, tshes-nSt, \
Chestnut-tree, tshes^nut-tr^^, J *'
A tree ; the fruit of the chestnut-tree ; the name of a
brown colour.
Chevalier, shev-4-l^^rJ s. 352. A knight.
Chevaux-DE-frise, shev-6-de-fre^ze; s. 352.
A piece of timber traversed with wooden spikes, points
ed with iron, five or six feet long ; used in defending a
passage, a turnpike, or tourniquet.
Cheven, tshev-vn, s. 103. A river fish, the same
with chub.
Ciieveril, tshev^er-il, *. A kid, kidleather.
Chevron, tshev-run, S, In heraldry it represents
two rafters of a house as they ought to stand.
To grind with the teeth, to masticate ; to meaifate, or
ruminate in the thoughts; to taste without swallowing.
K;- The latter pronunciation is grown vulgar.
To Chew, tshoo, v. n. To cliamp upon, t«
ruminate.
Chicane, she-kinej s. 352. The art of protract-
ing a contest by artifice; artifice in general.
To Chicane, sh^-kane{ v. n. To prolong a con-
test by tricks.
Chicaner, shi-ki^nur, s. A petty sophister, a
wrangler.
Chicanery, she-ki^nur-e, s. Sophistry, wrangle.
Chick, tshik, "1
Chicken, tshik^in, 104. J*'
The young of a bird, particularly of a ben, or sma I
bird ; a word of tenderness ; a term for a young girU
Chickenhearted, tsbik'-!n-har-ted, «.
Cowardly, fearful.
CHI
CHI
(»• 559. FAte73, far,77, fall83, fatSl— nie93, metD5— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move IGJ,
ChICKENPOX, tsblk-in-poks, S. A pustulous dis-
temper.
Chickling, tshik^ling, s. A small chicken.
ChiCKPEASE, tslllkip^ze, S. An herb.
Chickweed, tshik^w^ed, S. A plant.
7'o Chide, tshide, v. a. To reprove; to drive
awoy wilh reproof; to blame, to reproach.
Th Chide, tslude, v. n. To clamour, to scold; to
quarrel with ; to make a noise.
Chider, tshl-dur, *. 98. A rebukcr, a reprover.
Chief, tshetf, a. Principal, most eminent ;
eminent, extraordinary; capital, of the first order.
Chief, tsheef, s. 275. A commander, a leader.
Chiefless, tsheef-les, a. Without a head.
Chiefly, tsheef-le, ad. Principally, eminently,
more than common.
ChiefRIE, tsheef-re, S, A small rent paid to the
lord paramount.
Chieftain, tsheef-tin, *. 208. A leader, a com-
mander; the head of a clan.
{t:^- This word ought undoubtedly to follow captain, cur-
tain, villain, &c. in the pronunciation of the last syllable;
though, from its being less in use, we are not so well re-
conciled to it.
Chievance, tshee-vanse, s. Traffick, in which
money is extorted, as discount.
Chilblain, tslul-blane, s. Sores made by frost.
Child, tslnld, *. An infant, or very young person;
one in the line of filiation, opposed to the parent: any
thing the product or eifect of another; To be with
child, to be pregnant.
To Child, tshlld, v. n. To bring children.
Little used.
Childbearing, tsh]\d-bh-ring, part. s.
The act of bearing children.
Childbed, tshlld^bed, s. The state of a woman
bringing a child.
Childbirth, tshlh.'-ber^/t, s. Travail, labour.
Childed, tshllWed, a. Furnished with a child.
Little used.
C II I LDERM ass-day, tsbil-der-iti^S-da, s.
The day of the week, throughout the year, answering
to the day on which the feast of the Holy Innocents is
solemnized.
Childhood, tshild-hud, s. The state of infants,
the time in which we are children ; the time of life
between infancy and puberty; the properties of a child.
Childish, tsbild-ish, a. Trifling; only becoming
children ; trivial, puerile.
Childishly, tsblld^ish-le, ad. In a childish
trifling way.
Childishness, tsbikUish-nes, s. Puerility, tri-
flingness; harmlessness.
Childless, tsbild-les, a. Without children.
Childlike, tsblld-llke, a Becoming or beseem-
ing a child.
Chiliaedron, kil-J-i-e'dron, s. 553. A figxire
of a thousand sides.
QO" This word ought to have the accented e long; not
on account of the quantity in the Greek word, but be-
cause, where no rule forV)ids, we ought to make vowels
accented on the penultimate, long, 642.
Chilifactory, kil-e-fik^to-re, 1
Chilifactive, kil-e-fAk'-dv, j^'
Making chyle, — See Chylificatory and Chyl'f active .
Chilification, kil-e-fJ-kA'sbun, s. The act cf
making chyle.— See Chylijicativn.
Chill, tshll, a. Cold, that which is cold to the
touch ; having the sensation of cold ; depressed, de-
jected, discouraged.
Chill, tsbil, s. ciuiness, cold.
To Chill, tsbll, v. a. To make cold; to depress,
to deject; to blast with cold.
Chilliness, tshiKle-nes, s. A sensation of shiver-
ing cold.
84
Chilly, tsbil-le, a. Somewhat cold.
CihlNESS, tsbll-nes, *. Coldness, want of warmth .
Chime, tslume, S. The consonant or harmonick
sound of many correspondent instruments ; the corre-
spondence of sound; the sound of bells struck with
hammers; the correspondence of proportion or rela-
tion.
To Chime, tshlme, v. n. To sound in harmony;
to correspond in relation or proportion ; to agree; to
suit with ; to jingle.
7'o Chime, tsbime, v. «. To make to move, 01
strike, or sound harmonically ; to strike a bell with
hammer.
Chimera, kk-ml'-A, s. 353. 120. A vafTand
wild fancy.
Chimerical, ke-merire-ktil, a.
Imaginary, fantastick.
Chimerically, ke-mcr-re-kil-5, ad.
Vainly, wildly.
Chimney, tshim-ne, s. The passage through
which the smoke ascends from the fire in the house;
the fireplace.
Chimney-corner, tsbim^ne-kor-nur, s.
The fiieside, the place of idlers.
Chimney-piece, tsbim-ne-peese, s.
The ornamental piece round the fire-place.
Chimney-sweeper, tshim-nt-swee-pur, s.
One whose trade it is to clean foul chimneys of soot.
Chin, tshin, S. The part of the face beneath the
under lip.
China, tshi-ne, or tsbUnJ, s. China ware,
porcelain, a species of vessels made in China, dimly
transparent.
5^ What could induce us to so irregular a pronunci-
ation of this word is scarcely to be conceived. One
would be apt to suppose that the French first imported
tliis porcelain, and that when we purchased it of them,
we called it by their pronunciation of China (Sheen) ;
but being unwilling to drop the a, and desirous of pre-
serving the French sound of i, we awkwardly transposed
these sounds, and turned China into Chainee, This ab-
surd pronunciation seems only tolerable when we apply
it to the porcelain of China, or the oranges, which are
improperly called China oranges; but even in these cases
it seems a pardonable pedantry to reduce the word to its
true sound.
China-orange, tsba-ni-Sriinje, s.
The sweet orange.
China-root, tsbUni-rSot, s. A medicinal root,
brought originally from China.
ChincOUGH, tshlll-kSf, *. A violent and convul-
sive cough.
Chink, tsbine, s. The part of the back, in which
the backbone is found; a piece of the back of an animal.
To Chine, tsbine, v. a. To cut into chines.
Chink, tsbingk, S. A small aperture longwise.
To Chink, tsbingk, v. a. To shake so as to make
a sound.
To Chink, tsbingk, v. n. To sound by striking
each other.
ChiNKY, tsbingk-e, a. Full of holes, gaping.
ChINTS, tsbints, S. Cloth of cotton made in India.
Chioppine, tsbSp-pene{ s. 112. A high shoe
formerly worn by ladies.
To Chip, tsbip, v. a. To cut into small pieces.
Chip, tsbip, s, A small piece taken off by a cutting
instrument.
Chipping, tsbip-ping, s. A fragment cut off.
Chiragrical, kl-rV-?re-kil, a. 120. 353.
Having the gout in the hand.
Chirograph er, ki-rftg-gri-fur, s.
He that exercises writing.
Chirographist, kl-rftg%r;\ fist, s,
Chirographer.
Chirography, kl-r5gigr^-fe, s. 518.
The art of writing.
Chiromancer, kir^o-m^n-siV, s. One th«t
forctels events by inspecting the hand.
CHO
CHO
nor 1G7, u8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299- pound 313— ^Ain 466, this 469»
Chiromancy, kiriro-raSn-se, s. 353. 519.
The ait of foretelling the events of life, by inspecting
the hand.
To Chirp, tsherp, v, n. To make a cheerful
noise, as birds.
Chirp, tsherp, S. The voice of birds or insects.
ChirpeU, tsher-pur, *. 89. One that chirps,
Chirurgeon, kl-rur-Je-un, s. 353. One that
cures ailments, not by internal medicines, but outward
applications, now written Surgeon; a surgeon.
CiilRURGERy, ki-rur-j^-re, s. The art of curing
by external applications, now written Surgeri/.
Chirurgical^ ki-rur'-je-k^l, ")
Chirurgick, kl-rur-jik, 353. J
Belonging to surgery.
Chisel, tshiz^Zii, S. 103. 99- An instrument
with wiiich wood or stune is pared away.
To Chisel, tshiz-zil, v, a. 10'2. To cut with a
chisel.
Chit, tshlt, s. A child, a baby; the shoot of corn
from the end of the grain.
To Chit, tshit, v. n. To sprout.
Chitchat, tshit-tshit, s. Prattle, idle prate.
Chitterlings, tshit-tur-lingz, *. 555.
Tlie guts of an eatable animal ; the frill at the bosom
of a shirt.
Chiti y, tshit-te, a. Childish, like a baby.
CjU V A LROUS, tshiv-il-r?is, a. Relating to chivalry.
Knightly, warlike.
Chivalry, tshiv-^l-r^, S. Knighthood, a military
dignity ; the qualifications of a knight, as valour ; the
general system of knighthood.
Chives, tslllvz, *. The threads or filaments rising
in flowers, with seeds at the end; a species of small
onion.
Chlorosis, kli-ri-SlS, S. 353. The green sick-
ness. .
To Choak, tshSke, v. a. — See Choke.
Chocolate, tshik^i-lite, s. 91- The nut of
the cocoa tree ; the mass made by grinding the kernel
of tlie cocoa-nut, to be dissolved in hot water; the
liquor made by a solution of chocolate.
Chocolate-house, tsh6k-6-lite-house, s.
A house for drinking chocolate.
Chode, tshide. The old pret. from Chide. Obsolete.
Choice, tshoise, S. The act of choosing, election;
the power of choosing; care in choosing, curiosity of
distinction; the thing chosen; the best part of any
thing; several things proposed as objects of election.
Choice, tshoise, a. Select, of extraordinary
value; chary, frugal, careful.
Choiceless, tshoise^les, a. Without the power
of choosing.
Choicely, tshoiseilJ, ad. Curiously, with exact
choice; valuably, excellently.
ChoicENESS, tshoiseines, s. Nicety, particular
value. ''■
Choir, kwire, S. 300. 356. An assembly or
band of singers; the singers in divine worship; the
part of the church where the singers are placed.
To Choke, tshike, v. a. To suffocate ; to stop
up, to block up a passage J to hinder by obstruction ; to
suppress ; to overpower.
ChoKK, tshike, s. The filamentous or capillary
part of an artichoke.
Choke-pear, tshoke-pire, s. A rough, harsh,
unpalatable pear; any sarcasm that stops the mouth.
Choker, tsho^kur, s. One that chokes.
Choky, tshiHi/;, a. That which has the power of
suffocation.
ChOLAGOGUES, kSKi-gfigZ, *. Medicines having
the power of )iuiging bile.
ChOLER, kill-lur, S. The bile ; the humour sup-
posed to produce irascibility; anger, rage.
CholERICK, kftl'-lur-rlk, a. Abounding with
cUoler ; angry, irascible.
B5
Cholerickness, k&Kliir-rik-nes, *.
Anger, irascibility, peevishness.
ChOLICK. — See tulick.
To Choose, tshooze, v. a. I chose, I ha**
chosen. To take by way of preference of several things
offered; to select, to pick out of a number, to elect
for eternal happiness; a term of theologians.
(f:5- This word is sometimes improperly written rhnse,
which is a needless departure from its French etymology
in choisir, as well as from our own analogy in the preterit
chose.
To Choose, tshooze, v. n. To have the power of
choice.
Chooser, tshoo-zur, s. He that has the powet
of choosing, elector.
To Chop, tshfip, v. a. To cut with a quick blow I
to devour eagerly ; to mince, to cut into small pieces,
to break into chinks.
To Chop, tshftp, v. n. To do any thing with a
quick motion ; to light or happen upon a thing.
To Chop, tshSp, v. a. To purclnse, generally by
way of truck ; to put one thing in the place of another;
to bandy, to altercate.
Chop, tshop, S. A piece chopped off; a small piece
of meat; a crack or cleft.
Chop-house, tshSp-house, s. A mean house of
entertainment.
(I3- Dr. Johnson, in this definition, seems to have rated
a chop-house too low, and to have had a Cook's Shop or
an Eating. House in his mind. Since coffee-houses are
become eating-houses and taverns, chop-houses arc, per-
haps, a little depreciated ; but this was not the case till
long after Dr. Johnson's Dictionary was published; and
I think they may still, without any impropriety, be call-
ed reputable houses of ready entertainment.
Chopin, tshi-p^enj *. 112. A French liquid
measure, containing nearly a pint of Winchester; a
term used in Scotland for a quart of wine measure.
Chopping, tsh8p-pin, «. An epithet frequently
applied to infants, by way of commendation, meaning
large, or well grown.
Chopping-knife, tshSp-ping-nlfe, s. A knift
used in chopping.
Choppy, tshSp^pi', a. Full of holes or cracks.
Chops, tshSps, S. The mouth of a beast; the
mouth of any thing in familiar language.
Choral, ko-rdl, a. 353. Sung by a choir ; sing-
ing in a choir.
Chord, kord, S. The string of a musical instru-
ment; a right line, which joins the two ends of any
arch of a circle.
To Chord, kord, v. a, 353. To furnish with
strings.
Chordee, kor-deej s. A contraction of the
fraenum.
Chorion, ko-re-on, s. The outward membrane
that enwraps the foetus.
Chorister, kwir^ris-tur, s. 300. 35G. a singer
in the cathedrals, a singing boy ; a singer in a concert.
Chorographer, k6-r6g-gr;t-fur, *. He that
describes particular regions or countries.
Chorographical, k6r-ri-grAf-e-k^l, a.
Descriptive of particular regions.
Chorographically, k6r-ro-gi4f^e-kil-le, ad,
III a chorographical manner.
Chorography, kA-r6g-gri-fJ, *. The art of
describing pariicular regions.
Chorus, ko-rus, *. 353. A number of singers, a
Concert ; the persons who are supi'osed to behold what
passes in the acts of the ancient tragedy ; tlie song be-
tween the acts of a tragedy ; verses of a song in which
the company join the singer.
Chose, tshose. The preter tense, from To choose.
Chosen, tsh6-zn, 103. The part, pass from
7'o choose.
Chough, tshuf, s. 301. A bird which frequenti
the rocks by the sea.
7'o Chous^, tshouse, v, a. To cheat, to trick .
.}„.
509.
CHU CHY
fc5» 559. FAte 73, f^rTT, fall 83, fat 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pm 107— no 162, move 1G4,
Chouse, tshouse, *. A bubble, a tool ; a trick or
sham.
Chrism, krizm, s. 353. Unguent, or unction.
7'r> Christen, kris^sn, v. a. All. To baptize, to
initiate into Christianity by water; to name, to deno-
minate.
Christendom, kns-sn-dum, s. 405.
Tlie collective body of Christians.
Christening, krlsisn-ing, s. The ceremony of
the first initiation into Cliristianity.
Christian, krist-yun, s. 291. A professor of
the religion of Christ.
Christian, krist^yun, a, 113. Professing the
religion of Christ.
Christian-name, krist-yun-nAmeJ s. The name
given at the font, distinct from the surname.
ChristiaNISM, krist-j-un-izra, s. The Christian
religion; the nations professing Christianity.
Christianity, kris-tshe-^u-^-tl, s.
The religion of Christians.
To Christianize, knst-yun-lze, v. a.
To make Christian.
Christianly, knstiyun-ll, ad. Like a Christian.
Christmas, kns-mas, *. 88. 472. The day in
which the nativity of our blessed Saviour is celebrated.
Christmas-uox, kris'-m^s-bSks, s. A box in
which little presents are collected at Christmas. The
money so collected.
ChROMATICK, kri-mit-lk, a. Kelating to colour ;
relating to a certain species of ancient musick.
Chronical, kroni4-kil,
Chronick, kr&n-ik,
Relating to time ; a chronical distemper is of long du-
ration.
Chronicle, kr5n-i-kl,s. 353. 405. A register
or account of events in order of time ; a history.
To Chronicle, krftn-e-kl, v. a. 405. To record
in chronicle, or history; to register, to record.
Chronicler, kron-e-klur, s. 98. A writer of
chronicles; an historian.
Chronogram, kr8n-A-gr4m, s. An inscription
including the date of any action.
Chronogrammatical, kr5n-no-grim-mlti|-
kal, a. Belonging to a chronogram.
Chronogrammatist, kr8n-ni-gr4mim^tist,j.
A writer of chronograms.
Chronologer, kro-nSUli-jur, *. He that
studies or explains the science of computing past times.
Chronological, krSn-ni-lSdje-^-kil, a.
Relating to the doctrine of time.
Chronologically, krftn-n6-l8die^i-k4l-ll, ad.
In a chronological manner, according to the exact
series of lime.
Chronologist, kr6-nSl-i-jist, s. One that
studies or explains time.
Chronology, kro-nftl-o-jJ, s. The science of
computing and adjusting the periods of time.
Chronometer, kro-nfimim^-tur, s. An instru-
ment for the exact mensuration of time.
Chrysalis, kns^s^-lis, s. 503. Aureiia, or the
first aijiparent change of the maggot of any species of
insects.
Chrysolite, kris-si-lite, s. 155. A precious
stone of a dusky green, with a cast of yellow.
Chub, tshub, s. A river fish. The cheven.
ChuBBED, tshub^bld, a. 99. Big-headed, like a
chub.
To Chuck, tshuk, v. n. To make a noise like a
hen.
To Chuck, tshuk, v. a. To call as a hen calls her
young; to give a gentle blow under the chin.
Chuck, tshuk, S. The voice of a h::n ; a word of
endearment.
Chuck-farthing, tshuk-flr-THing, s.
8S
A play, at which the money falls with a chuck into
the hole beneath.
To Chuckle, tshuk^kl, v. n. 405.
To laugh vehemently.
To Chuckle, tshuk^kl, v. a. To call as a hen;
to cocker, to fondle.
ChUET, tshoo^lt, S. 9d. Fcrced meat. Obsolete.
Chuff, tshuf, s. A blunt clown.
ChUFFILY, tshufife-le, ad. StomachfuUy.
Chuffiness, tshuWe-nes, s, Clownishness.
ChUFFY, tshufife, a. Surly, fat.
Chum, tshum, S. A chamber fellow.
Chump, tshump, S. A thick heavy piece of wood.
Church, tshurtsh, s. The collective body of
Christians; the body of Christians adhering to one
particular form of worship; the place which Christian'
consecrate to the worship of God.
To Church, tshurtsh, v. a. To perform with
any one the office of returning thanks after any signal
deliverance, as childbirth.
Church-ale, tshurtsh-ilej *. A wake or feast,
commemoralory of the dedication of the church.
Church-attire, tshurtsh-lt-tirej s. The habi
in which men officiate at divine service.
Churchman, tshurtsh-m^n, s. 88.
An ecclesiastic, a clergyman ; an adherent to the
Church of England.
Churchwardens, tshurtsh-war^dnz, s. 103.
Officers yearly chosen, to look to the church, church-
yard, and such things as belong to both.
Church-yard, tshurtsh^yard, s. The ground
adjoining to the church, in which the dead are buried;
a cemetery.
Churl, tshurl, S, A rustick, a countryman; a
rude, surly, ill-bred man ; a miser, a nifgard.
Churlish, tshurillsh, a. Rude, brutal, harsh ;
seltish, avaricious.
Churlishly, tshur-lish-le, ad. Rudely, brutally.
Churlishness, Ishur-lish-nes, s. Brutality,
loiggedness of manner.
Churme, tshurm, S. A confused sound, a noise.
Obsolete.
Churn, tshum, s. Tlie vessel in which the butter
is, by agitation, coagulated.
To Churn, tshurn, v. a. To agitate or shake any
thing by a violent motion; to make butter by agitating
the milk.
ChuRRWORM, tshuriwurm, s. An insect that
turns about nimbly, called also a fancricket.
Chylaceous, ki-lA^shus, a. 186.
Belonging to chyle.
Chyle, klle, *. 353. The white juice formed in
the stomach by digestion of the aliment.
Chylifaction, kil-li-f^k^shun, s. The act or
process of making chyle in the body.
ChylifacTIVE, kil-l^-fftk^tiv, a. Having the
power of makmg chyle.
Chylifi»ATI0N, kil-le-f6-ka-shun, S. Tlte act
of making chyle.
Chylificatory, kil-i-fJ-ka-ti-re, a. 512.
Making chyle.
Chylous, kl-lus, a. 160. Consisting of chyle.
Chymical, kim^^-kll,
Chymick, kim-mik,
Made by chymistry ; relating to chymistry.
Chymically, kim-m^-k^l-1^, ad.
In a chymical manner.
ClIYMlST, kim-mist, s. A professor of chymistry.
C3> Scholars have lately discovered, that all the nations
of Europe have, for many centuries past, been erroneous
in spelling this word witli a y instead of an e ; that is,
Chyrtdst instead of Chemist : and if we crave their reasons,
they very gravely tell us, that instead of deriving tl>e
word from "XyiM;, juice, or from x^"'' Xf'^^i •"■ X""'' '"
melt, it is more justly derived from the Arabic kema,
black. But Dr. Johnson, who very well understood every
CIN
cm
nor 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173—311 299— pound 313— ^Mn 466, this 469/
thing tliat could be urged in favour of the new ortliogra'
phy, has very judiciously continued the old; and indeed,
till we see better reasons than have yet appeared, itseeuis
rather to savour of an affectation of oriental learning
than a liberal desire to rectify and improve our language.
But let the word originate in the East or West, among
the Greeks or Arabians, we certainly received it from our
Common Lingiiaducts, (if the word will be pardoned me)
the Latin and French, which still retain either the y, or
its substitute i.
Besides, the alteration produces a change in the pro-
nunciation, which, from its being but slight, is the less
likely to be attended to; and therefore the probability
is, that, let us write the word as we will, we shall still
continue to pronounce the old way; for in no English
word throughout the language does the e sound like y, or
t short, when the accent is on it.
This improvement, therefore, in our spelling, would,
in all probability, add a new irregularity to our pronun-
ciation, already encumbered with too many. Warburton,
in his edition of Pope's works, seems to have been the
first writer of note who adopted this mode of spelling
from Boerhaave, and the German critics ; and he seems
to have been followed by all the inscriptions on the cliy-
mists shops in the kingdom. But till the voice of the
people has more decidedly declared itself, it is certainly
the most eligible to follow Dr. Johnson and our esta-
blished writers in the old orthography.— See Mr. Nares's
English Ortlifiepy, page 984, where the reader will see
judiciously exposed the folly of altering settled modes of
spelling for the sake of far-fetched and fanciful etymo-
logies.
Chymistry, kimi-mis-tre, s. The art or process
by which the different substances found in mixt bodies
are separated from each other by means of fire.
ClBARIODS, si-bAiri-US, a. 121. Relating to food.
Cicatrice, or Cicatrix, sikij-tris, s. 142.
The scar remaining after a wound; a mark, an im-
pressure.
CiCATRISANT, Slk-3.-trUzint, S. An application
that induces a cicatrice.
CiCATRisivE, sik4-tri'-siv, a. 158. 428,
Having tlie qualities proper to induce a cicatrice.
Cicatrization, sik-k-trh-zk'-shun, s. The act
of healing the wound; the stale of being healed or
skinned over.
To Cicatrize, siki^-trlze, v, a. To apply such
medicines to wounds, or ulcers, as skin them.
Cicely, sis-li, s. a sort of herb.
To Cicurate, sikiu-rite, v. a. 91. 503.
To tame, to reclaim from wildness.
Cicuration, sik-u-rAishun, s. The act of
taming or reclaiming from wildness.
CicCTA, s^-ki^tJ, *. 91. A genu8 of plants j
water-hemlock.
Cider, sUdur, s. The juice of apples expressed
and fermented.
CiDKRiST, .sl'-dur-?fet, s. 98. A maker of cider.
CiderkiN, sUdur-kin, *. The liquor made of the
gross matter of apples, after the cider is pressea out.
Ciliary, siKyi-r^, a. 113. Belonging to the
eyelids.
CiLICIOUS, sj-lish'-us, O. 314. Made of hair.
CiMETER, sim'-^-tur, s. 98. A sort of sword,
short and recurvated.
Cincture, singkitshure, s. 461. Something
worn round the body ; an inclosure ; a ring or list at
the top or bottom of the shaft of a column.
CiNDEK, sin^dur, s. 98. A mass of any thing burnt
in the fire, but not reduced to ashes ; a hot coal that
has ceased to flame.
CiNDER-woMAN, sinMur-wuiii-un, \
CiNDER-WENCH, i5ui-dur-wensh, J ''
A woman whose trade is to rake in heaps of ashes for
cinders.
£inerATION, Sin-i-r^ishun, *• The reduction of
any thing by fire to ashes.
CiNERiTlOUS, sin-e-nsh'-us, a. Having the form
or state of ashes.
CiNERULENT, s^-ner'-ti-lent,a. 121. Full of ashes.
CiNGLE, Sing^gl, s. 405. A girth foi a liorse,
87
Cinnabar, sin^ni-bar, s. 166. Vermilion, "
mineral consisting of mercury and sulphur.
CiNNAMtW, sin-ii^-mun, s. 166. The fragrant
bark of a low tree in the island of Ceylon.
Cinque, singk, *. 415. A five.
ClNQUE-FOlL, Singk-foil, s. A kind of five-leaved
clover.
C'iNQUE-PACE, singk-pase, s. A kind of grave
dance.
CiNQUE-PORTS, singkip6rts, s. Those havens that
lie towards France.
CiNQUE-spOTTED, singk-sp5t-ted, a.
Having five spots.
ClON, si-uii, s. 166. A sprout, a shoot from a
plant ; tlie shoot engrafted on a stock.
Cipher, sUfur, s. 98. An arithmetical character,
by which some number is noted, a figure; an arithme-
tical mark, which, standing for nothing itself, increases
the value of the other figures ; an intertexture of let-
ters ; a character in general ; a secret or occult mannei
of writing, or the key to it.
To Cipher, sl-fur, v. n. To practise arithmetick.
To Cipher, si-fur, v, a. To write in occult
characters.
Circle, ser-kl, s. 108. 405. A curve line con-
tinued till it ends where it began, having all parts
equally distant from a common centre; the space in-
cluded in a circular line ; a round body, an orb; com-
pass, inclosure; an assembly surrounding the princi-
pal person ; a company ; any series ending as it begins ;
an inconclusive form of argument, in which the fore-
?:oing proposition is proved by the following, and the
ol lowing inferred from the foregoing; circumlocution.
To Circle, ser-kl, v. a. To move round, any
thing; to inclose, to surround; to confine, to keep
together.
7^ Circle, ser-kl, v. n. To move ciratlarly.
Circled, ser^kld, a. 359. Having the form of a
circle, round.
Circlet, ser^klit, s. A little circle.
Circling, ser'-kling, />ar^ a. Circular, round.
Circuit, Ser'-kit,*. 341. 108. The act of moving
round any thing ; the space inclosed in a circle ; space,
extent, measured by travelling round ; a ring, adiadem;
the visitation of the judges for holding assizes.
To Circuit, Ser^klt, v. n. To move circularly.
CiRCUlTER, serikit-ter, S. One that travels a
circuit.
CiRCUITlON, ser-ku-ish'-un, s. The act of going
round any thing; compass, maze of argument, com
prehension.
Circuitous, ser-ku^^-tus, rt. Round about.
Circular, seriku-lur, ef. 88. 418. Round, like
a circle, circumscribed by a circle ; successive to itself,
alwajs returning; Circular Letter, a letter directed to
several persons, who have the same interest in some
common affair.
Circularity, ser-ku-l^r-^-te, s. A circular
form.
Circularly, ser-ku-lfir-le, ad. In form of a
circle; with a circular motion.
To Circulate, ser-ku-lAte, v. n. 91.
To move in a circle.
To Circulate, serikia-late v. a. To put about.
Circulation, ser-ku-lA-shun, s. Motion in a
circle ; a series in which the same order is always ob-
served, and things always return to the same slate j a
reciprocal interchange of meaning.
Circulatory, ser-ku-la-tur-^, «. 512.
Belonging to circulation ; circular.
Circulatory, ser^ku-lA-tur-^, s. A chymical
vessel.
CiRCUMAMBiENCY, ser-kttm-^m^be-en-s^', *.
The act of encompassing.
Circumambient, ser-kum-im^be-ent, *.
Surrounding, encompassing.
To Circumambulate, ser-kum-imibu-late,
V. n. 91. To walk round atjout.
CIR
CIT
fc?>559. Fate 73, farT7, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164.
7b CiRCUiMCiSE, ser-kum-slze, v. a. To cut
the prepuce, according to the law given to the Jews.
Circumcision, sei-kum-sizh-un, s. The rite or
act of cutting oir the foreskin.
To Circumduct, ser-Kum-duktJ v, a.
To contravene; to nullify.
Circumduction, ser-kum-duk-shun, s.
Nullification, cancellation ; a leading about.
Circumference, ser-kum-fe-rense, s.
The periphery, the line including and surrounding any
thing; the space enclosed in a circle; the external
part of an orbicular oody ; an orb, a circle.
Circumferentor, ser-kum-fe-ren-tur, s. 166.
An instrument used in surveying, for measuring angles.
Circumflex, ser-kum-fleks, s. An accent used
to regulate the pronunciation of syllables.
CO All our prosodists tell us, that the Circumflex ac-
cent is a composition of the grave and the acute ; or that
it is a raising and falling of the voice upon the same syl-
lable. If they are desired to exemplify this by actual
pronunciation, we find they cannot do it, and only pay
us with words. This accent, therefore, in the ancient as
well as modern languages, with respect to sound, has no
specific utility. The French, who make use of this Cir-
cumflex in writing, appear, in the usual pronunciation of
It, to mean nothing more than long quantity. — See Ba-
rytone. If the inspector would wish to see a rational ac-
count of this accent, as well as of the grave and acute, let
liim consult a work lately published by the Author of
this Dictionary, called A Rhetorical Grammar, the third
edition ; or, A Key to the Classical Pronuvciatio7i of Greek
unci Latin Proper Names.
Cibcumfluence, ser-kum-flu-ense, s.
An enclosure of waters.
Circumfluent, ser-kum-flu-ent, a.
Flowing round any thing.
Circumfluous, ser-kum-flii-us, a. Environing
with waters.
Circumforaneous, ser-kum-fA-nlin^-us, a.
314. Wandering from house to house.
To Circumfuse, ser-kuin-f\Iize| v. a.
To pour round.
CiRCUMFUiiLE, ser-kum-ft'i-sil, a. 427. That
which may be poured round any thing.
CiRCUMFUSioN, ser-kum-fu-zhun, s. The act of
spreading round.
7b CiRCUMGiRATE, sei'-kumij^-rite, v. n.
To roll round.
CiRCUMGiRATiON, ser-kum-j^-ra-shun, s.
The act of running round.
Circumjacent, ser-ktim-ji-seiit, a.
Lying round any thing.
Circumition, ser-kum-ish-un, s. The act of
going round.
Circumligation, sei-kum-le-g;i-shun, *.
The act of binding round ; the bond with which any
thing is encompassed.
Circumlocution, ser-kum-lo-ku-shun, s.
A circuit or compass of words, periphrasis; the use of
indirect expressions.
Circumlocutory, ser-kum-l6k-ia-t6-re, a. 512.
Depending on circumlocution.
CiRcuMMURED, ser-kum-murdj a. 359.
Walled round.
Circumnavigable, ser-kum-n4v^i-g&-bl, a.
That may be sailed round.
To Circumnavigate, ser-kum-nav^-g'^te, v. a.
To sail round.
Circumnavigation, ser-kum-n^v-^-g4-shun, s.
The act of sailing round.
Circumflication, slr-kum-ple-ka4bun, s.
The act ot enwrapping on every side} the stu e of being
enwrapped.
Circumpolar, ser-kum-p6M^r, a. 4l8.
Round the pole.
CiRcuMPOsiTioN, ser-kum-po-zish-un, s.
The act of placing any thing circularly.
CiRCUMRASiON, ser-kum-ra-zh?«n, *. The act ol
(having or paring round.
CiRCUMROTATioN, ser-kum-ro-tA-shun, *.
The act of whirling round like a wheel.
CiRCUMROTATORY, sei-kum-ro-t^-ti-re, a. 512.
Whirling round.
7b Circumscribe, ser-kum-skrlbej v. a.
To enclose in certain lines or boundaries; to bound, to
limit to confine.
Circumscription, ser-kuin-sknp-shun, *.
Determination of particular form or magnitude ; limi-
tation, confinement.
Circumscriptive, ser-kum-sknp-tiv, t.
Enclosing the superficies.
Circumspect, ser-kum-spekt, a. Cautious, at
tentive, watchful.
Circumspection, ser kum-.spek-shun, *.
Watchfulness on every side, caution, general atten-
tion.
Circumspective, ser-kum-spek-tiv, a.
Attentive, vigilant, cautious.
Circumspectively, ser-kum-spekitiv-le, ad.
Cautiously, vigilantly.
Circumspectly, ser-kum-spekt-l5, ad.
Watchfully, vigilantly.
CiRCUMSPECTNESS, ser-kum-spekt-ues, s.
Caution, vigilance.
CiRCU.MSTANCE, Ser-kum-Slinse, S. Something
appendant or relative to a fact; accident, something
adventitious; incident, event; condition, state of
affairs.
7b Circumstance, ser^kuiTi-stinse, v. a. To
place in particular situation, or relation to the things.
CiRCUMSTANT, ser-kum-StUnt, a* Surrounding.
Circumstantial, ser-kum-st^n-sh^l, a.
Accidental, not essential; incidental, casual; full of
small events, detailed, minute.
Circumstantiality, si'i-kum-st^n-sli^-iK4-t6,
s. The state of any thing as modified by its several
circumstances.
Circumstantially, ser-kum-st4nishil-l^, ad.
According to circumstances, not essentially ; minutely,
exactly.
7b Circumstantiate, ser-kum-st^n-she-ate,
V, a. 91. To place in particular circumstances; to
place in a particular condition.
7b Circumvallate, ser-kum-v^l-lAte, v. a. 91.
To enclose round with trenches or fortifications.
Circumvallation, ser-kuin-v;tl-lA-shun, s.
The art or act of casting up fortifications round a place j
the fortification thrown up round a place besieged.
CiRCUMVECTiON, ser-kum-vekishun, s. The act
of carrying round; the state of being carried round.
7b Circumvent, ser-kura-ventj v. a.
To deceive, to cheat.
Circumvention, ser-kum-ven-shun, s.
Fraud, imposture, cheat, delusion.
7b CiRCUMVEST, ser-kum-vest' v. a. To cover
round with a garment; to surround.
Circumvolation, ser-kum-v6-la-shun, s.
The act of flying round.
CirCUMVOlve, ser-kum-v5lv5 v. a. To roll round.
Circumvolution, ser-kum-vo-lu-shun, *.
The act of rolling round; the thing rolled round an-
other.
Circus, serikus, 1. 415
Cirque, serk, 337./
An open space or area for sports.
Cist, sist, s, A case, a tegument, commonly tlie
enclosure of a tumour.
CiSTED, SlS-ted, a. Enclosed in a cist, or bag.
Cistern, sis-turn, s. 98. A receptacle of water
for domestick uses ; a reservoir, an tndosed fountain;
any watery receptacle.
CiSTUS, sis-lus, s. Rockrose.
CiT, Sit, S. An inhabitant of a city ; a word of
contempt ; a pert low townsman.
ClTADEt, Slt-^-del, s, A fortress, a castis,
CLA
CLA
167, nSt 1G3— t&be 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sll 299— p5und 313— Min 466, this 469.
CiTAL, sUtil, S. Impeachment ; summons, citation,
quotation.
Citation, sl-ta^shun, S. The calling a person
before the judge ; quotation from another author ; the
passage or'wonis quoted ; enumeration, mention.
CiTATORY, sl'-d-to-re, a. 512. Having the power
or form of citation.
To Cite, site, v. a. To summon to answer in a
court; to enjoin, to call upon another authoritatively •
to quote.
CiTER, si-tur, S, One who cites into a court j one
who quotes.
CiTESS, Slt-tesJ S. A city woman.
'ClTIlERN, Sith-uri\, S. 98. A kind of harp.
Citizen, Sltf^e-zn, S. 103. A freeman of a city;
a townsman, not a gentleman ; an inhabitant.
Citrine, sit-rin, a. 140. Lemon-coloured.
Citrine, sit^iin, 5. 140. a species of crystal, of
an extremely pure, clear, and fine texture.
Citron, sit^trun.s. 415. A large kind of lemon;
the citron tree. One sort, with a pointed fruit, is in
great esteem.
Citron-water, slt^trun-wa-tur, s. Aqua vitae,
distilled with the rind of citrons.
CiTRUL, Slt-trul, S. A pumpion.
City, Sit-te, s. A large collection of houses and in-
iiabitants; a town corporate, that hath a bishop; tiie
inhabitants of a city.
City, Slt^te, a. Relating to the city.
Civet, siv'-it, i. 99-
A perfume from the civet cat.
Relating to civil honours, not
CivicK, siv^ik, a
military.
Civil, Siv-ll, a. Relating to the community,
political; not foreign, intestine; not ecclesiastical;
not military ; civilized, not barbarous ; complaisant,
gentle, well bred ; relating to the ancient consular or
imperial government, as, civil law.
Civilian, se-vil-y4>i, «. 113. One that professes
the knowledge of tlie old Roman law.
Civility, se-vil-e-t^, s. 511. Freedom from
barbarity ; politeness, complaisance, elegance of be-
haviour; rule of decency, practice of politeness.
Civilization, siv-e-le-za-shun, s. The state of
being civilized, the art of civilizing.
To Civilize, siv-il-ize, v. a. To reclaim from
savagencss and brutality.
CiVILIZER, siv-ll-ll-zur, S. He that reclaims
others from a wild and savage life.
Civilly, Siv-ll-le, ad. In a manner relating to
government ; politely, complaisautly, without rude-
itess.
Clack, klak, s. Any thing that makes a lasting
and importunate noise ; the clack of a mill, a bell that
rings when more corn is required to be put in.
To Clack, kl^k, v. n. To make a clacking noise;
lo let the tongue run.
Clad, khld, part. j>ret. from Clothe.
Clothed, invested, garbed.
To Claim, kUme, v. a. 202. To demand of
right, to requit ► authoritatively.
Claim, klAme, *. A demand of any thing as due ;
a title to any privilege or possession in the hands of
another ; in law, a demand of any thing that is in the
possession of another.
Claimable, kla-m^-bl, a. That which may be
demanded as due.
Claimant, kla-mant, s. He that demands any
thing as unjustly detained by another.
Claimer, kla-mur, *. 98. He that makes a de-
mand.
To Clamuer klin -biir, v. n. To climb with
difficulty.
To ClamM, klam, v. n. To clog with any
glutinous matter.
((3- This word ought to bewritten with single m; both
from its derivation, and 'rom a rule tliat seems to have
obtained in our language namely, that monosyllables,
89
beginning with a consonant, do not double any conso-
nant at the end, except/, I, and s. The substantive Butt,
and the verb to Buzz, seem the only exceptions.
Clamminess, kl4m-m^-nes, s.
Viscosity, viscidity.
Clammy, klUm-m^, a. Viscous, glutinous.
Clamorous, klim-mur-us, a. 555.
Vociferous, noisy.
Clamour, klim-mur, *. 418. Outcry, noise, ex-
clamation, vociferation.
To Clamour, kl^m-mur, v, n. To make out-
cries, to exclaim, to vociferate.
Clamp, kl4mp, S. A piece of wood joined to
another to strengthen it; a piece of iron used to join
stones together ; a quantity of bricks.
To Clamp, kl4mp, V, a. To strengthen by means
of a clamp.
Clan, kliin, S. A family, a race ; a body or sect of
persons.
Clancular, kling-ku-lur, a. 88. Clandestine,
secret.
Clandestine, klttn-desitin, a. 140.
Secret, hidden.
Clandestinely, kl^u-des'-tiu-le, ad.
Secretly, privately.
Clang, kllng, S. A sharp, shrill noise.
To Clang, kling, v. n. To clatter, to make
a loud shrill noise.
Clangour, kl^ng-g^ur, s. 314. a loud shrill
sound.
ClANGOUS, klang-gUS, a. Making a clang.
Clank, klAngk, S. A loud, shrill, sharp noise.
To Clap, kl5p, v. a. To strike together with a
quick motion ; to put one thing to another suddenly ;
to do any thing with a sudden hasty motion ; to cele-
brate or praise by clapping the hands, to applaud ; to
infect with a venereal poison; To clap up, to complete
suddenly.
To Clap, klip, v. n. To move nimbly, with a noise;
to enter with alacrity and briskness upon any thing;
tostrike the hands together in applause.
ClAF, klllp, S, A loud noise made by sudden
collision ; a sudden or unexpected act or motion ; an
explosion of thunder ; an act of applause ; a venereal
infection; the nether part of the beak of a hawk.
Clapper, klip-pur, s. 98. One who claps with
his hands ; the tongue of a hell.
To Clapperclaw, klip-pur-kl?iw, v. a.
To tongue-beat, to scold. A low word.
Clarenceux, 07- Clarencieux, kl4rien-sbu,*.
The second king at arms : so named from the dutchy of
Clarence.
Clare-obscure, kUre-8b-skure{ s.
Light and shade in painting.
Claret, klir-et, S, A species of French wine.
ClARICORD, klar-e-kord, S. A musical instru-
ment in form of a spinet.
Clarification, klir-i-f^-ki-shun, s. The act
of making any thing clear from impurities.
To Clarify, klir^^-fl, v. a. 511. To purify oi
clear; lo brighten, to illuminate.
Clarion, klare^yun, s. 1 13. 534. A trumpet.
Clarity, klir^^-t^, S. 511. Brightness, splendour.
Clary, klA-r^, s. An herb.
To Clash, klish, v. n. To make a nois« by mutual
collision; to act with opposite power, o."- 1 "jntrary di-
rection ; to contradict, to oppose.
To Clash, klish, v. a. To strike one thing against
another.
Clash, klish, S. A noisy collision of two bodies;
opposition ; contradiction.
Clasp, klisp, S. A hook to hold any thing close j
an embrace.
To Clasp, klisp, v. a. To shut with a clasp ; to
catch hold by twining ; to enclose between the h<fld»/
to emb'^acc j to eaclosei
CLE
CLE
■ fc?- 559. Tke 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— nie 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162 move 164,
Cleanser, klen'-zur, s. 98. That which has the
qualily of evaci.iUing foul luimours.
Clear, klere, a. 227. Bright, pellucid, trans-
parent ; serene ; per<3picuoas, not obscure, not ambi-
guous; indisputable, evident, undeniable; apparent,
manifest, not hid; unspotted, guiltless, irrcpro;ich-
able; free from profecution, or imputed fuilt, guilt-
less; free from deductions or encumbrances; out of
debt; unentangled ; at a safe distance from danger j
canorous, sounding distinctly.
Clear, klere, ad. Clean, quite, completely.
To Clear, klire, v. a. To make bright, to
brighten; to free from obscurity; to purge fioin the
imputation of guilt, to justify; to cleanse; to dis-
charge, to remove any eiicumbrance ; to free from any
thing offensive; to clarify, as to clear liquors ; to gain
without deduction.
To Clear , klere, v. n. To grow bright, to recover
transparency ; to be disengaged from encumbrances or
entanglements.
Clearance, kle-rAnse, s. A certificate that a
ship has been cleared at the custom-house.
Clearer, kl^re^ur, s. Brightener, purifier, eii-
lightener.
■}«•
ClASPER, klis-pur, S. The tendrils or threads of
creeping plants.
ClASPKNIFE, kl^p-nlfe, *. A knife which folds
into the handle.
Class, klis, s. A rank or order of persons; a
number of boys learning tlie same lesson ; a set of
beings or things.
To Class, kl^s, v. a. To range according to some
stated method of distribution.
Classical, klis^se-kil,
Classick, klas^sik,
Relating to antique authors ; of the first order or rank.
Classick, klis-Slk, S. An author of the first
rank.
Classification, klfc-s^-fe-ki-shun, s.
Ranging into classes.
ClASSIS, klas-sis, *. Order, sort, body.
To Clatter, klit-tur, v. n. To make a noise by
knocking two sonorous bodies frequently together; to
utter a noise by being struck together; to talk fast and
idly.
To Clatter, klAtitur, v. a. to strike any tiling
so as to make it sound; to dispute, jar, or clamour.
Clatter, kl^t-tur, S. A rattling noise made by
frequent collision of sonorous bodies ; any tumultuous
and confused noise.
ClAVATED, kliv-i-ted, a. Knobbed.
Claudent, klaw-dent, a. Shutting, enclosing.
To Claudicate, klaw-de-kite, v. n. To halt.
Claudication, klaw-de-ki-shun, s. The habit
of halting.
Clave, klive. The pret. of Cleave.
Clavellated, kl^v'-el-l^-ted, a. Made with
burnt tartar. A chymical term.
Clavicle, kliv-e-kl, s. 405. The collar-bone.
Clause, klawz, S. A sentence, a single part of
discourse, a subdivision of a larger sentence; an ar-
ticle, or particular stipulation.
Claustral, klaws'-trll, a. Relating to a clsister.
Clausure, klaw-zhure, s. 452. Confinement.
Claw, klkw, *. The foot of a beast or bird armed
with sharp nails; a hand, in contempt.
To Claw, klaw, v. a. To tear with nails or claws;
to tear or scratch in general; To claw off, to scold.
ClawBACK, klaw-bik, S. A flatterer, a wheedler.
Clawed, kliwd, a. 359. Furnished or armed
with claws.
Clay, kl^, S. Unctuous and tenacious earth.
To Clay, kli, v. a. To cover with clay.
Clay-cold, kli-kMd, a. Cold as the unanimated
earth.
Clay-pit, kla-pit, S. A pit where clay is dug.
Clayey, kla-e, a. Consisting of clay.
ClayMARL, kla'-marl, S. A chalky clay.
Clean, kl^ne, a. 227. Free from dirt or filth ;
chaste, innocent, guiltless ; elegant, neat, not un-
wieldy ; not leprous.
Clean, klene, ad. Quite, perfectly, fully, completely.
To Clean, kl^ne, v. a. To free from dirt.
Cleanlily, klen^le-li, ad. 234. In a cleanly
manner.
Cleanliness, klen'-li-nes, s. Freedom from dirt
or filth ; neatness of dress, purity.
Cleanly, klen'-le, a. 234. Free from dirtiness,
pure in the person; that makes cleanliness; pure,
immaculate ; nice, artful.
Cleanly, kl^ne^le, ad. 227. Elegantly, neatly.
Cleanness, klene-nes, S. Neatness, freedom from
filth ; easy exactness, justness ; natural, unlaboured
correctness ; purity, innocence.
To Cleanse, klenz, v. a. 515. To free from
filth or dirt ; to purify from guilt ; to free from noxious
liumuurs 5 to free from leprosy ; to scour.
90
Clearly, klereil^, ad. Brightly, luminously ;
plainly, evidently ; with discernment, acutely; with-
out entanglement ; without deduction or cost ; without
reserve, without subterfuge.
Clearness, kl^re^neS, S. Transparency, bright-
ness; splendour, lustre; distinctness, perspicuity.
Clearsighted, kl^re-sl-ted, a. Discerning,
judicious.
To Clearstarch, klere^startsh, v. a.
To stiffen with starch.
Clearstarcher, klere^startsh-ur, s. One who
washes fine linen.
To Cleave, kleve, v. n. 227. To adhere, to
stick, to hold to; to unite aptly, to fit; to unite in
concord ; to be concomitant.
To Cleave, kl^ve, v. a. To divide with violence,
to split; to divide.
To Cleave, kl^ve, v. n. To part asunder; to
suffer division.
Cleaver, kl^-vur, *. 98. A butcher's instrument
to cut animals into joints.
Clef, kllf, S, A mark at the beginning of the lines
of a song, which shows the tone or key in which the
piece is to begin.
0:3- It is the common fault of Professions, liberal as
well as mechanical, to vitiate their technical terms.
Thus, even without the plea of brevity, clef is changed by
musicians into cliff".
Cleft, kleft, part. pass, from CJcare.— Divided.
Cleft, kleft, S. A space made by the separation.
of parts, a crack; in farriery, clefts are cracks in the
heels of a horse.
To Cleftgraft, kleft^grift, v. a. To engraft
by cleaving the stock of a tree.
Clemency, klem-men-se, s. Mercy, remission
of severity.
Clement, klem-ment, a. Mild, gentle, merciful.
To Clepe, klepe, v, a. To call, to name.
See Ycleped. Obsolete.
Clergy, kler-ji, S. The body of men set apart by
due ordination for the service of God.
Clergyman, kler-je-m^n, s, 88. a man in
holy orders, not a laick.
Clerical, kler^^-kil, a. Relating to the clergy.
Clerk, kl3.rk, *. 100. A clergyman; a scholar,
a man of letters; a man employed under another as a
writer; a petty writer in public offices; tlie layman
who reads the responses to the congregation in the
church, to direct tlie rest.
Clerkship, klark-ship, s. Scholarship; the
office of a clerk of any kind.
Clever, klev^ur, a, 98. Dextrtus, skilful ; just,
fit, proper, commodious; well-shaped, handsome.
Cleverly, klev-ur-le, ad, Dcxtrously, fitly,
handsomely.
CLO
CLO
nor 167, n6t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il 299— pound 313— ^/tin 466, this 469.
Movements by
Cleverness, klev-ur-nes, s. Dexterity, suui.
Clew, klu, S. Thread wound upon a bottom j a
guide, a direction.
jTo Clew, klu, v. a. To clew tlie sails, is to raise
tliem in order to be furled.
7b Click, khk, v. n. To make a sharp, successive
noise.
Client, kll-ent, S. One who applies to an advocate
for counsel and defence; a dependant.
Cliented, kli-en-ted, part. a.
Supplied with clients.
Clientele, kli-en-tJle{ s,
office of a client.
Clientship, kll-ent-sbip, 8.
client.
The condition or
The condition of a
Cliff, kfif, \
y-, , i-ip, f "■ A steep rock, a rock,
Clift, khft, J
Climacter, kll-mik-tur, s. 122. A certain
progression of years, supposed to end in a dangerous
time of life.
Climacterick, klini-4k-teririk, 530. \
Climacterical, klim-^k-t2r-r^-k^l, /
Containing a certain number of years, at the end of
which some great change is supposed to befall the body .
Climate, kli-mAte, 91. \
Climature, kli-mi-tshure, 463./
A space upon the surface of the earth, measured from
the equator to the polar circles, in each of wliicn
spaces the longest day is half an hour longer than in
that nearer the equator. From the polar circles to
tlie poles, climates are measured by Ihe increase of a
monih; a region or tract of land diflering from another
by the temperature of the air.
Climax, kU-miks, S. Gradation, ascent ja figure
in ihetorick, by which the sentence rises gradually.
To Climb, kllme, v. n. To ascend to any place.
To Climb, kllme, v. a. To ascend.
Climber, kll-mur, S. One that mounts or scales
any place, a mounter, a riser; a plant that creeps
upon other supports ; the name of a particular herb.
Clime, kllme, S. Climate, region ; tract of earth.
To Clinch, klinsh, v. a. To hold in hand with
the fingers bent ; to contract or double the fingers; to
bend the point of a nail on the other side; to confirm,
to fix ; as, To clinch an argument.
Clinch, khnsh, s. A pun, an ambiguity.
Clincher, klinsh-ur, 5. 98. A c»amp, a holdfast.
To Cling, kling, v. n. To hang upon by twining
round; to dry up, to consume.
Clingy, kling-4, a. Clinging, adhesive
Clinical, klin'-e-kil,
Clinick, klin-ik.
Keeping the bed through sickness.
To Clink, klingk, v. n. 405. To utter a small
interrupted noise.
Clink, klingk, S. 405. A sharp successive noise.
Clinquant, klingk-^nt, a. Shining, glittering.
To Clip, klip, v. a. To embrace, by throwing the
arms round ; to cut with shears ; it is particularly used
of those who diminish coin ; to curtail, to cut short;
to confine, to hold.
Clipper, klip-pur, S. One that debases coin by
cutting.
Clipping, klip-piug, s. The part cut or clipped
off.
Cloak, klike, S. The outer garment; a concealment.
To Cloak, kloke, v. a. To cover with a cloak ;
to hide, to conceal.
ClOAKBAG, klike-bJg, S. A portmanteau, a bag
in which clothes are carried.
Clock, kl6k, s. The instrument which tells the
hour; The clock of a stocking, the flowers or inverted
work about the ankle ; a son fif beetle.
Clockmaker, klftk-m4-kur, s. An artificer
whose profession is to make clocks.
qi
Clockwork, kl&kiwurk, s.
weights or springs.
Clod, kl3d, *. A lump of earth or clay ; a turf,
the ground ; any thing vile, base, and earthly ; a dull
fellow, a dolt.
To Clod, klftd, v. n. To gather into concretions,
to coagulate.
To Clod, kl5d, v. a. To pelt with clods.
Cloddy, klSd-d^, a. Consisting of earth or clods,
earthy; full of clods unbroken.
Clodpate, klSd-pate, S. A stupid fellow, a dolt,
a thickscull.
ClODPATED, klSd-pi-ted, a. Doltish, thought-
less,
Clodpoll, klSd-pole, *. A thickscull, a dolt.
ClofF, klof, S. In commerce, an allowance of two
pounds in every hundred weight. A bag or case in
which goods are carried. — See Clough.
To Clog, klSg, v. a. To load with something that
may hinder motion j to hinder, to obstruct ; to load, to
burthen.
To Clog, kl%, v. n. To coalesce, to adhere; to
be encumbered or impeded.
Clog, klog, s. Any encumbrance hung to hinder
motion ; a hinderance, an obslructior . a kind of ad-
ditional shoe worn by women, to i^eep them from wet;
a wooden shoe.
Clogginess, klSgig^-nes, *. The state of beir.g
clogged.
Cloggy, klSg-ge, a. 283. That which has the
power of clogging up.
Cloister, klois-tur, *. A religious retirement ; a
peristile, a p\azza.
To Cloister, klois-tur, v. a. To shut up in a
religious house; to immure from the world.
ClOISTERAL, kloiS-tur-^1, a. 88. Solitary, retired,
Cloistered, klois-turd, part. a. Solitary, in-
habiting cloisters ; built with peristiles or piazzas.
Cloisteress, klois-tres, s. A mm.
ClOMB, kl6m. Pret. of To Climb.
To ClooM, kloom, v. a. To shut with viscous
matter.
To Close, klize, v. a. 437. To shut, to lay
together; to conclude, to finish; to inclose, to confine;
to join, to unite fractures.
To Close, kloze, v. n. To coalesce, to join its
own parts together; To close upon, to agree upon ; To
close with, or To close in with, to come to an agree-
ment with, to unite with.
Close, klose, s. A small field enclosed.
Close, kloze, *. The time of shutting up ; a
grapple in wrestling; a pause or cessation ; a conclu-
sion or end.
Close, klise, a. 437. 499. Shut fast; without
vent, without inlet ; confined ; compact, concise, brief;
immediate, without any intervening distance or space ;
joined one to another; narrow, as, a close alley; ad-
mitting small distance; hidden, secret, not revealed;
having the quality of secrecy, trusty ; reserved, cove-
tous ; cloudy; without wandering, attentive; full to
the point, home; retired, solitary; secluded from com-
munication ; dark, cloudy, not clear.
Closebodied, kl6se-bftd-id, a. dd. Made tu
fit the body exactly.
Closehanded, kl6se-h4n-ded, a. Covetous;
more commonly Clonefisled.
Closely, kl6seil^, ad. Without inlet or outlet
without much space intervening, nearly; secretly
slily ; without deviation.
Closeness, klose-nes, s. The state of being shut ;
narrowness, straitness; want of air, or ventilation;
compactness, solidity ; recluseness, solitude, retire-
ment; secrecy, privacy; covetousness, sly avarice;
connexion, dependance.
Closep., klo-zuf, S. A finisher, a concluder.
C1.OS.ESTOOL, klose-stotil, *. A chamber imple-
ment.
CLO
CLU
tT- 559. rite 73, far 77, iuU 83, fit 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 163, move 1C4,
Cloven, klo^vn, 103. Part. pret. from Cleave.
Closet, kl»^z-lt, S. 99. A small room of privacy
and ret'neiTiint , a piivate repository of curiosities.
7b Closet, kloz^lt, v. a. To shut up or conceal
ill a closet; to take into a closet for a secret interview.
Closure, klo-zlmre, *. 452. The act of shutting
up; that bv wlii'-h any thing is closed or shut; the
parts enclosing, enclosure; conclusion, end.
Clot, klot, *. Concretion, grume.
'J'o Clot, kl6t, v. n. To form clots, to hang
together; to concrete, to coagulate.
Cloth, klof/j, s. 46'7. Any thing woven for dress
or covering ; the piece of linen spread upon a table :
the canvass on which pictures are delineated ; in the
plural, dress, habit, garment, vesture. Pronounced
Cloze.
To Clothe, kloTHe, v. a. 467. To invest with
garments, to cover with dress; to adorn with dress;
to furnish or provide with clothes.
Clothes, kloze, *. Garments, raiment; those
coverings of the body that are made of cloth.
03- This word is not in Johnson's vocabulary, though
he lias taken notice of it under the word Cloth, and says
it is the plural of that word. With great deference to
liis authority, 1 think it is rather derived from the verb
to clothe, than from the noun c(o(/i, as this word has its
regular plural cloths, which plural regularly sounds the
thus in this, 469, and not as 2, as if written cloze; which
is a corruption that, in my opinion, is not incurable.
I see no reason why we may not as easily pronounce tlie
th in this word as' in the- tliird person of the verb To
clothe.
Clothier, kloTHeiyer, J, 113. A maker of cloth.
Clothing, kloTHe^ing, s. 410. Dress, vesture,
garments.
Clothshearer, kloM-she^r-ur, s. One who
trims the cloth.
Clotpoll, klot'-pile, s. ThickskuU, blockhead.
7'o ClOTTER, klftt-tur, v. n. To concrete, to
coagulate.
CLOrrv, klStite, a. Full ef clots, concreted.
Cloud, kloild, *. Tlie dark collection of vapours in
the air; the veins or stains in stones, or other bodies;
any state of obscurity or darkness.
To ClOUU, kloLld, V. a. To darken with clouds ;
to obscure, to make less evident ; to variegate with
dark veins.
To Cloud, kloud, v. n. To grow cloudy.
Cloudberry, kloud-ber-ri, *. A plant, called
also knotberry.
ClouDCAPT, kluud-klpt, a. Topped with clouds.
Cloudcompelling, kloud-kim-pel-ling, a.
410. An epithet of Jupiter, by whom clouds were sup-
posed to be collected.
Cloudily, kl6ud'-d^-l^, «<?, With clouds, darkly;
obscurely, not perspicuously.
Cloudiness, klou-de-nes, s. The state of being
covered with clouds, darkness; want of brightness.
Cloudless, kloud^les, a. Clear, unclouded,
luminous.
Cloudy, kloud-d^, a. Obscured with clouds ;
dark, obscure, not intelligible ; gloomy of look, not
open, not cheerful ; marked with spots or veins.
Clough, klou, s. 313. The cleft of a hill, a clitf.
03" This word was formerly used to signify an allow-
ance in weight, when it was pronounced as if written
Cloff. Good usage, however, has distinguished these
dirterenl significations by a different spelling ; for though
it is higlily probable these words have the same root, and
tliat they both signify a chasm, a gap, or some excision,
yet to distinguish these ditlerent significations by a dif-
ferent pronunciation only, though a very plausible pre-
text for remedying the imperfections of language, is
really pregnant with the greatest disadvantages to it.—
See Bowl.
Clove, klove. pret. of cicate.
Clove, klove, S. a valuable spice brought from
Ternate; the fruit or seed of a very large tree; some
of the parts into which garlick separates.
Clove-gilliflower, kl5ve-jii'-le-flour, s.
A flower smelling like cloves.
93
Cloven-footed, klo-vn-fiit-ed, \
Cloven-hoofed, kl6-vn-hooft{ j"^'
Having the foot divided into two paits.
Clover, klo-vur, S. A species of trefoil ; To liv«
in clover, is to live luxuriously.
Clovered, kl6-vurd, a. 359.
Covered witli clover.
Clout, kloiit, s. A cloth for any mean use ; a
patch on a shoe or coat ; anciently tlie mark of white
cioth at which archers shot ; an iron plate to an axle-
tree.
To Clout, klout, v. a. To patch, to mend
coarsely; to cover with a cloth j to join awkwardly
together.
Clouted, klou^ted, part. a.
Congealed, coagulated.
ClOUTERLV, klou-tur-le, a. Clumsy, awkward.
Clown, kloun, S. A rustick, a churl ; a coarse ill-
bred man.
Clownery, kIoun'-ur-r5, s. in breeding, chur-
lishness.
Clownish, kloun-ish, a. Consisting of rusticks
or clowns ; uncivil, ill-bred ; clumsy, ungainly.
CloWNISHLY, kloun-ish-lo, ad. Coarsely, rudely.
ClowniSHNESS, kloun-ish-nes, s. Rusticity,
coarseness; incivility, brutality.
Clown's-mustard, kloijnz-mus-turd, s.
An herb.
To Cloy, kloe, v. a. To satiate, to sate, to sur-
feit ; to nail up guns, by striking a spike iTnto the
touch-hole.
CloyleSS, kloiUes, a. That which cannot causa
satiety.
ClOYMENT, kloe-ment, S. Satiety, repletion.
Club, klub, S. A heavy stick ; the name of one of
the suits of cards ; the shot or dividend of a reckoning;
an assembly of good fellows; concurrence, contribu-
tion, .joint charge.
To Club, klub, f . n. fo contribute to a common
expense; to join to one effect.
To Club, klub, v. a. To pay a common reckon-
ing.
ClubheaDED, klub-hed-ed, a. Having a thick
head.
Club-law, klub-law, s. The law of arms.
ClubrooM, klub-room, *. The room in which a
club or company assembles
To Cluck, kluk, v. n. To call chickens as a hen.
ClU.MP, kluni}), S. A shapeless piece of wood j a
small cluster ot trees.
Clumps, klumps, s. A numbscuU.
Clumsily, klum-ze-le, ad. Awkwardly.
Clumsiness, kluin-ze-iies, s. Awkwardness, un-
gainliness, want of dexterity.
Clumsy, klum-ze, a. Awkward, heavy, unhandy.
Clung, klun^. The pret. and part, of Cling.
Cluster, klus'tur, s. 98. A bunch, a number of
tilings of the same kind growing or joined together; a
number ofanimals gathered together; abody of people
collected.
To Cluster, klSs-tur, v. n. To grow in bunches.
To Cluster, klus-tur, v. a. To collect any thing
into bodies.
Cluster-grape, klus^tur-gripe, s. The small
black grape, called the currant.
Clustery, klus^tur-re, a. Growing in dusters.
To Clutch, klutsh, v. a. To hold in the hand;
to gripe; to grasp; to contract, to double the hand.
Clutch, klutsh, j. The gripe, grasp, seizure; the
paws, the talons.
Clutter, klut-tur, s, 98. A noise j a bustle, »
liurry.
COA COC
nor 167, n6t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, THis 469.
To Clutter, klut^tur, v. n. To make a noise or
bustle.
Clyster, klis-tur, S. An injeclion into the anus.
To CoACERVATE, ki-^-ser^vate, v. a. 91. 503, h.
To Iieap up together.
(jO» Every Dictionary but Enlick's has the accent on
the penultimate syllable of this word ; and that this is
the true accentuation, we may gather from the tendency
of the accent to rest on the same syllable as in the Latin
word it is derived from, when the same number of sylla-
bles are in both; as in coacervo and coacertaic— See
Arielate.
CoACERVATiON, ko-fc-slr-va-shun, s.
The act of heaping.
Coach, kitsb, *. A carriage of pleasure, or state.
To Coach, kotsh, v. a. To carry in a coach.
Coach-box, kotsh-bftks, s. The seat on which
the driver of the coach sits.
Coach-hire, kotsh-hire, *. Money paid for tlie
use of a hired coach.
Coach-man, kitshimin, ». 8B. The driver of a
coach.
To CoaCT, ki-ikt{ V. n. To act together in con-
cert.
COACTION, ki-lk-shun, S. Compulsion, force.
CoacTIVE, ko-slkitiv, a. 157. Having the force
of restraining or impelling, compulsory ; acting in
concurrence.
CoADJUMENT; ko-4d-ju-ment, s.
Mutual assistance.
COADJUTANT, ki-^d-jlVt^ut, S. Helping, co-
operating.
Coadjutor, ko-id-ju^tur, a. 166. A fellow
lielper, an assistant, an associate; in the canon law,
onewlio is empowered to perform the dutiesof anotlici
COADJUVANCY, k6-id-ju-v4n-se, S. Help, con-
current help.
COADUNITION, ko-Jd-U-nish-un, S, The con-
junction of different substances into one mass.
To COAGMENT, ko-ig-ment{ v. a. To congregate,
COAGMENTATION, ko-ag-men-tA-shun, *.
Coacervation into one mass, union.
COAGULABLE, ko-A^g-U-l^-bl, U, That which is
capable of concretion.
To Coagulate, ki-itg-u-lAte, v. a. 91 . To force
into concretions.
To Coagulate, ki-%-u-l^te, v. n. To run into
concretions.
Coagulation, k6-ig-u-la-shun, s. Concretion,
congelation ; the body formed by coagulation.
CoAGULATIVE, ko-^g-U-ht-tlV, a. That wliich
has the power of causing concretion.
CoAGULATOR, ki-lg-u-la-tur, s. 521.
That which causes coagulation.
Coal, kile, S. 295. The common fossil fuel; the
cinder of burnt wood, charcoal.
To Coal, kole, v. a. To bum wood to charcoal ;
to delineate with a coal.
Coal-black, k6le-bl4k, «. Black in the highest
degree.
Coal-mine, kole-mlne, s. A mine in which coals
are dug.
Coal-pit, kole^pit, s. A pit for digging coaU.
Coal-stone, kile-stone, s. A sort of canal coal.
Coal-work, kole-wurk, *. A coalery, a place
where coals are found.
Coalery, ki-ler-e, s. A place where coals are dug.
To Coalesce, k6-i-les| v. n. To unite in masses ;
to grow together, to join.
Coalescence, ko-4-les-sSnse, s.
Concretion, union.
(Coalition, ko-i-llsh-un, S. Union in one mass
or body.
Coaly, ki-le, a. Containing coal.
Coaptation, ko-ilp-taishun, s. The adjustment
of parts to each other.
To COARCT, k6-arkt{ v. a. To straiten, to con-
fine; to contract power.
Coarctation, ki-ark-taishun, s. Confinement,
restraint to a narrow space; contraction of any space;
restraint of liberty.
Coarse, korse, a. Not refined; rude, uncivil;
gross; inelegant; unaccomplished by education;
mean, vile.
Coarsely, kJrse^le, ad. Without fineness,
meanly, not elegantly; rudely, not civilly; inelC'
gantly.
Coarseness, korse-nes, s. Impurity, unrefined
stale ; roughness, want of fineness ; grossness, want ot
delicacy; rudeness of manners; meanness, want ol
nicety."
Coast, k6ste, s. Tlie edge or margin of the land
next the sea, the shore ; The coast is clear, the danger
is over.
To Coast, kiste, v. n. To sail by the coast.
To Coast, koste, v. a. To sail by, or near a place.
Coaster, kos-tur, S. He that sails timorously-
near the shore.
Coat, k6te, s. The upper garment ; petticoat, the
habit of a boy in his infancy, the lower part of a wo-
man's dress; vesture, as demonstrative of the office;
the covcriing of any animal; any tegument; that on
which the ensigns armorial are portrayed.
To Coat, kite, v. a. To cover, to invest,
Coat-Card, kote-kard, s, A card having a coa.
on it ; as the King, Queen, or Knave ; now corrupted
into CouTt-Card.
To Coax, kiks, v. a. To wheedle, to flatter.
CoAXER, kiks-ur, S. A whecdler, a flatterer.
Cob, kfib, S, The head or top.
Cob, kob, s. A sort of sea-fowl.
Cobalt, kSb-;tlt, S. a marcasite plentifully im -
pregnated with arsenick.
To Cobble, kftb-bl, v, a. 405. To mend any
thing coarsely ; to do or make any thing clumsily.
Cobbler, kSb-lur, s. 98. a mender of old
shoes ; a clumsy workman in general ; any mean
person.
CobirONS, kSbiurnz, S. irons with a knob at
tlie upper end.
COBISHOP, ki-bish-up, S. A coadjutant bishop.
Cobnut, kSb'-nut, s. A boy's game,
CoBSWAN, kob-swftn, S. The head or leading swan.
Cobweb, kSb-web, S. The web or net of a spider;
any snare or trap.
CocciFEROUS, k&k-siP-fer-rus, a. Plants are so
called that have berries.
Cochineal, kutch-in-eel{ s. 165, An insect
from which a red colour is extracted.
CoCHLEARY, kok-le-^-re, a. 353. Screwform.
COCHLEATED, k&k-le-^-ted, a. Of a screwed or
turbinated form.
Cock, k8k, *, The male to the hen ; the male of
any small birds ; the weathercock that shows the di-
rection of the wind; a spout to let out water or any
other Uouor at will ; the notch of an arrow : the part
of the lockof aKun that svrlkeswith the flint ; a cock-
boat, a smal boat ; « smat. neap oi nay ; the form of
a hat; the style of a dial , the needle of a oalance;
Cock-a-hoop, triumphant, exulting.
To CoCK,kok, V. a. To set erect, to hold bolt up
right; to set up the hat with an air of petulance; to
mould the form of the hat ; to fix tlie cock of a guij
for a discharge; to raise hay in small heaps.
To Cock, kok, v. n. To strut, to hold up the head ;
to train or use fighting cocks.
Cockade, kSk-kadeJ s. A ribband worn in the
hat.
Cockatrice, k6k-i-trlsc, s. 142. A serixint
supposed to rise trom a cock's e^'g.
COD
COF
t> 559. Fke 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164
Cockboat, kftk-bote, S. A small boat belonging
to a ship.
C'OCKBROTH, V&k^hrith, S. Broth made by boil-
ing a cock.
CocKCROWlNG, k&k-kro-ing, S. The time at
which cocks crow.
To Cocker, kftk-kur, v. a. To fondle, to indulge.
Cocker, kok'-kur, s, 98. One who follows the
sport of cock fighting.
Cockerel, kok-kur-ii, s. 555. A young cock.
COCKET, kftk-kit, S. 99. A seal belonging to the
king's custom-house; likewise a scroll of parchment
delivered by the officers of the custom-house to mer-
chants as a warrant that their merchandise is entered.
Cockfight, kSk-fite, *. A match of cocks.
Cockhorse, kftk-horse, a. On horseback, tri-
umphant.
Cockle, kSk^kl, s. 405. A small shell-fish.
COCKLESTAIRS, kfik-kl-StAreS, S, Winding or
spiral stairs.
Cockle, kok-kl, S. A weed that grows in com,
corn-rose.
To (-OCKLE, kftk-kl, V. a. To contract into
wrinkles.
Cockled, kok-kld, a. 359. Shelled or turbinated.
Cockloft, kik-lcift, i. The room over tlie garret.
Cockmaster, k6k-m^-tlir, S. One that breeds
game cocks.
COCKMATCH, kSk-mJtsh, S. Cockfight for a prize.
Cockney, ki^k-n^, s. 270. A native of London j
any effeminate, low citizen.
Cockpit, kftkipit, S. The area where cocks fight ;
a place on the lower deck of a man of war.
Cock'S-COMB, kftks-kAme, *. A plant, lousewort.
Cock's-HEAD, koks-hed, S, A plant, sainfoin.
Cockspur, kok-spur, S. Virginian hawthorn.
A sjjecies of medlar.
Cocksure, kftk-shoor{ a. ConfidenHy; certain.
Cockswain, k&k-sn, *. The officer that has the
command of the cock-boat. Corruptly Com. — See
Soatswain.
COCKWEFD, kokiw^dd, s. A plant, dittander or
Cocoa, ko-ko, *. A species of palm-tree.
COCTILE, kftk-tll, a. 140. Made by baking.
COCTION, kok-shun, S. The act of boiling.
Cod, kdd, 1 ^ sea-fish
Codfish, kSd^fish, /
Cod, kod, s. Any case or husk in which seeds are
lodged.
To Cod, kftd, v. a. To enclose in a cod.
Code, kode, S. A book ; a book of the civil law.
Codicil, kSd-^-Sll, S. An appendage to a will.
CODILLE, ki-dll5 S, A term at ombre and quadrille.
To CODLE, kftd-dl, V. a. 405. To parboil.
03^ How Dr. Johnson could be guilty of so gross an
nversight as to spell this word and its compounds with
one d !s inconceivable. By the general rule of English
pronunciation, as the word stands here, it ought to be
pronounced with the o long, the first syllable rhyming
with go, no, and so. False and absurd, however, as this
Enellmg i*, the veneration I have for Dr. Johnson's au-
thority forbids me to alter it in this Dictionary, though
1 shall never follow it in practice. Perhaps the same ve-
neration induced Mr. Siieridan to let this word stand as
he found it in Johnson. Dr. Kenrick has ventured to
insert another d in the verb; but in the substantive, de-
rived from the present participle Codling, lets it stand
with one d. Some will be apt to think that when d ends
a syllable, and a consonant follows the rf, which begins
snoiher, that the business is done, and that the quan-
tity of the vowel is sufficiently secured : but this is a
mistake; for unless we previously understand the sim-
ft\p, the 0 in the compound, by the general rule, must be
ong. Now the fiTst principle of orthography is, tlmt, if
jioss'ible, the letters should of themselves point out the
.04
sound of the word, without the necessity of recurring to
etymology to find out the sound of the letters; and that
we should never have recourse to etymology, but where
fixing the sound would unsettle the sense. Thus Cuddling,
a kind of apple, ought to be written with double d, both
because it determines the sound of the 0, and shows its
derivation from the verb to Coddle. And Codling; a small
cod fish, ought to have but one d, because putting two,
in order to fix the sound of o, would confound it with an-
other word. To write Saddler, therefore, with one d, as
we frequently see it on shops, is an error against the first
principles of spelling; as, without necessity, it obliges
us to understand the derivation of the word before we are
sure of its sound. The word Stabling and Stabler, for
stable-keeper in Scottend, with the word Fabled in Mil-
ton, all present their true sound to the eye without know-
ing their primitives ; and this essential rule has gene-
rated the double consonant in the participles and verbal
nouns, beginning, regretted, complotler, kc. But this
rule, rational and useful as it is, is a thousand times
violated by an affectation of a knowledge of the learned
languages, and an ignorant prejudice against clusters of
consonants, as they are called. Thus couple, trouble,
double, treble, and triple, have single consonants, be
cause their originals in Latin and French have no more,
though double consonants would fix the sound of the
preceding vowels, and be merely double to the eye.
Codling, kftd-ling, *. An apple generally codled }
a small codfish.
Coefficacy, k6-ef^f^-ki-s^, s. The power of
several things acting together.
CoEFFrciENCY, ki-ef-fish^en-sj, s. Co-oiieration,
the state of acting together to some single end.
Coefficient, kA-ef-fish-ent, s. That which
unites its action with the action of another. — See
Efface.
Coemption, k5-em^shun, *. 412. The act of
buying up the whole quantity of any thing.
Coenobites, sen-6-bltes, s. 156. An order of
monks who had all things in common.
Coequal, ki-e-qu^l, a. Equal.
Coequality, ko-e-quil-e-te, s. The state of
being equal.
To Coerce, ko-ersej v. a. To restrain, to keep
in order by force.
Coercible, ko-erise-bl, a. That may be
restrained ; that ought to be restrained.
Coercion, k6-er-shun, S, Penal restraint, check.
Coercive, ko-er-siv, a. That which has the
power of laying restraint; that which has the autho-
rity of restraining by punishment.
CoeSSENTJAL, ki-es-senishil, a. Participating
of the same essence.
Coessentiality, ko-es-sen-she-ctl-^-te, *.
Participation of the same essence. — See Efface.
Coetaneous, ki-e-ta-ne-us, a. Of the same age
with another.
COETERNAL, k6-e-ter-n4l, a. Equally eternal
with another.
Coeternally, ki-e-ter'nitl-le, ad. In a state
of equal eternity with another.
Coeternity, kA-i-ter-n^-te, s. Having existence
from eternity equal with another eternal being.
Coeval, ko-e-vAl, a. Of the same age.
Coeval, k6-e-v3.1, S, A contemporary.
L'OEVOUS, ko-e-vus, a. Of the same age.
To Coexist, ko-eg-zistj v. n. 478. To exist at
the same time.
Coexistence, k6-eg-zis-tense, s. Existence at
the same time with another.
Coexistent, ko-eg-zis-tent, a. Having existence
at the same time witli another.
To Coextend, k6-eks-tend{ v. a, 477. To ex-
tend to the same space or duration with another.
Coextension, ko-ek-5ten-shun, ». The state of
extending to the same space with another.
Coffee, kSf-fe, s. The berries of the coffee-free}
a drink made by the infusion of those berries in iiot
water,
COG
COK
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, 'mis 469.
Coffee-house, k6f-f^-house, s. A house where
coffee is sold.
Coffee-man, kSf-fJ-mJn, s. 88. One that keeps
a coffee-house.
Coffee-pot, kSf^fiJ-pSt, *. The covered pot in
which coffee is boiled.
Coffer, kof^fur, s. A chest generally for keeping
money ; in fortification, a hollow lodgment across a
dry moat.
0^ I have in this word followed the general pronuncia-
tion, wliich I see is confirmed by Dr. Kenrick, W. John-
ston^ Messrs. Perry, Scott, and Buchanan; for as it
stands in Mr. Sheridan with the o long, though not with-
out respectable usage on its side, it is a gross irregularity,
which ought, if possible, to be reduced to rule.
To Coffer, kSWur, v. a. To treasure up in
chests.
Cofferer, kftf'fur-ur, s. 555. A principal
ottirer of his Majesty's court, next under the comp-
troller.
Coffin, kSf^fin, s. The chest in which dead
bodies are put into the ground; a mould of paste for
a pie i Cuffin of a horse, is the whole hoof of the foot
above the coronet, including the coffin-bone.
To Coffin, kSf-iln, v. a. To enclose in a coffin.
To Cog, k<1g, v. a. To flatter, to wheedle ; to ob-
trude by falsehood J To cog a die, to secure it, so as to
direct its fall.
7'o Cog, kftg, V, n. To lie, to wheedle.
Cog, ki*g, S. The tooth of awheel, by which it acts
upon another wheel.
To Cog, k6g, v. a. To fix cogs in a wheel.
Cogency, ki-jen-S^, S. Force, strength.
Cogent, kA-jent, a. Forcible, resistless, con-
vincing.
Cogently, ki-jent-l5, ad. Witli resistless force,
forcibly.
Cogger, kftg-lir, S. A flatterer, a wheedler.
Cogglestone, kftgigl-stine, jr. A little stone.
Cogitable, kftdij^-ti-bl, a. 405. What may
be the sulyect of thought.
Tb Cogitate, kftdij^-titejV. M. 91. To think.
Cogitation, kSd-j^-ti^shun, s. Thought, the
act of thinking ; purpose, reflection previous to action ;
meditation.
Cogitative, kSd-j^-ti-tiv, a. Having tlie
power of thought ; given to meditation.
Cognation, kog-na^shun, *. Kindred, relation,
participation of the same nature.
CoGNisEE, k8g-n^-zie| or kSn-i-zMj s.
He to whom a fine in lands or tenements is acknow-
ledged.— See Cognizance.
CoGNisouR, k8g-iie-zorJ or kSn-^-zorJ s. 314.
Is he that passeth or acknov/ledgelh a fine.
Cognition, kSg-nish-un, s. Knowledge, complete
conviction.
Cognitive, kSg-n^-t!v, a. Having the power of
knowing.
Cognizable, kSg^ni-zS-bl, or kSn-i-zi-bl, a.
405. That falls under judicial notice; proper to be
tried, judged, or examined.
Cognizance, kftg-nJ-zSnse, or k6n-^-zJiise, s.
Jifdicial notice, trial; a badge, by which any one is
known.
CC^ I have in this word and its relatives given the fo-
rensic pronunciation ; but cannot help observing, that it
is so gross a departure from the most obvious rules of the
language, that it is highly incumbent on the gentlemen
of the law to renounce it, and reinstate the excluded g
in its undoubted rights.— See Authority and Cleff.
CoGNOMiNAL, k^g-iiSm^^-nil, a. Having the
same name.
CoGNOMiNATioN, kftg-nSm-i-n^-shun, s.
A surname, the name of a family} a name added from
any accident or quality.
Cognoscence, k6g-n6s-sense, s. Knowledge.
COGNOSCIBLE, k%-lifts-si-bl, «. Tliat may be
known.
55
To Cohabit, k6-b4b-it, v. n. T<> dwell with
another in the same place ; to live together as husband
and wife.
Cohabitant, ki-h4b-^-tSnt, s. An inhabitant o:
the saine place.
Cohabitation, ki-bib-e-ti-sbun, *. The state
of inhabiting the same place with another; the state
of living together as married persons.
Coheir, ko-arej s. One of several among whom
an inheritance is divided.
Coheiress ko-a-ris, s. 99- A woman who has
an equal share of aninheritance.
To Cohere, k6-h^re{ v. n. To stick together;
to be well connected ; to suit, to fit ; to agree.
Coherence, ki-hjirense, \
Coherency, ki-h^^reii-si, J *'
That state of bodies in which their parts are joined
together, so that they resist separation ; connexion,
dependency, the relation of parts or things one to an-
other; the texture of a discourse; consistency in rea-
soning, or relating.
Coherent, ki-h^irent, a, sticking together;
suitable to something else, regularly adopted j con-
sistent, not contradictory.
.ohesion, k6-he-zhun, *.
Cohesion, k6-he-zhun, *. The act of sticking
together; the state of union; connexion, dependence.
Cohesive, kA-he^siv, a. 158. 428. That has
the power of sticking together.
Cohesiveness, ki-h^-siv-nes, s, Tlie quality of
being cohesive.
7'o COHIBIT, ki-hibiit, v. a. To restrain, to
hinder.
To Cohobate, kiihi-bite, v. a. 91. To pour
the distilled liquor upon the remaining matter, and
distil it again.
CohOBATION, ki-hi-bi-shun, S. A returning of
any distilled liquor again upon what it was withdrawn
from.
Cohort, ki-hort, S. A troop of soldiers, con-
taining about five hundred foot ; a body of warriors.
Cohortation, k6-bor-ta-shun, s. Incitement.
Coif, koif, s. 344. 415. The head-dress, a cap
See Quoif.
Coifed, koift, a, 359. Wearing a coif.
To Coil, koil, v. a. To gather into a narrow com-
pass.
Coil, koil, S. Tumult, turmoil, bustle; a rope
wound into a ring.
Coin, kum, s. A comer, called often quoin.
Coin, kum, 5. Money stamped with a legal im-
pression ; payment of any kind.
To Coin, kom, v. a. To mint or stamp metals for
money; to forge any thing, in an ill sense.
Coinage, koin-aje, s. 91. The act or practice of
coining money ; coin, money ; the chaiges of coining
money ; forgery, invention.
To Coincide, ki-in-slde{ v. n. To fall upon the
same point; to concur.
Coincidence, ki-m-si-dense, s. The state of
several bodies or lines falling upon the same point;
concurrence, tendency of things to the same end.
Coincident, k6-in-si-deiit, a. Failing upon tiie
same point; concurrent, consistent, equivalent.
CoiNDiCATiON, ko-in-de-ki-sbiin, s. Many
symptoms betokening the same cause.
Coiner, koin-ur, S. 98. A maker of money, a
minter; a counterfeiter of the king's stamp; an in-
ventor.
To CoJOIN, ko-joinj v. n. To join with another.
CoISTREL. kois-tnl, *. A coward hawk.
CoiT, koit, S. 344. 415. Any thing thrown at a
certain mark. — See Quoit.
Coition, ko-isb-un, S. Copulation, the act of
generation; the act by which two bodies come together.
Coke, k6ke, S. Fuel made by burning pit-coal
under earth, and quenching the cinders.
COL
COL
le- 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— me 93, met 95— plne'lOS, pin 107— nu 162, move IGt,
.#-t . 1 2i/i4__ l?_^ . t n" . . .. * fnr in thUrasp tlipre is a sprnnHarv nrnpnt rtn fl>p fir«»
Colander, kul'l^n-dur, 5. 165. A sieve through
which a mixture is poured, and wliich retains the
tliiclier parts.
COLATION, ko-la-shun, S. Tlie art of filtering or
straining.
COLATURE, kftl-i-tslmre, s. 461. Tlie art of
straining, filtration; the matter strained.
CoLBERTiNE, kol-ber-teenj s, 112. A kind of
lace worn by women.
Cold, ko!d, a. Chill, Imvhig the sense of cold ;
having cold qualities, not volatile; frigid, witliout
passion; unaffecting, unable to move the passions;
reserved, coy, not affectionate, not cordial j chaste;
not welcome.
Cold, kAlil, S, The cause of the sensation of cold,
the privation of heat ; the sensation of cold, chilness ;
a disease caused by cold, the obstruction of perspira-
tion.
COLDLV, kild-le, ad. Without heatj without
concern, indifferently, negligently.
Coldness, kfild-nes, S. AVant of heat; uncon-
cern ; frigidity of temper ; coyness, want of kindness ;
chastity.
Cole, kole, ")
CoLEWORT, kile-wurt, 165. J '
COLICK, kftl-lk, S. It strictly is a disordei; of the
colon ; but loosely, any disorder of the stomach or
bowels that is attended with pain.
COLICK, kftl-lk, «. Affecting the bowels.
7'o Collapse, ko\-)Aps( v. m. To close so as that
one side touches tlie otiier ; to fall together.
COLLAPSION, kil-lip-shun, s. The state of vessels
closed ; the act of closing or collapsing.
Collar, kul-lur,*. 418. 88. A ring of metal put
round tlie neck; the harness fastened about the horse's
neck ; To slip the collar, to disentangle himself from
any engagtment or difficulty ; A collar of brawn, is the
quantity bound up in one parcel.
CoLLAR-BONE, kSl-lur-botie, S. The clavicle, the
bones on each side of the neck.
I'o Collar, kol-lur, l'. a. To seize by the collar,
to take by the throat ; To collar beef or other meat, to
roll it up and bind it hard and close with a string or
collar.
To Collate, kftl-lite| v. a. To compare one
thing of the same kind with another ; tocollate books,
to examine if nothing be wanting; to place in an ec-
clesiastical benefice.
Collateral, kol-lit-ter-il, a. Side to side ;
running parallel ; diffused on either side; those that
stand in equal relation to some ancestor; not direct,
not immediate ; concurrent.
Collaterally, kftl-l^t-ter-il-l5, ad. Side by
side; indirectly; in collateral relation.
Collation, kSl-la-shun, s. The act of conferring
or bestowing, gift; comparison of otie thing of the
same kind with another; in law, collation is the be-
stowing of a benefice; a repast.
CoLLATITIOUS, k6l-l3.-tish-lls, a. Done by the
contribution of many.
Collator, kftl-la'-tur, s. 166. One that com-
pares copies, or manuscripts; one who presents loan
ecclesiastical benefice.
To COLLAUD, kftl-lawd,' v. a. To join in praising.
CoLLEACiUE, kol-lecg, 5. 492. A partner in oftice
or employment.
To Colleague, kul-leeg,' v. a. To unite with.
7'o Collect, kftl-luktj v. a. To gather together;
to draw many units into one sum : to gain from obser-
vation ; to irifer from premises ; To collect himself, to
recover from surprise.
Cr5- In scarcely any part of the language does the in-
fluence of accent on the sound of the viwels appear more
pcrcei)tibly than in the prepositional syllables, Col, Com,
Con, and Coi; When the accent is on these syllables, in
rollesc, commissaiy, conclave, corrigible, &c. &c. the o has
distinctly its short sound. The same may be observed of
this 0, when the principal accent is on the third syllable,
diid the secondary accent on the first, i33 ; as in culon-
natle, comvien'lalion, conUescetision, correspondcnl, &r, &c.
y6
for in this case there is a secondary accent on the first
syllable, which preserves the o in its true sound, 52a ; hut
when the accent is on the second syllable, this vowel
slides into a sound like short «, and the words To collect.
To commit. To convince, To corrupt, &c. &c. are heard as
if written culled, cummit, cunvince, curmpt, &c. &c. It
is true, that when these words are pronounced alone
with deliberation, energy, and precision, the o in the
first syllable preserves nearly its true sound ; but this
seems to slide insensibly into short u the moment we
unite these words with others, and pronounce them with
out premeditation. The deliberate and solemn sound is
that which I have given in this Dictionary ; nor have I
made any difference between words where the accent is
on the second syllable; and why Mr. Sheridan, and those
who have followed him, should in combust, commute,
complete, &c. &c. give the sound of short o in from; and
in command, comm.xt, commence, &c. &c. give the same let"
ter the short sound of « in drum, I can not conceive ; they
are all susceptible of this sound or none, and therefore
should all be marked alike. If custom be pleaded foi
this distinction, it may be observed that this plea is the
best in the world when it is evident, and the worst when
obscure. No such custom ever fell under my observa-
tion; I have always heard the first syllable of compare
and compel, at commence and compose, pronounced alike,
and have therefore made no distinction between them in
this Dictionary. I have given them all the soiuid of the
0 in comma; though I am sensible that, in collo(]uial pro-
nunciation, they all approach nearer to the short n, and
are similar to the same syllables in comfort, cotnbat, &c.
And it maybe laid down as a general rule, without an
exception, " that o in an initial syllable, immediately
" before the accent, and succeeded by two uncombinable
"consonants, may, in familiar conversation, be pro-
" nounced like the same letter in come, done, &c."
Collect, kftl-lekt, S. 492. Any short prayer.
CoLLECTANEOus, kSl-lek-ta-ne-us, a.
Gathered together.
Collectible, kol-lek^te-bl, a. That which
may be gathered from the premises.
Collection, kSl-lek-shun, 5. The act of gather-
ing together; the things gathered together ; a consec-
tary, deduced from premises.
Collectitious, kftl-lek-tish-us, a.
Gathered together.
Collective, kSl-lek-tiv, a. Gathered into one
mass, accumulative; employed in deducing cmise-
quences ; a collective noun expresses a multitude,
though itself be singular, as, a company.
Collectively, k$l-lek.^tiv-le, ad. In a general
mass, in a body, not singly.
Collector, kftl-lek-tur, s. 166. A gatherer; a
tax-gatherer.
CoLLEGATARY, kSl-leg^i-tH-re, s. A person to
whom is left a legacy in common with one or more.
College, kSl-ledJe, s. 91. A community; a
society of men set apart for learning or religion ; the
house in which the collegians reside.— See To Collect.
Collegial, k5l-leye-al, a. Relating to a college.
Collegian, kol-le-je-;in, *. An inhabitant of a
college.
Collegiate, k6l-leye-:ite, a. 91. Containing
a college, instituted after the manner of a college ; a
collegiate church, was such as was built at a distance
from the cathedral, wherein a number of presbyter*
lived together.
Collegiate, kftl-le-je-ate, s. A member of
a college, an university man.
Collet, kol-llt, s. 99. Something that wert
about the neck; that part of a ring in which the stone
IS set.
To Collide, kftl-lldej v. a. To beat, to dash, to
knock together.
Collier, kol-yur, s. 113. A digger of coals |
a dealer in coals ; a ship that carries toals.
Colliery, kftKyur-e, *. 113. The place where
coals are dug ; the coal trade.
CoLLii- LOWER, kol-le-fl6u-ur, s.
A kind of cabbage.
CoLLiGATiON, kSl-le-ga-shun, *.
A binding together.
CoLLiMATiON, kftl-le-ma-shun, s. Aim.
COL
COM
nor 167, nJt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, Tliis 469.
CoLLiNEATiON, kftl-lin-e-a-shun, s.
The act of aimir.g.
COLLIQUABLE, kSl-llkiw^-bl, O.
Easily dissolved.
COLLIQUAMENT, kSl-llk^wi-ment, S. The sub-
stance to which any thing is reduced by being melted.
Colli QUANT, kSl-l^-kw^nt, S. That which has
the power of melting.
To CoLLiQUATE, k&l-l^-kwite, V. a. 91.
To melt, to dissolve.
COLLIQUATION, kol-le-kwa^shun, s. The act of
melting ; a lax or diluted state of the fluids in animal
bodies.
Colliquative, k6l-lik-w^-tiv, a.
Melting, dissolvent.
COLLIQUEFACTION, kSl-llk-wJ-flk^shuD, *.
The act of melting together.
Collision, k6l-lizh-un, s. The act of striking
two bodies together ; the state of being struck together ;
a clash.
To Collocate, kSlM6-kite, v. a. 91.
To place, to station.
Collocation, kSl-lo-ki-shun, s. The act of
placing ; the state of being placed.
CoLLOcuTioN, kftl-l6-ku'-shun, s.
Conference, conversation.
To Collogue, k^l-logj v. n. 337.
To wheedle, to flatter.
COLLOP, kol-lup, S. 166. A small slice of meat;
a piece of an animal .
Colloquial, kil-li-kwe-4l, a. Relating to con-
versation or talking.
Colloquy, kftl-l6-k\ve, s. Conference, conversa-
tion, talk.
CoLLUCTANCY, k6l-luk-tin-sJ, s.
Opposition of nature.
COLLUCTATION, kil-luk-tiishuH, S. Contest,
contrariety, opposition.
To Collude, k&l-lude{ v. n. To conspire in
a fraud.
Collusion, kftl-lu-zhun, S. A deceitful agree-
ment or compact between two or more.
Collusive, kil-lu^siv, a. 158. 428.
Fraudulently concerted.
Collusivelv, k&l-lu-siv-l5, ad. In a manner
fraudulently conceited.
COLLUSORY, kSl-luisur-l, a. 557. Carrying on
a fraud by secret concert.
COLLY, kftl-le, s. The smut of coal.
CoLLYRiUM, Kil-lirirfi-um, ». 1 13. An ointment
for the eyes.
CoLMAR, kol-mJr, S. A sort of pear.
Colon, ko-lSn, S. A point [:] used to mark a
pause greater than that of a comma, and less than that
of a period ; the greatest and widest of all the intes-
tines.
Colonel, kur-nel, S. The chief commander of a
regiment.
C:> This word is among those gross irregularities which
must be given up as incorrigible.
COLONELSHIP, kur^nel-ship, *. The office or
character of colonel.
To Colonise, kiKo-nIze, v. a. To plant with
inhabitants.
Colonnade, k6l-li-nide{ s. ' A peristile of a
circular figure, or a series of columns disposed in a
circle ; any series or range of pillars.— See To Collect.
Colony, k&Ui-nJ, s. A body of people drawn
from the mother-country to inhabit soffe distant place ;
the country planted, a plantation.
Colophony, ki-lof^i-ne, s. Besin.
Coloquinteda, k6l-lo-kwin-te-di, s.
The fruit of a plant of the same name, called bitter
apple. It is a violent purgative.
ColoratE, k6l'-6-rate, a. 91. Coloured, dyed.
97
Coloration, kJl-6-ri-shun, *, The art or practice
of colouring ; the state of being coloured.
COLORIFICK, kftl-lo-nf^ik, a. That has the
power of producing colours.
Colosse, ki-lftsj \
Colossus, ki-lis-sus, /
A statue of enormous magnitude.
COLOSSEAN, kSl-l8s-sei^n, a. Giantlike.
See European.
Colour, kuUlur, S. 165.314. Tlie appearance of
bodies to the eye, hue, dye ; the appearance of blood in
the face; the tint of the painter; the representation
of any thing superficially examined; palliation; ap-
pearance, false show ; in the plural, a standard, an
ensign of war.
To Colour, kul-lur, v. a. To mark with some
hue or dye ; to palliate, to excuse ; to make plausible.
Colourable, kuKlur-i-bl, a. 405.
Specious, plausible.
Colourably, kftl'lur-i-ble, ad.
Speciously, plausibly.
Coloured, kul-lord, part. a. 359. Streaked,
diversified with hues.
Colouring, kul-lur-ing, s. 410. The part of
the painter's art which teaches to lay on liis colours.
COLOURIST, kul'lur-!st, S. A painter who exceli
in giving the proper colours to his designs.
Colourless, kul-lur Its, a. Without colour,
transparent.
Colt, kolt, S. A young horse ; a young foolish
fellow.
To Colt, kilt, v. a. To befool. Obsolete.
CoLTS-FOOT, kolts-fut, S. A plant.
Colts-tooth, kolts-toofA,' *. An imperfect tooiu
in young horses ; a love of youthful pleasure.
Colter, kol-tur, S. The sharp iron of a plough.
Coltish, kilt^ish, a. Wanton.
CoLUMBARY, k6-lura-bi-re, s. A dove-cote,
pigeon-house.
Columbine, kftl-um-blne, s, 148. A plant with
leaves like the meadow-rue; the name of a female cha-
racter in a pantomime.
Column, kfil-lum, S. 411. Around pillar; any
body pressing vertically upon its base ; a long file or
row of troops ; half a page, when diviaed into two
equal parts by a line passing through the middle.
Columnar, k6-luminar, "l
CoLUMNARiAN, kul-um-na-re-in, /
Formed in columns.
Colures, ki-lurz| s. Two great circles supposed to
pass through the poles of the world.
Coma, kS-mi, *. 91. a lethargy.
COMATE, ki-mitej S. Companion.
Comatose, k6m-J-tiseJ a. Lethargic.
See Appendix.
Comb, kime, S. 347. An instrument to separate
and adjust the hair; the top or crest of a cock; the
cavities in which the bees lodge their honey.
To Comb, kime, v. a. To divide and adjust the
hair ; to lay any thing consisting of filaments smooth,
as to comb wool.
Comb-brush, kome-brush, s. A brush to clean
combs.
Comb-maker, kome-mi-kar, *. One whose trade
is to make combs.
7b Combat, kum-bAt, V. M. 165. To fight.
To Combat, kum-b^t, v. a. To oppose.
See To Collect.
Combat, kum-bit, s. 18. Contest, battle, duel
Combatant, kum-ba-tant, s. He that fights
with another, antagonist; a champion.
Comber, ki-mur, s. He whose trade is to dis-
entangle wool, and lay it smooth for the spinner.
Combinablf, k6m-bUni-bl, a. That may be
joined togetl*r; consistent.
li
COM
COM
559 The 73, far 77, fall 83, fsltSl— mlpS, metgS— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
CoMBiNATE, k6m-bJ-nAte, a. 91.
Betrothed, promised.
Combination, kSm-bl-ni^shun, s. Union for
some certain purpose, association, league; union of
bodies, commixture, conjunction; copulation of ideas.
To Combine, k8ra-bine{ v. a. To join together;
to linlc in union ; to agree, to accord; to join to^etlier,
opposed to Analyze.
To Combine, kftm-blnej v. n. To coalesce, to
unite with each other; to unite in friendship or design,
often in a bad sense.
COMBLESS, kim-les, a. Wanting a comb or crest.
Combust, kSm-bust{ a. A planet not above eight
degrees and a half from the sun, is said to be Combust.
See To Collect.
Combustible, kSm-bus^ti-bl, a.
Susceptible of fire.
Combustibleness, kSm-busit^-bl-nes, s.
Aptness to take fire.
Combustion, kftm-bus-tshun, *. 291. Conflagra-
tion, burning, consumption by Are; tumult, hurry,
Ijubbub.
To Come, kuftl, v. a. To remove from a distant
to a nearer place, opposed to Go ; to dravf near, to ad-
vance towards ; to move in any manner towards an-
other ; to attain any condition ; to happen, to fall
out ; To come about, to come to pass, to fall out, to
change, to come round; To come again, to return ; To
come at, to reach, to obtain, to gain ; To come by, to
obtain, to gain, to require; To come in, to enter, to
comply, to yield, to become modish ; To come in for,
to be early enough to obtain; To come in to, to join
v»ith, to bring help; to comply with, to agree to; To
come near, to approach in excellence ; To come of, to
proceed, as a descendant from ancestors ; to proceed,
as effects from their causes ; To come off, to deviate,
to depart from a rule, to escape; to come off from, to
leave, to forbear; To come on, to advance, to make
progress; to advance to combat; to thrive, to grow
big ; To come over, to repeat an act ; to revolt ; To
come out, to be made publick, to appear upon trial, to
be discovered ; To come out with, to give vent to ; To
come to, to consent or yield ; to amount to ; To come
to himself, to recover his senses ; To come to pass, to
be effected, to fall out ; To come up, to grow out of the
ground ; to make appearance ; to come into use ; To
come up to, to amount to, to rise to; To come up
with, to overtake ; To come upon, to invade, to attack ;
To come, in futurity.
Come, kum, int. Be quick, make no delay.
Come, kum. A particle of reconciliation.
" Come, come, at all I laugh he laughs no doubt."— Pope.
Comedian, ki-meide-in, s. 293. 376. A player
oractor of comick parts; a player in general, an actress
or actor.
Comedy, kSmimi-d^, s. A dramatick representa-
tion of the lighter faults of mankind.
Comeliness, kiim^l4-nes, *. Grace, beauty,
dignity.
Comely, kum-1^, a. 165. Graceful, decent.
Comer, kum'mur, s. 98. One that comes.
Comet, kSm-it, *. 99. A heavenly body in the
planetary region appearing suddenly, and again dis-
appearing.
CoMETAKY, k8m-mJ-tir-^, 512
Cometick, ko-mk^ik, 509
Relating to a comet.
Comfit, kum-f^t, 5. 165. A kind of sweetmeat.
COMFITURE, kum-fe-tshure, «. 461. Sweetmeat.
To Comfort, kum-furt, v. a. 165. To strengthen,
to enliven, to invigorate ; to console, to strengthen
the mind under calamity.
Comfort, kum^furt, s. 98. Support, assistance;
countenance; consolation, support under calamity;
that which gives consolation or support. — See To Col'
led.
Comfortable, kum-fur-t^-bl, a. Receiving com-
fort, susceptible of comfort, dispensing comfort.
Comfortably, kum-fur-ti-blc, ad. With rom-
<ort, without despair.
m
h
Comforter, kum-fur-tur, S. One that administers
consolation in misforiuiies ; the citle of the third per-
son in the Hi>ly Trinity ; the paraclete.
Comfortless, kum-furt-les, a. Without comfort.
Comical, k3m-rae-kjl, a. Raising mirth, merry '
diverting ; relating to cnmedy, befitting comedy.
Comically, kSmime-kAl-l^, ad. in such a
manner as raises mirth; in a manner befitting co-
medy.
CoMICALNESS, k8m-me-kil-nes, S. The quality
of being comical.
Comick, kftm-inik, a. Relating to comedy ;
raising mirth.
Coming, kum-ming, 5. 410. The act of coming,
approach ; state of being come, an ival.
Coming-in, kum-ming-inj S. Revenue, income.
Coming, kum'ming, a. Forward, ready to come;
future, to come.
Coming, kum-ming, pari. a. Moving from some
other to this place ; reariy to come.
CoMiTiAL, ko-mish^-ll, a. Relating to tlie
assemblies of the people.
Comity, k6m-e-t^, S. Courtesy, civility.
Comma, kSmimlt, S. 92. The point which denotes
the distinction of clauses, marked thus [,].
To Command, k6ra-mand{ v. a. 79- To govern,
to give orders to ; to order, to direct to be done ; to
overlook ; to have so subject as that it may be seen.
To Command, kftm-mandj v. n. To have the
supreme authority.
Command, kim-mand{ S. 79. The right of com-
manding, power, supreme authority; cogent authority,
despotism ; the act of commandmg, order. — See To
Collect.
(C5> The propensity of the unaccented o to fall inti the
sound of short u is no-whcre more perceptible than in
the first syllables of words beginning with col, com, con,
or cor, when the accent is on the second syllable. Thus
the 0 in to collect and college; in commend and comment f
in connect and consul; in correct and corner, cannot be
considered as exactly the same in all : the o m the first
word of each of these pairs has certainly a differen
sound from the same letter in the second ; and if we ap-
predate this sound, we shall find it coincide with that
which is the most nearly related to it, namely the short
u. I have not, however, ventured to substitutet his u : not
that I think it incompatible with the most correct and
solemn pronunciatiort, but because where there is a pos-
sibility of reducing letters to their radical sound without
hurting the ear, tins radical sound ought to be the model;
and the greater or less departure from it, left to the so-
lemnity or familiarity of the occasion. To foreigners,
however, it may not be improper to remark, that it
would be always better for them to adopt the n instead of
o; this will secure them from the smallest impropriety ;
for only natives can seize such nice distinctions as some-
times divide even judges themselves. Mr. Sheridan was
certainly of ooinion that this unaccented o might be pio-
noiinced iiKe u, as he has so marked it in command, com-
mence, commission, and commend; though not in com-
mender; and in compart, though not in comparative; but
in almttst every other word where this o occurs, lie has
given it the sound it has in constant. Mr. Scott has ex-
actly followed Mr. Sheridan in these words, and Dr. Ken
rick has uniformly marked them all with the short sound
of 0. Why Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott should make any
difference in the first syllables of these words, where the
letters and accents are exactly the same, I cannot con-
ceive : these syllables may be called a species ; and, if
the occasion were not too trifling for such a comparison,
it might be observed, that as nature varies in individual^
but is uniform in the species, so custom is sometimes
varied in accented syllables, which are definitely and
strongly marked, but commonly more regular in unaa
cented syllables, by being left, as itwere, tothecommot
operation of the organs of pronunciation.— See the words
Collect and Domestick.
Commander, kftm-mlnidur, s. He that has tlie
supreme authority, a chief; a paving beetle, or a very
great wooden mallet.
Commandery, k^m-man-dur-re, s. A body of
tne knights of Malta, belo.nKing to the same nation.
Commandment, kiin-mand-nient, s. Mando",
command, order, precept; authuntv, pow<'i ; i-^ "■ •
COM
COM
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— /Ain 466, this 469.
of eminence, the precepts of the Decalogue given by
God to Moses.
COMMANDRESS, kSm-Itlan-dreS, *. A woman
vested with supreme authority.
COMMATEKIAI., kSm-mi-teir^-ll, a. Consisting
of the same matter witli another.
CoMMATERiALlTY, V^m-mK-th-xh-kV-h-ik, S.
Resemblance to something in its matter.
CoMMEMORABLE, kom-meni'Tno-ri-bl, «.
Deserving to be mentioned with honour.
T'oCo.MMEMORATE.kom mem-mi-rate, I/. a. 91.
To preserve the memory oy some punlick act.
Commemoration, kom-mem-inA-rA-shun, s.
An act of piiblick celebration.
Commemorative, kftm-mem-mi-ra-tiv a. 157.
Tending to preserve the memory of any thing.
To Commence, kom-meiise,' v. n. To begin, to
make beginning; to take a new character. — See To
Collect.
To Commence, kSm-menseJ v. a. To begin, to
make a beginning of, as, to commence a suit.
Commencement, kSm-menseiment, s. Begin-
ing, date; the time when degrees are taken in a uni-
versity.
To Commend, k6tn-mend( v. a. To represent as
worthy of notice, to recommend; to mention with
approbation j to recommend to remembrance.
Commendable,
{kom-men-da-bl, \
kom-men-da-bl, j
. kSm-men^
Laudable, worthy of praise.
03- This word, like Acceptable, has, since Johnson
wrote his Dictionary, shifted its accent from tlie second
to the first syllable. The sound of the language certainly
suffers by these transitions of accent. However, when
custom has once decided, we may complain, but must
still acquiesce. The accent on the second syllable of this
word is grown vulgar, and there needs no other reason
for banishing it from polite pronunciation.
CoMMENDADLY, k6m-men-d3.-bl^, ad.
laudably, in a manner worthy of commendation.
CoMMENDAM, kSm-men-ditm, s. A benefice,
wliicli, being void, is commended to thecliarge of some
sutticient clerk to be supplied until it be provided with
a pastor.
Commendatary, k8m-men-d4-t;l-r^, s. 51'2.
One wbo holds a living in cummendam.
Commendation, kSm-men-di'-sbun, *.
Hecommendation, favourable representation ; praise,
declaration of esteem. — See 7'o Colled.
Commendatory, k8m-menM4-tur-re, a. 512.
Favourably representative; containing praise.
Commender, kftm-men-dur, s. Praiser.
Commensality, kftm-men-sil-^-te, s.
Fellowship of table.
Commensurability, kom-men-shi-r^-biU^-t^,
s. Capacity of being compared with another as to the
measure, or of being measured by another.
Commensurable, kSm-men-shu-ri-bl, a. 452.
Reducible to some common measure, as a yard and
foot are measured by an inch.
CoMMENSURABLENESS,k&m-menishu-ri-bl-nes,
s. Commensurability, proportion.
7'o Commensurate, kSm-menishu-rate, v. a.
91. To reduce to some common measure.
Commensurate, kSm-meiiisht!t-rAte, a. 91.
Reducible to sfime common measure ; equal, propor-
tionable to each other.
Commensurately, kSm-men-shu-rite-le, ad.
With the capacity of measuring, or being measured by
some other thing.
toMMENSURATioN, kom-men-shu-ra-shun, ».
Reduction of some things to some common measure.
To Comment, kSm^ment, v. n. To annotate, to
write notes, to expound.
Comment, kftm-ment, s. 498. Annotations on an
author, notes, exposition-
COMMENTARY, kftm-men-tJ-rJ, S. An exposition,
annotation, remark; a memoir; narrative in familiar
)nauner>
Commentator, kJim-men-ti'-tSr, s. 521.
Expositor, annotator.
Commenter, kfim-men^tur, s. An explainer, no
annotator.
Commentitious, kSm-men-t!sh-us, a.
Invented, imaginary.
Commerce, kom-merse, s. Exchange oJ one
thing lor another, trade, traffick.
To Commerce, kom-mersej v. n.
To hold intercourse.
(t:^ Milion has, by the license of his art, accented
this verb according to the analogy of dissyllable nouns
and verbs of the same form. 49-2.
And looks wmmercing with the »kies,
" Thy wrapt soul sitting in thy tyts." Pfnsirioso.
But this verb, like To Comment, would, in proffi, require
the accent on the first syllable as in the noun. Though
Akenside has taken the same liberty with this word as
Milton had done with that —
" the sober real
' Of age conimeHting ou prodigrions things."
Pleasures of hnti^natioH
Commercial, k6m-mer-shil, a. Relating to
commerce or trafiick.
Com MERE, kSm-mare,' s. French.
A common mother. Not used.
To Commigrate, k8m-mi-grate, v. n. To re-
move by consent, from one country lo anollier.
Commigration, k8m-me-gr:i'shun, s. A removal
of a people from one country to anotiier.
Commination, kftm-m^-nA^shun, *. A threat, a
denunciation of punishment; the recital of God's
threatenings on slated days.
Comminatory, kSm-m!n^n4-tui--e, a. 512.
Denunciatory, threatening.
To Commingle, k6ni-ming-gl, v. a. To mix
into one mass, to mix, blend.
To Commingle, kSm-ming^gl, v. n. To unite
with another thing.
COMMINUiBLE, kSm-mill-ll-e-bl, a. Frangible,
reducible to powder.
To Comminute, k5ra-m^-nutej v. a. To grind,
to pulverisf.
Comminution, kom-me-nii-shun, *. Tiie act of
grinding into small parts, pulverisation.
Commiserable, kJm-miz-er-^-bl, «. Worthy of
compassion, pitiable.
To Commiserate, k5m-miz-er-ite, v. a. 91.
To pity, to conipitssionate.
Commiseration, kftm-miz-er-a-shun, s.
Pity, compassion, tenderness.
Commissary, kSm-mis-sir-e, s. An officer made
occasionally, a delegate, a deputy; such as exercise
spiritual jurisdiction in placesof the diocess far distant
from the chief city ; an officer who draws up lists of an
army, and regulates the procuration of provision. — See
To Collect.
CoMMissARiSHiP, k8mimis-s^r-e-ship, s.
The office of a commissary.
Commission, kSm-mish^un, *. The act of
intrusting any thing ; a trust, a warrant by which any
trust is held; a warrant by which a military office is
constituted; a charge, a mandate, office; act of com-
mitting a crime : sins of commission are distinguished
from sins of omission ; a number of people joined in a
trust or office ; the state of that which is intrusted to
a number of joint officers, as, the broad seal was put
into commission; the «. Her by which a factor trades
for another person.
To Commission, kftm-nfeh-un, v. a.
To emijower, to appoint.
Commissioner, kom-mish-un-ur, *. 98.
One included in a warrant of authority.
Commissure, kftm-m-isliiure, s. Joint, a placo
where one part is joined to anothei.
3^ Commit, kom-mit^ v. a. To intiust, to give
in trust ; to put in any place to be kept sale ; to send
to prison, to imprison ; to perpetrate, to du a fault,—
See ;'« C«U«ct.
COM
COM
559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— mi 93/met 95— pine 105, fin 107— ni 162, move 164,
(K5» This word was first used in Junius's Letters in a
sense unlsnown to our former Eni^lisVi writers ; namely,
10 expose, to venture, to hazard. Tliis sense is borrowed
from tlie French, and has been generally adopted by
subsequent writers.
Commitment, kftm-mit-ment, s. Act of sending
to prison ; an order for sending to prison.
Committee, kftm-mit^te, s. Those to whom the
consideration or ordering of any matter is referred,
eitlier by some court to whom it belongs, or by consent
of parties.
(K?» This word is often pronounced improperly with the
accent on the first or last syllable.
Committer, kSm-mit'tur, s. Perpetrator, lie
that commits.
COMMITTABLE, kSm-mitit4-bl, a. Liable to be
committed.
To Commix, k6m-miksj v. a. To mingle, to blend.
COMMIXION, kSm-mik-shun, S. Mixture, in-
corporation.
Commixture, kSm-miks-tshure, s, 291.
The act of mingling, the state of being mingled; the
mass formed by mingling different things, compound.
Commode, kSm-m6de{ S. The head-dress of a
woman.
Commodious, k6m-mi'-de-us, or kSm-mo^je-
US, a. 293, 294. 376. Convenient, suitable,
accommodate J useful, suited to wants or neces-
sities.
CoMMODiousLY, kSm-m6-de-us-le, ad.
Conveniently; without distress; suitably to a certain
purpose.
CoMMODiousNESS, kSm-mi'-de-us-nes, s.
Convenience, advantage.
Commodity, kftm-m8d-e-ti, S. Interest, ad-
vantage, profit ; convenience of time or place ; wares,
merchandise.
Commodore, k6m-mi-d6re{ s. The captain who
commands a squadron of ships. .,
03" This is one of those words which may have the
accent either on the first or last syllable, according to
its position in the sentence. Thus we say, " The voyage
" was made by Commotlore Anson ; for though he was
" made an admiral afterwards, he went out as Commo-
" dure," 524. 528.
Common, kftm-mun, a. 166. Belonging equally
to more than one; having no possessor or owner;
vulgar, mean, easy to be had, not scarce ; publick, ge-
neral ; mean, without birth or descent; frequent, use-
ful, ordinary; prostitute.
Common, kSm-mun, s. An open ground equally
used by many persons.
To Common, kSm-mun, v. n. To have a joint
right with others in some common ground.
Common Law, kSm-mun-lawJ s. Customs which
nave by long prescription obtained the force of laws,
distinguished from the Statute Law, which owes its au-
thority to acts of parliament.
Common Pleas, k5m-mun-pleezj s. The king's
court now held in Westminster Hall, but anciently
moveable.
Commonable, kSm'mun-^-bl, a. \
Held in common.
Commonage, kftmimun-aje, s. 90. The right
of feeding on a common.
Commonalty, kSm-mun-4l-te, s. The common
people; the bulk of mankind.
Commoner, kSm^un-ur, s. 98. One of the
common people ; a man not noble ; a member of the
house of commons; one who has a joint right in com-
mon ground ; a student of the second rank at the uni-
versity of Oxford ; a prostitute.
CoMMONiTiON, kSm-mi-nishiun, s.
Advice, warning.
Commonly, kSm-mun-li, ad. Frequently, usually.
Commonness, kftm-mun-nes, s. Equal participa-
tion among many; frequent occurrence, frequency.
To Commonplace, kom-mun-pUseJ v. «.
To reduce to general heads.
100
Commonplace Book, kSm-mun-pklseihook,
A book in which things to be remembered are ranged
under genera! heads.
Common-place, kom-mun-plase, a.
Ordinary; not uncommon.
Commons, kSm^munz, s. 166. The vulgar, tlie
lower people; the lower house of parliament, by which
the people are represented ; food, fare, diet.
Commonweal, kftm-miin-weei; 528. \
Commonwealth, kSm^mun-wel//t, /
A polity, an established form of civil life: thepuhlick,
the general body of the people; a government in which
the supreme power is lodged in the people, a republick.
^3- These words have the accent either on the first 01
last syllable; but the former is accented more frequently
on the last, and the latter on the first. — See Commodore.
Commorance, kSm-mo-ranse, 1
Commorancy, ktim-mo-r^n-se,/
Dwelling, habitation, residence.
Commorant, kftm'-mo-rant, a.
Resident, dwelling.
Commotion, kOm-mo-sbun, s. Tumult, dis.
turbance, combustion; perturbation, disorder of mind,
agitation.
Commotioner, kftm-mo-shun-ur, s. A disturber
of the peace.
To Commove, kora-moove{ v. a. To disturb, to
unsettle.
To Commune, k5m-mune{ v. n. To converse, to
impart sentiments mutually.
Communicability, kSm-mfi-ni-k^-b1l-i-t^, s.
The quality of being communicated.
Communicable, kSm-mu-ni-ki-bl, a. That
which may become the common possession of more
than one ; that which may be imparted or recounted.
Communicant, kftm-mu-ne-kint, s. One who
is present, as a worshipper, at the celebration of the
Lord's Supper.
To Communicate, kim-mu^ne-kate, v. a.
To impart to others what is in our own power; to re-
veal, to impart knowledge — See To Command.
To Communicate, kom-mu-ne-kite, v. n. 91
To partake of the blessed sacrament ; to have sonic
thing in common with another, as. The houses com
municate.
Communication, k5m-mu-ne-ka-sbun, s.
The act of imparting benefits or knowledj^e ; common
boundary or inlet ; interchange of knowledge ; confe-
rence, conversation.
Communicative, kftm-mu^ne-k^-tiv, a.
Inclined to make advantages common, liberal of
knowledge, not selfish.
Communicativeness, kSm-mu-ne-k3.-t1v-nes,
s. The quality of being communicative.
CaMM UNION, k<W-mune-yun, s. Intercourse,
fellowship, common possession ; the common or pub-
lick celebration of the Lord's Supper; a common or
publick act; union in the common worship of any
church, 113.
Community, k6m-mu-n^ te, 5. The common-
wealth, the body politick; common possession; fre-
quency, commonness.
Commutability, k8m-mu-til-bil'e-t^, s.
The quality of being capable of exchange.
Commutable, kom-mti-ti-bl, «. That may be
exchanged for something else.
Commutation, k8in-mu-ta-sbun, s. Change,
alteration; exchange, the act of giving one thing for
another ; ransom, the act of exchanging a corporal for
a pecuniary punishment.
Commutative, kom-muit^-tlv, «. 157.
Relative to exchange.
To Commute, kfim mute! v. a. To exchange, to
put one thing in the place of another; to buy off, tr
ransom one obligation by another. — See To Collect.
To Commute, kSm-mtiteJ v. n. To atone, to
bargain for exemption.
CoMMUTUAL, kftm-muitshu-dl, a. 461.
mutual, reciprocal.
COM COM
nSr 167, nSt 163--tube ITl, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, THi3"469.
Compact, kSm-p4kt, S. 492. A contract, an ac-
cord, an agreement.
To Compact, kSra-p4ktJ v. a. To join together
with firmness, to consolidate; to make out of some-
thing; to league with : to join together, to bring into
a system.
Compact, kSm-p^kt( a. 494. Firm, solid, close,
dense j brief, as, a compact discourse.
Compactedness, k6m-pik-ted-n?s, s.
Firmness, density.
Compactly, kSm-paktile, ad. Closely, densely j
with neat joining.
Compactness, k5in-p4kt-nes, s.
Firmness, closeness.
Compacture, k8m-p4kitshure, s. 461.
Structure, compagination.
Compages, kftm-pi-jes, s. A system of many
parts united.
Compagination, kSm-p^d-j^-na-shun, s.
Union, structure.
Companion, kom-pan-yun, s. 113. One with
whom a man frequently converses, a partner, an asso-
ciate J a familiar term of contempt, a ftllow.
Companionable, k5m-p4n-yun-S-bl, a.
Fit for good fellowship, social.
CoMPANiONABLY, kSm-p^n-yun-i-blJ, ad.
In a companionable manner.
Companionship, kira-p^niyun-ship, *.
Company, train, fellowship, association.
Company, kum-pi-ne, 5. 165. Persons assembled
together; an assembly of pleasure ; persons considered
as capable of conversation ; fellowship ; a number of
persons united for the execution of any thing, a band ;
persons united in a joint trade or partnership ; a body
corporate, a corporation ; a subdivision of a regiment
of foot; To bear company, to associate with, to be a
companion to ; To keep company, to frequent houses
of entertainment.
7'o Company, kum-pi-ne, v. a. To accompany,
to be associated with. Obsolete.
To Company, kum-pA-nJ, v. n. To associate
one's self with. Not used.
Comparable, kftin-p4-rJ-bl, a. Worthy to be
compared, of equal regard. — See Academy, Acceptable,
Commendable, and Incomparable.
Comparably, kftm-plt-rJ-bl^, ad. In a manner
worthy to be compared.
Comparative, k8m-pJrii-t1v, a. Estimated by
comparison, not absolute 5 having the power of com-
paring; in grammar, the comparative degree expresses
moi'e of any quantity in one thing than in another, as
the right hand is the stronger.
Comparatively, kSm-pirii-tiv-l^, ad. in a
state of Comparison, according to estimate made by
comparison.
To Compare, kfim-pdrej v. a. To make one
thing the measure of another, to estimate the relative
goodi\cs3 or badness. — See To Collect.
Compare, k8m-pare{ S. Comparative estimate,
comparison 5 simile, similitude. — See To Command.
Comparison, kSm-pir^i-sun, *. The act of
comparing; the state of being compared; acompara-
tive estimate; a simile in writing or speaking; in
grammar, the formation of an adjective through its
various degrees of signification, as strong, stronger,
strongest.
£7- I have inserted the vowel in the last syllable of
this word, because in solemn pronunciation some speak-
ers may think it proper to preserve it; but in common
and unpremeditated speaking, I am convinced it falls
into tlie general analogy, and is sunk as much as in
lieason. Season, Prison, &c. 103. 170. — See To Collect.
To Compart, kSm-pirtJ v. a. To divide.
Compartiment, k&m-part-e-ment, s. A division
of a picture, ot design,
COMPARTITION, kSm-par-tish'-un, S. The act of
comparting or dividing; the parts marked out or sepa-
rated, a separate part.
Compartment, kim-partiment, *. Division.
To Compass, kum^pus, v. a. 165, To encircle,
101
to environ, to surround; to obtain, to procure, to at-
tain ; to take measures preparatory to any thing,d*. to
compass the death of the king.
Compass, kum-pus, s. 88. 165. Circle, round}
space, room, limits; enclosure, circumference; a de-
parture from the right line, an indirect advan<;e ; mo-
derate space, moderation, due limits; the power of
the voice to express the notes of musick; the instru-
ments with which circles are drawn; the instrument
composed of a needle and card, whereby mariners steer.
Compassion, k6m-pish-un, s. Pity, commisera-
tion, painful sympathy.
To Compassion, kSm-pHshiun, v. a.
To pity. Not used.
Compassionate, kftm-pishiun-ite, a. 91.
Inclined to pity, merciful, tender.
To Compassionate, kSm-pHsh^un-ate, v. a. 91.
To pity, to commiserr.te.
Compassionately, k6in-p^sh^un-ite-l^, ad.
Mercifully, tenderly.
Com PATERNITY, k5m-pi-ter-ni-te, s. The state
of being a godfather.
Compatibility, kSm-p4t-e-biUe-te, s.
Consistency, the power of co-existing with something
else.
Compatible, kftm-pJt^e-bl, a. Suitable to, fit
for, consistent with; consistent, agreeable.
(t5- Mr. Nares observes, that this word ought to be
written compelible, because it comes from the Latin
competo.
Compatibleness, kSm-pit-e-bl-nes, s.
Consistency.
Compatibly, k8m-pit-J-ble, ad. Fitly, suitably.
CoMPATiENT, kSni-pi-sbent, a.
Suffering together.
Compatriot, kftm-pi-trJ-ut, s. 166. One of
the same country.
Compeer, kftm-pi^rj S. Equal, companion, col-
league.
To Compeer, kSm-pJerJ v. a. Tn be equal with,
to mate. Not used.
To Compel, kftm-pel{ v. a. To, force to some
act, to oblige, to constrain; to take by force or vio-
lence See To Collect.
Compellable, kftm-pel'-lJ-bl, a. That may be
forced.
CoMPELLATiON, kom-pel-lA-shun, s. The style
of address, as, Sir, Madam, &c.
CoMPELLER, kSm-peUlur, s. He that forces
another.
CoMPEND, kSm-pend, S. Abridgment, summary,
epitome.
CoMPENDiARious, kfim-pen-j^-a-re-us, a, 294.
Short, contracted.
CoMPENDiosiTY, kim-pen-j^-6s-J-t^, s. 294.
Shortness.
Compendious, k6m-pen-je-us, «. Short, sum-
mary, abridged, compiehensive.
Compendiously, k6m-penyi-us-le, ad. 294.
Shortly, summarily.
CoMPENDiousNESS, kSui-pen-je-us-ncs, s. 294.
Shortness, brevity.
Compendium, k6m-pen-j^-um, s. Abridgment
summary, brcviate.
Compensable, kSm-pen-s^-bl, a. That whicn
may be recompensed.
To Compensate, k8m-p?n-site, v. a. 91.
To recompense, to counterbalance, to countervail.
Compensation, kSm-pen-sa-shun, s.
Recompense, something equivalent.
Compensative, kSm-pen-s^-tiv, a.
That compensates.
To Compense, kom-p?;nseJ v. a. To compensate,
to counterbalance ; to recompense.
Competence, kftm-pe-tense,
Competency, komipe-ten-s^.
Such a ouantityof any thing as is sufficient; a fortune
J'
COM
COM
es- 559. Fate 73, fir 77, f^USS, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164
equal to the necessities of life; flie power or capacity
of a judge or court.
Competent, kftni-pe-tent, a. Suitable, fit,
adequate, proportionate; without defect or superfluity;
leasonabie, moderate; qualified, fit; consistent with.
Competently, k5ni-pe-tent-l^, ad. Reasonably,
moderately ; adequately, properly.
COMPETIBLE, k6m-pet-e-bl, a. Suitable to, con-
sistent with.
CoMPETiBLENESS, kftm-pet-^-bl-Hes, s.
Suitableness, fitness.
Competition, kftm-p^-tish-un, *. Rivalry, con-
test; claim of more than one to one thing.
CoMPETitOR, kSm-pet-^-tur, s. A rival, an
opponent.
Compilation^ kom-pi-lAishun, s. A collection
from various authors ; an assemblage, a coacervation.
To Compile, k6m-plle{ v. a. To draw tip from
various authors ; to write, to compose.
Compilement, k3m-plleiment, *. The act of
heaping up.
Compiler, kSm-pI-lur, *. A collector, one who
frames a composition from various authors.
Complacence, kim-pli-sense, \
Complacency, kSm-pU-sen-si,/
Pleasure, satistaction, gratification; civility, complai-
sance.
Complacent, k6m-pla-sent, a. Civil, affable,
mild.
To Complain, k8m-pline' v. n. To mention
with sorrow, to lament; to inform against.
Complainant, kom-pla-nint, *. One who urges
• suit against anotber.
toMPLAINRR, k5m-piA-nur, S. One who com-
plains, a lamenter.
Complaint, k6m-plint{ S. Representation of
pains or injuries; the cause or subject of complaint ;
a malady, a disease; remonstrance against.
Complaisance, kom-pl^-zinsej s. Civility,
desire of pleasing, act of adulation.
Complaisant, kSm-ple-zdnt^ a. Civil, desirous
to please.
COMPLAISANTI.V, kftm-pl^'-zinl-le, ad. Civilly,
with desire to please, ceremoniously.
CoMPLAisANTNESS, k6m-pll-z4ut-nes, *.
Civility.
7b CoMPLANATE, kftm-plA-nitc, 503. \
To CoMPLANE, kSni-planeJ J
To level, to reduce to a flat surface.
Complement, kSmipl^-ment, s. Perfection,
fulness, completion; complete set, complete provision,
the full quantity.
Complete, kOm-pleteJ a. Perfect, full, without
afiy defects ; finished, ended, conclsded. — See To Coi-
lect.
To Complete, kftm-pl^tej v. a. To perfect, to
finish.
Completely, kSm-pleteM^, ad. Fully, perfectly.
Completement, kom-plete-ment, *. The act
of completing.
Completeness, kftm-pllte-nes, s. Perfection.
Completion, kSm-ple-shun, *. Accomplishment,
act of fulfilling ; utmost height, perfect state.
Complex, kSm-pleks, a. Composite, of many
parts, not simple.
Complexeoness, k8m-plekised-nes, s. 365.
Complication, involution of many particular parts in
one integral.
Complexion, kftm-pltk^shun, s. Involution of
one thing in another ; the colour of the external parts
of any body ; the temperature of the body.
COMPLEXIONAL, kSm-plek^shun-^l, a. Depend-
ing on the complexion or temperament of the body.
CoMPLEXiONALLY, k3ra-plek-shun-4l-le, ad.
ty complexion,
102
Complexity, k6m-pleks-^-ti, *. state of bemg
complex.
Complexly, kSm^pleks-l^, ad. in a complex
manner, not simply.
Complexness, kdm-pleks-nes, s. The state at
being complex.
Complexure, kSm-plekishure, s. 452. The
involution of one thing with others.
(try- The s in the composition of x in this word, agree-
ably to analogy, goes into the sharp aspiration sh, as it
is preceded by the sharp consonant k : in the same man-
ner as the s in p(easK)e goes into the flat aspiration zh, as
it is preceded by a vowel, 479.
Compliance, kSm-pll-inse, *. The act of yield-
ing, accord, submission; a disposition to yield to
others.
Compliant, kSm-plU^nt, a. Yielding, b«iding|
civil, complaisant.
To Complicate, kSm'pl4-cite, v. a. To tn-
tangle one with anotlter, to join; to unite by in-
voluiion of parts; to form by complication; to
form by the union of several parts into one in-
teK.al.
Complicate, kom'pl^-kate, a. 9I. Compounded
of a multiplicity of parts.
Complicateness, kini-ple-kAte-nes, 5. The
state of being complicated, intricacy.
Complication, kom-ple-ka-shun, *. The act
of involving one thing in another; the integral con-
sisting of many things involved.
Complice, kom-pllS, S. One who Is united with
others in an ill design, a confederate.
(!;?• This word is only in use among the lowest vulgar
as a contraction of Accomplice.
CoMPLIER, kSm-pll-ur, *. A man of an easy
temper.
Compliment, kSm-pl^-ment, s. An act or ex.
pression of civility, usually understood to mean less
than it declares.
To Compliment, kSm-pll-ment, v. a. To sooth
with expressions of respect, to flatter.
ComPlimental, kSm-pll-men-til, a. Expressive
of respect or civil ity.
Complimentally, kSm-pl^-men-t4l-ll, ad.
In the nature of a compliment, civilly.
CoMPLiMEN TER, kftm-pl^-men-tur, s. One given
to compliments, a flatterer.
To CoMPLORE, k&m-plAre{ v, n. To make
lamentation together.
CoMPLOT, kSm-plot, *. A confederacy in some
secret crime, a plot.
<^n~ I have in this word followed Mr. Sheridan's accen-
tuation, as more agreeable to analogy than Dr. J<>hnscin's,
and have diflTered from both in the noun comport, for the
same reason, 49'i.
To CoMPLOT, k6m-plSt{ V. a. To form a plot, to
conspire.
COMPLOTTER, k8m-pl6t-tur, *. A conspirator,
one joined in a plot.
To Comply, k6m-pllj v. n. To yield to, to be
obsequious to.
Component, k6m-p6-nent, a. That constitutes
a compound body.
To Comport, k5m-p6rt{ v. n. To agree, to suit.
To Comport, k6m-p6rt{ v. a.
To bear, to endure.
Comport, kftm-pirt, *. 49'2. Behaviour, conduct.
COMPORTABLE, k5m-p6riti-bl, a. Consistent.
CoMPORTANCE, kim-piritlnse, \ « . .
Comportment, k8m-portiment, /
To Compose, k6m-p6zej v. a. To form a mass
by joining different things together ; to place ai>y thing
in Its proper form and method ; to dispose, to put in
the proper state ; to put together a discourse or sen-
tence; to constitute by being parts of a whole; to
calm, to quiet ; to adjust the mind to any business ; to
adjust, to settle, as to compose a diflference ; with
printers, to arrange the letters; in musick, to form a
tune from the difterent musical notes,— See To CoUeeU
COM
COM
n8r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub l7Z, b&ll 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, this 469.
'OMPOSED, k6tii-p&zd' part. a. Calm, serious,
even, sober.
Composedly, kSm-pA-zed-le, ad, 364.
Calmly, seriously.
OMPOSEDNESS, k8m-p&-zed-nes, s. 365.
Sedateness, calmness.
ioMPOSER, k6m-p6-zur, s. An author, a writer j
lie that adapts the musick to words.
Composite, k6m-pftziit, ff. 140. The composite
order in architecture is the last of the five orders, so
named because its capital is composed out of those of
the other orders ; it is also called the Roman and Italick
order.
Composition, kSm-pi-zish^Sn, s. The act of
forming an integral of various dissimilar parts ; the act
of bringing simple ideas into complication, opposed to
analysis; a mass formed by mingling different ingre-
dients; the state of being compounded, union, con-
junction ; the arrangement of various figures in a pic-
ture; written work; the act of discharging a debt by
paying part) consistency, congruity ; in grammar, the
joining words together; a certain method of demon-
stration in matheniaticks, which is the reverse of the
analytical method, or of resolution.
Compositive, k6m-p6z-^-tlv, a. Compounded,
or having the power ofcomponnding.
Compositor, k&m-p8z-^-tur, *. He that ranges
and adjusts the types in print! n-g.
Compost, k&m-p&st, s. Manure.
Composture, k5m-pisitshire, s. 461.
Soil, manure. Not used.
Composure, kSm-piizhire, *. 452. The act of
composing or inditing; arrangement, combination,
order; fhe form arising from the disposition of the va-
rious parts ; frame, m-ake; relative adjustment ; com-
position, framed discourse; sedateness, calmness, tran-
?uiility; agreement, composition, settlement of dif-
erences.
CoMPOTATiON, kJm-pi-t4-shun, s. The act of
drinking together.
'OMPOTATOR, k6m-pi-tAitur,
OMPOTOR, kSm-pi-tur,
One that drinks with another.
K?- I have not found either of these words in any of
our Dictionaries, and have ventured to place them here
only as conversation words : the former as the more
usual, the latter as more correct. They are neater ex-
pressions than any in our language, and convey a much
less offensive idea than a pot companion, a good fellow,
&c. &c.
To Compound, k6m-p8und{ v. a. To mingle
many ingr<dients together; to form one word from
one, two, or more words ; to adjust a difference, by
recession from the rigour of claims; to discharge a
debt, by paying only part.
To Compound, kSm-pound^ v. n. To come to
terms of agreement, by abating something; to bargain
in the lump.
Compound, k6m-pound, a. 492. Formed out of
many ingredients, not single ; composed of two or
more words.
Compound, kSmipound, s. 492. The mass
formed by fhe union of many ingredients,
Compoundable, k8m-pounidk-bI, a.
Capable of being compounded.
Compounder, kSm-poun-dur, s. One who
endeavours to bring parties to terms of agreement; a
mingler, one who mixes bodies.
To Comprehend, kSm-pr^-hendJ v. a. To com-
prise, to include ; to contain in the mind, to conceive.
omprehensible, kftm-pr^-hen^si-bl, a.
Intelligible, conceivable.
""omprehensibly, k6m-pr^-henis^-bl^, ad.
With great power of signification or understanding.
Comprehension, kim-pre-henishun, *.
The acl or quality of cemprising or containing, inclu-
sion ; summary, epitome, compendium; knowledge,
capacity, power of the mind to admit ideas.
Comprehensive, k6m-pr^-hen-siv, a. Having
the power to comprehend or understand j having the
<|uality of comprising much.
103
•}'
Comprehensively, kSm-pr^-henislv-ll, ad.
In a comprehensive manner.
Comprehensiveness, kSm-pr^-henisiv-nes, »,
The quality of including much in a few words, or nai»
row compass.
To Compress, kftm-presj v. a. To force into •
narrow compass ; to embrace.
Compress, kftm-pres, s. 492. Bolsters of linen
rags.
CoMPRESSiBUiTY, k6m-pres-s^-biUl^-t^, s.
The quality of admitting to be brought by force into a
narrower compass.
Compressible, k6m-presis^-bl, a. Yielding to
pressure, so as that one part is brought nearer to au-
ollier.
Compressibleness, k6m-pres-se-bl-nes, s.
Capability of being pressed close.
Compression, k^m-presh-un, s. The act of
bringing the parts of any body more near to each other
by violence.
Compressure, kSra-presk-shure, s. 452.
The act or force of one body pressing against another.
To Comprint, k6m-prlnti v. a. To print
together; to print another's copy, to the prejudice of
the rightful proprietor.
To Comprise, k$m-prlzej v. a. To contain, to
include.
CoMPROBATiON, k(5m-pri-biishun, s.
Proof, attestation.
Oompromise, k8ra-pr&-mlse,*. A mutual promis*
of parties at difference, to refer their controversies to
arbitrators ; an adjustment of a difference of parties by
mutual concessions.
To Compromise, k8m-pr6-mlze, v. a. To adjust
a compact by mutual concessions, to accord, to agree*
CoMPROMissoRiAL, k8m-pr6-m'{s-si-r^-il, a.
Relating to compromise.
Comprovincial, k8m-pri-vin-shil, a. Belonging
to the same province.
COMPT, kount, *. 407. Account, computation,
reckoning. Not used.
To CoMPT, kount, v. a. To compute, to number.
We now use To Count.
COMPTIBLE, koun-tl-bl, a. Accountable, ready to
give account. Obsolete.
To CoMPTROLL, k6n-trilU v. a. 84. 406.
To control, to over-rule, to oppose.
Comptroller, k6n-tr6-lur, s.
Director, supervisor.
Comptrollership, kSn-tri-lur-ship, *.
Superintendence.
CoMPULSATiVELY, k6m-pul-si-tiv-le, ad.
By constraint.
CoMPULSATORY, k6m-pul-si-tiir4, a. Havhig
the force of compelling, 512. — See Domestick.
Compulsion, k6m-pul-sbun, S. The act of com-
pelling to something, force; tlie state of being com-
pelled.
Compulsive, kSm-pul-siv, a. Having the power
to compel, forcible.
Compulsively, k8m-pul-siv-l^, ad. By force,
by violence.
Compulsiveness, kSm-pul-siv-nes, s.
Force, compulsion.
CoMPULSORiLY, k6m-puUs6-re-l5, ad. In a
compulsory or forcible manner, by violence.
Compulsory, kftm-pfiUsur-l, a. 512. Having
the power of compelling. — See Domestick.
Compunction, kftm-pungkishun, *. The power
of pricking, stimulation; repentance, contrition.
Compunctious, k&m-pungkishus, a. Repentant.
Compunctive, kSm-pungk'-tiv, a.
Causing remorse.
Compurgation, kSm-pur-giishun, s.
The practice of justifying any man's veracity by the
testimony of anotlier.
CON
CON
>}«.
e^ 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m? 93,'met'95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162,'move 164^
Compurgator, kftm-pur-gja-tur, s. One who
bears his testimony to the credibility of another.
Computable, kSm-pu-t^-bl, a. Capable of
being numbered.
Computation, k$m-pu-ti-shun, s. The act of
reclioning, calculation; the sum collected or settled
by calculation.
To Compute, k6m-putej v. a. To reckon, to
calculate, to count.
Computer, kSm-jJU-tur, s. Reckoner, accountant.
COMPUTIST, kftm-pu-tist, S. Calculator, one
skilled in computation.
Comrade, kum-rAde, 5. 165. One who dwells in
the same house or chamber ; a companion, a partner.
Con, kon. A Latin inseparable preposition, which,
at the beginning of woids, signifies union, as con-
course, a running together.
Con, kSn, ad. An abbreviation of contra. On the
opposite side, against another, u, to dispute ;)ro and
con.
To Con, k6n, v. a. To know j to study ; to fix in
the memory.
To Concamerate, kSn-klm-l-rdte, v. a. 91.
408. To arch over, to vault.
To Concatenate, k&n-kit-^-nite, v. a. 91.
To link together.
Concatenation, kSn-kit-5-ni-shun, s.
A series of links.
Concavation, kSng-ki-viishun, s. The act of
making concave.
63- As the secondary accent is on the first syllable of
this word, and the n comes before hard c, it has the ring-
ing sound as much as if the principal accent were upon
it, 408, 409. 432.
Concave, kftiigikive, a. 408, 409. 432.
Hollow^, opposed to convex.
Concaveness, kJng^kive-nes, s. HoUowness.
Concavity, kon-kiv-e-t4, s. Internal surface of
a hollow spherical or spheroidical b>/dy.
Concavo-concave, kSn-ka'-vA-k6ng^kive, a,
408. Concave or hollow on both sides.
Concavo-convex, kJn-ki-vo-kftn-veks, a.
Concave one way, and convex the other.
CoNCAVOUS, k6n-k;l-vus, a. Concave.
Concavously, kJn-ka'-vus-le, ad.
With hollowness.
To Conceal, k6n-sele{ v. a. To hide, to keep
secret, not to divulge.
Concealable, k8n-se-li-bl, a. Capable of being
concealed.
Concealedness, kSn-si-led-nes, s.
Privity, obscurity.
Concealer, k6n-se-lur, s. He that conceals any
thing.
Concealment, k6n-s^le-ment, *. The act of
hiding, secrecy; theslateof being hid, privacy; hiding
place, retreat.
To Concede, kftn-sede{ v. a. To admit, to grant.
Conceit, k5n-sete{ S. Conception, thought, idea;
understanding, readiness of apprehension ; fancy, fan-
tastical notion ; a fond opinion of one's self; a plea-
sant fancy > Out of conceit with, no longer fond of.
To Conceit, k5n-sete{ v. a. To imagine, to
believe.
Conceited, kftn-sJ-ted, part. a. Endowed with
fancy J proud, fond of himself ; opinionative.
Conceitedly, kSn-si-ted-l^, ad.
Fancifully, whimsically.
Conceitedness, kftn-se-ted-nes, s. Pride, fond-
ness of himself.
Conceitless, k6n-seteiles, a. Stupid, without
thought.
Conceivable, k&n-s^-vi-bl, a. That may be
imagined or thought; that may be understood or be-
lieved.
104
Conceivableness, k6n-se-vi-bl-nes, s.
The quality of being conceivable.
Conceivably, k6n-se-v4-ble, ad.
In a conceivable manner.
To Conceive, kon-sevej v. a. To form in the
womb; to form in the mind; to comprehend, to un-
derstand ; to think, to be of opinion.
To Conceive, k6n-s^ve{ v. n. To think, to have
an idea of; to become pregnant.
CONCEIVER, kSn-se-vur, s. One that understands
or apprehends.
Concent, kftn-sentj s. Concert of voices, harmony ^
consistency.
To Concentrate, k6n-senitrite, v. a. 91.
To drive into a narrow compass ; to drive towards the
centre.
Concentration, kftn-sen-tr^-shun, s.
Collection into a narrower space round the centre.
To Concentre, kSn-seiiitur, v. n. 416.
To tend to one common centre.
To Concentre, k6n-sen^tur, v. a. To direct
or contract towards one centre.
Concentrical, kSn-sen-tr^-kAl,
CoNCENTRicK, kSn-sen'tnk,
Having one common centre.
Conceptacle, k6n-sep-ti-kl, s. 405. That in
which any thing is contained, a vessel.
Conceptible, kSn-sepit^-bl, a. Intelligible,
capable to be understood.
Conception, kon-sep-shun, *. The act of cen-
ceiving, or quickening with pregnancy; tlie state of
being conceived; notion, idea; sentiment, purpose;
apprehension, knowledge; conceit, sentiment, pointed
thought.
Conceptious, k6n-sep-shus, a. Apt to conceive,
pregnant.
Conceptive, kSn-sep-tlv, a. Capable to conceive.
7'o Concern, kSn-sern{ v. a. To relate to; to
belong to; to affect with some passion ; to interest, to
engage by interest ; to disturb, to make uneasy.
Concern, kftn-sernj J. Business, affair ; interest,
engagement, importance, moment; passion, afiVction,
regard.
CoNCERNiNG, kSn-seiining, prep. Relating to,
with relation to.
Concernment, kSn-sern-ment, s. The thing
in which we are concerned or interested, business,
interest ; intercourse, importance ; interposition,
meddling; passion, emotian of inind.
To Concert, kSn-sertJ v. a. To settle anything
in private, by mutual communication ; to settle, to
contrive, to adjust.
Concert, kon-sert, S, Communication of designs j
a symphony, many perfurmcrs playing the same tune.
Concertatjon, kon-ser-taishun, s.
Strife, contention.
CONCERTATIVE, kon-Ser-ti-tlV, a. Contentious.
Concession, k6n-ses-shun, s. The act of yielding;
a grant, the thing yielded.
Concessionary, k8n-ses-shun-lr-e, a.
Given by indulgence.
Concessive, kftn-ses-siv, a. Yielded by way o(
concession.
Concessively, kfin-ses-siv-1^, ad. By way of
concession.
Conch, kSngk, S. A shell, a sea shell.
Conchoid, kSng-koid, S. The name of a curve,
the jiropcrty of which is to approach perpetually nearei
to a line, without ever being able to touch it.
To Conciliate, kftn-sil'-yate, v, a, 91. 113.
To gain over, to reconcile.
Conciliation, k6n-sil-e-i-shun, s. The act of
gaining or reconciling.
Conciliator, k6n-sii-e-i-tur, s. One that makci
peace between others,
CON
CON
'nSr 167, n5tl63— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— f/tin 466, this 469.
Conciliatory, k5n-s;I-^-i-tur-l, a. Relating to
reconciliation. — See Dome&tich.
KJ- Mr. Sheridan places the accent upon the a in this
word, but all our other orthOepists place it more pro-
perly upon tlie second syllable, 512.
CoNClNNlTY, kSn-sinine-t^, s. Decency, fitness.
CoNciNNOus, kSn-sin-nus, a.
Becoming, pleasant.
Concise, k5n-s{se{ a. Brief, short.
Concisely, kSn-slse-le, ad. Briefly, shortly.
Conciseness, kin-sise-nes, s. Brevity, shortness.
Concision, k&n-sizh-zhun, s. Cutting off,
excision.
CoNciTATiON, kSn-s^-ti-shun, S. The act of
stirring up.
CoNCLAMATioN, kSng-kl^-ma-shun, *. 408.
An outcry.
Conclave, kSng-klive, S. 408. Private apart-
ment; the room in which the cardinals meet, or the
assembly of the cardinals ; a close assembly. — See To
Collect.
To Conclude, kftn-kludej v. a. To collect by
ratiocination; to decide, to determine; to end, to
finish.
To Conclude, k6n-klude{ v. n. To perform
the last act of ratiocination, to determine ; to settle
opinion; finally to determine ; to end.
CONCLUDENCV, kin-klu-den-s^, 5. Consequence,
regular proof.
CONCLUDENT, k6n-kluident, a. Decisive.
CoNCLUSiBLE, k$n-klu-z^-bl, a. 439.
Determinable.
Conclusion, k6n-klu^zhun, s. Determination,
final decision; collection from propositions premised,
consequence; the close; the event of experiment; the
end, the upshot.
Conclusive, kftn-klu^siv, a. 158. 428, Decisive,
giving the last determination ; regularly consequential.
Conclusively, kSn-klii-siv-l^, ad. Decisively.
Conclusiveness, kSn-kluisiv-nes, s. Power of
determining the opinion.
To Concoagulate, k6ng-kA-4gigu-lite, v. a.
408. To congeal one thing vwith anollier.
CoNCOAGULATiON, king-ki-Jg-ffu-lA^shun, s.
A coagulation by vfliich different bodies are joined in
one mass.
To Concoct, kin-k6kt{ v. a. To digest by the
stomach; to purify by heat.
Concoction, kSn-kok-shun, s. Digestion in the
stomach, maturation by heat.
CoNCOLOUR, kSn-kul-lur, a. Of one colour.
Concomitance, kftn-kim-J-t^nse, ")
Concomitancy, k8n-k5m-^-tin-si, / **
Subsistence together with another thing.
Concomitant, kSn-kimie-tSnt, a. Conjoined
with, concurrent with.
Concomitant, kSn-kim^e-tilnt, s. Companion,
person or thing collaterally connected.
Concomitantly, k5n-kom-i-t4nt-l5, ad.
In company with others.
To Con comitate, k8n-k6m-i-lAte, v, n.
To be connected with any thing.
Concord, kSng^kord, J. 408. Agreement between
persons and things, peace, union, harmony, concent
of sounds ; principal grammatical relation of one
word to another.
Concordance, k8n-korid4nse, s. 496.
. Agreement ; a book which shows in how many texts
of scripture any word occurs.
dTf- Johnsoi', Sheridan, Ash, Scott, Nares, Perry, Bai-
ley, Enlick, \V, Johnston, Buchanan, and Kenrick, all
concur in placing the accent on the second syllable of
this word in both its senses; and every plea of distinc-
tion is trifling against all these authorities, and the dis-
cordance of the accent on the first sylLible.— See Jioicl.
Concordant, k&n-koridlnt, a.
Agreeable, agreeing.
105
Concordats, kSn-koridate, J. 91. a compact,
a convention.
Concorporal, kSn-kor-pi^rll, a. Of the same
body.
To CoNCORPORATE, kSn-kor^pi-rite, v. a. 91
To unite in one mass or substance.
CoNCORPORATiON, kSn-kor-p6-rA-shun, s.
Union in one mass.
Concourse, kftng^kirse, s. 408. The confluence
of many persons or things; the persons assembled;
the point of junction or intersection of two bodies.
Concremation, kSng-kri-miishun, s. The act
of burning together.
CoNCREMENT, kSngikr^-ment, 5. 408. The mass
formed by concretion.
Concrescence, kSn-kres-sense, s. The act or
quality of growing by the union of separate particles.
To Concrete, k5n-krete{ v. n. To coalesce into
one mass.
To Concrete, kftn-kretej v. a. To form by
concretion.
Concrete, k6n-kr^tej a. 408. Formed by con-
cretion; in logick, not abstract, applied to a subject.
See DUcrete.
Concrete, kSngikrke, s. 403. A mass formed
by concretion.
Concretely, k6n-kr5te-l^, ad. Jn a manner
including the subject with the predicate.
Concreteness, k&n-krite-nes, s. Coagulation,
collection of fluids into a solid mass.
Concretion, k&n-kr^-shun, s. The act of con-
creting, coalition; the mass formed by a coalition of
separate particles.
Concretive, k$n-kriitiv, a. Coagulative.
Concreture, kftu-kr^-tshure, s. 461. A ma«s
formed by coagulation.
Concubinage, k6n-ku-bJ-nAje, s. 91. The act
of living with a woman not married.
Concubine, kSng^ku-blne, *. 408. A woman
kept in fornication, a whore.
CrT- Anciently this word signified a woman who was
married, but who had no legal claim to any part of the
husband's property.
To CoNCULCATE, k6n-kuKkite, v. a. To tread
or trample inider foot.
CoNCULCATiON, k5ng-kul-ka-shun, s. 408.
Trampling with the feet.
Concupiscence, k8n-ku-p^-sense, s, 510.
Irregular desire, libidinous wish.
Concupiscent, kftn-ku-pe-sent, a.
Libidinous, lecherous.
Concupiscential, k6n-ku-p5-sen-shlll, a.
Kelating to concupiscence.
CoNCUriSCIBLE, kSn-ku-pe-sJ-bl, a. Impressing
desire.
To Concur, kSn-kurJ v, n. 408. To meet in one
point; to agree, to join in one action; to be united
with, to be conjoined ; to contribute to one common
event.
Concurrence, kSn-kur-iense, "1
Concurrency, kftn-kur-en-s^, /
Union, association, conjunction; combination of
many agents or circumstances; assistance, help; joint
right, common claim.
Concurrent, kSn-kur-rent, a. Acting in con-
junction, concomitant in agency.
Concurrent, kSn-kur-rent, s.
That wliich concurs.
Concussion, kSn-kusWun, s. The act of shaking,
tie me fact ion.
CONCUSSIVE, k&H-kuS-SlV, a. Having the power
or quality of shaking.
To Condemn, kon-dem{ v. a. To find guilty, to
doom to punishment ; to censure, to blame,
CoNDEMNABLE, kSn-dSm^nil-bl, a.
Blaineable, culpable.
CON
CON
ts- 559. The 73, far, 77, fall 83, fit 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pm 107— n& 162, mSve 164,
Condemnation, kSn-dera-niishun, s.
The sentence by which any one is doomed to punish-
ment.
Condemnatory, kftn-dem-n^-tur-e, a. 512.
Passing a sentence of condemnation. — See Domestick.
Condemner, k6n-dem-nur, j. 411. A blamer,
a censurer.
Condensable, kSn-den^s^-bl, a. That is capable
of condensation.
To Condensate, kftn-den^s^te, v. a. 91.
To make thicker.
To Condensate, kSn-den^s^te, v. n. To grow
thick.
' ondensate, k6n-denis^te, o. 91. Made thick,
compressed into less space.
Condensation, k6n-den-si-shun, s. The act of
thickening any body; opposite to rarefaction.
To Condense, kSn-denseJ v. a. To make any
body more thick, close, and weighty.
To Condense, k6n-dense{ v. n. To grow close
and weighty.
Condense, k8n-densej o. Thick, dense.
Condenser, kSn-den-sur, s. A vessel, wherein
to crowd the air.
Condensity, k6n-den-sl-t^, s. The state of being
condensed.
To Condescend, k8n-di-send{ v. n. To depart
from the privileges of superiority ; to consent to do
more than mere justice can require ; to stoop, to bend,
to yield.
Condescendence, k8n-d^-senidense, s.
Voluntary submission.
Condescendingly, k6n-<l^-sendiing-l^, ad.
By way of voluntary humiliation, by way of kind con-
cession.
Condescension, kftn-d^-senishun, *. Voluntary
humiliation, descent from superiority. — See 7b Collect.
CoNDESCENSIVE, k6n-d^-SenisiV, a. Courteous.
Condign, k8n-dlnej a. 385. Suitable, deserved,
merited.
CONDIGNNESS, kSn-dlne^neS, S. Suitableness,
agreealjleness to deserts.
CONDIGNLY, k6n-dlneil^, ad. Deservedly, accord-
ing to merit.
Condiment, k6n-de-inent, s. Seasoning, sauce.
CONDISCIPLE, kftn-dlS-sUpl, S. A school-fellow.
To CONDITE, kSn-dlte5 v. a. To pickle, to pre-
serve by salts.
Condition, kftn-dishiun, *. Quality, that by
which any thing is denominated good or bad ; natural
quality of the mind, temper, temperament; state, cir-
cumstances; rank; stipulation, te»ms of compact.
Conditional, kftn-dishiun-il, a. By way of
stipwlation, not absolute.
CoNDiTiONALiTY, k5n-dish-W-n4l-e-t^, s.
Limitation by certain terms.
Conditionally, kin-dish^fin-^l-e, ad. With
certain limitations, on particular terms.
CONDITIONARY, kJn-dlsh^un-^-re, a. Stipulated.
CondITIONATE, kSll-dlshifin-ite, a. Established
on certain terms.
Conditioned, kSii-dish-und, a. Having qualitiss
or properties good or bad.
To Condole, kftn-dilej v. n. To lament with
those that are in misfortune.
To Condole, kSn-doleJ v. a. To bewail with
another.
Condolement, kijii-doleiment, s. Grief, sorrow.
Condolence, k6n-do-lense, s. Grief for the
sorrows of another.
Condoler, k6n-iliilur, s. One that laments
with another upon his misfortunes.
Condonation, kSn-d6-nd-shun, *. A pardoning,
a forgiving.
106
To Conduce, k5n-dise{ v. n. To promote nm
end, to contribute to.
Conducible, kSn-di-se-bl, a. Having the power
of conducing.
Conducibleness, kSn-du^se-bl-nes, s. The
quality of contributing to any end.
Conducive, kSn-duis'iv, a. That which may
contribute to any end.
Conduciveness, k6n-diiisiv-nes, s. The quality
of conducing.
Conduct, kSn-dukt, s. 492.
Management, economy ; the act of leading troops;
convoy; a warrant hy wliicli a convoy is appointed;
•xact behaviour, regular life.
To Conduct, k6n-dukt| v. a. To lead, to direct,
to accompany in order to show the way ; to attend in
civility ; to manage, as to conduct an affair ; to head
an army.
CoNDUCTiTious, k6n-duk-tish^us, a. Hired.
Conductor, kon-duk-tSr, s. 418. A leader,
one who shows another the way by accompanying him;
a chief, a general ; a manager, aoirector ; an tnstra>
ment to direct the knife in cutting for the stone.
Conductress, kun-duk-tres, s, A woman that
directs.
Conduit, kun^dit, s. 165. 341. A canal of
pipes for the conveyance of waters; the pipe or cock at
which water is drawn.
CoNDUPLiCATiON, k5n-du-pl5-k^-shun, s.
A doubling, a duplicate.
Cone, kone, .«. A solid body, of which the base U
a circle, and which ends in a point.
To Confabulate, k6n-flb-u-Ute, v. n. To talk
easily together, to chat.
Confabulation, k6n-f^b-u-la-shun, s.
Easy conversation.
Confabulatory, k&n-fibii-lA-tur-e, a. 512.
Belonging to talk. — See Domestick,
Confarheation, k6n-fir-r^-ii-shun, *. Th«
solemnization of marriage by eating bread together.
To ConfeCT, kSn-fckt{ v. a. To make up into
sweetmeats.
CoNFECT, kSn^fekt, s. 492. A sweetmeat.
Confe-CTION, kin-fek-shun, S. A preparation of
fruit with sugar, sweetmeat ; a composition, a mixture.
Confectionary, kSn-fek-shun-i-re, s.
The place where sweetmeats are made or sold.
Confectioner, k6n-fek-shun-ur, s. One whose
trade is to make sweetmeats.
Confederacy, k8n-fed^er-^-s^, s.
League, union, engagement.
To Confederate, kSn-fed-er-Ate, v, a. 91.
To join in a league, to unite, to ally.
7b Confederate, k5n-fed-er-ite, v, n.
To league, to unite in a league.
Confederate, k3n-fed-er-ite, a. 91.
United in a league.
Confederate, k8n-fed-er-Ate, s. One who
engages to support another, an ally.
Confederation, kSn-fed-er-A^shun, s.
League, alliance.
To Confer, kSn-ferJ v. n. To discourse with
another upon a slated subject, to conduce to.
To Confer, k8n-fer{ v. a. To compare ; to give,
to bestow.
Conference, k6n-fer-ense, s. 533. Formal di».
course, oral discussion of any question , an appointed
meeting for discussing some point ; comparison, Iii
this last sense little used.
CONFERRER, kSn-fer-5.r, S. He that confers ; he
that bestows.
To Confess, k3n-fes{ v. a. To acknowledge a
crime; to disclose the state of the conscience to tlie
priest; to hear the confession of apenitent, asapriestj
to own, to avow ; to grant.
To Confess, kSn-fes{ v, n. To make confession,
a /lie is gone to the priest to confess.
CON
CON
ndr 167, n6t 163— tibe 17 ., tub 172, bull 17»-81l S99— pSund 313— ?/iin 466, rtiis 459.
Confessedly, kSn-fes-sed-li, etd. 364.
Avowedly, indisputably.
Confession, k6n-fesh-un, *. The acknowledge-
ment of a crime; the act of disburdening the con-
science to a priest ; a formulary in which the articles
of faith are comprised.
Confessional, k6n-fesh-un-^l, s. The seat in
which the confessor sits.
Confessionary, kftn-fesh^un-i-r^, *. The seat
where the priest sits to hear confessions.
Confessor, kSn-fes-sur, *. One who makes pro-
fession of his faitli in the face of danger ; he that hears
confessions, and prescribes penance ; he who confesses
his crimes.
K7- Dr. Kenrick says, this word « sometimes, but im-
properly, accented on the first syllable; but it may be
observed, that this impropriety is become so universal,
that not one who has the least pretension to politeness
dares to pronounce it otherwise. It is, indeed, to be re-
gretted, that we are so fond of Latin originals as entirely
to neglect our own ; for this word can now have the ac-
cent on the second syllable, only when it means one who
confesses his crimes": a sense in which it is scarcely ever
used. Mr. Slieiidan and Entick have the accent on the
first syllable of this word, Mr. Scott on the first and se-
cond ; Dr. Johnson, Mr. Perry, Buchanan, W. John-
iton, Ash, Bailey, and Smith, on the second : but not-
withstanding this weight of authority, the best usage is
certainly on the other side.
CoNFEST, kSn-f2st{ a. Open, known, not con-
cealed.
(t?- Dr. Kenrick tells us, that this is a poetical word
for Confessed: and, indeed, we frequently find it so
written by Pope and others ;
" This clor thus found unravels all th^ rut ;
" The prospect clears, and C Iodic stands eonfe»t."
But that this is a mere compliance with the prejudices of
the eye, and that there is not the least necessit); for de-
parting from the common spelling, see Principles of
English Pronunciation, No. 360.
Confestly, k6n-fest-le, ad. 364. Indisputably,
properly Confessedly.
Confidant, k8n-f^-d3.nt{ s. A person trusted
with private affairs.
to- Tliis word, very unlike most others from the same
tource, has been made to alter its French orthograpliy, in
order to approach a little nearer to the English pronun-
(iationofit. Some affected speake ion the stage pro-
nounce the first syllable like cone, as it is marked in the
first edition of Mr. Sheridan's Dictionary; and this is
perfectly of a piece with the affectation » hicli has altered
the spelling of the last. By Dryden and South, as quoted
by Dr. Johnson, we find this word spelled like the adjec-
tive confident; and it is more than probable that its
French pronunciation is but of late date ; but so univer-
sal is its use at present, that a greater mark of rusticity
cannot be given than to place the accent on the first syl-
lable, and to pronounce the last dent instead of dant.
To Confide, kun-fidej t;. w. To trust in.
Confidence, kSn-f'e-dense, *. Firm belief of
another; trHst in his own abilities or fortune ; vitious
boldness, opposed to modesty ; honest boldness, firm-
ness of integrity ; trust in ttie goodness of another.
Confident, k5n-fe-dent, a. Assured beyond
doubt; positive, dogmatical ; secure of success t with-
out suspicion, trusting without limits; bold to a vice,
impudent.
Confident, k8n-fe-dent, *. One trusted with
secrets. — See Confidant,
Confidential, k8n-f^-den'sbil, a.
Worthy of confidence.
Confidentially, k5n-f^-den-sb4l-l^, ad.
In a coiifideiitial manner.
Confidently, kftnif4-dent-le, ad. Without
doubt, without fear; with firm trust; positively, dog-
matically.
CoNFIDENTNESS, k8n-fe-dent-nes, S. Assurance.
Configuration, k8n-fig-6-ra-shun, *.
The form of the various parts, adapted to each other;
the face of the horoscope.
To Configure, kSn-flg-ure, v. a. To dispose
\nlo any form.
Confine, kSn^fine, s. 140. 493. Common
boundary, border, edge.
107
(K?- Dr. Johnson tells us, that the substantive confirm
was formerly pronounced with the accent on the last syl-
l.ible. The examples, however, which he gives us from
the poets, prove only that it was accented both ways.
But, indeed, it is highly probable that this was the case ;
for instances are numerous of the propensity of latter
pronunciation to place the accent higher than formerly;
and when by this accentuation a noun is distineuished
from a verb, it is supposed to have its use. — See Bowl.
To Confine, k6n-f!ne{ v, n. To border upon,
to touch on different territories.
To Confine, kSn-fineJ v, a. To limit; to im-
prison ; to restrain, to tie up to.
CoNFINELESS, -kSn-fine-ks, a. Boundless, un-
limited.
Confinement, kftn-fine^ment, *. Imprisonment,
restraint of liberty.
CoNFINER, k6n-fi-nur, *. A borderer, one that
lives upon confines; one that touches upon two dif-
ferent regions.
CoNFINITY, kin-fin-e-t^, S. Nearness.
To Confirm, kSn-f2rm{ v. a, 108. To put past
doubt by new evidence; to settle, to establish; to
strengthen by new solemnities or ties ; to admit to the
full privileges of a Christian, by imposition of hands
CONFIRMABLE, k6n-fer-m4-bl, «. That which is
capable of incontesta > -■ evidence.
Confirmation, kin-fer-miishun, s. The act
of establishing any thing or persofi, evidence, addi*
tional proof; an ecclesiastical rite.
CONFIRMATOR, k&n-fer-mi-tSr, s. An attester,
he that puts a matter past doubt.
Confirmatory, kSn-ferm-S-tiir-^, a. 512.
Giving additional testimony. —See Domestick.
Confirmedness, k8n-fermi3d-nes, *.
Confirmed stale.
(C?- This word ought to be added to those taken notice
of.— Prin. No. 365.
Confirmer, kSn-ferm-ur, s. One that confirms,
an attester, an estabiisher.
Confiscable, k6n-fisik4-bl, a. Liable to for-
feiture.
To Confiscate, k4n-fis^k^te, v. a. To transfer
private property to the publick, by way of penalty.
Confiscate, k8n-f1s-k<ite, a. Transferred to the
publick as forfeit.
(O" Dr. Kenrick blames Dr. Johnson for accenting this
word on the second syllable, when the example he brings
from Shakespeare accents it on the first ; but it may be
observed, that as the verb ought to have the accent on
the second syllable, the adjective, which is derived from
it, ought to have the accent on tlie same syllable like-
wise ; and the example from Shakespeare must be looked
upon as a poetical license.
Confiscation, kftn-fis-ka-shun, s. The act of
transferring U\e forfeited goods of criminals to publick
use.
CONFITENT, k6n-fe-tent, S. One confessing.
Confiture, KAn-f^-tshire, s. 461.
A sweetmeat, a confection.
To Confix, kSn-fiksJ v. a. To fix down.
Conflagrant, k6n-flA^ glint, a. involved in a
general fire.
Conflagration, kSn-fl^-grA-shun, s, a general
fire; it is taken for the fire which shall consume this
world at the consummation.
Conflation, kin-fla-shun, s. The act of Wow-
ing many instruments together; a casting or melting
of metal.
CoNFLEXURE, k6n-flekishire, s. 452.
A bending.
To Conflict, kftn-flikt{ v. n. To contest, to
struggle.
Conflict, kSn-fiikt, *. 492. A violent cuUision,
or oppositiCii ; a combat, strife, contention ; struggle,
agony.
Confluence, k8n-flu-ense, *. Tlie junction or
union of several streaims ; the act of cfowding to •
place ) a concourse ; » multitude.
CON
CON
559. The 73, (krll, fall 83, fAtSl— m593,"met95— pine 105, pin 107— nS 162, move f4.
Confluent, kJn-flu-ent, a. Running one into
another, meeting.
Conflux, kSn-fluks, s. Tlie union of several
currents ; crowd, multitude collected.
Conform, k5n-form{ a. Assuming the same
form, resembling.
To Conform, k6n-form{ v. a. To reduce to the
like appearance with something else.
To Conform, kJn-formJ v. n. To comply with.
Conformable, k6n-for-mi-bl, a. Having the
same form, similar; agreeable, suitairk; compliant,
obsequious.
Conformably, kJn-for-m^-blJ, ad. With con-
formity, suitably.
Conformation, kftn-for-mi'shun, s. The form
of tilings as relating to each otlier; the act of produc-
ing suitableness, or conformity.
Conformist, kSn-for-mist, s. One that com-
plies with the worship of the Church of Englaud.
Conformity, k5n-for^mJ-t4, s. Similitude, re-
semblance; consistency.
To Confound, k6n-fountl{ v. a. To mingle
things ; to perplex ; to throw into consternation j to
astonish, to stupify ; to destroy.
Confounded, kon-foun-ded, />ar/. a.
Hateful, detestable.
Confoundedly, k5n-founidSd-l^, ad.
Hatefully, shamefully.
Confounder, kSn-foun-dur, S, He who disturbs,
perplexes, or destroys.
Confraternity, k5n-frJ-ter-ni-te, s. A body
of men united for some religious purpose.
Confrication, k8n-fri-ki-shun, s. Tlie act of
rubbing against any thing.
To Confront, kin-fr5ntj v. a. To stand against
another in full view; to stand face to face, in opposi-
tion to another ; to oppose one evidence to another in
open court : to compare one thing with another.
(1^ In colloquial pronunciation this word has its last
syllable sounded like the last of ({ffront, but the second
syllable oi confrontation ought never to be so pronounced.
Confrontation, kftn-frSn-tA-shun, *. The act
of bringing two evidences face to face.
To Confuse. k&n-fuze( v, a. To disorder, to
disperse irregularly; to perplex, to obscure; to hurry
the mind.
Confusedly, k6n-fu-zed-ll, ad, 364.
In a mixed mass, without separation ; indistinctly,
one mingled with another; not clearly, not plainly;
tumultuously, hastily.
Confusedness, kJn-fi-zed-nes, s. 365.
Want of distinctness, want of clearness.
Confusion, kin-fu-zhun, S. Irregular mixture,
tumultuous medley ; tumult; indistinct combination ;
overthrow, destruction; astonishment, distraction of
mind.
Confutable, kSn-fu-tl-bl, a. Possible to be
disproved.
Confutaiion, k6n-fi-ti-shun, s. The act of
confuting, disproof.
To Confute, k6n-fitej v. a'. To convict of
error, to disprove.
Conge, or Congee, kin-jlf J *. Act of reverence,
bow, courtesy ; leave, farewell.
To Congee, k(in-j^i{ v. a. French. To take
leave.
Conge-d'elire, kin-jJ-dJ-leJr{ s. The king's
permission royal to a dean and chapter, in time of
vacancy, to choose a bishop.
To Congeal, k6n-i^^lj v. a. To turn, by frost,
from a fluid to a solid state ; to bind or fix, as by cold.
To Congeal, kSn-je^lJ v. a. To concrete by cold.
CoNGEALABLE", kftn-jiil-i-bl, a. Susceptible of
congelation.
CoNGEALMENl, kSn-jJ^l-mlnt, s. The clot
formed by congelation.
108
Congelation, k5n-je-la-shun, *. state of Lemg
congealed, or made solid.
Congener, kun-j^inur, s. 98. Of the same kind
or nature.
Congenerous, k6n-jenier-rus, a.
Of the same kind.
CoNGENEROUSNESS, kSn-jen-er-rus-nes, s.
The quality of being from the same original.
Congenial, k6n-je-n^-dl, a. Partaking of the
same genius, cognate.
Congeniality, kSn-je-n<^-^Ue-te, ")
CONGENIALNESS, k6n-j^ine-4l-nes, / *'
Cognation of mind.
Congenite, kSn-jen-nit, a. 140. 154. Of the
same birth, connate.
Conger, kSng-gur, 5. 409. The sea-eei.
Congeries, k5n-jeir4-^z, *. A mass of small
bodies heaped up together.
To Congest, kSn-jest{ v. a. To heap up.
CongestiBLE, k6n-jestie-bl, a. That may be
heaped up.
Congestion, kSn-jest-yun, s. 464. A collectio«
of matter, as in abscesses.
Congiary, kftnye-a-r5, s. A gift distributed
tlie Koman people or soldiery.
To Conglaciate, k6n-glaishe-ite, v. n. 461.
To turn to ice.
Conglaciation, k6ng-gU-shi-iishun, s. 408.
Act of changing into ice.
To Conglobate, kftn-glo-bdte, v. a. To gather
into a hard firm ball.
Conglobate, k5n-gli-bate, a. 91. Moulded
into a firm ball.
CoNGLOBATELY, k8n-gl6-bAte-le, ad.
In a spherical form.
CoNGLOBATiON, k6ng-glo-ba-shun, s. 408.
A round body.
To Cong LOBE, k5n-glibe{ v. a. To gather into
a round mass.
To CoNGLOBE, kSn-glibeJ v. n. To coalesce
into a round mass.
To Conglomerate, k6n-gl5m-er-ate, v. a.
To gather into a ball, like a ball of thread.
Conglomerate, k6n-gl6m-er-Atc, a. 91.
Gathered into a round ball, so as that the fibres are dis-
tinct ; collected, twisted together-
Conglomeration, k6n-glom-er-a-shun, s.
Collection of matter into a loose ball ; intertcxture^
mixture.
To Conglutinate, kon-glu-t^-nite, v. a.
To cement, to re-unite.
To Conglutinate, kSn-glu-te-nite, v. n.
To coalesce.
Conglutination, kSn-glu-te-ni-shun, s.
The act of uniting wounded bodies.
Conglutinative, k6n-glu-te-nA-tiv, a. 91.
Having the power of uniting wounds.
Conglutinator, kon-glu-te-na-tur, s. 5"20.
166. That which has the power of uniting wounds.
Congratulant, k6n-gr4tsh-u-lAiit, a. 461.
Rejoicing in participation.
To Congratulate, k6n-gritshiu-late, v. a
461. To compliment upon any happy event.
To Congratulate, kSn-griltsh-ii-late, v. n.
461. To rejoice in participation.
Congratulation, k8n-griltsh-u-l;Ushun, s.
462. The act of professing joy for the happiness or
success of another; theform inwliichjoy is professed.
Congratulatory, kftn-gr^tsh-u-la-tur-e, a.
512. Expressing joy for the good of another.
To Congreet, kin-gieetj v. n.
To salute reciprocally.
To Congregate, kJng^gr^-gate, v. a. 403.
To collect, to assemble, to bring into one place.
CON CON
r«Sr l67/n8t 163— tube 171,' tub 173, bull 173— oil 299— pSund 313— ^Ain 466, this 469.
To Congregate, kSngigre-gite, v. n.
To assemble, to meet.l
Congregate, k6ngigre-gite, a, 91.
Collected, compact.
Congregation, k6ng-gr^-gi-shun, s. 408.
A collection, a mass of various matters brought
together ; an assembly met to worship God in publick.
Congregational, k8ng-grJ-gi-shun-nul, a.
88. Publick, pertainine to a congregation.
Congress, kSng-gres, s. 408. a meeting, a
shock, a conflict ; an appointed meeting for settlement
of affairs between diflFerent nations.
CoNGRESSIVE, k8n-gresisiv, a. Meeting, en-
countering.
Congruence, king^gru-ense, s. 408.
Agreement, suitableness of one thing to another.
Congruent, k8ng-gri-ent, a.
Agreeing, correspondent.
CONGRUITY, kSn-grui^-tf, s. 408. Suitableness,
agreeableness; fitness; consistency.
CoNGRUMENT, kSng-gri-ment, s.
Fitness, adaptation.
Congruous, kftneigri-us, a. Agreeable to, con-
sistent with; suital)lc to.
Congruously, kSngigr&-us-ll, ad.
Suitably, pertinently.
Conical, k8n-^-k^l,\
Conick, k6n-ik, J
Having the form of a cone.
509.
fcj- The 0 in the first syllable of this word is pronoun-
ced short, though it is long in Its primitive cone, if we
may be allowed to call cone its primitive, and not the
Latin Conus and Greek KSvos; in both which the o is
long; butConicui.or Kovixof, whence the learned oblige us
to aerive our Contc, or Conical, have the o as short as
n the English words, and serve to corroborate the opi-
nion of Bishop Hare with respect to the shortening power
rf the Latin antepenultimate accent, i37.
Conic ally, k6n-i-kil-i, ad. In form of a
cone.
C0NICALNES6, k&ni^-kJl-nes, *. The state or
quality of being conical.
CoNiCK Sections, kin-ik-sek^sbunz,")
Conic KS, kftn-iks, J
That part of geometry which considers the cone, and
the curves arising from its sections.
To CoNJECT, kJn-jekt{ v. n. To guess, to con-
jecture. Not used.
CONJECTOR, kJn-jek-tur, S. 166. A gucsser, a
conjecturer.
CoNJECTURABLE, kJn-jek-tsbu-r4-bl, a. 461.
Possible to be guessed.
Conjectural, k$n-jek-tshu-r4l, a. Depending
on conjecture.
CoNJECTURALiTY, kftn-jek-tsbfi-raU4-t^, s.
That which depends upon guess.
CoNJECTURALLY, kin-jek-tshu-rll-i, ad.
By guess, by conjecture.
Conjecture, kSn-jek^tsbure, s. 461.
Guess, imperfect knowledge.
To Conjecture, kJn-jek-tsbure, v. a. To guess,
to judge by guess.
Conjecturer, kin-jekitsbur-ur, *. A guesser.
Coniferous, ki-nif^5-rus, a. Such trees are
coniferous as bear a fruit, of a woody substance, and a
figure approaching to that of a cone. Of tliis kind are,
fir, pine.
To Conjoin, k8n-join{ v. a. To unite, to con-
solidate into one; to unite in marriage; to associate,
to connect.
To Conjoin, k8n-ioin{ v. n. To league, to unite.
Conjoint, kftn-jolntj a. United, connected.
Conjointly, kftn-joint-le, ad. In union, togetiier.
Conjugal, kSn^u-g^l, a. Matrimonial, belong-
ing to marriage.
Conjugally, k6n-ju-g^l-J, ad.
Matrimonially, connnbially.
109
To Conjugate, kSn-ji-gite, v. a. 9I. To join,
to join in marriage, to unite; to inflect verbs.
Conjugation, kftn-ju-gi^shun, s. The act of
uniting or compiling things together; the form of in-
flecting verbs ; union, assemblage.
Conjunct, k8n-jungkt{ rt. Conjoined, concurrent,
united.
Conjunction, k6n-jungk-sbun, J. Union, associa-
tion, league; the congress of two planets in the same
degree of the zodiack ; one of the parts of speech,
whose use is to join words or sentences together.
Conjunctive, kSn-jungk-tiv, a. Closely united ;
in grammar, the mood of a verb.
Conjunctively, k6n-jungk-tiv-le, ad.
In union.
Conjunctiveness, k6n-jungk-tiv-nes, s.
The quality of joining or uniting.
Conjunctly, k6n-jungkt^li, ad.
Jointly, together.
Conjuncture, kSn-jungk-tsbure, s. Combina-
tion of many circumstances; occasion, critical time.
Conjuration, kftn-jii-rHishiin, s. The form or
act of summoning another in some sacred name; an
incantation, an enchantment; a plot, a conspiracy.
To Conjure, kSn-jureJ v. a. To summon in a
sacred name ; to conspire.
To Conjure, kun-jur, v. n. 495. To practise
charms or enchantments.
Conjurer, kun-jur-ur,s. 165. An impostor who
pretends to secret arts, a cunning man; a man of
shrewd conjecture.
Conjurement, kftn-jire^ment, s.
Serious injunction.
Connascence, kSn-nSs-sense, s. Common birth,
community of birth.
Connate, k5n-n4tej a. 91. Bom with another.
Connatural, k6n-n$tsb^u-r4l, a. 461.
Suitable to nature; connected by nature; participa-
tion of the same nature.
Connaturality, kSn-nAtsb-u-i4l-^-t^, s. 462.
Participation of the same nature.
CoNNATURALLY, kftn-nitsb-u-ral-e, ad. By the
act of nature, originally.
CoNNATURALNESS, kin-nitsb-u-ril-nes, s.
Participation of the same nature, natural union.
To Connect, kftn-nekt{ v. a. To join, to link ;
to unite, as a cement ; to join in a just series of thought,
as the author connects his reasons well.
To Connect, kon-nekt{ v. n. To cohere, to have
just relation to things precedent and subsequent.
Connectively, kJn-nek-tiv-li, ad. In con-
junction, in union.
To Connex, kSn-neksJ v. a. To join or link
together.
Connexion, k6n-nek-shuii, *. Union, junction;
just relation to something precedent or subsequent.
Connex IVE, kSn-neksiiv, a. Having the force of
connexion.
Connivance, k&n-nl-vSnse, s. Voluntary blind-
ness, pretended ignorance, forbearance.
To Connive, kon-nlvej v. n. To wink ; to pre-
tend blindness or ignorance.
Connoisseur, kA-nes-sireJ s. A judge, a critick.
£> This word is perfectly French, and, though in very
general use, is not naturalised. The pronunciation of it
given here is but a very awkward one, but, perhaps, as
good a one as we have letters in our language to express
It; for the French ea is not to be found among any of
our English vowel or diphthongal sounds.
7'o Connotate, kiin-ni-tate, v. a. To designate
something besides itself.
Connotation, kftn-no-ta-shun, s. Implication
cf somctliing besides itself.
To Connote, kun-n6te{ v. a. To imply, tc
betoken, to include.
Connubial, kSn-nCi-be-al, a. Matrimonial,
I nuptial, conjugal.
CON
CON
559. Fite 73, ^r 77, faU 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nA 162, move 164,
Conoid, ki-noul, *. A figure partaking of a cone.
CONOIDICAI., kA-noi-di-kAl, a. Approaching to
a conick fnrm.
To CoNQUASSATE, kSn-kw^-sate, v. a.
To shake, to agitate.
CoNQUASSATioN, k&ng-kwis-si-shun, s. 408.
Agitation, concussion.
To Conquer, k8ngk'-ur, or kftng^kwur, v. a.
415. To gain Isy conquest, to win ; to overcome, to
subdue; to surmount.
C3- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elpliinston, Mr. Nares, and
W. Johnston, liave adopted the first pronunciation of
this word ; but as it is a wanton departure from our own
analogy to that of tlie French, and is a much harsher
sound tlian the second, it were to be wislied it could be
reclaimed; but as it is in full possession of the stage,
there is but little hope of a change.
To Conquer, kSngk-ur, v. n. To get the victory,
to overcome.
Conquerable, kongk-ur-i-bl, a. Possible to be
overcome.
Conqueror, kSngk-ur-ur, s. 415. A man that
has obtained a victory, a victor ; one tliat subdues and
ruins countries.
Conquest, k&ng-kwest, s. 408. 415. The act
of conquering, sulyection; acquisition by victory,
thing gained ; victory, success in arms.
Consanguineous, kon-s^ng-gwin'-nl-us, a.
Near of kin, related by birth, not affined by marriage.
Consanguinity, kSn-sJng-gwin'-i-tl, s.
Relation by blood.
CoNSARCiNATioN, kJn-s5.r-sl-ni-shun, s.
The act of patching together.
Conscience, kin-shense,*. 357. The knowledge
or faculty by which we judge of the goodness or wick-
edness of ourselves ; justice, the estimate of conscience;
real sentiment, private thoughts ; scruple, difficulty.
Conscientious, kSn-shi-en-slms, a.
Scrupulous, exactly just.
{t3" From an ignorance of the principles of pronun-
ciation, we not unfrequeutly hear the second syllable of
this word sounded se, without the aspiration ; but this is
the same incorrectness we sometimes hear in the word
Pronwnciation, which see.
Conscientiously, k6n-sh4-en'shus-ll, ad.
According to the direction of conscience.
Conscientiousness, kSn-sh^-en^shus-nes, s.
Exactness of justice.
CoNSCIONABLE, kon-shun-J-bl, a. Reasonable,
CoNSCioNABLEfffiiss, kftn-shun-a-bl-nes, s.
Equity, reasonableness.
CoNscioNABLY, kiu-shun-^-bU, ad.
Reasonably, justly.
Conscious, kftn^hus, a. 357. Endowed with
the power of knowing one's own thoughts and actions;
knowing from memory ; admitted to the knowledge of
any tiling.
Consciously, kftn-shus-le, ad. With knowledge
of one's own actions.
Consciousness, kon-shi'is-ne.s, s. The perception
of what passes in a man's own mind ; internal sense of
guilt, or innocence.
Conscript, kftn^sknpt, a. Registered, enrolled ;
i. term used in speaking of tl>e Roman senators, who
were called Patres conscripti.
Conscription, kJn-sknp-shun, s. An enrolling.
To Consecrate, kin-s^-krite, v, a. To make
sacred, to appropriate to sacred uses ; to dedicate in-
violably to some particular purpose ; to canonize.
Consecrate, kon-sJ-krite, a. 91.
Consecrated, sacred.
Consecrater, k&nisJ-kri-tSr, s. One that per-
forms the rites by which any thing is devoted to sacred
purposes.
Consecration, kSn-s4-krai^shun, s. A rite of
dedicating to the service of God ; the act of declaring
one holy.
ConsectARY, kftn-sek-ti-rl, a. Consequent,
conteqoeittial.
110
Consectary, k&n-sek-ti-re, J. 512. Deductid
from premises, corollary.
Consecution, kSn-se-ku-shun, s. Train of con
sequences, cliain of deductions; succession; in astro-
noiiiy, the month of consecution, istlie space between
one conjunction of the moon with the sun unto an-
other.
Consecutive, k6n-sek-ku-t1v, a. Following in
train; consequential, regularly succeeding.
To Conseminate, kin-seini^-nite, v. a.
To sow different seeds together.
CoNSENSiON, kftn-sen^shun, s.
Agreement, accord.
Consent, kSn-sent| S. The act of yielding or con-
senting; concord, agreement; coherence with ; corre-
spondence ; tendency to one point ; the perception one
part hasof arfllher, by means of some fibres and nerves
common to them both.
To Consent, kSn-sent{ V, n. To agree to j to co-
operate with.
Consentaneous, kSn-sen-tiinl-us, a.
Agreeable to, consistent with.
Consentaneously, k6n-sen-ti-ne-us-le, ad
Agreeably, consistently, suitably. ^ ^
Consentaneousness, kin-sen-t4^ne-us-nes, s
Agreement, consistence.
Consentient, kJn-sen-shJ-ent, a.
Agreeing, united in opinion.
Consequence, kSnisl-kv^ense, s. That which
follows from any cause or principle; deduction, con.
elusion ; concatenation of causes and effects ; import-
ance, moment.
Consequent, k8n-se-kwent, a. Following by
rational deduction ; following as the effect of a cause.
Consequent, kftn-S^-kwent, S. Consequence,
that which follows from previous propositions j effect
that which follows an acting cause.
Consequential, k&n-sl-kwen-shil, a.
Produced by the necessary concatenation of effects te
causes ; conclusive.
Consequentially, k5n-s^-kwen^shal-le, ad.
With just deduction of con^eTuences ; by consequence
eventually ; in a regular series.
Consequenti ALNESS, kftn-s^-kvven-sh4l-nes, s.
Regular consecution of discnurse.
Consequently, k8n^s^-kwent-l^, ad. By con-
sequence, necessarily ; in consequence, pursuantly.
Consequentness, kftn-si-kwent-iies, s.
Regular connexion.
Conservable, k8n-8erivJ-bl, a. Capable o.
being kept.
Conservancy, kSn-ser^van-se, s. Courts held
by the Lord Mayor of London .for the preservation of
the fishery. ^
Conservation, kftn-ser-va-sbun, *. The act of
preserving, continuance; protection; preservation
from corruption. ^
Conservative, kon-seriva-tiv, a. Having the
power of opposing diminution or injury.
Conservator, kin-ser-vA^tur, s. 418.
Preserver.
Conservatory, kftn-ser'-vi-tur-i, s. 513.
A place where any thing is kept. a
Conservatory, kftn-ser'-v^-tur-e, a. 512.
Having a preservative quality.
To Conserve, k&n-serv; v, a. To preserve with-
out loss or detriment; to candy or pickle fruit.
Conserve, kt^n'-serv, s. 492. A sweetmeat made
of the juices of fruit boiled with sugar.
ConSERVER, kin-ser-vur, .v. A layer up, a re-
positor ; a preparer of const rves.
Consession, kSn-sesh-shun, s.
A silting together.
Consessor, kin-ses^sur, s. 418. One that sits
with others.
To Consider, k6n-siil'-iV, v. a. 418. lo think
upon with care, to ponder ; to have regard to; to re-
quite, to reward one for his trouble.
CON
CON
nor 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tSb 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, this 469.
think
To Consider, kSn-sid-ur, v. n. To
maturely j to deliberate, to work in tlie mind.
Considerable, k5n-sid-ur-l-bl, a. Worthy of
consideration ; respectable ; important, valuable ; more
than a li*tle, a middle sense between little and great.
CoNSiDERABLENESS,k6n-sidiur-4-bl-nes,*.555.
Importance, value, a claim to notice.
Considerably, kSn-sid'ur-4-blJ, ad. In a degree
deserving notice i importantly.
CoNsiDERANCE, kSn-sid^uT-inse, *.
Consideration, reflection.
Considerate, k6n-s?d-ur-it«?. a. 91. Serious,
prudent; having respect to, regardful ; moderate.
Considerately, kSn-sid^ur-ite-lJ, ad.
Calmly, coolly.
Considerateness, k6n-sid-ur-ite-nes, $. 555.
Prudence.
Consideration, kSn-sid-ur-iishun, s. The act
of considering, regard, notice; mature thought ; me-
ditation; importance, claim to notice; equivalent,
compensation; motive of action, influence; reason,
ground of concluding ; in law. Consideration is the
material cause of a contract, without which no con-
tract bindelh.
Considerer, kin-sidiur-ur, s. 98. A man of
reflection.
To Consign, k6n-slne5 v. a. 385. To give to
another anything; to appiopriate; tocnakeover; to
transfer ; to commit, to intrust.
To Consign, k8n-slne{ v. n. To yield, to sign, to
consent to. Obsolete.
Consignation, k6n-sig-ni-shun, s. The act of
consigning.
Consignment, kin-slneiment, *. Tlie act of
consigning; the writing by which any thing is con-
signed.
CONSIMILAR, k6n-sim-i-lur, c. 88. Having one
common resemblance.
To Consist, kSn-sistJ v. n. To continue fixed,
without dissipation ; to be comprised, to be contained
in ; to be composed of ; to agree.
Consistence, kin-sis-tense, \
Consistency, kin-sis^ten-si, J
State with respect to material existence; degree of
denseness or rarity; substance, form ; agreement with
itself, or with any other thing.
Consistent, kon-sisitent, a. Not contradictory,
not opposed ; firm, not fluid.
Consistently, kSn-sisi-tent-li, ad. Without
contradiction, agreeably.
Consistorial, kftn-sis-ti-ri-4l, a. Relating to
the ecclesiastical court.
Consistory, kSn^sls-tur-l, 5. 512. Tlie place of
justice in the ecclesiastical court; the assembly of car-
dinals; any solemn assembly.
Consociate, kftn-sMslii-ite, *. An accomplice,
a confederate, a partner.
To Consociate, kSn-siishWte, v. a.
To unite, to join.
To Consociate, kSn-si-shi-ite, v. n.
To coalesce, to unite.
Consociation, kSn-si-sbi-i^shun, s. Alliance;
union, intimacy, companionship. — See Pronunciation.
CONSOLABLE, kSn-si'l4-bl, a. That which admits
comfort.
TbCoNSOLATE, k6n-si-Ute, v. a. 91.
To comfort, to console. Little used.
Consolation, k&n-sS-U-shun, *. Comfort, aiie.
viation of misery.
Consolator, kSn^si-li-tur, s. 521.
A comforter.
Consolatory, k&n-s&l'-li-t5r4, s. 512.
A speech or writing containing topicks of comfort.
(!;>• 1 have given the o in the second syllable of this
word the short sound, as heard in » Kid ; as it seems more
agreeable to the analogy of words in tliis termination
than the long o which Mr. Sheridan has given : for by
inspecting the Rhyming Dictionary we shall see that
111
every vowel, butu in the preantepenultimatesy liable in
these words, is short. Dr. Kenrick and W. Johnston
give the o the same sound as I have done.
Consolatory, k6ii-s5lil4-tiir4, a.
Tending to give comfort.
To Console, k6n-soleJ v. a. To comfort, to cheer.
Console, kSnisole, s. 492. In architecture a
part or member projecting in manner of a bracket.
Consoler, k6n-s6'lur, s. 98. One that gives
comfort.
Consolidant, kftn-sSl-e-d^nt, a. Tiiat which
has the quality of uniting wounds.
7b Consolidate, kon-sftl-i-dite, v. a.
To form into a compact and solid body ; to harden ; to
combine two parliamentary bills, or two benefices into
one.
To Consolidate, k6n-s6l-l-date, v. n. To grow
firm, hard, or solid.
Consolidation, k5n-sil-^-di^shun, s. The art
of uniting into a solid mass ; the annexing of one bill
in parliament to another; the combining two benefices
in one.
Consonance, k6n'-si-nlnse, \
CoNsoNANCY, kftn^si-n4n-s^, J
Accord of sound; consistency, congruence; agree*
ment, concord.
Consonant, k6n-si-nint, a. 503. Agreeable,
according, consistent.
Consonant, k6n-si-n^nt, s. A letter which can-
not be sounded hy itself.
CoNSONANTLY,killi«A-nint-l^, ad. Consistently,
agreeably.
Consonantness, k8nisi-nint-nes, s.
Agreea'jieness, consistency.
CONSONOUS, kftn-si-nus, a. 503. Agreeing in
sound, symphonious.
CONSOPIATION, k8n-s6-p5-i-sbun, s. The act
of laying to sleep.
Consort, kSnisSrt, «. 492. Companion, partner-
a number of instruments playing together, more pro-
perly written Concert ; concurrence, union.
To Consort, k8n-sort{ v. n. To associate with.
To Consort, k6n-sort{ v. a. To join, to mix, to
marry. He with his consorted Eve. To accompany*
CoNSORTABLE, k6n-sor^tl-bl, a. To be compared
with, suitable.
CoNSORTiON, kSn-s8r'sbun, s. Partnership)
society.
Conspectable, k6n-spekit4-bl, a.
Easy to be seen.
Conspectuity, kSn-spek-ti-^-ti, s. Sense of
seeing. Not used.
Conspersion, kin-sper-shun, s. A sprinkling
about.
CoNSPicuiTY, k6n-,spi-ki-^-t^, 5. Briglnness,
obviousness to the sight.
Conspicuous, k6n-spik-u-us, a. Obvious to the
sight, seen at distance; eminent, distinguished.
Conspicuously, kin-spik-u-us-le, ad.
Obviously to the view ; eminently, remarkably.
Conspicuousness, kon-spikiii-us-nes, s.
Exposure to the view ; eminence, celebrity.
Conspiracy, kftn-spir-i-se, s. 109. a plot, a
concerted treason; an agreement of tneu to do any
thing, in an evil sense; tendency of many ca ses to
one event.
Conspirant, kSn-spl-ritnt, a. Engaged in a
conspiracy, plottins;.
Conspiration, kSn-spe-ri^sbun, .v. A plot.
Conspirator, kftn-spir^i-tur, s. 110. A man
engaged in a plot, a plottei.
To Conspire, kfin-splrej v. n. To concert ■■>
crime, to plot ; to agree together, as all tilings conspire
to make him happy.
Conspirer, k6n-spl'rur, s. A ronspiratou n
plotter.
CON
CON
t5- 559. Fite 73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93, met 95— pInelOS, pin 107— ni 162, move 164.
Constable, kun-stS-bl, s. 165. A peace officer,
formerly one of tlie officers of the state.
CoNSTABLESHiP, kuii-stl-bl-ship, s. The office
of a constable.
Constancy, kSn-StAn-Se, S, Unalterable con-
tinuance; consistency, unvaried state; resolution,
steadiness; lasting affection.
Constant, kftn-Stint, «. Firm, not fluid ; un-
varied, unchanged ; firm, resolute, free from change of
atfection ; certain, not various.
Constantly, kon-st^nt-le, ad. Unvariably, per-
petually, certainly, steadily.
To Constellate, kSn-stel-lite, v. n. To shine
with one general light.
To Constellate, kftn-steKlite, v. a.
To unite several shining bodies in one splendour.
Constellation, k8n-stel-la-shun, s. A cluster
of fixed stars; an assemblage of splendours or excel-
lencies.
Consternation, kSn-ster-ni-shun, s. Astonish-
ment, amazement, terror , dread.
To Constipate, kon^sti-pate v. a. To crowd
togeiher into narrow room ; to thicken, to condense ;
to stop by filling up the passages ; to make costive.
Constipation, kSn-st^-pA-shun, s. The act of
crowding any thing into less room; stoppage, obstruc-
tion by plenitude.
Constituent, kftn-stitsh^u-ent, a, 461.
Elemental, essential, that of which anything consists.
Constituent, kSn-stltsh-i-ent, s. The person
or thing which constitutes or settles anything; that
which is necessary to the subsistence of any thing ; he
that deputes another.
To Constitute, kin-ste-tite, v. a. To produce,
to appoint ; to erect, to establish ; to depute.
CoNSTiTUTER, koii-st^-tu-tur, s. He that con-
I stitutes or appoints.
Constitution, kftn-ste-tuishun, s. The act of
constituting, enacting, establishing; state of being,
natural qualities; corporeal fiame; temper of body,
with respect to health; temper of mind; established
form of government, system of laws and customs;
particular law, establishment, institution.
Constitutional, kftn-st^-tii-shun-A,l, a.
Bred in the constitution, radical ; consistent with the
constitution, legal.
Constitutive, k&n^ste-tu-tiv, a. Elemental,
essential, productive; having the power to enact or
establish.
To Constrain, k8n-strAneJ v. a. To compel, to
force to some action; to hinder by force; lo neces-
sitate ; to confine, to press.
Constrainable, k8n-striini-bl, a. Liable to
constraint.
CONSTRAINER,k&n-stra,-nur,i. He that constrains.
Constraint, kSn-strantJ s. Compulsion, violence,
confinement.
To Constrict, kJn-stnktJ v. a. To bind, to
cramp ; to contract, to cause to shrink.
Constriction, k8n-strik-shun, s. Contraction,
compression.
Constrictor, kftn-stnk-tur, s. 166. That which
compresses or contracts.
To Constrinoe, kin-stnnje{ v. a. To compress,
to contract to bind.
Constringent, k6n-strin'-jent, a. Having the
quality of binding or compressing.
To Construct, kSn-struktJ v. a. To build, to
form.
Construction, kSn-strukishun, s. Tlie act of
building; the form of building, structure; the putting
of words tngetlicr in such a manner as to convey a
complete sense ; the act of interpreting, explanation;
the sense, the meaning; the manner of describing a
figure in geometry.
Constructive, k6n-struk-tiv, a. Tending to
or capable of construction.
112
Constructure, kSn-strukitshure, s. 461.
Pile, edifice, fabrick.
To Construe, kftnistrij, or kftn^stur, v. a.
To interpret, to explain.
(K^ It IS a scandal to seminaries of learning that the
latter pronunciation of this word should prevail there.
Those who ought to be the guardians of propriety are
often the perverters of it. Hence Accidence (ur Accidents,
Prepostor for Prepositor, and Constur for Construe; for it
must be carefully noted, that this last word is under a
different predicament from those which end with r and
mute e ; here the vowel u must have its long sound, as in
the word true; this letter cannot be sunk or transposed
like e in Centre, Sceptre, &c.
To Constuprate, kSn-stu-prate, v. a.
To violate, to debauch, to defile.
CoNSTUPRATiON, kSn-stu-pra-sliun, s.
Violation, defilement.
Consubstantial, kSn-sub-stin^shil, a.
H.iving the same essence or substance; being of tlie
same kind or nature.
CoNsuBSTANTiALiTY, k<5n-sub-stin-she-4l-^-t^,
s. Existence of more than one in the same substance.
To Consubstantiate, kSn-sub-stan-she-ate,
V. a. To unite in one common substance or nature.
Consubstantiation, kftn-sub-st^n-sbe-a'-shun,
». The union of the body of our Blessed Saviour with
the sacramental elements, according to the Lutherans.
Consuetude, kSn-sv^e-tude, s. Custom, usage.
Consul, kin-sul, S. The chief magistrate in the
Roman republick ; an officer commissioned in foreign
parts to judge between the merchants of his nation.
Consular, kSn-shu-l4r, a. 453. Relating to
the consul.
Consulate, kJn^shi-lat, 91.1
Consulship, kon-sul-ship, J
The office of consul.
To Consult, kJn-sultJ v. n. , To take counsel
together.
To Consult, kSn-sult{ v. a. To ask advice of, at
he consulted his friends ; to regard, to act with view or
respect to; to search into, to examine,af, to consult an
author.
Consult, kSn-sult, or k4n-sult{ s. The act ol
consulting; the effect of consulting, determination ; a
council, a number of persons assembled in delibera-
tion.
CO- I am much mistaken if this word does not incline
to the general analogy of accent in dissyllable nouns and
verbs, like insult. Poets have used it both ways ; but tlie
accent on the first syllable seems the most usual, as well
as the most legitimate pronunciation, 492.
Consultation , kin-sul-tA-shun, s. The act of
consulting, secret deliberation; number of persons
consulted together.
Consulter, kftn-sul^tur, s. 98. One that con-
sults or asks counsel.
Consumable, kSn-sij-mi-bl, a. Susceptible of
destruction.
To Consume, kSn-sumeJ v. a. 454. To waste,
to spend, to destroy.
0:?- The reason why the s in this word is pure, and in
Consular it takes the aspiration, is, that in one the accent
is on the syllable beginning with this letter; and in the
other, on the preceding syllable, 450.
To Consume, kftn-siamej v. n. To waste away, to
be exhausted.
Consumer, kSn-su-mur, s. One that spends,
wastes, or destroys any thing.
To Consummate, kfin-sum-mite, v, a. 91.
To complete, to perfect.
Consummate, kftn-sura-mate, a.
Complete, perfect.
0:5- The propensity of our language to an antepenult!,
mate accentuation of simple words of three syllaliles
makes us sometimes hear the accent on the first syllable
of this word ; but by no correct speakers.
Consummation, kftn-sum-mi-shun, s.
Completion, perfection, end ; the end of the present
system of things ; death, end of life,
CON
CON
nor ICr, nfit 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pour d 313— Min 466, TH'is 469
Consumption, kSn-sum-shfin, s. 412. The act
of consuming, waste ; the state of wasting or perisliing ;
a waste of muscular flesh, attended with a hectic fever.
Consumptive, kon-sfim^tiv, a. Destructive,
wasting, exhausting; diseased with a consumption.
CoNSUMPTiVENESS, kftn-sum-tlv-nes, s.
Tendency to a consumption.
CONSUTILE, k6n-su-til, «. 140. Sewed or stitched
together.
To CoNTABULATE, kftii-tib-u-Ute, V. a.
To floor with boards.
Contact, kftn'-t^kt, *. Touch, dose union.
CoNTACTiON, kSn-tikisbun, s.
The act of toucliing.
Contagion, k^n-t^-je-un, 5. 542. The emission
from body to body by wliicli diseases are communi-
cated; infection, propagation of mischief ; pestilence,
venomous emanations.
Contagious, kftn-tiije-us, a. 542. Infectious,
caught by approach.
Contagiousness, kon-tiije-us-nes, s.
The quality of being contagious.
To Contain, kftn-tiiie^ v. a. To bold, as a
vessel: to comprise as a writing; to restrain, to with-
hold.
To Contain, k6n-tinej v. n. To live in
continence.
Containable, kin-ti-n^-W, a. Possible to be
contained.
To Contaminate, kSn-timie-nite, v, a.
To defile, to corrupt by base mixture.
Contaminate, kon-t^m^i-nite, a. 91.
Polluted, defiled.
Contamination, kSn-tim-e-na-shun, s.
Pollution, defilement.
To Contemn, kftn-tcmj v. a. 411. To despise,
to scorn, to neglect.
Contemner, kSn-teminur, s. 411. One that
contemns, a de.ipiser.
To Contemper, kftn-tem-pur, v. a.
To moderate.
Contemperament, k6n-temipur-S-menl, s.
Degree of any quality, as tempered to others.
To Contemperate, k8n-tem^pur-dte, v. a.
To moderate, to temper.
Contemperation, kftn-tem-pur-a-shun, s.
The act of moderating or tempering; proportionate
mixture, proportion.
To Contemplate, kon-tem^pU\te, v. a.
To study, to meditate.
G3> There is a very prevailing propensity to pronounce
this word with the accent on the first syllable; a pro-
pensity which ought to be checked by every lover of the
harmony of language. That very singular analogy in
our tongue, of placing the accent on the last syllable of
the verb, and the first of the noun, 492, seems to have
taken place chiefly for the convenience of forming par-
ticiples, adverbs, and verbal nouns ; which would be in-
harmonious and difficult to pronounce, if the verb had
the accent on the first syllable This analogy should
teach us to avoid placing the accent on the first syllable
of this and similar verbs, however we may pronounce
nouns and adjectives ; for though to contemplate with the
accent on the first syllable is not of very difficult pronun-
ciation, yet contemplating and contemplatingly are almost
unpronounceable.
To Contemplate, kSn-temipUte, v. n.
To muse, to think studiously with long attention.
Contemplation, kftn-tem-pU-shun, s.
Meditation, studious thought on any subject; holy
meditation; study, opposed to action.
Contemplative, kftn-tem^pl^-tiv, a. Given to
thought, studious, employed in study ; having the
power of thought.
Contemplatively, k5n~tem'-pl^-tiv-l^, ad.
Thoughtfully, attentively.
CoNTEMPLATOR, k8n-temipla-tur, s. 521.
One employed in study.
Contemporary, kon-teinipi-rS-re, a. Living
113
in the same age; born at the same time; existing at
the same point of time.
Contemporary, kSn-temipi-ra-re, s. 512.
One who lives at the same time with another.
To Contemporise, kSn-tem^po-rlze, v. a. 153.
To make contemporary.
Contempt, k8n-temt{ s. 412. The act of de-
spising others, scorn ; the state of being despised, vile-
ness.
Contemptible, k&n-tem-te-bl, a. Worthy of
contempt, deserving scorn; despised, scorned, neglec-
ted.
Contemptibleness, k6n-teni-te-bl-nes, s.
The state of being contemptible; vileness, cheapness.
Contemptibly, kSn-temit^-ble, ad. Meanty,
in a manner deserving contempt.
Contemptuous, kftn-tem-tshu-us, a. 461.
Scornful, apt to despise.
Contemptuously, kon-tem-tshu-us-1^, ad.
With scorn, with despite.
Contemptuousness, kSn-tem-tsliu-us-iies, s
Disposition to contempt.
To Contend, kSn-tend{ v. n. To strive, to
struggle in opposition ; to vie, to act in emulation.
To Contend, kSn-tend{ v. a. To dispute any
thing, to contest.
Contendent, kftn-tenident, j. Antagonist, op-
ponent.
Contender, kSn-ten-dur, s.
Combatant, champion.
Content, k8n-tent{ a. Satisfied so as not to
repine, easy.
To Content, kftn-tentj v. a. To satisfy so as tc
stop complaint, to please, to gratify.
Content, kon-tentj S. Moderate happiness ; ac-
quiescence ; that which is contained, or included in
anything; the power of containing, extent, capacity;
th.-it which is comprised in a writing; in this sense
used only in the plural, and then it is sometimes ac-
cented on the first syllable, 493.
Contented, kSn-ten-ted, part. a. Satisfied, *
quiet, not repining.
Contention, kon-ten^shun, s. strife, debate,
contest; emulation, endeavour to excel.
Contentious, k3n-tenisbus, a. Quarrelsome,
given to debate, perverse.
Contentiously, k6n-tenishus-le, ad.
Perversely, quarrelsomely.
Contentiousness, kftn-tenishus-nes, s.
Proneness to contest.
Contentless, kon-tent'-les, a. Biscontentefl,
dissatisfied, uneasy.
Contentment, kSn-tent-ment, s. Acquiescence
without plenary satisfaction, gratification.
Conterminous, kSn-ter-me-nus, a
Bordering upon.
CoNTERRANEOUS, kftn-ter-nUne-us, a. Of the
same country.
To Contest, k&n-test{ v. a. 492. To dispute,
to controvert, to litigate.
To Contest, k8n-testj v. n. To strive, to con-
tend; to vie, to emulate.
Contest, kSn-test, S. 492. Dispute, difference,
debate.
Contestable, kSu-tes-ti-bl, a. Disputable,
controvertible.
Contestableness, kSn-tes-t^-blriieSj *.
Possibility of contest.
To Context, kSn-tekst{ v, a.
To weave together.
Context, kftn'-tekst, s. 494. Tlie general series
of a discourse.
Context, kSn-tekst,' a. Knit together, firm.
Contexture, kSn-teks'-tshure, s. 461.
The disposition of parts one among another, the sys-
tem, the constitution.
CON
CON
559. Fite73, &m, fill 83, (At 81-^ml93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
»3-
CoNTiGNATiON, k8n-t1g-ni-shSn, S. A frame of
beams or boards joined together) the act of framing
or joining a fabrick.
Contiguity, k6n-te-gu-4-te, s. Actual contact,
nearness of situation.
Contiguous, kftn-tig^u-us, a. Meeting so as to
touch ; bordering upon.
Contiguously, k8n-tig-u-us-li, ad. Without
any intervening space.
Contiguousness, kon-tig^u-us-nes, *.
Close connexion.
Continence, kftn^te-nense, \
Continency, kftn'-te-nen-se, J
Restraint, command of one's self; chastity in general;
forbearance of lawful pleasure; moderation in lawful
pleasures.
Continent, kftn-te-nent, a. Chaste, abstemious
in lawful pleasures ; restrained, moderate, temperate.
Continent, kSn^t^-nent, s. Land not disjoined
by the sea from other lands j that which contains any
thing.
Continental, k&n-t4-nent-^l, a. Relating to
the continent.
To Continge, k&n-tinjej v. a. To touch, to
reach.
CoNTiNGENCE, kSn-tiH-jense, \
Contingency, k8n-t?ni.jen-sl,/
The quality of being fortuitous ; accidental possibility.
Contingent, kSn-tin-jent, a. Falling oat by
chance, accidental.
Contingent, kftn-tin^ent, s. A thing In the
hands of chance; a proportion that falls tc any person
upon a division.
Contingently, kSn-tin-jent-le, ad.
Accidentally ; without any settled rule.
Contingentness, kSn-tinyent-nis, s.
Accidentalness.
Continual, k6n-tin-i-Jl, a. Incessant, proceed
ing wiihont interruption ; inlaw, a continual claim is
made from time to time, within every year and day.
Continually, k8n-tinii-^l-l5, ad. Without
pause, without interruption ; without ceasing.
Continuance, k8n-tin-u-slnse, *. Succession
uninterrupted; permanence in one state; abode in a
place; duration, lastingness; perseverance.
Continuate, kftn-tin-u-Ate, a. 91. Immediately
united; uninterrupted, unbroken.
Continuation, kftn-tin-i-i-shun, s. Protraction,
or succession, uninterrupted.
ContinuatIVE, kSn-tin-u-4-tlv, s. An expression
noting permanence or duration.
CoNTiNUATOR, k8n-tfn-u-4-tur,s. 521. He that
continues or keeps up the series of succession.
To Continue, k8n-tin-u, v. n. To remain in
the same state ; to last, to be durable ; to persevere.
To Continue, kftn-tin-u, v. a. To protract, or
repeat without interruption ; to unite without a chasm,
or intervening substance.
Continuedly, kftn-tin-u-ed-li, ad. Without
interruption, witliout ceasing.
CoNTiNUER, kftn-tin-u-ur, s. One that has the
power of perseverance.
Continuity. kftn-t^-nu^^-tJ, s. Connexion, un-
inteirupted cohesion; the texture or cohesion of tlie
parts of an animal body.
Continuous, kSn-tin^i-us, a. Joined togetlier,
without the intervention of any space.
To Contort, kSn-tort{ v. a. To twist, to writhe.
Contortion, kSn-tSr-shun, s. Twist, wry
motion, flexure.
Contour, k5n-toor{ s. French. The outline,
the line by which any figure is defined or terminated.
Contraband, kSn-tra-bAnd, a. 524.
Prohibited, illegal, unlawful.
To Contract, k5n-trikt{ v. a. To draw
together, to shorten ; to bring two parties together, to
114
make a bargain ; to betroth, to affiance ; to get a habi'
of; to abridge, to epitomise.
To Contract, kftn-trikt{ v. n. To shrink up;
to grow short; to bargain, as to contract for a quantity
of provisions.
Contract, kftn-tiikt, s. 492. A bargain, «
compact ; an act whereby a man and woman are be
trothed to one another; a writing in wlilch the terms
of a bargain are included.
(t:^ Mr. Nares, in Ills English Orthoepy, page 338, has
very properly criticised Dr. Jolinson'sol'sei vatioii on this
word, wliere he says, ' Dr. Johnson has accented this
'word on the last syllable, and has subjoined this remark,'
'* anciently accented on the first." 'It is evident, (says
Mr. Nares,) that the whole article should be reversed .
' the word should stand with the accent on the first, ana
'the remark should be,' "anciently accented on the
" last." The justness of these ob.servations will appear
from the qiiotations :
" Tfaii is the hand which, with a vow'd contrfict,
" Was fast belockM in thine." Shakespeare.
" I did ; and his amtrict with Lady Lucy,
** And his contrdct by deputy in France." Ibid.
But that the accent should now be placed on the first syl-
lable, needs no proof but the general ear, and the ge-
neral analogy of dissyllable nouns and verbs of the same
form, 492.
CoNTRACTEDNESS, kSn-tr^k-tetl-nes, *.
The state of being contracted.
CoNTRACTiEiLiTY, kSn-trak-ti-biK^-t^, *.
Possibility of being contracted.
CoNTRACTiBLE, kSn-tr^k^ti-bl, a. Capable of
contraction.
CoNTRACTiBLENESS, kftn-tr4k^t5-bl-nes, s.
The quality of suffering contraction.
Contractile, kSn-tritk-til, a. 145. 140.
Having the power of shortening itself.
Contraction, kftn-trik-shun, *. The -ict of
contracting or shortening; the act of shrinking or
shrivelling; the state of being contracted, drawn into
a narrow compass ; in grammar, the reduction of two
vowels or syllables to one ; abbreviation, as, the writing
is full of contractions.
Contractor, k6n-tr^kitur, s. One of the
parties to a contract or bargain.
To Contradict, kftn-tri-diktj v. a. To oppose
verbally, to deny ; to be contrary to.
Contradicter, kJn-trl-dik^tur, s. One that
contradicts, an opposer.
Contradiction, kin-trA-dikishun, s. Verbal
opposition, controversial assertion ; opposition ; incon-
sistency, incongruity ; contrariety, in thought or etfect.
Contradictious, kftn-tra-dik-shus, a. Filled
with contradictions, inconsistent; inclined to contra-
dict.
Contradictiousness, kJn-tr4-dik'shus-nes, *.
Inconsistency.
Contradictorily, kin-tri-dik-tur-^-l^, ad.
Inconsistertly with himself; oppositely to others.
Contradictory, kSn-trl-dik-tur-^, a.
Opposite to, inconsistent with; in logick, that which
is in the fullest opposition.
Contradictory, kSn-tr^-dik-tuv-^, «. a pro-
position which opposes another in all its terrns; incon-
sistency.
Contradistinction, kSn-tr^-dis-tingk^shun,*.
408. Distinction by opposite qualities.
To Contradistinguish, k6n-tr^-dis-tingi
gwish, V. a. To distinguish by opposite qualities.
Contrafissure, kSn-tri-fish'-sbure, s. 450.
452. A crack of the scull, where the blow was
inflicted, is called fissure ; but in tlie contrary par(i
contrafissure.
To Contraindicate, kSn-trS-inid^-kite, v. a.
To point out some peculiar symptom contrary to the
general tenour of the malady.
Contraindication, kSn-tri-inde-kd-shun, s.
An indication, or symptom, which forbids that to b«
done which the main scope of a disease points out a
first.
CON CON
nor 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, buU 1T3— 41l 299-rpoHnd 313— fhm 466, this 469.
CoNTRAMURE, kftn-tri-mure{ s. An outwall
built about the main wall of a city.
CoNTRANiTENCY, kSn-trA-iii-teii-s^, s.
Re-action, a resistance against pressure.
Contraposition, k6n-tr^-po-zish-un, t.
A placing over against.
CoNTRAREGULARiTV, k^n-tri-reg-u-l^r'^-te, s.
Contrariety to rule.
CONTRARIANT, kin-trk-T^-iut, O.
Inconsistent, contradictory.
Contraries, kSn-tr5-nz, s. 99. Things of
opposite natures or qvialities ; in logicb, propositions
which destroy each other.
Contrariety, k&n-tM-ri-^-t^, s. Repugnance,
opposition ; incon»uitency, quality or position destruc-
tive of its opposite.
Contrarily, kftn-tri-r^-li, ad. In a manner
contrary ; different ways, in opposite directions. Lit-
tle used.
0^ This and the following word are by Dr. Johnson
accented on the second syllable ; no doubt from the
harshness that must necessarily arise from placing the
accent on the first, when so many unaccented syllables
are to succeed. But if harmony were to take place, we
should never suffer the stress on the first syllable of con-
trary, from which these words are formed; but that once
admitted, as it invariably is by the best speakers, we
should cross the most uniform analogy of our'language,
if we accented the adverb differently from the substantive
and the adjective; and therefore, however harsh they
may sound, these words must necessarily have the accent
on the first syllable. — See Contrary.
Contrariness, kSniti4-r5-nes, s. Contrariety,
opposition.
Contrarious, kSn-tri^rl-Ss, a.
Opposite, repugnant.
CoNTRARiousLY, k6n-tri'-ri-us-li, ad.
Oppositely.
Contrariwise, k8nitri-ri-wlze, ad.
Conversely; on the contrary.
Contrary, k8n-tri-r4, a.
Opposite, contradictory; inconsistent, disagreeing;
adverse, in an opposite direction.
CCJ- The accent is invariably placed on the first syllable
of this word by all correct speakers, and as constantly
removed to the second by the illiterate and vulgar. When
common ears refuse a sound, it is a strong presumption
that sound is not agreeable to the general harmony of the
language. The learned often vitiate the natural taste for
their own language by an affected veneration for others ;
while the illiterate, by a kind of vernacular instinct, fall
into the most analogical pronunciation, and such as is
most suitable to the general turn of the language. An-
ciently this word, as appears by the poets, was most com-
monly pronounced by the learned, as it is now by the
vulgar, with the accent on the second syllable ; but no-
thing can be now more firmly establishedthan the accent
on the first syllable, and the other pronunciation must
be scrupulously avoided. — See Contrarily
Contrary, k6n-trJ-r^, s. A thing of opposite
qualities; a proposition contrary to some other; in
opposition, on the other side 5 to a contrary purpose.
Contrast, kftnitrl^t, S. Opposition and dis-
similitude of figures, by which one contributes to the
visibility or effect of another.
Fo Contrast, k6n-tr^t{ v. a. To place in
opposition ; to show another figure to advantage.
CoNTRAVALLATioN, kSn-trC-v^l-la-shuu, s.
The fortification thrown up, to hinder the sallies of
the garrison.
Contravene, k8n-tri-v^nej v. a. To oppose, to
obstruct, to baffle.
Contravener, k&n-tri-v^^nur, s. He who
opposes another.
Contravention, k6n-trA-v§n^sliun, s.
Opposition.
Contrectation, kon-trek-t4-shun, s.
A touching.
Contributary, kftn-tnbiu-t^-r^, a. Paying
tribute to the same sovcrpign.
To Contribute, kSn-tnb^ute, v. a. To give to
(ome common stock.
115
To Contribute, kSn-trib-ite, v. n. To bear
part, to have a share in any act or effect.
Contribution, kSn-ti^-bu^shun, s. The act o
promoting some design in conjunction with other per
sons; that which is given by several hands for soma
common purpose; that which is paid for the support
of an army lying in a country.
Contributive, kfin-tnb-i-tlv, a. That has tli«
power or quality of promoting any purpose in concur
rence with other motives.
Contributor, kSn-tnb-u-tur, 5. 166. One that
bears a part in some common design.
Contributory, kSn-trib^i-tur-i, a. 512.
Promoting the same end, bringing assistance to some
Joint design.
To Contristate, kSn-tnsit^te, v. a. To sadden,
to make sorrowful. Not used.
Contristation, kSn-tris-ti-shun, 5. Tlieactof
making sad, the state of being made sad. Not used.
Contrite, kSii-trlte, a. 140. Bruised, much
worn ; worn with sorrow, harassed with the sense of
guilt, penitent.
(i:7- This word ought to have the accent on the last syl-
lable, both as it is an adjective, from which is formed
the abstract substantive conlritcness, and as the accent on
the first syllable has a tendency to shorten the t in the
last, HO. Accordingly Dr. Johnson, Mr. Scott, and
Bailey, place the accent on the last syllable; but
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Elphinstone, Dr. Ash,
W. Johnston, Perry, Buchanan, and Entick, place it on
the first, with unquestionably the best usage on their side.
Contritely, kJn^trlte-l^, ad. Penitently,
(try- As the adjective contrite, though contrary to ana-
logy, seems to prefer the accent on the first syllable;
contritely and conlrxteness must necessarily have" the ac-
cent on the same syllable See Contrarily.
Contriteness, k6nitHte-nes, s. Contrition,
repentance.
Contrition, kSn-trlsh-un, *. The act of grind-
ing or rubbing to powder; penitence, sorrow for sin.
ContrivaBLE, kftn-tlKva-bl, a. Possible to be
planned by the mind.
Contrivance, k5n-ti4-y^use, s. The act of
contriving; scheme, plan ; a plot, an artifice.
To Contrive, k6n-tiive| v. a. To plan out; to
find out means.
To Contrive, kSn-tHve,' v. n. To form or
design, to plan.
Contrivement, kSn-trlve-nient, s. Invention.
Contriver, kftn-trUvur, s. 98. An inventor.
Control, kin-trAll{ s. 406. A register, or ac-
count kept by another officer, that each may be exa-
mined by the other; check, restraint j power, autho-
rity, superintendence.
To Control, k5n-trolK v. a. 406. To ke?p
under check by a counter reckoning; tp govern, to
restrain; to confute. ? ■
Controllable, kon-trill-A-bl, a. Subject to
control, subject to be over-ruled.
Controller, kin-tioll-ur, s. One that has th»
power of governing or restraining.
Controllership, kin-tioll-ui-sh?p, s.
The office of a controller.
Controlment, kSn-tiuU-m^nt, s. The power
or act of superintending or restraining, restraint ■, op-
position, confutation. '
Controversial, kSn-tro-v?r-sb^l, a.
Relating to disputes, disputatious.
Controversy, kSn^tri-ver-s^, s. Dispute, de-
hate ; a suit in law ; a quarrel.
To Controvert, kon-tro-vert, v. a. To debate,
to dispute any thing in writing.
Controvertible, kSn-tri-vlrt^^-bl, a.
Disputable.
CONTROVERTIST, k6nitr6-v2r-dst, S. Disputant,
chiefly on rel'.gious subjects.
(^~ It is with some surprise I have frequently observed
those profound philologists, the Monthly Reviewers,
write this word Controversialist. " He apjiears to be a
" sensible, ingenious, and candid Controversialist • one
CON
CON
CrT- 569. Fite73, fSr77, fall 83, f4t81— meflS, met95— plne'lOo, p'n 107— no 162, move 164,
h
" who writes from a regard to truth, and with the full
" conviction of liis own mind." M. R. November, 1.79+,
p. 346. But nothing is more evident than that every
verbal noun ought to be formed from the verb, and con-
sequently that to controvert ought to form cont^orertist.
Dr. Johnson has only produced the authority of Tillot-
son ; to which I will beg leave to add a much better from
the Idler, No. 12. " It is common for controvertists, in
" the heat of disputation, to add one position to another
"till they reach the extremities of linowledge, where
" truth and falsehood lose their distinction."
Contumacious, kin-tu-ma-shus, «.
Obstinate, perverse, stubborn.
Contumaciously, kin-tu-ma-shus-1^, ad.
Obstinately, inflexibly, perversely.
CovTUMACiousNESS, kfin-tu-nia-shus-nes, s.
Obstinacy, perverseness.
Contumacy, kftn-tU-mS-Se, S. Obstinacy, per-
verseness ; in law, a wilful contempt and disobedience
to any lawful summons or judicial order.
Contumelious, kftn-tu-me-le-us, a.
Reproachful, sarcastick ; inclined to utter reproach;
productive of reproach, shameful.
Contumeliously, kftn-tu-me-le-us-le, ad.
Reproachfully, contemptuously.
CoNTUMELiousNESS, kun-tu-me-li-us-iies, s.
Rudeness, reproach.
Contumely, k5ti-tu-me-le, *. Contemptuous-
ness, bitterness of language, reproach.
To Contuse, kSn-tuze,' v.. a. 437. To beat
together, to bruise; to bruise the flesh without a breach
of the continuity.
Contusion, kun-tu-zhun, s. The act of beating
or bruising; the state of being beaten or bruised; a
bruise.
Convalescence, k6n-v^-les^sense, 510
Convalescency, kSn-vi-les-sen-sJ,
Renewal of health, recovery from a disease.
Convalescent, k8n-v;t-les-sent, a. Recovering.
To CoNVe?iF, kftn-VeneJ v.7l. To come together,
to assemble.
To Convene, kftn-venej v. a. To cail together,
to assemble, to convoke; to summon judicially
Convenience, kSn-ve-ne-ense
Conveniencv, kun-ve-ne-en-s^
Fitness, commodiousness, cause of ease, accommoda-
tion; fitness of time or place.
Convenient, kin-vi-n^-ent, a. Fit, suitable,
proper.
Conveniently, kSn-ve-nl-ent-l^, ad.
Commodiously, fitly.
Convent, kon-vent, S. An assembly of religious
persons ; a religious house, a monastery, a nunnery.
7'o Convent, kSn-ventJ il a. 492. To call before
a judge or judicature. Not in use.
Conventicle, k6n-ven-t^-kl, s. An assembly,
a meeting; an assembly for worship; a secret as-
sembly.
CCJ- In the first edition of this Dictionary I followed
Mr. Sheridan's accentuation of this word upon the first
syllable, as I apprehended it was more agreeable to po-
lite usage, though less agreeable to the ear than the ac-
cont on the second; but from a farther enquiry, and a
review of the authorities for both, I am strongly per-
suaded in favour of the latter accentuation. For the for-
mer we have Sheridan, Ash, W. Johnston, and Entick ;
and for the latter. Dr. Johnson, Kenrick, Nares, Scott,
Perry, Buchanan, p-.id Bailey. The other accentuation
seems chiefly adopted by the poets, who should not be
deprived of their privilege of altering the accents of
some words to accommodate them to the verse;
" For 'twere a sin to rob them of their mite." Pope.
Conventicler, kSn-ven-tik-lur, *. One that
supports oi frequents private and unlawful assemblies.
Convention, kSn-ven-shun, s. The act of
coming together, union, coaliiiou; an assembly; a
contract, agreement for a time.
Conventional, k6n-ven-sh?ui-.M^ a. Stipulated,
tjrttd on by compact.
lie
i}*-
Conversant,
CoNVENTioNARY, kSn-ven-shun-l-re, a.
Acting upon contract.
Conventual, kftn-ven-tshu-A.1, a. Belonging to
a convent, monastick.
Conventual, kon-ven^tshu-^1, s. A monk,
nun, one that lives in a convent.
To Converge, kftn-verjej v. n. To tend to one
point from dift'erent places. /
Convergent, k6n-ver-.ient,\
Converging, k6n-verying, J
Tending to one point from ditteient places.
Conversable, kSn-ver-si-bl, a. Qualified fox
conversation, fit for company.
CoNVERSABLENESS, kSfi-ver^si-bl-nes, s.
The quality of being a pleaiing companion.
CONVERSABLY, k6n-Ver-S^-bli, ad. In a con-
versable manner.
{k6ri-ver-s^nt, "(^
kSn-ver^s^nt, J
Acquainted with, familiar; having intercourse with
any, acquainted ; relating to, concerning.
OC^ There are authorities so considerable for each of
these pronunciations as render a decision on that ground
somewhat difficult. Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick,
Mr. Perry, Buchanan, and Bailey, place the accent on
the second syllable; and Mr. Nares, W. Johnslon, and
Entick, accent the first. Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott
place it on both, and consequently leave it undecided.
Analogy seems to demand the stress on the second syl-
lable ; perhaps not so much from the relation the word
bears to the veib to converse, since it may possibly be de-
rived from the noun converse, 492, as from the very gene-
ral rule of accenting words of three, syllables, tliat are
not simples in our language, on the second syllabic when
two consonants occur in the middle. This rule, how-
ever, is frequently violated in favour of the aiitepem.il-
timate accent (the favourite accent of our language) as In
Aggrandize, dmneslij, character, convertite, ancestor, ma-
g-istrate, protestant, &c. and where there is but one con-
sonant in the middle, nothing is more comiron than to
find the accent of the dissyllable verb neglected, and the
trisyllable noun adopting the anteneniiltimate accent.
Thus the words confident, president, provident, &c. are not
accented like the verbs conjide, preside, &c. he. but are
considered as simples, and follow the general rule;
which is, that all simples of three syllables, with but
one consonant in the middle, have the accent on the
first, and that the vowel in this syllable is short, 501.
Upon the whole, therefore, since authorities are so equal
and analogy so precarious, usage must be the umpire;
and my observation fails me if that which may be called
the best usage does not decide in favour of the accent on
the first syllable.
Conversation, kSn-ver-si-sliun, *. Familiar
discourse, chat, easy talk, a particular act of discours-
ing upon any subject; commerce, intercourse; fami
liarity; behaviour, manner of acting in common life.
To Converse, kSn-vei-seJ v. n. To cohabit with,
to hold intercourse with; to be acquainted with; to
discourse familiarly upon any subject; to have com-
merce with a dift'erent sex.
Converse, kSn-verse, S. 592. Manner of dis-
coursing in familiar life; acquaintance, cohabitation,
familiarity ; with geometricians, it means the contrary.
(J3» It is highly probable that this substantive was
anciently pronounced like the verb, with the accent on
the second syllable; but nothing is now better establish-
ed than the accent on the first. Even the line of Pope,
** Goncrous converse; a soul exempt from pride,"
however rugged with the accent on the first syllable of
this word, cannot with propriety be read otherwise.
Conversely, k6n-verse-le, ad. With change of
order, reciprocally.
Conversion, kSn-ver-shun, s. Change from
one state into another, transmutation ; change from
reprobation to grace ; change from one religion t«
another.
Conversive, kin-veribiv, a.
Conversable, sociable.
To Convert, k5n-vert{ v. a. To change into
another substance, to transmute; to change from one
religion to another ; to turn from abad to a good life|
to apply to any use, to approiiriate.
CON
COO
nor 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il399-- p5und313— Min466, THis~469.
To Convert, kSn-vert{ v, n. To undergo a
change, to be transmuted.
Convert, kSn-vert, *. 492. A person converted
from one opinion to another.
Converter, k6n-vert-ur, s. One that makes
converts.
Convertibility, k5n-ver-te-bil-e-te, s.
The quality of being possible to be converted.
Convertible, k6n-ver-te-bl, a. Susceptible of
cliange, transmutable ; so much alike as that one may
be used for the other.
Convertiblv, kSn-ver-te-ble, ad. Reciprocally.
CoNVERTiTE, kSn-ver-titc, s. 156. 503.
A convert.
Convex, kon-veks, a. Rising in a circular form,
opposite to concave.
Convex, kin-veks, s. A convex body.
Convexed, kftn-veksti part, 359. Protuberant
ill a circular form.
Convexkdly, kftn-vek^sed-l^, ad. 364.
In a convex form.
Convexity, kSn-veks-^-t5, s. Protuberance, in
a circular form.
Convexlv, kSn-veks-ll, ad. In a convex form.
CoNVEXNESS, kSn-veks-neS, S. Spheroidical pro-
tuberance, convexity.
Convexo-concave, k5n-veks-i-k5ngikive, a.
Having the hollow on the inside, corresponding to the
external protuberance.
To Convey, kSn-v^ v, a. 269. To carry, to
transport from one place to another ; to hand from one
to another; to move secretly ; to transmit, to transfer,
to deliver to another ; to impart.
Conveyance, k8n-vi'-^nse, s. The act of re-
moving any thing; way for carriage or transportation ;
the method of removing secretly ; the means by which
any thing is conveyed ; delivery from one to another ;
act of transferring property; writing by which pro-
perly is transferred.
Conveyancer, k&n-vi'^n-sur, s. a lawyer who
draws writings by which property is transferred.
Conveyer, k5n-vi-ur, s. One who carries or
transmits any thin;.
To Convict, kftn-vikt{ v. a. To prove guilty, to
detect in guilt; to confute, to discover to be false.
Convict, k6n-Vlkt{ a. Convicted, detected in
guilt.
Convict, kftn-vikt, s. 492. A person cast at the
bar.
Conviction, kSn-vik-shun, s. Detection of
guilt ; the act of convincing, confutation.
Convictive, kftn-vik-tiv, a. 157. Having the
power of convincing.
To Convince, kfin-vlnsej v. a. To force another
to acknowledge a contested position ; to convict. — See
To Colltct.
CONVINCEMENr, kSn-viilse^ment, S. Conviction,
CONVINCIBLE, kou-vin-se-bl, a. Capable of con-
viction ; capable of being evidently disproved.
Convincingly, kSn-vni^sing-l^, nd. in such a
manner as to leave no room for doubt.
Convincingness, kfin-vin-sing-nes, s.
The power of convincing.
To Convive, kiin-vlvej v. a. To entertain, to
feast. Obsolete.
CoNviVAL, kftn-vUvil, \
Convivial, kSn-viviytll, J "• ""^-
Relating to an entertainment, festal, social.
Conundrum, k&-nun-drum, *. a low jest, a
quibble.
To Convocate, kSnivi-kdte, v. a.
To call together.
Convocation, k6n-vS-ka^shiin, s. The act of
calling to an assembly ; an assembly; an assemoly of
tlie clergy for consurltation upon matters ecclesiastical.
117
To Convoke, kSn-vokeJ v. a. To call together,
to summon to an assembly.
To Convolve, kftn-vililvj v, a. To roll together
to roll one part upon another.
Convoluted, k6n-v6-lu-ted, part. a.
Twisted, rolled upon itself.
Convolution, kSn-v6-lu-shun, s. The act of
rolling anything upon itself; the state of rolling to.
gether in company.
To Convoy, kSn-Voe| v. a. To accompany by
land or sea, for the sake of defence.
Convoy, kfin-vSe, s. 492. Attendance at sea or
on the road by way of defence ; the act of attending as
a defence.
Conusance, kftn-u-sinse, s. Cognizance, notice.
A law term. — See Cognizance.
C;?- Perhaps it may be pleaded by the gentlemen of the
law, that this is the word they use instead of Cognizance,
and consequently, that the charge against them of mu-
tilating that word falls to the ground. But it may be
answered, that the second syllables of these words are so
different as to leave us in no doubt which tlicy make use
of; and that the words cognizable, cognizor, and cognizee,
being pronounced by them without the ^, are sufficient
proofs of the justness of the accusation.
To Convulse, kSn-vulse,' v. a. To give an ir-
regular and involuntary motion to the parts of any
body.
Convulsion, kon-vul-shun, s. A convulsion is
an involuntary contraction of the fibres and muscles ;
an irregular and violent motion, commotion.
Convulsive, k8n-vul-siv, a. 15B. 428.
Giving twitches or spasms.
Cony, kun-n^, s. A rabbit, an animal that
burrows in the giound.
Cony-burrow, kun^n^-bur-i, s. A place
where rabbits make their holes in the ground.
To Coo, koo, v. n, 10. To cry as a dove or
pigeon.
Cook, kuok, s, 306. One whose profession is to
dress and prepare victuals for the table.
Cook-maid, kook'mide, s. A maid that dresses
provisions.
Cook-room, kook-rooni, s. A room in which
provisions are prepared for the ship's crew.
To Cook, kook, v. a. To prepare victuals for the
table.
Cookery, kook^ur-l, s. 555. The art of dressing
victuals.
Cool, kuol, a. 306. Somewhat cold, approaching
to cold ; not zealous, not fond.
Cool, kool, s. Freedom from heat.
To Cool, kool, v. a. To make cool, to allay heat ;
to quiet passion, to calm anger.
To Cool, kool, v. n. To grow less hot ; to grow
less warm with regard to passion.
Cooler, kool-ur, *. That which has the power of
cooling the body ; a vessel in which any thing is made
cool.
Coolly, kool-lJ, ad. Without heat, or sharp cold ;
without passion.
Coolness, kool-nls, s. Gentle cold, a soft or
mild degree of cold; wantof affection, disinclination j
freedom from passion.
COOM, koom, S. 306. Soot that gathers over an
oven's mouth; that matter that works out of the
wheels of carriages.
CoOMB, koom, s, A measure of corn containing fout
bushels.
Coop, koop, S. A cage, a pen for animals, at
poultry or sheep.
To Coop, koop, v. a. To shut up in a narrow
compass, to cage.
Coo PEE, koo-pee{ S. A motion in dancing.
Cooper, koo-pur, s. 98. One that makes coopi
or barrels.
Cooperage, koo-pur-idje, s, 90, The price
paid for coopers' work.
cot'
COR
K?" 559. Mte 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 162, move 164,
To Co-operate, k^-Sp'-er-ate, v. ii. To labour
jointly with another to tlie same end ; to concur in the
same effect.
Co-operation, ko-Sp-^t-fchun, s. The act of
contributing or concurring to the same eiVd;
Co-operative, k6-6p-er-^-dv, a. Promoting
the same end jointly.
Co-operator, ki-5p-er-i-tur, s, 521. He that
by joint endeavours, promotes the same end with
others.
Co-oPTATioN, kS-Sp-ti-shun, s.
Adoption, assumption.
Co-ordinate, ki-or^d^-nfce, a. 91.
Holding the same rank.
Co-ordinately, ki-or^dA-nate-l^, ad. In the
same ranl<.
Co-ORDiNATENESS, ko-oF^de-nite-nes, s.
Tlie state of being co-ordinate.
Co-ORblNATiON, k6-Sr-dl-ni-sliSn, S, The state
cf holding tlie same rank, coUateraUiess.
Coot, koot, s, 306. A small black water-fowl.
Cop, kSp, S, The head, the top of any thing.
Coparcenary, k6-par-se-ni-re, s. Joint suc-
cession to any inheritance.
Coparcener, ko-p.ar-se-nur, s. Coparceners are
such as have equal portion in the inheritance of the
ancestor.
Coparceny, kA-p^r-sJ-n^, s. An equal share
of coparceners.
Copartner, ko-part-nur, s. 98. One that has a
share in some common stoclc or affair.
Copartnership, k6-part-nur-ship, s. Tiie state
of bearing an equal part, or possessing an equal share;
COPATAIN, kftp^^-tih, d. 208. Hi|U-raiiea,
pointed. Obsolete.
COPAYVA, ko-pa^v^, s. 92. A gtim which distils
from a tree in Brasil.
CoPE, kope, S. Any thing with which the head is
covered J asiiccrdolal cloak, worn in sacred ministra-
tion ; any thing which is spread over the head.
To CoPE, kope, V. a. To cover, as with a cope ;
to contend with, to oppose.
To CoPEi kipe, v, n. To contend; to struggle, to
strive.
CoPIERi k6p-pi-ur, S. Ohe that copies, a Iran -
scriber; a plagiary, an imitator.
Coping^ ko-ping, s. The ilt>per tire of masonry
which covers the wall.
Copious, ko-pe-us, a. Plentiful, abundant, aboutid-
ing in words or images.
Copiously, ko-pe-us-le, ad.
Phentifully, abundantly, in great quantities; at large,
diffusely.
Copiousness, ko-pe-ns-hes, s. Plenty, abundance;
exuberance of style.
Copland, kSp-land, s. A piece of ground which
terminates with an acute angle.
Copped, kSp-ped, or kftpt, d. Z6Q. Rising to
a top or h?ad.
CoppeL, kop-pel, S. An instrument used in
chymistry . Its use is to try and purify gold and silver.
Copper, kSp'-pfir, s. 98. One of the si* primitive
metals.
Copper, kop-pur, s. A boHer larger than a move-
able pot.
CopPER-NOSE, kSpipur-nSze, «. A red nose.
Copper-plate, kftp^pSir-plite, s. A plate on
which pictures are engraven.
Copp'ER-woRk, kftp-pur-wurk, «. A place where
copper is manufactured.
Copperas, kSp-pur-Ss, *. A kind of vitriol.
Coppersmith, kSp-pur-Sm?th, s. One that
manufactures copper.
CopPERWORfti', kftp^pur-wurm, s. A little worm
in ships } a worm breeding in one's hand.
118
Coppery, kop-pur-e, a. Containing copper.
Coppice, kSp-pis, *. 142. Low woods cut at
stated times for fuel.
Copple-DUST, kftp-pl-dust, s. Powder used in
purifying metals.
Coppled, kiip-pld, a. 359. Rising in a conick
form.
Copse, kSps, *. Short wood
To Copse, kops, v. a. To preserve underwood.
Copula, k8p-u-l^, s. 92. The word which unites
the subject and predicate of a proposition.
To Copulate, kSp-u-Ute, v. a. To unite, to
conjoin.
To Copulate, k6p-u-l4te, v. n. To come
together as different sexes.
Copulation, kSp-u-la-shun, s. Tiie congress or
embrace of the two sexes.
Copulative, kSp-u-la-tiv, a. 157. A term of
grammar.
Copy, kop-pe, S. 482. A transcript from the
arclietype or original ; an individual book, as a good
and fair copy ; the original, the archetype; a picture
drawn from another picture.
CoPY-BCiOK, k3p-p^-book, S. A book in which
copies are written for learuers to imitate.
Copyhold, kop-pe-hold, *. A tenure, for which
the tenant hath nothing to show but the copy of the
rolls made by the steward of his lord's court.
Copyholder, kftp-p^-hol-dur, y. One that is
possessed of land in copyhold.
To Copy, kSp-p^, v. a. To transcribe, to write
after an original ; to imitate, to propose to imitation.
To Copy, k5p-pe, v. n. To do any thing in
imitaiion of something else.
CoPYER, k5p-pe-ur, \
Copyist, kSp^pe-ist, /
One who copies writing or pictures.
To Coquet, k6-ket{ v. a. 415. To treat with an
appearance of amorous tenderness.
CogUETRY, ko-ket-ri, s. Affectation of amorous
advances.
Coquette, ko-kltj *. A gay, airy girl, who
endeavours to atti-act notice.
Coracle, kftr-^-kl, S. 405. A boat used in Wales
by tishers.
Coral, kSr-itl, *. Red coral is a plant of a» great
hardness and stony nature while growing m tne water,
as it is after long exposure to the air; the piece of
coral which children use as a plaything.
(f3^ We sometimes hear this word pronounced Curral;
but this is contrary to all our Pronouncing Dictionaries,
and ought to be avoided.
Coralline, kSri^-in, a. 150. Consisting of
coral.
Coralline, kSr-il-in, S. Coralline is a sea-plant
used in medicine.
Coralloid, or Coralloidal, kSr-^l-l6id, ot
kSr-il-loid-^l, a. Resembling coral.
CoraNT, k6-rintj S. A nimble sprightly dance.
CORBAN, kor-bin, S. 168. An alms basket, a gift,
an alms.
CORBEILS, kor-belz, s. Little baskets used in for-
tification, filled with earth.
Corbel, kor-bel, 5. In architecture, the represen-
tation of a basket.
Cord, kord, s. A rope, a string ; a quantity of
wood for fuel ; a pile eight feet long, four high, and
four broad.
Cord-maker, kord^mi-kur, s. One whose trade
is to make ropes, a rope-inaker.
CORD-VI'OOD, kord-wild, s. Wood piled up foC
fuel.
7'o Cord, kord, v. a. To bind with ropes.
Cordage, kor-didje, s. 90. A quantity of cordi,
CdKDEb, kor-ded, a. Made of ropes.
COR
COR
•liSr I6T, n$t 163— t&be 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^/tin 466, this 469.
Cordelier, kor-d^-l^erj s. 275, A franciscan
friar, so named from the cord which serves him for a
cincture.
Cordial, koriji-Jl, s. 294. 376. A medicine
that increases the force of tlie heart, or quickens the
circulation ; any medicine that increases strength ; any
thing that comforts, gladdens, and exhilarates.
(t7- There is certainty a tendency in the d as well as in
the t to slide into a soft hissing sound when preceded by
the accent, and followed by adiphthong or a diphthongal
vowel, commencing with tlie sound of e. This is evident
by the current pronunciation of immediate, verdure, &c.
as if written immejiate, rerjure, &c. 294 ; and tliis pro-
nunciation is so agreeable to the genius of our language,
that the organs slide into it insensibly. Mr. Sheridan,
in order to mark this sound, has adopted the y, and
spelled the word Cor-dy-al: and if y is here articulated
as a consonant, as is intended, its connexion with d pro-
duces a sound so near the hiss in Cor-je-al, as to be with
difficulty distinguished from it.
Cordial, kor-je-4l, a. Reviving, invigorating j
sincere, hearty.
Cordiality, kor-j4-Jl-^-ti> s. Relation to the
heart; sincerity.
Cordially, k3r-j5-il-l^, ad. Sincerely, heantlly.
Core, k6re, S. The heart ; the inner part of any
thing ; the inner part of a fruit, which contains the
kernel ; the matter contained in a bile or sore.
Coriaceous, k6-rJ-A-shus, a. Consisting of
leather; of a substance resembling leather.
Coriander, ki-re-in^ur, s. 98. A plant.
Corinth, kuKrJn, s. A small fruit commonly
called currant, which see.
Corinthian, kA-nn-^A^-in, a. Is generally
reckoned the fourth of the five orders of architecture.
Cork, kork, *. A glandiferous tree, in all respects
like the ilex, excepting the bark ; the bark of the cork-
tree used for stopples ; the stopple of a bottle.
7b Cork, kork, v. a. To put corks into bottles.
Corking-pin, kor-king-p!nJ *. A pin of the
largest size.
Corky, kor^k^, a. Consisting of cork.
Cormorant, kor^mi-r^nt, s. A bird that preys
upon fish ; a glutton.
Corn, korn, S. The seeds which grow In ears, not
in pods: grain unreaped; grain in the ear, yet «n-
thrashed; an excrescence on the foot, hard and
panitul.
To Corn, korn, v. a. To salt, to sprinkle with
salt; to form into small grains.
Corn-field, komifJ^ld, s. A field where com is
growing.
Corn- FLAG, kom-fl4g, s. A plant: the leaves are
like those of the fleur-de-lis.
Corn-floor, korn-flSre, s. The floor where com
is stored.
Corn-flower, korniflou-ur, *.
The bluebottle.
Corn-land, korn-lJnd, s. Land appropriated to
the production of grain.
Corn-mill, korn-mil, s. A mill to grind com
into meal.
Corn-pipe, korn -pipe, s. A pipe made by slitting
the joint of a green stalk of corn.
Cornchandler, korn-tshlnd-lSr, s. One that
retails corn.
""ornc OTTER, korn-kut-tur, s. A man whose
profession it is to extirpate corns from the foot.
Cornel, kor-nel, "I
Cornelian-tree, kor-nJil^-Jn-tr4^, /
The Cornel-tree beareth the fruit commonly called the
Cornelian cherry.
Corneous, kor'nJ-us, a. Homy, of a substance
resembling horn.
Corner, kor-nur, s. 98. An angle ; a secret or
remote place ; the extremities, the utmost limit.
Corner-stone, kSrinur-stine, s. Tlie stone
that unit«s the two walls at the corner.
119
CoRNERwiSE, kor-nur-wize, ad. Diagonally.
Cornet, kor-net, s. 99. A musical instrument
blown with the mouth ; a company or troop of horse,
in this sense obsolete; the officer who bears the stan-
dard of a troop ; Cornet of a horse, is the lowest part
of his pastern that runs round the coffin.
Cornetcy, kor-net-s^, s. The post of a comet
in the army.
Cornice, kor^nis, 5. 142. The highest projection
of a wall or coluuin.
Cornicle, kor-n!k-kl, s. 405. A little horn.
Cornigerous, kor-nidjei|-rus, a. Homed,
having horns.
Cornucopia, kor-nu-k6-p4-e, s.
The horn of plenty.
To CoRNUTE, kor-nitej v. a. To bestow horns,
to cuckold.
Cornuted, kor-iiA-ted, a. Grafted with homs,
cuckolded.
CoRNUTO, kor-ni^ti, s. Italian.
A man horned, a cuckold.
Corny, kor-n^, a. strong or hard like hom,
horny; producing grain or corn.
Corollary, kftr-6-llr-^, s. 168. Tiie conclusion 5
an inference.
CCy- Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash, W. John-
ston, Buchanan, Entick, and Smith, accent this word
on the first, and Dr. Kenrick, Scott, Perry, and Bailey,
on the second syllable. The weight of authority is cer.
tainly for the accentuation I have adopted, and analogy
seems to confirm this authority. For as the word is de.
rived from CoroUarium, with the accent on the antepe-
nultimate, our pronunciation of this word generally lays
an additional accent on the first syllable, which, when
the word is shortened by dropping a syllable in Corollary,
becomes the principal accent, as in a ]iousand other in-
stances.— See Academy.
Coronal, kSr^i-n^l, s. 168. A crown, a garland.
Coronal, k6r-A-nil, a. Belonging to the top of
the head.
Coronary, k6r-6-nSr-i, a. Relating to a crown;
it is applied in anatomy to arteries fancied to encom-
pass the heart in the manner of a garland.
Coronation, kSr-6-na-shun, s. The act or
solemnity of crowning a king; the pomp or assembly
present at a coronation.
Coroner, kSr-i-nur, S. An officer whose duty it
is to enquire how any violent death was occasioned.
Coronet, kor-o-net, s. An inferior crown worn
by the nobility.
Corporal, kor-pi-rSl, J. 168. The lowest officer
of the infantry ; a low sea-officer.
Corporal, kor-pA-ril, a. Relating to the body
belonging to the body; material, not spiritual.
CORPORALITY, kor-p6-rlll-^-te, *. The quality
of being embodied.
Corporally, k3r^p6-ril-^, ad. Bodily.
Corporate, korip6-r4te, a. 91. United in a
body or community.
Corporation, k6r-p6-ri-shun, s.
A body politick.
Corporeal, kor-po^re-il, a. Having a body,
not immaterial.
Corporeity, kor-p6-r4^^-te, *.
Materiality, bodiliness.
Corps, kire, s. Plural khrz.
A body of forces.
(t3- Perhaps it is the unpleasing idea this word sug-
gests, when pronounced in the English manner, that has
fixed it in the French pronunciation. Nothing can be
more frightful to an elegant ear, than the sound it has
from the mouth of those who are wholly unacquainted
with its fashionable and military usage.
Corpse, korps, s. 168. A carcass, a dead body,*
corse.
Corpulence, kor^pu-lense, "I
Corpulency, kor-pu-len-s^, J
Bulkiness of body, fleshiness.
CoRPCLENT, kor-pi-lent, a. ricsby, bulky^
COR
COR
t^ 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
Corpuscle, k3r-pus-sl, s, 351. 405. A small
body, ail atom.
Corpuscular, kor-pus-ku-lSr, ")
CoRPUSCULARiAN, kor-pus-ku-lairJ-5n, J
Relating to bodies, comprising bodies.
To CoRRADE, k6r-rade{ v. a. 168. To hoaid,
to scrape together.
CoRRADiATiON, k6r-ra-de-a'shun, s. A conjunc-
tion of rays into one point.
To Correct, kSr-rektJ v. a. To punish, to
cliastise; to amend; to obviate the qualities of one
ingredient by another.
Correct, kSr-rektJ a. Revised or finished with
exactness.
Correction, kor-rek-shun, S. Punishment, dis-
cipline; amendment ; that which is substituted in the
place of any thing wrong; reprehension; abatement
of noxious qualities, by the addition of something
contrary.
Correctioner, kftr-rek-shun-ur, s.
A jail-bird. Obsolete.
Corrective, kftr-rek-tiv, a. 157. Having the
power to iriter or obviate any bad qualities.
Corrective, kSr-rek-tiv, s. That which has
the power of altering or obviating any thing amiss;
limitation, restriction.
Correctly, kftr-rekt-lJ, ad. Accurately, exactly.
Correctness, kSr-rekt^nes, s.
Accuracy, exactness.
Corrector, kor-rek^tur, s. 98. He that
amends, or alters, by punishment ; he that revises any
thing to free it from faults; such an ingredient in a
composition as guards against or abates the force of
another.
To Correlate, kSr-re-UteJ v. n. To have a
reciprocal relation, as father and son. — See Counter-
balance.
Correlate, k5r-e-late, s. One that stands in
the opposite relation.
Correlative, k6r-rel-i-tiv, a. Having a re-
ciprocal relation.
Correlativeness, kSr-rel^^-tlv-nes, s.
Tlie state of being correlative.
CORREPTION, kor-rep-shun, t, >, Chiding, repre-
hension, reproof.
To Correspond, ki1r-re-spSnd{ v. n. To suit,
to answer, to fit ; to keep up commerce with another
by alternate letters.
Correspondence, kftr-rJ-spSn-dense, ")
Correspondency, kftr-re-sp6n-den-se, J
Relation, reciprocal adaptation of one thing to an-
other; intercourse, reciprocal intelligence; friendship,
interchange of offices or civilities.
Correspondent, k5r-r^-spSn'-dent, a.
Suitable, adapted, answerable. — See To Collect,
Correspondent, k6r-re-spSn-dent, s. One with
whom intelligence or commerce is kept up by mutual
messages or letters.
CORRESPONSIVE, k6r-re-sp5n-slv, a. Answerable,
adapted to any thing.
Corridor, kftr-re-dorej a. The covert way lying
round a fortification; a gallery or long aisle round
about a building.
Corrigible, k6r^re-jJ-bl, a. 405. That may be
altered or amended ; punishable.— See To Ccllect.
Corrival, k6r-rl-vil, S. Rival, competitor.
CORRIVALRY, k5r-rl-Vi\l-re, s. Competition.
Corroborant, kftr-rSb-o-rint, a. Having the
power to give strength.
To Corroborate, kSr-rftWS-r.Ate, z;. «. To con-
firm, to establish; to strengthen, to make strong.
Corroboration, kor-rSb-o-r4-shun, s. The act
of strengthening or confirm'.ng.
Corroborative, kSr-vSb-6-rl,-tiv, a. Having
the power of increasing strength.
To Corrode, kftr-rodej v. a. Jo cat away by
dfgrces, to wear away gradually.
120
Corrodent, kftr-ro-dent, a. Having the power
of corroding or wasting.
Corrodible, kSr-rS-de-bl, a. 405. Possible to
be consumed.
Corrosibility, kSr-ro-se-biKe-te, S. Possibility
to be consumed by a menstruum.
Corrosible, kftr-ro-se-bl, a. 405. Possible to
be consumed by a menstruum.
Corrosibleness, kSr-ro-se-bl-nes, s.
Susceptibility of corrosion.
Corrosion, kor-ro-zhun, s. 451. The power of
eating or wearing away by degrees.
Corrosive, kfir-nV-siv, a. 428. Having the
power of wearing away ; having the quality to fret or
vex.
Corrosive, kSr-ro-siv, s. 140. That which ha»
the quality of wasting any thing away ; that which has
the power of giving pain.
Corrosively, kSr-ro-siv-le, ad. Like a cor-
rosive; with the power of corrosion.
CoRROSIVENESS, kSr-ro-SlV-neS, S. The quality
of corroding or eating away, acrimony.
CoRRUGANT, kftr^rii-g^nt, a. 503. Having the
power of contracting into wrinkles.
To Corrugate, k6r-ru-gate, v. a. 91.
To wrinkle or purse up.
Corrugation, k6r-ru-ga-shun, s.
Contract-ion into wrinkles.
To Corrupt, kftr-rupt,' v. a. To turn from a
sound to a putrescent state, to infect; to deprave, to
-■ destroy integrity, to vitiate.
To Corrupt, k5r-ruptj v. n. To become putrid,
to grow rotten. — See To Collect.
Corrupt, k6r-rupt{ a. Vicious, tainted with
wickedness.
Corrupter, kSr-rup-tur, s. He that taints or
vitiatos.
Corruptibility, kSr-rup-te-bil^e-te, s.
Possibility to be corrupted.
Corruptible kSr-rup-te-bl, a. 405.
Susceptible of coiruptioM ; possible to be vitiated.
(KT- Some affected speakers have done all in tlieir
power to remove the accent of this word from the second
to the first syllable ; thanks to the difficulty of pronoun-
cing it in this manner, they have not yet effected tlieir
purpose. Those who have the least regard for the sound
of their language, ought to resist this novelty with all
their might ; fur if it once gain ground, it is sure to
triumph. The difficulty of pronouncing it, and the ill
sound it produces, will recommend it to the fashionable
world, who are as proud to distinguish themselves by an
oddity in language as in dress. — See Incomparable.
Corruptibleness, kSr-rup-t^-bl-nes, s.
Susceptibilityjof corruption.
Coi^RUPTiBLV, kftr-rup-te-ble, ad. In such a
manner as to be corrupted.
Corruption, k6r-rup-shun, s. The principle by
which bodies tend to the separation of their parts;
wickedness, perversion of principles; putrescence;
matter or pus in a sore; the means by which any thing
is vitiated, depravation.
Corruptive, k5r-rup-tiv, a. Having the quality
of tainting or vitiating.
CORRUPTLESS, kSr-rupt-leS, a. Insusceptible of
corruption, undecaying.
Corruptly, kor-rupt-le, ad. With corruption,
with taint; viciously, contrary to purity.
Corruptness, k6r-rupt-nes, s. Tiie quality
corruption, putrescence, vice.
Corsair, kor-sare, s. 168. A pirate.
Corse, korse, s. Poetically, a dead body, a carcass.
Corslet, kbrs-let, *. A light armour for the fore
part of the body.
Cortical, kor-te-k^l, a. Barky, belonging t©
the rind.
Corticated, kor-te-ka-ted, a. Resemblim Um
barkof a tree.
COT COV
nSr 167, nStl63— t&be 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, this 469
Full of bark.
CoRTicosE, kor-tl-kose{ a
See Appendix.
CouVETTO, kor-vet-to, s. The curvet.
CoRUSCANT, ko-rus-kint, <t. Glittering by
flashes, flushing.
Coruscation, kSr-us-ki-shun, *. Flash, quick
vibration of liglit.
CORYMBIATED, kS-rim-be-^-t'jd, a. Garnished
v*itli branches of berries.
CoRYMBiFEROUS, kftr-im-b1f-er-us, «. Bearing
fruit or berries in bunches, 518.
CORYMBUS, k6-rim-bus, S. Amongst ancient
botanists, clusters of berries; amongst modern bota-
nists, a compounded discous flower, such as the
flovirers of daisies and common marigolds.
Cosier, ko-zhe-ur, s. A botcher. Obsolete.
CoSMETICK, k6z-met-lk, a. Beautifying.
COSMICAI., kSz^me^ill, a. Relating to the
world ; rising or setting with the sun.
COSMICALLY, k$z-me-k^l-e, ad. With the sun.
Cosmogony, k8z-mSg-go-ne, 5. 513. The rise
or birth of the world ; the creation.
COSMOGRAPHER, k6z-mSg^gr^-fur, s. 518.
One who writes a description of the world.
CosMOGRAPHiCAL, kOz-mo-gr^f-^-k^l, a. 509.
Relating to a general description of the world.
Cos.mographically;* kSz-m6-grA.f-e-k^l-e, ad.
In a manner relating to the structure of the world.
Cosmography, kSz-mSg-gri-f^, *. 518.
The science of the general system of the world j a ge-
neral description of the universe.
Cosmopolitan, k6z-mo-pJl-^-t^n, "I
Cosmopolite, kSz-mftp-o-llte, 156./
A citizen of the world, one who is at home in every
place.
Cost, kftst, S. The price of any thing ; charge, ex-
pense i loss, detriment.
To Cost, kSst, v. n. To be bought for, to be had
at a price.
Costal, kSs-til, a. Belonging to the ribs.
Costard, kis^t^rd, S. A head, an apple round
and bulky like the head.
Costive, kSs-tlv, a. 157. Bound in the body;
close, unpermeable.
CosTiVENESS, kis-tiv-nes, s. The state of the
body in whicli excretion is obstructed.
Costliness, kftst-l^-nes, s. Sumptuousness, ex-
pensiveness.
Costly, kost-le, a. Sumptuous, expensive.
Costume, k8s-tume5 S. In painting, tlie proper
character ; the correspondence of the several parts and
figures : Chiefly the correspondence of dress to its re-
spective ages or nations.
Cot, kot, S. A small house, a hut.
Cotangent, k6-t4n-jent, s. The tangent of an
arc which n the com'plement of another to ninety
degrees.
Cotemporary, ki-tem-pi-rll-r5, a. Living at
the same time, coetaneous.
Coterie, ki-tur-r^J s. A club, a society.
Cotillon, k6-til-y6ngj s. A kind of French
dance. — See Encore.
Gotland, kSt-l^nd, s. Land appendant to a
cottage.
CoTQUEAN, kSt-kw^ne, s. A man who busies
himself with women's affairs.
Cottage, kSt-tije, s. 90. A hut, a mean
habitation.
Cottager, k6t-ti-iur, S. One who lives in a hut
or cottage; one who lives on the common without
paying rent.
Cottier, kSt-yer, S. 113. One who inhabits a
cot.
Cotton, kSt^tn, S. 170. Tlie down of the cotton-
tree ; a plant.
121
Cotton, kSt-tn, S. Cloth or stuff made of cotton.
To Cotton, kSt-tn, v. n. To rise with a nap,
to cement, to unite with.
To Couch, koutsh, v. n. 313. To lie down in a
place of repose ; to lie down on the knees, as a beast to
rest; to lie down, in ambush; to stoop or bend down,
in fear, or pain.
To Couch, koutsh, v. a. To lay on a place of
repose; to lay down anything in a stratum; to bed,
to hide in another body ; to include secretly, to hide;
to fix the spear in the rest; to depress the film that
overspreads the pupil of the eye.
Couch, koutsh, S. a seat of repose ; a layer, a
stratum.
COUCHANT, koutsh-int, a. Lying dow-., squatting.
CoucHEE, koo-she^, s. French. Bed-time, the
time of visiting late at night ; opposite to Levee.
COUCHER, koiitsh-ur, S. He that csuches or de-
presses cataracts.
CouCHFELLOW, koutsh-fel-li, S. Bed-fellow,
companion.
CoucHGRASS, koutsb-grils, s. A weed.
Cove, kive, S. A small creek or bay ; a shelter, a
cover.
Covenant, kuv-J-n^nt, s. 165. 503.
A contract, a stipulation; a compact; a writing con-
taining the terms of agreement.
To Covenant, kuvie-n^nt, v. n. To bargain, to
stipulate.
Covenantee, kuv-^-nSti-teel s. A party to a
covenant, a stipulator, a bargainer.
Covenanter, kuv-i-n^n-tur, s. One who takes
a covenant. A word introduced in the civil wars.
To Cover, kuv-ur, v. a. 165. To overspread
any thing with something else; to conceal under some-
thing laid over ; to hide by superficial appearances ; to
overwhelm, to bury ; to shelter, toconceal from harm ;
to brood on; to copulate with a female; to wear the
hat.
Cover, kuv-ur, 5. 98. Any thing that is laid over
another; a concealment, a screen, a veil; shelter,
defence.
Covering, kuv-ur-mg, s. Dress, vesture.
Coverlet, kuv-ur-let, s. dd. , The outermost of
the bed-clothes.
Covert, kuv-urt, s. 98. A shelter, a defence 5 a
thicket, or hiding-place.
Covert, kuv-urt, a. Sheltered, secret, hidden,
insidious.
Covert-way, kuv-urt-wij s. A space of ground
level with the field, three or four fathoms broad,
ranging quite round the lialf moons or other works
toward the country.
Covertly, kuv-urt-lJ, ad. Secretly, closely.
CoVERTNESS, kuv^lirt-nes, S. Secrecy, privacy.
Coverture, kav-ur-tshure, s. 461. Shelter,
defence ; in law, the state and condition of a married
woman.
To Covet, kuv-et, v. a. Bd. To desire in-
ordinately, to desire beyond due bounds; to desire
earnestly.
To Covet, kuv-et, v. a. To have a strong desire.
CoVETABLE, kuv^et-i-bl, a. To be wished for.
Covetous, kuv-e-tus, a. Inordinately desirous;
inordinately eager of money, avaricious.
(t3- In the pronunciation of this word and its com-
pounds, Mr. Sheridan has adopted a vulgaiism, of which
one could scarcely have suspected him : but pronouncing
covetshjts [oTcoveiotis is not only a vulgarism, but contrary
to analogy. All those diphthongs and diphthongal vowels
which draw tlie preceding consonants to aspiration, are
such as commence with the sound of c; which, from Its
nearness to the sound of double f, and the nearness of
this sound to llie commencing sound of y, approaches to
the hissing sound of s, z, and soft c, and in the absence of
accent coalesces with them. T and D being formed
in the same seat of sound as the s, z, and soft c,
when the accent is before them, easily slide into the
same sound before the vowels and diphthongs before-
mentioned, but never bcfgre any other; for wo might
cou
cou
Ky
559. Fite 73, fSrTT, fall 83, fAtSl-- migs, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, m8ve 164,
with as much propriety pronounce calamitous and neces-
sitous, calamitshus and necessitshus, as covetous, covetshus,
4i9.
Covetously, kuvivJ-tus-1^, ad.
Avariciously, eagerly.
CovETOUSNESS, kuv-vi-tus-nes, s. Avarice,
eagerness of gain.
Covey, kuv-ve, 5. 165. A hatch, an old bird with
her young ones ; a number of birds together.
Cough, kftf, S. 321. A com-ulsion of the lungs.
To Cough, kSf, v. n. To have the lungs con-
vulsed, to make a noise in endeavouring to evacuate
the peccant matter from the lungs.
To Cough, k6f, v. a. 391. To eject by a cough.
COUGHER, kSWur, S. 98. One that coughs.
Covin, kuv-in, S. A fraudulent agreement between
two or more persons to the injury of another.
Coving, ko-ving, s. A term in building, used of
houses tliat project over the ground plot ; a particular
form of ceiling.
Could, kud, 320. The imperfect pret. of Can.
See the word Been.
Coulter, kole-t&r, s. 318. The sharp iron of
the plough wliich cuts the earth.
Council, kourt^s!l, *. 313. An assembly of
persons met together in consultation; jpersons called
together to be consulted 5 the body of privy coun-
sellors.
Council-board, koun^sil-bird, s. Council-
table, table where matters of state are deliberated.
Counsel, koun-sel, s. 99. Advice, direction ;
deliberation ; prudence ; secrecy, the secrets intrusted
in consulting; scheme, purpose, design; those that
plead a cause, the counsellors.
(t> The difference of Council and C'okrwelis, in cursory
speaking, almost undistinguishable.
To Counsel, koun^sel, v. a. 99. To give advice
or counsel to any person ; to advise any thing.
CouNSELLABLE, koun-sel-i-bl, a. Willing to
receive and follow advice.
Counsellor, koun-sel-lur, s. One that gives
advice; confidant, bosom friend; one whose province
is to deliberate and advise upon publick affairs; one
that is consulted in a case of law.
CouNSELLORSHiP, koun-sel-luF-ship, s.
The office or post of privy counsellor.
To Count, kount, v. a. To number, to tell ; to
reckon, to account, to consider as having a certain
character; to impute to, to charge to.
To Count, kount, v. n. 313. To lay a sehemej
to depend on.
Count, kount, S. Number, reckoning.
Count, kount, s. A title of foreign nobHity., an
earl.
Countable, koun-ti-bl, a. Thatmay be numbered.
Countenance, koun-te-ninse, s. The form of
the face, the system of the features, air, look; confi-
dence of mien, aspect of assurance; affection or ill
will, as it appears upon the face ; patronage, support.
To Countenance, koun^t^-ninse, v. a.
To support, to patronise, to make a show of; to en-
courage. *
Countenancer, koun^t^-nin-sur, s. One that
countenances or supports another.
Counter, koun-tur, *. 98. A falise piece of
money used as a means of reckoning; the form on
which goods are viewed and money told in a shop.
Counter, koun-tur, ad. Contrary to, in opposi-
tion to ; the wrong way ; contrary ways.
To Counteract, koun-tur-tkt; v. a. To hinder
any thing from its effect by contrary agency.
7'o Counterbalance, koun-tur-b^l-linse, v. a.
To act against with an opposite weight:.
C3- We may observe, in words compounded of counfer,
an evident tendency to that distinction that obtains be-
. ween the noun and the verb in dissyllables. Thus the
veto to counterbaUmce has the accent on tlu third syl-
122 •»»< ^""^ «^-''
lable, and the noun of the same form on the first, and
so of the rest, 492.
Counterbalance, koun-tur-bil-linse, i.
Opposite weight.
To CouNTERBUFF, koun-tur-buf^ v. a.
To impel ; to strike back.
CoUNTERBUFF, kSun^tUF-buf, 4. A stroke that
produces a recoil.
COUNTERCASTER, kSun'-tur-kis-tur, S. A book-
keeper, a caster of accounts, a reckoner. Not used.
CouNTERCHANGE, koun-tSr-tshAnj i; s.
Exchange, reciprocation.
To CouNTERCHANGE, kouH-tSr-tsbinj ej V. a.
To give and receive.
CouNTERCHARM, koun-tur-tsh^rm, J. That by
which a charm is dissolved.
To CouNTERCHARM, koun-tur-tsharm{ v. a.
To destroy the effect of an enchantment.
To Countercheck, k3un-tur-tshek{ v. a.
To oppose.
Countercheck, koun^ur-tshek, s.
stop, rebuke.
To CouNTERDRAW, koun-tur-dtlwl v a.
To copy a design by means of an oiled paper, whereon
the strokes appearing tnrough, are traced wuh a pencil.
CoUNTEREViDENCE, koun-tur-ev-6-dense, s.
Testimony by which the deposition of some former
witness is opposed.
To Counterfeit, koun^tur-flt, v. a. To copy
with an intent to pass the copy for an original ; to imi-
tate, to resemble.
Counterfeit, koun-tiir-fit, a. Forged, fictitious j
deceitful, hypocritical.
Counterfeit, koun-tur-fit, *. One who per-
sonates another, an impostor; something made in imi-
tation of another ; a forgery.
Counterfeiter, koun^tur-fit-ur, s. A forger.
CouNTERFEiTLY, koun-t&r-flt-l^, ad.
Falsely, with forgery.
"CouNTERFERMENT, kSiiD tSr-fer-taent, s.
Ferment opposed to ferment.
Counterfort, k3un-tur-f5rt, s. Counterforti
are pillars serving to support walls subject to bulge.
COUNTERGAGE, koun-tuF-gije, S. A method
used to measure the joints by transferring the breadth
of a mortise to the place where the tenon is to be.
CouNTERGUARD, koun-tur-gard, s. 92. A small
rampart with parapet and ditch.
To Countermand, koun-tur-mand{ v. a. 79.
To order the contrary to what was ordered before ; to
contradict the orders of another.
Countermand, koun-tur-mand, s. Repeal of •
former order.
To Countermarch, koun-tur-martsh{ v. n.
To- march backwards.— See Counterbalance.
Countermarch, ko&n'-tur-martsh, s.
Retrocession, march backward; a change of measures}
alteration of conduct.
Countermark, koun-tur-mark,«. A second or
third mark put on a bale of goods ; the mark of the
Goldsmiths' Company.
Countermine, koun-tur-mlne, s. A well or
hole sunk into the ground, from which a gallery or
branch runs out under ground, to seek out the enemy's
mine; means of opposition; a stratagem by which any
contrivance is defeated.
To Countermine, koun-tur-mine{ v. a.
To delve a passage into an enemy's mine ; to counter-
work, to defeat by secret measures.
Countermotion, koun-tur-mi-shun, s.
Contrary motion.
CouNTERMURE, koun^tuf-mure, *. A wait built
up behind another wall.
Counternatural, koun-tur-n4tsh-u-r4l, a.
Contrary to nature.
CouNTERNOiSE, koiin-tur-noize, s. A so«nd b>
which any otlier noise i> overpowered.
cou
cdtJ
hwr \67, nSt .63— tAbe 171, tub M9, bull 173— S!l S99— pSund 313— Min 466, this 46.9.
CouNfEROPEMNG, koun-tur-i-pii-ing, s.
An aperture on tlie contrary side.
CouNTERPACE, kouu^tur-pise, s.
Contrary measure.
Counterpane, koun-tur-pirie, s. A coverlet for
a bed, or any thing else woven in squares.
Counterpart, koun-tur-part, s. The corres-
pondent part.
Counterplea, k3&n-t5r-JJll, s, in law, a re-
plication.
To Counterplot, koun-tSr-plStJ v. a.
To oppose one machination by another.
Counterplot, koun^tur-plftt, s. An artifice
opposed to an artifice.
Counterpoint, koun-tur-p8?nt, s. A coverlet
woven in squares; a species of mustck^
To Counterpoise, k3un-tSr-poizeJ v. a.
To counterbalance, to be equiponderant to; to produce
a contrary action by an equal weight; to act with
equal power against any person or cause.
Counterpoise, koun-tur-po^ze, s.
Equiponderance, equivalence of weight ; the state of
being placed in the opposite scaleof the balance; equi-
pollcnce, equivalence of power.
Counterpoison, koun-tur-po^-zn, s. Antidote.
Counterpressure, koun-tur-presh-ure, s.
Opposite force.
Counterproject, koun-tur-prSd-jekt, s.
Correspondent part of a scheme
Counterscarp, koun-tur-skirp, s. That side of
the ditch which is next the camp.
To Countersign, koun-tur-sIne{ v. a. To sign
an order or patent of a superior, in quality of secre-
tary, to render the thing more authentick.
Countertenor, koun-tur-teninur, s. One of
the mean or middle parts of musick, so called, as it
were, opposite to the tenor.
CounteRTIDE, koun^tur-tide, S, Contrary tide.
CouNTERTiME, kSun-tuF-tlme, s.
Defence, opposition.
CouNTERTURN, koun^tur-tum, S. Tlie height
and full growth of the play, we may call properly the
Counterturn, which destroys expectation.
To Countervail, k3un-tSr-vile| v. a.
To be equivalent to, to have equal force or value, to
act against with equal power.
Countervail, koun-tur-vile, s. Equal weight;
that which has equal weight or value.
Counterview, koun'tur-vA, s. Opposition, a
posture in which two persons front each other ; con-
trast.
To Counterwork, koun-tur-wurkj v. a.
To counteract, to hinder by contrary operations.
Countess, koun-tes, *. The lady of an earl or
count.
Counting-house, kSun-ting-house, s. The room
appropriated by traders to their books and accounts.
Countless, kSunt-les, a. Innumerable, without
number.
Country, kun-tri, s. A tract of land, a region;
rural parts ; tlie place of one's birth, the native soil ;
the inhabitants of any region.
Country, kun-tr^, a. Rustick, rural? remote
from cities or courts; peculiar to a region or people;
rude, ignorant, untaught.
Countryman, kuri-trJ-mln> *. 88. One bom
in the same country ; a rustick, one that inhabits the
rural parts ; a farmer, a husbandman.
County, koun^t^, s. A shire; that is, a circuit or
portion of the realm, into which the whole land is di-
vided; a count, a lord. Obsolete in this last sense.
Coupee, koo-p^e{ S. a motion in dancing.
JOUPLE, kup-pl, S. 314. A chain or tie that
holds dogs tocetlier ; two, a brace; a inale and his fe-
male.—See 2o Codle.
To Couple, kupipl, v. a. 405. To diain
ttigether} to join to one another J to tfiarry, to Wed.
123
To COUPJLE, kupipl, V. n. To join embraces.
Couple-beggar, kup-pl-beg-ur, s. One that
makes it his business to marry beggars to each other.
Couplet, kup-let, *. Two verses, a pair of rhymes ;
a pair, as of doves.
Courage, kur-ridje, s. 90. Braverj', active
fortitude.
Courageous, kur-rJl-je-us, a. Brave, daring,
bold.
Courageously, kur-rA-j^-us-le, ad.
Bravely, stoutly, boldly.
Courageousness, kur-ri-j^-5s-nes, s. Bravery,
boldness, spirit, courage.
CouRANT, kur-rtlntj 1
Couranto, kur-ran-tA,/
A nimble dance; anything that spreads quick, as a
paper of news.
To CouRB, ko3rb, v. n. To bend, to bow.
Obsolete.
Courier, koo-r^irj s. 259. A messenger sent in
haste.
03» This word is perfectly French, and often makes a
t)1aih Englishman the object of laughter to the polite
world, by pronouncing it like Currier, a dresser of leather.
Course, kirse, *. 318. Race, career; passage,
from place to place; tilt, act of running in the lists;
ground on which a race is run ; trac^ or line in which
a ship s?ils ; sails, means by which the course is per-
formed; order of succession ; series of successive and
methodical procedure ; the elements of an art exhi-
bited and explained in a methodical series ; method of
life, train of actions; natural bent, uncontrolled will j
caiamenia ; number of dishes set on at once upon the
table ; empty form.
To Course, kirse, v. a. To hunt, to pursue ; to
pursue with dogs that hunt in view ; to put to speed,
to force to run.
To Course, kirse, v, n. To run, to rove about.
Courser, kir-sur, s, A swift horse, a war horse;
one who pursues the sport of coursing hares.
Court, k Arte, 5. 318. Tlie place where the prince
resides, the palace ; the hall or chamber where justice
is administered; open space before a house; a small
opening enclosed with houses and paved with broad
stones ; persoiis who compose the retinue of a prince ;
persons who are assembled for the administration of
justice; any jurisdiction, military, civil, or ecclesias-
tical ; the art of pleasing, the art of insinuation.
To Court, kArte, v. a. To woo, to solicit
woman; to solicit, to seek ; to flatter, to endeavour to
please.
Court-chaplain, kArte-tsh$p-lln, s. One who
attends the king to celebrate the holy offices.
Court-day, kArte-dA{ s. Day on which justice is
solemnly administered.
Court Favour, kArte-fi-vur, s. Favours or
benefits bestowed by princes.
Court-hand, kArte-h^nd, s, Tlie hand or
manner of writing used in records and judicial pro-
ceedings.
Court-lady, kArte-U-di, S. A lady conversant
in cotlrt.
Courteous, kur-tsliA-us, «. 314. Elegant of
manners, well bred.
Courteously, kur-tsh^-us-le, ad. Respectfully,
civilly, cornplaisantly.
Courteousness, kur-tshi-us-neSj s.
Civility, complaisance.
COURTESAN, I j^,^_^.^J,^ 523.
Courtezan, J
A woman of the town ; a prostitute, a strumpet.
Courtesy, klir^t^-S^, S. Elegance of manners^
civility, complaisance : an act of civility or respect ; a
tenure, not of right, butby the favour of others.
Courtesy, kurt-sJ, s. The reverence made by
women,
<^ This word, when it signifies an act of reverence, is
not only deprived of one of its syllables by all speakers
but by the vulgar has its last syllable changed irjto cAe or
uhe, as if written cttrt-s/»ei this impropriety, however,
COZ CRA
fc> 559. The 73, far, 77, fall 83, fJt 81— me 93, met 95— pine'lOS, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
Cozenage, kuzizn-ije, s. 90. Fraud, deceit,
trick, clieat.
Cozener, kuz-zn-ur, s. 98. A cheater, a
defrauder.
Crab, krSb, S. A shell fish ; a wild apple, the tree
that bears a wild apple ; a peevish, morose person ; a
wooden engine with three claws for launching of sliips j
a sign of the zodiack.
Crabbed, kr^b-bed, a. 366. Peevish, morose;
liarsh, unpleasing; difficult, perplexing.
Crabbedly, krab'-bed-le, ad. Peevishly.
Crabbedness, krib-bed-nes, s. Sourness of
taste ; sourness of countenance, asperity of manners j
difficulty.
Craber, kri-bur, S, The water-rat.
Crabs-eyes, ki'Sbz^Ize, *. Smaii whitish bodies
found in the common crawfish, resembling the eyes of
a crab.
Crack, krak, S, A sudden disruption ; chink,
fissure, narrow lireach; the sound of any body bursting
or falling ; any sudden and quick sound ; any breach,
injury, or diminution, a flaw; craziness of intellect ;
a man crazed; a whore; a boast; a boaster. These
last are low and vulgar uses of the word.
To Crack, kr^k, v. a. To break into chinks ; to
break, to split; to do any thing with quickness or
smartness; to break or destroy any thing; to craze,
to weaken the intellect.
To Crack, krik, v. n. To burst, to open in
chinks; to fall to ruin; to utter a loud and sudden
sound ; to boast, with Of.
Crack-brained, kr^k-brandj a. 359.
Crazy, without right reason. .
Crack-hemp, kr^k-hemp, s. A wretch fated to
the gallows. A low word.
Cracker, krAk-fir, S. A noisy boasting fellow ; a
quantity of gunpowder confined so as to burst with
great noise.
To Crackle, kr.^k^kl, v. n. 405. To make
slight cracks, to make small and frequent sharp sounds.
Cradle, kra-dl, *. 405. A moveable bed, on which
children or sick persons are agitated with a smooth
motion; infancy, or the first part of life; with sur-
geons, a case for a broken bone ; with shipwrights, a
frame of timber raised along the outside of a ship.
To Cradle, kri-dl, v. a. To lay in a cradle.
Cradle-clothes, kri-dl-kl6ze, s. Bedclothes
belonging to a cradle.
Craft, kr^ft, S. 79. Manual art, trade; fraud,
cunning; small sailing vessels.
To Craft, krAft, v. n. To play tricks. Obsolete.
Craftily, kr^f-te-le, ad. Cunningly, artfully.
Craftiness, krat'-te-nes, S. Cunning, stratagem.
Craftsman, krafts-m^n, s. An artificer, a
manufacturer.
Craftsmaster, kr4fts-mas-tur, S. A man skilled
in his trade.
Crafty, krdf^te, a. Cunning, artful.
Crag, krag, s. A rough steep rock ; the rugged
protuberances of rocks; the neck.
Cragged, krAg-ged, a. 366. Full of inequalities
and piominences.
CrAGGEDNESS, krSg-ged-nes, S. Fullness of
crags or prominent rocks.
CrAGGINESS, kr%^ge-nes, S. The state of being
craggy.
Craggy, kr%%^, a. 383. Rugged, full of
prominences, rough.
To Cram, kr^m, v. a. To stuff, to fill with more
than can conveniently be held ; to fill with food beyond
satiety ; to thrust in by force.
To Cram, krim, v. n. To eat beyond satiety.
Crambo, -kr^m-bo, S, A play in whicli one givci
a word, to which another finds a rhyme.
Cramp, kravnp, S. A spasm or contraction of the
limbs; a restriction, a confinement; a piece of iron
neems daily to lose ground, even among the lower orders
of the people, who begin to restore the s to its pure
sound.
To Courtesy, kurt^s^, v. n. To perform an act
of reverence ; to make a reverence in the manner of
ladies.
Courtier, kirteiyur, *. 113. One that frequents
or attends the courts of princes ; one that courts or so-
licits the favour of another.
Courtlike, kSrte-like, a. Elegant, polite.
Courtliness, kort-le-nes, s. Elegance of manners,
complaisance, civility.
Courtly, korte-le, a. Relating or appertaining
to the court, elegant, soft, flattering.
Courtship, k6rte^ship, s. The act of soliciting
favour; the solicitation of a woman to marriage.
Cousin, kuz-zn, S. 314. 159. Any one collaterally
related more remotely than a brother or a sister; a
title given by the king to a nobleman, particularly to
those of the council.
Cow, kou, s. 323. The female of the bull.
To Cow, koil, V. a. To depress with fear.
Covv-HERD, koil-herd, S. One whose occupation
is to tend cows.
Cow-HOUSE, kou^house, s. Tlie house in which
kine are kept.
Cow-LEECH, kou^letsh, $, One who professes to
cure distempered cows.
Cow-wEED, kou-wMe, s. A species of chervil.
Cow-WHEAT, kou-wh^te, s. A plant.
Coward, kou-urd, s. 88. 323. A poltroon, a
wretch whose predominant passion is fear; it is some-
times used in the manner of an adjective.
Cowardice, kou-ur-dis, s. 142. Fear, habitual
timidity, want of courage.
Cowardliness, kou-urd-l5-nes, s. Timidity,
cowardice.
Cowardly, kou-urd-l^, a. Fearful, timorous,
pusillanimous; mean, befitting a coward.
Cowardly, kou-urd-le, ad. In the manner of a
coward.
To Cower, kou-ur, v. n. 223. To sink by
bending the knees, to stoop, to shrink.
COWISH, kou-isll, a. Timorous, fearful. Not used.
CowkeepER, kou-k^-pur, S. One whose business
is to keep cows.
Cowl, kolll, s. 323. A monk's hood; a vessel in
which water is carried on a pole between two.
Cowl-staff, koul-st^f, s. The stair on which a
vessel is supported between two men.
tow-roCK, koil-pok, S. An eruption from the
teats of a cow; said to be an infallible preservative
from the small-pox.
Cowslip, kou-slip, *. Cowslip is also called pagil,
and is a species of primrose.
Coxcomb, koks^kome, s. The top of the head ;
the comb resembling that of a cock, which licensed
foots wore formerly in their caps; a flower; a fop; a
superficial pretender.
Coxcombly, kSks-kom-lJ, a. or ad.
Conceited, like a coxcomb.
Coxcombry, k6ks'-c6m-re, s. Foppishness.
Coxcomical, kSks-kSm^ik-itl, a.
Foppish, conceited.
Coy, koe, a, Modest, decent , reserved, not ac-
cessible.
To Coy, koe, v. n. 329. To behave with resene,
to reject familiarity ; not to condescend willingly.
Coyly, ko^^le, ad. With reserve.
Coyness, koe-nes, s. Reserve, unwillingness to
become fainiliar.
CoZ, kuz, 4. A cant or familiar word, contracted
from cousin.
To Cozen, kuz-zn, v. a. 159. 314. To cheat,
to trick, to defraud.
124
CRA
CRE
nor 167, n8t Ib'S— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Mn 466, this 469.
bent at each end, by which two bodies are held to-
gether.
Cramp, kramp, a. Difficult, knotty, a low term.
To Cramp, kntnip, v. a. To pain witli cramps or
twitches ; to restrain, to confine ; to bind with cramp-
irons.
Cramp-fish, kranipCflsh, s. The torpedo, which
benumbs the hands of those that touch it.
CrAMPIRON, kritnp-l-um, S. — See Cramp,
Cranage, kri-nidje, s. 90. A liberty to use a
crane for drawing up wares from the vessels.
JrANE, krine, *. A bird with a long beak ; an in-
strument made with ropes, puUies, and hooks, by which
ereat weiglits are raised; a crooked pipe for drawing
liquors out of a cask.
Crane's Bill, kranz-bil, *. An herb; a pair of
pincers terminating in a point, used by surgeons.
Cranium, kriiine-um, *. 507. The scuii.
Crank, kr^ngk, S. 408. A crank is the end of an
iron axis turned square down, and again turned square
to the first turning down ; any bending or winding pas-
sage; any conceit formed by twisting or changmg a
word.
Crank, kringjk, a. Healthy, sprightly; among
sailors, a ship is said to be crank when loaded near to
be overset.
To Crankle, kr^ng-kl, v. n. 405. To run in
and out.
To Crankle, krang^kl, v. a. To break into un-
equal surfaces.
Crankness, kringk-nes, s. Health, vigour ; dis-
position to overset.
Crannied, krin-nJ-ed, a. Full of chinks or
crevices.
Cranny, krJn-n^, s. a chink, a cleft, a crevice.
Crape, krApe, *. A thin stuff loosely woven.
To Crash, krish, V, n. To make a loud com-
plicated noise, as of many things falling.
To Crash, krfch, v. a. To break, to bruise.
Crash, kr^h, S. A loud mixed sound.
Crass, kras, a. Gross, coarse, not subtle.
Crassitude, kras'si-tude, *. Grossncss, coarse-
ness.
Crastination, kr4s-ti-niishun, *. Delay.
Cratch, kritsh, s. The pallisaded frame in which
hay is put for cattle.
Cravat, kra-v^tj s. A neckcloth.
C^- Dr. Johnson tells us this word is of uncertain ety-
mology. It is certain, however, that it comes from the
French ; and Menage tells us it arose among them from
the Croats, who, being in alliance with France against
the Emperor, came to Paris, and were remarked for the
linen they wore about their necks. This soon became a
fashion, and was called after the original wearers Croat,
which, by a small alteration, became Cravat, This word
is sometimes, but improperly, pronounced with the ac-
cent on the first syllable. This pronunciation is adopted
only by Dr. Ash and Buchanan, while Dr. Jolmson,
Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott,
W. Johnston, Kenrick, Entick, and Bailey, are uni-
formly for the accent on the last syllable.
7b Crave, krive, v, a. To ask with earnestness,
to ask with submission ; to ask insatiably ; to long, to
wish unreasonably ; to call for importunately.
Craven, krA-vn, *. 103. A cock conquered and
dispirited ; a coward, a recreant.
7'o Craven, kr^-vn, v. a. To make recreant or
cowardly.
To Craunch, krantsh, v. a. 214. To crush in
the mouth.
Craw, kraw, S. Tlie crop or first stomach of birds.
Crawfish, kraw-fish, s, A small sheii-fish found
in brooks.
To Crawl, krawl, v. n. To creep, to move with
a slow motion ; to move without rising from the
ground, as a worm ; to move weakly and slowly.
Crawler, kraw-lur, s. A creeper, any thing tliat
creeps.
U5
Decrepitude,
State of being crazy
Crayfish, kraw-f^sh, s. The river lobster.
See Cravjish.
Crayon, kraifin, S, A kind of pencil, a roll of
paste to draw lines with ; a drawing done with a crayon.
To Craze, krize, v. a. To braak, to crush, to
weaken ; to crack the brain, to impair the intellect.
Crazedness, kra-zed-nes, s, 365.
brokenness.
Craziness, kra-ze-nes, *.
imbecility, weakness.
Crazy, kri-ze, a. Broken, decrepit ; broken
wilted, shattered in the intellect; weak, shattered.
Ta Creak, kreke, v, n. To make a liarsh noise.
Cream, kreme, s. The unctuous or oily part of
milk.
To Cream, kreme, v, n. To gather cream ; to
mantle or froth.
Cream-faced, kremeifiste, a. Pale, coward-
looking.
Creamy, kre^me, a. Full of cream.
Crease, krese, s, 427. A mark made by doubling
any thing.
To Crease, krese, v. a. To mark any thing by
doubling it, so as to leave the impression.
To Create, kre-Ate{ v. a. To form out of
nothing, to cause to exist ; to produce, to cause, to be
the occasion of; to beget; to invest with any new
character.
Creation, kre-5-shun, S. The act of creating or
conferring existence; the act of investing with new
character; the things created, the universe; any thing
produced, or caused.
Creative, krW-tiv, a. 157. Having the power
to create ; exerting the act of creation.
Creator, kr^-a-tur, s. 166. The Being that
bestows existence.
Creature, kri-tshure, *. 461, 462. A being
created; an animal not human; a word of ccjntempt
for a human being ; a word of petty tenderness; a per-
son who owes his rise or his fortune to another.
Creaturely, kri'-tshure-le, a,
qualities of a creature.
Credence, kre-dense, s. Belief, credit ; that
which gives a claim to credit or belief.
Credenda, kre-den'di, s. 92. JMtin. Things to
be believed, articles of faith.
Credent, kri-dent, a. Believing, easy of belief 5
having credit, not to be questioned.
Credential, kr^-den-sh4l, s. That which givei
a title to credit.
Credibility, kred-e-bil-e-te, s. Claim to credit,
possibility of obtaining belief, probability.
Credible, kred'-e-bl, a. 405. Worthy of credit}
having a just claim to belief.
Credibleness, kred-e-bl-nes, s. Credibility,
worthiness of belief, just claim to belief.
Credibly, kred-e-ble, ad. In a manner that
claims belief.
Credit, kred-lt, S. Belief; honour, reputation,
good opinion; faith, testimony: trust reposed; pro-
mise given ; influence, power, not compulsive.
To Credit, kred^lt, v. a. To believe; to pro-
cure credit or honour to any thing; to trust, to confide
in; to admit as a debtor.
Creditable, krwUit-^-bl, a. Reputable, above
contempt ; estimable.
Creditableness, krediit-i-bl-nes, s.
Reputation, estimation.
Creditably, kred^it-i-U^, ad. Reputabljf'
without disgrace.
Creditor, kred-it-ur, s, 166. He to whom a
debt is owed, he that gives credit, correlative to debtor.
Credulity, kre-dll^le-te, s. Easiness of belief.
CjtEDULOUS, kredyu-liis, a, 367. 293. Apt to
believe, unsuspecting, easily deceived.
Having the
CRI CRI
»> 559. Fite73, th 77, faU 83, ^t81-rmi 93, m2t95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 162, m8ve 164,
CREDULOUSNESS, krid-ji-lus-nes, S. Aptness to
believe, credulity.
Creed, kreid, *. A form of words in which the
articles of faith are comprehended ; any solemn pro-
fession of principles or opinion.
To Creek, kri^k, v. a. To make a harsh noise.
Creek, kr^ik, S, 246. A prominence or jut in a
winding coast ; a small port, a bay, a cove.
CREEKY, kr^-ki, a. Full of creeks, unequal,
winding.
To Creep, kre^p, v. n. 246. To move with the
belly to the gronnd without legs; to grow along the
ground, or on other supports ; to move forward without
bounds or leaps, as insects; to move slowly and feebly ;
to move timorously, without soaring, or venturing; to
behave with servility, to fawn, to bend.
Creeper, krJi^pur, s. 98. A plant that supports
itself by means of some stronger body ; an iron used
to slide along the grate in kitchens : a kind of patten
or clog worn by women.
Creephole, kr^ip-hile, S. A hole into which
jiny animal may cresp to escape danger; a subterfuge,
an excuse.
Creepingly, krJJp-ing-l5, ad. Slowly, after the
mai.ner of a reptile.
To Crepitate, krep-^-tite, r. n. 91; To make
a small crackling noise.
Crepitation, krep-i-tiishun, s. A small
crackling noise.
Crept, krept. Tart, from Creep.
Orepuscule, kr^-pus-kule, s. Twilight.
Crepusculous, kri-pus^ki-lusj a. Glimmering,
in a state between light and darkness.
Crescent, kres-sent, «. Increasing, growing.
Crescent, kres-sent, S. The moon in her state
of increase ; any similitude of the moon increasing.
Crescive, kres-siv, a. 158. Increasing, growing.
Cress, kres, s. An herb.
Cresset, kres-set, s, 99. A great light set upon
a beacon, light-house, or watch-tower.
Crest, krest, s. The plume of feather* on the top
of the helmet; the ornament of the helmet in he-
raldry ; any tuft or ornamentof the head ; pride, soirit,
fire.
Crested, kres-ted, a. Adorned with a plume or
cresl ; weaving a comb.
Crest-fallen, krest-faln, a. Dejected, sunk,
heartless, spiritless.
Crestless, krest-les, a. Not dignified with coat-
armour.
Cretaceous, kr^-ti-shus, a. Abounding with
chalk, chalky.
CreTATED, kre-ti-ted, a. Rubbed with chalk.
Crevice, krev-is, s. 140. A crack, a cleft.
Crew, kroo, S. 339. A company of people as-
sociated for any purpose; the company of a ship. It
is now generally used in a bad sense.
Crew, kroo. The pret. of Crow.
Crewel, kroo-il, s. QQ, Yam twisted and wound
on a knot or ball.
CRIBjknb, s. The rack or manger of a stable; the
stall or cabin of an ox; a small habitation, a cottage.
To Crib, knb, v. a. To shut up in a narrow
habitation, to cage ; to steal. A low phrase.
Cribbage, krib-bidje, s. 90. A game at cards.
Cribration, krl-bri-shun, s. 123.
The act of sifting.
Crick, knk, s. Tlie noise of a door; a painful
stiffness in the neck.
Cricket, krik-kit, .«. 99- An insect that squeaks
or chirps about ovens and fire-places ; a sport, at which
the contenders drive a ball with sticks ; a low scat or
stool.
Crier, kil-ur, s. 98. The officer whose business
is to cry oi make proclamation.
126
Crime, krlme, s. An act contrary to right ; an
offence, a great fault.
CrimefuL, krlme-ful, a. Wicked, criminal.
Crimeless, krlme-les, a. Innocent, without crime.
Criminal, knm-^-nil, a. 88. Faulty, contrary
to right, contrary to duty ; guilty, tainted with crime;
not civil, as a criminal prosecution.
Criminal, knm-e-nal, s. A man accused of a
crime; a man guilty of a crime.
Criminally, knm-e-nil-1^, ad.
Wickedly, guiltily.
Criminalness, krim-^-nil-nes, s. Guiltiness.
Crimination, knm-e-na-shun, s. The act of
accusing, arraignment, charge.
Criminatory, krim-e-nA-tur-r^, a. 512.
Relating to accusation, accusing.
Criminous, knra-^-iius, a. Wicked, iniquitous.
Criminously, knm-^-nus-le, ad. Very wickedly.
Criminousness, krim-4-nus-nes, s.
Wickedness, guilt, crime.
Crimp, knmp, a. Crisp, brittle, easily crumbled.
To CrIMPLE, klim-pl, v. a. 405. To contract,
to cause to shrink, to curl.
Crimson, knm-zn, s. 170. Red, somewhat
darkened with blue ; red in general.
To Crimson, knm-zn, v. a. To dye witlj
crimson.
Crincum, knngkium, S. A cramp, whimsy.
A cant word.
Cringe, knnje, S. Bow, servile civility.
To Cringe, krlnje, v. a. To draw together, to
contract. Little used.
To Cringe, krliije, v. n. To bow, to pay court,
to fawn, to flatter.
Crinigerous, krl-nidy^-rus, a. 123. Hairy,
overgrown with hair.
Crinite, ki4-nite, a. 140. 154. Seemingly
having a tail of long hair.
To Crinkle, kring-kl, v. n. To go in and out,
to run in flexures. Obsolete.
CrINOSE, krl-nise{ a. Hairy, full of hair
See Appendix.
Cripple, krip-pl, s. 405. A lame man.
To Cripple, knp-pl, v. a. To lame, to make
lame.
CrippleNESS, knp-pl-nes, S. Lameness.
Crisis, krl-sis, *. The point in which the disease
kills or changes to the belter; the point of time at
which any affair comes to the height.
Crisp, krisp, a. Curled;, indented, winding j
brittle, friable.
To Crisp, krisp, v. a. To curl, to contract into
knots ; to twist ; to indent ; to run in and out.
CrISPATION, krls-pA'-shun, S. The act of curlingj
the slate of being curled.
Crisping-pin, kris-ping-pin, s. A curling iron.
CriSPNESS, krisp-nes, s. Curledness.
Crispy, krls-p^, a. Curled.
Criterion, kri-t^-re-un, s. 123. A mark by
which any thing is judged of, with regard to its good-
ness or badness.
(t^- The plural of this word, likepAeiiomena and a few
others, seems to be established by the prevailing pro-
pensity of appearing learned in Greek and Latin ; and
an Englishman who should, in the simplicity of hit
heart, write or pronounce criterions for criteria, vionld b«.
pitied or despised. Till lately, however, there was a re-
luctance at offending our own analogy ; and though cri-
teria was used, it was generally shown to be an alien by
printing it in a different character; but pedantry has at
last so far prevailed as to associate it without distinction,
and by this means to add to the disgraces of our language.
CritICK, krit-ik, s. A man skilled in the art o
judging of literature; a censurer, a man apt to find
fault.
CriTICK, knt-lk, a. Critical, relating to crilicisin.
CRO CRO
nor 167, nit 163— tibe 171, tub 173, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^in 466, this 469.
CRITICK, knt-lk, S. A critical examination, critical
remarks; science of criticism.
Critical, krit-4-kil, a. Exact, nicely judicious,
accurate; relating to criticism; captious, inclined to
find fault ; comprising the time at which a great event
is determined.
Critically, kriti^-kJl-i, ad. In a critical man-
ner, exactly, curiously.
Criticalness, krit-i-kil-nes #.
Exactness, accuracy.
To Criticise, knt^^-slze, v. n. 153. To play
the critick, to judge ; to animadvert upon as faulty.
To Criticise, knt^i-slze, v. a. To censure, to
pass judgment upon.
Criticism, krit-i-sizm, 5. Criticism is a standard
of judging well ; remark, animadversion, critical ob-
servations.
To Croak, krike, v. n. To make a hoarse low
noise like a frog ; to caw or cry as a raven or crow.
Croak, kr&ke, s. The cry or voice of a frog or
raven.
CroceouS, kri-shi-us, c. 357. Consisting of
•affron, Uke satTron.
Crock, krSk, s. A cup. any vessel made of earth.
Crockery, kr&k-ur-i, s. 555. Earthen ware.
Crocodile, krSk-i-dil, s. 145. An ampliibious
voracious animal, in shape resembling a lizard, and
found in Egypt and the Indies.
(t> Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, W. John-
ston, and Perry, make the £ in the last syllable short, as
I have done; and Buchanan is the only one who makes
it long.
Crocus, kri-kus, S. An early flower.
Croft, krSft, *. A little close joining to a house
that is used for corn or pasture.
Croisade, kroi-side{ s. A holy war.
See Crusade.
Cr0I9ES, kro^-sez, *. Pilgrims who carry a cross;
soldiers who fight against infidels.
Crone, kr&ne, s, Aq old e^e; in contempt, an
old woman.
Crony, krA-ni, s. An old acquaintance.
Crook, krook, S. Any crooked or bent instrument-,
a sheep-hook ; any thing bent
To Crook, krook, v. a. To bend, to turn into a
hook ; to pervert from rectitude.
CrookBACK, krook^bik, S. A man that has
gibbous shoulders.
Crookbacked, kro3k-bikt, a. 359. Having
bent shoulders.
Crooked. kr2ok-ed, a. 366. Bent, not straight,
curved; winding, oblique; perverse, untoward, without
rect tude ot mind.
Crookedly, krook^ed-lJ, ad. Not in a straight
line; untowardly, not compliantly.
Crookedness, krookied-nes, s. Deviation from
straightness, cuivity ; deformity of a gibbous body..
Crop, krjp, s. The craw of a bird.
CropfULL, krSpJ ful, a. Satiated, with a full belly.
CroPSICK, kr&p-Slk, a. sick with excess and de-
bauchery.
Crop, krSp, s. The harvest, the corn gathered off
the Held ; any thing cut off.
To Crop, kr6p, v. a. To cut off the ends of any
thing, to mow, to reap ; to cut off the ears.
To Crop, krty, v. n. To yield harvest. Not used.
CrdPPER, krOp-pur, *. A kind of pigeon with a
large crop.
Crosier, kri^zbJ-er, 5. 451. 453. The pastoral
staff of a bishop.
CrosLET, krftsllet, S. 99. A small cross.
Cross, kr6s, S. One straight body laid at right
angles over another; tlie ensign of the Christian re-
ligion ; a monument with a cross upon it to excite de-
votion, such as were anciently set m market-places; a
line drawn through another; any thing that thwarts
127
or obstructs, misfortune, hindrance, vexation, oppo-
sition, misadventure, trial of patience ; money so
called, because marked with a cross.
Cross, krfts, a. Transverse, falling atliwart some^
thing else ; adverse, opposite ; perverse, untractablc-,
peevish, fretful, ill-humoured; contrary, contradictoryi
contrary to wish, unfortunate.
Cross, kros, prep. Athwart, so as to intersect any
thing ; over, from side to side.
To Cross, kr6s, v. a. To lay one body, or draw
one line athwart another; to sign with the cross ; t«
mark out, to cancel, as to cross an article ; to pass
over; to thwart, to interpose obstruction ; to counter
act ; to contravene, to hinder by authority ; to contra-
dict; to be inconsistent.
Cros.S-BAR-SHOT, kris^bar-shutl s. A roumi
shot, or great bullet, with a bar of iron put through It.
To Cross-examine, kr3s-egz-5m-in, v. a.
To try the faith of evidence by captious questions o(
the contrary party.
Cross-staff, kris-st^f, s. An instrument com.
monly tailed the fore-staff, used by seamen to take the
meridian altitude of the sun or stars.
Crossbite, kr&s-blte, s. A deception, a cheat.
To Crossbite, kris-blte, v. a. To contravene by
deception.
Cross-bow, krfts-bi, S, A missive weapon formed
by placing a bow athwart a stock.
Crossgrained, krSs-grindJ a. 359. Having
the fibres transverse or irregular; perverse, trouble-
some, vexatious.
Crossly, kris-l4, ad. Athwart, so as to intersect
something else ; oppositely, adversely, in opposition
to; unfortunately.
Crossness, kris-nes, s. Transverseness, intersec-
tion ; perverseness, peevishness.
CrOSSROW, krSs-rij S. Alphabet, so named
because across is placed at the beginning, to show that
the end of learning is piety.
Crosswind, kr6s-wind, *. Wind blowing from
the right or left. — See JVind.
CrossWAY, kroS-wA, S. A small obscure path in-
tersecting the chief road.
Crosswort, kI■Ss-w^I•t, s. 1G6. A plant.
( ROTCH, krStsh, *. A hook.
Crotchet, krStsh^et, s. 99. in musick, one of
the notes or characters of time, equal to half a minim;
a piece of wood fitted into another to support a build-
ing ; in printing, hooks in which words are included
[thus] ; a perveife conceit, an odd fancy.
To Crouch, kroutsh, v. n. 313. To stoop low,
to lie close to the ground ; ti- fawn, to bend servilely.
Croup, kroop, *. 315. The rump of a fowl; th»
buUdcIv^ ot d iwnt,
Croupades, kroo-pidzj s. Are higher leaps than
those of curvets.
Crow, kr6, *. 324. A large black bird that feeds
upon the carcasses of beasts ; a piece of iron used as »
lever ; the voice ot a cock, or the noise which he makes
in his gaiety.
Crowfoot, kri'-tut, s. A flower.
To Crow, krA, v. n. Fret. Crew or Crowed. To
make the noise which a cock makes; to beast, tu
bully, to vapour.
Crowd, kroud, s. 323. A multitude confusedly
pressed together ; a promiscuous medley; the vulgar,
the populace; a fiddle.
To Crowd, kroud, v. a. To fill with confuse,
multitudes; to press close together; to encumber by
multitudes ; To crowd sail, a sea phrase, to spread wid»
the sails upon the yards.
To Crowd, kroud, v. n. To swarm, to be
numerous and confused; to thrust among a multitude.
Crowder, krou-dur, s. A fiddler.
Crowkeeper, kro-ke-pur, s. A scarecrow.
Crown, kroiin, s. 324. The ornament of tlie
head which denotes imperial and regal dignity ; a gar-
land; a reward, honorary distinction; regal power,
royalty ; the top of the bead ) the top of any thing, »$
CRU
CRY
»• 559. FateTS, far 77, fall 83, f^tSl—inl 93,"met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 16-^
To break into
of a mountain ; part of the hat that covers the head ;
a piece of money ; honour, ornament, decoration ;
completion, accomplisliment.
Crown-imperial, kroun-im-p^-rl-itl, *. '
A plant.
To Crown, kroun, v. a. To invest with the
crown or regal ornament ; to cover, as with a crown ;
to dignify, to adorn, to matve illustrious ; to reward, to
recompense; to complete, to perfect; to terminate,
to finish.
Crownglass, kroun-glfc, s. The finest sort of
window glass.
Crownpost, kroun^post, S. A post, which, in
some buildings, stands upright in the middle, between
two principal rafters.
Crownscab, kroun-sk^b, S. A stinking filthy
scab round a horse's hoof.
Crownwheel, kroun-whele, s. The upper wheel
of a watch.
CrOHSWORKS, kroun-Wurks, S, In fortification,
bulwarks advanced towards the field to gain some hill
or rising ground.
Crownet, kroun-et, S. The same with coronet ;
chief end, last purpose.
Croylstone kroil-stine s, Crystalized cauk.
Crucial, kr3oish5-il, a. 357. Transverse, inter-
secting one another.
To Cruciate, kroo-sh^-Jte, v. a. To torture, to
torment, to excruciate.
Crucible, kroS-si-bl, s. A chymist's melting-
pot made of earth.
Cruciferous, kroo-siP-e-rus, a. 518.
Bearing the cross.
Crucifier, kroo's^-fi-ur, s. He that inflicts the
punishment of crucifixion.
Crucifix, kroo-se-f1ks, s. A representation in
picture or statuary of our Lord's passion.
Crucifixion, kroo-s^-fik-shun, s. The punish-
ment of nailing to a cross.
Cruciform, kroo-s^-fSrm, a. Having the form
of a cross.
To Crucify, kroo'-se-fi, v. a. 183. To put to
death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross set up
"6'''- 2 5
Crude, krood, a. 339. Raw, not subdued by
fire ; not changed by any process or preparation ;
liarsh, unripe; unconnected; not well digested; not
brought to perfection, immature; having indigested
notions.
Crudely, krood-le, ad. Unripely, without due
preparation.
CrudeNESS, krooJ-nes, S. Unripeness, indigestion.
Crudity, kroo-de-te, S, Indigestion, inconcoc-
tion, unripeness, want of maturity.
CnUEL, kroo'-ll, a. 339. 99- Pleased with hurt-
ing others, inhuman, hard-hearted, barbarous ; bloody,
mischievous, destructive.
Cruelly, kloo-ll-1^, ad. In a cruel manner, in-
liumanly, barbarously.
CruF.LNESS, krod-ll-nes, S. Inhumanity, cruelty.
Cruelty, kroo-ll-t<^, S. inhumanity, »avageness,
barbarity.
Cruentate, kroo-en-tite, a. 91. Smeared with
blood.
Cruet, krSo'-!t, S. 99' A phial for vinegar or oil.
Cruise, krods, s. 339. A small cup.
Cruise, krdoz, S. A voyage in search of plunder.
To Cruise, krooz, v. n. 441. To rove over the
sea in search of plunder; to wander on the sea without
any certain course.
Cruiser, krod-zur, s. One that roves upon the
sea in search of plunder.
Crum, 1, 1
_ > krum, s.
Cruimb,J
The soft part of bread, not the crust ; a small particle
vr fragment of bread.
128.
to
I, kroo-sadej \
), krdo-sA-di, / "
To Crumble, krum-bl, v. a. 405.
small pieces, to comminute.
To Grumble, krum^bl, v. n. To fall into smsii
pieces.
Crummy, krum-me, a. Soft.
Crump, krump, a. Crooked in the back.
To Crumple, krum-pl, v. a. To draw into
wrinkles.
Crumpling, krump'hng, s. A small degenerate
apple.
Crupper, krup-pur, s. 98. That part of the
liorse's furniture that reaches from tie saddle
tlic tail.
Crural, krod-r<^l, a. Belonging to the leg.
Crusade,
Crusado,
An expedition against the infidels ; a coin stamped
with a cross.
Cruset, kroo-sit, s. 99. A goldsmith's melting-
pot. ^
To Crush, krush, v. a. To press between two
opposite bodies, to squeeze ; to press with violence ;
to overwhelm, to beat down ; to subdue, to depress, to
dispirit.
Crush, krush, s. A collison.
Crust, krust, s. Any shell, or external coat ; an
incrustation, collection of matter into a hard body ;
the case of a pie made of meal, and baked ; the outer
hard part of bread ; a waste piece of bread.
To Crust, krust, v. a. ■ To envelop, to cover with
a hard case; to foul with concretions.
7'o Crust, krust, v. n. To gather or contract
a crust.
Crustaceous, krus-ti-shus, at. 357. Shelly,
with joints; not testaceous.
Crustaceousness, krus-ta-shus-nes, s.
The quality of having jointed shells.
Crustily, kruS-te-1^, ad. Peevishly, snappishly.
Crustiness, krus't^-nes, s. The quality of a
crust; peevishness, moroseness.
Crusty, krus-te, a. Covered with a crust ; sturdy,
morose, snappish.
Crutch, krStsh, S. A support used by cripples.
To Crutch, krutsh, v. a. To support on crutches
as a cripple.
To Cry, kri, v. n. To speak with vehemence and
loudness; to call importunately; toprocUiim, to make
publick ; to exclaim ; to utter lamentation ; to squall,
as an infant; to weep, to shed tears ; to utter an in-
articulate voice, as an animal ; to yelp, as a hound on
^ scent. ,
To Cry, krl, v. a. To proclaim publickly something
lost or found.
To Cry Down, krl dofinj v. a. To blame, to
depreciate, to decry j to prohibit; to overbear.
To Cry Out, kri outj v. n. To exclaim, to
scream, to clamour; to complain loudly; to blame, to
censure ; to declare aloud ; to be in labour.
To Cry Up, krl up| v. a. To applaud, to exalt,
to praise ; to raise the price by proclamation.
Cry, krl, S. Lamenting, shriek, scream ; weeping,
mourning! clamour, outcry ; exclamation of triumph
or wonder ; proclamation ; the hawkers' proclamation
of wares, as the cries of London ; acclamation, popular
favour; voice, utterance, manner of vocal expression;
importunate call, yelping of dogs; yell, inarticulate
noise ; a pack of dogs.
Cryal, kri-^1, S, The heron.
Cryer, krl-ur, s. 166. The falcon gentle.
Cryptical,
Cryft.'ck,
Hidden, "ccrct, occutt.
Cryptically, krip'-ti-k4l-le, ad.
Occultly, secretly,
Cryptocr-^puy, ki'p-tSg^gr^-fe, *. 518.
iL, krip^te-kal, 1
c, krlp-tik, J
cue
CUL
nSr 167, nit 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 4S6, Tiiis 469.
The act of writing secret characters; secret characters,
cipliers.
Crypto LOGY, krip-t^^'lo-j^j *• 518.
Enigmatical language.
Crystal, kris-til, S. Crystals are hard, pellucid,
and naturally colourless bodies, of regularly angular
tigures ; Crystal is also used for a factitious body cast
jn the glass-houses, called also crystal glass, which is
carried to a degree of perfection beyond tlie common
glass ; Crystals, in chymistry, express salts or other
matters shot or congealed in manner of crystal.
Crystal, kns-t^l, a. Consisting of crj'Stal 5
bright, clear, transparent ; lucid, pellucid.
/kris'-t4l-llne,1
Crystalline, | k;isi;iil„;7 «• 148. 149.
Consisting of crystal; bright, clear, pellucid, trans-
parent.
Crystalline Humour, kns-t^l-llne, or knsi
t$l-lin u-mur, s. The second humour of the
eye, that lies immediately next to the aqueous, behind
the uvea.
Crystallization, kns-til-l^-zi-shun, *.
Congelation into crystals. The mass formed by con-
gelation or concretion.
To Crystallize, kns-til-llze, v. a. To cause
to congeal or concrete in crystals.
To Crystallize, kns-tll-Uze, v. n. 159.
To coagulate, congeal, concrete, or shoot into crystals.
Cub, kub, S. The young of a beast, generally of a
bear or fox ; the young of a wliale ; in reproach, a boy
or girl.
To Cub, kub, v. a. To bring forth. Little used.
Cubation, ku-bA-shun, s. The act of lying down.
Cubatory, kii-bA-tur-i, a. 513. Recumbent.
CuBATURE, ku-b.4-tshure, s. 461. The finding
exactly the solid content of any proposed body.
Cube, kube, S. A regular solid body, consisting of
six square and equal faces or sides, and the angles all
right, and therefore equal.
jCuBE Root, kube^root, "I
CuBicK Root, ku-bik-root, / '
The origin of a cubick number, or a number by tlie
multiplication of which into itself, and again into the
product, any given number is formed. Thus 2 is the
cube root of 8.
Cubical, ku-b5-kll,\ .,,„
CUBICK, ki'-bk, J'^-^'^^-
Having the form or properties of a cube ; it is applied
to numbers ; the number of four multiplied into itself,
produces the square number of sixteen, and that again
multiplied by four, produceth the cubicle number of
sixty-four.
CuBiCALNESS, ku-b^-k^l-nls, *. The state or
quality of being cubical.
CuBicuLARY, ki-bikiki-lir-J, a. Fitted for the
posture of lying down.
Cubiform, ku'-bi-form, a. Of the shape of a
cube.
Cubit, kuiblt, S. A measure in use among the
ancients, which was originally the distance from the
elbow, bending inwards, to tlie extremity of tlie middle
finger.
Cubital, ku^bi-til, a. Containing only the
length of a cubit.
Cuckold, kuk-kuld, 5. 166. One that is married
to an adultress.
To Cuckold, kuk-kuld, v. a. To rob a man of
his wife's fidelity ; to wrong a husband by unchastity.
CUCKOLDLY, kuk-kuld-1^, a. Having the qualities
of a cuckold, poor, mean.
Cuckold-maker, kuk-kuld-ma-kur, s. One
that makes a practice of corrupting wives.
.> uckoldom, kuk-kul-dum, *. The act of
adultery; the state of a cuckold.
^UCKOO, kuk-koo, S. 174. A bird which appears
in the spring, and is said to suck the eggs of other
birds, and lay her own to be hatched in their place , a
name of contempt.
129
Cuckoo-bud, kuk-koo-bi\d, ")
Cuckoo-flower, kuk-kod-flou-ur, J
The name of a flower.
CucKOO-SPlTTLE, kuk-koo-sp1t-tl, s. A gpumou*
dew found upon plants, with a little insect in it.
CucuLLATE, ku-kul-hile, 91.1
CUCULLATED, ku^kul-ltl-ted, /
Hooded, covered, as with a hood or cowl : having tha
resemblance or shape of a hood.
Cucumber, kou-kum-bur, s. 159. The name
of a plant, and fruit of that plant.
(f:?- In some counties of England, especially in the
west, this word is pronounced as if written Coocumher :
this, though rather nearer to the orthography than Cow-
cumber, is yet faulty, in adopting the ohtuse u heard in
bull, rather than the open u heard in Cticujiiis, the Latin
word whence Cucumber is derived : though, from the
adoption of the b, I should rather supi)Ose we took it
from the French Concombre. But however this may be,
it seems too firmly fixed in its sound of Cou-cumber to be
altered, and must be classed with its irregular fellow
esculent Asparagus, wliich see.
Cucurbitaceous, ku-kur-be-tA-shus,fl. 357.
Cucurbitaceous plants are those which resemble a
gourd, such as the pompion and melon.
CuCURBITE, ku-kur-bit, S. 156. A chymical
vessel, commonly called a Body.
Cud, kud, s. That food which is reposited in the
first stomach, in order to be cliewed again.
CuDDEN, kud'dn, 1 . . „
Cuddy, kud-d^, J
A clown, a stupid low dolt.
To Cuddle, kud-dl, v. n. 405. To lie close, to
squat.
Cudgel, kud-jil, s. 99- A stick to s.. -ike with.
7h Cudgel, kud-jil, v. a. To beat with a stick.
Cudgel-proof, kud-jil-proof, a.
Able to resist a stick.
Cudweed, kud^wede, s. A plant.
Cue, ki, *. The tail or end of any thing ; the last
words of a speech in acting, to be answered by another j
a hint, an intimation, a short direction; humour,
temper of mind.
CUERPO, kweripo, s. To be in cuerpo, is to be
without the upper coat.
Cuff, kuf, s. A blow with the fist, a box, a stroke.
To Cuff, kuf, v. n. To fight, to scuffle.
To Cuff, kuf, v. a. To strike with the fist ; to
strike with talons.
Cuff, kuf, *. Part of the sleeve.
Cuirass, kw^-rJ'J s. 310. A breastplate.
Cuirassier, kw^-rAs-seerJ s. 275. A man of
arms, a soldier in armour.
Cuisn, kwis, S. 340. The armour that covers the
thighs.
fcy- I have followed Dr. Johnson's spelling in this
word, though I think it not so correct as cuisse, the ori-
ginal French, and which he has himself followed in his
Edition of Shakespeare, and his notes upon the word in
the first part of Henry the Fourth. But whatever may
be the spelling, the pronunciation is certainly tliat which
1 have given.
Culdees, kul-d^zej S. Monks in Scotland.
Culinary, ku-l^-nir-^, a, 512. Relating to the
kitchen.
To Cull, kul, v. a. To select from others.
Culler, kul-lur, *. 98. One who picks or chooses.
CULLION, kul-yun, S. 113. A scoundrel, a mean
wretch.
CuLLIONLY, kul-yun-le, a. Having the qualities
of a cuUion, mean, base.
CuLLY, kul-le, *. A man deceived or imposed upon.
To Cully, kul-1^, v. a. To befool, to clieat, to
impose upon.
Culmiferous, kSl-niif^fJ-rus, a. 518.
Culmiferous plants are such as have a smooth jointed
stalk and their seeds are contained in chaffy husks.
K
CUN CUR
(»- 559. Fate 73, far 77, ftll 83, At 81— pi 93, n^et 95— pine 105, p!n 107— ^6 162, move 164
To Culminate, kiil'-me-nate, v. n. Tc be
vertical, to be in the nieridiai.
Culmination, kul-m^-nA-slmn, s. The transit
of a planet tlirough the meridian.
Culpability, kul-p;t-bil-e-te, *. Blameableness.
Culpable, kul-pi-bl, a. 405. Criminal, blame-
able, blameworthy.
Culpableness, kul-p4-bl-ne3, S. Blame, guilt.
Culpably, kul-pi-ble, ad. Blamrably, criminally.
CllpriT, kul-prit, S. A man arraigned before his
judge.
CULTER, kul-tur, S. The iron of the plough per-
pendicular to the share.— See Counter.
To Cultivate, knl-t^-vAte, i>. a. To forward or
improve the product of the earth by manual Industry j
to improve, to meliorate.
Cultivation, kul-te-va-shun, s. The art or
practice of improving soils, and forvravdiiig or me-
liorating vegetables ; improvement in general, meliora-
tion.
Cultivator, kul-te-vi-tur, *. 521. One who
improves, promotes, or meliorates.
Culture, kul-tshure, 5. 461. The act of cultiva-
tion ; art of improvement and melioration.
To Culture, kul-tshure, v. a. To cultivate, to
till. Not used.
Culver, kul-vur, s. 98. A pigeon. Old word.
CuLVERIN, kill-ve-nn, S. A species o5 ordnance.
CulverKEY, kul'ver-ke, *. A species of flower.
To Cumber, kum'bur, v. a. 98. To embarrass, to
entangle, to obstruct, to crowd or load with something
useless; to involve in difficulties and dangers, to dis-
tress; to busy, to distract with multiplicity of cares;
to be troublesome in any place.
Cumber, kum'bur, S. Vexation, embarrassment.
Not used.
Cumbersome, kum-bur-sum, a. Troublesome,
vexatious ; burthensome, embarrassing, unwieldy, un-
manageable.
Cumbersomely, kum-bur-sum-lJ, ad. In a
troublesome manner.
Cumbersomeness, kum-bur-sum-nes, s
Encumbrance, hindrance, obstruction.
Cumbrance, kura-brinse, *.
Burthen, hindrance, impediment.
Cumbrous, kum-brus, a. Troublesome, vexatious,
disturbing; oppressive, burthensome; jumbled, ob-
structing each other.
CuMf REY, kum-frl, S. A medicinal plant.
See Comfrey.
Cumin, kum'^mm, s. A plant.
OrT- This word, before Dr. Johnson's Dictionary altered
it, was, 1 believe, universally spelled with double m.
Our ancestors were homebred enough to think, that if we
received a word from the Latin, and conformed to the
quantity of that language, it was necessary to show that
conformity bv a specific orthography of our own. Tims,
the first n'in Cuminum being short, they doubled the m
to indicate that shortness; as the analogy of our language
would infallibly pronounce the tt long, if the consonant
were single in the same manner as in Cubic, Cupid, Sec. —
See Drama.
To Cumulate, kA-mu-Ute, v. a.
To heap together.
Cumulation, ku-mu-la^shun, s. The act of
heaping together.
Cumulative, ku^mi-U-tiv, a. Consisting of
diverse matter put together.
CUNCTATION, kungk-ti-shun, S. Delay, procrasti-
nation, dilatoriness.
CUNCTATOR, kungk-ta-tur, S, One given to delay,
a lingerer.
CuNEAL, kvt-iie-^1, a. Relating to a wedge, having
the form of a wedge.
CuNEATED, ku-ni-i-ted, a. Made in form of a
wedge.
13a
Cuneiform, ku-nW-(orm, a. Having the form
of a wedge.
CuNNER, kfin-nur, *. A kind of fish less than aft
oyster, tha. sticks close to the rocks.
Cunning, kun-mng, a. 410. skiifui, knowing
learned; performed with skill, artful ; artfully deceit-
ful, trickisli, subtle, crafty.
Cunning, kun-mng, S. Artifice, deceit, sliness,
sleight, fraudulent dexterity ; art, skill, knowledge.
Cunningly, kun-inng-1^, ad. Artfully, suiy,
craftily.
Cunning-man, kfin-ning-m4n( s. A man who
pretends to tell fortunes, or teach liow to recover stolen
goods.
Cunningness, kun-ning-nes, *. Deceitfulness,
sliness.
Cup, kup, S. A small vessel to drink out of; the
liquor contained in the ci|p, the draught ; social enter-
titnment, merry bout ; any thing lii>llow like a cup, as
the husk of an acorn ; Cup and Cah, familiar com-
panions.
To Cup, kup, ?'. a. To supply with cups .
obsolete ; to draw blood by applying cupping glasses.
Cupbearer, kup-bi-rur, s. An officer of the
king's household ; an attendant to give wine at a feast.
Cupboard, kiib-burd, s. 412. a case with
shelves, in which victuals or earthen ware is placed.
Cupidity, ku-pul-e-te, *. 511. Concupiscence,
unlawful I mgitig.
Cupola, ku-p6-lA, s. 92. A dome, the hemisphe-
rical summit of a building.
Cupper, kqp-pur, S. One who applies cupping
glasses, a scariher.
Cupping-glass, kup-pmg-gl^s, s. A glass used
by scarifiers to draw out the blood by rarefying the air.
Cupreous, ku-pre-us, a. Coppery, consisting of
copper.
Cur, kur, s. A worthless degenerate dog ; a term
of reproach for a man.
Curable, ku-ri-bl, a. 405. That admits of a
remedy.
CuRABLENESS, ku-ri-bl-nsS, S. Possibility to be
healed.
Curacy, ku^r4-s^, \
Curateship, kA-rate-ship, J
Employment nf a curate ; employment which a hired
clergyman holds under the beneficiary.
Curate, ku-rate, 5. 91. A clergyman hired to
perform the duties of another; a parish priest.
Curative, ku-r;t-tiv, a. 157. Relating to the
cure of diseases, not preservative.
Curator, ku-rA-tur, *. 521. One that has the
care and superintendence of any thing.
Curb, kurb, S. A curb is an iron cjiain, made fast
to the upper part of the branches oft he bridle, running
ovor the beard of the horse; restraint, inhibition, op-
position.
Curb-stone, kiirb-stone, s. A thick kind of
stone placed at the edge <if a stone pavcmeri't. '
To Curb, kurb, v. a. To guide a horse with a
curb; to restrain, lo iniiibit, to check.
Curd, kurd, S. The coagulation of milk.
To Curd, kurd, v. a. To turn to curds, to cause
to coagulate.
To Curdle, kur^dl, v. n. 405. To coagulate, to
concrete.
To Curdle, kur-dl, v. a. To cause to coagulate.
Curdy, kur-d^, a. Coagulated, concreted, full q|
curds, curdled.
Cure, kure, s. Remedy, restorative ; act of heat
ing ; the benefice or employment of a curate or clergy
man.
To Cure, kure, v. a. To heal, to restore to
health, to remeoy, to prepare in any manner, so as to
be preserved from corruption.
CUR
CUS
nor
167, nSt 163— tfibe 171, tSb 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— #/an 4^6, this 469.
Cureless, kure-les, a. without cure, without
remedy.
CURER, ku-rur, S. 98. A healer, a physician.
Curfew, kur-fu, *. An evening peal, by which
tlie Conqueror willed, that every man should rake up
his fire, and put out his light; a cover for a fire, a fire-
plate.
CuRiALiTY, ku-rl-il'-h-th, s. The privileges 01
retinue of a court.
Curiosity, ki-r^-8s-^-t^, jr. Inquisitiveness, in-
clination to inquiry; nicety, delicacy; accuracy, ex-
actness; an act of curiosity, nice experiment, an object
of curiosity, rarity.
Curious, ku^re-US, a. 314. Inquisitive, desirous
of information ; attentive to, diligent about ; accurate,
careful not to mistake; difticull to please, solicitous of
perfection; exact, nice, subtile; elegant, neat, la-
boured, finished.
Curiously, ku-rl-US-ll, ad. Inquisitively, at-
tentively, studiously ; elegantly, neatly ; artfully, ex-
actly.
Curl, kurl, s. A ringlet of hairj undulation, wave,
sinuosity, flexure.
To Clrl, kurl, v, a. To turn the hwr in ringlets ;
to writhe, to twist; to dress with curls; to raise in
waves, undulations, or sinuosities.
To Curl, kurl, v. n. To shrink into ringlets ; to
rise in undulation ; to twist itself.
Curlew, klir-l&, S. A kind of water fowl ; a biud
larger than a partridge, with longer legs.
Curmudgeon, kur-mud-jun, s. 259.
An avaricious churlish fellow, a miser, a niggard, a
griper.
Curmudgeonly, kur-mudyun-1^, a. 259.
Avaricious, covetous, churlish, niggardly.
Currant, kuririn, S. The tree; a small dried
grape, properly written Corinth, from the place it came
from.
Currency, ki\r-ren-si, s. Circulation, power of
passing from hand to hand ; general reception ; fluency,
readiness of utterance ; continuance, constant flow ;
general esteem, the rate at which any thing is vulgarly
valued ; the papers stamped in the English colonies by
authority, and passing for money.
Current, kur-rent, a. Circulatory, passing from
hand to hand; generally received, uncontradicted, au-
thoritative; common, general; popular, such as is
established by vulgarestimation ; fashionable, popular;
passable, such as may be allowed or admitted; what is
now passing, as the current year.
Current, kurirent, s. A running stream ;
currents are certain progressive motions of the water
of the sea in several places.
Currently, kur^rent-l^, ad. In a constant
motion; without opposition; popularly, fashionably,
generally; without ceasing.
CURRENTNESS, kuKrent-nes, s. Circulation ;
general reception; easiness of pronunciation.
Curricle, kur-rl-kl, 5. 405. An open two-
wheeled chaise, made to be drawn by two horses
abreast.
Currier, kur^ri-ur, s. One who dresses and
pares leather for those who make shoes, or other things.
Currish, kur^nsb, a. Having the qualities of a
degenerate dog, brutal, sour, quarrelsome.
To Curry, kur-re, v. a. To dress leather, to
beat, to drub; to rub a horse with a scratching instru-
ment, so as to smooth his coat; To curry favour, to
become a favourite by petty officiousness, slight kind-
nesses, or flattery.
Currycomb, kur-ri-kime, s. An iron instru-
ment used for currying horses.
To Curse, kurse, v. a. To wish evil to, to ex-
ecrate, to devote; to afflict, to torment.
7b Curse, kurse, v. n. To imprecate.
CUKSE, kurse, s. Malediction, wisli of evil to
another; affliction, torment, vexation.
Cursed, kur-sed, part. a. 362. Under a curse,
hateful, detestable; unholy, unsanctified; vexatious,
troublesome.
131
Cursedly, kur^sed-1^, ad. 364. Miserably^
shamefully.
CursedSESS, kur-sed-nes, s. The state of being
under a curse.
CURSHIP, kuriship, s. Dogship, meanness.
CURSITOR, kurise-tur, s. An officer or clerk
belonging to the Chancery, that makes out original
writs.
Cursorary, kur^si-rj-r^, a. Cursory, hasty
careless.
Cursorily, kur-si-re-l^, ad. Hastily, without
care.
CuRSORINESS, kur-SO-ri-ntS, S. Slight attention.
Cursory, kur-SO-r^, a. Hasty, quick, inattentive,
careless.
Curst, kurst, a. Froward, peevish, malignant,
malicious, snarling.
Curstness, kurst-nes, S. Peevishness, froward-
ness, malignity.
Curt, kurt, a. Short.
To Curtail, kur-talej v. a. To cut 06F, to cut
short, to shorten;
tj- This word is said to be derived from the obligation
peasants were under, in the feudal times, of cutting off
the tails of their dogs ; as only gentlemen were allowed
to have dogs with their tails on. This Dr. Johnson has
shown to be a vulgar error; the word being formerly
written Curtal, from the Latin cut^o.
Curtain, kur^tin, s. 208. a cloth contracted or
expanded at pleasure; To draw the curtain, to close so
as to shut out the light, to open it so as to discern the
objects ; in fortification, that part of the wall or ram-
part that lies between two bastions.
Curtain-lecture, kur-tiu-lek-tshiare, *.
A reproof given by a wife to her husband in bed.
To Curtain, kur'tin, v. a. To enclose with
curtains.
Curtate Distance, kur'tite-dis-t^iise, s.
In astronomy, the distance of a planet's place froiTi
the sun, reduced to the ecliptic.
CURTATION, kur-t;l-shun, s. The interval between
a planet's distance from the sun and the curtate dis-
tance.
Curtsy, kurt^sS, S. — See Courtesy.
CURVATED, kur-vA-ted, a. Bent.
Curvation, kiir-va-shuni s, the act of bending
or crooking.
Curvature, kur^v^-tshure, ». 461. Crookedness,
inflexion, manner of bending.
CURVfi, kurv, a. Crooked, bent, inflected.
Curve, kurv, *. Any thing bent, a flexure or
crookedness.
To Curve, kurv, v. a. To bend, to crook, tc
inflect. . ■ .
To Curvet, kur-vet{ v. n. To Jeap, to bound ; to
frisk, to be licentious.
Curvet, kur-vetj S. A leap, a bound, a frolick, a
prank.
Curvilinear, kiir-v^-lin-y^r, a. Consisting of
a crooked line ; composed of crooked lines.
Curvity, kur-v^-t^, *. Crookedness.
CuRULE, kljiriile, a. The epithet given to the
chair in which the chief Roman magistrates were car-
ried.
Cushion, kush^in, or kush^un, s. 289.
a pillow for the seat, a soft pad placed upon a chair
<i3' I have given this word two sounds; not that ,
think they are equally in use. I am convinced the first
is the more general, but because the other is but a tri-
fling departure from it, and does not contradict the uni-
versal rule of pronouncing words of this termination.
Cushioned, kush'ind, a. 359.
Seated on a cushion.
Cusp, kusp, s. A term used to express the point!
or horns of the moori, or other luminary.
CuspATED, kus^pa-ted 1
■ - "1,/"-
Cuspidated, kusip4-da-ted,
CUT
CYN
559. Fite73, (irll, fall 83, ^t 81--ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Ending in a point, liavingtlie leavesof a flower ending
in a point.
Custard, kus-turd, *. 88. A kind of sweetmeat
made by boiling eggs witli milk and sugar.
Custody, kus-t^-de, s. Imprisonment, restraint
of liberty; care, preservation, security.
Custom, kusit?im, s. 166. Habit, habitual
practicej fasliion, common way of acting; established
manner; practice of buying of certain persons; ap-
plication from buyers, as this trader has good custom ;
in law, a law, or right, not written, which, being esta-
blished by long use, and the consent of ancestors, has
been, and is, daily practised; tribute, tax paid for
goods imported or exported.
Custom-house, kus-tum-hoiise, s. The house
where the taxes upon goods imported or exported are
collected.
Customable, kus-tum-^-bl, a.
Common, habitual, frequent.
Customableness, kus-tum-^-bl-nes, *.
Frequency, habit ; conformity to custom.
CusTOMABLY, kus^tuin-l-bl5, ad. According to
custom.
Customarily, kus^tum-Jr-i-li, ad.
Habitually, commonly-
CusTOMARiNESs, kus-tum-Sr-J-ues, s.
Frequency.
Customary, kus-tum-^r-e, a. Conformabk to
established custom, according to prescription; habi-
tual ; usual, wonted.
Customed, kus-tumd, a. 359- Usual, common.
Customer, kiis-tutn-ur, s.' One who frequents
any place of sale for the sake of purchasing.
CuSTREL, kus-trel, S. A buckler-bearer; a vessel
for holding wine.
To Cut, kut, pret. CvT, part, pass. Cut. To
penetrate with an edged instrument ; to hew ; to carve,
to make by sculpture; to form any thing by cutting;
to pierce with any uneasy sensation ; to divide packs
of cards; to intersect, to cross, as one line cuts an-
other : To cut down, to fell, to hew down, to excel, to
overpower ; To cut off, to separate from the other
parts, to destroy, to extirpate, to put to death untimely;
to rescind, to intercept, to hinder from union, to put
an end to, to take away, to withhold, to preclude, to
interrupt, to silence, to apostrophise, to abbreviate;
To cut out, to shape, to form ; to scheme, to contrive ;
to adapt, to debai ; to excel, to outdo; To cut short,
to hinder from proceeding by sudden interruption, to
abridge, as the soldiers were cut short of their pay;
To cut up, to divide an animal into convenient pieces,
to eradicate.
Tb Cut, kilt, v. n. To make its way by dividing
obstructions; to perform the operation of cutting for
the stone.
Cut, kut, part. a. Prepared for use.
Cut, kut, *. The action of a sharp or edged instru-
ment; the impression orseparation of continuity, made
by an edge ; awound made by cutting ; a channel made
by art ; a part cut off from the rest ; a small particle, a
shred; a lot cut off a stick ; a near passage, by which
some angle is cut off; a picture cut or carved upon a
stamp of wood or copper, and impressed from it; the
actor practice of dividing a pack of cards: fashion,
form, shape, manner of cutting into shapq,; a fool or
cully; Cut and long tail, men of all kinds.
Cutaneous, ku-ta-n^-us, «. Relating to the skin.
Cuticle, ku-t^-kl, S. 405. The first and outer-
most covering of the body, commonly called the scarf-
skin ; thin skin formed on the surface of any liquor.
C'JTICULAR, ku-tlk^u-lur, a. Belonging to the
skin.
Cutlass, kut-las, s. A broad cutting sword.
Cutler, kut^lur, S. 98. One who makes or sells
knives.
CUTPURSE, kut-purse, s. One who steals by the
method of cutting purses ; a thief, a robber.
Cutter, kut'-tur, S. 98. An agent or instrument
that cuts any thing ; a nimble boat that cuts the water;
the teeth that cut the meat; an officer in the exchequer
that provides wood for the tallies, and cuts the sum
]>aid upon tlism.
132
Cut-throat, Vut-thrhte, s. A rufilan, a murderer,
an assassin.
Cut-throat, kut-^/tr6te, a. Cruel, inhuman,
barbarous.
Cc3- This adjective is frequently used very absurdly,
(and not always by the lowest of the people) when it is
applied to a house of entertainment that charges an
exorbitant price; such a house is not uncommonly,
though very improperly, called a Cut-throat-house. This
sense, I see, has been adopted by Entick ; though it
ought not to have a place in any Dictionary.
Cutting, kut-ting, s. A piece cut off, a chop.
Cuttle, kut-tl, s. 405. A fish, which, when he
is pursued by a fish of prey, throws out a black liquor.
Cuttle, kut-tl, S. A foul-mouthed fellow.
Cycle, Sl-kl, S. 405. A circle ; a round of time,
a space in which the same revolution begins again, a
periodical space of time; a method, or account of a
method, continued till the same course begins again j
imaginary ojbs, a circle in the heavens.
Cycloid, Sl-clonl,S. a geometical curve.
(i3" Sheridan and Buchanan pronounce the y in this
word short ; and Ash, Kenrick, and W. Johnston, long.
Cycloidal, se-kloid^il, a. 180.
Relating to a cycloid.
Cyclopedia, sl-klo-pe^de-J, s. A circle of
knowledge, a course of the sciences.
Q:y \ have in this word differed from Mr. Sheridan and
Dr. Johnson, by placing the accent on the antepenulti-
mate syllable instead of the penultimate. I know that
Greek words of this termination have the accent on the
penultimate syllable; but the antepenultimate accentua-
tion is more agreeable to the genius of our tongue, and
seems to have prevailed. For though Dr. Johnson has
given this word the penultimate accent, he has placed the
accent on the antepenultimate syllable of Ambrosia,
Euthanasia, and Hydrojihobia, though these have all the
accent on the penultimate in the Greek. It is true the
i in the last syllable but one of Cyclopaedia'^ h diphthong
in the original ; and this will induce those who are fond
of showing their Greek learning, to lay the accent on the
penultimate, as its opposition to general usage will be
an additional reason with them for preferring it. The
pronunciation I have adopted I see is supported by
Dr. Kenrick, Entick, Scott, Perry, and Buchanan, which
abundantly shows the general current of custom.
To these observations may be added, that if the t be
accented, it must necessarily have the long open sound,
as in Elegiac, and not the sound of e, as Mr. Sheridan
has marked it.
Cygnk T, s'lg-net, S. A young swan.
Cylinder, sil-in-dur, s. A body having two flat
surfaces and one circular.
Cylindrical, s^-lin-dr^-kJl,
Cylindrick, si-lin^drik.
Partaking of the nature of a cylinder, having tlie form
of a cylinder.
CyMAR, S^-marJ S. 180. A slight covering, a scarf.
Cymbal, simib^l, S. A musical instrument.
Cynanthropy, se-niln-Mro-p^, s. A species of
madness, in which men have the qualities of dogs.
Cynegeticks, sin-n^-jlt-iks, s.
The art of hunting.
Cynical,
Cynick,
Having the qualities of a dog, churlish, brutal, snarling,
satirical.
Cynick, Sin-ik, S. A philosopher of the snarling
or currish sort, a follower of Diogenes ; a snarler, a
misanthrope.
Cynosure, sin^S-shure, or sl'-ni-sbure, s. 463.
The star near the north pole, by which sailors steer.
(tj» I have, in the first syllable of this word, contrary
to Mr. Sheridan, preferred the short to the long sound
of y. My first reason is, that this letter in Greek is ths
same as in Cynic and Cylinder; both which have the y
short. The next reason is, the very general rule in out
language of pronouncing the vowel short in all simplei
which have the accent on the antepenultimate syllable;
635. 537. 503. I am not certain, however, that the best
usage is not against me. Scott has the first sound, and
Sheridan and Entick the second ; the rest of the Dictio.
naries either have not the word, or do not m&rk tU<
quantity of the vowels.
•}«•
I 01 nuniing.
LL, sin'-ik-^l, 1
c, sin-iK, J
DAL
DAM
nor 167, n$tl63— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 399— p3und 313— ^Ain 466, THis 469.
Cypress-tree, si-pres-tree, s. A tall straight
tree ; its fruit is of no use, its leaves are bitter, and the
very smell and shade of it are dangerous; it is the
emblem of mourning.
Eyprus, si-pnis, s. A thin transparent black stuff.
Cyst, sist, ")
Cystis, sis^tis, J
A bag containing some morbid matter.
Cystick, Sis-tlk, a. Contained in a bag.
Cystotomy, sis-totiti-ml, s. 518. The act or
practice of opening incysted tumours.
CZAP., zir, S. The title of the Emperor of Russia.
Czarina, zt-vh'-n^, S. The Empress of Russia.
D.
To
dip-fi-dii, ")
r, d4f-f6-dil'-l^, >s.
JDiLLY, dUr-fi-dSun-dil'-lJ, 4
Dab, dab, v. a. To strike gently with some-
thing soft or moist.
Dab, dab, s. A small lump of any thing; a blow
with something moist or soft; something moist or
•slimy thrown upon one; in low language, an artist;
a Rind of small flat fish.
Dab-chick, dib^tshik, s. A water-fowl.
To Dabble, d^b^bl, v. a. 405. To smear, to
daub, to wet.
To Dabble, d^b-bl, v, n. To play in water, to
move in water or mud; to do any thing in a slight
manner, to tamper.
Dabbler, dib-lur, *. One that plays in water;
one that meddles without mastery, a superficial
meddler.
Dace, dase, s. A small river fish, resembling a
roach.
Dactyle, dik-til, S. 145. A poetical foot, con-
sisting of one long syllable and two short ones.
Dad, d^d, \
Daddy, dk'-d^,J*-
The child's way of expressing father,
Daffodil, diP-fi-dil,
daffodilly;
Daffodowndi
This plant hath a lily-flower, consisting of one leaf,
which is bell-shaped.
To Daft, dilft, v. a. To toss aside, to throw away
slightly. Obsolete.
Dag, dag, s. A dagger; a hand-gun, a pistol.
Dagger, dilg-ur, *. 98. 381. A short sword, a
poniard ; a blunt blade of iron with a basket hilt, used
•■or defence ; the obelisk as [t].
Daggersdrawing, d%-?irz-draw-in|f, s. The
act of drawing daggers, approach to open violence.
To Daggle, dkg'-gl, v. a. 405. To dip negligently
in mire or water.
To Daggle, digigl, v. n. To be in the mire.
Dag G LETA I L, d^g-gl-tile, a. Bemired, bespattered.
Daily, da-le, a. Happening every day, quotidian.
Daily, Ah!-\h, ad. Every day, very often.
Daintily, dane^t^-1^, ad. Elegantly, delicately,
deliciously, pleasantly.
Daintiness, dine-ti-nes, s. Delicacy, softness;
elegance, nicety ; squeamishness, fastidiousness.
Dainty, dine-ti, a. Pleasing to the palate;
delicate, nice, squeamish; scrupulous; elegant; nice.
Dainty, dAne-ti, s. Something nice or delicate, a
delicacy ; a word of fondness formerly in use.
Dairy, da^r^, s. The place where milk is
manufactured.
Dairymaid, di-re-made, s. The woman servant
whose business is to manage the milk.
Daisy, da-zi, s. 438. A spring flower
Dale, dile, *, A vale, a valley»
in
Dalliance, d^Ui^-^nse, *.
Interchange of caresses, acts of fondness; conjugsl
conversation ; delay, procrastination.
Dallier, d^l-l^-ur, s, A trifler, a fondler.
To Dally, d^l-le, v. n. To trifle, to play the
fool ; to exchange care^es, to fondle ; to sport, to
play, to frolick; to delay.
Dam, d^m, S. The mother.
Dam, dam, s. A mole or bank to confine water.
To Dam, dim, v. a. To confine, to shut up water
by moles or dafms.
Damage, dim^midje, s. 90. Mischief, detri-
ment; loss; the value of mischief done ; reparation
of damage, retribution ; in law, any hurt or hindrance
that a man taketh in his estate.
To Damage, dim^idje, v. a. 90. To mischief,
to injure, to impair.
To Damage, dim-idje, v. n. To take damage.
Damageable, dim-id je-i-bl, a. Susceptible of
hurt, as damageable goods ; mischievous, pernicious.
Damascene, dim-zn, s, 170. a small black
plum, a damson.
Damask, dim-usk, s. 88. Linen or silk woven
in a manner invented at Damascus, by which part rises
above the rest in flowers.
To Damask, dim-usk, v. a. 88. To form flowers
upon stuffs; to variegate, to diversify.
Damask-rose, dim-usk-r6ze, *. A red rose.
Dame, dime, s, A lady, the title of honour
formerly given to women ; mistress of a low family •
woman in general.
Dames-violet, damz-vi-i-let, s. Queen's gilly-
flower.
To Damn, dim, v. a, 411. To doom to etema'
torments in a future state ; to procure or cause to be
eternally condemned ; to condemn ; to hoot or hiss
any publick performance, to explode.
Damnable, dim-ni-bl, a. Deserving damnation.
Damnably, dim-ni-bl^, ad. In such a manno-
as to incur eternal punishment.
Damnation, dim-ni-shun, s. Exclusion from
divine mercy, condemnation to eternal punishment.
Damnatory, dim-ni-tur-^, a. 512. Containing
a sentence of condemnation.
Damned, dimmd, or dim-ned, part. a.
Hateful, detestable.
(t^ This word, in familiar language, is scarcely ever
used as an adjective, and pronounced in one syllable, but
by the lowest, vulgar and profane ; in serious speaking
it ought always, like cursed, to be pronounced in two,
362. Thus in Shakespeare—
" But oh what damned inintites tells he o'er,
'* Who doatn, yet doubts — suspects, 5'et strongly loves."
There is a very singular usage of this word, as a verb
or participle, when it signifies the condemnation of a
play; but this application of it, tliough authorised by
the politest speakers, has an unhallowed harshness in it
to pious cars, and an affectation of force to judicious
ones. It is, at least, the figure called Catachresis.
DaMNIFICK, dim-nif-lk, a. Procuring loss, mU.
chievous.
To Damnify, dim^ne-fi, v. a. To endamage, to
injure; to hurt, to impair.
Damningness, dim-ning-nes, s. Tendency to
procure damnation.
Damp, dimp, a. Moist, inclining to wet ; dejected,
sunk, depressed.
Damp, dimp, S. Fog, moist air, moisture ; a noxious
vapour exhaled from the earth; dejection, depression
of spirit.
To Damp, dimp, v. a. To wet, to moisten ; to
depress, to deject, to chill, to weaken, to abandon.
Dampishness, dimpiish-nes, s. Tendency to
wetness, moisture.
Dampness, dimp^nes, s. Moisture.
Dampy, dimp-e, a. Dejected, gloomy, sorrowful.
Damsel, dim'-zel, s, 1 02. A young genUewoman i
DAil
DAW
ty 559. Fhe73, far 11, fall 83, fJtSl— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
an attendant of the better rank; a wench, a country
lass.
Damson, dim-zn, s. 170. A small black plum.
Dan, d^n, S, The old term of honour for men.
To Dance, ditnse, v. n. tS, 79. To move in
measure.
To Dance Attendance, danse, v. a. To wait
with suppleness and obsequiousness.
To Dance, d^nse, v. a. To make to dance, to
put into a lively motion.
Dance, d^nse, s. 78, 79- A motion of one or
many in concert.
Dancer, d^n-sSr, S. One that practises the art of
dancing.
Dancincmaster, dlnisin»-mas-tur, s. One
who teaches the art of dancing.
DancingschodIj, d^n^sing-skool, s. The school
where the art of dancing is taught.
Dandelion, din-dc-ll-un, s. The name of a
plant, so called from its likeness to the tooth of a lion.
To Dandle, d^n'-dl, v. a. 405. To shake a
child on the knee -, to fondle, to treat like a child.
DandleR, dind^lur, S. He that dandles or fondles
children.
Dandruff, d^n-druf, s. Scurf in the head.
Danewort, dAne-wurt, s. A species of elder,
called also dwarf-elder, or wall-wort.
Danger, dane'-jur, s. 98. Risk, hazard, peril.
To Danger, dine-jur, v. a. To put in hazard, to
endanger. Not in use.
Dangerless, dine-jur-les, o. Without hazard,
without risk.
Dangerous, dAne-jur-us, a. 543.
Hazardous, perilous.
Dangerously, dane-jur-us-lJ, ad. Hazardously,
perilously, with danger.
Dangerousness, dane-jur-us-nes, s.
Danger, hazard, peril.
To Dangle, clitng-gl, v. n. 405. To hang loose
and quivering ; to hang upon any one, to be an humble
follower.
Dangler, d^ng-glur, i. A man that hangs about
women.
Dank, dSngk, «. 408. Damp, moist.
Dankish, dAnejk-lsh, a. Somewhat damp.
Dapper, dip-pur, a. 98. Little and active, lively
without bulk.
Dapperling, dip-pur-hng, *. A dwarf.
Dapple, dAp-pl, a. 405. Marked with various
colours, variegated.
To Dapple, d^p-pl, v. a. To streak, to vary.
Dar, dar, 78.")
t, J'
.^ ,n , „, K fish found in the Severn
Dart, dart
To Dare, dire, v. n, Pret. T durst; part. / have
dared. To have courage for any purpose, to be adven-
turous.
(K?- If I am not mistaken, there is a prevailing pro-
nunciation of this word in Ireland, which makes it a
perfect rhyme to far, bar, Sec. That this is contrary to
universal usage in England, and to the most general rule
in the language, needs not be insisted on ; the only word
of a similar form which is so pronounced, is the first
person plural of the verb to be. But this, it must be re-
membered, is an auxiliary verb; and the auxiliary
verbs, being as irregular in their pronunciation as in
their form, are but indifferent models by which to regu-
late the rest of the language.
To Dare, dire, v. a. To challenge, to defy.
(}3» In this sense this verb is regular.
To Dare Larks, dire larks, v. n. To catcii
them by means of a looking-glass.
Dare, dire, S. Defiance, challenge. Not in use.
DaREFUL, dire-ful, a. Full of defiance.
Daring, di-nng, a. Bold, adventurous, fearless.
Daringly, di-ring-l^, ad. Boldly, courageously.
134
Darinqness, da-nng-nes, s. Boldness.
Dark, dark, a. Without light ; not of a showy oi
vivid colour; blind; opaque; obscure; ignorant
) gloiuny.
To Dark, dark, v. a. To darken, to obscure.
To Darken, dar-kn, v. a. 405. To make dark}
to perplex ; to sully.
To Darken,, dar-kn, v. n. To grow dark.
Darkling, darkUing, /jar^ a. Being in the dark.
t)ARKLY, dark-le, ad. In a situation void of
light, obscurely, blindly.
Darkness, dark-nes, *. Absence of light;
opaqueness; obscurity; wickedness; the empire of
Satan.
Darksome, dark-sum, a. Gloomy, obscure.
Darling, dar-ling, a, 515. Favourite, dear
beloved. A contraction of dearling, or little dear.
Darling, dar-ling, S. A favourite, one much
beloved.
To Darn, darn, v. a. To mend holes by imitating
the texture of the stuff.
Darnel, dar-nil, s. 99. A weed growing in the
fields.
Dart, dart, s. A missile weapon thrown by the
hand.
To Dart, dart, v. a. To throw offensively ; to
throw, to emit.
To Dart, dart, v. n. To fly as a dart.
To Dash, dash, v. a. To throw any thing
suddenly against something; to break by collision ; to
throw water in flashes ; to bespatter, to besprinkle ; to
mingle, to cliange by some small admixture ; to form
or paint in haste; to obliterate, to cross out; to con-
found, to make ashamed suddenly.
To Dash, dish, v. n. To fly off the surface i to fly
in flashes with a loud noise; to rush through water so
as to make it fly.
Dash, dish, S. Collision ; infusion ; a mark in
writing, aline ; stroke, blow.
Dash, dish, ad. An expression of the sound of
water dashed.
Dastard, dis-tird, s. 88. A coward, a poltron.
To Dastardize, dis'-tir-dlze, v. a.
To intimidate ; to deject with cowardice.
Dastardly, dis-tird-1^, a. Cowardly, mean,
timorous.
DastardY, dis^tir-d^, S, Cowardliness.
Date, dite, S. The time at which a letter is
written, marked at the end or the beginning; the time
at which any event happened; the time stipulated
when any thing should be done; end, conclusion; du-
ration, continuance ; the fruit of the date-tree.
Date-tree, dite-tree, s. A species of palm.
To Date, dite, v. a. To note with the time a«
which any thing is written or done.
Dateless, dateUes, a. Without any fixed term.
Dative, di-tiv, a. 157. in grammar, the cast
that signifies the person to whom any thing is given.
To Daub, dawb, v. a. 213. To smear with some-
thing adhesive ; to paint coarsely ; to lay on any thing
gaudily or ostentatiously; to flatter grossly.
Dauber, daw-bur, s. 98. A coarse low painter.
Dauby, daw-be, a. Viscous, glutinous, adhesive.
Daughter, daw'-tur, *. 218. The female off.
spriugof a man or woman ; in poetry, any descendant j
the female penitent of a confessor.
To Daunt, dint, v. a. 214. To discourage, t«
fright. _^
Dauntless, dant-les, a. Fearless, not dejected.
Dauntless, dailt-les-nes, S. Fearlessness.
Dauphin, daw'-rtn, s. The heir apparent to the
crown of France.
Daw, daw, s. The name of a bird.
To Dawn, dawn, v. n. To begin to grow light j tt
DEA
nSr 167, nit 163— tibe 171, tab 173, b&ll 173-
DEB
il 299— p8und 313— <Ain 466, this 469.
glimmer obscurely 5 to begin, yet faintly, to give some
promises of lustre.
Dawn, dawn, s. Tlie time between the first appear-
ance of light and the sun's rise ; beginning, first rise.
Day, dA, s. 220. The timie between the rising and
setiing of the sun ; the time from noon to noon ; liglit,
sunshine; the day of contest, the battle; an appointed
or fixed time; a day appointed for some commemora-
tion ; from day to day, without a certainty or conti-
nuance.
Davbed, dA-bed, s. A bed used for idleness.
Daybook, dA-book, S. A tradesman's journal.
Daybreak, dA^brtlke, S. The dawn, the first ap-
pearance of liglit.
D.tYLABOUR, da-l4-bur, *. Labout by the day.
Daylabourer, dA-li-bur-ur, s. One that works
by tlie day.
Daylight, d^Mlte, s. The light of the day, as
opposed to that of the moon, or a taper.
DaylILY, da-lllU^, *. the same with asphodel.
DayspRING, dA-spifng, S. The rise of tlie day,
the dawn.
Daystar, dA-Star, S, The hiorning star.
Daytime, tlA'-tlme, *. The time in which theie is
light, opposed to night.
Daywork, dA^vurk, S. Work imposed by the
day, (lay-labi>ur.
DAZrEb, dA-Zld, O. 282. bespinkled with daisies.
To Dazzle, dAz-zl, v. a. 4(iS. To birerpower
with light.
To Dazzle, dAz-zl, r. n. To be overpowered with
light.
Deacon, de^kn, s. 170. 227. One of the lowest
order of tlie rlerKV.
Deaconess, de-kn-nes, s. A female officer in
the ancient church.
Deaconuy, d4-kn-r^, 1
Deaconship, de-kn-sh'ip, J *'
The office or dignity of a deacon.
Dead, ded, a. 234. Deprived of life ; inanimate;
senseless ; motionless ; empty j useless ; dull, gloomy ;
frigid; vapid; spiritless; uninhabited $ without the
power of vegetation; in theology, lying under the
power of sin.
To Deaden, ded-dn, v. a. 405. To deprive of
any kind of force or sensation; to make vapid, or
spiritless.
Dead-doing, dedidoo-?ng, part. a. Destructive,
killing, mischievous.
Dead-UFT, ded-liftj s. Hopeless exigence.
Deadly, ded-ll, a. Destructive, mortal ; im-
placable.
Deadly, ded-1^, ad. In a manner resembling the
dead; mortally; implacably, irreconcilably.
DeadNESS, ded-nes, i. Want of warmth; weak-
ness of the vital powers; vapidness of liquors, loss of
spirit.
Deadnettle, dedinet-tl, *. A weed, the same
with archangel.
Dead-reckoning, dedirek-nlng, s. That esti-
mation or conjecture which the seamen make of the
place where a ship is, by keeping an account of her
way by the log.
J)eaf, def, «. 234. Wanting the sense of hearing;
deprived of the power of hearing ; obscurely heard.
To Deafen, deP-fn, v. a. 405
the power of hearing.
Deafly, def^l^, ad.
obscurely to tlie ear.
Deafness, defines, s. Want of the power of hear-
ing ; unwillingness to hear.
Deal, dele, *. 227. Great part; quantity, degree
of more or less; the art or practice of dealing cards;
fir-wood, the wood ot piHes.
To Deal, d^le, v. a. Tp dispose to different
persons ; to distribute cards ; to scatter, to throw about;
to give gradually, or one after another.
135
To deprive of
Without sense of so'inds ;
To whiten, to
The act of
With great fondness ; at a
To mend clothes.
FotMlness, kindness, love;
To Deal, d^le, v. n. To traffick, to transact
business; to act between two persons, to intervene;
to behave well or ill in any transaction ; to act in any
manner; To deal by, to treat well or ill ; To deal in,
to have to do with, to be engaged in, to practise ; To
deal with, to treat in any manner, to use well or ill;
to contend with.
To Dealbate, d^-Al-bate, v. a.
bleach.
Dealbation, dl-Al-bA-shun, s.
bleaching.
Dealer, di-lur, *. 98. One that has to do with
anything; a trader or trafficker; a person who deals
»lie cards.
Dealing, de-Hns;, S, Practice, action ; inter-
course; measures of treatment ; traffick, business.
Deambulation, d^-Am-btt-la-shun, s. The act
of walking abroad.
Deambulatory, di*-Am-bu-lA-tui-e, a.
Relating to the practice of walking abroad.
Dean, dene, s. 227. The second dignitary of a
diocese.
Deanery, de-nur-ri, *. 98. The office of a
dean ; the revenue of a dean ; the house of a dean.
Deanship, d^ne-sllip, S. The office and rank of a
dean.
Dear, dire, a. 227. Beloved, darling ; valuable,
costly; scarce; sad, hateful, grievous. In this lasf
sense obsolete.
Dear, dere, s. A word of endearment.
DearBOUGHT, dere-bawt, a. Purchased at a high
price.
Dearly, dire-Ie, ad.
high price.
To Dearn, darn, v. a.
See jOani.
Dearnbss, dire^nes, s.
scarcity, high price.
Dearth, derth, S. 234. Scarcity which makes
food dear; want, famine; barrenness.
To Dearticulate, di-ar-tik-u-lAte, v. a.
To disjoint, to dismember.
Death, dtlh, s. 234. The extinction of life ;
mortality; the state of the dead ; the manner of dying;
the image of mortality represen'.ed by a skeleton ; in
theology, damnation, eternal torments.
Death-bed, de^/t-bed, s. The bed to which a
man is confined by mortal sickness.
Deathful, de^/i-ful, a. Full of slaughter, de-
structive, murderous.
Deathless, de^A-les, a. Immortal, never-dying.
Deathlike, de^A-llke, a. Resembling death, still.
DeATH'S-DOOR, de^/<S-dire, S. A near approach
to death.
Deathsman, def/js-mAn, S. 88. Executioner,
hangman, headsman.
DeATHWATCH, deM-wfttsb, *. An insect that
makes a tinkling noise, superstitiously imagined to
prognngticaie death.
To Debark, di-bark{ v. a. To disembark.
To Debar, d^-barj v. a. To exclude, to preclude.
To Debase, di-bAse{ v. a. To reduce from 9
higher to a lower st:!te; to sink into meanness; to
adulterate, to lessen in value by base admixtures.
Debasement, di-bAse-niunt, s. The act of de
basing or deRradinj;.
Debaser, di-bA-sur, s, 98. He that debases, lit
thai ailulterates, he that tlegrades another.
Debatable, di-bAte'-i-bl, a. Disputable.
Debate, di-bAteJ s. A personal dispute, a con
troversy; a quarrel, a contest.
To Debate, diJ-bAteJ v. a. To controvert, to dis-
pute, to contest.
To Debate, d4-bAte{ v. n To deliberate ; to dis-
pute.
DEC
DEC
IW- 559. Fate 73, far, 77, fall 83, th 81— m^ 93, met 35— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
DebatefUL, d^bjte-ful, a. Quarrelsome, con-
tentious.
Debatement, dl-bAte^ment, s.
Contest, controversy.
Debater, d^-ba-tur, s. 98- A disputant, a con-
trnvcrtist.
To Debauch, de-bawtsh' v. a, 213. To comipt
by lewdness ; to corrupt by intemperance.
Debauch, de-bawtsh{ s. A fit of intemperance ;
lewilness.
Debauchee, deb-6-shil' *.
A leclier; a drunkard.
Debaucher, de-bawtshiur, s. One who seduces
otheis to intemperance or lewdness.
Debauchery, de-bawtsh'-ur-re, s. Tlie practice
of excess, lewdness.
Debauchment, de-bawtsh-ment, s. The act of
debaucliing or vitiating, corruption.
To Debel, d^-bei; \v a
To Debellate, de-bel-late, /
To conijucr, to overcome in war.
Debellation, deb-bel-lA-shun, s. The act of
conquering in war.
Debenture, de-benitshure, s, A writ or note,
by whicli a debt is claimed.
Debile, deb-il, a. 140. 145. Feeble, languid.
To Debilitate, de-bil-e-tate, v. a. To make
faint, to enfeeble.
Debilitation, di-bil-l-tA-shun, s.
Tiie act of weakening.
Debility, de-bll-e-te, S. Weakness, feebleness.
Debonair, deb-o-nAreJ a. Elegant, civil, well-bred.
Debonairly, deb-o-nAre-le, ad. Elegantly.
Debt, det, S. 347. That which one man owes to
another; that wliich any one is obliged to do or suffer.
Debted, det-ted, part. a. Indebted, obliged to.
Debtor., det-tur, ,?. 98. He that owes something
to another ; one that owes money ; one side of an ac-
count book.
Decacuminated, d^-k^-ku-mi-na-ted, a.
Having the top cut off.
Decade, dek-Ad, s. 529. The sum of ten.
Decadency, de-k;Udeii-se, s. Decay, fall.
Decagon, dek-i-g6n, s. 503. A plain figure in
geometry.
Decalogue, dek^i-lSff, S. 338. The ten com-
mandments given by God to Moses.
To Decamp, d^-kimpj v. a. To shift the camp,
to move off.
Decampment, de-kitmpiment, s. The act of
shifiitig the camp.
To Decant, de-k^ntj v. a. To pour off gently, so
as to leave the sediment behind.
Decantation, dek-^n-ta-shun, s.
The act of decanting.
Decanter, d^-k^n-tur, s. 98. A glass vessel
that contains the liquor after it has been poured off
clear. \
To Decapitate, d^-k^p-i-tate, v. a. To behead,
yo Decay, d^-kd{ v. n. 220. To lose excellence,
to decline.
Decay, d^-kij S, Decline from the state of per-
fection; declension from prosperity ; consumption.
DeCAYBR, d^-ka-ur, S. 98. That which causes
decay.
Decease, d5-sJse{ S. 227. Death, departure from
life.
To Decease, d^-sesej v. n. To die, to depart
from lift',
Deceit, de-s^te{ s. 250. Fraud, a cheat, a
fallacy; .tralagem, artifice.
Deceitful, d^-stte-ful, a. Fraudulent, full of
deceit.
136
Deceitfully, de-site-ful-I^, ad. Fraudulently.
DeCEITFULNESS, de-s^te-ful-nes, S. Tendency
to deceive.
DeceivaBLE, d^-se-v^-bl, a. Subject to fraud,
exposed to imposture.
DeCEIVABLENESS, d5-s5-vJ-bl-neS, S. Liablcnes*
to be deceived.
To Deceive, de-s^ve5 v. a. 250. To bring int«
errour ; to delude by stratagem.
Deceiver, de-se-vur, s. One that leads another
into errour.
December, de-semibur, s. 98. The last month
of the year.
DeCEM PEDAL, d^-sem^pe-ddl, a. Having ten
feet in length.
Decemviraie, de-sem-ve-rite, s. 91. The
dignity and office of the ten governors of Rome.
Decemviri, de-sem-ve-rl, s.
Ten supreme magistrates of ancient Rome, chosen to
make laws and govern for a certain time. This word
is anglicised into Decemvirs, the plural oT Decemvir.
Decency, de-sen-se, S. Propriety of form, be-
coming ceremony; suitableness of character, propriety;
modesty.
Decennial, d^-sen-ne-al, a. 113. What con-
tinues for the space of ten years.
Decent, di-sent, a. Becoming, fit, suitable.
Decently, d^-sent-le, ad. In a proper manner,
witli suitable beliavinur.
Deceptibility, de-sep-tJ-bil-e-te, s.
Liableness to be deceived.
Deceptible, de-sep-t^-bl, a. 405.
Liable to be deceived.
Deception, de-sep-shun, s. The act or means of
deceiving, cheat, fraud; the state of being deceived.
DecepTIOUS, de-siip-shus, a. 314, Deceitful.
Deceptive, de-sep-tiv, a. 157. Having the
power of deceiving.
Deceptory, des-ep-tiir-e, a. Containing means
of deceit. — See Receplortj.
Decerpt, de-serpt( a. Diminished, taken off.
DecerptiBLE, de-serp-t^-bl, a. Tliat may be
taken off.
DecerptioN, de-serp-shun, S. The act of lessen-
ing, or taking otf.
Decession, de-sesli-un, s. A departure.
To Decharm, de-tsharm| v. a. To counteracts
charm, to disenchant.
To Decide, de-slde{ v. a. To fix the event of,
to determine ; to determine a question or dispute.
DeciDENCE, des-e-dense, s. 503, The quality
of being shed, or of falling off; the act of falling
away.
Decider, de-sl-dur, s. 98. One who determines
causes ; one who determines quairels.
Deciduous, de-sid-u-us, or d^-sid-ju-us,ef. 293.
Falling, not perennial.
Decimal, des-e-mil, a. Numbered by ten.
To Decimate, dts'-e-mite, v. a. 91. To tithe,
to take the tenth ; to punish every tenth soldier by lot.
Decimation, des-s^-ma-shun, s. A tithmg, a
selection of every tenth ; a selection^ by lot of every
tenth soldier for punishment.
To Decipher, de-sl-fur, v. a. To explain that
which is written in ciphers ; to mark down in charac-
ters; to stamp, tomaru; to unfold, to unravel.
Decipherer, de-sl-fur-ur, s. One who explaini
writings in cipher.
Decision, de-sizh-un, s. Determination of a dif-
ference; determination of an event.
Decisive, d^-sKsiv, a. 158. 428. Having the
power of determining any difference ; liaving the power
of settling any event.
Decisively, de-sl-slv-le, a4. In a nncluslvs
manner.
DEC
DEC
nht 167, n&t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, thIs 469.
Decisiveness, d5-si^siv-nes, s. The power of
terminating any difference, or settling an event.
Decisory, d^-sl-s6-r^, a. 429. 557. Able to
determine or decide.
To Deck, dek, v, a. To overspread j to dress j
to adorn.
Deck, dek, S. The floor of a ship j pack of cards
piled icgularly on each other.
Decker, dek-kur, s. A dresser.
To Declaim, dJ-klame{ v. n. To harangue, to
S'peak set orations.
Declaimer, de-klH-m?xr, S. One who makes
speeches with intent to move the passions.
Declamation, dek-li-nia^shun, s. 530. A dis-
course addressed to the passions, an harangue,
Declamator, dek-li-ma-tur, *. 521.
A declaimer, an orator.
Declamatory, d^-klim^nii-tur-^, a. 512.
Belating to the practice of declaiming; appealing to
the passions.
Declarable, de-klA-r;t-b1, a. Capable of proof.
Declaration, dek-kli-ra-shun, s. 530.
A proclamation or affirmation, publication; an expla-
nation of something doubtful; in law, declaration is
I the showing forth of an action personal in any suit,
though it is used sometimes for real actions
Declarative, de-klir-i-tiv, a. 157. Making
declaration, explanatory ; making proclamation.
Declaratorily, dl-kl^r^i-tur-^-le, nd. In the
form of a declaration, not in a decretory form.
Declaratory, dJ-klHr-i-tur-e, a. 512.
Affirmative, expressive.
To Declare, de-klArel v. a. To make known,
to tell evidently and openly ; to publish, to proclaim;
to show in open view.
To Declare, d5-kUre{ v. n. To make a
declaration.
Declarement, d^-klare-ment, s. Discovery,
declaration, testimony.
Declarer, de-kld-rur, s. 93. One that makes
any thing known.
Declension, de-klen-shun, *- Tendency from
a greater to a less degree of excellence; declination,
descent; inflexion, manner of changing nouns.
Declinable, d^-kll-nR-bl, a. 405. Having
variety of terminations.
Declination, dek-kl^-n.Vsbun, s. Descent,
change from a better to a worse state, decay ; the act
of bending down ; variation from rectitude, oblique
motion, obliquity: variation from a fixed point; in
navigation, the variation of the needle from the true
meridian of any place to the Kast or West; in astro-
nomy, the declination of a star, we call its shortest
distance from the equator.
Declinator, dek-l^-ni^tur, 521.1
Declinatory, d^-klin-i-tt^ir-^, J *'
An instrument in dialling. — See Inclinatory.
To Decline, de-kline{ v. n. To lean downwards;
to deviate, to run into obliquities ; to shun, to refuse,
to avoid any thing; to be impaired, to decay.
To Decline, de-klln(?{ v. a. To bend downwards,
to bring down; to shun, to refuse, to be cautious of ;
to modify a word by various terminations.
Decline, de-kllnej s. The state of tendency to
the worse, diminution, decay.
Declivity, de-kliv'^-t6, s. 511. Inclination, or
obliquity reckoned downwards, gradual descent.
Declivous, d^-kll-vus, a, 503. Gradually de-
scending, not precipitous.
To Decoct, de-kSktJ v. a. To prepare by boiling
for any use, to digest in hot water; to digest by the
lieat of the stomach ; to boil up to a consistence.
Pecoctible, de-kok'-t^-bl, a. That which may
be boiled, or prepared by boiling.
Decoction, de-k6k^shun, s. Tlie act of boiling
any thing ; a preparation made by boiling in water.
Decocture, de-k6kitshlirej 5. 461. A substance
drawn by decoction, j
137
Decollation, dek-k6l-li-shun, s. The act of
beheading.
To Decompose, d^-kSm-pozeJ v. a,
(Decomposer, Fr.) To dissolve or resolve a mixed body.
K5> This word is neitlier in Johnson's Dictionary, not
any other I have seen, but is of so frequent use as to
deserve a place in all. To Decompound is frequently used
in this sense, but improperly ; for that word signifies to
mix compounded things together, while to decompose
means to unmix or analyze things.
Decomposite, de-kftm-pSz-it, a. 154.
Compounded a second time.
Decomposition, de-kftm-po-zisb-un, s.
The act of compounding things already compounded.
To Decompound, de-kftm-poundj w. a.
To compose of things already compounded.
Decompound, de-k3m-pouiidJ a. Composed of
things or words already compounded.
To Decorate, dek-k6-rAte, t;. a. 91. To adorn,
to embellish, to beautify.
Decoration, dek-ko-rA-shun, s. Ornament,
added beauty.
Decorator, dekiko-rA-tur, s. 521 . An adomer.
Decorous, de-ko'rus, a, 503. Decent, suitable
to a character.
K;- An uneducated English speaker is very apt to pro-
nounce this word with the accent on the first syllable,
according to the analogy of his own language ; but a
learned ear would be as much shocked at such a depar-
ture from classical propriety, as in the words sonorous
and canorous, 512. When once the mere English scholar
is set right in this word, he will be sure to pronounce
Dedecorous with the accent on the penultimate likewise;
and when he is told that this is wrong, because that syl-
lable in the Latin word is short, he will not fail to pro-
nounce Indecorous with the antepenultimate accent ; but
what will be his surprise, when he is informed that this
too is wrong, because the penultimate syllable in Latin
is long. — See Indecorous.
To Decorticate, dJ-koKte-kAte, v. a.
To divest of the bark or husk.
Decortication, d^-kor-t^-ka^shun, s. The act
of stripping the bark or husk.
Decorum, de-ki-rum, S. Decency, behaviour
contrary to licentiousness, seemliness.
To Decoy, de-koej v. a. 329. To lure into .
cage, to entrap.
Decoy, de-koej *. Allurement to mischief.
DecoyducK, d^-koe-duk, s. A duck that lures
others.
To Decrease, d^-kr^sej v. n. 227. To grow
less, to be diminished.
To Decrease, d5-kr^se{ v. a. To make less, to
diminish.
Decrease, de-kr^sej s. The state of growing less,
decay ; the wane of the moon.
To Decree, d^-kr^^{ v. n. To make an edict, to
appoint by edict.
To Decree, di-kr^ij v, a. To doom, or assign
by a decree.
Decree, de-kriej s. An edict, a law; an
established rule ; a determination of a suit.
Decrement, dek-kri-ment, *. 503. Decrease,
the state of growing less, the quantity lost by de-
creasing.
Decrepit, d^-krepilt, a. Wasted or worn out
with age.
83' This word is frequently mispronounced, as if spelt
decrepid.
To Decrepitate, dJ-krep-e-tate, v. a. To
calcine salt till it has ceased to crackle in the fire.
Decrepitation, de-krep-^-ta-shuti, *. The
crackling noise which salt makes over the fire.
Decrepitness, de-krep^it-nes, \
Decrepitude, de-krep^e-tude, / *
The last stage of decay, the last effects of old age
Decrescent, de-kres-sent, «. Growing less.
Decretal, d^-kr^^ttl, a. Appertaining lo a
decree, containing a deci'ce.
DEt)
DEF'
C3- 559. Fite 73, fir 77, fall 83, f^tSl— mlgs, ihetij!)— jiliie 105, pih 107— n5 162, move 164,
Decretal, d^-kr^-til, o?* dek-re-t4l, #. A book
of decrees or emcts ; the collection of the Pope's de-
rrPes.
a::?- All our lexicographers, except Dr. Johnson, place
the accent on the second syllable of this word ; and this
accentuation, it must be confessed, is agreeable to the
best usage. But Dr. Johnson's accentuation on the first
syllable is unquestionably the most agreeable to English
analogy; first, because it is a trisyllable and a simple,
503 ; next, because it is derived from the latter Latin
Decretalis ; which, in our pronunciation of it, has an
accent on the first and third syllabic; and therefore,
when adopted into our language, by dropping the last
syllable, takes the accent on the first. — See Academy.
That this is the general analogy of accenting words from
the Latin which drop the last syllable, is evident from
the. words Decrement, Increment, Interval, &c.
DecretIST, d^-kr^-tist, S. One that studies the
decretals.
Decoetory, dek-kr^-tur-^, a. 557. 512.
Judicial, definitive.
Decrial, d^-krl-il, S. Clamorous censure, hasty
I or noisy condemnation.
To Decry, de-krlj v. a. To censure, to blame
clamorously, to clamour against.
Decumbence, d^-kfim^bense, 1
Decumbency, de-kum-hen-s5, /
The act of lying down, the posture of lying doiin.
Decumbiture, dJ-kum-b^-tshGre, s, 463.
The time at which a man takes to his bed in a disease.
Decuple, dek-i-pl, a. 405. Tenfold.
Decurion, d^-ku-r4-un, *. A commander over
ten.
Decursion, d4-kur-shun, s. The act of running
down.
Decurtation, d2k-kur-ti-sh3n, *. 530.
The act of cutting short.
To Decussate, di-kus^site, v. a. To intersect
at acute angles.
Decussation, dek-kus-si-shun, s, 530. The
act of crossing, state of being crossed at unequal angles.
To Dedecorate, di^ek^ki-rite, v, a. To dis-
grace, to bring a reproach upon.
Dedecoration, d^-dek-ki-ri-shun, *. The act
of disgracing.
Dedecorous, d5-dekiki-rus> a. Disgraceful,
reproachful. — See Decorous.
Dedentition, ded-en-tish-un, s. 530.
Loss or shedding of the teeth.
To Dedicate, ded-4-kite, v. a. To devote to
some divine power; to appropriate solemnly to any
person or purpose; to inscribe to a patron.
Dedicate, ded-i-kite, a. Consecrate, devoted,
dedicated.
Dedication, ded-^-ki-shun, s. The act of de-
dicating to any being or purpose, consecration ; an ad-
dress to a patron.
Dedicator, ded-4-ki-tur, *. 521. One who In-
scribes his work to a patron.
Dedicatory, ded-4-ki-tur-J, a, 503.
Comprising a dedication. — See Domestic.
Dedition, di-dishiun, s. The act of yielding up
any thing.
To Deduce, de-dlisej v. a. To draw in a regular
connected series ; to form a regular chain of conse-
quential propositions; to lay down in regular order.
Deducement, d^-duseiment, s. The thing
deduced, consequential proposition.
Deducibi^e, d^-du-s4-bl, a.
Collectible by reason.
Deducive, di-di-siv, a. Performing the act of
deduction.
To Deduct, dl-dukt{ v. a. To subtract, to tabs
away.
Deduction, d^-duk-shun, *. Consequential col-
lection, consequence ; that which is deducted.
Deductive, dJ-dukitiv, a. DeduciWe.
138
Deductively, d4-duk-t1v-l4,a<f. Consequentially,
by regular deduction.
Deed, deed, *. Action, whether good or bad ; ex-
ploit; power of action ; written evidence of any legal
act ; fact, reality.
DeedlesS, d^edMes, a. Unactlve.
To Deem, deem, r. n. part. Dempt, o»' Deemed.
To judge, to conclude upon consideration.
Deem, deem, s. Judgment, opinion. Obsolete.
Deep, deep, a. Measured from the surface down-
ward; entering far, piercing a great way; far from
the outer part; not superficial, not obvious; sagacious,
penetrating; full of contrivance, politick, insidious;
grave, solemn; dark coloured ; having a ereat degree
of stillness or gloom ; bass, grave in souna.
Deep, deep, s. The sea, the main; the most
solemn or still part.
To Deepen, d^^-pn, v. a. 359. to make deep,
to sink far below the surface; to darken, to cloud, to
make dark ; to make sad or gloomy.
Deepmouthed, deep-mouTHd, a. Having a
hoarse and loud voice.
DeePMUSING, de^ptmi^zlng, a. Contemplative,
lost in thought.
Deeply, d^ep-l^, ad. To a great depth, far below
the surface; with great study or sagacity ; sorrowfully,
solemnly; with a tendency to darkness of colour; in
a high degree.
Deepness, d^^p-nes, S. Entrance far below the
surface, profundity ; depth.
Deer, deer, S. That class of animals which is
hunted for venison.
To Deface, di-fdse| v. a. To destroy, to rase,
to disfigure.
Defacement, d^-faseiment, s.
Violation, injury ; erasement.
Defacer, d^-fa^sur, S. 28. Destroyer, abolisher,
violator.
Defailance, d4-fa-l4nse, s. Failure.
To Defalcate, d4-f4l-kite, v. a. To cut off, to
lop, to take away part.
G:?- The a in this word does not go into the broad
German a in fall, not only because the consonant that
follows the I IS carried olT to the succeeding syllabic, but
because the word is derived from the Latin; and it must
he carefully observed, that words from the learned lan-
guages preserve the o before I, and another consonant in
the short middle sound of that vowel ; in the same man-
ner as u in fulminate preserves the short sound of that
letter, and is not pronounced like the same vowel in/uJi,
84. 177.
Defalcation, def-fll-kaishun, s. 530.
• Diminutior..
Defamatory, Al-f^m'-m^-iut-i, a. Calumnious,
unjustly censorious, libellous.
To Defame, d^-fainej v. a. To censure falsely in
publick, to dishonour by reports.
DefAMER, de-fi-mur, S. One that injures the re-
putation of another.
To Defatigate, de-flt-^-fcite, v, a. To weary.
DEFATIGAT10N,di-filt-e-gA-shun, S. Weariness.
Default, d^-fiwltj *. Omission of that which we
ought to do, neglect; crime, failure, fault; defect,
want; in law, non-appearance in court at a day as-
signed. See Fault.
Defaulter, di-tawlt-ur, s. One who is deficient
in duty ; a peculator.
Defeasance, d^-fe-zAnse, *. The act of annull-
ing or abrogating any contract ; the writing in which
a defeasance is contained.
Defeasible, di-fe-ze-bl, a. 405. That which
may be annulled.
Defeat, d4-fete{ *. The overthrow of an army
act oi destruction, deprivation.
To Defeat, d4-fete{ v. a. To overthrow; to
frustrate.
Defeature, di-fe^tshire, s. 461. Change oi
feature, alteration of countenance. Not in use.
DEF DEF
nor 167, nSt 163— t&be 171, t5b 172, bull 173— 8!l 299— poSnd 313— *Ain 466, this 469.
To Defecate, deP-fe-kate, v. a. 503.
To purge, to cleanse; to purify from any extraneous
or noxious mixture.
Defecate, def^f^-k^te, a. Purged from lees or
foulness.
Defecation, def-fe-ka-shun, s. Purification.
Defect, d^-fekt{ S, Want, absence of something
necessary; failing; a fault, a blemish.
Defectibility, Ah-ihu-th-hW-k-th, S. The state
of failing, imperfection.
Defectible, d^-fek-tJ-bl, a. Imperfect, deficient.
Defection, di-fek-shun, s. A falling away,
aposiacy ; an abandoning of a king or state; revolt.
Defective, d^-fek-tiv, a. 157. Full of defects,
imperfect, not sufficient; faulty, blamable.
Defectiveness, d^-fiekit1v-nes, s.
Want, fauUiness.
Defence, di-ferise{ s. Guard, protection; vindi-
cation, justification, apology ; prohibition ; resistance;
in law, the defendant's reply after declaration pro-
duced; in fortification, the part that flanks another
work.
Defenceless, dJ-fense-les, a. Naked, unarmed,
unguarded; impotent.
To Defend, di-fend( v, a. To stand in defence
of, to protect; to vindicate, to uphold, to fortify; to
prohibit; to maintain a place, or cause.
DefeNDABLE, d4-fen^l-bl, a. That may be de-
fended.
Defendant, dJ-fen-dS^nt, a. Defensive, fit for
defence.
Df.FENDANT, di-fenWint, S. He that defends
against assailants ; in law, the person accused or sued.
Defender, d^-fen-dur, s. 98. One that defends,
a champion ; an asserter, a vindicator 5 in law, an ad-
vocate.
Defensative, dJ-fen-sl-tiv, s. Guard, defence j
in surgery, a bandage, plaster, or the like.
Defensible, d^-fen!^s^-bl, a. That may be de-
fended; justifiable, capable of vindication.
Defensive, d^-fen-siv, a. 428. That serves to
defend, proper for defence; in a stale or posture of
defence.
Defensive, di-fen-siv, «. 158. Safeguard; state
of defence.
Defensively, di-fen-slv-ll, ad. In a defensive
manner.
To Defer, d^-fer{ v. n. To put off, to delay to
act ; to pay deference or regard to another's opinion.
To Defer, di-fer| V, a. To withhold, to delay ;
to refer to, to leave to another's judgment.
Deference, def^er-tjnse, s. 503. Regard, respect;
complaisance, condescension, submission.
Defiance, d^-fl'inse, s. A challenge, an invita-
tion to fight ; a challenge, to make any impeachment
good ; expression of abhorrence or contempt.
Deficience, di-fisb'ense,
a^-
Deficiency, di-fishien-s^
Defect, failing, imperfection ; want, something less
than is necessary.
Deficient, di-(ish^nt, a. Failing, wanting, de-
fective.
Defier, de-u-ur, S. A challenger, a contemner.
7b Defile, .di-flle( v. a. To make foul or
impure; to pollute; to corrupt chastity, to violate;
to taint, to vitiate.
To Defile, di-rtle{ v. n. To go off, file by file.
Defile, de-nle{ S. A narrow passage.
C^ Some military coxcombs have endeavoured to in-
troduce the French pronunciation of this word D^JiU, as
f written Z)e^/e-'aj; others have endeavoured to bring
jt nearer to our own analogy, by pronouncing it in three
syllables, as if written Deff'fe-te. I am sorry to find
mr. Sheridan has adopted this pronunciation : he is fol-
lowed only by Bailey and Ash; the first of whom has it
both ways, and the last gives it only as an uncommon
pronunciation. Dr. Johnson and the rest are decidedly
for the general pronunciation, which is the same a$ tlte
.133
To determine, to decide.
One that describes a
503. 154. Certain,
verb to defile: and if this were urged as a reason to alter
the pronunciation of the substantive, it may be answered,
that the remedy would be worse than the disease. — See
Boxcl.
To these observations it may be added, that if we pro-
nounce this word exactly like the French, because it is
a military term, we ought to protiounce a File of mus-
queteers, a Feel of musqueteers.
Defilement, di-rtle^ment, *. The state of being
defiled, pollution, corruption.
Defiler, dJ-fi-l5r, s. 98. One that defiles, a
corrupter.
Definable, d^-ftne-^-bl, a. Capable of defini-
tion ; that may be ascertained.
To Define, d^-flne{ v. a. To give the definition,
to explain a thing by its qualities; to circumscribe, to
mark the limit.
To Define, de-flnej v. n.
Definer, de-fl-nur, *.
thing by its qualities.
Definite, dePi-nit, a.
limited; exact, precise.
Definite, dePi-nit, s. 156. Thing explained or
defined.
Definitely, defi^-mt-l^, ad. Precisely, in a de-
finite manner.
Definiteness, def-e-nit-nes, s.
Certainty, limitedness.
Definition, def-i-nlsh-un, s. A short descrip-
tion of any thing by its properties; in logick, the ex-
plication of the essence of a thing by its kind and dif-
ference.
Definitive, d^-fin-J-tlv, a. Determinate, posi-
tive, express.
Definitively, d^-f1n-^-tiv-l^, ad. Positively,
decisively, expressly.
Definitiveness, d^-fln-l-tlv-nes, s.
Decisiveness.
Deflagr ABILITY, def-fli-gri-bil-^-ti. s.
Combustibility.
Deflagrable, di-fli-grA-bl, a. Having the
quality of wasting away wholly in fire.
Deflagration, def-flj-gri-shun, s. Setting fire
to several tilings in their preparation.
To Deflect, di-flekt| v. n. To turn aside, to
deviate from a true course.
Deflection, d^-flek-sbun,*. Deviation, the act
of turning aside ; a turning aside, or qut of the way.
Deflexure, di-flekishure, s. 479. a bending
down, a turning aside, or out of the way.
Defloration, def-fli-rAishun, *. 530. Tlie
act of deflouring; the selection of that which is
most valuable.
To Deflour, dJ-flour{ v. a. To ravish, to take
away a woman's virginity; to take away the beauty
and grace of any thing.
Deflourer, di-flou-rur, s. 98. A ravisher.
DefluoUS, defifli-U8, a. That flows down ; that
falls ofi'.
DeFLUXION, dl-flllk-shSn, *. The flowing down
of humours.
Defly, d2f^l4, ad. Dexterously, skilfully. Properly
Deftly. Obsolete.
Def(EDATION, def-f^-da-shun, t. The act of
making filthy, pollution.
Deforcement, de-firse-ment, *. A withholding
of lands and tenements by force.
To Deform, de-forni{ v. a. To disfigure, to
make ugly ; to dishonour, to make ungraceful.
Deform, di-form{ a. Ugly, disfigured.
Deformation, def-for-mA'-shun, s. 530.
A defacing.
Deformedlv, de-f3r-med-ll, dd. 364. In an
ugly manner.
Defor.medness, dJ-for-med-nes, s. Ugliness.
Deformity, d4-iorim4-t4, s. Ug'lneM, ill"
favouredness } irregularity.
DEJ
DEL
83>. 559. Fdte 73, far 77, fall 83, fdt 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 163, move 164,
Df.FORSOR, dJ-fir^sur, s. 166. One that over-
comes and casts but by force. A law term.
To Defraud, de-frawd{ v. a. To rob or deprive
by a wile or trick.
Defrauder, de-frawidur, s. A deceiver.
To Defray, de-fra( v. a. To bear the charges of.
Defrayer, de-fra-ur, s, 98. One that discharges
expenses.
Defrayment, de-fri-ment, s. The payment of
expenses.
Deft, deft, a. Neat, proper, dexterous. Obsolete.
Deftly, deft-le, ad. Neatly, dexterously ; in a
skilful manner. Obsolete.
Defunct, de-fungktj a. Dead, deceased.
Defunct, de-fungkt{ ,r. One that is deceased, a
dead man or woman.
Defunction, dMfungk-shiin, s. 408. Death.
To Defy, d^-fl| v. a. To call to combat, to
challenge; to treat with contempt, to slight.
Defy, dl-flj S. A challenge, an invitation to fight.
Not in use.
Defyer, dl-fi-ur, S. A challenger, one that
invites to fight.
Degeneracy, d^-jen-er-4-s^, s. A departing
from tlie virtue of our ancestors j a forsaking of that
which is good ; meanness.
To Deoenerate, di-jenier-ite, v. n. 91.
To fall from the virtue of our ancestors ; to fall from
a more noble to a base state ; to fall from its kind, to
grow wild or base.
Degenerate, d(^-jenier-a.te, a. Unlike his
ancestors; unworthy, base.
Degenerateness, de-jen-er-ite-nes, s.
Degeneracy, state of being grown wild, or out of kind.
Degeneration, dJ-jen-er-a-shun, s.
A deviation from the virtue of one's ancestors ; a fall-
ing from a more excellent state to one of less worth;
the thing changed from its primitive state.
DegeNEROUS, di-jen-er-us, a. Degenerated,
fallen from virtue; vile, base, infamous, unworthy.
Degenerously, dl-jen-er-us-l^, ad. In a de-
gonerate manner, basely,. meanly.
Deglutition, deg-glu-tish-un, s. 530.
The act or power of swallowing.
Degradation, deg-gri-di-slmn, s, 530.
A deprivation of an office or dignity; degeneracy,
baseness.
To Degrade, de-grildej v. a. To put one from
his degree; to lessen, to diminish the value of.
Degree, de-grZ-e| S. Qualify, rank, station; the
state and condition in which a thing is ; a step or pre-
paration to any thing; order of lineage, descent of fa-
mily; measure, proportion; in geometry, the three-
l:undred-and-sixtieth part of the circumference of a
circle; in musick, the intervals of sounds.
Bv Degrees, bl de-greezj ad. Gradually, by
little and little.
DEGUSTATiON,deg-gus-ta-shun,*. 430. A tasting.
To DehoRT, de-h3lt( v. a. To dissuade.
DeIIORTATION, de-h3r-tAishun, S. Dissuasion, a
counselling to the contrary.
Dehortatory, de-hor-tJ-tur-l, a. 512. ,
Belonging to dissuasion.
pEHORTER, d^-horitiir, *. A. dissuader, an
adviser to the contrary.
Deicide, de-e-slde, s. 143. The death of our
Blessed Saviour.
To Deject, dl-jektj r. a. To cast down, to
afflict, to grieve ; to make to look sad.
Deject, dl-jektj a. Cast down, afflicted, low-
spirited.
Dejectedly, dl-jek-ted-le, ad. in a dejected
, manner, afflictcdly.
Dejectedness, di-jek-ted-nes, s, Lowncss of
spirits,
140
Dejection, de-jek-shun, s. A lowness of spiriti,
melancholy; weakness, inability; a stool.
Dejecture, d^-jek-tshure, *. 461.
The excrement.
Dejeration, ded-je-ra-shun, s. 530. A taking
of a solemn oath.
Deification, de-e-f(5-ka-shun, s. The act of
deifying, or making a god.
Deiform, de-e-form, a. Of a godlike form.
To Deify, de-e-fl, v. a. To make a god of, to
adore as God ; to praise excessively.
To Deign, dane, v. n. To vouchsafe, to think
worthy.
To Deign, dane, v. a. 249. To grant, to permit.
Not in use.
To Deintegrate, dl-initl-grate, v. a.
To diminish.
DeiPAROUS, d^-ip-pi-rus, a. 51 a. That brings
forth a God, the epithet applied to the Blessed Virgin.
Deism, de-izm, *. The opinion of those that only
acknowledge one God, without: the reception of any
revealed religion.
Deist, de-ist, s. A man who follows no particular
religion, but only acknowledges tin.- existence of God.
DeISTICAL, de-ls'-te-kUl, a. Belonging to the
liercsy of the deists.
Deity, de-e-te, S. Divinity, the nature and essence
of God; a fabulous god; the supposed divinity of a
heathen god.
Delacera TION, de-lSs-ser-d-shun, s. A tearing
in pieces.
Delacrymation, de-li\k-kre-mi-shun, s.
The waterishness of the eyes.
Delactation, del-4k-ta-shiin, s. 530.
A weaning from the breast.
Delapsed, de-l^pstj a. 359. Bearing or falling
dov.n.
To Delate, du-latej v. a. To carry, to convey.
Not in use.
Delation, de-la-shun, S. A carrying, conveyance }
an accusation, an impeachment.
Delatoh, de-la- tur, s. 166. An accuser, an
informer.
To Delay, de-laj v. a. To defer, to put off}
to hinder, to frustrate.
To Delay, d^-la| v. n. To stop, to cease from
action.
Delay, dl-lij s. A deferring, procrastination ;
stay, stop.
Delayer, dl-la-ur, s. One that defers.
Delectable, de-lek'-t;t-bl, a. 405.
Pl£asing, delightful.
Delect-ableness, dl-lek-t^-bl-nes, *.
Delight fulness, pleasantness.
Delectably, d^-lek'-t^-ble, ad.
Delightfully, pleasantly.
Delectation, del-lek-ti-shun, s.
Pleasure, delight.
To Delegate, deKi^-gate, v. a. 91. To send
upon an embassy; to intrust, to commit to another;
to appoint judges to a particular cause.
Delegate, del-le-gAte, j. 91. A deputy, a
commissioner, a vicar; inlaw. Delegates are persons
delegated or appointed by the king's commission to
sit, upon an appeal to liiin, in the Court of Chancery,
Delegate, del-le-gate, a. 503. Deputed.
Delegates, Court of, del-le-g:ltes, *. a court
wherein all causes of appeal, from either of the arch-
bishops, are decided.
Delegation, del-le-gA^shun, s. A sending
away; a putting into commission ; the assignment <i?
a debt to another.
To Delete, de-letej v. a. To blot out.
Deleterious, del-l-te-rl-us, a. 530.
Deadly, destructive.
DEL
DEM
iSr IGr, nit 1G3— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il 299— pound 313— fAia 166, this 459.
^^^' >dlU,s. A mine, a quarry J earthen ware,
ELFE, J
DeI-ETEUV, del-e-ter-e, a. Destructive, deadly.
Deletion, de-le-shun, s. Act of rasing or blotting
out; a destiuction
Delf
Delf
counterfeit china ware
To Deliberate, d^-lib-er-ate, v. n. 91.
To think in order to choice, to hesitate.
Deliberate, de-lib-er-ate, a. 91. Circumspect,
wary; slow.
Deliberately, de-lib^er-ite-le, ad.
Circumspectly, advisedly.
Deliberateness, de-lib-er-ite-nes, s.
Circumspection, wariness.
Deliberation, de-lib-er-i-shun, s. The act of
deliberating, thought in order to choice.
Deliberative, d^-lib^er-^-tiv, «. Pertaining to
deliberation, apt to consider.
Deliberative, de-libier-4-tiv, s. The discourse
in which a question is deliberated.
Delicacy, del-e-k^-s6, s. Daintiness, niceness
in eating; anything highly pleasing to the senses;
softness; nicety; politeness; indulgence; tender-
ness, scrupulousness; weakness of constitution.
Delicate, deUi-k^te, a. 91. 503. Fine, con-
sisting of small parts; pleasing to the eye; nice, plea-
sing to the taste; dainty, choice, select; gentle of
manners; soft, effeminate j pure, clear.
Delicately, dSl'^-kite-le, ad. Beautifully;
finely; daintily; choicely; politely; effeminately.
Delicateness, dfcl-^-kite-nes, s. The state of
being delicate.
DelicaTES, del-l-kits, S. Kiceties, rarities.
Delicious, de-lish-us, a. 507. Sweet, delicate,
that affords delight.
Deliciously, d4-lish-us-l^, ad.
Sweetly, pleasantly, delightfully.
Deliciousness, dMish-us-nes, s.
Delight, pleasure, joy.
Deligation, del-l^-giishun, «. A binding up.
Delight, d^-lltej s. 393. Joy, pleasure, satisfac-
tion ; that which gives delight.
To Delight, di-llte{ v, a. To please, to content,
to satisfy.
To Delight, dj-lltej v. n. To have delight or
pleasure in.
Delightful, dJ-llte^f^l, a. Pleasant, charming.
Delightfully, di-llteiful-lJ, ad. Pleasantly,
charmingly, with delight.
Delightfulness, d^-llte-ful-nes, s.
Pleasantness, satisfaction.
Delightsome, d^-llte-sum, a.
Pleasant, delightful.
Delightsomely, d^-lIte-sum-lJ, ad.
Pleasantly, in a delightful manner.
Delightsomeness, d4-llte-sum-nes, s.
Pleasantness, delightfulness.
To Delineate, d^-lin-^-^te, v, a. To draw the
first draught of a thing ; to design ; to paint in colours;
to represent a true likeness ; to describe.
Delineation, de-lin-e-i-shun, s. The first
draught of a thing.
Delinquency, d^lii>g-kwen-s^, s. A fault,
failure in duty.
Delinquent, dj-ling^kwent, s. An offender.
To Deliquate, del'-le-kwate, v. n. 503.
To melt, to be dissolved.
Dehquation, del-le-kwiishun, s. A melting,
a dissolving.
DeLIQUIUM, di^-llk-kw^-um, *. A distillation by
the force of fire.
Delirious, dJ-lir^^-us, a. 507. Light-headed.
raving, doating.
Delirium, dl-liriJ-um, s. Alienation of mind,
dotafie.
141
To Deliver, d^-llv^ur, v. a. To give, to yield;
to cast away ; to sunender, to put into one's hands ; to
save, to rescue; to relate, to utter; to disburden a
woman of acliild ; todeliverover, to put into another's
hands, to give from hand to hand ; To deliver up, to
surrender, to give up.
Deliverance, de-liviur-^nse, s. Tiie act of de-
livering a thing to another; the act of freeing from
captivity or any oppression, rescue; theact of speaking
utterance ; the act of bringing children.
Deliverer, de-liv-iir-ur, s. A saver, a rescuer,
a preserver 5 a relaler, one that communicates some-
tliiiig.
Delivery, de-liv-ur-e, S. The act of delivering,
or giving ; release, rescue, saving ; a surrender, giving
up; utterance, pronunciation ; child-birth.
Dell, del, S. A pit, a valley.
Delph, delf, s. A fine sort of earthen ware.
Deludable, d^-luid^-bl, a. 405. Liable to be
deceived.
Delude, dl-ludej v. a. To beguile, to cheat, to
deceive.
Deluder, de-lu-dur, s. A beguiler, a deceiver,
an impostor.
To Delve, delv, v. a. To dig, to open the ground
with a spade ; to fathom, to sift.
Delve, delv, s. A ditch, a pitfal, a den.
Delver, del-vur, s. 98. A digger.
Deluge, del-luje, S. A general inundation ; an
overflowing of the natural bounds of a river; any sud-
den and resistless calamity.
To Deluge, deKluje, v. a. To drown, to lay
totally under water ; to overwhelm.
Delusion, d^-li-zhiin, s, a cheat, guile j a false
representation, illusion, errour.
Delusive, d4-luisiv, > 58. 428. \
Delusory, de-lu'-sur-J, 557. 429./"'
Apt to deceive.
Demagogue, dem-i-gSg, s. 338. A ringleader
of the rabble.
Demain, "1 jI I ,
Tx >-de-inene; s.
Demesne, J
That land which a man holds originally of himself. It
is sometimes used also for a distinction between those
lands that the lord of the manor has in his own hands,
or in the hands of his lessee, and suth other lands ap-
pertaining to the said manor as belong to free or copy-
iiolders.
Demand, d^-mandj s. 79- A claim, a chaiieng.
ing; aquestion, an interrogation ; acalling fora thing
in order to purchase it ; in law, the asking of what is
due.
To Demand, d4-mandj v. a. To claim, to ask
for with authority.
Demandable, de-maii-d^-bl, a. That may be
demanded, asked for.
Demandant, de-man-dint, s. He who is actor
or plaintiff in a real action.
DeMANDEK, d^-man-dur, S. One that requires a
thing with authority ; one that asks for a thing in order
to purchase it.
Demean, d^-menej s. A mien, presence, carriage.
Obsolete.
To Demean, d^-mlnej v. a. To behave, to carry
one's self; to lessen, to debase.
Demeanour, de-me-nur, s. 314.
Carriage, behaviour.
Demeans, T de-m5nz,' s. pi. An estate in lands
Demesnes, J *^
Demerit, de-mer-it, s. The opposite to merit,
ill-deserving.
Demesne, de-mJneJ s. — See jOemain.
Demi, dem-e, inseparable part. Half, as demi.
god, that is, half human, and half divine.
Demi-cannon, dem-^-kin-nun, s. A great gun.
Demi-culverin, dem-5-kul-ver-in, s, A small
cannon.
DEM
DEN
t> 559. Flte73, far 77, fill 83, fttgl— mJpS, met95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 16-J,
Demi-devil, dem'e-devM, s. 405. Half a devil.
Demi-god, dem-e-g6d, s. Partaking of Divine
nature, half a god.
Demi-lance, demi^-llnse, s. A light lance, a
spear.
Demi-man, demi^-min, s. Haifa man.
Demi-wolf, dem^^-wulf, s. Half a wolf.
Demise, dl-mizej s. Death, decease.
To Demise, de-mlzej v, a. To grant at one's
death, tohequeat-h.
Demission, di-rnish-un, *. Degradation, diminu-
tion of dignity.
7'oDemit, dJ-init{ w. a. To depress.
Democracy, de-mSk-kri-s^, *. One of the
three forms of government, that in which the sovereign
power is lodged in the body of the people.
Democrate, dein-6-er4t, s, A new-coined word
from democracy ; a friend to popular governmeht.
(!;?• See Aristocrate.
Democratical, dem-i-kr^t-l-kil, a. 530.
Pertaining to a popular government, popular.
To Demolish, de-mil-lish, v. a. to throw
down buildings, to raze, to destroy.
Demolisher, dJ-mSl-lish-ur, s. One that throws
down buildings; a destroyer.
Demolition, dem-i-lishiun, s. 530. The act
of overthrowing buildings ; destruction.
Demon, d^-mSn, s, A spirit, generally an evil spirit.
Demoniacal, dem-i-nUi-kll, "| „
Demoniack, d^-miinUk, / "' ^"^'
Belonging to the Devil, devilish; influenced by tlie
devil.
Demoniack, di-miinJ-Jk, *. 505.
One possessed by the devil.
Demonian, d^-mA-n^-itn, a. Devilish.
Demonologv, dem-6-n&l-6-i4, *. 530.
Discourse of the nature of devils.
Demonstrable, d^-mSnistr^-bl, a. Tliat may
be proved beyond doubt or contradiction.'
Demonstrably, d4-m6n^str4-bli, ad. In such
a manner as admits of certain proof.
To Demonstrate, dl-mSnistrite, v. a. 91.
To prove with the highest degree of certainty.
Demonstration, dera-mSn-stri-shun, s. 530.
The highest degree of deducible or argumental evidence;
indubitable evidence of the senses or reason.
Demonstrative, di-m&n-stri-tiv, a. Having
the power of demonstration, invincibly conclusive;
having the power of expressing clearly.
Demonstratively, de-m5n-stri-tiv-le, ad.
With evidence not to be opposed or doub'ed; clearly,
plainly, with certain knowledge.
Demonstrator, dem-mSn-stra^tur, s. One
that proves, one that teaches.
03- The accent on the penultimate syllable of tliis word
seems appropriated to one whose office it is to demon-
strate or exiiibit any part of philosophy : when it merely
means one who demonstrates any tiling in general, the
accent is on the same syllable as the verb, 521.
Demonstratory, d4-m8n-stri-tur-4, a. 512.
Having the tendency to demonstrate.
Demulcent, d^-mulisent, a. Softening, molli-
fying, assuasive.
To Demur, d^-mur( v. n. To delay a process in
law by doubts and objections; to doubt, to have scru-
ples.
To Demur, d^-murj v. a. To doubt of.
Demur, de-murj *. Doubt, hesitation.
Demure, d^-murej a. Sober, decent; grave,
affectedly modest.
Demurely, d^-mure'-l5, ad. With affected
modesty, solemnly.
Demureness, d^-mure^nes, s. Modesty, sober-
nsss, gravity of aspect; affected modesty,
143
Demurrer, d^-muriur, s. 98. A kind of pause
upon a point of difficulty in an action.
Demy, de-mi,' s. A half fellow of Magdalen
College, Oxford.
Demy, d4-ml{ a. A kind of paper.
Den, den, s, A cavern or hollow running horizon
tally; the cave of a wild beast ; Den may signify either
a valley, or a woody place.
Denay, d^-na{ s. Denial, refusal. Obsolete.
Dendrology, den-dr6l-l6-j6, *. 518.
The natural history of trees.
Deniable, d^-ni'-4-bl, a. That may be denied.
Denial, d^-nl-il, *. Negation, refusal.
PeNIER, d^-nl-ur, S. 98. a contradicler, an
opponent; one that does not own or acknowledge; a
refuser, one that refuses.
Denier, de-n^re' *. A imall denomination of
French money.
To Denigrate, den-^-grite, or dk-nl-grite, v. a.
To blacken.
K?- All our lexicographers, except Dr. Johnson, accent
this word on the second syllable. Placing the accent on
the first, is undoubtedly conformable to a very prevailing
analogy of our language, 503. But all words derived
from Latin words, retaining the same number of syl-
lables, seem to retain the accent of their original, 503, e.
Thus to Denigrate has the accent on i, because that letter
is long, and has the accent in Deni^ro; and to Emigrate
has the accent on the first syllable, because in Emigro
the same letter is short, and the accent is on the ante-
penultimate.— See Arietate and Coacervate.
In a former edition of this Dictionary, I followed the
general voice of all our orthoepists, except Dr. Johnson,
without recollecting that the i in the Latin deiiigro might
be pronounced either long or short ; and that when this
is the case, we generally adopt the short sound in words
derived from that language; and as this short sound is
more agreeable to the analogy of our own language.
Dr. Johnson's accentuation seems to be the preferable,
503. 545.
Denigration, den-i-gri-shun, s. A blackening,
or making black.
Denization, den-4-zi-shun, S. The act of en-
franchising.
Denizen, ■>,,, J /^O^'l^
Denison, J*^*'"^^"' llTO.J*'
a freeman, one enfranchised.
To Denominate, dJ-nSm-e-nite, v. a.
To name, to give a name to.
Denomination, d^-nfim-^-na-shun, ,v. a name
given to a thing.
Denominative, d^-num-e-nJ-tiv, a. Tl'at gives
aname; that obtains a distinct appellation.
Denominator, de-n6m-e-ni-tur, s. 520.
The giver of a name.'
Denotaiion, den-i-tfehun, s. Tie act of
denoting.
To Denote, d4-nite{ v. a. To mark, to be
a sign of, to betoken.
To Denounce, d^-nounse{ v. a. To threaten by
proclamation.
Denouncement, de-nounseiment, s. The act
of proclaiming any menace.
Denouncer, de-noun-sur, s. One that declares
some menace.
Dense, dense, a. Close, compact, approaching to
solidity.
Density, den-sJ-t^, s. Closeness, compactness.
Dental, den-t^l, a. Belonging or relating to the
teeth; in grammar, such letters as are pronounced
principally by the agency of the teeth.
Den telli, den-tel'-le, s. Modillons. A kind of
brackets.
Denticulation, den-tik-i-liishun, s. The state
of being set with small teeth.
Denticulated, den-tik'-i-U-ted, a.
Set With small teeth.
DEP DEP
nSr 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Mia 466, this 469.
Pentifrice, den-tl-fns, s, 142. A powder
made 'o scour the teeth.
Dentist, den-tist, s. A surgeon who confines his
practice to the teeth.
PentitioS, deil-tish-un, S. The act of breeding
the teeth ; the time at which children's teeth are bred.
To Denudate, de-nu-date, v. a. To divest, to
strip.— See To Denigrate.
Denudation, den-nu-dA'shun, *. 527.
The act of stripping.
To Denude, dl-nudej v. a. To strip, to make
naked.
Denunciation, di-nun-sh^-i-shun, *. The act
of denouncing, a publick menace.
Denunciator, dJ-nun-shi-A-tur, s. He that
proclaims any threat; he that lays an information
against another.
To DeNV, d^-nlj v. a. To contradict an accusa-
tion ; to refuse, not to grant ; to disown ; to renounce,
to disregard.
To Deobstruct, d4-6b-struktj v, a. To clear
from impediments.
Deobstruent, di-6b-stri-ent, s. A medicine
that has the power to resolve viscidities.
DeodaND, d^iA-dind, *. A thing given or
forfeited to God for pacifying his wralh, in case of any
misfortune, by which any Christian comes to a violent
end, without the fault of any reasonable creature.
To Deoppilate, de-fip-p^-Ute, w. a. To deob-
struct, to clear a passage.
Deoppilation, dWp-p^-li'shun, *. The act of
clearing obstruction.
DeoPPILATIVE, dJ-Sp-p^-li-tlv, a. Deobstruent.
Deosculation, dJ-os-ki-li-shun, *.
The act of kissing.
To Depaint, d^-pint| v. a. To picture, to
describe by colours ; to describe.
To Depart, de-p3.rt| v. n. To go away from a
place ; to desist from a practice ; to be lost ; to desert,
to apostatize j to desist from a resolution or opinion j
to die, to decease, to leave the world.
To Depart, di-pirt{ v. a. To quit, to leave, to
retire from.
To Depart, dJ-pirt{ v. a. To divide, to separate.
Depart, di-pirt' S, The act of going away ;
death ; with chymisis, an operation so named, because
the particles of silver are departed or divided from
gold. ^
DeparTER, d^-par^tur, S. One that refines metals
by separation.
Department, di-part-ment, s. Separate allot-
ment, business assigned to a particular person.
Departure, di-paritshure, 5. 461. A going
away ; death, decease ; a forsaking, an abandoning.
DePASCENT, d^-pis'sent, a. Feeding greedily.
To Depasture, de-p4s-tshire, v. a. To eat up,
to consume by feeding upon it.
To Depauperate, d^-paw-per-ite, v. a.
To make poor.
DepectirlE, d^-pek-t4-bl, a. Tough, clammy.
To Depend, dJ-pendJ v. n. To hang from : to
be in a state of servitude or expectation ; to be in sus-
lense; to depend upon, to rely on, to trust to; to be
in a state of dependance ; to rest upon any thing as its
cause.
Dependance, dJ-pen-d^nse, "I
Dependancy, de-penWin-s^, J
The state of hanging down from a supporter; some-
thing hanging upon another; concatenation, con-
nexion, relation of one thing to another; state of
being at the disposal of another ; the things or persons
of which any man has the dominion; reliance, trust,
confidence.
Dependant, di-pen-dint, a. In the power of
another.
Dependant, dJ-pen-dint, s. One who Uve» in
subjection, or at the discretion of another
143
3, de-pen-dense, 1
r, de-pen-den-se, J
Dependence,
Dependency,
A thing or person at the disposal or discretion of an-
other; state of being subordinate, or subject; tha/
which is not principal, that which is subordinate',
concatenation, connexion ; relation of any thing to
another; trust, reliance, confidence.
Dependent, dJ-pen-dent, a. Hanging down.
Dependent, de-penident, S. One subordinate.
Depender, de-pen-dur, s. 98. A dependant, one
that reposes on the kindness of another.
Deperdition, dep-er-dish-un, s. 527.
Loss, destruction.
Dephlegmation, def-fleg-mA-shuii, s. 530.
An operation which takes away from the phlegm any
spirituous fluid by repeated distillation.
To Dephlegm, de-flem,' 389. \
T'o Dephlegmate, de-fleg^mate,jr
I phlegm, or aqueous insipid matter.
DNESS, d^-flem-ed-nes, *.
To clear from ]
Dephlegmedness,
The quality of being freed from phlegm.
To Depict, de-piktj v. a. To paint, to portray i
to describe to the mind.
Depicture, di-pik-tshure, v. a. To repreient
in painting.
Depilatory, de-pil-la-tur-^, j. An application
used to take away liair.
DePILOUS, d^-pUluS, a. Without hair.
Deplantation, dep-lln-tl-shun, s. The act of
taking plants up from the bed.
Depletion, d^-pl^-shun, s. The act of emptying.
Deplorable, di-pl6-r4-bl, a. Lamentable, sad,
calamitous, despicable.
Deplorableness, di-j)li-ri-bl-nes, s. Tlie state
of being deplorable.
Deplorably, d^-ploV^-bl^, ad. Lamentably,
miserably.
Deplorate, d^-pliirite, a. 91. Lamentable,
hopeless. — See To Denigrate.
Defloration, dep-li-ri-shun, s. 530.
The act of deploring.
To Deplore, di-plirej v. a. To lament, to
bewail, to bemoan.
Deplorer, di-pl6-rur, s. A lamenter, a mourner.
Deplumation, dep-li-mA-shun, s. 527-
Plucking off the feathers ; in surgery, a swelling of the
eyelids, accompanied with the fall of the hairs.
To Deplume, di-plime{ v. a. To strip of its
feathers.
To Depone, d^-p6ne{ v. a. To lay down as a
pledge or security ; to risk upon the success of an ad->
venture.
Deponent, d^-pi^nent, *. 503. One that deposes
his testimony in a court of justice ; in grammar, such
verbs as have no active voice are called deponents.
To Depopulate, di-pip-u-lite, v. a.
To unpeople, to lay waste.
Depopulation, de-p6p-u-U-shun, s. The act
of unpeopling, havock, waste.
Depopulator, d^ pftp^u-li-tur, s. 521.
A dispeopler, a destroyer of mankind.
To Deport, di-pirt{ v. a. To carry, to demean.
Deport, dJ-pArtJ s. Demeanour, behaviour.
Deportation, dep-6r-ti-shun, s. Transportation,
exile into a remote part of the dominion] exile in
general. ^
Deportment, de-port-ment, s. 512. Conduct,
management, demeanour, behaviour.
To Depose, d^-p6ze{ v. a. To lay down j to de.
grade from a throne ; to take away, to divest; to giv
testimony, to attest.
To Depose, d^-pozej v. n. To tiear witness.
Depositary, d^-pt\z-i-tir-i, *. 512. One with
whom any thing is lodged in trust.
To Deposite, d^-p5z-it, v. O. To lay up, to
DEP DES
p- 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fitSl— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nS 162, move 164,
evil.
, dep-prJ-ki-tiv, ") _,„
r, dep-pre-ka-tur-e, J
lodge in any place; to lay up as a pledge or security;
to laj' aside.
DePOSITE, de-pftz^lt, S. 154. Any thing com-
mitted to tlie trust and care of aiiotlier ; a pledge, a
pawn, the stale of a thing pawned or pledged.
Deposition, dep-p6-zish-un, s. Tiie act of giv-
ing pubiick testimony; the act of degrading a prince
from sovereignty.
Depository, d6-pozi^-tur-e, s. 512. The place
where any thing is lodged.
Depravation, dep-r^-va^shun, s. 530. The act
of making any thing bad; degeneracy, depravity.
To Deprave, de-pravej v. a. To violate, to
corrupt.
Depravedness, d^-pravd^nes, s. Corruption,
taint, vitiated state.
Depravement, d^-prive-ment, s.
A vitiated state.
Depraver, d^-pri-vur, s. A corrupter.
Depravity, de-prllv^e-te, 5. 511. Corruption.
To Deprecate, dep-pre-kate, v. a. 91.
To implore mercy of; to beg off; to pray deliverance
from.
Deprecation, dep-pre-kd-shun, s.
Prayer against evil.
Deprecative,
Deprecatory
That serves to deprecate,
To Depreciate, de-pre-she-Ate, v. a. 91.
To bring a thing down to a lower price; to under-
value.
To Depredate, dep'prc-date, v. a. 91.
To rob, to pillage; to spoil, to devour.
Depredation, dep-pre-da-shun, *. A robbing,
a spoiling ; voracity, waste.
Depredator, dep-pre-d^-tur, s. 521.
A robber, a devourer.
To Depreiiend, dep-pr^-hendj v. a. To catch
one, to take unawares ; to discover, to find out a thiiig.
Little used.
DEPREHENSinLE,dep-pre-hen-se-bl,a. That may
be caught ; that may be understood.
Deprehensibleness, dep-pre-hen^sJ-bl-nes, s.
Capableness of being caught ; intelligibleness.
Deprehension, dep-pre-hen^shun, s. A catch-
ing or taking unawares j a discovery.
To Depress, de-pres5 v. a. To press or thrust
down; to let fall, to letdown; to humble, to deject,
to sink.
Depression, d^-presh-un, s. The act of pressing
down ; the sinking or falling in of a surface; the act
of humbling, abasement.
Depressor, d^-pres-sur, s. 166. He that keeps
or presses down.
Deprivation, dep-prJ-vi-shun, s. 530. The
act of depriving or taking away from ; in law, is when
a clergyman, as a bishop, parson, vicar, or prebend, is
deposed from his preferment.
To Deprive, de-privej v. a. To bereave one of a
thing; to put out of an office.
Depth, dep^A, *. Deepness, the measure of any
thing from the surface downwards ; deep place, not a
shoal; the abyss,a gulf of infinite prufuiidiiy ; the
middle or height of a season ; abstruseness, obscurity.
To Depthen, dep^^An, v. a. 103. To deepen.
Depulsion, de-pul-shun, s. 177. A beating or
thrusting away.
Depulsory, dJ-puUsur-i, a. 440. Putting or
driving away.
yo Depurate, dep^i-r^te, w. ct. 91. To purify,
to cleanse.
Depurate, dep^ia-rite, a, 50o. Cleansed, freed
from dregs ; pure, not contaminated.
Depuration, dep-u-ra^shun, *. The act of
separating the pure from the impure part of any thing.
To Depure, d^-purej v. a. To free from im-
purities; to purge.
144
Deputation, d^p-u-ti-shun, s. The act of
deputing, or sending with a special commission ; vice-
gerency.
To Depute, d^-pilte,' f, a. To send with a special
commission, to empower one to transact instead of
another.
Deputy, dep-u-te, S. A lieutenant, a viceroy,
any one that transacts business for another.
(t3» This word is frequently mispronounced even by
good speakers. There is a proneness in the p to slide
into its nearest relation b, which makes us often hear
this word as if written debbuty.
To Dequantitate, de-kvirSn^t^-tate, v, a.
To diminish the quantity of.
To Deracinate, di-ras-se-nate, v, a. To pluck
or tear up by the roots.
To Deraign, ~l ji I ,
r^DERAiN, j-d^-r^neW.a.
To prove, tojustify.
To Derange, dd-rinje{ v, a. To disorder, to
disarrange.
Deray, d4-rij s. Tumult, disorder, noise.
Derelict, der-e-likt, s. Any thing which is
relinquished by the ownf^r.
Dereliction, der-e-lik'shun, s. An utter
forsaking or leaving.
To Deride, d^-rlde,' v. a. To laugh at, to mock,
to turn to ridicule.
Derider, di-rl-dur, s. 98. A mocker, a scoffer.
Derision, de-nzhifin, s. The act of deriding or
laughing at; contempt, scorn, a laughing-stock.
Derisive, de-rl-siv, a. 423. Mocking, scoffing.
Derisory, d^-rl-sur-e, a. 429. 512.
Mocking, ridiculing.
Derivable, de-rUv4-bl, a. Attainable by right
of descent or derivation.
Derivation, der-e-va-shun, *. 530. The tracing
of a word from its original ; the tracing of any tiling
from its source; in medicine, the drawing of a humour
' from one part of the body to another.
Derivative, d^-riv-i-tiv, a. Derived or taken
from another.
Derivative, de-nv^^-tiv, s. 157. The thing of
word derived or taken from another.
Derivatively, de-riv-^-tiv-le, ad.
In a derivative manner.
To Derive, dc-rlve{ v. a. To turn the course of
anything; to deduce from its original ; to communi-
cate to another, as from the origin and source; in
grammar, to trace a word from its origin.
To DERive, de-iive5 v. n. To come from, to owe
its origin to ; to descend from.
Deri VEK, de-rlveifir, s. One that draws or fetches
from the original.
Dernier, dtrn-yirel a. Last.
To Derogate, der-o-gite, v. a. To lessen the
worth of any person or thing, to disparage.
To Derogate, der-o-g^te, v. n. To retract.
Derogate der-6-gate, a. 91. Lessened in value.
Derogation, der-o-ga^shun, s. 530. A dis-
paraging, lessening or taking away the worth of any
person or thing.
Derogative, d^-rSg-i-tiv, a. Derogating,
lessening the value.
Derogatorily, de-r3g-^-tur-e-le, ad.
In a detracting manner.
Derogatoriness, d^-rSg^5.-tur-e-nes, *.
Tlie act of derogating.
Derogatory, de-rfig-a-tur-e, a. 512.
Tliat lessens the value of.
DerVIS, der^vis, S. A Turkish priest.
Descant, des^kint, s. 492. A song or tune j a
discourse, a disputation, a disquisition branched out
into several divisions or heads.
To Descant., des-k^nt^ v. n. To liarangue, to
discourse at large.
DES . DES
nor 167, nit 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il 299— pSSnd 313— ^/tiii 4GG, Tiiis 469.
7'o Descend, d^-sendj v. n. To come from a
higher place to a lower ; to come down ; to coine sud-
denly, to fall upon as an enemy ; to make an invasion ;
to proceed from an original ; to fall in order of inhe-
ritance to a successor; to extend a discourse from a
general to particular considerations.
To Descend, de-send{ v. a. To walk downward
upon any place.
Descendant, dJ-sen'-d^nt, *. The offspring of
an ancestor.
Descendent, de-sen-dent, S. Falling, sinking,
coming down ; proceeding from another as an original
or ancestor.
Descendible, de-sen-d^-bl, a. Such as may be
descended; transmissible by inheritance.
DescensioN, de-sen-shim, S. The act of falling
or sinking, descent ; a declension, a degradation.
Descent, d^-sent{ s. The act of passing from a
higher place; progress downwards; invasion, hostile
entrance into a kingdom ; transmission of any thing
by succession and inheritance ; the state of proceeding
from an original or progenitor; birth, extraction, pro-
cess of lineage, offspring, inheritors ; a single step in
the scale of genealogy ; a rank in the scale or order of
being.
To Describe, de-skrlbe| v. a. To mark out any
thing by the mention of its properties; to delineate,
to mark out, as a torch waved about the head describes
a circle; to distribute into proper heads or divisions ;
to define in a lax manner.
Describer, d^-skrl-bur, s. He that describes.
Descrjer, de-skrl-ur, s. 98. A discoverer, a
detectei.
Description, d5-sknp-shun, s. The act of de-
scribing or marking out any person or thing by percep-
tible properties ; tne sentence or passage in winch any
thing is described ; a lax definition; the qualities ex-
pressed in a description.
Descriptive, d^-skripkiv, a. 157. Describing.
To Descry, d^-skrl{ v. a. To spy out, to ex
am'ne at a distance; to discover, to perceive by the
eye, to see any thing distant or absent.
Descry, d^-skrl{ s. Discoirerj', thing discovered.
Not in use.
To Desecrate, des^si-krite, v. a. To divert
from the purpose to which any thing is consecrated.
Desecration, des-s5-kriishun, s. The abolition
of consecration.
Desert, dez'-ert, *. Wilderness, waste country,
uninhabited place.
Desert, dez-ert, a. Wide, waste, solitary.
To Desert, d^-zert| v. a. To forsake ; to fall
away from, to quit meanly or treacherously; to leave,
to abandon ; to quit the army, or regiment, in which
one is enlisted.
Desert, d^-zertj *. Qualities or conduct con-
sidered with respect to rewards or punishments, degree
of merit or demerit ; excellence, tight to reward, virtue.
Deserter, d^-zer^tur, *. 98. He that has forsaken
his cause or his post ; he that leaves the army in which
he is enlisted; he that forsakes another.
Desertion, d^-zer-shun, s. The act of forsaking
or abandoning a cause or post.
Desertless, de-zert^les, a. Without merit.
To Deserve, di-zervj v, a. To be worthy of
either good or ill ; to be worthy of reward.
Deservedly, de-zer-ved-ll, ad. 364. Worthily,
according to desert.
Deserver, d^-zer^vur, *. 98. A man who
merits rewards.
Desiccants, de-sik^kAnts, s. Application* that
dry up the flow of sores, driers.
To Desiccate, di-sik'-kdte, v, a. 503.
To dry up.
Desiccation, des-ik-ka^shun, s. The act of
making dry.
Desiccative, de-sik-ki-tiv a. That which has
the power of drying.
145
To Desiderate, de-sid'-er-ate, v. a. To want,
to miss. Not in use.
Desideratum, de -sid-e-ra'-tum, s. Some desira-
ble thing which is wai.ted.
S3- This Latin word is now so much in use as to require
a place in an English Dictionaiy; and it were to be
wished it were so far anglicised as to form its plural bys,
and not preserve its Latin plural Desiderata, as we almost
always hear it.
Desidiose, de-sid-je-isej a. 376. Idle, lazy,
heavy. — See Appenaix,
To Design, de-sinej v. a. 447. To purpose ; to
form or order with a particular purpose ; to devote in-
tejitionally; to plan, to project; to mark out.
O;?- I have differed from Mr. Sheridan, by preserving
the s, in this word and its compounds, pure. I am sup-
ported in this by Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scoit, and Mr. I'erry,
and have always looked upon To Dezign as vulgar. — See
Principles, 447.
Design, d^-slnej S. An intention, a purpose; a
scheme, a plan of action ; a scheme formed to the de-
triment of another; the idea which an artist endea-
vours to execute or express.
DeSIGNABLE, de-Sine^A-bl, a. Distinguishable,
capable to be particularly marked out.
Designation, des-s%-ni-shun, s. The act of
pointing or marking out; appointment, directions;
import, intention.
To Designate, des^ig-nate, v. a. 503.
To point out or mark by some particular token.
Designedly, de-sl-ned-le, ad. 364.
Purposely, intentionally.
Designer, de-sl-nur, s. 98. A plotter, a con-
triver; one that forms the idea of any thing in paint-
ing or sculpture.
Designing, de-sl-ning;, part. a. insidious,
treacherous, deceitful.
Designless, de-slneiles, a. Unknowing, inad-
vertent.
DesignleSSLY, de-slne-les-li, ad. Without in-
tention, ignorantly, inadvertently.
Designment, d6-sine!^ment, *. A plot, amalici-
ous intention ; the idea, or sketch of a work.
Desirable, d6-zl-r4-bl, a. Pleasing, delightful ;
that is to be wished with earnestness.
Desire, di-zlrej S. Wish, eagerness to obtain or
enjoy.
To Desire, de-zirej v. a. To wish, to long ftr j
to express wishes, to long; to ask, to entreat.
Desirer, de-zi-rur, S. 98. One that is eager
after any thing.
Desirous, de-zUrus, a. 314. Full of desire,
eager, longing after.
Desirousness, de-zUrus-nes, s.
Fulness of desire.
Desirously, d^-zl-rus-le, ad.
Eagerly, with desire.
To Desist, d^-sistj v. n. 447. To cease from
any thing, to stop.
0:^ I have preserved the s pure in this word, contrary
to Mr. Sheridan, who spells it dezist. Dr. Kcnritk and
Mr. Perry are of my opinion, and I cannot sec any
reason, either from custom or analogj', to alter it, 447.
DesiSTANCE, de-sisitanse, s. The act of desist-
ing, cessation.
Desistive, d^-sis-tiv, a. 157.
Ending, concluding.
Desk, desk, 5. An inclining table for the use of
writers or readers.
Desolate, des^so-late, a. 91. Without in-
habitants, uninhabited ; deprived of inhabitants, laid
waste; solitary, without society.
To Desolate, des-so-Ute, v. a. To deprive of
inhabitants.
Desolately, des-si-lite-le, ad. In a desolate
manner.
Desolation, des-so-la'sliun, s. Destruction of
inhabitants; gloominess, melancholy; a jplace wasted
and forsaken.
I.
DES
DET
t> 559. FiteT3, &v 77, fall 83, fit 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164
Despair, dj-sp4rej *. Hopelessness, despondence;
that which causes despair, that of which there is no
hope; in theology, loss of confidence in the mercy of
God.
To Despair, de-spirej v. n. To be without hope,
to despond.
DespAIRER, de-splre-ur, s. One without hope.
Despairingly, d^-spi-ring-U, ad. In a manner
betokening hopelessness.
To Despatch, de-sp4tshj v. a. To send away
hastily ; to send out ot the world, to put to death ; to
perform a business quickly ; to conclude an affair
with another.
03- There is a general rule in pronunciation, viz. when
a vowel ends a syllable immediately before the accent,
that vowel has a tendency to lengthen, and is often, par-
ticularly in solemn speaking, pronounced as open as if
the accent were on it — See To Collect, 544. This general
tendency inclines us to divide words in such a manner as
to make the vowel end the unaccented syllable : and if
the two succeeding consonants are combinable, to carry
them both to that syllable which has the accent. When
the e is thus left to finish the syllable before the accent
in despair, despatch, &c. it inclines to its open slender
sound, which, being rapidly pronounced, falls into the
short t, which is exactly its short sound, 10b. 107 ; for
when the e is short by being closed with a consonant,
like other vowels, it goes into a different sound from the
'ong one, 544. Thus the word despatch, till Dr. Johnson
corrected it, was always written with an i; and now it is
corrected, we do not find the least difference in the pro-
nunciation.
Despatch, d^-spitshj S. Hasty execution; ex-
press, hasty messenger or message.
DeSPATCHFIJL, d^-spJtsh-ful, a. Bent on haste.
Desperate, d?;sipi-rAte, a. 91 . Without iiope ;
without care of safety, rash; irretrievable; mad, hot-
brained, furious.
Desperately, des-p^-rite-li, ad. Furiously,
madly; in a great degree: this sense is ludicrous.
Desperateness, d2s-pl-rate-nes, s. Madness,
fury, precipitance.
Desperation, des-p5-riishun, s. Hopelessness,
despair.
Despicable, des-p4-kJ-bl, a. Contemptible,
mean, worthless.
Despicableness, des'p5-ki-bl-nes, *.
Meanness, vileness.
Despicably, des-pi-kJ-bli, od.
Meanly, sordidly.
Despisable, di-spl-zl-bl, a. Contemptible, re-
garded with contempt.
To Despise, di-splze{ v. a. To scorn, to contemn.
Despiser, d^-spUzur, *. Contemner, scorner.
Despite, de-spltej *. Malice, anger, defiance ;
act of malice.
Despiteful, d4-splte^ful, a. Malicious, full of
spleen.
Despitefl'Lly, de-splte^ful-li, ad.
Maliciously, malignantly.
Despitefulness, de-splte-ful-nes, s. Malice,
hate, malignity.
To Despoil, d^-spoil| v. a. To rob, to deprive.
Despoliation, des-pi-l4-A-shun, s. 530.
The act of despoiling or stripping.
To Despond, de-sp5nd5 v. n. To despair, to lose
hope ; in theology, to lose hope of the Divine mercy.
Despondency, de-spftn'-den-s^, s.
Despair, hopelessness.
Despondent, di-sp&n^dent, a. Despairing, hope-
less.
To Desponsate, de-spSn-site, v. a.
To betroth, to affiance.
Desponsation, des-pSn-si^sbun, *. 530.
The betrothing persons to each other.
Despot, des-pot, *. An absolute prince.
Despotical, d^-sp&t^i-k^l,
Despotick, d^-spSt^ik,
Absolute in power, unlimited in authority(
14C
.}.
Despoticalness, dl-sp6t-i-k4l-nes, s.
Absolute authority.
Despotism, des^pi-tizm, s. Absolute power.
Dessert, dez-zertj S. The last course of an ei»
tcrtainment.
To Destinate, des-t^-n4te, v. a. To design foi
any particular end.
Destination, des-te-niisbun, s. The purpose
for which any thing is appointed.
To Destine, des-tin, v. a. 140. To doom, to
appoint unalterably to any state ; to appoint to any
use or purpose; to devote, to doom to punishment or
misery; to fix unalterably.
Destiny, des-te-n^, s. The power that spins the
life, and determines the fate ; fate, invincible neces-
sity, doom, condition in future time.
Destitute, des^te-tute, a. Forsaken, abandoned ;
in want of.
Destitution, des-t^-tu-sbiin, s. Want, the
state in which something is wanted.
To Destroy, d^-stroej v. a. To overturn a city,
to raze a building, to lay waste, tn make desolate; to
kill ; to put an end to, to bring to nought.
Destroyer, de-stroe-ur, *. 98. The person that
destroys.
Destructible, d^-struc-t^-bl, a. Liable to
destruction.
Destruction, d<^-struk-shun, *. The act of
destroying, waste; murder, massacre: the state of
being destroyed; in theology, eternal death.
Destructive, de-stnik-tiv, a. That destroys,
wasteful, causing ruin and devastation.
Destructively, de-struk-tiv-l4, ad.
Ruinously, mischievously.
Destructiveness, d^-struk-tiv-nes, s.
The quality of destroying or mining.
Destructor, d^-struk-tur, *. 166.
Destroyer, consumer.
Desudation, des-u-dA-sbun, s, A profuse and
inordinate sweating.
Desuetude, des-sw^-tude, s. 334. Cessation
from being accustomed.
Desultory, des'ul-tur-i, 512. 1
Desultoreous, des-ul-ti-ri-us, J
Removing from thing to thing, unsettled, immetho-
dical. — .See Subsullory.
To DeSUME, de-sumej v. a. To take from any
thing.
To Detach, de-tatsbj v. a. To separate, to dis-
engage ; to send out part of a greater body of men on
an expedition.
Detachment, de-titsb-ment, s. A body of
troo.ps sent out from the main army.
To Detail, de-tilej v. a. To relate particularly,
to particularize.
Detail, de-talej S. a minute and particvilar
account.
To Detain, d^-tinej v. a. To keep that which
belongs to another ; to withhold, to keep back; to re-
strain from departure ; to hold in custody.
Detainder, de-tAne-dur, *. 98. The rame of
a writ for holding ono in custody.
Detainer, d^-ta-imr, *. He that holds back any
one's ritht, he that detains.
To Detect, de-tektj v. a. To discover, to find
out any crime or artifice.
Detector, de-tek-tur, s. A discoverer, one that
finds out what another desires to hide.
Detection, de-tek-sbun, s. Discovery of guilt
or fraud ; discovery of any thing hidden.
Detention, d^-ten-sbun, *. The act of keeping
what belongs to another; confinement, restraint.
To Deter, d^-terj v. a. To discourage from any
thing.
D ETERMENT, dJ-ter^ment, S. Cause of discourage-
ment.
DET
DEV
nor 167, nit 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173--oil 299— pound 313-
To Deterge, dl-terje{ v. a. To cleanse a sore.
Detergent, d^-ter^Jent, a. Tiiat cleanses.
Deterioration, de-t^-rl-A-ri^shun, s. The act
of making any thing worse.
Determinable, d^-ter-m^-n4-bl, a. That may
be certainly decided.
Determinate, d^-terimJ-nite, a. 91. Limited;
established; conclusive; fixed, resolute.
Determinately, d^-ter^m^-nite-le, ad.
Resolutely, with fixed resolve.
Determination, di-ter-mi-naishun, s.
Absolute direction to a certain end ; the result of de-
liberation ; judicial decision.
Determinative, d^-terimi-ni-tiv, a.
That uncontrollably directs to a certain end; that
makes a limitation.
Determinator, d^-ter-ml-niitur, s. 521.
One who determines.
To Determine, de-teKmin, v. a. 140. To fix,
to settle; to fix ultimately ; to adjust, to limit ; to in-
fiuence the choice; to resolve; to decide; to put an
end to, to destroy.
To Determine, dJ-teri-min, v. n. To conclude ;
to end ; to come to a decision ; to resolve concerning
, any thing.
Deterration, dJ-ter-ri^shun, s. Discovery of
any thing by removal of the earth.
Detersion, di-ter-sliun, s. Tl»e act of cleansing
8 sore.
Detersive, di-ter^siv, a. 158. Having the
power to cleanse.
Detersive, di-ter^siv, «. 428. An application
that has the power of cleansing wounds.
To Detest, d^-test{ v. a. To hate, to abhor.
Detestable, di-tes-ti-bl, a. Hateful, abhorred.
Detestably, di-tes^ti-bli, ad.
Hatefully, abominably.
Detestation, det-es-ti-shun, s. 530. Hatred,
abhorrence, abiunination.
Detester, d^-tes^tur, s. 98. One that hates.
To Dethrone, Ak-thrhne', v. a. To divest of re-
paiitv, to throw down from the throne.
Detinue, d^-tin-D, S. 50.}. a writ that lies against
him, who, having goods or chattels delivered him to
keep, refuses to deliver them again.
Detonation, det-i-ni^shun, s. A noiswomewhat
more forcible than the ordinary crackling of salts in
calcination, as in the going off of the pulvis or auruin
fulminaiis, or the like.
To DetoNIZE, det'-ti-nlze, v. a. To calcine with
detonation.
To Detort, di-tort{ v. a. To wrest from the
original import.
To Detract, d^-trikt{ v. a. To derogate, to
take away by envy and calumny.
DetrACTER, di-trik-tur, S. One that takes away
another's reputation.
Detraction, di-trik-sbun, s, Tlie act of taking
off from any thing ; scandal.
Detractory, dl-trJkitur4, a. 557. Defamatory
by denial of desert, derogatory.
Detractress, d^-trik^tres, s. A censorious
woman.
Detriment, det'tr^-ment, *. Loss, damage,
mischief.
Detrimental, det-tri-men^til, a. Mischievous,
harmful, causing loss.
To Detrude, d^-troodj v. a. To thrust down, to
force into a lower place.
Detrition, d^-trishf^un, *. 507. The act of
wearing away.
To Detruncate, de-trungikite, v. a. To lop,
to cut, to shorten.
Detruncation, det-rung-ki-shun, s. -
The act of lopping.
147
tJiin 466, THIS 469.
The act of thrust.
Detrusion, d4-trooizhun, *.
ing down.
To DevaST, d^-vist; v. a. To waste or destroy
to plunder.
" The country, thongh deluged and dnastafed, was not utterl
" put berond the power of restoration." — Hannah Mare'
Strictures on Female Education, Vol. 1. page 68.
To Devastate, di-v^-tite, v. a. To lay wast^
to plunder.
Devastation, dev-ts-ti-shun, *. Waste, havock.
Deuce, duse, s. Two.
To Develop, d^-vel-Sp, v, a. To disengage from
something that infolds.
Devergence, de-veKjense, s. Declivity, decli-
nation.
To Devest, d5-vest{ v. a. To strip, to deprive or
clothes ; to take away any thing good ; to free from
any thing bad.
Devex, de-veksj a. Bending down, declivons.
DevEXITY, d^-vekisi-tl, S. Incurvation down-
wards.
To Deviate, dMvl-ite, v. n. 542. To wander
from the right or common way ; to go astray, to err, to
sin.
Deviation, di-v5-i-sbun, *. The act of quitting
the right way, errour ; variation from established rule;
offence, obliquity of conduct.
Device, di-vice{ s. A contrivance, a stratagem; a
design, a scheme formed; the emblem on a shield;
invention, genius.
Devil, dev^vl, *. 159. 405. A fallen angel, the
tempter and spiritual enemy of mankind.
Devilish, devivl-lsh, a. Partaking of the
qualities of the devil; an epithet of abhorrence or
contempt.
Devilishly, devM-isb-1^, ad. In a manner
suiting the devil.
Devious, de-vi-us, a. 542. Out of the common
track; wandering, roving, rambling; erring, going
astray from rectitude.
To Devise, d^-vlzej v. a. 347. To contrive, to
invent; to grant by will.
To Devise, di-vbe{ v. n. To consider, to
contrive.
Devise, de-vlze{ *. The act of giving or bequeath-
ing by will.
Devise, d^-vlse{ *. 347. Contrivance. Properly
Derice.
DfcvlSER, di-vUzur, *. A contriver, an inventor.
DeviTABLE, devie-ti-bl, a. Possible to be avoided.
Devitation, dev-i-ti-shun, s. The act of
escaping.
Devoid, de-void{ <7. Empty, vacant; without any
thing, whether good or evil.
Devoir, de-vworj s. Service; act of civility or
obsequiousness.
To Devolve, d^-vSlv{ v. a. To roll down; to
move from one hand to another.
To Devolve, d(;-v6lv| v. n. To fall in succession
into new hands.
Devolution, dev-i-b't-sbun, s. Tlie act of roll-
ing down ; removal from hand to hand.
To Devote, d^-v6tej v, a. To dedicate, to con-
secrate ; to addict, to give up to ill ; to curse ; to exe-
crate.
Devotedness, d^-v6ited-nes, s. Tlie state of
being devoted or dedicated.
Devotee, dcv-vo-teej *. One erroneously or
supersiitiously religious, a bigot.
Devotion, de-vi-sbun, S, Piety, acts of religion*
an act of external worship; prayer, expression of de»
votion ; the state of the mind under a strong sense of
dependence upon God ; an act of reverence, -respect,
or ceremony j strong affection, ardent love ; disposal^
power.
mM DIA
c?- 559. Fite 73, ikr 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93," met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162,
Devotional, dJ-vo^shun-il, a. Pertaining to Diagnostick, dI-%-n6s^tik, s. A
Devotional, dJ-vo-shun-il, a. Pertaining to
devotion.
Devotionalist, de-v6ishun-dl-ist, *. A man
zealous without knowledge.
To Devour, de-v6urj v. a. To eat up ravenously;
to destroy or consume witlt rapidity and violence; to
swallow up, to annihilate.
Devourer, de-voii-rur, s, 98. A consumer, he
that devours.
Devout, de-voiltj a. Pious, religious, devoted to
lioly duties ; filled with pious thoughts ; expressive of
devotion or piety.
Devoutly, de-voilt-le, ad. Piously, vrith ardent
devotion, religiously.
DeuSE, duse, S. The Devil.
Deuterogamy, du-ter-og-5-me, s. 518.
A second marriage.
Deuteronomy, du-ter-ftn-i-ro^, *. 518. The
second book of the Law, being the fifth book of Moses.
Deuteroscopv, du-ter-fts'ko-pJ, s. The second
intention, a meaning beyond the literal sense.
Dew, du, S. The moisture upon the ground.
Tb Dew, du, v. a. To wet as with dew, to
moisten.
Dewberry, di^ber-re, s. Tlie fruit of a species
of bramble.
Dewbesprent, du-bJ-sprentJ part.
Sprinkled with dew.
Dewdrop, du-dr^p, s. A drop of dew whicli
sparkles at sun-rise.
Dewlap, du-l4p, S. The flesh that hangs down
from the throat of oxen.
DewlAPT, du-lApt, a. Furnished with dewlaps.
DewworM, du-wurm, S. A worm found in dew.
Dewy, du-e, a. Resembling dew, partaking of
Jew ; moist with dew.
Dexter, deks-ter, a. The right, not the left.
Dexterity, deks-ter-^-t^, s. Readiness of limbs,
activity, readiness to obtain skill; readiness of con-
trivance.
Dexterous, deks-ter-us, a. Expert at any
manual employment, active, ready; expert in manage-
ment, subtle, 'full of expedients.
Dexterously, deks-ter-us-li, ad. Expertly,
skilfully, artfully.
DextrAL, dSks^tril, a. The right, not the left.
Dextrality, deks-tr4l-J-ti, S. The state of
being on the right side.
Dey, dd, s. The supreme governor in some of the
Barbary States.
Diabetes, dl-i-bl^tes, s. A morbid copiousness
of urine.
Diabolical, dl-i-bSUJ-kil, ")
DiABOLicK, dl4-bSUik, 509. J
Devilish, partaking of the qualities of the devil.
DiACODIUM, dl-4-k6-de-um, S. The syrup of
poppies.
DiACOUSTICS, dl-i-kou-Stlks, S. The doctrine of
sounds.
Diadem, dl-^-dem, *. A tiara, an ensign of
royalty bound about the head of eastern monarchs j
the mark of royalty worn on the head, the crown.
Diademed, dl-A-demd, a. 359. Adorned with
a diadem.
Diadrom, dU^-drum, *. 166. The time in which
any motion is performed.
Diuresis, dl-er-e-sis, s. 124k, The separation or
disjunction of syllables.
(try. Mr. Sheridan has given the long sound of e to the
second syllable of this word, contrary to the general
practice, which is supported by the most general rule in
pronunciation. The antepenultimate accent, unless suc-
ceeded by a diphthong, always shortens the vowel it falls
upon, a34. Nor does the diphthong in this word prevent
the shortening power of the accent any more than in
Ctceurca, 124.
148
move 164,
Diagnostick, dI-%-n6s^tik, s. A symptom bj
which a disease isdistinjtuishfd from others.
Diagonal, dl-%-o-nJl, a. 116. Reaching from
one angle to another.
Diagonal, dl-ag-6-nAl, S. A line drawn fron
angle to angle.
Diagonally, dI-%io-nil-l, ad. In a diagonal
direction.
Diagram, dl-A-grim, s. A delineation of geo.
metrical figures, a mathematical scheme.
Dial, dl-al, *. 88. A plate marked with lines,
where a hand or shadow shows the hour.
Dial-plate, dl'-4l-plAte, s. That on which hours
or lines are marked.
Dialect, dl-i-lekt, *. The subdivision of a
language; style, manner of expression; language,
speech.
Dialectical, dl-A-lek-ti-kil, «.
Logical, argumental.
DialectICK, dl-i-lek-tlk, S. Logick, the art of
reasoning.
Dialling, di'-;\l-linff, S. The art of making dials;
the knowledge of shadows.
Diallist, dl-ctl-list, *. A constructor of dials.
DiALOGIST, dl-^l-l6-jlSt, *. IIG. A speaker in a
dialogue or conference.
Dialogue, dUil-l3g^, s. 338. A confeicnce, a
conversation between two or more.
Dialysis, dl-il'-e-sis, s. 116. The figure in
rhetorick by which syllables or words aie divided.
Diameter, di-Am-e-tur, *. 116. The line which,
passing through the centre of a circle, or other curvi-
linear figure, divides it into equal parts.
Diametral, dl-4m^me-tr;ll, a. Describing the
diameter.
Diametrally, dl-4m-mJ-tril-e, ad. According
to the direct ion of a diameter.
Diametrical, dl-^-inet'-tri-k^l, a. Describing
a diameter; observing the direction of a diameter.
Diametrically, dl-i-met-tre-kil-e, ad.
In a diametrical direction ; directly.
Diamond, dl-;t-mund, *. The most valuable and
hardest of all the gems.
Diapason, dl-it-p;l'zftn, s. A term in musick; an
octave, the most perfect concord.
Diaper, dl-i-pur, s. 98. Linen cloth woven in
figures ; a napkin.
To Diaper, dl-i-p5r, v. a. To variegate, to
diversify ; to draw flowers upon clothes.
Diaphaneity, dl-cl-fa-ne-^-t^, S. Transparency,
pellucidness.
DiAPHANiCK, dl-i-fAn-ik, a. 509.
Transparent, pellucid.
Diaphanous, dl-^f'f4-nus, a. 518.
Transparent, clear.
Diaphoresis, dl-^f-6-r^-sis, *. 116. A bearing
through ; the expulsion of humours through the porei
of the skin.
Diapiioretick, di4f-o-ret-ik, a. Sudorifick,
promoting perspiration.
Diaphragm, dl-4-fi4m, s. 395. The midriff,
which divides the upper cavity of the body from the
lower; any division or partition which divides a hol-
low body.
Diarrhoea, dl-^r-re-sl, s. A flux of the belly.
DiARRHOETiCK, dl-^r-iet-ik, a. Promoting the
flux of the bell v, solutive, purgative.
Diary, dl-J-re, s. An account of every day, a
journal.
Diastole, dI-^-ti-l5, s. 116. A figure in
rhetorick, by which a short syllable is made long ; the
dilatation of the heart.
DiASTVLE, di-3.s-tlle, *. An intercolumniation a.
three diameters.
([:7- The reason that this word is pronounced in three
syllables, and Diastole in four, is, that the latter is per-
DIE DIF
nSr 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 5il 299— pound 313— f/tin 466, this 469.
feet Greek JiarToXij, and the former is a compound of our
own, formed from Sia and irrCho;, a pillar. The same
reason liolds good for pronouncing Apocope, as divided
into A-poc-o-pe ; and Osteocope into Oa-te-o-cope. And
tlioHgli Johnson, Ash, Buchanan, and Barclay, accent
X)!as«u/e on the second syllable, I have no hesitation in
ditfering from them by placing the accent on the first.—
See Academy.
DiATESSERON, cfl-i-tes-si-r5n, S. An interval in
muslck.
Dibble, dib-bl, s. 405. A small spade.
Djbstone, dib-stone, s. A little stone which
children throw at another stone.
DiCACiTY, de-kas'-se-te, s. 124.
Pertness, sauciness.
Dice, dlse, s. The plural of Die.— See Die.
Dice-box, dlse-boks, s. The box from which
the dice are thrown.
Dicer, dl-siir, *. 98. A player at dice, a gamester.
To Dictate, dik^tite, v. a. 9\. To deliver to
aHother with authority.
Dictate, dik-tate, *, 91. Rule or maxia de-
livered with authority.
Dictation, dlk-td-shun, s. The act or practice
of dictating.
Dictator, dik-tA-tur, s. 521. A magistrate of
Rome made in times of exigence, and invested with
absolute authority ; one invested with absolute autho-
rity ; one wliose credit or authority enables him to
direct the conduct or opinion of others, 166.
Dictatorial, d?k-ti-ti-ri-4lj a. Authoritative,
confident, dogmatical.
Dictatorship, dik-ta-tur-ship, s. The office of
a dictator ; authority, insolent confidence.
Dictature, dik-ti-tsbure, s. The office of a
dictator.
Diction, dlk-sbun, S. style, language, expression.
Dictionary, dik-sbun-4-ri, s. a book contain-
ing the words of any language, a vocabulary, a word-
book.
03- A few years ago this word was universally pro-
nounced as if written Dixnartj, and a person would have
been thought a pedant if he had pronounced it according
to its orthography ; but such has been the taste for im-
rrovemcnt in speaking, that now a person would risk the
mputation of vulgarity should he pronounce it otherwise
than it is written.
Did, did. The pret. of Do; the sign of the preter-
imperfect tense.
Didactical, d5-dAkiti-kil, T
DiDACTiCK, d^-dikitik, 124.J*''
Preceptive, giving precepts.
DiDAPPER, did-:tp-pur, s, A bird that dites into
the water.
DiDASCALiCK, did-Ss-kJl-ik, a. 125. 509.
Preceptive, didactick.
DiDST, didst. The second person of the preter
tense of Do. — See Did.
To Die, dl, v. a. To tinge, to colour.
Die, dl,*. Colour, tincture, stain, hue acquired.
To Die, dl, v. n. To lose life, to expire, to pass
into another state of existence ; to perish, to come to
nothing ; in theology, to perish everlastingly; to lan-
guish with pleasure or tenderness ; to wither as a vege-
table ; to grow vapid, as liquor.
Die, dJ, s. Dice, dlse, plur. A small cube,
marked on its faces with numbers from one to six,
which gamesters throw in play; hazard, chance; any
cubick body.
Die, dl, s. Dies, dize, plur. The ttamp used
in coinage.
DiER, di-ur, ». 98. One who follows the trade of
dying.
Diet, dl-et, s. Food, victuals; food regwlated by
the rules of medicine.
To Diet, dUet, v. a. To give food to; to board,
to supply with diet.
7'o Diet, dl-et, v. n. To eat by rules of physick j
to eat, to feed.
149
Diet, dl-et, *. An assembly of princes or estates,
Diet-Drink, dl-et-drink, *. Medicated liquors.
Dietary, dl-et-i-ri, a. Pertaining to the rules of
diet.
Dieter, dUet-ur, S. 98. One who prescribes rale*
for eating.
Dietetical, dl-e-tet-e-k^l, ")
DiETETiCK, dl-e-tet-ik, J
Relating to diet, belonging to the medicinal cautions
about the use of food.
To Differ, dlf^fSr, v. n, 98. To be distinguished
from, to liave properties and qualities not the same
with those of another ; to contend, to be at variance j
to be of a contrary opinion.
Difference, dif^fur-ense, s. 555. state of
being distinct from something; the qualities by which
one differs from another; the disproportion between
one thing and another; dispute, debate, quarrel ; dis-
tinction; point in question, ground of controversy; a
logical distinction.
Different, dif^tur-ent, a. Distinct, not the
same; of many contrary qualities; unlike, dissimilar.
Differently, dif^fur-ent-le, ad. In a different
manner.
DiFFICIL, dlPfe-srl, a. Difficult, hard, not easy ;
scrupulous. Not in use.
Difficult, dif^fe-kuit, a. Hard, not easyj
troublesome, vexatious- ; hard to please, peevish.
Difficultly, diP-fi-k<-l^, ad.
Hardly, with difficulty.
Difficulty, dlf^fJ-kul-te, S. Hardness, con-
trariety to easiness ; that which is hard to accomplish ,
distress, opposition; perplexity in affairs; objection,
cavil.
To DiFFlDE, dif-flde{ v. n. To distrust, to have
no confidence in.
Diffidence, dif^fe-dense, *. Distrust, want of
confidence.
Diffident, dif^fe-dent, a. Not confident, not
certain.
To Diffind, dlf-findj v. a. To cleave in two.
DiffissioN, dlf-iish-un, S. The act of cleaving.
See ^6scission.
DiFFLA TION, dif-fli-shun, S. The act of scattering
with a blast of wind.
Diffluence, dif-fli-ense, "1
DiFFLUENCY, diPflu-en-s^, /
The quality of falling away on all sides.
Diffluent, dif^flu-ent, a. 518. Flowing every
way, not fixed.
DiFFORM, dlf-form, a, Contrarj* to uniform,
•ving parts of different structurt, as,,3 difform flower,
one.of which the leaves are unlike each other.
Difform ITY, dlf-for-mi-ti, *. Diversity of form,
irregularity, dissimilitude.
To Diffuse, dif-fuze{ v. a. To pour out upon a
plane; to spread, to scatter.
Diffuse, dlf-fuse{ a. Scattered, widely spread j
copious, not concise.
K?- This adjective is distinguished from tlieverh in the
proimnciatiun of s, in the same manner as the noun vse
is from the verb to use, and abuse from to abuse, &,c. 499.
This analogy is very prevalent, and seems the reason
that adjectives ending in she have the s pure, 428.
Diffused, dif-fuzdj part. a. 359.
Wild, uncouth, irr-egular.
Diffusedly, dif-fu-zeil-1^, ad. 364.
Widely, dispersedly.
DiFFUSEDNESS, dif-fii-zed-nes, J. 365. Tlie state
of being diffused, dispersion.
Diffusely, dit'-fuse-l^, ad. Widely, extensively :
copiously.
Diffusion, dlffil^zhun, S. Dispersion, the state
of being scattered every way ; copiousness, exuberance
of style.
Diffusive, dlf.fu'-siv, a. 428. Having the quality
of scattering any tning every way ; scattered, dispersed}
exffnded, in full extension.
DIL
DIM
is- 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fftt 81— m^93, metSo— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
Diffusively, dif-fu^siv-ll, ad.
Widely, extensively.
Diffusiveness, dif-fu-siv-nes, s. Extension,
dispersion; want of conciseness.
To Dig, dig, v. a. pret. Dug or Digged, />ar^.
pass. Dug or Digged. To pierce with a spade;
to cultivate the ground by turning it with a spade j to
pierce with a sharp point.
To Dig, dig, v. n. To work with a spade.
Digest, dl-jest, .v. 492. The pandect of the civil
law.
To Digest, d^-jestj v. a. '24. To distribute
int9 various classes or repositories, to range methodi-
cally; to conrott in the stomach ; to soften by heat,
as in a boiler, a chymical term ; to range metliodically
in the mind ; to reduce to any plan, scheme, or me-
thod ; in thirurgery, to dispose a wound to generate
pus in order to a cure.
To Digest, d^-jestj w, n. To generate matter as
a wound.
Digester, de-jes-tur, S. He that digests or con-
cocts his food ; a strong vessel, wherein to boil, with a
very strong heat, any bony substance, so as to reduce
it into a fluid state ; that which causes or strengthens
the concoctive power.
Digestible, d^-jes^t^-bl, a. Capable of being
digested.
Digestion, de-jes-tshun, *. The act of concoct-
ing food; the preparation of matter by a chymical
heat; reduction to a plan; the act of disponing a
wound to generate matter.
Digestive, d^-jes-tiv, a. Having the power to
cause digestion ; capable by heat to soften and subdue;
disposing, methwiising.
Digestive, d^^-jes-tiv, s. An application which
discloses a wound to generate matter.
Digger, dlg-gur, s. 98. One that opens the
ground with a spade.
To Dight, dite, V. a. 393. To dress, to deck, to
adorn. Not in use.
Digit, did-Jlt, S. The measure of length contain-
ing three fourths of an inch ; the twelfth part of the
diameter of the sun and moon j any of the numbers
expressed by single figures.
Digitated, didij^-tA-ted, a. Branched out into
divisions like fingers.
Dfgladiation, dl-gla-de-A'-shun, *. 125.
A Combat with swords, any quarrel.
Dignified, dig^^n^-flde, a. 282. Invested with
some dignity.
Dignification, dig-n^-fe-ka^shun, *.
Exaltation.
To Dignify, dig^n^-fl, v. a. 183. To advance,
to prefer, to exalt : to honour, to adorn.
I^GNITARV, dlgine-ti-r^, «. A clergyman ad-
vanced to some dignity, to some rank above that of a
parochial priest.
Dignity, dlg-n^-te, s. Rank of elevation ;
grandeur of mien ; advancement, preferment, high
place; among ecclesiasticks, that promotion or prefer-
ment to which any jurisdiction is annexed.
To Digress, de-gres,' v. n. 1 24. To depart from
the main design ; to wander, to expatiate.
Digression, de-gresh-un, s. A passage deviating
from the main tenour ; deviation.
Dijudication, dl-ju-d^-ki-shun, s. 125.
Judicial distinction.
Dike, dike, *. a channel to receive water; a
mound to hinder inundations.
To Dilacerate, di-las-s^-rite, v. a. 124.
To tear, to rend.
Dilaceration, d^-ljls-s^-ri-shun, s. The act of
rending in two.
To DiLANiATE, d^-l;Une-Ate, v. a. 124.
To ruin, to throw down.
Dilapidation, de-lip-e-da'-shun, s. 124.
The incumbent's suffering any edifices of his ecclesi-
astical living to go to ruin or decay.
150
DiLATABlLITY, de-lA-d-blK4-t^, s. The quality
of admitting extension.
Dilatable, de-la^til-bl, a. 405.
Capable of extensiim.
Dilatation, dil-li-ti^shun, s. 530. The act of
extending into greater space; the state of being ex-
tended.
To Dilate, de-lAteJ v. a. 124. To extend, to
spread out; to relate at large, to tell diffusely and co-
piously.
7b Dilate, d^-late,' v. n. To widen, to grow
wide; to speak largely and copiously.
Dilator, d^-li^tur, s. 166. That which widens
or extends.
DiLATORiNESs, dil-l^-tur-^-nes, s.
Slowness, slugRishness.
Dilatory, dil-a-tiir-^, a. 512. Tardy, slow,
sluggish. —See Domestick.
DiLECTiON, de-lek^shun, *. 124. The act of
loving.
Dilemma, dl-lem-m^, *. 119. An argument
equally conclusive by contrary supposition;; adifficult
or doubtful choice.
Diligence, dll-^-jense, *. Industry, assiduity.
Diligent, dll-e-jent, «. Constant in apiilication
assiduous; constantly applied, prosecuted with ac
tivity.
D1LIGENTI.Y, dll-i-jent-ll, ad. With assiduity
with heed and perseverance.
Dill, dll, *. An herb.
Dilucid, de-lu^sid, a. 124. Clear, not opaque;
clear, not obscure.
To Dilucidate, d^-li^s^-d^te, v. a. To make
clear or plain, to explain.
DiLuciDATioN, de-lu-s^-di'-shun, s. The act of
making clear.
Diluent, diKlu-enl, a. Having the power to
thin other matter.
Diluent, dll-lu-ent, S. That which thins other
matter.
7b Dilute, d^-lutej v. a. 124. To make thin;
to make weak.
DiLUTER, de-lu-tur, S. That which makes any
thing else thin.
Dilution, d^-lia-shun, S. The act of making any
thing thin or weak.
Diluvian, de-lu^ve-in, a. 124. Relating to the
deluge.
Dim, dim, a. Not having a quick sight ; dull of
apprehensicin; not clearly seen, obscure; obstructing
the act of vision, not luminous.
7b Dim, dim, v. a. To cloud, to darken ; to make
less bright, to obscure.
Dimension, de-men-shun, S. 124. Space con-
tained in any thing, bulk, extent, capacity.
Dimensionless, de-men-shun-les, a. Without
any definite bulk.
DiMENSiVE, de-men-siv, a. That marks the
boundaries or outlines.
DiMiDiATiON, de-mid-de-a-shun, s. The act of
halving.
7b Diminish, de-m^n-ish.t;. a. 124. To make
less by any abscission or destruction of any part; to
impair, to lessen, todegrade; to take any thing from
that to which it belongs, the contrary to add.
(K^ What has been observed of the e ending a syllable
before the accent is applicable to the t; they are exactly
of the same sound. — See Despatch.
To Diminish, d^-mm-ish, v. n. 124. To grow
less, to be impaired.
Diminishingly, de-min'-ish-ing-le, ad. In a
manner tending to vilify.
Diminution, dim-me-nuishun, *. The act of
making less; the state of growing less; discredit- in
architecture, the toniiatln n oi the diamclir of a
column ai it ascends.
DIP
DIR
nor 167, n&t 163— tube 171, tfib 172, bull 173— oil 299— p8und 313— <Ain 466, this 46g.
Diminutive, dJ-min-ni-tiv, a. Small, little.
Diminutive, d^-min-nu-t!v, s. A word formed
to express littleness, as inanikin, in English, a little
inan ; a small thing.
DiiMiNUiivELV, d^-min-nu-tiv-.i, ad. In a
dimiiuitive manner.
DiMiNUTiVENESs, d^-min-nu-tiv-nes, *.
Smallness, littleness, pettiness.
DiMlSH, dim-ish, a. Somewhat dim.
DiMissoRY, diin-is-sur-re, a. That by which a
man is dismissed to another jurisdiction.
Or?- 1 have followed Dr. Johnson's accentuation of this
word, as more agreeable to analogy than Mr. Sheridan's.
— See Khyming Dictionary, under the word.
Dimity, dnn-e-te, *. A fine kind of fustian, or
cloth of cotton.
DiMLV, dlm-lJ, ad. Not with a quick sight; not
with a cltar perception ; not brightly, not luminously.
Dimness, dim-lies, *. Dulness of sight j want of
apprehension, stupidity.
Dimple, dim-pl, s. 405. Cavity or depression in
the cheek or chin.
To Dimple, dim-pl, v. n. To sink in small
cavities.
Dimpled, dim-pld, a. 405. Set with dimples.
Dimply, dim-pl^, a. Full of dimples.
Din, din, S. a loud nojse, a violent and continued
scund.
Tb Din, din, v. a. To stun with noise ; to impress
with violent and continued noise.
To Dine, dine, v. n. To eat the rhief meal about
the middle of the day.
To Dine, dine, v. a. To give a dinner to, to feed.
DiNETiCAL, d^-neti^-kJl, a. 124. Whirling
round, vertiginous.
To Ding, ding, v. a. To dash with violence ; to
impress with force.
To Ding, ding, v. n. To bluster, to bounce,
to huff.
Ding-dong, d1ng-d6ng5 *• A word by which the
sound of hells is imitated.
Dingle, dingigl, s. 405. A hollow between hills.
Dining-room, dl-ning-room, s. The principal
apartment of the house.
Dinner, din-nur, *. 98. The chief meal, the
meal eaten about the middle of the day.
Dinner-time, din-nur-tlme, s. Tlie time of
dining.
Dint, dint, s, A blow, a stroke; the mark made
by a blow ; violence, force, power.
7'o Dint, dint, v. a. To mark with a cavity by a
blow.
DiNUMERATiON, dl-nu-mer-AishSn, s. 125.
The act of numbering out singly.
Diocesan, dl-is^si-sin, s. 116. A bbhop as he
stands related to his own clergy or flock.
Diocess, di-6-ses, s The circuit of every bishop's
jurisdiction.
Dioptrical, dl-Sp'tr6-k4l, "I
DioPTRiCK, dl-Sp-trik, I16.J
Affording a medium for the sight, assisting the sight in
the view of distant objects.
DioPTRicKS, dl-6p-triks, s. 509. a part of
opticks, treating of the different refractions of the
light.
DiORTHROSiS, dl-Sr-<Ari'-sis, s. 520. An opera-
tion by whicli crooked memoers are made even.
To Dip, dip, v. a. To immerge, to put into
any liquor; to moisten, to wet; to engage in any af-
fair ; to engage as a pledge.
To Dip, din, v. n. To immergej to pierce j to
enter slightly into any thing; to drop b) chance into
any mats, to' choose by chance.
DlFCHICK, dip-tshlk, s. The, name of a bird,
151
DiPETALOOS, dl-pet-i-lus, a. 119. Having two
flower leaves.
Diphthong, dip'-^'/6ng, *. 413. A coalition of
two vowels to form one sound.
Diploma, d^-pli'm^, 5. 124. A letter or writing
conferring some privilege.
Diplomacy, dipil6-nia-si, s. The state of acting
by a diploma.
Diplomatic, dip-li-mit-ik, a. Relating to a
diploma.
Dipper, dip-pur, s. 98. One that dips.
Generally applied to one who baptizes by plunging into
the water.
Dipping-needle, dip-ping-n^^-dl, s. A device
which shows a particular property of the magnetick
needle.
DiPSAS, dip-sis, *. A serpent whose bite produces
unquenchable thirst.
DiptoTE, dip-tAte, s, A noun consisting of two
cases only.
DiPTICK, d!p-t!k, S. A register of bishops and
martyrs.
Dire, dire, a. Dreadful, dismal, horrible.
Direct, d^-rekt{ a. 124. Straight, not crooked j
not oblique; not collateral; apparently tending to
some end ; open, not ambiguous , plain, express.
To Direct, de-rekt{ v. a. 117. To aim in a
straight line ; to point against as a mark ; to regulate,
to adjust; to prescribe certain measure, to mark out
a certain course ; to order, to command.
DiRECTER, d4-rek-tur, *. One that directs; an
instrument that serves to guide any manual operation.
Direction, d^-rek-shun, *. Aim at a certain
point ; motion impressed by a certain impulse ; order,
command, prescription.
Directive, de-rek-tiv, a. Having the power of
direction ; informing, showing the way.
Directly, d^-rekt-l^, ad. In a straight line,
rectilineally ; immediately, apparently, without cir-
cumlocution.
K7- In this word we have an instance of a different
Fronuntiation in the emphatical and colloquial use of it.
f we wish to be very distinct or forceful, we frequently
pronounce the t long, as in dial; but in common con-
versation we give this letter the sound of e, according to
analogy, 117. 124.
Directness, d^-rekt^nes, s.
Straightness, tendency to any point, the nearest way.
Director, d4-rek-tur, a. 166. One that has
authority over others, a superintendant ; a rule, an or-
dinance; an instructor ; one who is consulted in cases
of conscience ; an instrument in surgery, by which the
hand is guided in its operation.
Directory, de-rek-tur-^, s. 512. The book
which the factious preachers published in tlie rebellion
for the direction of their sect in acts of worship.
Direful, dlre-ffil, a. Dire, dreadful.
Direness, dire-nes, s. Dismalness, horror, hein-
ousness.
DiREPTioN, dl-repishun, s. 125.
The act of plundering.
Dirge, durje, a. a mournful ditty, a song o(
lamentation.
Dirk, durk, S. A kind of dagger. k
Dirt, durt, s. 108. Mud, filth, mire j meanness,
sordidness.
To Dirt, durt, v. a. To foul, to bemire.
Dirtpie, durt-plj *. Forms of clay moulded by
children.
Dirtily, durt-e-le, ad. Nastily ; meanly, sordidly.
Dirtiness, durt-^-nes, s. Nastiness, fiithiness^
foulness ; meanness, baser.tss, soruidn«ss.
Dirty, durt-e, a. Foul, nasty; mean, despicable.
To Dirty, -durt-^, v. a. To foul, to soil ; to dis.
grace, to scand^ilize.
DiRUPTioN, dl-ruj)-shun, «. 125. The act of
bursting, or breaking; the state of bursting, or
breaking.
DIS
DIS
(K> 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— mJ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
DiS, (lis, or diz, 425. 435. An inseparable
particle used in composition, implying commonly a
privative or negative signification of the word to which
jt IS joined; as, to orro, to disarm; to join, to disjoin,
&c.
(Ky- When tlie accent, either primary or secondary, is
on this inseparable preposition, the s is always sharp and
hissing, 41 ; but when the accent is on the second syl-
Jable, the s will be either hissing or buzzinfc, according
to the nature of the consecutive letter. That is, if a
sharp mute, as p, t, &c. succeed, the preceding s must
be pronounced sharp and hissing, as dispose, distaste, &c,
but if a flat mute, as 6, d, &c. or a vowel or a liquid be-
gin the next syllable, the foregoing s must be sounded
like 2, as disburse, disdain, &c. but if the secondary accent
be on this inseparable preposition, MS, as in disbelief,
&c. the s retains its pure hissing sound. Dismal, which
«eems to be an objection to the first part of this rule, is
in reality a confirmation of it; for the first syllable in
this word is not a preposition, but a contraction of the
Latin word dies; and dismal is evidently derived from
dies malus. For want of this clue, Mr. Sheridan has
given the s pure to disgrace, disguise, &c.
Disability, dis-X-hiV-e-d, s. 454. Want of
power to do any thing, weakness ; want of proper qua-
lifications for any purpose, legal impediment.
To Disable, diz-a-bl, i'. a. 454. To deprive of
natural force ; to deprive of usefulness or efficacy ; to
exclude as wanting proper qualifications.
To Disabuse, dis-i-buzej v. a. To set free from
a mistake, to set right, to undeceive,
DiSACCOMMODATiON, dis-4k-kSm-mS-da-shun,
s. The state of being unfit or unprepared.
To Disaccustom, dis-^k-kus-tum, v. a.
To destroy the force of liabit by disuse or contrary
practice.
Disacquaintance, dis-Jk-kwdn-tlnse, s.
Disuse of familiarity.
Disadvantage, dis-id-van^t;\ie, s. 90.
Loss, injury to interest ; diminution of any tiling de-
sirable ; a state not prepared for defence.
Disadvantageable, dis-M-v4n'-t4-ji-bl, a. 405.
Contrary to profit, producing loss.
Disadvantageous, dis-ad-vin-ti-jus, a.
Contrary to interest, contraiy to convenience.
Disadvantageously, dis-id-vin-ta-jus-le, ad.
In a manner contrary to interest or profit.
Disadvantageousness, dis-^d-vin-ti-jus-n&j
s. Contrariety to profit, inconvenience.
Disadventurous, dis-id-ven-tshu-rus, a.
Unhapjiy, unprosperous.
To DiSAFFECT, dis-lf-fektj V. a. To fill with
discontent.
Disaffected, dis-ilf-fek^ted, part. a. Not dis-
posed to zeal or atfection.
Disaffectedly, dis-if-fek'ted-le, ad.
After a disaffected manner.
Disaffectedness, dis-^f-fek-ted-nes, s. The
quality of being disaffected.
Disaffection, dis-Af-fek-shun, s. Want of zeal
for the reigning prince.
Disaffirmance, dis-if-fer-minse, s.
Confutation, negation.
To Disafforest, dis-3.f-fSr-rest, w. «. To throw
open to common purposes, from the privileges of a
forsst.
To Disagree, dis-^-gree{ v. n. To differ, not to
be of the same opinion ; to be in a state of opposition.
Disagreeable, dis-i-gree-i-bl, a. Contrary,
unsuitable; unpleasing, offensive.
Disagreeableness, dis-^-gr^J-^-bl-nes, s.
Unsuitableness, contrariety; unpleasantness; offen-
siveness.
Disagreeably, dis-^-gre^-^-bl^, ad.
In a disagreeable manner.
Disagreement, dis-i-gre^^ment, s. Difference,
dissimilitude; difference of opinion.
To Disallow, dis-il-loii,' v. a. To deny
authority to any ; to consider as unlawful ; to censure
by seme posterior act.
■52
To Disallow, dis-^l-lou,' v. n. To refuse per-
mission, not to grant.
DiSALLOWABLE, dis-^l-lou-^-bl, a.
Not allowable.
Disallowance, dis-^l-lou-inse, s. Prohibition.
To Disanchor, diz-ingk^kur, v. a. 454. To
deprive a ship of its anchor.
To Disanimate, diz-in^e-mite, v. a. 454. 91.
To deprive of life; to discourage, to deject.
Disanimation, diz-in-^-md-shun, s. Privation
of life.
To Disannul, dis-^n-nuU v. a. To annul, to
deprive of authority, to vacate.
DiSANNULMENT, dis-in-nul-ment, s. The act of
making void.
To Disappear, dis-^p-pere{ v. n. To be lost to
view, to vanish out of sight.
To Disappoint, dis-ip-pointj v. a. To defeat of
expectation, to balk.
Disappointment, dis-4p-pointiment, s. Defeat
of hopes, miscarriage of expectations.
Disapprobation, dis-ip-pr6-b.^-shun, s.
Censure, condemnation.
To Disapprove, dis-ip-proov{ v. a. To dislike,
to censure.
To Disarm, diz-armj v. a, 454. To spoil or
divest of arms.
To Disarrange, dis-ir-ranjej v. a. To put out
of order; to derange.
To Disarray, dis-Jr-r^ v. a. To undress any
one.
Disarray, dlS-ar-raJ S. Disorder, confusion ; un-
dress.
Disaster, diz-4o-tur, 5. 454. The blast or stroke
of an unfavourable planet; misfortune, grief, mishap,
misery.
To Disaster, diz-is-tur, v. a. To blast by an
unfavourable star ; to afiiict, to mischief.
Disastrous, diz-^s-triis, a. Unlucky, unhappy,
calamitous; gloomy, threatning misfortune.
Disastrously, diz-is'trus-le, ad. in a dismal
manner.
Disastrousness, diz-;1s^trus-nes, s,
Unluckiness, unfortunateness.
To DiSAVOUCH, dis-i-voutsh{ v. a. To retract
profession, to disown.
To Disavow, dis-S-vou{ ?'. a. To disown, to
deny knowledge of.
Disavowal, dis-^-vou-al, 1 r^ • ,
r^ .1 ^ 3■^, 1 . > S. Denial.
Disavowment, di3-a-vou'-ment, )
To Disauthorise, diz-aw-^/to-rize, v. a. 454.
To deprive of credit or authority.
To Disband, diz-b4nd{ v. a. 435. To dismiss
from military service.
To Disband, t\iz-bind5 v. n. To retire from
military service ; to separate.
To DlSBARK, diz-bark{ v. a. To land from
a ship.
Disbelief, dis-be-lJefJ s. 425. Refusal of credit,
denial of belief.
To Disbelieve, dis-be-le^vj v. a. Not to credit,
not to hold true.
Disbeliever, dis-bJ-lJ-vur, s. One who refuses
belief.
To Disbench, diz-benshj v. a. To drive from
a seat.
To Disbranch, diz-brinshj v. a. To separate^
to break off.
To Disbud, diz-budj v. a. To take away the
sprigs newly put forth.
To Disburden, diz-bur-dn, v. a. To unload, to
disencumber; to throw off a burden.
To Disburden, diz-bur-dn, v. n. To ease the
mind.
DIS
DIS
n3r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— S!l299—pSund313— ^;an466, this 469.
struction; rule of government, order; military regu-
lation, a state of subjection ; chastisement, correction.
To Disburse, diz-burse{ v. a. To spend or lay
out money. ^
Disbursement, diz-burs-ment, s. A disbursing
or laying out.
DiSBURSER, dlZ-bur-Sur, S. One that disburses.
DiscALCEATED, dls-k^l-sh^-i-ted, a. 357.
Stripped of shoes.
DiscALCEATioN, dis-kal-she-a-shun, s. 357.
The act of pulling off the shoes.
To DiscANDY, dis-k4n-de, v. n. To dissolve, to
melt.
To Discard, dis-ka.rd| v. a. To throw out of the
hand such cards as are useless ; to discharge or eject
from service or employment.
DiscARNATE, dis-kar-uite, a. 91.
Stripped of flesh.
To DiSCASE, dis-kise{ v. a. To strip, to undress.
To Discern, diz-zern; v. a. 351. To descry, to
see; to judge, to have knowledge of; to distinguish ;
to make the difference between.
To Discern, diz-zern{ v. n. To make distinction.
DiSCERNER, dlZ-Zer^nur, S. 98. Discoverer, he
that descries; judge, one that has the power of distin-
guishii g.
Discernible, diz-zer-nJ-bl, a. Discoverable,
perceptible, distinguishable, apparent.
Discernibleness, diz-zer-n^-bl-nes, s.
Visiblencss.
J^iscernibly, diz-zerini-bl^, ad.
Perceptibly, apparently.
Discerning, diz-zer'-ning, />ar^ a.
Judicious, knowing.
Discerningly, diz-zer-ning-ll, ad. Judiciously,
rationally, acutely.
Discernment, diz-zern-ment, s. Judgment,
power of distinguishmg.
To Discerp, dis-serp{ v. a. To tear in pieces.
Discerptible, dis-serp-t^-bl, a.
Frangible, separable.
DiscEKPTiBiLiTY, dis-serp-tJ-bil-e-tc, s.
Liableness to be destroyed by disunion of parts.
Discerption, dis-serpishun, s. The act of pull-
ing to pieces.
To Discharge, dis-tsharjej v. a. To disburden;
to disembark ; to give vent to any thing, to let fly ; to
let off a gun ; to clear a debt by payment ; to set free
from obligation ; to absolve ; to perform, to execute;
to put away, to obliterate ; to divest of any office or
employment ; to dismiss, to release.
To Discharge, dis-tshSrje{ v. n. To dismiss
itself, to break up.
Discharge, dis-tsharje| s. Vent, explosion,
emission ; matter vented ; dismission from an office ;
release from an obligation or penalty; performance,
execution ; an acquittance from a debt.
Discharger, dis-tshar-jur, s. He that discharges
in any manner; he that fires a gun.
DiSClNCT, dis-sinkt{ a. Ungirded, loosely dressed.
To DiSCIND, dlS-Sind| v. a. To divide, to cut in
pieces.
Disciple, dis-sl-pl, s. 405. A scholar.
Discipleship, dis-sUpl-ship, s. Tlie state or
function of a disciple.
Disciplinable, dis-si-plin-i-bl, a. Capable of
instruction.
Disciplinableness, dis-s5-plm-a-bl-nes, *.
Capacity of instruction.
Disciplinarian, dis-se-plin-i-rJ-ln, a.
Pertaining to discipline.
Disciplinarian, dis-si-plin-i^ri-in, s.
One who rules or teaches with great strictness ; a fol-
lower of the Presbyterian sect, so called from their
clamour about discipline.
Disciplinary, dis-s^-plin-^-rJ, a. 512.
Pertaining to discipline.
Discipline, dis^si-plin, s. 150. Education, in-
153
To Discipline, dis-se-pliu, v. a. To ed^icate,
to instruct; to keep in order; to correct, to chastise j
to reform.
To Disclaim, dis-klime{ v. a. To disown, to
deny any knowledge of.
Disclaimer, dis-kla-mur, s, 98. One that dis-
claims, disowns, or renounces.
To Disclose, dis-klizej v. a. To uncover, to
produce from a hidden state to open view ; to open ; to
reveal, to tell.
Discloser, dis-klo-zur, s. One that reveals or
discovers.
Disclosure, dis-kl6izhure, *. 452. Discovery,
production into view ; act of revealing any secret.
Discoloration, dis-k&l-6-ri^sbun, *. The act
ofchanging the colour; the act of staining; change of
colour, stain, die.
To Discolour, dis-kuKlur, v. a. To change
from the natural hue, to stain.
To Discomfit, dis-kum-f'it, v. a. To defeat, to
vanquish.
Discomfit, dis-kum-flt, s. Defeat, overthrow.
Discomfiture, dls-kum-tlt-yure, s. Defeat,
rout, overthrow.
Discomfort, dis-kum-fuit, s. 166. Uneasiness,
melancholy, gloom.
To Discomfort, dis-kum-fuit, v. a. To grieve,
to sadden, to deject.
DiscoMFORTAbLE, dis-kum^fur-ti-bl, a. One
that is melancholy and refuses comfort ; that causes
sadness.
To Discommend, dis-k6m-mend{ v. a.
To blame, to censure.
Discommendable. dis-kSm-men-da-bl, a.
Blameable, censurable.— See Commendable
DlSCOMMENDABLENESS, dis-k&m-men-da-bl-
nes, S. Blameableness, liableness to censure.
Discommendation, dis-kSm-men-dA-sliun, s.
Blame, censure. ^ ^
Discommender, dis-kSm-men-dur, s. One that
discommends.
To Discommode, dis-kom-mode; v. a. To put
to inconvenience, to molest.
Discommodious, dis-kom-rao-de-us, or dis-
kSm-mi-j^-us, a. Inconvenient, troublesome.
See Commodious.
Discommodity, dis-kftm-mSd^c-te, s. Incon-
vcnience, disadvantage, hurt.
To Discompose, dis-k6m-pize| v. a.
To disorder, to unsettle ; torutile; to disturb the tem-
per; to offend; to displace.
Discomposure, dis-kom-po'-zhure, s. Disorder,
perturbation.
To Disconcert, dis-kftn-sertj v. a. To unsettle
the mind, to discompose.
DiscoNFORMiTY, dis-kftn-for-me-tf, s.
Want of agreement.
DiSCONGRUiTY, dis-kSn-gru'-^-t6, s. Disagree-
ment, inconsistency.
Disconsolate, dis-kSn^so-lAte, a. 91. With-
out comfort, hopeless, sorrowful. ^
Disconsolately, dis-kun^so-late-le, ad. In a
disconsolate manner, comfortlessly.
Disconsolateness, dis-kSn^si-lite-nes, s.
The state of being disconsolate.
Discontent, dis-k8n tSnt{ s. Want of content,
uneasiness at the present state.
Discontent, dis-kSn-tentJ a. Uneasy at the
present state, dissatisfied. •
To Discontent, dis-kSn-tentJ v. a. To dis-
satisfy, to make uneasy.
Discontented, dis-k6n-teu-t.ed, part, a.
Uneasy, dissatisfied.
DIS
BIS
559. Fite T3, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m4 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move, 164,
83-
DlscoNTENTEDNESS, dls-kSu-tenited-nSs, *.
Uneasiness, dissatisfaction.
Discontentment, dis-kJn-tent-ment, *.
The state of discontent.
Discontinuance, dis-kSn-tin-u-anse, s. Want
of coliesion of parts; a breaking off; cessation, inter-
mission.
Discontinuation, dis-k8n-tin-u-aishun, s.
Disruption of continuity, separation.
To Discontinue, dis-kon-tin-u, v. n. To lose
the cohesion of parts; to lose an established or pre-
scriptive custom.
To Discontinue, dls-kSn-tin^u, v. a. To leave
off, to cease any practice or habit.
Discontinuity, dis-kftn-ti-nu-^-ti, s. Disunity
of parts, want of cohesion.
DiscoNVENiENCE, dis-kftn-vl-ii^-ense, s.
Incongruity, disagreement.
Discord, dis-kord, s. 492. Disagreement, op-
position, mutual animogity ; difference, or contrariety
of qualities; in musick, sounds not of themselves
pleasing, but necessary to be mixed with others.
To Discord, dls-kord,' v. n. 492. To disagree,
not to suit with.
Discordance, dis-kor-dJnse, \ ^
Discordancy, dis-kor-d^n-s^, J
Disagreement, opposition, inconsistency.
Discordant, dis-kor'-dant, a. Inconsistent, at
variance with itself; opposite, contrarious.
Discordantly, dis-kor^dAnt-li, ad.
Inconsistently, in disagreement with itself; in dis-
agreement with another.
To Discover, dis-kuv-ur, v. a. To disclose, to
bring to light ; to make known ; to find out, to espy.
Discoverable, dis-kuv-ui-A-bl, a. That may
be found out ; apparent, exposed to view.
Discoverer, dis-kuv'ur-ur, s. One that finds
any thing not known before; a scout, one who is put
to descry the enemy.
Discovery, dis-kuv-ur-J, s. 555. The act of
finding any thing hidden ; the act of revealing or dis-
closing any secret.
Discount, dis^kount, s. 313. 493. The sum
refunded in a bargain.
To Discount, dis-kount| v. a. To count back, to
pay back again.
To Discountenance, dis-koim't^-ninse, v. a.
To discourage by cold treatment; to abash; to put to
shame.
Discountenance, dis-koun-te-n^nse, s.
Cold treatment, unfriendly regard.
DiscouNTENANCER, dis-koun-ti-n^n-suF, s. 98.
One that discourages by cold treatment.
To Discourage, dis-ktir'-idje, v. a. 314.
To depress, to deprive of confidence; to deter, to
fright from any attempt.
Discourager, dis-kur^ndje-ur, s. One that
impresses diffidence and tenor.
Discouragement, dis-kurindje-ment, s. 90.
The act of i1eterri;;g, or depressing hope ; the cause of
depression, or fear.
Discourse, dis-kirse' s. 318. The act of the
understanding, by which it passes frorn premises to
consequences ; conversation, mutual intercourse of
language, talk ; treatise, a dissertation either written
or uttered.
To Discourse, dis-kArse{ v. n. To converse, to
talk, to relate ; to treat upon in a solemn or set man-
ner ; to reason, to pass from premises to consequences.
DiscoURSER, dis-kor-sur, *. A speaker, an
haranguer; a writer on any subject.
DiSCOURSIVE, dlS-kor-Slv, a. Passing by inter-
mediate steps from premises to consequences; con-
taining dialogue, interlocutory.
Discourteous, dis-kur-tslms, a. Uncivil, un-
coniplaisant.
Discourteously, d!s-kur-tshus-lJ, ad.
Uncivilly, rudely.
154
Discourtesy, dis-kur-te-sl, *.
Incivility, rudeness.
Discous, dis-kus, a. Broad, flat, wide.
Discredit, dis-kred-it, s. ignominy, reproarti,
disgrace; want of trust.
To Discredit, dis-kred-it, v. a. To deprive of
credibility; to disgrace, to shame.
Discreet, dis-kreet{ a. Prudent, cautious, soberi '
modest, not forward.
Discreetly, dis-kreit^l4, ad.
Prudently, cautiously.
Discreetness, dis-kri^t-nes, *. The quality of
being discreet.
Discrepance, dis-krJ-pinse, s. Difference, con-
trariety.
Discrepant, d1s-kre-p3.nt, a. Different, disagree-
ing.
Discrete, dis-kr4te| a. Distinct, not continuousi
disjunctive.
(fj- This word and its companion Concrete, one would
have supposed, should have the same accentuation in all
our Pronouncing Dictionaries; and yet scarcely any two
words are more differently accented. The accent is
placed on the last syllable of Concrete by Dr. Ash, Bu-
chanan, Perry, Eniick, and Bailey ; and on the first by
Sheridan, Dr. Johnson, Smith, W. Johnston, and Dr.
Kenrick. Scott accents the last syllable of CowcreJewhen
an adjective, and the first when a substantive, a distinc-
tion very agreeable to analogy, 494; but Entick, directly
contrary to this analogy, reverses this order. Discrete
is always used as an adjective, but has scarcely less di-
versity of accentuation than Concrete. Dr. Johnson,
Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Perry, and Entick,
accent it on the last syllable : and Dr. Ash, Mr. Sheridan,
and Bailey, on the first. When I wrote the Rhyming
Dictionary, I accented both these words on the first syl-
lable; but this accentuation 1 imagine arose from con-
trasting them, which often places the accent on the op-
posing parts, as in Mtemal and ex'termil; but upon ma-
turer consideration, 1 apprehend the accent ought to be
placed on the first syllable of Concrete when a substantive,
and on the last when an adjective.
Discretion, dis-kresh-un, *. 507. Prudence,
knowledge to govern or direct one's self; liberty of
acting at pleasure, uncontrolled and unconditional
power.
Discretionary, d1s-kresli-un-4r-^, a. Left at
large, unlimited, unrestrained.
DiSCRETIVE, d!s-krJ-tlv, a. The same as Discrete.
DiSCRIMlNABLE, dlS-krim-^-na-bl, a. Distin-
guishable by outward marks or tokens.
To Discriminate, dis-kiiini^-nAte, v. a.
To mark with notes of difference ; to select or separate
from others.
Discriminateness, dis-krim-^-nite-iies, *. 91 .
Distinctness.
Discrimination, dis-krim-e-nA-shun, s. The
state of being distinguished from other persons or
things; the act of distinguishing one from another,
distinction ; the marks of distinction.
Discriminative, dis-knm-e-n^-tiv, a. 157-
Tiiat makes the mark of distinction, characteristical ;
that observes dittinction.
DiSCRlMINOUS, dis-krim^^-TlUS, a. Dangerous,
hazardous.
DiscuBiTORY, d?s-ku-b^-tur-^, a. 512. Fitted
to the posture of leaning.
DiscuMBENCY, dis-kum-ben-s^, *. The act of
leaning at meat.
To Discumber, dis-kum-bur, v. a. To disengage
from any troublesome weight or bulk.
Discursive, dis-kui-siv, a. 158. Moving here
and there, roving; proceeding by regular gradatiou
from premises to consequences.
Discursively, dis-kur-siv-1^, ad. By due gra-
dation of argument.
Discursory, dls-kur-sur-e, a. Argumental
For the o, see Dumestick.
Discus, dis-kns, s. A quoit.
To Discuss, dis-kusj v. a. To examine j to dis-
perse any humour or swelling.
DIS
DIS
nSr 16T, nSt 163— 4:ube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 6il 299— pound 3l3—tfi\n 466, mis 469.
DiSruSSER, dlS-kllS-SUr, S. 98. He tliaf discusses.
Discussion, dlS-kus'shun, S. Disquisition, ex-
amination.
DiscussivE, dis-kus-siv, a. 428. Having the
power to discuss.
DiSCUTIENT, dlS-kuishent, S. A medicine lliat
has power to repel.
To Disdain, diz-danej v. a. To scorn, to consider
as unworthy of one's character. — See Dis.
Disdain, diZ-dAneJ*. Scorn, contemptuous anger.
Disdainful, diz-dane-ful, a. Haughty, scornful,
indignant.
Disdainfully, diz-d^ne-ful-l, ad. With iiaughty
scotn.
Disdainfulness, diz-dane^ful-nes, s.
Haughty scorn.
Disease, diz-izej *. Distemper, malady, sickness.
To Disease, dlz-^zej v. a. lo afflict with
disease, to torment witli sickness; to pain, to mal^e
uneasy.
Diseasedness, diz-^-zed-nes, s. 365.
Sicl<ness, malady.
Disedged, diz-edjd( a. 359. Blunted, dulled.
To Disembark, dis-em-bark{ v. a.
To carry to land.
To Disembark, dis-em-barkj v. n. To land ; to
go on land.
To DiSEMBiTTER, dis-em-bit^tur, v. a. To
sweeten, to free from bitterness.
Disembodied, dis-eni-b&d-id, a. Divested of
the body.
To Disembogue, dis-em-biguej v. a. 337.
To pour out at the mouih of a river.
To Disembogue, dis-em-boguej v. n. To gain
a vent, to flow.
Disembowelled, dis-em-bouield, part. a.
Taken from out the bowels.
To Disembroil, dis-uin-broilj v. a. To disen-
tangle, to free from perplexity.
To Disenable, dis-en-a-bl, v. a. To deprive of
power.
To Disenchant, dis-en-tshJntJ v. a. To free
from the force of an enchantment.
To Disencumber, dis-en-kum-bur, v. a.
To discharge from encumbrances, to disburden; to
free from obstruction of any kind.
Disencumbrance, dis-en-kum-brlnse, s.
Freedom from encumbrance.
To Disengage, dis-en-gdjej v. a. To separate
from any thing with which it is in union; to disen-
tangle, to clear from impediments or difficulties; to
free from any thing that p'^werfully seizes the atten-
tion.
To Disengage, dis-en-gijej v. n. To set one's
self free from.
Disengaged, dis-en-gijdj part. a. 359.
Vacant, at leisure.
Disengagedness, dis-en-gAjd-nes, 5. Tlie quality
of being disengaged, vacuity of attention.
Disengagement, dis-en-gije^ment, s. Release
from any engagement or obligation ; freedom of atten-
tion, vacancy.
To Disentangle, dis-en-t^ng^gl, v. a. To set
free from impediments, to clear from perplexity or dif-
ficulty ; to unfold the parts of anv thing interwoven ;
to disengage, to separate.
To Disenterre, dis-en-terj v. a. To unbury.
To Disenthral, dis-en-Miawl,' v. a. 406. To
set free, to restore to liberty, to rescue from slavery.
To DiSENTHRONE, dls-eii-^AroneJ v. a. To de-
pose from sovereignty.
To DiSENTRANCE, dis-en-ti4nse{ v. a. To awaken
from a trance, or deep sleep.
To DiSESPOUSE, dis-^-spouze{ v. a. To separate
after faith plighted. I
155
DiSESTEEM, diS-e-StecmJ *. Slight, dislike.
To DiSESTEEM, dis-e-steem{ v. a. To slight, to
dislike.
Disestimation, dis-es-t^-mA^shun, s.
Disrespect, disesteem.
Disfavour, dis-fa-vur, S. Discountenance; a
state of ungracit'usiiess, or unacceptablencss ; want of
beauty.
To Disfavour, dis-fA^vur, v. a. To discounte-
nance, to withhold or withdraw kindness.
Disfiguration, dls-fig-u-ra'-shun, s. The act
of disfiguring ; the state of being disfigured; defor-
mity.
To Disfigure, dis-ftg^ure, v. a. To change any
thing to a worse form, to deform, to mangle.
Disfigurement, dis-tlg^ure-ment, *. Deface-
ment of beauly, change of a belter form to a worse.
Disforest, dis-f6r-rest, v. a. To reduce land
from the privileges of a forest to the state of common
land.
To Disfranchise, dis-frSn^tshiz, v, a. 152
To deprive of privileges or immunities.
Disfranchisement, dis-fr^n-tshiz-ment, s.
The act of depriving of privileges.
To Disfurnish, dis-fur-msh, v. a.
To unfurnish, to strip.
To DiSGARNiSH, diz-gar'iush, v. a. 425. To strip
of ornament; to take cun^ from a fortress.
To DiSGLORIFY, dlZ-gloiie-rt, v. a. To deprive
of glory, to treat with indignity.
To Disgorge, diz-gorje| v. u. To discharge by
the mouth ; to pour out with violence.
Disgrace, diz-grAseJ *. 425. Shame, ignominy,
dishonour; state of dishonour; state of being out of
favour.
To Disgrace, diz-grasej v. a. To bring a re-
proach upon, to dishonour ; lo put out of favour.
Disgraceful, diz-grase-ful, a. Shameful, igno-
minieus.
Disgracefully, diz-grise^ful-e, ad. In dis-
grace, with indignity, ignominiously.
Disgracefulness, diz-grase-ful-nes, *.
Ignominy.
DiSGRACER, dlZ-grA-Sur, S. 98. One that exposes
to shame.
DiSGRACIOUS, dlZ-gri^shuS, a. Unkind, un-
favourable.
To Disguise, dizg-ylzej v. a. 92. 160. To con-
ceal by an unusual dress; to hide by a CQunterleit ap-
fiearaiice; to disfigure, to change the form ; to deform
ly liquor.
Disguise, disg-ylzej *. 160. A dress contrived to
conceal the person that wears it; a counterfeit show.
DiSGUiSEMENT, dizg-ylzc-ment, *. Drfss of
concealment.
DiSGUisER, dizg-yl-zur, s. 160. One that puts
on a disguise ; one that conceals another by a disguise,
one that disfigures.
Disgust, diz-gustj S. 435. Aversion of the palate
from any tiling ; ill-humour, malevolence, offence
conceived.
To Disgust, diz-gustj v. a. To raise aversion in
the stomach, to distaste; to strike with dislike, to of-
fend ; to produce aversion.
Disgustful, diz-gust-ful, a. Nauseous.
Dish, dish, S. A broad wide vessel, in wliich solid
food is served up at the table ; a deep hollow vessel for
liquid food ; the meat served in a dish, any particular
kind of food.
To Dish, dish, v. a. To serve in a dish.
Dish-clout, dish-klout, s. Tlie cloth with which
the maids rub their dislies.
Dish-washer, dish-wiish-ur, s. The name of a
bird.
Dishabille, dlS-a-b?l( S. Undress, loose dress.
To DiSHABlT, dis-hab^k, v. a. To throw out oi
place.
DIS
DIS
fc?- 559. Fite73, ^r 77, fall 83, fltSl— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107--ni 163, move 164,
To DisriEARTEN, dis-har-tn, v. a. 130. To
discourage, to deject, to terrify.
Disherison, dis-hei-^-zn, s. 170. The act of
debarring from inheritance.
To Disherit, dis-her-it, v. a. To cut off from
hereditary succession.
To Dishevel, dish-shev-vel, v. a. To spread
the hair disorderly.
Dishonest, diz-6n-ist, a. 99. Void of probity,
voidof faiih; disgraceful, ignominious.
Dishonestly, diz-&n-ist-le, ad. Without faith,
without probity ; unchastely.
Dishonesty, diz-6n-ms-te, s. Want of probity,
faithlessness ; unchastity.
Dishonour, diz-ftn-nur, s. Reproach, disgrace,
ignominy; reproach uttered, censure.
To Dishonour, diz-ftn-nur, v, a. To disgrace,
to bring shame upon, to blast with infamy ; to violate
chastity ; to treat with indignity.
Dishonourable, diz-ftn-nur-i-bl, a. shameful,
- reproachful, ignominious.
Dishonourer, diz-Sn-nur-ur, s. One that treats
another with indignity ; a violator of chastity.
To Dishorn, dis-horn( i. a. To strip of horns.
DiSIIUMOUR, dis-U-mur, S. Teevishness, ill
humour.
Disimprovement, dls-im-prooviment, s.
Reduction of a better to a worse state.
To Disincarcerate, di3-in-kar-s^-rite, v. a.
To set at liberty.
Disinclination, dis-in-kli-ni-shun, s. Want
of affection, slight dislike.
To Disincline, dis-in-kllne{ v. a. To produce
dislike to, to make disaffected, to alienate affection
from.
DiSiNGENUlTY, dis-in-je-ni-e-t^, s. Meanness
of artifice, unfairness
Disingenuous, dis-in-jen-u-us, a. Unfair,
meanly artful, illiberal.
Disingenuously, dis-in-jen-u-t's-li^, ad. in a
disingenuous manner.
Disingenuousness, dis-in-jen-u-us-nes, s.
Mean subtilty, low craft.
Disinherison, dis-in-her-^-zn, s. Th^ act of
cutting off from any hereditary succession ; the state
of being cut off from any hereditary right.
To Disinherit, dis-in-heriit, v. a. To cut off
from an hereditary right.
To Disinter, dis-in-terj v. a. To unbury, to
take out of the grave.
Disinteressbd, diz-in-ter-es-sed, a. Without
regard to private advantage, impartial. Not used.
Disinteressment, diz-in-ter-es-ment, s.
Disregard to private advantage, disinterest, disinterest-
edness. Not used.
Disinterest, diz-initer-est, s. What is contrary
to one's wish or prosperity; indifference to profit.
Disinterested, diz-in-ter-2s-ted, a. Superior
to regard of private advantage, not influenced by pri-
vate profit ; without any concern in an affair.
Disinterestedly, diz-in-ter-es-ted-1^, ad.
In a disinterested manner.
Disinterestedness, diz-in-ter-es-ted-nes, s.
Con"empt of private interest.
To Disintricate, diz-in^trJ-kite, v. a.
To disentangle.
To DiSiNViTE, dis-in-vltej v. a. To retract an
invitation.
To Disjoin, diz-joinj v. a. To separate, to part
from each other, to sunder.
To Disjoint, diz-jointj v, a. To put out of joint;
to break at junctures, to separate at the part where
there is a cement; to carve a foivl ; to make incohe-
rent.
To Disjoint, diz-jolnt{ v. n. To fall in pieces ;
to separate.
156
Disjunct, dlz-jungkti a. 408.
Disjointed, separate.
Disjunction, diz-jungk-shun, s. Disvnion,
separation, parting.
Disjunctive, diz-jungk-tiv, a. incapable of
union ; that marks separation or opposition.
Disjunctively, diz-jungk-tiv-li, ad.
Distinctly, separately.
Disk, disk, s. The face of the sun or plane , as it
appears to the eye ; a broad piece of iron thrown in
the ancient sports, a quoit.
DiSKiNDNESS, disk-ylnd-nes, *. 160. Want of
kindness, want of affection ; ill-turn, injury.
Dislike, diz-llke' «. 435. Disinclination, absence
of affection, disgust, disagreement.
To Dislike, dlz^llkej v. a. To disapprove, to re-
gard without affection.
Dishkeful, diz-llkeiful, a. Disaffected, malign.
To DiSLIKEN, diz-ll-kn, v. a. To make unlike.
DiSLIKENESS, diz-llke-nes, S. Dissimilitude, un-
likeness.
Disliker, diz-ll-kur, S. A disapprover, one that
is not pleased.
To DisliMB, d1z-lim{ v. a. To tear limb from limb.
To DiSLIMN, dlZ-lim{ v. a. 435. To unpaint.
Not use.!.
To Dislocate, dis-l6-kite, v. a. To put out of
the proper place; to put nut of joint.
Dislocation, dis-l6-kA-shun, s. The act of
shifting the places of things; the state of being dis-
placed ; a joint put out.
To Dislodge, diz-lftdjej v. a. To remove from a
place ; to remove from an habitation ; to drive an
enemy from a station ; to remove an army to other
quarters.
7'o Dislodge, diz-lSdje| v. n. To go away to
another place.
Disloyal, diz-lo^-al. a. 435. Not true to allegiance,
faithless ; not true to the marriage bed ; false in love,
not constant.
Disloyally, diz-loe-al-le, ad. Not faithfully,
disobediently.
Disloyalty, diz-lo^-il-t5, s. Want of fidelity
to the sovereign ; want of fidelity in love.
Dismal, dlZ-mil, a. 425. Sorrowful, uncomfort-
able, unhappy.
Dismally, dlZ-tnil-le, ad. Horribly, sorrowfully
Dismalness, diz-mdl-nes, s. Horror, sorrow.
To Dismantle, diz-nuln-tl, v. a. To throw off
a dress, to strip ; to loose ; to strip a town of its out-
works ; to break down any thing external.
To DiSM ASK, d1z-misk{ v. a. To divest of a mask.
To Dismay, diz-ma| v. a. 425. To terrify, to
discourage, to affright.
Dismay, d'lZ-maJ s. 435. Fall of courage, terror
felt, desertion of mind.
Dismayedness, diz-ma-c'd-nus, s. Dejection ol
courage, dispiritedness.
To Dismember, diz-mem-bur, v. a. To divide
member from member, to cut in pieces.
To Dismiss, diz-niis{ v. a. 435. To send away;
to discard.
Dismission, diz-mish-un, s. Act of sending
away; deprivation, obligation to leave any post or
place.
To Dismortgage, diz-mor-gaje, v. a. To re-
deem from mortgage.
To Dismount, diz-mountl v. a. To throw any
one from on horseback ; to throw a cannon from its
carriage.
To Dismount, diz-mountj v. n. To alight from
a horse; to descend from an elevation.
To DiSNATURALiZE, diz-nitsh'-u-ril-llze, v. a.
To alienate, to make alien.
DiSNATURED, diz-na-tshird, a. 435. UnnuluraL
wanting natural tenderness.
DIS
DIS
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, this 469.
111.
Disobedience, dis-i-be-d5-ense, s. Violation of
lawful commands or prohibition, breach of duty due
to superiors; incompliance. — See Obedience.
Disobedient, dis-6-beid4-ent, a. Not observant
of lawful authority.
To Disobey, dis-6-bi{ v. a. To break commands
or transgress prohibitions.
Disobligation, dis-&b-l^-gi-shun, *. Offence,
cause of disgust.
_, -^ fd?s-6-bllje,' \
To Disoblige, < ,2 1 , ,11. , >v. a.
(.dis-o-bleejej J
To oflTend, disgust, to give otfence to.
Disobliging, d\s-h-hlV-]mg, pai-t. a. 111.
Disgusting, i\npleasing, offensive.
Disobligingly, dis-A-blUjing-1^, ad.
In a disgusting or offensive manner, without attention
to please.
Disobligingness, dis-o-blUjing-nes, s. Offen-
siveness, readiness to digust.
Disorbed, diz-orbd{ a. 359. Thrown out of the
proper orbit.
Disorder, diz-or-dur, S, Irregularity, confusion;
tumult, disturbance; neglect of rule; sickness, dis-
temper; discomposure of mind.
To Disorder, diz-or-dur, v. a. To throw into
confusion, to disturb, to ruftle ; to make sick.
Disordered, diz-orWurd, a. 359. Irregular,
vicious, loose, diseased.
Disorderly, diz-or-dur-l5, a. Confused, irre-
gular, tumultuous ; contrary to law, vicious.
Disorderly, diz-or-dur-li, ad. Irregularly,
confusedly ; without law, inordinately.
Disordinate, diz-or'-di-nite, a. 9I. Not living
by the rules of virtue.
Disordinately, diz-oridJ-nite-l5, ad.
Inordinately, viciously
To Disown, diz-6ne{ v. a. To deny, to renounce.
To Disparage, dis-p^Kndjc, v. a. 90.
To match unequally, to injure by union with some-
thing inferior in excellence ; to injure by comparison
with something of less value.
Disparagement, dis-p^r'idje-ment, s.
Injurious union or comparison with something of in-
ferior excellence.
Disparager, dis-p^riridje-ur, s.
One that disgraces.
Disparity, d'is-p5r-c'-t^,«. 511. Inequality, dif-
feience in degree, either of rank or excellence ; dissi-
militude, unlikeness.
To DiSPARK, diS-pXrkJ V, a. To throw open a
park ; to set at large without enclosure.
To Dispart, dis-part{ v. a. To divide into two,
to separate, to break.
Dispassion, dis-pfch-un, S. Freedom from mental
perturbation.
Dispassionate, dis-pSshiun-ite, a. 9I.
Cool, calm, temperate.
7'o Dispel, dlS-pel{ v. a. To drive by scattering,
to dissipate.
Dispensary, dis-pen^si-re, s. The place where
medicines are dispensed.
Dispensation, dis-pen-sAishun, s. Distribution,
tlie act of dealing out anything; the dealing of God
with his creatures, method of Providence; an exemp-
tion from some law.
Dispensator, dis-peii-sa-tur, s. One employed
in dealing out any thing, a distributer.
Dispensatory, dis-pen-si-tur-i, s. 512.
A book in which the composition of medicines is de-
scribed and directed, a pharmacopoeia.
To Dispense, dis-pensej v. a. To deal out, to
distribute; To dispense with, to excuse, to grant dis-
pensation for.
Dispense, dis-pensej .9. Dispensation, exemption.
Dispenser, dis-pen^sur, j. 98. One that dis-
penses, a distributer.
157
To Dispeople, dis-p^ipl, v. a. To depopulate,
to empty of people.
Dispeopler, dis-pe-pl-ur, s. A dcpopulator.
To DisPERGE, dlS-perdje{ v. a. To sprinkle.
To Disperse, dis-perse{ v. a. To scatter, to
drive to different parts ; to dissipate.
Dispersedly, dis-perised-le, ad. 364.
In a dispersed manner.
Dispersedness, dis-per-sed-nes, s. Tiiinnesn,
scatteredness.
Disperser, dis-per^sur, s. 98. A scatterer, »
spreader.
Dispersion, dis-per-shun, j. The act of scatter-
ing or spreading; the state of being scattered.
7h Dispirit, dis-pir^it, v. a. I09. To discourage,
to depress, to damp ; to exhaust the spirits.
Dispiritedness, dis-pir-it-ted-iies, s.
Want of vigour.
To Displace, dis-plase{ v. a. To put out of
place ; to put out of any state, condition, or dignity;
to disorder.
Displacency, dis-pla-sen-se, s. Incivility, dis-
obligation ; any thing unpleasing.
To Displant, dis-plint{ v. a. To remove a
plant ; to drive a people from the place in which they
have fixed.
DiSPLANTATION, dis-plSn-tiishuH, S. The removal
of a plant: the ejection of a people.
To Display, dis-plaj v. a. To spread wide; to
exhibit to the sight or mind ; to set out ostentatiously
to view.
Display, dls-pla{ S. An exlbition of any thing to
view.
Displeasant, dis-plezi4nt, a.
Unpleasing, offensive.
To Displease, dis-plJze{ v. a. To offend, lo
make angiy ; to disgust, to raise aversion.
DlSPLEASiNGNESS, dis-ple^zing-nes, s. Offensive-
ness, quality of offending.
D SPLEASURE, dis-plezh-ire, S. Uneasiness, pain
received; offence, pain given; anger, indignation}
state of disgrace.
To Displeasure, dis-plezh^ure, v. a. To dli-
please, not to gain favour.
To DiSPLODE, dis-pl6de5 v. a. To disperse with
a loud noise, to vent with violence.
DiSPLOSlON, di3-plo-zhun, s. The act of displod<
ing, a sudden burst with noise.
Disport, dlS-pArtJ $. riay, sport, pastime.
To Disport, dis-pirtj v. a. To divert.
To Disport, dis-port{ v. n. To play, to toy, to
wanton.
Disposal, dis-po-zdl, s. The act of disposing or
regulating any thing, regulation, distribution ; the
power of distribution, the right of bestowing.
To Dispose, dis-pozej v, a. To give, to place, to
bestow ; to adapt, to form for any purpose ; to frame
the mind; to regulate, to adjust; To dispose of, to
apply to any purpose, to transfer to any person, to
give away, to sell ; to place in any condition.
Dispose, dlS-pozeJ s. Power, management, dis-
posal; cast of mind, inclination.
Disposer, dis-po-ziir, s. 98. Distributer, giver,
bestowcr ; governor, regulator.
Disposition, dis-pi-zisWun, s. Order, method,
distribution ; natural fitness, quality; tendency to any
act or state; temper of mind ; affection of kindness or
ill-will; predominant inclination.
Dispositive, dis-p5z-e-t]v, a. That implies
disposal of any property.
DisposiTivELY, dis-pSz^J-tiv-le, ad.
Distrilnitively.
To Dispossess, dis-pSz-zSsJ v. a. To put out of
possession, to deprive, to disseii^e.
DispoSURE, dis pi^zhure, s. Disposal, govern-
ment, managemftitj state, posture.
DIS
DIS
t> 559. Fite 73, far77, fall 83, Mt Bl—mh 93 mit 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
PiSPKAlSE, dis-pr^e| s. Blame, censure.
To Dispraise, <lis-prizej v. a. To blame, to
censuie.
DiSPRAISER, dis-ura^zur, S. 98. A censurer,
DlSPRAiSlBLE, dis-pra-ze-bl, a. Unworthy of
commendation.
DisPRAisiNGLY, dis-prA^zing-le, ad. With blame.
To DiSPREAD, dis-spredj v. a. To spread different
ways.
Disproof, dis-proofj s. Confutation, conviction
of error, or falsehood.
Disproportion, dis-pr6-p6r-shun, s. Unsuit-
ableuess in quantity of one thing to anotlierj want of
symmetry.
To Disproportion, dis-pr6-pAr-shun, v. a.
To mismatch, to join things unsuitably.
DisPROPORTiONABLE, dls-pri-pif-.shun-i-bl, a.
Unsuitable in quantity.
DisPROPORTioNABLENESs, dis-pro-p6r-shun-4-
bl-nes, *. Unsuitableneu to something else.
DisPROPORTiONABLY, dis-pro-por-shfin-i-bl^,
ad. Unsuitably, not symmetrically.
DisPROPORTiONAL, dis-pro-p6rishun-4l, a.
Disproportionable, not symmetrical.
DlSPROPORTiONALiY, dis-pr6-pir-shun4l-le,
, ad. Unsuitably with respect to quantity or value.
Disproportionate, dis-pr6-pir-shun-ite, a.
91. Unsymmetrical, unsuitable to something else.
Disproportionately, dis-pri-piKshun-ite-le,
ad. Unsuitably, unsymmetricaliy.
DisPROPOHTiONATENESS, dls-pri-pirisliun-Ate-
^nfeS, s. Unsuitableness in bulk or value.
To Disprove, dis-proovej v. a. To confute an
assertion, to convict of error or falsehood.
DispROVER, dis-proo-vur, *. 98. One that con-
DisPUNisHABLE, dis-pun^ish-i-bl, a. Without
penal restraint.
Disputable, disipu-tJ-bl, or dis-pi-tJ-bl, a.
Liable to contest, controvertible ; lawful to be con-
tested.
O Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston,
Mr. Smith, Perry, and Bailey, are for the second pro-
nunciation of this word; and Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares,
Buchanan, and Entick, for the first : and this, notwith-
standing the majority of suffrages against it, is, in my
opinion, decidedly most agreeable to the best usage. It
were undoubtedly to be wished that words of this form
preserved the accent of the verb to which they corre-
spond ; but this correspondence we find entirely set aside
in lamentable, comparable, adviirable, and many others
vfrith which Disputable must certainly class. Mr. Scott
gives both modes of accenting this word ; but by his
placing the word with the accent on the first syllable first,
we may presume he prefers this pronunciation.— See In-
disputable.
Disputant, disipu-tJnt, s. 503. Controvertist,
an arguer, a reasoner.
Disputant, dis-pi-tint, a. Disputing, engaged
in controversy.
Disputation, dis-pu-t^ishun, s. The skill of
controversy, argumentation ; controversy, argumental
contest.
Disputatious, dis-pu-t4ishus, a. Inclined to
dispute, cavilling.
Disputative, dis-pu^ti-tiv, a. 512. Disposed
to debaie.
'^o Dispute, dis-pite{ v. n. To contend by argu-
ment, to debate, to controvert.
To Dispute, dis-pfitej v. a. To contend for ; to
oppose, to question ; to discuss.
Dispute, dis-putej s. Contest, controversy.
DiSPUTELESS, dlS-pute^les, a. Undisputed, un-
controvertible.
DlSPUTER, dis-puitur, s. A controvertist, one
given to argument.
Disqualification, dis-kw6l-^-fe-kaishun, s.
Tliat which disqualifies.
To Disqualify, dis-kw&l-e-fi, v. a. To make
unfit, to disable by some natural or legal in)|>edimciit;
to deprive of a right or claim by some positive restric-
tion.
Disquiet, cRs-kwI-e't, s. Uneasiness, restlessness
vexation, anxiety.
To Disquiet, dis-kwi^et, v. a. To disturb, to
make uneasy, to vex, to fret,
Disquieter, dis-kwl-et-ur, s. A disuirber, a
harasser.
Disquietly, dlS-kwi-et-1^, ad. Without rest,
anxiously.
Disquietness, diS-kwUet-n2s, s. Uneasiness,
restlessness, anxiety.
Disquietude, dis-kwU^-tude, s. Uneasiness,
anxiety.
Disquisition, dis-kw^-zish-un, s. Examination,
disputative inquiry.
Disregard, dis-re-gard| s. Slight notice, neglect.
To Disregard, dis-r^-gardj v, a. To slight, to
contemn.
Disregardful, dis-r^-g?ird-ful, a. Negligent,
contemptuous.
Disregardfully, dis-re-gard-ful-le, ad.
Contemptuously.
Disrelish, diz-reKish, *. 435. Bad taste,
nauseoiisness ; dislike, squeamishiiess.
To Disrelish, diz-reKish, v. a. To infect with
an unpleasant taste ; to want a taste of.
Disreputation, dis-rep-u-ta'shun, s. Disgrace,
dishonour.
Disrepute, dis-r^-putej s. Ill character, dis-
honour, want of reputation.
Disrespect, dis-r^-spekt{ *. Incivility, want of
reverence, rudeness.
Disrespectful, dis-re-spekt-ful, a.
Irreverent, uncivil.
Disrespectfully, dis-re-spektiful-le, ad.
Irreverently.
To Disrobe, diz-robej v. a. 435. To undress
to uncover.
Disruption, diz-rup^shuii, s. 435. The act of
breaking asunder, breath, rent.
Dissatisfaction, dis-sit-is-f4k-shun, s. The
state of being dissatisfied, discontent.
Dissatisfactoriness, dis-s3.t-is-flk-tur-l-nes,
s. Inability to give cmitent.
Dissatisfactory, dls-slt-is-fikitur-i, a. 557.
Unable to give content.
To Dissatisfy, dis-sit-is-f!, v. a. To discontent,
to displease.
To Dissect, dis-sektj v. a. 424. To cut in
pieces ; to divide and examine minutely.
Dissection, dis-sek-shiin, s. The act of sepa-
rating the parts of animal bodies, anatomy.
Disseisin, dis-se-zin, *. An unlawful dispossessing
a man of his land.
To Disseize, dis-seze{ v. a. To dispossess, to
deprive.
Disseizor, dis-s^^zor, s. 166. He that dis-
possesses another.
To Dissemble, dis-semibl, v. a. To hide under
false appearance, to pretend that not to be which
really is ; to pretend that to be which is not.
To Dissemble, dis-sem'-bl, v. n.
To play the hypocrite.
Dissembler, dis-sem^blur, s. A hypocrite,
man who conceals his true disposition.
Dissemblingly, dis-sem-bling-le, ad. With
dissimulation, hypocritically.
To Disseminate, dis-sem^^-nite, v. a. Toscatter
as seed, to spread every way.
Dissemination, dis-sera-i-ndishun, s. The act
of scattering like seed,
DIS DIS
nSr 167, ntt 163— tibe 171, tub 173, bull 173— Sil 299-i)ound 313— thm 466, THis 469.
That which Ivas the
Disseminator, dls-sem-i-nd-tur, *. 521.
He tliat scatters, a spreader.
Dissension, dis-sen-shun, s. Disagreement,
strife, Contention, breach of union.
DiSSENSIOUS, dis-sen-shus, a. Disposed to dis-
coid, contentious.
To Dissent, dis-sentj v. n. To disagree in
opinion ; to differ, to be of a contrary nature.
Dissent, dis-sentj S. Disagreement, difference of
opinion, declaration of difference of opinion.
Dissentaneous, dis-seii-ti-ni-iis, a. Disagree-
able, inconsistent, contrary.
Dissenter, dis-sen-tur, *. 98. One that dis-
agrees, or declares his disagreement from an opinion ;
one who, for whatever reasons, refuses the communion
of the Efiglisli church.
Dissentient, dis-sen-shent, a. Declaring dissent.
Dissertation, dis-ser-ti-shun, *. A discourse.
To Disserve, dis-serv{ v. a. 424. To do injury
to, to harm.
Disservice, dis-ser-vis, s. injury, mischief.
DisSERVICEABLE, dlS-Ser-VlS-a-bl, a. Injurious,
mischievous.
Disserviceableness, dls-ser^vis-l-bl-nes, *.
Injury, harm, hurt.
To Dissetile, dis-set^tl,i;. a. 40.'). To unsettle.
To Dissever, dis-sey-ur, v, a. To cut in two,
to break, to divide, to disunite.
DiSSIDENCE, dlS-S^-dense, *. Discord, disagree
nient.
DISSILIENCE, dis-siKyeiJse, *. 113. The act of
starting asunder.
DiSSILIENT, dlS-Sll-yent, a. Starting asunder,
bursting in two.
DiSSILlTION, dis-sil-ish-un, *. The act of bursting
in two, of starting different ways ; the opoosite to Coa-
lition.
Dissimilar, dis-sim-e-lur, a. 88.
Unlike, heterogeneous.
Dissimilarity, dis-sim-^-lir-i-ti, *.
Unlikeness, dissimilitude.
Dissimilitude, dis-stm-mil-i-tude, s. Unlike-
ness, want of resemblance.
Dissimulation, dis-sim-u-liishun, s. The act
of disseinbliiig, hypocrisy.
DiSSIPABLE, dlS-S^-pi-bl, a. Easily scattered.
To Dissipate, dis-se-pite, r. a. 91. To scatter
every where, to disperse ; to scatter the attention ; to
spend a fortune.
Dissipation, dis-s^-pi-shun, *. The act of dis-
persion i tlie slate of being dispersed ; scattered atien-
tion.
To Dissociate, dis-siishJ-Ate, v. a. To separate,
to disunite, to part.
Dissolvable, diz-z6l-vi-bl, a. Capable of dis-
solution.
Dissoluble, dis-so-lu-bl, a. Capable of separa-
tion of one part from another.
(t5- The accent is invariably placed on the first syllable
of iliis word, as it comes from the Latin dissolubilis,
which seems to confirm the observations on the word In-
comparable. £)i«so/iu6/e is a compound of our own, and
therefore retains the accent of the verb from which it is
formed, 501. — See Academy, Disputable, and Resoluble.
Dissolubility, tlis-sil-lii-bil-e-t^, s. Liabie-
ness to suffer a disunion of parts.
7o Dissolve, tliz-z&lvj v. a. 424. To destroy
the form of any thing by disuniting the parts ; to loose,
to break the ties of any thing ; to break up assemblies ;
to break an enchantment ; to be relaxed by pleasure.
To Dissolve, diz-zftlv| v. n. To be melted; to
fall to nothing ; to melt away in [Jeasurc.
Dissolvent, diz-zol-vent, a. Having the power
of dissolving or melting.
Dissolvent, diz-zul-vent, i. The power of dis-
uniting the part« of any thing.
159
DissoLVER, diz-zSKvur, s,
power of dissolving.
DissOLViBLE, diz-zSUve-bl, a. Liable to perish
by dissolution.
KP" If this word and its etymon must be written His-
solvible and Soltible, and not Dissolvable and Solvable,
because Solvoand its compounds in Latin are of the third
conjugation, and form trieir personal and temporal va-
riations hy assuming i, there is no reason why Resolvable
should be written with a, as it stands in Johnson, who,
notwithstanding he writes Dissolvible here with an i, yet
in his explanation of the etymology of Inrlissolvable,
tells us it is formed from in, and Dissolvable with an a.
Dissolute, dis-s6-lute, a. Loose, wanton, de-
bauched.
Dissolutely, dis^so-lute-l^, ad. Loosely, in
debauchery.
Dissoluteness, dis-si-lute-nes, s. Looseness,
laxity of manners, debauchery.
Dissolution, dis-sA-lii-shun, s. The act of
liquifying by heat or moisture; the slate of l>eing li-
quified ; destruction of any thing by the separation of
its parts; death, the resolution of the body into its
constituent elements; destruction; the act of breaking
up an assembly ; looseness of manners.
Dissonance, dis-sii-ninse, s. A mixture of
harsh, unharmonious sounds.
Dissonant, dlS-SO-nint, a. Harsh, unharmonious;
incongruous, disagreeing.
To Dissuape, dis-swAdeJ v. a. 331. To divert
by reason or importunity from any thing.
DissuADER, dis-swa-dur, s. 98.
He that dissuades.
Dissuasion, dis-swa-zhun, *. 451.
reason or importunity against any thing
Urgency of
Dehortatury,
Dissuasive, dis-swA-siv, a. 428.
tending to persuade against.
Dissuasive, dis-swa-siv, s. Argument to turn
the mind off from any purpose.
Dissyllable, dis-sil-li-bl, s. A word of two
syllables.
Distaff, dis'-t^f, S. The staff from which the flax
is drawn in spinning; it is used as an emblem of the
female sex.
To DiSTAIN, dis-tanej v. a. To stain, to tinge;
to blot, to sully with infamy.
Distance, dlS-tanse, S. Distance is space con-
sidered between any two beings; remoteness in place;
the space kept between two antagonists in fencing; a
space marked on the course where horses run ; space of
time; remoteness in time ; lespect, distant behaviour;
retraction of kindness, reserve.
To Distance, dis-tAnse, v. a. To place remotely,
to throw off' from the view ; to leave behind at a race
the length of a distance.
Distant, dlS-tAnt, a. Remote in place ; remote
in time either past or future; reserved; not obvious.
Distaste, dis-tistej s. Disgust, dislike J alienation
of affection.
To Distaste, dis-tistej v. a. To fill the mouth
with nauseousness ; to dislike, to loathe; to offend, to
disgust.
Distasteful, dis-tAste^ful, a. Nauseous to the
palate, disgusting , offensive, unpleasing.
Distemper, dis-tem-pitr, s. A disease, a malady ;
bad constitution of mind, depravity of inclination ;
uneasiness.
To Distemper, dis-tem'-pur, v. a. To disease,
to disorder; to disturb; to destroy temper or modera.
tion.
Distemperate, dts-tem-pur-Att, a. 91.
Immoderate.
Distemperature, dis-tem-pur-i-tshure, s.
Inieinperaieness, excess of heat or cold, perturbation
of the mind.
To Distend, dis-tend{ v. a. To stretch out in
breadth.
Distent, dis-tent{ s. The space through whicli
any thing is spread.
DIS
DIT
g^- 559. Vke 73, iirlj, fall 83, lAtSi— m^93,'m?t95— pine 105, pm 107— n6 162, move 164,
Distention, dis- ten^slmn, s. The act of stretch-
ing in breadth ; breadth, space occupied.
Distich, dis-tik, s. 353. A couplet, a couple of
lines.
To Distil, dlS-tll{ v. n. To drop, to fall by drops;
to flow geiuly and silently ; to use a still.
To Distil, dis-tilj v. a. To let fall in drops ; to
draw by distillation.
Distillation, dis-til-la'-shun, *. The act of
dropping, or falling in drops; the act of pouring out in
drops; that whicli falls in drops; the act of distilling
by fire; the substance drawn by the still.
Distillatory, dis-til-li-tur-e, a. 512.
Belonging to distillatinn.
Distiller, dis-tll-litr, S. One who practises the
trade of distilling; one who makes pernicious inflam-
matory spirits.
Distilment, dis-tll-raent, S. That which is drawn
by distillation.
Distinct, d]s-tingkt; a. 408. Different; apart;
clear, unconfused : marked out, specified.
Distinction, dis-tingk-shun, s. Note of dif-
ference ; honourable note of superiority ; that by
which one di Hers from another; division intoditferent
parts ; notation of difference between things seemingly
the same.
DiSl INC five, dlS-tingk^tlV, a. That makes dis-
tinction or difference ; having the power to distinguish.
Distinctively, dis-tingkitiv-le, ad. In right
order, not confusedly.
Distinctly, dis-tingkt-lf, ad. Not confusedly;
plainly, clearly.
Distinctness, dis-tingkt-nes, s. Nice observa-
tion of the difcrence between things ; such separation
of things as makes them easy to be observed.
To Distinguish, d'fs-tfngigwTsh, v. a. 340.
To note the diversity of things ; to separate from others
by sorne mark ef honour ; to divide by proper notes of
diversity ; to know one from another by any mark ; to
discern critically, to judge; to constitute difference;
to specificate; to make known or eminent.
To Distinguish, dis-tingigwish, v. n. To
make distinction, to find or show the difference.
Distinguishable, dis-tingigwish-i-bl, a.
Capable of being distinguished; worthy of note, worthy
of regard.
Distinguished, dis-ting%wisht, jsarf. a. 359.
Eminent, extraordinary.
Distinguisheu, dls-ting-gvvioh-ur, s.
A judicitHis observer, one that accurately discerns one
thing from another ; he that separates one thing from
another by proper marks of diversity.
Distinguish ingly, dis-tingigwish-ing-li, ad.
With distinction.
Distinguishment, dis-ting^g\vish-nient, s.
Distinction, observation of difference.
To Distort, dis-tort{ v. a. To writhe, to twist, to
deform by irregular motions; to put out of the true
direction or posture ; to wrest from the true meaning.
Distortion, dis-tor^shun, s. irregular motion,
by wliich the face is writhed, or the parts disordered.
To Distract, dlS-trAktJ v. it. Part. pass. Dis-
tracted, anciently Distraught. To pull different ways
at once ) to separate, to divide; to perplex; to make
inad.
Distractedly, dis-tr^k^ted-li, ad.
Madly, frantickly.
Distractedness, dis-ti4k^ted-nes, s. The state
of being distracted, madness.
Distraction, dis-trAkishSn, 5. Confusion, state
in which the attention is called different wavs; per-
' lurbation of mind ; frantickncss, loss of the wits; tu-
mult, difference of sentiments.
7h Distrain, dis-tranej v. a. To seize.
2'o Distrain, rVis-traneJ v. n. To make seizure.
Distrainer, dis-tra'-nur, s. 98. He that seizes.
Distraint, dls-trdnt,' s. seizure,
160
Distraught, dis-trawt{ part. a. Distracted,
Little used.
Distress, dis-tresj s. The act of making a legal
seizure ; a compulsion, by which a man is assured to
appear in court or to pay a debt; the thing seized by
lawj calamity, misery, misfortune.
To DlSTKESJS, dts-tit-si V, a. To prosecute by law to
a seizure ; to harass, to make miserable.
Distressful, dis-tresiful, a. Full of trouble, full
of misery.
Tq Distribute, dis-tnb-ute, v. a. To divide
amongst more than two, to deal out.
Distribution, dis-tre-bu^shun, s. Tiie act of
distributing or dealing out to others ; act of givin^ in
charity. ^
Distributive, dis-trib!^u-tiv, a. Assigning to
others their proper portions.
DiSTRIBUTIVELY, dlS-trib^i-tlV-le, ad. By dis-
tribution; singly, particularly.
District, disitrikt, s. The circuit within which a
man may be compelled to appearance; circuit of au-
thority, province; region, country, territory.
To Distrust, dis-trustj v. a. To regard with
diffidence, not to trust.
Distrust, dis-trust{ s. Loss of credit, less of
confidence, suspicion.
Distrustful, dis-trust'ful, a. Apt to distrust,
suspicious; diffident of himself, timorous.
Distrustfully, dis-trust^ful-le, ad. In a dis-
trustful manner.
Distrustfulness, dis-trust-ful-nes, s. The
state of being distrustful, want of confidence.
Distrustless, dis-trustMes, a. Void of distrust.
To Disturb, diS-tSrbJ v. a. To perplex, to dis-
quiet; to put into irregular motions; to interrupt, to
hinder.
Disturbance, dis-tur-banse, s. Intermption of
tranquillity; confusion, disorder, tumult.
Disturber, dis-tur-bur, s. A violator of peace,
he that causes tumults; he that causes perturbation of
mind.
To DiSTURN, dis-turnj v. n. To tuni off. Not used
DiSVALUATION, diz-v4l-u-a-shuu, S. Disgrace,
diminution of reputation.
To DiSVALUE, diZ-VctUu, v. a. To undervalue.
Disunion, d1s-u^n^-un, S. Separation, disjunction ;
breach of concord.
cry- Some curious inspector may, perhaps, wonder why
I have given disunion, disuse, &,c. the pure s and not the
I, since I have laid it down as a general rule under the
prepositive particle Dis, that the s immediately before
the accent, when a vowel begins the next syllable, is
always flat ; but it must be remembered, that long u in
these words is not a pure vowel, 8 : not that I think the
z, in this case, would be palpably wrong; for, though
long « may be called a semi-consonant, it is sufficiently
vocal to make the s or z sound, in these words, perfectly
indifferent. — Sec Dis.
To Disunite, dis-u-nltej v. a. To separate, to
divide ; to part friends.
To Disunite, dis-u-nite{ v, n. To fall assunder,
to become separate.
Disunity, dis-u-ne-te, s. A state of actual
separation.
DiSUSAGE, dlS-u^zAje, S. 90. The gradual cessa-
tion of use or custom.
Disuse, dis-Ase^ *. 437. Cessation of use, want
of practice; cessation of custom.
To Disuse, dis-izej v. a. To cease to make use
of; to disaccustom. . •
To Disvouch, diz-voutsh{ v, a. To destroy the
credit of, to contradict.
Ditch, ditsh, s. A trench cut in the ground
usually between fields ; any long narrow receptacle of
water; the moat with which a town is surrounded.
To Ditch, dltshj v. a. To make a ditch.
Ditcher, dilsb^-ur| s. One who digs ditches.
DIV
1)IZ
nor 167, nStl63— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oii2i)9— puund313— ;Ain466, this AGQ.
DlTHYRAMBICK, dl^Zt-^-r^m-bllc, S. A song in
honour of Bacchus ; any poem written witli wildness.
Dittany, (Vit-t4-ne, s. An herb,
DiniED, dit-tul, a. 282. Sung, adapted to
niusick.
Ditty, dit-te, S. A poem to be sung, a song.
Divan, de-vanj *. 124. The council of the Oriental
Princes; any council assembled.
To Divaricate, di-var-e-kAte, v. n. 125.
To be parted into two.
Divarication, di-v^r-e-ka-sliun, s. Partition
into two ; division of opinions,
To Dive, dive, »'. n. To sink voluntarily under
water ; to go deep into any question, or science.
Diver, dl-vur, S. One that sinks voluntarily under
water; one that goes under water to search for any
thing ; he that enters deep into knov.ledge or study.
To Diverge, d«-verie( v. n. 124, To tend
various ways from one point.
Divergent, de-ver'/Knt, a. 124. Tending to
various parts from one point.
Divers, dl-verz, a. Several, sundrj', more than one.
Diverse, dl-versc, a. Different from another;
different from itself, multiform ; in difi'crent direc-
tions.
Diversification, dc-ver-s^-fJ-ka-shun, s.
The act of changing forms or qualities; variation, va-
riegation ; variety of forms, multiformity ; change,
alteration.
To Diversify, d'wer-se-fi, v. a. To make dif-
ferent from another, to distinguish ; to make diflerent
from itself, to variegate.
DiVERSIOiJ, do-ver-shun, s, 124. The act of
turning any thing off from its course; the cause b)'
which any thing is turned from its proper course or
tendency; sport, something that unbends the mind ;
in war, tlie act or purpose of drawing tlie enemy oil'
from some design, by threatening or attacking a dis-
tant part.
Diversity, di-ver-s5-t5, s. Difference, dissimili-
tude, variety.
DiVERSI.Y, dI-vers-1^, ad. In different ways,
variously.
To Divert, de-vert( v. a. 124. To turn off from
any direction or course; to draw forces to a different
part; to witlidraw the mind ; to please, to exhilarate.
Diverter, de-ver-tur, S. Any thing that diverts
or alleviates.
To Divektise, di-ver-tiz, v. n. To sport, to
amuse, to divert,
Crj- Dr, Johnson seems to have accented this word on
the last syllable, in compliance with the verb advertise,
which is "exactly of the tame form, and therefore he
thought ought to be accented in tlie same manner. But
by making (/ii.ei'fise con form in accentuation tn advertise,
we make the general rule stonp to the exception, rather
than the exception to the general rule. For in all verbs
of three or more syllables, where the termination ise is
only the verbal formation, and docs not belong to the
root, we never find the accent on it; as criticise, exercise,
epitomise, &c. — See Advertisement.
DivERTiSEMENT, di-vei^tiz-mcut, s.
Diversion, delight.
DiVERTlVE, de-ver-tiv, a. Recreative, amusivc.
To DiVEST, de-vest{ v. a. 124, To strip, to
make naked,
DIVF.STURE, de-veskshiire, s. Tlie act of putting
off.
DlviDAELE, de-vUdi-bl, a. That may be separated,
DiVIDANT, de-vUditnt, a. Different, leparate.
Not used.
To Divide, de-vldej v. a. 124. To part one
whole into different pieces; to separate; to disunite
by discord ; to deal out, to give in shares.
To Divide, d(^-vide{ v. n. To part, to sunder, to
break friendship.
Dividend, div'-^-dend, s. A share, the part
allotted in division ; dividend is the number given to
be parted or divided.
ICI
Divider, de-vUdiir, s. 98. That wliich parts a;iy
thing into pieces; a distributer, he who deals out to
each his share, a disuniter; a particular kind of com-
passes.
Dividual, de-vid^-u-til, or de-vidiju-4l, a. 293.
376. Divided, shared or participated in common with
others.
Divination, div-e-nA-shun, j. 530. Prediction
or foretelling of future things.
Divine, de-vlnej a. 124. Partaking of the nature
of God; proceeding from God, not natural, not human;
excellent in a supreme degree ; presageful.
Divine, de-vine{ S. A minister of the gospel, a
priest, a clergyman; a man skilled in divinity, a theo-
logian.
To Divine, d^-vinej v. a. To foretel, to foreknow.
To Divine, de-vlnej v. n. To utter prognostica-
tion; to feel presages ; to conjecture, to guess.
Divinely, de-vlneMe, ad. By the agency or in-
fluence of God; excellently, in the supieme degree; in
a manner noting a deity.
DivINENESS, d^-vlne-nes,, S. Divinity, participa-
tion of the Divine nature; excellence in the supreme
degree.
Diviner, de-vUnur, s. 98. One that professe*
divination, or the art of revealing occult things by su-
pernatural means ; conjecturer, guesser.
DiViNERESS, di-vlne'rt'S, *. A prophetess.
Divinity, de-vin^e-tJ, S. 511. Participation of
the nature and excellence of God, deity, godhead; the
Deity, the Supreme Being ; celestial being; the science
of divine things, theology.
Divisible, de-viz-e-bl, a. 124. Capable of being
divided into parts, separable.
Divisibility, de-viz-^-bil-^-tl, s. The quality
of admitting division.
DlVISlBLENESS, de-viz^c-bl-lies, s. Divisibility.
Division, de-vizh^un, S. The act of dividing any
thing intopaits; the state of being divided ; that by
which any thing is kept apart, partition; the part
which is separated from the rest by dividing; disunion,
difference ; parts into which a discourse is distributed;
space between the notes of musick, just time ; in aritli-
metick, the separation or parting of any number or
quantity given, into any parts assigned.
Divisor, de-vl-zur, s. 166. The number given,
by which the dividend is divided.
Divorce, de-vorsej s. 124. The legal separation
of husband and wife ; separation, disunion; the sen-
tence by which a marriage is dissolved.
To Divorce, de-v6rse{ v. a. To separate a
husl)and or wife from tlie other; to force asunder, to
separate by violence.
Divorcement, dii-vorseini2at,5. Divorce, separa-
tion of marriage.
Divorcer, de-vor-siir, s. Tlie person or cause
which produces divorce or sepanvtion,
DiURETiCK, dl-u-ret-ik, a. Having the power to
provoke urine.
Diurnal, dl-ur-nal, a. 116, Relating to the
day; constituting the day ; performed in a day, daily
Diurnal, dl-ur-n^l, S. A journal, a day-book.
Diurnally, dl-u5-n;t-l6, ad. Daily, every day.
Diuturnity, di-ia-tur^ne-te, *.
Length of duration.
To Divulge, de-vuljej v. a. To publish, to
make publick ; to proclaim.
DivuLGER, de-vul-jur, s. 98. A publisher.
DiVULSION, dj-vul-shun, S. The act of plucking
away.
To DiZEN, dl-zn, v. a. 103. To drcss,"to decko
DiZZARD, diz-zurd, S. A blockhead, a fool.
Dizziness, diz-ze-nes, s. Giddiness.
Dizzy, dJz-ze, a. Giddy, causing giddiness ;
thoughtless.
To Dizzy, diz-zJ, v. a. To whirl roiraa, to make
giddy.
u
DOG DOL
ts- 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, Mt 81— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pm 107— no 102, move, 164,
7b Do, doo, V. a. 164. To practise or act any
thing good or bad ; to perform, to achieve ; to execute,
•r. dUciiarge ; to finish, to end ; to conclude, to settle.
Tb Do, doo, V. n. To act or behave in any
manner well or ill ; to make an end, to conclude; to
cease to be concerned with, to cease to care about ; to
fare, to be with regard to sickness or health, as. How
do you do } To do is used for any verb to save the re-
petition of the word ; as, I shall come ; but if I do not,
go away ; that is, if I come not. Do is a word of ve-
hement command, or earnest request; as, Help me,
do ! Make haste, do !
DOCIBLE, d6s^^-bl, a. 405. Tractable, docile,
easy to be taught.
DOCIBLENESS, dSs-i-bl-neS, S. Teachableness,
docility.
Docile, dfts-s'l, a. 140. Teachable, easily in-
structed, tractable.
(!:3> Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Mr. Smith,
and Mr. Perry, make the first syllable of this word short,
and Buchanan only makes it long. — See Indocil,
Docility, diVsU-le-te, 5. Aptness to be taught,
rcadines." to leain.
Dock, dok, *. An herb.
Dock, duk, S. The stnmp of the tail, which remains
after docking.
Doc-K, dok, *. A place where water is let in oi out
at pleasure, where ships are built or laid up.
To Dock, dSk, v. a. To cut off a tail ; to cut
any tiling short; to cut off a reckoning j to lay a ship
in a dork.
Docket, dik-it, S. 99- A direction tied upon
goods, a summary of a larrger writing.
7'o Docket, dftk-lt, v. a. To mark with a docket.
Doctor, dftk-tur, s, 166. One that has taken
the highest degree in the faculties of divinity, law, or
physick ; in some universities they have doctors of
inusick ; a physician, one who undertakes the cure of
diseases.
To Doctor, dSk^tur, v. a. To physick, to cure.
Doctoral, dik-ti-rAl, a. Relating to the degree
of a doctor.
DoCTORALLY, dik^t6-l4l-i, ad. In manner of a
doctor.
DOCTORSHIP, dftk-tur-shlp, ». The rank of a
doctor.
Doctrinal, d8k-tre-nal, a. Containing doctrine;
pertaining to the act or means of teaching.
Doctrinally, d&k'-tre-n4l-^, ad. In the form
of doctrine, positively.
Doctrine, dftk-trin, s. 140. The principles or
positions of any sect or master; the act of teaching.
Document, d6k-u-ment, *. Precept, instruction,
direction.
Dodder, dftd-dur, S. 98. A plant which winds
itself about other plants, and draws the chief part of
its nourishment from them.
Dodecagon, do-dek^i-gftn, s. A figure of twelve
sides.
To DoDOE, dSdje, v. n. To use craft; to shift
place as another "approaches ; to play fast and loose,
to raise expectations and disappoiiu them.
DODIMAN, dSd-m^n, *. 88. The name of a fish.
Doe, do, *. A she deer, the female of a buck.
Doer, doo-ur, S. 296. One that does any thing
good or bad.
Does, duz. 296. Tlie third person from Do,
familiarly used lor Doth, which is now grown solemn
and almost obsolete.
To Doff, dSf, v. a. To strip, to put away, to get
rid of; to delay, to refer to another time. Obsolete.
Dog, dog, S. A domestick animal remarKably
various in his species ; a constellation called Sirius, or
Caniciila, rising and setting with the sun during the
dog days ; a reproachful name for a man.
To Dog, di^, v. a. To follow any one, watcliing
him with an insidious design.
162
Dog-teeth, dog'-tekth, s. The teetu in the
human head next to the grinders, the eye teeth.
Dog-trick, dig-tnk, s. An m turn, surly or
brutal treatment.
Dog-bane, dog-bane, s. An herb.
Dog-briar, dig-bri-ur, s. The briar that bears
the hip.
Dog-cheap, dSg-tsheep, «. Cheap as dog's meat.
DoG-DAYS, dftg-diize, *. The days in which the
dog-star rises and sets with the sun.
Doge, doje, *. The title of the chief magistrate of
Venice and Genoa.
Dogfish, dftg-flsh, s. A shark.
DoGFLY, dtig-fll, *. A voracious biting fly.
Dogged, dftg-ged, a. 366. Sullen, sour, morose,
ill-humoured, gloomv.
Doggedly, dig-ged-le, ad. Sullenly, gloomily,
DoggedneSS, dSg^ged-nes, S. Gloom of mind,
sullcni\ess.
Dogger, d&g-gur, S. 98. A small ship with one
mast.
Doggrel, dog-grel, s. Mean, worthless verses.
Doggish, dftg-gish, a. Currish, brutal.
Dog hearted, dog-har-ted, a. Cruel, pitiless,
malicious.
Doghole, dSg^hole, *. A vile hole.
DoGKENNEL, dSg^ken-nel, *. A little hut or
house for dogs.
DOGLOUSE, dig-loiise, ». An insect that harbotirs
on dogs.
Dogma, dftg-m^, ». Established grinciple, settled
notion.
(t^ This word, unlike many of its Greek and Latin
relations, seems to have deigned to pluralize itself by
Dogmas : Dogmata is indeed sometimes used, but. like
Memoranda, is growing pedantick.
Dogmatism, dftg-mi-tizm, ». Dogmatical asser-
tion.
Dogmatical, dSg-m^ti^-kil, 1
Dogmatick, dftg-mltiik, 509./
Authoritative, magisterial, positive.
Dogmatically, d&g-mslt-e-k^l-l, ad.
Magisterially, positively.
DoGMATiCALNESS, d^)g-mit-^-k^l-nes, s.
Magistcrialness, mock authority.
Dogmatist, dftgim4-tist, s. A magisterial
teacher, a bold advancer of principles.
To Dogmatise, dSg-m4-tlze, v. n. To assert
positively; to teach magisterially.
DOGMATISEH, d6g-mi-tl-zur, S. An assertor, a
magisterial teacher.
DOGROSE, dig-rize, S. The flower of the hip.
DOGSLEEP, d&g-sle^p, *. Pretended sleep.
DOGSMEAT, dSgZ-mite, *. Refuse, vile stuff.
DoGSTAR, dig-star, *. The star which gives name
to the dog-days.
Dogstooth, dSgz^too^A, S. A plant.
DoGTROT, d6g-tr8t, *. A gentle trot like that of
a dog.
DogwEARY, dSg-W^ifl, a. Tired as a dog.
DoGAVOOD, dftgiwud, s, — See Cornelian Cherry,
Doily, doe-le, s. A species of woollen stuff.
Doings, doo-mgz, s. Things done, events, trans-
actions; feats, actions good or bad; stir, bustle, tu-
mult.
Doit, doit, s. a small piece of money.
DOLEi dole, s. The act of distributing or dealing;
any thing dealt out or distributed ; provisions or money
distributed in charity ; grief, sorrow, misery.
To Dole, dole, v. a. To deal, to distribute.
DOLEfUL, dile^ful, a. Sorrowful, expressing
grief J melancholy, aiHictrd, feeling griei.
DOM
BOO
nor I6r, n5t 163— tfibe 171, tub 172, bull 1T3— oil299— p3ind313— f/tin46'?, rriis 469.
Dolefully, dole-flll-le, ad. In a doleful manner.
DOLEFULNESS, (lole-ful-nes, s. Sorrow, melan-
clioly ; dismalness.
DoLESOME, dole-sum, a. Melancholy, gloomy,
dismal.
DoLESOMELY, dile-sum-le, ad. In a dolesome
manner.
DoLESOMENESS, dole^sum-nes, *.
Gloom, melancholy.
DoLlCHURUS, do-lik-u-rus, «. In Poetry, having
a syllable too much at the end.
Doll, dJl, *. a little girl's puppet.
(J3- This word ought to be written with one I only: for
the reasons, see Principles, 406.
Dollar, dSl-lur, S. 418. A Dutch and German
coin of different value, from about two shillings and
six-pence to four shillings and six-pence.
DoLOKrFiCK, d&l-6-rif^ik, a. 530. Tliat causes
grief or pain.
Dolorous, d6l-6-rus, a. 503. Sorrowful, dole-
ful, dismal; painful.
Dolour, dA-lur, S. 314. Grief, sorrow ; lamenta-
tion, complaint.
tS3- Mr. Nares, W. Johnston, Buchanan, Elphinston,
and Entick, make the first o in tliia word short, as in
Dollar; and Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and
Dr. Ash, long, as in Donor: the latter is, in my opinion,
the most analogical, 542.
Dolphin, dSUfin, s. A fish.
Dolt, dilt, *. A heavy stupid fellow.
Doltish, dilt-ish, a. Stupid, blockish.
Domain, di-mine{ s. Dominion, empire; poa-
sessior, estate.
Dome, d&nie, *. A building, a house, a fabrick 5
an hemispherical arch, a cupola.
(t3> There is a strong propensity, particularly in the
people of London, to pronounce this word so as to rhyme
with room; but this is contrary to all our Dictionaries,
which give the sound of the vowels, and ought not to be
suffered to add to the already too numerous exceptions to
the general sound of o.
Domestical, di-mes-te-k3.1, "I
DoMESTicK, di-mes^tik, J
Belonging to the house, not relating to things publick;
private, not open; inhabiting the house, not wild;
not foreign, intestine.
O:?- Dr. Johnson observes, that of English, as of all
living tongues, there is a double pronunciation, one cur-
sory and colloquial, the other regular and solemn. He
gives no inslanies of this double pronunciation; and it
is at first a little difficult to conceive what are the words
in which this observation is verified. Solemn speaking
seems to have no effect upon the accented vowels ; for,
let us pronounce them as rapidly or as solemnly as we
will, we certainly do not make any change in the quan-
tity or quality of them. The only part of the language
in which Dr. Johnson's observation seems true, is some
of the vowels when unaccented ; and of these the 0 seems
to undergo the greatest change in consecjuence of solem-
nity or rapidity. Thus the 0 in oiey is, in solemn speak-
ing, pronounced as long and full as in the first syllable
o{o]>en; but in rapid and cursory speaking, as short as
the 0 in oven. This latter soundj however, must not be
given as a model; for, let the pronunciation be ever so
rapid and familiar, there is a certain elegance in giving
the o, in this situation, its full, open sound, approaching
to that which it has when under the accent ; and though
nothing but a delicacy of ear will direct us to the degree
of openness with which we must pronounce the unac-
cented 0 in Domestick, Docility, Potential, Proceed, Mo-
nastick, Monotony, &c. we may be assured that these
vowels are exactly under the same predicament; and
can never be pronounced short and shut, as if written
Dommestick, Dussility, Pottential, &c. without hurting
the ears of every good speaker, and overturning the first
principles of pronunciation, S47, 548.
The same observations seem to hold good of the unac-
cented o in every word ending in nry; as transitory, dila ■
tory, &r. The 0 in rapid speaking certainly goes into
short u, as if written transitury, dilatury, &c. but in so-
lemn pronunciation approaches to the accented, open
•ound of 0 in glory, story, &c. but as the o in these ter-
minations never .-vdroiisof heiiu jironounced (jHite 10
m
open as when ending a syllable before the accent, I have,
like Mr. Sheridan, given it the colloquial sound of short
u, 512. b'jj. — Sea Command.
To Domesticate, dA-mesite-kAte, v. a. To
make domestick, to withdraw from the publick.
Domiciliary, dStn-e-sil-y^-r^, a. 113. Intruding
into private houses under pretence of searching for
enemies or contraband goods.
Dominant, d6m-^-nant, a. Predominant, pre-
siding, ascendant.
To Dominate, d6m-i-nite, v. a. To pre-
dominate, to prevail over the rest.
Domination, d5m-e-na-shun, s.
Power, dominion; tyranny, insolent authority; one
highly exalted in power, used of angelick beings.
DoMiNATOR, d6mie-ni-t6r, a. 521. The pre-
siding power.
To Domineer, d5m-l-ne5r{ v. n. To rule with
insolence, to act without control.
Dominical, di-min-^-k4l, a. That which notes
the Lord's day, or Sunday.
Dominion, di-min-yun, s. 113. Sovereign
authority; right of possession or use, without being
accountable ; territory ; region, district ; predomi-
nance, ascendant ; an order of angels.
Don, d5n, *. The Spanish title for a gentleman.
To Don, d6n, v. a. To put on. Little used.
DONARY, Ah-rA-rh, S. A thing given to sacred uses.
Donation, di-na-shun, s. The act of giving any
1 thing ; the grant by which any thing is given.
Donative, dftn^i-tiv, s. 503. a gift, a largess,
a present ; in law, a benefice merely given and collated
by the patron to a man, without institution or induc-
tion.
(t> I have differed from Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
W.Johnston, and Entick, in the quantity ofthe vowel in
the first syllable of this word, not only as 1 think it con-
trary to the best usage, but as it is at variance with the
analoey of words in this termination. Let not the long
?|uantity of the Latin o in Donatio be pleaded against me ;
or (waving the utter uncertainty of arguing from the
Latin quantity to ours, 545), this would prove that the a
and e in the first syllable of Sanative and Lenitive ought
to be long likewise. Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, and Mr. Perry*
are on my side.
Done, dun. Part. pass, of the verb Do,
Done, dun, interj. The word by which a wager is
concluded; when a wager is offered, he that accepts
says it is Done.
Donor, dA-nftr, S. A giver, a bestower.
Doodle, doo^dl, S. 405. A trifler, an idler. A
low word.
To Doom, doom, v. a. To condemn to any
punishment, to sentence; to command judicially or
authoritatively; to destine, to command by uncon*
trollable authority.
Doom, doom, S. Judicial sentence* judgment )
condemnation ; determination declared ; the state to
which one is destined ; ruin, destruction.
Doomsday, doomz^da, s. The day of final and
universal judgment : the last, the great day ; the day
of sentence or condemnation.
Doomsday-book, doomz-da-book, 3. A book
made by order of William the Conqueror, in which the
estates of the kingdom were registered.
Door, dire, S. 310. The gate of a house, that
which opens to yield entrance; entrance, portal; pas-
sage, avenue, means of approach : Out of doors, no
more to be found, fairly sent away : At the door of
any one, imputable, chargeable upon him ; Next doof
to, approaching to, near to.
(fry- Ben Jonson, in his Grammar, kas a quotation
from Gower, where Ibis word is spelled Dore as it is pro-
nounced at this day, and this was probably the old pro-
nunciation.
" There is no fire, there is 1.0 spark,
" There is no Dore, which may chark. — Goiter, lib, 4.
Doorcase, dSre^kise, s. The frame in which the
door is enclosed.
Doorkeeper, dire^ke^p-ur, s. Porur, wt
that keeps the entrance of a house.
DOU
DOW
(O- 55J). Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81— mJ: 93, met J)5— inne 105, pin 107— no IG'2, move 164,
DOQUET, doU'-lt, 5. 99- 415. A paper coiU&ining
a wariaiit.
DORICK, dor'-lk, a. Relating to the Dorick
architecture ; a species of arcliitectiire inveiued liy the
Doriatis, tlie iiihaliitants of Doria, a province or dis-
trict in ancient Greece.
Dormant, dor-in5nt, «. Sleeping; in a sleeping
posture ; concealed, not divulged.
DoRMiTOUY, din-me-tur-e, s. 557. A pli^ci to
sleep in, a room with many beds j a burial-place.
Dormouse, dor-mouse, s. A small animal which
passes a large part of the winter in sleep.
DORN, doni, S, The name of a fish.
Dorr, dor, S. A kind of flying insect, the hedge-
chafer.
DoRSEL, dor^sil, 1
DoRSER, dor-sur, /
A pannier, a basket or V/ag, one of which hangs on
either side of a beast of burden.
Dorsiferous, dor-sif^fe-rus, ") _,.
T^ ,3 Q , i Q >■«. 518.
DoRSiPAROUS, dor-sip-pa-rus, J
Having the property of bearing or bringing forth on
the back ; used of plants that have the seeds on the
back of their leaves, as fern.
Dose, dose, s. So much of any medicine as is
taken at one time ; as much of any thing as falls to a
man's lot ; the utmost quantity of strong liquor that a
man can swallow.
7'o Dose, dose, v. a. To proportion a medicine
properly to the patient or disease.
Dossil, dos-sil, S. A pledget, a nodule or lump of
lint.
Dost, dust. The second person of Do.
Dot, dot, S, A small point or spot made to
mark any place in a writing.
To Dot, d&t, v. a. To make dots or spots.
Dotage, di-tadje, S. 90. Loss of understanding
imbecility of mind; excessive fondness.
Dotal, do-t:1l, a. 88. Relating to the portion of
a woman, cniistituting her portion.
Dotard, do-tard, s. 88. A man whose age h.is
impaired his intellects.
To Dote, dite, v. 7l. To have the intellects im-
paired by age or passion ; to be in love to extremity;
to dote lipou, to regard with excessive fondness.
DOTER, do-tur, S. 98. One whose understanding
is impaired by years, a dotard ; a man fondly, wflakly,
and excessively in love.
Doth, liuth. The third person of Do.
Doting LY, do^tin^-lt, ad. Fondly.
DotTARD, dSt-t^rd, S. 88. A tree kept low by
cutting.
Dotterel, d&titur-il, s. 99- The name of
a bird.
Double, dubibl, a. 314. 405. Two of a sort,
one corresponding to the other; twice as much, con-
taining the same quantity repeated ; two-fold, of two
kinds, two in number: having twice the effect or in-
fluence; deceitful, acting two parts. — See Cudle.
Double-plea, dub'-bl-ple, s. That in which the
defendant alleges for himself two several matters,
wiiereof either is sufficient to effect his desire in debar-
ring the plaintiff.
Double-biting, dub-bl-bl-ting, a. Biting o.-
cutting on either side.
Double-buttoned, dub-bl-but-tnd, a, 170.
359 Having two rows of buttons.
Double-dealer, dub-bl-de-lur, s. A deceitful,
subtle, insidious fellow, one who siays one thing and
thinks another.
Double-dealing, dub-bl-d^ilin^, s. Artifice,
dissimulation, low or wicked cunning.
To Double-die, dub-bl-dlj v. a. To die twice
over.
Double-headed, dub-bl-hedied, a. H?ving the
flowcrr growing one to another.
:g"4
To Double-lock, dub-bl-lftkj t'. «. To shoot
the lock twice.
Double-siinded, dub-bl-mliid-ed, a.
Deteilfiil, insidious.
Double-tongued, dub-bl-tungdj a. 359.
Deceitful, giving contrary accounts of the same thing.
To Double, dub'-bl, v. a. To enlarge any
quantity by addition of the same quantity ; to lontaiu
twice the quantity j to arid one to another in the same
order or parallel ; to fold ; to pass round a headland.
To Double, dub-bl, v. n. To increase to twice
the quantity ; to enlarpe the stake to twice the sum in
play ; to wind in running.
Double, dub-bl, S. Twice the quantity or number;
strong beer of twice the common strength; a trick, a
shift, an artifice.
DouBLENESS, dub-bl-n2s, S. The state of being
double.
DOUBLER, dub-bl-ur^ J, Ho that doubles any thing.
Doublet, dub-bl-et, s. 99< The inner garment
of a man, the waistcoat ; two, a pair.
Doublon, dt^ib-bl-oonj s. French. A Spanish
coin, containing the vaU-eof two pistoles. — See Ejicure.
Doubly, dub-bl-e, ad. In twice the quantity, to
twice the degree.
To Doubt, dout, v. a. 313. To question, to be
in uncertainty ; to fear; to suspect ; to hesitate.
To Doubt, dout, v. n. To hold questionable, to
think uncertain ; to fear, to suspect, to distrust.
Doubt, dout, .t. Uncertainty of mind, suspense;
question, point unsettled; scruple, perplexity; sus-
picion, apprehension of ill ; difficulty objected.
Doubter, doii-tur, s, 98. One who entertains
scruples.
Doubtful, doutiful, a. Dubious ; ambiguous
questionable, uncertain; not secure, not confident.
Doubtfully, dout-ful-e, ad. Dubiously, irre-
solutely ; ambiguously, with uncertainty of meaning.
Doubtfulness, doiit-ful-nes, *. Dubiousness,
ambiguity.
DouBTINGLY, dOut'-ing-le, ad. In a doubting
manner, dubiously.
Doubtless, dout-les, a. Without fear, without
apprehension of dancer.
Doubtless, doilt-les, ad. Without doubt, un-
questionably.
Dove, duv, S. 165, A wild pigeon ; a pigeon.
Dovecot, dliv-kot, S. A small building in which
pigeons are bred and kept.
Doveiiouse, duv-hoiise, s. A house for pigeons.
Dovetail, duv-tale, s. A form of joining two
bodies together, wliere that which is inserted has the
form of a wedge reversed.
Dough, do, s. 318. The paste of bread or pies yet
unbaked.
Doughty, dou^te, a. 313. Brave, illustrious,
eminent. Now used only ironically.
]JoUGHY, diJ-e, a. Unsound, soft, unhardened.
To Douse, douse, v. a. 313. To put over head
suddenly in the water.
To Douse, douse, v. n. To fall suddenly into the
water.
Dowager, dou-i-j3r, s. 223. A widow with
apiintiire; the title given to ladies who survive theit
husbands.
Dowdy, dou-de, S. 223. An awkward, ill-drcsseu,
nclegant woman.
Dower, doii^ur, 223 ")
OWERY, dou-ur-e, J
That which the wife bringeth to her husband in mar
riagn; that which the widow possesses; the gifts of a
husband for a wife ; endowment, gift.
Dowered, dou-urd, a. 359. Portioned, supplied
with a portion.
DowerleSS. dou-ur-les, a. WjTtiout a fortune. •
DoM'LAS, dou-lils, «, 223, A cot.'5e kindof linen.
DRA
DRA
nor 167, uSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, THis 469.
Down, doun, *. 223. Soft feathers; any thing
that soothes or mollifies ; soft wool, or tender liair j tlie
soft fibres of plants which wing (he seeds.
Down, doiin, S. a large open plain or valley.
Down, douU, p7-ep. Along a descent, from a higher
place to a lower; towards the mouth of a river.
Down, doun, ad. On the ground, from a higher to
a lower siuiation ; tending towards the ground ; out of
sigiit, oeiow the horizon; to a total subjection; into
uisgrace, info declining reputation ; Up and down,
here and there.
Down, doun, mterj. An exhortation to destruction
or demolition.
Downcast, doun'-klbt, a. Bent down, directed
to the ground.
DOWNFAL, doun-fall, s. 406. Ruin, fall from
state; a body of tilings falling; destruction of fabricks.
DOWNFALLEN, doun-faln,/>ar^. a. Ruined, fallen.
Downhill, doun-hil, s. Declivity, descent.
See Dunghill.
DOWNLOOKED, doun-lookt, ff. Having a dejected
countenance, fallen, melancholy.
DOWNLYING, doun-ll-ing, a. About to be in
travail of childbirth.
Downright, doun-rIte{ ad. straight or right
down; in plain terms; completely, without stopping
short.
Downright, doun-rlte, a. Plain, open, undis-
guised ; directly tending to the point ; unceremonious,
honestly surly; plain, without palliation.
DOWNSITTINO, doilil-Slt-ting, S. Rest, repose.
Downward, dotiniwurd, 88.1 ,
Downwards, doun-wurdz, J
Towards the centre; fromahigher situation to slower;
in a course of successive or lineal descent.
Downward, doiin-wurd, a. Moving on a de-
clivity; declivous, bending; depressed, dejected.
Downy, dou-ne, a. Covered with down or nap,
made of down or soft feathers j soft, tender, soothing.
DowRE, dour, 223.1
Dowry, dSu-re, J
A portion given with a wife ; a reward paid for a wife.
DoxoLOGV, dok-s6l-6-je, s. 518. A form of
giving glory to God.
Doxy, dok-se, s. A whore, a loose wench.
To Doze, dize, v. n. To slumber, to be half
asleep.
To Doze, doze, v. a. To stupify, to dull.
Dozen, duz-zn, s. 103. The number of twelve.
Doziness, do-ze-nes, s. Sleepiness, drowsiness.
Dozy, do-ze, a. Sleepy, drowsy, sluggish.
Drab, dr4b, S. A whore, a strumpet.
Drachm, dr^in, s. An old Roman coin; the
eijjhih part of an ounce.
Drachma, drak^i, 5. The drachm; the name of
an old Roman coin.
Draff, dr^f, S. Any thing thrown away.
Draffy, drAf^f^, a. Worthless, dreggy.
Draft, diA.ft, a. Corrupted from Draught.
To Drag, dntg, v. a. To pull along the ground by
main force ; to draw any thing burthensome; to draw
contemptuously along; to pull about with violence
and ignominy ; to pull roughly and forcibly.
To Drag, dri^, v. n. To hang so low as to trail
or grate upon the ground.
Drag, drag, s, a net dra\vn along the bottom of
the water ; an instrument with hoolis to catch hold of
things underwater; a kind of car drawn by the hand.
Dragnet, dr%'-net, s. a net which is drawn
along Uie bottom of the water.
To Draggle, dr^gigl, v. a. 405. To make
dirty by dragging on the ground.
To Draggle, dr^gigl, v. n. To grow dirty by
beinc drawn alcugthe ground,
IG5
Dragon, drtlg-un, s. 166. A winged serpent; a
fierce violent man or woman j a constellation near the
North Pole.
Dragonet, drag-un-et, s. A little dragon.
Dragonfly, dr^g-un-fli, s. A fierce stinging fly.
Dragomsh, dritg-un-isb, a. Having the form of
a dragon.
Dragonlike, dntg-un-like, a. Furious, fiery.
Dragonsblood, dr%-unz-blud, s.
a kind of resin.
Dhagonshead, diag-unz-hed, s, A plant.
Dragontree, dnV-un-tree, s. Palm-tree.
Dragoon, dra-goon' S. A kind of soldier that
serves indifferently either on foot or on horseback.
See Encode.
To Dragoon, dra-goonj v. a. To persecute by
abandoning a place to the rage of soldiers.
To Drain, drane, v. a. To draw off gradually;
to empty by drawing gradually away what it contains;
to make quite dry.
Drain, drane, S. The channel through which
liquids are gradually drawn.
Drake, drake, s. The male of the duck ; a small
piece of artillery.
Dram, dr^m, s. In weight the eighth part of an
ounce ; a small quantity ; such a quantity of distilled
spirits as is usually drank at once; spirits, distilled
liquors.
To Dram, dr4m, V, n. To drink distilled spirits^
Drama, dra-m^, or dntm-rni, S. A poem ac-
commodated to action, a pcem in which the action is
not related, but represented ; play, a comedy, a tragedy.
C;> The last mode of pronouncing this word is that
which was universally current till within these fe* yeslrs,
but the first has insensibly stolen into use, as we rtiajr
observe from the several Dictionaries which have adopted
it. Mr. Sheridan, VV. Johnston, Mr. Nares, and, as far
as we can jud^e by the position of the accent, Entick and
Bailey, pronounce it with the first a long ; and Dr. Ken-
rick, Buchanan, and, if we may guess at Dr. Ash by liis
accent, with the same letter short. Mr. Scott gives it
both ways; but, by placing the sound with the long a
first, seems to prefer it. The authorities are certainly on
the side I have adopted; but I wish also to establish it
by analogy.
And first it may be oV)served, that if any argument can
be drawn from the Latin quantity to the English, it is
certainly in favour of the first pronunciation : for in a
Latin word of two syllables, wiiere a consonant comes
between two vowels, the consonant always goes to the
last, and the first vowel is pronounced long, without the
least regard to the quantity. Thus CrStes, the philoso-
))her, and crSles, a hu-rdle ; ilfcus, honour, and dedo, to
give; Svo, to triumph, and ovum, an egg; Atima, the le-
gislator, and Numen, the divinity, have the first vowels
always sounded long by an English speaker, although in
the Latin the first vowel in the first word of each of these
pairs is short. From this universal manner of pronoun-
cing Latin words, though contrary to Latin quantity, it
is no W(mder, when we adopt words from that language
without any alteration, we sliould pronounce them in the
same manner; and it may be fairly concluded, that this
uniform pronunciation of the Latin arises from the genius
of our own tongue; which always inclines us to lengthen
the accented vowel before a single consonant in words of
two syllables ; otherwise, what reason can we assign for
the rule laid down by our ancestors for doubling the con-
sonants in verbs, verbal nouns and participles, where a
single vowel was preceded by a .iingiC consonant in
Ihein.? But an affectation of Latinity seems to have
disturbed the general pronunciation of our own language,
as much as ourown pronunciation has disturbed the Latin
Quantity: for, though we neglect the quantity of Latin
issyl lables, when we are pronouncing that language, yet
in dissyllables of our own, formed from the Latin, and
anglicised, we seem to be, in some measure, guided by
the Latin quantity. To what else can we attribute tli£
short sound of the first vowel in magick, placid, tepid,
vigil, novel, &c. ! and to what but the genuine force of
vernacular pronunciation can we ascribe the long sound
of !i in this situation, let the quantity of the Latin origi-
nal be what it will ? Thus, though epick, topick, cynick,
and tonick, have the first vowel short, tunick, stupid,
Cupid, tu7nid, &c. have the u long, though always short
in the Latin words from which they are derived. But
however this may be in words anglicised from the Latm,
and ending in a consonantj parliaps, in nothing is our
DRA
DRE
fcs- 559. Tke 73, fSr, 77, fall 83, f^t 81— mJ 93, m?t 95— plue'lOS, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
pronunciation, more regular than in the- quantity of the
first vowel in a word of two syllables ending with a vowel:
n this case the first vowel is invariably long; and why
the word in question should be the only exception, can-
not easily be accounted for. We have no words origi-
nally English of this form ; but those we adopt from
other languages sufficiently show the analogy of pronun-
ciation : thus, Gola, Coma, China, Era, Strata, Quota,
Fico, Dado, Sago, Bravo, Tyro, Heio, Negro, &c. &c.
have all the first syllable loiig; and why Drajna should
not fall into the same analogy, I cannot conceive. A
corroboration of this is the pronunciation of Lama,
Srama, Zuma, and Zara, and all proper names of the
same form from the Greek and Latin, as Cato, Plato,
Strati), Crito, Draco, &c. ; and I think it may be with
confidence asserted, that an Englishman, who had never
heard the word Drama pronounced, would naturally
place the accent upon the first syllable, and pronounce
the vowel in that syllable long and slender, 544, 545.
Dramatical, dr;t-in:ttie-kil, \
Dramatick, drll-mitiik, 509./"'
Represented by action.
Dramatically, dri-mlt^^-kil-^, ad. Repre-
seiitatively, by representation.
Dramatist, drim-4-tist, s. 503. The author of
dramatick compositions.
Drank, drink. The pret. of Drink.
Draper, drA^pur, s. 98. One who sells cloth.
Drapery, dra-piir-J, s. Glothwork, the trade of
making cloth ; cloth, stuffs of wool; the dress of a pic-
ture or statue.
DrAUGH, dr4f, S. 331. Refuse, swill.
Draught, drift, «. 215. 393. The act of drink-
ing; a quantity of liquor drank at once; the act of
drawing or pulling carriages; the quality of being
drawn ; delineation, sketch ; a picture drawn ; the act
of sweeping with a net ; the quantity of fishes taken
by once drawing the net; forces drawn off from the
main army, a detachment; a sink, drain; the depth
which a vessel draws, or sinks into the water; a bill
drawn for the payment of money.
Draughtiiouse, dr4ftUi5use, s. A house in
whicli filth is deposited.
To Draw, draw, v. a. pret. Drew, part. pass.
Drawn. To pull along, to pull forcibly; to drag ;
to suck ; to attract ; to inhale ; to lake from a cask ; to
pull a sword from the sheath ; to let out any liquid ; to
take bread out of the oven ; to unclose or slide hack
curtains; to close or spread curtains; to extract; to
protract, to lengthen ; to represent bv picture ; to form
a representation ; to deduce as fron> postulates ; to al-
lure, to entice; to persuade to follow; to induce; to
win, to gain ; to extort, to force; to wrest, to distort ;
to compose, to form in writing; to eviscerate, to em-
bowel ; to draw in, to contract, to pull back, to inveigle,
to entice; to draw off, to extract by distillation, to
withdraw, to abstract; to draw on, to occasion ; to in-
vite, to cause by degrees ; to draw over ; to persuade
to revolt; to draw out, to protract, to lengthen, to
pump out by insinuation, to call to action, to detach
lor service, to range in battle, to draw up, to form in
order of battle, to form in writing'.
To Draw, drJw, v. n. To perform the office of a
beast of draught; to act as a weight; to contract, to
shrink; to advance, to move; to unsheath a weapon ;
to practise the art of delineation; to take a card out of
the pack, to take a lot ; to make a sore run by attrac-
tion ; to draw off, to retire, to retreat; to draw on, to
advance, to approach.
Drawback, draw-bik, s. Money given back for
ready payment.
Drawbridge, dr^w-bndje, s. Abricge made to
be lifted up, to hinder or admit communication at
pleasure.
Drawer, draw-ur, S. One employed in procuring
water from the well ; one whose business is to draw
liquors from the cask ; that which has the power of at-
traction.
Drawer, draw-ur, S. A box in a case, out of
which it is drawn at pleasure ; in the plural, part of a
man's dress worn under the breeches.
Drawing, driiw-ing, s. Delineation, representation.
Drawing-room, draw-ing-roSm, s. The room
in which company assemble at court ; the csnipany as-
sembled there.
166
Drawn, drawn, part, from Draw. Equal, where
each party takes his own stake ; with a sword un
sheathed; open, put aside or unclosed; eviscerated;
induced as from some motive.
Drawwell, draw-wel, s. A deep well, a well out
of which water is drawn by a long cord. — See Dunghill.
To Drawl, drawl, v. n. To utter any thing in a
slow way.
Dray, dri, 1
Draycart, dri^kart, / **
The car on which beer is carried.
Drayhorse, dra-hSrse, *. A horse which draws
a dray.
Drayman, drA-min, s. 88. One that attends
a dray.
Drazel, driz-zl, S. 102. 405. A low, mean,
wortiiless, wretch. Not used.
Dread, dred, s. 234. Fear, terror; awe; the
person or thing feared.
Dread, dred, a. Terrible, frightful; awful, venera-
ble in the highest degree.
To Dread, dred, v. a. To fear in an excessive
degree.
To Dread, dred, v. n. To be in fear.
Dreader, dred-ur, s. 98. One that lives in fear
Dreadful, dred'-ful, a. Terrible, frightful.
Dreadfulness, dred-ful-nes, s,
Terribleness, frightfulness.
Dreadfully, dred'-ful-^, ad. Terribly, frightfully.
Dreadlessnbss, drid-les-nes, s.
Fearlessness, intrepidity.
Dreadless, drcd-les, a. Fearless, unaffrighted,
intrepid.
Dream, dreine, s. 227. A phantasm of sleep, the
thoughts of a sleeping man ; an idle fancy.
7b Dream, dreme, v. n. To have the representa-
tion of something in sleep; to think, to imagine; to
think idly ; to be sluggish ; to idle.
To Dream, drerae, v. a. To see in a dream.
Dreamer, dre-mur, *. 98. One who has dreams j
an idle fanciful man ; a mope, a man lost in wild ima-
gination ; a sluggard, an idler.
Dreamless, dreme-les, a. Without dreams.
Drear, drere, a. 227. Mournful, dismal.
Dreary, dre-re, a. Sorrowful, distressful ; gloomy,
dismal, horrid.
Dredge, dredje, s. A kind of net.
To Dredge, dredje, v. a. To gather with a dredge.
Dredger, dred-jur, s. One who fishes with a
dredge.
Dregginess, dreg-gJ-nes, s. Fulness of dregs
or lees, feculence.
DreggisH, dreg-gish, a. Foul with lees, feculent.
Dreggy, dreg-ge, a. 382. Containing dregs,
•consisting of dregs, feculent.
Dregs, dregz, S. The sediment of liquors, the
lees, the grounds ; any thing by which purity is cor-
rupted ; dross, sweepings, ref^use.
To Drein, drane, v a, 249. To empty; better
written Drain.
To Drench, drensh, v. a. To soak, to steep j
to saturate with drink oi moisture; to physick by
violence.
Drench, drensh, *. A draught, swill ; physick for
a brute; physick that must be given by violence.
Drencher, drensh-ur, *. One that dips or
steeps any thing; one that gives physick by force.
To Dress, dres, v. a. To clothe; to adorn, to
embellish; to cover a wound with medicamonts; to
curry, to rub; to prepare for any purpose ; to tnm, to
fit any thing fr- ready use ; to prepare victuals for the
table.
Dress, dres, s. Clothes, garmen* j the skill of ad-
justing dress.
Dresser, dres-sur, ;>■. One employed in putting
DRI
DRO
n8r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 29i)— pound 313— ^Ain 466, thIs 4G9.
on the clothes of another; one employed in regulating
or adjusting any thing; the bench in a kitchen on
which meat is drest.
Dressing, drtsising, S. The application made to
a sore.
Dkessing-room, dres-sing-room, s. The room
in which clothes are put on.
Dressy, dres-se, a. showy in dress.
Drest, drest, part, from Dress, properly Dressed.
fCT- This is one of those words whicli, tor the sake of
rliyming to the eye, as it may be called, poets have con-
tracted into an irregular form ; but how unnecessarily
may be seen, Principles, No. 360.
To Drib, drib, v, a. To crop, to cut off. A cant
word.
To Dribble, drib^bl, v. n. 405. To fall in
drops ; to fall weakly and slowly; to slaver as a child
or idiot.
To Dribble, drib-bl, v. a. To throw down
in drops.
Driblet, dnb-let, S. A small sum, odd money in
a sum. — See Codle.
Drier, drl-ur, S. That which has the quality of
absorbing moisture.
Drift, drift, S. Force impellent, impulse ;
violence, course ; any thing driven at random ; any
thing driven or borne along in a body ; a storm, a
shower ; a heap or stratum of any matter thrown to-
gether by the wind ; tendency, or aim of action ; scope
of a discourse.
To Drift, drift, v. a. To drive, to urge along; to
throw together in heaps.
J'o Drill, dril, v. a. To pierce any thing with a
drill ; to perforate, to bore, to pierce ; to make a hole;
to delay, to put off; to teach recruits their exercise.
Drill, dril, s. An instrument with which holes
are bored ; an ape, a baboon.
To Drink, drink, v. n. Pret. Drank, qt Drunk;
part. pass. Drunk, or Drunken, To swallow
liquors, to quench thirst; to he entertained with
liquors; to be an liabitual drunkard To drink to, to
salute in drinking.
To Drink, drink, v. a. To swallow, applied to
liquids; to suck up, to absorb.
Drink, drink, S, Liquor to be swallowed, opposed
to meat ; liquor of any particular kind.
DrINKMONEY, drink-mun-^, S. Money given to
buy liquor.
Drinkable, drink-i-bl a. That may be drur^.
Drinker, dnnk-ur, s 98. One that drinks to
excess, a drunkard.
To Drip, drip, v, n. To fall in drops ; to have
drops falling from it.
To Drip, drip, v. a. To let fall in drops,- to drop
fat in roasting.
Drip, drip, *. That whioh falls in drops.
Dripping, dnp-ing, S, The fat which housewives
gather from roast mf at.
Dripping-pan, drip-ing-p^n, *. The pan in
which the fat of roast meat is caught.
7'o Drive, drive, v. a. Fret. Drove, anciently
Drave; part. pass. Driven, or Drove. To
force along by impetuous pressure; to expel by force
from any place ; to force or urge in any direction ; to
guide and regulate a carriage; to make animals march
along under guidance; to clear any place by forcing
away what is in it; to force, to compel ; to carry on,
to drive out, to expel.
7'o Drive, drive, v. n. To go as impelled by an
external agent; to rush with violence; to pass in a
carriage ; to tend to, to consider as the scope and ulti-
mate design ; to aim, to strike st with fury.
T» Drivel, driv-vl, v. n, 102. To slaver, to let
the spittle fall in drops ; to be weak or foolish, to dote.
Drivel, dnv-vl, S. Slaver, moisture shed from the
mouth; a fool, an idiot, a driveller.
Drivbller, drivivl-ur, S. A fool, an idiot.
Driven, drlv-vn, 103. part, of Drive,
ycrf
Driver, dri-vur, s. The person or instrument
who gives any motion by violence; one who 4rive*
beasts, one who drives a carriage.
To Drizzle, driz^zl, v. a. 405. To shed in
small slow drops.
To Drizzle, driz^zl, v. n. To fall in short slow
drops.
Drizzly, driz'zl-^, a, shedding small rain.
Droll, drile, 406. One whose business is to raise
mirth by petty tricks, a jester, a buffoon ; a farce,
something exhibited to raise mirth.
03- When this word is used to signify a farce, it is pro-
nounced so as to rhyme with doll, loll, &c. 406. If this
wanted proof, we might quote Swift, who was too scru-
pulous to rhyme it with extol, if it had not been so pro-
nounced.
" Some as justly fame extols,
" For lofty lines in Smitbfield drolls."
This double pronunciation of the same word to signify
different things is a gross perversion of language. Bither
the orthography or the pronunciation ought to be altered.
Droll, when signifying a farce, ought either to be pro-
nounced so as to rhyme with hole, or to be written with
only one I. — See Bowl.
Droll, drile, a. Comic, farcical.
To Droll, drile, v. n. To jest, to play tlie
buffoon.
Drollery, dri-lur-^, *. Idle jokes; buffoonery.
Dromedary, drum^^-da-r^, s. 165.
A so;t of camel.
G:?- I have in the sound of the o in this word followed
Mr. Nares rather than Mr. Sheridan, and I think with
the best usage on my side.
Drone, drone, s. The bee which makes no honey;
a pipe of a bagpipe ; a sluggard, an idler; the hum, or
instrument of humming.
To Drone, drone, v, n. To live idly.
Dronish, dri-nish, a. Idle, sluggish.
To Droop, droop, v. n. To languish with sorrow;
to faint, to grow weak.
Drop, drop, S. A globule of moisture, as much
liquor as falls at once when there is not a continual
stream ; diamond lianging i« the ear.
Drop-serene, dr8p-si-rine{ s. A disease of the
eye.
To Drop, drop, v. a. To pour in drops or single
globules; to let fall; to let go, to dismiss from the
hand, or the possession ; to utter slightly or casually j
to insert indirectly, or by way of digression ; to inter-
mit, to cease ; to let go a dependant, or companion ;
to suffer to vanish, to come to nothing ; to bcdrop, to
bespeckle, to variegate.
To Drop, drSp, v. n. To fall in drops or single
globules; to let drops fall ; to fall, to oune from a higher
place; to fall spontaneously; to fall in deatli, to die
suddenly; to sink into silence, to vanish, to come to
nothing ; to come unexpectedly.
Dropping, drfip-ping, s. That which falls ia
drops ; that which drops when the continuous sireani
ceases.
Droplet, drSp-let, *. a little drop.
Dropstone, drSp-stine, *. Spar formed into tlie
shape of drops.
Dropsical, dr8p-se-kAl, 1
Dropsied, drftp-sid, 282. /
Diseased with a dropsy.
Dropsy, drftp-s^, s. A collection of water In the
body.
Dropwort, dr3p-wurt, s. A plant.
Dross, dros, S. The recrement or scum of metals ;
rust, incrustation upon metal; refuse, leavings, sweep-
ings, feculence, corruption.
DrossineSS, dl'os-se-nes, *. Foulness, feculence,
rust.
Drossy, dros-se, a. Full of dross; worthlew,
foul, feculent.
D^OVE, drove, s. A body or number of cattle j
a number of sheep driven ; any collection of animals j
I a crowd, a tumult.
DRU
DUC
fc5»559. Fitft73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 163, move 1G4
One given to ex-
Drove, drive. Pret. of Drive.
Droven, dro-vn, part, a, from Drive. Not in use.
Drover,, dri-vur, S. One that fats oxen for sale,
and drives them to market.
Drought, drout, .9. 313. 393. Dry weather,
vpant of rain ; thirst, want of drink.
(}:?• This word is often iironounced as if written drouth,
but improperly. When these abstracts take g in their
composition, and this ff is preceded by a vowel, the t
does not precede tlie ft, but follows itj as weigh, weight;
Jly, flight ; no, nouglit, &c.
Dkoughtiness, drou-te-nes, s. The state of
\vanting rain.
Droughty, drou-te, a. Wanting rain, sultry;
thirsty, dry with thirst.
To Drown, droim, v, a. 323. To suffocate in
water; to overwhelm in water; to overflow, to bury in
an inundation ; to iminerge.
To Drown, droun, v. n. To be suffocated by
water.
To Drowse, drouz, v. a. 323. To make lieavy
with sleep.
To Drowse, drouz, v. n. To slumber, to grow
heavy with sleep ; to look heavy, not cheerful.
Drowsily, droii-ze-le, ad. Sleepily, heavily ;
sluggishly, slothfully.
Drowsiness, droil-ze-nes, S. Sleepiness, heavi-
ness with sleep.
Drowsihead, droil-ze-lied, *. Sleepiness, in-
clination to sleep.
Drowsy, droil-ze, a. sleepy, heavy with sleep,
lethargick; lulling, causing sleep ; stupid, dull.
To Drub, drub, v. a. To thresh, to beat, to bang.
Drub, drub, s. A thump, a blow.
To Drudge, drudje, v. n. To labour in mean
offices, to toil without honour or dignity.
Drudge, drudje, s. One employed in mean labour.
Drudger, drudje-ur, S. A mean labourer; the
box out of which Hour is thrown on roast meat.
Drudgery, drudje-ur-c", S. Bfean labour, ignoble
toil.
Drudging-box, drudje-ing-boks, s. The box
out of which flour is sprinkled upon roast meat.
Drudgingly, drudje-ing-le, ad. Laboriously,
toilsomely.
Drug, drug, S. An ingredient used in physick,
a medicinal simple; any thing without worth or value,
any thing for which no purchaser can be found.
To Drug, drug^, V, a. To season with medicinal
ingredients ; to tincture with something offensive.
Drugget, drug-git, s. Q9, A coarse kind of
woollen cloth.
Drc;ggist, drug-gist, s, 382. One who sells
physical drugs.
DrUGSTER, drug-stur, S. One who sells physical
simples. This word is only used by the vulgar.
Druid, dru-ld, s. A priest and philosopher of
of the ancient Britons.
Drum, drum, s. An instrument of military musick;
the tympanum of the ear.
To Drum, v. n. To beat a drum, to beat a tune on
a drum ; to beat with a pulsatory motion.
To Drumble, drum^bl, v. n, 405. To drone, to
be sluggish. Obsolete.
DrUMFISH, drum-fish, *. The name of a fish,
DRUMMAJOR,.drum-m^-jur, s. The chief drum-
mer of a regiment.
Drummaker, drum-mi\-k5r, s. He who deals
in drums.
Drummer, drum-mur, s. He whose ofF.ce is to
beat the drum.
Drumstick, drum-stik, s. The stick with which
a drum is beaten.
Drunk, drungk, a, intoxicated with strong liquor,
inebriated ; drenched or saturated with moisture
1G8
Drunkard, drungk^urd, s,
cessive use of strong liquors.
Drunken, dritng^kn, a. 103. Intoxicated with
liquor, inebriated; given to habitual ebriety ; satu-
rated with moisture ; done in a state of inebriation.
Drunkenly, drung-kn-le, ad. In a drunken
manner.
Drunkenness, drung-kn-nes, s. Intoxication
with strong liquor ; habitual ebriely ; intoxication ol
inebriation of any kind, a disorder of the faculties.
Dry, dl'l, a. Arid, not wet, not moist ; without
rain ; not succulent, not juicy ; without tears ; thirsty,
atliirst; jejune, barren, unembellishcd.
To Dry, dri, V, a. To free from moisture ; to ex-
liale moisture ; to wipe away moisture, to scorch with
thirst ; to drain, to exhaust.
To Dry, dn, v. n. To grow dry, to lose moisture.
Dryad, dri-ad, s, A wood nymph.
Dryads, dil'-iids, s. The English plural oi Dryad.
DryadeS, drl-i-dez, S. The Latin plural of the
same word.
Dryer, dri-ur, s. 98. That which has the quality
of absorbing moisture.
Dryeyed, drl-lde, a. Without tears, without
weeping.
Dryly, drl-le, ad. Without moisture ; coldly,
without affection ; ji-junely, barrenly.
Dryness, dH-llL-s, S. Want of moisture, want of
succulence ; want of embellishment, want of pathos,
want of sensibility in devotion.
DryNURSE, dri-nurse, S. A woman who brings up
and feeds a cliild witliout the breast; one who takes
care of another.
To Drynurse, dil-nurse, v. a. To feed without
the breast.
Dryshod, dll-shSd, a. Without wet feet, without
treading above the shoes in the water.
Dual, du-al, a. Expressing the number two.
To Dub, dub, v. a. To make a man a knight; to
confer any kind of dignity,
Dub, dub, *. A blow, a knock. Not in use.
Dubious, du-be-us, a. 542. Doubtful, not
settled in an opinion; uncertain, that of which the
truth is not fully known; not plain, not clear.
Dubiously, du-be-us-le, ad. Uncertainly, with-
out any determination.
Dubiousness, du-be-us-nes, s. Uncertainty,
doubtfulness.
Dubitable, du-be-ti-bl, rt. Doubtful, uncertain.
Dubitation, dia-be-ta-shun, s. The act of
doubting, dsubt.
Ducal, du-kill, a. Pertaining to a duke.
DuCAT, duk-it, S. 90. A coin struck by dukes ;
in silver valued at about four shillings and sixpence, m
gold at nine shillings and sixpence.
Duck, duk, S. The water fowl, both wild and
tame; a word of endearment, or fondness ; a declina-
tion of the head; a stone thrown obliquely on the
water.
To Duck, duk, v. n. To dive under water as a
duck; to drop down the head, as a duck; to how low,
to cringe.
To Duck, duk, v. a. To put under water.
DuCKER, duk-ur, S. 98. A diver, a dinger.
DUCKING-STOOL, duk-klllg-Stool, S. A chair in
which scolds are tied, and put under water.
Duck-legged, duk-legd, a. 359. Short-legged.
Duckling, duk-ling, *. A young duck.
Duckmeat, duk-mete, *. Acommon plant growing
in standing waters.
DucKS-FOOT, duks-fut, s. Black snake-rooi, o
May-apple.
Duckweed, duk-wede, s. Duckmeat.
DuCT, dukt, s. Guidance, direction j a passage
through vyhicb any thing is conducted.
BUM
DUR
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 1T3— 8il 299— pound 313— Min 466, thIs 469.
Ductile, dukitil, a. 140. nexiUe, pliable;
easy to be drawn out into length; tractable, obse-
quious, complying.
DucTiLENESs, duk-til-nes, s.
Flexibility, ductility.
Ductility, duk-til^^-te, s. Quality of suffering
extension, flexibility; obsequiousness, compliance.
Dudgeon, dud-jun, s. 259. A small dagger;
malice, suUenness, ill-will.
Due, du, a. Owed, that one has a right to demand;
proper, fit, appropriate ; exact, without deviation.
Due, du, ad. Exactly, directly, duly.
Due, di, 5. That which belongs to one, that which
may be justly claimed; right, just title; whatever cus-
tom or law requires to be dune ; custom, tribute.
Duel, dii-ll, S. 99- A combat between two, a
single fight.
To Duel, du-ll, t>. n. To fight a single combat.
Dueller, du-il-lur, *. 99- A single combatant.
Duelling, du'-il-linij, s. 410. The act of fight-
ing a duel.
Duellist, du-il-list, s, A single combatant; one
who professes to live by rules of honour.
Duello, du-el-lo, s. The duel, the rule of duelling.
Duenna, du-en-na, s. An old woman kept to
guard a younger.
Dug, du^, S. A pap, a nipple, a teat.
Dug, dug. Pret. and part. pass, of Dig:
Duke, duke, s. 376. One of the highest order of
nobility in England.
GCy- There is a slight deviation often heard in the pro-
nunciation of this word, as if written Dook; but this
borders on vulgarity; the true sound of then must be
carefully preserved, as if written Dcvik. There is another
impropriety in pronouncing this word, as if written
Jovk; this is not so vulgar as the former, and arises from
an ignorance of the influence of accent. — See Principles,
No. 46'2.
Dukedom, duke-dum, s. The possession of a
duke ; the title or quality of duke.
DulBRAINED, dul-brAnd, a. Stupid, doltish,
fooiish.
Dulcet, dul-set, a. 99. Sweet to tlie taste,
luscious ; sweet to the ear, harmonious.
DULCIFICATION, dul-se-fe-ka-shun, s. The act of
sweetening, the act of freeing from acidity, saltness,
or acrimony.
To Dulcify, dul-s4-fi, v, a, 133. To sweeten,
to set free from acidity.
Dulcimer, dul-se-mur, s. 98. A musical instru-
ment played by striking the brass wire with little sticks.
To Dulcorate, dul-ko-rAte, !». a. 91. To
sweeten, to make less acrimonious.
DuLCORATiON, dul-k6-ra-shun, s. Tlie act of
sweetening,
Dulhead, dul-hed, S. A blockhead, a wretch
foolish and stupid.
DULIA, dia-l^-i, s. 92. A kind of inferior worship ;
inferior adoration. — See Latria.
Dull, dul, a. stupid, doltish, blockish, unappre-
hensive; blunt, obtuse; sad, melanclioly ; sluggish,
heavy, slow of motion ; not bright; drowsy, sleepy.
To Dull, dul, v. a. To stupify, to infatuate; to
blunt; to sadden, to make melancholy; to damp, to
clog; to make weary or slow of motion; to sully
brightness.
Dullard, dul-lird, s. A blockhead, a dolt, a
stupid fellow.
Dully, dul'-le, ad. Stupidly; sluggishly; not
vigorously, not gayly, not brightly, not keenly.
DulNESS, dul-neS, S. Stupidity, weakness of in-
tellect, indocility; drowsiness, iucliuation to sleep;
sluggishness of motion ; dimness, want of lustre.
Duly, du-le, ad. Properly, fitly ; regularly, exactly.
Dumb, duxn, a, 347. Mut.!;, incapable of speech ;
169
deprived of speech; mute, not using words; silent,
refusing to speak.
Dumbly, dum^e, ad. Mutely, silently.
Dumbness, dum^nes, s. Incapacity to speak J
omission of speech, muteness ; refusal to speak, silenc*.
To Dumbfound, dum-found, v. a. To confuse, to
strike dumb.
Dump, damp, s. Sorrow, melancholy, sadness. A
low word, used generally in the plural i a?, to be in the
dumps.
Dumpish, dump-ish, a. Sad, melancholy, sor-
rowful.
Dumpling, dunip-ling, s. A sort of pudding.
Dun, dun, a. A colour partaking of brown and
black ; dark, gloomy.
To Dun, dun, v. a. To claim a debt witii
vehemence and importunity.
Dun, dun, S. A clamorous, troublesome creditor.
Dunce, dunse, S. A dullard, a dolt, a thickscull.
Dung, dung, S. The excrement of animals used to
fatten ground.
To Dung, dung, v. a. To fatten with dung.
Dungeon, dun-jun, s. 259. A close prison,
generally spoke of a prison subte'raneous.
Dungfork, dung-fork, s. A fork to toss out
dung from stables.
DungHIL, dung-hll, S. A licap or accumulation
of dung; any mean or vile abode: any situation of
meanness ; a term of reproach for a man meanly born.
K?- Leaving out one I in the last syllable of this word
is, perhaps, agreeable to the laws printers have laid down
for themselves ; but there is no eye that is not hurt at
the ditferent appearance of hill when alone, and when
joined to another word. That double letters may be, in
some cases, spared, is not to be denied ; but where either
the sense or sound is endangered by the omission of a
letter, there to spare the letter is to injure tlie language.
A secret conviction of this has made all our lexicogra-
phers waver greatly in spelling these words, as may be
seen at large in the Preliminary Observations to the
Rhyming Dictionary, page xv.
DCNGHIL, dung-hil, a. 406. Sprung from the
dunghil, mean, low.
Dungy, dung'^, a. 409. Full of dung, mean,
vile, base.
Dungyard, dung-yird, s. The place of the
dunghil.
DuNNER, dun-nur, S. 98. One employed in
soliciting petty debts.
Duodecimo, dii-o-des-se-mi, s. A book in
which one sheet of paper makes twelve leaves.
DUODECUPLE, du-6-dek-ku-pl, a. Consisting of
twelves.
Dupe, dupe, S, A credulous man, a man easily
tricked.
To Dupe, dui)e, v. a. To trick, to cheat.
To Duplicate, du-ple-kate, v. a. 91.
To double, to enlarge by the repetition of the first
number or quantity ; to fold together.
Duplicate, di!i-ple-kate, 5. 91. Another corres-
spondent to the first, a second thing of the same kind,
as a transcript of a paper.
Duplication, dia-ple-ki-sliun, s. Tiie act of
doubling; the act of folding togctlier; a fold, a doub-
ling.
Duplicature, dii-pU-ki-tslmre, s. a fold, any
thing doubled.
Duplicity, du-plis-J-t^, s. Donbleuess ; deceit,
doubleness of heart.
Durability, du-r4-bil-^-t^, s. The power of
lasting, endurance.
Durable, dii'ri-bl, «. 405. Lasting, having the
quality of long continuance; having successive ex-
istence.
DURABLENESS, du-ri-bl-nes, S. Power of lasting.
Durably, dli-r;t-ble, ad. In a lasting manner.
Durance, dii-ntnse, s, imprisonment} the
DWE
EAR
■»r 559. FiteTS, far 77, fall 83, f4t81— mJ 93, mlt95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 162, move 164,
custody or powe"of a jailer j endurance, continuance,
duration.
Duration, du-ri-shun, *. Continuance of time ;
power of continuance; length of continuance.
To Dure, dure, v. n. To last, to continue. Not
in use.
DUREFUL, dure-ful, a. Lasting, of long con-
tinuance.
DURELESS, dure-les, a. Without continuance,
fading.
Duresse, du-res, *. Imprisonment, constraint.
During, du-ring, prep. For the time of the con-
tinuance.
DURITY, du-re-t^, s. Hardness, firmness.
Durst, durst. The pret. of Dare.
DpSK, dusk, a. Tending to darkness , tending to
blaclvness, dark coloured.
Dusk, dusk, s. Tendency to darkness; darkness of
colour.
To Dusk, dusk, v. a. To make duskish.
To Dusk, dusk, v. n. To grow dark, to begin to
lose light.
Duskily, dusk^4-l4, ad. With a tendency to
darkness.
Duskish, dusk-ish, a. Inclining to darkness,
tending to obscurity ; tending to blackness.
DUSKISHI.Y, dusk-lsh-1^, ad. Cloudily, darkly.
Dusky, dusk-e, a. Tending to darkness, obscure ;
tending to blackness, dark coloured; gloomy, sad, in-
tellectually clouded.
Dust, dust, S. Earth or other matter reduced to
small particles; the grave, the state of dissolution ;
mean and dejected state.
To Dust, dust, v. a. To free from dust, to sprinkle
with dust.
DuSTiMAN, dust-min, S. 88. One whose employ-
ment is to carry away the dust.
Dusty,, dus-te, a. Filled with dust, clouded with
dust; covered or scattered with dust.
Dutchess, dutsh-es, S. The lady of a duke;
a lady who has the sovereignty of a dukedom.
DUTCHY, dutsh-i, S. A territory which gives title
to a duke.
DuTCHYCOURT, dutslii^-kSrt, S. A court wherein
all matters appertaining to the dutcliy of Lancaster are
decided.
Duteous, du^te-us, or du'-tsh^-us, a. 263. 294.
Obedient, obsequious; enjoined by duty.
Dutiful, du^te-ful, a. Obedient, submissive to
natural or legal superiors; expressive of respect, re-
verential.
Dutifully, du-t^-ful-^, ad. Obediently, submis-
sively; reverently, respectfully.
DuTIFULNESS, (lu-t^-ful-nes, *. Obedience, sub-
mission to just authority; reverence, respect.
Duty, du-te, s. That to which a man Is by any
natural or legal obligation bound ; acts of forbearances
requiicd by religion or morality; obedience or sub-
mission due to parents, governors, or superiors; act
of reverence or respect ; the business of a soldier on
guard; tax, impost, custom, toll.
Dwarf, dworf, S. 85. A man below the common
size of men ; any animal or plant below its natural
bulk ; an attendant on a lady or knight in romances ;
it is used often in composition, as dwarf elder, dwarf
honey suckle.
To Dwarf, dworf, v. a. To hinder from growing
to the natural bulk.
Dwarfish, dworf'-ish, a. Below the natural bulk,
low, little.
Dwarfish LY, dworf^ish-l^, ad. Lile a d»varf.
DwarfISHNESS, dworf-^sh-nes, S. Minuteness
of stature, littleness.
To Dwell, dwel, v. n. Pret. Dtvelt or Divelled.
To inhabit, to live in a place, to reside, to have an ha-
bitation; to be in any state or condition; to be sus-
170
pended with attention} to fix the mind upon ; to con-
tinue Ions sneakiui.
Dweller, dw?l-liir,s. 98. An inhabitant.
Dwelling, dweKling:, S. Habitation, abode;
state of life, mode of living.
Dwelling-house, dwelMing-house, s.
The house at which one lives.
To Dwindle, dwind-dl, v. n. 405. To shrink,
to lose bulk, to grow little ; to degenerate, to sink ; to
wear away, to lose healtli, to grow feeUle ; to fall
away, to moulder off.
Dying, dUing. The part, of Die Expiring,
giving up the ghost ; tinging, giving a new colour.
Dynasty, dl-n^s-te, or din-is-te, s. Govern-
ment, sovereignty.
63- All our orthoepists, except Mr. Elpliinsten and
Entick, adopt the first pronunciation; but analogy is,
in my opinion, clearly for the last, 503.
Dyscrasy, dis-kr^-se, *. An unequal mixture of
elements in the blood or nervous juice, a distempera-
ture.
Dysentery, dlS-sen-ter-^, *•. A loosenass, wherein
very ill humours flow otf by stool, and are also some-
times attended with blood.
O Dr. Jolinson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, and Bucha-
nan, accent this word on the second syllable j and
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Perry,
Eiititk, and Bailey, on ihp first. That this is in posses-
sion of the best usage, I have not the least doubt ; and
that it is agreeable to the analogy of accenting words
fri>TO "ii-> le■^'->?^ 'i^giiages which we naturalize by drop-
ping a sy.iable, is evident from the numerous class of
words of the same kind. — See Academy, Incomparable, &c.
A collateral proof too thai this is the true pronunciation
is, that Mesentery, a word of the same form, is by all
the above-mentioned Icxicograpliers who have the word,
except Bailey, accented on tlie first syllable.
DyspEPSY, dis^pep-s^, S. A difficulty of digestion.
DySPHONY, dlS^fo-n^, *. A difficulty in speaking.
Dyspnoea, disp-n^-^, *. 92. A difficulty of
breathing.
Dysury, dizh'-u-re, *. 450, 451, 452.
A difficulty in making urine.
03" The s in this word has the flat aspiration, for the
same reason as the s in Treasury. — See Disunion,
E.
XiACH, Itsh, p7-on. 98. 227. Either of twoj
every one of any number, taken separately.
Eager, ^-gur, a. 227. struck with desire, ardently
wishing; hot of disposition, vehement, ardent; quick,
busy ; sharp, sour, acrid.
Eagerly, e-gur-1^, ad. Ardently, hotly ; keenly,
sharply.
Eagerness, e-gur-nes, *. Ardour of inclination ;
impetuosity, vehemence, violence.
Eagle, ^igl, S. 227. 405. A bird of prey, said to
be extremely sharp-sighted; the standard of the an-
cient Romans.
Eagle-eyed, e-gl-Ide, a. 282. Sharp-sighted a»
an eagle.
EaglESTONE, e-gl-stone, s. A stone said to be
found at the entrance of the holes in which the eagles
make their nests.
Eaglet, ^-glet, S. A young eagle.
Ear, ^er, s. 227- The whole organ of audition or
hearing; that part of the ear that stands prominent ;
power of judging of harmony ; the spike of corn, that
part which contains the seeds ; To fall together by the
ears, to fight, to scuffle; To set by the ears, to make
strife, to make to quarrel.
Earless, eer-les, a. Without any ears.
Ear-ring, ^er-ring, s. Jewels set in a ring, and
worn at the ears.
Ear-shot, ^er'-shl^t, S Kcach of the ear.
EAS
ECC
nor 16T, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 5il 299— pound 313— Min 466, thIs 469.
Earwax, ^iriwUks, S. The cerumen, or exudation
which smears the inside of the ear.
Earwig, eer-wig, S. A sheath-winged insect}
a whisperer.
Earwitness, ^er-witines, s. One who attests, or
can attest any thing as heard by himself.
To Ear, ^^r, v. a. 246. To plow, to till.
To Ear, ^er, V, n. To shoot into ears.
Eared, hhvi, a. 359. Having ears or organs of
hearing; having ears, or ripe corn.
Earl, erl, s. 234, 237. A title of nobility,
anciently the highest of this nation, nov» the third.
Earl-marshal, erl-mar^shS.!, s. He that has
the chief care of military solemnities.
Earldom, erlidum, s. 166. The seigniory of an
earl.
EarlineSS, er-le-nes, s. Quickness of any action
with respect to something else.
Early, er-1^, a. 234. Soon with respect to some-
thing else.
Early, er-1^, ad. Soon, betimes.
To Earn, em, v. a. 234. 371. To gain as the re-
ward or wages of labour ; to gain, to obtain.
Earnest, er-nest, a. 234. Ardent in any affection,
warm, zealous ; intent, fixed, eager.
Earnest, er^nest, S. Seriousness, a serious event,
not a jest; the money which is given in token that a
bargain is ratified.
Earnestly, er-nest-lJ, ad. Warmly, aff'ection-
ately, zealously, importunately; eagerly, desirously.
Earnestness, er-nest-nes, s. Eagerness, warmth,
vehemence; solicitude.
Earth, hth, S. 234. 237. The element distinct
from air, fire, or water; the terraqueous globe, the
world.
(SS- This word is liable to a coarse, vulgar pronuncia-
tion, as if written Urlh; there is, indeed, but a delicate
difference between this and the true sound, but quite
sufficient to distinguish a common from a polite speaker.
To Earth, arth, v. a. To hide in earth ; to cover
with earth.
To Earth, ertA, v. n. To retire under ground.
Earthboard, erth-hbrd, s. The board of the
plough that shakes off the earth.
Earthborn, er^A-born, a. Bom of the earth;
meanly born.
Earthbound, Krth-hound, a. Fastened by the
pressure of the earth.
Earthen, cr'-thn, a. 103.
of clay.
Earthflax, irth'-hX\is, s.
Earth INESS, erth'-k-nvs, s.
taining earth, grossness.
Earthling, ur^/t-lin^, s.
earth, a poor frail creature.
Earthly, ertb-1^, a. Not heavenly, vile, mean,
sordid; belonging only to our present state, not spiri-
tual.
Earthnut, er</t-iiut, s. A pignut, a root in
shape and size like a nut.
Earthquake, erth-kwike, s. Tremor or con-
vulsion of the earth.
EarthshakiNG, eTtJi'-shk'-king, a. Having power
to shake the earth, or to raise earthquakes.
Earthworm, ertA-wurm, *. A worm bred under
ground; a mean sordid wretch.
Earthy, ^rth'-k, a. Consisting of earth; inhabit-
ing the earth, terrestrial ; relating to earth, not mental;
gross, not refined.
Ease, eza, s. 227. Quiet, rest, undisturbed
tranquillity; freedom from pain ; facility; uncoii-
straint, freedom from harshness, forced behaviour, or
conceits.
To Ease, lze,V. a. To free from pain ; to relieve;
to assuage, to mitigate; to relieve from labour; to set
free from any thing that ofi'ends.
171
Made of earth, made
A kind of fibrous fossil.
Tlie quality of con-
An inhabitant of the
Easeful, ^zeiful, a. Quiet, peaceable.
Easement, 5ze-ment, s. Assistance, support.
Easily, e'-zk-\i, ad. Without difficulty ; without
pain, without disturbance; readily, without reluctance.
Easiness, e-ze-nes, S. Freedom from difficulty;
flexibility; readiness; freedom from constrain' ; rest,
tranquillity.
East, ^est, s. 227. 246. The quarter where the
sun rises; the regions in the eastern parts of the
world.
Easter, i^S^tur, S. 98. The day on which the
Christian Church commemorates our Saviour's resur-
rection.
Easterly, ^es-tur-l^, a. Coming from the parts
towards the East ; lying towards the East ; looking to-
wards the East.
Eastern, eesiturn, a. Dwelling or found ip the
East, oriental ; going or looking towards the East.
Eastward, l^st-wurd, a. 88. Towards the East.
Easy, k-ze, a. Not difficult; quiet, at rest, nst
harassed; complying, unresisting, credulous; free
from pain ; without want of more ; without constraint,
without formality.
7'o Eat, ^te, v. a. 227- 229- Fret. Jte or Eai;
Part. JEat or Eaten. To devour with the mouth;
to consume, to corrode ; to retract.
To Eat, ^te, v, n. Te go to meals, to take meals ;
to feed; to take food; to be maintained in food; to
make way by corrosion.
Eatable, ^-t^-bl, S. 405. Any thing that may ba
eaten.
Eater, ^itur, *. 98. One that eats any thing ; a
corrosive.
Eating-house, e-tmg'-boiise, s. A house where
provisions are sold ready dressed.
Eaves, h/Z, S. 227. The edges of the roof which
overhang the houses.
To Eavesdrop, ^vz-drop, v. n. To catch what
comes from the eaves, to listen under windows.
Eavesdropper, ^vz-drftp-pur, s. A listener
under windows.
Ebb, eb, S. The^rellux of the tide towards the sea ;
decline, decay, waste.
To Ebb, eb, »>. n. To flow back towards the sea ;
to decline, to decay, to waste.
Eben,
Ebon,
Ebony,
A hard, heavy, black, valuable wood.
EbrieTY, e-bn-e-te, S. Drunkenness, intoxication
by strong liquors.
EbrioSITY, e-br^-OS-e-te, *. Habitual drunken-
ness.
Ebullition, eb-ul-lish-un, s, 177. The act of
boiling up with heat; any intestine motion; efferves-
cence.
Eccentrical, ek-sen-tre-k^l,
EccENTRiCK, ek-sen-tnk,
Deviating from the centre; irregular, anomalous.
Eccentricity, ek-sen-tnsie-te, s. Deviation
from a centre; excursion from the proper orb.
Ecchymosis, ek-ke-mo-sis, s. 520. Livid spots
ol blotches in the skin.
Ecclesiastical, ek-kle-zhe-is-te-k4l, \
Ecclesiastick, ek-kl^-zh^-is^tik, J
Relating to the church, not civil.
Ecclesiastick, ek-kli-zhi-lts-tik, s. A. person
dedicated to the ministries of religion.
0^- I have given these words the flat s aspirated, as I
am convinced it is quite agreeable to the analogy of pro-
nunciation ; for the third syllable coming after the se-
condary accent, is exactly under the same predicament
as the penultimate syllable in Ambrosial, Ephesian, Geo-
(icEsiaii, &c. — See Principles, No. 451.
" And pulpit drum eccfesiaiHcfc,
• Was be.it wiili f/'fc iiisteatl uf a stick .^Hurfifrroi.
lecline, to decay, to
X, ebiben, ^
>f, eb-un, ?■$.
«JY, eb-i-ne, J
h
EDG EFF
t> 550. F^te73, fir 77, fall 83, Mt81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
Echinus, i-kUnus, 5. 503. a hedgehog; a shdi
fish stt with prickles ; witii botanists, tlie prickly head
of any plant; in architecture, a member or ornament
taking Its name from the roughness of the carving.
Echo, ek-ko, «. The return or repercussion of any-
sound ; the sound returned.
To Echo, ek^kS, v. n. To resound, to give the
repercussion of a voice; to be sounded back.
To Echo, ek-kfi, V, a. To send back a voice.
EcLAiRCissEMENT, ek-klare^siz-ment, s.
Explanation, the act of clearing up an affair.
, C5" This word, thougli long in use, is not yet natura-
lized. Every syllable but the last may be perfectly pro-
nounced by an Englishman who does not speak French ;
but this syllable having a nasal vowel, not followed by
hard c or g (see Encore), is an insuperal)le difficulty : the
nearest sound to it would perhaps be to make it rhyme
with long and strong. But a speaker would, perhaps, risk
less by pronouncing it like an English word at once, than
to imitate the French sound awkwardly.
EcLAT, e-klaw{ s. 472. French. Splendour,
show, lustre.
EcLECTICK, ek-lek^tlk, a. Selecting, choosing
at will.
Eclipse, e-klipsj s. An obscuration of the
luminaries of heaven; darkness, obscuration.
To Eclipse, e-klipsj v. a. To darken a luminary;
to extinguish; to cloud; to obscure ; to disgrace.
Ecliptic, e-klip-tik, s. A great circle of the
sphere.
Eclogue, ek^lftg, s. 338. A pastoral poem.
Economy, i-k6n^6-me, s. 296. 518. Themanage-
inent of a family; frugality, discretion of expense;
disposition of things, regulation; the disposition or
arrangement of any work.
EcoNOMicK, tk-ko-nftm^ik, 530.\
Economical, ek-kA-nftm^^-k:tl, / ""
Pertaining to the regulation of a household; frugal.
ECSTACY, eksJ-ti-Se, S. Any passion by which the
thoughts are absorbed, and in which the mind is for a
time lost; excessive joy, rapture; enthusiasm, exces-
sive eVevation of the mind ; madness, distraction.
ECSTASIED, eks^ti-Sid, a. 283. Ravished, en-
raptured
EcsTATicAL, eks-dt'-6-k^l, 1
EcsTATiCK, eks-tit'-ik, 509. J "'
Ravished, raptured, elevated to ecstasy; in the high-
est degree of joy.
Edacious, e-di'-shfis, a. Eating, voracious,
ravenous, greedy.
Edacity, i-das-i-ti, S. Voraciousness, ravenous-
ness.
Edder, ed^dur, s. 98. Such fencewood as is
commonly put upon the top of fences.
Eddy, ed^de, s. The water that, by some reper-
cussion, or opposite wind, runs contrary to the main
stream ; whirlpool, circular motion.
Edematose, e-dem-^-toseJ a. Full of humours.
See Appendix.
Edematous, e-dem'-iWus, a. Full of humours.
Edentated, e-den-ti-ted, a. Deprived of teeth.
Edge, edje, s. The thin or cutting part of a blade;
a narrow part lising from a broader^ keenness, acri-
mony; To set the teeth on edge, to cause a tingling
pain in the teeth.
To Edge, edje, v. a. To sharpen, to enable to cut;
to furnish with an edge j to border with anything, to
fringe; to exasperate, to imbitter.
To Edge, edje, v. n. To move against any power.
Edged, edjd, or edfjed, pmt. a. 359.
Sharp, not blunt.
Edging, ed'-jing, S. What is added to any thing by
way of ornament ; a narrov/ lace.
EdgeleSS, edje'-les, a. Ehmt, obtuse, unable
to cut.
Edgetool, edJeitooJ,' s. A tool made sharp
to cut.
173
Edgewise, edje'-wize, ad. AVith the edge put
into any particular direction.
Edible, ed^e-bl, a. 503. Fit to be eaten.
Edict, e-dikt, s. A proclamation of command or
prohibition.
03- Good speakers seem divided about the quantity of
the vowel in the first syllable of this word. Kenrick,
Perry, and Buchanan, make it short ; and Sheridan
Nares, Entick, Ash, Scott, and W. Johnston, long. This
majority has induced me to make it long likewise, and
not any length of the same letter in the Latin edictum;
tor thougli the Latin accent is frequently a rule for the
placing of ours, the quantity of Latin has almost as
little to do with our quantity as it has with that of the
Chinese or Hebrew.— See Introduction to Rhyming Dic-
tionary, page xix.
Edification, ed-e-fe-ka'-shun, *. The act of
buiklingup man in the faith, improvement in holiness;
improvement, instruction.
Edifice, ed'-^-fis, *. 142. A fabrick, a building.
Edifier, ed^t-fl-ur, s. One that improves or in-
structs another.
To Edify, ed^e-fj, v. a. To build; to instruct,
to improve; to teach, to persuade.
Edile, i-dile, s. 140. The title of a magistrate in
old Home.
Edition, i-dish^un, S. Publication of any thing,
particularly of a book; republication, with revisal.
Editor, ed'-i-tur, s. 166. Publisher, he that re-
vises or prepares any work for publication.
To Educate, edyu-kate, v. a. 91. To breed,
to bring up.
CC?" This pronunciation may seem odd to those who are
not acquainted with the nature of the letters ; but it is
not only the most polite, but, in reality, tlie most agree-
able to rule.— See Principles, No. 294. 376.
Education, ed-jii-ka'-shun, s. Formation of
manners in youth.
To Educe, e-duse,' v, a. To bring out, to extract.
Eduction, e-duk^shun, s. The act of bringing
a>ny thing into view.
To Edulcorate, i-dul'-k5-rate, v. a.
To sweeten.
Edulcoration, e-dul-ko-ra-shun, s. Th'j act
of sweetening.
To EeK, iek, V. a. To make bigger by the addition
of another piece ; to supply any deficiency.— See F.ke.
Eel, eel, s. A serpentine slimy fish, that lurks in
mud. . .
E'en, een, ad. Contracted from Even.
EffABLE, efif^-bl, a. 405. Expressive, utterable.
To Efface, ef-fAse{ v. a. To destroy any form
painted or carved; to blot out; to destroy, to wear
away.
CCy- The strong tendency of the vowel to open, when
it terminates a syllable, immediately before the accent,
makes us frequently hear the e in these words, when the
accent is cm the second syllable, pronounced as open as
if there were tut one/. The same may be observed of
the 0 in occasion, offence, official, &c. Tliis is certainly
a deviation from rule; but it is so general, and so agree-
able to the ear, as to be a distinguishing mark of elegant
pronunciation.
Effect, ef-fekt,' s. 98. That which is produced
by an operating cause; consequence, event; reality,
not mere appearance ; in the plural, goods, moveables.
To Effect, ef-fekt; v. a. To bring to pass, to
attempt with success, to acliieve; to produce as a
cause.
Effectible, ef-fek^ti-bl, a. Perfurmable,"practi-
cable.
Effective, ef-fek-tiv, a. Having the power to
produce effects; operative, active; efficient.
Effectively, ef-lek^tiv-le, ad. Powerfully, with
real operation.
Effectless, ef-fekt^les, a. Without effect, im-
potent, useless.
Effector, ef-fek'-tur, 5, 166. He that produces
any effect.
Effectual, ef-fekJtshu-^1, «, 463, ProiUictiv*
EFT EIG
nSr 16T, n5t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 29D— pound 313— thin 4GG, this 46.9.
ef effects, powerful to a degree, adequate to the occa-
sion, efficacious.
Effectually, ef-fek-tshu-al-lJ, ad. in a
manner productive of the consequence intended, effi-
caciously.
To Effectuate, ef-fek-tshu-ate, v. a.
To bring to pass, to fulfil.
Effeminacy, ef-fem-e-ni-se, s. Admission of
the qualities of a woman, softness, unmanly delicacy ;
lasciviousness, loose pleasure.
Effeminate, ef-fem-e-nate, rt, 91. Having the
qualities of a woman, womanish, voluptuous, tender.
To Effeminate, ef-fem-e-nate, v. a. 91. 98.
To make womanish, to emasculate, to unman.
To Effeminate, ef-fem-e-nate, v, n. To soften,
to melt into weakness.
Effemination, ef-fem-e-rul-shun, s. The state
of one grown womanish, the state of one emasculated
or unmanned.
To Effervesce, ef-fer-vesj v. n. To' generate
heat by intestine motion.
Effervescence, ef-f«'-ves-sense, s. 510.
The act of growing hot, production of heat by intes-
tine motion.
Efficacious, ef-fe-ka-shus, a. Productive of
effects, powerful to produce the consequence intended.
Efficaciously, ef-fc-ka^shus-le, ad. Effectually.
Efficacy, ef^fe-ka-se, s. Production of the con-
sequence intended.
Efficience, ef-fishiyeiise, \
Efficiency, ?f-(1sh^yeii-se, J *' *
The act of producing effects, agency.
Efficient, ef-fishiyent, s. The cause which
makes effects ; he that makes, the effector.
Efficient, ef-fish^yent, a. 113. Causing effects.
Effigies, ef-t1dyes,l
Effigy, efife-je, /*'
Resemblance, image in pain
Efflorescence, ef-Ho-res^sense, \
Efflorescency, ef-flo-res-sen-se, J *'
Production of flowers ; excrescences in the form of
flowers ; in pliysick, the breaking out of some humours
in the skin.
Efflorescent, ef-flo-res-sent, a. shooting out
in form of flowers.
Effluence, ef-flu-ense, s. Tliat which issues
from some oilier principle.
Efflu\IA, ef-flu'-v^4, the plural of
Effluvium, tf-flu^-e-uni, *. Those small particles
which are continually flying off from bodies.
Efflux, efifluks, 5. 492. The act of flowing out ;
effusion ; that which flows from something else; ema-
nation.
To Efflux, ?f-fiuks,' v. n. 98. To run out.
Effluxion, ef-flukishun, s. The act of flowing
out; that which flows out, cfthivium, emanation.
Effort, ef^fort, S. struggle, laborious endeavour.
EffossioN, ef-fosh-uii, s. The act of dii^ging up
from the ground.
Effrontery, ef-fruniter4, ><?. impudence,
sliamelessness.
Effulgence, ef-fuUjense,*. 98. 177. Lustre,
brightness, splendour.
Effulgent, tf-ful-jent, a, shining, bright,
luminous.
Effumability, ef-fu-mi-biKe-te, s. The quality
of flying away in fumes.
To Effuse, ef-fiizej v. a. 437. To pour out, to
spill.
Effusion, ef-fuizhuil, S. 98. The act of pouring
out; waste, the act of spilling or shedding ; the thing
poured out.
Effusive, ef-fuisiv, a. 499. 428. Pouring out,
dispersing.
Err, ►'ft, s, A newt, an cvet.
173
Resemblance, image in painting or sculpture.
EfTSOONS, eft-soon^j ad. Soon afterwards.
To Egest, e-jestj v. a. To tlirow out food at the
natural vents.
Egestion, e-jes'-tshun, *. 464. The act of throw-
ing out the digested food.
Egg, eg, s. That which is laid by feathered animaU,
from which their young is produced; the spawn or
sperm of creatures; any thing fashioned in the shape
of an egg.
To Egg, eg, v. a. To incite, to instigate.
Eglantine, egil^n-tin, s. 150. a species of
rose ; sweetbriar.
Egotism, e^g6-tizm, S. Too frequent mention of
a man's self.
CO Contrary to my own judgment I have made the e
in the first syllable of this word long, because I see it is
uniformly so marked by all the Dictionaries 1 have seen:
but I am much mistaken if analogy does not iii time re-
cover her rights, and shorten this vowel by joining it to
the g-, as if written cg'-o-(tsm; notbcause this vowel is
short in the Latin ego, (for the English quantity has very
little to do with the Latin), but because ihe word may be
looked upon as a simple in our language, and the accent
IS on the antepenultimate syllable. Air. Elphinston,
whose opinion in this point is of the greatest weight,
makes the first vowel short — See Principles, No. 511.
530. 530.
Egotist, e-g5-tist, S, One that n always talking
of himself.
To EcoTize, e-go-tlze, v n. To talk much of
one's self.
Egregious, ^-gre-je-us, a. Eminent, remarkable,
extraordinary; eminently bad, remarkably vicious.
Egregiously, e-gre-je-us-le, ad. Eminently,
shamefully.
Egress, e-gres, s. The act of going out of any
place, depaiiure.
Egression, e-gresh^Sn, s. The act of going out.
Egret, ^igret, S. A fowl of the heron kind.
Eg RIOT, ^-gre-ot, S. A epecies of cherry.
'Jo Ejaculate, e-j^k-u-late, t». «. To throw, to
shoot out.
Ejaculation, e-jilk-u-la-shun, s. A short
prayer darted out occasionally; the act of darting or
throwing out.
Ejaculatory, c-i4kiti-hl-tur-^, a. Suddenly
darted out, sudden, hasty.
To Eject, e-jekt{ v. a. To throw out, to ca»t
forth, to void ; to throw out or expel from an oAice or
possession.
Ejection, e-jek-shun, s. The act of casting
out, expulsion.
Ejectment, e-jekt^ineiit, s. A legal writ by
which any inhabitant of a house, or tenant of an
estate, is commanded to depart.
Eight, Ayt, a. Twice four. A word of number.
(tS- The genuine sound of the diphthong in this word
and its coin|)ounds does not seem to be that of the first
sound of u, which Mr. Sheridan has given it under the
second sound of e, but a combination of the (irst sound
of a and e pronounced as closely together as possible.
Kut as this distinction is very delicate, and may not he
more easily apprehended than that between meat and
meet, liR, 1 have given the diphthong the same sound as
Mr. Sheridan has done.
Eighth, ayt^7i, a. Next in order to the seventh.
(sO' This word, as it is written, by no means conveys
the sound annexed to it in speaking : for the abstract ter-
mination til being a perfect lisp, is quite distinct from
the final t of eight, and can never coalesce with it with-
out depriving the word of one of its letters. The only
sound conveyed by the letters of this word, as now spelt,
is as if written aylh : and if we would spell this sound as
we pronounce it, and as the analogy of formation cer-
tainly requires, we must necessarily write it eighttli.
This would have an unusual a])pearance to the eye ; and
this would be a sufficient reason with the multitude for
oppos'ng it; but men of sense ought to consider, that
the credit of the language is concerned in rectifying thij
radical fault in its orthography.
Eighteen, ay-te^'n, a. twice nine.
ELE
ELE
ty 55D. Fate 73, f?ir77, full 83, fat 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin i07— no 162, move 164,
Eighteenth, ay'-teenM, a. The next in order to
the seventeenth.
Eightfold, ayt^fold, a. Eight times the number
or quantity.
Eighthly, ^ytth'Ae, ad. In tlie eighth place.
IllGHTlETH, Ay^te-e^A, a. Tlie next in order to
the seventy-ninth, eightli tenth.
Eightscore, Ayt^skore, a. Eight times twenty.
Eighty, ay^te, a. Eight times ten.
ElSEL, e-Sll, S. Vinegar, verjuice.
Either, e-THur, />row. distrih. Whichsoever of
tlie two, whether one or the other J each, both.
Either, C-THUF, conj. 252. A distributive con-
junction, answered byOrt either the one or the other.
Ejulation, ed-ju-lA-Silun, S, Outciy, lamenta-
tion, moan, wailing.
Eke, eke, ad. Also, likewise, besides.
To Eke, eke, v, a. To increase j to supply, to fill
up deficiencies ; to protract, to lengthen; to spin out
by useless additions.
To Elaborate, i-lib^i-rite, v. a. To produce
with labour; to heighten and improve by successive
operations.
Elaborate, 4-lib-i-rite, a. 91. Finished with
great diligence.
Elaborately, i-l^b^i-rite-1^, ad. Laboriously,
diligently, with great study.
Elaboration, e-lib-6-ra-shun, «. Improvement
by successive operations.
To Elance, ^-l4nse{ v. a. To throw out, to dart.
To Elapse, e-l^pse{ V, n. To pass away, to glide
away.
Elastic al, J-lisit^-k^l, \
Elastick, ^-lisitik, J "'
Having the power of returning to the form from which
it is distorted, springy.
Elasticity, ^-lis-tis-e-te, S. Force in bodies, by
which they endeavour to restore themselves.
Elate, i-late{ a. Flushed with success, lofty,
haughty.
To Elate, e-lite{ v. a. To puff up with pros-
perity; to exalt, to hcijjhten.
Elation, e-la-shun, s. Haughtiness proceeding
from success.
Elbow, eKbi, *. 327. Tlie next joint or curvature
of the arm below the shoulder; any flexure or angle.
ELbOWCHAIR, el-bA-tsbareJ s. A chair with arms.
Elbow ROOM, el-bo-room, *. lloom to stretch
out the elbows, freedom from confinement.
To Elbow, el-bo, v. a. To push with the elbow;
to push, to drive to a distance.
To Elbow, el-bi, v. n. To jut out in angles.
Eld, eld, s. Old age, decrepitude ; old people,
persons worn out with years.
Elder, el-dur, «. 98. Surpassing another in years.
Elders, el-durz, *. Persons whose age gives them
reverence ; ancestors ; tliose who are older than others;
among the Jews, rulers of the people ; in the New Tes-
tament, ecclesiasticks ; among Presbyterians, laymen
introduced into the kirk polity.
Elder, eKdSr, *. 98. The name of a tree.
Elderly, el^dur-le, a. No longer young.
Eldership, el^dur-ship, s.
Seniority, primogeniture.
Eldest, el-dest, a. Oldest »that has the right of
primogeniture ; that has lived most years.
Elecampane, el-^-kim-paneJ J. A plant, named
also starwort.
To Elect, e-lekt| v. a. To choose for any office
or use; in theology, to select as an object of eternal
mercy.
Elect, ^-lektj a. Chosen, taken by preference
from among others ; chosen to an office, not yet in
possession ; chosen as an object of eternal mercy,
1T4
Electa RV, e-lek'-tit^re, s. A form of medicine
made of conserves and powders, of the consistence of
honey.
{K?« This is an alteration of the word Electuary, whiih
has taken place within these few years; and, it must te
owned, is an alteration for the better : for as there is no
« in the Latin Electarium, there can be no reason for in-
serting it in our English word, which is derived from it.
Election, e-lekishun, s. The act of choosing
one or more from a greater number; the power of
chnice; voluntary preference; the determination of
God, by which any were selected for eternal life; the
ceremony of a publick choice.
Electioneering, e-lek-shun-^^r-ing, s.
Concern in parliamentary elections.
Elective, ^-lek^tiv, a. Exerting tlie power of
choice,
Electively, e-lek'-tiv-l5, ad. By choice, with
preference of one to another.
Elector, e-lek^tur, s. 98. He that has a vote
in the choice of any officer ; a prince who has a voice
in the clioice of the German emperor.
Electoral, i-lek-t6-r3,l, a. Having the dignity of
an elector.
Electorate, e-lek^to-rite, 5. 91. The territoiy
of an elector.
Electre, ^-lek'-tur, s. 98. 416. Amber; a
mixed metal.
Electrical, i-lek^tre-kal, "
Electric K, e-lek^tnk, _,
Attractive without magnetism ; produced by an elcc-
trick body.
Electricity, l-lek-trisie-te, s. A property in
bodies, whereby, when rubbed, they di aw substances,
and emit fire.
Electrometer, e-lek-trom-e-ter, s. 518.
An instrument to measure the power of attraction. '
Electuary, e-lek^tshu-Ar-e, s. — See Electary.
Eleemosynary, el-^-mSzie-nir-e, a. Living
upon alms, depending upon charity ; given in charity.
Elegance, eUe-g$nse, "1
Elegancy, el^e-g^n-se, J*
Beauty without grandeur.
Elegant, el-e-gant, a. Pleasing with minuter
beauties; nice, not coarse, not gross.
Elegantly, el-e-g^nt-le, ad. In such a manner
as to please without elevation.
ElegiACK, el-4-jl-^k, a. Used in elegies ; mourn-
ful, sorrowful.
(t3" Our own analogy would lead us to place the accent
upon the second syllable of this word ; but its derivation
from the Latin elegiacus, and the Greek tXEyeTanoc, (in
both which the antepenultimate is long), obliges us,
under pain of appearing grossly illiterate, to place the
accent on the same letter. But it may be observed, that
we h?.ve scarcely an instance in the whole language of
adopting a Latin or Greek word, and curtailing it of a
syllable, without removing the accent higher on the
English word. — See Academy.
ElegIST, el-5-jist, S. A writer of elegies.
Elegy, el-^-j^, s. A mournful song; a funeral
song ; a short poem, with points or turns.
Element, el-e-ment, *. The first or constituent
principle of any thing; the four elements, usually so
called, are earth, air, fire, water, of which our world
is composed ; the proper habitation or sphere of any
thing; an ingredient, a constituent part; the letters
of any language ; the lowest or first rudiments of lite-
rature or science.
Elemental, el-^-men-ti\l, «. Produced bv some
of the four elements ; arising from first principles.
Elementarity, el-e-men-t^r-e-t^, s. Simplicity
of nature, absence of composition.
Elementary, el-e-men-tir-^, a. Uncompounded,
having only one principle.
Elephant, el-^-Mnt, *. The largest of all quad-
rupeds.
Elephantine, el-^-f^n'-tin, a, 140. Pert^iming
to the elephant,
ELO
EMB
nor 167, nJt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— p5und 313— Min 468, this 4t.;9.
to break
To Elevate, el-e-vate, v. a. 91- To raise up
aloft; to exalt, to dignify; to raise the mind with
great conceptions.
Elevate, eV-e-vkte, part. a. 91.
Exalted, raised aloft.
Elevation, el-^-va-shun, s. The act of raising
aloft; exaltation, dignity; exaltation of the mind by
noble conceptions; the height of any heavenly body
■with respect to the horizon.
Elevator, el'-e-v^-tur, *. 521. 166. A raiser
or lifter up.
Eleven, e-lev!^vn, a. 103. Ten and one.
Eleventh, e-lev-vn^A, a. Tlie tiext in order to
the tenth.
Elf, elf, s. Plural, Elves. A wandering spirit,
supposed to be seen in wild places ; a devil.
ElFLOCK, elPlftk, S. Knots of hair twisted by elves.
To Elicit, e-lis-sit, v. a. To strikeout, to fetch
out by labour.
Elicit, e-lisisit, a. Brought into action.
Elicitation, e-lis-se-tA-shun, s. A, deducing
the power of the will into act.
To Elide, ^.-lldej v. a. To break in pieces.
Eligibility, el-e-Je-bll-e-te, s. Worthiness to
be chosen.
Eligible, el-^-je-bl, a. 405. Fit to be chosen,
preferable.
EligiDLENESS, eUe-je-bl-nes, *. Worthiness to
be chosen, preferahleness.
Elimination, e-lim-e-na-sbun, *, The act of
banishing, rejection.
Elision, ^-lizh-un, s. The act of cutting off;
division, separation of parts.
Elixation, el-ik-sA^sbun, a. 533. 530.
The act of boiling.
Elixir, e-lik-sur, S. 418. A medicine made by
strong infusion, where the ingredients are almost dis-
solved in the menstruum ; the liquor with which ciiy-
mists transmute metals ; the extract or quintessence of
any thing ; any cordial.
a^ There is acorrupt pronunciation of this word, even
among the upper ranks of people, which changes the i
ill the second syllable into e, as if written Eleiir. The
t is never pronounced in this manner when the accent is
on it, except when followed by r and another consonant,
108.
Elk, elk, S. The elk is a large and stately animal
of the stag kind.
Ell, el, s. A measure containing a yard and
a quarter.
Ellipsis, el-lip-S?S, *. A figure of rhetorick, by
which something is left out; in geometry, an oval figure
generated from the section of a cone. — See Efface.
Elliptical, el-l?p^t^-kil,
Elliptick, el-lipttik.
Having the form of an ellipsis.
Elm, elm, S. The name of a tree.
Elocution, el-6-ku-shun, s. The power of fluent
speech ; eloquence, flow of language ; the power of
expression or diction.
03" This Word originally, Twth among the Greeks and
Romans, signified the choice and order of words; and
Dryden and other moderns have used it in the same
sense ; it is now scarcely ever used but to signify pronun-
ciation. The French seem to have been the first who
used it in this sense : Addison has followed them; and
as it is perfectly agreeable to the Latin original c and lo-
?uor, and serves to distinguish oratorical pronunciation
rom pionunciation in general, the alteration isnotwith-
out its use.
Elogy, eUo-ji, *. 503. Praise, panegyric.
To Elongate, e-lftng^gate, v. a. To lengthen,
to draw out.
To Elongate, ^-iSng^gite, v. n. To go off to a
distance from any thing.
Elongation, el-ong-ga'-sliun, s. 530. 533.
The act of stretching or lengthening itself; the state
of being stretched; distance; space at which one thing
is distant from another; departure, removal.
175
■}"•
To Elope, e-l6pe{ v. a. To run away,
loose, to escape.
Elopement, e-lope^ment, s. Departure from
just restraint.
ElOPS, e^lftps, *. A fish, reckoned by Milton
among the serpents.
ELOgUENCE, eKo-kwense, S. The power of speak-
ing with fluency and elegance; elegant language uttered
with fluency.
Eloquent, el-6-kwent, a. Having the power ot
oratory.
Else, else, pron. Other, one besides.
Else, else, ad. Otherwise ; besides, except.
Elsewhere, else^wbare, ad. 397. In any
other place; in other places, in some other place.
To Elucidate, e-lu-se-date, v. a. To explain,
to clear.
Elucidation, e-lij-se-da-shun, s.
Explanation, exposition.
Elucidator, i-liV-se-da-tur, s. 521, Explainer,
expositor, commentator.
To Elude, e-lude{ V, a. To escape by stratagem,
to avoid by artifice.
Eludible, e-lu-de-bl, a. Possible to be eluded.
Elves, elvz, s. The plural of Elf.
ElvelocK, elv^lftk, S. Knots in the hair.
Elvish, el-vish, «. Relating to elves, or wandering
spirits.
ElumBATED, e-lum-bi-ted, a. Weakened in tlie
loins.
Elusion, e-lu-zhun, *. An escape from inquiry or
examination, an artifice.
Elusive, e-ltt^siv, a. 158. 428. Practising
elusion, using arts to escape.
Elusory, e-k'i-sur-e, a. 429. 512. Tending to
elude, tending to deceive, fraudulent.
To Elute, e-liatej V, a. To wash olT.
To Elutriate, ^-lii^tre-Ate, v. a. 91.
To decant, to strain out.
Elysian, e-lizh-^4n, a. 542. Deliciously toft
and soothing, exceedingly delightful.
Elysium, e-lizh-e-um, S, The place assigned by
the heathens to happy souls; any place exquisitely
pleasant.
To Emaciate, ^-miUshe-Ate, r. a. 542.
To waste, to deprive of flesh.
To Emaciate, ^-mA-sh^-ate, v. n. To lose flesh,
to pine.
PiMACiATiON, i-ma-sh^-A^shiin, S. The act of
making lean ; the state of one grown lean.
Emaculation, ^-mik-i!i-la-sh?in, s. The act of
freeing any thing from spots or foulness.
EmanaNT, em-i-nint, a. Issuing from something
else.
To Emanate, em-^-nate, v. n. d\. To issue or
flow from something else.
Emanation, em-m4-na-shun, s. 530. The act
of issuing or proceeding from any other substance;
that which issues from another substance.
EmANATIVE, em^^n-i-tlV, «. 91. Issuing from
another.
To Emancipate, i-ni;tn^s5-pite, v. a.
To set free from servitude.
Emancipation, e-mitn-sJ-pi^shitn, s. The act
of setting free, deliverance from slavery.
To Emarginate, e-marye-nate, v. a. To take
away the margin or edge of any thing.
To Emasculate, e-m^s^ku-lAte, v. «.
To castrate, to deprive of virility; to effeminate 5 to
vitiate by unmanly softness.
Emasculation, e-m3^s-ku-U-shun, s. Castration ;
effeminacy, womanish qualities.
To Embale, em-bale{ v. a. To makf up iat* «
bundle J to bind up, to enclose.
EMB
EME
S^ 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nA 162, m3ve, 146,
MDASSAGE, em^b^s-saje, 90.1
2 ;i4 I ' r '
MBASSV, em'bas-se, J
To Em BALM, em-bamj v. a. 403. To impregnate
a body with aromaticks, that it may resist putiefac-
tion.
(i3» The affinity between the long e and the short i,
when immediately followed by the accent, has beep ob-
served under the word Despatch. But this affinity is no
where more remarkable than in those words where the e
is followed by m or «. This has induced Mr. Sheridan to
spell embrace, endow, &c. imbracc, indow, he. and tliis
spelling may, perhaps, sufficiently convey the cursory
or colloquial pronunciation ; but my observation greatly
fails me if correct publick speaking does not preserve the
e in its true sound, when followed by m or n. The dif-
ference is delicate, but, in my opinion, real.
Embalmkr, em-bam-er, s. 409- One that
practises the art of embalming and preserving bodies.
To Embar, ein-bai5 v. a. To shut, to enclose j to
stop, to hinder by prohibition, to block up.
Embarkation, em-bar-ka-shun, *. The act of
putting on shipl>oard; the act of going on sliipboard.
Embargo, eni-bar-go, s. 98. A prohibition to
pass, a stop put to trade.
To Embark, em-barkj v, a. To put on ship-
board ; to engage another in any affair.
To Embark, tim-b?irkj v. n. To go on ship-
board; to engage in any affair.
To Embarrass, em-b;tr-rA.s, v. a. To perplex, to
distress, to entangle.
Embarrassment, em-b^riris-ment, s.
Perplexity, entanglement.
To Embase, em-bilsej v. a. To vitiate ; to
degrade, to vilify.
EmbaseMENT, em-base-munt, S. Depravation.
Embassador, em-bis^s^-dur, s. 98. One sent
on a publick message.
EmBASSADRESS, em-bis-S^-dreS, S. A woman
sent on a publick message
Em
E
A ])ublick message ; any solemn message.
7'o Embattle, em-bit^tl, v. a. 405. To range
in order or array of battle.
To Embay, ern-ba,' v. a. 98. To bathe, to wet,
to wash ; to enclose in a bay, to land-lock.
To Embellish, em-bel-lisb, v. a. To adorn, to
beautify.
Embellishment, em-bel-lish-ment, s. Orna-
ment, adventitious beauty, decoration.
Embers, em-burz, s. Without a singular. Hot
cinders, ashes not yet extineuislied.
Ember-week, em-bur-week, *. A week in which
an ember day falls. The ember days at tlie four sea-
sons are the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, after
the first Sunday in Lent, tlie feast of Pentecost, Sep-
tember fourteenth, December thirteenth.
To Embezzle, em-bez-zl, v. a. 405. To appro-
priate by breach of trust ; to waste, to swallow up in
riot.
Embezzlement, em-bez^/,l-ment, s. The act
of appropriating to himself that which is received in
trust for another; appropriation.
To Emblaze, em-blaze{ v. a. To adorn with
glittering eml)ellishments ; to blazon, to paint with
ensigns armorial.
To Emblazon, em-bla-zn, v. a. To adorn with
figures of heraldry ; to deck in glaring colours.
Emblem, eni-bleni, *. inlay, enamel ; an occult
representation, an allusive picture.
To Emblem, em-blem, V, a. To represent in an
occult or allusive manner.
Emb-lematical, em-ble-mat'-e-kili, 509. j
EmblemAtick, em-ble-m$t'-ik, j" "'
Comprising an emblem, allusive, occultly representa-
tive; dealing in emblems, using eii.blems.
Emblematically, em-ble-mt\Lie-k;tl-c, ad.
in the manner of emblems, allusively.
Emblematist, em-blem-i-tist, s. Writer or in-
fentor of emblems,
17.1
Embolism, em-bo-lizm, s. Intercalation, inser-
tion of days or years to produce regularity and equation
of time; the time inserted, intercalatory time.
Embolus, em-bo-lus, s, Any thing inserted and
acting in another, as the sucker in a pump.
To Emboss, etn-b5s( v. a. To form with pro-
tuberances; to engrave with relief, or rising work; to
enclose, to include, to cover.
Embossment, em-bfis-ment, s. Any thing stand-
ing out from the rest, jut, eminence; relief; rising
work.
To Embottle, era-bftt-tl, v. a. To include in
bottles, to bottle.
To Embowel, em-bou'-el, v. a. To deprive of the
eutiails.
To Embrace, ein-brase{ v, n. To hold fondly in
the ariTia, to squeeze in kindness ; to seiit- nrdently or
eagerly, to lay hold on, to welcome ; to comprehend,
to take in, to encircle; to comprise, to enclose, to
contain. -
To Embrace, em-br^se{ v. n. To join in an
embrace.
Embrace, em-brase{ *. Clasp, fond pressure in
the arms, hug.
Embracement, em-brise-ment, .9. Clasp in the
arms, hug, embrace; state of being contained, enclo-
sure; conjugal endearment.
Embracer, em-bra-sur, s. The person embracing.
Embrasure, em-bra-zhure, s. An aperture in
the wall, battlement.
To Embrocate, em-bro-kate, r. a. 91. To rub
any part diseased with medicinal liquors.
Embrocation, em-bro-ka-sbun, *. The act of
rubbing any pait diseased with medicinal liquors; the
lotion with which any diseased part is washed.
To Embroider, em-broe-dur, v. a. To border
with ornaments, to decorate with figured works.
Embroiderer, em-broe-dur-ui-, s. One that
adorns clutlies with needle-work.
Embroidery, um-broe-dur-e, *.
Figmes raised upon a ground, variegated needle-work,
variegation, diversity of colours.
To Embroil, em-broilj v. a. To disturb, to con-
fuse, to distract.
To Embrothel, em-brt)TH'eI, v. a. To enclose
in a brothel.
Embryo, eni^bre-o, T
Embryon, em-bre-un,/'"
The offspring yet unfinisbed in the womb; the state of
any thing yet not fit for production, yet unfinished.
Emendable, e-men-dil-bl, a. Capable of emenda-
tion, corrigible.
Emendation, em-en-da'-sbun, *. 530.
Correction, alteration of any thing from worse to
better; an alteration made in the text by verbal cri-
ticism.
Emendator, em-en-da-tor, 5. 521. A corrector,
an improver.
Emerald, em^e-rald, s. A green precious stone.
To Emerge, e-merjej v. n. To rise out of any
thing in which it is covered ; to rise, to mount from a
state of depression or obscority.
Emergence, ^-merijensc, ")
Emergency, e-mer-jen-se,/
Tlie act of rising out of any fiuid by which it is cover-
ed ; the act of rising into view; any sudden occasion,
unexpected casualty ; pressing necessity.
Emerc;ENT, e-mer-Jent, «. Rising out of that
which overwhelms and obscures it ; rising into view or
notice ; proceedingor issuing from any thing; sudden,
unexpectedly casual.
Emerited, e-mer-it-ed, a. Allowed to have done
sullicieut public service.
Emeroids, em-er-i)idz, *. Painful swellings of
the hemorrhoidal veins, piles, properly Hemorrhoids.
Emersion, e-mer-shSn, S. The time when a star,
having been obscured by its tro near approach to tU«
sun, appears again.
EMP ExMP
lioi- 1(37, nJt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173-4U299— p3und313— f/Mn4o'5, this 469.
.}„
Emerv, em-er-e, S. Emeiy is an iron ore. It is
prepared by grinding in mills. It is useful in cleaning
and polishing steel.
Emetical, e-met-e-k;tl,
Emetick, e-m6t-ik,
Having the quality of provoking vomits.
Emetically, e-raet-e-k4l-e, ad. In sucli a
manner as to provoke to vomit.
Emication, em-e-ka-shun, s. 530. Sparkling,
flying off in small particles.
Emiction, e-mik-slum, s. Urine.
Emigrant, em-e-o^railt, *. One that emigrates.
7'o Emigrate, em-me-grAte, v. n. To remove
from one place to another.
Emigration, em-e-gra-shun, s. 530. Change
of habitation.
Eminence, em-e-nensc, ")
Eminency, eni-e-neii-se, / *
Loftiness, height; summit, highest part; exaltation,
conspicuousness, reputation, celebrity ; supreme de-
gree; notice, distinction; a title given to cardinals.
Eminent, em-e-nent, a. High, lofty ; dignified,
exalteil ; conspicuous, remarkable.
Eminently, em-e-nent-l^', ad. Conspicuously,
in a manner that attracts observation ; in a high de-
gree.
Emissary, em-is-s3.r-re, s. One sent out or,
private messages; a spy, a secret agent; one that
emits or sends out.
Emission, e-mish-un, s. The act of lending out,
vent.
To Emit, 5-mitJ v. a. To send forth ; to let fly,
to dart ; to issue out juridically.
EmmeNAGOGUE, eni-meni;t-gog, S. A medicine
to promote circulation in females.
Emmet, em-mit, s. 99- An ant, a pismire.
To EmmeW, em-mul v. a. To mew or ccop up.
Emollient, e-niol-yent, a. 113.
Softening, suppling.
Emollients, c-niol-yeiits, s. Such things as
sheathe and soften the asperities of the humours, and
relax and supple the solids.
i^jiOLi.iTiON, era-mSl-lish-un, s. The act of
softening.
Emolument, e-niol-u-ment, s. Profit, advantage.
Emotion, e-mi-shun, S. Disturbance of mind,
vehemence of passion.
To Empale, em-JJaleJ v. a. To fence with a pale;
to fortify; to enclose, to shut in; to put to death by
spitting on a stake fixed upright.
EmpaNNEL, em-p<^n-nel, S. The writing or en-
tering the names of a jury into a schedule by the she-
riff, which he has summoned to appear.
To Empannel, em-pllninel, v. a. To summon
to serve on a jury.
To Empassion, em-pilsh-un, v, a. To move
with passion, to affect strongly.
To EmpeoplE, em-pe-pl, v. a. To form into a
people or community.
EmPERESS, em-per-es, S. A woman invested with
imperial power ; the queen of an emperor.
Emperor, em-per-ur, s. 166. A monarch of
title and dignity superior to a king.
Empery, em-per-e, s. 503. Empire, sovereign
command. A word out of use.
Emphasis, em-fa-sis, S, A remarkable stress laid
upon a word or sentence.
Emphatical, em-fat-ik-;tl,
Emphatick, 2m-fat^ik,
Forcible, strong, striking.
Empiiaiically, em-Mt-e-kil-e, ad. Strongly,
forcibly, in a stril:ing manner.
To Empierce, em-persej v. a. 250. To pierce
into, to enter into by violent apoulse. — See Pierce.
Empire, em-pire, s. 140 imperial power,
177
■}«■
■h
supreme dominion ; the region over which dominion is
extended ; command over any thing.
Ji^p- I have differed from Mr. Sheridan and Buchanan
in the pronunciation of the last syllable of this word, as
I think the long sound of i is more agreeable to the ear,
as well as to the best usage, though 1 confess not so ana-
logical as the short t. Dr. Kenrick, Scott, VV. Johnston,
and Perry, pronounce the i long as 1 have done.— See
Umpire.
Empirick, em-pe-rik, or em-pii-ik, s. A trier
or experimenter, such persons as venture upon obser-
vation only ; a quack.
CTT- Dr. Johnson tells us, tire first accentuation is
adopted by Dryden, and the last by Milton ; and this he
prefers. There is indeed a strong analogy for the last, as
the word ends in ick, 509 ; but this analogy is sometimes
violated in favour of the substantives, as in Liiviitick,
Hcrelick, &c. and that this is the case in the word in
question, may be gathered from the majority of votes in
its favour; for tliough Dr. Jolinson, Mr. Sheridan,
Mr. Narcs, and W.Johnston, are for the latter; Dr. Ken
rick, Dr. Ash, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, liiuhanan, Entick,
I'ailey, and Barclay, are for the former. This word
classes too with those that almost always adopt the ante
penultimate accent, 503 ; but the adjective has jnore pro
perly the accent on the second syllable.
Empirical, em-pir-e-kill,
Empirick, em-pir-ik.
Versed in experiments, practised only by rote.
Empirically, ein-pn-c-k^l-le, ad.
Experimentally, without rational grounds; in tie
manner of a quack.
Empiricism, em-pir-e-sizm, *. Dependence on
experience without knowledge or art ; quackery.
EmplaSTER, em-plAs-tur, s. An applic^ation to
sore of an oleaginous or viscous substance spread upon
cloth.
To Emplaster, cm-plis^tur, v. a. To cover
with a plaster.
EmPLASTICK, em-pl^S-tlk, a. Viscous, glutlnou*.
To Emplead, em-pledej v. a. To endict, to prefer
a charge against.
To Employ, em-plocj v. a. To busy, to keep at
work, to exercise; to use as an instrument; to com-
niissiim, to intrust with themanagement of any affairs;
to fill up with business; or to spend in business.
Employ, em-pioe} S. Uusiness, object of industry j
publick office.
Employable, em-ploe'-;\-bl, a. Capable to b»
used, proper for use.
Employer, em-ploe-ur, s. One that uses, or
causes to he used.
Employment, em-ploe-meilt, s. Business, object
of industry ; the stale of being employed ; oRice, post
of business.
To Empoison, em-poe.-zn, v. a. To destroy by
poison, to destroy by venomous food or drugs ; to en-
venom.
EmPOISONER, em-pO(;-zn-ur, S. One who destroys
another by poison.
Empoisonment, em-poe-zn-nicnt,*. Thepractice
of destroying by poison.
Emporetick, em-pi-ret-ik, a. That is used at
markets, or in merchandise.
E.MPORIUM, em-po-re-um, s. A place of mer.
chandise, a commercial city.
To Empoverish, em-pSv-er-ish, r. a, Totnake
))Oor; to lessen fertility.
((3~ This word, before Dr. Johnson's Dictionary was
published, was always written iw/;o!-(»ris/i; nor since he
lias reformed ihe orthography do we find any consider-
able difi'erence in the sound of the first syllable, except
in solemn speaking; in this case we must undoubtedly
preserve the e in its true sound. — See Embalm.
Empoverisiier, em-pov-fir-ish-ur, s. On* that
makes others poor; that which impairs fertility.
Empo''erisiiment, em-p5v-er-ish-meiit, #.
Diminution, waste.
To Empower, »jin pt'ii-ur, v. a. To authorise,
to commission ; to enable.
ElMi'RESS, eni'pres, *. The queen of -tw cmjirror;
ENA ENC
559. Fite73, far 77, fall ^3, Mt 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 1G4,
female invested with imperial dignity, a female so- (t3» The same observations hold good in words begin-
a female invested with imperial dignity, a female so
vereign ; properly Emperess.
Emprise, em-priztjj *. Attempt of danger, under-
taking of liazard, enterprise.
Emptier, em-tl-ur, s. One that empties, one
that makes void.
Emptiness, em-te-nes, s. The state of being
empty, avoid space, vacuity; unsatisfactoriness, in-
ability to fill the desires; vacuity of head, want of
knowledge.
Emption, em-shun, *. A purchasing.
Empty, em-te, a. 412. Void, having nothing in
it, not full; unsatisfactory, unable to fill the mind or
desires ; without any thing to carry, unburthened ; va-
cant of Iliad, ignorant, unskilful; without substance,
without solidity, vain.
To Empty, em-te, v. a. To evacuate, to exhaust.
To Empurple, em-pur-pl, v. a. To make of a
purple c(»lour.
To Empuzzle, em-puz-zl, v. a. To perplex, to
put til a stand.
Empyema, era-pl-e-mi, s. 92. a collection of
purulent matter in any part whatsoever, generally used
to sigiiily that in the cavity of the breast only.
Or?. 1 have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the sound of
the;/ in the second syllable of this word, merely from
■ the disagreeatile effect it has on the ear, to pronouTice
•wo Vowels of exactly the same sound in immediate suc-
cession. This sameness is, in some measure, avoided
by giving y the long diphthongal sound of i; and the
same reason has induced me to the same notation in the
word Empyrean. If good usage is against me, I submit.
Empyreal, em-pir-l-ll, a. Formed of fire, re-
fined beyond aerial.
Empyrean, em-pl-re-in, or em-pir-l-An, s.
The highest heaven, where the pure element of fire is
• supposed to subsist. — See Empyema.
K?" This word has the accent on the penultimate
syllable in Sheridan, Kenrick, Barclay, Nares, and
Bailey; and on the antepenuliimale in Ash, Buchanan,
Perry, and Entick : and this last accentuation is, in my
opinion, the most correct; for as the penultimate is
short, there is the same reason for placing the acient on
the ai.tepenultimate as in Cerulean ; though Poets, with
their usual license, generally accent the penultimate. —
See European.
Empyreum, em-pir-rl-um, \
Empyreuma, em-pe-ru-mi, /
The burning of any matter in boiling or distillation.
Empyreumaiical, em-pe-ru-mat-e-k4l, a.
Having the smell or tasle of burnt substances.
Empyrosis, em-pe-ro-sis, s. 520. Conflagration,
general fire.
To Emulate, em-u-late, v. a. To rival ; to
imitate with hope of equality, or superior excellence j
to be equal to ; to rise to equality with.
Emulation, em-ii-la-shim, s. Rivalry, desire of
superiority; contest.
Emulative, em^u-la-tiv, a. inclined to emula-
lation, rivalling.
Emulator, em'u-la-tur, s. 166. 521.
a rival, a competitor.
To Emulge, i-muljej v. a. To milk out.
EmuLGENT, i-mul-jent, a. Milking or draining
out.
Emulous, em-U-luS, a. 314. Rivalling; engaged
in compelition; desirous of superiority, desirous to
rise aliiive another, desirous of any excellence pos-
sessed by another.
EmuLOUSLY, em-iJ-luS-ll, ad. Wi<h desire of ex-
celling or outgoing another.
Emulsion, e-mul-sbun, *. A form of medicine,
by bruising oily seeds and kernels.
Emunctories, e-mungk-tur-iz, *. 557. 99.
Those parts of the body where any thing excrementi-
tious is separated and collected.
To Enable, en-a-bl, v. a. 405. To make able,
to confer power.
7t> Enact, en-iktj v. a. To establish, to decree;
to represent by action.
178
(t3» The same observations hold good in words begin-
ning with en as in those with em See Embalm and Ea-
comium.
Enactor, en-^k^tur, *. 1G6. One that forms
decrees, or establishes laws; one who prartiscs or per-
forms any thing.
EnALLAGE, en-^Kl^-je, s. A figure in grammar,
whereby there is a changeeither of a pronoun, as when
a possessive is put for a relative, or when one mood o.
tense of a verb is put for another.
To EnAMBUSH, en-im-busll, v. a. To hide in
ambush, to hide with hostile intention.
To Enamel, en4m-el, v. a. 99- To inlay, t«
variegate with colours.
7b Enamel, en-^m-el, v. n. To practise the
use of enamel.
Enamel, en-^m-el, S. Any thing enamelled, ot
variegated with colours inlaid; the substance inlaid
in other things.
Enameller, en-im-el-lur, *, One that practise*
the art of enamelling.
To Enamour, en-am-ur, v. a. 314. To inflame
with love; to make fond.
EnaRRATION, en-n4r-rA-shun, *. Explanation.
Enarthrosis, en-ar-<Ar6-sis, s. 520. The in-
sertion of one bone into another to form a joii.t.
EnaTATION, l-n4-ta-shun, s. The act of swim-
ming out.
To Encage, en-kijej v. a. To shut up as in
a cage ; to coop up, to confine.
To Encamp, en-k^mp{ v. n. To pitch tents; tc
sit down for a time in a inarch.
To Encamp, en-k4mp{ v. a. To form an army
into a regular camp.
Encampment, en-kimp-ment, s. The act of
encamping, or pitching tents; a camp, tents pitched
in order.
To Encave, en-kavej v. a. To hide as in a cave
To Enchafe, en-tshafej v. a. To enrage, to
irritate, to provoke.
To Enchain, en-tshanej v. a. To fasten with
a chain, to hold in chains, to bind.
To Enchant, en-tshint,' d. a. 79. To subdue by
charms or spells ; to delight in a high degree.
Enchanter, eii-tsh^ii'-tur, s. 98. A magician,
a sorcerer.
Enchantingly, en-tshin-ting-ll, ad. With the
force of enchantment.
Enchantment, en-tshint-ment, *. Magical
charms, spells, incantation ; irresistible influence,
overpowering delight.
Enchantress, en-tsh4n-tres, s, A sorceress, a
woman versed in magical arts ; a woman whose beauty
or excellence gives irresistible influence.
To Enchase, en-tshAse{ v. a. To infix, to en-
close in any other body so as to be held fast, but not
concealed.
To Encircle, en-ser-kl, i>. a. To surround, to
environ, to enclose in a ring or circle.
Encirclet, en-serk-let, .». A circle, a ring.
Enclitical, en-klit^fc-kil, a. Relating to en-
clitick?.
EnCLITICKS, en-kht-iks, *. Particles which throw
back the accent upon the last syllable of the foregoing
word.
To Enclose, en-klizej v. a. To part from thing*
or grounds common by a fence; to environ, to en-
circle, to surroiintl.
Encloser. en-klo'zur *. One that enclose*
orgeparato« rommon t^olrls info several distinct proper-
ties ; any thing in which anotlier is enclosed.
Enclosure, en-klo-zhui-e, *. The act of enclos-
ing or environing any thing ; i he separation of common
grounds into disiinct possessions; the approrriLtion
(if tilings coininon ; state of being shut up in any
place; the space enclosed.
Encomiast, en-ko-me-ist, s. A panegyrist, •
praiser.
ENC
END
nor 167, ii5t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— ^il 299— pound 313— ^/^in 466, THis 469.
Encomiast'CAL, en-ko-me-fc^te-klll, "I
E.NCOMIASTICK, en-Ko-iuL'-ls^tik, /
PaneKyiicHl, containiiifc praise, bestowing praise.
Encomium, en-ko-me-um, 5. Panegjrick, praif e,
elogv.
(t3- Tlioueli in cursory speakingwe frequently hear tl:e
e confounded with the short i in tlie first syllables of en-
camp, enchant, &c. without any great offence to the ear,
yet sucb an interchange in encomium, encnmiast, &c. is
not only a departure from propriety, but from politeness;
and it is not a little surprising that Mr. Sheridan sliouid
have adopted it. The trntli is, preserving the e pure in
all words of this form, whether in rapid or deliberate
speaking, is a correctness well worthy of attention.
7^0 Encompass, en-kum^l)is, v. a. To enclose j
to encircle , to go round any place.
Encompassment, ^n-kum-pis-inetit, «.-
Circumlocution, reinote tendency of talk.
Encore, ftngJ-kiSreJ ad. Again, once more.
Cc^' This word is perfectly French, and, as usual, we
have adopted it with the original pronunciation. In
other words which we have received from the French,
where the nasal vowel has occurred, we have substituted
an awkward pronunciation in imitation of it, which has
at once shown our fondness for foreign modes of speak-
ing, and our incapacity of acquiring them : thus fa tsson
has been turned into Casnonn, Ballon into Balloon, Dra-
gon into firag'oon.and CUamont (d character in the Orphan)
into Shamoon; but in the word before us, this nasal
sound is followed by c hard, which after n always mvolves
hard g-, 403 ; and this is precisely an English sound. An
Englishman, therefore, does not find the difficulty in
pronouncing the nasal sound in this word, which he
would in another that does not admit of the succeeding
hard c or g' ; as entendement, attentif, &c. ; for if in pro-
nouncing the en in these words the tongue should once
touch the roof of the mouth, the French nasal sound
would be ruined. No wonder then that a mere English
speaker should pronounce this French word so well, and
the rest of the nasal vowels so ill. It does not arise from
the habit they contract at theatres, (where it would be
the most barbarous and ill-bred pronunciation in the
world to call for the repetition of an English song in
plain English). It does not, I say, arise from custom,
but from coincidence. The sound, in the word before
us, is common to both nations; and though the French
may give it a somewhat lighter sound than the English,
thcv are both radically the same. Adopting this word,
however, in the Theatre, does the English no manner of
credit. Every language ought to be sufficient for all its
purposes. A foreigner who understood our language,
but who had never been present at our dramatick perfor-
mances, would suppose we had no equivalents in English,
should he hear us cry out Encore, Bravo, and Brarissimo,
when we onlv wish to have a song repeated, or to applaud
the agility of a dancer.
Encounter, en-koun-tur, s. 313. Duel, single
fight, conflict; battle, figlit in which enemies rush
against each other; sudden meeting; casual incident.
To Encounter, en-koun-tur, v. a. To meet
face to face; to meet in a hostile manner, to rush
against in conflict; to attack; to oppose; to meet by
accident.
To Encounter, en-koun^tur, v. n. To rush
together in a hostile manner, to conflict ; to engage,
to fight; to meet face to face; to come together by
chance.
Encounterer, en-koun-tur-ur, s. Opponent,
antagonist, enemy ; one that loves to acco.«t others.
To Encourage, 2n-kur-ridje, v. a. 60.
To animate, to incite to any thing ; to give courhge to,
tosupport thespirits, toembolden ; to raise confidence.
Encouragement, en-kur-ndje-ment, s.
Incitement to any action or practice, incentive; fa-
vour, countenance, support.
Encourager, en-kur-ndje-ur, s. 314. One
thai supplies incitements lo any thing, a favourer.
7^0 Encroach, en-krotshj v. n. 295. To make
invasions upon the right of another ; to advance gra-
dually and by stealth upon that to which one has ho
rignil
Encroacher, en-kritsh-ur, s. One who seizes
the possession of another by gradual and silent means ;
r>no who makes slow and gradual advances beyond his
rights.
Encroachment, en-krotsh-ment, s. An unlaw-
J79
ful Rathering in upon another man ; advance into the
territories or rights of aviother.
To Encumber, en-kum-bur, v. a. To clog, to
loan, to impede; to load with debts.
Encumbrance, en-kum-br^nse, s. Clog, load,
impediment ; burden upon an estate.
Encyclical, en-sik-le-k^l, a. 535. Circular,
sent round through a large region.
Encyclopedia, en-si-klo-pe-de-^, s. The circle
of sciences, the round of learning. — See Cyclopedia.
Encysted, en-SlS-ted, a. Enclosed in a vesicle or
bag.
End, end, s. Tlie extremity of any thing ; the con-
conclusion or cessation of anything; the conclusion
or last part of any thing ; ultimate state, final doom ;
final determination, conclusion of debate or delibera-
tion ; death; abolilion, total loss; fragment, broken
piece; purpose, intCTition; thing intended, final de-
sign ; an end, erect, as his hair stands an end.
To End, end, v. a. To terminate, to conclude, to
finish; to destroy, to put to death.
To End, end, v. n. To come to an end 5 to con-
clude, to cease.
To Endamage, en-dim-idje, v. a. 99. To mi,.
chief, to prejudice, to harm.
To Endanger, en-dAn^jur, v. a. To put into
hazard, to bring into peril; to incur the danger of, to
hazard.
To Endear, en-d^ei'{ v. a. 227. To make dear,
to make beloved.
Endearment, en-d^er-ment, *. The cause of
love, means by which any thing is endeared ; the state
of being endeared, the state of being loved.
Endeavour, en-dev-ur, s. 234. Labour directed
to some certain end.
To Endeavour, en-dev^ur, v. n. Tc labour to a
certain pinpose.
To Endeavour, en-dev^ur, v, a. To attempt, to
try.
Endeavourer, en-dev^ur-ur, *. One who labours
to a certain end.
Endecagon, e.i-dek^^-gon, s. A plain figure of
eleven sides and angles.
Endemi
Endej
Endemi
Peculiar to a country, used of any disease that aflTc-cls
several people together in the same country, proceed-
ing from seme cause peculiar lo the country where it
reigns.
To Endenize, en-den-iz, v. a. 159. To make
free, to enfranchise.
To Endenizen, en-denie-zn, v. a* 103. 234.
To naturalize.
To Endict,
To Endite,
To charge any man by a written accusation before a
court of justice, as he was endicted for felony ; to draw
up, to compose; to dictate.
a^ Before Johnson publisnea his Dictionary, these
words were universally spelt indict and indite. That great
reformer of our language seems to have considered, that
as the Latin indicere came to us through the French en-
diter, we ought to adopt the French rather than the Latin
preposition, especially as we have conformed to the
French in the sound of the latter part of this word. But
notwithstanding his authority, to ind.ct, signifying to
charge, stands its ground, and to indite is used only when
we mean to draw up or compose; in this sense, perhaps,
it may not be improper to spell it endite, as it may serve
to distinguish it from the other word, so diff'erent in sig-
nification.
ENDICTMENT,") i lU / a .
„ >• en-ditei-ment, s.
Enditement,J
a bill or declaration made in form of law, or the be-
nefit of , the commonwealth.
Endive, en-div, s. An herb, succory.
Endless, end^les, a. Without end, without con-
clusion or termination; infinite in duia''oM, perpe-
tual; incessant, continual.
ven sides and angles.
emial, en-de-m^-al, "1
EMICAL, en-dem-e-k^l, /^s
EMiCK, en-demiik, J
'"' ]• 3n-dlte; V. a.
ENG
ILNI
!t>
559. FAte73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Endlessly, end-les-le, ad. Incessantly, per
petiially; withnut termination of length.
Endlessness, end-les-nes, *. Perpetuity, endless
duration ; ilie quality of being round witliout an end.
Endlong, end-l5ng, ad. In a straight line.
Endmost, end-most, a. Remotest, furthest, at
the furl her end.
Ti Endorse, en-dorse{ v. a. To register on the
bdck of a writing, to superscribe; to cover on the back.
Endorsement, en-dorse-ment, s. Superscrip-
tion, writing on the back; ratification.
To Endow, en-doiij v. a. 313. To enrich with a
portion ; to supply with any external goods; to enricli
with any excellence.
Endowment, eii-doii-ment, «. Wealth bestowed
to any person or use; the bestowing or assuring a dower,
the setting forth or severing a sufficient portion for
pen>etual maintenance; gifts of nature.
7b Endue, en-du{ v. a. To supply with mental
excellencies.
Endurance, en-du-r^nse, s. Continuance, last-
ingness.
To Endure, en-dure{ v, a. To bear, to undergo,
tn sustain, to support.
To Endure, en-dt!irej v. n. To last, to remain, to
coniinue ; to brook, to bear.
Endurer, eil-dti-rur, s. 98. One that can bear or
endure, sustainer, sufferer; eontinuer, laster.
Endwise, end^wlze, ad. Erectly, on end.
Enemy, en-e-ni^, *. A publick foe; a private op-
ponent, an antagonist ; one that dislikes ; in theology,
the fiend, the devii.
Energetick, en-er-jet-ik, a. 530. Forcible,
active, vigorous, efficacious.
To Energize, en-er-jlze, v. n. To act with
energy.
Energy, en'er-jl, 5. 503. Power; force, vigour,
efficacy; faculty, operation.
To Enervate, l-ner-vdte, w. a. 91. To weaken,
to deprive of force.
Enervation, en-er-vi^shun, s. 530. The act of
weakening ; the state of being weakened, effeminacy.
To Enerve, e-nerv{ v. a. To weaken, to break
the force of, to crush.
To Enfeeble, en-fJ-bl, v. a. 405. To weaken,
to enervate.
To Enfeoff, en-fJefJ v. a. 256. To invest with
any dignities or possessions. A law term.
Enfeoffment, en-feef-ment, *. The act of in-
feoffing; the instrument or deed by which one is in-
vested with possessions.
7'o Enfetter, en-fet^tur, v. a. To bind in
fetters, to enchain.
Enfilade, en-fiJ-lideJ s. A strait passage.
To Enforce, en-forsej v. a. To strengthen, to
invigorate; to put in act by violence; to urge with
energy ; to compel, to constrain.
Enforcedly, en-fir-sed-ll, ad. 364.
By violence, not voluntarily, not spontaneously.
Enforcement, en-forse^^ment, s. An act of
violence, compulsion, force offered ; sanction, that
which gives force to a law ; pressing exigence.
Enforcer, en-for-sur, s. 98. Compeller, one
who effects by violence.
To Enfranchise, en-fr^n-tshiz, v. a. 159.
To admit to the privileges of a freeman ; to set free
from slavery ; to free or release from custody ; to de-
nizen.
Enfranchisement, en-fr^n-tshiz-ment, s.
Investiture of the privileges of a denizen; release from
prison, or from slavery.
Enfrozen, en-friizn, part. 103. Congealed
with cold. -
To Engage, ?n-gaie| v. a. To impawn, to stake;
to enlist, to bring into a party ; to embark in an affair,
111 enter in an undertaking; to unite, to attack ; to in-
duce, to win by pleasine means, to gain; to bind by
ley
any ajipointment or cor.tract ; to seize by the atten
tion ; to employ, to hold in business; to encounter,
to fight.
To Engage, en-gAjeJ v. n. To conflict, to fight
to embaik in any business, to enlist in any party.
Engagement, en-gaje-ment, *. The act o
engaging, impawning, or making liable to debt ; nbll.
gation by contract ; adherence to a party or cause, par-
tiality; employinent of the attention; fight, conflict,
battle; obligation, motive.
To Engaol, en-jalej v. a. To imprison, to confine.
To Engarrison, cn-gir-re-sn, v. a. 170.
To protect by a garrison.
To Engender, en-jen-dur, v. a. To beget
between different sexes; to produce, to 5or;n; to ex-
cite, to cause, to produce; to bring forth.
To Engender, en-j3nyur, v, n. 98. To be
caused, to be produced.
To Engine, en-jin, s. 140. Any mechanical
complication, in which various movements and parts
concur to one effect; a military machine; an instru-
ment to throw water upon burning houses ; any meaiii
used to bring to pass ; an agent for anotlier.
(t3» Pronouncing this word as if written ingine, though
very common, is very improper, and savours strongly of
vulgarity.
Engineer, en-je-neerj s. One who manages
engines, one who directs the artillery of an army.
Enginery, en-jin-re, s. The act of managing
artillery; engines of war, artillery.
To Engird, en-gerd{ v. a. 382. To encircle, to
surround.
Engle, eng-gl, s. 405. A gull, a put, a bubble.
English, ing-glish, a. 101. Belonging to
Eug'land.
To Englut, en-glut,' v. a. To swallow up j to
glut, to pamper.
To Engorge, en-gorje{ v. a. To swallow, to de.
vour, to gorge.
To Engorge, en-gorjej v. n. To devour, to feed
witw eagerness and voracity.
To Engrain, en-grane{ v. a. To die deep, to die
in grain.
To Engrapple, en-grSp^pl, v. n. 405. To close
with, to contend with, to hold on each other.
To EngrASP, en-gl4spj v, a. To seize, to hold
fast in the hand.
To Engrave, en-grave{ v. a. Pret. Etigrnved.
Part pass. JEngraued or Engraven. To picture
by incisions in any matter; to mark wood or stone; to
impress deeply, to imprint; to bury, to inter.
Engraver, en-grA-viir, s. A cutter in stone or
other matter.
T'o Engross, en-gr5sej f. a. 162. To thicken,
. to make thick ; to increase in bulk; to fatten, to plump
up, to sei/.e in the gross; to purchase the whole of
any commodity for the sake of selling it at a high price;
to copy in a laree hand. — See Gross.
Engrosser, en-gros'-siir, s. 98. He that
puichases large quantities of any commodity in order
to sell it at a high price.
Engrossment, en-gros-ment, s. Appropriation
of tilings in the gross, exorbitant acquisition.
To Enguard, en-gard; v. a. 92. 332.
To protect, to defend.
To Enhance, en-h^nsej-r. a. 79. To ral(ie,to
advance in price ; to raise in esteem; to aggravate.
Enhancement, en-h^nse^ment, s. Augmentation
of value; aggravation of ill.
Enigma, l-nig-mit, s. 92. A riddle, an obscure
question.
Enigmatical, en-ig-mitt-e-k^l, a. 530.
Obscure, ambiguously or darkly expressed.
Enigmatically, cn-ig-ni^t-e-kAl-e, ad. Tn
sense different from that which the words in their fa«
miliar acceptation impiy.
Enigmatist, e-nig-mi-tist, s. One who dcaU in
obscure and arjibiguous matters.
liNO
ENS
nor 1C7, nh 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 6il 299— pound 313— i/dn 46ff, Tuis 46*9^
To direct, to
To Enjoin, en-joinj v. a. 299.
order, to prescribe.
EnJOINER, f n-j6ni-ur, S. Onewhogives injunctions.
EnJOINMENT, el)-join-Ul3nt, S. Direction, com-
mand.
To Enjoy, en-joe( v. a. 329. To feel or perceive
with pleasure ; to obtain possession or fruition of; to
please, to gladden.
To Enjoy, en-joej v. n. To live in happiness.
Enjoyer, en-joe-ur, S. 98. One that has
fruition.
Enjoyment, en-joe-ment, s. Happiness, fruition.
To Enkindle, en-kin^dl, v. a. 405. To set on
fire, to inflame; to rouse passion-, to incite to any act
or hope.
To Enlarge, en-lai;je{ v. a. To make greater in
qiiaiility or ap|)earance ; to dilate, to expand; to am-
plify, to release from confinement; to diffuse in elo-
quence.
To Enlarge, 2ii-larjcJ v. n. To expatiate, to
speak in many words.
Enlargement, 2n-lar«ct-ment, s. Increase,
angmentati'in, fariher extensi(u> j release from ciui-
finemenl orservitude-. magnifying representation ; ex.
patiating speech, copious discourse.
Enlarger, en-lai-jiir, s. 98. Amplifier.
To Enligiit, en-litej v. a. To illuminate, to
supply will) light.
To Enlighten, en-lUtn, v. a. 103.
To illuminate, to suiiply with light ; to instruct, to fur-
nisli with increase of kniiwlege; to supply with sight.
EnligiiTENER, en-ll-tn-ur, S, One that gives
light J instructor.
To Enlink, en-link{ v. a. To chain to, to bind.
To Enlist, en-list{ v. a. To enter into military
service.
(}:7> This word is not in Johnson's Vocabulary, but he
has used it to explain the word to list; Ash has the word
to inlUt, which, as the word is derived from the Freiuh
Hue, a catalogue, is not so properly compounded as with
the inseparable preposition en.
To Enliven, en-lUvn, v. a. 103. To make
quirk, to makealive, to animate; to make vigorous or
active; to make sijvightly ; to make gay.
Enlivener, en-ll-vn-ur, S. That which animates,
that which invigorates.
To Enlijmine, en-lu-min, v. a. 140.
To illumine, to illuminate.
To Enmarble, eu-mar-bl, v, a. 405. To turn
to marbie.
To Enmesh, en-meshj v. a. To net, to entangle.
Enmity, en-iue-t^, S. Unfriendly disjjosition,
malevolence, aversion; state of opposition; malice,
mischievous attempts.
To Ennoble, en-noUil, v. a. 405. To raise
from ciimiuonalty to nobility; to dignify, to aggran-
dize ; to elevate ; to make famous or illustrious.
Ennoblement, en-iio'-bl-ment, s. The act of
raising to the rank of nobility ; exaltation, elevation,"
dignity.
Enoi.»ATU;N, en-o-da-shun, s. 530. The act of
untying a Knot ; solution of a difficulty.
EnoKMITY, e-nor-mc-te, *. Deviation from rule ;
deviation from right; atrocious crime, flagitious vil-
lany.
Enormous, ^-nor-raSs, a. 314. irregular, out
of rule; wicked beyond the common measure; exceed-
ing in bulk the common measure.
Enormously, e-nSr-mus-le, ad.
Beyond measure.
Enormousness, c-nor^mus-nes, s.
Immeasurable wickedness.
Enough, e-nui'J a. 314. 391. Being in a
sufficient measure, such as may satisfy.
Enough, e-nufj S. Something sufficient in great-
ness or excellence.
ENOUGH; i-nufj ad. in a sufficient degree, in
The plural of Enough,-
a degree that gives satisfaction ; an exclamation noting
fulness or satiety.
Enow, e-nou,' a. 322.
A sufficient number.
(J:7- This word is growing obsolete, but is not quite S9
much out of date as the word Mo, signifying a greatei
number. We still hear snnie speakers talk of having
ink enough and ; ens enow ; but the greater part seem now
to use enough bmh forquantity and number; as more ha»
been so used for some centuries.
To Enrage, en-rajej v, a. To irritate, to provoke,
to make furious.
To Enhance, en-rinje{ v. a. To place regularly,
to put into order.
To EnrANK, en-rilngk{ v. a. To place in orderly
ranks.
To Enrapt, en-rapt{ v. a. To throw into an
ecstasy, to transport into enthusiasm.
To Enrapture, en-i4p-tsbure, v. a.
To transport wiili pleasure.
To Enravish, en-riv-ish, v. a. To throw into
ecstasy.
Enravishment, en-riv-isli-ment, *. Ecstacyof
dcliiiht.
To Enrich, en-ntshj v. a. To make wealthy, to
make opulent ; to fertilize, to make fruitful ; to store,
to supply with augmentation of any thing desirable.
Enrichment, en-ritsb-nient, *. AHjjmentation
of wt-alth ; improvement by addition.
To Enridge, en-ridjej v, a. To form with
longitudinal protuberances or ridges.
To Enring, cn-riiigj v. a. To bind pound, or
encircle.
Til Enripen, en-n-pn, v. a.
To ripen, to mature.
To Enrobe, en-iobe{ v. a.
To Enrol, cn-iolej v. a. 406. To insert in a
roll or register ; to record; to involve, to iiiwiap.
Enroller, en-rol-l?ir, s. He that enrols, he that
registers.
Enrolment, en-ril-ment, *.
in v.liicli any thing is recorded.
To Enroot, en-root{ v. a.
the root.
7'o Enround, t'ii-round{ w. a. 312. To environ,
to surround, to enclose.
lli.VS, ellZ, S. Any being or existence.
To Ensanguine, en-s5ng-g\viii, v. a. 340.
To smear with, gore, to suffuse with blood.
To Enschedule, en-sed-ule, v. a. To insert in
a schedule or writing. — See Scheitidc.
To Ensconce, en-skftnsej v. a. To cover as
with a fort.
To Enseam, en-seme{ v. a. 227. To sew up, to
enclose by a scam.
To Ensear, en-sere| v. a. 227. To cauterize, to
stanch or stop with fire.
To Enshield, en-shet'JdJ v. a. 275. To cover.
To Enshrine, en-shrliiej v, a. To enclose in
a chest or cabinet ; to preserve as a thing sacred.
EnSIFORM, ell-Se-form, a. Having the sliape of
sword.
Ensign, en-slne, S. 385. The .lag or standard of
a regiment; badge, or mark of distinction ; the officer
of foot who carries the flag.
!fc3' I have given the last syllable of this word the long
sound, as I am convinced it is the most correct, though
I am of opinion that, in the military profession, it is
oflcner pronounced short, as if writtan e/tfin. Some rea-
sons from analogy might be produced in favour of this
latter pronunciation, 14+ ; but they do not seem sufficien,t
to outweVgh the more general usage which declares for
the former.
Ensignbearer, en-slne-bi-rur, s. He that
carries the flag.
EnsigNCY, eil^sin-S^, S. The offlce ot an ensign.
JO- I have not met with this word in anv of our Die
tionaries, but, from its very frequent use In the polite
world, am persuaded it deserves a place there, and par-
103.
To dress, to clotlie.
Register ; writing
306. To fix by
ENT
ENT
fcs- 559. The 73, far, 77, fall 83, f^t 81— mJ 93, met 95— plne"l05, p'n 107— no 162, m2ve, 164,
ticularly ii> a Pronouncing Dictionary; as it must be re
marked, tliat tliougU llie second syllable pf ensign is ge-
nerally and more correctly pronounced with the i long,
tlie same letter in tlie same syllable of ensigncy is alwajs
short.
To Enslave, en-slavej v. a. To reduce to
servitude, to deprive of liberty ; to make over to an-
other as his slave.
Enslavement, en-slive-ment, s. The state of
servitude, slavery.
Enslaver, en-sli-Vur, S. He that reduces others
to a slate of servitude.
To Ensnare. — See fnsnare.
To Ensue, en-suj v. a. To follow, to pursue.
To Ensue, en-suj v. n. To follow as a conse-
quence to premises ; to succeed in a train of events, or
course of time.
Ensurance, en-shu-rSnse, s. Exemption from
hazard, obtained by the paymentof a certain sum ; the
sum paid for security.
EnSURANCER, en-shu-r^n-Sur, S. He who un-
dertakes to exempt frnm hazard.
To Ensure, eii-shurej v. a. To ascertain, to
make certain, to secure; to exempt any thing from
hazard by paying a certain sum, on condition of being
reimbursed for miscarriage.
O:^" As this word and its compounds come from the
word sure, they all retain the aspirated pr'inunci.iticm of
the s in that word, 454 ; and it is not a little surprising
that Mr. Sheridan has omitted to mark it.
Ensurer, eii-shu-rur, S. One who makes con-
tracts of ensurance.
Entablature, eii-tAb'-ht-tshure, "1
Entablement, en-t:l-bl-iiient, J
In architecture, the architrave, frieze, and cornico of
a pillar.
Entail, en-tale,' s. 202. The estate entailed or
settled, with regard to the rule of its descent j the rule
of descent settled for any estate.
To Entail, eil-tilej v. a. To settle the descent of
any estate so that it cannot be, by any subsequent pos-
sessor, bequeathed at pleasure.
To EntaME, en-tamej v. a. To tame, to sub-
jugate.
To Entangle, en-tAngig^l, v. a. 40.5.
To enwrap or ensnare with something nm easily extri-
calile ; to twist or confuse ; to involve in diftitulties,
to perplex.
Entanglement, en-ting-gl-ment, s, intricacy,
perplexity, puzzle.
EnTANGLER, en-t4ng-glur, S, One that entangles.
To Enter, en-ter, v, a. 98. To go or come
into any place ; to initiate in a business, method, or
society ; to set down in a writing.
To Enter, en-ter, v. n. To come in, to go in i
to penetrate mentallv, to make intellectual entrance;
to engage in ; to be initiated in.
Entering, en-ter-ing, *. Entrance, passage into
a place.
To EnteRLACE, en-ter-lAse{ v. a. To intermix.
EnTEROCELE, en-ter-O-Sele, S. A tumour formed
by the prolapsion of the intestines into the scrotum. —
See Hydrocele,
Enterology, en-t^-r&l-i-ji, S. The anatomical
account of the bowels and internal parts.
Enterprise, en-ter-prlze, s. An undertaking of
hazard, ati arduous attempt.
To Enterprise, cn-ter-prize, v, a. To under-
take, lo attempt, to essay.
Enterpriser, en-ter-prl-zur, s. A man of en-
terprise, one who undertakes great things.
3'» Entertain, en-ter-tine' v. a. To converse
with, to talk with; to treat at the table; to receive
hospitably ; lo keep in one's service; to reserve in ihe
mind; to please, to amuse, to divert; to admit with
satisfaction.
Entertainer, en-ter-ta-nur, s. He tiiat keeps
others in his service ; he that treats others at his table;
he that pleases, diverts, or amuses.
182
Entertainment, cn-ter-tAne-mlnt, s. Conver.
sation ; treatment at the table : hospitable reception;
payment of soldiers or servants; amusement diver-
sion; dramatick performance, the lower comtdy.
Entertissued, en-ter-tish-ijde, a. Interwoven
or intermixed with various colours or substances.
To Enthrone, en-f/tronej v. a. To place on
regal seat ; to invest with sovereign authority.
Enthusiasm, en-^/iii-zhe-^zm, s. A vain belief
of private revelation, a vain confidence of divine fa-
vour; heat of imagination ; elevation of fancy, exalta-
tion of ideas.
(fry- For the pronunciation of the third syllable of this
and the three following words, see Bcctesiastick, and
Principles, No. 451.
Enthusiast, ^n-thu'-zh^-^st, s. One who vainly
imagines a private revelation, one wlio has a vain con-
fidence of Ills intercourse witli God ; one of a hot ima-
gination ; one of elevated fancy, or exalted ideas.
Enthusiastical, en-^Au-zhe-^s^te-kll, I
Enthusiastick, en-Mu-7he-as^tik, /
Persuaded of some communication with the Deity;
vehemently hot in any cause; elevated in fancy; ex-
alted in ideas.
EntHYMEME, en'-the-meme, S. An argument con-
sisting only of an antecedent and consequential propo-
sition.
To Entice, en-tlsej v. a. To allure, to attract,
to draw by blandishment or hopes.
Enticement, en-tlse-ment, s. The act or
practice of alluring to ill ; the means by which one ig
allured to ill ; allurement.
En TICER, en-tl-S?tr, *. 98. One that allures to ill.
Enticingly, en-tI-sing-1^, ad. Charmingly, in
a winning manner.
EnTIERTY, en-tlre-t^, S. Completeness.
fcj~ Tliif word, though very exoressive, is '11 formed;
as It Is apt to induce u'i to pronounce the last e in a distinct
syllaine, as in sobiitfly, variety, oic. but as this word is a
forma:i(ui of <>nr own, we must be careful to pronounce
it in three syllables.
Entire, tn-tirej a. Whole, undivided ; unbroken,
complete in its parts; full, complete; in lull strength.
Entirely, en-tire-le, ad. In the whole, witiiout
division; completely, fully.
EntIRENESS, en-tJre-neS, S. Completeness, falness.
To Entitle, en-tl-tl, v. a. 405. To grace or
dignify with a title or honourable appellation; to su-
perscribe or prefix as a title; to give a claim to any
thing; to grant any thing as claimed by a title. '
Entity, ell-t^-t^, S. Something which really is, a
real being ; a particular species of being.
To Entoil, en-t6il| v. a. To insnare, to
entangle, to bring into toils or nets.
To Entomb, en-toom| v. a. To put into a tomb.
Entrails, en-tnls, *. 208. The intestines, the
bowels, the guts ; the internal parts ; recesses, caverns.
E.N'TRANCE, en-trinse, s. The power of entering
into a place; the act of entering; the passage by
which a place is entered, avenue; initiation, com-
menccmeut; the act of taking possession of an office
or dignity ; the beginning of any thing.
To Entrance, en-transej v. a. Ql- To pi;t into
a trance, to withdraw the soul wholly to other regions;
to put into an ecstasy.
To Entrap, en-tripj v. a. To insnare, to catch
in a trap; to involve unexpectedly in ditiiculties ; to
take advantage of.
To Entreat, eii-tretej v. a. 227. To petition,
to solicit, lo importune; to prevail upon by solicita-
tion ; lo treat or use well or ill.
To Entreat, en-trctej v. n. To offer a treaty oi
compact; to treat, todisconrse; to make a pelilinn.
Entreatance, en-tre-tinse, s. Petition
solicitation.
Entreaty, en-tre-te, *. Petition, prayer, s( licita>
li(ui.
Entry, en^tre, s. The passage by which any ona
enters a house; the act of entrance, ingress; tiie act
EPA
EPI
nXr ler, nSt 103— tibe 171, tub 172, bull ns—oil 299— pSSnd 313— <Ain 466, this 469.
of taking possession of anyejtate; the act of register-
inf! nr setting down in writing; the act of entering
publiclily into any city.
Tn Enubilate, ^-iiu-be-late, v. a. To clear from
clduds.
To Enucleate, e-im-kl^-ate, v. a. To solve, to
clear.
To Envelop, cn-vel-up, v. a. To inwrap, to
cover; to hide, to surround, to line, to cover on the
inside.
Envelope, 8n-vJ-lipe{ s. A wrapper, an outward
case.
_ 83" This word, signifying the outward case of a letter,
always pronounced in the French manner by those
Mho can pronounce French, and by those who cannot, the
nitial e IS changed into an o. Sometimes a mere Eng-
lishman attempts to give the nasal vowel the French
joiiiid, and exposes liimself In laughter by pronouncing
g" after it, as if written ongvelope. Tliis is as ritlic^ /ous
to a polite ear as if he pronounced it, as it ought to be
pronounced, like the verb to envelop.
Tb Envenom, en-ven-um, w. a. 166. To poison;
to malve odious ; to enrage.
Enviable, en-v^-i-bl, a. 405. Deserving envy,
Envier, en-V^-ur, 5. 98. One that envies another,
11 maligner.
Envious, enive-us, a. 314. Infected with envy.
Enviously, en-v^-us-li, ad. With envy, with
malignity, with ill-will.
To Environ, en-vUrun, v. a. 166.
To surround ; to envelop; to besiege, to hem in; to
enclose, to invest.
Environs, fin-vi-rinzj or en-vUruns, s. 166.
The neighbourhood or neighbouring places round about
the country.
83» This word is in general use, and ought to be pro-
nounced like the English verb to environ : but the vanity
of appearing polite keeps it still in the French pronun-
ciation ; and as the nasal vowels in the first and last syl-
lable are not followed by hard c or g, it is impossible for
a mere Englishman to pronounce it fashionably. — See
F.ncuTe.
To Enumerate, i-nuimi-rite, w. a. To reckon
up singly, to count (.vc-r distinctly.
Enumeration, i-nu-m^-ri-shun, s. The act of
numbering or counting over.
To Enunciate, i-nitnish^-ite, r. a. To declare,
to proclaim.
Enunciation, ^-nun-sh^-^Uhun, s. Declaration,
piiblick attestation ; intelligence, information.
EnunciaTIVE, i-nunishi-4-tlv, a. Declarative,
expressive.
Enunciativelv, i-ni'in'-sbi-i-tiv-lJ, ad.
Declaratively. — See Pronunciation.
Envoy, en^vo^, s. A publick minister sent from
one power to another ; a publick messenger, in dignity
below an embassador; a messenger.
To Envy, vn-v^., v. a. To hate another for excel-
lence tir succes" ; to grieve at any qualities of excel-
lence in anoi er ; to grudge. — See Appendix.
(fcT- The ancient pronunciation of this word was with
the accent on the last syllable, and the y sounded as in
eye, as the .StOcCh pronounce it at this day.
To Envy, h\'-\k, v. n. To feel envy, to feel pain
at the sic'" o'' excellence or felicity.
Envy, en-v^>, s. 182. Pain felt and malignity
conceived at the sight of excellence or happiness ;
rivalry, competition ; malice.
To Enwheel, en-wbe^l{ v. a. To encompass, to
encircle,
"^o Enwomb, en-woomj v. a. To make pregnant ;
to bury, to hide.
Epact, e-pikt, *. A number whereby we note the
exicss of the common solar year above the lunar, and
theieby may find out the age of the moon every year.
Epaulet, ep^aw-let, s. A military sfhoulder-orna-
ment.
Epaulment, e-pawl-inent, *. In fortification, a
siucwork made either of earth thrown up, of 'lags of
eartii, gabions, or of fascines and earth.
181
EpeNTHESIS, e-pan'-thc-sis, S. 503. C. The ad-
dition of a vowel or consonant in the middleof a ward.
Ephemera, e-fem-^-rA, s. 92. A fever that
terminates in one day ; an insect that lives only one
day.
ttZy- I was much surprised when I found Mr. Sheridan
had given the long open sound of e to the second syllable
c>( Ephemera, Ephemeris, &c. If it was in compliment
to the Greek eta, the same reason shonkl have induced
him to give the sound of long e to tjie first syllable of
Hemistich, Demagogue, and Rhetorick.
Ephemeral, e-fem-e-ril, 88. \
Ephemerick, e-fem'-e-nk, 510. J "'
Diurnal, beginning and ending in a day.
Ephemeris, e-fem-e-ns, s. A journal, an account
of daily transactions ; an account of the daily motions
and situations of the planets.
Ephemerist, e-fem-e-rist, *. One who consults
the planets, one who studies astrology.
Ephod, ef-ftd, or e-f4d, s. An ornament worn by
the Hebrew priests.
Kj- Scntt, Buchanan, W. Johnston, Nares, and Ash,
adopt the first ; Eutick and Kenrick tlie last, which, in
my opinion, is the best.
Epic, ep-ik, «. Comprising narrations, not acted,
not rehearsed. It is usually supposed to be heroick.
Epicedium, cp-^-se-de-um, s. An elegy, a psem
upon a funeral.
Epicure, ep-^-kure, s. A man given wholly to
luxury.
Epicurean, ep-i-ki-ri-tn, s. One who holds the
principles of Epicurus.— See European.
Epicurean, ep-i-ku-ri-Hn, a. Luxurious, con-
tributing to luxury.
Epicurism, ep-^-ku-rlzm, s. Luxtiry, sensual
enjoyment, gross pleasure.
Epicurism, ep-^-ktj-nzm, s. The principles of
Epicurus.
03- Mr. Mason tells us that this word should have the
accent on the third syllable. For my own part, I think
that accentuation of the word as faulty as the explana-
tion. It seems to me that Epicureanism is an attach-
ment to the doctrines of Epicurus ; and that Epicurism
is formed from the word Epicure, which signifies a sen-
sualist, and particularly in eating, or rather delicacy in
eating. A lady once told Mr. Hume, that she had heard
he was a great Epicure; No, Madam, said he, I am only
a Glutton.
Epicv-CLE, ep^^-sl-kl, s. 405. A little circle whose
centre is in the circumference of a greater, or a small
orb dependant on a greater, as the moon on the earth.
Epicycloid, ep-e-sl-kloid, s. A curve generated
by the revolution of the periphery of a circle along
the convex or concave part of another circle.
Epidemical, ep-e-dem-e-kill, "1
Epidemick, ep-i-dem-ik, 509. J
That falls at once upon great numbers of people, as
a plague; generally prevailing, alfecting great num-
bers; general, universal.
Epidermis, ep-e-der-mis, s. The scarf-skin of a
man's body.
Epigram, epi^-grim, s. A short poem terminating
in a point.
Epigrammatical, ep-^-grAm-m^tie-k^l, 1
Epigrammatick, ep-^-grim-mAt-ik, 509. /
Dealing in epigrams, writing epigrams; suitable to
epigrams, belonging to epigrams.
Epigrammatist, ep-e-gi4m-m^-tist, s. One who
writes or deals in epigrams.
Epilepsy, ep-e-lep-se, *. A convulsive motion of
the whole body, or of some of its parts, with a loss of
sense.
EpilepticK, cp-^-lep^tlk, a. 509. Convulsed.
Epilogue, ep-e-!6g, s. 338. The poem or speech
at the end of a play.
EpinicioN, ej)-e-iiish-e-ori, s. A song for victoryj
a festival to commemorate a victory (from the Greek
iTTi', it/;oi!, and \Un, a victory),
Epiphany, ^-piW^-ii^, s. A church f^stiviil.
EQU
(K^559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, l4t81— ine93,
celebrated on the twelfth day after Christmas, in com-
memoration of our Saviour's l)eing manifested to tlve
world, by the appearance of a miraculous blazing star.
EpIPHONEMA, ep-e-fo-Iie-m^., S. 92. An excla-
mation, a conclusive sentence not closely connected
with the wards foregoing.
Epiphora, e-pif-fo-r^, s. 92. An inflamation of
any part.
Epiphysis, e-pif-e-sis, s. 520. Accretion, the
parts added by accretion.
Episcopacy, ^-pis-ko-pi-s^, *. The government
of bishops, established by the apostles.
Episcopal, e-pls-ko-pil, a. Belonging to a
bishop ; vested in a bisliop.
Episcopate, ^-pis-ko-pAte, s. 91. A bishoprick.
Episode, ep-e-SOde, *. An incidental narrative, or
digression in a poem, separable from the main subject.
Episodical, ep-c-s6die-k^l, \
Episodick, ep-e-sSd-ik, 509. J
Contained in an episode.
EpISPASTICK, ep-e-Sp^S-tlk, ff. Drawing; blister-
ing.
Epistle, ^-pis-sl, s. 472. A letter. — See Apostle.
Epistolary, 6-pisit6-lar-e, t Relating to
letters, suitable to letters; transacced by letters.
EpiSTLER, e-piS-lur, ,y. 93. A scribbler of letters.
Epitaph, ep-e-taf, S, An inscription upon a tomb-
stone.
Epithalamium, ep-e-^/ti-la-me-um, s. A nuptial
song upon marriage.
Epithem, ep-e-^Aem, S, A liquid medicament
externally applied.
Epithet, ep-e-^Aet, S. An adjective denoting any
quality good or bad.
Epitome, e-pit-o-me, s. Abridgment, abreviature.
To Epitomise, 5-pit-6-nilze, v. a. To abstract,
to contract into a narrow space ; to diminish, to curtail.
Epitomiser, e-pit-6-ml-zur, \
Epitomist, e-pit'-o-mist, J
An abridgcr, an abstracter
Epoch, ep'-ok, or e-pok
Epocha, ep-iS-kA,
Tlietime at whicli a new computation is begun, from
which dates are numbered.
G3^ As the last of these words is Latin, from the Greek
firoxJi, the Latin accent and quantity on the antepenul-
timate syllable is preserveil by polite speakers ; and the
first being aiiglicised, and containing only two syllables,
falls into the quantiiy of the original. Sheridan, Bu-
chanan, Nares, and Ash, make the first syllable of e/)oc/i
short ; but Perry and Kenrick, in my opinion, make it
more properly long.
Epode, eiJ-ode, o>' e-pode, s. The stanza after
the strophe and antistrophe.
5^ Sheridan, Entick, Scott, Perry, W. Johnston,
Nares, and Ash, make the first e short ; but Kenrick
makes it long, as, in my opinion, it ought to be, 545.
Epopee, tfp-o-pej S. An epic or hcroick poem.
liPULATION, ep-u-la-shi'in, S. A feast.
EPULOTICK,ep-u-lot-ik, S, A cicatrizing medica-
ment.
Equability, e-kwa-bil-e-te, s. Equality to
itself, evenness, uniformity.
Equable, e^kwtVbl, «. 405. Equal to itself,
even, uniform.
Equably, e^kwa-ble, aii. Uniformly, evenly,
equally to itself.
Equal, e'kw.^l, «. 36. 88. Like another in bulk,
or any quality that admits comjiarison; adequate to
any purpose; even, uniform; in just proportion ; im-
partial, neutral ; indifferent; equitable; advantageous
alike to both parties ; upon the same terms.
Equal, e-kwal, s. One not inferior or superijr to
another J one of the same age.
To Equal, e-kwal, v. a. To make one thing cr
person equal to another ; to rise to the same state with
anotlier person ; to recompense fully.
184
EQU
'■h
545.
met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 1C2, move 164,
To Equalise, e-kwv^l-ize, v. a. To make even
to be equal to.
Equality, e-kw^Ke-te, *. 86. Likeness wiiiv
regard to any quantities compared ; the same degree o
dignity ; evenness, uniformity, equability.
Equally, e-k\Val-le, ad. In the same degree with
another; evenly, equably, uniformly ; impartially.
EqUANGULAR, e-kw^ng-gu-lir, a. Consisting o.
equal angles.
Equanimity, e-kw^-nim-e-te, s. Evenness of
mind, neither elated nor depressed.
Equanimous, e-kw^n-e-mus, a. Even, not
dejected.
Equation, e-kwa-shun, s. The investigation of a
mean proportion collected from the extremities of ex-
cess and defect ; in algebra, an expression of the same
quantity in two dissimilar terms, but of equal value;
in astronomy, the difference between the time marked
by the Sim's apparent motion, and that measured by
its motion.
Equator, e-kwa-tur, s. 166. A great circle,
whose poles are the poles of the world. It divides the
globe into two equal parts, the northern and southern
hemispheres.
Equatorial, e-kwi-to-re-^1, a. Pertaining to
the equator.
Equestrian, e-kwes-tre-^n, a. Appearing on
horseback ; skilled in horsemanship; belonging to the
second rank in Rome.
Equery, e-kwei-e, *. Master of the horse,
Equicrural, e-kwe-kioo-nll, a. Having the
legs of an equal length.
Equidistant, e-kwe-dis-taiit, a. At the same
distance.
Equidistantly, e-kwe-dis^t;liit -le, ad. At the
same distance.
Equiformity, e-kwe-for-nie-te, «.
Uniform equality.
Equilateral, e-k\ve-lit-ei-;tl, a. Having all
sides equal.
To Equilibrate, e-kwe-li-br;\te, v. a
To balance equally.
Equilibration, e-kwe-lI-brA-shun, s. Equipoise.
Equilibrium, e-kwe-lib-re-um, s. Equipoise,
equality of weight; equality of evidence, mo'ives or
powers.
Equinecessary, e-kwe-nes-ses-s^r-e, a.
Needful in the same degree.
Equinoctial, e-kwe-iii^k-shil, s. 88. The line
that encompasses the world at an equal distance from
either pole, to which circle when the sun ccnus, he
makes equal days and nights all over the globe.
Equinoctial, e-kwe-nftk-shil, a. Pertaining to
the equinox; happening about the time of the equi-
noxes : being ntar the equinoctial line.
Equinoctially, e-kwe-n3k-sh4l-e, ad. In the
direction of the equinoctial.
Equinox, e'kwe-lloks, s. Equinoxes are the
precise times in which the sun enters into the first
point of Aries and Libra; for then, moving exactly
under the equinoctial, he makes our days and nights
equal; equinoctial wind.
Equinumerant, e-k\ve-nu-me-r^nt, a. Having
the same number.
To Equip, e-k\Vip{ l>. a. To furnish for a horse-
man ; to furnish, to accoutre, to fit out.
Equipage, ek-kwe-paje, s. 90. Furniture for a
horseman; carriage oisttite, vehicle; attendance, re-
tinue; accoutrements, furniture.
Equipendency, e-kwe-peii-den-se, s. The an
of hanging in equipoise.
Equipment, e-kwip-meiit, s. The art of equip.
ping or accoutcring; accoutrement, equipage.
Equipoise, e-kw^-pbize, s. Equality of weigh;
equilibration.
EqUIPOLLENCE, e-kvV(i-p5l-lense, J. Equality o.
force or power.
t7- Tlie strong tendency of our language to an encli
ERE
ERV
nor 167, n3t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, Tills 469.
tical pronunciation, 513, would induce me to give the ante-
penultimate accent to this and the following word, in
opposition to Mr. Sheridan and others ; as no good reason
can be given to the ear, why they should not have this
accent, as well as equivalent, equivocal, &c. But as
JEquivalens and Mquivocns have the accent on the ante-
penultimate in Latin, and Mquipollens on the penulti-
mate, and the number of syllables being the same in
Dotli languages, the accent is generally on the Sume syl-
jable, i03.
Equipollent, ^-kw^-polilent, a. Having equal
power or force.
Equh'onderance, ^-kwe-pSn-der-^nse, "I
Equiponderancy, e-kw^-pSn-der-an-s^, J *'
Equality of weight.
EyuiPONDERANT, e-kwe-p6n-der-ant, a.
Being of the same weight.
To Equiponderate, e-kwe-pon-dcr-ate, v. n.
To weigh equal to any thing.
EguiPONDious, ^-kw^-p6n-de-us, a.
Equilibrated, equal on either part.
Equitable, ek-kwe-tA-bl, a. 405, Just, due to
justice; loving justice, candid, impartial.
Equitably, ek-kwe-t4-ble, ad.
Justly, impartially.
Equity, ek-kwe-te, S. Justice, right, honesty J
impartiality; in law, the rules of decision observed by
the Court of Chancery.
Equivalence, ^-kwiviv^-lense, \
Equivalency, ^-kwiv-vi-len-su, J '
Equality of power or worth.
Equivalent, ^-kwiv^v4-lent, a. Equal in value;
equal in excellence; of the same import or meaning.
Equivalent, 5-kwiv-v^-Ient, s. A thing of the
same weight, dignity, or value.
Equivocal, e-kwiv-vo-kll, a. Of doubtful signi-
fication, meaning different things ; uncertain, doubt-
ful.
Equivocally, e-kwivivi-k^l-e, ad.
Ambiguously, in a doubtful or double sense; hy uncer-
tain or irregular birth, by generation out of tile stated
order.
Equivocalness, e-kwiv^vi-kJl-ncs, s.
Ambiguity, double meaning.
To Equivocate, e-kwiv^vo-kite, v. n. To use
words of double meaning, to use ambiguous expressions.
Equivocation, ^-kwiv-vo-ka-shun, s.
Ambiguity of speech, double meaning.
Equivocator, ^-kwiv-vo-ka-tur, s. 521. One
who uses ambiguous language.
Era, t'-ra, s. The account of time from any
particular date or epoch.
Eradiation, e-ri-de-a-shun, *. 534.
Emission of radiance.
To Eradicate, e-rkd'-h-klte, v. a. To pull up
by the root; to destroy, to end.
Eradication, ^-rM-e-ka-sb?in, s. The act of
tearing up hy the root, destruction ; the state of being
torn up by the roots.
Eradicative, e-rid-J-ktt-tiv, a. 512.
That cures radically.
To Erase, ^-risej v. a. To destroy, to rub out ;
to expunge. — See To Rase,
ErASEMENT, e-rAse-ment, S. Destruction, devasta-
tion ; expunction, abolition.
ErASTIANISM, ^-rJst-yun-lzm, S. The doctrine
or principles of Erastu.i, a physician of Switzerland,
who held that excommunication, in achristi?n state,
was lodged in the hands of the civil magistraie.
|2re, Are, ad. 94. Before, sooner than.
Erelong, ire-l6ng{ ad. Before a long time had
elapsed.
Erenow, ire-nouj ad. Before this time.
Erevvhile, iie-hwilej
Erewhiles, Are-hwilz
Sometime ago, before a little while.
To Erect, t-rektj v. a. To place perpendicularly
185
ad.
to the horizon ; to raise, to build; to elevate, to exalt
to animate, to encourage.
To Erect, e-rektj v, n. To rise upriuht.
Erect, ^-rektj a. Upright ; directed upv/aid*
bold, confident, vigorous.
Erection, e-rlk-shun, s. The act of raisinr, or
state of being raised upward; the act of building ot
raising edifices.
Erectness, ^-rekt-nes, s. Uprightness of posture.
Eremite, er-i-mite, s. 155. One who lives in a
wilderness, a hermit.
Eremitical, er-e-mit-e-k^l, a. Religiously
solitary.
Erep TATION, e-rep-tA-shun, S. A creeping forth.
Ereption, e-rep-shun, S. A snatching or taking
away by force.
Ergot, er-g3t, s. 166. A sort of stub, like a
piece of horn, placed behind and below the pastern
joint.
Ertngo, ^-ring-g6, S. Sca-hoUy, a plant.
Eristical, ^-ris-te-kil, a. Controversial, relating
to dispute.
Ermine, er-min, S. 140. An animal that is
found in cold countries, and which very nearly resem-
bles a weasel in shape; having awhile pile, and the
tip of the tail black, and furnishing a choice and Ta<
luable fur.
Ermined, erimind, a. 363. Clothed with ermine.
To Erode, ^-rode{ v. a. To canker, or eat away,
Erogation, er-ri-gi-shun, s. The act of giving
or bestowing.
Erosion, ^-roizhun, s. 451. The act of eating
away ; the state of being eaten away.
To Err, er, v. n. To wander, to ramble ; to misg
the right way ; to stray ; to deviate from any purpose ;
to commit errors, to mistake.
Errand, ^r-rilld, .S. A message, something to be
told or done by a messenger.
C?" This word is generally pronounced as it is marked ;
but might, perhaps, without pedantry, be more properly
pronounced as it is written.
Errable, er^ri-bl, a. 405. Liable to err.
Errableness, er-ri-bl-nes, s. Liableiiess to err.
Errant, er-rint, a. Wandering, roving, rambling i
vile, abandoned, completely bad.
(f^ This word is generally pronounced exactly like a»-
rant, when it has the same signification ; but when ap-
plied to a Kniglit, it is more correctly pronounced regu-
larly as it is marked.
Errantry, er-rint-r^, s. An errant state, the
condition of a wanderer ; the employment of a knight
errant.
Errata, er-ra-ti. The plural of Erratum.
The faults of the printer or author inserted in the be.
ginning or end of the book.
Erratick, er-rit-lk, a. Wandering, uncertain,
keeping no certain order; irregular, changeable.
Erratically, er-r^t-e-k4l-e, ad. Wlthoui
rule, without method.
Erroneous, er-ro-ne-us, a.
unsettled ; mistaking, misled by error.
Erroneously, er-ro-ne-us-le, ad.
not rigiitly.
Erroneousness, er-ro-ne-us-nes, s.
falsehood, inconformity to truth.
Errour, er-rur, s. 314. Mistake, involuntary
deviation from truth ; a blunder, a mistake committed;
roving excursion, irregular course. Better written
error.
Erst, erst, ad. First ; at first, in the beginning ;
once, when time was; formerly, long ago; before, till
then, till now.
Erubescence, er-ru-bes^sense, \
Erubescency, er-ru-bes-sen-sl,/*'
Tlie act of growing red, redness.
Erubescent, er-ru-bes'-sent, a. Reddish, some,
what red
Wandering,
By mistake
Physical
510.
ESP
EST
C3- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, ftlt 81— m6 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
To Eruct, ^-ruktj v. a. To belch, to break wind
from tlie stomacli.
Eructation, e-mk-tA-sliun, s. The act of
belching; belch, the matter vented,
Erudite, er-u-dltej n. Learned.
Erudition, er-u-dish-un, s. Learning, knowledge.
ErUGINOUS, ^-ru-je-nus, a. Partaking of the
nature of copper.
Eruption, e-rup-shun, *. The act of breaking or
'bursting f(irth ; burst, emission; sudden excursion of
a hostile kind; efflorescence, pustules.
Eruptive, ^-rup-tiv, a. Bursting forth.
Erysipelas, er-e-sip-^-l^s, s. An eruption of a
hot acrid humour.
Escalade, es-k^-lide| s. The act of scaling the
walls.
Escalop, sk&l-lup, S. A shell fish, whose shell is
indented.
To Escape, e-skape{ v. a. To fly, to avoid ; to
pass unobserved
To Escape, e-skape,' v. n. To fly, to get out of
danger.
Escape, e-ska.pe| s. Flight, the act of getting out
of danger: in law, violent or privy evasion out of lawful
. I'iistraiiit; oversight, mistake.
Eschalot, shil-l5t5 *. a plant.
Eschar, es-k^r, s. 353. A hard crust or scar
made by hot applications.
ESCHAROTICK, es-ki-r&t-ik, a. Caustick, having
the power to sear or burn the flesh.
Escheat, es-tshJte{ s. Any lands, or other
profits, that fall to a lord within his manor by for-
feiture, or the death of his tenant, dying without
heir general or especial.
&:> This, and the three following words not being de-
rived from the learned languages, have the cA pronounced
in the English manner.
To Escheat, es-tshetej v. a. To fall to the lord
of the manor by forfeiture.
Escheator, es-tshe-tur, *. 166. An officer that
observes the escheats of the king in the county whereof
he is escheator.
To Eschew, es-tshoo,' v. a. To fly, to avoid, to
shun.
CC?- This word, from its being almost antiquated, has
escaped the criticism of all our orthbepists, except
Mr. Elphinston, who contends that it ought to be pro-
nounced as if written eske'j). " No wonder eskeip (he
says) often falsely articulated, because falsely exhibited
eschew, was ocularly traced from the old scheoir (after-
wards echoir), to devolve or escheat, rather 'han frf^m
esquiver, to parry, avoid, oreskew, by those to whom the
body of the child and the soul of the parent were equally
unknown." The etymological abilities of this gentle-
man in the French and English languages are unques-
tionable ; but the pronunciation of this word seems fi.xed
to its orthography ; and beyond the reach of etymo.ogy
to alter. Words, like lsnd,have a limitationto their
rights. When dii ortnugrapny and pronunciation have
obtained for a long time, though by a false title, it is
^)erhaps better to leave them in quiet possession, than to
iisturb the language by an ancient, though perhaps
better claim.
Escort, es-kort, S. 492. Convoy, guard from
place to place.
To Escort, es-kortj v. a. To convoy, to guard
trom place to place.
Escritoir, es-kru-torej s. A box with all the
implements necessary for writing.
Escuage, es^ki-Aje, *. 90. A kind of knight's
service.
Esculent, es'ku-lent, a. Good foi food, eatable.
Esculent, es'ku-lent, *. Something fit for food.
Escutcheon, es-kfitsh-in, s. 259. The shield
of the family, the picture of the ensigns armorial.
E.SPALIER, es-piliyer, *. 113. Trees planted and
cut so as to join.
^SPECIAL, e-speishill, a. Pnncipal, chief.
186
Especially, ^-spesh-Al-^, ad. Principally
chiefly.
Esperance, es-pe-rtnsej *. French. Hope.
Espial, ^-spl-il, s. A spy, a scout.
Espionage.
{fc> A perfect French word, signifying the practice of
a spy. This word has been of late much iiitniductd into
political publications, when, perhaps, there was never
less use for it. That our language is without this word,
is a compliment to our government ; but if we must have
an useless word, let it be one in our own analogy, and
call it espiery.
Esplanade, es-plA-nideJ s. The empty space be-
tween the glacis of a citadel and the first houses of th«
town.
Espousals, J-spou-zils, *. (Without a singular).
The act of contracting or affiancing a man and woman
to each other.
Espousal, e-sp3ii-z4l, a. Used in the act of
espousing or betrothing.
To Espouse, e-spouze{ v. a. To contract or
betroth to another; to marry, to wed; to maintain,
to defend.
To Espy, e-spij v. n. To see a thing at a distance;
to discover a thing intended to be hid; to see un«
expectedly ; to discover as a spy.
Esquire, ^-skwirej S. The armour- aearer or
attendant on a knight; a title of dignity, and next in
degree below a knight.
7h Essay, es-sk', v. a. To attempt, to try, to
.endeavour; to make experimerts of ; to try the value
'.and purity of metais.
Essay, es-si, s. 492. Att?mpt, endeavour; a
loose performance ; an irregular indigested piece ; an
easy, free kind of composition ; atrial, an experiment.
Essayist, es-sa-ist, .«. One who makes essays.
Essence, es-sense, *. Existence, the quality
of being; constituent substance; the cause of exist
ence; the very nature of any being; in medicine, the
chief properties or virtues of any simple, or compo-
sition, collected into a narrow compass; perfume,
odour, scent.
To Essence, es-sense, v. a. To perfume, t»
scent.
Essential, es-sen-sh4l, a. Necessary to the con-
stitution or existence of any thing; important in the
highest degree, principal; pure, highly rectified, subr
tilely, elaborated.
(pj- What has been observed of the word efface is ap-
plicable to this word : the same reasons have induced me
to diflFer frm Mr. Sheridan in the division of especial,
espousal, establish, &c. as 1 have no doubt, in words o|
this form, where the two first crmsonants are combinable,
that they both go to the second syllable, and leave the
vowel in the first long and open.
Essential, es-sen-shil, *. Existence; first or
constituent principle , the chief point.
Essentially, es-£«n-sh^l-le, ad. By the con
stitution of nature.
ESSOINE, es-soinj s. Allegement of an excuse for
him that is -summoned, or sought for, to appear; ex-
cuse, exemption.
To Establish, e-stib-hsh, v. a. To settle
firmly, to fix unalterably ; to found, to build firmly,
to fix iminoveably ; to make settlement of any inhe- .
ritance.
Establishment, ^-stib-lish-ment, s. Settle-
ment, fixed state; seitled regulation, form, model j
allowance, income, salary.
Estate, e-StateJ *. The general interest, tf.e
piiblick; condition of life; fortune, possession in land.
To Esteem, e-steemj v. a. To set a value,
whether high or low, up(ni any tbing ; to prize, to rale
high ; to hold in opinion, to think, to imagine.
Esteem, e-steemj *. High value, reverential regard.
Esteemer, ^-steem-ur, *. One that highly
values, one that sets a high rate upon any ihing.
Estimable, es-te-mi-bl, a. 405. Valuable,
worth 1 large price; worthy of esteem, worthy of ho-
nour.
ETH
EVA
n8r ler, n$t 163— tibe 171, tub 173, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, this 469.
EsTiMAlLENESS, esite-mi-bl-nes, *. The quality
of deser /iiig regard.
7^0 Estimate, es^t^-mite, v. a. To rate, to
adjust the value of ; to judge of any thing by its pro-
portion to something else ; to calculate, to compute.
Estimate, es-te-mate, *. 91. Computation,
calculaticin ; value; valuation, assignment of propor-
tioned value; opinion, judgment; esteem, regard,
lionour.
Estimation, es-te-ma^shun, *. The act of
adjusting proportioned value; calculation, computa-
tion; opinion, judgment ; esteerti, regard, honour.
Estimative, es-te-m^-tiv, a. 512. Having the
power of comparing and adjusting the preference.
Estimator, es-te-raa-tur, *. 521. A setter of
rates.
ESTIVAI., esit^-vil, a. 88. Pertaining to the
summer: cuniinuiiig for the summer.
To Estrange, e-stranjej v. a. To keep at a
distance, to withdraw ; lo alienate from affection.
Estuangement, e-stranje-ment, s. Alienation,
distance, removal.
Estrapade, es-tr4-pade( *. The defence of a
horse that will not obey, but rises before, and yerks
furiously wilh his hind lees.
EsTREPEMENT, ^-Stre^p-nient, *. Spoil made by
the tenant for term of life upon any lands or woods.
ESTRICH, es-tntsh, *. The largest of birds;
properly Ostrich.
Estuary, es^tsbu-i-r^, *. 461. An arm of the
sea, the moutli of a lake or river in which the tide
ebbs and flnws.
Tb Estuate, es-tsbu-^te, v. a. 91. To swell and
fall reciprocally, to bml.
EstuATION, es-tsbu-a'-sbun, s. The state of
boiling, reciiirocaiiiin of rise and fall.
Esurient, ^-zA^r^-ent, a. 479.
Hiinary, vnracious.
ESURINE, e/b^u-llne, «. 479. Corroding, eating.
Etc. et-Set-e-r^, &c. A contraction of the Latin
word.i Et cetera, which signifies And so if the reft.
To Etch, etsb, v. a. A way used in making of
prints, by drawing with a proper needle upon a copper-
plate.
Etching, etsb-ing, *. An impression of a copper-
plate, cited from Harris by Johnson, under the word
Etch.
Eternal, i-ter-n^l, a. Without beginning or
end; unchangeable.
Eternal, e-teriu4l, *. One of the appellations of
the Godhead.
Eternai.IST, e-ter^n^l-list, s. One that holds
the past existence of the world infinite.
To Eternalize, ^-tir'-ni\-\\ze, v. a. To make
eternal.
Eterna LLY, e-ter-ll4l-l5, ad. Without beginning
or end ; unchangeably, invariably.
Eterne, ^-tern( a. Eten.a:, perpetual.
Eternity, • ^-ter'-ne-te, s. Duration without
begmiiing or end ; duration without end.
To Etkp.!./,e, ^-ter^nize, v. a. To make endless,
to per(.e\uate ; to make for ever famous, to immor-
talize.
Ether, v'-ther, S. An element more line and sub-
tile than air, air refined or sublimed; ihe matter of
the higliesi regicuis above ; achymical preparation.
Ethereal, e-f/t^'-re-Al, a. 88. Formed of
ether; celestial, heavenly.
Ethereous, ^-tht:'-rh-us, a. Formed of ether,
heavenly.
Ethical, tth'-l'-kkl, a. 88. Moral, treating on
mi.rality.
Ethicalln, eM-e-kil-^, ad. According to the
doctrines of morality.
EtHICK, e/A-lk, a. Moral, delivering precepts of
morality.
?87
Ethicks, elh'-lks, s. (Without the singular). The
doctrine of morality, a system of morality.
Ethnick, eth'-mk, a. Heathen, Pagan, no»
Jewish, not Christian.
EtHNICKS, eth-mks, S. Heathens.
Ethological, eM-6-lftdje-e-kal, a. 530.
Treating of morality.
Etiology, ^-te-Sl'o-j^, s. An account of the
causes of any thing, generally of a distemper.
Etiquette, et-e-ketj *. 415. The polite form or
manner of doing any thing; the ceremonial of good
manners.
ts:^' This word crept into use some years after Johnson
wrote his Dictionary, nor have I found it in any other I
have consulted. 1 have 'eijtured, however, to insert it
here, as it seems to be cstai lished ; and as it is more
specifick than ceremoni-.l, it is certainly of use. Bmir
rielot and Mr. Huet derves it from jTjxof, stichiis, siiche-
tus, stichelta, Etiquette : and tliis etymology seems na-
tural.
Etui, et-w4{ *. French. A case for tweezers and
such instruvnvnts.
Etymological, et-^-mA-l&djeii-kil, a.
Relating to etymology.
Etymologist, et-e-mftl-6-jist, *. One who
searches out the original of words.
Etymology, et-^-mol-6-je, s. The descent or
derivation of a word from its original, the deduction
of formations from the radical word ; tlie p;irtof gram-
mar which deliveis the inflections of noaiis and verbs.
To Evacate, e-vi-kate, v. a. To empty out, to
throw out.
To Evacuate, ^-v^k-u-Ate, v. a. To make
empty, to clear; to void by any of the excretory pas-
sages ; to quit, to withdraw from out of a place,
EVACUANT, ^-vak-u-aut, *. Medicine that pro-
cures evacuation by any passage.
Evacuation, ^-v4k-ti-A-sbun, s. Such einission*
as leave a vacancy i discharge; the practice of empty
ing the body by physick ; discharges of the body by any
vent, natural or artificial.
To Evade, e-vAdeJ v. a. To e'ude, to avoid ;
to escape or elude by sophistry.
To Evade, k-vkAe', v. n. To escape, to slip away;
to practise sophistry or evasion.
EVAGATION, ev-i-gi-sbun, S. The act of wander-
ing, deviation,
(tni" I am well aware that this and the tivo f\)llowing
words are often, by good speakers, pronounced with the
c in the first syllable long and open, but I think contrary
lo that correctness which arises from general analogy,
330.
Evanescent, ev-4-nes-sent, a. Vanishing, im
perceptible.
Evangelical, ev-^n-jel-^-kil, a. Agreeable to
gospel, consonant to the Christian law revealed in the
holy gospel ; contained iu the gospel.
Evangelis.M, e-v3n-.je-l!zin, s. The promulga
tion of the blessed gospel.
Evangelist, ^-vin-J^-list, *. A writer of the
history of our Lord Jesus ; a promulgator of the Chris-
tian laws.
To Evangelize, ^-vin-i^-llze, i;. a. To instruct
in the gospel, or law of Jesus.
EVANID, e-v^n-id, a. Faint, weak, evanescent.
EVAPORABLE, h-v\p-h-Y%-h\, a. 405. Easily
di>sipated in fumes or vaimuis.
To Evaporate, e-vip-o-rate, v. n. 91. lo ny
away in fumes or vapmiis.
To Evaporate, e-v^p-6-rite, v. a. To drive
away in fumes j to give vent to ; to let out in ebullition
or sallies.
Evaporation, ^-v^p-6-raisbun, s. The act of
flying away in fumes and vapoxirs ; the act of attenu-
atiiiK matter, so as to uTake it fume away; in phar-
macy, an operation by which liquids are spent oi
driven away in steams, so as to leave some part stronger
than before.
Evasion, ^-vaizhun, s. 49. Excuse, subterfuge,-
sophistry, artifice.
EVE
EUP
t> 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, ^t 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
Usual, happening
Evasive, e-va-siv, a. 153.42a. Practising eva-
sion, elusive; containing an evasion, sophistical.
Eucharist, yu-ka-nst, s. 353. The act of
giving thar.ks, the sacramental act in which the death
of our Redeemer is commemoiatfd with a thankful re-
membrance ; the sacrament of the Lord's Supper.
EUCHARISTICAL, yu-ki-ris^te-kal, a. Contain-
ing acts of thanksgiving ; relating to the sacrament of
the Supper of the Lord.
EUCHOLOGY, yu-k5l-6-je, S. A formulary of
prayers.
EuCRASY, yu-kra-se, S. An agreeable, well-pro-
portioned mixture, whereby a body is in health.
Eve, eve, \
Even, e^vn, /
The close of the day ; the vigil or fast to be observed
before a holiday.
Even, e-vn, a. 103. Level, not rugged; uniform,
smooth; equal on both sides; without any thing owed ;
calm, not subject to elevation or depression ; capable
to he divided into equal parts.
Zb Even, e-vn, V, a. To make even ; to make out
of debt ; to make level.
Even, e-vn, ad. A word of strong assertions,
verily; supposing that ; notwithstanding.
Evenhanded, e-vn-h4n-ded, a.
Impartial, equitable.
Evening, e-vn-ing, s. The close of the day, the
beginning of night.
Evenly, e-vn-1^, ad. Equally, imiformly;
smoothly ; impartially, without favour or enmity.
Evenness, e-vn-nes, *. state of b^ing even ;
nniformitv, regularity; equality of surface, levelness;
freedom from inclination to either side ; calmness,
freedom from perturbation.
Eventide, e-vn-tide, s. The time of evening.
Event, e-ventj *. An incident, any thing that
happens ; the consequence of an action.
To Eventerate, e-ven-t^-rate, v. a. To rip
up, to open the belly.
Eventful, ^-vent-fiil, a. Full of incidents.
To Eventilate, ^-ven'-te-late, v. a.
To winnow, to sift out: to examine, to discuss.
Eventual, e-ven-tslm-il, a. Happening in con-
sequence of any thing, consequential.
Eventually, ^-ven-tshu-^l-le, ad. In the
event, in the last result.
Ever, ev-ur, ad. 98. At any time ; at all times ;
forever; a word of enforcement, As soon as ever he
liad done it; it is often contracted into E'er.
Evereubbling, ev-ur-bub-bling, a. Boiling up
with perpetual murmurs.
Everburning, ev-ur-bur-ning, a.
Unextinguished.
EvERDURlNG, ev-ur-du-ring, a. Eternal, endur-
ing witliout end.
Evergreen, ev-iir-green, a. Verdant through-
out the year.
Evergreen, ev-ur-green, *. A plant tliat retains
its verdure through all the seasons.
£veriionoured, ev-ur-6n-nurd, a. Always
held in honour.
Everlasting, ev-ur-l^s-ting, cr. Lasting or
enduring without end, perpetual, immortal.
Everlasting, ev-ur-lls-ting. *. Eternity.
Everlastingly, ev-ur-hts'-ting-le, ad.
Eternally, without end.
V^verlastingness, ev-ur-l?.siting-nes, s.
Eternity, perpeiuity.
lf.VERLIVlNG, ev-ur-liv-ing, a. Living witliout
end.
Evermore, ev-ur-tnorej ad. Always, eternally.
To EverSE, fc-verse{ v, a. To overthrow, to
subvert.
To Evert, ^-vert| v. a. To destroy.
Every, cv'ur-e, rt. Each one of all.
188
Everyday, evifi f-e-da, a.
every day.
EVESDROPPER, evz-dl'6p-pur, s. Some mean
fellow that sculks about the house in the night to listen.
To Evestigate, i-ves^t^-gate, v, a.
To search out.
EuGH, yoo, s. A tree.
To Evict, l-viktj v. a. To take away by a
sentence of law ; to prove.
Eviction, ^-Vik^shun, g. Dispossession or depriva-
tion by a definitive sentence of a court of judicature |
proof, evidence.
Evidence, ev-e-dense, s. The state of being
evident, clearness; testimony, proof; witness, one
that gives evidence.
To Evidence, ev^e-dense, v. a. To prove, to
make discovery of.
Evident, ev-e-dent, a. Plain, apparent, notorious.
Evidently, ev'^-dent-le, ad.
Apparently, certainly.
Evil, e-vl, a. 159. Having bad qualities of any
kind; wicked, corrupt; miserable; mischievous, de-
structive.
Evil, e-vl, .?. Wickedness, a crime; injury, mis«
chief, malignity, corruption; misfortune, calamity;
malady, disease.
Evil, e-vl, ad. Not well in whatever respect; in
juriously, not kindly.
EviLAFFECTED, e-vl-^f-fek-teil, a. Not kind,
not disposed to kindness.
Evildoer, e-vl-ilo-ur, *. Malefactor.
EviLFAVOURED, e-vl-fa-vurd, a. lU-countcnaiiced.
Evilfavouredness, i-vl-fa-vurd-nes, *.
Deformity.
EvilminDED, ^-vl-mlnd-ed, a. Malicious, mis-
chievous.
EviLNESS, Mvl-nes, S, Contrariety to goodness,
badness of whatever kind.
EviLSPEAKiNG, ^-vl-spe-king, s.
Defamation, calumny.
EviLWISIIING, e-vl-wish-ing, a. Wishing evil to,
having no good will.
Evilworker, ^-vl-wurk-ur, s. One who does iu.
To Evince, e-vinsej v. a. To prove, to show.
Evincible, l-vin-se-bl, a. Capable of proof, de-
monstiable.
EviNClBLY, J-\in-s5-ble, ad. In such a manner
as to force convicticm.
7'o Eviscerate, i-vis-se-rate, v. a. To embowel,
to deprive of the entrails.
EvitABLE, ev^e-t^-bl,. a. 405. Avoidable, that
may be escaped or shunned.
To EviTATE, ev^e-tAte, v. a. To avoid, to shun.
Evitation, ev-e-td-shun, s. 530. The act oi
avoiding.
Eulogium, yu-liV-ie-um, \ „ .
,^ T , , I . I f 5. Praise, (
Eulogy, yu'lo-je, J
EuNUCn, yil-nuk, *. One that is castrated.
Evocation, ev-o-ka-shun, s. The act of calling
out.
Evolatio.v, ev-0-lA-shun, s. 530. The act of
flying away.
To Evolve, e-v6lvj v. a. To unfold, to dis-
entangle.
To EvOLVEj e-vftlvj v. n. To open itself, to dis-
close itself.
Evolution, ev-o-li-sbun, s. 530. The act of
unrolling or unfolding ; the series of things unrolled
or unfolded ; in tacticks, the motion made by a body
of men in changing their posture, or form of drawing
up.
EvoMiTioN, ev-6-mish'un, s. 530. The act of
vomiting out.
EUPEPSY, yu-peo-S^, S, A good concoction, an
easy digestioft-.
, encomium.
EXA
EXA
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— fAin 466, this 469.
s. 453.
Eupeptic, yi-pep-tik, a. Easy cf digestion.
Euphonical, yu-fSn-e-kal, a.
Sounding agreeably.
Euphony, yu-fo-ne, s. An agreeable sound, the
contrary to harshness.
EuPHORBlUM, yu-for-be-um, s, A plant, a gum.
Euphrasy, yu-fra-se, 5. 92. The herb Eyebright,
EuRiPUS, yu-rl-pus, s.
(From Euri/iMS Eulioims, tliat ebbs and flows seven
times in a day). Perpetual fluctuation.
EUROCLYDON, yu-ruk'le-tlon, S. A wind which,
blows between East and North, very dangerous in the
Mediterranean.
European, yu-ro-pe-Sn, a. Belonging to Europe.
(K;- This word, according to the analogy of our own
language, ought certainly to have the accent on the se-
cond syllable; and this is the pronunciation which un-
lettered speakers constantly adopt; but the learned,
ashamed of the analogies of their own tongue, always
place the accent on the third syllable, because Europcpus
has the penultimate lone, and is therefore accented in
Latin, fpicurenn has the accent on the same syllable
by the same rule ; while Herculean and Cerulean submit
to English analogy, and liave the accent on tlie second
syllable, because their penultimate in Latin is short.
EuruS, yu-rus, S. The east wind.
EuRYTHMY, yu-Tith-ma, S. Harmony, regular
and symmetrical measure.
Euthanasia, yu-//«in-a-zhe-^, "I
Euthanasy, yu-<A4n-^-si, 92./
An easy death.
KJ- Of the accent of the first of these words, there can
be no dispute ; but as the last is anglicised, its accent
admits of some diversity of opinion. Mr, Sheridan,
\)r. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, Entick, Barclay, Bailey, and the
first editions of Dr. Johnson, accent the last of these
words on the antepenultimate, but the quarto edition of
Johnson on the penultimate : I suspect, however, if we
were strictly to follow our own analogy, that we ought to
place the accent on the first svllable; for as this termi-
nation is not enclitical, 513, h seems to be under the
same predicament as Acmlemy, IiTcparable, &:c. which see.
Evulgation, ev-ul-gA-shun, *. Tlie act of
divulging.
Evulsion, e-vul-shun, s. The act of plucking out.
Ewe, yti, s. 268. The she sheep.
Ccv> There is a vulgar pronunciation of this word, as
if written yoe, which must be carefully avoided.
E\VER, yu-lir, S. 98. A vessel in which water is
brought for washing the hands.
EwRY, yu-r^, s. An office in the king's household,
where iliey take care of the linen for the king's table.
Ex, eks, or egz. A Latin preposition often prefixed
to compounded words ; sometimes meaning out, as ex-
haust, to draw out.
e:^ The I in this inseparable prepositicn is, with re-
spect to sound, under the same predicament as the t in
Dis; which see, 425.
To Exacerbate, egz-As^er-bite, v. a.
To embitter, to exasperate.
Exacerbation, tgz-^-er-ba-sbun, s. Increase
of malignity, augmented force or severity.
Exacervation, egz-^-ser-va-shun, s. The act
of heaping up.
Exact, egz-iktj a. 478. Nice; methodical j
accurate; honest, strict, punctual.
To Exact, egz-AktJ v. a. To lequire authorita-
tively ; to demand of right.
To Exact, egz-;1kt| v. n. To practise extortion.
Exacter, tgZ-Ak^tur, g. 98. Extortioner, one
who claims more than his due ; one who is severe in
his injunctions or his demands.
Exaction, egz-Aktisliun, s. Extortion, unjust
demand; atoll, a tribute severely levied.
Exactly, 2gz-fikl-le, ad. Accurately, nicely.
Exactness, egZ-Ukt-neS, S. Accuracy, nicety ;
regjilarity of conduct, strictness of manners.
To Exaggerate, egz-^dje'-e-rate, v, a.
To heighten by rcpreaentation.
189
(t^ This word is sometimes heard with the double <
hard, as in dag'^r; but every one who has a scrap ol
Latin knows, that wayg'ei-ate conies (mm exaggero, and
that all words from that language have the g soft before
eandi; the third syllable, therefore, must have the g
soft. But it will be said, that, according to the laws of
pronunciation, the first g ought to be hard, as the first c
IS inyZacc!./, siccity, &c. To which it maybe answered,
that, strictly speaking, it ought to be so; but polite
usage has so fixed the first as well as the last g in the soft
sound, that none but a confirnied pedant would have the
boldness to pronounce them differently.
This usage too we find is not without all foundation in
analogy. Wherever there is a considerable difficulty in
keeping sounds separate, they will infallibly run into
each other. This is observable in the sound of s, which,
when final, always adopts the sound of z when a flat con-
sonant precedes, 434 ; the first s likewise in the termina-
tions session, mission, &c. necessarily runs into the sound
of sh like the last s : but it may be said Ijliat the first g in
exaggerate has no such relation to the second as s has to
sh ; and that this very dilTerence between the two conso-
nants makes us preserve the first c in/uccid and siecily in
its hard sound of k, which is perfectly distinct from the
other sound of c, which is nothing more than s. To this
it can only be replied by way «f initigatinn, that hard g
and soft g or j are formed nearer together in the Rioi.tli
than hard c or fr, and soft c or «; and therefore as they
are more liable to coalesce, their coalescence is more ex-
cusable.
Exaggeration, egz-JilJe-i-ri-shun, s. The act
of heaping together ; hyperbolical amplification.
To Exagitate, egz-idje-e-tite, v, a. To shaV^,
to put in motion.
Ex AGITATION, egz-4dje-5-tiishun, s. The act of
shaking.
To Exalt, egz-altj v. a. To raise on high ; to
elevate to power, wealth, or dignity ; to tlcvate tojny
or confidence ; to praise, to extol, to magnify ; to ele-
vate in diction or sentin\ent.
Exaltation, egz-Al-ta-shun, s. The act of raising
on high; elevation in power or dignity; most ele-
vated state, state »f greatness or dignity.
F^XAMEN, egZ-a-men, S. 503. Examination, dis-
quisition.
Examinate, t'gz-iniie-uate, s. The person ex-
amined.
Examination, egz-im-eii:l-shuii, s. The act
of examining by questions or experiment.
Examinatok, cgz-im-e-ni-tiiir, s. 521. As
examiner, an enquirer.
7'o Examine, egz-imiin, v. a. 140. To try a
person accused or suspected by interrogatories ; to in-
terrogate a witness; to try the truth or (alseh;)i)d of
any proposition; to try by experiment, to narrowly
silt, to scan ; to make inquiry into, to search into, to
scrutinize.
Examiner, 2gz-5m'-e-n5r, S. One who inter-
rogates a criminal or cvidei-.te; one who scaiches or
tries any thing.
Example, egZ-Am-pl, S. 478. Copy or pattern,
that which is proposed to be resembled ; prcccitent,
former instance of the like ; a peison fit to bo proposed
as a pattern ; one punished for tlit aduionition of
others; instance in which a rule is illustrated by an
application.
Exancuious, ck-siliig-gwe-u9, a. Having no
blood. See Eiiccate.
Exanimate, t-gz-An-e-niatc, a. Lifeless, dc.ul}
spiritless, depressed.
ExanimaTION, i-gz-aii-u-nia-shun, S. Depriva-
tion of life.
EXANIMOUS, ?gz-^ll-e-inus, a. Lifeless, dc.td,
kilted.
Exanthemata, 'ks-iln-/Acni-i-til, s. Erupiiom,
pustules.
Exanthematous, cks-iii-iAeni-A-tus, a.
Pustulous, eruptive.
To Exantlate, i-gz-iint-l;itc, v. a. To dra'v
oi\t; to exhaust, to waste away.
Exantlation, eks-}lnt-laish?in, s. The act of
drawing o.:t.
Exauticulation, cks-ar-t'k-u-la-shun, s.
The di:loration of a joint.
EXC
EXC
ty 559. Fate 73, fSr 77, fall 83, lit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, m3ve, 146,
To Exasperate, egz-is-per-ke, v. a. To pro-
voke, to enrage, toinitate; to heiglilen a difference,
to aggravate, to Imbiiter.
ExASPEHATEH, e gz-ls'-per-i-tur, s. He that
exasperates or provokes.
Exasperation, egz-^-p^-ra-shun, *. Aggrava-
tion, malignant representation ; provocation ; irrita-
tion.
To Exauctorate, egz-lwkito-rAte, v. a.
To dismiss from service ; to depriveof a benefice.
Exauctoration, egz-awk-to-ri-shun, s.
Dismission from service; deprivation, degradii.ion.
Exca.ndescence, eks-kin-des^sense, 510. ~1 ^^
Excandescency, eks-kAn-des^seii-5^, / *
Heat, tlie state of growing hot; anger, the state of
growing angry. a t a
Excantation, eks-kftn-ta-shun, «. Di»enchant-
ment I)y a counter charm.
To ExcARNATE, eks-kar^nate, v. a. To clear
from flesh. ill a
ExcARNiFiCATiON, eks-kar-ni-K-kd'-shun, s.
The act of taking away the flesh.
To Excavate, eks-k4-vAte, v. a. To hollow, to
cut into hollows.
EXCAVAI ION, eks-ki-vi'-slmn, *. The act of cut-
ting into hollows; the hollow formed, the cavity.
To Exceed, ek-s^edj v, a. To go beyond, to
outgo ; to cxrel, to surpass.
To Exceed, ek-seedj v. n. To go too far, to pass
the bounds of fitnes ; to go beyond any limits j to bear
the greater proportion.
Exceeding, ek-see-ding, part. a. Great in
quantity, extent, or duration.
Exceedingly, ek-sei-ding-1^, ad.
To a great degree.
To Excel, ek-sel{ v. a. To outgo in good
qualities, to surpass.
To Excel, ek-s«l{ v. n. To have good qualities in
a great dfgree.
Excellence, ek-sel-lense, ")^
Excellency, ekUel-len-s^, J
Dignity, hiph rank ; the state of excelling in any
thine; that in which one excels; a title ot honour,
usually applied lo embassadors and governors.
Excellent, ek-sel-lent, a. Of great virtue, of
great worth, ot great dignity ; eminent in any good
quality.
Excellently, ek-sel-lent-li, ad. Well in a
high degree ; lo an eminent degree.
To Except, ek-septj v. a. To leave out, and
specify as left out of a general precept or position.
To Except, ek-sept{ v. n. To object, to make
objections.
Except, ek-septj prep. Exclusively of, without
inclusion of; unless.
Excepting, ek-sep-ting, prep. Without inclu-
sion of, with exception of.
Exception, ek-s2p-shun, s. Exclusive from the
things coi..prehended in a precept or position ; thing
excepted, or specified in exception; objection, cavil ;
peevisli dislike, otTence taken.
Exceptionable, ek-sep'-shun4-bl, a. Liable to
objection.
ExCEPTlOUS, ek-sep-shus, a. Peevish, froward.
ExCEt'TlvE, ek-sep-tiv, a. Including an exception.
EXCEPTLESS, ek-se[)t-les, a. Omitting or neglect-
ing all exceptions.
Exceptor, ek-sep-tur, *. 166. Objector.
To EXCERN, ek-sernj v. a. To strain out, to
separate or emit liy strainers.
Excerption, ek-serp-shun, s. The act of glean-
ing, selecting; the thing gleaned or selected.
Excess, ek-sesj S. More than enough, superfluity;
iiiteiiipeiance, unreasonable indulgence ; transgression
of due limits.
Excessive, ek-ses-siv, a. Beyond the common
l.W
proportion of quantity or bulk; vehement beyond
measure in kindness or dislike.
Excessively, ek-ses-slv-le, ad. Exceedingly
eminently.
To Exchange, eks-tshinjej v. a. T<i give en
quit one thing for the sake of gaining another; to give
and take reciprncally.
Exchange, eks-tshAnie{ s. The act of giving
and receivine reciprocally ; barter; the balance of the
moniy uf different nations; the place where the mer-
chants meet to negociate their affairs.
Exchanger, eks-tshan-jar, s. One who practises
exchange.
Exchequer, eks-tshek-ur, s. The court to
which are brought all the revenues belonging to the
crown.
Excise, ek-SlZe| S. A tax levied upon commodities.
To Excise, ek-size{ v. a. To levy excise upon a
person or thine.
Exciseman, ek-slze-min, «. 88. An officer who
inspects commodities and rales their excise.
Excision, ek-sizh-un, *. 451. Extirpation, de-
struction.
Excitation, ek-s^-ta-shun, s. The act of ex-
citing or putting into motion.
To Excite, ek-.slte{ v. a. To rouse, to animate,
to stir up, to encourage.
Excitement, ek-slte-ment, *. Tlie motive by
which one is stirred up.
Exciter, ek-sUtur, S. One that stirs up others,
or puts them in motion.
To Exclaim, eks-klame,' v. n. To cry out with
vehemence, to make an (uitcrv.
Exclamation, eks-klA-ma^shun, *. Vehement
outcry, clamour, outrageous vociferation ; an einpha-
tical utterance ; a note by which a pathetical sentence
is marked thus ( ! )
EXCLAIMER, eks-kla-mur, S. One that makes
vehement outcries.
Exclamatory, eks-klW-4-tur-e, a. 512. 557.
Practising exclamation , containing exclaniiition.
To Exclude, eks-kliidej v. a. To shut out ; to
debar, to hinder from particiimtiun ; to except.
Exclusion, eks-kltiizhiin, s. The act of shutting
out; the act of debarring tiom any privilege; excep-
tion ; the dismission of the young from the egg or
womb.
Exclusive, eks-klti^siv, a. 158. 428. Having
the power of excluding or denying admissitin ; debar-
ring from participation ; not taking into any account
or number, excepting.
Exclusively, eks-klu-siv-le, ad. Without ad-
mission of another to participation; without compre-
hension in any account or number.
Ta Excoct, eks-kukt; v. a. To boil up.
To Excogitate, eks-kodje-^-tate, t. a.
To invent, to strike out ly thinking.
To Excommunicate, eks-k6in-mu'-ne-kAte,
ti. a. To eject from the communion of the visible
church by an ecclesiastical censure.
KT- Some smatterers In elocution are tryin? to pro-
nounce this word with the accent on the second syllable,
and thus leave the three last syllables unaccented; as if
liarshness and difficulty of pronunciation were the tests
of propriety. Th'e next word will sidmit of the accent on
this syllable, as another must be placed on the fifth ; but
if a secondary accent be necessary, it ought to be rather
on the first syllabic, 623. t i t n
Excommunication, eks-kOm-niA-ne-kaishun,
.•i. An ecclesiastical interdict, exclusion from the fel-
lowship of the church.
To Excoriate, eks-ki'-r^-ate, v. a. To flay
to stiii) off the skin.
Excoriation, eks-ki-r^-A-shun, s. Loss <
skin, privation of skin, the act of flaying.
EXCORTICATION, eks-kor-te-ka^shun, *.
Pulling the bark off any thing.
Excrement, eks'-kr^-ment, s. That hlch U
thrown out as useless from the natural passages of the
body.
EXE
EXF
nor 167, nSt 163— t&be 171, tub 17^2, bull 173— oil 399— pound 313— ^Ain 466, TF.is 469.
ExcREMENTAL, eks-kr^-men-tSl, a. That is
voided as excrement.
ExcREMENTiTious, cks-kre-meri-tish-iis, er.
Containing excrements, consisting of matter excreted
from I he body
510.
Excrescence, eks-kres^scnse, "I
ExcRESCENCY, eks-kres-seii-se, J '
Somewliat growing out of another without use, and
contrary to the common order of production.
Excrescent, eks-kres-sent, a. That grows out
of another with preternatural superfluity.
Excretion, eks-kre-shun, s. Separation of
animal substance.
Excretive, eks-kri-tiv, a. Having the power of
ejecting excrements.
Excretory, eks^kr^-tur-^, a. Having the
quality of separating and ejecting superfluous parts. —
For 0, see Domestick.
Excruciable, eks-kroo-shl-il-bl, a. Liable to
torment.
To Excruciate, eks-kroo-sh^-ite, v, a. 542.
To torture, to torment.
ExcuBATiON, eks-ku-bi-shun, *. The act of
watching all night.
To Exculpate, uks-kuUpite, v, a. To clear
from the imputation of a fault.
Excursion, eks-kur-shun, s. The act of de-
viating from the stated or settled path; an expedition
into some distant part; digression.
Excursive, eks-kur-siv, a, »d7. Rambling,
wandering, deviating.
Excusable, eks-kia^z^l, a. Pardonable.
Excusableness, eks-ku-za-bl-nes, s. Pardcn-
ableness, capability to be excused.
EXCUSATION, eks-ku-zA-shun, s. Excuse, plea,
apology.
Excusatory, eks-ku-zi-tur-i, a. 512. Pleading
excuse, apologetical. — For the o, see Domestick.
To Excuse, eks-kuze{ v. a. 437. To extenuate
by apology ; to disengage from an obligation; to remit,
not to exact; to pardon by allowing an apology; to
throw otf imputation by a feigned apology.
Excuse, eks-kAseJ *. Plea offered in extenuation,
apology ; the act of excusing ; cause for which one is
excused.
Excuseless, eks-kuseMes, a. That for which no
excuse can be given.
Excuser, eks-ku-zur, s. One who pleads for
another; one whu fariiives another.
To EXCUSS, eks-kusj v. a. To seize and detain
by law.
ExCUSSION, cks-kush-un, *. Seizure by law.
Execrable, ek-s4-krll-bl, a. 405. Hateful,
detestable, accursed.
Execrably, ek'se-krsl-bl^, ad. Cursedly, abo-
minably.
7b Execrate, ek-se-krite, v. a. To curse, to
imprecate ill upon.
Execration, ek-si-kri-shun, s. Curse, impre-
cation of evil.
To Execute, ek-se-kute, v. a. To put into act,
to do what is planned; to put to death according to
form of justice.
Execution, ek-se-ku-shun, *. Performance,
practice; the last act of the law in civil causes, by
which possession is given of body or goods; capital
punishment ; death inflicted by forms ol law ; destruc-
tion, tlauthtCT.
Executioner, 2k-s^-ku-shiui-ur, s. He that
puts in act, or executes; iie tiiat inflicts capital pu-
nishment.
Executive, esrz-ek-tj-tiv, a. 478, having the
quality of exccoting or performing; active^ not deli
berative, not legislative, having the power to put in
act the laws.
'^XECUTOH, Igz-ekiu-tur, s. 1G6. He that i'
inirusieil to perfurm tlir rill ol n ic-uior.,
.01
03--- When this word signifies one who performs any
thing in general, the accent is on the same syllable as on
the verb to Execute.
Executory, egz-ek^u-to-re, a. Performing
official duties.
Executorship, ugz-ek^ia-tur^sbip, s. The office
of him that is appointed to perform the will of the de-
funct.
Executrix, egz-ek-u-triks, s. A woman in-
trusted to ncrfcirm the will of the testator
Exegesis, eks-6-je-sis, s, 478. 520.
An explanation.
Exegetical, eks-^-jet-^-kil, a. Explanatory,
expository.
Exemplar, egz-em-plir, s. 88. A pattern, an
example to be imitated.
Exemplarily, egziein-plAr-^-le, ad. In such
a manner as deserves imitation ; in such a manner as
may warn others.
EXEIMPLARINESS, egz- em-pi At-i-nes, s. State of
standing as a pattern to be copied.
Exemplary, egz-em-pl4r-i, a. Such as may
deserve to be proposed to imitation ; such as may give
warning to others.
(t:?- 1 have given the first syllable of this word, and the
substantive and adveib formed from it, the flat sound of
X, directly contrary to analopy, because I think it agree-
able to the best usage; ai'd in this case, analogy must be
silent, though I think it ought to be a silence of com-
plaisance rather than of consent, 42S. 478.
Exemplification, egz-em-pl^-f^-ka^shun, &
A copy, a transcript ; an illustration by example.
To Exemplify, egz-em-ple-fi, v. a. 183.
To illiislrate by example ; to transcribe, to copy.
To Exempt, cgz-etnt| v. a. 412. To privilege, to
grant imnumity from.
Exempt, i-gz-emtj a. Free by privilege; not
subject, not liable to.
Exemption, egz-em-shun, s.
Immunity, privilene, freedom from imposts.
Exfmptitious, egz-em-tish-us, a. Separable,
that may be taken from another.
To Exenterate, egz-en-ter-ite, v. a.
To embowel.
Exenteration, egz-eji-ter-A-shun, s. The act
of taking out the bowels, embowelling.
ExequiAL, egZ-^'-kw^-il, a. Relating to funerals.
Exequies, eks-^-kwiz, S, (Without a singular).
Funeral rites, the ceremony of burial.
ExerceNT, egz-er-seilt, a. Practising, following
any calling.
Exercise, eks-er-slse, *. 478. Labour of the
body for health or amusement; preparatory practice in
order to skill; practice, outward performance; task,
that wliich one is appointed to perform; act of divine
worship, wliether publick or private.
To Exercise, eks-er-size, v. a. To employ; to
train by use to any act ; to task, to keep employed as a
penal injunction ; to practise or use in order to habitual
skill.
To Exercise, eks-er-slze, v. n. To use exercise,
to labour for Irealth.
Exerciser, eks-iir-sl-zur, s. He tliat directs or
uses exercise.
Exercitation, egz-er-s6-tA-shun, s. Exercise;
practice, use.
To Exert, ?gz-ert{ v. a. 478. To use with an
elTort : to put forth, to perform.
ExfrtioN, egz-er-shun, *. The act of exerting,
effort.
ExESION, egZ-^-zhun, S. The act of eating through.
Exestuation, I'gz-es-tshu-a-shuii, s. The state
of boiling.
To Exfoliate, eks-fc-le-ate, v. n. To shell off,
as a corrupt bone iVoni the soiiiul pai t.
Exfoliation, eks-fi)-le-A-sliuii, *, The process
by which the corrupted part of the bone separates fro;n
the sound.
EXl EXO
t> 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fJtSl— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 162, move 164,
Pw/vT . .TivTj 2Vc-f,V.li J.f?v. » Tlint h^, rmwpr (»■ This word, as a substantive, lias the accent always
Exfoliative, ?ks-fi-ll-4-tiv, a. Tiiat has power
of procuring exfoliation.
ExHALABLE, egz-hi-ltl-bl, a. 405. That maybe
evaporated.
Exhalation, e-ks-hi-ld-shun, s. The act of ex-
haling oi sending out in vapours ; the state of evapo-
rating or flying out in vapours j that which rises in va-
pours.
To Exhale, egz-hillej v. a. 478. To send or
draw out vapours or fumes.
fi^ Though the ablest grammarians (Beauz^e Gram-
maire G^n^rale, toni. i. p. 66) liave determined //to be
A consonant, they have not decided whether it belongs to
the flat or sharp class. If we consult our ear when we
place an unaccented i before i-t, we shall judge it belong*
to the former, as llie x in this situation generally slides
into HZ.
ExHALEMENT, egz-hilciment, s. Matter ex-
haled, vapour.
To Exhaust, egz-hitwstj v, a. 425. To drain,
to diminish; to draw out totally, to draw out till no-
thing is left.
Exhaustion, egz-haws-tshun, s. 464. The act
of drawing out, or draining.
ExiiAUSTLESS, egz-hawst-les, a. Not to be
emptied, inexhaustible.
To Exhibit, egz-hlb'-it, v. a. 478. To offer to
view or use, to olfer or propose; to show, to display.
ExHiniTER, egz-hib-it-ur, *. He that offers any
thing.
Exhibition, eks-he-hish^un, s. The act of
exhibiting, display, setting forth ; allowance, salary,
pen.'ilon.
7b Exhilarate, egz-hil-^-rite, v. a. To make
cheerful, to All with mirth.
Exhilaration, egz-hil-i-ra-shun, *. The act of
giving gayeiy ; the state i.f being enlivened.
To Exhort, eijz-hort{ v. a. To incite by words
to any good action.
Exhortation, eks-hor-ta'shun, s. The act of
exhorting, incitement to good; the form of words by
which one is exhorted.
Exhortative, egz-bor-ti-tiv, a. Tending to
exhortation, containing exhortation.
Exhortatorv, egz-hor-tH-tur-l, a. 512.
Tending to exhort. — For the last o, see Dumestick.
Exhorter, egz-hor-tur, s. One who exhorts.
To Exiccate, ek-sik^kite, v. a. To drj-,
03" The first syllable of this word, strictly speaking,
ought to he pronounced according to the rule hiid down
under the preposition Ex: but in this pronunciation we
totally lose the sharp s wliich commences the Latin word
stcco, to dry; of which this word is compounded; and
thus the sound of the word is radically injured, and its
etymology lost. But it will be said, the Latins made the
itame pxcisiop of the radical s on account of the coinci-
dence with the s contained in the :t of the preposition,
and wrote tiie word eiicco. It is allowed these corrup-
tions obtained amongst them, as amongst us; though it
IS doubtful whether the same inconvenience arose
RiTiongst them in this word as with us ; for Vossius makes
it highly probable that the Latins never gave the flat
sound eg'z to the letter x; and the best manuscripts in-
form us, that writing this word with an s, as eisicco, and
thus preserving the composition distinct and perfect, is
the most accurate orthcgraphy.
ExicCATiON, ek-sik-ka-shun, s. Act of drying
up, state of being dried up.
ExiccATivE, ek-sik-kH-tiv, a. 512.
Drying in quality.
Exigence, ek-s^-jense, ")
Exigency, ek-sl-jen-se, J **
Demand, want, need; pressing nccessitj, distress,
sudden occasion.
Exigent, ek-se-jent, s. Pressing business, occasion
that requires immediate help.
ExiGUrrv, eks-c-gu-e-tl, S. Smallness, diminu-
tive n ess.
Exiguous, e^Z-lg^U-US, a. Sm.tll, diminutive, little.
Exile, eks^lle, S. Banishment, state of being
banished J the person banished.
I9i
O:?- This word, as a substantive, has the accent always
on the first syllable ; as a verb, it was formerly accented
on either syllable ; but it is now, as Mr. Nares oljserves,
universally accented as the noun.
Exile, eg-zilej a. 478. Small, slender, not full,
(t^ This word, as an adjective, derived from the Latin
exilis, is by Nares, Sheridan, Ash, and EnticI;, accented
on the last syllable. The third edition of Johnson's folio
edition has the accent on tlie last aiso; but the quarto
edition has it on the first. Authority is certainly on the
side of the ultimate accent; but it may be questioned
whether it is not contrary to analogy, for the penulti-
mate t being long in Latin has no necessary intluencc on
the English word, anymore than it has on /losti/e, servile,
&c.— See Principles, No. HO.
To Exile, eg-zllej v. a. 492. To banish, to
drive from a country.
Exilement, eg-zile^ment, s. Banishment.
ExiLrnON,eks-e-lish-un,S. Slfnderness, smallness.
EximiouS, eg-zini-e-US, a. Famous, eminent.
To Exist, eg-zistj v. n. 478. To be, to have
a being.
Existence, eg-zis-tense, ") ^
Existency, eg-zis^ten-se, J
State of being, actual possession of being.
Existent, eg-zis-tt- nt, a. In being, in possession
of being.
ExiSTiM.'^TiON, eg-zis-te-mA-shun, s.
Opinion ; esteem.
Exit, eks-it, S. The term set in the margin of
plays to mark the time at which the player goes off .
departure, act of quitting the theatre of life.
ExiTiAL, e|z-ish'-}4l, 113.1
EXITIOUS, egz-isli^j'us, J
Destructive, fatal, mortal,
ExoDUS, tks-0-dus, \
ExoDY, eks-o-de, J
Departure, journey from a place ; the second book of
Moses is so called, because it describes the journey of
the Israelites fro.Ti Egypt.
EXOLETE, eks-i-l^'te, a. Obsolete, out of use.
To EXOLVE, egz-ftlvj V, a. To loose, unbind •
to free from a debt.
ExoMPHALOS, egz-5mifA-l3s, s.
A navel rupture.
To Exonerate, egz-ftn-er-lte, v. a. To unload,
to.disburden.
Exoneration, egz-Sn-er-i-shun, s. The act of
disburdening.
EXOPTABLE, egz-ftpit^-bl, a. Desirable, to be
sought with eagerness or desire.
ExoRAELE, eks^o-rA-bl, a. 405. To be moved by
entreaty.
Exorbitance, tgz-oribe-tanse, \
Exorbitancy, egz-oribl-t^n-s^, J " '
Enormity, gross deviation from rule or right; extra
vagant demand; boundless depravity.
Exorbitant, egz-tn^be-t^nt, a. Enormous,
beyond due proportion, excessive.
To Exorcise, eks-or-size, v. a. To adjure by
some holy name; to drive away by certain forms of
adjuration; to purify from the i'nllience of malignant
spirits.
ExorciSER, eks-Sr-sl-Zur, S. One who practises
to drive away evil spirits.
EXOHCIS.VI, eks-ir-sizm, S. The form of adjura-
tion, or religious ceremony by which evil and malig
nant spirits are driven away.
Exorcist, eksiftr-SlSt, S. One who by adjurations,
prayers, or religious acts, drives away malignant
spirits.
Exordium, egz-6ride-uiii, s, A formal prefitce,
the proomial part of a composition.
Exornafion, eks-6r-nA-shun, s. Omamejit, de-
coration, embelli.shment.
Exossated, egz-is-si-tcd, a. Deprived of boncn
ExoSSEOUS, egZ-OSh-she-US, «. Wanting bones,
bunclfsst
EXP
EXP
n8r I67,'n8t 1G3— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, mis 46di
Exostosis, eks-6s-tA-SlS, S. 520. Any pro-
tuberance of a bone that is not natural.
53" I have in the accentuation of tliis word differed
from Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, and Dr. Asli, and have
adhered to a Medical Dictionary, which places the accent
regularly on the penultimate.
EXOTERICK, eks-O-ter^jk, a. Belonging to the
•ecturcs of Aristotle on rhetorick, and the more super-
ficial parts of learning, which any one had liberty to
hoar; as opposed to the more serious parts of doctrine
and instructions, lo which none but his friends were
admitted.
ExoTiCK, e£CZ-3t-ik, a. Foreign, not produced in
our own coun'.ry.
To Expand, eK-spSndJ v. a. To spread, to lay
open as a net or sheet ; to dilate, to spread out every
way.
Expanse, ek-Sj.A.IlseJ S. A body widely e.xtended
without inequalities.
Expansibility, ek-sp^n-su-bil-e-te, s. Capacity
of exiension, possibility to be expanded.
Expansible, ek-sp^n-se-bl, a. Capable to be
extended.
Expansion, eks-pin-sh?in, s. The state of being
expanded into a wider surface; the act of spreading
out; extent; pure space.
Expansive, eks-paii-siv, a. 428. Having the
power to spread into a wider surface.
To Expatiate, ek-spi^sbe-iUe, v. n. 542. To
range at large ; to enlarge upon in language.
To Expect, ek-spukt{ v. a. To have a previous
apprehension of either good or evil ; to wait for, to
attend the coming.
Expectable, ek-sp?kit<1.-bl, a. To be expected.
Expectance, ek-spek^tinse, \
Expectancy, ek-spekit;ln-se, J *'
The act or state of expecting; something expected;
liope.
Expectant, ek-spek^tint, a. Waiting in ex-
pectation.
Expectant, ek-spekitant, *, One who waits m
expectation of any thing.
Expectation, ek-spek-ta-shun, s. The act of
expecting; the state of expecting either with hope or
fear; prospect oi" anything good to come ; a state in
which something excellent is expected from us.
Expecter, ek-spek'tur, j. One who has hopes
of something ; one who waits for another.
To Expectorate, eks-pek-to-n\te, v. a.
To eject from the breast.
Expectoration, eks-pek-to-raishun, s.
The act of discharging from the breast; the discharge
which is made by coughing.
Expectorative, eks-pek-to-ri-tlv, a. 512.
Having the quality of promoting expectoration.
Expedience, eks-pe-ae-'rise, 1 „,^
Expediency, eks-pe-de-en-se, ji
Fitness, propriety, suitableness to an end; expedition,
adventure, haste, dispatch.
Expedient, eks-oe-du-ent, or ex-p^-j^-ent, a.
293. Proper, fit, convenient, suitable; qwick, expe-
ditious.
Expedient, eks-pe-de-ent, s, Tliat which helps
forward, as means to an end ; a shift, means to an end
contrived in an exigence.
Expediently, eks-pe^de-ent-le, ad. Fitly,
suitably, conveniently ; hastily, quickly.
To Expedite, eks-pe-dite, v. n. To facilitate,
to free from impediment ; to hasten, to quicken; to
despatcli, to issue from a publick office.
Expedite, eks^pe-dlte, a. Quick, hasty, soon
performed ; easy, disencumbered, clear ; nimble, ac-
ti^ve, agile; light armed.
Expeditely, eks'-pe-dlte-le, ad. With quickness,
readiness, haste.
Expedition, eks-p^-dish^i'm, s. Haste, speed,
activity ; a march or voyage with martial intentions.
Expeditious, eks-pe-dish-us, a. Speedy, quick,
swift,
193
To Expel, eks-plU v. a. To drive out, to force
away; to banisli, to drive from the place of residence.
Expeller, eks-pel-lur, s. One that expels or
drives away.
To Expend, eks-pendj v. a. To lay out, to
spend.
Expense, eks-pense{ s. Cost, charges, money ex
pended.
Expenseful, eks-pense^ful, a. Costly, charge
able.
Expenseless, eks-peiise-les, a. Without cost.
Expensive, eks-pen-siv, a. 428. Given to ex-
pense, extravagant, luxurious j costly, requiring ex-
pense.
Expensively, eks-pen-siv-l^, ad. With great
expense.
Expensiveness, cks-pCn-siv-nes, s. Addition
to expense, extravagance; rostliuess.
Experience, eks-neire-eiise, s. Practice, fre-
quent trial ; knowlecige gained by trial and practice.
To Experience, eks-pe-re-eiise, v. a. To try,
to practise; to know by practice.
Experienced, eks-pe-re-enst, part. a. Made
skilful by expcrisnce; wise by long practice.
ExpERIENCER, eks-peire-en-sur, s. One who
makes trial; a practiser of experiments.
Experiment, cks-perie-ment, s. Trial of any
thing, something dune in order to discover an uncer-
tain or unknown effect.
Experimental, eks-per-^-meu-t^l, a. Pertain-
ing to experiment ; built upon experiment ; known by
experiment or trial.
Experimentally, eks-per-e-men-t4l-e, ad.
By expeiience, by trial.
Experimenter, eks-per-e-mtn-tur, s. One who
makes experiments.
Expert, eks-pert{ a. Skilful j ready, dexterous.
Expertly, eks-pert-le, ad. In a skilful ready
manner.
Expertness, eks-pert-nes, s. Skill, readiness.
ExpiABLE, eks-pe-^-bl, a, 405. Capable to ba
expiated.
To Expiate, eks-pe-Ate, v. a. 90. To annul
the guilt of a crime by subsequent acts of piety, to
atone for; to avert the threats of prodigies.
Expiation, eks-pe-a^shuil, S. The act of ex-
piating or atoning tor any crime; the means by which
we atune for crimes, atonement ; practices by which
eminous prodigies were averted.
Expiatory, eks^pe-A-tur-e, «. 512. Having the
power of expiation. — For the o, see Dovicslick.
ExPILATION, eks-pt'-la-sl-um, S. Robbery.
Expiration, eks-p^-rA-shun, s. The act o/
• respiration which thrusts the air out of the lungs ; tht
last emission of breath, death ; evaporation, act of
fuminK out ; vapour, matter expired ; the conclusion
of any limited time.
To Expire, ekspirej v. a. To breathe out; to
exhale, to send out in exhalations.
To Expire, ek-spiiej v, n. To die, to breathe
the last •■ to conclude, to come to an end.
To Explain, eks-pline{ v. a. To expound, to
illustrate, to clear.
Explainable, eks-plane^i-bl, a. Capable of
being explained.
Explainer, eks-plane^ur, s.
Expositor, interpreter, commentator.
Explanation, eks-pl^-na'shSn, s. The .net of
explaining or interpreting; the sense given by an ex-
plainer or interpreter.
Explanatory, eks-pl^u-a-tur-e, a. Containing
explanations. — For the o, see Domcstick, and Princi-
ples, No. 557.
Expletive, eksiple-tiv, s. 157. Something use*
only to take up room.
Explicable, eks-pli-ka-bl, a, Expluiiiabl*^
possible to be explained.
o
EXI
EXS
*»■ 559. Fke 73, far, 77, fall 83, th 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move, 164,
To Explicate, eks-pl^-kite, v. a. To unfold,
to expand j to explain, to clear.
Explication, eks-pl^-kiishun, s. The act of
opening, unfolding, or expanding ; the act of explain-
ing, interpretation, explanation; the sense given by
an explainer.
Explicative, ?ksipl^-ki-tiv, a. Having a
tendency to explain.
p::?- I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the accentu-
ation of this word. He has placed the accent on the se-
cond syllable, with the authority of every Dictionary,
and of every good speaker, against him. In the first edi-
tion of this Dictionary, virhen I supposed Mr. Slieridan's
accentuation of this word agreeable to analogy, I did not
recollect the verb to explicate, whence it is derived, and
which, in my opinion, ought to determine its accentu-
ation.— See Principles, No 512. Dr. Johnson, Mr. Scott,
Mr. Perry, Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, Entick, and Barclay,
place the accent on the first syllable, as I have done.
ExplICATOR, eks-ple-kA-tur, *. Expounder, in-
terpreter, explainer.
Explicit, eks-plis^it, a. Unfolded, plain, clear,
not merely by inference.
Explicitly, eks-plis^t-l4 ad. Plainly, directly,
not merely by inference.
To Explode, eks-pl6dej v. a. To drive out dis-
gracefully with some noise of contempt; to drive out
with noise and violence.
Exploder, eks-pli^dur, s. A hisser, one who
drives out with open contempt.
Exploit, eks-ploit{ s. A design acconoplished, an
achievement, a successful attempt.
To EXPLORATE, eks-plA-rite, v. a. To search out.
EXPLORATFON, eks-pl6-rAishun, S. Search, ex-
amination.
ExpLORATOR, eks-pli-ri^tur, s. One who
searches ; ar. examiner.
Exploratory, eks-plftr-i-tur-^, a. Searching,
examining.
C3" In this word, as in Declaratcry, we may perceive
the shortening power of the pre-antepenultimate accent;
which, like the antepenultimate, when not followed by
a diphthong, shortens every vowel butu, 511. 535.
To Explore, eks-pl6re{ v. a, 503, n. To try,
to search into, to examine by trial.
ExPLOREMENT, cks-plAre-ment, s. Search, trial.
Explosion, eks-plMzhun, s. The act of driving
out any thing with noise and violence.
Explosive, eks-pli-siv, a. 158. 428. Driving
out with noise and violence.
To Export, eks-pirt{ v. a. To carry out of
a country.
Export, eks^pirt, S. 492. Commodity carried
out in traffick.
Exportation, eks-pip-ti-shun, s. The act or
practice of carrying out commodities into other coun-
tries.
To Expose, eks-pize{ v. a. To lay open, to
make liable to ; to lay open, to make bare ; to lay open
to censure or ridicule; to put in danger; to cast out to
chance.
Exposition, eks-pi-zish-un, s. The situation in
which any thing is placed with respect to the sun or
air: explanation, interpretation.
Expositor, eks-p6z-i-tur, *. Explainer, ex-
pounder, interpreter.
To Expostulate, eks-pSs-tshu-Ute, v. n. 463.
To canvass with another, to debate; to remonstrate in
a friendly manner.
Expostulation, eks-pis-tshi-liishun, s.
Debate, disciuuion of an affair ; charge, accusation.
Expostula or, eks-p(Vtshi-lA-tur, s. 521.
One that debates with another without open rupture.
ExP0STULATORY,eks-p&s'tshi-lA-tur-i, a. 463.
Sl-2. Containing expostulation.
Exposure, eks-po-zhure, s. The act of exposing;
the state of being exposed ; the state of being in dan-
ger; situation, as to sun and air.
7^0 Expound, eks-poundj v, a, To explwn, to
tUar, to interpret,
194
Expounder, eks-poun-dur, *. Explainer, in-
terpreter.
To Express, eks-pres{ v. a. To represent by any
of the imitative arts, as poetry, sculpture, painting;
to represent in words ; to utter, to declare ; to denote;
to squeeze out ; to force out by compression.
Express, eks-presj a. Copied, resembling, exactly
like; plain, apparent, in direct terms; on purpose,
for a particular end.
Express, eks-pres{ s. A messenger sent on pur-
pose; a message sent.
Expressible, eks-pres'-s4-b1, a. That may be
uttered or declared ; that may be drawn by squeezing
or expression.
Expression, eks-preshifin, s. The act or power
of representing any thing; the form or cast of lan-
guage in which any thoughts are uttered; a phrase, a
mode of speech ; the act of squeezing or forcing out
any thing by a press.
Expressive, eks-presisiv, a. Having the povtr
of utterance or representation.
Expressively, eks-pres^siv-l^, ad. In a clear
and representative way.
Expressiveness, eks-presisiv-nes, s. The power
of expression, or representation by words.
Expressly, eks-pres-le, ad. In direct terms,
not by inclination.
Kxpkessure, eks-preshiAre,5. 452. Expression,
utterance; the form, the likeness represented; the
the mark, the impression.
To Exprobrate, eks-pro-brate, v. a. 503, n.
Til charge upon with repioach, to impute openly with
blame, to upbraid.
ExpRobRATiON, eks-pio-bri-shun, *. Scornful
charge, reproachful accusation.
ExPROBRATiVE, eks-pnjibrA-tiv, a. Upbraiding.
To ExrROPRiATE, eks-pro-pre-ate, v. a.
To relinquish one's property.
To ExpuGN, eks-punc,' v. a. 385. 386.
To conquer, to take by assault.
EXPUGNATION, eks-piig-ni-shun, s. Conquest,
the act of 'aking by assault.
To ExPULiE, eks-piilse5 v. a. To drive out, to
force away.
Expulsion, eks-puUshun, s. Tiie act of expelling
or driving out; the state of being driven out.
Expulsive, eks-pul^^si/, a. 158. 428. Having
the power of expulsion.
Expunction, eks-piuigk-shun, S. Absolution.
To Expunge, 4ks-punie,' v, a. To blot out, to
rub out; to efface, to annihilate.
Expurgation, eks-pur-gi-shun, s. The act of
purging or cleansing ; purification from bad mixture, as
of ei ror or falsehood.
Expurgatory, eks-pur-gi-tur-^, a. Employed
in purging away what is noxious.
Exquisite, eks-kwe-zit, a. Excellent, consum-
mate, complete.
Exquisitely, eks-kwe-zit-le, ad. Perfectly,
completely.
Exquisiteness, eks-kwe-zit-nes, s.
Nicety, perfection.
Exscript, ek-sknpt, s. A copy, writing copied
from another.
EXSICCANT, ek-Slk-k4nt, a. Drying, having the
power to dry up.
To Exsiccate, ek-sik-k^te, v. a. To dry.
See Exiccate.
Exsiccation, ek-sik-kiishun, s. The act o.
drying.
ExsiccATIVE, ek-sik^ki-tiv, a. Having tjie
power of drying.
ExspuiTiON, ek-spu-ish-un, S. A discharge by
spitting.
ExsucTiON, ek-suk^shtln, 9, Tlie act of sucUlrg
out,
EXT
nor 167, nU 163— tube 171, tub 173, bull 173
A sweating, an
EXT
<nl 299— pound 313— */an 466, Tins 469.
XSUDATION, ek-su-diishun, s
extillalion.
ExSUFFLATION, ek-Suf-fli-shuil, S. A Wast work-
ing underneath.
To ExsuFFOLATE, ek-suf-fo-Ute, V. a.
To whisper, to buzz in the ear.
To ExsusciTATE, ek-sus-sJ-tAte, V. a.
To rouse up, to stir up.
EXTANCY, ek'sttn-S^, S. Psjts rising up above
the rest.
Extant, ek^stSnt, a. standing out to view,
standing above the rest ; now in being.
EXTATICAL, ek-St^t^^-kil, \ „ ^
EXTATICK,2k-sdtik, 509. r- '"^P*"'"""'-
ExTEMPORAL, eks-tem-p6-ril, a. Uttered with-
©ut premeditation, quick, ready, sudden.
ExTEM FOR ALLY, eks-teoi-pi-rM-e, ad. Quick,
without premeditation.
Extemporaneous, eks-tem-pA-r^in^-us, a.
Without premeditation, sudden.
Extemporary, eks-tem^pA-rir-i, a. Uttered
or performed without premeditation, sudden, quick.
Extempore, eks-tem-pi-r^, ad. Without pre-
meditation, suddenly, readily.
ExTEMPORiNESS, eks-tem-pi-r^-nes, s. The
faculty of speaking or acting without premeditation.
TV Extemporize, eks-temipi-rbe, v. n. To
speak extempore, or witliout premeditation.
To Extend, eks-tendj v. a. To stretch out ; to
spread abroad j to enlarge ; to increase in force or du-
ration ; to impart, to communicate ; to seize by a
course of law.
Extender, eks-ten-diir, s. 98. The person or
instrument by which any tljing is extended.
Extendible, eks-ten-d^-bl, a. Capable of
extension.
Exten dlessness, eks-tend-les-nes, t. Unlimited
extension.
Extensibility, eks-tln-sJ-bil^-ti, *. The
quality of being extensible.
Extensible, eks-teiiisi-bl, a. Capable of being
stretched into length or breadth ; capable of being ex-
tended to a larger comprehension.
Extensibleness, eks-ten^si-bl-nes, «. Capacity
of being extended.
Extension, eks-ten^shun, *. The act of extend-
ing; the state of being extended.
Extensive, eks-ten'-siv, a. 158. 428.
Wide, large.
Extensively, eks-ten-siv-1^, ad.
Widely, largely.
EXTENSIVENESS, eks-tenisiv-nes, S. Largeness,
diffusiveness, wideness ; possibility to be extended.
Extensor, eks-ten-s8r, s. 166. Tlie muscle by
which any limb is extended.
Extent, eks-tentj *. Space or degree to whicli
anything is extended; communication, distribution;
execution, seizure.
To Extenuate, 2ks-tenii-ilte, v. a. To lessen,
to make small ; to palliate ; to make lean.
Extenuation, eks-ten-u-A-shSn, s. The act of
representing things less ill than they are, palliation;
mitigation, alleviation of punishment; a general de-
cay in the muscular flesh of the whole body.
Exterior, eks-t^ire-ur, a. Outward, external,
not intrinsick.
Exteriorly, eks-t^ir^-ur-l^, ad. Outwardly,
externally.
To Exterminate, eks-ter'-me-nate, v. a. To
root out, to tear up, to drive away ; to destroy.
Extermination, tks-ter-m(^-nA'-shun, s.
Destruction, excisi<m.
Exterminator, eks-terimi-na-tur, s. 521.
' The person \>r instrument by which any thing Is de-
stroyed.
195
Exterminatory, eks-terim^-nA-tur-^, a.
Tending to extermination.
To ExterminE, eks-ter-min, v. a. 140.
To exteiminate.
Extern, eks-ternj a. External, outward, visible j
without itself, not inherent, not intrinsick.
External, eks-ter-nil, a. Outward, not proceed
ing from itself, ojiposite to internal ; having the out
ward appearance.
Externally, eks-ter-nil-^, ad. Outwardly.
To Extil, ek-Stll{ v. n. To drop or distil from.
EXTILLATION, ek-Stll-l4-shun, S. The act 01
falling in drops.
To ExTiMULATE, ek-stimii-lite, W. fl. To prick,
to incite by stimulation.
ExTiMULATiON, ek-stim-u-li-shun, S. Pungency
power of exciting inotion or sensation.
Extinct, ek-stingkt{ a. 408. Extinguished,
quenched, put out; without succession; abolished,
out of force.
Extinction, ek-stingkisbun, s. 408. The act
of quenching or extinguishing; the state of being
quenched ; destruction ; excision, suppression.
To Extinguish, ek-st1ngi«fwisb, v. a. To put
out, to quench ; to suppress, to destroy.
ExTiNGuiSHABLE, ek-sting-gwish-S-U, a, 405
That may be quenched nr destroyed.
Extinguisher, ek-sting^gwish-ur, s. A hollow
cone put upon a candle to quench it.
Extinguishment, ek-sting-gwish-Hment, s.
Extinctian, suppression, act of quenching; abolition,
nullification ; termination of a family or succession.
7'oExtirp, ek-st.erp{ v. a. 108. To eradicate, to
root out.
To Extirpate, ek-steripite, v. i. To root out,
to exscind.
Extirpation, ek-ster-piishun, *. The act of
rooting out, excision.
Extirpator, ek-steripA-tur, 5. 166. 521.
One who roots out, a destroyer.
To Extol, ek-st4l{ v. a. 406. To praise, t*
magnify, to celebrate.
Extoller, eks-t6i-lur, s. A praiser, a magnifier
Extorsive, eks-t3r-siv, a. 158. 428, Having
the quality of drawing by violent means.
ExTORSiVELY, eks-torisiv-le, ad. In an extorsive
manner, by violence.
To Extort, eks-tortj v. a. To draw by force, to
force away, to wrest, to wring from one ; to gain by
violence or oppression.
To Extort, eks-tort{ v. n. To practise oppression
and violence.
Extorter, eks-tor^tur, *. 98. One who practises
oppression.
Extortion, eks-tSrishun, s. The act or practice
of gaining by violence and rapacity; force by which
any thing is unjustly taken away.
Extortioner, eks-tor-shun-ur, *. One who
practises extortion.
To Extract, eks-trAkt} v. a. To draw out d
sotnething; to draw by chymical operation; to take
from something ; to select and abstract from a largef
treatise.
Extract, eks-tr^kt, s. 492. The substance
extracted, the chief parts drawn from any thing; thi
chief heads drawn from a book.
Extraction, eks-tr^k^shun, *. The act a
drawing one part out of a compound; derivation from
an original ; lineage, descent.
Extractor, eks-trik-tur, s. The person oi
instrument by which any thing is extracted.
Extrajudicial, eks-tri-jiVillsh-ill, a. Out of
the regular course of legal procedure.
Extrajudicially, eks-tri-)ij-ill,l)-;'il-e, ad. ,
In a manner difTerent from the ordinary coup* of legal
procedure.
EXT EYE
c^ 659. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 163, move 164,
Tr.YTn AAtisainM «?ks-tr3-mis>iiiin/.0- Thp art nf F,YTniISir>JSI. f-ks-troo-zhiin. s. Thp art nf thmat.
ExTRAMissioN, eks-trJ-mish-un,' *■• The act of
emitting outwards.
ExTUAMUNDANE, eks-trJ-mun-dine, a. Beyond
the verge of the material world.
Extraneous, eks-tra-ne-us, a. Belonging to a
different substance ; foreign.
Extraordinarily, eks-trorMe-nar-e-le, ad.
374. In a manner out of the common method and
order; uncommonly, particularly, eminently.
EXTRAORDINARINESS, eks-trorMe-n^r-e-ties, s.
Uncommonness, eminence, remarliableness.
Extraordinary, eks-tror^de-mtr-e, a.
Different from common order and method; eminent,
reniarliablc, more than common.
C:y- There is a vulgar pronunciation of this word,
which sinks the a, d, and i, and reduces the word to four
syllables, as if written extrawnary. There is a better
pronunciation which preserves the cl, as if written ejr-
trordnary ; but solemn speaking certainly demands the
restoration of the i, and requires the word to be heard
with five syllables, 374.
ExTRAPAUOCHiAL, eks-trlt-par-6-ke-4l, a. Not
comprehended within any parish.
ExTRAPROViNCiAL, eks-tr^-pro-vin-shil, a.
Not within the same province.
ExTRAREGULAR, eks-trA-veg-ia-lar, a.
Not comprehended within a rule.
Extravagance, eks-tr«1.v-;1-g3nse, ")
Extravagancy, eks-trivi^-gan-s^, /
Excursion or sally beyond prescribed limits ; irregula-
rity, wildness; waste, vain and superfluous expense.
Extravagant, eks-tr^v-a-g^nt, a. Wandering
out t>f his hounds ; roving beyond just limits or pre-
soribed methods; irregular, wild; wasteful, prodigal,
\aiHly expensive.
Extravagantly, eks-tr^yi^-gilnt-le, ad.
In an extravagant manner, wildly ; expensively, lux-
uriously, wastefully.
Extravagantness, eks-triv^^-gint-nes, s.
Excess, excursion beyond limits.
To Extravagate, eks-triv-4-gate, v. n. To
wander out of limits.
Extravasated, eks-triv-vi-sa-ted, a. Forced
out of the proper containing vessels.
Extravasation, §ks-tr;t-vi-sa-shuii, s. The act
of forcing, or state of being forced out of the proper
containing vessels.
Extravenate, eks-triv-e-nite, a. Let out of
the veins.
ExTRAVERSiON, eks-tra-ver-shuu, s. The act of
tlirowing out.
Extraught, eks-trawtj /Jar/. Extracted.
Extreme, eks-tr^me{ a. Greatest, of the highest
degree ; utmost ; last, that beyond which there is
nothing; pressing to the utmost degree.
Extreme, eks-treme{ s. Utmost point, highest
degree of any thing ; ])oints at the greatest distance
from each other, extremity.
Extremely, eks-tr^nie-l5, ad. In the utmost
degree ; very much, greatly.
EXTREM ity, eks-trem-e-te, s. The utmost point,
the highest degree ; the points in the utmost degree of
opposition ; remotest parts, parts at the greatest dis-
tance ; the utmost violence, rigour, or distcess.
7'o Extricate, eks^tre-kite, v. a. To dis-
embarrass, to set free anyone in a state of perplexity.
Extrication, eks-tre-kA-shun, s. The act of
disentangling.
Extrinsical, eks-trin-sJ-kil, a. External, out-
ward; not intrinsick.
\iXTRiNsiCALLY, eks-trin^se-k^l-J, ad.
From without.
EXTRINSICK, eks-trin^Sik, a. Outward, external.
To ExtrUCT, ek-struktj v. a. To build, to raise,
to form into a structure.
EXTRUCTOR, ek-Struk-tur, S. A builder, a
fabricator.
To ExTR.UDr, cks-troudej v. a. To thrust off.
VjG
' >v. n.
Extrusion, eks-troo-zhun, s. The act of thrust.
ing or driving out.
ExTUBERANCE, eks-ti^bJ-rinse, s. Knobs, or
parts protuberant.
Exuberance, egz-u^be-ranse, s, Overgrowtli,
superfluous abundance, luxuriance.
Exuberant, egz-u-be-rant, a. 479.
Overabundant, superfluously plenteous;! abounding in
the utmost degree.
Exuberantly, egz-u^be-rint-le, ad.
Abundantly ; to a superfluous degree.
To Exuberate, egz-u-be-rate, v. n. To abound
in the highest degree.
EXUCCOUS, ek-suk-kus, a. Without juice, drj'.
OCT' This word and the three following, with exuperabla,
exujierance, and exuscitate, by servilely following an er-
roneous Latin orthography, are liable to an improper
pronunciation. — See £xiccate.
Exudation, ek-su-da-sbun, s. The act of emitting
in sweat ; the matter issuing out by sweat from any
body.
To Exudate,- ek-su^dite,"
To Exude, ek-sudej
To sweat out, to issue by sweat.
EXULCERATE, egz-ul-se-iilte, V. a. To make
sore with an ulcer ; to corrode, to enrage.
ExULCERATION, eks-ul-Se-ra-shun, S. The begin-
ning erosion, which forms an ulcer; exacerbation, cor-
rosion.
Ex'jLCERATORY, egz-ul-se-ri-tur-e, a. 512.
Having a tendency to cause ulcers.
To Exult, egz-ultj v. n. To rejoice above
measure, to triumph.
ExulTANCE, egz-ul-tinse, S. Transport, joy
triumph.
Exultation, eks-ul-tA-sbun, s, Joy, triumph
rapturous delight.
To Exundate, egz-un-date, v. n. To overflow.
ExuNDATioN, eks-un-da-shun, s.
Overflow, abundance.
ExuPERABLE, ek-SU-per-i-bl, a. Conquerable,
superable, vincible.
ExupERANCE, ek-Su'-p^-rSnse, S. Over-balanGe,
greater proportion.
ExUPERANT, ek-Sll-pJ-rint, a. Over-balancing,
having greater proportion.
To Exuscitate, ek-sus-se-tAte, v, a. To stir up,
to rouse.
Exustion, egz-us-tsbun, s. The act of burning
np, consumption by fire. .
Exuvis:, egz-u-ve-e, S. Cast skin, cast shells,
whatever is shed by animals.
Eyas, l-as, S, A young hawk just taken from the
nest.
Eyasm USKET, 1-As-mus-ket, S. A young unfledged
male musket hawk ; a raw young fellow.
Eye, 1,*. 8. (The obsolete plural jEy we; r\ov/ JUl/es) .
The organ of vision ; aspect, regard ; notice, attention,
observation; sight, view: any thing formed like an
eye; any small perforation ; a small catch intowhicU
a hook goes ; bud of a plant ; a small shade of colour
To Eye, 1, v. a. To watch, to keep in view.
To Eye, 1, v. n. To appear, to show, to bear ei/
appearance.
Eyeball, i-bawl, S. The apple of the eye.
Eybright, l-brlte, s. An herb.
Eyebrow, l-brou, s. The hairy arch over the eye
Eyedrop, 1-drftp, s. A tear.
EyeGLANCE, 1-glinse, S. Quick notice of the eya
Eyeglass, l-glas, S. Spectacles, glass to assist the
sight. ^
Eyeless, i-leS, a. Without eyes, sightless, de-
prived of sight.
Eyelet, 1-ltt, S. A l.ole through which light may
enter; any small perforation.
FAB FAD
liSr 167, nftt 163— tube 171, tdb 172, bull 173— oil 299— pSund 313— Min 466, THis 469.
Kyelid, l-lid, S. The membrane that shuts over
the eye.
EyesERVANT, 1-Ser-vint, S. A servant that works
only while watched.
Eyeservice, i-ser-vis, s. Service performed only
under inspection.
Eyeshot, i-shSt, S. Sight, glance, view.
Eyesight, 1-site, s. Sight of the eye.
Eyesore, l-sore, S, Something offensive to the sight.
Eyespotted, i-spSt-ed, a. Marked with spots
like eyes.
EyESTRING, Ustring, S. The string of the eye.
Eyetooth, l-tooth, s. The tootli on the upper
jaw next on each side to the grinders, the fang.
EyeWINK, l-Wing^k, *. A wink, as a hint or token.
Eyewitness, 1-wit-nes, s. An ocular evidence, one
who gives testimony of facts seen with his own eyes.
Eyre, are, 5. 269. The court of justices itinerants.
Eyry, i-re, s. 269. The place where birds of prey
build their nests and hatch.
F.
F
ABACEOUS, fi-bi-shJ-us, a, 357. Having the
nature of a bean.
Fable, fi-bl, S. 405. A feigned story intended to
enforce some moral precept ; a fiction in general ; the
series or contexture of events which constitute a poem;
a lie.
To Fable, fi-bl, V, n. To feign, to write not truth
but fiction ; to tell falsehoods.
To Fable, fi^bl, v. a. To feign, to tell a falsity.
Fabled, fa^bld, a. 359. Celebrated in fables.
Fabler, fi-bl-ur, S. a dealer in fiction.
7b Fabricate, fib-r^-kite, v. a. To build, to
construct; to forge, to devise falsely.
Fabrication, Mb-re-ki-shun, *. Tlie act of
building.
Fabrick, fibirik, or fa-brik, s. A building, an
edifice ; any system or compages of matter.
63- The a in this word seems floating between long
and short quantity, as it was in the Latin Fabrica. 1
have, like Mr. Sheridan, made it short; for though
Latin wards of two syllables, when adopted into Eng-
lish, always have the accent on the first, and the vowel
generally long, as basis, focus, quota, &c. ; yet when
words of three syllables in Latin, with but one consonant
in the middle, are an licised by reducing them to two
syllables; as the penultimate in such Latin words is ge-
nerally short, and the accent of consequence antepenul-
timate, so the first vowel in the English word is generally
short, from the shortening power of the antepenultimate
accent in our pronunciation of the Latin word from
which it is derived. Thus the Latin Mimicus, reduced
to the English Mimic, has the first vowel short, though
lon^ in Latin, because we make it short in our pronun-
ciation of Latin : the same may be observed of t-lie
viords florid, vivid, and livid, from the Latin ^oridus, vi-
vidus, and lividus, Thus,|though Fabrica might have the
first vowel long in Latin, yet as we always pronounce it
short in the English pronunciation of that language, so,
when it is reduced to the English Fabric, it seems agree-
able to this usage to make the first syllable short.
Authority seems likewise to favour this pronunciation;
for Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott,
Mr. Perry, and, as far as we can judge by the position
of the accent, Bailey, are for the a short ; and Buchanan,
W. Johnston, and, if we can guess by accent. Dr. Ash
and Entick, for the long o. — See Principles, No. M4.
To Fabrick, Mb'-nk, v. a. To build, to form,
to construct.
Fabulist, flb-u-list, s. A writer of fables.
Fabulosity, fib-u-l5s-5-te, s. Lyingness, full-
ness of stories.
Fabulous, iSb'-u-lus, «. Feijned, full of fables.
197
Fabulously, f^b-u-lus-1^, ad. In fiction.
Face, fase, s. The visage ; the countenance • the
surface of any thing; the front or forepart of an
thing; state of affairs ; appearance; confidence, boli^
ncss ; distortion of the face ; Face to Face, when both
parties are present ; without the interposition of other
bodies.
To Face, fase, v. n. To carry a false appearance j
to turn the face, to come in front.
To Face, fase, V, a. To meet in front, to oppose
with confidence ; to oppose with impudence; to stand
opposite to; to cover with an additional superficies.
Faceless, fase-les, a. Without a face.
Facepainter, fase-pane-tur, s. A drawer of
portraits.
Facepainting, fise-pine-tiHg, s. The art of
drawing portraits.
Facetious, fi-sJishus, a. 292. Gay, cheerful,
lively.
Facetiously, f4-s^-shus-l^, ad. Gayiy, cheerfuUjs,
Facetiousness, f^-seishus-nes, s. Cheerful wif.
mirth.
Facile, fis-Sll, a. 140. Easy, performable with
little labour; pliant, flexible, easily persuaded.
To Facilitate, 1^-sil-e-tite, v. a. To male.
easy, to free from difiiculty.
Facility, fi-Sll-e-te, S. Easiness to be performed,
freedom from difficulty ; readiness in performing; dex-
terity; vicious ductility, easiness to be persuaded-,
easiness of access, affability.
Facinerious, fSs-^-n^-re-us. a. Wicked.
Facing, fa-Sing, S. An ornamental covering.
Facinorous, f3.-sin-o-rus, a. Wicked, atrocious,
detestably bad. — See Sonorous.
FaciNOROUSNESS, fi-Slll-6-ruS-neS, S. Wicked-
ness in a high degree.
Fact, fakt, s. A thing done; reality, not suj.-
position; action, deed.
Faction, fAk-shuil, S. A party in a state J tumult,
discord, dissension.
Factionary, fak-shun-ir-^, s. A party man.
Factious, fik^shus, a. 292. Given to faction,
loud and violent in a party.
Factiously, f4k-shus-le, ad. In a manner
criminally dissensious.
Factiousness, ftk-shus-nes, s. Inclination to
publick dissension.
Factitious, fik-tlsh-us, a. Made by art, in op.
position to what is made by nature.
Factor, i^k-tur, s. 166. An agent for another, «
substitute.
Factory, fik^tur-^, s. 557. A house or district
inhabited by traders in a distant country ; the traders
embodied in one place.
Factotum, f^k-to-tum, S. A servant employed
alike in all kinds of business.
Facture, fik^tsbure, s. 463. The act or manner
of making any thing.
Faculty, ftk^ul-t^, S. The power of doing any
thing, ability ; powers of the mind, imagination,
reason, memory; a knack, dexterity; power, autho-
rity; privilege, right to do any thing; faculty, in an
university, denotes the masters and professors of the
several sciences.
Facund, fik'-und, a. 544. Eloquent.
!!::>• Dr. Johnson has placed the accent on the lost syl-
lable both of this word and Jocund; in which he is con-
sistent, but contrary both to custom and to English ana-
logy. Mr. Sheridan places the accent on the first syllable
of Jocund, and on the last of this word. The reasons
are the same for accenting both; they both come from
the Latin/acunrfus and jocunrf'js; and there is scarcely a
more invariable rule in our language than that of remov-
ing the accent higher when we adopt a word from the
Latin, and abridge it of its latter syllables.— See Academy.
To Faddle, Md-dl, V. n. 405. To trifle. W .«y,
to play.
To Fade, fadC; V, n. 75. To tend frt)m greater to
FAI
FAL
559. Fite 73, far 77, fill 83, f$t 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
less vigour; to tend from a brighter to a weaker co-
lour; to witlier as a vegetable; to die away gradually;
to be naturally nut durable, to be transient.
''b Fade, fdde, V, a. To wear away } to reduce to
languor.
7*0 Fadge, f^dje, V. n. To suit ; to fit ; to agree,
not to quarrel ; to succeed, to hit.
F^CES, f^-Sez, S, 88. Excrements, lees, sediments
and settlings.
To Fag, fig, V, a. To grow weary, to faint with
weariness.
Fagend, f4g-end{ S. The end of a web of cloth ;
the refuse or meaner pari of any thing.
Fagot, f^g^ut, S. 88. 166. A bundle of sticks
bound togtlher for the fire ; a soldier numbered in the
muster roll, bat not really existing.
To Fagot, fig-ut, v. a. To tie up, to bundle.
To Fail, file, v. n. 202. To be deficient, to cease
from former plenty, to fall short; to be extinct, to
cease to be produced : to perish, to be lost ; to decay;
to decline, to languish ; to miss, not to produce its
effect ; to miss, not to succeed rn a design $ to be de-
ficient in duty.
To Fail, file, v. a. To desert, not to continue to
assist or supply; not to assist, to neglect; to omit,
not to perform ; to be wanting to.
Fail, fdle, S. Miscarriage; omission; defieience,
want.
Failing, f^-ling, s. Deficiency, imperfection, lapse.
Failure, ftUe-yure, 5. 113. Defieience, cessation :
omission, uon- performance, slip; a lapse, a slight
fault.
Fain, fine, a. 202. Glad, meny, cheerful, fond j
forced, obliged, compelled.
Fain, fine, ad. Gladly, very desirously.
To Faint, fillt, v. n. 202. To lose the animal
functions, to sink motionless ; to grow feeble ; to sink
into dejection.
To Faint, fant, v. a. To dfject, to depress, to
enfeeble.
Faint, fint, a. Languid ; not bright ; not loud ;
feeble of body; cowardly; depressed; not vigorous,
not active.
^AiNTHEARTED, fint-hart-ed, a.
Cowardly, timorous.
Faintheartedly, fant-hart-ed-ll, ad.
Timorously.
Faintheartedness, fint-hlrtitd-nes, s.
Cowardice, timorousuess.
Fainting, fint-ing, s, Deliquium, temporary loss
of animal motion.
FaiNTISHNESS, fint-ish-nes, S. Weakness in a
slight degree ; iiiciiiient debility.
^'AINTLING, fint-ling, a. Timorous, feeble-minded.
Faintly, fAnt-l^, ad. Feebly, languidly;
timorously, with dejection, without spirit.
FaiNTNESS, fantines, s. Languor, feebleness,
want of strength; inactivity, want of vigour, timo-
Tousness, dejection.
•dainty, fant^^, a. Weak, feeble, languid.
(t> This word is much in use in the West of England,
UMi is merely provincial.
Fair, fAre, a. 202. Beautiful, handsome ; not
black, not brown, white in the complexion ; clear, not
cloudy, not -foul, not tempestuous; favourable, pros-
perous; likely to succeed ; equal, just; not efltctcd
by any insidious or unlawful methods ; not practising
any fraudulent or insidious arts; open, direct; gentle,
not compulsory ; stiild, not severe; equitable, not in-
jurious.
Fair, fire, arf. Gently, decently? civilly; success-
fully; on good terms.
Fair, fire, S. A beauty, elliptically a fair woman ;
honesty, just dealing.
fAIR, fire, s. An annual or stated meeting of
buyers and sellers.
Fairing, fire-ing, S. a present given at a fair.
Fairly, fire-le, ad, BeautlfuUyi commodiously,
IQft
conveniently; honestly, justly ; ingenuously, plainly,
openly; candidly, without sinistrous interpietations ;
without blols ; completely, without any deficiency.
Fairness, ftire-nes, *. Beauty, elegance of form j
honesty, candour, ingenuity.
Fairspoken, fare-sp6-kn, a. 103. Civil in
laug-uage and address.
Fairy, fA-ri, S. A kind of fabled being supposed to
appear in a diminutive human form; an elf, a fayj
enchantress.
Fairy, fa-rl, a. Given by feiriesj belonging to
failles.
Fairystone, fi^r^-stine, s. A stone found in
gravel pits.
Faith, fi/A, s. Belief of the revealed truths of
religion ; the system of revealed truths held by the
Cliristian church ; trust in God ; tenet held ; trust in
the honesty or veracity of another ; fidelity, unshaken
adherence'; honour; social confidence; sincerity ; ho-
nesty, veracity ; promise given.
Faithbreach, fi^A-br^tsh, S. Breach of fidelity,
perfidy.
Faithful, fa^A^ful, a. Firm in adherence to the
truth of religion; of true fidelity, loyal, true to alle-
giance; honest, upright, without fraud f uhierv&iU of
compact or promise.
Faithfully, fkth-ful-k, ad. With firm belief in
religion ; with full confidence in God ; with strict ad-
herence to duty ; sincerely, honestly, confidently,
steadily.
Faithfulness, fif/tiffil-nes, *. Honesty, veracity ;
adherence to duty, loyalty.
Faithless, fa^A^les, a. Without belief in the re-
vealed truths of religion, unconverted; perfidious, dis-
loyal, not true to duty.
Faithlessness, fif/i-les-nes, s. Treachery, per-
fidy; unbelief as to revealed religion.
FalCADE, fil-kidej S. 84. A horse is said to make
falcades, when he throws himself upon his haunches
two or three times, as in very quick curvets.
Falcated, f^Kki-ted, a. 84, Hooked, bent like
a scythe.
FalcatioN, fal-ki-shun, *. 84. Crookedness.
Falchion, fal-shun, s. 84. A short crooked
swerd, a ci meter.
Falcon, faw-kn, s. 84. 170. A hawk tsrained for
sport ; a sort of cannon.
Falconer, Mw-kn-ur, s. 98. One who breeds
and trains hawks.
Falconet, fal-ko-net, s. A sort of ordnance.
Faldstool, fild-stool, s. A kind of stool placed
at the south side of the altar, at which the kings of
England kneel at their coronation.
To Fall, fall, v. n. Pret. I fell. Compound pret.
/ have fallen or fain. To drop from a higher place;
to drop from an erect to a prone posture; to drop
ripe from the tree; to pass at the outlet, as a riverj
to apostatize, to depart from faith or goodness ; to die
by violence ; to be degraded from a high station ; to
enter inio any state worse than the former ; to decrease
in value, to bear less price; to happen, to befall ; to
come by chance, to light on ; to come by any mis-
chance to any new possessor ; to become the property
of any one by lot, chance, inheritance; to be burn,
to be yeaned ; ts fall awav, to grow lean, to revolt, to
change allegiance; to falfbacU, to fail of a promise or
purpose ; to recede, to give way ; to fall down, to pros-
trate himself in adoration ; to sink, not to stand; to
bend as a suppliant ; to fall from, to revolt, to depart
from adherence ; to fall in, to concur, to coincide ; to
comply, to yield to; to fall off, to separate, to apos-
tatize : to fall or^ to begin eagerly to do any thing, to
make an assault; to fall over, to revolt, to desert from
one side to the other; to fall out, to quarrel, to jar, to
happen, to befal ; to fall to, to begin eagerly t« eat ; to
apply himself to; to fall under, to be subject to; to
be ranged with ; to fall upon, to attack, to attempt,
to rush against.
7b Fall, fall, v. a. To drop to let fall; to sink,
to depress ; to diminish in value, to kt sink in price;
to cut down, to fell ; to yean, to biing forth.
Fall, fslU, *. The act of dropping from on high»
FAM
FAN
aor 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il 299— pound 313— thin 466, this 469.
the act of tumbling from an erect posture; death,
overlhrow; ruin, dissolution ; downfal, loss of great-
ness, declension from eminence, degradation; dimi-
nution, decrease of price; declination or diminution
of sound, close to niusick; declivity, steep descent ;
cataract, cascade; the outlet of a current into any
water; autumn, the fall of the leaf; any thing tliat
falls in great quantities; the act of felling or cutting
down.
Fallacious, f^I-la-shus, a. 314. Producing
mistakes ; sophistical, deceitful, mocking expectation.
Fallaciously, f^l-lA-shus-li, ad. SopUisticaliy,
with purpose to deceive.
Fallaciousness, fil-li-shus-nes, s. Tendency
to deceive.
Fallacy, f^l-lA-se, s. Sophism, logical artifice,
deceitful argument.
Fallibility, t^l-le-bil-^-te, s. Liableness to be
deceived.
Fallible, f^l-l^-bl, a. 405. Liable to error.
Fallingsickness, fal-ling-sik^nes, s.
The epilepsy, a disease in which the patient is, without
any warning, deprived at once of his senses, and falls
down.
Fallow, fdl-lo, «. Pale red, or pale yellow; un-
sowed, left to re,.t after the years nf tillage ; ploughed,
but not sowed; unploughed, uncultivated; unoccupied,
neglected.
Fallow, fil-lA, S. 327. Ground ploughed in order
to be ploughed aeain ; ground lying at rest.
To Fallow, ml-li, v. n. To plow in order to a
second ploughing.
FalloWNKSS, fil-l6-n§S, s. Barrenness, the state
of being fallow.
False, false, a. Not morally true, expressing that
which is not tliou;;ht; not physically true, conceiving
that which does not exist; trcacheruu?, pertidious,
traitorous; counterfeit, hypocritical, not real.
Falsehearted, false-bart-ed, a. Treacherous,
perfidious, deceitful, hollow.
Falsehood, false^hud, s. Want of truth, want of
veracity; want of honesty, treachery; a lie, a false
assertion.
(t3» This word, by the parsimony of Printers, is often
tpelt without the e. They may allege, that spelling the
word with e makes it liable to be pronounced in three syl-
lables by those who do not know the composition of the
word; and it may he answered, that spelling it without
the e makes it liable to a mispronunciation, by joining
the ( and h together; if, therefore, the composition
must be understood before the word can be pronounced
with security, let it, at least, be presented to the eye,
and the chance of a mistake will be less. — See Household
and Hogshead,
Falsely, ^Ise^l^, ad. Contrarily to truth, not
truly; erroneously, by mistake; perfidiously, trea-
cherously.
Falseness, lalse-nes, s. Contrariety to truth;
want of veracity, violation of promise; duplicity, de-
ceit; treachery, perfidy, traitorousness.
Falsifiable, f^l-s^-ri-^-bl, a. 183. Liable to be
counterfeited.
Falsification, fal-sJ-fJ-kiishSn, s. The act of
counterfeiting any thing so as to mal(e it appear what
it is not.
Falsifier, fal'se-fi-ur, S. One that counterfeits,
one that makes any thing to seem what it is not j a
liar.
To Falsify, fal-S^-fl, v. a. To counterfeit, to
forge.
To Falsify, faUse-fl, v. n. 183. To tell lies.
' ALSITY, fal-S^-te, s. Falsehood, contrariety to
truth; a lie, an error.
To Falter, lil-tur, v. n. To hesitate in the
utterance of words ; to fail.
' ALTERINGLY, faKtur-lIlg-l^, od.
With hesitation, witli difficulty
^AME, fame, S. Celebrity, renown; report, rumour.
Famed, famd, a. 359. Renowned, celebrated,
much talked of.
FamELESS, fanie'-les, a. Without fame.
199
Familiar, fS-mil-j :1r, a. 113. Domestick, re.-
lating to a family ; atl'able, easy in conversation ; well
known; well acquainted with, accustomed; uncon<
strained.
Familiar, ^-mil-ytr, s. An intimate, one long
acquainted.
Familiarity, M-mil-yl-^ri^-te, s. Easiness of
conversation, omission of ceremony j acquaintance,
habitude ; easy intercourse.
To Familiarize, f4-mil-yJr-lze, v. a. To make
easy by habitude; to bring (iown from a state of distant
superiority.
Familiarly, f4-mil'yir-l^, ad. Unceremoniously,
with freedom ; easily, without formality.
Famille, f4-m^el{ ad. In a family way.
O This word is perfect Frencli, and is never used
without c?i before it.
" Deluded mortals whom the great
Choose for compaDions tetc-a-t«te ;
** Who at their dinners enfamUlef
" Get leave to sit whene'er you will." Smft.
Family, fAm-^-1^, s. Those who live in the same
house, household ; those that descend from one com-
mon progenitor, a race, a generation ; a class, a tribe,
a species.
Famine, llm-in, s. 140. Scarcity of food, dea- .
To Famish, flm^ish, v, a. To kill with .lungcr,
to starve; to kill by deprivation of any thing necessary.
To Famish, fim-ish, v. n. To die of hunger.
Famishment, Mm-ish-ment, s. Want of food.
Famosity, fJ-m6s^e-te, S. Renown.
Famous, fA-mus, a. 314. Renowned, celebrated.
Famously, fi-nms-le, ad. With celebrity, with
great faine.
Fan, fail, s. An instrument used by ladies to move
the air and cocil lliemselves; any thing spread out like
a woman's fun ; the instrument by wliich the chaff is
blown away ; any thing by which the air is moved ; an
instrument to raise the fire.
To Fan, fan, v. a. To cool or recreate with a fan ;
to ventilate, to aficct by air put in motion; to sepa-
rate, as by winnowing.
Fanaticism, fl-n^t-^-sizm, s. Enthusiasm.
religious phrensy.
Fanatick, fi-n4t-ik, a, 509. Enthusiastick,
superstitious.
Fanatick, f4-nit-ik, s. An enthusiast, a man mad
with wild notions.
Fanciful, flll-sl-fiil, a. Imaginative, rather
guided by imagination than reason; directed by the
imagination, not the reason.
FancifuU-Y, f^Il-si-ful-i, ad. According to the
wildness of imagination.
Fancifulness, flnise-fiil-nes, s. Addiction to
the pleasures of imagination.
Fancy, fan-S^, *. imagination, the power by which
the mind forms to itself images and representations;
an opinion bred rather by the iniaginatioti than the
reason; inclination, liking; caprice, humour, whim ;
frolick, idle scheme, vagary.
To Fancy, f^n-S^, v. n. To imagine, to believe
without being able to prove.
To Fancy, f^ni&i, v. a. To ponrtray in the mind,
to imagine; to like, to be pleased with.
Fancymongeb, fiu-se-mung-gur, *. One who
deals in tricks of imagination.
Fancysick, fli>isd-sik, o. One whose distemper
is in his own mind.
Fane, fane, *. a temple consecrated to religion.
Fanfaron, ftn-f^-rinj *. French. A bully, a
Hector; a blusterer, a boaster of more than he can
perform.— See Encore.
Fanfaronade, fl^n-f^r-o-uidej s. A bluster, •
tumour of fictitious dignity.
To Fang, flng, v. a. To seize, to gripe, to clutch.
Fang, flag, s. The long tusks of a boar or other
animal; the naiU, tlie talons; any thing like a long
tooth
FAR
FAS
ts-
559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— m^ 93, "met 95— pine 105, pm 107— nS 162, move 1G4,
■h
FangED, Mngd, a. 359. Furnished with fangs or
long teeth, furnished with any instrument in imitation
of fangs.
FanGLE, f^njigl, S. 405. SBIy attempt, trifling
scheme,
Fangled, fSno-^dd, a. 359. It is scarcely used
but in new-fangled, vainly fond of novelty.
FanglesS, flng-les, a. Toothless, without teeth.
Fannel, filn-nel, s. A sort of ornament like a
scarf, worn about the left arm of a mass priest.
Fanner, fAn-nur, s. One that playj a fan.
Fantasied, ftn^ti-sid, a. 283.
Filled with fancies.
Fantasm, fitn'-t^zm, s. — See Phantasm.
Fantastical, Mn-tis^ti-kil, ")
Fantastick, f4n-tis'-tik, 509./"'
Irrational, bred only in the imagination ; subsisting
only in the fancy, imaginary; capricious, humorous,
unsteady; whimsical, fanciful.
Fantastically, fin-tis-t^-kM-e, ad. By the
power of imagination; capriciously, humorously;
whimsically.
Fantasticalness, fSn-t4s-te-kJl-nes,
Fantastickness, iln-t^s-tik-nes,
Humorousness, mere compliance with fancy; whim-
sicalness, unreasonableness; caprice, unsteadiness.
Fantasy, fln-ti-S^, S. Fancy, imagination, the
power of imagining; idea, image of the mind; hu-
mour, inclination.
Fap, fap, a. Fuddled, drunk. An old cant word.
Far, ftlr, ad. 77, 7a. To great extent ; to a great
distance; remotely, at a great distance; in a great
part, in a great proportion; to a great lieight; to a
certain degree.
Far-fetch, fir-fetshj s. A deep stratagem.
Far-fetched, far-fetshtj a. 359. Brought from
places remote; studiously sought; elaborately strained.
Far-piercing, far-p^ir-sing, a, striking, or
penetrating a great way.
Far-shooting, far-shoot-ing, a. Shooting to a
great distance.
Far, far, a. Distant, remote ; from far, from a
remote place.
To Farce, farse, v. a. To stuff, to fill with
mingled ingredients; to extend, to swell out.
Farce, farse, S. A dramatick representation written
withotit regularity, generally stuffed with ribaldry and
nonsense.
Farcical, far-se-kil, a. Belonging to a farce.
Farcy, far-se, s. The leprosy of horses.
Fardel, fSr-del, S. A bundle, a little pack.
To Fare, fAre, v. n. To go, to pass, to travel ; to
be in any state good or bad; to happen to any one
well or ill ; to feed, to eat, to be entertained.
Pare, fare, s. Price of passage in a vehicle by land
or by water; food prepared for the table, provisions.
r, f fare-wel, or fare-welj ~)
Farewell, ■< ^^ , q, ri a,, >■*.
' t far-wel, oj- far-wel; J
The parting compliment, adieu; it is sometimes used
only ac an expression of separation without kindness.
03- To all these different pronunciations Is this word
subject. The accentuation, either on the first or last
tyllable, depends much on the rhythm of the sentence.
See Ci^nmodore ani Commonwealth.
When i! is used as a substantive, without an adjective
before it, the accent is generally on the first syllable; as,
** See how the morniug opes her golden gate;;,
** And takes her/dreiuc/i of the glorious sun." Shak.
Or, if the adjective follow the substantive, as,
" If chance the radiant sun with ffireiveU sweet
" Extend his cv'ning beam, the fields revive,
** The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds
" Attest their joy, that hill and valley ring." Milton.
But if the adjective precede the substantive, the accent
is generally placed on the last syllable; as,
** Treading the path to nobler ends,
** A long /rtreit't // to love I gave.'' fVatler.
Ai ill this grove I took my \v,t farav^U," Dryicn.
200
Or when it is governed by a verb, as, " I bade him /ore-
w^U," or, " 1 bade/areu,'e7/ to him."
When it is used as an adjective, the accent is always on
the first syllable; as, " A/areire/i Sermon."
But when it is used as an interjection, (for with great
deference to Dr. Johnson I cannot think it an adverb)
the accent is either on the first or second syllable, as the
rhythm of pronunciation seems to require.
" But /liretcel?, king; sith thus thou wilt appear,
** Freedom lives hence, and banishment is here." Shak
O queen, farewell ; be still jiossest
" Of dear remembrance, blessing still and blest* Pope
With respect to the pronunciation of a in the first syl-
lable of this word, Mr. Sheridan says, that in England
the first syllable is pronounced like/ar, and in Ireland
like^iue. But if this be really tlie case, the two nations
seem to have changed dialects ; for nothing can be more
evident to the most superficial observer, than the ten-
dency in Ireland to pronounce the a like that in far, and
in England like that in fare. Not that I think the pro-
nunciation of the first syllable of/a)ette((, like/ar, either
vicious or vulgar : lam convinced many good speakers
so pronounce it; but the other pronunciation 1 think
more analogical, as well as more general ; Dr. Kenrick
and Mr. Scott pronounce it with the second sound of a,
and W. Johnston and Mr. Perry with the first.
Farewell, fare-welJ s. Leave, act of departure.
Farinaceous, fftr-e-na-shus, a. Mealy, tasting
like meal.
Farm, farm, S. Ground let to a tenant; the state
of lands let out to the culture of tenants.
To Farm, farm, v. a. To let out to tenants at a
certain rent; to take at a certain rate; to cultivate
land.
Farmer, far-mur, .S. One who cultivates hired
ground ; one who cultivates ground.
Farmost, far-most, a. Most distant.
FaRNESS, far-nes, S. Distance, remotcners.
Farraginous, filr-r^dje-e-iius, a. Formed of
ditferent materials.
Farrago, fir-n\-e;5, S. 77. A mass formed con-
fusedly of several ingredients, a medley.
Farrier, fAr-re-ur, 5, a shoer of horses ; one who
professes the medicine of horses.
Farrow, ftlr-ro, s. 327. A little pig.
To Farrow, far-ro, v. a. To bring pigs.
Fart, fart, S. Wind from behind.
To Fart, f?irt, v. a. To break wind behind.
Farther, far-THer, ad. At a treater distance, to
a greater distance, more remotely. — See Further.
Farther, far^Tiicr, a. 93. More remote
longer, tending to greater distance.
FartHERANCE, far-THer-itnse, s. Encourage-
ment, proportion.
Farthermore, far^THer-more,' ad. Besides
over and above, likewise.
7'o Farther, far-THer, v. a. To promote, t»
facilitate, to advance.
Farthest, far-THest, ad. At the greatest dis-
tance; to the greatest distance.
Farthest, fur-THest, a. Most distant, remotest.
Farthing, far-THing, S. The fourth of a penny J
copper money.
Fartii ingale, far-THing-g^l, s. A lioop, used to
spread the petticoat.
Farthingsworth, fXr-THingz-wurtli, s.
As much as is sold for a farthing.
Fasces, fjs-sez, S. Rods anciently carried before
the consuls.
Fascia, fish'-e-^, S. 92. A fi.let, a bandage.
FaSCIATED, f^hi^-A-tod, a. Bound with fillets.
Fasciation, fAsh-e-A-sliun, s. 356. Bandage.
To Fascinate, fAs-se-nate, v. a. To bewitch, to
enchant, to influence in some wicked and secret man-
ner.
Fascination, fAs-s^-ni^shun, s. The power or
act of bewitching, enchantment.
Fascine, fAs-sene{ s. 112. A fagou
FAT FAU
nor 167, n6t 163— tube 171, tub 173, bull 173— oil 299- p5und 313— //tin 466, THis 469.
FasCINOUS, f^^sJ-nuS, a. Caused or acting by
witchcraft.
JFashiON, ffch-un, 5.' Form, malvc, state of any
thing with regard to appearance; the nialie or cut of
clothes ; manner, sort, way ; custom operating upon
dress, or any domestick ornaments; custom, general
practice; manner imitated from another, way esta-
blished by precedent; general approbation, mode;
rank, condition abcve the vulgar.
.% Fashion, f^sh^un, v. a. To form, to mould,
to figure; to fit, to adapt, to accommodate; to cast
into external appearance; to make according to the
rule prescribed by custom.
Fashionable, f$sh'un-4-bl, a. Approved by
custom, established by custom, made according to the
mode; observant of mode; having rank above the
vulgar, and below nobility.
Fashionableness, ftsh-un-i-bl-nes, s. Modish
elegance.
Fashionably, Msh-un-H-bl^, ad. In a manner
conformable to custom, with modish elegance.
Fashionist, fish^un-ist, s, A follower of the
mode, a coxcomb.
To Fast, fist, v. n. 79. To abstain from food;
to mortify the body by religious abstinence.
Fast, s. Abstinence from food; religious mortlAca-
tion by abstinence.
Fast, fSst, a. Firm, immoveable; firm in ad-
lierence; speedy, quick, swift; fast and loose, uncer-
tain, variable, inconstant.
Fast, fast, ad. Firmly, immoveably; closely,
nearly; swiftly, nimbly; frequently.
To Fasten, f^-sn, v. a. 405. To make fast, to
make firm ; to hold together, to cement, to link; to
affix, to conjoin.
To Fasten, f^^sn, v. n. 472. To fix himself.
*i'ASTENER, ftsisn-ur, s. One that makes fast or
firm.
Faster, fSst-ur, S. 98. He who abstains from
food.
FasthanDED, f^t'h5nd-ed, a. Avaricious, close-
handed, covetous.
Fastidiosity, fis-tid-^-6si^-tJ, s. ■
Disdainfulness.
Fastidious, ffc-tid-^-us, or f5s-tidije-us, a.
293,394. Disdainful, squeamish, delicate to a vice.
Fastidiously, fAs-tid-^-us-li, or fis-tid-j^-us-
le, ad. 293, 294. Disdainfully, squeamishly.
Fasting-day, f4st-ing-da, s. Day of mortification
by abstinence.
Fastness, f^St-nes, S. Firmness, firm adherence ;
strength, security; a strong place ; a place not easily
forced.
Fastuous, fis-tshu-us, a. 464. Proud, haughty.
Fat, f3t, a. FuU-fed, plump, fleshy ; coarse, gross,
dull ; wealthy, rich.
Fat, fit, S. ■■ The unctuous part of animal flesh.
Fat, fat, S. A vessel in wliich any thing is put to
ferment or be soaked.
To Fat, fit, v. a. To make fat, to fatten.
To Fat, fit, v. n. To grow fat, to grow full-fleshed.
Fatal, fa-til, a. Deadly, mortal, destructive,
causi ng destruction ; proceeding by destiny, inevitable,
necessary ; appointed by destiny.
Fatalist, fa-til-list, S. One who maintains that
all things happen by invincible necessity.
Natality, fi-til-4-t^, S. Predestination, pre-
determined order or series of things and events ; decree
of fate ; tendency to danger.
^^TALLY, fi^til-li, ad. Mortally, destructively,
even to death ; by the decree of fate.
FaTALNESS, fi'-til-nes, s. Invincible necessity.
Fate, fate, s. Destiny, an eternal series of succes-
sive causes; event predetermined; death, destruction;
cause of death.
Fated, fa-ted, a. Decreed by fate j determined in
any manner by fate.
301
Father, fa^THer, s. 34. 78. 98. He by whoa
the son or daughter is begotten ; the first ancestor ; the
appellation of an old man; the title of any man reve-
rent; the ecclesiastical writers of the first centuries;
the title of a popish confessor; the title of a senator of
old Rome; the appellation of the first person of tM
adorable Trinity, 76.
Father-in-law, fa-tner-in-law, *. The fathei
of one's husband or wife.
To Father, fa-THer, v. a. To take as a son or
daughter; to supply with a father; to adopt a compo-
sition; to ascribe to anyone as his offspring or pro-
duction.
Fatherhood, fa-THer-hud, s. The character of
a father.
Fatherless, fa-THer-les, a. Without a father.
Fatherliness, fa-THer-l«-nes, s. The tenderness
of a father.
Fatherly, fa-THer-le, a. Paternal, like a father.
Fatherly, fa-THer-1^, ad. In the manner of
a father.
Fathom, fiTH-um, S. 166. A measure of length
containing six feet; reach, penetration, depth of con-
trivance.
To Fathom, fiTH-um, v. a. To encompass with
the arms ; to sound, to try with respect to the depth ;
to penetrate into, to find the bottom ; as, I cannot
fathom his design.
Fathomless, fiTH-iim-les, a. That of which no
bottom can be found ; that of which the circumference
cannot be embraced.
Fatidical, £i-tid-e-kil, a. Prophetick, liavii|
the power to foretell.
FatifeROUS, fi-tlfifj-rus, a. Deadly, mortal.
FaTIGABLE, fit^e-gi-bl, a. Easily wearied.
To Fatigate, fit-e-gate, i;. a. 91- To weary, to
fatigue.
Fatigue, ii-te%J s. 337. Weariness, lassitude j
the cause of weariness, labour, toil.
To Fatigue, fi-te^g{ v. a. 112. To tire, to
weary.
Fatkidneyed, fit^kid-nid, a. 283. Fat.
Fatling, fit-ling, s. A young animal fed fat for
the slaugnter.
Fatner, fit-tn-ur, s. More properly JFattener.
That which gives fatness.
{CT- It is not a little surprising that Dr. Johnson should
let the vulgar spelling of this word have a place in his
vocabulary. Partner and yintner have no e between the
t and n, because we have no verb to parten or to vir.ten,
hui fattener from the word to fatten, as necessarily re-
quires the c as hearkencr, whitener, listener, &c. The same
may be observed of the word softner, which see.
Fatness, fitiues, s. The quality of being fat,
plump; fat, grease; unctuous or greasy matter; ferti-
lity; that which causes fertility.
To Faiten, fit-tn, V. a. 405. To feed up, to
make fleshy ; to make fruitful ; to feed grossly, to in-
crease.
To Fatten, fit-tn, ]v. n. To grow fat, to be
pampered.
Fatuous, fitsh-u-us, a. 461. stupid, foolish,
feeble of mind ; impotent, without force.
Fatuity, fi-tu'e-te, s. Foolishness, weakness o
mind.
OC?- For the second syllable of this word, see Futurity,
Fatwitted, fit-Wlt-ed, a. Heavy, dull.
Fatty, fit-te, a. Unctuous, oleaginous, greasy.
Fauset, .fawiset, a. A pipe inserted into a vesse.
to give vent to the liquor, and stopped up by a peg o;
spigot.
FauCHION, faUshun, s. A crooked sword.
F'aVILLOUS, fi-vil-lus, a. Consisting of ashes.
Faulcon, faw-kn, s. — See Falcon.
Fault, fait, S. 404. Offence, alight crime, some-
wlir.t liable to censure; defect, want; puzzle, diiii-.
cully.
0:?- Dr. Johnson tells us, that the { in this woid U
FEA
FEA
»5- 559. Ylte 73, ^r 77, fall 83, fk 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move, 145,
•ometimes sounded and sometimes mi\te, and that in
conversation it is generally suppressed. To this Dr. Keii-
•icli adds, tliat it is needlessly suppressed. None of our
.exicographers have marked this letter mute but Mr. Slie-
idan. Mr. Nares says, tlie word is pronounced bnth
frays, and leaves it undetermined j but Mr. Elphinston
ecides positively against retaining tlie I even in writing:
lis reasons are, that as the French have left out the I
ni their antiquated /anitf, we ought to leave it out of our
fnglish word, which w<\s derived from their ancient one.
his reasoning, however, 1 think is not conclusive. If
after deriving words from their living languages, and
using them for centuries, we were to alter them as their
present language happens to alter, our own language
would have no stability. The truth is, the French lan-
guage is much more altered within the last two centuries
than the English, and is greatly enfeebled by dropping
its consonants. Its nasal vowels too have added to its
weakness, by rendering both vowels and consonants less
distinct. The ( in question has nothing harsh or uncom-
mon in its sound, and, if it were mute, would deiert its
relation to the Latin falsitas, and form a disgraceful ex-
ception ; and if poets have sometimes dismissed it to
rhyme the word with thought, sought, &c. they have as
readily admittted it to rhyme with malt, salt, and assault,
" Which of our thrum-capp'd ancestors found /fliilt,
" For want of sugar-tongs, or sikjous for salt ?" Kin^.
Faultfinder, falt^find-fir, s. A censurer.
Faultily, faKte-le, ad. Not rightly, improperly.
FaulTINESS, fal-te-neS, *. Badness, viciousnessj
delinquency.
Faultless, falt-Ies, a. Without fault, perfect.
Faulty, fal'-te, a. Guilty of a fault, blamable,
erroneous, defective.
Faun, fawn, *. a kind of rural deity.
7'(? Favour, fa-viir, v, a. To support, to regard
with kindness; to assist with advantages or conve-
niences ; to resemble in feature; to conduce to, to con-
tribute.
Favour, fa-vur, s. 314. Countenance, kindness;
support, defence; kindness granted ; lenity, mitigation
©f punishment: leave, good will, pardon; object of
favour, person or thing favoured ; something given by
a lady to be worn ; any thing worn openly as a token;
feature, countenance.
Favourable, fa'-vur-^-bl, a. Kind, propitious,
affectionate; palliative, tender, averse from censure ;
conducive to, contributing to ; accommodate, conve-
nient; beautiful, well-favoured.
Favourableness, fa^vur-^-bl-nes, s. Kindness,
benignity.
Favourably, f^-vur-i-ble, ad. Kindly, witii
favour.
Favoured, faivurd, part. a. Regarded with
kindness; featured, with well or ill.
Favou REDLY, fa^vurd-le, ad. With well or ill,
in a fair or foul way.
Favourer, fd-vur-ur, s. One who favours j one
who regards with kindness or tenderness.
Favourite, fii-vur-it, s. 156. a person or thing
beloved, one regarded with favour; one, chosen as a
companion by his superior.
FavOURLESS, fA^vur-les, a. Unfavoured, not re-
garded with kindness; unfavouring, unpiopitious.
Fautor, faw-tur, *. 166. Favourer, countenancer.
Fautress, faw-tres, S. A woman that favours or
shows countenance.
Fawn, fawn, *. A young deer.
To Fawn, fawn, v. n. To bring forth a young deer;
to court by frisking before one, as a dog ; to court ser-
vilely.
Fawner, faw^nur, s. One that fawns, one that
pays servile courtship.
Fawningly, faw-ning-ll, ad. In a cringing
servile way.
Fay, ik, S. A fairy, an elf; faith.
To Feague, ih^s, V. a. 337- To whip, to
chastize.
Fealty, fe-^l-t^, S. Duty due to a superior lord.
83" Dr Kcnrick, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scolt, Buchanan,
W.Johnston, and, if we may judge by the position of
202
the accent, Eutick, make only two syllables of this word
Mr. Perry, Mr. Nares, and, by the position of the ac.
cent. Dr. Ash, three. I do not hesitate a moment t*
pronounce the last division the best; not onlv as it is
immediately derived from a French word of three syl
lables, feaulti, but as this is generally its quantity is
Milton and Skakespcare.
" I am in parliament pledge for his truth,
" And lastiug /eaffy to the new-made king." Shak
Let my sovereign
Command my eldest son, * ay, all my sons,
As pledges of my fealtij and love." Ibid
" Man disobeying,
" Disloyal, breaks his fealty, and sins
' Against the high suprsmaey of heav'n.*' jVXilfon.
" Each bird and beast behold
** After their kinds ; I bring them to receive
'* From thee their names ; and pay thee fealty
" With low subjection. Ibid.
** Whether his first design be to withdraw
" Our fealty to God, or to disturb
" Coigugal love." fbid.
In these q-uotations from Johnson we see the first only
makes /?a/(y two syllables ; and even here it may Iw pre-
sumed there is a poetical licence exactly like that which
Young uses in the word really :
** Why really sixty-five is somewhat old."
Fear, fere, S. 227. Dread, horrour, apprehension
of danger; awe, dejection of mind; anxiety, solici-
tude; that which causes fear; something hung up to
scare deer.
To Fear, fere, v. a. To dread, to consider with
apprehensions of terrour; to fright, to terrify, to make
afraid.
To Fear, fere, v. n. To live in horrour, to be
afraid ; to be anxious.
Fearful, f^re-ful, or fer-ful, a. 230. Timorousj
afraid; awful; terrible, dreadful. —See 7"'ierce.
Fearfully, fere'ful-1^, or fer-ful-le, ad.
Timorously, in fear; terribly, dreadfully.
Tearfulness, fere-ful-nes, or fer-ful-nes, s.
Timorousness, habitual timidity; state of bet ng afraid,
awe, dread.
Fearlessly, fere-les-1^, ad. Without terrour.
Fearlessness, fere-les-nes, s. Exemption from
fear.
Fearless, fere-les, a. Free from fear, intrepid.
Feasibility, fe-z^-bll-e-t^, *.
a thing practicable.
Feasible, fe-ze-bl, a. 227. Practicable, that may
be effected.
Feasibly, fe-ze-ble, ad. Practicably.
Feast, f^lst, s. 227. An entertainment of the
table, a sumptuous treat of great numbers ; an anni-
versary day of rejoicing ; something delicious to the
palate.
To Feast, feest, v. n. To eat sumptuously.
To Feast, feest, v. a. To entertain sumptuously j
to delight, to pamper.
FeASTER, fe^st-ur, S. One that fares deliciously ;
one that entertains magnificently.
Feastful, feest-ful, a. Festive, joyful; luxurious,
riotous.
FeASTRITE, feest-rite, S, Custom observed in
entertainments.
Feat, ihte, s. 227. Act, deed, action, exploit ; a
trick, a ludicrous performance.
Feat, f^te, a. Ready, skilful, ingenious ; nice,
neat.
Feateous, fe'-t^-us, or fJitsb^-us, a. 263.
Neat, dextrous.
Feateously, f^it^-us-lJ, ad. Neatly, dextrously
Feather, feTH-ur, s. 98. 234. The plumje oi
birds; an ornament, an empty title; upon ahorse,
sort of natural frizzling hair.
To Feather, feTH-i'r, v. a. To dress in feathers,
to fit with feathers ; to tread as a cock; to enrich, to
adorn ; to feather one's nest, to get riclies together.
FEE
FEL
nor iCr, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— </tin 466, thIs 469.
Featherbed, feTH-ur-bed, s. A bed ttuffod witii
feathers. ^
Featherdriver, feTH-ur-dri-vur, s. One who
cleanses feathers.
Feathered, feTH'uid, a. 359. Clothed with
feathers, fitted with featliers, carrying feathers.
FeatHEUEDGE, feTH-ur-edje, S. Boards or
planks that have one edge thinner than another, are
called featheredge sniff.
Featheredged, feTH-ur-edjd, a. Belonging to
a featheredge.
Featherfew, feTH-ur-fu, S. A plant.
FeATHERLESS, feTH-ur-leS, a. Without feathers.
Featherseller, feTH-ur-sel-ur, s. One who
sells feathers.
Feathery, feTH-ur-e, a. Clothed with feathers.
Featly, feteile, ad. Neatly, nimbly.
FeATNESS, fete-nes, 5. Neatness, dexterity.
Feature, fe-tshure, s. 462. The cast or make of
the face ; any lineament or single part of the face.
To FeAZE, feze, v. a. To untwist tlie end of a
rope J to beat.
Febrifuge, febiri-fuje, *. Any medicine service-
able in a fever.
Febrile, feb-nl, a. 140. Constituting a fever j
proceeding from a fever.
February, feb-ru-i-re, s. The name of the second
month in the year.
Feces, fk'-skz, s. Dregs, lees, sediment, subsidence;
excrement.
Feculence, fek-u-lense, \
FecULENCY, fek'-u-len-se, J
Muddiness, quality of abounding with lees or sedi-
ment; lees, feces, sediment, dregs.
Feculent, fek-i-lent, a. Foul, dreggy, cxcre-
mentitious.
Fecund, fek-und, a. Fruitful, proUfick.
See Facund.
Fecundation, fek-kun-di-shiin, s. The act of
making prolifick.
To Fecundify, fJ-kun-d^-fl, v. a.
To make fruitful.
Fecundity, f4-kun-d^-t^, s. Fruitfulness, quality
of producing or bringing forth.
Fed, f«d. Pret. and part. pass, of To feed.
Fedary, fed-3.-r4, s. A partner, or a dependant.
Federal, fed-er-4l, a. Relating to a league or
contract.
Federary, fed-er-i-ri, *. A confederate, an ac-
complice.
Federate, fed-er-ite, a. 91. Leagued.
Fee, fe^, *. 246. All lands and tenements that are
held by any acknowledgment of superiority to a higher
lord ; recompense ; payments occasionally claimed by
persons in office ; reward paid to physicians or lawyers.
To Fee, f^e, v. a. To reward, to pay ; to bribe,
to keeji in hire.
Feeble, fe-bl, a. 405, Weakly, debilitated, sickly.
Feebleminded, fe-bl-mlnd-ed, a. Weak of mind.
Feebleness, fe-bl-nes, s. Weakness, imbecility,
infirmity.
Feebly, f^J^ble, ad. Weakly, without strength.
To Feed, fJed, v. a. 246. To supply with food ;
to graze, to consume by cattle ; to nourish, to cherish;
to Keep in hope or expectation ; to delight, to enter-
tain.
To Feed, f^4d, v.- n. To take food i to prey,
to live by eating; to grow fat or plump.
Feed, feed, S. Food, tliat whicli is eaten ; pasture.
Feeder, feed-ur, s. One that gives food ; an
exciter, an encourager; one that eats, one that eats
nicely.
Fee^ARM, fei-farm, s. Tenure by which lands
are held of a superior lord.
203
To Feel, feel, v. n. Pret. Felt. Part. pass. Felt.
To have perception of things by the touch ; to search
by feeling ; to have a quick sensibility of good or evil;
to appear to the touch.
7b Feel, fe4l, v. a, 246. To perceive by the
touch; to try, to sound; to Iiave seii=e of pain or
pleasure; to be affected by; to know, to be acquainted
with.
Feel, f^^l, S. The sense of feeling, the touch.
Feeler, f^eKur, S. One that feels j tlw horns or
antennae of insects.
Feeling, feel-iiiff, part. a. Expressive of great
sensibility; sensibly felt.
Feeling, fJel-ing, *. The sense of touch ; sensi-
bility, tenderness, perception.
Feelingly, feel-!n^-U, ad. With expression of
great sensibility ; so as to be sensibly felt.
Fekt, feet, s. 246. The plural of Foot.
FeeTLESS, feet-les, a. Without feet.
To Feign, fane, v. a. 249. 385. To invent; to
make a show of, to do upon some false pretences; to
dissemble, to conceal.
To Feign, fine, v. n. To relate falsely, to image
from the invention.
Feignedly, fine-ed-le, ad. 364. In fiction, not
truly.
Feigner, fAne-ur, *. Inventer, contriver of fiction.
Feint, fant, S. 249. A false appearance j a mock
assault.
To Felicitate, fe-lisi^-tate, v. a. To make
happy ; to congratulate.
Felicitation, fe-lis-^-ta-shun, s. Congratulation.
Felicitous, fe-l^si^-tus, a. Happy.
Felicity, fe-llS-^-te, S. Happiness, prosperity,
blissfulness.
Feline, fe-llnc, a. 140. Like a cat, pertaining to
a cat.
Fell, fel, a. Cruel, barbarous, inhuman; savage,
ravenous, bloody.
Fell, fel, s. The skin, the hide.
To Fell, fel, v. a. To knock down, to bring
to the ground; to hew down, to cut down.
Fell, fel. The pret. of To fall.
Feller, fel-lur, s. One that hews down.
Fellifluous, fel-lififlu-us, a. 518.
Flowing with gall. .
Fellmonger, fel-mung-gur, s. 381.
A dealer in hides.
Fellness, fel-nes, S. Cruelty, savageness.
Felloe, fel-li, s. 296. The circumference of a
wheel.
Fellow, fel-li, s. 327. An associate, one united
in the same affair ; one of the same kind ; one thing
suited to another, one of a pair; a familiar apiiellation
used sometimes with fondness, sometimes with con-
tempt; mean wretch, sorry rascal ; a member of a col-
lege that shares its revenue.
To Fellow, fel-lo, v. a. To suit with, to pair with.
Fellow-commoner, fel-lo-kom-un-ur, s.
A commoner at Cambridge of tlie higher order, who
dines with the fellows.
Fellow-creature, fel-lo-kreitshure, s. One
that has the same Creator.
Fellow-heir, fel-lft-arej s. Coheir.
Fellow-HELPEK, fel-li-hulp-ur, s. Coadjutor.
Fellow-labourer, fel-lo-la-bur-ur, s. One who
labours in the same design.
Fellow-servant, fel-li-seriv4nt, s. One that
has the same master.
Fei.low-soldier, fel-lo-soKjur, s. One who
fights under the same commander.
Fellow-student, fel-li-stu^dent, *, One wh»
studies in company with another.
FEO
FER
559. File 73, far 77, fall 83, tk 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move IG4
ft?-
Fellow-sufferer, fel-lo-suf-ur-ur, s. One who
shares tlie same evils.
Fellow-feeling, fel-lo-fee-hng, s. Sympathy j
combination, joint interest.
Fellowlike, feKlo-like, \
Fellowlv, fel-lo-1^, J
Like a companion, on equal terms.
Fellowship, fel-lo-ship, S. Companionship,
association; equality; partnership; frequency of in-
tercourse, social pleasure; fitness and fondness for
festal entertainments ; an establishment in the college
with share in its revenue.
Felly, fel-le, ad. Cruelly, inhumanly, savagely.
Felo-de-se, fe-li-de-sej s. • In law, he that com-
mitteth felony by murdering himself.
Felon, fel-un, S, 166. One who lias committed a
capital crime : a whitlow, tumour, formed between
the bone and its investing membrane.
Felon, fel-un, a. Cruel, traitorous, inhuman.
Fx:L0NI0US, fJ-lo-n^-us, a. Wicked, traitorotis,
villainous, malignant.
Feloniously, f^-lo^ni-us-l^, ad. In a felonious
way. ^
Felony, fel-un-e, s. A crime denounced capital by
the law.
Felt, felt. The pret. of Feel.
Felt, felt, s. Cloth made of wool united without
weaving; a hide or skin.
Felucca, fe-luk-a, s, A small open boat with six
oars.
Female, ik-mk\e, s. A she, one of the lex which
brings young.
Female, fi-male, a. Not masculine, belonging to
a she.
FeMINALITY, {em-l-nlV-k-tk, s. Female nature.
Feminine, fem!^e-mn, a. 150. Of the sex that
brings young, female; soft, tender, delicate; effemi-
nate, emasculated.
Femoral, fem-6-ril, a. Belonging to the thigh.
Fen, fen, S. A marsh, low flat and moist ground ;
a moor, a bog.
FeNBERRY, fen-ber-re, s. A kind of blackberry.
Fence, fense, S. Guard, security, outwork, de-
fence; enclosure, mound, hedge; the art of fencing,
defence; skill in defence.
To Fence, fense, v, a. To enclose, to secure by
an enclosure or hedge ; to guard.
To Fence, fense, v. n. To practise the arts of
manual defence; to guard against, to act on the defen-
sive; to fight according to art.
Fenceless, fcnse^les, a. Without enclosure, open.
Fencer, fen-sur, S. One who teaches or practises
the use of weapons.
FfNCIBLE, fen-s5-bl, a. 405. Capable of defence.
Fencing-master, fen-sing-mas-tur, s. One
who teaches the use of weapons.
Fencing-school, fen-sing-skodl, s. A place in
which the use of weapons is taught.
To Fend, fend, v. a. To keep off, to shut out.
To Fend, fend, v, n. To dispute, to shift off a
charge.
Fender, fen^dur, S. A plate of metal laid before
the fire to hinder coals that fall from rolling forward to
the floor ; any thing laid or hung at the side of a ship
ta keep off violence.
Feneration, fen-er-i-shun, s Usury, the gain
of interest.
ENNEL, fen-nel, s. 99. A plant of strong scent.
Fenny, fen-n^, a. Marshy, boggy ; inhabiting the
marsh.
Fennystones, fL-n-ne-stonz, s. A plant.
FensucRED, fen-sukt, a. Sucked out of marshes,
Feod, fude, y. Fee, tenure.
FeoDAL, fu'dil, a. Held of another.
204
Feodary, fu'd;l-ie, s. One who holds his esta •'
under the tenure of suit and service to a superior lord.
To Feoff, fef, v. a. 256. To put in possession, ts
invest with right.
ft^ I had always supposed that the diphthong in this
word and its compound ew/eo^' was pronounced like the
long open c, but upon inquiry into its actual pronuncia-
tion by the gentlemen of the law, found I had been in
an error ; and though Mr. SJieridan and Mr. Scott mark
/eojf with the short e, they are in the same error respect-
ing enfeoff, which they mark with the long e. Dr. Ken
rick and Mr. Barclay are under the same mistake \u feoff
by pronouncing the diphtliong long; and Mr. Nares is
wrong also in pronouncing evfecff in the same manner.
Mr. Perry is the only one who is right in pronouncing
the diphthong short in both. So much, however, had
my ear been used to the long sound of this diphthong,
that it escaped me in the words enfeoff and enfeoffment
which, to be consistent, I ought certainly to have
marked with the short sound, as \nfeojff andfeoffee.
Feoffee, fef- fee, s. One put in possession.
Feoffer, fef-fiir, *. One who gives possession of
any thing.
Feoffment, fcf-nient, s. The act of granting
possession.
Feracity, i^-r^-k-tl, S. Fruitfulness, fertility.
Feral, fe-rJl, a. Funeral, mournful.
Feriation, fe-r^-il-shun, s. 534. The act of
keeping holiday.
Ferine, fe-rlne, a. 140. Wild, savage.
FerineNESS, fe-rlne-nes, S. Barbarity, savageness.
Ferity, fer-c-te, S. Barbarity, cruelty, wildnese.
To Ferment, fer-nieiitj v. a. To exalt or rarefy
by intestine motion of parts.
To Ferment, fer-mentj v. n. To have the part*
put into intestine motion.
Ferment, fer-nient, s. 492. That which causes
intestine motion; the intestine motion, tumult.
Fermentable, fer-ment-^-bl, a. Capable of
fermentation.
Fermental, fer-ment-il, a. Having the power
to cause fermentation.
Fermentation, fer-men-ta-sliun, s. A slow
motion of the intestine particles of a m ixed body, aris-
ing usually from the operation of some active acid
matter.
Fermentative, fer-men-t^-tiv, a. Causing
fermentation.
Fern, fern, s. A plant.
Ferny, fern-4, a. Overgrown with fern.
Ferocious, fe-ro-shus, a. 357. Savage, fierce.
Ferocity, fiJ-r5s-^-t^, S. Savageness, fierceness.
FerreOUS, fer-r^-US, a. Consisting of iron,
belonging to iron.
Ferret, fer-rit, S. Q2. A quadmped of the
weasel kind, used to catch rabbits ; a kind of narrow
ribband.
To Ffrret, fer-rit, v. a. d^. To drive out of
lurking places.
Ferreter, fer^nt-ur, *•. One that hunts another
ill his privacies.
Ferriage, fer-ie-idje, s. 90. The fare paid at a
ferry. '
Ferruginous, fer-ru-jin-us, «. Partaking of the
particles and qualities of iron.
Ferrule, fer-ril, s. An iron ring ptit round any
thing to keep it from cracking.
To Ferry, fer-re, v. a. To carry over in a boat.
Ferry, fer-re, s. A vessel of carriage ; the passage
over which the ferryboat passes.
Ferryman, fer-re-m;tn, .V. 88. One who keeps*
ferry, one who foi hire transports goods and passen-
Fertile, fer^til, a. 140. F;uitful, abundant.
Fertii.eness, fcr-til-m^s, s.
Fruitfulness, fecundity.
FeRTILI'IY, fer tll-C-te, S. Abundance, fruitfuliirss.
FET
FID
nor 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— fAin 466, this 469.
To Fertilize, fer^til-llze, v. a. To make fruit-
ful, to make plenteous, to make productive.
Fertilv, fer^til-e, ad. Properly Fertilely.
Fruitfully, plenteously.
Fervency, fer-ven-si, s. Heat of mind, ardour ;
flame of devotion ; zeal.
Fervent, fer-vent, a. Hot, boiling; hot in
temper, vehement ; ardent in piety, warm in zeal.
Fervently, fer-vtnt-le, ad. Eagerly, vehemently j
with pious ardour.
Fervid, fer-Vld, a. Hot, burning, boiling ; vehe-
ment, eager, zealous.
FervidiTY, fer-vld-^-te, S. Heat, zeal, ardour.
FeRVIDNESS, fer-vid-nes, S. Ardour of mind, zeal.
Ferula, fer-u-la, S. An instrument with which
young scholars are beaten on the hand.
Fervour, fer-vur, S. 314. Heat, warmth j heat
of mind, zeal.
Fescennine, fesisen-nlne, a. Belonging to a
kind of wanton obscure jwetry sung by the ancient
Romans at weddings.
Fescue, fes-ku, S. A small wire by'which those
who teach to read point out the letters.
Festal, fes-t^l, a. Belonging to a feast } festive,
joyous.
To Fester, fes-tur, v. n. To rankle, to corrupt,
to grow virulent.
FestinatE, fes-te-nite, a. Hasty, hurried.
Festinately, fes'-te-nate-li, ad.
Hastily, speedily.
Festination, fes-te-ni-shun, *. Haste, hurry.
Festival, fesit4-vil, a. Pertaining to feasts,
joyous.
Festival, fes-t^-vil, s. Time of feast, anniversary
day of civil or religious joy.
Festive, fesUiv, a. 140. Joyous, gay.
Festivity, fes-tiv-^-te, s. Festival, time of
rejoicing; gayety, joy fulness.
Festoon, fes-toonj S. In architecture, an orna-
ment of carved work in the form of a wreath or garland
of flowers, or leaves twisted together.
Festucine, fes-tu-sin, a. 140. Straw colour.
Festucous, fes-tu-kus, a. Made of straw.
To Fetch, fetsh, v. a. To go and bring; to strike
at a distance; to produce by some kind of force; to
reach, to arrive at ; to obtain as its price.
To Fetch, fetsh, v. n. To move with a quick
return.
Fetch, fetsh, S. A stratagem by which any thing
is indirectly performed, a trick, an artitice.
FetchER, fetsh-ur, S, One that fetches.
Fetid, fet-id, a. 296. Stinking, rancid.
See Fetus.
Fetidness, fet-id-nes, s. The quality of stinking.
Fetlock, fet-lik, S. a tuft of hair that grows
behind the pastern joint.
Fetter, fet-tur, s. It is commonly used in the
plural. Fetters. Chains for the feet.
To Fetter, fet-tur, v. a. To bind, to enchain,
to shackle, to tie.
To FErTLE, fet'-tl, V. n. 405. To do trifling
business.
Tetus, fe^tus, s. 296. 489. Any animal in
embryo, any thing yet in the womb.
O:?- Whence can arise the different quantity of the e in
'"etns and Fetid? Till a better reason appear, let us sup-
sose tlie following: Fetus, except the diphthong, retains
Its Latin form, and therefore is naturally pronounced
with its first syllable long. Fetid is anglicised ; and as
most of these anglicised words of two syllables are de-
rived from Latin words of tliree, where the first, be it
ihort or long, is in our English-Lalin pronounced short,
the same syllable in the English words is generally short
likewise. This has established something like a rule;
and this rule has shortened the first syllable of Fetid,
though long in the Latin Fcetidus.— See Drama.
205
Feud, fude, s. 264. Quarrel, contention.
Feudal, fu-dal, a. Pertaining to fees or tenures by
which lands are held of a superiour lord.
Feudal, fii-d^l, s. A dependance, something held
by tenure.
Feudatory, fu^da-tur-e, s. One who holds noe
in chief, but by some conditional tenure. — For the o
see Domestick.
Fever, fe-vur, S. A disease in which the body is
violently heated, and the pulse quickened, or in which
heat and cold prevail by turns. It is sometimes con-
tinual, sometimes intermittent.
Feveret, fe-vur-etj s. A slight fever, febricula.
Feverfew, feivur-fij, s. a herb.
Feverish, fe^vur-ish, a. Troubled with a fever }
tending to a fever; uncertain, inconstant, now hot,
now cold ; hot, burning.
Feverishness, fe-vur-ish-nes, s. A slight dis
order of the feverish kind
Feverous, f^-vur-us, a. Troubled with a fever or
ague ; having the nature of a fever ; having a tendency
to produce fevers.
FeveRY, f^^vur-^, a. Diseased with a fever.
Few, fu, a. Not many, not a great number.
Fewel, fu^il, s. 99. Combustible matter, as fire-
wood, coal.
Fewness, fu-nes, s. Smallness of number.
Fib, fib, S. A lie, a falsehood.
To Fib, fib, v. n. To lie, to tell lies.
Fibber, flb^bur . A teller of fibs.
Fibre, fl^bur, .416. A small thread or string.
Fibril, fl-brii, . A small fibre or string.
Fibrous, fl-brus, a. 314. Composed of fibres of
stamina.
Fibula, tIb-u-lJ, s. The outer and lesser bone of
the leg, much smaller than the tibia.
Fickle, flk-kl, a. 405. Changeable, inconstant,
unsteady; not fixed, subject to vicissitude.
Fickleness, flk-kl-nes, S. Inconstancy, un-
certainty, unsteadiness.
Fickly, f1k-kl-l6, ad. Without certainty or
stability.
Fictile, flk-til, a. 140. Manufactured by the
potter.
Fiction, flkislmn, s. The act of feigning or
inventing ; the thing feigned or invented ; a falseliood,
a lie.
Fictious, flk-shus, a. 292. Fictitious, imaginary.
Fictitious, flk-tish-us, a. Counterfeit, not
genuine; feigned; not real, not true.
Fictitiously, fik-tish-us-l5, ad.
Falsely, counterfeitly.
Fiddle, fld-dl, s. A stringed instrument of musick,
a violin.
To Fiddle, fid'-dl, v. n. 405. To play upon the
fiddle; to trifle, to shift the hands often, and do
nothing.
FiddleFADDLE, fld-dl-f^d-dl, S. TriSes. A cant
word.
Fiddler, f1d^dl-ur, S. A musician, one that plays
upon the fiddle.
Fiddlestick, fld-dl-stik, s. The bow and hair
which a fiddler draws over the strings of a fiddle.
FiDDLESTRING, fld-dl-Stnng, S. The string of a
fiddle.
Fidelity, fe-deUJ-tJ, *. 126. Honesty, faiihfLl
adherence.
ro Fidge, fidje, 1
ro Fidget, fidg'-it, 99. J '
To move '.limbly and irregularly. A cant word.
Fiducial, f^-du'-shal, a. 126. 357. Confident,
undoubling.
fc3- For the impropriety of pronounnng the second
syllttbleof this and the two following words, as if writtin
FIG
FIL
0:> 559. The 73, itr 77, fall 83, tk 81— m493, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, inSve 164,
#00, as Mr. Sheridan has marked them, see Principles,
No. 376 and 474.
Fiduciary, fJ-du-sh^-^-re, *. One who holds
any thing in truit 5 one who depends on faith without
worlcs.
Fiduciary, f5-du^slil-l-re, a. Confident, steady,
undoubting.
Fief, feef, S. A fee, a manor, a possession held by
some tenuae of a superiour.
Field, feeld, S. 275. Ground not inhabited, not
built on; cultivated tract of ground; the open coun-
try, opposed to quarters; the ground of battle; llie
ground occupied by any army ; a wide expanse ; space,
compass, extent; in heraldry, the surface of a shield.
Fielded, feel-ded, a. Being in a field of battle.
Field-basil, feeld-biz-il, s, A plant,
Fieldred, feeld-bed, s. A bed contrived to be
set up easily in the field.
Fieldfare, fel'-fAre, s. 515. A bird.
FlELDMARSHAL, f^eld-maiisliil, S. Commtnder
of an army in the Held.
FlELDMOUSE, fe^ld-mouse, s. A mouse that
burrows in banks.
FlELDOFFICER, f^^ld-Sf^fe-sur, s. An officer
whose command in the field extends to a whole regi-
ment, as the colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major.
FlELDPlECE, feeld-peese, *. Small cannon used in
battles, but not in sieges.
Fiend, fj^nd, s. 275. An enemy, the great enemy
of mankind, Satan ; any infernal being.
Fierce, fferse, or ferse, a. Savage, ravenous ;
vehement; outrageous; angry, furious; strong, for-
cible.
Cj- The first mode of pronouncing this word is the
most general ; the second is heard chiefly on the stage.
Actors, who have such continual occasion to express the
passions, feel a propriety in giving a short vowel sound
to a \yord denoting a rapid and violent emotion ; and
therefore, though this pronunciation may be said to
he grammatically improper, it is philosopiiicully right.
See Cheerful.
Fiercely, feerseU^, 07- ferseMi, ad.
Violently, furiously.
Fierceness, fJerse-nes, or ferse-nes, s.
Ferocity, savageness; violence, outrageous passion.
FiERiFACiAS, fi-6-re-fa-slius, S. 88. In law, a
judicial writ from liim that has recovered in an action
' of debt or damages, to the sheriff, to command him
to levy the debt, or the damages.
FlERINESS, fl-er-i-nes, S. Hot qualities, heat,
aciiniony; heat of temper, intellectual ardour.
Fiery, fi-er-e, a. ■ Consisting of fire ; hot like fire ;
vehement, ardent, active; passionate, outrageous,
e«sily provoked ; unrestrained, fierce; heated by fire.
Fife, nfe, *. A pipe blown to the drum.
Fifteen, flf^teell, a. Five and ten.
Fifteenth, tlf^teen^A, a. The fifth after the
tenth.
Fifth, fiUh, a. The next to the fourth.
Fifthly, ffft/i-l^, ad. In the fifth place.
FirriETH, fii'-tti-tth, a. 279. The next to the
forty .ninth.
Fifty, fif-te, a. Five tens.
Fig, ^g, s, A tree that bears figs ; the fruit of
the fig-tree.
FiGAPPLE, flg-^p-pl, S. 405. A fruit.
Figimarigold, fig-mir-e-g6ld, *. A plant.
To Fight, fite, v. n. Pret. Fought.. Part. pass.
Fought. To contend in battle, to make war; to con-
tend in single fight; to contend.
To Fight, flte, v. a. To war against, to combat
against.
Fight, rite, *. Battle; combat, duel ; something
to screen the combatants in ships.
Fighter, fi^tur, S. Warriour, duellist.
Fighting, fi-ting, part. a. Qualified for war, fit
for battle j occupied by war.
206
Figment, fig-ment, s. An invenfon, a fiction,
tlie idea feigned.
FlGPECKER, f'lg-pek-ur, *. A bird.
FiGULAfE, dg-u-late, a. 91. Made of potter's
clay.
FiGURABLE, f?^iu-r5.-bl, a. Capable of being
brought to acertain form, and retained in it. Thus lead
is figurable, but not water.
FiGURABlLlTY, fig-u-^-bil-e-t^, s. The quality
of being capable of a certain and stable form.
FiGURAL, rig-u-ril, a. Belonging to a figure.
Fig URATE, fig^u-rate, a. 9I. Of a certain and
determinate form; resembling any thing of a deter-
minate form.
Figuration, fig-u-ri-shun, s. Determination to
a certain form ; the act of giving a certain form.
Figurative, flg-u-ri-tiv, a. Representing some-
thing else, typical; not literal; full of rhetorical ex-
ornations.
Figuratively, fi^^u-ri-tiv-le, ad. By a figure,
in a sense different from that which words originally
imply.
Figure, flgiure, *. The figure of any thing as
terminated by the outlines ; shape; person, external
form, appearance, mean or grand ; distinguished ap-
pearance, eminence, remarkable character; a statue,
an image; representations in painting; a character
denoting a number; the horoscope, the diagram of the
aspects of the astrological houses ; in the,oIogy, typo-,
representative; in rhetorick, any mode of spcakiiig in
vyhich words are detorted from their literal and primi-
tive sense; in grammar, any deviation from the rules
of analogy or syntax.
CC?" There is a coarse and a delicate pronunciation of
this word and its compounds. The first is such a pro-
nunciation as makes tne u short and shut, as if written
JiUfiur : the last preserves the sound of u open, as if y
were prefixed, fig-yure. That this is the true sound of
open K, see Principles, No. 8.
To Figure, flg-ure, v. a. To form into any
determined shape ; to cover or adorn with figures ; to
diversify ; to represent by a typical or figurative resem-
blance; to image in the mind; to form figuratively, to
use in a sense not literal.
Fig WORT, fig-wurt, *. A plant.
Filaceous, fJ-hUshus, a, 357. Consisting of
threads.
Filacer. fil-S-sur, s. 98. An officer in the
Common Pleas, so called because he files those writs
whereon he makes process.
Filament, dK^-ment, «. a slender thread, a body
slender and long like a thread.
Filbert, fiKburt, s. 98. A fine hazel nut with a
thin shell.
To Filch, filsh, v. n. To steal, to pilfer.
Filch er, fllsh'-ur, s. 98. A thief, a petty robber.
File, file, s. A thread ; a line on which papers are
strung; a catalogue, roll ; a line of soldiers ranged one
behind another; an instrument to smooth metals.
Filec utter, flleikut-ur, *. A maker of files,
To File, file, v. a. To string upon a thread
or wire ; to cut with a file ; to foul, to sully, to pollute.
To File, file, v. n. To march in file, not abreast,
but one behind another.
FiLEMOT, fil-e-mot, S. A brown or yeUow-brow«
Colour.
Filer, fl-liir, s. 98. One who files, one who use*
the file in cutting metals.
Filial, fil-y^l, a. 113. retaining to a son,
befitting a son ; bearing the character or relation of
son.
Filiation, fil-^-i-shun, s. The relation of a son
to a father, c^irrelative to paternity.
Filings, ri-luigz, S. Fragments rubbed oflT by th.
file.
To Fill, fil, v. a. To store till no more can be
ailinitlcd; to pour liquor into a vessel till it roaches
the top ; to satisfy, to content ; to glut, to surfeit; to
fill out, to pour out liquor for drink, to extend bv
FIN
FIR
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^/nn 466, this 469.
sometliing contained ; to fill up, to make full, to sup-
l)ly, to occui)y by bulk.
7b Fill, fil, v. n. To give to drink : to grow full;
to glut, t(i satiate.
Fill, fll, S. As much as may produce complete
satisfaction ; the place between the shafts of a caniagc.
Filler, fll-lur, s. Any thing that fills up room
without use: one whose employment is to fill vessels
of carriage.
Fillet, t'il-llt, a. 99. A band tied round the head
or other part ; the fleshy part of the tliigh, applied
commonly to veal; meat rolled together, and tied
round; in architecture, a little member which appears
in the ornaments and mouldings, and is otherwise
called listel.
7b Fillet, fll-ht, v. a. To bind with a bandage
or fillet; to adorn with an astragal.
7b Fillip, fil-lip, v. a. To strike with the nail
of the finger by a sudden spring.
Fillip, fll- lip, s. A jerk of the finger let go from
the thumb.
Filly, fil-le, s. A young mare j opposed to a colt
or young horse.
Film, film, S. A pellicle or thin skin.
7b Film, film, v. a. To cover with a pellicle or
thin skin.
Filmy, fil-mi, a. Composed of thin membranes or
pellicles.
7b Filter, fll-tir, V, a. To clear by drawing oiT
liquor by depending threads ; to strain, to percolate.
Filter, fil-tur, s. A twist of thread, of wTiich one
end is dipped in the liquor to be cleared, and the other
hangs below the bottom of the vessel, so that the li-
quor drips from it ; a strainer.
Filth, fiUA, s. Dirt, nastiness; corruption,
pollution.
Filthily, ii\th'-h-\h, ad. Nastily, foully, grossly.
FilthiNESS, iiltti'-k-nes, S. Nastiness, foulness,
dirtiness ; corruption, pollution.
Filthy, fiUA-e, a. Nasty, foul, dirty? gross,
polluted.
7b Filtrate, fil-trate, v. a. 91. To strain, to
percolate.
Filtration, fll-trA-shun, s. A method by which
liquors are procured fine and clear.
Fimbriated, fim-br4-4-ted, a. Fringed, edged
round, jagged.
Fin, fin, *. The wing of a fish.
Fin-footed, fin'-fut-ed, a. Having feet with
membranes between the toes.
Finable, fl-nJ-bl, «. 405. That admits a fine.
Final, fi-nJl, a. 88. Ultimate, last; conclusive;
mortal ; respecting the end or motive.
Finally, fl-nil-5, ad. Ultimately, in concliision,
completely, without recovery.
Finance, f^-n4nsej S. Revenue, income, profit.
Financial, f^-nan-shttl, a. Relative to finance.
Financier, fln-nan-se^rj *. 357. One who
collects or farms the publick revenue.
FiNARY, fl-n^-r^, *. The second forge at the iron
mills.
Finch, finsb, S, A small bird ; of which we have
three kinds, tlie goldfinch, the cliaffincli, and bulrinch.
7b Find, find, v. a. To obuin by searching or
seeking; to obtain something lost; to meet with, to
fall upon; to know by experience; to discover by study;
40 discover what is hidden ; to liit on by chance, io
perceive by accident; to detect, to deprehend, to
catch; to determine by judicial verdict; to supply, to
furnish, as he finds me in money; in law, to approve,
as to find a bill j to find himself, to fare with regard
to ease or pain ; to find out, to unriddle, to solve ; to
discover something hidden, to obtain the knowledge
of; to invent.
Finder, flnd'-ur, *. One that meets or falls upoft
any thing ; one that picks up any thing los..
FlNDFAULT, find-falt, s, A censurer, a caviller.
207
Fine, fine, a. Refined, pure, free fyom dross
subtle, thin, as the fine spirits evaporate; refined;
kein, smoothly sharp; clear, pellucid, as the wine
is fine; nice, delicate; artful, dextej'ous ; elegant,
with elevation; beautiful, with dignity ; accomplished,
elegant of manners; showy, splendid.
Fine, fine, s, A mulct, a pecuniary punishment;
penalty ; forfeit, money paid for any exemption or li-
berty; tlie end, conclusion.
7b Fine, fine, v. a. To refine, to purify ; to make
transparent ; to punish with pecuniary penalty.
7b Fine, fine, v. n. To pay a fine.
7b FiNEDRAW, flneMraw, v. a. To sew up a
rent with so much nicety that it is not perceived.
Finedraaver, flne-draw-ur, s. One whose
business is to sew up rents.
Finefingered, fine-fing-gurd, a. Nice, artful,
exquisite.
Finely, flne-ll, ad. Beautifully, elegantly;
keenly, sharply; in small parts; wretchedly [ironi-
cally].
Fineness, fine^nes, *. Elegance, delicacy : show,
splendour ; artfulness, ingenuity; purity, freedom from
dross or base mixtures.
Finery, fl-nur-l, *. 557. Show, splendour of
appearance.
Finesse, fiJ-nes{ s. 126. Artifice, stratagem.
Finer, fUnur, *. 98. One who purifies metals.
Fine-spoken, fineisp5-kn, a. Affectedly polite.
" Dear Madam, be sure he's a fine-spoken man." Swift.
Finger, fing^gur, S. 381. The flexible member
of tlie hand by which men catch and luild; a small
measure of extension; the hand, the instrument of
work.
7b Finger, fing^gur, v. a. To touch lightly, to
toy with ; to touch unseasonably or thievishly ; to
touch an instrument of musick ; to perform any work
ex-quisitely with the fingers.
Finglefangle, flng^gl-f^ngigl, s. A trifle.
Finical, fin-^-kil, a. Nice, foppish.
FiNICALLY, fin-e-kil-^, ad. Foppishly.
FiNICALNESS, fin^^-k4l-nes, S. Superfluous nicety.
7b Finish, fin-ish, v. a. To bring to the end
proposed, to perfect, to polish to the excellency in-
tended.
Finisher, fin-ish-ur, s. One that finishes.
Finite, fl-nite, a. 126. Limited, bounded.
FiNITELESS, fl^nlte-les, a. Without bounds, ttn-
unlimitcd.
Finitely, fi^nlte-U', ad. With certain limits, to
a certain degree.
Finitenejs, fi^nlte-nes, ")
Finitude, fm^e-tude, J
Limitation, confinement within certain bounuaries.
FiNLESS, fin-les, a. Without fins.
Finlike, fin-llke, a. Formed in imitation of flns.
FlNNED, find, a. 362. Having broad edges spread
out on either side.
Finny, fln-n^, a. Furnished with fins, formed for
the element of water.
FiNTOED, fin-tide, a. Having a membrane
between the toes.
FiNOCHIO, fe-ni-she-6, S. Fennel.
Fir, fer, s. 109. The tree of which deal-board* are
made.
Fire,' fire, S. The element that bums ; any thing
burning; a conflagration of towns or countries; the
piinishment of the damned; any thing that inflamef
the passions ; ardour of temper ; liveliness of imagina-
tion, vigour of fancy, spirit of sentiment ; the passion
of love: eruptions or imposthumations, as St. An-
thony's fire.
Firearms, flreiarmz, s, Arms which owe their
efficacy to fire, guns.
»•
FIS FIX
559. FJte73, far 77, ftU 83, fltSl— mJ 93,'met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 1G4
Fireball, fire-ball, S. Grenado, ball filled with
combustibles, and bursting wliere it is tlirown.
FiREBRUSH, fire-brush, S. Tlie brush which hangs
by the fireside to sweep the hearth.
PiREDRAKE, fire-drake, S. A fiery serpent.
FiRENEW, fire-nuj a. New from the forge, new
from the melting-house.
FiRER, fire-ur, s. 98. An incendiary.
Fireside, lire-sidej s. The hearth, the chimney.
FiRESTICK, flre-Stlk, S. A lighted sticlc or brand.
Fireworks, fire-wurks, S. Preparations of gun-
powder to be exhibited for show or publick rejoicing.
To Fire, fire, v. a. To set on fire, to kindle ; to
to inflame the passions, to animate.
To Fire, fire, v. n. To take fire, to be kindled ; to
be influenced with passion; to discharge any fire-arms.
Firebrand, rire-br^nd, s. A piece of wood
kindled; an incendiary, one who inflames factions.
FirecrosS, fire-krSs, S. A token in Scotland for
the nation to take arms.
F1.RELOCK, fire-lok, S, A soldier's gun, a gun
discharged by striking steel with a flint.
Fireman, fire^m^n, s. 83. One who is employed
to extinguish burning houses.
Firepan, flre-pJn, s. A pan for holding or carrying
fire ; in a gun, the receptacle for the priming powder.
FiRESHIP, fire-ship, S. A ship filled with com-
bustible matter to fire the vessels of the enemy.
i IRESHOVEL, f!re'-shuv-vl, s. The instrument
■with which the hot coals are thrown up.
Firestone, fire-stone, s. A hearth-stone, stone
that will bear the fire, the pyrites.
Firewood, fire-wud, s. Wood to bum, fuel.
Firing, fiiring, s. Fuel.
To Firk, ferk, v. a. To whip, to beat.
Firkin, fer-kin, S. A vessel containing nine
gallons ; a small vessel.
Firm, ferrn, O. 108. strong, not easily pierced
or shaken; hard, opposed to soft; constant, steady,
resolute, fixed, unshaken; the name or names under
which any liouse of trade is established ; a commercial
word.
To Firm, ferm, v, a. To settle, to confirm, to
establish, to fix; to fix without wandering.
Firmament, fer-m^-ment, s. The sky, the
heavens.
Firmamental, fer-ml-men-tdl, a. Celestial, of
the upper regions.
Firmly, ferm-le, ad. Strongly, impenetrably;
immoveably ; steadily, constantly.
Firmness, ferm-nes, s. Stability, compactness;
steadiness, constancy, resolution.
First, furst, a. 108. The ordinal of one ; earliest
in time; liighest in dignity ; great, excellent.
First, furst, ad. Before any thing else, earliest ;
before any other consideration ; at the beginning, at
first.
First-got, furstigot, \
FiRST-EFGOTTEN, furst-be-gSt-tn, J
The eldest of children.
FiRST-FRUITS, furst-froots, s. What the season
first produces or matures of any kind ; the first profits
of any thing ; the earliest effects of any thing.
Firstling, furst-ling, *. The first produce or
offspring ; the thing first thought or done.
FiSC, fisk, S. Publick treasury.
Fiscal, fis-k^l, s. 88. Exchequer, revenue.
FiSH, fish, s. An animal that inhabits the water.
7b Fish, fish, v. n. To be employed in catching
fish ; to endeavour at any thing by artifice.
To Fish, f iSh, v. a. To search water in quest of
fish.
Fish-hook, fish-hook, s. A hook for matching
fish.
203
Fishpond, flsh^pund, s. A small pool for fish.
Fisher, ftsh-ur, s. S8. One who is employed in
catching fish.
Fish-erboat, fish^ur-bote, s. A boat employed in
catching fish.
Fisherman, fish-ur-m4n, *. 88. One whose
employment and livelihood is to catch fisli.
Fishery, flsh-ur-^, s. The business of catching fish.
FiSHFUL, fish-ful, a. Abounding with fish.
To FiSHIFY, flsh^e-fi, v. a. To turn to fish.
Fishing, fish-ing, S. Commodity of taking fish.
FiSHKETTLE, fish^ket-tl, s. 405. A caldron made
long for the fish to be boiled without bending.
Fishmeal, fish^mele, s. Diet of fish.
Fishmonger, fish-mung-gur, s. A dealer in fish.
Fishy, fish-e, a. Consisting of fish ; having the
qualities of fish.
Fissile, fis^sil, a. 140. Having the grain in
a certain direction, so as to be cleft.
FiSSJLITY, flS-Sll-5-t^, S. The quality of admitting
to be cloven.
Fissure, flsh^shure, s. 452. A cleft, a narrow
chasm where a breach has been made.
Fist, fist, s. The hand clenched with the fingers
doubled down.
Fisticuffs, fis^te-kufs, s. Battle with the fist.
Fistula, fis^tshu-lA, s. 461. A sinuous ulcer
callous within.
FlSTULAR, f1s-tshu-l4r, *. 88. Hollow like a pipe.
Fistulous, fis-tshu-lus, a. Having the nature of
a fistula.
Fit, fit, s. A paroxysm of any intermittent dis-
temper; any short return after intermission ; disorder,
distemperature ; the hysterical disorders of women,
and the convulsions of children.
Fit, fit, a. Qualified, proper; convenient, meet, right.
To Fit, fit, v. a. To suit one thing to another ;
to accommodate a person with any thing ; to be adapted
to, to suit any thing; to fit out, to furnish, to equip;
to fit up, to furnish, to make proper for use.
To Fit, fit, v. n. To be proper, to be fit.
Fitch, fltsh, s. A small kind of wild pea.
Fitchat, fitshiit, 1
Fitchew, itt^tshoo, J
A stinking little beast, that robs the henroost anj
warren.
Fitful, fit-fill, a. Varied by paroxysms.
Fitly, ^t-li, ad. Properly, justly, reasonably ;
commodiously, meetly.
Fitness, flt-nes, S. Propriety, meetness, justness,
reasonableness; convenience, commodity, the slate of
being fit.
Fitment, fit-ment, S, Something adapted to a
particular purpose.
Fitter, fit^tur, s. The person or thing that confers
fitness for any thing.
Five, five, a. Four and one, half of ten.
FiVELEAVED Grass, five-leevd, s. Cinqucfoil, a
species of clover.
Fives, fivz, S. A kind of play with a ball; a
disease of horses.
To Fix, fiks, V. a. To make fast; to settle; to
(•irect without variation ; to deprive of volatility; to
transfix ; to withhold from motion.
To Fix, flks, V. n. To determine the resolution
to rest, to cease to wander; to lose volatilily, so as to
be malleable.
Fixation, fik-sa-shun, s. stability, firmness
confinement, want of volatility; reduction from
fluidity to firmness.
Fixedly, fik-sed-le, ad. 364. Certainly, firmly.
Fixedness, flk-sed-nes, 5, 365. stability ; want
of Mss of volatility J steadiness, settled opinion or re-
solution.
FLA
FLA
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 1,3— Oil 299— pound 313— ^'*in 466, Tills 469.
PiXIDITY, f1k-si(l-e-t^,l „ , r .
T- i-^i r I * ( f *• Coherence of parts.
Fixity, fik-se-te, J
Fixture, flks-tshure, s. 463. Firmness, stable
stale ; a piece of furniture fixed to a house.
FiXURE, f'lk-shure, 5. 479. Firmness, stable state.
Fizgig, fiz-j;ig, s. A kind of dart or harpoon,
with wliicli seamen strike fish.
Flabby, flilb-be, a. Soft, not firm.
Flabile, fi^b-ll, a. 140. Subject to be blown,
airy.
Flaccid, flik-sul, a. Weak, Umber, not sliflj
iax, not tense. — See Bxa'^gerate.
Flaccidiiy, fliik-sid-e-te, 5. Laxity, limbemess,
want of tension.
7^0 Flag, fiAg', v. n. To hang loose without
stiffness or tension ; to grow spiritless or dejected ; to
grow feeble, to lose vigour.
To Flag, fl%, v. a. To let fail, to suffer to drop;
to lay with broad stones.
Flag, fl;tff, *. A water-plant with a broad-bladed
leaf and yellow flower ; the colours or ensign of a sliip
or land forces; a species of stone used for smooth
pavement.
Flag-DROOM, flSg-broom, S. A broom for sweep-
ing flags or pavements.
Flag-officer, flig-5f-fJ-sur, s, A commander
of a squadron.
Flag-ship, fl^g-ship, S, The ship in which the
commander of a fleet is.
Flag-worm, fl%-wurm, s. a grub bred in
watery places among flags or sedge.
Flagelet, fl5.dje-e-let, *. A small fiutc.
Flagellation, fl3.dje-el-la-shun, s. The use of
tlie scourge.
Flagginess, fli\g-gc-nes, S, Laxity, limbemess.
Flaggy, flig-ge, a. 383. Weak, lax. Umber;
insipid.
Flagitious, flA-jish-us, a. Wicked, vUlainous,
atrocious.
Flagitiousness, fli-jish-us-nes, s.
Wiikedness, villainy.
Flagon, flig-un, S. 166. A vessel of drink with a
narrow moutli.
Flagrancy, fla-grin-s6, S. Burning heat, fire.
Flagrant, flA-grant, a. Ardent, burning, eager;
glutting; red; notorious, flaming.
FlAGRATION, fli-gra-sbun, *, Burning.
Flagstaff, flig-staf, s. The staff on which the
flag is fixed.
Flail, flale, S. 202. The instrument with which
grain is beaten out of tf.e ear.
Flake, flake, S, Any IhiHg that appears loosely
held togetlicr i a stratum, layer, a lotk of wool drawn
out.
Flaky, fla^ke, O. Loosely hanging together ; lying
in layers or strata, broken into lamina.
Flam, flim, S. A falsehood, a lie, an illusory
pretext.
To Flam, fl3in, V, a. To deceive with a lie.
Flambeau, flim-bo, s. 245. A lighted torch.
Plural Flumbeaicx,
Flame, flame, ,y. Light emitted from fire ; a stream
of fire; ardour of temper or imagination, brightness
of fancy ; ardour of inclination ; passion of love.
To Flame, AAitip, r. n. To shine as fire, to burn
with emission of liglit ; to blaze; to break out in vio-
lence of passion.
Flame-coloured, fiameikul-lurd, a. 362.
Of a bright yellow colour.
Flaimen, fla-inen, s. 503. A priest in ancient
times, one tliat ofiieialed in solemn otiices.
Q:y- If there be any case in which we are to take our
English quantity from the Latin, it is in words of two
syllalilcs whicli retain their Latin form, and have the
vovvcl in the (irst syllable long. — See Drama,
209
Flapeared, flap-eerd, a. 362. Having loose and
Flammation, flSm-maishun, s. The act of
setting on flame.
Flammability, fl^m- mit-biUe-te, s. The qualitj-
of admitting to lie set on fire.
FlAiMMEOUS, fl^m'me-us, a. Consisting of flame*
Flammiferous, flitm-mit-fe-rus, a. 518.
Blinking flame.
Flammivomous, fl4m-miv-6-mus, a, 528.
Vomiting out flame.
Flamy, fld-me, a. Inflamed, burning; having the
nature of flame.
Flank, flAngk, S. The part of the side of
quadruped near the hinder thigh ; in men, tlie latter
part of the lower belly ; the side of any army or fleet ;
111 fortification, tliat part of the bastion wiiicli reaches
from the curtain to the face.
To Flank, fl^ngk, v. a. To attack the side of a
hatialion or fleet; to be posted s(. as to overlook or
command any pass on the side, to be on llie side.
Flanker, flingk^ur, *. A fortification jutting out
so as to command the side of a body marching to the
assault.
Flannel, flin-nSl, s, 99. A soft nappy stuff of
wool.
Flap, flap, S. Any thing that hangs broad and
loose; the motion of any thing broad and loose; the
noise made by that motion; a disease in horses.
To Flap, fl^p, v. a. To beat with a flaj), as flies
are beaten ; to move with a flap or noise.
To Flap, flip, i'. n. To ply ^ne wings with noise ;
to fall with flaps or broad parts depending.
FlAPDRAGON, flAp-drig-un, S. A play in which
they catch raisins out of burning brandy ; the thing
eaten at flapdiajon
^LAPEAREl
broad ears.
T'o Flare, flare, v. n. To flutter with a splendid
show; to glitter with transient lustre; to glitter offen-
sively ; to be in too much light.
Flash, flisb, S. a sudden, quick, transitory blaze ,
sudden burst of wit or merriment ; a short transient
state ; a body of water driven by violence.
To Flash, flitsh, v. n. To glitter with a quick and
transient flame; to burst out into any kind of vio-
lence ; to break out into wit, merriment, or bright
thought.
7'f Flash, flish, v. a. To strike up largo bodiei
of water.
Flasher, flasb-ur, s. A man of more appearance
of wit than reality.
Flashily, flisli-e-le, ad. with empty show.
Flashy, flish-^, a. Empty, not solid ; showy,
without substance; insipid, without force or spirit.
Flask, flisk, S. a bottle, a vessel ; a powder-horn.
Flasket, flisk-It, S. A vessel in which viands are
served.
Flat, flit, a. Horizontally level ; smooth, without
protuberances; without elevation; level with the
ground; lying horizontally prostrate, lying along; in
painting, without relief, without prominence of the
figures; tasteless, insipid; dull, unanimated ; spirit-
less, dejected; peremptory, absolute, downright ; not
sharp in sound.
Flat, flit, S. A level, an extended plane ; even
ground, not mountainous; a smooth low ground ex-
posed to inundations; shallow, strand, place in the
sea where the water is not deep ; the broad side of a
blade; depression of thought or language; a mark er
character in musick.
To Flat, flit, v. a. To level, to depress, to make
broad and smooth ; to make vapid.
To Flat, flit, v. n. To grow flat, opposed to swell;
to become unanimated or vapid.
FlATLONG, flit^l(*ng, ad. With the flat down-
wards, not edgewise.
Flatly, flit-Ie, ad. Horizontally, without inclina.
lion ; without prominence or elevation ; without spirilj
duUy, frigidly ; peremptorily, downright,
V
FLE
FLE
(»-559. Fite73, far 77, 1^1183, f4t81— m^SS, met95— pliie 105, pin 107— hi6 162, move 164
Flatness, flat-nes, s. Evenness, level extension i
want of relief or prominence; deadness, insipidity,
vapidness ! dejection of state; dejection of mind, want
of life; dullness, insipidity, frigidity; the contrary to
shrillness oraCnteness of sound.
To Flatten, flit-tn, v. a. 405. To make even
or level, without prominence or elevation ; to boat
down to the ground; to make vapid; to deject, to de-
press, to dispirit.
To Flatten, flit-tn, v. n. To grow even or level;
to grow dull and insipid.
Flatter, flit-tur, s. 98. The workman or instru-
ment by which bodies are flattened.
To Flatter, flit-tur, v. a. To sooth with
praises, to please with blandishments; to praise falsely;
to raise false hopes.
FlatfereR, flit-tur-rur, S. One who flatters, a
fawner, a wheedler.
Flattery, flit-tur-^, s. 557- False praise, artful
obsequiousness.
FlATTISH, flit-tish, a. Somewhat flat, approaching
to flatness.
Flatulency, flitsh-u-len-se, *. 461. Windiness,
turgidness; emptiness; vanity.
Flatulent, flitsh-u-lent, a. Turgid vfith air,
windy; empty, vain, big without substance or reality,
pufl'y.
Flatuosity, fl^tsh-A-os-e-t^, S. Windiness, ful-
ness of air.
FlATUOUS, flitsh-U-US, a. Windy, full of wind.
Flatus, fli'tus, S, Wind gathered in any cavities
of the body.
Flatwise, flUt-wlze, ad. With the flat downwards,
not the edge.
To Flaunt, flant, v. n. 214. To make a flutter-
inij show in apparel ; to be hung with something loose
and flying.
Flaunt, flant, S. Any thing loose and airy.
Flavour, fli-vur, S. 314. Power of pleasing the
taste J sweetness to the smell, odour, fragrance.
Flavoorous, fla-vur-us, a, 557. Delightful to
the palate ; fragrant, odorous
Flaw, flaw, S. A crack or breach in any thing ;
a fault, a defect ; a sudden gust ; a violent blast ; a tu-
muli, a tempestuous upioar; a sudden commotion of
mind.
To Flaw, flaw, v. a. To break, to crackj to
damage with fissure.
Flawless, flaw-U^s, a. Without cracks, without
defrcls.
Flawy, flaw-^, a. Full of flaws.
Flax, flAks, S. The fibrous plant of which the
finest thread is made; the fibres of flax cleansed and
combed for the spinner.
FlAXCOMB, flilks-kom, S. The instrument with
which the fibres of flax are cleansed from the brittle
parts.
Flaxdresser, fliks-dres-sur, s. He that pre-
pares flax for the spinner.
Flaxen, fl^k-sn, a, 103. Made of flax; fair,
long, and flowing.
Flaxweed, fl^ks-weed, s. A plant.
To Flay, flA, v. a. 221 . To strip off tlie skin 5 to
take off the skin or surface of any thing.
(CT- There is a common pronunciation of this word as
if spelled Jlta, rhyming with sea, which is every day
growing moie vulgar.
Flayer, fli-ur, S. He tliat strips the £kin oflT any
thing.
Flea, fl^, s. A small insect remanrkable for its
agility in leaping.
To Flea, fle, v. a. To clean from fleas.
Fleabane, fle-bane, s. A p ant.
Fleabitk, flcMnto, "^ .
1 LEABITINC; fi^'b'.-ting, J
214
Red marks caused by fleas; a small hurt or pain like
that caused by the sting of a flea.
FleaBI TTEN, fleib'lt-tn, a. 103. Stung by flea* ;
mean, worthless.
FlEAK, fleke, S. A small lock, thread, or twist.
To FlEAK, fleke, v. a. To spot, to streak, to
stripe, to dapple.
Fleam, fleme, S. An instrument used to bleed
cattle.
FlEAWORT, fle-Wlirt, S. A plant.
To Flecker, flek^ur, v. a. To spot, to mark
with strokes or touches.
Fled, fled. The pret. and part, of Flee.
Fledge, fledje, a. Full-feathered, able to fly.
To Fledge, fledje, v. a. To furnish with wings,
to supply with feathers.
To Flee, Rkh, v. n. Pret. Fled. To run from
danger, to have recourse to shelter.
Fleece, fleese, S. As much wool as is shorn from
one sheep.
To Fleece, fl^^se, v. a. To clip the fleece of a
sheep ; to strio, to plunder, as a sheep is robbed of its
wool .
Fleeced, fleest, a. 359. Having fleeces of wool.
Fleecy, flee'se, ad. Woolly, covered with wool.
To Fleer, fl^^r, v. n. To mock, to gibe, to jeet
with insolence and contempt ; to leer, to grin with an
air of civility.
Fleer, fleer, S. Mockery expressed either in words
or looks; a deceitful grin of civility.
Fleerer, flcer-ur, *. 98. A mocker, a fawner.
Fleet, flWt, *. A company of ships, a navy.
Fleet, fleet, *. A creek, an inlet of water.
Fleet, fleet, a. Swift of pace, quick, nimble,
active; skimming the surface.
To Fleet, fl^^t, v. n. To fly swiftly, to vanish ;
to be in a transient state.
To Fleet, fl^et, v. a. To skim the water ; to live
merrily, or pass lime away lightly.
Fleetly, fleet-1^, ad. Swiftly, nimbly, with swift
pace.
FleETNESS, fle^t-nes, *. Swiftness of course,
nimbleness, celerity.
Flesh, flesh, S. The body distinguished from the
soul ; the muscles distinjiuished from the skin, bones,
tend<ms ; animal food distinjiuislied frutn vegetable;
the body of beasts or birds used in food, distinct from
fishes; animal nature; carnality, corporal appetites ;
near relation ; the outward or literal sense. The Ori-
entals termed the immediate or literal signification of
any precept or type The Flesh, and the remote or ty-
pical meaning The Spirit. This is frequent in St. Paul.
To Flesh, flesh, v. a. To imitate; to harden, to
establish in any practice ; to glut, to satiate.
FlESHCOLOUR, flfcSh-kul-lir, S. The colour of fleih.
Flesh FLY, fltsh-fll, *. A fly that feeds upon flesh,
and deposits her cgus in it.
FleshHOOK, flesh-hook,*. A l-.ook to draw flesh
from the caldron.
Fleshless, flesh-les, S. Without flesh.
Flesh LINESS, flesh-le-nes, S. Carnal passions or
appetites.
Fleshly, flesh-le, a. Corporeal; carnal; animal,
not vegetable.
Flesh MEAT, flesh-mete, S. Animal food, the flesh
of animals prepaied for food.
FlESHMENr, flesh-Uient, s. Eagerness gained by
a succesbtiil initiation.
Fleshmonger, flesh-mung-gur, s. One who
deals in Hesh, a pimp.
FleSHPOT, flesh-pftt, *. A vessel in which flesh it
cooked, thence plenty of flesh.
Flesh gUAKE, flesh- kwAko, S. A tremor of the
body. ^
Fleshy, flesh-e, a. Plump, full of flesh; pulpoiis
FLl
FLO
nor 16'7, i»St 163— tube 171, tub 1*2, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Mia 466, Tliis 469.
Flew, flA, 265. The pret. of To Fly.
Flew, flu, S. Tlfc large chaps of a deep-moutlied
huuiid.
FlewED, fl&de, a. 362. Chapped, mouthed.
Flexanimous, fleks-in'-^-inuS, a. Having power
, to change the dispositiDii of the mind.
Flexibility, fleks-e-bil'e-te, s. The quality of
admitting to be bent, pliancy; easiness to be persuaded,
compliance.
Flexible, fleks-e-bl, a. 405. Possrbie to be
bent, pliant; complying, obsequious; ductile, ma-
nageable ; that may be accommodated to various forms
and pur|X)ses.
FlEXIBLENESS, fleks-l-bl-nes, S. Possibility to
be bent, easiness to be bent ; obsequiousness, com-
. pliance; duclility, managcableness.
Flexile, fleks-il, a. 140. Pliant, easily bent,
obsequious U. any power or impulse.
Flexion, flek-shun, s. The act of bending;
a doul)le, a bending; a turn towards any part or
quarter.
Flexor, fleks-or, S. 166. The general name of
the muscles which act in contracting the joints.
Flexuous, flek-shu-us, o. 452. Winding,
tortuous ; variable, not steady.
Flexure, flek-shure, *. The form or direction in
which any thing is bent; the act of bending; the part
bent, the joint; obsequious or servile cringe.
To Flicker, flik-ur, v. a. To flutter, to play the
wings.
Flier, flUur, s. 98. A fugitive, a runaway; that
part of a machine which, by being put into a more
rapid motion than the oilier parts, equalizes and regu-
lates the motion of the rest.
Flight, fllte, s. 393. The act of flying or running
from danger; the act of using wings; removal from
place to place by means of wings ; a flock of birds Hy-
ing together, the birds produced in the same season, as
the harvest flight (jf pigeons; a volley, a shower; the
space passed by flying ; heat of imagination, sally of
the soul.
Flighty, fll-t^, a. Fleeting, swift ; wild, full of
imagination.
Flimsy, flun-Z^, a. Weak, feeble; mean, spirit-
less, without force.
To Flinch, flinsh, v. n. To shrink from any
suffering or undertaking.
FlinCHER, flinshiur, S, He who shrinks or fails
in any matter.
To Fling, fling, v. a. Pret. Flung. Part. Flung
or f long. To cast from the hand, to throw; to dut,
to cast with violence ; to scatter ; to drive by violence ;
to cast reproach ; to flin^ down, to demolish, to ruin ;
to fling otf, to \>tiSlc in t^ie chase.
To Fling, fling:, v. n. To flounce, to wince, to fly
into violent motions; to fling out, to grow unruly or
outrageous.
Fling, fling, S. A throw, a cast; a gibe, a sneer,
a contemptuous remark.
Flinger, fling^ur, s. 409. He who throws.
FUNT, flint, s. A kind of stone used in firelocks ;
any thing eminently or proverbially hard.
Flinty, fluit^^, a. Made of flint, strong J hard of
heart, inexorable.
Flip, flip, s. a liquor much used in ships, made by
mixing beer with spirits and sugar. A cant word.
. Flippancy, flip-p^n-S^, S. Talkativeness, loquacity.
Flippant, flip^p^nt, a. Nimble, moveable: it is
used only of the act of speech ; pert, talkative.
Flippantly, flip^p^nt-l^, ad. In a flowing,
prating way.
To FllRT, flurt, V. a. 108. To throw any thing
with a quick elastick motion ; to move with quickness.
To Flirt, flurt, v. n. To jeer, to gibe one ; to run
about perpetually, to be unsteady and fluttering; to
coquet with men.
Fliht, flurt,*. A quick elastick motion ; a sudden
trick ; a pert iiussey, a coquette.
2U
Flirtation, flur-ta^shun, s. a quick sprightly
motion ; coquetry.
To Flit, flit, v. n. To fly away ; to remove, to
flutter; to be flux or unstable.
Flitch, flitsh, *. The side of a hog salted and
cured.
Flittermouse, flltkur-m&use, *. The bat.
Flitting, fllt-ting, S. An offence, a fault ; a
flying away.
Flix, fliks, *. Down, fur, soft hair.
To Float, flote, v. n. 295. To swim on the
surface of the water j to pass with a light irregular
course.
To Float, flite, v. a. To cover with water.
Float, flote, s. The act of flowing ; any body go
contrived or formed as to swim on the water ; the cork
or quill by which the angler discovers the bite.
Floaty, flo-te, a. Buoyant and swimming a-top.
Flock, fltjk, S. A company of birds or beasts ; a
company of sheep, distinguished from herds, which are
of oxen; a body of men; a lock of wool.
To Flock, flok, v. n. To gather in crowds or large
numbers.
To Flog, fl&g, v. a. To lash, to whip.
Flood, flud, s. 308. A body of water; a deluge,
an inundation: flow, flux, not ebb; catamenia.
To Flood, flud, v. a. To deluge, to cover with
waters.
Floodgate, flud^gite, s. Gate or shutter by
which the watercourse is closed or opened at pleasure.
Floor, flook, *. 306. The broad part of the
anchor which takes hold of the ground.
Floor, flAre, *. 310. The pavement; the part of
a room on which we tread ; a story, a fliglit of rooms.
To Floor, flire, v. a. To cover the bottom with
a floor.
Flooring, flA^^ring, s. Bottom, floor.
To Flop, flftp, v. a. To clap the wings with noise.
Floral, flo-ril, a. Kelating to Flora, or to
flowers.
Florence, flSriense, s. A kind of cloth; a kind
of wine.
Floret, flA-ret, S. A small imperfect flower.
Florid, flSr-ld, a. 544. Productive of flowers,
covered with flowers; bright in colour, flushed with
red ; embellished, splendid.
Floridity, fli-rid-A-te, S. Freshness of colour.
FloridnesS, fl6r-ld-nes, s. Freshness of colour j
embellishment, ambitiuus elegance.
Floriferous, flA-riP-f^-rus, a. 518.
Productive of flowers.
Florin, flftr^in, s. A coin first made by the
Florentines. That of Germany is four shillings and
sixpence, that of Spain four shillings and four-pence
halfpenny, that of Palermo an<l Sicily two shillings
and sixpence, that of Holland two shillings.
Florist, flA-nst, *. A cultivator of flowers.
(fc3" Why we should prormunce ^oiis* and yZoret with
the long 0, andfiorid and^^orin with the short sound of
that letter, cannot easily be guessed. Tliey are all from
the same original, are all anglicised, and consist but of
two syllables ; and the only thin? that cati be galliered
from them is, the uncertainty of ar(;ning from the Latin
quantity to ours. — See Drama, and Principles, No. 544.
Flor'JLENT, flSr-u-lunt, a. Flowery, blossoming.
Flosculous, flSs-ku-lus, n. Composed of flowers.
To Flote, fl&te, v. a. To skim.
To Flounce, flounse, v. n. 312. To move with
violence in the water or mire; to move with weight
and tumult; to move with passionate agitation.
To Flounce, flounse, v. a. To deck with
flounces.
Flounce, flounse, s. Any thing sewed to the
garment, and hanging loose, so as to swell and shake i
FLO
FLY
63- 559. Fute 73, fir 77, fall 83, tkt 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, m've 16'4,
Fluctuant, flukitshu-4nt, a. 461. Wavcrinj,
uiiceriain.
To Fluctuate, fluk-tshu-ate, v. n. To roll ft
and again as water in agitation, to float bacl<ward and
forward; to move with uncertain and hasty motion-
to be in an uncertain state, to be irresolute.
Fluctuation, fluk-tshu-aishun, s. The alternate
motion of the water, uncertainty, indeterinination.
Flue, flu, s. 335. A small pipe or chimney to
convey air; soft down or fur.
Fluency, flu-en-se, s. The quality of flowing,
smoothness, readiness, copiousness, volubility.
Fluent, flu-ent, a. Liquid, flowing, in motion, in
flux; ready, copious, voluble.
Fluent, flu-ent, *. stream, running water.
Fluid, flu-id, a. Having parts easily separable, not
solid.
Fluid, flu-id, s. In physick, an animal juice.
any thing that flows.
Fluidity, flu-uUe-te, s. The quality in bodici
opposite to solidily.
FlUIDNESS, flti-ld-nes, S. That quality in bodies
opjinsite to sta'iility.
FlUM.MERY, flum-ur-e, *. A kind of food made
by coagulation of wheat-flour or oatmeal.
Flung, flung. Part, and pret. of Flblg.
Fluor, flu-5r, *. 166. A fluid state; catamenia.
Flurry, flur-r^, s. A gust or storm of wind, a
hasty blast ; hurry.
To Flush, flush, ik n. To flow with violence; to
come in haste; to glow in the skin.
To Flush, flush, v. a. To colour, to redden ; to
elate, to elevate.
Flush, flush, a. Fresh, full of vigour; affluent,
abounding.
Flush, flush, s. Afflux, sudden impulse, violent
flow ; cards all of a sort.
To Fluster, flus^tur, v, a. To make hot and
rosy with drinking.
Flute, flute, S. A musical pipe, a pipe with stops
for the fingers ; a channel or furrow in a pillar.
To Flute, flute, v. a. To cut columns into
hollows.
To Flutter, flut-tur, v. n. 98. To take short
flights with great agitation of the wings; to move
with great show and bustle; to be moved with quick
vibrations or undulations; to inove irregularly.
To Flutter, flut'-tur, v. a. To drive in disorder,
like a flock of birds suddenly roused ; to hurry the
mind; to disorder the position of any thing.
Fll'TTER, flut-tur, S. Hurry, tumult, disorder of
mind, confusion, irregularity.
FlUVIATICK, flu-V^-it'lk, a. Belonging to rivers.
Flux, fltlks, *. The act of flowing; any flow or
issue of matter ; dysentery, disease in which the bowels
are excoriated and bleed, bloody flux; concourse,
influence; the state of being melted; that which
mingled with a body makes it melt.
Flux, fluks, a. Unconstant, not durable, main*
tained by a constant succession of parts.
To Flux, fluks, v. a. To melt, to salivate, to
evacuate by spitting.
Fluxility, fluks-ll-^^5, S. Easiness of separation
of parts.
Fluxion, fluk-shun, S. The act of flowing; the
matter that flows ; in mathematicks, the arithmetick
or analysis of infinitely small variable quantities.
To Fly, fll. v. n. Pret. Flew or Fled. Part. Fled
or Fluwn. To move through the air with wings ; to pass
through the air; topassaway; to pass swiftly; to fly at,
to spring with violence, to fall on suddenly ; to move
with rapidity; to burst asunder with a sudden ex|jlo-
sinu ; to break, to shiver; to run away, to attempt to
escape; to fly in the face, to insult, to act in defiance;
to fly off, to revolt ; to fly out, to burst into passion ;
to break out into license, to start violently from any
direc'.iun ; to let fly, to discharge.
Flounder, floun-dur, s. 312. The name of a
small flat fish.
To Flounder, floun-dur, v. n. To struggle with
violent and irregular motions.
Flour, flour, S. The edible part of com, or any
grain reducible to powder.
(C^ This word, spelled in this manner, is not in John-
son, though nothing seems better settled by custom than
thisdistinction in the spelling between this word and the
flower of a plant. That words written alike ought not to
be sounded diff"erently in order to signify diflferent things,
lias been proved, it is presumed, under the word jBokJ;
but that words signifying diff"erent things, though sounded
alike, ought to be written (lifTerently. seems evident from
the necessity there is of making words which are the
signs of ideas as different as the ideas themselves. In
the former case we do not know how to pronounce the
vord how, till we have its meaning fixed by what follows;
in the latter, though the car is not sure of the idea till it
lias heard the context, the eye in reading is at no loss
for the meaning of the word, nor are the organs in sus-
pense how to pronounce it. The want of a dirt'erent
sound to express a different idea, is an imperfection of
the language in both cases ; but the want of a different
mark to express difference of idea to the eye, would be a
double imperfection.
To Flourish, flur^rish, v. n. 314. To be in
vigour; not to fade; to be in a prosperous state; to
use florid language; to describe various figures by in-
tersecting lines ; to boast, to brag; in musick, to play
some prelude.
To Flourish, flur-rish, v. a. To adom with
vegetable beauty ; to adorn with figures of needlework ;
to move anything in quick circles or vibrations; to
adorn with embellishments of language.
Flourish, flur-nsh, s. Bravery, beauty; an
ostentatious embellishment, ambitious coi)iousnes3 ;
figures formed by lines curiously or wantonly drawn.
Flourisher, flur-rish-ur, s. One that is in
pi'ime or in prosperity.
To Flout, flout, v. a. 312. To mock, to insult,
to treat with mockery and contempt.
To Flout, flout, v. n. To practise mockery, to
behave with coiilcmpl.
Flout, floiit, *. A mock, an insult.
Flouter, flou^tur, s. One who jeers.
7b Flow, flo, v. n, 324. To run or spread as
water ; to run, opposed to standing waters ; to rise,
not to ebb ; to melt ; to proceed, to issue ; to glide
smoothly, as a flowing pe-iod ; to write smoothly, to
speak volubly ; to be copious, to be full ; to hang loose
and waving.
To Floav, fli, V, a. To overflow, to deluge.
Flow, flo, s. The rise of water, not the ebb;
a sudden plenty or abundance; a stream of diction.
Flower, flou'-ur, s. 98. 323. The part of a
plant which contains the seeds ; an ornament, an em-
bellishment; the prime, the flourishing part; the
edible part of corn, the meal; the most excellent or
valuable part of any thing.
Flower-de-luce, fl3u-ur-de-luse,' s.
A bulbous iris.
To Flower, flou-ur, v. n. To be in flower, to be
in blossom ; to be in the prime, to flourish ; to froth,
to ferment, to mantle; to come as cream from the
surface.
To Flower, floii-ur, v. a. To adorn with
fictitious or imitated flowers.
Floweret, flou-ur-et, S. A flower, a small flower.
Flower-garden, flou-ur-gar-dii, s. A garden
in which "owcrs are princi|>ally cultivated.
Flowerines?, fiou-ur-e-nes, s. The state of
abounding in flowers; floridness of speech.
Flowering-bush, flou-ur-ing-bush, s. A plant.
Flowery, floii-ur-e, a. Full of flowers, adorned
w iili flowers real or fictitious.
Fl.OWINGLV, flo-ing-le, ml. With volubility,
with al undance.
FlOWK, Alike, s. A fl.,andor.
Fi-OWN, flone. Part, of Fly, or Jlee, Gone
away, escaped, puffed, date. " i
S12
FOL FOO
nSr l67,~nSt 163— tube ITl, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— fAin 465, Tuis 469.
To close over another of
To Fly, fli, v. a. To shun, lo avoid, to decline ;
to refuse association with ; to quit by fliglit j to attack
by a bird of prey.
Fly, fll, *. A small vpiiiged insect j that part of a
machine which, being put into a quick motion, regu-
lates the rest ; Fly in a compass, that which points
lidw the wind blows.
7'o Flyblow, flUbli, v. a. To taint with flies, to
fill with Mia);gi)ts.
FlvdoAT, fil-bote, s, A kind of vessel nimble and
light for sailing.
Flycatcher, fll-katsh-ur, s. One that hunts flies.
Flyer, fll-ur, *. 98. One that flies or runs away j
one that uses wings ; the fly of a jack.
To Flvfish, fll-fish, V, n. To angle with a hook
baited with a fly.
Foal, fole, s. 295. The offspring of a mare, or
other beast of burden.
To Foal, file, v. a. To bring forth a foal.
FOALBIT, foleiblt, S. A plant.
Foam, fime, s. 295. The white substance which
agitation or fermentation gathers on the lop of liquors,
froth, spume.
To Foam, f'ime, v. n. To froth, to gather foam ;
to be ill rage, lo be violently agitated.
Foamy, fo-Ol^, a. Covered with foam, frothy.
Fob, lob, s. A small pocket.
To Fob, fSb, v. a. To cheat, to trick, to defraud ;
to fob otf. to shift off, to put aside with an arlilice.
Focal, fo-kil, a. 88. Belonging to the focus.
Focus, fi-kus, s. The point where the rays are
collected by a burning glass; the point in the axis of
a lens, where the rays meet and cross each other j a
certain point in the axis of a curve.
Fodder, fSd-durj s. Dry food stored for cattle
against winter.
To Fodder, fod^dur, v. a. To feed with dry food.
F'ouDERER, fSd-dur-rur, s. He who fodders
cattle.
For, fo, s. 296. An enemy in war ; a persecutor,
an enemy in common life; an opponent, an ill-wisher.
FoEMAN, fiimin, S. Enemy in war.
Foetus, fe'-tus, s. 296. The child in the womb
after it is perlecfly formed.
Fog, liig", s. A thick mist, a moist dense vapour
near the surface of the land or water ; aftergrass.
Foggily, f6g^ge-l6, ad. 383. Mistily, darkly,
cloudily.
FOGGINESS, fSgigJ-nes, s. The state of being
dark or inisty, cloudiness, mistiness.
Foggy, f(5g'-gi, a. 383. Misty, cloudy, dark J
cloudy in understanding, dull.
Fori, ffth ! interj. An interjection of abhorrence.
Foible, foe^bl,*. 299. 405. A weak side, abUnd
side.
To Foil, foil, v. a. To put to the worst, to defeat.
Foil, foil, S. 299. A defeat, a miscarriage; leaf
gilding; something of another colour near which
jewels are set to raise their lustre ; a blunt sword used
in fencing.
• OILER, fo jl-ur,J. One who has gained advantage
over another.
To FoiN, foin, V. n. 299. To push in fencing.
FoiSON, fue-zn, S. 170. Plenty, abundance.
To Foist, ioist, v. a. 299. To insert by forgery.
Fold, fold, s. The ground in which sheep are con-
fined; the place wheve sheei; are lioiised ; the flock of
sheep ; a limit, a boundary ; a double, a complication,
fme part added to another-. froiTi the foregoing signifi-
cation is derived the use of Fold in composition. Fold
si;',nifiL's the same quantity added, as twenty fold,
twenty times repealed.
To Fold, ftjld, v. a. To shut sheep in the fold ; to
double, to complicate ; to enclose, to include, to shut.
213
To Fold, fild, v.
the same kind.
FolIACEOUS, fo-le-i-sbus, a. Consisting of lamina
or leaves.
Foliage, fo-le-adje, s. 90. Leaves, tufts of leaves.
To Foliate, fi-le-ate, v. a. To beat into lamina
or leaves.
Foliation, fo-le-a-sbun, *. The act of beating
into thin leaves ; the flower of a plant.
Foliature, fo-le-il-tsbure, s. The state of being
hammered into leaves.
Folio, fi-le-6, S. A large book, of which the pages
are formed by a sheet of paper once doubled.
Folk, foke, s. People, in familiar language j
nations, mankind.
OO" Notwithstanding this word is originaRy phirr.I, our
language is so little used to a plural, without s, that luiks
may now be accounted the best orthography, as it is cer-
tainly the only current pronunciation.
Follicle, f3l-li-kl, s. 405. A cavity in any
body with strong coats j a capsula, a seed-vei^sel.
To Follow, fSKlA, v. a. 327. To go after, not
before, or side by side ; to attend as a dependant ; to
pursue; to succeed in order of time ; to be consequen-
tial, as eff"ects; to imitate, lo copy; to obey, to ob.
serve; to attend to, to be busied with.
To Follow, fiUli, v. n. To come after another;
to be posterior in time; to be consequential; to con-
tinue endeavours.
Follower, ffil-lo-ur, s. One who comes after
another, not before him, or side by side; adependaiit;
an attendant ; an associate; an imitator, a copier.
Folly, fol-le, *. Want of understanding, weakness
of intellect; criminal weakness, depravity of miiidj
act of negligence or passion unbecoming wisdom.
To Foment, ftJ-mentJ v. a. To cherish with heat;
to bathe with warm lotions; to encourage, to support,
to cherish.
Fomentation, fi-uien-ti-shun, s. A fomentation
is partial bathing, called also stuping; the lotion pre-
pared to foment the parts.
FoM ENTER, fi-ineu-tiir, s. An encouragcr, a
supporter.
Fond, fJnd, a. Foolish, iilly 5 foolishly tender,
injudiciously indulgent ; pleased in too great a degree,
foolishly delighted.
7h Fondle, fSn-dl, v. a. 405. To treat with
great indulgence, to caress, to cocker.
Fondler, fon^dl-ur, s. One who fondles.
Fondling, fSn-dl-ing, *. A person or thing mueii
fondled or caressed; something regarded with great
atfection.
Fondly, fondMe, ad. Foolishly, weakly; witli
great or extreme tenderness.
Fondness, f^nd-nes, s. Foolishness, weakness ;
foolish tenderness; tender passion; unreasonable
liking.
Font, font, S. A stone vessel in which the water for
holy ba|itism is contained in the church.
Food, food, S. 10. 306. Victuals, provision for
the mouth ; any thing that nourishes.
FOODFUL, foodiful, a. Fruitful, full of food.
Fool, fool, s. 306. One to whom nature ha»
denied reason, a natural, at. idiot; in Scripture, a
wicked man; a term of indignity and reproach; one
who counterfeits folly, abufloon, a jester.
2'o Fool, fool, V, n. To trifle, to play.
To Fool, fool, v. a. To treat with contempt, tti
disappoint, to frustrate; to infatuate; to cheat.
FoOLDORN, fooi-born, a. Foolish from the birth.
Foolery, fool'-ur-e, *. 557. Habitual folly ; an
act of folly, trifling practice; object of folly,
Foolhardiness, fool-har-de-iies, s.
Mad rashness.
Foolhardy, fool-bar-de, a. Daring without
judgment, madly adventurous.
FooiTRAP, fool-tl4p, *, A snare lo catch fools in.
FOR FOR
t5» 559. The 73, fir 77, fall 83, f4t8I— m593, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
To Forage, fftr^je, v. a. To plunder, to strip.
FORAOE, for-aje, *. 90. Search of pruvisions, the
act of feeding abroad j provisions souglit abroad ; pro
visions in general.
FoRAMiNous, fi-rim^^-nus, a. Full of holes.
To Forbear, for-bAreJ v. n. Pret. I Forebore,
anciently Forbare. Part. Forborn. To cease from any
thing, to intermit; to pause, to delay ; to omit volun-
tarily; to :;bslain ; to restrain any violence of temper,
to be patient.
{tj- The 0 in these words (ireceding the accent, and fol-
lowed by a consonant, is under the same predicament as
the same letter in Command, CuUect, &c. which see.
To Forbear, for-barej v. a. 240. To decline,
to omit voluntarily ; to spare, to treat with clemency ;
to withhold.
Forbearance, for-bare-Anse, s. The care of
avoiding or shunning anything; intermission of some-
thing ; command of temper; lenity, delay of punish-
inent, mildness.
Forbearer, for-bi-rur, S. An intermitter, mter-
cepter cf any thing.
To Forbid, for-bidj v. a, Pret. I/brbude.
Part. Forbidden or Forbid. To prohibit ; to oppose, to
hinder.
FoRBIDDANCE, f3r-bi(UdSnse, S. Prohibition.
Forbiodenly, for-bid-(ln-le, ad. In an un-
lawful manner.
FORBIDDER, for-bid-dur, s. One that prohibits.
Forbidding, fir-bid'-dimg, part. a.
Kaising abhorrence.
Force, forse, .». strength, vigour, might; violence;
virtue, efficacy; validness, power of law; armament,
warlike preparation; destiny, necessity, fatal com-
pulsion.
To Force, forse, v. a. To compel, to constrain;
to overpower ; to impel; to enforce; to drive by vio-
lence or power; to storm, to take or enter by violence;
to ravish, to violate by force; to force out, to extort.
Forcedly, fAr'seil-1^, ad. 364. Violently, con-
strainedly.
Forceful, forse-fiil, a. Violent, strong, impetuous.
Forcefully, firse-ful-le, ad.
Violently, impetuously.
Forceless, forse-les, a. Without force, weak,
feeble.
Forceps, fur-seps, s. Forceps properly signifies a
pair of t<mgs, but i6 used for an instrument in chirur-
gery to extract any thing out of wounds.
Forcer, fore-sur, s. That which forces, drives, or
constrains ; the embolus of a pump working by pulsion.
Forcible, fore-se-bl, a. 405. Strong, mighty
violent, impetuous; etiicacious, powerful ; prevalent,
of great influence; done by force; valid, binding.
FoRciBLENESS, fiie-se-bl-nes, S. Forte, violence.
Forcibly, foiisc-ble, ud. strongly, powerfully j
impetuously ; by violence, Ijy force.
Forcu'ATED, for-se-pa-ted, a. Like a pair of
pincers to open and enclose.
Ford, ford, s. A shallow part of a river ; the
stream, thv current.
To Ford, ford, v. a. To pass without swimming.
ForDABLE, ford-A-bl, a. 405. Passable without
swimming.
Fore, fore, a. Anterior, that comes first in a pro-
gressive motion.
Fore, fore, ad. Anteriourly : Fore is a word much
used in compostion to mark priority of time.
To Forearm, fore-aini( v. a. To provide for an
attack iM- resistance hefore the time of r.eod.
To Forebode, fore-bodej v. n. To prognosticate,
to foretell ; to fireknow.
FoREBODER, ft)l'e-bode-ur, S. A progncstieator,
a sootliiiiyer ; a foveknower.
7V) FoRF.CAST, fore-kiistj t'. ff. 492. To scheme,
to plan before execution; to adjust, to contrive) to
foresee, to provide agaiHsl.
Foolish, fool-ish, a. Void of understanding, weak
of intellect; imprudent, indiscreet; in Scripture,
wicked, sinful.
Foolishly, fool-ish-le, ad. Weakly, without
understanding; in Scripture, wickedly.
Foolishness, fool-ish-nes, S. Folly, want of un-
derstanding; toolish practice, actual deviation from
the right.
Foot, fut, s. Plur. Feet, 307- Tlie part upon
which we stand ; that by which any thing is supported;
the lower part, the base; infantry; state, character,
condition ; scheme, plan, settlement ; a certain num-
ber of syllables constituting a distinct part of a verse;
a ineasnre containing twelve inches ; step.
To Foot, fut, v. n. 307. To dance, to tread
wantonly, to trip; to walk, not ride.
To Foot, filt, v. a. To spurn, to kick ; to tread.
Football, fut-ball, S, A ball driven by the foot.
FooTBOY, fut-bbe, S. A low menial, an attendant
in livery.
Footbridge, fiil-bridje, s. A bridge on which
passengers walk.
FooTCLOTH, filt-kloM, s. A sumpter cloth.
Foothold, fiit-hold, s. Space to hold the foot.
Footing, fut-ting, S. Ground for the foot;
foundation, basis, support; tread, walk; dance; en-
trance, beginning, establishment ; state, condition,
settlement.
Footlicker, filt-lik-ur, S. A slave, a humble
fawner.
Footman, ftst-mAn, S. 88. A soldier that marches
and fights on foot; a low menial servant in livery; one
who practises to walk or run.
Footmanshh', fiitimin-ship, S. The art or
faculty of a runner.
Footpace, fut-pAse, S. Part of a pair of stairs,
whereon, afier four or five steps, you arrive at a broad
place ; a pace- no faster than a slow walk.
Footpad, flit-pad, s. A highwayman that robs on
foot.
Footpath, fut-pi/A, s. Niirrow way which will
not admit horses.
FooTPOST, fut-post, *. A post or messenger that
travels on foot.
FooTSTALL, fut-Stall, S. 406. A woman's
stirrup.
Footstep, filt-Step, s. Trace, track, impression
left by the foot; token, mark; example.
Footstool, fiat-stool, S. Stool on which he that
sits places his feet.
Fop, fop, 5. A coxcomb, a man of small understand-
ing and much ostentation ; one fond of dress.
Foppery, fop-ur-e, S. 557. Folly, impertinence;
affectation of show or importance, slu>wy folly; fond-
Foolish, idle, vain ; vain in
ness of dress
Foppish, fopiplsh, a.
show, vain of dress.
Foppishly, fip-pish-le, ad. Vainly, ostentatiously.
Foppishness, lopipishriies, s. Vanity, showy
vanity.
FoppLING, fSp-lln^, S. A petty fop.
See To Codk.
For, for, prep. 167. Because of; with respect
to ; considered as, in the place of; for the sa-ke of; in
comparative respect ; after Oh, an expression of de-
sire ; on account of, in solution of; inducting to as a
motive ; in remedy of ; in exchange for : in the place
■ of, instead of; in supply of, to serve in the place of;
through a certain duration ; in search of, in quest of;
in favour of, on the part of; with intention of; not-
withstanding, to the use of; in consequence of; in
. recompense of.
For, fbr, conj. The word by which the reason is
given of something advanced before , because, on this
act ount that ; for as much, in regard that, in consi-
deration of.
To Forage, fir-aje, v. n. 168. To wander in
search of provisions ; to ravage, to feed on spoil.
214
FOR
FOR
nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tSb 173, bull 173— 3il 299— pound 313— //an 466, Tiiis 460.
To Forecast, fore-kast{ v. n. To form schemes,
to contrive beforehand.
Forecast, fore-kSst, 5. 492. Contrivance before-
hand, antecedent policy.
Forecaster, fore-kist-ur, *. One who contrives
beforehand.
Forecastle, fire-kfc-sl, s, 405. in a ship,
that part where the foremast stands.
Forechosen, f6re-tsh6-zn, part. 103.
Pre-elected.
Forecited, fore-st-ted, //arf. Quoted before.
To Foreclose, fore-klSzeJ v. a. To siiut up, to
preclude, to prevent j to foreclose a mortgage, is to cut
off the power of redemption.
Foredeck, foreidek, *. The anteriour part of the
ship.
To Foredesign, fire-dl-sln{ v. a.
To plan beforeliand.
To FoREDO, fire-doo{ v. a. To ruin, to destroy i
to overdo, to weary, ii> harass.
To Foredoom, f6re-doom{ v. a. To predestinate,
to determine beforehand.
FoREEND, fore-end, *. Tlje anteriour part.
Forefather, fove-f^'-thur, «. Ancestor, one who
in any degree of ascending genealogy precedes another.
To Forefend, fore-fendj v. a. To prohibit, to
avert ; to provide for, to secure.
Forefinger, foreifing-gur, *. The finger next
to the thumb, tlie index.
Forefoot, fore-fut, s. Plural Forefeet. The
anteriour foot of a qnadruped.
To Forego, fire-goj v. a. To quit, to give up %
to go before, to be past.
Foregoer, fore-go-ur, s. Ancestor, progenitor.
Foreground, f6reiground, s. The part of the
field or expanse of a picture which seems to lie before
the figures.
Forehand, fore-h^nd, *. The part of a horse
which is before the rider ; the chief part.
Forehand, fireihAnd, a. Done too soon.
Forehanded, fore-h^nd-ed, a. Early, timely ;
formed in the foreparts. .
Forehead, for-hed, s. 515. Tl>at part of the
face which reaches from the eyes upwards to the hair;
impudence, confidence, assurance.
ForEHOLDING, fire-hild-ing, s. Predictions,
ominous accounts.
Foreign, fSr-in, a. Not of this country, not
domostick j alien, remote, not allied; excluded, ex-
traneous.
Foreigner, fur-rin-ur, s. A man that comes
from another country, a stranger.
ForeigNNESS, foi-rui-nes, S. Remoteness, want
of relation to something.
To FoREiMAGiNE, fore-im-midijin, v, a.
To conceive or fancy before proof.
To Forejudge, fire-judjej v. a. To judge
beforehand, to be prepossessed.
To Foreknow, firo-nA| v, a. To have prescience
of, to foresee.
Foreknowable, fire-ni'-i-bl, a. Capable of
being foreknown.
Foreknowledge, fire-nfil-idje, *. Prescience,
knowledge of ih»t which has not yet happened.
Foreland, fore-land, s. a promontory, head-
land, high land jutting into the sea, a cape.
To Forelay, fore-la,' v. a. To lay wait for,
to entrap by ainbnsli.
To Forelift, fire-lift( v. a. To raise aloft any
anti-riour part.
FoRFI.orK, fore^ok, s. The hair that grows from
the forepart of the bead.
Foreman, fireimin, s. dO. The first or chief
person on a jury ; the fir.«t servant in a s'.icp.
215
Forementioned, fire-menishund, a. Mentioned
or recited before.
Foremost, fore-most, a. First m place; first in
dignity.
Forenamed, fire-nimdj a. Nominated before.
Forenoon, fire-noon, s. The time of day
reckoned from the middle point between the dawn and
the meridian, to the meridian.
FORENOTICE, fire-ni-tis, s. Information of an
event before it happens.
FORENSICK, ti-ren^sik, a. Belonging to courts of
judicature.
To Foreordain, fore-or-dine,' v. a. To pre-
destinate, to predetermine, to preordain.
Forepart, fire^part, s. The anteriour part.
ForepasT, fire-pfct,' a. Past beyond a certain
time.
Forefossessed, fore-pftz-zestj a. Pre-occupied,
prepossessed, pre-engaged.
Forerank, fore-rAngk, «. 408. First rank, front.
Forerecited, fSre-rl-sl-ted, a. Mentioned or
enumerated before.
To Forerun, fore-run' r-. «. To come before as
an earnest of something following; to precede, to have
the start of.
Forerunner, fore-runinur, s. A harbinger, a
messenger sent before to give notice of the approach
of those that follow ; a prognostick, a sign foreshowing
any thing.
To Foresay, fore-sAj v. a. To predict, to prophesy.
To Foresee, fire-see,' v. a. To see beforehand,
to see wliat has not yet happened.
To Foreshame, fire-shime{ v. a. To shame,
to bring reproach upon.
Foreship, fire^sh^p, *. The anteriour part of the
ship.
To Foreshorten, fore-shSritn, v. a. To shorten
the forepart.
To Foreshow, fore-shij v. a. To predict}
to represent before it comes.
Foresight, fore-site, S. Foreknowledge; pro-
vident care of futurity.
Foresightful, fire-slteiful, a.
Prescient, provident.
To Foresign IFY, fore-sigin^-rt, v. a. To betoken
beforehand, to foreshow.
Foreskin, fore-skin, s. The prepuce.
Foreskirt, fire-skert, s. The loose part of the
coat before.
To Foreslow, ft)re-sl6j v. a. To delay, to
hinder; to neglect, to omit.
To Forespeak, fAre-spike{ v. n. To predict, to
foresay ; to forbid.
Forespent, fore-spent| a. Wasted, tired, spent;
forepassed, past ; bestowed before.
Forespurrer, fore-spur'ur, s. One that rides
before.
Forest, fir-rest, *. A wild uncultivated tract of
ground, with wood.
To Forestall, fire-stawlj v. a. 406.
To anticipate, to take up beforehand; to hinder by
pre-occupation or prevention ; to seize or gain posses-
sion of before another.
FoRESTALLER, fire-stiiwl-ur, s.
One that anticipates the market, one that purchases
before others to raise the price.
FoRESTBORN, fir-rest-bSm, a. Bom in a wild.
Forester, f8r-res-tiir, s. An ofiicer of the forest «
an inhabitant of the wild country.
To F^ORETASTE, firc-tistej t/. fl. To have antepast
of, to have prescience of; to taste before another.
Foretaste, fire^tiste, s. 492. Anticipation of.
To Foretell, fire-telj v. a. 406. To predict,
to jirophecy, to foreshow.
Foreteller, fire-vel-lun s. Predicter, foreshgwee.
FOR
FOR
83-559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81— m5 93, "met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
To FORETHINK, fire-^/nngk{ v, a. To anticipate
in the mind, to liave prescience of.
7b FoRETHiNK, fore-f/tingkj v. n. To contrive
bcfoi-ehand.
Forethought, fire-^AavvtJ Part. pret. of tlie
verb Forethink.
Forethought, fore-^Aawt, s, 492. Prescience,
anticipation ; provident care.
2h Foretoken, fore-ti-kn, v. a. To foreshow,
to prognosticate as a sign.
Foretoken, fore-to-kn, s. 103. Prevanient
sign, prognostick.
Foretooth, fore-too^A, *. Tiie tooUi in the
dntcriour part of the mouth, one of tlie incisors.
Foretop, fore-top, s. That part of a woman's
liead-dress that is forward, or tlie top of a periwig.
Forevouched, fore-voutsh^ed, pait. 359.
Affirmed before, formerly told.
Foreward, fore^ward, s. The van, tlie front.
7b Forewarn, fore-warnj v. a. To admonish
beforehand; to inform previously of any future event;
to caution against any tiling beforehand.
7b Forewish, fore-Wlsh{ v. a. To desire before-
hand.
I'oreworn, fore-w6rn5 part. Worn out, wasted
by time or use.
Forfeit, f3r-flt, S. 255. Something lost by the
commission of a crime, a fine, a mulct.
7b Forfeit, fbr-ilt, v. a. To lose by some breach
of condition, to lose by some offence.
Forfeit, for-tit, a. Liable to penal seizure,
alienated by a crime.
Forfeitable, for-flt-^-bl, a. Possessed on con-
ditions, by the breach of wliich any tiling may be lost.
Forfeiture, for-ilt-yure, *. The act of forfeit-
ing ; the tliino; forfeited, a mulct, a fine.
7b ForfEND, f3r-fendj v. a. To prevent, to forbid.
Forgave, for-gaver The pret. o{ Forgive.
Forge, forje, s. The place where iron is beaten
into form; any place where any thing is made or
' shaped.
7b Forge, forje, v. a. To form by the hammer;
to make by any means; to counterfeit, to falsify,
Forger, ford-jur, S. One who makes or forms;
one who counterfeits any thing.
(t?" This word is sometimes, but without the least
foundation in analogy, written /or^erer. If it should be
urged that the word comes from the French verli/org-er,
and therefore like/niiferer from/ratier, we add an er to
make it a verbal noun ; it may be answered, that we have
the word to forge in the same sense as the French, but
we have no verb lo fruit, and therefore there is an excuse
for adding er in the last word which has no place in the
former.
F'orgkrY, fore-jur-e, S. The crime of falsification ;
smith's work, the act of Uie forge.
To Forget, for-get| v. a. Pret. Forgot. Part.
Forgotten or Forgot. To lose memory of, to let go
from the remembrance; not to attend, to neglect.
53- The 0 in this and similar words is like that in For-
bear, which see.
Forgetful, for-get-ful, a. Not retaining the
memory of; oblivious, inattentive, negligent.
FoRGETFULNESS, lor-get'-flll-ne.s, S. Oblivion,
loss of memory; negligence, inattention.
Forgetter, for-get-tur, 4. One that forgets j a
careless person.
7b Forgive, for-giv{ w. a. 157. Vrct. Forgave.
Part. pass. Forgiven. To pardon ; to remit, not to
exact debt or penalty.
Forgiveness, for-givines, s. The act of forgiving,
pardim ; tenderness, willingness to pardon ; remission
of a fine or penalty.
FORGIVER, for-giv-ur, S, One who pardons.
Forgot, for-gotj 1 I
Forgotten, fSr-gSt^ui, 103. j''^"- ^^''' °'\
J'orget. Not remembered. [
215
FOJIK, fork, S. An instrument divided at the ends
into two or more points or prongs ; a point.
7b Fork, fork, v. n. To shoot into blades, as corn
does out of the ground.
Forked, fbr-ked, a. 366. Opening into tviro or
more parts.
Forkedly, for^ked-le, ad. In a forked form.
ForKEDNESS, for^ked-neS, S. The quality of
opening into two parts.
Forkhead, fork'hed, S. Point of an arrow.
FoRKV, for-ke, a. Forked, opening into two parts.
Forlorn, for-lornj a. Deserted, destitute, forsaken,
wretched, helpless; lost, desperate, small, despicable.
(K?" This word is sometimes, but improperly, pro-
nounced so as to rhyme with mourn. Mr. Sheridan,
Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Sco"tt, Mr. Perry, and W. Johnston,
make it rhyme with corn.
Forlornness, for-lorn-nes, s. Misery, solitude.
Form, form, or form, S. The external appearance
of any thing, shape; particular model or modification;
beauty, elegance of appearance ; ceremony, formality,
order; external appearance without the essential qua-
lities, empty show; external rites; stated method,
established practice; a long seat; a class, a rank ot
students ; the seat or bed of a hare.
C^ When this word signifies a long seat, or a class of
students, it is universally pronounced with the 0, as in
four, more, &ic. It is not a little surprising that none of
our Dictionaries, except Mr. Smith's and Mr. Nares's,
take any notice of this distinction in the sound of the o,
when the word signifies a seat or class. It were to b«
wished, indeed, that we had fewer of these ambiguously
sounding words, wliich, while they distinguish to the ear,
confuse and puzzle the eye. — See Boul.
To FoRia, form, v. a. To make ; to model, to
scheme, to plan ; to arrange, to adjust; to contrive,
to join; to model by education.
Formal, for-mal, a. 89. Ceremonious, solemn,
precise ; regular, methodical, external, having the ap-
pearance, but not the essence; depending upon esta-
blishment or custom.
Formalist, for-mill-ist, s. One who prefer*
appearance to reality.
Formality, for-m;'ll-e-te, s.
Ceremony, established mode of behaviour; solemn
order, hahit., or dress.
7b Formalize, for^m^-llze, v. a. To model, to
modify; to affect formality.
Formally, fSr-mal-le, ad. According to esta-
blished rules; ceremoniously, stiffly, precisely; in
open appearance ; essentially, characteristically.
FOR.MATION, for-miUshun, S. The act of forming
or generating; the manner in which a thing is formed.
Formative, for^m^-t'iv, a. 157. Having the
power of giving form, plaslick.
Former, form^ur, s. 166. He that forms,
n)aker, contriver, planner.
Former, for-nii^ir, a. 98. llefore another in
time; mentioned before another : past.
Formerly, for-mur-le, ad. In times past.
Formidable, for^m^-di-bl, a. 405. Terrible,
dreadful, tremendous.
Formidableness, for-me-dil-bl-ntls, s.
The quality of exciting terrour ot dread; the thing
causing dread.
Forsiidably, for-me-di-ble, ad. In a terrible
manner.
Formless, form-les, a. Shapeless, without
regularity of form.
Formula, for-mu-ht, 5. 91. A prescribed form.
Formulary, for-mi'i-l:\r-e, $ A book containing
stated and prescribed models.
FoRMULE, fur-mule, s. a set or prescribed model.
7b Fornicate, for-n^'-kate, v. n. To commit
lewdness.
Fornication, for-n^-ka-shun, s. Concubinage
or commerce with an unmarried woman ; in Scripture,
sometimes idolatry,
FOR FOU
nor 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3!l 299— pound 3\3—thm 466, this 469.
Fornicator, for-ne-ki-tur, *. 166. 521. One
tliat has commerce with unmarried women.
'Fornicatress, for-iie.-ki-tres, s. Awomanwiio,
without marriage, cohabits witli a man.
7o Forsake, for-sake,' v. a. Pret. Forsook.
Part. pass. Forsook or Forsaken. To leave in resent-
ment or dislike j to leave, to go away from ; to desert,
to fail.
FoRSAKER, for-S^ikur, S. 93. Deserter, one
that forsakes.
Forsooth, fSr-Soo^/iJ ad. In truth, certainly,
very well ; an old word of honour in address to women.
To Forswear, fSr-swireJ v. a. Pret. Forswore.
Part. Forsxrorn. To renounce upon oath, to deny upon
oalh ; with the reciprocal pronoun, as to forswear him-
self, to be perjured, to swear falsely.
Th Forswear, for-swcirej v. n. To swear
falsely, to commit perjury.
FoRSWEARER, fbr-swir-ur, *. One who is
perjured.
Fort, fort, *. a fortified house, a castle.
FORTED, firt-ed, a. Furnished or guarded by forts.
Forth, fhvth, ad. Forward, onward ; abroad, out
of doors ; out into publick view; on to the end.
Forth, fhrth, prep. Out of.
FORTHCOMINfi, forf/l-kumiing, a. Heady to
appear, not absconding.
FoRTHissuiNG, for<A-ish-shu-ing, a. Coming
out, coming forward from a covert.
Forthright, forf/i-rltej ad. Straight forward,
without flexions.
Forthwith, ivtvth-vi\th\ ad. Immediately, without
delay, at once, straight.
CC7- TH in with at the end of this word is pronounced
with the sharp sound, as in thbi, contrary to the sound
of those letters in the same word when single. The same
may be observed of the/ in whereof, 377.
Fortieth, fSr'-te-e<A, a. 279. The fourtii tenth.
FORTIFIABLE, fSr-t^-fl-il-bl, a. That may be
fortified.
Fortification, for-te-f^-kii-shun, s.
The science of military architecture ; a place built for
strength.
Fortifier, for-t5-fI-ur, s. One who ereets works
for defence : one who supports or secures.
To Fortify, for-te-fi, v. a. To strengthen
against attacks by walls or works ; to confirm, to en-
courage ; to fix, to establish in resolution.
FoRTiN, fort'-in, s. A little fort.
Fortitude, for-t^-tude, *. Courage, bravery,
magnanimity ; strength, force.
Fortnight, fort'nlte, s. 144. The space of two
weeks.
Fortress, for-tn;s, s. A strong hold, a fortified
place.
Fortuitous, for-tu-5-tus, a. 463.
Accidental, casual.
0:^ The reason that the t in this word and its com-
pounds does not lake the hissing sound, as it does in for-
lune, is, because the accent is after it, 463.
Fortuitously, for-tu-e-tus-le, ad.
Accidentally, casually.
Fortuitousness, for-tu-i-tus-nes, s.
Accident, chance.
Fortunate, for-tshu-ndte, a. Lucky, happy,
successful.
Fortunately, for-tshu-ndte-l5, ad. Happily,
successfully.
FoRTUNATENEss, foiJ-tshu-nite-nes, s.
Happiness, good luck, success.
Fortune, for-tshune, *. 461 . The power supposed
to distribHte the lots of life according to her own hu-
mour; the good or ill that befalls man ; the chance of
life, means of living ; event, success good or bad ;
estate, possessions ; the portion of a man or woman.
To Fortune, for-tshune, v. n. To befall, to
happen, to come casually to pass,
2J7
Fortuned, for-tshund, a. 359. Supplied by
fortune.
FoRTUNEBOOK, fur-tshun-book, s. A book con-
suited to know fortune.
FoRTUNEHUNTER, for-tshun-hun-tur, *. A man
whose employment is to inquire after women with
great portions, to enrich himself by marrying them.
Fortuneteller, iSr-tshun-tel-lur, s. One who
cheats common people by pretending to the knowledge
of futurity.
Forty, for^te, a. 182. Four times ten.
Forum, f6-rum, s. 544. Latin. A court cw
justice: a market ; any publick place.
Forward, for-ward, ad. 88. Towards, onward,
progressively.
Forward, for-ward, a. Warm, earnest; ardent,
eager; confident, presumptuous; premature, early
ripe; quick, ready, hasty.
To Forward, for-ward, v. a. To hasten, to
quicken ; to patronise, to advance.
Forwarder, for-war-dur, s. He who promotes
any thing.
Forwardly, fofiward-le, ad. Eagerly, hastily.
Forwardness, for-ward-nes, s. Readiness to
act; quickness, earliness, early ripeness; confidence,
assurance.
Forwards, for-wardz, ad. straight before, pro-
gressively.
Fosse, ffts, S. A ditch, a moat.
Fosseway, fSs-wA, *. One of ihe great Roman
roads through England, so called from the ditches on
each side.
Fossil, ffts-sil, a. Dug out of the earth.
Fossil, fi^S-Sil, *. That which is dug out of the
bowels of the earth.
To Foster, fos-tur, v. a. 98. To nurse, to feed,
to support; to pamper, to encourage, to cherish, to
forward.
Fosterage, fSs-tur-jdje, s. 90. The charge of
nursing.
Fosterbrother, fos-tur-bruTH-ur, s.
One bred at the same pap.
FoSTERCIIILD, fSs-tur-tshlld, S. A child nursed
by a woman not the mother, or bred by a man not the
father.
Fosterdam, fos-tur-dJm, s. A nurse, one that
performs the oflice of a mother.
FoSTEREARTH, ffis-tur-er^A, S. Earth by which
the plant is nourished, though it did not grow first in
it.
FOSTF.RER, fos-tur-ur, S. A nurse, one who
gives food in the place of a parent.
Fosterfather, fSs-tur-fa-THiir, s. One who
trains up the child of another as if it were his own.
FoSTERMOTHER, fis'-tur-muTIl-ur, S. A nurse.
FostersON, fSs-tur-sun, S. One fed and educated
as a child, though not the son by nature.
Fought, fawt, 393. 319.
The pret. and part, of ii'ig/iJ. .
Foughten, faw^tn, 103. Thepf.ss.part. ofF^7*f.
Foul, foul, a. 313. Not clean, filthy; impure,
polluted; wicked, detestable; unjust, coarse, gross;
full of gross humours, wanting purgation, cloudy,
stormy ; not bright, not serene ; with rough force, with
unseasonable violence ; among seamen, entangled, as
a rope is foul of the anchor.
To Foul, foul, v. a. To daub, to bemire, to make
filthy.
Foulfaced, foul-faste, a. 359. Having an ugly
or hateful visaije.
Foully, foul-le, ad. Filthily, nastily, odiously.
Foulmouthed, fuul-moiiTHd, a. Scurrilous,
habituated to the use of opprobrious terms.
Foulness, fSul-nes, s. Fiithiness, na«iinessi
pollution, impurity j hatcfulness ; injustice} u^lint » j
dishonesty.
FRA
FRA
8:5:559. Fke73,far,77,fall83,fit81— m593, met95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, mSve, 164,
Fraction, frAkishun, *. The act of breaking, tlie
state ipf being broken ; a broken part of an integral.
Fractional, fr^k^shun-^l, a. 88. Belonging to
a l)roken pumber.
Fracture, fntk^tshure, «. 461. Breach, separar
tion of continuous pans; the breaking of a bone.
To Fracture, fr^k-tshure, v. a.
To break a bone.
Fragile, friilj-il, a. 140. Brittle, easily snapped
or broken ; weak, uncertain, frail.
C3" All our orthngiiists are uniform in the pronuncia*
lion of this word with the a short.
Fragility, M-jiK^-te, s. Brittleness, weakness j
frailty, liableness to fault.
Fragment, frAg^ment, s. a part broken from
the whole, an imperfect piece.
Fragmentary, Mg-men-t^r-e, a. Composed of
fragments.
Fragor, fri-gor, s. 166. 544. A noise, a crack,
a crash. — See Drama.
Fragrance, fra^gr^nse, ")
Fragrancy, fra.%rin-se,/*"
Sweetness of smell, pleasing scent.
Fragrant, frA-grint, a. 544. Odorous, sweet of
smell.
Found, found, 313. The pret. and part. pass, of
■ Find.
To F'OUNH, found, v. a, 313. To lay the basis of
any builclii!g ; to build, to raise ; to establish, to erect;
to give birth or original to; to raise upon, as on a prin-
ciple or ground ; to fix firm.
To Found, found, v. a. To form by melting and
pouring into moulds, to cast.
Foundation, foun-dA-shun, s. The basis or
lower part of an edifice; the act of fixing the basis;
the principles or ground cm which any notion is raised ;
original, rise; a revenue settled and established for
any purpose, particularly charity ; establishment, set-
tlement.
Founder, foun-dur, *. 98. A builder, one who
' raises an edifice; one who establishes a revenue for
any purpose; one from whom any thing has its origi-
, nai or beginning ; a caster, one who forms figures by
casting melted matter in moulds.
To Founder, foun-dur, v. a. 313. To cause such
a soreness and tenderness in a horse's foot, that he is
unable to set it to the ground.
To Founder, foun-dur, v. n. To sink to the
bottom ; to fail, to miscarry.
Foundling, found-ling, s. A child exposed to
chance, a child found without any parent or owner.
Foundress, foiin-dres, *. A woman that founds,
' builds, establishes, or begins any thing ; a woman tliat
establishes any charitable revenue.
Foundry, foun-dre, s, A place where figures are
formed of melted metal, a casting house.
Fount, fount, 313. ")
Fountain, foun'-tin, 208. J*'
A well, a spring; a small basin of springing water; a
jet, a spout of water; the head or spring of a river;
original, first principle, first cause.
Fountainless, foun-tin-les, a.
Withoot a fountain.
FouNTFUL, founl-ful, a. Full of springs.
Four, fore, «. 318. Twice two.
FouRBE, foorb, s. 315. Fre7ich, A chest, a
tricking fellow.
Fourfold, fore'-fold, a. Four times told.
Fourfooted, fore-fut-ed, a. Quadruped.
Fourscore, fore-skore, a. Four times twenty,
eighty ; it is used cUiptically for fourscore years.
Foursquare, fore-skware, a. Quadrangular.
Fourteen, foie^teen, a. Four and ten.
Fourteenth, ihre'-th^nth, a. The ordinal of
fourteen, the fourth after the tenth.
Fourth, for</j, a. The ordinal of four, the first
after the third.
Fourthly, forM^l^, ad. In the fourth place,
Fourwheeled, fireiwbi^ld, a. Running upon
twice two wheels.
Fowl, foul, *. 223. A winged animal, a bird.
To Fowl, foul, v. n. To kill birds for food or game.
Fowler, fi?)ul-ur, s. 98. A sportsman who
pursues birds.
Fowlingpiece, foul-ing-pe^se, s.
.A gun for birds.
Fox, foks, *. A wild animal of the dog kind,
remarkable for his cunning j a knave or cunning
fellow.
FoxcASE, fftksikise, s. A fox's skin.
Foxchase, fSks-tshise, s. The pursuit of the fox
witli hounds.
Foxgloves, fiks-gluvz, s, a plant.
FpXKUNTER, foks-hunt-ur, *. A man whose chief
'■ambition is to show bis bravery in hunting foxes.
FoxSHIP, foks-ship, s. The character or qualities
of a fox, ciirinini;.
HOXTRAP, f&ks-trSp, *. A gin or snare to catch
foxes.
To FrACT, fllkt, V. a. '^^ break, to violate, to
•infringe .
2l«
(tj- This word is sometimes, but improperly, heard
with the a in the first syllable pronounced short — See
Drama.
Fragrantly, fri-grftnt-le, ad. With sweet scent.
Frail, frale, s. 202. A basket made of rushes; a-
rush for weaving baskets.
Frail, frAle, a. Weak, easily destroyed ; weak of
resolution, liable to error or seduction.
Frailness, frAle-neS, S. Weakness, instability.
Frailty, frAle-te, S. Weakness of resolution,'
instability of mind; fault proceeding from weakness,
sins of infirmity,
FraISE, frize, *. 1 02. A pancake with bacon in it.
To Frame, frame, v. a. To form ; to fit one
thing to another; to make, tocompiise; to reg.ulate,
to adjust; to plan; to invent.
Frame, frame, *. Any thing made so as to enclose
or admit something else; order, regulariiy; scheme,
contrivance; mechanical construction; shape, form,
proportion.
FraMER, fr5me-ur, S. 98. Maker, former, con-
triver, schemer.
Franchise, frin^tshiz,*. 140. Exemption from
any onerousduty ; privilege, immunity, right granted;
district, extent of jurisdiction.
To Franchise, Mn-tsh!z, v. a. To enfranchise,
to make free.
Frangible, fr^n-je-bl, a. 405 Fragile, brittle,
eqsily broken.
Frank, fr^ngk, a. 408. Liberal, generous J open,
ingenuous, sincere, not reserved; without condition,
without payment ; not restrained.
Frank, frangk, S. a place to feed hogs in, a sty f
a letter which pays no postage; a Frrnch coin.
To Frank, frangk, v. a. To shut up in a frank
or sty ; to feed high, to fat, to cram ; to exempt letters
from postage.
Frankincense, fringk-in-sense, s.
An odoriferous kind of resin.
Franklin, fr^ngk-lin, *. A steward ; a bailiff of
land.
Frankly, fr^ngk^li, ad. Liberally, freely, kindly,
readily.
Frankness, fr^ngk-iies, s. Plainness of speeclv
o|)cnness, ingenui usness; liberality, bounteousness.
FrANTICK, frin-tlk, a. Mad, deprived of under-
standing by violent madness, outrageously and turhu*
lently mad ; transporied by violence of passion.
FrANTICKLY, frin-tlk-le, ad. Madly, outrageously.
FrANTICKNESS, frin-tlk-nes, *. Madness, fury ;
of passion.
FRE FRE'
n3r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 173, bull 173— -ail S99--poand 313— ^Ain 466, this 469.. '
riiuiiy-
E, fraw-du-lense, "l
{, fraw-du-len-s6, J '
Fraternal, fra-ter'-ntll, a. 88. Brotherly, per-
taining to brothers, becoming brothers.
Fraternally, fri-ter^n^l-i, ad. In a brotherly
manner.
FrATjERNITY, fri-ter-n^-te, S. The state or
quality of a l)rother ; body of men united, corporation,
society ; men of the same class or character.
Fratricide, fr^t-r^-slde, s. 143. The murder
of a brotlier.
Fraud, frawd,«. 213. Deceit, cheat, trick, artifice.
FrAUDFUL, friwdiful, a. Treacherous, artful,
trickish.
Fraudfully, frawd'-ful-li, ad.
Decejtt'iilly, artfully
Fraudolence
Fraudulency.
'Deceit fulness, trickisliness, proneness to artifice.
(t3- For the propriety of pronouncing the d in these
words likej, see Principles, No. 993. 376.
Fraudclent, fraw-du-lent, a. Full of artifice,
trickish, deceitful.
Fraudulently, fri.w-du-lent-le, ad. By fraud,
by artifice, deceitfully.
Fraught, frawt, part. pass. 393. Laden,
charged ; filled, stored, thronged.
Fray, frti, S. 220. A broil, a battle, a combat.
To Fray, frA, v. a. To rub, to wear away by
rubbing ; to fright.
Freak, freke, *. 227. A sudden fancy, a whim,
a capricious prank.
To Freak, fr^ke, v. a. To variegate.
Freakish, fr^ke-ish, a. Capricious, humoursome.
Freakishly, freke-ish-le, ad. Capriciously,
humoursomely.
Freakishness, fr^ke-ish-nes, *. Capriciousness,
whimsicalne^s.
Freckle, frek-kl, s. 405. A spot raised in the
skin by the sun ; any small spot or discoloration.
Freckled, frek-kld, a. 359. Spotted, maculated.
Freckly, frek-kl^, a. Full of freckles.
FjREE, free, a. 246. At liberty ; uncompelled, un-
restrained; permitted; conversing without reserve;
liberal; frank; guiltless; exempt; invested with fran-
cliises, possessing any thing withaut vassalage; with-
(Out expense.
To Free, fr^^, v. a. To set at liberty; to rid
■from, to clear from any thing ill; to exempt.
Freeoooter, fr^e-boo-tur, s. A robber, a
plunderer.
Freebooting, frii-boo^ting, s.
.Robbery, plunder.
Freeborn, fr^e-born, a. Inheriting liberty.
Freechapel, fre^-tship-el, s. A chapel of the
king's foundation.
Freecost, ft W'kist, s. Without expense.
Freedman, fr^^d-mcln, s. A slave manumitted.
Freedom, free-dum, S. \66. Liberty, indepen-
dence; privilege, franchises, immunities ; unrestraint;
ease or facility in doing or showing any thing.
Freefooted, free-fut-td, a. Not restrained in
the march.
Freehearted, frl^-har-ted, a. Liberal, un-
restrained.
Freehold, fre^-hild, *. That land or tenement
which a man holdeth in fee, fee-tail, or for term of
life.
Fit beholder, free-hil-dur, *. One who has a
freehold.
Freely, freeMi, ad. At liberty , without re-
straint; without reserve; without impediment; frank-
ly, liberally ; spontaneously, of its own accord.
Freeman, fre^-m^n,*. 88. One not a slave, not
a vassal ; one partaking of rights, privileges, or im-
munities.
Freemason, fr^i-mA^sn, s. I70. One of a
219
numerous society who professes having a secret t«
keep.
Freeminded, fr^^-mindild, a. Unconstrainec^
without load of care.
Freeness, free-nes, s. The state or quality of
being free; openness, unreservedness, liberality.
FreESCHOOL, fiee-skool, S. A school in whicU
learning is given without pay.
Freespoken, fre^-sp6-kn, a. 103. Accustomed
to speak without reserve.
Freestone, free-stAne, s. Stone commonly used
in building.
Freethinker, fre^-^Aingk^ur, *. A libertine, a
contemner of religion.
Freewill, fr^^-will{ S. The power of directing
our own actions without restraint by necessity or fate j
voluntariness.
Freewoman, fr^5-wum-un, s. A woman not
enslaved.
To Freeze, freeze, v. n. 246. To be congealed
with cold ; to be of that degree of cold by which watei
is congealed.
To Freeze, fr^ize, v. a. Pret. Froze, Part.
Frozen or Froze. To congeal with cold; to kill by
cold ; to chill by the loss of power or motion.
To Freight, frite, v. a. 249. 393.
Pret. Freighted. Part. Fraught, Freighted. To load
a ship ar vessel of carriage with goods for transporta-
tion ; to load with a t)urden.
Freight, frite, s. 249. Any thing with which a
ship is loaded ; the moqey due for transportation o£
goods See Eight.
Freighter, frate-ur, s. He who freights a vessel..
French Chalk, frensh-tsbawkj s.
An indurated clay.
To Frenchify, frensh'^-fl, v. a. To infect with
tlie manner of France, to make a coxcomb. '
Frenetick, fre-net-ik, or fren-e-tik, a.
Mad, distracted. — See Phroietick.
Frenzy, fren-zi, S. Madness, distraction of mind.
Frequence, fr^^kwense, s. 544. Crowd, con-
course, assembly.
fcj- Some speakers, and those not vulgar ones, pro-
nounce the e in the firstsyllableof this and the following
words, when the accent is on it, short; as if written
frek-wense, frek-wently, &c. They have undoubtedly the
short e in the Latin /rejiiens to plead ; and though Latin
quantity is sometimes found to operate in anglicised
words of two syllables, with the accent on the first : yet
usage, in these words, seems decidedly against this pro-
nunciation. Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Elphin-
ston, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, Mr. Smith, W. Johnston,-
and, if we may .judge from the position of the accent,
Dr. Ash and Entick, are for the e long in the first syl-
lable; and only Buchanan marks it with the short e.
The verb to frequent having the accent on the second
syllable, is under a different predicament. — See Drama.
Frequency, fre-kwen-se, *. Cotnmon occurrence,
the condition of being often seen, often occurring; used ■
often to practise any thing ; concourse, full assembly.
Frequent, fr^^kwent, a. 492. Often done, often
seen, often occurring ; used often to practise any thing j
full of concourse.
To Frequent, fri-kwent{ v, a. 492. To visit
often, to be much in any place.
Frequentable, fre-kweiit-i-bl, a. Conversable^ -
accessible.
Frequentation, fr5-kwen-ti-shun, s. Habit 01
frequenting.
Frequentative, fr^-kwen^t^-tiv, a.
A grammatical term ajiplled to verbs signifying the _
frequent rcpeliti^in of an action.
Frequenter, fr^-kwent-ur, s. One who ofte»
resiits to any place.
Frequently, fr^-kwent-le, ad. Often, commonly
not rarely.
Fresco, fres-ko, *. Coolness, shade, dusKiness ; a
picture nut drawn ill glaring light, but in dusk.
Fresh, fresh, a. Cool; not .salt; new, no^
impaired by time; recent, newly come; repaired froia .'
FRI
FRO
•>"559. The 73, far 77, fill 83, fSt 81— m^ 93,'inet 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move, 164,
any loss or diminution; florid, vigorous j liealtliy in
countenance; ruddy; free from saltnessj sweet, op-
posed to stale or stinlcing.
To Freshen, fresh^shn, v. a. 103.
To mal<e fresh.
To Freshen, fresh-shn, v. n. To grow fresh.
Freshet, fresh^lt, s, 99. A pool of fresh water.
Freshly, fresh-le, ad. Coolly; newly, in the
former state renewed; with a healthy look, ruddily.
Freshness, fresh-nes, S. The state of being fresh.
Fret, fret, s. A frith or strait of the sea ; any
agitation of liquors by fermentation or other cause ;
that stop of the musical instrument which causes or
regulates the vibrations of tlie string; work rising in
protuberance ; agitation of mind, commotion of the
temper, passion.
To Fret, fret, V, a. To wear away by rubbing ; to
form into raised work; to variegate, to diversify; to
make angry, to vex.
To Fret, fret, v. n. To be in commotion, to be
agitated; to be worn away; to be angry, to be peevish.
Fretful, fret-fiil, a. Angry, peevish.
Fretfully, fret^ful-^, ad. Peevishly.
FrETFULNESS, fret-ful-nes, S. Peevishness.
FrETTY, fret'te, a. Adorned with raised work.
Friability, fi 14-bil-^-t^, s. Capacity of being
reduced to powder.
Friable, fii-A-bl, a. 405. Easily crumbled,
easily reduced to powder.
Friar, frl-ur, s. 88. 418. A religious, a brother
of some regular order.
Friarlike, frl-ur-llke, a. Monastick, unskilled
in the world.
Friarly, frl'-ur-l5, ad Like a friar, or man
untaught in life.
Friary, frl-ur-i, S. A monastery or convent of
friars.
To Fribble, frlb'-bl, v. n. 405. To trifle.
Fribbler, frlb^bl-ur, s. A trifler.
Fricassee, frik-^-S^e{ s. A dish made by cutting
chickens or other small things in pieces, and dressing
them with strong sauce.
FricatioN, frl-ki-shun, *. The act of rubbing
one thing against another.
Friction, frikishun, s. The act of rubbing two
bodies together; the resistance in machines caused by
the motion of one body upon another; medical rub-
bing with the flesh brush or cloths.
Friday, frl-de, s. 223. The sixth day, of the
week, so named of Freya, a Saxon deity.
Friend, frend, S. 278. One joined to another in
mutual benevolence and intimacy, opposed to foe or
enemy; one reconciled to another ; a companion ; fa-
vourer; one propitious ; a familiar compcllation.
Friendless, frend-les, a. Wanting friends,
wanting support.
Friendliness, frend-le-nes, s. A disposition to
friendship; exertion of benevolence.
Friendly, freild-le, «. Having the temper and
disposition of a friend, kind, favourable; disposed to
union ; salutary.
Friendship, frend'-ship, s. The state of minds
united by mutual benevolence; highest degree of in-
timacy; "favour, personal kindness ; assistance, help.
Frieze, fr^Jze, s. 278. A coarse warm cloth
Frieze, freeze,
Frize, fre^
In architecture, a large flat member which separates
the architrave from the cornice.
Frigate, frlgi-it, s. 9J. 544. A small shipj a
ship of war; any vessel on the water.
Frigefaction, frid-je-fak'sliun, s. 530.
"I'he act of making cold.
To Fright, fi-jte, v. a. 393. To terrify, to
disturb with fear.
Fright, frke, s, a sudden ten-or,
320
hzc, 112. y
To Frighten, frUtn, v. a. 103. To terrify, to
shock with dread.
Frightful, ftlteiful, a. Terrible, dreadful, full
of terror.
Frightfully, frlte-ful-e, ad.
Dreadfully, horribly.
Frightfulness, frlte-ful-nes, s. The power o
impressing terror.
Frigid, frid-jid, a, .544. Cold; without warmth
of affection; impotent, without warmth of body; dull,
without fire of fancy.
Frigidity, fre-jid^e-te, s. Coldness, want o
warmth; dulncss, want of intellectual fire; want o
corporeal warmth ; coldness of alTection.
Frigidly, fiid-jid-le, ad. Coldly, dully, without
alfection.
FrigidNESS, frid-jld-nes, 5. Coldness, dulness,
want of affection.
FrIGORIFICK, fri-go-rif-lk, a. Causing cold.
To Frill, frii, v. n. To quake or shiver with cold.
Used of a hawk, as the hawk Frills.
Fringe, frinje, S, Ornamental appendages added to
dress or furniture.
To Fringe, frin.ic, v. a. To adorn with fringes, to
decorate with ornamental appendages.
Frippery, frip-er-e, s. The place where old
clothes are sold ; old clothes, cast dresses, tattered rags.
Fkiseur, fre-zurej s. A hair dresser.
To Frisk, fnsk, v. n. To leap, to skip; to dance
in frolick or gayety.
Frisk, frisli, *. a frolick, a fit of wanton gayety.
Frisker, fnsk-ur, S, A wanton, one not constant
or settled.
FriskinesS, fnsk-e-nes, s. Gayety, liveliness.
Frisky, frisk-e, a. Gay, airy.
Frit, fnt, S. Among chymists, ashes or salt.
Frith, ivitk, s. A strait of the sea; a kind of net.
Friiter, frit-tur, s. A small piece cut to be
fried ; a fragment ; a cheesecake.
To FrITPER, frit-tur, v. a. To cut meat into
small pieces to be fried; to break into small particlei
or fragments.
Frivolity, fre-vftl-e-t^, s. Insignificancy.
Frivolous, friv^o-lus, a. Slight, trifling, of no
moment.
Frivolousness, friv-6-lus-neS, S. Want of im-
portance, triflingiiess.
Frivolously, fiiv^6-lus-l^, ad.
TriMingly, without weight.
To Fkizle, fnz-zl, v. a. To curl in short curls,
like nap of frieze. — See Codle.
FrjzlER, friz-zl-ur, S. One that makes short
curls, [iroperly Frizzier.
Fro, fro, ad. Backward, regrcssively ; to and fro,
backward and forward.
Frock, frik, s. A dress, a coat for children; a
kind of close coat for men.
Frog, frog, s. A small animal with four feet, of the
amphibious kind ; the hollow part of the horse's hoof,
FroGBIT, frSg-bit, S. An herb.
FrOGFISH, frAg'-fish, *. A kind of fish.
FroGGRASS, frftg-i^nts, S. A kind of herb.
FrOGLETTUCE, frOg-let-tlS, *. A plant.
Frolick, frftl-ik, a. Gay, full of levity.
Frolick, frftl'ik, s, A wild prank, a flight o^
whim.
To Frolick, frol-lk, V, n. To play wild pranks.
FrOLICKLY, fr8Rlk-le, ad. Gayly, wildly.
FroLICKSOME, frSl'-ik-Slim, a. Full of wild gayety.
Frolicksomeness, fiftl-ik-siiin-iies, *. Wildnesj
of gayety, pranks.
Frolicksomely, frSl-lk-sum-lt;, ad.
With wild gayety.
FRO FRU
nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, rnis 469.
FRO^f, from, prep. Away, noting privation 5
noting reception ; noting procession ; descent or birtli ;
outol'; noting progress from premises to inferences;
noting tlie place or person from whom a message is
brought ; because of; not near to ; noting separation ;
noting exempiion or deliverance; at a distance; con-
trary to; noting removal; From is very frequently
joined by an ellipsis with adverbs, as, from above,
from the parts above; from afar; from behind; from
high.
FllONDIFEROUS, fiSn-dif-fe-rus, a. Bearing leaves.
Front, frunt, or frSnt, 5. 16.^. The face; tiie
face, as opposed to an enemy ; the part or place opposed
to tlie face ; the van of an army ; the forepart of any
thine, as of a building; the most conspicuous part;
boldness, impudence.
5:^ Mr. Sheridan marks this word in the second man-
ner only ; but I am much mistaken if custom does not
almost universally adopt the first. If the second is ever
used, it seems to be in poetry, and that of the most so-
lemn kind. Dr. Kenrick, W.Johnston, and Mr. Perry,
pronounce it in the first manner; and Mr. Sheridan and
Mr. Smith in the last. Mr. Scott gives it both ways, but
seems to prefer the last; Mr. Nares gives it the first
manner, but says it is sometimes pronounced regularly.
To Front, frunt, v. a. To oppose directly, or face
to face, to stand opposed or over against any place
or thing.
To Front, frunt, v. n. To stand foremost.
Frontal, frint-Al, s. 88. Any external form of
medicine to be applied to tlie forehead.
Frontated, fr6n-tA-ted, a. The frontated leaf of
a flower grows broader and broader, and at last per-
haps terminates in a right line ; used in opposition to
cuspatcd.
Frontbox, frunt-biks, *. The box in the playhouse
from which there is a direct view to the stage.
Fronted, frunt-ed, a. Formed with a front.
Frontier, frSn-tshier, or frint-ye^r, *. 113.
The marches, the limit, the utmost verge of any ter-
ritory.
Frontier, frftn-tsheer, or frSnt-yeir, a. 4.59. 4G1 .
Bordering.
Frontispiece, frSn-tls-pMse, s. That part of
any Iniilding or other body tliat directly meets the eye.
Fron FLESS, frunt-ies, a. Without blushes, without
shams.
Frontlet, frSnt-let, s. A bandage worn upon
the forehead.
Frontroom, frunt-room, S. An apartment in
the forepart of the house.
Frore, frore, a. Frozen.
Frost, frost, s. The last effect of cold, the power
or act of congelation.
Frostbitfen, frost^bit-tn, a. 103. Nipped or
withered by the frost.
Frosted, fros-ted, a. Laid on in inequalities like
those of the hoar frost upon plants.
Fkostilv, frSs'-ti-le, ad. With frost, with
excessive cold.
FroSTINESS, fios-te-ncs, s. Cold, freezing cold.
Frostnail, frist-nale, s. A nail with a prominent
head driven into the horse's shoes, that it may pierce
the ice.
Frostwork, frSstivvurk, *. Work in which the
substance is laid on with inequalities, like the dew
congealed upon shrubs.
Frosty, frSs-te, a. Having the power of congela-
tion, excessive cold; chill in affection; hoary, gray-
liaiied, resembling frost.
T^'roTII, frS/A, S. 163, Spume, foam, the bubbles
caused in liquors by agitation ; any empty or senseless
shnw of wit or eloquence; anything not hard, solid,
or substantial.
To Froth, frtth, v. n. To foam, to throw out
spume.
Frothily, frS/A-e-le, ad. With foam, with spume;
in .Tny einpiv trilling manner.
Frothy, h-ith'-k, a. FulI of froth or spume; soft,
not solid, wasting; vain, cmptv, trifling.
2'*' I
Frounce, frounse, s. 313. A distemper in which
spittle gathers about the hawk's bill.
To Frounce, frounse, v. a. To frizieor curl the
hair.
FrOUZY, frou-ze, a. 313 Dim, cloudy; fe«d,
musty. A cant word.
Froward, fro-ward, a. 83. Peevish, ungovernable,
perierse.
FROWARDLY,fro-ward-le,«fZ. Peevishly, perversely.
FrOWARDNESS, fro-waitl-nes, S. Peevishness,
perverseness.
To Frown, froim, v. a. 323. To express dis-
pleasure by contracting the face to wrinkles.
Frown, froiin, s. A wicked look, a look of dis-
pleasure.
Frozen, fri^zn, 103. Part. pass, of Freeze.
Fructiferous, fruk-tif-fer-us, a. Bearing fruit.
To Fructify, fruk-te-fl, v. a. 183. To make
fruitful, to fertilize.
To Fructify, fruk^te-fl, v. n. To bear fruit.
Fructification, fnik-te-fe-ka-shun, *.
The act of causing or of bearing fruit, fertility.
Fructuous, fruk-tshu-us, a. 463. Fruitful,
fertile, impregnating with fertility.
Frugal, fru-g^l, a. 83. Thrifty, spanng,
parsimonious.
Frugality, fru-g^l-^-t^, S. Thrift, parsimony,
good husbandry.
Frugally, fru-ptl-e, ad. Parsimoniously, sparingly.
Frugiferous, fiu-jififer-us, a. Bearing fruit.
Fruit, froot, s. 343. The product of a tree 01
plant in wliicli the seeds are contained ; that part of h
plant which is taken for food; production; the off-
Sjiring of the womb; advantage gained by any enter-
prise or conduct; the efiett or consequeiice"of any
action.
Fruitage, fioot-idje, s. 90. Fruit collectively,
various fruits.
Fruitbearer, froot^bar-ur, s. That which pro-
duces fruit.
FrUITBEARING, fiootibdr-ing, a. Having the
quality of producing fruit.
Fruiterer, froot-er-ur, s. One who trades
in fruit. — See Furgcr.
FrUITERY, froot-er-6, s. Fruit collectively taken;
a fruit loft, a repository for fruit.
Fruitful, froot-fid, a. Fertile, abundantly pro-
ductive ; actually bearing fruit ; proliiitk, cliildbeariiig;
plenteous, abounding in any thing.
Fruitfully, fro()t-ful-e, ad. In such a manner
as to be prolifick ; plenteonsly, abundantly.
FrUITFULNESS, froot^ful-nes, s. Fertility, plen-
tiful production ; the quality of being prolifick.
Fruitgroves, froot-grovz, s. Shades, or close
plantations of fruit trees.
Fruition, fru-ish-un, s. F.njoymcnt, possession,
pleasure given by possession or use.
FrUITIVE, fru-e-tiv, a. Enjoying, possessing, -
having ihe power of enjoyment.
Fruitless, froot-les, a. Barren of fruit ; vain,
idle, unprofitable; wiihout offspring.
Fruitlessly, froot-les-le, ad. Vainly, idly un-
profitably.
Fruit-TIJIE, froot-tlrae, s. The Autumn.
Fruit-tree, froot-tree, s. a tree of that kind
wliose principal value arises from the fruit produced
by it.
Frumentacious, fru-men-taishus, a.
Made of grain.
Frumenty, fru-inen-te, s. Food made of wheat
boiled in milk.
C:?- This word is almost universally corrupted iuto/wr-
meiittj, if not sometimes iiito/(ii-)iic.(e ; ai.d 1 believe it
is seldom found that words employed in the cnnceins of
cookery are ever recovered from irregularity.— Sec ^}sp«*.
rafftis and CucainOer,
FUL
FUM
63' 559. FAte 73, ftr77, fall83, ftt 81— mJ93, hi?t95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
To Frump, frump, v. a. To mock, to browbeat.
To FruSH, friish, v. a. To break, bruise, or crush.
Frustraneous, fms-tra-n^-us, a. Vain, useless,
unprofitable.
To Frustrate, frusUr^te, v. a. 91. To defeat,
to disappoiut, to balk ; lo make null.
Frustrate, frus-trate, part, a. Vain, ineffectual,
useless, unprofitHhlc, null, void.
Frustration, frus-tra-shun, s. Disappointment,
defeat.
FrUSTRATIVE, frus-tr^-tiv, a. 512. Fallacious,
disappointing.
Frustratory, frus-ti4-tur-^, a, 512. That
- mak€>s any procedure void.
CTy" For the o, see Domettick.
Frustum, friis-tum, s. A piece cut off from a
regular figure. A term of science.
Fry, fli, s. The swarm of little fishes just prodaced
from the spawn ; any swarm of animals, or young
people in contempt.
To Fry, fri, v. a. To dress food by roasting it in a
pan on the fire.
To Fry, fl't, v. n. To be roasted in a pan on the
fire ; to suflTer the action of fire ; to melt with heat j to
be agitated like liquor in the pan on the fire.
Fry, fri, s. A dish of things fried.
Frytngpan, frl-ing-p;tn, s. The vessel in which
meat is roasted on the fire.
FrytH, frith, S. (Not so common a spelling). A
frith, a wood ; a plain between woods.
To Fud, fub, V. a. To put off.
63" This word is more usually written Fob.
FuB, fnb, S. A plump chubby boy.
Fucated, fu-ki-ted, a. Painted, disguised with
paint; disguised by false show.
Fucus, fu'kus, s. Paint for the face.
To Fuddle, fud-dl, v. a. To make drunk.
To Fuddle, fud-dl, v. n. 405. To drink to
txceso.
Fuel, fu'-il, s. 99. The matter or aliment of fire.
Fugacious, fi-gA^slms, a. 292. 357.
Volatile, (leetiug.
FuGACICUSNESS, fu-ga-shus-nes, S, Volatility,
the quality of flying away.
FuGACITY, fu-gis^e-te, S. Volatility, quality of
flying away; uncertainty, instability.
Fugitive, fu-j^-tiv, «. Not tenable; unsteady;
volatile, apt to fly away ; flying, running from danger;
flying from duty, falling oflf; wandering, vagabond.
Fugitive, fu-je-tiv, *. One who runs from his
station or duty j one who takes shelter under another
power from punishment.
Fugitiveness, fu'J^-tiv-nes, *.
Volatility, instability, uncertainty.
Fugue, fiig, s. 337. Flying musick.
Fulciment, fuUse-m^nt, s. 177. That on whicli
a body rests.
To Fulfil, fvil-filj v. a. To fill till there is no
room for more ; to answer any prophecy or promise
by performance; to answer any desire by compliance
or gratification : to ansv/er any law by obedience.
Fulfilment, ful-fil-ment, s. An accomplishment,
a fulfilling.
FulFRAUGHT, tul-frawtj a. Full stored.
Fulgency, ful-jen-se, *. 177. Splendour.
Fulgent, ful'-ient,!
Fulgid, ful^.iid, J
FULGIDITY, ful-)ld-e-te, S, Splendour.
FULGOUR, ful-gur, S. 314. Splendour, dazzling
brightness.
FuLGU RATION, ful-gu-ri-shuH, s. The act of
lightening.
Fuliginous, fu-lid-jin-us, a. Sooty, smoky.
FuLL; fill, a. 174. Repkte, without any space
2S?
void ; abounding in any quality good or bad; stored
with any thing ; well supplied with any thing ; plump,
fat; saturated, sated; crowded in the imagination o
memory; complete, such as that nothing farther is
wanted; containing the whole matter, expressing
much; mature, perfect; applied to the moon, com-
plete in its orb.
Full, ful, *. Complete measure ; the highest state
or degree; the whole, the total; the state of being
full : applied to the moon, the time in which the moon
makes a perfect orb.
Full, ful, ad. Without abatement ; with ths
wliole effect; quite; exactly; very sufficiently; di-
rectly.
Full-blown, ful'-bl6ne, a. Spread to the utmost
extent; stretched by the wind to the utmost extent.
Full-bottomed, ful-b6t-tumd, a. Having a
large bottom.
Full-eared, ful-eerdj a. 362. Having the
heads full of grain.
Full-eyed, ful-Ide{ a. Having large prominent
eyes.
FuLL-FED, ful-fedj a. Sated, fat, saturated.
FuLL-LADEN, ful-li^dn, «. 103. Laden till there
can be no more.
Full-spread, ful-spred{ a. Spread to the utmost
extent.
Full-summed, ful-sumd| a. Complete in ail its
parts.
To Full, ful, v. a. To cleanse cloth from its oil or
grease.
FULLAGE, ful-laje, *. 90. The money paid for
fulling or cleansing cloth.
Fuller, ful-lur, S. 98. One whose trade is to
cleanse cloth.
03" This word, though derived from the Latin Fullo,
has deviated into the sound of the English word/«/Z, and
is an exception to the rule laid down in the Principles,
No. 177.
Fullers Earth, fuUlurz-ei-Mj s. A kind of
marl or clay used in fulling.
FULLERY, fiil'-lur-re, S. The place where the trade
of a fuller is exercised.
FULLINGMILL, fuUllllg-mil, S. A mill where
hammers beat the cloth till it be cleansed.
Fully, ful'le, ad. Without vacuity ; completely,
without lack.
Fulminant, ful-me-n^nt, a. 177. Thundering,
making a noise like thunder.
To Fulminate, ful'-me-nate, v. n. 91.
To thunder; to make a loud noise or crack; to issue
out ecclesiastical censures.
Fulmination, ful-m^-na^shun, s. The act of
thundering ; denunciation of censures.
Fulminatory, ful-ine-na-tur-e, a. 512.
Thundering, striking horrour.
Fulness, ful'-nes, S. The state of being lull i
copiousness, plenty; repletion, satiety; struggling
perturbation, swelling in the mind; force of sound,
such as fills the ear.
FULSOAIE, ful-sum, a. 177. Nauseous, offensive j
of a rank odious smell ; tending to obscenity.
FULSOMELY, ful-sum-le, ad. Nauseously, rankly,
obscenely.
FuLSOMENESS, ful-sum-nes, s. Nauseousness j
rank smell ; obscenity.
FUMAGE, fu-tnije, S. 90. Hearth-money.
FuMATORY, fu'-mfl-tur-4, «. 512. 534. AherV
To Fumble, fum^bl, v. n. 405. To attempt any
thing awkwardly or ungainly ; to puzzle, to strain iE
perplexity; to play childishly.
FUMBLER, fum-bl-ur, S. One who acts awk-
wardly.
Fumblingly, fitm^bling-le, ad. In an awkward
manner..
Fume, fume, S. Smoke, vapour, any volatile parts
flying away; exhalation from the stomach; heat of
mind, passion ; any thing unsubstantial ; idle conceit,
vain imagination.
PUR
FUR
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, t&b 17^, bull lt3— oil ^&9— pound 313— </«in 466, this 469.1
To Fume, fume, v. n. To smoke j to yield
exhalaiions ; to pass away in vapours; to be in a rage.
To Fume, fuine, v. a. To smoke, to dry in the
smtjke ;. to perfume with odours in the fire ; to disperse
in vapours.
FuMETTE, fu-met{ *. The stink of meat.
FUMID, fu-mid, a. Smoky, vaporous.
FUMIDITY, fu-nild-^-t^, S. Smokiness, tendency to
smoke.
To Fumigate, fu-mk-gite, v. n. To smoke, to
perfume by smoke or vapour; to medicate or heal by
vapours.
Fumigation, fu-m^-gi-shun, «, Scents raised by
fire ; the application of medicines to the body in fumes.
FuMlNGLY, fu'minj-le, ad. Angrily, in a rage.
FuMiTER, fu^m^-tur, s. 98. — See Fumatory,
FuMous, fii-mus, 314. \ „ j .
r. ,.1/1 r flf. Producmg fumes.
Fumy, fu-me, J "
Fun, fun, s. Sport, high merriment.
63- With great deference to Dr. Johnson, I think
Fun ought rather to be styled low merriment.
Function, fun^k-shun, S. Discharge, performance;
employment, office; single act of any office; trade,
occupaiion ; office of any particular part of the body;
power, faculty.
Fund, fund, S. stock, capital, that by which any
expense is supported ; stock or bank of money.
Fundament, fun^dJ-ment, s. The back part of
the body ; the aperture from which the excrements are
ejected.
Fundamental, fun-d^-men-t^l, a. Serving for
the foundation, essential, not merely accidental.
Fundamental, fun-di-men-tJl, *. Leading pro-
position ; that part on which the rest is built.
Fundamentally, fun-di-men-t^l-e, ad.
Essentially, originally.
Funeral, fll-ner-il, S. 88. The solemnization of
a burial, the payment of the last honours to the dead,
obsequies; the pomp or procession with which the
dead are carried; burial, interment.
Funeral, fu-ner-4l, a. Used at the ceremony of
interring the dead.
Funereal, fu-ne^r^-^l, a. Suiting a funeral,
dark, dismal.
FUNGOSITY, fung-g3s-i-tJ, *. Unsolid excrescence.
Fungous, fung-gus, a. 314. Excrescent, spongy.
Fungus, fung-gus, S. strictly a mushroom ; a
word ustd to express such excrescences of flesh as grow
out upon the lips of wounds, or any other excrescence
from trees or plants not naturally belonging to them.
FUNICLE, fu'-n^-kl, *. 405. 534. A small cord.
Funicular, fu-nik^u-l4r, a. 88. Consisting of
a small cord or fibre.
Funk, fungk, *. A stink.
Funnel, fun-nil, *. 99- An inverted hollow cone
wilh a pipe descending from it, through which liquors
are poured into vessels ; a pipe or passage of commu-
nication.
Fur, fur, S. skin with soft hair, with which
garments are lined for warmth; soft hair of beasts
fund in cold countries, hair in general; any mois-
ture exhaled to such a degree as that the reinainder
sticks in the part.
To Fur, fur, v. a. To line or cover with skin? that
have soft hair; to cover with soft matter.
Fur-wrought, fur-rawt, a. Made of fur.
FuRACIOUS, fu-rA-shuS, a. Thievish.
FURACITY, fu-ris-e-t6, *. Disposition to theft.
" FURUELOW, fur-Vj^-li, S. Fur or fringe sewed on
the lowir part of the garment ; an ornament of dress.
To Furbelow, fiiiZ-b^-li, v. a. To adorn with
ornamental appendages.
To Furbish, fur-bish, v. a. To burnish, to
polish, to lub up.
Furbisher, fur-bish-ur, *. One who polishes any
thing.
223
Furcation, fur-ka-shiin, *. Forkiness, the stMa
of shooting two nays like the blades of a fork.
Furfur, fur-fur, *. Husk or chaff, scurf ot
dandriff.
Furfuraceous, fur-fu-rA'-shus, a. 357.
Husky, branny, scaly.
Furious, fu-r^-us, a. Mad, phrenetick ; raging,
transponed by passion beyond reason.
Furiously, fu-r^-us-l^, ad. Madly, violently,,
vehemently.
FuriouSNESS, fu-re-us-nes, S. Phrensy, madness,
transport of passion.
To Furl, furl, v. a. To draw up, to contract.
Furlong, fur-long, s. a measure of lengthj the
eighth pait of a mile.
Furlough, fur^li, s. 318. 390. A temporary
dismission from a military service; leave of absence
to a soldier for a limited time.
FuRMENTY, fur-nien-t^, *. Food made by boiling
wheat in milk. — See Frumenty.
Furnace, fur-nis, *. 91. An enclosed fireplace.
To Furnish, fur-nish, v. a. To supply with
what is necessary; to fit up; to equip; to decorate,
to adorn.
Furnisher, fur-nish-ur, s. One who supplies or
fits out.
Furniture, furine-tshire, s. 463. Moveables,
goods put in a house for use or ornament; appendages;
equipage, embellishments, decorations.
Furrier, fur-r^-ur, *. A dealer in furs.
Furrow, ffir-ro, s. 324. 327. A small trench
made by the plough for the reception of seed; any long
trench or hollow.
Furrow-weed, fur-ro-w^^d, s. A vfeed that
grows in furrowed land.
To Furrow, fur-ro, v. a. To cut in furrows; to
divide into long liollows; to make by cutting.
Furry, fur-r^, a. Covered with fur, dressed in
fur; consisting of fur.
Further, fur-THur, a. 98. Forth, further^
Furthest. At a great distance; beyond this.
Cj» Dr. Johnson has proved beyond dispute that far'
the) anilfartheit are not the comparative and superlative
of far, but corruptions of the comparative and superla-
tive of /orfft. However true this discovery may be, it
does not seem a sufficient reason for altering the beaten
path which custom had formed in the usage of /«r(Afr
■and farthest. It is probable, indeed, that far, fore, and
forth, arise from the same original root: extending beyond
some other object seems to be the leading idea in all. Far
seems to intimate extension lieyond an indefinite ohject ;
fore, only such extension as gives priority to the extended
object ; and forth, from its form, seems to relate to the
abstract of such priority of extension, or the very act of
extentling or issuing out. If, therefore, /orih and. far
have dirterent ideas annexed to them, the same compa-
rative and superlative cannot possibly suit with both;
and as almost immemorial usage has borrowed the com-
parative and supcilaliveof/o)-tft to form the comparative
and superlative of /ar, their sense is now fixed to the
latteradverb; andforth, inasmuch as it differs from far,
seems entirely to have lost its comparison. Noiwitli-
standing, therefore, that /art/ier and ./iirtAest are very
irregular branches of far, they are grafted on it by use,
and cannot be altered" without diverting the plain ten-
dency of the language. Such, however, has been the
force of Dr. Johnson's criticism, that, since his tiitvfi,
every writer and painter, unless by mistake, has used
further and furthest fur farther &nd farthest; by which
means we have revived the comparative and superlative
of an adverb which had lost its comparison, and have lost
the comparative and superlative of an adverb, which has
been compared for these two hundred years. But though
further passes very well for farther, wlien far is out of
sight, we feel the utmost repugnance at saying, "Thus
far shall thou go, and no further."
" Some dream that they can silence when they will
** The storm of passion, and say. Peace, be still,
" But ' Thus far and nc farther,' ivhen address'd
** To the wild wave, or wilder human breast,
" implies authority, that never can,
" That nvcr ought to be the lot of man."
touya'sl'rogrttt of Errtr,'
FUZ
GAl
b-'559. Fke73, far 77, ftU 83, f4t81— mJ 93,"met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, m2ve 164,
FUZZBALL, fuz-ball, s. A kind of fungus, which,
wlien pressed, bursts and scatters dust in the eyes.
Fy, fi, interj. Implying blame or disapprobation.
Further, fur'-THur, ad. To a greater distance.
To Further, fur-THur, v, a. To put onward, to
forward, to promote, to a^^sist.
FURTHEKER, fur-THUf-ur, S. Promoter, advancer.
Furthermore, fuiiTHiir-more, ad.
Aloreover, besides.
Furtive, fur-tiv, a. Stolen, gotten by theft.
Furuncle, fu-rungk-kl, j. 405. 534. A bile, an
angry pustule.
Fury, fu-re, S. Madness ; rage, passion of anger ;
enthusiasm, exaltation of fancy ; a turbulent, raging
woman ; one of the infernal deities, supposed to be
employed in tormenting wicl;ed spirits in the other
world.
Furze, furz, s. Gorse, goss.
FuRZY, fur-ze, a. Overgrown with furze, full of
gorse.
FUSCA TION, fus-ka-shun, S. The act of darkening.
To Fuse, fuze, v. a. To melt, to put into fusion.
To F'usE, fuze, v. n. To be melted.
Fusee, fu-ze^( s. The cone, round which is wound
the cord or chain of a clock or watch ; a firelock, a
small neat musquet; Fusee of a bomb or granadoshell,
is that which makes the whole powder or composition
in the shell take fire, to do the designed execution.
Fusible, fu-se-bl, a. 405. Capable of being melted.
Fusibility, fu-se-bil-^-te, s. Capacity of being
melted, quality of growing liquid by heat.
Fusil, fu-Zil, a. Capable of being melted, liquifiable
by heat ; running by the force of heat.
(fc^ As this word is derived from the French /wsi/e and
the Latin /usiJJs, it ouglit certainly to be written with the
final e,fusile.
Fusil, fu-ziej X. A firelock, a small neat musquetj
in heraldry, something like a spindle.
Fusilier, fu-zil-leir{ s. 275. A soldier armed
with a fusil.
Fusion, fii-zhun, s. 451. The act of melting;
the state of being melted.
Fuss, fus, s. A tumult, a buttle. A low cant word.
Fust, fust, S. The trunk or body of a column ; a
strong smell, as that of a mouldy barrel.
Fustian, fus'-tsh^n, s. 291. A kind of doth
made of linen and cotton ; a high swelling kind of
writing made up of heterogeneous parts, bombast.
Fustian, fus-tsllin, a. Made of fustian ; swelling,
unnaturally pompous, ridiculously tumid.
FUSTICK, fusrtik, s. A sort of wood brought f;om
the West Indies.
To Fustigate, fus-te-gate, v. a. To beat with
a stick.
FusTiLARiAN, fus-te-li-re-di), S. A low fellow, a
stinkard.
FUSTINESS, fus-te-nes, S. Mouldiness, stink.
Fusty, fus-te, a. Smelling moiik'y.
Futile, fli-til, a. 140. Talkative, loquacious;
trifling, worthless.
Futility, fia-tll'-e-te, S. Talkativeness, loquacity ;
triflingnesf, want of weight, want of solidity.
FUTTOCKS, fut-tuks, S. The lower timbers that
li(dd the sliip together.
Future, fi'iUshure, a. 461. That win be here-
after, to come.
Future, fu-tshure, s. Time to come.
FuTURELY, fu-tshure-le, ad. In time to come.
FuTURiTiON, fu-tshu-rish-un, *. Tlie state of
being to be.
Futurity, fu-tu^re-te, s. Time to come J events
to come; the state of being to be, futurilion. — See
Forluitoiis.
^TT' The reason tliat/iifure has the t aspirated, and/«-
turity preserves thai letter pure, is, tliat the accent is
before the t in the former word, and after it in the latter,
483.
To Fuzz, fu^, V. n. To fiy out in small particlefl.
224
G.
VTabardINE, g^b-ir-deenj S. A coarse frock.
To Gabble, g;1.b^bl, v. n. 405. To make an In-
articulate noise ; to prate loudly without meaning.
Gabble, gab-bl, *. Inarticulate noise like that of
brute animals; loud talk without meaning.
Gabbler, g^b-bl-ur, s. A prater, a chattering
fellow.
Gabel, ga-bel, s. An excise, a tax.
Gabion, ga-be-un, s. 507. A wicker basket
which is filled with earth to make a fortification oran-
trenchment.
Gable, ga-bl, s. 405. Tlie sloping roof of a
building.
Gad, gSd, s. A wedge or ingot of steel j a style or
graver.
To Gad, gSd, v. n. To ramble about without any
settled purpose.
Gadder, gid-dur, s. A rambler, one that runs
much abroad without business.
GaDUINGLY, gM'-ding-le, ad. In a ramblhig
mani>er.
Gadfly, g.^id-fll, s. A fly that, when he stings tht
cattle, makes them gad or run madly about.
Gaff, gaf, S. a harpoon or large hook.
Gaffer, gaf-fur, s. 98. A word of respect, now
obsolete.
GaffleS, gaf-flz, S. 405. Artificial spurs upon
cocks ; a steel contrivance to bend cross bows.
To Gag, g^g, v. 7l. To stop the mouth.
Gag, g.ug, s. Something put into the mouth to
hinder speech or eating.
Gage, gadje, *. A pledge, a pawn, a caution.
To Gage, gadje, v, a. To depone as a wager, to
impawn ; to measure, to take the contents of any
vessel of liquids.
Gaggle, g:tg-gl, v. n. 405. To make a noise lik;
a goose.
Gaiety, ga-e-t5, 5.-^See Gayettf.
Gaily, ga-le, ad. Airily, cheerfully; splendidly,
pompously. — See Gayly.
Gain, gAne, *. 73. 202. Profit, advantage ; interest,
' lucrative views; overplus in a comparative computa-
tion.
To Gain, gine, v. a. To obtain as profit or ad
vantage ; to have the overplus in cemparative compu-
tation ; to obtain, to procure; to win; to draw into
any interest or parly; to reach, to attain; to gain
over, to draw to another party or interest.
To Gain, gAne, v. n. Tj encroach, to come forward
by decrees ; to get round, to prevail against ; to obtain
influence with.
Gainer, gane-ur, S, One who receives profit or
advantage.
Gainful, gane-fid, a. Advantageous, profitable
lucrative, productive of money.
Gainfully, g;\ne-fui-e, ad. Profitably, advan-
tageously.
Gainfulness, gAne-ful-nes, s. I.ucrativeness.
Gaingiving, gAne-glv-ing, S. The same as mi*.
giving, a giving against.
Gainless, gane^lcs, a. Unprofitable.
Gainlessness, gaue^les-nes, s. Unprofitablenca
GaiNLY, gane-le, ad. Handily, readily.
GAL
GAM
167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound ns—thin 466, THis 469.
2h Gainsay, gane-s;l,' v. a. To contradict, to
oppose, to controvert with.
Gainsay ER, gane-sa-ur, s. Opponent, adversary.
'Gainst, geiist, prep. 206. Poetically for against.
GAlRren, ga-rish, a. 202. Gaudy, showy; ex-
travagantly gay, flighty.
Gairisiiness, ga-rish-nes, s. Finery, flaunting
gaudiness ; flighty or extravagant joy.
Gait, gate, s. March, walk j the manner and air
of walking.
Gala, ga-la, S, A grand entertainment j splendid
amusement.
Cj- 1 have given this Italian word a place in this Dic-
tionary, as I think it has been sufficiently received to
make part of the language. It is a good sounding word;
and as we have not an equivalent for it, we ought to give
it the same welcome we do to a rich foreigner who comes
to settle among us.
Galaxy, g^l-htk-se, s. 517. The milky way.
GalBANUM, gitl-bi-uum, S. 503. A kind of gum.
Gale, gale, S, A wind not tempestuous, yet stronger
than a breeze.
Galeas, gal-yfe, s. A heavy low-built vessel, with
both sails and oni'5.
GaleATED, gk-\e-k-ied, a. 507. Covered as with
a helmet; in botany, such plants as bear a flower re-
sembling a helmet, as the monkshood.
Galiot, gitl-yut, S. A little galley or sort of
brigantiiic, bu'ilt very slight, and fit for chase.
Gall, gawl, S. The bile, an animal juice remarkable
for its supposed bitlerness; the part which contains
the bile ; any thing extremely liilter; rancour, malig-
nity ; a sliglit hurt by fretting off the skin ; anger, bit-
terness of mind.
To Gall, gawl, v. a. To hurt by fretting the
skin; to impair, to wear away; to tease, to fret, to
vex ; to harass, to mischief.
To Gall, gawl, v. n. To fret.
Gallant, gil-liiit, a. Gay, well-dressed; brave,
liigh-spirited ; fine, noble, specious.
Gallant, g^l-l^nt,' a. Inclined to courtship.
Gallant, g^l-la-ntj s. A gay, sprightly, splendid
man ; one who caresses women to debauch them; a
wooer, one who courts a woman for marriage.
(t:> The difference of accent in English answers the
feme purpose as the different position of the adjective in
French. Thus u» gallant humme signifies a gallant man,
and un humme gallant, a gallant man.
Gallantly, g^lM^nt-l^, ad. Gayly, splendidly ;
bravely, nobly, generously.
Gallantly, gftl-lant'-l^, ad. Like a wooer, or
one who makes love.
Gallantry, gRl-l4n-tr^, S. Splendour of appear-
ance, show ; bravery, generosity ; courtship, refined
address to women ; vicious love, lewdness.
Gallery, gil-lur-^, s. 557. A kind of walk
along the floor of a house, into which the doors of the
apartments open; the upper seats in a church; the
seats in a playhouse above the pit, in which the meaner
people sit.
Galley, gal-le, s. A vessel driven with oars.
Galley-slave, gil-le-slave, s. A man condemned
for some crime to row in the galleys.
GalliARD, gAl-yard, S, A gay, brisk, lively man ;
a fine fellow, an active, nimble, sprightly dance
Galliardise, gil-yar-dlse, *.
Merriment, exuberant gayety.
Gallicism, gil-le-sizm, s. A mode of speech
peculiar to the French /anguage.
Galligaskins, gil-le-glsikins, j.
Large open hose.
Callimatia, g4l-le-mi^sh^, s. Nonsen'se, talk
without meaning.
Gallimaufry, gil-le-mawifr^, s. A hotch-potch,
or hash of several Sorts of broken meat, a medley ; an
inconsistent or ridiculous medley.
Gallipot, gal-!e-pSt, s. A pot painted and glazed.
Gallon, gill-lun, s. A liquid measure of four
quarts.
225
Galloon, g^l-lSonJ s. A kind of dose lace, made
of gold or silver, or of silk alone.
To Gallop, g^l-lup, v. n. To move forward by
leaps, so that all the feet are off the ground at once ;
to ride at the pace which is performed by leaps; to
move very fast.
Gallop, gjKlup, S. The .notion of a liorse when
he runs at full speed.
Galloper, ^^I'lup-ur, s. Ahorse that gallops;
a man that rides fast.
Galloway, gal-l6-wa, s. A horse not more than
fourteen hands high, much used in the north.
To Gallow, gal'-lo, V. a. To terrify, to fright.
Gallows, gdlilus, s. Beam laid over two posts, on
which malefactors are hanged.
Galoche, gi-l6shel/';. Galociies, g^-lo^shiz,
s. A kind of wooden shoe, worn by the common people
in France.
fcy- I have found this word in no Dictionary in our lan-
guage but Ash's; who quotes Chaucer for it, and marks
it as obsolete. But however obsolete this word may be
as signifying a wooden shoe, it is certainly in use, as it
signifies a larger shoe, worn over a common one to pre-
vent damp or dirt in walking. This shoe was most pro-
bably of leather in England, since we find in Edward the
Fourth's time, the King in Parliament enacted, "That
no Corduainer or Cobler within the citty of London, or
within three miles of any part of the said citty, &c. do
upon any Sunday in the yeere or on the feasts of the As-
cension or Xutivittj of our Lord, or on the feast of Corpus
Cliristi, sell or command to be sold any shooes, huseans,
(i.e. bootes), or Galoches; or upon the Sunday or any
other of the said /easts, shall set or put upon the feet or
leggs of any person, any shooes, huseam, or Galoches,
upon pain of forfeiture or loss of 20 shillings, as often as
any person shall do contrary to this ordinance."
HeylMs Hist, of the Sabbath, part 2, chap. 7, pageiSl.
Galvanism, g4Uviii-izra, *.
(Cf- A system of electricity lately discovered by Gal-
rani, an Italian, in which it is found, that by placing thin
plates of metal together in a pile, and putting between
them thin leaves of wet paper, several electrical phoeno-
mena are produced.
Gambade, gitm-bidej \
Gambado, gim-biMi,/
In the plural, Spatterdashes, a kind of boots.
Gambler, g^m-bl-ur, .v. a knave whose practice
is to invite the unwary to game, and cheat them.
Gamboge, g^m-boodjej s. a concreted vegetable
juice, partly of a gummy, partly of a resinous nature.
To Gambol, gam-bul, v. n. 166. To dance, to
skip, to frisk.
Gambol, gSm-bul, *. A skip, a leap for joy,
a frolick, a wild prank.
GaMBREL, gim-bnl, S. Q^. The hind leg of
a horse.
Game, game, S. Sport of any kind ; jest, opposed
to earnest; insolent merriment, sportive insult; a
single match at play ; field sports, as the chase; ani-
mals pursued in the field ; solemn contests exhibited
as spectacles to the people.
To Game, gime, v. n. To play at any sport; to
play wantonly and extravagantly for money.
Gamecock, gimeikftk, s. A cock bred to fight.
Gaimeegg, game-eg, s. An egg from which fighting
cocks are bred.
Gamekeeper, game-keep-ur, s. A person who
looks after game, and sees it is not destroyed.
Gamesome, gime-s&m, a. Frolicksome, gay,
sportive.
Gamesomeness, game-sum-nes, *. Sportiveness,
merriment.
Gamesomely, gAme-sum-1^, ad. Merrily.
Gamester, gAme^stur, s. One who is viciously.
addicted to play ; one who is engaged at play ; a merry,
frolicksome person ; a prostitute.
Gammer, g^mimur, s. The compellation of a
woman corresponding to Gaffer.
Gammon, g^m-mun, s. 166. The buttock of a
hog salted and dried; a term at backgaminun for win*
ning the game.
Q
GAR
GAS
(l3-'559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fJt 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Gamut, gim-ut, *. Tlie scale of musical noles.
GANjgAn. Poetically for ^eg-an, as 'Gin ior Begin.
Gander, g5.n-dur, S, 98. The male of the goose.
To Gang, g^ng, v. n. To go, to walk j an old
word not now used, except ludicrously.
Gang, gang, *. a number hanging together, a
troop, a company, a tribe.
Ganglion, g^ng-gle-un, s. 166. A tumour in
the tendinous and nervous parts.
Gangrene, ging-grene,*. 408. A mortification,
a stoppage of circulation followed by putrefaction.
To Gangrene, g^ng-grene, v. a. To corrupt to
mortification.
Gangrenous, ging-gre-nus, a. Mortified, or
betoliening mortification.
Gangway, g^ng-wi, s. In a ship, the several ways
or passages Trom one part of it to the other.
Gangweek, ging^wi^k, S. Rogation week.
Gantelope, g4nt'-lope, 'I
Gantlet, gintMet, J *
A military punishment in which tlie criminal running
between the ranks receives a lash from eacii man.
03- The former of these words h the most proper, but
the latter is most in use.
Ganza, gln-Z^, *. A kind of goose.
Gaol, jAle, s. 213. A prison.
Gaoldelivery, jAle^d^-liv^ur-^, S. The judicial
process which, by condemnation or acquittal of persons
confined, evacuates the prison.
Gaoler, jile-ur, s. Keeper of a prison, he to
whose care the prisoners are committed.
Cap, gap, s. An opening in a broken fence, a
breach; a hole, a deficiency; any interstice, a vacuity.
GaP-TOOTHEU, g^p'-tvutht, a. 359. Having
interstices between the teeth.
To Gape, gap, v. n. 75. 92. 241. To open the
mouth wide, to yawn ; to open the mouth for food, as
a young bird ; to desire earnestly, to crave ; to open in
fissures or holes ; to stare with hope or expectation ; to
stare with wonder ; to stare irreverently.
OrT- The irregularity in the pronunciation of tli's word
seems to arise from the greater similitude of the Italian a
to the action signified, than of the slender English a. —
See Cheerful, Fierce, &c.
Gaper, ga-pur, S. 98. One who opens his mouth;
one wlio stares foolishly j one who longs or craves.
Garb, garb, S. Dress, clothes 5 exterior appearance.
Garbage, g^r-bidje, s. 90. The bowels, the offal.
GarBEL, gar^bll, S. 99. The plank next the keel
of a ship.
Garbidge, gar-bidje, *. 90. Corrupted from
Garbage.
To Garble, gar-bl, v, n. 405. To sift, to part,
to sepal-ate the good from the bad.
Garbler, gar-bl-ur, *. He who separates one
Part from another.
GarBOIL, gar-boil, 5. Disordi^r, tumult, uproar.
GaRD, gard, S. Wardship, custody.
Garden, gar-dn, s. 92. 103. A piece of ground
enclosed and cultivated, planted with herbs or fruits ;
a place particularly fruitful or delightful: Garden is
often used in composition to signify, belonging to a
garden; as, ga?'(/en-tillage, gai'u'e)i-ware.
0» When the a in this and similar words is preceded
by C, G or K, polite speakers interpose a sound like the
consonant y, which coalesces with both, and gives a mel-
lowness to the sound ; thus a Garden pronounced in this
manner is nearly similar to the two words Egg and Ytir-
den united into eggyarden, and a Guard is almost like
rggyard. — See Guard.
Garden-ware, giridn-wire, s. The produce of
gardens.
Gardener, gar^dn-ur, s. He that attends or
cultivates gardens.
Gardening, gaiidn-ing, s. The act of cultivating
or planning gardens.
22C
GaRGARISM, girigi-nzm, S. A liquid form ol
medicine towash the mouth with.
To Gargarize, garig^-rlze, v. a. To wash the
mouth witli medicated liquors.
To Gargle, gar-gl, v. a. 405. To wash the
throat with some liquor not suffered immediately to
descend ; to warble, to play in the throat.
Gargle, gar-gl, s, A liquor trith which tlie
throat is washed.
Garland, gar-l4nd, s. A wreath or branches of
flowers,
Garlick, garMik, s. A plant.
GarlickEATER, glrilik-l-tur, s. A mean fellow.
Garment, gar-ment, s. Any thing by which the
body is covered.
Garner, gar^imr, S. A place in which threshed
corn is stored up.
To Garner, gar^nSr, v. a. To store as in gamers.
Garnet, gar'-net, s. 177. A gem.
To Garnish, gar-nish, v. a. To decorate with
ornamental appendages; to embellish a dish with
something laid round it; to fit with fetters.
Garnish, gar-nish, s. Ornament, decoration;
embellishment; things strewed round a dish ; in gaols,
fetters ; an acknowledgment in money when first a
prisoner goes into gaol. A cant term.
Garnishment, gai-inish-ment, s. Omameni^
embellishment.
Garniture, gar^ni-tshire, s.
Furniture, ornament.
G AROUS, gi-rus, a. Resembling the pickle made offish
GaRRAN, gar-run,*, 81. A small horse, a hobbyj
A wretched horse.
Garret, gitr^ret, s, 81. A room on the highest
floor of the house.
Garretteer, g4r-ret-teerj s. An inhabitant of
a garret.
Garrison, g^r-r^-sn, s. 170. Soldiers placed in
a fortified town or castle to defend it; fortified place
stored with soldiers.
To Garrison, g4r-r4-sn, v. a. To secure by
fortresses.
Garrulity, g^r-ru-le-t^, *. Incontinence of
tongue; talkativeness.
Garrulous, g?ir-iu-lus, a. Prattling, talkative.
Garter, gar-tur, S. 93. A string or ribband by
which the stocking is held upon the leg; the mark of
the Older of the garter, the highest order of English
knighthiiod; the piir.cipal king at arms.
To Garter, gar-tur, v. a. To bind with a garter.
Garth, gar^A, properly Girth, s. The bulk of
the body measured by the girdle.
Gas, gas, S. a spirit not capable of being coagulated.
Gasconade, gis-ki-iulde} *. a boast, a bravado.
To Gash, gash, v. a. To cut deep, so as to make
a gaping wound.
Gash, gAsh, s. A deep and wide wound ; the mark
of a wnund.
GaskiNS, g^s-klliz, S. Wide hose, wide breeches.
To Gasp, gAsp, v. n. To open tlie mouth wide to
catch breath ; to emit breath by opening the mouth
convulsively; to long for.
ftry- The a in this word has sometimes, and not impro-
perly, the same sound as in gape, and for the same reason.
See Gape.
Gasp, gasp, *. The act of opening the mouth to
catcli breath ; the short catch of the breath in the last
agonies.
To Gast, gist, V. a. To make aghast, to fright, to
shock.
GaSTRICK, gisitrik, a. Belonging to the belly.
Gastriloquist, cAs-tril-o-kwist, s. One wli«
speaks from the betly.
Gastriloquy, gis-tril-o-kwu, s. Speaking <ro»»
the belly.
GAZ
GEN
n6r 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, biili 173— 3!l2.99— p3and3I3— ^Ain46^, riiis 46y.
The act
Gastrotomy, ^^s-trftt'-5-mi, s. 518
of cutting open the belly.
Gat, gat. The pret. of Get. Obsolete.
Gate, gate, s. The door of a city, castle, palace,
or large building; a frame of timber upon hinges to
give a passage into enclosed grounds.
Gatevein, gate^vine, s. The Vena Portaej the
great vein which conveys the blood to the liver.
Gateway, gkte'-wk, S. A way through gates of
enclosed grounds.
To Gather, gaTH-ur, v. a. To collect, to bring
into one place; to pick up, to glean; to pluck, to
crop; to assemble; to heap up, to accumulate ; to col-
lect charitable contributions; to bring into one body
or interest; to pucker needlework.
To Gather, g^Tfl^ur, v. n. To be condensed ;
to grow larger by the accretion of similar matterj to
assemble ; to generate pus or matter.
Gather, g^TH'-ur, s. 98. Pucker, cloth drawn
together in wrinkles.
Gatherer, g^THiur-rfir, s. One that gathers, a
collector ; one that gets in a crop of any kind.
Gathering, giTn'-ur-ing, *. Collection of
charitable contributions.
Gaude, gawd, s. An ornament, a fine thing.
To Gaude, gawd, v. n. To exult, to rgoice at any
thing.
Gauuery, gawider4, *. Fmeiy, ostentatious
luxury of dress.
Gaudily, gaw-dl-li, ad. Showily.
GaudiSESS, giv?id^-nes, *. Showiness, tinsel
appearance.
Gaudy, gaw-d^, a. 213. Showy, splendid,
ostentatiously fine.
Gaudy, gaw^d^, *. A feast, a festival.
Gave, gave. The pret. of Give.
Gavel, g^v'-il, s. 177. A provincial word for
ground.
Gavelkind, giv'-il-kind, s. In law, a custom
whereby the lands of the father are equally divided at
his death among all his sons.
To Gauge, gAdje, v. a. 217. To measure with
respect to the contents of a vessel j to measure with
regard to any proportion.
Gauge, gidje. s. A measure, a standard.
Gauoer, ga^jur, s. One whose business is to
measure vessels or quantities.
Gaunt, gant,a. 214. Thin, slender, lean, meager.
Gauntly, galltM^, ad. Leanly, slenderly, meagerly.
Gauntlet, gantlet, s. An iron glove used for
defence, and thrown down in challenges.
Gauze, gawz, s. a kind of thin transparent silk,
Gauntree, gan^tree, s. 214. A wooden frame
on which beer casks are set when tunned.
Gawk, gawk, s. 219. A cuckow, a foolish fellow.
Gay, gA, a. 220. Airy, cheerful, merry, frolick-
some ; fine, showy.
Gayety, gi'4-te, S. Cheerfulness, airiness, merri-
ment; acts of juvenile pleasure; finery, show.
Gayly, giM^, ad. Merrily, cheerfully, showily.
GaYNESS, ga-nes, S. Gayety, finery.
To Gaze, gize, v. n. To look intently and
earnestly, to look with eagerness.
CT" Ben Johnson says in his Grammar, that in the
end of " many English words (where the letter z is only
properly used) it seems to sound as s, as in maze, eaze-
as on the contrary, words writ with s sound like 2, as
muse, hose, nose, &c. :" By which we may observe the
ditterence of pronunciation in two centuries, and that
the alteration has been in favour of analogy.
Gaze, gize, s. Intent regard, look of eagerness or
wonder, fixed look ; the object gazed on.
Gazer, gi^zur, s. He that gazes, one that looks
intently with eagerness or admiration.
Gazeful, gaze-ful, a. Looking mteiuly.
Gazehound, gizeihound, s. A liound th«
pursues not by the scent, but by the eye.
Gazet, g^-zet,' s. A small Venetian coin, th«
price of a newspaper, whence probably arose the name
of Gazette.
Gazette, ga-zetj s. A paper of news, a paper of
publick intelligence.
Gazetteer, giz-et-te^rj s. a writer of news.
Gazingstock, ga-zing-stJk, s. a person gazed
at with scorn or abhorrence.
Gazon, giz-oonj s. In fortification, pieces of fresh
earth covered with grass, cut in form of a wedge.— See
Encore.
Gear, geer, *. 560. Furniture, accoutrements,
dress, habit, ornaments; the traces by which horses
or oxen draw ; stuff.
Geck, gek, *. 381. One easily imposed upon ; a
bubble.
. (»" This word, like several other old English words,
IS preserved among the lower order of people in Ireland,
and pronounced gag, though totally obsolete in England.
Geese, ge^se, s. 560. The plural of Goose.
GelablE, jeK4-bl, a. That may be congealed.
03- I have ditfered from Mr. Sheridan in the quantity
of the first syllable of this word, not so much from the
short e in the Latin i^elabilis, whence it is derived, as
from the analogy of English pronunciation. The ante-
penultimate accent generally shortens every vowel but«,
unless followed by a diphthong See Principles, No. 505.
633, 336.
Gelatine, jeK4-tlne, 149.1
Gelatinous, .je-l4tiin-us, J **"
Formed into a jelly.
To Geld, geld, v. a. 560. Pret. Gelded or Gelt.
Part. pass. Gelded ot Gelt. To castrate, to deprive of the
power of generation ; to deprive of any essential part.
Gelder, geld-ur, y,
castration
One that performs the act of
Gelder-rose, geKdur-rize, s
Gelding, gelidfng, s. 560. A
particularly a horse
Gelid, jel^id, a
A plant.
Any animal castrate*?
Extremely cold.
Extreme cold.
Gelidity, j^-lidi^-t^, 1
Gelidness, jeU!d-nes, J *'
Gelly, jeUle, s. Any viscous body, viscidity, glue,
gluey substance.
Gelt, gelt. Part. pass, of Geld.
Gem, jem, S. A jewel, a precious stone of whattvcr
kind ; the first bud.
To Gem, jem, v. a. To adorn as with jewels or buds.
To Gem, jem, v. n. To put forth the first buds.
Gemelliparous, jem-mel-lip'-p4-rus, a. 518.
Bearing twins.
7bGEMiNATE,jemiml-nAte, 2;. a. 91. To double.
Gemination, jem-me-na-shun, *. Repetition,
reduplication.
Gemini, jemie-nl, 5. The twins, the third sign
in the Zodiack.
Gem IN Y, jem^m^-n^, s. Twins, a pair, a brace.
Geminous, jemira^-nus, a. Double.
Gemmar, jem-mar, a. Pertaining to gems or jewel*
GemmeouS, jemim^-uS, a. Tending to gems,
resembling gems.
Gender, jen-dur, S. A kind, a sort, a sex j a dig.
tinction of nouns in grammar.
To Gender, jen^dur, v. a. To beget ; to pro.
duce, to cause.
To Gender, jen-dur, v. n. To copulate, to breed.
Genealogical, j^-nl-^-l5djei4-k^, a.
Pertaining to descents or families.
Genealogist, ji-ne-4K6-jist, s. He who traca
descents.
Genealogy, j^-nl-ftUA-j^, s. 5)8. History of
the succession of families.
K5- Common speakers, and those not of the lowei
order, are apt to i>ronounc€ this word as if written
GEN
GEO
KJ- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, m8ve 164,
Genealogy; but those who are ever so little attentive to
propriety, preserve the a in its fourth sound.
GeNF.RABLE, jen-er-^-bl, a. That may be pro-
duced or begotten.
General, jen-or-^l, a. 83. Comprehending many
species or individuals, not special ; lax in signification,
not restrained to any special or particular import ; not
restrained by narrow or distinctive limitations ; relat-
ing to a whole class or body of men ; publick, compris-
ing the whole; extensive, though not universal;
common, usual.
General, jen^er-il, s. Tlie whole, the totality;
the publick, the interest of the whole; the vulgar;
one that has the command over an army.
Generalissimo, jen-er-al-is-se-mo, s.
The supreme commander.
Generality, jen-er-il-e-te, s. The state of
being general ; the main body, the bulk.
To Generalize, jen-er-^l-lze, v. a. To arrange
particulars under general heads.
Generally, jen-er-^l-e, ad. In general, without
specification or exception ; extensively, though not
universally; commonly, frequently, in the main,
without minute detail.
GeNERALNESS, JL'U-er-3.1-neS, S. Wide extent,
though short of universality ; frequency, commonness.
GeNERALTY, jell'er-4l-te, S. The whole, the
greater part.
Generant, jen-er-^nt, S. The begetting or pro-
ductive power.
To Generate, jen-er-ate, v. a. To beget, to
prni)agate ; to cause, to produce.
Generation, jen-er-A-shun, s. The act of
begetting or producing ; a family, a race ; a progeny,
offspring; a single succession, an age.
Generative, jen-er-A-tiv, a. 512. Having the
power of propagation, prolifick ; having the power of
production, fruitful.
Generator, j2n-er-i-tur, 5. 166. 521.
The power which begets, causes, or produces.
Generical, je-ner-e-k^l, 1
Generick, j^-ner-rik, 509./
That comprehends the genus, or distinguishes from an-
other genus.
Generically, jJ-ner-i-kil-e, ad. With re-
gard to the genus, though not the species.
Generosity, jeii-er-Ss-e-ti, s. The quality of
being generous, magnanimity, liberality.
Generous, jen-ei'-us, a. 314. Not of mean
birth, of good extraction; noble of mind, magnani-
mous; open of lieart, liberal, muniiictfiit ; strong,
vigorous.
Generously, jen-er-us-le, ad. Not meanly with
regard to birtiij magnanimously, nobly; liberally,
munificently.
Generousness, jen-er-us-ncs, s. The quality of
being generous.
Genesis, jen-e-SlS, S. Generation, the first book
of Mcses, which treats of the production of the world.
Genet, jen-nit, S. 99- a small well-proportioned
Spanish horse.
GENETHLlACAL,jen-e<7t-li^^-kJl, a. Pertaining to
nativities as calculated by astrologers.
C:^. For the g', see Heterogeneous.
Genethliacks, je-ne</t-l^-^k5, s. The science
of calculating nativities, or predicting the future
events of life, from the stars predominant at the birth.
Genethlialogy, je-ne<A-le-i\l-i-j^, *. 518.
The art of calculating nativities.
GenethliaTick, ji-ne//i-li-Jt-ik, *. He who
calculates n.ilivitie3.
Geneva, j^-Ue-vi, s. A distilled spirituous liquor.
Genial, je-il^-il, a. That contributes to propaga-
tien ; tliat gives cheerfulness, or supports life; na-
tural, native.
fiENlALLYj.ie^ne-^l-le, ad. By genius, naturally;
gayly, cheerfully.
Geniculated, ji-nik^u-U-tud, «.
K>iuti'-'<1, (oiiiti-U.
i2^
Geniculation, je-nik-i-la^shun, s. Knottines%
Genio, je-ne-O, S. A man of a particular turn oi
mind.
Genitals, jen-e-t^lz, s. 83. Parts belonging to
generation.
GenitinG, jen-ni-tin, *. An early apple gathered
in June.
Genitive, jen-4-tlv, a. In grammar, the name o'
a case.
Genius, je-ne-us, *. The protecting or ruling
power of men. places, or things ; a man endowed with
superiour faculties ; mental power or faculties ; dispo-
sition of nature by which any one is qualified for some
peculiar employment ; nature, disposition.
Genteel, ;|i'n-teelj a. Polite, elegant in behaviour,
civil ; grateful in mien.
Genteelly,, jen-teel-le, ad. Elegantly, politely ;
gracefully, handsomely.
GenteelneSS, jen-teel-nes, s. Elegance, grace-
fulness, politeness ; qualities befitting a man of rank.
Gentian, jiill-shfm, S. Fdwort or baldmony.
Gentianella, jen-sh4n-^Ul;t, s. A kind of blue
colour.
Gentile, Jen-til, orjenMle, s. One of an un.
covenanted nation, one who knows not the true God.
(fcj- In the Principles of Pronunciation, No. 140, 1
thought Mr. Sheridan wrong in marking the i in thi»
word long, because it is contrary to analogy ; but have
since had occasion to observe, that this pronunciation is
most agreeable to general usage. This word in grammar
is used to signify people of different countries. A gentile
substantive, is a noun which marks a particular country ;
as a Venetian, a native of Venice: a g(?H(i/c adjective is an
adjective formed from this substantive ; as a Venetian
domino.
GeNTILISM, jen-til-izm, *. Heathenism, paganism.
GeNTILITIOUS, jen-tll-lish-us, a. Endemial,
peculiar to a nation ; hereditary, entailed on a family.
Gentility, jen-til-e-te, s. Good extraction;
elegance of behaviour, gracefulness of mien; gentry,
the class of persons well born ; paganism, heathenism.
Gentle, Jen-tl, a. 405. Soft, mild, tame, peace-
able; soothing, pRcifick.
Gentlefolk, jen-tl-foke, j. Persons distinguished
by their birth from the vulgar. — See Folk.
Gentleman, jen'-tl-mJn,*. 88. A man of birth
a man of extraction, though not noble ; a man raised
above the vulgar by his character or jmst ; a term of
complaisance; the servant that waits about the person
of a man of rank ; it is used of any man itowever high«
Gentlemanlike,
Gentlemanly,
Becoming a man of birth.
Gentleness, jen-tl-nes, s. Softness of manners,
sweetness of disposition, meekness.
GeNTLESHIP, jen-tl-sliip, *. Carriage of a gentle-
man.
Gentlewoman, jen-tl-wum-Sn, s. A woman of
birth above the vulgar, a woman well descended; a
woman who waits about the person of one of high rank ;
a word of civility or irony.
Gently, jeii-tl6, ad. Softly, meekly, tenderly;
softly, without violence.
Gentry, jen-tre, s. Class of people above the
vulgar; a term of civility, real, or ironical.
Genuflection, ji-nia-flek-shun, s. The act of
bending the knee • adoration expressed by bending
the knee.
Genuine, jen-u-in, a. 150. Not spurious.
Genuinely, jen-u-in-li, ad. Without adultera-
tion, without foreign admixture, naturally.
Genuineness, jen-u-in-nes, *. Freedom from
any thing counterfeit, freedom from adulteration.
Genus, je-nus, S. In science, a class of being
comprehenclnig under it many species, as Quo'ifrupcd
is a Genus comprehending under it almost all tcric»«
trial beasts.
Gr.OCENTKlCK, je-o-.s3!i'-ti'k, ft. Ai.plinl lo i
IK ; u is useu oi any man nowe^
IKE, jeii-tl-n»Sn-llke, \
f, jen-tl-m^n-le, J
GES
GIB
nor 167, n8t 163— tube 17I, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, THis 469.
planet or orb having the earth for its centre, or the
«amc centre with the eaith.
Geodjesia, .j^-A-de'zh^-4, S. 452. That part cf
geometry which contains tlie doctrine or art of mea-
suring surfaces, and finding the contents of all plane
figures.
GeoDSTICAL, .je-A-cl?ti(^-kil, a. Relating to the
art (if measuring surfaces.
GnoGUAPHEK, jJ-i^^ra-fur, J. 116. 257.
One wlio descriijes tlie earlli according to the position
of its different pariT.
Geographical, je-6-grA.f^e-k4l, a. Relating to
geography. 4 i 4 i
Geographically, je-o-graf-e-kal-e, ad. In a
geographical manner.
Geography, jMgigr^-fe, 5. 116. 237. 518.
Knowledge of the earth.
Geology, j^-ftl-6-je, S. Tlie doctrine of the eartli.
Geomancer, je-o-m^n-sur, s. A fortuneteller, a
caster of figures.
Geomancy, je-0-m^n-se, s. 519. The act of
foretelling by figures.
Geomantick, je-6-niitn-tik, a. Vcrtaining to
the art of casting figures.
Geometer, je-5in-e-tur, s. One siviUed in
geometry, a geometrician.
Geometral, j6-oni-^-tr^l, a. Pertaining to
geometry.
Geometrical, je-o-mct-trf-k^l, \
Geometrick, je-o-met-trik, J
Pertaining to geometry, prescribed or laid down by
geometry ; disposed according to geometry.
Geometrically, je-o-met-tre-kal-e, ad.
According to the laws of geometry.
Geometrician, j^-6m-^-tnsh^^n, s.
One sliilled in geometry.
To Geometrize, j6-8m^5-trize, v. n. To act
according to the laws of gcometrj'.
Geometry, .j6-6m'-me-tr^, *. 116. 257. 518.
The science of quantity, extension, or magnitude, ab-
stractedly considered.
GeOPONICAL, j6-6-p5n-e-k^l, a. Relating to
agriculture.
GeoPONICKS, je-6-l)on-iks, S, The science of
cultivating tbe ground, theldoclrine of agriculture.
George, jorje, S. a figure of St. George on horse-
back, worn by the knights of the garter; a brown loaf.
GeORGICK, jor-jik, *. 116. Some part of the
science of husbandry put into a pleasing dress, and set
off with all the beauties and embellishments of poetry.
See Construe.
Georgick, joi'-jtk, a. Relating to the doctrine of
agriculture.
GE0TICK,je-6t-ik, a. 509. Belonging to the eartli.
Gerent, je-reilt, a. Carrying, bearing.
German, jer-ni^n, s. 88. A first cousin.
German, jer-in^n, a. Related.
Germander, jer-m Jn'dur, s. A plant.
Germe, jerm, S. A sprout or shoot.
GeRMIN, jer-min, S. A shooting or spi outing seed.
To Germinate, jer-m^-nite, v. n. To sprout,
to shoot, to bud, to put forth.
Germination, jer-me-ni-shun, s. The act of
sprouting or shooting; growth.
Gerund, jer'und, S. In the I-alin irammar, a
kind of verbal noun, which governs cases like a verb.
GeST, jest, s. A deed, an action, an achievement;
show, representation ; the roll or journal of the seve-
ral days, and stages prefixed, in the progresses of
kings.
Gestation, jes-ta-shun, s. The act of bearing the
young in the womb.
T'o Gesticulate, jes-tik-u-late, v. n. To play
antick tricks, to show postures.
Gesticulation, jes-tik-u-la-shun, s, Antick
itic.ks, various postures.
220
Gesture, jes^tshure, s. 461. Action or posture
c-xprcssive of sentiment ; movement of the body.
To Get, get, v. a. 331. Pret. / Got, anciently
Gat, Part. pass. Get or Gotten. To procure, to ob-
tain ; to beget upon a female ; to gain a profit ; to earn,
to gain by labour ; to receive as a price or reward ; ta
procure to be; to prevail on, to induce; to get off, to
sell or dispose of by some expedient.
To Get, g»;t, v. n, 560. To arrive at any state or
posture by degrees with some kind of labour, effort or
difficulty ; to find the way to ; to move j to remove to ;
to have recourse to; to go, to repair to ; to be a gainer ;
to receive advantage by ; to get off, to escape; to get
over, to pass without being stopped; to get up, to raise
from repose, to rise from a seat; to get in, to enter.
Getter, get-tur, S. One who procures or obtains j
one who bcRets on a female.
Getting, get-ting, s. Act of getting, acquisition j
gain, profit.
Gewgaw, gtJ-giw, *. 381. A showy trifle, a toy,
a bauble.
Gewgaw, gia-gaw, a. Splendidly trifling, showy
without value.
Ghastful, gist-ful, a. 390. Dreary, dismal,
melancholy, fit for walking spirits.
GhaSTLINESS, g^t-le-nes, S. Horrour of coun-
tenance, resemblance of a ghost, paleness.
Ghastly, gistile, a. Like a ghost, having horrour
in the countenance ; horrible, shocking, dreadful.
Ghastness, gSst-nes, S. Ghastliness, horrour of
look.
Gherkin, ger-km, s. A pickled cucumber.
Ghost, gist, S. 390. Tlie soul of a man ; a spirit
appearing after death ; To give up the ghost, to die, to
yield up tbe spirit into the hands of God ; the third
person in the adorable Trinity, called the Holy Ghost.
GhostliNESS, gost-le-nes, S. Spiritual tendency,
quality of having reference chiefly to the soul.
Ghostly, g6st-le, a. Spiritual, relating to the
soul, not carnal, not secular: having a character from
religion, spiritual.
Giant, jl-Ant, *. A man of size above tiie ordinary
rate of men, a man unnaturally large.
Giantess, jl-in-tes, *. A she giant.
Giantlike, il-4nt-llke, \ „ ^. .. ,
GlANTLY,jliant-l^, ; /"• G.gant,ck, vast.
GlANTSHIP, jl-int-ship, S. Quality or character of
a giant.
GiBBE, gib, J. 382. Any old worn out animal.
To Gibber, gib^bur, v. w. 382.
To speak inarticulately.
Gibberish, gib-bur-isb, s. 382. Cant, the
private language of rogues and gipsies, words williout
meaning.
Gibbet, jlb-blt, S. A gallows, the post on wliich
malefactors are hanged or on which tlieirtarcassei are
exjioscd ; any transverse beam.
To Gibbet, jlb-blt, v. a. To hang or expose on
a gibbet, to hang on any thing going transverse.
Gibbosity, gib-bfts'-^-ti, s. Convexity, pro-
minence, protuberance.
Gibbous, gib-bus, a. 382. Convex, protuberant,
swelling into inequalities; crooked-backed.
GibBOUSNESS, g'b-bllS-nes, S. Convexity, pro-
minence.
Gibcat, gib-k^t, s. 382. An old worn-out cat.
To Gibe, .jibe, v. n. To sneer, to join censorioui-
ness with contempt.
To Gibe, jibe, v. a. To scoff, to ridicule, to treat
ivith scorn, to sneer, to taunt.
Gibe, jibe, S. Sneer, hint of contempt by word or
looks, scoff.
Giber, jl-bur, S. A sneerer, a scofl^er, a taunter.
Gibingly, jUblng-l/i, ad. Scornfully, con-
temptuously.
GIN
GIV
t5- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fJt 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164
Giblets, jlbilets, S, TUe parts of a goose which
are cHt off before it is roasted.
Giddily, g1d-d^-l^, ad. With the liead seeming
to turn round; inconstantly, unsteadily; carelessly,
heedlessly, negligently.
Giddiness, g^id^d^-nes, s. The state of being
giddy; inconstancy, unsteadiness; quick rotation, in-
ability to keep its place.
filDDY, gld^de, a. 382. 560. Having in the head
a whirl, or sensation of circular motion ; whirling ; in-
constant, unsteady, changeful ; heedless, thoughtless,
uncautious; intoxicated.
GiDDYBKAiNED, gid-de-buAnd, a.
Careless, thoughtless.
GiDDYHEADED, gid^de-hed-ed, a. Without
steadiness or constancy.
GiDDYPACED, gld^de-p^Ste, a. Moving without
regularity.
GlEll-EAGLE, jer-i-gl, S. 405. An eagle of a
particular kind.
Gift, gift, *. 382. a thing given or bestowed;
the act of giving; offering; power, faculty.
Gifted, gif-ted, a. Given, bestowed; endowed
with extraordinary powers.
Gig, gig, s, 382. Any thing that is whirled
round in play.
GiGANTICK, ji-g^nitlk, a. 217. Suitable to a
giant, big, bulky, enormous.
To Giggle, gig-gl,f. n. 382. To laugh idly, to
titter.
Giggler, gigigl-ur, S. A laugher, a tittercr
GiGLET, glg-gl-!t, properly Gigglet, S. A wanton,
a lascivious girl. — See Codle.
GiGOT, jlg-ut, i. 166. The hip joint.
To Gild, gild, v. a. 382. Fret. Gilded or Gilt.
To overlay with thin gold ; to adnrn with lustre ; to
brighten, to illuminate. — See Guilt.
Gilder, gil-dur, S. One who lays gold on the
surface cf any other body ; a coin, from one shilling
and sixpence to tv/o shillings.
Gilding, gll-ding, S. Gold laid on any surface by
way of ornament.
Gills, gilz, *. 382. The aperture at each side of.
the fish's head ; the flaps that hang below the beak of"
a fowl ; the flesh under the chin.
Gill, jll, S. A measure of liquids containing the
fourth part of a pint ; the appellation of a woman in
ludicrous language ; the name of a plant, ground ivy ;
malt liquor medicated with ground ivy.
(t3- There cannot be a more striking proof of the in-
convenience of having words written exactly alike, and
pronounced differently according to their ditferent signi-
fication, than the word gill, which, when it means the
aperture below the head of a fish, is always pronounced
with the g hard, as in guilt; and when it signifies a
woman or a measure of liquids, is always heard with the
g soft, as if written ji(i. To those who speak only from
hand to mouth, as we may call it, this jumble of spell-
ing and pronouncing creates no perplexity; but to
foreigners, and those Englishmen who regard the perspi-
cuity and consistency of their language, this ambiguity
IS a real blemish. — See Boul.
GilLHOUSE, jll-hSuse, S. A house where gill is
sold.
GiLLIFLOWER, jiKl^-flour, *. Cornipted from
Julyflower.
Gilt, gilt, s. 382. Golden jhow, gold laid on the
surface of any matter.
Gilt, pit, 560. The part, of Gild, which see.
GiM, jim, a. Neat, spruce. An old word.
GiMCRACK, jim^krllk, S. A slight or trivial
mechanism.
Gimlet, gim^let, s. 382. A borer with a screw at
its point.
Gimp, gimp, s. 382. A kind of silk twist or lace.
Gin, jin, s. A trap, a snare ; a pump worked by
sails ; the spirit drawn by distillation fwm juniper
berries.
2S0
Ginger, jin-jur, s. An Indian plant J the root of
that plant.
Gingerbread, jinyur-bred, s. a kind of sweet*
me.it made of dough, and flavoured with ginger.
Gingerly, jin-jnr-le, ad. Cautiously, nicely.
GlNGERNE.SS,.)in^jur-neS, *. Niceness, tenderness
Gingival, jin-je-v4l, a. Belonging to the gums.
To GiNGLE, jing-gl, V. n. 405. To utter a sharp
clattering noise ; to make an affected sound in periods
or cadence.
To GiNGLE, jingigl, V. a. To shake so that a
sharp shrill clattering noise should be made.
GiNGLE, jing-gl, *. A shrill resounding noise,
affectation in the sound of periods.
Ginglymoid, ging-gl^-moid, a. Resembling a
ginglymus, approaching to a ginglymus.
GiNGLYMUS, ging-gle-mus, s. A mutual indent
ing of two bones into each other's cavity, of which the
elbow is an instance.
GiNNET, jin-net, s. A nag, a mule, a degenerated
breed.
Ginseng, iin-seng, s, A Chinese root brought
lately into Europe; it is cordial and restorative.
Gipsy, iip-S^, s. 438. A vagabond who pretends
to tell fortunes; a reproachful name for a dark com-
plexion ; a name of slight reproach to a woman.
GiRASOLE, jir-A-sMe, S, The herb turnsol ; the
opal stone.
To Gird, gerd, v. a. 382. 560. Pret. Girded or
Girt. To bind round; to invest; to cover round as
with a garment ; to enclose, to encircle.
CO' We may observe that the g in this and similar
■mortis lias the same liquid sound as in those where it is
followed by a and i long, and it may be accounted for in
the same manner, 92. 160. The short e, which is the
true sound of i in these words, it has been frequently ob-
served, is not really the short sound of that letter, but
of a slender, 66; a\id as r followed by another consonant
has a tendency to lengthen the e as it does the o, 77. 81,
we find the same effect produced; that of interposing the
sound of e nearly as if written egg-yurd, &c. — See Guard,
To Gird, gerd, v, n. To break a scornful jest,
to gibe, to sneer.
Girder, ger-dur, s. In architecture, the largest
piece of timber in a floor.
Girdle, ger-dl, *. 405. Any thing drawn round
the waist, and tied or buckled ; enclosure, circum-
ference ; a belt, the Zodiack, a zone.
To Girdle, ger-dl, v. a. To gird, to bind as with
a girdle; to enclose, to shut in, to environ.
GiRDLEBELT, ger-dl-belt, s. The belt that
encircles the waist.
GiRDLER, ger'dl-ur, *. A maker of girdles.
GiRE, jlre, s, A circle described by any thing
in motion.
Girl, gerl, S. 382. A young woman or female child,
Girlish, gerl-lish, a. Suiting a girl, youthful.
Girlishly, ger-lish-li, ad. In a girlish manner.
Girt, gert, 382. Part. pass, from to Gird. — See
Gird.
To GiRl-, gert, v. a. To gird, to encompass, to
encircle.
Girth, gerth, s. 382. The band by which the
saddle or burden is fixed upon the horse ; the compase
measured by the girdle.
To Girth, gerfh, V, a. To bind with a girth.
To Give, giv, v. a. 157. 382. Pret. Gave.
Part. pass. Given. To bestow, to confer without any
price or reward ; to pay as a price or reward, or in ex-
change; to grant, to allow; to yield without resist-
ance; to empower, to commission; to exhibit, to ex-
press; to exhibit as the product of a calculation; to
exhibit; to addict, to apply ; to resign, to yield up:
to give way, to alienate from one's self; to give back,
to return, to restore ; to give the hand, to yield pre-
eminence, as being subordinate or inferior; to give
over, to leave, to quit, to cease ; to addict, to attach to }
to conclude lost, to abandon; to give out, to proclaim,
to publish, to utter; to them in false appearance ; t*
GLA GLE
nir 167, n8t iSS—tube 171, tub 172, bSll 173— oil 299— p3und 313— ^Mn 466, this 469.
give up, to resign, to quit, to yield, to abandon, to
deliver.
To Give, giv, v. n. To grow moist, to melt or
soften, to thaw ; to move ; to give in, to go back, to
give way ; to give into, to adopt, to embrace; to give
off, to cease, to forbear ; to give over, to act no more ;
10 give out, to publish, to proclaim, to yield ; to give
way, to make room for.
Giver, giv-ur, S. One tliat gives, bestower, dis-
tributor, granter.
Gizzard, giz'-zurd, s. 88. 382. The strong
musculous stomach of a fowl.
Glabritv, glib-ri-te, s. Smoothness, baldness.
Glacial, gla-sh^-Jl, a. 113. Icy, made of ice,
frozen.
To Glaciate, gli-sh4-ate, v, n. To turn into ice.
Glaciation, glA-she-A-shun, *. The act of
turning into ice, iee formed.
Glacis, gla-sis, or glU-slzeJ s. 113. In fortifica-
tion, a sloping bank.
0:^ Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W. John-
ston, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Barclay, and Bailey,
place the accent on the first syllable of this word ; and
only Mr. Nares andEntickon the second. Mr. Sheridan
and Mr. Scott give the a the sound it has in glass. The
great majority of suffrages fer the accent on the first
syllable, which is the more agreeable to the analogy of
our own language, are certainly sufficient to keep a plain
Englishman in countenance for pronouncing the word in
this manner ; but as it is a French word, and a militaiy
term, a military man would blush not to pronounce it
h la Fran^oue; and notwithstanding the numbers for the
other manner, 1 cannot but think this the more fashion-
able.
Glad, gl^cl, a. Cheerful, gay 5 pleased, elevated
with joy; pleasing, exhilarating; expressing gladness.
To Glad, gl^d, V, a. To make glad, to cheer, to
exhilarate.
To Gladden, gl^d-dn, v. a. 103. To cheer, to
delight, to make glad, to exhilarate.
Glade, glide, *. A lawn or opening in a wood.
GladfULNESS, gl4d-fiil-nes, s. Joy, gladness.
Gladiator, glid-de-i-tur, s, 534. A sword-
player, a prize-fighter.
Gladly, glAd-1^, ad. Joyfiilly, with merriment.
Gladness, glid-nes, *. Cheerfulness, joy, exultation.
Gladsome, glJd-sum, a. Pleased, gay, delighted 5
causing joy. ^
Gladsomely, glad-sum-le, ad. With gayety
and delight.
Gladsomeness, glid-sum-nes, s.
Gayety, showiness, delight.
Glaire, gUre, *. The wliite of an egg; a kind of
halbert.
To Glaire, glire, v. a. To smear with the white
of an egg. This word is still used by the bookbinders.
Glance, glinse, s. 78, 79. A sudden shoot of
light or splendour; a stroke or dart of the beam of
sight; a snatch of sight, a quick view.
To Glance, glinse, v. n. To shoot a sudden ray
of spk'ndour; to fly off in an oblique direction; to
view with a quick cast of the eye; to censure by ob-
lique hints.
To Glance, gl^se, V, a. To move nimbly, to
shoot obliquely.
Glancingly, glSn-s;ng-le, ad. in an oblique
broken manner, transiently.
Gland, gl;tnd, S. A smooth fleshy substance which
serves as a Kind of strainer to separate some particular
fli\id from the blood.
Glanders, glin-durz, *. A disease incident to
horses.
Glandiferous, glSn-dif-fe-rus, a. Bearing mast,
bearing acorns.
Glandule, gl^nidiile, s, A small gland serving to
the secretion of luimours.
Glandulosii Y, glin-du-lfts-4-te, s, AcoUection
of glands.
231
Glandulous, glin^du-lus, a. 294. Pertaining to
the glands, subsisting in glands.
To Glare, glare, v. n. To shine sc as to dazzle
the eyes; to look with fierce piercing eyes; to shine
ostentatiously.
To Glare, gl^re, v. a. To shoot such splendour
as the eye cannot bear.
Glare, glare, S. Overpowering lustre, splendour,
sucli as dazzles the eye ; a fierce piercing look.
GlAREOUS, gla-r^-US, a. Consisting of viscous
transparent matter, like the white of an egg.
Glaring, gla-nng, a. Applied to any tiling very
shocking, as a glaring crime.
Glass, glas, s, 79. An artificial substance made
by fusing salts and flint or sand together, with a vehe-
ment fire; a glass vessel of any kind; a looking-glass,
a mirror; a glass to help the sight; an hour-glass, a
glass used in measuring time by t lie flux of sand; a
cup of glass used to drink in; the quantity of wine
visually contained in a glass ; a perspective glass.
Glass, gl^, a. Vitreous, made of glass.
To Glass, glis, v. a. To case in glass J to cover
with glass, to glaze.
Glassfurnace, gl^-fur-nis, s. A furnace in
which glass is made by liquefaction.
Glassgazing, gl^-gi-zing, a. Finical, often
contemplating himself in a mirror.
Glassgrinder, glis-grlnd-ur, s. One whose
trade is to polish and grind glass.
Glasshouse, gl^s-house, *. A house where glass
is manufactured.
Glassman, gl;\s-m^n, s. 88. One who sells glass.
GlASSMETAL, glisim§t-tl, S, Glass in fusion.
GlASSWORK, glis-wurk, S. Manufactory of glass.
Glasswort, glis-wixrt, s. A plant.
Glassy, gl^-si, a. Made of glass, vitreous ;
resembling glass, as in smooUiness,or lustre, or brittle-
ness.
Glastonbury Thorn, glfc-sn-ber-l-<7tornJ s.
A species of medlar; a kind of thorn which blossoms
in winter.
Glaucoma, glaw-koima, s. A fault in tiie eye,
which changes the chrystalline humour into a greyish
colour.
GlAVE, glive, S. A broad sword, a falchion.
To Glaze, glize, v. a. To furnish with windows
of glass ; to cover with glass, as potters do their
earthenware; to overlay with something shining and
pellucid.
Glazier, gU^zhur, s. 283. 450. One whose
trade is to make glass windows.
Glead, glMe, *. A kind of hawk.
Gleam, gl4me, S. 227. Sudden shoot of light,
lustre, brightness.
To Gleam, gl^me, v. n. To shine with sudden
flashes of light; to shine.
Gleamy, gl^^m^, a. Flashing, darting sudden
shoots of light.
To Glean, gl^ne, v. a. 327. To gather what the
reapers of the harvest leave behind ; to gather any
thing thinly scattered.
Gleaner, gle-nur, S. One who gathers after the
reapers ; one who gathers any thing slowly and labo-
riously.
Gleaning, glJ-mng, *. The act of gleaning, or
thing gleaned.
Glebe, glebe, S. Turf, soil, ground; the land
Eossessed as part of the revenue of an ecclesiastical
enefice.
Glebous, gl^-bus,")
Gleby, gll^bi, J
Glede, glMe, s. A kite.
Glee, gl^6, S. Joy, gayety ; a kind of song,
Gleeful, gl^e-ful, a. Merry, cheerful.
Gleek, gle^k, *. Muslck, or niusicten.
Turfy.
GLO
GLU
ft3- 559. F4te73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, metgS— pine 105, pm 107— ni 162, move 164
Gleet, gl^Jt, *. a thin ichor running fropi a
sore; a venereal disease.
To Gleet, g\tht, v. n. To drip or ooze with a
tliin sanious liquor; to run slowly.
Gi.EETY, g'lee-te, a, Ichory, thinly sanious.
Glen, glen, S. A valley, a dale.
GlEW, glu, S. A viscous cement made by dissolving
the skins of animals in boiling water, and drying the
jelly. — See Glue.
Gliu, glib, a. Smooth, slippery, so formed as to be
easily moved ; smooth, voluble.
To Glib, glib, v. a. To castrate.
GlIDLY, gllb-le, ad. Smoothly, volubly.
GliBNESS, glib-nes, S. Smoothness, slipperiness.
7b Glide, glide, v. n. To flow gently and
silently j to pass gently and without tumult j to move
swiftly and smoothly along.
Glider, gll-dur, s. One that glides.
GlIKE, glike, S. A sneer, a scoff.
To Glimmer, glim-mur, v. n. To shine faintly;
to be perceived imperfectly, to appear faintly.
Glimmer, glim-mur, S. Faint splendour, weak
light; a kind of fossil.
Glimpse, gllmps, *. A weak faint light ; a quick
flashing liglit ; transitory lustre; short, fleeting enjoy-
ment; a short transitory view; the exhibition of a
faint resemblance.
To Glisten, glis-sn, v. n. 472. To shine, to
sparkle with light.
To Glister, glls-tur, v. n. To shine, to be
bright.
To Glitter, glit-tur, v. n. To shine, to exhibit
lustre, to gleam : to be specious, to be striking.
Glitter, gllt-tur, S. Lustre, bright show.
Glitteringly, glit^tur-ing-ll, ad.
With shining lustre.
To GloAR, glore, v. a. To squint, to look askew.
To Gloat, glAte, V, n. To cast side-glances as a
timorous lover.
Globated, gl6-ba-ted, a. Formed in shape of a
globe, spherical, spheroidical.
Globe, globe, S. A sphere, a ball, a round body,
a body of which every part of the surface is at the same
distance from the centre ; the terraqueous ball ; a
sphere in wliich the various regions of the earth are
geographically depicted, or in which the constellations
are laid down according to their places in the sky.
Globose, glo-b')f5e( a. Spherical, round.
Globosity, glo-bfts-e-t^, s. sphericainess.
GlobouS, glo-bus, a. 314. Spherical, round.
Globular, gl6b-u-lir, a. 535. Round, spherical.
Globule, glSb-llle, S. Such a small particle of
matter as is of a globular or spherical figure, as the
red particles of the blood.
GloBULOUS, glob-U-lu3, a. In form of a small
sphere, round.
To Glomerate, gl5m-er-ate, v. a. To gather
into a ball or sphere.
Glomerous, gl6ni-er-us, o. 314. • Gathered into
a ball or sphere.
Gloom, gloom, *. 306. Imperfect darkness, dis-
malness, obscurity, defect of liglit; cloudiness of as-
pect, heaviness of mind, sullenness.
To Gloom, gloom, v. 7l. To shine obscurely, as
the twilight; to be cloudy, to be dark; to be melan-
choly, to be sullen.
Gloomily, gloom-e-le, ad. Obscurely, dimly,
without perfect light, dismally ; sullenly, with cloudy
aspect, with dark intentions.
Gloominess, gloom-e-nes, s. Want of light,
obscurity, imperfect light, dismalness ; cloudiness of
look.
Gloomy, gloom-^, a. Obscure, imperfectly
illuminated, almost dark ; dark of complexion; sullen,
melancholy, cloudy of look, heavy of heart.
32
Gloried, glo^rid, a. 282. Illustrious, honourable.
Glorification, glo-r^-fe-ki^shun, *. The ac«
of giving glory.
To Glorify, glo^r^-fi, v. a, 183. To procure
honour or praise to one; to pay honour or praise ia
worship; to praise, to honour, to extol; to exalt t9
glory or dignity.
Glorious, glo^r^-us, a. 314. Noble, illustrious,
excellent.
Gloriously, gl6-re-us-l5, ad. Nobly, splendidly,
illustriously.
Glory, glo-re, s. Praise paid in adoration ; the
felicity of heaven prepared for those that please God;
honour, praise, fame, renown, celebrity; a circle of
rays which surrounds the heads of saints in pictures;
generous pride.
To Glory, gli^r^, v. n. To boast in, to be proud of.
To Close, gloze, v. a. 437. To flatter, tp
collogue.
Gloss, glos, s. 437. A scholium, a comment ; an
interpretation artfully specious ; a specious represen-
tation ; superficial lustre.
To Gloss, glSs, v. n. To comment, to make sly
remarks.
To Gloss, gl$S, v. a. To explain by comment;
to palliate by specious exposition or representation;
to embellish with superficial lustre.
Glossary, glftsis;1.-re, s. A dictionary of obscure
or antiquated words.
Glosser, glOs-Sur, S. A scholiast, a commentator;
a polisher.
Glossiness, glSs-se-nes, s. Smooth polish,
superficial lustre.
Glossographer, gl5s-s5g-gri-fur, s.
A scholiast, a commentator.
Glossography, glS.s-sog-gr^-fiJ, s. 518.
The writing of commentaries.
Glossy, glos-se, a. Shining, smoothly polished.
Glottis, glSt-tlS, S. The head of the windpipe,
the aperture of the larynx.
Glove, gluv, *. 165. Cover of the hands.
Glover, gluv-ur, *. One whose trade is to mak
or sell gloves.
To Glout, glout, V. n. 313. To pout, to look
sullen.
To Glow, gli, v. n. 324. To be heated so as to
shine without flame ; to burn with vehement heat ; to
feel heatof body ; to exhibit a strong bright colour; to
feel patsion of mind, or activity of fancy ; to rage or
burn as a passion.
To Glo^V, glo, V. a. To make hot so as to sliine.
Glow, gl6, S, shining heat, unusual warmth ;
vehemence of passion; brightness or vividness of co-
lour.
Glow-worm, glo-wurm, s. A small creeping
insect with a luminous tail.
To Gloze, gloze, v. n. To flatter, to wheedle, to
fawn ; to comment.
Gloze, gloze, S. Flattery, insinuation ; specious
show, gloss.
Glue, glu, S. A viscous body commonly made by
boiling the skins of animals to a gelly, a cement.
To Glue, glu, v. a. To join with a viscous
cement; to hold together; to join, to unite, to invis,
cate.
Glueboiler, gluiboil-ur, S. One whose trade is to
make glue.
Gluer, glu-ur, *. 98. One who cements with glue.
Glum, glum, a. Sullen, stubbornly grave. A low
cant word.
To Glut, glut, v. a. To swallow, to devour ; to
cloy, to fill beyond sufficiency; to feast or delight
even to satiety ; to overfill, to load.
Glut, glut, S. That which is gorged or swallowed {
plenty even to loathing and satiety j more than enough,
overmuch.
GOA
GOL
:ior 167, n6t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^/iin 466, this 469.
Glutinous, glu-tJ-nus, a.
Gluy, viscous, tenacious.
Glutinousness, glu-t^-nus-nes, s.
Viscosity, tenacity.
Glutton, glut^tn, s. 170. One wlio indulges
himself too mucli in eating; one eager of any tiling to
excess; an animal remarkalile fora voracious appetite.
C:^- Though'tlie second syllable of this word suppresses
the 0, the compounds seem to preserve it. This, how-
ever, is far from being regular; for if we were to form
compounds of Cotton, Button, or Mutton, as Cottony,
Jiuttony, Muttony, &c. we should as certainly suppress
the last 0 in the compounds, as in the simples. — See
Principles, No. 103.
To Gluttonise, glut-tun-Ize, v. a. To play
the glutton.
Gluttonous, glut-tun-us, a. Given to excessive
feeding.
Gluttonously, glut-tun-us-le, ad. With the
voracity of a glutton.
Gluttony, glut-tun-^, s. Excess of eating, luxury
of the table.— See Glutton.
Gluy, glu-e, a. Viscous, tenacious, glutinous.
Glyn, glin, s, A hollow between two mountains.
To Gnarl, narl, v. n, 384. To growl, to murmur,
to snarl.
Gnarled, nariled, a. Knotty.
To Gnash, nlUh, v. a. 384. To strike together,
to clash.
To Gnash, nish, v. n. To griiid or collide the
teeth ; to rage even to collision of the teeth.
Gnat, nat, 5. 384. A small winged stinging insect;
any thing proverbially small.
Gnatflower, n^t-flou-ur, s. The bee flower.
Gnatsnapper, nit-sn^p-pur, s. A bird so called.
To Gnaw, naw, V, a. 384. To eat by degrees, to
devour by slow corrosion ; to bite in agony or rage; to
wear away by biting ; to fret, to waste, to corrode ; to
pick with the teeth.
To Gnaw, naw, v. n. To exercise the teeth.
Gnawer, naw^ur, s, 98. One that gnaws.
Gnomon, no-mSn, s. 384. The hand or pin of a
dial.
Gnomonicks, n6-mSn-iks, s. 509. The art of
dialling.
To Go, go, V. n. Pret. 1 went, I have gone.
To walk, to move step by step ; to walk leisurely, not
run; to journey a-foot; to proceed.; to depart from a
place; to apply one's self; to have recourse; to be
about to do; to decline, to tend towards death or ruin ;
to escape; to tend to any act; to pass; to move by
mechanism ; to be in motion from whatever cause; to
be regulated by any method ; to proceed upon princi-
ples ; to be pregnant ; to be expended ; to reach or be
extended to any degree; to spread, to be dispersed, to
reach; to contribute, to conduce; to succeed; to pro-
ceed in train or consequence ; to go about, to attempt,
to endeavour; to go aside, to err, to deviate from
the right ; to abscond ; to go between, to interpose,
to moderate between two; to go by, to pass away un-
noticed; to observe as a rule; to go down, to be swal-
lowed, to be received, not rejected ; to go in and out,
to be at liberty ; to go off, to die, to decease ; to depart
from a post ; to go on, to make attack ; to proceed ; to
go over, to revolt, to betake himself to another party ;
to go out, to go upon any expedition; to Le extin-
guished ; to go through, to perform thoroughly ; to exe-
cute, to suffer, to undergo.
Go-to, g6-too{ interj. Come, come, take the
right course. A scornful exhortation.
Go-by, go-bij *. Delusion, artifice, circumvention.
Go-cart, go-kart, s. A machine in which
children are enclosed to teach them to walk.
Goad, gode, s. 295. A pointed instrument with
which oxen are driven forward.
To Goad, gode, v. a. To prick or drive with
a goad ; to incite, to stimulate, to instigate.
Goal, gole, S. 295. The landmark set up to
bound a race : the starting post ; the final purpose, the
end to which a design tends.
233
Goal, jile, S. An incorrect spelling for Gaolf
which see.
Goar, gore, s, 295. Any edging sewed upon cloth.
Goat, gote, s. 295. An animal that seems a
middle species between deer and sheep.
Goatbeard, gote-berd, s. A prant.
GOATCHAFER, gote^tsha-fur, *. A kind of beetle,
vulgarly Cockchafer.
GOATH ERD, gote-herd, s. One whose employment
is to tend goats.
GoATMARJORAM, gJte-maKjur-uin, s.
Goatbeard.
GOATS-RUE, gots-roo, "I . ,
^ ix //. 3 >S. A plant.
GoATS-THORN, gotS-^/tom, J
Goatish, gote-ish, a. Resembling a goat in rank-
ness or lust.
To Gobble, gob^bl, v. a. 405. To swallow
hastily with tumult and noise.
Gobbler, gSb^bl-ur, s. One that devours in
haste.
Go-between, gi-b^-twl^n, s. One that transacts
business by running between two parties.
Goblet, gftb-let, s. Properly Gohblet. A bowl
or cup. — See Codlc.
Goblin, gSb-lin, S, An evil spirit, a walking
spirit, a frightful phantom ; a fairy, an elf.
God, god, s. The Supreme Being 5 a false god, an
idol; any person or thing deified, or too much ho-
noured.
Godchild, gSd^tsblld, s. The child for whom
one became sponsor at baptism.
God-daughter, gud-daw-tur, s. A girl for
whom one became sponsor in baptism.
Goddess, gSd-des, S, a female divinity.
Goddess-like, gftd-des-llke, a. Resembling a
God-father, g8d-fa-THur, s. The sponsor at
the font.
Godhead, g3d-hed, S. Godship, divine nature, a
deily in person, a god or goddess.
Godless, gSd-les, n. Without sense of duty to
God, atheistical, wicked, impious.
Godlike, gSd-llke, a. Divine, resembling a
divinity.
GODLING, gftd-lin^, S. A little divinity.
Godliness, g3il-le-nes, j. Piety to God ; general
observation of all the duties prescribed by religion.
Godly, gftd-l^, a. Pious towards God ; good,
righteous, religious.
Godly, gftd-l6. ad. Piously, righteously.
GodlyhEAD, god-le-bed, S. Goodness, righteous-
ness.
Godmother, g6diinuT!i-3r, s. A woman who
has become sponsor in baptism.
Godship, gftd-sbip, s. The rank or character of
a god, deity, divinity.
Godson, gftd-sun, s. One for whom one has been
sponsor at the font.
Godward, gSd-ward, ad. Toward God.
Godwit, gftd-wit, S. A bird of particular delicacy.
Goer, go-ur, s. One that goes, a runner, a walker.
To Goggle, gftg-gl, v, n. 405. To look asquint.
Goggle-eyed, gftg-gl-lde, a. 283. Squint-eyed,
not looking straight.
Going, go-ing, 5. The act of walking j pregnancy;
departure.
Go LA, go-1^, s. The same with Cymatium.
Ii:f- Tluit is a term in architecture signifying a member
or moulding, one half of which is convex and the other
concave.
Gold, gold, or goold, s. 164. The purest,
heaviest, and most precious of all metals; money.
K/^,U is much to be regretted that the second sound o,
this word is grown much more frequent than the first.
GOO
GOV
fc^ 559. Fite 73, far, 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 163, move, 164,
It is not easy to guess at the cause of this unmeaning de-
viation from the general rule, but tlie effect is to impo-
verislithe sound of the language, and to add to its irregu-
larities. It has not, however, like some other words,
irievocably lost its true pronunciation. Rhyme still
claims its right to the long open o, as in bold, cold, fold,
&c.
*' Judges and Senates have been bought for gold;
'* Esteem and Love were never to be sold.
** Now Europe's laurels on tlieir brows behold,
** But stain'd with blood, or ill excbang'd fur ^-oW.-**' Pope.
And solemn speaking, particularly the language of scrip,
ture, indispensably requires the same sound. With these
establishecf authorities in its favour, it is a disgrace to the
language to suffer indolence and vulgarity to corrupt it
into the second sound. — See fVind. But since it is gene-
rally corrupted, we ought to keep this corruption from
spreading, by confining it as much as possible to familiar
objects and familiar occasions: thus Goldbeater, Gold-
fivch, Goliljinder, Golding, and Goldsmith, especially when
a proper name, as Dr. Goldsmith, may admit of the
second sound of o, but itot Golden, as the GcUen Age.
Gold, g6ld, a. Made of gold, golden.
Goldbeater, gold-be-tur, s. One whose occupa-
tion is to beat gold.
Goldbeaters' skin, gold'-b4-turz-skin| s.
Skin which goldbeaters lay between the leaves of their
metal wliile they beat it.
GoLDBOUND, gold-bound, a. Encompassed with
gold.
Golden, gil-dn, a. 103. Made of gold, consisting
of gold ; shining; yellow, of the colour of gold ; excel-
lent, valuable; happy, resembling the age of gold.
GolDENLY, gil-dn-U, ad. Delightfully, splendidly.
Goldfinch, g6ld-f?nsh, s. A singing bird.
Goldfinder, gi)ld-f1nd-ur, s. One who finds
gold. A term ludicrously applied to those that empty
a Jakes.
GOLDIIAMMKR, ffild-llSm-mur, S. A kind of bird.
Golding, gild-ing, s. A sort of apple.
GoLDSIZE, giSld-slze, *. A glue of a golden colour.
GOLDSiVIITH, gold-smi^/j, *. One who manufactures
gold ; a banker, one who keeps money for others in
his hands.
GoME, ghme, s. The black and oily grease of a
cart wheel ; vulgarly pronounced Coom.
Gondola, gSn-do-li, S. A boat much used in
Venice, a small boat.
Gondolier, gon-di-l^crj s. A boatman.
Gone, g8n. Part, pret, from Go, Advanced, for-
ward in progress; ruined, undone; past; lost, de-
parted ; dead, departed from life.
s. 166.
Gonfalon, gftn-fi-lun, "l
GoNFANON, g}tu'-(X-min, J
An ensign, a standard.
Gonorrhoea, g&n-6r-rl-4, s. A morbid running
of venereal hurts.
Good, gud, «. 307. Comp. Better. Super. Best.
Having such physical qualities as are expected or de-
sired ; proper, fit, converrfent; uncorrupted, unda-
maged ; wholesome, salubrious; pleasant to the taste;
complete, full ; useful, valu;ihle; sound, not false, not
fallacious; legal, valid, rightly claimed or held; well
qualified, not deficient; skilful, ready, dexterous;
having moral qualities, such as are wished, virtuous;
benevolent; companionable, sociable, merry; iwct too
fast ; in good sooth, really, seriously ; to make good,
to maintain, lo perform, to supply any deficiencies.
Good, gild, S, That which physically contributes to
happiness, the contrary to evil ; moral qualities, such
as are desirable ; virtue, righteousness.
Good, gud, ad. Well, not ill, not amiss ; as good,
no worse.
GooD-coNDn ioned, giid-kin-dish-und, a, 362.
Without ill qualities or symptoms.
GOODLINESS, giid-le-nes, *. Beauty> grace,
elegance.
Goodly, gud-le, a. Beautiful, fine, splendid;
bulky, swellina ; happy, gay.
. Good-NOW, giid-nou, interj. In good time.
234
Goodman, gud-mJn, s, A slight appellation of
civility ; a rustic1< term of compliment, gaffer.
Goodness, gud^nes, S. Desirable qualities either
moral or physical.
Goods, gudz, S. Moveables in a house ; wares,
freight, mercliandise.
Goody, gud-de, s. A low term of civility used to
mean old women ; corrupted from goodwife.
Goose, goose, s. A large waterfowl proverbially
noted for foolishness ; a tailor's smootliing iron.
Gooseberry, g8oz-ber-^, *. A tree and fruit.
Goosefoot, goose-fiit, S. Wild orach.
Goosegrass, gottSe-gr^S, S. Clivers, an herb.
Gorbelly, gor-bel-le, s, A big paunch, a
swelling belly.
Gorbellied, fforibel-lid, a. 283.
Fat, big-bellied.
GoRD, gord, s. An instrument of ghming.
Gore, gore, S. Blood j blood clotted or congealed.
To Gore, gire, i: a. To stab, to pierce; to
pierce with a horn.
Gorge, gorjo, S. The throat, the swallow; that
which is gorged or swallowed.
To Gorge, gorje, v. a. To fill up to the throat,
to glut, to satiate; to swallow, as the fish lias gorged
the hook.
Gorgeous, gor^jus, a. 262. Fine, glittering in
various colours, showy.
Gorgeously, gor-jiis-le, ad. Splendidly, mag
nificently, finely.
Gorgeousness, gor-jus-nes, i. Splendour, mag
nificeitce, show.
Gorget, gor-Jet, *. The piece of armour that
defends the throat.
Gorgon, gor-gun, *. 166. A monster with snaky
liairs, of which the sight turned beholders to stone;
any thing ugly or horrid.
GORMAND, gor-ni^nd, S. A greedy eater.
To Gormandize, gor-m^n-dlze, v. n.
To feed ravenously.
Gormandizer, gorimJn-dl-zur, s. A voraciom
eater.
GoRSE, gorse, S, Furze, a thick prickly shrub.
Gory, gi-re, a. Covered with congealed blood;
bloody, murderous.
Goshawk, gftsUiawk, S. A hawk of a large kind.
Gosling, goz-hng, s. A young goose, a goose not
yet full grown ; a catkin on nut trees and pines.
Gospel, gSs-pel, S. God's word, the holy book of
the Christian revelation ; divinity, theology.
G.OSPELLER, gSs-pel-ur, *. A name given to the
followers of Wic"
gospel.
ickliif, who professed to preach only the
Gossamer, gSs-sJ-mur, s. The down of plants ;
the long while cobwebs which float in the air about
harvest time.
Gossip, gSs-Sip, S. One who answers for a child in
baptism; a tippling companion; one who runs about
tattling like a woman at a lying in.
To Gossip, gSs-sip, v. n. To chat, to prate, to be
merry; to be a pot companion.
Got, g8t. Pret. of To Get.
Gotten, gSt-tn, 102, 103. Part. pass, of Get.
To Govern, guv-urn, v. a. To rule as a chief
magistrate; to regulate, to influence, to direct; to
manage, to restrain ; in grammar, to have fo ice with
regard to syntax; to pilot, to regulate the motions of
a ship.
To Govern, guv^urn, v. n. 98. To keep
superiority.
Governable, guviur-n4-bl, a. Submissive to
authority, subject to rule, manageable.
Governance, guv-ur-nitnse, s. Government,
rule, management.
GRA GRA
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 173, bull 173— «il399— p5und313— Min466, this 469.
GOVERNANTE, gi-Vur-n^ntJ S. A lady who has
the care of young girls of quality.
Governess, guv-ur-nes, s. A female invested
with authority ; a tutoress, a woman that has the care
of young ladies; a directress.
Government, guv-um-inent, *. Form of com-
munity with respect to the disposition of the supreme
authority; an establishment of legul authority, admi-
nistration of publick affairs ; regularity of heliaviour ;
manageableness, compliaijce, obsequiousness ; in gram-
mar, influence with regard to construction.
Governour, guv-ur-nur, *. 314. One who has
the supreme direction ; one who is invested with su-
preme authority in a state; one who rules anyplace
with delegated and temporary authority; a tutor; a
pilot, a manager.
Gouge, goodje, S. A chissel having a routid edge.
Gourd, ghrd, or goord, s. 318.
A plant, a bottle,
G3" Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Nares, W. Johnston, and Bu-
chanan, pronounce this word in the first manner; and
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry,
in the last. The first is, in my opinion, the most agree-
able to English analogy.
GourdiNESS, girid^-nes, S. A swelling in a
horse's leg.
Gournet, gur-net, s. 314. A fish.
Gout, gout, s. 313. A periodical disease attended
with great pain.
Gout, goo, *. 315. A French word signifying taste;
a strong desire.
GOUTWORT, gOUt-WUrt, *. An herb.
Gouty, gou-ti, a. Afflicted or diseased with the
gout; relating to the gout.
Gown, goun, S. A long upper garment ; a woman's
upper garment; the long habit of a man dedica'.cd to
arts of peace, as divinity, medicine, law; the dress of
peace.
Gowned, gound, a, 362. Dressed in a gown,
GownmAN, goun-min, s. 88. A man devoted to
the arts of peace.
To Grabble, gr^b-bl, v. a. 405, To grope.
To Grabble, grib-bl, v. n. To lie prostrate on
the ground.
Grace, grAse, S. 560. Favour, kindness ; favour-
able influence of God on the human mind ; virtue, ef-
fect of God's influence; pardon; favour conferred;
privilege ; a goddess, by the heathens supposed to be-
stow beauty ; behaviour, considered as decent or
unbecoming; adventitious or artifleial beauty; orna-
ment, flower, highest perfection ; the title of a duke,
formerly of the king, meaning the same as yotir good-
ness or your clemency ; a short prayer said before and
after meat.
Grace-cup, gr^e-kup, s. The cup or health
drank after grace.
To Grace, grAse, v. a. To adorn, to dignify, to
embellish ; to dignify or raise by an act of favour ; to
favour.
Graced, grist, a. 359, Beautiful, graceful;
virtuous, regular, chaste.
Graceful, grAse^ful, a. Beautiful with dignity.
(Gracefully, griseiful-J, ad. Elegantly, with
pleasing dignity.
Gracefulness, grAse-ful-nes, s. Elegance of
manner.
Grace (.ess, gr^e-les, a. Without grace, wicked,
abandoned.
Graces, gra^siz, s. 99. Good graces, for favour;
it is selc om used in the singular.
GrACILE, gr4s^Sll, a. 140. Slender, small,
fiRACILENT, grii^^-lHIlt, a. Lean.
Gracility, gRi-siK4-t4, s. Slendemess,
Gracious, grA^shus, a. 314. Mercitu., bitjetoieftv;
favourable, tind; virtuous, good; graceful, beco^iing.
Graciously, gr^'-shus-l^, ad. Kindly, with kind
condeicension } ia a pleasing manner.
235
Graciousness, gri^shus-nes, s. Kind conde-
scension ; pleasing manner.
Gradation, gri-da-shun, *, Regular progres*
from one degree to another; regular advance step by
step; order, arrangement; regular process of argu-
ment.
Gradatory, gr4d-^-tur-e, s. 512, steps from
the cloister into the church.
Gradiant, gra-de4nt, or gra-j^-^nt, a. 293.
Walking.
Gradual, grid^u-^.!, or grSdyi-il, a. 293, 294.
376. Proceeding by degrees, advancing step by step.
Gradual, gr^d^ii-^1, s. 88. An order of steps.
Gra DUALITY, gr^d-u-4l-^-t^, s. Regular pro
gression.
Gradually, gntd-u-il-le, ad. By degrees, in
regular progression.
To Graduate, grid^ii-ate, v. a. To dignify with
a degree in the university, to mark with degrees; to
raise to a higher place in the scale of metals; to
heighten, to improve.
Graduate, gr^d'-u-Ate, 5. 91, A man dignified
with an academical degree.
Graduation, gr^d-u-a-sbun, s. Regular pro-
gression by succession of degrees; the actof conferring
academical degiees.
Graff, grif, *. A ditch, a moat.
Graft or Graff, grift or grafF, s. 79.
A small branch inserted intotlic^ stock of another tree.
To Graft or Graff, grAft or grilF, v. a.
To insert a scion or branch of one tree into the stock
of another; to jjropagate by insertion or inoculation ;
to insert into a place or body to which it did not origi
nally belong; to join one thing so as to receive support
from anoth3r.
(t3- Nothing can be clearer than that Grajfis the true
word, if we appeal to its derivation from the French
word Grejf'er; and accordingly we find this word used in
Scripture, and several of the old writers: but nothing
can be clearer than that it is now obsolete, and that the
word Grafted has been long used by our most respectable
modern authors ; and that it ought to be used exclu-
sively.
Grafter, griPtur, S. One who propagates fruit*
by grafting.
Grain, grAne, s. 202. A single seed of com;
corn ; the seed of any fruit; any minute particle; the
smallest weight ; any thing proverbially small ; Grain
of allowance, something indulged or remitted ; the
direction of the fibres of wood, or other fibrous matter;
died or stained substance; temper, disposition, hu-
mour; the form of the surface with regard to rough-
ness and smoothness.
Grained, grind, a. 359. Rough, made less
smooth.
Grains, grinz, S. The husks of malt exhausted in
brewing.
Grainy, griUn^, a. Full of com; full of grains or
kernels.
Gramercy, grJ-meris^, interj. An obsolete ex-
pression of surprise.
Gramineous, gri-inin-l-us, a. Gra-osy.
Graminivorous, grim-e-nivii-rfiis, a. 518.
Grass-eating.
Grammar, ^rKm'-mh; s. 418. The science of
speaking correctly, the art which leaches the relation
of words to each other; propriety or justness of speech;
the book that treats of the various relations of words
to one another.
Grammar-school, grAm-mir-skool, *.
A school in which the learned languages are gramma-
tically taught.
Grammarian, grim-mi^re-in, s. One who
teaches grammar, a philologer.
Grammatical, grAm-mitf^e-kil, a. Belonging
to grammar ; taught by grammar.
Grammatically, grim-mit^e-k^l-e, ad.
According to the rules or science of grammar,
Grample, grira'-pl, *. 405. A crab Ash.
GRA
GRA
(»■ 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 163, move, 154,
Grampus, grim-pus, S. A large fish of the whale
kind
Gran AM, gran-um, s. A ludicrous word for
Granilam.
Granary, grin-i-rJ, s. 503. A storehouse for
the threshed corn.
K^ We sometimes hear tliis word pronounced with the
first a like tliat in grain; but all our c>rth6epists mark it
like the a in grand. The first manner would insinuate,
that the word is derived from the English word grain;
but this is not the case; it comes from the Latin grana-
rium ; and, by our own analogy, has the antepenulti-
mate vowel short.
Granate, ^rin-kt, s. 91, A kind of marble, so
called because it is marked with small variegations like
grains.
Grand, gr5.ntl, a. Great, illustrious, high in
power; splendid, magnificent; noble, sublime, lofty,
conceived or expressed with great dignity; it is used
to signify ascent or descent of consanguinity.
GrANDAM, gr^n-d^ra, S. Grandmother, one's
father's or mother's mother ; an old withered woman.
Grandchild, grind-tshlld, s. The son or
daughter of one's son or daughter.
Granddaughter, gr^ndMaw-tur, s.
The daughter of a son or daughter.
Grandee, grin-deej s. A man of great rank,
power, or dignity.
Grandeur, griii^jur, *. 376. state, splendour of
appearance, magnificence; elevation of sentiment or
language.
Grandfather, gi4nd-fa-THur, s. The father of
a father or mother.
Grandifick, grin-dif^ik, a. 509. Making great.
Grandinous, griii^d^-nus, a. Full of hail.
Grandmother, gr^nd^muTH-ur, j. The father's
or mother's mother.
Grandsire, gfind-slre, s. Grandfather; any
ancestor, poetically.
Grandson, grind-sun, s. The son of a son or
daughter.
Grange, granje, s. A farm ; generally, a farm
with a house at a distance from neighbours.
Granite, grin-it, s. 140. a stone composed
of separate and very large concretions rudely com-
pacted together.
Gramvorous, gri-niviv5-rus, a, 518.
Eating grain.
Grannam, grSn-num, S. 88. Grandmother.
To Grant, grint, v. a. 78, 79. To admit that
which is not yet proved ; to bestow something which
cannot he claimed of right.
Grant, grint, s. The act of granting or bestowing;
the thing giantcil, a gift, a boon; in law, a gift in
writing, of such a thing as cannot aptly be passed or
conveyed by word only; admission of something in
dispute.
• GRANTABLE, grint^a-bl, a. That may be granted.
Grantee, gian-t^ej S. He to whom any grant is
made.
Grantor, grint-tor{ s. 166. He by whom a
grant is made.
Granulary, grin-u-lir-e, a. Small and compact,
resembling a small grain or seed.
To Granulate, grin-u-late, v. n. To be formed
into small grains.
To Granulate, gr;tu-ii-ltite, v. a. 9\. To break
into small masses ; to raise into small asperities.
Granulation, grAn-u-la^shun, s. The act of
pouring melted metal into cold water, so that it may
congeal into small grains; the act of breaking into
small parts like grains.
Granule,, grAn-uIe, s. A small compact particle.
GrANULOUS, griuiu-lus, a. Full of little grains.
Grape, grape, s. The fruit of the vine, growing in
clusters.
GRAnilC, gntfilk, a. Well described, delineated,
236
Graphical, grttf^e-k^l, o, Weu delineated.
Graphically, gr;tf-e-kil-e, ad. In a pfcturesque
manner, with good description or delineation.
Grapnel, grip-nel, *. A small anchor belonging
to a little vessel ; a grappling iron with wliich in figli
one ship fastens on another.
To Grapple, gripipl, v. n. 405. To contend by
seizing each other; to contest in close fight.
To Grapple, gntpipl, v. a. To fasten, to fi.x; to
seize, to lay fast hold ef.
Grapple, grap-pl, S. Contest, in which the com-
batants seize eiich other; close fight ; iron instrument
by which one ship fastens on another.
Grapplement, grap-pl-inent, s. Close fight.
Grasshopper, grits-hop-ur, s, a small insect
that hops in the summer grass.
Grasier, gra-zbur, s. 283. — See Grazier.
To Grasp, grisp, v. a. To hold in the hand, to
gripe; to seize, to catch at.
To Grasp, grisp, v. n. To catch at, to endeavour
to seize; to struggle, to strive; to gripe, to encroach.
Grasp, gritsp, s. The gripe or seizure of the hand;
possession, hold; power of seizing.
Grasper, grisp-ur, s. 98. One that grasps.
Grass, grls, *. 78, 79- The common herbage of
fields on which cattle feed.
Grass-plot, gr^-plSt, S. A small level covered
with grass.
GrASSINESS, gris-s5-nes, S. Tlie state of abound-
ing in grass.
Grassy, gris-se, a. Covered with grass.
Grate, grate, S. A partition made with bars placed
near to nue another; the range of bars within which
fires are made.
To Grate, grate, v, a. To rub or wear any thing
by the attrition of a rough body; to off'end by any
tiling harsh or vexatious ; to form a harsh sound.
To Grate, grate, v. n. To rub so as to injure or
ofl"cnd; to make a harsh noise.
Grateful, grate-ful, a. Having a due sense of
benefits; pleasing, acceptable, delightful, delicious.
Gratefully, grite^ftil-^, ad. With willingness
to acknowledge and repay benefits; in a pleasing
manner.
Gratefulness, gr^te'ful-nes, s. Gratitude, duty
to benefactors ; quality of being acceptable, pleasant-
ness.
Grater, grate-ur, *. A kind of coarse file with
which soft bodies are rubbed to powder.
Gratification, gr4t-e-fe-kA-shun, s. The act
of pleasing; pleasure, delight, recompense.
To Gratify, gr^t'-h-^, v. a. To indulge, to
please by compliance ; to delight, to please; to requite
with a gratification.
Gratingly, grate-ing-le, «c/. Harshly, off"ensiveiy.
Gratis, gra-tis, ad. 544. For nothing, witlvout
recompense.
Gratitude, grat-^-tude, s. Duty to benefact«rsj
desire to return benefits.
Gratuitous, gri-tu-e-tus, a. Voluntary, granted
without claim or merit ; asserted without proof.
Gratuitously, gnt-tu-e-tus-l6, ad. Without
claim or merit ; without proof.
Gratuity, gri-til-e-ti, S. A present or acknow-
ledgment, a free gift.
To Gratulate, grStsh-u-late, or grAt-iJ-late,
u. a. 461. To congratulate, to salute with declarations
of joy; to declare joy for.
Gratulation, gr4tsh-t!i-laishun, s. Salutatiom
made by expressing joy.
Gratulatory, gritsh-ii-li-tur-i, a.
Congratulatory, expressing congratulation.
ti^^ For the o, see Uomeslick, 512.
Grave, grAve, s. The place in which the dead .\re
repositei ,
GRE
GRE
nSr 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, t5b 172, buiri73— 3il299— p3und313— #;un466, this 469.
Grave-clothes, graveikloze, s. The dress of
the dead.
Grave-stone, grave-stone, s. The stone that is
laid over tlie grave.
To GuAVE, grAve, v. a. Pret. Graved. Part. pass.
Graven. To carve on any hard substance; to copy
painting on vifood or metal; to impress deeply; to
clean, calk, and sheath a ship.
To Grave, grave, v. n. To write or delineate on
liard substances.
Grave, grAve, a. Solemn, serious, sober; of
weight; not showy, not tawdry; not sharp of sound,
not acute.
Gravel, gr^v^el, S. 99- Hard sand; sandy
matter concreted in the liidneys.
To Gravel, griv-el, v. a. To cover with gravel ;
to stick in the sand ; to puzzle, to put to a stand, to
embarrass; to hurl the foot of a horse with gravel con
fined by the shoe.
GravELESS, grive-leS, a. Without a tomb,
iniburied.
Gravelly, gr^v^el-le, a. Full of gravel, abound-
ing with gravel.
Gravely, grave-1^, ad. Solemnly, seriously,
sobeily, without lightness ; without gaudiness or show.
Graveness, grive-nes, s. Seriousnessj, solemnity
and sobriety.
Graveolent, gra-ve-&-lent, a. strong scented.
Graver, gra-vur, S. 98. One whose business is to
inscribe or carve upon hard substances, one wlio copies
pictures upon wood or metal to be impressed on paper ;
the stile or tool used in graving.
Gravidity, gr4-v^d-^-te, s. Pregnancy.
Graving, gra-v!ng, s. Carved work.
To Gravitate, grS.v-e-tate, v. n. To tend to the
centre of attraction.
Gravitation, griv-e-ta-shun, s. Act of tending
to the centre.
Gravity, grav^-te, s. Weight, heaviness, tendency
to the centre ; seriousness, solemnity.
Gravy, gra-ve, S. The juice that runs from flesh
not much dried by the fire, the juice of flesh boiled
out.
Gray, gri, a. White with a mixture of black ;
white or hoary with old age; dark like the opening or
close of day.
Gray, grA, s. A badger.
Gravbeard, gri-beerd, S. An old man.
Grayling, gra'-ling, s. The umber, a fish.
GrAYNESS, grA-neS, S. The quality of being gray.
7'o Graze, grAze, v. n. To eat grass, to feed on
grass ; to supply grass ; to touch lightly on the surface.
To Graze, grize, v. a. To tend gracing cattle;
to feed upon : to touch lightly the surface.
Grazier, grA-zhur, *. 283. 484. One who feeds
cattle.
Grease, gr^sc, *. 227. 560. The soft part of the
fat; a swelling and gourdiness ot the legs, which ge-
nerally happens to a horse after his journey.
To Grease, gr^ze, v. a. 437. To smear or
anoint with grease ; to bribe or corrupt with presents.
Greasiness, gr^-z^-nes, s. OiUness, fatness. •
Greasy, gre-z^, a. Oily, fat, unctuous; smeared
with grease; fat of body, bulky.
Great, grAte, a. 240, 241. Large in bulk or
number; having any quality in a high degree ; consi-
derable in extent or duration; important, weighty;
chief, principal ; of high rank, of large power; illus-
trious, eminent ; noble, magnanimous ; familiar, much
acquainted; pregnant, teeming; it is added in every
step of ascending or descending consanguinity, as
great-grandson is the son of my grandson.
Great, grate, $. The whole, the gross, the whole
in a lump.
Greatbellied, grAte-beUxd, a, 283. Pregnant,
teeming
237
Greathearted, grAte-hartied, a.
High spirited, undejected.
Greatly, grAte-1^, ad. In a great degreej
nobly, illustriously ; magnanimously, generously,
bravely.
Greatness, grAte-nes, *. Largeness of quantity or
number; comparative quantity; high degree of any
quality ; high place, dignity, power, influence ; merit
magnanimity, nobleness of mind; grandeur, state
magnificence.
Greaves, gr^vz, s. Armour for the legs,
GrECISM, gr^-Sizm, S. An idiom of the Greek
language. ,
To Grecize, gre-size, v. a. To imitate the idiom
of the Greek language.
Greece, greese, s. A flight of steps.
Greedily, gree-de-li, ad. Eagerly, ravenously,
voraciously.
Greediness, gree-de-iies, s. Ravenousness,
hunger, eagerness of appetite or desire.
Greedy, gree-de, a. Ravenous, voracious, hungrj';
eager, vehemently desirous.
Greekling, greek-ling, s. A young Greek
scholar; a smatterer in Gieek.
Green, green, a. Having a colour formed by
compounding blue and yellow ; pale, sickly; flourish-
ing, fresh; new, fresh, as a green wound; not dry;
not roasted, half raw ; unripe, immature, young.
Green, green,*. The green colour ; a grassy plain.
To Green, gr^en, v. a. To make green.
Greenbroom, green-broom{ s. This shrub grows
wild upon barien dry heaths.
Greencloth, green-kl3^7<J s. A board or court
of justice of the king's household.
Greeneyed, green-ide, a. 283. Having eyes
coloured with green,
Greenfinch, green-liiisb, *. A kind of bird; a
kind of flsh.
Greengage, green-gA.jeJ s. A species of plum.
Greenhouse, gre^n-hduse, s. A house in which
tender plants are sheltered.
Greenish, green-ish, a. Somewhat green.
Greenly, green-le, ad. With a greenish colour j
newly, freshly.
Greenness, green-nes, s, • The quality of being
green; immaturity, unripeness; freshness, vigour,
newness.
Green Room, gieen-rotnn, s. A room near the
stage to which actors retire during the intervals of
their parts in the play.
Greensickness, gretn-sik-nes, *. The disease
of maids, so called from the paleness which it pro-
duces.
Greensward, ") it, .i ,
^ ' > green-sward, s.
Greensword, J ^
The turf on which grass grows.
Greenweed, green-we^d, S. Dyers' weed.
Greenwood, gre^n-wud, s. A wood considered
as it appears in the spring or summer.
To Greet, gr^^t, v. a. To address at meeting ;
to salute in kindness or respect; to congratulate; to
pay compliments at a distance.
C:5> This word had anciently a double signification, im-
porting two opposite meanings. In Chaucer, it signifies
to rejoice; and in Spenser, to complain. In the latter
sense it is entirely obsolete, and would never have been
heard of if Spenser had not dug it up, ^Ith many similar
withered weeds, to adorn his Fairy Queen.
Greeting, greit-ing, s. Salutation at meeting, or
compliments at a distance.
Greeze, greeze, s. A flight of steps.
GregAL, gre-gil, a. Belonging to a flock.
Gregarious, gr^-gA-r^-us, a. Going in flocks or
herds.
Gremial, gre-me-al, a. Pertaining to the lap.
Grenade, gie-nade{ s. A little hollow globe «
GRI
GRO
i:^ 559. The 73, fir 77, fall 83, fUtSi— me93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
ball about two inches in diameter, which, being filled
with fine powder, as soon as it is kindled, flies into
many shatters; a small bomb.
Grenadier, gren4.d^er{ s 275. A tall foot
soldier, of wliom there is one company in every re-
giment.
Grenado, gri-naido, s. 77. — See Grenade and
Lumbago.
Grew, gru. The pret. of Grotv.
Grey, gra, «. — See Gray.
Greyhound, grA-hound, s. A tall fleet dog that
chases in siglit.
To Gride, gride, v. n. To cut.
<1r!DELIN, grul-e-lin, a. A colour made of white
and red.
Gridiron, gnd'-I-urn, s. A portable grate.
Grief, gr^ef, *. 275. Sorrow, trouble for some-
thing past ; grievance, harm.
Grievance, gree^vinse, s, 560. A state or the
cause of uneasiness.
To Grieve, gre^v, v. a. To afflict, to hurt.
To Grieve, gr^ev, v. n. To be in pain for some-
thing past, to mourn, to sorrow, as for the death of
friends.
Grievingly, grelv-ing-1^, ad. In sorrow, sorrow-
fully.
Grievous, gr^evius, a. Afflicted, painful, hard to
be borne; such as causes sorrow ; atrocious, heavy.
Grievously, greev^us-le, ad. Painfully; cala-
mitously, miserably ; vexaliously.
Grievousness, gr^ev-us-nes, s. Sorrow, pain.
Griffin, \ i„fi
Griffon, J ^
A fabled animal, said to be generated between the lion
and eagle.
Grig, grig, *. A small eel; a merry creature.
To Grill, gril, v. a. To broil on a gridiron ; to
harass, to hurt.
Grillade, gnl-ladej s. Any thing broiled on the
gridiron.
Grim, grim, a. Having a countenance of terrour,
horrible; ugly, ill-looking.
Grimace, gr^-misej s. A distortion of the
countenance from habit, affectation, or insolence;
air of affectation.
Grimalkin, grim-mltl-kin, s. An old cat.
Grime, grime, S. Dirt deeply insinuated.
To Grime, grime, v. a. To dirt, to sully deeply.
Grimly, grim-le, ad. Horribly, hideously;
sourly, sullenly.
Grimness, grim-nes, *. Horrour, frightfulness of
visage.
To Grin, grin, v. n. To set the teeth together and
withdraw the lips, so as to appear smiling with a mix-
ture of displeasure ; to fix the teeth as in anguish.
Grin, grin, s. The act of closing the teeth.
To Grind, grind, v. a. Pret. / Ground. Part,
pass. Ground. To reduce any thing to powder by fric-
tion ; to sharpen or smooth ; to rub one against an-
other ; to harass, to oppress.
To Grind, gnnd, v. n. To perform the act of
grinding, to be moved as in grinding.
Grinder, grlnd^ur, *. 98. One that grinds ; the
instrument of grinding ; one of the double teeth.
Grindlestone, grinidl-8t6ne, \
Grindstone, grind-stone, J
The stone on which edged instruments are sharpened.
GrINNER, grin-nur, S. 98. He that grins.
GfRINNINGLY, grin-iung-lu, ad. With a grinning
laugh.
Grip, grip, S. A small ditch.
To Gripe, gripe, v. a. To hold with the fingers
closed ; to catcli eagerly ; to seize ; to close, to clutch ;
. to pinch, to press, to sipieeze.
238
To Gripe, gripe, v. n. To pinch the be.ly, to give
the cholick.
Gripe, grfpe, *. Grasp, hold; squeeze, pressure;
oppression ; pinching distress.
Gripes, grips, S. Belly-ache, cholick. I
Griper, gri-pur, *. 98. Oppressor, usurer. J
Gripingly, grl-ping-le, ad. With pain in the '
guts.
Grisamber, gris-Am-bur, S. Used by Milton for
ambergrise.
Griskin, gris^kin, S. The vertebriE of a hog
broiled.
Grisly, griz^l^, a. Dieadful, horrible, hideous.
Grist, grist, S. Corn to be ground; supply,
provision.
Gristle, gris^sl, s. 472. A cartilage.
Gristly, gris-sle, a. Cartilaginous.
Grit, gnt, s. The coarse part of meal ; oats
husked, or coarjelv ground; sand, rough hard parti-
cles; a kind of fossil ; a kind of fish.
GriitiNESS, gritite-nes, s, Sandiness, the quality
of abounding in grit.
Gritty, grit-te, a. Full of hard particles.
Grizlelin, griz-zl-lin,a. More properly Grideliti,
Having a pale red colour.
Grizzle, griz^zl, s. 405. A mixture of white
and black ; gray.
Grizzled, griz-zld, a. 359. Interspersed with
gray.
Grizzly, griz-zle, a. Somewhat gray.
To Groan, grine, v. n. 295. To breathe with
a mournful noise, as in pain or agony.
Groan, grone, s. Breath expired with noise and
difficulty ; any hoarse dead sound.
GroANFUL, grine-ful, a. Sad, agonizing.
Groat, griwt, S. 295. A piece valued at four-
pence; a proverbial name for a small sum; groats,
oats that have the hulls taken off.
Grocer, gri^sur, *. 98. A man who buys and
sells tea, sugar, plums, and spices.
fcS" Mr. Nares observes that this word ought to be
written Grosser, as originally being one who dealt by the
gross or wholesale. There is not, however, he observes,
much chance that Grocer will give place to Grosser;
especially as they no longer engross merchandise of all
kinds, nor insist upon dealing in the g'rots alone. The
other derivation of this word, from grossus, a fig, is not
worth notice.
Grocery, gr6-sur-l, a. Grocers' ware.
Grogerum,! 4 , 2
^ f ffr(5g-runi, s.
Grogram, J & o '
Stuff woven with a large woof and a rough pile.
Groin, groin, S. Tlie part next the thigh.
Groom, groom,*. A servatit that takes care of the
stable.
Groove, groov, *. a deep cavern or hollow; a
channel or hollow cut with a tool.
To Groove, groov, v. a. To cut hollow.
To Grope, gripe, v. n. To feel where one cannot
see.
To Grope, gripe, v. a. To search by feeling in
the dark.
Gross, grise, rt. 162. Thick, corpulent ; shame-
ful, unseemly; intellectually coarse; inelegant; thick,
not refined; stupid, dull; coarse, rough, opposite to
delicate.
0^= This word is irregular from a vanity of imitating
the French. In Scotland they pronounce this word re-
gularly so as to rhyme with moss. Pope also rhymes it
with this word.
" Shall only man be taken in the gross?
'* Grant but as many sorts of mind as moss."
This, however, must be looked upon as a poetical
license ; for the sound seems now irrevocably fixed as it
is marked, rhyming with jocose, verbo.te, &c.
Gross, grose, *. The main body, the main force ;
GRO
nor 167, nSt 163— t&be 171, tub 172, bull 173-
the bulk, the whole not divided into its several parts ;
the chief part, tlie main mass; the number of twelve
dozen.
Grossly, grose^l^, ad. Bulliily, in bulky parts,
coarsely; without subtilty, without art; without deli-
cacy.
Crossness, gl'ose-nes, s. Coarseness, not subtilty,
thickness; inelegant fatness, unweildy corpulence;
want of refinement ; want of delicacy.
Grot, grit, s. A cave, a cavern for coolness and
pleasure.
Grotesque, gro-tesk{ a. Distorted in figure, un-
natural.
Grotto, grot-tO, S, A cavern or cave made for
coolness.
Grove, grive, S. A walk covered by trees meeting
above.
To Grovel, grSvivl, v. n. 102. To lie proi«,
to creep low on the ground; to be mean, to be without
dignity.
Ground, ground, S. 313. The oarth, considered
as solid or as low; the earth as distinguished from air
or water • land, country ; region, territory ; farm,
estate, possession; tlie floor or level of a olace ;
dregs, lees, faces ; tlie first stratum of paint upon
which the figures are afterwards painted ; the funda-
mental substance, that by which the additional or acci-
dental parts are supported ; first hint, first traces of an
inventiiin; the first principles of knowledge ; the fun-
damental cause ; the field or place of action ; the space
occupied by an army as thev fight, advance, or retire ;
the state in which one is with respect to opponents or
competitors ; the foil to set a thing off.
To Ground, groiind, v, a. To fix on the ground;
to found as upon cause or principle ; to settle in first
principles or rudiments of knowledge.
Ground, grouml. The pret. and part. pass, of
Grind.
Ground-ash, groiind-Ssh{ s. a saplin of ash
taken from the ground.
Ground-bait, ground-bate, s. A bait made of
barley or mall boiled, thrown into the place where
you angle.
Ground-floor, groiindiflore, *, The lower
story of a house.
Ground-ivy, ground-l-v^, s. Alehoof, or tumhoof.
Ground-oak, ground-Ake{ s. A saplin oak.
Ground-pine, grouud-pliiej s. A plant.
Ground-plate, grolind-plate, *. In architecture,
the outermost pieces of timber lying on or near the
ground, and framed into one another with mortises
and tenons.
Ground-plot, ground-pl&t, s. The ground on
which any building is placed; the ichnograpliy of a
building.
Ground-rent, ground-rent, *. Rent paid for
the privilege of building on another man's ground.
Ground-room, ground-room, s, A room on a
level with the groufid.
Groundedly, ground^ed-le, ad.
Upon firm principles.
Groundless, groiuuKles, a. Void of reason.
Groundlessly, groiind^les-1^, ad. Without
reason, without cause.
Groundlessness, groundMes-nes, s. Want of
just reasdn.
Groundling, groiind-hng, *. A fish which keeps
at the bottom of tlie water ; one of the vulgar.
Groundly, ground-l<^, ad. Upon principles,
solidly.
Groundsel, groun-sil, *. A timber next the
griiund ; a plant.
Groundwork, groiind-wurk, s. The ground,
the first Etraiuni ; the first part of an \mdertaking, the
fundamentals; first principlfSjOriginal reason.
Group, groop, S. 315. A crowd, a cluster, a huddle.
To Gr(^up, gidop, V. a. T« put into a crowd, to
huddle togellit;r.
239
GRU
-oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, this 469.
03- This word is now more properly written Groupci
like the French word from which it comes to us.
Grouse, grouse, s. 313. A kind of fowl, a heath-
cock.
Grout, grout,*. 313. Coarse meal, pollard ; that
which purges off'; a kind of wild apple.
To Grow, gr6, v. n. 324. Pret. Grew. Part,
pass. Grown, To vegetate, to have vegetable motion 5
to be produced by vegetation ; to increase in stature;
to come to manhood from infancy; to issue, as plants
from a soil ; to increase in bulk, to become greater ; to
improve, to make progress; to advance t» any state;
to cotne by degrees ; to be changed from one state to
another ; to proceed as from a cause ; to adhere, to
stick together; to swell, a sea term.
Grower, grA-ur, s. 98. An inweaser.
To Growl, groul, v. n. 323. To snarl or murmur
like an angry cur, to murmur, to grumble.
Grown, grone. Part. pass, of Grow. Advanced
in growth ; covered or filled by the growth of any thing j
arrived at full growth or statnre.
Growth, grhtk, s. 324. Vegetation, vegetable
life; product, thing produced; increase in number,
bulk, or frequency; increase of stature, advance to
maturity; improvement, advancement.
To Grub, grub, v. a. To dig up, to destroy by
digging. ^
Grub, grub, S. A small worm that eats holes in
bodies ; a short thick man, a dwarf.
To Grubble, grubibl, v, n. 405. To feel in
the dark.
Grub-street, grub-strJet, s. The name of a
street in London, formerly much inhabited by writers
of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems;
whence any mean production is called Grub-street-.
To Grudge, grudje, v. a. To envy, to see any
advantage of another with discontent ; to give or take
unwillingly.
To Grudge, grudje, v, n. To murmur, to repine;
to be unwilling, to be reluctant, to be envious.
Grudge, grudje, *. Old quarrel, inveterate male-
volence ; anger, ill-will ; envy, odium, invidious cen-
sure ; some little commotion, or forerunner of a
disease.
Grudgingly, grudijing-1^, ad. Unwillingly,
malignantly.
Gruel, gru-il, S. dQ. Food made by boiling oat-
meal in water.
Gruff, gruf, a. Sour of aspect, harsh of mannen.
Gruffly, gruf^le, ad. Harshly, ruggedly.
GruffNESS, gruf^nes, s. Ruggedness of mien.
GrUM, grum, a. Sour, surly.
To Grumble, grumUil, v. n. 405. To murmur
with discontent; to growl, to snarl ; to make a hoarse
rattle.
Grumbler, grum^bl-Sr, *.
a murmurer.
Grumbling, grum^bl-ing, s. A
through discontent.
Grume, groom, *. 339. A thick viscid consistence
of a fluid.
GruMLY, grum-ll, ad. Sullenly, morosely.
Grummel, grum-mel, 5. Ao herb.
Grumous, gro8-mus, a. 339. Thick, clotted.
GrumousneSS, groS-mus-nes, S. Thickness of a
coagulated liquoi.
Grunsel, grun-sil, S. 99. The lower part of the
building.
To Grunt, grunt, \
To Gruntle, grunt^tl, 405./^' "'
To murmur like a hog.
Grunt, grunt, *. The noise of a hog.
Grunter, grun-tur, s. 98. He that grunts j k
kind of fish.
Gruntling, grunt-ling, 5. A young hog.
To Grutch, grutsh, v. n. To envy, lo rei)inet
One that grumbles
murmuring
GUI
GUL
b>"559. The 73, f^r 77, fall 83, ftt 81— m5 93,"met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Grutch, grutsh, S. Malice, ill-will.
GOAIACUM, gwi^yJ-kum, s. 340. A physical
wood, Lignum vitcB.
Guarantee, g;tr-i4n-tej s. 332. A power who
undertakes to see stipulations performed.
To Guaranty, g^r-ran-te, v. a. 92. To under-
take to secure the performance of a treaty or stipula-
tion between contending parties.
To Guard, gyard, v. a. 92. 160. To watch by
way of defence atid security; to protect, to defend;
10 preserve by caution ; to provide against objections;
to adorn with lists, laces, or ornamental borders.
To Guard, gyard, v. n. 332. To be in a state of
caution or defence.
Guard, gyard, s. 92. A mati, or body of men,
whose business is to watch; a state of caution, a state
of vigilance; limitation, anticipation of objection; an
ornamental hem, lace, or border; part of the hilt of a
sword.
{fc5> This word is pronounced exactly like the noun
yard, preceded by hard g, nearly as egg-yard. The same
sound of y consonant is observable between hard g and a
in other words. Nor is this a fanciful peculiarity, but a
pronunciation arising from euphony and the analogy of
the language, 160.
Guardage, gyar'-dAje, s. 90. state of wardship.
Guarder, gyar^dur, s. 98. One who guards.
Guardian, gy^r-de-Sn, or gyaKje-^n, s. 293,
294. 376. One that lias the care of an orphan ; one to
whom the care and preservation of any thing is com-
mitted.
Guardian, gyar-de4n, a. 293. 376. Performing
the oflice of a kind protector or superintendant.
Guardianship, gy?irid^-Jn-sh'ip, s. The office
of a guardian.
GuARPLESS, gyard-les, a. Witlwut defence.
GUARDSIIIP, gyard-ship, S. Protection ; a king's
ship to guard tlie coast.
GuBERNATlON, gu-ber-ni-shuH, s. Government,
superintendency.
Gudgeon, gud-jun, s. 259. A smaU fish found
in brooks and rivers; a person easily imposed on;
something to be caught to a man's own disadvantage.
Guerdon, ger^dun, s. 166. 560. A reward, a
recompense.
(K?- I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the first syl-
lable of this word, which he spells gwer. I have made
the u mute, as in guess, not only as agreeable to the
French guerdon, but to our own analogy. The authority
of Mr. Nares confirms me in my opinion. Ben Jonson,
indeed, classes the gu in this word with the same letters
in anguish; but as these letters are not accented in the
last word, the analogy is dillerent, and the sound I have
given remains still more agreeable to rule.
To Guess, ges, v. n. 336. To conjecture, to judge
without any certain principles of judgment; to conjec-
ture rightly.
To Guess, ges, v. a. To hit upon by accident.
Guess, ges, s. 560. Conjecture, judgment with-
out any positive or certain grounds.
GueSSER, ges-sur, 5. Conjecturer, one who judges
without certain knowledge.
GUESSINGLV, ges-sing-le, ad. Conjecturally,
uncertainly.
GuEST, gest, S. 336. One entertained in the house
of another ; a stranger, one who comes newly to reside.
GUESTCHAMBER, gest-shdm-bur, S. Chamber of
entertainment.
To Guggle, gug-gl, v. a. 405. To sound as
water running with intermissions out of a narrow vessel.
GuiACUiM, g\ve-A-ku.m, S. An improper spelling
and pronunciation of Guaiacum, which see.
Guidage, gyl-daje, s. 90. The reward given to a
guide.
Guidance, gyl-dinse, S. Direction, government.
To Guide, gylde, v. a. 1 60. To direct; to
govern by counsel, to instruct; to regulate, to super-
intend.
way; one who directs anot-her in his conduct; direc-
tor, regulator.
(KP" As the g is hard in this word and its compounds, it
is not easy to spell them as they are pronounced; y must
be considered as double c, and must articulate the suc-
ceeding vowel as much as in yield. — See Guard.
GuIDELESS, gylde-les, a. Without a guide.
Guider, gyKdur, *. 98. Director, regulator, guide.
Guild, gild, f. 341. A society, a corporation,
fraternity.
Guile, gylle, s, 341. Deceitful cunning, insidious
artifice.
Guileful, gylle^ful, a. Wiiy, insidious, mis.
chievously artful ; treacherous, secretly miscliievous.
Guilefully, gylleiful-^, ad.
Insidiously, tre'acherously.
GuiLEFULNESS, gylle-ful-HeS, S. Secret treachery,
tricking cunning.
Guileless, gylle-les, a. Without deceit, without
insiaiousness.
GuileR, gyileiur, s. Ose that betrays into danger
by insidious practices.
GUJLT, gilt, s. 341. The state of a, man justly
. charged with a crime; a crime, an offence.
C3> It is observed in Piinciples, No. 92. that when g
comes before short a, the sound of c so necessarily inter-
venes that we cannot pronounce these letters without it ;
but that when the a is long, as in regard, we may pro-
nounce these two letters without the intervention of e,
but that this pronunciation is not the most elegant. The
same may be ubserved of the g hard, and the long and
short !. We may pronounce guide and guile nearly as if
written cgg-ide and egg-ile, though not so properly as
egg-yide and egg-yile, but gild and guilt must necessarily
admit of the e sound between hard g and i, or we can-
no-t pronounce them.
Guiltily, gilt'-e-le, ad. Without innocence.
Guiltiness, gilt^e-nos, s. The state of being
guilty, consciousness of crime.
Guiltless, gllt-les, a. innocent, free from crime.
Guiltlessly, gilt'-les-le, ad. Without guilt,
innocently.
Guiltlessness, gilt^les-nes, s. Innocence, free-
dom from crime.
Guilty, gllt-te, a. Justly chargeable with a crime,
not innocent ; wicked, corrujit.
Guinea, gui-ne, s. 341. A gold coin valued at
one and twenty shillings.
Guineadropper, gin-ne-drop-pur, s. One who
cheats by dropping guineas.
Guineahen, gill-ne-hen, S. A small Indian hen.
Guineapepper, gin-ne-pep^pur, S. a plant.
GuiNEAPIG, gin-n^-pig, *. A small animal with a
pig's snout ; a kind of naval cadet in an East Incliaman.
Guise, gylze, ^. 160. 341. Manner, mien, habit;
practice, custom, property ; external appearance,
dress.
Guitar, git-tar,' *. 341. A stringed instrument of
musick.
Gules, gulz, a. Red, term used in heraldry.
Gulf, gulf, S. A bay, an opening into land ; an
abyss, an unmeasurable depth; a whirlpool; a sucking
eddy; any thing insatiable.
Gulfy, gul-fe, a. Full of gulfs or whirlpools.
To Gull, gul, v. a. To trick, to cheat, to defraud.
Gull, gul, S. A sea bird; a cheat, a fraud, trick;
a stupid animal, one easily cheated.
Gullcatciier, gfil-k^tsh-ur, s. A cheat.
GulLER, gill-lur, S. 98. A cheat, an impostor.
GulLERY, gul-lur-e, *. Cheat, imposture.
Gullet, gul-lit, 5. 99. The throat, the meatpipe.
To Gully, gul-le, v. n. To nm with noise.
Gullyhole, gul'-le-hole, s. The hole where the
gutters empty themselves in the subterraneous sewer.
, GuLOSiTY, gij.-lSs'e-ti, *. Greediness, gluttony,
Guide, gyide, s. One who directs another in his voracity.
240
GUT HAB
nSr 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sil 299— pound 313— Min.466, this 4«9.
To Gulp, gulp, v. a. To swallow eagerly 5 to suck
down without intermission.
Gulp, gulp, S. As much as can be swallowed at once.
Gum, gum, S. A vegetable substance, differing from
a resin in being more viscid, and dissolving in aqueous
menstruunis; the fleshy covering that contains the
teeth.
Th Gum, gum, v. a. To close with gum.
GuMMINESS, gum-me-nes, S, The state of being
gummy.
GuMMOSiTY, gum-m3s-se-te, s. The nature of
gum, gumminess.
Gummous, gum-mus, a. 314. Of the nature of
gum.
Gummy, gum-me, a. Consisting of gum, of the
nature of gum ; productive of gum ; overgrown with
gum.
Gun, gun, S. The general name of fire-arms, the
instrument from whicli shot is discharged by .fire.
Gunnel, gun^inl,*. 99- Corrupted from Gunwale.
Gunner, gun-nur, s. 98. A cannonier, he whose
employment is to manage the artillery in a ship.
Gunnery, gun-nur-e, S. The science of artillery.
Gunpowder, gun-pou-dur, *. The powder put
into guns to be tired.
Gunshot, gun-shSt, s. The reach or range of a
Gunshot, gun-shot, a. Made by the shot of a
gun.
Gunsmith, gun-smiM, S. A man whose trade is
to make guns.
GunSTICK, gun-Stik, s. The rammer.
GlWSTOCK, gun-stSk, s. The wood to which the
barrel of a gun is fixed.
GUNSTONE, gun-stine, S. The shot of cannon.
Gunwale, or Gunnel, gun-nil, s.
Tliat piece of timber which reaches on either side of
the ship from the half-deck to the forecastle.
Gurge, gurje, s. Whirlpool, gulf.
GuRGiON, gur-junj s. 259. The coarser part of
meal, sifted from the bran.
Tu Gurgle, gur-gl, v. n. 405. To fall or gush
with noise, as water from a bottle.
Gurnard,! 1 / ^i. «„ . ,. , ,
„ ' >■ gur^nit, S. 99. A kmd of sea-fish.
To Gush, gush, v. n. To flow or rush out with
violence, not to spring in a small stream, but in a
large body ; to emit in a copious effluxion.
Gush, gush, s. An emission of liquor in a large
quantity at once.
Gusset, gus-sit, S. 99. Any thing sewed on to
cloth, in order to strengthen it.
Gust, gust, S. sense of tasting ; height of percep-
tion ; love, liking; turn of fancy, intellectual tastej
a sudden violent blast of wind.
GUSTABLE, gus^t^-bl, «. 405. To be tasted;
pleasant to the taste.
Gustation, gus-ti-sbun, s. The act of tasting.
GUSTFUL, gust^ful, a. Tasteful, well-tastsd.
Gusto, gUS-to, S. The relish of any thing, the
flower by which any thing excites sensations in the pa-
ate; intellectual taste, liking.
Gusty, gus-t^, a. stormy, tempestuous.
Gut, gut, S. The long pipe reaching with many
convolutions from the stomach to the vent; the sto-
mach, the receptacle of food, proverbially; gluttony,
love of gormandizing.
To Gut, g?it, v. a. To eviscerate, to draw; to
take out the inside ; to plunder of contents.
GUTTATED, gut-ti-ted, a. Bcspiinkled with drops,
bedropped.
Gutter, gut^tur, *. 98. A passage for water.
To Gutter, gul-tur, v. a. To cut in small
hollows.
241
To Guttle, gutiti, v. n. 405. To feed luxuriously
to gormandize. A low word.
To Guttle, gut-tl, v. a. To swallow.
Guttler, gut-tl-ur, s. 98. a greedy eater.
GuTTULOUS, gut-tshu-lus, a. 463. In the form
of a small drop.
Guttural, gutitsbu-r^l, a. 463. Pronounced
in the throat, belonging to the throat.
GUTTURALNESS, gutitshu-r^l-nes, S. The quality
of being guttural.
GUTWORT, gut^wurt, S. An herb.
To Guzzle, guz-zl, v. n. 405. To gormandize, to
feed immoderately, to swallow any liquor greedily.
To Guzzle, guz-zl, v. a. To swallow with im-
moderate gust.
Guzzler, gu2-zl-ur, s. 98. A gormandizer.
Gybe, jibe, s. A sneer, a taunt, a sarcasm.
To Gybe, jibe, v. n. To sneer, to taunt.
Gymnastically, jim-nits-te-kM-e, ad.
AthlPiically, filly for strong exercise.
Gymnastick, jim-nis-tik, a. Relating to
athletick exercises.
(tS- In this word and its relatives we not unfreqncnlly
hear the g hard, as in Gimlet, for this learned reason,
because they are derived from the Greek. For the very
same reason we ought to pronounce the g in Genesis,
Geography, Geometry, and a thousand other words, hard,
which would essentially alter the sound of our lauKuage.
Mr. Sheridan has very properly given the soft ^ to these
words ; and Mr. Nares is of the same opinion will^Te-
spect to the propriety of this pronunciation, but duubts
of the usage; there can be no doubt, however, of the
absurdity of this usage, and of the necessiiy of curbing
it as much as possible.— See Principles, No. 350.
GYMNICKjjim-nikjff. Such as practise the athletick
or gymnastick exercises.
Gymnospermous, jun-ni-sper-raus, a. Having
the seeds naked.
GyrATJON, jl-r^-shun, S. The act of turning any
thing about.
Gyre, jire, S. A circle described by any thing
going in an orbit.
Gyves, jivz, S. Felters, chains for the legs.
C^ Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott make the g in this
word hard; but Mr. Elphinston, Dr. Kcnrick, ar.d
Mr. Perry, with more propiiely, make it soft as 1 have
marked it. Mr. Nares makes the sound dnuhtful ; but
this majority of authorities and agreeableness to analogy-
have removed my doubts, and made me alter my former
opinion.
To Gyve, jive, v, a. To fetter, to shackle.
H.
llA, ha, interj. An expression of wonder, surprise,
sudden question, or sudden exertion ; an expression o(
laughter, when often repeated.
Haak, h^ke, s. A fish.
Haberdasher, hib^ur-dish-iV, s. One whc
sells small wares, a pedlar.
Haoerdine, hib-ur-deenj s. Dried salt cod.
Habergeon, hib-ber-j^-6n, *. Armour to cover
the neck and breast.
(K?- This word is analogically accented on the second
syllable: hut Johnson, in all the editions of his Dic-
tionary, has the accent on the first, though his authori-
ties are against him.
Habiliment, hi-bil-^-ment s. Dress, clothes,
garment.
To Habilitate, h4-bil-5-tAte, v. a. To quaiily,
to entitle.
H A BI LITATION, h^-bll -A-ti? shuil, S, Quali ficatjon,
R.
HAl
HAL
»• 55S. rite 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95 — pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
HaBILITY, hA-bll-i-tJ, S. Faculty, power.
Habit, hab-it, s. state of any thing, as liabit of
body ; dress, accoutrement ; liabit is a power or ability
in man of doing any thing by frequent doing; custom,
inveterate use.
To Habit, hJb'-lt, v. a. To dress, accoutre.
Habitable, hib^e-t^-bl, a. Capable of being
dwelt in.
Habitablkness, h;tb^4-t4-bl-nes, s. Capacity
of being dwell in.
HaBITANCE, hib'-e-tanse, S. Dwelling, abode.
Habitant, hib^^-t^nt, s. Dweller, one that lives
in any place.
Habi lATlON, hSb-e-t4^shun, S. The act of dwell-
ing, the state of a place receiving dwellers; a place of
abode, dwelling.
Habitator, bib-e-ti-tur, *. Dweller, inhabitant.
Habitual, hA-bitsh-u-Al, a. 461. Customary,
accuitomeil, inveterate.
Habitually, hi-bit-sbiA-al-e, ad. Customarily,
by habit.
Habitude, h4bie-tude, s. Familiarity, converse,
frequent intercourse; long custom, habit, inveterate
use ; the power of doing any thing acquired by fre-
quent repetition.
Haenab, h^b-n^b, ad. At random, at the mercy
of chance.
Th Hack, hJk, v. a. To cut into small pieces, to
chop ; to speak unreadily, or with hesitation.
To Hack, hik, v. n. To turn hackney or prostitute.
Hackle, h;tk-kl, s. 405. Raw silk, any filmy
substance unspun.
To Hackle, hik^kl, v. a. To dress flax.
Hackney, hiking, \
Hack, hik, J*'
A hired horse; a hireling, a prostitute; any thing let
out for hire ; a. Much used, common.
To Hackney, hilk^n^, v. a. To practise in one
thing, to accustom to the road.
Had, h^d. The pret. and part, pass, of Have.
Haddock, hid-duk, /t. 166. A sea fish of the
cod kind.
Haff, bift, S. 78, 79. a handle, that part of an
instrument that is taken into the hand.
To Hakt, hift, V. a. To set in a haft.
Hag, hag, S. A fury, a she monster; a witch, an
enchantress ; an old ugly woman.
To Hag, bUg, v. a. To torment, to harass with
terrour.
Haggard, hJg-g^rd, a. Wild, untamed, irre-
claimable; lean; urIv, rugged, deformed.
Haggard, llAffi^ird, *. Any thing wild or irre-
claimable; a species of hawk.
Haggardly, h%%ttrd-Ie, ad. Deformediy,
wildly,
Haggisf}, liig-gish, a. Of tlie nature of a hag,
deformed, horrid.
To HA(iGLE, h^g-gl, V. a. 405. To cut, to chop,
to mangle.
To Haggle, b^g^gl, v. n. To be tedious in a
bargain, to be long in coming to the price.
Haggler, hig%l-ur, 5. 98. One that cuts; one
that is tarily in bargaining.
Haii, ba, interj. An expression of some sudden
effort.
Hail, hale, *. Drops of rain frozen in their falling.
To Hail, bile, v. n. To pour down hail.
Hai.L, bale, interj. A term of salutation.
To Hail, bale, v. a. To salute, to call to.
Hailshot, hdle-sbi^t, s. Small shot scattered
like hail.
Hailstone, hale-stone, s, A particle or single
ball of hail.
Uailv, hu-le, ad. Consisting of hail.
A kind of fish.
Hair, hare, *. One of the common teguments o.
the body ; a single hair; any thing proverbially smaln
Hairbrained, bAreibrind, a. 359.
Wild, irregular.
Hairbell, hare-bel, s. The name of a flower, th«
hyacinth.
Hairbreadth, hare-bred^A, *, a very small
distance.
Haircloth, hkre-klith, s. stuff made of hair,
very rough and prickly, worn sometimes in mortifica-
tion.
Hairlace, hireMase, s. The filltt with which
women tie up their hair.
Hairless, hare^les, a. Without hair.
Hairiness, hi'-re-nes, s. The state of being
covered with hair.
Hairy, ha-re, a. Overgrown with hair; consisting
of liair.
Hake, hake, 1
Hakot, hAki^ut, 166./*'
Halberd, hall'burd, J. 98. A battle-axe fixed on
a long pole.
Halberdier, h?ill-bur-d^erj s. One who is
armed with a halberd.
Halcyon, bal-sbe-un, s. 166. A bird that is
said to breed in the sea, and that there is always a calm
during her inrubalion.
Halcyon, bilUsh^-un, a. 357. Placid, quiet, still.
Hale, bale, a. Hoal'.hy, sound, hearty:
To Hale, bale, oi- b;uvl, v. a. To drag by force,
to pull violently.
(U> Tins wold, in familiar language, is corrupted be-
yond recovery into ftuul; but solemn speaking still re-
quires the regular sound, rhyming with pale; the other
sound would, in this case, be gross and vulgar.— See
Vb Haul.
Haler, hi'-lSr, or hawl-ur, s. 98. He wlm pulls
and hales.
Half, baf, S. 78. 401. A moiety, one of two
equal parts; it sometimes has a plural signification
when a number is divided.
Half, baf, ad. fn part, equally.
Half-L'LOOD, haf-bliid, s. One not born of the
same father and motlitr.
Half-BLOODED, baf-bliid-ed, «. Mean, de-
generate.
Half-faced, haf-fiste, a. 362. Showing only
part of the face.
Half-heard, haf-berd, a. Imperfectly heard.
Half-moon, baf-iiioonj s. The moon in its
appearance when at halt increase or decrease.
Half-penny, ba-pen-n^, s. A copper coin of
which two make a penny.
• ftTT' This word is not only deprived of half its sovuul,
but even what is left is grossly corrupted ; sounding the
n as in half, is provincial and rustick.
Half-pike, haf-pike, $. The small pike carried
by officers.
Half-seas-over, baf^sez-o-vur, a. A proverbial
expression for one far advanced. It is commonly used
of one half drunk.
Half-sphere, baf-sfere, *. Hemisphere.
Half-strained, baf-strAnd, a. Half-bred, im-
pel feet.
Half-sword, baf-sord, *. Close fight.
Half-WAV, liaf-wa, ad. In the middle.
Half-wit, baf- wit, s.
fellow.
Halibut, hSUle-but, s.
Halimas, bil-le-mits, *,
Halituous, bi-lltsh-ii-us, a.
Vaporous, fumous.
Hall, ball, s. A court of justice ; a manor-house^
so called because in it were held courts for tlie tenants
the pub'.ick room of a corponition ; the fiist laijeroow
at the entrance of a house.
A blockhead, a foolish
A sort of fish.
The feast of All-soult.
463.
HAM
HAN
n6r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 3l3—t7i\n 466, THis 4G9.
Hallelujah, hll-le-loo-yi, s. Praise ye the
Lord ! A song of thanksgiving.
Halloo, hA,l-loo{ interj. A word of encourage-
ment when dogs are let loose on their game.
7o Hallo, hal-looj v. n. To cry a» after the dogs.
T'o Halloo, hil-loo{ v. a. To encourage with
shouts ; to chase with shouts ; to call or shout to.
To Hallow, h^'-li, v. a. To consecrate, to make
holy ; to reverence as holy, as. Hallowed be thy name !
tt3~ In pronouncing the Lord's Prayer, we sometimes
hear the participle of this word pronounced like that of
the word Hollovi. This arises from not attending to the
distinction made by syllabication between the single and
double I : the double I in the same syllable deepens the a
to the broadest sound, as in «aJi; but when one of the
liquids is carried off to the next syllable, the a has its
short and slender sound, as taUlou ; the same may be
observed of hall and hallow, &c.— See Principles, No. 85.
Hallucination, hil-lu-sJ-ni^shun, s. Errour,
blunder, mistake.
Halm, hawin, s, straw.
(t3- This is Dr. Johnson's pronunciation of this word.
Halo, ha-lo, *. A red circle round the sun or moon.
HalSER, haw-sur, S. A rope less than a cable.
To Halt, halt, v. n. To limp, to be lame ; to
stop in a march ; to hesitate, to stand dubious ; to fail,
to falter.
Halt, halt. a. Lame, crippled.
Halt, halt, S. The act of limping, the manner of
limping; a stop in a march.
Halter, hal-tur, s. He who limps.
Halter, hal-tur, s. A rope to hang malefactors ;
a cord, a strong siring.
To Halter, haUtur, v. a. To bind with a cord ;
to catch in a noose.
To Halve, hav, v. a. 78. To divide into two parts.
Halves, ha.vz, s. Plural of Half.
Halves, havz, interj. An expression by which
any one lays claim to an equal share.
Ham, h^ni, s. The hip, the hinder part of the
articulation of the thigh ; the thigh of a hog salted.
Hamadryad, h^m-H-drl-Jd, s. One of the
nymphs who were supposed t-o reside in woods and
groves.
Hamadryads, h^in-i-drl-Jdz, s. The English
plural o{ Hamadrifad.
Hamadryades, him-^-drl-i-dlx, i. The Latin
plural of the same word.
Hamlet, him-let, *, 90. A small village.
Hammer, h4ni-mur,.V. 98. The instrument, con-
sisting of a long handle and heavy head, with which
any thing is forced or driven.
Hammercloth, hAin-mur-klS^A, s. The cloth
upon the seat of the coach-box.
(!3^ A critick in the Gentleman's Magazine gives the
following etymology of this word, which we do not find
in any of our dictionaries :
" When coaches and chariots were first introduced, our
frugal ancestors used to load the carriage with provisions
for the family when they came to London. The hamper,
covered with a cloth, was a convenient repository, and a
seat for the coachman. This was afterwards converted
into a box. Nammer-cloth is therefore very probably a
corruption of hamper-cloth."
If the derivation of this word were worth spending a
thoueht upon, I should think, that as the seat of the
coachman is not boarded, but slung like a hemntock, the
word is rather a corruption of hammock-cloth.
To Hammer, hSin^mur, v. a. To beat with a
hammer; to forge or form with a hammer; to work in
the mind, to contrive by intellectual labour.
To Hammer, h^m-miir, v. n. To work, to be
busy ; to be in agitation.
Hammerer, h^m-mur-rur, *. He who works
with a hammer.
Hammer HARD, himimur-hard, a. Made hard
with much hammering.
HAMMOCh, him-mSk, *. 166. A swinging bed.
243
Hamper, h^mp^ur, s. 98. A large basket for
carriage.
To Hamper, hlnip^ur, v. a. To shackle, to
entangle; to ensnare; to perplex, to embarrass; to
put in a hamper.
Hamstring, hAnaistnng, s. The tendon of the
ham.
To Hamstring, h^m' string, v. a. Pret. and part.
pass. Hamstrung. To lame by cutting the tendon of
the ham.
HANAPER, h^n-^-pur, S. 98. A treasury, an ex-
chequer.
Hand, h^nd, S. That member of the body which
reaches from the wrist to the fingers' end; measure of
four inches ; side, right or left; part, quarter; ready
payment; rate, price ; workmanship, power or act of
manufacturing or making; act of receiving any thing
ready to one's hand ; reach, nearness, as, at hand,
within reach; state of being in preparation ; cards held
at a game ; that which is used in opposition to another
transmission, conveyance; possession, power; pres-
sure of the bridle; method of government, discipline,
restraint; influence, management; that wiiich per-
forms the office of a hand in pointing; agent, person
employed; giver and receiver; a workman, a sailor;
form or cast of writing; Hand over head, negligently;
rashly ; Hand to hand, close fight ; Hand in hand, in
union, conjointly ; Hand to mouth, as want requires ;
To bear in hand, to keep in expectation, to elucie ; To
be hand and glove, to be intimate and familiar.
To Hand, hind, v. a. To give or transmit with
the hand ; to guide or lead by the hand ; to seize, to
lay hands on; to transmit in succession, to deliver
down from one to another : Hand is much used in com-
position for that which is manageable by the hand, as,
a hand-saw ; or borne in the hand, as, a hand-barrow.
Hand-basket, h^iidib3s-kit, s. A portable basket.
Hand-bell, hiud-bel, s. A bell rung by the
hand.
Hand-breadth, hilnd-bred^A, s. a space equal
to the breadth of the hand.
Handed, h^n-ded, a. With hands joined.
Hander, h^n-dur, s. Transmitter, conveyer in
succession.
Handfast, hSnd-f^st, S, Hold, custody.
Handful, h^nd-ful, *. As much as the hand can
gripe or contain ; a small number or quantity.
Hand-gallop, hitnd^gM-lup, *. A slow easy
gallop.
Handgun, hind-gun, s. A gun wielded by the
hand.
Handicraft, hinWS-krift, s. Manual occupa-
tion.
Handicraftsman, hin-d^-krifts-mJn, s. 88.
A manufacturer, one employed in manual occupation.
Handily, hin-d4-ll,arf. With skill, with dexterity.
HaNDINE-SS, hin-dJ-nes, *. Readiness, dexterity.
Handiwork, hin-dJ-wurk, s. Work of the
hand, product of labour, manufacture.
Handkerchief, h;lng-ker-tshif, s. A piece of
silk or linen used to wipe the face, or cover the neck.
To Handle, hin'-dl, v. a. 405. To touch, to
feel with the hand; to manage, to wield, to make fa-
miliar to the hand by frequent touching; to treat in
discourse; to deal with, to practise; to treat well or
ill ; to practise upon, to do with.
Handle, hUn-dl, *. 405. That part of any thing
by which it is held in the hand ; that of which use is
niade.
Handless, hstnd-les, a. Without a hand.
Handmaid, hind-mide, s. A maid that waits n<:
hand.
Handmill, hind-mil, S. A mill moved by «lie
hand.
Hands off, hindz-SfTJ interj. A vulgar phrase
for Keep off, forbear.
HANDSAILS, hind-Salz, *. Sails managed by the
hand.
HAR
HAR
C3- 559. FAte 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move ia4j
Handsaw, h^nd-saw, *. A saw manageable by the
hand.
Handsel, hin-sel, *. The first act of using any
thing, the first act of any tiling, the first act of sale,
the money taken for the first sale.
To Handsel, hJn-sel, v, a. To use or do any
thing the first time.
Handsome, hin^sum, «. Beautiful, graceful ;
elegant; ample, liberal, a», a handsome fortune; ge-
nerous, nohle, ar,a handsome action.
Handsomely, hA.n-sum-l4, ad. Beautifully,
gracefully; elegantly, neatly ; liberally, generously.
Handsomeness, hin-sum-nes, *. Beauty, grace,
elegance.
Handvice, hind-vise, *. A vice to hold small
work in.
Handwriting, hind-rl-ting^, s. A cast or form
of writing peculiar to each hand.
Handy, h4n-d^, a. executed or performed by the
hand ; ready, dexterous, skilful, convenient.
Handydandv, h;ln-d^-din-de, s. A play in
which children change hands and places.
To Hang, hAnp;, v. a. 409. Fret, and part. pass.
Hanged or Hung, anciently Hong. To suspend, to
fasten in such a manner as to be sustained, not below,
but above J to place without any solid support; to
choakand kill by suspending by the neck ; to display, to
show aloft; to decline; to fix in such a manner as in
some directions to be moveable ; to furnish with orna-
ments or draperies fastened to the wall.
To Hang, hang, v. n. To be suspended, to be
supported above, not below ; to dangle; to rest upon
by embracing; to hover, to impend ; to be compactor
united ; to adhere ; to be in suspense, to be in a state
of uncertainty ; to be delayed, to linger; to be depen-
dent on ; to be fixed or suspended with attfention ; to
have a steep declivity; to be executed by the halter;
to decline, to tend down.
Hanger, h^ng^ur, S. 409. That by which any
thing hangs, as the pothangers.
Hanger, hing'-ur, S. 98. A short broad sword.
Hanger-on, hinsr-ur-SnJ *. A dependant.
Hanging, hillg-ing, s. 410. Drapery hung or
fastened against the walls of rooms.
Hanging, hing-ing, part. a. Foreboding death
by the halter ; requiring to be punished by the lialter.
Hangman, h4ng-m4n, s. 88. The publick
executioner.
Hank, hUngk, S. a skein of thread.
To Hanker, hingk-ur, v, n. To long im-
portunately.
Ha'nt, ha nt, 80. For Has not, or Have not.
Hap, hSp, s. Chance, fortune ; that which happens
by chance or fortune; accident, casual event, misfor-
tune.
Hap-hazard, hip-hiz^urd, s. 88.
Chance, accident.
To Hap, hitp, v. n. To come by accident, to fall
out, to happen.
Haply, hap-le, ad. Perhaps, peradvcnture, it may
be; by chance, by accident.
Hapless, hJp-les, a. Unhappy, unfortunate, kick-
less.
To Happen, hip'-pn, v. n. 405. To fall out by
chance, to come to pass; to light on by accident.
Happily, hip-pe-li, ad. Fortunately, luckily,
successfully ; addressfully, gracefully, withoiU labour;
in a state of felicity.
Happiness, hap-pi-nes, s. Felicity, statein which
the desires are satisfied; good luck, good fortune.
Happy, hSp-pe, a. in a state of felicity ; lucky,
successful, fortunate; addressful, ready.
Harangue, hi-ringj 5. 337. A speech, a popular
oration.
To Harangue, hi-rin^J v. n. To make a speech.
Harangufr, h^-ritng'-ur, 5. Au oratw, a imbUck
ffeaker.
844
To Harass, h;1r-^, v. a. To weary, to fatigue.
Harass, hAr-ils, s. Waste, disturbance.
Harbinger, har-bin-jur, s. A forerunner, a
precursor.
Harbour, hiu-^bur, *. 314. A lodging, a place d
entertainment; a port or haven for sliipping; a«
asylum, a shelter.
To Harbour, ha.r^bur, v. n. To receive entertain*
ment, to sojourn.
To Harbour, har-bar, v. a. To entertain, to
permit to reside; to shelter, to secure.
Harbourage, har-bur-Aje, s. 90. Shelter,
entertainment.
HaRBOURER, h^r^bur-ur,S. 98. One that enter-
tains another.
HaRBOURLESS, har^bur-les, a. Without harbour.
Hard, hard, a. 78. Firm, resisting penetration or
separation; diflicult, not easy to the intellect ; diHicult
of accomplishment ; painful, distressful, laborious;
cruel, oppressive, rigorous) sour, rough, severe; in-
sensible, untouched ; unhappy, vexatious ; vehement,
keen, severe, as, a hard winter; unrcisonable, unjust ;
forced, not easily granted ; austere; rough, as litjuids;
harsl), stitf, constrained ; not p'entiful, not prosperous;
avaricious, faultily sparing.
Hard, hard, ad. Close, near, at, hard by;
diligently, laboriously, incessantly; uneasily, vex-
atiiuisly, distressfully; fast, nimbly; with d;Sculty ;
tempestuously, boisterously.
Hardbound, hilrd-bound, a. Costive.
TTj Harden, har^dn, r. a. 10.3. To make hard j
to confirm in effrontery, to miike impudent; to con-
firm in wickedness, to make obdurate; to make insen-
sible, to stupify; to make firm, to endue with con-
stancy.
Hardener, har'dn-ur, s. One that makes any
thing hard.
Hardkavoured, hard-fA-vurd, «, Coarse of
feature.
Hardhanded, hard-hin-ded, a.
Coarse, mechanick.
Hardhead, hard-hed, S. Clash of heads ; a hard
contest.
Hardhearted, hard-hirt'ed, a. Cruel, inexor-
able, merciless, pitiless.
Hardheartedness, hard-hart-ed-nes, s.
Cruelty, want of tenderness.
Hardihead, har^de-hed, . \
Hardihood, har-de-hud, 307. J
Stoutness, bravery. Obsolete.
Hardiment, haride-ment, *. Cour.ige, stoutness,
bravery, act of bravery.
Hardiness, h.Hiide-nus, s. Hardship, fatigue;
stoutjiess, courage, bravery: ctfrontery, confidence.
Hardlap-oured, hard-la^burd, a. 363.
Elaborate, studied.
Hardly, hard^le, ad. With difficulty, not easily;
scarcely, scant ; grudgingly ; severely ; rigorously, op-
pressively ; harshly, not tenderly, not dclic-ately.
Hardmouthed, hard-moiiTHd,' a. Disobedient
to the rein, not sensible of the bit.
Hardness, hard-nes, s. Power of resistance in
bodies; difficulty to be understood; difficulty to be
accomplished; scarcity, penury ; obscurity, prufligale
ness ; coarseness, harshness of look ; keenness, \ehe-
mence of weather or seasons; cruelly of temper,
savageness, harshness; faulty parsimony, stinginess.
Hardock, har-dok, S. I suppose the same with
Burdock.
Hards, hardz, s. Tlie refuse or coarser part of flax.
Hardship, hard-ship, *. injury, oppression ; in-
convenience, fatigue.
Hardware, h^rd-ware, s. Manufactures of metal.
Hardwareman, hard^wire-min, 5. A maker of
seller of metalline manufactures.
Hardy, harWe, a. Bold, brave, stout, daring
itrong, hard, firm.
HAR HAS
Ii5r 167, u8t 163— tibe 171, t^b 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— fAin 466, this 469-
Harpsichord, harp-s^-kord, s. A musical in-
HaRE, hire, S. A small quadruped, remarkable for
timidity, vigilance, and fecundity; a constellation.
Harebell, hare-bel, s. A blue flower of the bell
shape.
Harebrained, hare'brind, a. Volatile, un-
settled, wild.
HaKEFOOT, hare-fut, S. A bird ; ai\ herb.
Harelip, hare-lip, s, A fissure in the upper lip
with want of substance.
Haresear, harz^eer, s. A plant.
Haricot, h5r-i-k6, s. French. A kind of
ragout, generally made of meat steaks and cut roots.
Harier, hir-re-ur, s. A dog for hunting hares.
(53- Eitlier the spelling or the pronunciation of this
word should be altered. The spelling necessarily requires
the a long, as in hare; and the pronunciation demands
the r to be doubled, llie most rational alteration would
be to pronounce it with the a long, and to let the other
pronunciation ht considered as the language of the stable
and the field.— See Leash.
To Hark, hirk, v. n. To listen.
Hark, hark, interj. List ! hear ! listen !
Harl, harl, *. The filaments of flax ; any filamen-
tous substance.
Harlequin, har'-le-kin, s. 415. A buffoon who
plays tricks to divert the populace, a jackpudding.
Harlot, har-lut, «. 166. A whore, a strumpet.
Harlotry, har-lut-r^, s. The trade of a harlot,
fornication ; a name of contempt for a womai:.
Harm, harm, *. Injury, crime, wickedness j mis-
cliief, detriinent, hurt.
To Harm, harm, v. a. To hurt, to injure.
Harmful, harm-fiil, a. Hurtful, mischievous.
Harmfully, harm-ful-i,arf. Hurtfuliy, noxiously.
Harmfulness, harm-ful-nes, s. Hurtfulness,
mischievousness.
Har.MLESS, harm-les, a. Innocent, innoxious,
not hurtful; unluirt, undamaged.
Harmlessly, harm-les-l^, ad. Innocently,
without hurt, without crime.
Harmlessness, harm-les-nes, s. Innocence,
frecd'un from injury or hurt.
Harmonical, hSr-min-i-kil, \
Harmonick, hilr-m&n-ik, 508./
Adapted to each other, musical.
Harmonious, har-m6-ne-us, «. Adapted to each
other, having the parts proportioned to each other;
musical.
Harmoniously, har-miinJ-us-l^, ad. With
just adaptation and proportion of parts to each ether;
musically, with concord of sounds.
Harmdniousness, har-mo-ii^-us-nes, s.
Proportion, musicalness.
To Harmonize, harimo-nize, v. a. To adjust
in fit proportions.
Harmony, har-mi-ne, s. The just adaption of
one part to another; just proportion of sound; con.
cord, correspondent sentiment.
Harness, Imr-ues, *. Armour, defensive furniture
of war; the traces of draught horses, particularly of
caniages of pleasure.
To Harness har-nes, v. a. To dress in armour;
to fix horses in tlieir traces.
Harp, harp, s. A lyre, an instrument strung with,
wire and struck with the finger; a constellation.
To Harp, harp, v. n. To play on the harp; to touch
any passion ; to dwell vexatiously on one subject.
Harper, har-pur, S. 98. A player on the harp.
Harping- IRON, bar' ping- I-iirn, s. A bearded
dart with a line fastened to tlie handle, with whicli
whales are struck and caught.
Harpooner, har-poo-ne^r{ s. He that throws
the harpoi'U.
Haepooni har-poon{ s. A harping iron.
245
strument.
Harpy, har-pe, S. The harpies were a kind of
birds which had the faces of women, and fi>ul long
claws, very filthy creatures ; a ravenous wretch.
Harouebuss, har-kwe-bus, s. Ft: Arquebuse.
A handgun.
Harquebussier, har-kw4-bus-6eerj s. 275.
One armed witli a harquebuss.
Harridan, hir-re-dan, s. A decayed strumpet.
Harrow, h^r-ro, s. A frame of timbers crossing
each other, and set with teeth.
To Harrow, hAr-ri, t. a. To break with the
harrow ; to tear up ; to rip up ; to p|illage, to strip, to
lay waste; to invade,, to harass with incursions; to
disturb, to put into commotion.
Harrower, h^r-ri ur, s. He who liarrows; a
kind of hawk.
To Harry, h4r-r4, v. a. To teaze, to ruffle; in
Scotland, it signifies to rob, plunder, or oppress.
Harsh, harsh, a. Austere, rough, sour ; rough to
the ear ; crabbed, morose ; peevish ; rugged to the
touch; unpleasing, rigorous.
Harshly, harsh-le, ad. Sourly, austerely to the
palate; with violence, in opposition to gentleness; se-
verely, morosely, crabbedly ; ruggedly to tlie car.
Harshness, harsh-nes, S. Sourness, austere taste;
roughness to the ear; ruggedness to the tsuch ; crab-
bedness, peevishness.
Hart, hart, S. A he-deer of the large kind, the
male of the roe.
Hartshorn, harts-horn, s. Spirit drawn from
horn.
Hartshorn, harts-horn, s. An herb.
HarvesI', bar-vest, s. The season of reaping and
gatherinz the corn; the corn ripened, gathered, and
inned ; the product of labour.
Harvest-home, har-vest-home. The songwhicii
the reapers sing at tlie feast made for having inned the
liarvest ; the opportunity of gathering treasure.
Harvest-lord, har-vest-lord, s. The he-.d
reaper at the harvest.
Harvester, har-ves-tur, s. One who works at
the harvest.
Harvestman, har-vest-in^n, s. A labourer iu
harvest.
Has, haz, Tlie third person singular of the verb
To have.
or?- There is some reason in the custom adopted by th6
profound and ingeniofts author of the Philosophy of Rlie-
torick, where he makes the third persons of veriis end in
/A,- when the succeeding word begins with s, to avoid the
want of distinction between the final and initial s, an.i
he giveth several examples of this : 6ut this is only avoid-
ing in one instance what cannot be avoided in a thou-
sand ( and as the lisping sound is not tlie most respect-
able part of our language, and requires more ert'ort than
the simple hiss, it may, except in very solemn language,
be very well laid aside.
To Hash, bslsh, v. a. To mince, to chop into small
pieces and mingle.
Haslet, harslet.
Harslet, bar-slet.
The heart, liver, and lights of a hog, with the wind-
pipe and part of the lliroat to it.
Hasp, hfcp, S. 79. a clasp folded over a staple,
and fastened' as with a padlock.
To Hasp, bisp, v. n. To shut with a lix';p.
Hassock, hils-suk, *. 166. a thick mat on
which men kneel at church.
Hast, bSst. The second person singular ot Have.
Haste, haste, S, 74. Hurry, speed, nitnblcncs'
precipitation; passion, velieiiieiite.
7b Haste, biste, 472. 1
To Hasten, btUsn, 405. J ^' ""
To make haste, to be ia a luirry ; to move with swifu
ness.
.,}»•
HAU
HAW
(t3-' 559. Fite 73, fSrTT, ^1 83, ^t 81— mJ 93, met 95— pine 105, pm 107- ni 162, move 164
E, haste, \
,1, f-v. a. 473.
EN, lia-sn, J
To Haste,
7b Haste
To push forward, to urge on, to precipitate,
HasteNER, hiisn-lir, S. 98. One tliat hastens or
hurries.
Hastily, has^t^-le, ad. In a hurry, speedily,
nimbly, quickly ; raslily, precipitately ; passionately,
with velieinence.
Hastiness, has^te-nes, *, Haste, speed, hurry,
precipitation : angry testiness, passionate vehemence.
Hastings, h^ls-tiugz, S. Pease that come early.
Hasty, has-ti, a. Quick, speedy ; passionate,
vehement; rash, precipitate ; early ripe.
Hasty-pudding, his^t^-pud^ing, s, A pudding
made of milk and flour boiled quick together.
Hat, hit, S. 74. A cover for the head.
Hatband, bit-bind, s. 88. A string tied round
the hat.
Hatcase, hit^kise, *. A slight box for a liat.
To Hatch, hitsh, v. a. To produce young from
eggs; to quicken the eggs by incubation; to form by
meditation, to contrive ; to shade by lines in drawing
or graving.
To Hatch, hitsh, v. n. To be in the state of
growing quick; to be in a stale of advance towards
effect.
Hatch, hitsh, s. A brood excluded from the egg ;
the act (if exclusion from the egg ; the disclosure, dis-
covery; the half-door; in the plural, the doors or
openings by which they descend from one deck or Hoor
of a ship to another ; to be under hatches, to be in a
state of ignominy, poverty, or depression. In this
sense, it is generally used in the plural, as, to be under
the hatches, to be in distress.
To Hatchei,, hik^U, v. «. To beat flax so as to
separate the fibrous from the brittle part.
Hatchel, hik^kl, S, The instrument with which
flax is beaten.
HaTCHELLER, hik^kl-ur, S. a beater of flax.
Hatchet, hitsh^it, s. 99. A small axe.
Hatchet-face, hitsbiit-fise, s. An ugly face.
Hatchment, hitsh-ment, s. Armorial escutcheon
placed over a door at a funeral.
Hatchway, hitsh^wi, s. The way over or
through the hatches.
To Hate, bite, v. a. 74. To detest, to abhor, to
abominate.
Hate, bite, *. Malignity, detestation.
Hateful, hite-ful, a. That causes abhorrence ;
odious, abhorrent, malignant, malevolent.
Hatefully, hiteifxil-^,arf. odiously, abominably;
malignantly, maliciously,
Hatefulness, hite^ful-nes, s. Odiousntss.
Hater, bi-tur, s. 98. One that hates.
Hath, hAth. The third person singular of the verb
To have; now seldom used but in solemn composition.
—See Has,
Hatred, hi^tred, s. Hate, ill-will, malignity.
To Hatter, hit-tur, v. a. To harass, to weary.
Hatter, hit-tur, s. 98. A maker of hats.
Hattock, hitituk, J. 166. A shock of com.
Hauberk, biw^berk, s. 213. A coat of mail.
To Have, biv, v. a. 75. Pret, and part. pass.
Had. To carry, to wear ; to possess ; to obtain, to en-
joy ; to contain ; to be a husband or wife to another :
it is most used in English, as in other European lan-
guages, as an auxiliary verb to make the tenses. Have,
the preierperfect, and Had, the preterpluperfect : Have
at, or wi h, is an expression denoting resolution to
make some attempt.
Haven, bi^vn, s. 103. A port, a harbour, a safe
station for ships 5 a shelter, an asylum.
Haver, hW-nv, s. 98. Possessor, holder.
Haugh, havir, S. A little meadow lying in a valley.
(C?' This word, though for ages obsolete, or heard only
'n the projier names of h'elherstonehaugh, Philiphaugh,
246
&c. seems to have risen from the dead in the late whim-
sical deception we meet with in some gardens where we
are suddenly stopped by a deep valley wholly impercep-
tibic till we come to the edge of it.' The expression of
surprise. Hah! Hah I which generally breaks out upon
a discovery of the deception, is commonly supposed to
be the origin of this word.
HauGHT, hawt, «. Haughty, insolent, proud.
Haughtily, baw^t^-le, ad. Proudly, arrogantly.
Haughtiness, haw-te-nes, s. Pride, arrogance.
Haughty, haw^te, a. 393. Proud, lofty, insolent,
arrogant, contemptuous ; proudly great.
Having, hiv-ing', *. Possession, estate, fortune}
the act or stale of possessing; behaviour, regularity.
Haviour, bi-v^-ur, s. Conduct, manners.
To Haul, bawl, v. a. To pull, to draw, to drag by
violence. — See Hale.
03" This word is in more frequent use than the word
To hale, and seems to have a shade of difference in its
nieaning. To Aa/e seems to signify the forcing or drag-
ing of aperson; and lo haul, the forcing or draggin'g of a
thing; and is generally used in sea business, or on ludi-
crous occasions to a person, as, To pull andftaaione about.
Haul, bawl, S, Pull, violence in dragging.
Haum, havvm, s. 213. straw.
Haunch, hansh, s. 214. The thigh, the hind
hip; the rear, the hind part.
To Haunt, b^nt, v. a. To frequent, to be much
about any place or person ; it is used frequently in an
ill sense of one that comes unwelcome; it is eminently
used of apparitions.
83" This word was in quiet possession of its true sound
till a late dramatick piece made its appearance, which,
to the surprise of those who had heard the language
spoken half a century, was, by some speakers, called the
Hawnted Tower. This was certainly the improvement of
some critick in the language; for a plain common
speaker would undoubtedly have pronounced the au, dm
in aunt, jaunt, &c. and as it had always been pronouncea
in the i>7umn!fj-, or the i/o!m«erf i/ou.'ie. That this pro-
nunciation is agreeableto analogy, see Principles, No. 214.
To Haunt, bSnt, V, n. To be much about, to
appear frequently.
Haunt, bant, s. Place in which one is frequently
found ; habit of being in a certain place.
Haunter, hant-tur, s. 98. Frequenter, one that
is oflen found in any place.
Havock, hiv-vuk, S. 166. Waste, wide and
general devastation.
Havock, biv-vuk, interj. A word of encourage-
ment to slaughter.
To Havock, bavivuk, v. a. To waste, to destroy.
Hautboy, bo-boe, s. a wind instrument.
Mautboy Strawberry, hiiboe, *.
See Strawberry.
Haut-gout, bo-gooj s. French. Any thing
with a strong scent.
Haw, baw, *. The berry and seed of the hawthorn ;
a hedge; an excrescence in the eye; a small piece of
ground adjoining to a house.
Hawthorn, biw-^//orn, *. The thorn that bears
haws; the white thorn.
Hawthorn, baw-<//orii, a. Belonging to the
white thorn ; consisting of white tliorn.
To Haw, hiw, v. n. To speak slowly with frequent
intermission and hesitation.
Hawk, hawk, *. A bird of prey, used mucli
anciently in sport to catch other birds; an effort to
force phlegm up the thfoat.
To Hawk, hawk, V, n. To fly hawks at fowls; to
fly at, to attack on the wing ; to force up phlegm wills
a noise; to sell by proclaiming in the streets.
Hawked, bavv^ked, a. 366. Formed like
a hawk's bill.
Hawker, haw-kur, *. 98. One who sells warct
by proclaiming them in the streets. •
Hawkweed, hawk^weed, *. A plant.
HEA
HEA
nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il 299— pSund 313— Min 466, this 469.
The first or capital
Hawses, biw^siz, s. 99. Two round holes under
a ship's head or he.\k, through wliich the cables pass.
Hay, hk, S. Grass dried to fodder cattle in winter ;
a kind of dance.
Haymaker, hi-mi-kur, s. One employed in
drying grass for hay.
Hazard, li^z-urd, *. 88. Cliance, accident;
danger, chance of danger ; a game at dice.
To Hazard, h^z-urd, v. a. To expose to chance.
To Hazard, h^z-urd, v. n. To try the chance,
to adventure.
HaZARDABLE, hcU-ur-d^-bl, a. Venturesome,
liable to chance.
Hazarder, hiz-ur-dSr, s. He wiio hazards.
Hazardry, htlz-ur-dr^, *. Temerity, precipitation.
Hazardous, hiz-ur-dus, a. Dangerous, exposed
to chance.
Hazardously, liiz-ur-dus-li:, ad. With danger
or chance.
Haze, hAze, *. Foe, mist.
Hazel, La-zl, s. 102. a nut-tree.
Hazel, hi-zl, a. Light brown, of the colour of
hazel.
Hazelly, hi'-zl-h, a. Of the colour of hazel, a light
brown.
Hazy, ha-z^ a. Dark, foggy, misty.
He, he^, pr-on. Oblique case Him, Plur. Thei/.
Oblique case Them. The man th^t was named before ;
the man, til" person ; man, or male being; male, as, a
He bear, a He goat.
Head, bed, s. 234, The part of the animal that
contains tl;e brain or the organ of sensation or thought ;
chief, principal person, one to whom the re>t are sub-
ordinate; place of honour, the first place; under-
standing, faculties of the mind; resistance, hostile op-
position ; state of a deer's horns, by which his age is
known ; the top of any thing bigger than the rest ; the
forepart of any thing, as of a ship; that which rises
on the top of liquors : upper part of a bed ; dress of the
liead ; principal topick of a discourse; source of a
stream; crisis, pitch; it is very improperly applied to
roots.
To Head, bed, v, a. To lead, to influence, to
direct, to govern ; to behead, to kill by taking away
the head ; to fit any thing with e^ head, or principal
part ; to lop trees at the top.
Headach, hed-ake, s. 355. Pain in the head.
Headband, bed^bJnd, s, a fillet for the head,
a lop-knot ; the band to eacli end of a book.
Headuorough, hed^bur-ri, s. A constable,
a subordinate constable.
Headdress, hed'dres, *, The covering of a woman's
head ; any thing resembling a head-dress.
Header, hedi<lur, s. 98. One that heads nails or
pins, or the like ; the first brick in the angle.
Headiness, hed-di-nes, s. Hurry, rashness,
stubbornness, precipitation, obstinacy.
Headland, hed^lind, s. Promontory, cape ;
grotund under hedges.
Headless, hed^les, a. Without a head, be-
headed; without a chief; obstinate, inconsiderate,
ignorant.
Headlong, hed^lSng, a. Rash, thoughtless ;
sudden, precipitate.
Headlong, hedMSng, ad. With the head fore-
most ; rashly, without thought, precipitately ; hastily,
without delay or respite.
Headpiece, hed-p^^se, *. Armour for the head,
helmet; understanding, force of mind.
Headquarters, hed-kwar-turz, *. The place of
general rendezvous, or lodgment for soldiers, wliere
the commander in chief takes up his quarter <.
Headship, bed^ship, s. Dignity, authority, chief
place.
Headsman, bedz^min, s. 88. Executioner.
Headstall, bed^stall, 5. 406. Part of the bridle
lliat''"ver» the head.
247
Headstone, bed^stone, s.
stone.
Headstrong, bed^strSng, a. Unrestrained,
violent, ungovernable.
Headworkman, bed-wurk-m^n, s. Tlie foreman.
Heady, hed-d^, a. Rash, precipitate, hasty,
violent; apt to affect the head.
To Heal, bele, v. a. 227. To cure a person ; to
restore from hurt, sickness, or wound; to reconcile;
as, he healed all dissensions.
7'o Heal, bele, v. n. To grow well.
Healer, h^le-ur, s. One who cures or heals.
Healing, bele^^ing, part, a. Mild, mollifying,
gentle, assuasive.
Health, heUh, s. 234. Freedom from bodily pain
or sickness ; welfare of mind, purity, goodness; sal-
vation, prosperity ; wish of happiness in drinking.
Healthful, heUA-ful, a. Free from sickness;
well-disposed, wholesome, salubrious; salutary, pro-
ductive of salvation.
Healthfully, hel^A-ful-1^, ad. In health ;
wholesomely.
Healthfulness, hilth'-fhl-ms, s. state of being
well ; wholesomeness.
Healthily, hel^A-e-le, ad. Without sickness.
Healthiness, hcUh'-i-nes, s. The state of health.
Healthless, beU/t-les, a. Weak, sickly, infirm.
Healthsome, he\th-sum,a. Wholesome, salutary.
Healthy, beU/t-^, a. In health, free from sickness.
Heap, b^pe, *. 227. Many single things thrown
together, a pile; a crowd, a throng, a rabble; cluster,
number driven together.
To Heap, b^pe, v. a. To throw on heaps, to pile,
to throw together ; to accumulate, to lay up ; to add to
something else.
Heaper, b^-pur, *. 98. One that makes piles or
lieaps.
Heapy, h^ipi, a. Lying in heaps.
To Hear, b^re, i;. n. 227. To enjoy tlie sense by
which words are distinguished; to listen, to hearken;
to be told, to have an account.
To Hear, b^re, v, a. To perceive by the ear; to
give an audience, or allowance to speak; to attend, to
listen to, to obey ; to try, to attend judicially ; to at-
tend favourably ; to acknowledge.
Heard, berd, 234. The pret. of To Hear.
(f3» We frequently hear this word pronounced so as to
rhyme with/earerf. But if this weie the true sound, it
ought to be written heaved, and considered as regular:
the short sound like herd is certainly the true pronuncia.
tion, and the verb is irregular. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares,
Mr. Smith, and W. Johnston, mark the word as I have
done.
Hearer, bdre-ur, s, 98. One who attends to any
doctrine or discourse.
Hearing, h^reiing, s. The sense by which sounds
are perceived; audience; judicial trial ; reach of the
ear.
^o Hearken, bar'-kn, ?;. n. 103. 243. To listen
by Why of curiosity ; to attend, to pay regard.
Hearkener, harikn-ur, s. Listener, one that
hearker.s.
Hearsay, h^reisi, s. Report, rumour.
Hearse, berse, *. 234. A carriage in which the
dead are conveyed to the grave; a temporary monu-
ment set over a grave.
Heart, bait, s. 243. The muscle which by its
contraction and dilatation propels the blood through
the course of circulation, and is therefore considered
as the source of vital motion j the chief part ; the vital
part; the inner part of any thing ; courage, spirit; seal
of love; aifection, inclination; memory; to find in.
the heart to be not wholly averse; secret meaning,
hidden intention; conscience, sense of goof' or ill; it
is much used in composition for mind or atfcction.
Heart-ach, hart'-ike, s. 355. Sorrow,
aiiguislt.
HEA
HEB
S59. Fite73, fur 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml93, met'sS— pine 105/ pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
with heath ; a place covered with slirubs of whatever
kind.
Heath-cock, he^A-kSk, *. a large fowl that
frequents lieatlis.
Heath-peas, hcfh'-peze, s. A species of bitter
vetch.
Heath-rose, hetJi'-ruze, s. A plant.
Heathen, he-THn, s. 227. The gentiles, the
pagans, the nations unacquainted with the coveiiau.
of grace.
Heathen, he^THn, a. 103. Gentile, pagan.
Heathenish, he-THn-ish, a. Belonging to tlie
gentiles; wild, savage, rapacious, cruel.
Heathenish LY, he'-THn-ish-le, ad. After the
manner of lieathens.
Heathenism, he-THn-izm,*. Gentiiism, paganism.
Heathy, hcth'-e, a. Full of heath.
To Heave, heve, v. a. 227. Pret. Heaved,
anciently Hove. Part. Heaved or Hoven. To lift, to
raise from the ground; to carry ; to cause to swell; to
force up from the breast j to exalt, to elevate.
To Heave, h^ve, f. n. To pant, to breathe with
pain ; to labour ; to rise with pain, to swell and fall ;
to keck, to feel a tendency to vomit.
Heave, heve, *. Lift, exertion or efforts upwards ;
rising of the breast; effort to vomit; struggle to rise.
Heaven, hevivn, s. 103. 234. The regions
above, the expanse of the sky ; the habitation of God,
good angels, and pure souls departed; the supreme
power, the sovereign of heaven.
Heaven-born, hevivn-born, a. Descended from
the celestial regions.
Heaven-bred, hev^vn-bred, a. Produced or
cultivated in heaven.
Heaven-built, hev-vn-bilt, a. Built by the
agency of the gods.
Heaven-directed, hev^vn-d^-rek-ted, a.
Raised towards the sky ; taught by tlie powers of
heaven.
Heavenly, hevivn-le, a. Resemblmg heaven,
supremely excellent; celestial, inhabiting heaven.
Heavenly, hev-vn-le, ad. in a manner re-
sembling that of heaven; by the agency or influence
of heaven.
Heaven-ward, hev-vn-ward, ad.
Towards heaven.
Heavily, hevie-le, ad. With great weight-,
grievously, afflictively ; sorrowfully, with an air of de-
jection.
Heaviness, liev^e-nes, s. The quality of being
heavy, weight; dejection of mind, depression of spirit;
inaptitude to motion or thought ; oppression; crush,
affliction ; deepness or richness of soil.
Heavy, bev-v^, a. 234. Weighty, tending stiongly
tothe centre; sorrowful, dejected, depressed ; grievous,
oppressive, afflictive; wanting spirit or rapi<lity of sen-
timent, unanimated ; wanting activity, indolent, lazy;
drowsy, dull, torpid; slow, sluggish; stupid, foolish;
burdensome, troublesome, tedious; loaded, encum-
bered, burdened ; not easily digested; rich in soil, fer-
tile, as, heavy lands; deep, cumbersome, as, heavy
roads.
Heavy, hev-vJ, ad. As an adverb it is only used
in composition, heavily.
Hebdomad, heb-d6-m4d, s. A week, a space of
seven days.
Heart-break, hart-brake, s. Overpowering
sorrow.
Heart-breaker, hart-bri-kur, s. A cant name
for a woman's curls.
Heart-breaking, bart-bra-king, a.
Overpowering with sorrow.
Heart-breaking, birt^bra-king, s.
Overpowering grief.
Heart-burned, hart-burnd, a. Having the
heart inflamed.
Heart-burning, hart^bur-nin^, s. Pain at the
stomach, commonly from an acrid humourj discon-
tent, secret enmity.
Heart-dear, hart^dere, a. Sincerely beloved.
Heart-ease, hart-ez^, s. Quiet, tranquillity.
Heart-easing, bart-ez-ing', a. Giving quiet.
Heart-felt, hart-felt, a. Felt in the conscience,
felt at the heart.
Heart-peas, hart-pi'ze, s. A plant.
Heart-sick, hart-sik, a. Pained in mindj
mortally ill, hurt in the constitution.
Hearts-ease, harts-eze, s. A plant.
Heart-strings, hart^stringz, s. The tendons or
nerves supposed to brace and sustain the heart.
Heart-struck, hait^struk, a. Driven to the
heart, infixed for ever in the mind ; shocked with fear
or dismay.
Heart-swelling, hart-swel-ling, a. Rankling
in the mind.
Heart-whole, hart^bwole, a. 397. With tiic
affections yet unfixed; with the vitals .yet unim-
paired.
Heart-wounded, hart-woon-ded, a. Filled
with passion of love or grief.
Hearted, hart-ed, a. Only used in composition,
as, hard-hearted.
To Hearten, hart^tn, v. a. 243. To encourage,
to animate, to stir up ; to meliorate with manure.
Hearth, h^^rth, s. 243. The pavement of a room
where a fire is made.
OCT- Till I had inspected the Dictionaries, 1 could not
conceive there were two pronunciations of this word;
but now I find tliat Mr. Elpliiuston, W. Johnston, and
Buchanan, sound the diphthong as in earth, and dearth;
while Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott,
Mr. Perry, and Mr. Barclay, give it as I have done.
Heartily, har^te-le, ad. sincerely, actively,
diligently, vigorously ; from the heart, fully; eagerly,
with desire.
Heartiness, harite-nes, s. Sincerity, freedom
from hypocrisy ; vigour, diligence, strength.
Heartless, hart-les, a. Witiiout courage,
spiritless.
Heartlessly, bart-les-le, ad. Without courage,
faintly, timidly.
Heartlessness, hart-lcs-nes, s. Want of
courage or spirit, dejection of mind.
Hearty, har-te, a. 243. Sincere, undissembled,
warm, zealous; in full health; vigorous, strong.
Hearty-hale, har-te-hale, a. Good for the heart.
Heat, hete, S. 227. The sensation caused by the
approach or touch of fire ; the cause of the sensation
of burning; hot weather; state of any body under the
action of fire; one violent action unintermitted ; the
state of being once hot ; a course at a race; pimples in
the face, flush : agitation of sudden or violent passion ;
faction, contest, party rage; ardour of thought or elo-
cution.
To Heat, hete, v. a. To make hot, to endue with
the power of burning; to cause to ferment; to make
the constitution feverish ; to warm with vehemence of
passion or desire ; to agitate the blood and spirits with
action.
To Heat, hete, v. n. To grow hot.
Heater, he'-tur, S. 98. An iron made hot, and
put into a box-iron, to smooth and plait linen.
Heath, hkth, s. 237. A plant j a place overgrown
248
Hebdomadal, heb-d6m-4-dil, SIS.")
Hebdomadary, heb-dSm-l-dir-e, J
Weekly, consisting of seven days.
To Hebetate, heb-e-tate v. a. To dull, to
blunt, to stupify.
Hebetation, heb-e-ta-shun, s. The act of
dulling; the state of being dulled.
Hebetude, heb-e-tud», s. Dulness, obtuseness,
bluntness.
Hebraism, heb^rA-izm, s. 335. a Hebrew idiom.
Hebrew, hfi-broo, s. A descendant of Hebor, an
Israelite, a Jew ; the language of tlie Hebrews.
HEE
HEL
167, nStlGS— tube 171, tub 172, buU'l/S— oil 299— pound 313— fAiiMGS, this 469.
HrbrAIST, hebiri-lSt, *. 503. A man skilled in
Hebrew.
0:3- I have differed from Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and
Mr. Perry, in the quantity of the first syllable of this
and the preceding word, and think I am not only autho-
rised by analogy, but the best usage. It may be ob-
served, that tliere is not a more uniform analogy in the
language, than that of shortening the first syllable of a
primitive of three syllables with the accent on the first,
503, b.
Hebrician, h^'-brish-^n, s. One skilful in Hebrew.
Hecatomb, hek-a-toom, s. A sacrifice of an
hundred cattle.
Hectical, hek^t^-k4l, \
Hectick, bek'-tik, 509. J "'
Habitual, constitutional; troubled with a morbid heat.
Hectick, hek-tlk. s. A hectick fever.
Hector, hek-tur, s. 418. 166. A bully;
a blustering, turbulent, noisy fellow.
To Hector, hek-tur, v. a. To threaten, to treat
with insolent terms.
To Hector, hek-tur, v. n. To play the bully.
Hederaceous, hed-er-^-shus, a. Producing ivy.
Hedge, hedje, s. A fence made round grounds
with prickly bushes.
Hedge, hetlje, s. Prefixed to any word, signifies
something mean.
To Hedge, hedje, v. a. To enclose with a hedge;
to obstruct ; to encircle for defence ; to shut up within
an enclosure ; to force into a place already full.
To Hedge, hedje, v. n. To shift, to hide the head.
Hedge-born, hedje-born, a. Of no known birth,
meanly born.
Hedge-fumitory, hedje-fu-mJ-tur-e,*. A plant.
Hedge-hog, hedje-hSg, S, An animal set with
prickles like thorns in a hedge; a term of reproach;
a plant.
Hedge-hyssop, hedje-hiz-zup, s. A species of
willow-wort. — See Hyssop.
Hedge-mustard, hedje-mus-t$rd, s. A plant.
Hedge-note, hedje-note, s, a word of contempt
for low poetry.
Hedge-pig, hedje-pig', s, A j'oung hedgehog.
Hedge-row, hedje-ri, s. The series of trees or
bushes planted for enclosures.
Hedge-sparrow, hedje-sp^r-ro, s. A sparrow
that lives in bushes.
Hedging-bill, hedje-ing-bil, s. A cutting-hook
used in trimming hedges.
Hedger, hedje-ur, S. One who makes hedges.
To Heed, he^d, v, a. 246. To mind, to regard,
to take notice of, to attend.
Heed, heed, S. Care, attention ; caution ; care to
avoid; notice, observation; seriousness; regard, re-
spectful notice.
Heedful, h^ed^ful, a. Watchful, cautious,
suspicious; attentive, careful, observing.
Heedfully, heed-ful-e, ad. Attentively, care-
fully, cautiously.
Heedfulness, h^ed-ful-nes, *. Caution, vigilance.
HeEDILY, heed-e-le, ad. Cautiously, vigilantly.
Heediness, heed-^-neS, S. Caution, vigilance.
Heedless, h^^d-les, a. Negligent, inattentive,
careless.
Heedlessly, h^^dUes-le, ad.
Carelessly, negligently.
Heedlessness, h^^d-les-nes, s. Carelessness,
negligence, inattention.
Heel, heel, s. 246. The part of the foot that pro-
tuberates behind ; the feet employed in Hight ; to be
at the heels, to pursue closely, to follow hard ; to lay
by the heels, to fetter, to shackle, to put in gyves;
the back pail of a stocking, whence the phrase to be
out at the heels, vo be worn out.
To Heel, he^l, v. n. To dance; to lean on one
iide, as the ship heels.
249
Heeler, h^^l-ur, s. A cock that strikes well with
his heels.
Heel-piece, heel-pese, *. A piece fixed on the
hinder part of the shoe.
To Heel-piece, he^l-p^se, v. a. To put a piece
of leather on a shoe-heel.
Heft, heft, S. Heaving, effort ; for haft, handle.
Hegira, h^-ji-r^, or hed^je-r^, s. A term in
chronology, signifying the epocha, or account of time,
used by the Arabians, who begin from the day that
Mahomet was forced to escape from Mecca, July six-
teenth, A. D. six hundred and twenty-two.
0:3- The latter pronunciation is adopted by Dr. John-
son, Barclay, and Bailey; and the former by Mr. She-
ridan, Dr. Ash, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Perry. The latter,
I am informed, is the pronunciation of Oriental scholars,
though the former is not only more agreeable to the car,
but seems to fall in with those Arabic Spanish names,
Ramirez, Almim, &c. as well as the Grecian, Tauchira,
Thyatira, Dejanira, &c.
Heifer, hef^fur, s. 93. 254. A young cow.
Heighho, hl-ho, inter}. An expression of slight
languor and uneasiness.
Height, bite, or hate, s. 253. Elevation above
the ground; degree of altitude; summit, ascent, tower-
ing eminence ;"elevalion of rank; the utmost degree,
utmost exertion; state of excellence; advance towards
perfection.
8r^ The first of these modes is the most general ; and
the last, the most agreeable to the spelling. Mil'on was
the patron of the first, and, in his zeal for analogy, as
Dr. Johnson says, spelt the word AcigfttA. This is still the
pronunciation of the vulgar, and seems at first sight the
most agreeable to analogy ; but though the sound of the
adjective hi^h is generally preserved in the abstract
height, the h is always placed before the t, and is per-
fectly mute. Mr. Garrick's pronunciation (and which i»
certainly the best) was hite — See Drought.
To Heighten, hl-tn, v. a. 103. To raise higher j
to improve, to meliorate; to aggravate; to improve by
decorations.
Heinous, hi-nus, a. 249. Atrocious, wicked in
a high degree.
(KT- Mr. Sheridan gives the long sound of e to the first
syllable of this word, contrary to every Dictionary, to
analogy, and, 1 thinK, the best usage ; which, if 1 am
not mistaken, always gives the first syllable of this word
the sound of slender a. That this was the sound of this
syllable formerly, we may gather from the spelling of it :
for in Charles the Second's time, Mr. Baxter is accused
by Mr. Danvers of publishing the hainous charge against
tlie Baptists of baptizing naked.
Heinously, h^-nus-le, ad. Atrociously, wickedly.
HeINOUSNESS, ha-nus-nes, S. Atrociousnes%
wickedness.
Heir, ire, *. 249. 394. One that is inheritor oi
any tiling after the present possessor.
Heiress, Are-ls, *. 99- An inheritrix, a woman
that inherits.
Heirless, are-les, a. AVithout an heir.
Heirship, are-ship, s. The state, character, of
privik'ges of an heir.
Heirloom, Are-loom, S. Any furniture or move-
ables decreed to descend by inheritance, and therefore
inseparable from the freehold.
Held, held. The pret. and part. pass, of Hold.
Heliacal, h^-ll-3.-k;1l, a. Emerging from the
lustre of the sun, or falling into it.
Helical, hel'-e-k4l, a. Spiral, with many circum-
volutions.
Heliocentrick, h5-le-i-sen'trik, a. Belonging
to the centre of the sun.
Helioscope, hi-le-6-skope, s. A sort of telescope
fitted so as to look on the body of the sun without
otfence to the eyes.
Heliotrope, he-le-6-trope, s. A plant that
turns towaids the sun, but more particularly the f urn-
sol, or sun-flower.
Helix, hi-llks, S. A spiral line.
Hell, hel, s. The place of the devil and wicked
souls; the place of separate souls, whether good or
bad; the place at a running play, to which t'josc who
HEM
HER
t3- 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— mi 93, mlt95— plne'lOa, pin 107— ni 162, move"l64,
are caught are carried j tlie place into which a tailor
throws his shreds ; the infernal powers.
Hellebore, hel-le-bore, *. Christmas flower.
Hellenism, hel-le-nizm, *. An idiom of the
Greek.
Hellish, hel-lish, a. Having the qualities of
hell, infernal, wicked; sent from hell, belonging to
hell.
Hellishly, helMish-le, ad. Infernally, wickedly.
HeLLISHNESS, hel-lish-nes, S, Wickedness, ab-
horred qualities.
Hellward, hel-ward, aa. "^owaras hell.
Helm, helm, S. A covering for the head in war ;
the part of a coat of arms that bears the crest ; the
upper part of the retort j the steerage, the rudder ; the
station of government.
To Helm, helm, v, a. To guide, to conduct.
Helmed, helmd, a. 359. Furnished with a head-
piece.
Helmet, heKmit, s. 99. A helm, a head-piece.
To Help, help, v. a. Fret. Helped or Holp.
Part. Helped or Holpen. To assist, to support, to aid ;
to remove, or advance by help ; to relieve from pain or
disease; to remedy, to change for the better; to for-
bear, to avoid ; to promote, to forward ; to help to, to
supply with, to furnish with.
To Help, help, v. n. To contribute assistance;
to bring a supply.
Help, help, s. Assistance, aid, support, succour;
that which forwards or promotes; that which gives
help; remedy.
Helper, help-ur, S. 98. An assistant, an
auxiliary; one that administers remedy; a supernu-
merary servant ; one that supplies with any thing
wanted
Helpful, help-ful, a. ■Usefiil, that gives assist-
ance; wholesome, salutary.
Helpless, help-les, a. Wanting power to succour
one's self; wanting support or assistance; irremediable,
admitting no help.
Helplessly, help-les-1^, ad. Without succour.
Helplessness, help-les-nes, *. Want of succour.
Helter-skelter, hel-tur-skel^tur, ad.
In a hurry, without order.
Helve, helv, s. The handle of an axe.
Hem, hem, S. The edge of a garment doubled and
sewed to keep the threads from spreading; the noise
uttered by a sudden and violent expiration of the
breath; interj. Hem .
To Hem, hem, v. a. To close the edge of cloth by
a hem or double border sewed together; to border, to
edge; to enclose, to environ, to confine, to shut.
To Hem, hem, v. n. To utter a noise by violent
expulsion of the breath.
Hemiplegy, hem-e-pled-ji, S. A palsy, or any
nervous affection relating thereunto, that seizes one
side at a time.
Hemisphere, hem-J-sfere, s. The half of a globe
when it is supposed to be cut through its centre in the
plane of one of its greatest circles.
Hemispherical, hem-4-sfeKik-ll, 509.
Hemispherick, hem-^-sfer^ik.
Half-round, containing half a globe.
Hemistich, hl-mis^tik, s. 509. Half a verse
** The dawn is overcast." Cato,
Hemlock, hem-lSk, s. An herb.
Hemoptosis, he-mi1p-t6-sis, 503, c.\
Hemoptysis, he-m6p'-t4-sis, 520. J **
The spitting of blood.
Hemorrhage, hem-6-radje,
Hemorrhagy, hem'
A violent flux of blood
Hemorrhoids, hem'-ftr-roldz, s. The piles, the
emerods.
Hemorrhoidal, hem-Sr-roid^Al, a. Belonging
to the veins in the fundament.
250
•}«•
i-6-radje,\
i'-6-rd-j^,J **
Hemp, hemp, s. a fibrous plant of which coarse
linen and ropes are made.
Hempen, hemipn, a. 103. Made of hemp.
Hen, hen, s. The female of a house-cock ; tlie
female of any bird.
Hen-hearted, hen^har-ted, a.
Dastardly, cowardly.
Hen-pecked, hen-pekt, a. 359. Governed by
the wife.
Hen-roost, hen-roost, s. The place where the
poultry rest.
Henbane, hen^bane, s. A plant.
Hence, hense, ad. or interj. From this place to
another; away, to a distance ; at a distance, in another
place; for this reason, in consequence of this; from
this cause, from this ground ; from this source, from
this original, from this store; From hence, is a vitious
expression.
Henceforth, hense-f6r</t, ad. From this time
forward.
Henceforward, hense-for^ward, ad.
From this time to futurity.
Henchman, hensh-m^n, S. A page, an attendant.
To HenD, hend, v. a. To seize, to lay hold on j
to crowd, to surround.
Hendecagon, hen-dek^^-gSn, s. A figure of
eleven sides or angles.
Hendecasyllable, hen-dek-i-sil-l4-bl, s.
A line or verse consisting of eleven syllables.
HenDIADIS, hen-dl-i-dis, *. A common figure by
which a substantive is used as an adjective; as, an ani-
mal of the dog kind.
Hepatical, h^-plt-^-k^l, \
Hepatick, h^-pk'-ik, 509./"'
Belonging to the liver.
Heps, hips, s. The fruit of the dog-rose, commonly
written Hips.
Heptagon, ht't)-t4-g6n, s. A figure with seven
sides or angles.
Heptagonal, hep-tig-i-n^l, a. Having seven
angles or sides.
Heptarchy, hep-tar-ki, s. A sevenfold govern-
ment.
Her, hur, pron. 98. Belonging to a female; the
olilique case of She.
Hers, hurz, pron. This is used when it refers to
a substantive going before ; as, such are her charms,
such charms are hers.
Herald, her-^ld, s. The officer whose business it
is to register genealogies, adjust ensigns arnunial, re.
gulate funerals, and anciently to carry mess;iges be-
tween princes, and proclaim war and peace; a precur-
sor, a forerunner, a harbinger.
To Herald, her-4ld, v. a. To introduce as
a herald.
Heraldic, h^-r^ld-lk, a. Belating to heraldry.
Heraldry, her-il-dre, s. The art or office of
a herald ; blazonry.
Herb, erb, s. 394. Herbs are those plants whose
stalks are soft, and have nothing woody in them, as
grass and hemlock,
(tj- I have differed from Mr. Sheridan by suppressing
the sound of the ft in this word and its compound hei.
bilge; and have Mr. Nares, Mr. Perry, and W. Johnston
on my side.
Herbaceous, her-ba-shus, a, 35G. Belonging
to herbs ; feeding on vegetables.
Herbage, er-bidje, s. 90. 394. Herbs collec-
tively, grass, pasture; the tithe and the right of pas-
ture.
Herbal, her-bal, S. A book containing the name*
and description of plants.
Herbalist, her-b^-l'ist, S. A man skilled in herbs.
Herbarist, her-bit-rist, *. One skilled in herbs.
Herbelet, her-be-let, S. A small herb.
Herbescent, her-bes^sent, a. 510. Growing
into herbs.
HER
HEX
nor 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, b&ll 173— 5il 299— pound 313— /i^in 466, this 469.
Hersid, ber'bxd, a. Covered with herbs.
HerbouS, her-bus, a. Abounding with herbs.
Herbulen'T, her-bu-lent, a. Containing herbs.
Herbwoman, erb-wum-un, 394. A woman that
sells herbs.
HerbY, erb-^, a. 394. Having the nature of herbs.
Herd, herd, S, A number of beasts together;
a company of men, in contempt or detestation ; it an-
ciently signified a keeper of cattle, a sense still re-
tained in composition, as, Goat-herd.
T'o HbR-D, herd, v. n. To run in herds or com-
panies; to associate.
Herdgroom, herd-groom, ». A keeper of herds.
Herdman, herd-m^n, \
Herdsman, herdz-mln, /
One employed in tending herds.
Here, h^re, ad. In this place ; in the present state.
Hereabouts, here-4-bouts, ad. About this place.
Hereafter, here-^f-tur, ad. In a future state.
Hereat, here-^tj ad. At this.
Hereby, here-blj ad. By this.
Hereditable, h^-red-e-tl-bl, a. Whatever may
be occupied as inheritance.
Hereditament, her-i-dit-lt-inent, s. A law
term denoting inheritance.
03=" Dr. Johnson and Mr. Barclay place the accent on
the first syllable of this word; Dr. Ash, Mr. Sheridan,
Mr, Scott, and Entick, on tlie second ; and Dr. Kenrick,
W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Bailey on the third. The
last accentuation is not only most agreeable to the best
usage, and the most grateful to the ear, but seems to ac-
cord better with the secondary accent of the latter Latin
H(£redif,am^nta. — See Academy.
Hereditary, he-red-^-ti-r^, a. Possessed or
claimed by right of inheritance; descending by inhe-
ritance.
Hereditarily, lil-redi^-ti-ri-l^, ad.
By inheritance.
Herein, hhre-ln', ad. In this.
Heremitical, hlr-^-mit-ik-Ill, a. Solitary,
suitable to a hermit.
Hereof, h^re-6ft ad. From this, of this. — See
Forlhwiih.
Hereon, h^re-8n{ ad. Upon this.
Hereout, h^re-out{ ad. Out of this.
Heresy, her-^-se, *. An opinion of private men
different from that of the catholick and orthodox
church.
Heresiarch, h^-r^-zh4-ark, 5. 451. A leader in
heresy. — See Ecclesiastick.
Heretick, herie-tik, *. 510. One who propagates
his private opinions in opposition to the catholick
church.
Heretical, hk-rh'-k-kiA, a. Containing heresy.
Heretically, he-ret^e-k^l-1^, ad. With heresy.
Hereto, h^re-tooj ad. To this.
Heretofore, here-too-fire{ ad.
Formerly, anciently.
Hereunto, bere-un-too{ ad.
Herewith, hhe-with', ad.
Forthwith.
Heritable, her^l-tJ-bl, a.
inherited.
Heritage, her'-^-tAje, s.
estate devolved by succession; in divinity, the people
ofGod. ■>' f I
Hermaphrodite, ber-m^f-fri-dlte, s. 155.
An animal uniting two sexes.
Hermapiiroditical, her-maf-fro-ditii-kil, a.
Partaking of both sexes.
Hermetical, her-met-i-k^l, \
Hermetick, her-met'-ik, 509, J '^
Hermetically, her-met^e-kil-^, arf. According
to tii« Itermetical or chymick art,
S51
To this.
With this. — See
Capable of being
90. Inlieritance,
Chymical.
I}'
Hermit, her-mit, S. A solitary, an anchoret, one
who retires from society to contemplation and devo-
tion ; a beadsman, one bound to pray for another.
Hermitage, herimit-ije, s. 90. The cell or
habitation of a hermit.
HermITESS, b^r-mit-teS, s. A woman retired to
devotion.
Hermitical, her-mit-e-kil, a. Suitable to
a hermit.
Hern, hern, s. Contracted from Heron.
Hernia, her-ne-^, s. Any kind of rupture.
Hero, he-ro, *. A man eminent for bravery j a man
of the highest class in any respect.
Heroical, he-roie-kil, a. Befitting a hero,
heroick.
Heroically, he-ro-^-k^l-^, ad. After the way
of a hero.
Heroick, he-ro-lk, a. Productive of heroes;
noble, suitable to a hero, brave, magnanimous; re-
citing the acts of heroes.
HeROICKLY, he-r6-lk-li, ad. Suitably to a hero.
Heroine, her^6-in, s. 535. A female hero.
Heroism, her-6-izm, *. 535. The qualities or
character of a hero.
Heron, herifin, 5. 166. A bird that feeds upon fish.
Heronry, her-un-r^, [166
Heronshaw, her-un-shaw
A place where herons breed.
Herpes, her-piz, s. A cutaneous inflammation.
Herring, her^ring, s. A small sea-fish.
Hers, hurz, pron. The female possessive, used
without its substantive; as, this is her liouse, this
house is hers.
Herse, herse, *. A temporary monument raised
over a grave; the carriage in which corpses are drawn
to the grave. f
To Herse, herse, v. a. To put into a herse.
Herself, hur-selfj pron. The female personal
pronoun, in the oblique cases reciprocal.
Herselike, herseMlke, a. Funereal, suitable to
funerals.
Hesitancy, hez-4-tin-si, *. Dubiousness, un-
certainty.
To Hesitate, hez-5-tite, v.n. To be doubtful,
to delay, to pause.
Hesitation, hez-i-ta-shun, 5. Doubt, uncertainty,
difficulty made ; intermission of speech, want of volu-
bility.
HeST, best, S, Command, precept, injunction.
Heteroclite, het^er-6-klke, *. 156.
Such nouns as vary from the common forms of declen-
sion ; any thing or person deviating from the common
rule.
(G" Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, Mr. Perry
Buchanan, Barclay, and Bailey, unite in placing the ac-
cent on the first syllable of this word; Enlick alone
places it on the third. Mr. Sheridan and Buchanan
place an accent also on the last syllable, and make the i
long; while Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Perry make it short.
That the accent ought to be on the first syllable cannot
be doubted, when we consider how uniformly we remove
the accent higher when we anglicise Latin words by
shortening them : and though the i in these terminations
is rather ambinuous, 156, it ceitainly inclines to the long
sound which Mr. Sheridan and Buchanan have given it.
— See Academy and Incomparable.
Heteroclitical, het-er-r6 -klit-e-kil, a.
Deviating from the common rule.
Heterodox, het-er-6-dSks, a. Deviating from
the established opinion, not orthodox.
Heterogeneal, het-er-6-je-n^-4l, a. Not of
the same nature, not kindred.
Heterogeneity, het-er-6-je-n4ie-t^, s.
Opposition of nature, contrariety of qualities; oppo-
site or dissimilar part.
Heterogeneous, h3t-er-6-ji-n^-us, a.
Not kindred, opposite or dissimilar in nature.
HID
HIG
550. Vkt 73, far 77, fall 83, f4t 81— ml"93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move Ifji
t3-
C:5- There is an affected pronunciation of this and the
two preceding words, which, contrary to our own ana-
logy, preserves the g liard. The plea is, that these words
arederived from the Gieek, which always preserved the
gamma liard. To produce tliis reason, is to expose it.
What would become of our language, if every word from
the Greek and Latin, that hasg- in it, were so pronounced ?
VVliat is most to be regretted is, that men of learning
sometimes join in these pedantick deviations, which are
only worthy of the lowest order of critical coxcombs.—
See Gymiiastick.
To Hew, hu, v. a. Part. Hewn or Hewed.
To cui with an edged instrument, to hack; to chop, to
cut ; to fell as with an axe ; to form a shape with an
axe; to form laboriously.
Hewer, hti-ur, *. 98. One whose employment is
to cut wood or stone.
Hexagon, heks-^-gSn, *. 166. A figure of six
sides or angles.
Hexagonal, hSgz-%'o-n4l, a. 478. Having
six sides.
Hexagony, hegz-^s'-sh-nh, s. 48. A figure of
six angles.
Hexameter, hegz-im-5-tur, J. 518. A verse
of six feet.
HexangulAR, hegz-lng-gi-lir, «. Having six
corners.
Hexastick hegz-fc-tik, s. 509. A poem of
six lines.
Hexasticon, hegz-as-te-kmi, s, A poem or
epigram in six lines.
Hev, ha, interj. An expression of joy.
Heyday, hA-da, interj. An expression of frolick
and exultation.
Heyday, hA-dA, s. 269. a frolick, wiidness.
Hiatus, hl-i-tus, S. An aperture, a breach; the
opening of the mouth by the succession of some of the
vowels.
Hibernal, hl-ber-n.1,1, a. Belonging to the winter.
Hiccough, hik-kup, or hik-kof, s, A convulsion
of the stomach producing sobs.
((^» This is one of those words which seem to nave
been corrupted by a laudable intention of bringing them
nearerto their original. The convulsive sob was supposed
to be a species of cough ; but neither Junius nor Skinner
mention any such derivation, and both suppose it formed
from the sound itoccasions. Accordingly we find, though
hiccough is the most general orthography, liickiip is the
most usual pronunciation. Thus Butler,
" Quoth he, to biil me nr^t to love,
'* Is lo forbid my jndse to move ;
" My beard to grow, my ears to pritk up,
** Or, when I'm in the tit, to hickvp."
To Hiccough, hik-kup, v. n. To sob witli con-
vulsion of the stomach.
Th HiCKUP, hik-kup, v. n. To sob with a con-
vulsed stomach.
Hid, hid, \„ . r tr- j
,, \ 1 ,1 1 r Part. pass, of tilde .
Hidden, hid^dn, J
To Hide, hide, v. a. Pret. Hid. Part. pass.
Hid or Hidden. To conceal, to withhold or withdraw
from sight or knowledge.
To Hide, hide, v. n. To lie hid, to be concealed.
Hide-and-seek, hlde-^nd-seekj s. A play in
which some hide "hemselves, and another seeks them.
Hide, hide, S. The skin of any animal, either raw
or dressed ; the human skin, in contempt; a certain
quantity of land.
Hidebound, hide-bound, a. A horse is said to
be hide-bound when his skin sticks so hard to his ribs
and hack, that you cannot with your hand pull up or
loosen the one from the other; in trees, being in the
state in which the bark will not give way to the growth;
harsh, untractable.
Hideous, hid^e-us, or liid-je-us, a. 293.
Horrible, dreadful.
Hideously, hid-^-us-li, ad. Horribly, drealfully.
Hideousness, hid-e-us-ues, s. Horribleness,
dreadfulness.
UlDEU, hl'-dur, s. 98. He that hidi!*,
2:2
To Hie, hi, v. n. To hasten, to go in haste.
Hierarch, hl-t-rark, s. The chief of a sacred
order.
Hierarchal, hl-e-rark'-al, a. Of a hierarch.
Hierarchical, hl-e-rar-ke-k;1l, a. Belonging
to sacred oi ecclesiastical government.
Hierarchy, hl-e-ra.r-ke, *. A sacred government,
rank or subordination of holy beings ; ecclesiastical
estahlishitient.
HlEROGI YPHICK, hW-r<J-gllf-f!k, S. An emblem,
a figure by which a word was implied ; the art of wr
ing in picture.
Hieroglyph ICAL, hl-e-ro-glif^e-kal, a.
Emblematical, expressive of some ineaning beyond
what immediately appears.
Hieroglyphically, hl-e-io-glif-e-k3.1-5, ad.
Emblematically.
Hierography, hW-rSg-gr^f-e, *. 518.
Holy writing.
Hierophant, hl-er-6-f^nt, s. 518. One who
teaches rules of religion.
To Higgle, hig-gl, v. n. 405. To chaffer, to be
penurious in a bargain ; to go selling provisions from
door to door.
Higgledy-piggledy, hig-gl-J^-pig-gl-dJ, ad.
A cant word, corrupted from higgle, which denotes any
confused mass, confusedly.
Higgler, hig-glur, s. 98. One who sells pro-
visions by retail.
High, hi, a. 390. A great way upwards, rising
above; elevated in place, raised aloft; exalted in
nature; elevated in rank orcondition ; exalted in senti-
ment ; difficult, abstruse; boastful, ostentatious ; arro-
gant, proud, lofty; noble, illustrious; violent, tem-
pestuous, applied to the wind ; tumultuous, turbulent,
ungovernable; full, complete; strong-tasted; at the
most perfect state, in the meridian ; far advanced into
antiquity; dear, exorbitant in price; capital, great,
opposcd'to little, as, high treason.
High, hi, S. High place, elevation, superior region.
High-blest, hUblest, a. Supremely happy.
High-blown, hl-blone, a. Swelled much with
wind, much inflated.
High-born, hl-born, a. Of noble extraction.
High-coloured, hl-kul-lurd, «. Having a deep
or glaring colour.
High-designing, hl-de-sl-ning, a.
Having great schemes.
High-flier, hl-fll-ur, s. One that carries his
0[)inion to extravagance.
High-flown, hl-fline, a. Elevated, proud j
turgid, extravagant.
High-flying, hl-fll-ing, a. Extravagant in
. claims or opinions.
High-heaped, hl-hepd, a. Covered with high
piles.
HiGH-METTLED, lil-met-tld, fl. 359. Proud or
ardent of spirit.
High-minded, hi-mind-ed> a. Proud, arrogant.
High-red, hi- red, a. Deeply red.
High-seasoned, hl-sJ-ziind, a. Piquant to the
palate.
High-spirited, lu-spir-it-ed, a. Bold, daring
insolent.
High-stomached, hl-stuin-raukt, a.
Obstinate, lofty.
HiGH-TASTED, hl-t;ls-ted, a. Gustful, piquant.
HiGH-VlCED, hl-VlSt, a. 560. Enormously wicked,
HiGH-WROUGHT, hl-riivv;:,. a. Accurately finished.
Highland, hl-liind, *. Jlountainous region.
Highlander, hi-lind-ur, $. An inhabitant of
mount.^ins.
C_T We sometimes hear a most absurd pronunciation
of this word taken from the Scotch, as if written A/eWan-
iler. It is curious lo observe, that while the Scotch are
i eiideavouring to leave their own pronunciation, and
I adopt that of the Englith, there are some linglish so
HIP
HIT
nor 1G7, nftt 1G3— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il299— p3und3l3— /7un466, this 469.
capricious as to quit ttieir own pronunciation, and adopt
that wliich ihe Scotch strive carefully to avoid.
/llGHLY, lil-le, ad. With elevation as to place
and situation ; in a great degree ; proudly, arrogantly,
ambitiously ; virith esteem, with estimation.
HiGHMOST, hl-most, a. Highest, topmost.
Highness, bl-nes, S. Elevation above the surface;
the title of princes, anciently of kings ; dignity of na-
ture, supremacy.
HiGIlT, hlte, a. Was named, was called ; called,
named.
HiGHWATER, hUwa-tur, S. The utmost flovr of
the tide.
HiGHWAV, hl-waj s. Great road, publick path.
Highwayman, hl-wa-miii,*. 88. A robber that
plunders on the publick roads.
Hilarity, hil-l^r-^-te, S. Merriment, gayety.
HiLDING, hll-ding, S. A sorry, paltry, cowardly
fellow; it is used likewise for a mean woman.
HiLt., hil, S, An elevation of ground less than
a mountain.
Hillock, hiKlfik, s. A little hill.
Hilly, hll-le, a. Full of liills, unequal in tne
surface.
Hilt, liilt, S. The handle of any thing, particularly
of a sword.
Him, luin. The oblique case of He.
Himself, him-selfj pro7t. In the nominative,
Jle; in ancient authors. Itself; in the oblique cases,
it has a reciprocal signiiication.
HiN, bin, S. A measure of liquids among the Jews,
co.itaining about ten pints.
Hind, bind, a. Com\>. Hinde): Sup. Hindmost.
Backward, contrary in position to the face.
(t7- This word, with its comparative hinder, and its su-
perlative hindmost and hiudermost, are sometimes cor-
ruptlv pronounced witli the i short, as in siim'd; but this
is so contrary to analogy, as to deserve the attention of
every correct speaker.
Hind, bind, S. The she to a stag; a servant;
a peasant, a boor.
HiNDBERRIES, bind-ber-FiZ, s. The peasant's
berries ; the same as raspberries.
To Hinder, hin-dur, v. a. To obstruct, to stop,
to impede.
Hinder, blri^dtir, a. 515. That is in a position
contrary to that of the face.
Hinderance, bin-dur-^nse, s. Impediment, let,
stop.
Hinderer, bin-dur-ur, s. He or that which
hinders or obstructs.
Hinderling, Innd-ur-ling, s. A paltry, worth-
less, degeneiate animal.
HindeRMOST, blnd-ur-most, a. Hindmost, last,
in the rear.
Hindmost, bind-mist, a. Last, lag, in the rear.
Hinge, Innje, s. 74. Joints upon which a gate or
donr turns; the canlinal points of the world; a go-
verning rule or principle ; to be off the hinges, to be in
a state of irregularity and disorder.
To Hinge, binje, v. a. To furnish with hinges;
to bend as a hinge.
To Hint, bnit, v. a. To bring to mind by a slight
mention or remote allusion.
Hint, bint, *. Faint notice given to the mind,
remote allusion ; suggestion, intimation.
Hip, b'p, 5. The joint of the thigh, the fleshy part
of the thigh; to have on the hip, to have an advan-
tage over another. A low phrase.
Hip, bip, s. The fruit of the briar.
To Hip, v. a. To sprain or shoot the hips ; Hip-
hop, a cant word formed by the reduplication of Hop.
Hip, bip, interj. An exclamation, or calling lo one.
HiPPisil, b!p-pish, «. A corruption of Hypochon-
ilriacU.
3b3
}..
HiPPOCENTAUR, bip-po-sen-t-awr, s. A fabulous
monster, half hmse and half man.
HlPPOCRASS, bip-po-kris, s. A medicated wine.
HiPPOGRIFF, bip-po-grif, s. A winged horse.
Hippopotamus, bip-po-p6t-^-mus, s. The river
horse. An animal found in the Nile.
HiPSHOT, bip-sbfit, a. Sprained or dislocated in
the hip.
HiPWORT, bip-wurt, s. A plant.
To Hike, bire, v. a. To procure any thing for
temporary use at a certain price; to engage a man to
temporary service for wages; to bribe; to engage him-
self for pay.
Hire, bire, S. Reward or recompense paid for the
use of any thing ; wages paid for service.
Hireling, bire-ling, s. One who serves for wages,
a mercenary, a prostitute.
Hireling, bire-lin^, a. Serving for hire, venal,
mercenary, doing what is done for money.
Hirer, blre-ur, S. 98. One who uses any thing,
payin^arecompense; one who employs others, paying
wages.
Hirsute, her-site{ a. Hough, mgged.
His, biz, pron, pass. The masculine possessive,
belonging to him ; anciently Its.
To Hiss, hiss, v. n. To utter a poise like that of
a serpent and some other animals.
To Hiss, blSS, v. a. To condemn by hissing, to
explode ; to procure hisses or disgrace.
Hiss, blss, s. The voice of a serpent; censure, ex-
pression of contempt used in theatres.
Hist, last, interj. An exclamation commanding
silence.
Historian, his-to-re-ttn, s. A writer of facts and
events.
Historical, bis-t6r-ik-sll,
HiSTORicK, bis-tSi'Mk, 509
pertaining to history.
Historically, his-tSr-rik-^1-^, ad. In the
manner of history, by way of narration.
To HiSTORlFY, bis-t6r-e-rt, v. a. To relate, to
record in history.
Historiographer, Ins-tJ-r^-Sg-ri-fur, s.
An historian, a writer of history.
Historiography, bis-tA-r^-%-ri-ft^, *. 513.
The art or employment of an historian.
History, h'lS-tur-e, S. 557. A narration of events
and facts delivered with dignity ; narration, relation;
the knowledge of facts and events.
History-piece, bis-tur-e-p^'se, s. A picture
representing some memorable evtnt.
HiSTRioNiCAL, bis-tre-on-e-kil, \
Histrionick, bis-tre-8ii-ik, 509. J
Befitting the stage, suitable to a player.
Histrionically, bis-tie-Sn-e-kil-5, ad.
Theatrically, in the manner of a buffoon.
To Hit, hit, v. a. To strike, to touch with a blow;
to touch the mark, not to miss ; to attiiin, to reach the
point; to strike a ruling passion ; to hit off, to strik*
out, to fix or determine luckily.
To Hit, \nt,V. n. To clash, to collide; to chance
luckily, to succeed by accident; to succeed; not to
miscany; to light on.
Hit, bit, S. A stroke, a lucky chance.
To Hitch, Intsb, v. n. To catch, to movebyjeiks.
HiTIIE, hlTHe, J. A sinall haven to land wares out
olb<.ats.
Hither, biTH-ur, ad. 98. To this place fron
some iilace ; Hither and Thither, to this place an«
that ; lo this end, to this design.
Hither, luTII-ur, a. Nearer, towards t!;is part.
(!:-?■ This word was probably formed for the compara.
live of here; and has naturally generated the superlative
hithcrmost.
HiTHERMOST, luTH-ur-liiAst, fl. Nearest on
tbis side.
HOG
HOL
«3- 559. Fite73, ^r 77, fall 83, fttSl— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Hitherto, hlTH-ur-too, ad. To this time, yet,
in any time till now ; at every time till now.
HiTHERWARD, hiTH-ur-ward, \ ,
HiTHERWARDS, hiTH-ur-wardz, J
This way, towards this place.
Hive, hive, *. The habitation or cell of bees j the
bees inhabiting a hive.
To Hive, hive, v. a. To put into hives, to harbour;
to contain in hives.
To Hive, hive, v, n. To take shelter together.
HiVER, hive-ur, s. 98. One wlio puts bees in
hives.
S^' 1 1.6,
H0A,J '
tnterj.
4 call, a sudden exclamation to give notice of approach,
or any thing else.
Hoar, hore, a. White j gray with age ; white
with frost.
HoAR-FROST, hire-frSst, S. The congelations of
dew in frosty mornings on the grass.
Hoard, horde, *, A store laid up in secret,
a hidden stock, a treasure.
To Hoard, hirde, v. n. To make hoards, to
lay up store.
To Hoard, h6rde, v. a. To lay in hoards, to
husband privily.
Hoarder, h6rd-ur, s. 9^. One that stores up in
secret.
Hoarhound, h6reihound, s. A plant.
HOAklNESS, ho-r4-nes, S. The stale of being
whitish, the colour of old men's hair.
Hoarse, horse, a. Having the voice rough, as
with a cold ; having a rough sound.
Hoarsely, hSrse-li, ad. With a rough harsh
voice.
Hoarseness, h6rse-nes, s. Roughness of voice.
HOARV, hh'-vh, a. White, whitish ; white or gray
with age ; white with frost ; mouldy, mossy, rusty.
To Hobble, hSb-bl, v. n. 405. To walk lamely
or awkwardly upon one leg more than the other; to
move roughly and unevenly.
Hobble, hfib-bl, *. Uneven awkward gait.
HoBBLiNGLV, hSb-bluig-l^, ad.
Clumsily, awkwardly, with a halting gait.
Hobby, hob'bc, *. A species of hawk ; an Irish or
Scottish lioise; a stick on which boys get astride and
ride; a stupid fellow.
Hobgoblin, hob-gSb-lin, *. A sprite, a fairy.
Hobnail, hob-nale, S. A nail used in shoeing a
horsu.
Hobnailed, hSb-nald, a. Set with hobnails.
Hobnob, hib-iiobj ad. This is corrupted from
liabnab.
Hock, h6k, s. The joint between the knee and
fetlock.
To Hock, hftk, v. a. To disable in the hock.
Hock, hSk, S. Old strong Rhenish.
Hockherb, hik-erb, S. A plant, the same with
mallows.
To Hoc RLE, hftk^kl, v. a. 405. To hamstring.
Hocus-pocus, ho-kus-po-kus, s. A juggle, a cheat.
Hod, hod, *. A kind of trough in which a labourer
fairies mortar to the masons.
Hodman, hod-miln,*, 88. A labourer that carries
morlar.
Hodge-podge, h8dje-p6dje, s. A medley of
inercdients boilod together.
Hodiernal, hi-de-er^nil, a. Of to-day.
Hoe, ho, *. An instrument to cut up the earth.
To Hoe, ho, v. a. To cut or dig with a hoe.
Hog, hog, 5. The general name of swine ; a castrated
boar; to bring hogs to a fine market, to fail of one's
design.
Hogcote, hSgikftt, *. A house for hogs.
Hoggerel, li6g-gnl, S. 99, A two-years-old ewe.
Hogherd, hog-herd, *. A keeper of hogs.
Hoggish, hog-gish, a. Having the qualities of
a hog, brutish, selfish.
Hoggishly, h&g-gish-l^, crrf. Greedily, selfishly.
HoGGISHNESS, hog-gish-nes, *. Brutality, greedi-
ness, selfishness.
Hogsbeans, hftgz^benz, "%
Hogsbread, hSgz-bred, ^
HoGSMUSHROOMS, higz^mush-roomz, i
Hogsfennel, hftgz-fen-nel, J
Plants.
Hogshead, hSgz-hed, s, A measure of liquids
containing sixty gallons ; any large barrel.
Cj" This word is sometimes pronounced as if written
hog-shed: if Dr. Johnson's derivation of this word from
hog and head be a true one, this pronunciation is cer-
tainly wrong, and arises from the junction of the letters
s and h in printing, which may be presumed to have oc-
casioned a similar mispronunciation in household and
falsehood, which see. Junius derives this word f«nn the
Belgick Ockshood, oghshood, or hockshoot. Minshew
says.Skinner derives it from Ockshood and Ogshood; but
he himself is of opinion, that it rather comes from the
Latin Orca, a great sea-fish, an enemy to the wliale, and
the Belgick ftoo/rf, as much as to say, Ork'shoojd; that is,
Qrcce caput, an Ork's head.
HOGSTY, hS^-Stl, S. The place in which swine are
shut to be fed.
Hogwash, h6g-w8sh, S. The draff which is given
to swine.
HoiDEN, hoe^dn, 5. 103. An ill-taught, awkward
country girl.
To HoiDEN, ho^-dn, V.n. To romp indecently.
To HoiSE, hoese, 1 „ .
rri Tj t 31 ^ fV, a. To raise up on high.
To Hoist, hoist, J i- b
To Hold, Viold, v. a. Pret. Held. Part. pass.
Held or Holden. To grasp in the hand, to gripe, to
clutch; to keep, to retain, to gripe fast; to maintain
as an opinion; to consider as good or bad, to hold in
regard; to have any station; to possess, to enjoy; to
possess in subordination ; to suspend, to refrain ; to
stop, to restrain ; to fix to any condition ; to confine
to a certain state; to detain ; to retain, to continue;
to offer, to propose ; to maintain j to carry on, to con-
tinue ; to hold forth, to exhibit ; to hold in, to govern
by the bridle, to restrain in general; to hold off, to
keep at a distance ; to hold on, to continue, to protract;
to hold out, to extend, to stretch forth, to offer, to
propose, to continue to do or suffer ; to holdup, to
raise aloft, to sustain, to support.
To Hold, h6ld, v. n. To stand, to be right, to be
without exception; to continue unbroken or unsub-
dued ; to last, to endure ; to continue ; to refrain ; to
stand up for, to adhere; to be dependent on; to de-
rive right ; to hold forth, to harangue, to speak in pub-
lick ; to hold in, to restrain one's self, to continue in
luck ; to hold off, to keep at a distance without clos-
ing with offers ; to hold on, to continue, not to be in-
terrupted, to proceed ; to hold out, to last, to endure,
not to yield, nut to be subdued ; to hold together, to be
joined, to remain in union ; to hold up, to support
himself, not to be foul weather, to continue the same
speed.
Hold, h6ld, inter}. Forbear, stop, be still.
Hold, hold, *. The act of seizing, gripe, grasp,
seizure; something to be held, support: catch, power
of seizing or keeping ; prison, placeof custody ; power,
influence; custody; Hold of a ship, all that part which
lies between the keelson and the lower deck ; a lurking
place ; a fortified place, a fort.
Holder, hol-dur, S. 98. One that holds or gripes
anything in his hand; a tenant, one that holds land
under another.
HolDERFORTH, hol-dur-firt/j,' s. An haranguer,
one who speaks in publick.
Holdfast, hfild-fist, s. Any thing which takei
hold, a catch, a hook.
Holding, hold-ing, *. Tenure, farm; it some-
times signifies the burden or chorus Ufa song.
HOM
HON
n5r 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, biiH 173— oh 299— pound 313— Min 466, liis 469.
Hoi E, hole, s. A cavity narrow and long, either
peii>endicular or horizontal ; a perforation, a small va-
cuity ; a cave, a hollow place; a cell of an animal; a
meau habitation ; some subterfuge or shift.
HoLIDAM, h&l-e-dim, S. 515. Blessed Lady.
HoLILt, ho-le-le, ad. Piously, with sanctity;
inviolably, without breach.
Holiness, hi-le-nes, *. Sanctity, piety, religious
gondnews; the j;tate of being hallowed, dedication to
religion ; the title of the Pope.
Holla, hSl-l6( interj, A word used in calling to
any one at a distance.
Holland, hSl-lind, 5. 88. Fine Ikien made in
Holland
Hollow, hftl'-l6, a. 327. Excavated, having
a void spti.'^e within, not solid; noisy, like sound rever-
berated from a cavity ; not faithful, not sound, not
what one appeals.
Hollow, hol-lo, S. Cavity, concavity ; cavern,
den, hole} pit; any o|>ening or vacuity; passage,
canal.
To Hollow, hSi-li, v. a. To make hollow, to
excavate.
To Hollow, h6l-l6, v. n. To shout, to hoot.
Hollowly, hSl-l6-l^, ad. With cavities; un-
faithfully, insincerely, dishonestly.
HOLLOWNESS, hSKii-nes, S. Cavity, state of
being hollow; deceit, insincerity, treachery.
HoLLowROOT, hiKlo-root, *. A plant.
Holly, h6l-le, s. A tree.
Hollyhock, hol-i^-hSk, *. Rosemaliow.
HoLLYRosE, hftl-le-roze, s. A plant.
Holocaust, hSl-6-kawst, s. A burnt sacnflce.
HOLP, hilp. The old pret. and part. pass, oi Help.
HOLPEN, hoKpn, 103. The old part. pass, of i/f//?.
Holster, hAUstur, s. 98. A case for a horse-
man's pistol.
Holy, hS^le, a. Good, pious, religious; hallowed,
consecrated to divine use J pure, immaculate ; sacred.
Holy-day, \\tA-h-6k, s. 515. The day of some
ecclesiastical festival; anniversary feast; a day of
gayety and joy ; a time that comes seldom.
Holy-thursday, ho-l^-<Aurzidi, S. The day
on which the ascension of our Saviour is commemo-
rated, ten days before Whitsuntide.
Holy-week, hi'le-we^k, s. The week before
Easter.
Homage, hSm-ije, *. 90. Service paid and ft^lty
professed to a sovereign or supeiier lord; obeisance,
respect paid by external action.
Homager, hSin-^-jiir, *. 98. One who holds by
homage of some superior lord.
Home, home, s. His own house, the pri\rate
dwelling ; his own country ; the place of constant resi-
dence ; united to a substantive, it signifies domestick.
Home, home, ad. To one's own habitation ; to one's
own country ; close to one's own breast or affairs ; to
the point designed ; united to a substantive, it implies
force and eflicacy.
Homeborn, home^born, a. Native, natural}
domesiick, not foreign.
Homebred, home-bred, a. Bred at home, not
polished by travel ; plain, rude, artless, uncultivated;
domestickj not foreign.
Homefelt, home-felt, a. Inward, private.
HOMELILY, home-l^-U;, ad. Rudely, inelegantly.
Homeliness, home-le-nes, S. Plainness, rudeness.
Homely, home-le, a. Tiain, liomespun, not
elegant, not beautiful, not fine, coarse.
Homemade, home-mide, a. Made at home.
Homer, ho-mur, s. 98. A Hebrew measure of
abiiut three pints.
Homespun, home-spun, a. Spun or wrought at
homf, not made by regular manufacturers; not made
in foreign countries) plain, coarse, lude, homely, in-
elegant.
i;}'
406.
ad.
\a.
es.
le g in tl
NESS, h6-m6-je-ni-4l-nes, "1
{, ho-mti-ie-ii^-^-t^, Vs.
SNESs, hA-mA-ji^n^-us-n^s , J
Homestall, htWe-stall,
Homestead, home'-sted.
The place of the house.
Homeward, bome^ward, 8(
Homewards, home-wardz,
Towards Imme, tow irds the native place.
Homicide, hSm-e-side, s. Murder, luanslaying
destruction; a murderer, a manslayer.
Homicidal, hSm-e-sI-d;tl,rt. Murderous, bloody.
Homiletical, hom-e-let'-ik-il, a. Social, con
versible.
HoMlLY, hom-e-lA, S. A discourse read to a con-
gregation.
Homoeomeria, ho-m^-i-m^-rA-^, s, A likeness
of parts.
ft:?- This was the name given to the system of the an-
cient Greek philosopher, Anaxagoras ; whosu posed that
the elements were full of small partii lesof blood, bones,
leaves, &c. from which the growth of plants and animals
was derived.
Homogeneal, hA-mo-iA-ne-4l,
Homogeneous, ho-mo-je^ne-us,
Having the same nature or principles.
03" For I he true pronunciation of the §■ in thgje words,
see Heterogeneous.
Homogenealness, h6-mo-je^nA-4l-nes,
Homogeneity,
Homogeneousness,
Participatiun of the same principles or nature, simili-
tude of kind.
Homogeny, ho-m3d-.)5-ne, s. 518.
Joint nature.
Homologous, hA-mi^l-6-gus, a. Having the
same manner or proportions.
Homonymous, ho-mftn-t^-mus, a. Denominating
different things ; equivocal.
Homonymy, ho-mftn-^-mA, s. 518.
Equivocation, ambiguity.
Homotonous, ho-mSt'-to-iius, a. 518.
Equable, said of such distempers as kee; a conuant
tenour of rise, stale, and declensnin.
Hone, hone, s. A whetstone for a razor.
Honest, ftn-nest, a. 394. Upright, true, sincere j
chaste; just, righteous, giving to every man his due.
Honestly, 8n-nest-lA, ad. Uprightly, justly j
with chastity, modestly.
Honesty, 6n-nes-tA, s. Justice, truth, virtue^
purity.
Honied, hun-nid, a. 283. Covered with honey j
sweet.
Honey, huninA, s, 165. A thick, viscous,
luscious substance, which is collected and prepared by
bees ; sweetness, lusciousness ; a name of tenderness,
sweet.
Honey-bag, hun-nA-'b%, s. The bag in which
the bee carries the honey.
Honey-comb, hun-n^-kome, s. The cells of
wax in which the bee stores her honey.
HoNEY-coMBED, huninA-kSmd, a. Flawed with
Utile cavities.
HoNEY-DEW, h?m-n^-du, S. Sweet dew.
HoNEY-FLOWER, hunine-floii-ur; s. A plant.
Honey-gnat, hun-ne-nit, *. An insect.
HoNEY-MOON, hun-nA-moon, s. The first month
after marriage.
HoNEY-sucKLE, hun^ne-suk-kl, s. Woodbine.
HONEYLESS, hun-ne-les, a. Without honey.
HoNEY-woRT, han-ne-wurt, S. A plant.
Honorary, Sn-nur-i-re, a. 557. Done in
honour; conferring honour without gain.
Honour, Sn-nur, *. 394. Dignity; reputation;
the title of a man of rank ; nobleness; reverence, due
veneration; chastity; glory, boast; publick mark of
respect; privileges of rank or birth; civilities paid;
ornament, decoration
HOO
HOR
559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, fAt 81— m{93,"met95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, mS^e 64,
»• 5
(t^ This word, and its companion/aBour, the two ser-
vile attendants on cards and notes of fashion, have so ge-
nerally dropped the u, that to spell these words with that
letter is looked upon as gauche and rustick in the extreme.
In vain did Dr. Jolinson enter his protest against the in-
novation ; in vain did he tell us, that the sound of tlie
word required the k, as well as its derivation from the
Latin through the French ; the sentence seems to have
been passed, and we now hardly ever find these words
with tills vowel but in our Dictionaries. But though I
am a declared enemy to all needless innovation, I see no
inconvenience in spelling these words in the fashionable
manner ; there is no reason for preserving the ?i in honour
and/acour, that does not hold good for the preservation
of the same letter in erronr, uuthoar, and a hundred
others: and with respect to the pronunciation of these
words without the u, while we have so many words where
the 0 sounds «, even when the accent is on it, as honey,
money, &c. we need not be in much pain fortlie sound of
Kin words of tliis termination, where the final r brings
all the unaccented vowels to the same level ; that is, to
the short sound of m.— See Principles, No. 418.
To Honour, 6n-nur, v. a. 314. To reverence,
to regard with veneration; to dignify, to raise to
greatness.
Honourable, 8n-nur-a-bl, a. Illustrious, noble;
great, magnanimous, generous; conferring honour;
accompanied with tokens of honour; without taint,
without reproach ; honest, without intention of deceit ;
equitable.
HoNOURABLENESS, Sii-nur-^-bl-Des, s.
Eminence, magnificence, generosity.
Honourably, on-uur-^-bl^, ad. With tokens
of honour; magnanimously, generously; reputably,
with exemption from reproach.
HoNOURER, ftn-nur-rur, *. 93. One that
honours, one that regards with veneration.
Hood, bud, a. 307- in composinon, denotes
quality, character, as, knighthood, cliildliood. Some-
timesit is taken collectively, as, brotherhood, a confra-
ternity. «
Hood, hild, S. The upper cover of a woman's head;
any thing drawn upon the head, and wrapping round
it; a covering put over the hawk's eyes; an orna-
mental fold that hangs down the back of a graduate.
To Hood, hud, v. s. To dress in a hood; to blind
as with a hood ; to cover.
HooDMAN-BLiND, hud-nian-blindj s. A play
in which the person hooded is to catch another and tell
liis name, blindman's buff.
To Hoodwink, bud-wink, v. a. To blind with
something bound over the eyes; to cover, to hide; to
deceive, to impose upon.
Hoof, hoof, S. 306. The hard homy substance
which composes the feet of several sorts of animals.
Hook, hook, S. 306. Any thing bent so as to
catch hold ; the bended wire on which the bait is hung
for fishes, and with which the fish is pierced ; a snare,
a tra|) ; a sickle to reap corn ; an iron to seize the meat
in the caldron ; an instrument to cut or lop with ; the
part of the hinge fixed to the post; Hook or crook,
one way or other, by any expedient.
To Hook, hook, i). a. To catcU with a hook ; to
entrap, to ensiiare ; to draw as with a hook ; to fasten
as with a hook, to be drawn by force or artifice.
Hooked, liook-ed, a. 366. Bent, curvated.
HOOKEDNESS, hook-ed-IleS, S, State of being
bent like a hook.
Hooknosed, hook-nozd{ a. Having the aquiline
nose rising in the midOlc.
Hoop, hoop, S. 306. Any thing circular by which
something else is bound, particularly casks or barrels;
part of a lady's dress ; any thing circular.
To Hoop, hoop, v. n. To bind or enclose with
hoops; to encircle, to clasp, to surround.
To Hoop, hoop, v. n. To shout, to make an out-
cry by way of call or pursuit.
Hooper, hoop-pur, *. 98. A cooper, one that
hoops tubs.
Hooping-cough, hoo-ping-h6f, s. A convulsive
congli, so called from its noise.
To Hoot, hoot, v. n, 306. To shout in contempt >
to cry as an owl.
256
To Hoot, hoot, v. a. To drive with noise and
shouts.
Hoot, hoot, S. Clamour, shout.
To Hop, hSp, v. n. To .lump, to skip lightly; ta '
leap on one leg; to walk lamely, or with one leg less
nimble than the other.
Hop, hop, S. A jump, a light leap ; a jump on one
leg ; a place where meaner people dance.
Hop, hop, *. A plant, the flowers of which are
used in brewing.
To Hop, h6p, v. a. To impregnate with hops.
Hope, hope, s. Expectation of some good, an ex-
pectation indulged with pleasure ; confidence in a fu-
ture event, or in the future conduct of any body ; that
which gives hope ; the object of hope.
To Hope, hope, v. n. To live in expectation of
some good ; to place confidence in futurity.
To Hope, hope, v. a. To expect with desire.
Hopeful, hope-ful, a. Full of qualities which
produce hope, promising ; full of hope, full of expec-
tation of success.
Hopefully, hope-ful-e, ad. In such a manner
as to raise hope ; with hope.
Hopefulness, hope-fiil-nes, s. Promise of good,
likelihood to succeed.
Hopeless, hope-les, a. Without iiopa, without
pleasing expectation; giving no liope, promising no-
thing pleasing.
HoPER, ho-pur, s. 98. One that lias pleasing
expectations.
HoPiNGLY, ho-ping-le, ad. With hope, with
expectations of good.
Hopper, hSp-pur, s. 98. He who hops or jumps
on one leg.
Hopper, hop-pur, S. The box or open frame of
wood into which the corn is put to be ground; a basket
for carrying seed.
Hoppers, hftp-purz, s. A kind of. play in which
the actor hops on one leg.
HoRAL, ho-ril, a. Relating to the hour.
Horary, ho-rS-re, a. Relating to an hour ;
continuing for an hour.
Horde, horde, s. A clan, a migratory crew of
people ; a body of Tartars.
Horizon, ho-rl-zon, s. 503. The line that
terminates the view.
■g3» This word was, till of late years, universally pro-
nounced, in prose, wit!\ the accent on the first syllable ;
and Shakespeare, says Dr. Johnson, has impioperly
placed it so in verse :
** \A'hen the morning sun shall raise his car
*' Above the borders of this horizon,
** We'll forwards towards Warwick and his mates."
With respect to the propriety of this pronnnciation it
may he observed, that there is scarcely any thing more
agreeable to the genuine analogy of English orthoepy,
than placing the accent on the first syllable of a trisyl-
lahle, when the middle syllable does not end with a con
sonant, 503. Hut another rule almost as constantly coun-
teracts this analogy : when the word is perfectly Latin or
Greek, and the accent is on the penultimate, then we ge-
nerally follow the accentuation of those languages.
Poets have so universally placed the accent on the second
syllable of this word, and this pronunciation has so clas-
sical ati air as to render the other accentuation vulgar.
Horizontal, hftr-^-z6n-tal, a. Near the horizonj
parallel to the horizon, on a level.
Ho-RizoNTALLY, h6r-e-z6n^tal-^, ad.
In a direction parallel to the horizon.
Horn, horn, S. The hard pointed bodies which
grow on the heads of 9*me quadrupeds, and serve them
for weapons ; an instrument of wind musick made of
horn ; the extremity of the waxing or waning moon ;
the feelers of a snail ; a drinking cup made of horn;
antler of a cuckhold; Horn mad, perhaps mad as a
cuckold.
Hornbeak, horn-beek,") ... , cm,
,, 1 3 ,,2 , >■*. A kind offish.
Hornfisii, horn-hsh, J
Hornbeam, horn-beme, s. A tree.
HOR
HOS
nor 167, ntt 163— tube 171, tub 172, t)^Il 1/3— 3il 299— pound 313— f/tin 466, THis 46$.
■.-loRNBOOK, horn-book, s. The first bock of
children, covered with horn to keep it unsoiled.
Horned, bor-neJ, a. Furnished witli liorns.
Horner, hor-nur, s, 98. One that works in horn,
and sells horn.
Hornet, hor^net, *. 99' A very large, strong,
stinging fly.
HORNFOOT, horn^fut, a. Hoofed.
HoRNOWL, horn-oul, s. A kind of horned owl.
Hornpipe, horn-pipe, s. A dance.
HoRNSTONE, horn-Stine, S. A kind of blue stone.
HornwoRK, horn-wurk, S. A kind of angular
fortification.
Horny, hor-n^, a. Made of horn j resembling
horn ; hard as horn, callous.
Horography, hi-rogigr4-fJ, 518. An account
of the hours.
Horologe, h&r'-o-lidje, ")
Horology, hi-rSr-i-i"^, 518./*'
An instrument that tells the hour, as a clock, a watch,
an hour-glass.
HoROMETRY, hi-r&m-5-tri, 5. 518. The art of
measuring hours.
Horoscope, hSr-ro-skope, s. The confijw»»t«n
uf the planets at the hour of birth.
Horrent, hor-rent, «. Horrible, dreadful.
(t>» " or terror's icy hand,
'* Smites thi'ir distorted liiubs aud horrent hair."
Akentide.
Horrible, hSr'-ri-bl, a. 160. 405. Dreadful,
terrible, shocking, hideous, enormous.
0^ This word is often pronounced so as to confound
the i with u, as if written horruble ; but this must be
avoided as coarse and vulgar.
Horribleness, hir-rf-bl-nes, *. Drcadfulness,
hideousness, terribleness.
Horribly, h6r-r^-bl^, ad. Dreadfully, hideously;
to a dreadful deicree.
Horrid, hAririd, a. Hideous, dreadful, shocking;
rough, rugged.
HoRRiDNESS, hftr^riJ-nes, s.
Hideousness, enormity.
HORKIFICK, hor-rif^flk, a. 509. Causing horrour.
HORRISONOUS, hSr-riS^si-nuS, a. Sounding
dreadfully.
HoRUOUR, hor-rur, 5. 314. Terrour mixed with
detestation; gloom, dreariness ; in medicine, such a
shuddering or quivering as precedes an ague-fit; a sense
of shuddering or shrinking.
Horse, horse, S, A neighing quadruped, used in
war, drauglit, and carriage; it is used in the plural
sense, but with a singular termination, for liorses,
liorsemen, or cavalry : something on which any thing
is supported ; a wooden machine which soldiers ride by
way of punishment ; joined to another substantive, it
signifies something large or coarse, as, a horseface, a
face of which the features are large and indelicate.
To Horse, horse, v. a. To mount upon a horse ;
to carry one on the back ; to ride any tiling; to cover
a mare.
Horseback, hors'-b4k, S. The seat of the rider,
the state of being on a horse.
HorsebeAN, hors^bene, S, A small bean usually
given to horses.
Horseblock, hors-blSk, s, A block on which
they climb to a horse.
HorseBOAT, hors-b6te, S. A boat used in ferrying
horses. «
Horseboy, hors-boe, s. A boy employed in
dressing horses, a stalile-boy.
Horsebreaker, hors-bri-kur, s. One whose
employment is to tame horses to the saddle.
Horsechestnut, hors-tshes'-nut, s. A tree, the
fruit of a tree.
flORSECOL'RSER, hors-kof-sur, S. One that runs
horses, or keeps horses fur the race; adealer in horses.
257
Horsecrab, hors^krilb, s. a kind of fish.
Horsecucumber, hors-koii-kum-bur, s.
A plant. — See Cucumber,
HorsedunG, hors^dung, s. The excrement oj
horses,
Horseemmet, horsiem-met, s. An ant of a larg«
kind.
Horseflesh, horseflesh, s. The flesh of horses.
Horsefly, hors-fll, s. A fly that stings horses,
and sucks their blood.
HoRSEFOOT, hors-fut, s. An herb. The same
with coltsfoot.
Horsehair, hors-hare, s. The hair of horses.
HoRSEHEEL, hors-heel, s. An herb.
Horselaugh, hors-lif, s. A loud violent rude
laugh.
Horseleech, hors-le^tsh, s. A great leech that
bites horses ; a farrier.
Horselitter, hors-llt-tur, *. A carriage hung
upon poles between two horses, on which the person
carried lies along.
Horseman, hors-m^n, s. 88. One skilled in
riding ; one that serves in wars on horseback ; a rider,
a man on horseback.
Horsemanship, hors-mJn-ship, s. The art of
riding, the art of managing a horse.
Horsematch, hors^mitsh, e. A bird.
HorsemeAT horse-mite, s. Provender.
Horsemint, hors-mint, s. A large coarse mint.
Horsemuscle, hors-mus-sl, s, 405.
A large muscle.
Horseplay, hors-pli, s. Coarse, rough, nigged
play.
HoRSEPOND, hors-pSnd, s, A pond for horses.
Horserace, hors-rAse, *. A match of horses in
running.
Horseradish, hors^rid-ish, s. A root acrid and
biting; a species of scurvygrass.
Horseshoe, hors-shoo, *. A plate of iron
nailed to the feet of horses ; an herb.
Horsestealer, hors-sti-lur, s. A thief who
takes away liorses.
Horsetail, hors-tile, s. A plant.
Horsetongue, hors^tung, s. An herb.
Horseway, hors-wd, s. A broad way by which
liorses mny travel.
Hortation, hor-ta-shun, s. The act of exhorting,
advice or encouragement to something.
Hortative, hor-ti-tiv, s. Exhortation, precept
by which one incites or animates.
Hortatory, hor-ti-tur-i, a. 512. Encouraging,
animating, advising to any thing.
G:y- For the last o, see Damestick.
Horticulture, hor-te-kul-tshire, s. The arj
of cultivating gardens.
Hortulan, hSr-tshi-l^n, a. 461. Belonging to
a garden.
HosaNNA, ho-zin-ni, S. 92. An exclamation of
praise to God.
Hose, hoze, S. Breeches ; stockings, covering for
the legs.
Hosier, hi-zhur, 5. 233. Onewho sells stockings.
Hospitable, hSs-pi-t4-bl, a. Giving entertain-
ment to strangers, kind to strangers.
Hospitably, his-pi-t^-bli, ad. With kindnen
to strangers.
Hospital, 6s-p5-til, s. 394. A place built for
the reception of the sick, or support of the poor; a
place for shelter or entertainment.
Hospitality, h8s-pi-t^l-i-te, *. The practice of
entertaining strangers.
Host, host, *. One who gives entertainment to
another; the landlord of an inn; an army, numbers
HOU
t3- 559. Fate T3, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93,
assembled for war; any great number; the sacrifice
of the mass in the Roman cliurch.
53- Ben Jonson observes that the h in this Tford is
miite as in honest ; but though this letter has recovered
its power in this word it still remains mute in its dimi-
nutive hostler, 394.
To Host, host, v. n. To take up entertainment;
to encounter in battle; to review a body of men, to
muster.
Hostage, hfts-taje, S. 90. One given in pledge
for security of performance of conditions.
Hostel, ho-telj S. a genteel inn.
(Jrry- This word is now universally pronounced and
written without t!ie x.
Hostelry, hh'-tM-rk. Tlie same as Hostel.
Hostess, liAst-es, S. A female host, a woman that
gives entertainment.
HoSTESS-SllIP, host-^S-ship, S. The character of
an hostess.
Hostile, hSs-til, a. 140.145. Adverse, opposite,
suitable to an enemy.
Hostility, hSs-til-4-t^, *. The practices of an
open enemy, open war, opposition in war.
Hostler, Ss-lur, s. 394. 472. One who has the
care of horses at an inn.
Hot, hSt, a. Having the power to excite the sense
of heat, fiery; lustful, lewd; ardent, vehement, eager,
keen in desire; piquant, acrid.
Hotbed, hftt-bed, S. A bed of earth tnade hot by
the fermentation of dung.
HorBRAiNED, hSt^br^d, a. 359. Violent,
vehement, furious.
Hotcockles, h&t-kSkiklz, 5. 405. A child's
play, in which one covers his eyes and guesses who
strikes him.
Hotheaded, hSt-hed-ed, a. Vehement, violent,
passionate.
Hothouse, h6t-house, s. A bagnio, a place to
sweat and cup in ; a house in which tender plants are
raised and preserved from the inclemency of the wea-
ther, and in which fruits are matured early.
Hotly, hit-le, ad. With heat; violently, vehe-
ii-ently ; lustfully.
HOTMOUTHED, hit^HlOUTHd, «. Headstrong, un-
governable.
HotNESS, hSt-nes, *. Heat, violence, fury.
Hotchpotch, hSdje-pSdje, s, A mingled hash,
a mixture.
Hotspur, hSt-spur, *. A man violent, passionate,
precipitate, and heady; a kind of pea of speedy growth.
HoTSPURRED, hSt-spurd, a. 359. Vehement,
rash, heady.
HovE, hove. Tlie pret. of Heave,
Hovel, hov-il, s. 99. A shed open on the sides,
<\nd covered overhead ; a mean habitation, a cottage.
floVEN, ho-vn, part, pass, 103. Raised, swelled,
tumefied.
yo Hover, huviur,v. w. 165. To hang fluttering
in the air over head ; to wander about one place.
ItT- The first syllable of this word is pronounced by
Tilr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Perry, so as to rhyme
with the first of Novel; l;ul Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Elphin-
ston, and W. Johnston, make it rhyme with the first of
cover, lover, &,c. The last is, in my opinion, the most
agreeable to polite usage.
Hough, hik, S. 392. The lower part of the thigh.
To Hough, hftk, v, a. 392. To hamstring, to
disable by cutting the sinews of the ham; to cut up
with a hough or hoe.
Hound, hoimd, *. 313. A dog used in the chase.
To Hound, hoiind, v. a. To set on the chase ;
to h int, to pursue.
HoUNDFISH, hound-f ish, s, A kind of fish.
HoNUDSTONGUE, houiidz-tung, s, A plant.
Hour, our, *. 3.Q4. 313. The twenty-fourth part
of a natuial day, the spiicc nf si.i[ty minutes ; a parti-
cular lime ; il'<' time as marked by the clock.
HOW
met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
Hourglass, ouv-5ll<;, *. A glass filled with san^
which, running through a narrow hole, marks thi
time.
Hourly, our-l^, a. Happening or done eveJJ
hour, frequent, often repeated.
Hourly, our-le, ad. Every hour, frequently.
HOURPLATE, our-plate, *. The dial, the plate on
which the hours pointed by the hand of a clock are in-
scribed.
House, hoiise, s, 313. A place wherein a man
lives, a place of human abode ; any place of abode ;
places in which religious or studious persons live in
common; the manner of living, the table; station of
a planet in the heavens, astrologically considered}
family of ancestors, descendants, and kindred, race ; a
body of the parliament, the lords or commons collec-
tively considered.
To House, houze, v. a, 437. To harbour, to
admit to residence ; to shelter, to keep under a roof.
To House, houze, v. n. To take shelter, to keep
the abode, to reside, to put into a house ; to have an
astrological station in the heavens.
Housebreaker, hous-brA-kur, *. Burglar, one
who makes his way into houses to steal.
Housebreaking, hoiis-bri-king, *. Burglary.
Housedog, hoiis-dSg, s. A mastiff kept to guard
the house.
Household, hoiis-hold, *. A family living
together; family life, domestick management; it i*
used in the manner of an adjective, to signify domes-
tick, belonging to the family.
8:^ This word is sometimes corruptly spelt without the
final e in houae; and, by the economy of typography, the
s being joined to the A, the word is often corruptly pro-
nounced as if written how-shold. — See Falsehood and Hogs-
head.
Householder, hous-hil-dur, s. Master of
a family.
HouSEHOLDSTUFF, hous-h6ld-stuf, s. Furniture
of any house, utensils convenient for a family.
Housekeeper, hous-k^ep-ur, *. Householder,
master of a family ; one who lives much at home ; a
woman servant that has the care of a family, and su-
perintends the servants.
Housekeeping, hous-k^ep-ing, a, Domestick,
useful to a family.
Housekeeping, hous-ke^p-in^, s. The provisions
for a family ; hospitality, liberal and plentiful table.
HOUSEL, hou-zel,*. The Holy Eucharist. Obsolete,
To HouSEL, hou-zel, v, a. To give or receive the
Eucharist. Olwolete.
HOUSELEEK, hous-leek, S, A plant.
Houseless, houz-ies, a. 467. Without abode,
wanting habitation.
Housemaid, hous-m^de, s, A maid employed to
' keep the bouse clean.
HouSEROOM, hoias-room, *. 467. Place in
a house.
HOUSESNAIL, hbUS^snale, S, A kind of snail.
Ho USE warming, hous-war-nnng^, s. A feast or
merrymaking upon going into a new house.
Housewife, huz-wif, *. 144. 515. The inistress
of a family; a female economist; one skilled in fe-
male business.
Housewifely, huz-wif-li, «. Skilled inthoacu
becoming a housewife.
Housewifely, huz-wif-le, ad. With the
economy of a houscwif .
Housewifery, hui.-vvif-r^, s, DomesticV or
female business, management, female economy.
Housing, hoijizing', '«. Cloth originally used to
keep off dirt, now added to saddles as ornamental.
How, hou, ad. 223. In what mannor, to what
degree; for what reason, for what cause; by what
means, in what state; it is used in a sense marking
proportion or correspondence; it is much used in ex-
clamation.
HoWBEIT, hou-be^it, ad. Nevertheless notwitb-
standing, yet, however. Not now in ns«".
HUM
HUM
nor 167, nftt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 5il 299— pound 313— Min 466, Tuis 469.
HoWD'ye, bou-de-ye. (How do ye .') In what
state is your lieallh >
HoWEVEX, hou-ev-vur, ad. In whatsoever
manner, in whaisoever degree ; at all events, happen
what will, at least; nevertheless, notwithstanding,
yet.
To Howl, houl, v. n. 223, To cry as a wolf or
dog ; to utter cries in distress ; to speak with a belluine
I cry or tone; it is used poetically of any noise loud and
horrid.
Howl, houl, S. The cry of a wolf or dog ; the cry
of a human being in horrour.
Howsoever, hou-s6-ev-vur, ad. In what manner
soever : although.
Hoy, hoi, S. 329. A large boat, sometimes with
one deck.
Hubbub, hub-bub, s. A tumult, a riot.
Hi;cKACACK, huk-ki-b^k, s. A kind of linen on
which the figures are raised.
HucKLEBACKED, huk^kl-bikt, a. Crooked in
the shoulders.
fluCKLEBONE, huk^kl-binc, S. The hip-bone.
Huckster, huks^tur, 98. \
HocKSTERER, huks^tut-ur, J
One who sells goods by retail, or in small quantities;
a trickish mean fellow.
To Huckster, huks^tur, v. n. To deal in petty
bargains.
To Huddle, hud-dl, v. a. 405. To dress up
close so as not to be discovered, to mobble; to put
on carelessly in a hurry; to cover up in haste; to per-
form in a hiirry ; to throw together in confusion.
To Huddle, hud-dl, v. n. To come in a crowd or
hurry.
Huddle, hud-dl, S, 405. Crowd, tumult, confusion.
Hue, hu, S 335. Colour, die ; a clamour, a legal
pursuit. It is commonly joined with cri/, ai,to raise a
Hue and Cry after a robber.
Huff, huf, *. Swell of sudden anger.
To Huff, huf, v. a. To swell, to puffj to hector,
to treat with insolence and arrogance.
To Huff, huf, v. n. To bluster, to storm, to
bounce.
Huffish, huP-nsh, a. Arrogant, insolent, hectoring.
HUFFISHLY, huf^dsh-le, ad. With arrogant
petulance.
Huffishness, huf-fish-nes, s.
Petulance, arrogance, noisy bluster.
To Hug, hug, v. a. To press close in an embracag
to fondle, to treat with tenderness j to hold fast.
Hug, hug, S. Close embrace.
Huge, huje, a. Vast, immense ; great even to
deformity.
Hugely, huje-le, ad. Immensely, enormously;
greatly, very much.
Hugeness, huje-nes, *. Enormous bulk, greatness.
Huggermugger, hugigur-mug-gur, s.
Secrecy, by-place. A cant word.
Hulk, hulk, *. The body of a ship; any thing
bulky and unwieldy.
Hull, hul, *. The husk cr integument of any thing,
the outer covering ; the body of a ship, the hulk.
HULLY, huKli, a. Husky, full of hulls.
To Hum, hum, v. a. To make the noise of bees ;
to make an inarticulate and buzzing sound; to pause
in speaking, and supply the interval with an audible
emission of breath ; to sing low; to applaud. Appro-
bation was commonly expressed in publick ascemblics
by a hum, about a century ago.
" But when from thence the hen he draws,
'* AmazM spectators hum applause.'^
day's Fable of Iht Juggler,
8:3- There is a vulgar sense of this word,whicli,luiiiigii ii
has not found a place in any Dictionary, has jierliaps as
good a title to it as Bamboozle, with which it is synoni-
mous.
•259
Hum, hum, S. The noise of bees or insects; th»
noiie of bustling crowds ; any Ion dull noise; a pause
with an inarticulate sound ; an t!xpreisin:\ i,i .i|>;), i.ise.
Hum, luliri, interj. A sound iinplyinir doubt and
delibeialii'n.
Human, hu-min, a. 88. Having the qualities of
a man.
Humane, iiu-mane{ a. Kind, civil, benevolent,
good-natured.
Humanely, hu-m^ne-1^, ad. Kindly, with goo*
natur«
Humanist, tiuiml-mst, s. A philologer, a gramr
marian.
Humanity, hu-m^n-i-t^, S. The nature of man;
humankind, ihe collective body of mankind; kind-
ness, tenderness ; philology, grammatical studies.
To Humanize, hu-m4n-lze, v. a. To soften, to
make susceptive of tenderness or benevolence.
Humankind, hA-min-kylnd{ s. The race of man.
Humanly, hu-min-le, ad. After the notions of
men ; kindly, with good nature.
HUMBIRD, hum-burd, *. The humming bird.
Humble, um-bl, a. 394. 405. Not proud,
modest, not arrogant ; low, not hiah, not great.
To Humble, umibl, v. a. To make humble, to
make submissive; to crush, to break, to subdue; to
make to condescend ; to bring down from a height.
HUMBLEBEE, um-bl-bi^, S. A buzzing wild bee,
an herb.
HUMBLEMOUTIIED, um^bl-ioouTHd, a.
Mild, meek.
Humbleness, um-bl-ne.s, s. Humility, absence
of pride.
Humbleplant, um-bl-pl4nt, s. A species of
sensitive plant.
Humbler, um-bl-ur, s. 98. One that humbles
or subdues himself or others.
Humbles, um-blz, s. 405. Entrails of a deer.
Humbly, um-ble, ad. With humility, without
elevation.
Humdrum, hum-drum, a. Dull, dronish, stupid.
To Humect, hu-mekt{ ) ^
To Humectate, hu-mek^tite, /
To wet; to moisten. Little used.
Humectation, hu-mek-tA-shun, s. The act ol
wetting, moistening.
Humeral, hu-m^-r^l, a. Belonging to the
shoulder.
Humid, hu-mid, a. Wet, moist, watery.
Humidity, hu-mid-e-te, s. Moisture, or the
power of wetting other bodies.
Humiliation, hu-mil-e-ii-shun, *. Descent from
greatness, act of humility ; moitilication, external ex-
pression of sin and unworthiness ; abatement of pride.
Humility, hu-mil-4-ti, *, Freedom from pride,
modesty, not arrogance; act of submission.
Hummer, hum-mur, *. One that hums.
Humoral, yu^mo-rul, a. 88. 394, Proceeding
from humours.
Humorist, yu-mur-ist, s. One who conducts
himself by his own fancy, one who gratifies his own
huinour.
(!:> This word is often, though improperly, used for a
jocular person.
Humorous, yu-mur-us, a. 314. Full of grotesque
or odd images ; capricious, irregular ; pleasant, jocular.
Humorously, yu'-mur-us-li, ««/.
Merrily, jocosely ; with caprice, with whim.
HumorousNESS, yu-mur-us-nes, s. Fickleness,
capricious levity.
HUMORSOME, yu-mur-6um, a. Peevish, petulant;
oda, humorous.
HUMORSOMELY, yu-mur-sum \h, ad. Peevishly,
petulMutly.
Humour, yi-mur, J, 314. 3.04 Moisture j tli«
HUR
HUS
t^ 559. The T3, f^rTT, fall 83, ftt 81— mS 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, ttiSve 164
103.
different kinds of moisture in man's body; general
turn or temper of mind ; present disposition ; grotesque
imagery, jocularity, merriment; diseased or morbid
disposition; petulance, peevishness; a trick, caprice,
whim, predominant inclination.
To Humour, yu'-mur, v. a. To gratify, to soothe
by compliance, to fit, to comply with.
Hump, hump, *. A crooked back.
Humpback, hump-b^k, s. Crooked back, high
shoulders.
Humpbacked, hump-bAkt, a. Havmg a crooked
back.
To Hunch, hunsh, v. a. To strike or punch with
the fists ; to crook the back.
Hunchbacked, hunsh^b^kt, a. 359. Having
a crooked back
Hundred, hunidred, or hunWurd, a. Consisting
of ten multiplied by ten.
03- This word has a solemn and a colloquial pronun-
ciation. In poetry and oratory, the first mode is best;
on other occasions, the last.
Hundred, hun-dred, s. 417. The number of ten
multiplied by ten ; a company or body consisting of a
hundred ; a canton or division of a county, consisting
originally of tetJtithings.
Hundredth, hun^dred<7i, a. The ordinal of
a hundred.
Hung, hun^. The pret. and part. pass, of Hang.
Hunger, hung^gur, s. 409. Desire of food, the
pain felt from fasting; any violent desire.
To Hunger, hung-gur, v. n. 98. To feel the
pain of hunger ; to desire with great eagerness.
HuNGERBiT, hung^gur-lnt, ^ ")^
HuNGERBiTTEN, hung-gur-bit-tn, J
Pained or weakened with hunger.
HUNGERLY, hung-gur-le, a. Hungry, in want of
nourishment.
HuNGERLY, hung-gur-le, ad. With keen appetite.
Hungerstarved, hungigitr-starvdl a. starved
with hunger, pinched by want of food.
Hungered, hu-ng-gurd, a. 359. Pinched by
want of food.
Hungrily, hung-gre-1^, ad. With keen appetite.
Hungry, hung-gr^>, a. Feeling pain from want of
food ; not fat, not fruitful, not prolifick, greedy.
Hunks, hungks, S. A covetous sordid wretch,
a miser.
To Hunt, hunt, v. a. To oliase wild animals ; to
pursue, to follow close; to search for; to direct or
manage hounds in the chase.
To Hunt, hunt, v. n. To follow the chase ; to
pursue or search.
Hunt, hunt, *. A pack of hounds i a chase ; pursuit.'
Hunter, hun-tur, *. One who chases animals for
pastime ; a dog that scents game or beasts of prey.
Huntinghorn, hun-ting-horn, s. A bugle,
a liorn used to cheer the hounds.
Huntress, hun-tres, s. a woman that follows the
chase.
Huntsman, hunts-min, s. 88. One who Je'.ights
in thechiise; the servant whose office it is to manage
the chase.
HuNi'SMANSHiP, h?ints-min-sh?p, s.
The qualifications of a hunter.
Hurdle, hur-dl, s. 405. A texture of sticks
woven together.
HuRDS, hurdz, s. The refuse of hemp or flax.
To Hurl, hurl, v. a. To throw with violence, to
drive impetuously; to utter with vehemence; to play
at a kind of game.
Hurl, hlU-l, S. Tumult, riot, commotion ; a kind
of game. ^
Huri.Bat, hurl'-b.it, S. Whirlbat.
Hurler, hur-lur, s. One that ploys at hurling.
2G()
i-ni, J '■
Miscliievousness
To skirmish to
Bilberry.
Hurly, hur^^, \
Hurlyburly, hiir-le-bur-li, J
Tumult, commotion, bustle.
Hurricane, hur-re-kJn,
HuRRiCANO, hur-re-ka
A violent storm, such as is often experienced in the
western hemisphere. — See Lumbago.
To Hurry, hur-r^, v. a. To liasten, to put iutt
precipitation or confusion.
To Hurry, hur-r^, v. n. To move on with pre-
cipitation.
Hurry, hur^re, S. Tumult, precipitation, com-
motion, haste.
HuRRY-SKURRY, hur-r^-skur-re, ad. (A word
formed to express its own meaning) Wildly.
T'o Hurt, hurt, v. a. Vret. I Hurt. Part. pass.
/ have Hurt. To mischief, to harm ; to wound, to pain
by some bodily harm.
Hurt, hurt, S. Harm, mischief ; wound or bruise.
HurTER, hurt-ur, S. One that does harm.
Hurtful, hiirt-fill, a. Mischievous, pernicious.
HuRTFULLY, hurt-fill-k", ad. Mischievously
perniciously.
HuRTFULNESS, hurt-ful-iies, s.
pcrniciousness.
To Hurtle, hur'-tl, v. n. 405.
run against any thine, to jostle.
Hurtleberry, huri^tl-ber-^, s.
HURTLESS, hurt-les, a. Innocent, harmless, in-
noxious, doing no harm ; receiving no hurt.
HuRTLESSLY, hurt-les-le, ad. Without harm.
HuRTLESSNESS, hurt-les-nes, s. Freedom from
any pernicious quality.
Husband, huz-bund, s. 88. 515. The correlative
to wife, a man married to a woman ; the male of ani-
mals ; an economist, a man that knows and practisei
the methods of frugality and profit; a farmer.
To Husband, huz-btind, v. a. To supply with a
husband; to manage with frugality; to till, to culti-
vate the ground with propir management.
Husbandless, Imz-bund-les, a.
Without a husband.
Husbandly, huz-b'ind-lJ, a. Frugal, thrifty.
Husbandman, huz-bund-mJn, *. One whc
works in tillage.
Husbandry, huz-bun-dre, *. Tillage, manner o
cultivating land; thrift, frugality, parsimony ; care o:
do'.nestick aftairs.
Hush, hush, interj. silence ! be still ! no noise!
Hush, hush, a. still, silent, quiet.
To Hush, hush, v. a. To still, to silence, to quifct
to appease.
Hushmoney, hush-mun-e, S. A bribe to hindei
information.
Husk, husk, s. The outmost integument of som(
sorts of fruit.
To Husk, husk, v. a. To strip off the outwan
integument.
Husked, hiis-ked, a. 366. Bearing a husk
covered with a husk.
Husky, hus-ke, a. Abounding in husks.
Hussar, huz-z?ir| S. One of the Hungarian horse
men, so called from the shout they generally m.ike a
the first onset.
Hussy, huz-ze, .». A sorry or bad woman.
Hustings, hus-tingz, s. A council, a court held
To Hustle, hiis'-sl, v. a. 472. To shake together
Huswife, huz-zlf, s. 144. A bad manager, asorr
woman ; an econiynist, a thrifty woman.
To Huswife, huz-zif, v. a. To manage witi
economy and fruRality.
HUi'WIFERY, huz-Zlf-re, S. Management good c
had; managcmcul of rural business comm'ucd I
women.
HYD
HYP
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— ml 299— pound 313— </nn 466, Tiiis 469.
Hut, hut, s, A poor cottage.
Hutch, hutsh, s. A corn chest.
To Huzz, huz, V. n. To buzz, to murmur.
Huzza, huz-za{ interj. 174. A shout, a cry of
acclamation.
To Huzza, huz-zi{ v. n. To utter acclamation.
To Huzza, huz-zi{ v. a. To receive with accla-
mation.
Hyacinth, hl-i-sin^A, s, A plant, a kind of
precious stone.
Hyacinthine, hl-i-sin-f/tin, a. 140.
Made of hyacinths
S. A watery constellation.
■}«•
Hyades, hUi-dez, \
Hyads, hl'4dz, 187. J
Hyaline, hl-i-lin, a. 150. Glassy, crystalline.
Hybridous, hib-br^-dus, a. Begotten between
animals of different species; produced from plants of
different kinds.
HydATIDES, hl-d^t-^-deZ, S. 187. Little tran-
sparent bladders of water in any part, most common in
dropsical persons.
Hydra, hl-dra, *. A monster with many heads,
slain by Hercules.
Hydragogues, hl-dri-g6gz, J. 187.
Such medicines as occasion the discharge of watery hu-
mours.
Hydraulical, hl-draw-le-k4l,
Hydraulick, hl-driwilik.
Relating to the conveyance of water through pipes.
Hydraulicks, bl-draw-liks, s. 1 87. The science
of conveying water through pipes or conduits.
Hydrocele, hl-dri-s^le, s, 180. A watery
ruBture.
ItT- This word, like all of the same origin and form,
as Bubonocele, Enterocele, Bronchocele, Spermatocele,
Sarcocele, &c. ought to be pronounced with the e final
forming a syllable ; for as they are perfectly Greek words,
as iJfox>]Xjj, or formed from the Greek, as Enterocele from
tyti(ov and xr\>^, Ihey ought to be pronounced like apo-
strophe, hyperbole, &c. The reason that Diastyle and Os-
teocope are not pronounced so as to make the final e and
the preceding consonant form a distinct syllable, is, that
they are not perfectly Greek words, but formed from 5ia
and sTuXof ; and irriov and xowrio ; where we find the
Greek termination altered.
Hydrocephalus, hl-dri-sef^^-lus, s, A dropsy
in the head.
Hydrogen, hUdri-jen, s. A chymicai principle
generating water. — See Oxygen.
Hyorographer, hl-drog-grJ-fur, s. One who
draws maps of the sea.
Hydrography, hi-drig-gri-fe, s. 518. Descrip-
tion of the watery part of the terraqueous globe.
Hydromancy, hUdri-min-si, s. 519.
Prediction by water.
Hydromel, hUdri-mel, s. 180.
Honey and water.
Hydrometer, hl-drSmimi-tur, J. 518. An in-
strument to measure the extent of water.
Hydrometry, hl-drSm-m4-tri, s. The act of
measuring tiie extent of water.
Hydrophobia, hI-dri-foibi-4, «. Dread of water.
(t3>~ I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the accen-
tuation of this word; for my reason, see Cyclopcedia.
Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, Mr. Bu-
chanan, Mr. Entick, Mr. Barclay, and Dr. Johnson, are
uniformly for the antepenultimate accent.
Hydropical, hl-dr6p'p5-kil, "I
Hydropick, hl-dr6pipik, J "'
Dropsical, diseased with extravasated water.
Hydrostatical, hIdr6-st^t-^-k^l, a. Relating
to hydrostaticks, taught by hydrositaticks.
Hydrostatically, hi-dri-stlt^^-kli-l, ad.
According to hydrostaticks.
Hydrostaticks, hl;dr6-stlt-iks, *. The science
of weighing fluids } weighing bodies in fluidst
261
An animal like a wolf.
HyDROTICKS, hl-dr6t-lks, S. Purgers of water or
phlegm.
Hyemal, hWimil, a. Belonging to winter.
Hyen, hUen, \
Hyena, hl-^-nS, /'
Hygrometer, hl-gr6m-ra^-tur,*. 187. Anin-
strument to measure the degrees of moisture.
Hygroscope, hl-gri-skope, s. An instrument to
show the moisture and dryness of the air, and to mea-
SiJire and estimate the quantity of either extreme.
Hym, him, S. A species of dog.
Hymen, hl'-men, s. The god of marriage; the
virginal membrane.
Hymeneal, hi-m^-nei^l, ")
Hymenean, hl-m^-n^iln, / "' ^ "^^'^S' ""'?•
Hymeneal, hl-me-ne-Al, \
Hymenean, hl-m^-nei^n, J *"'
Pertaining to marriage.
(iC?> In these compounds of Hymen, Mr. Sheridan has
shortened the i in the first syllable; but thougli I think
this tendency of the secondary accent to shorten the
vowel perfectly agreeable to analogy, yet y has so fre-
quently the sound of long i, that it seems, in this case
and some others, to counteract that tendency, nor can
any other reason be given why the same letter in hyper-
bolical and hypercritick should be long as Mr. Sheridan
has properly marked them. Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Buchanan,
and Mr. Perry, by their notation, seem of the same
opinion.
Hymn, hini, S. An encomiastick song, or song of
adoration to some superior being.
To Hymn, hira, v. a. To praise in song, to
worship with hymns.
To Hymn, hira, v. n. To sing songs of adoration.
HyMNICK, him-nik, a. Relating to hymns.
Hymning, him-ning, part. a. 411. Ceiebratinj
in hymns.
To Hyp, hip, v. a. To make melancholy, to
dispirit.
HypallAGE, h^-p^l-li-ji, S. A figure by which
words change their cases with each other.
Hyper, hl-pur, S. Injudiciously used by Prior for
a hypercritick.
Hyperbola, hl-per-b6-lS, s. 187. A term in
mathematicks.
Hyperbole, hl-per-bi-l^, s. 187. A figure in
rhetorick by wliich any thing is increased or dimi-
nished beyond the exact truth.
tjpy' None of our orthbepists but Dr. Johnson accent
this word on the first syllable : and that he sliould do so
is the more surprising, as all his poetical authorities
adopt a different pronunciation :
** Hyperboles, so daring and so bold,
" Disdaining bounds, are yet by niles controird."
(jyaiu-iUe
Hyperbolical, hl-per-bSl-le-kill, "
Hyperbolick, hl-per-bul-ik.
Belonging to the hyperbola ; exaggerating or extenua-
ting beyond fact.
HYPERBOLiCALLY,hI-per-bil-le-k^l-le, flf/. 509.
In form of an hyperbola; with exaggeration or exte-
nuation.
Hyperboliform, lil-per-b6l-le-form, a. Having
the form, or nearly the form, of the hyperbola.
Hyperborean, hl-per-bo-re-^n, a. Northern.
Hypercritick, bl-per-kritfik, s. A critick
exact or captious beyond use or reason.
Hypercritical, hl-per-knt-^-kAl, a. Critical
beyond use.
Hypermeter, bl-per^mi-tur, «. 581. Any thing
greater than the standard require?.
Hypersarcosis, hi-per-sar-ko'-sis, s. 520.
The growth of fungous or proud Hcsh.
Hyphen, hl-fen, s. A note of conjunction^ as,
vir-tue, ever-living.
Hypnotick, hip-n6t'!k, S. Any medicine thai
induces ileep,
•}"•
1 JAM
(fc> 559. FAte73, far 77, fall 83, Mt81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Hypochondres, hip-6-kftn^durz, s. 415.
The two regions of the belly containing the liver and
the spleen.
Hypochondriacal, hip-pi-k(^n-dri'4-kil, a.
Melancholy; disordered in the imagination, pr»-
during mtlancholy.
Hypochondkiack, lnp-pi-k8n-dre-ik, *.
One affected with melanchuly.
HypociST, hip-0-Slst, S. An astringent medicine
of considerable power.
Hypocrisy, he-pSk-kre-s^, 5. 187. Dissimulation
with regard to the moral or religious character.
Hypocrite, h1p-pi-kr!t, s. 156. A dissembler
in morality or religion.
Hypocritical, hip-po-kritMk-kil,\
Hypocritick, hip-po-krit-tik, J
Dissembling, insincere, appearing differently from
the reality.
Hypocritically, Inp-p6-krit-1k-k4l-e, ad.
With dissimulation, without sincerity.
HypogasTRICK, hip-i-gis-trik, a. Seated in the
lower part of the belly.
Hypogeum, h?p-A-je-um,5. 512. A name which
the ancient architects gave to cellars and vaults.
Hypostasis, hi-pSs-ti-sis, «. 187. Distinct sub-
stance ; personality, a term used in the doctrine of the
Holy Trinity.
H YPOSTATICAL, hl-pi-Stit-^-k^l, a. Constitutive,
constituent as distinct ingredients ; personal, distinctly
personal.
Hypotenuse, hl-pftt-^-nuse, s. 187. The line
that subtends the right angle of a right-angled triangle,
the subtense.
03- Mr. Sheridan ana Dr. Ash accent this word on the
second syllable; but Dr. Johnson, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Bar-
clay, Bailey, and Buchanan, on the last. These autho-
rities induced me, in the tirst edilion of this Dictionary,
to plaCL' the accent on tlve last syllable; but, upon far-
ther inquiry, I found the best usage decidedly in favour
of the antepenultimate accent ; and as the secondary ac-
cent is on the second syllable of tlie Latin Hijpotenusa,
this accentuation seems most agreeable to analogy. —See
Aeailemy and Incomparable.
Hypothesis, hip-pSf/t-^-sis, or hl-pfti/i-e-sis, 5.
187. A supposition, a system formed under some
principle not proved.
Hypothetical, hl-po-^/A'-t^-k^l, 187.1 ^
Hypothetick, hl-po-Met-tik, 187. J "
Including a supposition, conditional.
Hypothetically, hl-pA-^/tet-te-k^l-e, arf. 187.
Upon supposition, conditionally.
Hyssop, hiz-zup, or hl-sup, s. A plant. It hath
been a great dispute, whether the hyssop commonly
known is the same wliich is mentioned in Scripture.
(try- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Entick, W.John-
ston, and Buchanan, pronounce this word in the second
manner; Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, and Mr. Perry, in the
first. To pronounce the y long before double s is con-
trary to every rule of orthoepy ; and therefore as the first
mode is undoubtedly the best, the other ought to be re-
linqjiished.
Hysterical, bis-ter^r^-kJl, 1
Hysterick, his-ter-rik, 509./
Troubled with fits, disordered in the regions af the
womb; proceeding from disorders in the womb.
Hystericks, his-ter-nks, s. Fits of women,
supposed to proceed from disorders in the womb.
I.
I , I, pron. pers. Oblique case Me, Plural Pf^e.
Oblique case Ut. The pronoun of the first person,
Myself; I is more than once, in Shaktspeare, (and
Dr. Johnson might have added, veiy often n Beaumont
And Fletcher) written for ay or yes. Nay, Bi-n Johnson,
In his grammar, makes this letter an adverb of affirma-
tion.— See Principles, No. 8. 105. 18^
26«
(}3> It may be remarked, that the frequent use of this
letter in our old dramatick writers instead of Ay, is a
proof that our ancestors pronounced /much broader than
we do at present, and somewhat approaching to the
sound it has at this day in the north of England. — See
Directions to Foreigners prefixed to this Dictionary.
To Jabber, j^b^bur, v. n. 98. To talk idly
without thinking; to chatter.
Jabberer, jib-bur-ur, s. One who talks in.
articulately or unintelligibly.
JacENT, ja-sent, a. Lying at length.
Iac-INTH, 1-a-Sin^/t, S. The same with liyacinth,
a precious stone.
Jack, j4k, S, The diminutive of John ; the name of
instruments which supply the place of a boy, as an
instrument to pull off boots; an engine wliich turns
the spit ; a young pike ; a cup of waxed leather ; a small
bowl thrown out for a mark to the bowlers ; a part of
the musical instrument called a virginal ; the male of
some animals ; a support to saw wood on ; the colours
or ensign of a ship ; a cunning fellow.
Jack-boots, j4k-boots{ S. Boots which serve as
armour.
Jack-pudding, jik-p&d^ding, s. A zany, a merry-
andrew.
Jack-with-a-lantern, j4k-wiTH-i-l4nituni, *.
An ignis fatuus.
JackalenT, j^k-i-lent{ S. A simple sheepish
fellow.
JacKALL, jik-kall{ S. 406. A small animal sup-
posed to start prey for the lion.
a^y- Mr. Nares, who is an excellent judge both of ana-
logy and usage, says, the accentuation of this word upon
the last syllable is adopted by Dr. Johnson ; but it is cer-
tainly now obsolete. I am reluctantly of a different
opinion, and think Dryden's accentuation the best:
" Close by tlitir fire-ihipa like Jackalh api)ear,
" WTio on their liou» for their picy attend "
Jackanapes, j4k-^n-ips, s. A monkey, an ape j
a coxcomb, an impertinent.
Jackdaw, jS.k-dawJ *. A small species of crow.
Jacket, jik-kit, s. 99- A sliort coat, a close
waistcoat.
Jacobin, j4k-6-bin, s. 149- A monk of a particular
order.
JacobiNE, j4k-6-bine, S. A pigeon with a high
tuft.
Jactitation, jik-te-ti-shun, *. Tossing motion,
restlessness.
Jaculation, jik-A-lA-shun, s. The act of throw-
ing missile weapons.
Jade, jide, s. A horse of no spirit, a hired horse,
a worthless nag ; a sorry woman.
To Jade, Jade, v. a. To tire, to harass, to dis-
pirit, to weary j to overbear ; to employ in vile offices j
to ride, to rule with tyranny.
JadiSH, ja-dish, a, Vitious, bad, as a horse,
unchaste, incontinent.
To Jagg, .j%, v. a. To cut into indentures; to
cut into teeth like those of a saw.
Jagg, j^S, *• A protuberance or denticulation.
Jaggy, .i%-ge, a. 383. Uneven, denticulated.
Jaggedness, jAg^ged-nes, s, 366. The state of
being denticulated, unevenness.
jAIL,jale, «. 52. 202. 212. A gaol, a prison.
Jailbird, jale-burd, s. One who has been in
a jail.
Jailer, ji-lSr, s. The keeper of a prison.
Jakes, jAks, *. A house of office, a privy.
Jalap, jAl-lup, s. A purgative root.
53- The pronunciation of this word, as if written
Jollop, r/U'Kh Mr. Sheridan has adopted, is, in my opi-.
nion, now confined to the illiterate and vulgar.
Jam, j4m, *•. A conserve of fruits boiled with iugai'
and water.
ICH IDO
j.or 167, n8t .63— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3!l299— p3und313— fAin466, THis 469.
Jamb, Jam, S. Any supporter on either side, as the
posts of a dnor.
(CJ- This ought to have been added to the catalogue of
words having the h silent. — See Principles, No. 347.
IaMBICK, I-imiblk, *. Verses composed of a short
and long syllable alternately.
To Jangle, jang-gl, v. n. 405. To quarrel, to
bicker in words.
Jangler, jang-gl-ur, S. A wrangling, chattering,
noisy fellow.
Janizary, j4n-ne-zir-J, s. One of the guards of
theTurkisli Sultan.
JanTY, jail-te, a. Showy, fluttering.
CCj- It is highly probable, that, when this word was
first adopted, it was pronounced as close to the French
gentil as possible; but as we have no letter in our lan-
guage equivalent to the French soft g, and as the nasal
vowel en, when not followed by hard g, c, or k, is not to
be pronounced by a mere English speaker (see Encore), it
is no wonder that the word was anglicised in its sound, as
well as in its orthography. Mr. Sheridan has preserved
the French sound of the vowel in this word and its com-
pound juan/iness, as if written ja!CH<^ and jaii-ijJijipss; but
Dr. Kenrick, Mr- Scott, and Mr. Perry, give the a the
Italian sound, as heard in aunt, father, iic, and this, I
imagine, it ought to have, 214.
January, jjluinu-4r4, g. The first month of the
year.
Japan, ja-panj *. Work varnished and raised in
gold and colours.
7b Japan, jA-p^nJ v. a. To varnish, to embellish
with gold and raised figures; to black shoes, a low
phrase.
JapanNKR, .i4-p4niliur, *. One skilled in japan
work; a shoe-blacker.
To Jar, jar, v. n. 78. To strike together with
a kind of short rattle ; to strike or sound untuneahly ;
to clash, to interfere, to act in opposition ; to quarrel,
to dispute.
Jar, jar, S. A kind of rattling vibration of sound ;
clash, discord, debate; a state in which a door unfas-
tened may ftrike the post ; an earthen vessel.
Jargon, jar-gun, s, 166. Unintelligible talk;
gabble, gibberish.
Jargonelle, jar-gi-tiel{ s, A species of pear.
Jas.mine, iiz-min, *. 434, A flower.
Jasper, jas-pur, S. 98. a hard stone of a bright
beautiful green colour, sometimes clouded with white.
Javelin, j4v'lill, s. A spear or half-pike, which
anciently was used either by foot or horse.
Jaundice, jan-dis, s. 142. 214. A distemper
from obstructiiins of the glands of the liver.
Jaundiced, jan-dist, a. 359. Infected with the
jaundice.
T'o Jaunt, j^nt, v. n. 214. To wander here and
there ; to make little excursions for air or exercise.
JauntinesS, jan-ti-nes, *. Airiness, flutter,
genteelness.
Jaw, jaw, *, 219. The bone of the mouth In which
the teeth are fixed ; the mouth.
Jay, jA, *. 220. A bird.
Ice, ise, s. Water or other liquor made solid by
cold ; concreted sugar ; To break the ice, to make the
fi'it opening to any attempt.
To .tCE, Ise, V. a. To cover with ice, to turn to ice;
to cover with concreted sugar.
Icehouse, ise-house, s. A house in which ice u
reposited'.
Ichneumon, rk-niiim5ii, *. A small animal that
breaks the eggs of the crocodile.
Ichneumonfly, ik-im^iiiSn-fll, s. A sort of fly.
Ichnograi'hy, ik-nog'gr^-f^, *. 518.
The gr.iundplot,
lOHOR, l-kor, s. \6Q. a Uiin watery humour like
serum.
Ichorous, l-kor-us, a. Sanious, thin, undigested.
Ichthyology, ik-f/ie-&Ko-ji, y. 5.'8.
The doctrine of the nature of tisli.
263
.}.
ICHTHYOPHAGIST, lk-^/te-6f^^-jlst, S. A fish-
eater; one who lives on fish.
Ic-HTHVOPHAGY, ik-<Ae-Sf^^-je, s. The practice
of eat. ng fish; fish diet.
Icicle, l-sik-kl, s. 405. A shoot of ice hanging
down.
IciNESS, i-s^-nes, *. The state of generating ice.
Icon, l-kon, s. 166. A picture or representation.
Iconoclast, I-k4n^6-klilst, s. A breaker of
images.
ICONOLOGY, I-ko-nol'6-jt, *. 518. The doctrine
of picture or representation.
ICTERICAL, ik-ter-e-k^l, a. 509. Afflicted with
the jaundice, good against the jaundice.
Icy, l-se, a. Full of ice, covered wsth ice, cold,
frosty ; cold, free from passion ; frigid, backward,
I'd, Ide. Contracted for / Would.
Idea, i-de'4, *. 1 15, A mental image.
Ideal, l-de-il, a. Mental, intellectual.
Ideally, l-de'-4l-e, ad. intellectually, mentally.
Identical, I-deii^ti-kttl, '
Identick, 1-deri-tik,
The same, implying the same thing.
To Identify, 1-den^te-rt, v. a. To prove a person
or thing to be really the same.
Identity, l-den-ti-t^, *. Sameness, not diversity.
Ides, Ulz, S. A term anciently used among ths
Romars with regaid to time ; and meant the fit'teeiith
day oi March, May, July, and October; and the thir-
teenth of every other month.
Idiocracy, ld-i-6k-kri-si, S. 518. Peculiarity
of constitution.
Idiocratical, id-k-b-kr&t-ti-kil, a. Peculiar
in constitution.
Idiocy, id^i-i-sJ, S. Want of understanding.
Idiom, Tdi^-uin, 5. 166, a mode of speaking
peculiar to a ianguace or diaiect.
Idiomatical, id-^-i-mit'-^-kil, 509.
Idiomatick, id-e-i-mlt-tik.
Peculiar to a tongue, phraseological.
Idiopathy, \d-k-tv-\A-thh, J. 518. A primary
disease that neitheruepends on, nor proceeds from, an-
other.
Idiosyncrasy, id-i-A-sin-kri-s^, *. A peculiar
temper or disposition not conimon to another.
Idiot, id-i-ut, S, 166. A fool, a natural, a change-
ling.
IdioTISM, idi^-ut-izm, *, Peculiarity of expression ,
folly, natural imbecility of mind.
Idle, I-dl, a. 405. l^izy, averse from labour ; not
busy, not employed; useless, vain; trilling, of no im-
portance.
To Idle, I-dl, v. n. To lose time in laziness and
inactivity.
Idleheaded, Udl-hed-ded, a. Foolish, unreason .
able.
Idleness, l-dl-nes, S. Laziness, sloth, sluggish-
ness; omission of business; trivialness; uselessness j
worthlessness.
Idler, l-dl-ur, S. 93. a lazy person, a sluggard j
one who iriHes away his time.
Idly, l-dl-e, ad. Lazily, without employment ;
foolishly, in a trifling manner; carelessly, without at-
tention ; inetfectnally, vainly.
Idol, I-dul, S. 37. 166. An image worshipped as
God ; an image ; a representation ; one loved or ho-
noured to adoration.
Idolater, l-d6l-ll-tur, s. 98. One who pay*
divine honours to images, one who worships the crea-
ture instead of the Creator.
To Idolatrize, 1-ciSlili-trlze, v. a. To worship
idols. ^ ^
Idolatrous, l-dolU-trus, a. 31 . Tending to
idolatry, comprising idolatry.
■}«■
JES
ts- 559. Fite73, fSrTT, f^ll83, MtBl—mlSS,
Idolatrouslv, i-d6l^ll-trus-le, ad.
in an idolatrous manner.
Idolatry, I-d4l-li-tr^, s. The worship of images.
Jdoust, l-cful-ist, S. l66, A worshipper of images.
To Idolize, l-d6-llzf, V, a. To love or reverence
to adoration.
JdONEOUS, i-dO-n^-US, a. Fit, proper, convenient.
Idyl, i-dll, S. A small short poem ; in the pastoral
style, an eclogue.
(KT- As there is sometimes an erroneous pronunciation
of this word, by making the i short as in the first syllable
of idiot, I have thought it necessary to quote the autho-
rities for pronouncing it long as in idle; namely, Mr. Slie-
Tidan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, Buchanan, and Entick.
Dr. Ash, Barclay, and Penning, do not distinguish it by
the position of the accent from the first i in idiot; and
Dr. Kenrick, as is usual with him when any difficulty
occurs, does not mark it or divide it into syllables. But
the authorities I have produced are sufficient to vindicate
the long sound of i, without recurring to the diphtliong
in the original siXOXKiov, as the Greek and Latin quantities
are very uncertain and fallacious guides to the quantity
of English words. — See Principles, No. 544, 545, &c.
Jealous, jel-lus, a. 234. 314. suspicious in
love ; emulous ; zealously cautious against dishonour;
suspiciously vigilant; suspiciously fearful.
Jealously, jel-lus-1^, ad. Suspiciously, emulously.
JeaLOUSNESS, jel'lus-nes, *. The state of being
jealous.
Jealousy, Jel-lus-e, s. Suspicion in love affairs;
suspicious fear; suspicious caution, vigilance, or ri-
valry.
To Jeer, j^^r, ti. n. 246. To scoff, to flout, to
make mock.
To Jeer, j^^r, v. a. To treat with scoffs.
Jeer, j^er, S. Scoff, taunt, biting jest, flout.
Jeerer, j^er-rur, s. a scoffer, a scorner,
a mucker.
JeerINGLY, j4lr-jng-l5, ad. Scornfully, con-
temptuously.
Jehovah, j^-hi-v5, s. The proper name of God
in the Hebrew language.
Jejune, j^-joon{ a. Wanting, empty ; hungry ;
dry, unaffecting.
JeJUNENSS, je-j6on-nes, s. Penury, poverty;
dryness, want of matter that can engage the attention.
Jellied, jel-lld, a. 283. Glutinous, brought to
a viscous state.
Jelly, jel-le, s. 'Any thing brought to a glutinous
state ; a kind of tender coagulation. — See Gelly.
Jenneting, jen-ni-ting, s. A species of apple
soon ripe.
Jennet, jen-nit, S. 99. A Spanish horse. — See
Gennet.
""o Jeopard, jep-purd, v. a. 256. To hazard, to
put in danger.
'EOPARDOUS, jepipur-dus, a. Hazardous, danger-
ous.
Jeopardy, jepipur-dJ, S. Hazard, danger, peril.
To Jerk, jerk, v. a. To strike with a quick smart
blow, to lash.
To Jerk, jerk, v. n. To strike up.
Jerk, jerk, s. A smart quick lash j a sudden
spring, a quick jolt that shocks or starts.
Jerken, jer-kin, *. 103. A jacket, short coat;
a kind of hawk.
Jersey, jer-zl, S. Fine yarn of wool.
■ ESS, jes, s. Short straps of leather tied about the
legs of a hawk, with which she is held on the fist.
.J:sSAMINE,jes-s4-min, J. 150. A fragrant flower.
See Jasmine.
Jerusalem artichokes, je-roo-si-lem ar-te-
tshoks, s. Sunflower, of which they are a species.
To Jest, jest, v. n. To divert, to make merry by
words or actions ; not to speak in earnest.
j£ST, jest, s. Any thing ludicrousj or meant only
264
JET
met95— pine 105, pin 107— nS 162, move 164,
to raise laughter ; the object of jests, laughing-stock ]
a tiling said in joke, not in earnest.
Jester, jes-tur, s. 98. One given to merriment
and pranks ; one given to sarcasm ; buffoon, jack-
pudding.
Jet, jet, S. A very beautiful fossil, of a fine deep
black colour; a spout or shoot of water.
To Jet, jet, v. n. To shoot forward, to shoot out,
to intrude, to jut out ; to strut; to jolt.
Jetty, jet-t^, a. Made of jet; black as jet.
Jewel, ju-il, *. 99. Any ornament of great value,
used commonly of such as are adorned wiih precious
stones ; a precious stone, a gem ; a name of fondness.
Jewel-house, or Office, ju-il-boiise, s.
The place where the regal ornaments are reposited.
Jeweller, ju-il-lur, s, 98. One who trafficks in
precious stones.
Jews-ear, juze-eer, s. A fungus.
Jews-mallow, juze-nutl-lfi, s. An lierb.
Jews-stone, juze-stone, *. An extraneous fossil,
being the cla'vated spine of a very large egg-shaped
sea-urchin, petrified by long lying in the eaith.
Jews-harp, juze-harp, s. A kind of musical in-
strument held between the teeth.
If, if, conj. Suppose that, allow that ; whether or
not ; though I doubt whether, suppose it be granted
that.
Igneous, ig-ne-us, a. Fiery, containing fire,
emitting fire.
Ignipotent, ig-nip^po-tent, a. 518. Presiding
over fire.
Ignis-fatuus, ig-n1s-f4t-shu-us, s. Will-with-
tlie-wisp, Jack-with-the-lantern.
To Ignite, lg-nlte{ v. a. To kindle, to set on fire.
Ignition, ig-nish-un, s. The act of kindling, or
of setting on fire.
IgnitiBLE, ig-nl-te-bl, a. Inflammable, capable
of being set on fire.
Ignivomous, ig-nlvivi-mus, a. 518.
Vomiting fire.
Ignoble, ig-no-bl, a. 405. Mean of birth;
worthless, not deserving honour.
Ignobly, ig-no-ble, ad. Ignominiousiy, meanly,
dishonourably.
Ignominious, ig-no-min-yus, a. 113. Mean,
shameful, reproacliful.
Ignominiously, ig-no-min-y?is-lJ, ad. Meanly,
scandalously, disgracefully.
Ignominy, ig-no-min-e, S. Disgrace, reproach,
shame.
03- This word is sometimes, but very improperly, pro-
nounced with the accent on the second syllable, as if
divided into ig-nOm-i-ny ; but it must be observed, that
this termination is not enchtical, 513, and the accent on
the first syllable seems agreeable to the general rule in
similar words. All our orthbepists are uniform in placing
the accent on the first syllable of this word.— See Incom-
parable.
Ignoramus, ig-no-r^-mus, *. The endorsement
of the grand jury on a bill of indictment, when they
apprehend there is not sufficient foundation for the
prosecution ; a foolish fellow, a vain uninstructed pre-
tender.
Ignorance, ig-no-rinse, s. Want of knowledge,
unskilfulness: want of knowledge, discovered by ex-
ternal effect; in this sense it has a plural.
Ignorant, ig-ni-r^nt, a. Wanting knowledge,
unlearned, uninstructed; unknown, undiscovered; un-
acquainted with ; ignorantly made or done.
Ignorant, ig-no-rSnt, S. One untaught, unlettered,
uninstructed.
Ignorantly, igino-rW-le, ad.
Without knowledge, unskilfully, without information
To Ignore, ig-nirej v. a. Not to know, to be
ignorant of.
Ignoscible, ig-n6s-se-bl, a. Capable of pardon.
I Jig, jig, S, A light careless dance or tune.
ILL
ILL
nor 167, nSt 163— tube ITl, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— </tin 466, this 469.
7b Jig, jig, v. n. To dance carelesly, to dance.
'IGMAKER, jig-ma-kur, s. One who dances or
plays merrily.
GOT, jlg-ut, 5. 166. Aleg; as.ajigotofmutton.
/iGUMBOB, jig-gum-b6b, S. A trinket, a knick-
knack. A cant word.
J(LL, jlll, f. A measure of liquids ; an opprobrious
appellation of a woman. — See Gill-
Jilt, jilt, s. A woman who gives her lover hopes,
and deceives him ; a name of contempt for a woman.
To Jilt, jilt, v. a. To trick a man by flattering his
love with hopes.
To Jingle, jiiig-gl, v. n. To clink, to sound cor-
respondently.
Jingle, jing^gl, *. 405. Correspondent sounds ;
any thing sounding, a rattle, a bell.
IlE, lie. From ^isle, a wing. French. A walk
or alley in a church or puhlick building.
Ilex, i-lex, *. The scarlet oak.
Iliac, il-e-ik, a. Relating to the lower bowels.
IliAC-PAS'jION, il-e-ik-pish-Sn, S. A kind of
nervous cholick, whose seat is the ilium, whereby that
gut is twisted, or one part enters the cavity of the part
immediately below or above.
Ill, ll, a. Bad in any respect, contrary to good,
whether physical or moral, evil; sick, disordered, not
in health.
Ill, ll, S. Wickedness ; misfortune, misery.
Ill, ll, ad. Not well, not rightly in any respect ;
not easily.
Ill, substantive, adjective, or adverb, is used in
composition to express any bad quality or condition.
Il, before words beginning with L, stands for/n or Un.
Illachrymable, il-lllk-kri-mi-bl, a. 353. 405.
Incapable of weeping.
Illapse, ll-13,ps( s. Gradual immission or entrance
of any thing into another; sudden attack, casual
coming.
To Illaqueate, il-la-kne-ate, v. a. 507.
To entangle, to entrap, to ensnare.
Illaqueation, il-la-kwe-a-shun, s. The act of
catching or ensnaring; a snare, any thing to catch.
Illation, il-la-shun, s. Inference, conclusion
drawn from premises.
Illative, il-li-tiv, a. 157. Relating to illation
or conclusion.
Illaudable, il-law-di-bl, s. 405. Unworthy of
praise or commendation.
IllaudABLY, ll-law-d^-ble, ad. Unworthily,
without deserving praise.
Illegal, il-le-g4l, a. 88. Contrary to law.
Illegality, il-l^-gil-le-tJ, s. Contrariety to law.
Illegally, ll-le-gal-le, ad. In a manner contrary
to law.
Illegible, il-led-ji-bl, a. 405. What cannot be
read.
Illegitimacy, il-l^-jit-e-msl-sf, s.
State of bastardy.
Illegitimate, il-le-jit^te-mite, a, 91.
Unlawfully begotten, not begotten in wedlock.
Illegitimately, il-le-jit-te-mit-1^, ad.
Not begotten in wedlock.
Ii.LEGiTiMATiON, il-le-jit-tl-miishun, *. The
state of one not begotten in wedlock.
Illeviable, il-lev^v^-i-bl, a, 405. What
cannot be levied or exacted.
Illfavoured, il'-fiUurd, a, 362. Deformed.
Illfavouredly, ll-fi-vurd-1^, ad. With de-
formity.
IllfavouREDNESS, il-fi'-vurd-nes, S, Deformity.
Illiberal, il-lib^ber-il, a. 88. Not noble, not
ingenuous; not generous, sparing.
ItLlBERALlTYjil-lib-bep-ril-li-ti, s. Parsimony,
niggardliness,
265
Illiberally, il-lib-ber-rlU5, ad.
Disingenuously, meanly.
Illicit, il-lis-sit, a. Unlawful,
T'o Illighten, il-li-tn, w. n. 103. To enlighten,
to illuminate.
Illimitable, il-limim^-ti-bl, a. That cannot
be bounded or limited.
Illimitably, il-lim-m^-tJ-blJ, ad. Without
susceptibility of hounds.
Illimited, il-lini-mit-cd, a. Unbounded, inter-
minable.
Illimitedness, il-lim-mit-ed-nes, s. Exemption
from all bounds.
Illiteracy, il-lit-ter-i-s^, s. Illiterateness, want
of learning.
(!:>• I have adopted this word from the learned and in-
genious Dr. Farmer, in his Essay on the Learning of
Shakespeare, who, by his printing it in italics, seems to
use it with timidity ; but in nothing is tlie old English
proverb, store is no sore, better verified than in words.
Poetry will find employment for a thousand words not
used in prose, and a nice discernment will scarcely find
any words entirely useless that are not quite obsolete.
Illiterate, il-lit-ter-ate, a, 91. Unlettered,
untaught, unlearned.
Illiterateness, il-lit^ter-it-nes, s. Want of
learning, ignorance of science.
Illiterature, il-lit-ter-i-tire, s.
Want of learning.
Illness, il-nes, 5. Badness or irvconvenience of any
kind, natural or moral; sickness, malady; wicked-
ness.
Illnature, il-ni-tsbure, s. 461. Habitual
malevolence.
IlLNATURED, ll-ni'-tshurd a. 362. Habitually
malevolent; mischievous; untra"table; not yielding
to culture.
lLLNATUREDLY,il-nd-tshurd-l^, ad. In a peevish,
froward manner.
Illnaturedness, il-n^itshurd-nes, J. Want of
kindly disposition.
Illogical, il-lftd-je-kAl, a, 88. Ignorant or
negligent of the rules of reasoning; contrary to th«
rules of reason.
Illogically, il-lM-jJ-kil-li, ad. In a manner
contrary to the laws of argument.
To Illude, il-ludej v. a. To deceive, to mock.
To Illume, il-lume{ v. a. To enlighten, to
illuminate; to brighten, to adorn.
ToIllumine, il-lu-min, V. a. 140. To enlighten,
to supply with light ; to decorate, to adorn.
T'o Illuminate, il-lu-m5-nite,t;.«f. To enlighten,
to supply with light; to adorn with festal lamps or
bonfires; to enlighten intellectually with knowledge or
grace j^o adorn with pictures or initial letters of va-
rious cmours ; to illustrate.
Illumination, il-li-m^-ni-shun, s. The act of
supplying with light; that which gives light; festal
light hung out as a token of joy ; brightness, splen-
dour; infusion of intellectual light, knowledge, or
grace.
Illuminative, il-lu-m^-ni-tiv, a. Having the
power to give light.
Illuminator, il-lu-m5-ni-t3r, s. 521. One who
gives light ; one whose business it is to decorate books
with pictures at the beginning of chapters.
Illusion, il-lii-zhun, s, 451. Mockery, false
show, counterfeit appearance, errour.
Illusive, il-lu-siv, a. 158. 428. Deceiving by
false show.
Illusory, il-lu-sur-^, a. 429. 512. Deceiving
fraudulent.— For the o, see Domestick.
To Illustrate, il-lus-trate, v. a. 91.
To brighten with light; to brighten with honour,
explain, to clear, to elucidate.
Illustration, il-lus-tri^shun, *. Explanatiol^
elucidation, exposition.
Illustrative, il-lus-tri-tiv, a. Having iiie
quality of elucidating or cleatinf.
1MB
IMM
63- S59. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fttSl— m593, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
Illustratively, il-lus-tri-tiv-li, ad. By way
of explanation.
Illustrious, il-lus-tre-us, a. 314. Conspicuous,
noble, eminent for excelleme.
Illustriously, il-lus-tie-us-le, ad.
Conspicuously, nobly, eminently.
Illustriousness, il-lus^tre-us-nes, s.
Eminence, nobility, grandeur.
I'm, Ime, Contracted from / am.
Image, im-midje, S. 90. Any corporeal represen-
tation, generally used of statues ; a statue, a picture;
an idol, a false god j a copy, representation, likeness ,
an idea, a representation of any thing to the mind.
To Image, im-raidje, v. a. To copy by the
fancy, to imagine.
Imagery, im-mul-jer-r^, *. Sensible representa-
tions ; show, appearance ; copies of the fancy, false
ideas, imaginary phantasms.
Imaginable, e-m;ttl-*iin-i-bl, a. Possible to be
conceived. — See To Despatch,
ImaGINANT, ^-mAd-jin-clrit, a. Imagining, forming
ideas.
Imaginary, i-m^d-j;«-ir-^, a. Fancied, visionary,
existing only, in the imagination.
Imagination, ^-mad-jin-A-shun, s. Fancy, the
power of forming ideal pictures, the power of repre-
senting things absent to one's self or others ; concep-
tion, image in the mind, idea; contrivance, scheme.
Imaginative, ^-ra^d-.jin-4-tiv, a. 512.
Fantastick, full of imagination.
To Imagine, ^-mid-jin, v. a. 140. To fancy, to
paint in the mind; to scheme, to contrive. — See To
Despatch, and To Embalm.
Imaginer, e-m4d-jin nr, s. 98. One who forms
ideas.
Imbecile, im-bes^sil, or im-b^-s^^lj a. 140. 112.
Weak, feeble, wanting strength of either mind or body.
(i:y- Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, and Eiitick,
accent this word on the second syllable, as in the Latin
imhecilis ; but Mr. Scott and Mr. Sheridan on the last;
as in the French imbdcille. The latter is, in my opinion,
the more fashionable, but the former more analogical.
We have too many of these French sounding words; and
if the number cannot be diminished, they should, at
least, not be suffered to increase.
(fcly- This word, says Dr. Johnson, is corruptly written
embezzle. This corruption, however, is too well esta-
blished to be altered ; and as it is appropriated to a par-
ticular species of deficiency, tlie corruption is less to be
regretted.
Imbecility, im-be-siU^-ti, s. Weakness, feeble-
ness of mind or body.
To Imbibe, im-blbe^ v, a. To drink in, to draw
in; to admit into the mind; to drench, to soak.
Imbiber, im-bUbur, s. 98. That which drinks or
sucks.
Imbibition, im-bi-bish-un, s. The act of sucking
or drinking in.
To Imbitter, im-bititur, v. a. 98. To make
bitter ; to deprive of pleasure, to make unhappy ; to
exasperate.
To Imbody, im-b&d-d^, v. a. To condense to
a body ; to invest with matter ; to bring together into
one mass or company.
To Imbody, im-b5d-de, v. n. To unite into one
mass, to coalesce.
To Imbolden, im-biKdn, v. a. 103. To raise
to Confidence, to eiicnuiage.
To Imbosom, Im-boo^zum, v. a. 169. To hold
on the bosom, to cover fondly wiih the folds of one's
ijarment ; to admit to the heart, or to affection.
To Imbound, uii-bound{ v. a, 312. To enclose,
to sliut in.
To Imbovv, im-boii,' v. a. 322. To arch, to vault.
iMBOWMENT, un-boii-nient, s. Arch, vault.
To Imbower, im-bol'i-ur, v. a. .322. To cover
will) a bower, to shelter with tiees.
7b ImBRANGLE, lin-bringigl, v. a. To entangle
A low word.
2G0"
Imbricated, im-bre-kA-ted, a. Indented with
concavities.
Imbrication, im-bre-ki^shun, s. Concave in-
denture.
To Imbrown, im-broiinj v. a. To make brown
to darken, to obscure, to cloud.
To Imbrue, im-brooj v. a. 339. To steep, to
soak, to wet much or long.
To Im BRUTE, im-brootj v. a. 339. To degrade
to brutality.
To Imbrute, im-broot| v. n. To sink down to
brutality.
To Imbue, ira-bu{ v. a. 335. To tincture decp^,
to infuse any tincture or dye.
To Im BURSE, im-burse{ v. a. To stock witi
money.
ImiTABILITY, im-l-ta-bll-^-t^, S. The quality of
being imitable.
Imitable, im-^-t^-bl, a. 405. Worthy to be
imitated; possible to be imitated.
To Imitate, im-^-tate, v. a. 91. To copy, to
endeavour to resemble; to counterfeit; to pursue the
course of a composition, so as to use parallel images
and examples.
Imitation, im-me-ti-sbun, *•. Tlie act of copy-
ing, attempt to resemble ; that which is olfered as a
copy ; a method of translaliiig looser than paraphrase,
in which modern examples and illustrations are used
for ancient, or domesiick for foreign.
Imitative, im-e-tA-tiv, a. 512. Inclined to copy.
Imitator, im^e-ta-tur, *. 98- 1&"6. 621.
One that copies anoliier, one that endeavours to re»
semble another.
Immaculate, im-m;\k-kii-late, a. 91. Spotless,
pure, undefiled.
To Immanacle, im-min-n^-kl, v. a. 405,
To fetter, to confine.
ImMANE, im-mAne( a. Vast, prodigiously great.
Immanent, im-mi-nent, a. I ntrinsick, inherent,
internal.
Immanifest, im-min-nl-fest, a. Not manifest,
not plain.
lMMANITY,im-m^n-n^-te, *. Barbarity, savageness,
Immarcessible, im-mar-ses-se-bl, a. Unfading.
Immartial, im-mar-shAl, a. 88. Not Vfarlike.
To Imm ASK, im-mAsk{ v. a. To cover, to disguise^
Immaterial, iin-mi-te-re-il, a. Incorporeal,
distinct from matter, void of matter; unimportantj
impertinent.
Immateriality, iin-m^-t^-rl-^l'-e-t^, s.
Incorporeiiy, distinctness from body or matter.
Immaterially, im-mi-te^re-Al-e, ad.
In a manner not depending ui)nn matter.
Immaterialized, im-mil-te-re-Al-lzd, a. 359.
Distinct from matter, incorporeal.
Immaterialness, im-mi-te-re-^l-nes, s.
Distinctness from matter,
Immateriate, im-mi-t^-re-<ite, a. 91. Notco:\.
sisting of mailer, incorporeal, without body.
Immature, im-m^-turej a. Not ripe ; not arrived
at fuliiestor completion; hasty, early, come to pass
before the natural time.
Immaturely, im-m4-ture-le, ad. Too soon,
too early, before ripeness or completion,
Immatureness, iin-mi-ture-iies, \
Immaturity, im-ma-tu-re-te, J
Unripeness, incompleteness, a state short of comple*
lion.
Immeability, im-me-J-bil-^-tJ, s. Want of
power to pass.
Immeasurable, im-mezh-u-rJ-bl, a. Immense,
not to be measured, indefinitely cxten-ive.
Immeasurably, ira-niezh-ur-4-bl^, ad.
Immensely, beyond all measure.
Immechanical, im-m^-kiln-n^-kSl, a. Not
according to the laws of mcchanicko.
IMM
nor 16T, nSt 163— tube l71, tub 172, bull 173-
iCviMEDiAcy, im-m^-de-^-s^, or im-me-i^-A-s^,
s. 293. Personal greatness, power of acting witliout
dependence.
Immediate, ira-me-d^-4t, a. 91. Being in such
a state with respect to something else, as that there is
notliiiig between them ; not acting by second causes;
instant, present with regard to time.
dry- This word and its compounds are often, and not
impropeily, pronounced as if written im-me-je-ate, im-
■me-je-aU-ly, &c. — For the reasons, see Principles, No.
893, 294. 376.
Immediately, im-me^d^-llt-l^, ad. Without
the intervention of any otlier cause or event ; instantly,
at the time present, without delay.
Immediateness, im-nie-ile-^t-nes, s. Presence
with regard to time; exemption from second or inter-
vening causes.
Immedicable, im-nied-de-k4-bl, a. Not to be
liealed, incurable.
Immemorable, im-mem-mA-r^-bl, a. Not worth
reinemboring.
Immemorial, im-me-miir^-il, a. Past time of
memory, so ancient that tire beginning cannot be
traced.
Immense, irn-mense{ a. Unlimited, unbounded,
infinite.
Immensely, im-mense-1^, ad. Infinitely, with-
out measure.
Immensity, im-men-s4-ti', s. Unbounded great-
ness, infinity,
Immensurability, im-men-shA-ri-bil-i-ti, s,
452. Impossibility to be measured.
Immensurable, im-men^shu-rl-bl, a. Not to
be measured.
To Immerge, !m-merdje{ v. a. To put under
water.
ImmeriT, im-mer-lt, S, Want of worth, want of
desert.
Immerse, im-mersej a. Buried, covered, sunk
deep.
To Immerse, im-mersej v, a. To put under
water ; to sink or cover deep ; to depress.
Immersion, im-nierishun, s, 452. The act of
of putting any body into a fluid below the surface ; the
state of sinking below the surface of a fiuid ; the state
of being overwhelnved or lost in any respect.
1m METHODICAL, im-m^-^A6di^-kll, a. Confused,
being without regularity, being without method.
Immethodically, im-m^-M6d-e-kil-l4, ad.
Without method.
Imminence, im-me-nense, s. Any ill impending ;
immediate or near danger.
Imminent, im-m^-nent, a. Impending, at hand,
threatening.
To Immingle, im-mingigl, v. a. To mingle, to
mix, to unite.
IMMINUTION, im-m^-nu-shun, S, Diminution,
decrease,
Immiscibility, im-inis-se-biU^-ti, *. Incapacity
of being mingled.
\mmiscible, im-mis-s4-bl, a. 405. Not capable
of being mingled.
Immission, iin-mish-un, s. The act of sending in,
contrary to emission.
To Immit, im-mltj v. a> To send in.
To Immix, ini-nnks( v. a. To mingle.
Immixable, im-miks-i-bl, a, 405. Impossible
to be mingled.
Immobility, im-mo-bil-e-t^, s, Unmoveabie-
ness, want of motion, resistance to motion.
Immoderate, im-mid-der-it, a, 91. Exceeding
the due mean.
Immoderately, im-midider-rit-l^, ad. In an
excessive degree.
Immoderation, im-mSd-der-a-shun, s. Want
of moderation, excess.
Immodest, xm-m$d-dest, a. Wiurting siiame,
IMP
-Sll 299— pound 313— Min 466, thIs 469.
wanting delicacy or chastity; unchaste, impure; ob
scene ; unreasonable, exorbitant.
Immodesty, im-m&d-des-t^, a. Want of modesty,.
To Immolate, im-mo-late, w. a. 91. To sacrifice,
to kill in sacrifice.
Immolation, im-mA-la-shun, s. The act ol
sacrificing; a sacrifice offered.
ImMOMENT, im-mo-ment, a. Trifling, of no im-
portance or value.
Immoral, im-mftr-rll, a. 88. 168. Wanting
regard to the laws of natural religion ; contrary to Iro-
nesly, dishonest.
Immorality, im-mi-rAl-^-ti, s. Dishonesty,
wan* of virtue, contrariety to virtue.
Immortal, im-mor-t;tl, a. 88, Exempt from
deatli, never to die; never ending, perpetual.
Immortality, im-mor-tAl-e-te, s. Exemption
from death, life never to end.
To Immortalize, im-mor-t;tl-ize, v. a. To make
immortal, to perpetuate, td exeu;pt IVdin deiiiii.
Immortally, im-mor-til-e, ad. With exemption
from death, willnmt end.
Immoveable, ?m-moov^^-bl, a. Not to be
forced from its place; utishaken.
Immoveably, im-moov-i-bl^, ad, in a state
not to be shaken.
Immunity, im-mu-ne-te, S, Discharge from any
obligation; privilege, exemption, freedom.
To Immure, !m-murej v. a. To enclose within
walls, to confine, to shut up.
ImmUSICAL, im-llli-Z^-kal, a. 88. Unmusical,
inharinoiiioi'5.
Immutability, im-mu-t4-bil-i-t^, *. Exemption
from change, invariablene-s.
Immutable, im-mi-til-bl, a, 405. Unchange-
able, invariable, unalterable.
Immutably, im-mu-ti-bll, ad. Unalterably,
invariably, unchangeably.
Imp, imp, S, A son, the offspring, progeny; a
subaltern devil, a puny devil.
To Imp, Imp, v. a. To enlarge with any thing
adscitilious ; to assist.
To Impact, im-pikt{ V, a. To drive close or ha.d.
To I M PA I NT, im-pAntJ v. a. To paint, to decorate
with colours. Not in use.
To Impair, im-p;ire{ v. a. To diminish, to
injure, to make worse.
To Impair, im-pire{ v, n. To be lessened ot
worn out.
Impairment, im-pire-ment, s. Diminution,
injury.
Impalpable, im-p^l-pi-bl, a. 405, Not to be
perceived by touch.
To Imparadise, im-pir-4-dIse, v. a. To put in
a state resembling paradise.
Imparity, im-pir-^-t^, *. inequality, dispropor-'
tion ; odduess, indivisibility into equal parts.
To Impark, im-paikj v. a. 81. To enclose with
a park, to sever from a common.
To Impart, im-partj v. a. To grant, to give ; to
communicate.
Impartial, im-par-shal, a. 88. Equitable, free
fri'm regard or party, indifferent, disinterested, \ _ .
in distribution of justice.
Impartiality, im-p^r-sh^-JK^-t^, s.
Equitableness, justice.
Impartially, im-p3.r-sb4l-^, ad. Equitably
with indifferent and unbiassed judgment, without re-
gard to party or interest^
Impartible, im-part-e-bl, a, 405. Communi-
cable, to be conferred or bestowed.
Impassable, lm-p4s-sa-bl, a. 405. Not to b«
passed, not admitting passage, impervious.
Impassibility, im-p^-s4-bil-li-t4, *. liseini>iion
from sutl'ering.
IMP
IMP
ty 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pm 107— ni 162, move 164,
Impassible, im-pfc-sl-blj a, 405. incapable of
suffering, exempt from the agency of external causes.
Impassibleness, m-pisisl-bl-nes, s.
Impassibility, exemption from pain.
Impassioned, im-pish-shund,o. 362. Seized with
passion.
Impassive, im-pis-siv, a. 158. Exempt from
the agency of external causes.
Impasted, im-pas-ted, a. Covered as with paste.
Impatience, im-pa-shense, *. 463. Inability
to suffer pain, rage under suffering; vehemence of
temper, heat of passion ; inability to suffer delay,
eagerness.
Impatient, im-pA-shent, a. 463. Not able to
endure, incapable to bear; furious with pain ; unable
to bear pain ; vehemently agitated by some painful
passion ; eager, ardently desirous, not able to endure
delay.
I.MPATIENTLY, im-pa-shent-le, ad. Passionately,
ardently ; eagerly, with great desire.
To Impawn, im-pa\vn{ v. a. To give as a pledge,
to pledge.
'To Impeach, im-peetsh{ v. a. To hinder, to
impede; to accuse by publick authority.
Impeach, iin-peltsh{ S. Hindetance, let, impedi-
ment.
Impeachable, im-plltsh-^-bl, a. Accusabic,
chargeable.
Impeacher, im-peltsh-ur, s. 98. An accuser,
one who brings an accusation against another.
Impeachment, im-pletsh-ment, s. Hinderance,
let, impediment, obstruction; publick accusation,
cliarge preferred.
To Im PEARL, im-perlj v. a. To form in resemblance
of pearls ; to decorate as with pearls.
Impeccability, im-pek-ki-bil-l-tl, s.
Exemption from sin, exemption from failure.
Impeccable, im-pek-k^-bl, a. 405. Exempt
from possibility of sin.
To Impede, im-plde{ v. a. To hinder, to let, to
ob.'.truct.
Impediment, im-ped-^-ment, s. Hinderance, let,
obstruction, opposition.
7'o Impel, im-pelj v. a. To drive on towards
a point, to urge forward, to press on.
Impellent, im-pel-lent, S. An impulsive power,
a power that drives forward.
To Impend, im-pend{ l', n. To hang over, to be
at hand, to press nearly.
Impendent, un-pen-dent, a. Imminent, hanging
over, pressing closely.
Impendence, im-pen-dense, *. The state of
hanging over, near approach.
Impenetrability, im-pen-l-tr^-biKe-tl, s.
Quality of not being picrceable ; insusceptibility of in-
tellectual impression.
.mpenetR/VCLE, im-pen-e-tri-bl, «. Not to be
pierced, not to be entered by any external force; im-
pervious ; not to be taught ; not to be moved.
Impenetrably, im-pen-e-tri-bll, ad. With
hardness to a degree incapable of impression.
Impenitence, im-penie-tense, \
' iMhEHiTENCY, iin-peu-e-ten-s5, J
Obduracy, want of remorse fer crimes, final disregard
of God's thrcatenings or mercy.
Impenitent, im-pen-e-tent, a. Finally negligent
of the duty of repentance, obdurate.
Impenitently, im peni|-teiit-ll, ad.
Obdurately, without repentance.
Impennous, im-pen^nus, a. 314. Wanting wings.
ImperATE, im-pl-rite, a. 91. Done with con-
sciousness, done by direction of the mind.
Imperative, im-per-ri-tiv, a. Commanding,
expressive of command.
Imperceptible, im-per-sepki-W, a. Not to be
discovered, not to be perceived.
268
Imperceptieleness, im-per-sep^te-bl-nes, s.
The quality of eluding ob<ervatlon.
Imperceptibly, im-per-sep-te-ble, ad.
In a manner not to be perceived.
Imperfect, im-per-fekt, a. Not complete, no
absolutely finished, defective; frail, not completely
good.
Imperfection, im-per-fek-shun, s. Defect,
failure, fault, whether physical or moral.
Imperfectly, im-per-fekt-le, ad. Not com-
pletely, not fully.
Imperforable, im-per-fo-rli-bl, a. Not to be
bored through.
Imperforate, iin-per-fo-iite, a. Not pierced
through, without a hole.
Imperial, im-pl-rl-^l, a. 88. Royal, possessing
royalty ; betokening royalty ; belonging to an emperor
or monarch, regal, monarchical.
Imperialist, im-pe-re-^l-ist, s. One that belongs
to an emperor.
Imperious, im-pe-re-us, a. 314. Commanding,
tyrannical; haughty, arrogant, assuming, overhear-
ing.
Imperiously, Im-pl-re-us-le, ad. With arrogance
of command, with insolence of authority.
Imperiousness, im-pi-re-us-nes, S. Authority,
air of command ; arrogance of command.
Imperishable, im-per-rish-i-bl, a. Not to be
destroyed.
Impersonal, im-per-sun-dl, a. 88. Not varied
according to the persons.
Impersonally, iin-per-sun-4l-l, ad. According
to the manner of an impersonal verb.
Impersuasible, ?ni-per-swa-zl-bl, a. 439.
Not to be moved by persuasion.
Impertinence, im-per-tl-nense, ")
Impertinency, im-per-tl-nen-se, /
That which is of no present weight, that which has no
relation to the matter in hand; folly, rambling thought ;
troublesomeness, intrusion ; triHe, thing of no value.
Impertinent, im-per-te-iient, a. Of no relation
to the matter in hand, of no weight; importunate, in-
trusive, meddling; foolish, trifling.
Impertinent, im-per-tl-nent, s. A trifler,
a meddler, an intruder.
Impertinently, im-per-tl-nent-ll, ad.
Without relation to the present matter; trouble-
somely, officiously, intrusively.
Impervious, im-per-ve-us, a. 314. Unpassable,
impenetrable.
Imperviousness, im-per-ve-us-nes, s. The state
of not admitting any passage.
Impertransibility, ini-per-tr4n-sl-bil-e-te, s.
Impossibility to be passed tlirough.
Impetrable, im-pe-tri-bl, a. 405. Possible to
be obtained.
To Impetrate, im-pe-trite, v. a. To obtain bv
entreaty.
Impetration, im-pe-tra-shun, s. The act of
obtaining by prayer or entreaty.
I.MPETUOSITY, im-petsh-ii-6s-l-si, s. Violence,
fury, vehemence, force.
Lmpetuous, im-petsh-ij-iis, a. 314. 461.
Violent, forcible, fierce; vehement, passionate.
Impetuously, im-petsh-ia-us-l4, ad. Violently,
vehemently.
Impetuousness, im-petsh-u-us-nes, s. Violence
fury.
Impetus, im-pi-tus, s. 503. Violent tendency
to any point, violent effort.
Impierceable, im-pere-si-bl, a. Impenetrably
not to be pierced.
I.MPIETY, im-pl-J-t^, *. Irreverence to th*
Supreme Bting, contempt of the duties of religioni
an act of wickedness, expression of irreligion.
To Impignorate, im-pig-ni-rite, v, a.
To pawn, to pledge.
IMP
n3r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173-
Impignoration, im-pi^-no-ra-shun, s. The act
of pawning or iiMtting to pledge.
To Impinge, im-pinje; v. n. To fall against, to
strike against, to clash with.
To lMPINGUATE,lin-ping-gwite, K. a. To fatten,
to make fat.
Impious, im-pe-us, a. 503. Irreligious, wicked,
profane.
ImPIOUSLV, im-pe-us-l^, ad. Profanely, wickedly.
Implacability, im-pla-ki-bil-e-t^, s. inexora-
bleness, irreconcilable enmity, determi.-.ed malice.
Implacable, im-pla-ki-bl, rt. 405. Not to be
pacified, inexorable, malicious, constant in enmiiy. —
See Placable.
Implacably, im-pl4-k3,-ble, ad. With malice
not to be pacified, inexorably.
To Implant, im-pUiu( v, a. To infix, to insert,
to place, to ingraft.
Implantation, Im-plan-t^-shun, s. The act of
setting or planting.
Implausible, im-pliw-ze-bl, a. 439.
Not specious, not likely to seduce or persuade.
Implement, im-ple-ment, *. Something that
fills up vacancy, or supplies want?; tool, instrument
of manufacture ; utensil.
Impletion, im-ple-shun, *. The act of filling,
the state of being full.
Implex, im-pleks, a. Intriaate, entangled, com-
plicated.
To Implicate, im-pU-kite, u. a. 91. To entangle,
to embarrastito infold.
Implication, im-ple-ka-shun, s. involution,
entanglement ; inference not expressed, but tacitly
inculcated.
Implicit, im-plis-lt, a. Entangled, infolded,
complicated; inferred, tacitly comprised, not ex-
pressed; entirely obedient.
Implicitly, im-plis-it-1^, ad. By inference com-
pi'jsed though not expressed ; by connexion with some-
thing else, depcndently , with unreserved confidence or
obedience.
To Implore, im-plirej v. a. To call upon in
supplication, to solicit; tu ask, to beg.
Implorer, im-plo-rur, s. 98. One that
implores.
iMPLUMEDjim-plumdJ O. 362. Without feathers.
To Imply, im-pllj v. a. To infold, to cover, to
entangle ; to involve or comprise as a consequence or
concomitant.
To Impoison, im-po^-zn, v. a. To corrupt with
poison ; to kill with poison.
Impolite, im-pi-llte| a. Unpolished, rude, coarse.
Impoliteness, im-pfl-ilte-nes, *. Want of
politeness.
Impolitical, im-pi-lit^^-k4l, "J^
Impolitick, im-pSl-^-tik, 510./
Imprudent, indiscreet, void of art or forecast.
lMP0i,lTiCALLY,'im-pi-liti^-kil-4, 509.1 ^^
lMP0LnicKLV,im-p6l-e-tik-l^, J
Without art or forecast.
ImpONDEROUS, im-p6n-der-us, a. Void of per-
ceptible weight.
Imporosity, im-po-ros-se-te, s. Absence of
interstices, compactness, closeness.
Zmporous, im-pi-rus, a. 314. Free from pores,
free from vacuities or interstices.
To Import, im-portj v a, 492. To carry into
any country from abroad ; lO imply, to infer; to pro-
duce in con«equence; to be of moment.
Import, imiport, S. importance, moment, con-
sequence; tendency ; anything imported from abroad.
C3- This substantive was formerly pronounced with
the accent on the second syllable, but has of laie years
adopted the accent on the first, and classes with the ge-
neral distinction of dissyllable nouns and verbs of the
fame form.— See Principles, No. 493,
26.q
IMP
nl 299— p5&nd 313— ^Ain 466, this 469.
Importance, im-por-tinse, or im-p6rit4nse, s.
Thing imported or implied; matter, subject; conse
querice, moment ; importunity.
Important, im-por-tint, or im-p5«"-tJnt, a.
Momentous, weighty, of great consequence.
(}:j" TliP second syllable of this and the foregoing word
is frequently pronounced as in the verb to import. The
best usage, "however, is on the side of the first pronun-
ciation, wliich seems to suppose that it is not a word
formed from import, but an adoption of the French
importance, and therefore it ought not to be pronounced
as a compound, but as a simple. The authorities for this
pronunciation are, Mr. SheridaH, Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash,
W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Buchanan. Mr. Scott
is for either, but gives the first the preference.
Importation, im-p6r-ta-shiin, s. The act or
pruttice of imptirting, or bringing into a country from
abro.id.
Importer, im-pirtiur, s. 98. One that brings
in any thing from abroad.
Inportunacy, im-poritu-nJ-sJ, s. The act of
importuning.
Importunate, im-por-tshA-nate, a. 461.
Unseasonable and incessant in solicitations, not to be
repulsed.
Importunately, iin-porit?hii-nit-lJ, ad.
With incessant solicitation, pertinaciously.
Importunatenf,ss, lm-poritsbu-n;tt-nes, 5. 9I.
Incessant solicitation.
To Importune, im-por-tune{ v. a. To tease, to
harass with sliglit vexation perpetually recurring, to
molest.
Importune, im-por-tunej a. Constantly recur-
ring, troublesome hy frequency; troublesome, vexa-
tious ; unseasonable ; coming, asking, or happening at
a wrong time. — Sre Futnrily.
Importunely, im-por-tuneMJ, ad. Trouble-
somely, incessantly; unseasonably, improperly.
Importunity, im-p3r-tu-ne-te, s. Incessant
solicitation.
To Impose, im-pizej v. a. To lay on as a burdeit
or penalty ; to enjoin as a duty or law ; to obtrude fal-
laciously ; to impose on, to put a cheat on, to deceive.
Impose, im-pozej S. Command, injunction.
Imposeable, im-po-z4-bl,a. 405. To be laid at
obligatory on any oody.
ImpOSER, im-po-zur, S. 98. One who enjoins.
Imposition, im-po-zish^un, *. The act of laying
any thing on another; injunction of any thing as a
law or duty; constraint, oppression; cheat, fallacy,
imposture.
Impossible, im-p6s^se-bl, a. 405. Not to be
done, impracticable.
Impossibility, im-pSs-se-bil-i-ti-, s. Impracti-
cabiliiy ; that which cannot be dune.
Impost, im-post, *. A tax, a toil, custom paid.
To Imposthumate, im-p(V-tsliu-mate,t;. n. 9I.
To form an abscess, to gather, to form a cyst or bag
containing matter.
To Impostiiumate, im-pSs^tshi'i-mate, v. a.
To afflict with an imposthuine.
Imposthumation, im-pfts-tshu-ma-shun, s.
The act of forming an imposthume, the state ir. which
an imposthume is formed.
Imposthume, im-p&sitshume, *. 461. A collec-
tion of purulent matter in a bag or cyst.
Impostor, im-pos-tur, s. 166. One who ihcats
by a fictitious character.
Imposture, im-pos-tshure, *. Cheat.
Impotence, im-po-tense, ")
Iaipotkncy, im-pA-ten-se, /
Want of power, inability, imbecility; ungovernabla
ness of passion ; incapacity of propagation.
Impotent, ira-po-teiit, a. 170. Weak, feeble,
wanting force, wanting power: disabled by nature or
disease; without power of restraint j without power ol
propagation.
Impotently, im-pi-tent-lJ, ad. AVitliout powe» .
IMP IMP
(ty- 559. Fite73, f^r 77, fall 83, f^t 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nA 162, move 164,
Tl) Impound, im-poundl «, a. To enclose as in Impromptu, im-pr8m-tA, *. A short extemporane-
a iiniirt/l tn »liiit in tn r-r^nfir *» • tn cY\tit iir» in q r>in_ DPniic ffim r»f n;it if»n .
To Impound, im-pound| v, a. To enclose as in
a pound, to sliut in, to confir.e; to shut up in a pin-
fold.
Impkacticadility, im-prak-te-ki-biUi-ti, s.
Impossibility, the state of being not feasible.
CO' This word is not in Johnson, but I insert it on his
own authority : for though it is not in his vocabulary, he
has used it to explain the word impossibility. But the
very current use of this word would be a sufficient autho-
rity for it, as its synonyme Imiiracticaldeness, from the
necessity of placing the accent higli, is so diflicult of pro-
nunciation, and so inferior in sound, as to leave no
doubt to which we should give the preference.
Impracticable, fm-pr^k^t^-kJ-bl, a. Not to
be performed, unfeasible, impossible; untractable,
untniinageable.
Impracticableness, im-pr4ktt5-ki-bl-nes, s.
Impossibility.
To Imprfcate. !m-prJ-kite, v. a, 91. To csfll
for evil u'xo '.iimself or others.
ImpFiECATION, im-pr^-kA-shun, S. Curse, prayer
by which any evil is wished.
Imprecatory, im-pri-ki-tur-e, a. Containing
wishes of evil.
83" 1 have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the accentua-
tion of this word. He places the accent on the second
syllable; but Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, and Mr. Scott, on
the first. He himself places the accent on the first of
Deprecatory ; and the same reason holds in both. — See
Principles, No. 512.
To Impregn, im-preitej v. a. 386. To fill with
young, to fill with any matter or quality.
Impregnable, im-preg-ni-bl, a. Not to be
stormed, not to be taken; unshaken, unmoved, un-
affected.
Impregnably, im-preg-ni-ble, ad. In such
a manner as to defy force or hostility.
To Impregnate, im-preg^nAte, v. a, 91. To fill
with young, to make prolifitk ; to fill, to saturate.
Impregnation, im-preg-nA-shun, *. The act
of making prolifick, fecundation ; that with which
any thing is impregnated; saturation.
Imprejudicate, ini-pr^-joo^d^-kite, a. 91.
Unpreiudiced, not prepossessed, impartial.
, 2 2 4 1/11!
Impreparation, im-prep-a-ra-shun, *. Unpre-
paredness, want of prepaiation.
To Impress, iin-pres{ v. a. To print by pressure,
to stamp ; to fix deep ; to force into service.
Impress, nn-pres, s, 492. Mark made by pressure ;
mark of distinction, stamp; device, motto; act of
forcing any one into service.
Impression, im-presh-un, *. The act of pressing
one body upon another; mark made by pressure,
stamp ; image fixed in the mind j operation, influence;
edition, number printed at once, one course of print-
ing; effect of an attack.
Impressible, un-pres-s^-bl, a. That may be
impressed.
Impressure, im-presh-ure, s. The mark made
by pressure, the dint, the impression.
To Imprint, im-print( v. a. To mark upon any
substance by pressure ; to stami> words upon paper by
the use of types ; to fix on the mind or memory.
To Imprison, im-pnz-zn, v. a. To shut up, to
confine, to keep from liberty.
MPRISONMENT, im-priz'-zn-ment, *. Confine-
ment, state of being shut in prison.
Improbability, un-prib-^-bil-^-t^, *. Unlike-
lihood, difticulty to be believed.
Improbable, im-prob-A-bl, a. 405. Unlikely,
incredible.
Improbably, im-prob^i-bl^, ad. Without like-
lihood.
7'fl Improbate, im-pro-bate, v. a. Not to approve.
Improbation, im-pro-ba-shun, s. Act of dis-
allowing.
Improbity, im-pr6b-J-t^, *. Want of honesty,
dishonesty, baseness.
To Improlificate, im-pr5-lififj-kite, v,a 91-
To impregi'ate, to fecundate,
270
Impromptu, im-pr8m-tA, S. A short extemporane-
neous composition.
Improper, im-pr6p-ur, a. 98. Not well adapted,
unqualified; unfit, not conducive to the right end; not
just, not accurate.
Improperly, im-prftp-ur-lJ, ad. Not fitly,
incongruously; not justly, not accurately.
To Impropriate, im-pri^pre-Ate, v. a. To con-
vert to private use, to seize to himself; to put the pos-
sessions of the church into the hands of laicks.
Impropriation, im-pro-pre-Aishun, s. An im-
propriation is properly so called when the church land
is in the hands of a layman ; and an appropriation is
when it is in the liands of a bishop, college, or reli-
gious house.
Impropriator, ?m-prA-pre-i-tur, s. 166. 521.
A layman that has the possession of the lands of the
church.
Impropriety, iiii-pro-pri-^-t^,*. Unfitness, un-
suitableness, inaccuracy, want of justness.
Improsperous, im-prSs-pur-us, a. Unhappy,
unfortunate, not successful.
Improsperously, im-pr6s^pur-us-le, ad.
Unhappily, unsuccessfully, with ill fortune.
Improvable, im-proo-v^-bl, a. Capable of
being advanced to a better state.
Improvableness, im-proo-vA.-bl-nes, s.
Capahleness of being made better.
Improvably, im-prodivi-ble, ad. In a manner
that admits of melioration.
To Improve, im-pr6ov| v. a. To advance any
thing nearer to perfection, to raise from good to better.
To Improve, im-probv{ v. n To advance in
goodness.
Improvement, im-proov^ment, *. Melioration,
advancement from good to better; act of improving ;
progress from good to better; instruction, edification;
effect of melioration.
Improver, ira-proov-iir, s. 98. One that makes
himself or any thing else better; any thing that me-
liorates.
I.MPROVIDED, im-pro-vl-ded, a. Unforeseen, un-
expected, unprovided against.
Improvidence, im-priv^e-dense, *. Want of
forethought, want of caution.
Improvident, im-pruv-^-dent, a. Wanting fore-
cast, wanting care to provide.
Improvidently, im-priv-e-dent-li, ad.
Without foretliought, without care.
ImpROVISION, im-pri-vizh^un, S. Want of fore-
thought.
Imprudence, im-proo-dense, s. 343. Want of
prudence, indiscretion, negligence, inalieutioa to in-
terest.
Imprudent, im-proo-dent, a. 343. Wanting
prudence, injudicious, indiscreet, negligent.
Impudence, im-pu-dense, \
Impudency, nn-pii-den-s^, J
Shamelessness, immodesty.
Impudent, im-pu-dent, a. 503. shameless,
wanting modesty.
Impudently, im-pii-dent-1^, ad. Shamelessly,
without modesty.
To Impugn, im-piaae{ v. a. 386. To attack, to
assault.
GCJ' Notwithstanding the clear analogy there is for pro-
nouncing this word in the manner it is marked, there \i
a repugnance at leavingout the g, which nolhiiigbul fre-
quent use will take aw ay If sign were in as little use as
impvi;n, we should feel the same repugnance at pro-
nouiicing it in the manner we Jo. But as language is
association, no wonder association sliould have such
power over it. — For the analogies that lead us to this pro-
nunciation, see Principles, No. 385.
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Narcs, and Mr. Scott, pronounce
the word as I have marked it ; that is, with the g silent,
and the u long; but Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, and Bu-
chanan, though they suppress the g, pronounce the n
short. That this short sound is contrary to analogv
CJinnot be doubted, when we take a view of the worri* <A
INA
INA
nSr 1G7, uSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bSll 173— oil 299— pgiW 313— Min 466, this 4«9.
ESS, im-pureines, "I
!, im-pA-r^-t^, J ■
this termination ; and the only plea for it is, the sliort
soiin<l of ilie viiwels before gm in phlegm, diaphragm, pa-
rapea/n, apnphihegm, and paradigm, 3aQ: l)ut as the ac-
cent i« iiot on any of these syllables, except phlegm,
"which is irregular, S89. it is no wonder the vowel should
hoiten in these words, as it so frequently does in the
aumerou-s terminations in He, ine, ite. Sac. 147.
[ MPUGNER, im-pi-nur, S, One that attacks or
invades.
tj- In judging of the propriety of this pronunciation,
■we must not confound the participles impugning, im-
pugned, and the verbal noun impugner, with such words
as we do not form ourselves, as repugnant, malignant, he.
The former are mere branches of the verb impugn, and
therefore make no alteration in the root; the latter we
receive already formed from the Latin or the French,
and pronounce the g a« we do in signiji) and signet, though
it is silent in si's'nerf, siyHing-, or sig-ner. For it must be
■rarefully observed, that the analogy of pronunciation
admits of no alteration in the sound of the verb, upon
•ts being formed into a participle or verbal noun ; nor in
he sound of the adjective, upon its acquiring a com-
oarative or superlative termination. — See Principles,
No. 409.
Impuissance, im-pu-is-s$nse, *. Impotence,
inahiliiy, weakness, feebleness.— See Puissance.
ImpULS^E, im-pulse, *. Communicated force, the
etfect of one body acting upon another; influence act-
ing upon the mind, motive, idea.
Impulsion, im-pi^il-shiin, s. The agency of body
in motion upon body; influence operating upon the
mind.
Impulsive, im-pul-slv, a. Having the power of
impulse, moving, imiiellent.
Impunity, lin-pu^n^-t^,S. Freedom from punish-
ment, exemption from punishment.
ImpUUE, im-pure{ a. Contrary to sanctity, un-
hallowed, unholy; unchaste; feculent, foul with ex-
traneous mixtures, drossy.
Impurely, im-pure-1^, ad. With impurity
Impureness
Impurity
Want of sanctity, want of holiness; act of unchas-
tity : feculent admixture.
To Impuhple, im-pur-pl, v. a. 405. To make
red, to colour as with purple.
Imputable, im-}>tJ-ti-bl, a. Chargeable upon
any one-, accusable, chargeable with a fault.
ImPUTABLENESS, im-puitj-bl-nes S. The quality
of being imputable.
Imputation, 1m-pA-ti^shun, *. Attribution of
anything, generally of ill; censure, reproach; hint,
reflection'.
Imputative, im-pu^tA-tiv, a. 512. Capable of
being imputed, belonging to imputation.
To Impute, im-putej v. a. To charge upon, to
attribute, generally ill; to reckon to one what does
not properly belong to him.
ImpuTER, im-pil-tur, S. 98. He that imputes.
In, in, prep. Noting the place where any thing is
present; noting the state present at any time; noting
the lime ; noting power ; noting proportion ; concern-
ing ; In that, because; In as mucli,since, seeing th.it.
In, in, ad. Within some place, not out ; engaged to
any affair, placed in some state; noting entrance into
any place ; close, home.
In has commonly in composition a negative or privative
sense. In before r is changed into Ir, before I into //,
and into Im before some other consonants,
CnaBILITY, in-il-bll'e-t^, S. Impuissance, impo-
tence, want of power.
'nabstinence, in-ib-st^-nense, s. Intemperance,
want of power to abstain.
Inaccessible, in-^k-ses^J^l, a. Not to be
reached, not to be appio:iclied.
Inaccuracy, ui-ik-ku-r^-s^, s. Want of exact-
ness.
Inaccurate, in4k-kii-rite, a. 91. Not exact,
not accurate.
Inactio.-I, in-ik'-shun, S. Cessation from labour,
forbearance of labour.
Inactive, in-;tk^tiv, a. idle, indolent, sluggish.
Inactively, 'in4kitiv-le, ad. idly, slugnishly.
Inactivity, iii-^k-tivt^-t^, s. idleness, reit
sluggishness.
Inadequacy, in-^d^^-kw^-s^, *. The state oS
being unequal lo some purpose.
0:5" The frequent use of this word in parliament, and
its being adopted by some good writers, made me esteem
it not unworthy of a place here; though I have not met
with it in any other Dictionary. The word inadequate-
ness, which is equivalent to it, is not in Johnson; but
there seems a repugnance in writers and speakers to ab-
stracts formed by ness, if it is possible to find otie of an-
other termination : and to this repugnance we owe the
currency of this word.
Inadequate, in-Jdie-kwite, a. 91. Not equal
to the purpose, defective.
Inadequately, in4J-e-kwite-l5, ad.
Defectively, not comi>let,ely.
Inadvertence, in-id-ver-tense, )
Inadvertency, in-ad-v ii'-tin-sl, J *'
Carelesncss, negligence, inattention; act or efl'ectof
negligence.
Inadvertent, in-ld-veriient, a. Negligent,
careless. ~"
Inadvertently, in4d-ver^t2nt-li, ad.
Carelesly, negligently.
Inalienable, iii-Ale'-yen4-bl, a. 113.
Tliiit cannot be alienated.
Inalimental, ni-il-^-men'-dl, a. Affording no
nourishment.
Inamissible, in-i-mis-s^-bl, a. Not to be lost.
Inane, in-nAneJ a. Empty, void.
To Inanimate, in-hi'-k-mkte, v. a. To animate,
to quicken.
Inanimate, in-An-e-mite, 91. "I
Inanimated, in-in-e-mA-ted, j"'
Void of life, witliout animation.
Inanition, iii-^-msh^un, s. Emptiness of body,
want of fulness in the vessels of an animal.
Inanity, iii-4n^^-t^, s. 511. Emptiness, void
space.
Inappetency, in-^pipe-ten-s^, *, Want of
stomach or appetite.
Inapplicable, in-Apiple-kA-bl, a. Not to be
put to a particular use.
lNAPPLICATION,!n-ip-ple-ka-shiui, s. Indolence,
negligence.
Inaptitude, in4pite-tude, s. Unfitness.
Inarable, in-ir^ra-bl, a. 405. Not capable of
tillage.
To Inarch, in-artshj v. a. 81. Inarching is
a method of grafting, called grafting by approach.
Inarticulate, in-ar-tik^it-litte, a. 91.
Not uttered with distinctness like that of the syllables
of human speech.
Inarticulately, in-ar-tik-ku-late-1^, ad.
Not distinctly.
Inarticulateness, in-ar-tik-ku-late-iies, *,
Confusion of sounds; want of distinctness in pro-
nouncing.
Inartificial, in-ar-ti-fish^^l, a. Contrary to
art.
lNARTlFlClALLY,in-ar-te-fish-il-e, ad. Without
art, in a manner -oiitrary to the rules of art.
Innattention, in-it-ten^shun, «. Disregard,
negligence, neglect.
Inattentive, in-ilt-tenitiv, a. Careless, negligent,
regarilles?.
Inaudible, in^Sw^de-bl, a. 405. Not to be
heard, void of sound.
To Inaugurate, iii-aw^«ij-rite, v. a. 91. To
consecrate, to invest with a Hew office by solemn rites.
Inauguration, in-aw-gi-rA'-shun, *. Investitura
by &ole4iiaiiies.
INC
INC
Q^'559. Fite73, f^rTT, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, mlt95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
^JJAURATiON, in-aw-ra^shSn, s. The act of gilding
or covering with gold.
Inauspicious, in-aw-spishius, a. lii-omened,
unlucky, unfortunate.
Inborn, in-born, a. Innate, implanted by nature.
Inbreathed, in-breTHdJ a. 3G2. Inspired, in-
fused by inspiration.
Inbred, in-bred, a. Produced within ; hatched or
generated within.
To Incage, in-kidje,' v. a. To coop up, to shut
up, to confine in a cage, or any narrow space.
Incalculable, in-k^l^ku-l^-bl, a. 405. Not to
ne calculated, computed, or reckoned.
Crj- This may be called a revolutionary word, as we
never heard of it till it was lately made so much use of
in France ; tut its real utility, as well as the propriety
of its formation, gives it an undoubted right to become
a part of our language.
Incalescence, in-ki-les^sense, \
Incalescency, in-kii-les-sen-se, J *■
The state of growing warm, warmth, incipient heat.
Incantation, in-k^n-tA-sbun, s. Enchantment.
Incantatory, in.k4n-t^-tur-i, a. 512.
Sealing by enchantment, magical.
7\> Incanton, in-k^n-tun, v. a. To unite to
a canton or separate community.
Incapability, in-ka-p^-bil'e-tl, \
Incapableness, in-kA-p^-bl-nes, j *'
Inability natural, disqualification legal.
Incapable, in-kiip3.-bl, a. 405. Wanting
power, wanting understanding, unable to comprehend,
learn, or understand; not able to receive any thing;
unable, not equal to any thing ; disqualified by law,
(t3- As Placable and Implacable seem to follow the I^tin
quantity in the antepenultimate a, so Capable and Inca-
pable, if we derive them from Capaz and Incapai, reject
It : but the most natural derivation of these words is from
the French Capable and Incapable. Some speakers, how-
ever, make the a short in all; but this is a provincial
pronunciation that must be carefully avoided. — See Pla-
cable,
Incapacious, jn-kH-piishus, a. Narrow, of small
content.
lNCAPACIOUSNESS,in-kft-pa^shllS-neS, S. Narrow-
ness, want of containing space.
To Incapacitaib, in-ka-pis-sl-tate, v. a. To
disable, to weaken; to disqualify.
Incapacity, in-kd-pas^e-t^, s. Inability, want
of natural power, want of power of body, want of com-
prehensiveness of mind.
To Incarcerate, in-kar^se-rite, v. a. 555.
To imprison, to confine.
Incarceration, in-kar-se-r^^sLun, s. Imprison-
ment, confinement.
To Incarn, in-karn{ f. a. 81. To cover with
flesh.
To Incarn, in-karn{ v. n. To breed flesh.
To Incarnadine, in-kar-n^-dine, r. a. 149.
To dye red. " This word," says Dr. Johnson, "1 find
only once." Macbeth, Act II. Scene III.
To Incarnate, in-kariiiAte, v. a. To clothe
with flesh, to embody with flesh.
Incarnate, in-kar-nate, part. a. 91. Clothed
with flesh, embodied with flesh.
Incarnation, in-kar-na'-shun, s. The act of
assuming body ; the state of breeding flesh.
Incarnative, in-kar-n4-tiv, 5. 512. A medicine
that generates flesh.
To Incase, in-kAseJ v. a. To cover, to enclose,
to inwrap.
Incautious, in-kaw^shus, a. Unwary, negligent,
heedless.
Incautiously, in-kawishus-lJ, ad. Unwarily,
heedlessly, negligently.
Incendious, in-sen^dJ-us, a. 294.
Cr»- 1 have not met with this word in any Dictionary,
and have often regretted being obliged to use the word
inceiuliary OiS a\i adjective; but meeting with tncendiouj
272
in I^rd Bacon, where speaking of rebellion, he says,
" Because of the infinite evils which it brings on princes
and their subjects, it is represented by the horrid image
of Typhoeus, whose hundred heads are the divided powers,
and flourishing jaws incendious designs;" I thought
should do a real service to the language by inserting tli,
word.
Incendiary, in-sen-d^-H-re, or in-sen^e-^-rl,
*. 593. 376. One who sets houses or towns on fire in
malice or for robbery; one who inflames faction, or
promotes quarrels.
Incense, In-sense, s. 492. Perfumes exhaled by
fire in honour of some god or goddess.
To Incense, in-sense, v. a. To perfume with
incense.
To Incense, in-sense{ v. a. To enkindle to
rage, to inflame with anger, to enrage, to provoke, to
exasperate.
Incensement, in-sens^raent, *. Rage, heat, fury.
IncensioN, in-senishun, S. The act of kindling,
the state of being on fire.
Incensor, in-sen-sitr, s. 1G6. A kindler of
anger, an inflamerof passions.
Incensory, in-sen-siir-e, s. 512. The vessel in
which incense is burnt and offered. — For the o, see
Domestick.
Incentive, in-sent^iv, s. That which kindle*,
provokes, or encourages ; incitement, motive, encou-
ragement.
Incentive, in-s?nt-iv, a. 157.
Inciting, encouraging.
Inception, in-sep-shun, s. Beginning.
Inceptive, in-sep-tiv, a. 157. Noting a begin-
ning.
Inceptor, in-sep-tur, s. 166. A beginner, one
who is in his rudiments.
Inceration, in-se-ri-sbun, 5. The act of cover-
ing with wax.
Incertitude, in-ser^t^-tude, s. Uncertainty,
doubtfulness.
Incessant, in-ses-sSnt, a. Unceasing, uninter-
mitted, continual.
Incessantly, inses-sint-le, ad. Without in-
termission, continually.
Incest, in-sest, .<i. Unnatural and criminal con-
junction of persons within degrees prohibited.
Incestuous, in-ses^tshu-ii?, a. 461. Guilty of
incest, guilty of unnatural cohabitation.
Incestuously, m-ses-tshu-us-le, ad.
With unnatural love.
Inch, insh, S. 352. The twelfth part of a foot ;
a proverbial name for a small quantity; a nice point
of time.
To Inch, insh, V, a. To drive by inches; to deal
. by inclies, to give sparingly.
Inched, insht, a. 359. containing inches in
length or breadth.
Inchmeal, insh-mele, *. A piece an inch long.
To Inchoate, ing-ko-ite, v. a, 91. To begin,
to commence.
Inchoation, ing-ko-a-shun, S, Inception, be-
ginning.
Inchoative, in-kiiA-tiv, a, 157. Inceptive,
noting inchoation or beginning.
To IncIDE, in-sldej V, a. Medicines incide which
consist of pointed and sharp particles, by which the
particles of other bodies are divided.
Incidence, in-s^-dense,
Incidency, inise-den
The direction with which one body strikes upon an-
other, and the angle made by that line, and the plane
struck upon, is called the angle of incidence; accident,
hap, casualty.
Incident, in-s5-dent, a. Casual, fortuitous,
occasional, happening accidentally, falling in beside
the main design ; happening, apt to happen.
Incident, in-sl-dent, *. Something happening
beside the msin design, casualty, an event.
;n!?e, "l
! If'
.'H-se, J
INC INC
nSr 167, n8tl63— tibelTl, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 3 13— Mm 466, this 469.
Incidental, in-s^-denit^l, a. incident, casual,
happening by chance.
Incidentally, in-se-den-t3.1-e, ad. Beside the
main design, occasionally.
' NCIDENTLY, in-se-dent-l5, ad. Occasionally, by
the bye, by the way.
To Incinerate, in-sin-ner-ite, v. a. To burn
to ashes.
Incineration, in-sin-ner-rA-shun, s. The act
of burning any thing to ashes.
Incircumspection, in-ser-kuin-spek-shun, s.
Want of caution, want of heed.
Incised, in-sizdj a. 362. Cut, made by cutting.
Incision, in-sizh-un, *, A cut, a wound made
with a sharp instrument; division of viscosities by
medicines.
Incisive, in-sUsiv, a. 158. 428. Having the
quality of cutting or dividing.
Incisor, m-sl-s5r, s. 166. Cutter, tooth in the
forepart of the moutli.
Incisor Y, in-si-sur-e, a. 512. Having the quality
of cutting. — For the o, see Domestick.
Incisure, in-sizh-ure, s. A cut, an aperture.
InciTATION, in-se-ta^shun, S. Incitement, in-
centive, motive, impulse.
To Incite, in-site,' v. a. To stir up, to push forward
in a purpose, to animate, to spur, to urge on.
Incitement, in-slte-ment, s. Motive, incentive,
impulse, inciting power.
Incivil, in-SivMl, a. Unpolished.
Incivility, in-se-vil-le-te, s. Want of courtesy,
rudeness ; act of rudeness.
Inclemency, in-klem^men-sJ, s. Unmercifui-
ness, cruelty, severity, harshness, roughness.
Inclement, in-klem^ment, a. Unmerciful, un-
pitying, void of tenderness, harsh.
Inclinable, in-kli-n^-bl, a. Having a propension
of will, favourably disposed, willing) having a ten-
dency.
Inclination, in-kle-naishun, s. Tendency to-
wards any point; natural aptness; propension of mind,
favourable disposition ; love, affection ; the tendency
of the niagnctical needle to the East or West.
Inclinatory, in-klin-5.-tur-e, a.
Having a quality of inclining to one or other.
0^- I have dilTered from Mr. Sheridan in the quantity
of the vowel in the second syllable of this word, as well
as in Declivatory. My reason is, that tlie termination
alory has a tendency to shorten the preceding vowel, as is
evident in Declamatory, Predatory, &c. which have the
vowel in the second syllable short, though it is long in
the Latin words from which these are derived.
Inclinatorily, in-klin-i-tur-r^-1^, ad.
Obliquely, with inclination to one side or the other.
To Incline, in-kline,' v. n. To bend, to lean, to
tend towards any part ; to be favourably disposed to,
to feel desire beginning.
To Incline, in-kline| v. a. To give a tendency
or direction to any place or state; to turn the desire
towards any thing ; to bend, to incurvate.
To Inclip, in-klip{ v, a. To grasp, to enclose, to
surround. ^
To Incloister, in-kloisitur, v. a. To shut up
in a cloister.
To Incloud, in-kloud' v. a. To darlcen, to
obscure.
To Include, in-klude{ v. a. To enclose, to shut j
to comprise, to comprehend.
Inclusive, in-klu5-siv, «. 158.428. Enclosing,
encircling; comprehending in the sum or numbers.
Inclusively, in-klu'-siv-le, ad. The thing
mentioned reckoned into the account.
Incoagulable, ui-k6-lig^gu-li-bl a. Incapable
of concretion.
':ncoexistence, in-ko-eg-zisUense, s.
The quality of not existing together.
Incog, in-k&g| ad. Unknown, in private,
273
' >v. a.
Incog iTANCY, in-k5dy4-tSn-s^, s. Want of
thought.
Incogitative, in-kSd-je-tJ-tiv, a. Wanting tin
the power of thought.
Incognito, in-kftgine-to, ad. In a state of con
cealment.
Incoherence, in-ki-be-rense, ")
Incoherency, in-ko-he-ren-se, /
Want of connexion, incongruity, inconsequence, want
of dependance of one part upon another; want of co-
hesion, looseness of materiar parts.
Incoherent, in-k6-he-i'ent, a. Inconsequential,
inconsistent; without cohesion, loose.
Incoherently, in-ko-he-rent-lt^, ad. Incon-
sistently, inconsequentially.
IncolumitY, in-ki-lu-me-tJ, s. Safety, security.,
Incombustibility, in-k6m-bus-ti-bil-e-t^, s.
The quality of resisting fire.
Incombustible, in-k6m-bus^te-bl, a. Not to
be consumed by fire.
Incombustibleness, in-kftm-bus^te-bl-nes, s.
The quality of not being wasted by fire.
Income, in-kum, s. 165. Revenue, produce of
any thing.
Incommensurability, in-k6ir.-men-sbu-riL-
bil-e-te, S. The state of one thing with respect to
another, when they cannot be compared by any com-
mon measure.
Incommensurable, in-kftm-menishu-r3.-bl, a.
405. Not to be reduced to any measure common to
both.
Incommensurate, in-kom-menishu-rAte, 0.91.
Not admitting one common measure.
7'olNCOMMODATE,in-kora^mi-dAte, 91.
To Incommode, in-kSm-mideJ
To be inconvenient to, to hinder or embarrass without
very great injury.
Incommodious, in-kSm-mi-de-us, or in-kftm-
mi-je-US, a, 393. Inconvenient, vexatious with,
out great mischief.
Incommodiously, in-k6m-m6-de-us-le, ad.
Inconveniently, not at ease.
Incommodiousness, in-kim-mi-di-us-nes, s.
Inconvenience.
Incommodity, in-kSm-mSd^^-t^, s.
Inconvenience, trouble.
Incommunicability, in-kSm-mu-ne ki-bilij-
te, S. The quality of not being impartible.
Incommunicable, in-kftm-muine-kll-bl,rt.405.
Not impartible, not to be made the common right,
property, or quality of more than one ; not to be ex-
pressed, not to be told.
Incommunicably, in-kSm-rau-n5-ki-bl4, ad.
In a manner not to be imparted or communicated.
Incommunicating, in-kSm-mu^n^-kA-ting, a.
Having no intercourse with each other.
Incompact, in-kftni-pJktJ ")
Incompacted, in-k&m-p^k-ted, /
Not joined, not cohering.
Incomparable, in-k6m-p:t-ri-bl, a. Excellent
above compare, excellent beyond all competition.
03- This is among some of the words in our language
whose accentuation astonishes foreigners, and sometimes
puzzles natives. What can be the reason, say they,
that comparable and incomparable have not the same accent
as the verb compare. To which it may be answered : One
reason is, that the English are fond of appearing in the
borrowed robes of other languages ; and as comparable
and incomparable may possibly be derived from compara-
bilis and incomparabilis, they seem desirous of laying the
stress on the first syllable, both to show their affinny to the
Latin words (see Academy) and to distinguish them from
the homespun words formed from our own verb. When
this distinction is once adopted, the mind, which is al-
ways labouring to express its ideas distinctly and forcibly,
finds a sort of propriety in annexing different ideas to
the difl'erent accentuation; and thus the distinction
I seems to t>e not without reason. If we may Compare
T
iJSic
INC
83- 559. Hte 73, f^rTT, fSll83, f4t81— me93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
small things with great, it may be observed, that, the
evils of language, like other evils in nature, produce
some good. But it may be likewise observed, that pro-
ducing different meanings, by a different accentuation of
words, is but a bungling way of promoting the copious-
ness of languages, and ought as much as possible to be
discouraged; especially when it adds to the difficulty,
and takes away from the harmony of pronunciation.
Besides, there is a petty criticism which always induces
coxcombs in pronunciation to carry these distinctions
farther than they ought to go. Not content with accent-
ing acceptable, admirable, commendable, comparable, la-
rr^nlahle, &c. on the first syllable, which implies not a
mere capacity of being accepted, admired, &c. but a
worthiness of being accepted, admired, &,c. : corruptible,
and SKSceptiHe are sometimes accented in this manner,
without the least necessity from a difference of significa-
tion. In short, all these refinements in language, which
are difficult to be understood, and productive of per-
plexity, ought to be considered rather a> evils than ad-
vantages, and to be restrained within as narrow bounds
as possible. — See Bowl.
Incomparably, in-k6m-p3.-ri-bl4, ad. Beyond
comparison, without competition ; excellently, to the
highest degree.
Incompassionate, In-k6m-p4sh-un-ite, a. 91.
. Void of pity.
Incompatibility, in-kSm-pit-^-bil'-^-te, s.
Inconsistency of one thing with another. — See Compa-
tible.
Incompatible, in-kSm-pit-e-bl, a. inconsistent
with something else, such as cannot subsist or cannot
be possessed together with something else.
Incompatibly, in-kSm-pit-i-bl^, ad.
- Inconsistently.
Incompetency, in-k6m-j)^-ten-s^, s. Inability,
• watit of adequate ability or qualification.
Incompetent, in-kSm-pe-tent, a. Not suitable,
not adequate, not proportionate.
Incompetently, in-k6in-pe-tent-l^, ad.
Unsuitably, unduly.
Lscomplete, in-k5ra-pletej a. Not perfect, not
finished.
Incompleteness, in-k6m-pl^teines, s. Imper-
fection, unfinished state.
Incompliance, in-k5m-pll-^nse, s. Untrac-
tableness, impracticableness, contradictious temper;
refusal of compliance.
InCOMPOSED, in-kSm-pozdJ 359. Disturbed,
discomposed, disordered.
Incompossibility, in-kSm-p6s-se-bil'4-t^, s.
' Quality of being not possible but by the negation or
destruction of something.
Incompossible, in-k5m-p8sis4-bl, a.
Not possible together.
Incomprehensibility, in-k8m-pr4-hen-s5-bil-
e-te, S. Unconceivableness, superiority to human
. understanding.
Incomprehensible, in-kSm-pri-henis^-bl, a.
405. Not to he conceived, not to be fully understood.
Incomprehensibleness, ?n-k6m-pr^-hen^se-
bl-nes, s, Unconceivableness.
Incomprehensibly, in-k8m-pri-henis^-bl^,
ad. In a manner not to be conceived.
■Incompressible, in-kftm-pres'-s^-bl, a. 405.
Not capable of being compressed into less space.
Incompressibility, in-kSm-pres-sti-biKe-t^, s.
Incapacity to be squeezed into less room.
Inconcurring, in-k5n-kur-ing, a. Not agreeing.
Inconcealable, in-k6n-s^-l4-bl, a. Not to be
hid, not to be kept secret.
-NCONCEIVABLE, in-k5n-se'-V^-bl, a. Incom-
prehensible, not to be conceived by the mind.
Inconceivably, in-kSn-seUi-bl^, ad.
In a manner beyond comprehension.
Inconceptible, in-k5n-sep'-t^-bl, a. Not to be
conceived, incomprehensible.
Inconcludent, ln-k6n-klu^dent, a, Infening
BO consequence.
Inconclusive, in-k5n-klu^siv, a. Not enforcing
any determination of the mind, not exhibiting cogent
evidence.
Inconclusively, in-kftn-klu-siv-le, ad. With-
out any such evidence as determines the understand-
ing-
Inconclusiveness, in-kon-kli-siv-nes, &
Want of rational cogency.
Inconcoct, iii-k6n-kikt{ \
Inconcocted, in-kon-kftkt-ed, J
Unripened, immature.
Inconcoction, in-kin-kSk-shun, *. The state
of being indigested.
Incondite, in-k6n-dite, a. Irregular, rude, un-
polished.— See Recondite.
Inconditional, in-kSn-dish^un-^l, a. Without
exception, without limitation.
Inconditionate, in-kfin-disb-un-ate, a. 91.
Not limited, not restrained by any conditions.
IncONFORMITY, in-kSn-iorime-te, S. Incom-
pliance with the practice of others.
Incongruence, in-kftngigro-ense, s. 408.
Unsuitableness, want of adaptation.
Incongruity, in-k6n-groo-e-tJ, *. Unsuitabienesi
of one thing to another; inconsistency, alisuidity,
impropriety ; disagreement of parts, want of symmetry.
Incongruous, in-k8ng-groo-us, a. Unsuitable,
not fitting; inconsistent, al)s«rd.
Incongruously, in-kftng-gro-us-l^, ad.
Improperly, unfitly.
Inconnexedly, iu-kCin-nek-sed-1^, ad.
Without any connexion nr dependence.
Inconscionable, in-k6ii-shun-A-bl, a. 405.
Void of the sense of good and evil, unreasonable.
Inconsequence, In-kSii-se-kwense, s. Incon-
clusiveness, want of just inference.
Inconsequent, ?n-kon-s^-kwent, a. Without
just conclusion, witliout regular inference.
Inconsiderable, !n-k6n-sidier-i-bl, a. 405.
Unworthy of notice, unimportant.
lNCONSiDERABLENESS,!n-kSn-s!d-er-i-bl-nes,#.
Small importance.
Inconsiderate, in-k8n-sid-er-ite, s. 91.
Careless, thoughtless, negligent, inattentive, inad.
vertent; wanting due regard.
Inconsiderately, in-k$n-sid-er-ite-li,o«?. 91.
Negligently, thoughtlessly.
Inconsiderateness, in-kSn-sid^er-ate-nes, s.
91. Carelesness, thoughtlessness, negligence.
Inconsideration, in-kftn-sid-er-A^shun, s.
Want of thought, inattention, inadvertence.
Inconsisting, in-k6n-sis-ting, a. Not con-
sistent, incompatible with.
Inconsistence, in-k6n-sis-tense, "l
Inconsistency, in-kSn-sis^ten-s^,/
Such opposition as that one proposition infers the ne-
gation of theother; such contrariety that both cannot
lie together; absurdity in argument or narration ;argu-
ment or narrative where one part destroys the other ;
incongruity; unsteadiness, unchangeableness.
Inconsistent, ?n-kSn-sis-tent, a. incompatible,
not suitable, incongruous; contrary, absurd.
Inconsistently, in-k5n-sis-tent-l^, ad.
Absurdly, incongruously, with self-contradiction.
Inconsolable, in-k5n-s6-la-bl, a. Not to be
comforted, sorrowful beyond susceptibility of comfort.
InCONSONANCY, in-k6n's6-nJn-S^, S. Disagree-
ment with itself.
Inconspicuous, in-kSn-spik-u-ns, a. Indis-
cernible, not perceptible by the sight.
Inconstancy, ?n-k6n-st4n-s^, s. Unsteadiness,
want of steady adherence, mutability.
Inconstant, in-k8n-st^nt, a. Not firm In reso-
lution, not steady in affection; changeable, mutable,
variable.
Inconsumable, in-k8ij-si\-mtl-bl, a. Not tg be
wasted.
INC
mc
nor 167, n8t 163— tfibe 171, tub 172, bull 173—311 299— pound 313— ifAin 466, TMis 469.
IsicoNSUMPTiBLE, in-kSn-sum^t^-bl, a. 412.
Not to be spent, not to be brought to an end.
Incontestable, in-k&n-tes-ti-bl, a. Not to be
disputed, not admitting debate, incontrovertible.
InCONTESTABLY, in-k&n-tesiti-ble, ad. Indis-
putably, incontrovertibly.
Incontiguous, in-kSn-tigigfi-us, a. Not touch-
ing each other, not joined together.
Incontinence, in-k6nit^-nense, 1 ^^
Incontinency, in-k8n^t^-nen-s^, J \
Inability to restrain tlie appetites, unchastity.
Incontinent, in-kftn-t^-nent, a. Unchaste, in-
dulging unlawful pleasure ; shunning delay, immediate.
An obsolete sense.
Incontinently, in-k6n-t^-nent-le, ad.
Unchastely, without lestraint of the appetites ; imme-
diately, at once. An obsolete sense.
Incontrovertible, in-k5n-tr6-verit^-bl, a.
405. Indisputable, not to be disputed.
Incontrovertibly, in-k8n-tr6-ver-te-ble, ad.
To a degree beyond controversy or dispute.
Inconvenience, in-kSn-ve-n^-ense, 1
Inconveniency, in-k6n-v^-ne-en-s^, /
Unfitness, incxpedience ; disadvantage, cause of un-
easiness, difficulty.
Inconvenient, in-k8n-veini-ent, a. Incom-
modious, disadvantageous; unfit, inexpedient.
Inconveniently, in-k6n-ve'-n4-ent-l4, ad.
Unfitly, incommodiously i unseasonably.
Inconversable, in-k5n-veris4-bl, a. Incom-
municative, unsocial.
Inconvertible, in-kSn-ver^t^-bl, a.
Not transmutable.
Inconvincible, in-k8n-vin-s^-bl, a. Not to be
convinced.
Inconvincibly, in-k6n-vin-se-bl^, ad.
Without admitting conviction.
IncorporAL, ?n-kor-p6-r3.1, a. Immaterial, dis-
tinct from matter, distinct from body.
Incorporality, in-kor-p6-ril-i-t^, s.
Immaterialnrss.
Incorporally, in-koi-ipo-ril-^, ad. without
matter.
To Incorporate, !n-kor-p6-rAte, v. a.
To iningle different ingredients so as they shall make
one mass; to conjoin inseparably ; to form into a cor-
poration or body politick ; to unite, to associate, to
imbody.
To Incorporate, ?n-kor-p6-r^te, v. n. To unite
into one mass.
Incorporate, in-kSr-p6-rite, a, 91.
Immaterial, unbodied.
Incorporation, iii-kor-po-ra-shun, s. Union
of divers ingredients in one mass ; formation of a body
politick; adoption, union, association.
Incorporeal, in-kor-pi-re-il, a. Immaterial,
unbodied.
Incorporeally, in-kor-po-r^-4l-4, ad.
Immaterially.
Incorporeity, ?n-kbr-pi-rl-4-ti, Si
Immateriality.
To Incorpse, in-korpsj v. a. To iticorpftrate.
Incorrect, in-k6r-rekt{ a. Not nicely finished,
not exact.
Incorrectly, in-kSr-rekt-li, ad. Inaccurately,
not exactly. ,
Incorrectness, in-kSr-r?kt^nes, *. Inaccuracy,
want of exactness.
Incorrigible, in-k6r'-r4-je-bl, a. Bad beyond
correction, depraved beyond amendment by any means.
Incorrigibleness, in-kSr-r^-j^-bl-nes, *.
Hopeless depravity, badness beyond all means of
amendment.
lNC0RRlGlBlY,in-k8r-re-j^-bl^, ad. Toadegree
of depravity beyond all means of amendment.
Incorrupt, in-k6r-ruptj 1
Incorrupted, in-kSr-rup-ted, J
Free from foulness or depravation; pure of manneri
honest, good.
Incorruptibility, in-kSr-rup-t^-blli^-tf^ s.
Insusceptibility of corruption, incapacity of decay.
Incorruptible, ?n-k6r-r3p-ti-bl, a. Not capable
of corruption, not admitting decay. — See Corruptible
and Incomparable.
INCORRUPTION, in-kSr-rSp-shun, S, Incapacity
of corruption.
Incorruptness, !n-k6r-ruptines, s. Purity of
manners, honesty, integrity ; freedom from decay or
degeneration.
To Incrassate, in-krils-sate, v. a. To thicken,
the contrary to attenuate.
Incrassation, in-kr^s-si-shUn, *. The act of
tliickening; the state of growing thick.
Incrassative, in-kris-slL-tiv, a, 612. Having
the quality of thickening.
To Increase, in-kresej v. n. To grow more ot
greater.
To Increase, in-kreseJ v. a. To make more or
greater.
Increase, inikr^se, s. Augmentation, the state
of crowing more or greater; increment, that which is
added to the original stock ; produce ; generation ;
progeny ; the state of waxing.
Increaser, in-kr^-sur, *. 98. He who increases.
Increated, in-kr^a-ted, a. Not created. — See
Increment.
Incredibility, in-kred-de-bii-^-te, *. The
quality of surpassing belief.
Incredible, in-kied-4-bl, a. 405. Surpassing
belief, not to be credited.
Incredibleness, in-kred-^-bl-ues, s. Quality
of being not credible.
Incredibly, in-kred-i-blJ, ad. In a manner
not to be believed.
Incredulity, in-kre-du-l4-tJ, s. Quality bi
not believingv hardness of belief.
Incredulous, fn-kred^i-lus, or lu-kiedyu-lSs,
a. 293. 276. Hard of belief, refusing citdit.
Incredulousness, in-krediju-lus-nes, s.
Hardness of belief, incredulity.
Increment, ingikrl-uient, s. Act of growing
greater; increase, cause of growing tiiore j prJiduce.
(O The inseparable preposition in, with the accent on
it, when followed by hard c or g-, is cxacily under the
same predicament as con; that is, the liquid and guttural
coalesce. — See Principles, No. 408.
To Increpate, ing-kri-pite, v, a. To chide, to
reprehend.
Increpation, in-krJ-pi-shunj *. Reprehension,
chiding.
Tb Incrust, in-krustj \t; a
To Incrustate, !n-krus^tate, J
To cover with an additional coat.
Incrustation, in-krus-ti^sbSn, s. An adherent
covering! something superinduced.
To Incubate, ing^ki-bite, v. n. To sit upon
Incubation, in-kfi-b.i-sbun, s. The act of
sitting upon eggs to hatch them.
Incubus, injikA-bug, *. The night-mare.
To Inculcate, in-kul-kAte, v. il. To impress i>y
frequent admonitions.
Inculcation, ing-kul-k;l-sliuii, s. The act of
impressing by frequent admonition.
IncULT, m-kult{ a. Uncultivated, untitled.
Inculpable, in-kul-p^-bl, a. 405. Unblamable*.
IncULPABLY, in-kul-p^-bl^, ad. Unblamably.
Incumbency, in-kum-ben-se, s. The act of
lying upon another; the state of keeping a benefice.
Incumbent, in-kum-bent, a. Resting ufo»t
lying upon ; imposed as a duty.
IND IND
03- 559. FkeHS, ^rUl, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162,
Incumbent, in-kumibent, s. He who is in Indefatigable, in-de-ftt-te-gi-bl,
more I64j
Incumbent, in-kiim^bent, s. He who is in
present possession of a benefice.
7b Incumber, in-kum-bur, v. a. To embarrass.
To Incur, in-kurj v. a. To become liable to
a punishment or reprehension ; to occur, to press on
the senses.
Incurability, in-ku-rJ-bil-6-te, s. Impossibility
of cure.
Incurable, in-ku-r^-bl, a. 405. Not admitting
remedy, not to be removed by medicine, irremediable,
hopeless.
Incurableness, in-ku^rJ-bl-nes, s. state of not
admitting any cure.
Incurably, in-ku^ri-bll, ad. Without remedy.
Incurious, in-ku-rl-us, a. Negligent, inattentive,
without curiosity.
Incursion, in-kiir-shun, s. Attack, mischievous
occurrence ; invasion, inroad, ravage.
To Incurvate, in-kur-vAte, v. a. 91.
To bend, to crook.
Incurvation, in-kur-v<^isbun, *. The act of
bending or making crooked; flexion of the body in
token of reverence.
Incurvity, in-kur-ve-te, s. Crookedness, the
state of bending inward.
To Indagate, in^d^-gite, v. «. 91. To search,
to examine.
Indagation, in-di-giishun, s. Search, inquiry,
examination.
Indagator, in^di-^i-tSr, s. 166. 521. Asearcher,
an inquirer, an examiner.
To IndarT, in-dartj v. a. To dart in, to strike in.
To Indebt, in-detj v. a. 374. To put into debt ;
to oblige, to put under obligation.
Indebted, in-det-ted, part. a. Obliged hy some-
thing received, bound to restitution, having incurred
a debt.
Indecency, in-de-sen-se, J. Anythingunbecoming,
any thing contrary to good manners.
Indecent, in-de-sent, a. Unbecoming, unfit for
the eyes or ears.
Indecently, in-de^sent-ll, af/. Without decencj',
in a manner contrary to decency.
Indeciduous, in-dl-sid-i-us, or in-dl-sid-ju-
us, a. 276. 293. Not falling, not shed.
Indecision, in-dl-sizh-un, s. Want of determina-
tion.
Indeclinable, in-dl-kll-nJ-bl, a. Not varied
by terminations.
Indecorous, in-dl-kAirus, er in-dek-6-rus, a.
Indecent, unbecoming. — See Veeorous.
0^- Nothing can show more with what servility we
sometimes follow the Latin accentuation than pronoun-
cing this word with the accent on the penultimate. In
the Latin decorus the o is long, and therefore has the ac-
cent ; but in dedecoTous the o is short, and the accent is
consequently removed to the antepenultimate ; this al-
teration of accent obtains likewise when the word is used
in English, and this accentuation is perfectly agreeable
to our"own analogy ; but because the Latin adjective in-
decorous has the penultimate long, and consequently the
accent on it, we must desert our own analogy, and ser-
vilely follow the Latin accentuation, though that accen-
tuation has no regard to analogy ; for why dedecorous and
tndecorus, words which have a similar derivation and
meaning, should have the penultimateof different quan-
tities, can be resolved intb nothing but the caprice of
custom i hi\t that so clear an analogy of our own lan-
guage should be subservient to the capricious usages of
the Latin, is a satire upon the good sense and taste of
Englishmen. Dr. Ash is the only one who places the ac-
cent on the antepenultimate of this word : but what is
his single authority though with analogy on his side, to
a crowd of coxcombs vapouring with scraps of Latin ? —
See Principles, No. D19.
Indecorum, m-dl-kiirum, *. Indecency, some-
thing unbecoming.
Indeed, in-de^dj ad. in reality, in truth ; above
tlie common rate ; this is to be granted that j it is used
to note a full concession.
.276
Indefatigable, in-de-ftt-te-gi-bl, a.
Unwearied, not tired, not exhausted by labour.
Indefatigably, in-de-f^t-ti-ga-ble, ad.
Without weariness.
Indefectibility, in-de-fek-tl-bil'-e-te, s. The
quality of suffering no decay, or being subject to no
defect.
Indefectible, in-dl-fek-tl-bl, a. Unfailing,
not liable to defect or decay.
Indefeisible, in-de-fei/e-bl, a. 439. Not tc
be cut off, not to be vacated, irrevocable.
Indefensible, in-de-fen^sl-bl, a. 439. That
cannot be defended or maintained.
Indefinite, in-def^e-nit, a. 156. Not determined,
not limited, not settled; large beyond the compre-
hension of man, though not absolutely without limits.
Indefinitely, in-def^e-mt-le, ad. Without any
settled or determinate limitation; to a degree indefi-
nite.
Indefinitude, in-de-f^n'-e tude, .l. Quantity not
limited by our understanding, though yet I'nite.
Indeliberate, in-de-lib^ber-ilte, 91. \
Indeliberated, in-de-lib-ber-a-ted, J "'
Unpremeditated, done without consideration.
Indelible, in-dtl-e-bl, a. 405. Not to be
blotted out or effaced ; not to be annulled.
K;- This word, Mr. Naves observes, both from it«
French and Latin etymology, ought to be written inde-
leble ; where we may observe that the different ortho-
graphy would not make the least difference in the pro-
nunciation.— See Despatch.
Indelicacy, in-deK^-k^-sl, s. Want of delicacy,
want of elegant decency.
Indelicate, in-del-e-kAte, a. 91. Without
dcceucy, void of a quick sense of decency.
Indemnification, in-dem-ne-fe-ka-shun, s.
Security against loss or penalty; reimbursement o,
loss or penalty.
To Indemnify, in-demiiil-fi, v. a. To secure
against loss or penally ; to maintain unhurt.
Indemnity, in-dem-nl-te, s. Security from
punishment, exemption from punishment.
To Indent, in-dentj v. a. To make any thing
with inequalities like a row of teeth.
To Indent, in-dent{ v. n. To contract, to make
a compact.
Indent, in-dent{ *. Inequality, incisure, indenta-
tion.
Indentation, in-den-ti-shun, s. An indenture,
waving in any figure.
Indenture, in-den-tshure, s. 461. A covenant
so named because the counterparts are indented or cut
one by the other.
Independence,
Indei'endency,
Freedom, exemption from reliance or control, state
over which none has power.
Independent, in-de-pen'dent, a. Not depend-
ing, not supported by any other, not relying on an-
other, not controlled; not relating to any thing else,
as to a superior.
Independent, in-d^'-peii^dent, s. One who in
religious affairs holds that every congregation is a com-
plete church.
Independently, iii-de-p?n-dtnt-ll, ad.
Without reference to other things.
Indesert, in-de-zertj s. Want of merit.
Indesinently, in-des-sl-nent-1^, ad. Wiiiiou/
cessation.
Indestructible, in-dl-struk^tl-bl, a. Not t4
be destroyed.
Indeterminable, in-de-ter^me-ni-bl, a. AOh,
Not to be fixed, not to be defined or settled.
Indeterminate, in-de-ter-me-nite, a. 91.
Unfixed, not defined, indefinite.
Indeterminately, in-de-ter-ine-nite-lJ-, ad.
Indefinitely, not in any settled manner.
r.
E, in-de-pen^dense, ")
2 it 1 I .1 I f i
f, in-de-pen-utn-se, J
IND IND
nSr 167, nSt 163— tube iri,tub 173, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ttin 466, thIs 469.
Indetermined, in-d^-ter-mind, a. 359.
Unsettled, unfixed.
Indbtermination, in-d^-ter-m^-na-sbun, s.
Want of determination, want of resolution.
Indevotion, in-dl-v6-shun, *. Want of devotion,
irreligion.
Indevout, in-dJ-VOUt{ a. Not devout, not re-
ligious, irreligious.
Index, in^deks, *. The discoverer, the pointer out ;
the hand that points to any thing; the table of con-
tents to a book.
Indexterity, ?n-deks-ter-^-t^, s. Want of
dexterity, want of readiness.
Indian, in-d^-an, or in-j4-ln, oj-ind-yin, s. 88.
S94. A native of India.
Indian, in-di-^n, a. Belonging to India.
Indicant, in-di-kint, a. Showing, pointing out,
that directs what is to be done in any disease.
jTo Indicate, inid^-kAte, V. a. 91. To show, to
point out J in physick, to point out a remedy.
Indication, in-de-ki-shun, s. Mark token, sign,
note, symptom; discovery made, intelligence given.
Indicative, in-dik-k^-tiv, a. 512. showing,
informing, pointing out; in grammar, a certain mo-
dification of a verb, expressing affirmation or indica-
tion.
Indicatively, in-dik-ki-tlv-lJ, ad, in such
a manner as shows or betokens.
To Indict, in-dlte{ v, a.—See Endite and its
derivatives.
IndICTION, in-dlk-shun, *. . Declaration, procla-
mation ; an epocha of the Roman calendar instituted
by Constantinc the Great.
Indifference, in-dlWer-ense, ")
Indifferency, in-dififer-en-s4, /
Neutrality, suspension; impartiality; negligence,
want of affection, unconcernedness ; state in which no
moral or physical reason preponderates.
Indifferent, in-dif^fer-ent, a. Neutral, not
determined to either side; unconcerned, inattentive,
regardless; impartial, disinterested; passable, of a
middling state; in the same sense it has the force of
an adverb.
Indif.ferently, in-dififer-eiit-l^, ad. Without
distinction, without preference ; in a neutral state,
withoutwish or aversion; not well, tolerably, passably,
middlingly.
Indigence, in-d^-jense, "I
Indigency, inidi-jen-sJ, J
Want, penury, poverty.
Indigenous, in-did-j^-n'is, a. Native to a country.
Indigent, in-di-jent, a. Poor, needy, necessitous ;
in want, wanting ; void, empty.
Indigest, in-d^-jestj "J
Indigested, in-di-Jes-ted, J
Not separated into distinct orders; not formed or
shaped ; not concocted in the stomach ; not brought to
suppuration.
Indigestible, in-d^-jes^tJ-bl, a. Not concoctibie
in the stomach.
Indigestion, in-di-jesitshun, s. The state of
meats unconcocted.
To Indigitate, in-didiji-tite, v. a. To point
out, to show by the fingers.
Indigitation, in-did-j^-ta-shun, *. Tlie act of
pointing out or showing.
Indign, in-dlne{ a. 385. Unworthy, undeserving ;
bringing indignity.
IndHJNANT, in-dlg^nint, a. Angry, raging, in-
flamed at once with anger and disdain.
Indignation, in-dig-n5.-shun, *. Anger mingled
with contempt or disgust ; tlve anger of a superiour;
the effect of anger.
Indignity, m-dlg-ni-tJ, S, Contumely, con-
temptuous injury, violation of right accompanied with
insult,
277
Indigo, In'-dl-gh, *. 112. A plant, by th«
Americans called Anil, used in dying for a blue colour
Indirect, in-de-rektj a. Not straight not recti-
linear; not tending otherwise than obTiqucly or con-
sequentially to a point ; not fair, not honest.
Indirection, in-de-rek^shun,*. Oblique means,
tendency not in a straight line ; dishonest practice.
Indirectly, in-d^-rektU^, ad. Not in a right
line, obliquely ; not in express terms ; unfairly, not
rightly.
Indirectness, in-d^-rektines, s. Obliquity;
unfairness.
Indiscernible, in-diz-zer--n5-bl, a. Not per-
cepiible, not discoverable.
Indiscernibly, in-diz-zerini-blJ, ad.
In a manner not to be perceived.
Indiscerptible, in-dis-serpit^-bl, a. Not to be
separated, incapable of being broKcn or destroyed by
dissolution of parts.
Indiscerptibility, in-dis-serp-t^-bil-e-te, s.
Incapability of dissolution.
Indiscovery, in-dis-kuv-ur-^, s. The state of
being hidden.
Indiscreet, in-dis-kreetj a. Imprudent, in-
cautious, inconsiderate, injudicious.
Indiscreetly, in-dis-kreet^l^, ad. Without
prudence.
Indiscretion, in-dis-kresh-un, s. Imprudence,
rashness, inconsideration.
Indiscriminate, in-dls-krim-^-nite, a, 91.
Undistinguishalle, not marked with any note of dis-
tinction.
Indiscriminately, in-dis-knm-e-ndtel5, ad.
Without distinction.
Indispensable, in-dis-pen-stl-bl, a. Not t* be
remitted, not to be spared, necessary.
Indispensableness, in-dis-pen-5^Tbl-nes, s.
State of not being to be spared, necessity.
Indispensably, in-dis-pen-s4-ble, ad. Without
dispensation, without remission, necessarily.
To Indispose, in-dis-p6zej v. a. To make unfit;
to disincline, to make averse; to disorder, to disijua-
lify for its proper functions; to disorder slightly with
regard to health ; to make unfavourable.
Indisposedness, in-dis-po-zed-nes, s. 365.
State of untitness or disinclination, depraved state.
Indisposition, in-d2s-pi-zishiun, *. Disorder
of health, tendency to sickness; disinclination, dis-
like.
Indisputable, in-dis'pu-ti-bl, o»-in-dis-pu-ti-
bl, a. Uncontrovertible, incontestable, not to be
disputed. — See Disputable.
(!:> This word is nearly under the same predicament
as Disputable. Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kcnrick,
W. Johnston, Mr. Smith, Buchanan, and Bailey, adopt
the last accentuation, and only Mr. Sheridan and Enlick
the first ; and yet my experience and recollection grossly
fail me, if this is not the general pronunciation of polite
and lettered speakers. Mr. Scott has given both pronun-
ciations ; but, by placing this the fist, seems to give it
the preference. — See Irreparable.
Indisputableness, in-dis^pij-t^-bl-nes, s. The
state of being indisputable, certainty.
Indisputably, in-dis-pu-t^-bl^, ad. Without
controversy, certainly; without opposition.
IndISSOLVABLE, in-diz-zol'va-bl, a. Indissolu-
ble, not separable as to its parts; not to be broken,
binding for ever.
03- For the orthography of this word, see Dissolvible,
Indissolubility, iJi-dis-s6-lii-bil^6-tc, s.
Resistance of a dissolving power} firmness, slableness.
Indissoluble, in-dis-s6-lii-bl, a. Resisting ail
separation of its parts; firm, stable ; binding for ever,
sut/sisting for ever. — See Dissoluble.
Indissolubleness, in-disisA-lu-bl-nes, s.
Indissolubility, resistance to separation of parts.
lNDissoLUBLY,ln-disisi-li!i%li, ad. Inamannc/
resisting all separatin } for ever obligatorily.
IND
INE
63- 559. Fite 73, far 77, fill 83, (it 81— -m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 1^4,
Indistinct, in-dis-tingktj a. Not plainly marked,
. confused; not exactly discerning.
In DISTINCTION, in-diS-tingk^shun, *. Confusion,
uncertainty; omission of discrimination.
Indistinctly, in-dis-tingktM^, ad. Confusedly,
uncertainly; without being distinguished.
Indistinctness, in-tlis-t'ingkt-nes, s. Confusion,
uncertainty.
Indisturbance, ?n-dis-tur-bAnse, s. Calmness,
freedom from disturbance.
Individual, in-d^-vid-ju-ll, s. A single being,
as opposed to the species.
C:?- It is somewhat strange that this word as a substan-
tive should not have found its way into Johnson's Dic-
tionary, hut not in the least strange tliat Mr. Sheridan
and Dr. Kenricli should omit it.
Individual, in-d^-vid-u-^1, or in-de-vid-.ju-^l,
a. 463. Separate from others of the same species,
single, numerically one ; undivided, not to be parted
or disjoined.
C3" The tendency of d to go ipto j, wUen the accent is
before, and u after it, is evident in this and the succeed-
ing words. — See Principles, No. 293, 294. 376.
Individuality, in-de-vid-u-il-e-t^, s. Separate
or distinct existence.
Individually, xn-d^-vid^i-|l-li, ad. With
separate or distinct existence, numerically.
To Individuate, in-di-vid^u-ate, v. a. To dis-
tinguish from others of the same species, to make
single.
Individuation, in-di-vid-i-i-shun, *, That
which makes an individual.
IndIVIDUITY, in-de-vid-u-^-te, s. The state of
being an individual, separate existence.
Indivisibility, in-de-viz-e-biK^-te, 552. \
Indivisibleness, in-de-viz^^-bl-nes, J '
state in whicli no more division can be made.
Indivisible, in-de-viz^e-bl, a. That cannot be
broken into parts, so small as that it cannot be smaller.
Indivisibly, in-de-viz-e-bl^, ad. So as it can-
not be divided.
Indocible, in-dSs^e-bl, a. 405. Unteachable,
insusceptible of instruction.
Indocile, in-d5s-Sll, a. Unteachable, incapable of
being instructed.
(}3- This word and all its relatives have tlie o so dif-
ferently pronounced by our best orthotpists, that the
shortest way to show the difference will be to exhibit
them at one view.
rtx^i i Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston,
UOCM, I Entick, Nares, Smith.
Docile, Kenrick, Perry.
. j» -I f Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston,
IndBcile, I pg^^y^ £„ji^,..
Indocile,
DCcMe, Sheridan, Scott, Entick.
Ddcible, Kenrick, Perry.
T jv -11 ( Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston,
Inducible,^ Entick.
Indocible, Perry.
We here see the great preponderance of authority for
the short sound of o in all these words of three syllables,
not because this letter is short in the Latin words whence
they are derived ; for risifcJeand visible, which have tlie i
short with us, are risibilis and visibilis in Latin ; but be-
cause the accent in our English word is antepenultimate,
and because this accent has a shortening power in all
words of this form, which may be called simples, 503,
unless the antepenultimate vowel be u, and then it is al-
ways long, 509. 511. 537. Thus the antepenultimate
vowels in credible, clavicle, vesicle, &c. are short, though
derived from crSdibilix, cldvicula, vesicula, kc. but the a
in tamable, debatable, &c. is long, because they are for-
inatives of our own, from tame, debate, &c.
Why Dr. Johnson should spell indocile without the
final e, as we see it in the first and last editions of his
Dictionary, cannot be conceived. As well might he have
left this letter out in puerile, versatile, aniij'ertile. In
this he seems implicitly to have followed the authority
of Dr. Bentley, who, however versed in Latin and Greek,
has been proved by Dr. Lowth not to be infallible in the
Grammar of his own language.
Indocility, in-do-sil-^-te, s. Unteachableness,
refusal of instruction.
278
To Indoctrinate, in-dok^trl-nate, v. a. 91,
To instruct, to tincture with any science or opinion.
Indoctrination, in-dSk-tre-ni^shun, *.
Instruction, information.
Indolence, inMi-lense, \
Indolency, in-do-len-se, J
Freedom from pain; laziness, inattention, listles-
ness.
Indolent, in-do-lent, a. Free from pain ; care*
less, lazy, inattentive, listless.
Indolently, in-do-lent-le, ad. With freedom
from pain ; carelesly, lazily, inattentively, listlesly.
To Indow, in-dou5 v. a. To portion, to enrich
with gifts. — See Endow,
Indraught, in-dr^ft, S. An opening in the land,
into which the sea flows ; inlet, passage inwards.
To Indrench, in-dreushj v. a. To soak, to
drown.
Indubious, in-du-b^-us, a. Not doubtful, not
suspecting, certain.
Indubitable, in-du^be-t^-bl, a. Undoubted,
unquestionable.
Indubitably, in-du-be-t^-bli, ad. Undoubtedly^
unquestionably.
Indubitate, in-di\-b(;-tate, a. 91. Unquestioned,
certain, apparent, evident.
To Induce, in-duse( v. a. To persuade, to in-
fluence to any thing; to produce by persuasion or in-
fluence ; to offer by way of induction or consequential
reasoning; to produce j to introduce, to bring iuta
view.
Inducement, in-diase-ment, s. Motive to any
thing, that which allures or persuades to auy thing.
Inducer, in-du-sur, s. 98. A persuader, one that
influences. ^
To Induct, in-dukt{ v. a. To introduce, to bring
in ; to put in actual possession of a benefice.
Induction, in-duk-shun, *. Introduction, en-
tiance; induction is when, from several particular
propositions, we infer one general ; the act or state of
taking poisesiion of an ecclesiastical living.
Inductive, in-duk-tiv, a. Leading, persuasive,
with To ; capable to infer or produce.
To Indue, in-duj v. a. To invest.
To Indulge, in-duljei v. a. To fondle, to favour,"
to gratify with concession ; to grant, not of right, but
favour.
To Indulge, in-duljej v. n. To be favourable.
Indulgence, in-dfiiyense, 1
Indulgency, in-dul-jen-s^,/
Fondness, fond kindness ; forbearance, teudernesj,;
opposite to rigour} favour granted ; grant of the churcl^'
of Rome.
Indulgent, in-dul-Jent, a. Kind, gentle; mild,
favourable; gratifving, favouring, giving way to.
Indulgently, in-duUjent-l^, ad. Without
severity, without censure,
Indult, in-dultj 1 „ . .,
T 2 i2,fii fS, Privilege or exemption.
Indulto, in-duUto, J ■
To Indurate, lnid^-rAte, v. n. 91. 293.
To grow hard, to harden.
To Indurate, in-dij-rate, v. a. To make hard,
to harden the mind. — See Obdurate.
Induration, ?n-du-r;i-shuii, *. TUe state of
growing hard; the act of hardening; obduracy, hard-
ness of heart'.
Industrious, in-dus-tr^-us,rt. Diligent, laborious;
designed, done for the purpose.
Industriously, in-dus-tre-us-le, ad. Diligently,,
laboriously, assiduously ; for the set purpose, with de-
sign.
Industry, inidus-tre, s. Diligence, assiduity.
To Inebriate, iii-^-bre-ite, v. a. 91. To in.
toxicate, to make drunk.
Inebriation, in-^-br^-^-shun, $. Drunkenness,
intoxication.
INE
INF
n8r J67, n8t 163— tfibe 171, tub 173, bull 173--oil 299— pSund 313-^Ain 466, THia 469.
Inebriety, in-4-bri-^-t^, s. The same as
Ebriety ; Cruiikeiniess,
Ineffabihtv, in-ef-f4-bil-e-ti, »,
Unspeakableness.
Ineffable, in-ef^fi-bl, a. 405. Unrpeakabie.
•Ineffably, ?n-ef-fi-bl4, ad. In a manner not to
be expressed.
'Ineffective, 1n-?f-f§k^tiv, a. That can pro-
duce no effect. — See Effect.
Ineffectual, in-ef-fek-tshu-^1, a. Unable to
produce its proper effect, weak, without power.
Ineffectually, in-ef-fek-tshu-i-1^, ad.
Witlioiit effect.
lNEFFECTUALNESS,in-ef-fek-tslju-^l-nes,f. 463.
Inefiicacy, want of power to perform the proper effect.
Inefficacious, in-ef-fe-ka^skus, a. Unable to
produce effects, weak, feeble.
Inefficacy, in-ef-fe-ki-se, s. Want of power,
want of effect.
Inefficient, in-ef-feh-ent, a. Ineffectire.
Inelegance, iii-eKe-g^iise, \
Inelegacny, in-el-e-gA.-n-se, / '
Absence of beauty, want of elegance.
Inelegant, in-el-e-giiit, a. Not oecoming, not
beautiful, opposite to elegant ; m»an, despicable, con-
temptible.
Ineloquent, in-el^i-kwent, a. Not persuasive,
not oratorical.
Inept, lli-eptj a. Unfit, useless, trifling, foolish.
Ineptly, in-ept-le, ad. Triflingiy, foolishly,
unfitly.
Ineptitude, in-ep^t^-tude, *. Unfitness.
Inequality, m-^-kwal-i-ti, *. Difference of
. comparative quantity; uuevennesa, interchange of
higher aud lower parts ; disproportion to any office or
purpose, state of not being adequate, inadequateness ;
change of state; unlikeness of a thing to itself; dif-
ference of rank or station.
Inerrability, in-ei--r^-bilie-t^, s. Exemption
from errour.
Inerrable, in-er-nt-bl, a. 405. Exempt from
errour.
Inerrablenbss, in-erirS-bl-nes, s. Exemption
from errour.
IneRRABLY, in-erir4-bl^, ad. With security from
errour, infallibly.
InERRINGLY, in-eril^ng-l^, ad. Without errour.
Inert, in-ertj a. Dull, sluggish, motionless.
Inertly, in-ert-le, ad. sluggishly, dully.
Inescation, in-es-kA^shun, *. The act of laying
a bait in order to deceive.
Inestimable, in-es't^-mi-bl, a. Too valuable to
be latcd, transcending all price.
Inevident, in-evie-dent, a. Not plain, obscure.
Inevitability, in-ev4-ti-bili5-t^, s. Impossi-
bility to be avoided, certainty.
Inevitable, in-evi^-ti-bl, a. Unavoidable, not
to be escaped.
Inevitably, 1n-evi^-t4-bl^, ad. Without possi-
bility of escape.
Inexcusable, in-eks-k&^zi-bl, a. Not to be
excused, not to be palliated by apology.
Inexcusableness, in-eks-ku-zi-bl-nes, *.
• Enormity beyond forgiveness or palliation.
Inexcusably, lu-eks-ktfi-zi-bl^, ad. To a degree
of guilt or folly beyond excuse.
>nexhalable, in-eka-bA-li-bl, a. That cannot
evaporate.
Inexhausied, In-eks-hivvs-ted, a. Unemptied,
not possible to be emptied.
nexhaustible, in-eks-hawsk^-bl, a.
Nnt to be spent.
Inexistence, in-egz-i8^tense, s. Want of being,
' want of existence.
S-rq
Inexistent, in-egz-is'-tent, a, 478. Not having
being, not to be found in nature.
Inexorable, in-eksio-r^-bl, a. Not to be
entreated, i.ot to be moved by entreaty.
Inexpedience, in-eks-pe-dt-ense, "1
Inexpediency, in-eks-pi-d^-en-s^, J *'
Want of fitness, want of propriety, unsuitableness to
time or place.
Inexpedient, 1n-eks-p^id^-ent, a. 293. Incon-
venient, unfit, improper.
Inexperience, In-eks-p^^r^-lnse, s. Want of
experimental knowledge.
Inexperienced, in-eks-pi-ri-unst, a. Not ex-
perienced.
Inexpert, ?n-eks-p2rtj a. Unskilful, unskilled.
Inexpiable, in-eks-p^-;t-bl, a. Not to be atoned,
not to be mollified by atonement.
Inexpiably, in-eks-pe-A-ble, ad. To a degree
beyond atonement.
Inexplicable, in-eks-ple-k4-bl, a. Incapable ef
being explained.
Inexplicably, in-eks-pl^-ki-bl^, ad.
In a manner not to be explained.
Inexpressible, in-eks-presis^-bl, a. Not to be
told, not to be uttered, unutterable.
Inexpressibly, !n-eks-presis^-bl^, ad. To a de-
gree or in a manner not lu be uttered.
Inexpugnable, In-eks-puginJ-bl, a. Impreg-
nable, not to be taken by asjault, not to be subdued.
Inextinguishable, in-eks-ting^gwish-4-bl, a.
405. Unquenchable.
Inextricable, in-eks^tre-ki-bl, a. Not to b«
disentangled, not to be cleared.
Inextricably, in-eksitri-ki-bl^, ad. To a de-
gree of perplexity not to be disentangled.
To Ineye, in-ij v. n. To inoculate, to propagate
trees by the incision of a bud into a foreign stock.
Infallibility, \n'fk\-\h-h\\'-h-th,
Infallibleness, in-fAl-l^-bl-nes,
Inerrability, exemption from errour.
Infallible, in-filKle-bl, a. 405. Privileged
from errour, incapable of mistake.
Infallibly, in-f4lMi-bU^ ad. Without danger of
deceit, with security from errour, certainly.
To InFAME, Ill-fameJ v. a. To represent to dis-
advantage, to defame, to censure publickly.
Infamous, in-fi-mus, a. Publickly branded witii
guilt, openly censured.
Infamously, in^f4-mus-l^, ad. With open re-
proach, with publick notoriety of reproach ; shame-
fully, scandalously.
Infamousness, inif4-mus-nes, "
Infamy, in^ft-m^, 503.
Publick reproach j notoriety of bad character.
Infancy, in^f^n-s^, s. The first part of lifej first
age of any thing, beginning, original.
Infant, inifint, S. A child from the birth to thf
end of the seventh year; in law, a young person to the
age of one and twenty.
Infanta, in-f^n-ti, *. 92. A princess descended
from the royal blood of Spain or Portugal.
Infanticide, in-fAn'-t^-slde,*. 143. The slaughter
of the infants by Herod.
Infantile, in^fln-tlle, o. 145. Pertaining to aa
infant.
Infantine, fn'fin-tlne, a. 149. Suitable to an
infant.
Infantry, uiif^n-tre, a. The foot soldiers of a;i
army.
To Infatuate, in-f^tsh^i\-Ate, v. a. To strike
with folly; to deprive uf iinderstandiug.
Infatuation, in-l4tsh-u-a.-sliuD, s. The act of
striking with folly, deprivation of reason.
InFEASIBLE, lll-f^izi-bl, a. impracticable.
To Infect, lll-CektJ v. a. Va act upon by
5, J
■}'•
INF
INF
559. Fite 73, &r 77, fall 83, fit 81— mJ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, mSve 164,
contaeion, to affect with coinmunicated qualities, to
liuit by contagion; to fill with something hurtfuUy
contagious.
Infection, in-fek-shun, S. Contagion, mischief
by communication.
Infectious, in-fek^shus, a. Contagious, influen-
cing by communicated qualities.
Infectiously, in-fekishus-l^,'a</. Contagiously.
Infectiousness, in-fek^shus-nes, s. The quality
of being infectious, contagiousness.
Infective, in-fek'-tiv, a. Having the quality of
contagion.
Infecund, in-fek'-und, a. Unfruitful, infertile.
See Facurtd.
iNFECUNDiTy, in-fi-kunid5-t6, s. Want of
fertility.
Infelicity, in-fi-lis-s5-tl, *. UnhappJness,
misery, calamity.
To Infer, in-ferj v. a. To bring on, to induce ;
to draw conclusions from foregoing premises.
Inferable, in-fer-i-bl, a. To be inferred.
Inference, in-fer-ense, s. Conclu»ion drawn from
previous arguments.
InfERIBLE, in-fer-r^-bl, a. Deducible,from pre-
mised grounds.
Inferiority, in-ik-retT-hth, s. Lower state of
dignity or value.
Inferiour, iii-fi^re-ur, a. 314. Lower in place;
lower in station or rank of life ; lower in value or ex-
cellency; subordinate.— See Hon»ur.
Inferiour, in-fe-ie ur, *. One in a lower ranker
station than another.
Infernal, in-fer-nil, a. Hellish, Tartarean.
Infernal, in-fer-nil, S. One that comes from
hell i one exceedingly wicked.
Infernal stone, in.fei-iiil stone, s. The Uinar
caustick.
Infertile, in-fer'-til, a. 140. Unfruitful, not
productive.
Infertility, 1n-fer-til'-5-t6, s. Unfruitfulness.
To Infest, iu-fest| v. a. To harass, to disturb, to
plague.
InFESTIVITY, in-fes-tivtj-te, S. Moumfulness,
want of cheerfulness.
Infestreu, in-fc8-turd, a. Rankling, inveterate.
Properly Infestered.
Jnfeudation, in-fu-da^shun, s. Tlie act of
putting one in possession of a fee or estate.
ISFIUEL, In-fJ-del, s. An unbeliever, a miscreant,
a pagan, one who rejects Christianity.
Infidelity, in-f^-del'-e-tJ, s. Waat of faith ;
disbelief of Christianity ; treachery, deceit.
Infinite, in-fe-mt, a. 156. Unbounded, un-
limited, immense; it is hyperbolically used for targe,
Bteat.
Infinitely, in-f^-mt-le, ad. Without limits,
without bounds, immensely.
lNFINITENESS,in-f^-mt-neS, 5. Immensity, bound-
lesness. t i 2 i 4
Infinitesimal, in-fe-n6-tes'-s^-mai, a. infinitely
divided.
Infinitive, in-fin!^J-tiv, a. 157. Unconfined;
belonging to that mood of a verb which expresses the
action or being indeterminately.
Infinitude, in-fin-^-tude, *. Infinity, immensity;
boundless number.
jfcjFINITY, in-fin-4-t^, *. Immensity, boundles-
ness, unlimited qualities; endless number.
>JFmM, in-ferm| «. 108. Weak, feeble, disabled
of body; weak of mind, irresolute; not stable, not
solid.
Infirmary, in-fer'-mi-re, s. Lodgings for the sick.
Infirmity, in-fer'-me-t^, s. Weakness of sex,
age, or temper; failing, we.ikness, fault; disease, ma-
lady.
InfirMNESS, in-ferm-nes, s. Weakness, feobleneis,
280
To Infix, in-flksj v. a. To drive in, to fasten.
To Inflame, in-flAme{ v. a. To kindle, to set on
fire; to kindle desire; to exaggerate, to aggravate;
to heat the body morbidly witli obstructed matter; to
provoke, to irritate; to fire with passion.
To Inflame, in-flAmeJ v. n. To grow hot and
painful by obstructed matter.
Inflamer, in-fla-mur, s. The thing or person
that inflames.
Inflammability, in-flim-mi-bil-J-te, s. The
quality of catching fire.
Inflammable, in-flim-mi-bl, a. Easy to be set
on flame.
Inflammableness, in-flani-mi-bl-nes, s. The
quality of easily catching fire.
Inflammation, in-flim-mi'-shun, s. The act of
seltiKg on flame ; the state of being in flame ; the heat
of any morbid part occasioned by obstruction ; the act
of exciting fervour of mind.
Inflammatory, in-flim-ma-tur-e, a. Having
the power of inflaming.— For the o, see Domeslick, i\'i.
To Inflate, in-flAteJ v. a. To swell with wind ;
to fill with the breath.
Inflation, in-fli-shSn, s. The state of being
swelled with wind, flatulence.
To Inflect, in-flekt| v. a. To bend, to turn ; to
change or vary ; to vary a noun or verb in its termina-
tions.
Inflection, in-flek^shun, s. The act of bending
or turning; modulation of the voice; variation of a
noun or verb.
Inflective, in-flek-tiv, a. Having the power of
bending.
Inflexibility, in-fleks-e-biUe-te, 1 ^
Inflexibleness, in-fleks-e-bl-nes,/
Stiffness, quality of resisting flexure; obstinacy, tem-
per not to be bent, inexorable persistence.
Inflexible, in-fleks'-^-bl, a. 405. Not to be
bent; not to be prevailed on, immoveable; not to be
changed or altered.
Inflexibly, in-fleks'-J-bl5, ad. Inexorably,
invariably.
To Inflict, in-flikt,' v. a. To put in act or impose
as a punishment.
InfliCTER, in-fllk^tur, S. 98. He who puniehes.
Infliction, in-flik'-shun, s. The act of using
punishments; the punishment imposed.
Inflictive, in-flik'-tiv, a. 156. That is laid on
as a punishment.
Influence, in^flu-ense, s. Power of the celestial
aspects operating upon terrestrial bodies and affairs;
ascendant power, power of directing or modifymg.
To Influence, in-flu-ense, v. a. To act upon
with directive or impulsive power, to modify to any
purpose.
Influent, in'-flu-ent, a. Flowing in.
Influential, in-flu-en'-shil, a. Exerting in-
fliience or power.
Influx, in-fluks, S. Act of flowing into any thing j
infusion.
To Infold, in-fSldJ v. a. To involve, to inwrap.
To Infoliate, in-fo'-l^-ite, v. a. 91. To cover
with leaves.
To Inform, in-formj v. a. To animate, to
actuate by vital powers ; to instruct, to supply with
new knowledge, to acquaint; to offer an accusation to
a magistrate.
To Inform, in-form{ v. n. To give intelligence.
Informant, ill-fSrimitnt, S. One who gives in-
formation or instruction; one who exhibits an accu.
sation.
Information, in-for-ma-sbun, s. Intelligence
given, instruction; charge or accusation exhibited;
the act of informing or accusing. ,
Informer, in-form'-ur, s. 98. One who give*
intelligence; one who discovers offenders to the br.
gistrates,
INC
nor 167, n6t 163— tibe 171, tu'o 172, buU 17
Informidable, in-for-me-di-bl, a. Not to be
feared, not to be dreaded.
InfoRMITY, in-for-me-ti, « Shapelessness.
Informous, in-forimus, a. 51 4. shapeless, of no
regular figure.
To Infract, in-fr^kt,' v. a. To break.
Infraction, In-fr^k-shun, s. The act of breaking,
breach, violation.
Infrangible, in-fr^n-je-bl, a. Not to be broken.
NFREQUENCY, in-fre-kwen-se, S, Uncommonness,
rarity.
Infrequent, in-fre-kwent, a. Rare, uncommon.
See Frequent.
To Infrigidate, In-frid-je-date, v. a. To chill,
to make cold.
To Infringe, in-fnnjej v. a. To violate, to break
laws or contracts ; to destroy, to hinder.
Infringement, in-fririje-ment, s.
Breach, violation.
Infringer, la-fnnje-ur, s. 98. A breaker,
a violator.
Infuriate, in-fu-r^-Ate, a. 91. Enraged, raging.
Infuscation, in-fus-kd-shun, s. The act of
darkening or blackening.
To Infuse, in-fuzej v, a. To pour in, to instil ;
to pour into the mind, to inspire into ; to steep in any
liquor with a gentle heat ; to tincture, to saturate with
any thing infused ; to inspire with.
Infusible, in-fu-z^-bl, a. 439. Possible to be
infused; incapable of dissolution, not fusible.
Infusion, in-fu-zhun, s. The act of pouring in,
instillation; the act of pouring into the mind, inspi-
ration ; the act of steeping any thing in moisture
without boiling ; the liquor made by infusion.
InFUSIVE, in-fu^SlV, a. 158. 428. Having the
power of infusion or being infused.
iNGATHERING, in-g^TH-ur-lIlg, *. The act of
gathering in the harvest.
To Ingeminate, in-jem'm5-nite, v. a. 91.
To double, to repeat.
Ingemination, in-jem-m^-nA-shun, s.
Repetition, reduplication.
Ingenderer, in-jen-dur-ur, *. He tliat generates.
See Engender,
Ingenerable, in-jen'-J-ri-bl, a. Not to be pro-
duced or brought into being.
Ingenerate, in-jen^e-rate, 91. \
Ingenerated, in-jen-^-ri-ted, /
Inborn, innate, inbred; unbegotten.
Ingenious, in-jMne-us, a. Witty, inventive,
possessed of genius.
Ingeniously, in-je-nJ-us-li, ad.
Wittily, subtilely.
Ingeniousness, la-je-nJ-us-nes, s. Wittiness
subtilty.
IngeNITE, in-jen-it, a. 140. Innate, inborn,
ingenerate.
Ingenuity, in-jl-nu-i-te, *. Wit, invention,
genius, subtilty, acuteness, craft.
Ingenuous, in-jen-nu-us, a. Open, fair, candid,
generous, noble ; freeborn, not of servile extraction.
Ingenuously, in-jen-uus-1^, ad. Openly, fairly,
candidly, generously.
Ingenuousness, In-jen^nu-us-nes, s. Openness,
fairness, candour.
Ingestion, in-jes^tshun, s. 464. The act of
throwing into tlie stomach.
Inglorious, in-gl6^rWis, a. Void of honour,
mean, without glory.
Ingloriously, in-glo-re-us-l5, ad.
With ignominy.
Ingot, lll-gSt, *. 166. A mass of metal.
To Ingraff, in-gr^f| v. a. To propagate trees by
inoculation.
To Ingrajt, in-gr^ftj v, a. To propagate trees
281
INH
il 299— pound 313— f/tin 466, xais 469^
by grafting; to plant the sprig of one tree in the stock
of another ; to plant any thing not native ; to nx deep,
to settle.— See To Graff mi Graft.
Ingraftment, in-gr4ft-ment, s. ^The act of
ingrafting ; the sprig ingrafted.
Ingrate, in-gratej "l
Ingratfj'UL, in-grate^ful,/
Ungrateful, unthankful ; unpleasing to the sense.
To Ingratiate, in-gra^she-ite, v. a, 461.
To put In favour, to recommend to kindness.
Ingratitude, in-gr^t-te-tude, s. Retribution of
evil for good, unthankfulness.
Ingredient, in-greyent, *. 294. Component
part of a body consisting of different materials.
Ingress, in-gres, *. 408. Entrance, power of
entrance.
IngreSSION, in-gresh-un, S. The act of entering.
Inguinal, ing-gw4-n^l, a. Belonging to the groin.
To Ingulf, in-gulfj V, a. To swallow up in a vast
profundity ; to cast into a gulf.
To Ingurgitate, in-gur-j^-tdte, v, a.
To swallow.
lNGURGiTATiON,iii-gur-j^-ta-shun, s. The act of
swallowing.
Ingustable, in-gus-ti-bl, a. Not perceptible by
the taste.
Inhabile, in-hib^il, or m-&-hkkl', a. Unskilful,
unready, unfit, unqualified.
C3- Dr. Johnson and Mr. Sheridan have, in my opi-
nion, very properly accented this word on the second
syllable; "but the French accentuation on the last seems
the most current. For though the origin of this word is
the Latin inhabilis, it came to us through the French in-
habile, and does not seem yet to be naturalized.
To Inhabit, in-h^biit, v, a. To dwell in, to hold
as a dweller.
To Inhabit, in-hlb^it, v, n. To dwell, to live.
Inhabitable, in-hibi^-t^-bl, a. Capable of
affording habitation; incapable of inhabitants, not
habitable, uninhabitable. In this last sense not now
used.
Inhabitance, in-li4b-it-^nse, s. Residence of
dwellers.
Inhabitant, in-bib^it-tSnt, s. Dweller, one
that lives or resides in a place.
Inhabitation, in-bJb-^-tA-sbun, s. Habitation,
place of dwelling; the act of inhabiting, or planting
with dwellings, state of being inhabited; quantity of
inhabitants.
InhabiTER, in-hib-lt-ur, S, 98. One that in-
habits, a dweller.
To Inhale, in-hale{ v, a. To draw in with air, to
inspire.
Inharmonious, in-har-mo-nJ-us, a. Unmusical,
not sweet of sound.
To Inhere, in-here{ v. n. To exist in something
else.
Inherent, in-be-rent, a. Existing in something
else, so as to be inseparable from it, innate, inborn.
To Inherit, in-her-nt, v. a. To receive or possess
by inheritance; to possess, to obtain possession of.
Inheritable, in-her'rit-^-bl, a. Transmissible
by inheritance, obtainable by succession.
Inheritance, in-heririt-Anse, s. Patrimony,
hereditary possession; in Shakespeare, possession; the
reception of possession by hereditary right.
Inheritor, iii-her-nt-ur, s. 169. An heir, one
who receives any thing by accession.
Inheritress, in-heKnt-res, ")
Inheritrix, in-her-nt-triks, / '
To InherSE, in-liersej v. a. To enclose in a fu-
neral monument.
Inhesion, in-he-zbun, s. 451. Inherance, the
state of existing in something else.
To Inhibit, in-hib-it, v. a. To restrain, to hinder,
to repress, to check ; to prohibit, to forbid.
Inhibition, in-h^-bish-un, s. Prohibition, cm-
An heiress.
INI
INN
659. F^te T3, far 77, fall 83, ftt 81— m^ 93, m't 95— pine 105, pin 107— Xii 162, mSve 164,
' >r. a.
bargo; in law, inhibition is a writ to inliibit or forbid
a judge from fartlier proceeding in tliecause depending
before him.
7^ InHoLD, in-hold{ v. a. To have inlierent, to
contain in itself.
Inhospitable, in-hSs-pe-t^-bl, 'a. Affording no
kindness or entertainment to strangers.
Inhospitably, in-h6s-pe-ta-bl^, ad. Unkindly
to strangers.
Inhospitableness, in-h6sip^-t^-bl-nes, 1
Inhospitality, in-hSs-pe-t^l-e-t^, /
Want of hospitality, want of Courtesy to strangers.
Inhuman, in-hu-min, a. 88. Barbarous, savage,
crael, uncompassionate.
Inhumanity, in-hu-mln'^-te, s. Cruelty, savage-
ness, barbarity.
Inhumanly, !n-hiim^n-l^, ad. Savagely, cruelly,
barbarously.
To Inhumate, m-huimite,
To Inhume, in-hume{
To bury, to inter.
To Inject, in-jektj v. a. To throw in, to dart in.
Injection, in-jek-shun, s. The act of casting in;
any medicine made to be injected by a syringe, or any
other instrument, into any part of the body ; the act
of filling the vessels with wax, or any other proper
tnatter, to show their shapes and ramifications.
Inimical, in-im-e-k^l, or in-e-ml-kil, a.
Hostile, contrary, repugnant.
8j- This word sprung up in the House of Commons
about ten years ago, and has since been so much in use
as to make us wonder how we did so long without it. It
liad, indeed, one great recommendation, which was,
that it was pronounced in direct opposition to the rules
Ofourown language. An Englishman, wlio had never
heard it pronounced, would, at first sight, have placed the
accent on the antepenultimate, and have pronounced the
penultimate » short; but the vanity of sliowing its de-
rivation from the Latin inimicus, where the penultimate
! is long; and the very oddity of pronouncing this i long
in inimical made this pronunciatiun fashionable. I know
it may be urged, that tliis w«rd. with respect to sound,
was as great an oddity in the Latin language as it is in
ours; and that the reason for making the i long was its
derivation from amicus. It will be said too, that, in other
words, such as aromaticus, tyrannicus, rhetoricus, &c. the
i was only terminational ; but in inimicus it was radical,
and therefore entitled to the quantity of its original
amiats. In answer to this, it may be observed, that this
wai no reason for placing the accent on that syllable in
Latin. In that language, whenever the penuitimate syl-
lable was long, whether radical or terminational, it had
always the accent on it. Thus the numerous termina-
tions in alis and ator, by liaving the penultimate a long,
had always the accent on that letter, while the i in the
terminations tit's and itas seldom had the accent, because
that vowel was generally short. But allowing for a mo-
ment that we ought servilely to follow the Latin accent
and quantity in words which we derive from that lan-
guage ; this rule, at least, ought to be restricted to such
words as have preserved their Latin form, as orator, sena-
tor, character, &c. yet in these words we find the Latin
penultimate accent entirely neglected, and the English
ante-penultimate adopted. But if this Latin accent and
quantity should extend to words from the Latin that are
anglicised, then we ought to pronounce divinity, de-vine-
e-ty; severity, se-vfre-e-ty ; and urbanity, ur-bane-e-ty.
In short, the whole language would be metamorphosed,
ftnd we should neither pronounce English nor Latin, but
a Babylonish dialect between both.
Inimitability, in-im-e-t^-bil-l-tJ, S. Incapacity
to be imitated.
Inimitable, !n-im^^-ti-bl, a. 405. Above
imitation, not to be copied. ^
Inimitably, in-im-^-ti-ble, ad. In a manner
not to be imitated, to a degree of excellence above
imitation.
To Injoin, ?n-joinJ v. a. To command, to enforce
by authority.— See Enjoin; in Shakespeare, to join.
Iniquitous, in-ik-kwe-tus, a. Unjust, wicked.
Iniquity, in-ik^kwe-te, *, Injustice, unreason-
ableness ; wickedness, crime. '
Initial, in-msh-al, a. 461. Placed at the begin-
ing; incipient) not complete.
S32
To Initiate, in-ishi^-^te, v. a. To enter, to
instruct in the rudiments of an art.
To Initiate, in-ish-e-Ate, v. n. To do the first
part, to perform the first rite.
Initiate, in-isb^e-ite, a. 91. Unpractised.
Initiation, in-?sh-^-Aishun, s. The act of entering
a new comer into any art or state.
Injucundity, in-ju-kun-de-te, s. Unpleasantness,
Injudicable, in-jii-de-k^-bl, a. Not cognizable
by a judge.
Injudicial, in-ju-dish^il, a. Not according it,
form of law.
Injudicious, in-jiVdish^us, a. \'o\<\ of judg
ment, without judgment.
Injudiciously, in-ju-disb-us-1^, ad. with ill
judgment, not wisely.
Injunction, in-jung^k-sbun, s. Command, order,
precept; in law, injunction is an interlocutory decree
out of the chancery.
yolNJURE, in-jur, V. a. To hurt unjustly, to mis
chief undeservedly, to wrong ; to annoy, to affect with
any inconvenience.
Injurer, inySr-ur, *. 98. He that hurts anothet
unjustly.
Injurious, in-ju-r^ US, a. 314. Unjust, invasive
of another's right; guilty of wrong or injury; mis-
chievous, unjustly hurtful > detracloiy, contumelious,
reproachful.
Injuriously, in-ju-re-us-le, ad. Wrongfully,
hurtfully, with injustice.
InJURIOUSNESS, in-jU-r^-U9-neS, S. Quality oi
being injurious.
Injury, in-ji-r^, S, Hurt without justice, mischief,
detriment; annoyance; contumelious language, re-
proachful appellation.
Injustice, in-jus^tls, s. 142. iniquity, wrong.
Ink, ingk, S. 408. The black liquor with whicH
men write; ink is used for any liquor with which they
write, as red ink, green ink.
To Ink, in«^k, v. a. To black or daub with ink.
InkhORN, inffk-horn, *. A portable case for the
instruments of writing, commonly made of horn.
Inkle, ing^kl, S. 405. A kind of narrow fillet,
a tape.
Inkling, ingk-hng, *. Hint, whispei, iutimatioia'
Inkmaker, ingk-mi-kur, 5. He who makes inki
Inky, ingk-e, a. Consisting of ink ; resembling
ink ; black as ink.
Inland, in-l^nd, a. 88. Interiour, lying remote
from the sea.
Inland, in-l^nd, s. Interiour or midland parts.
Inlander, inMUn-dur, *. 98. Dweller remote
from the sea.
To Inlapidate, in-l^p-e-dite, v. a. To make
stony, to turn to stone.
To Inlaw, in-la.w{ v. a. To clear of outlawry or
attainder.
To Inlay, in-laj v. a. To diversify with different
bodies inserted into the ground or substratum ; t^
make variety by being inserted into bodies, to va-
riegate.
Inlay, in-lA, S. 492. 498. Matter inlaid, wood
formed to inlay.
Inlet, in-let, *. Passage, place of ingress, entrance.
Inly, in-le, a. Interiour, internal, secret.
Inmate, in-mite, *. Inmates are those that are
admitted to dwell for their moiieyjointly with another
man.
Inmost, in-mist, a. Deepest within, remotest
from the surface.
In.N, in, S. A house of entertainment for travdleis,
a house where students are bnardcd and lan^hi.
To Inn, in, v. n. To take up temporary lodging.
To Inn, in, v. a. To house, to put ur.der cover.
INO INS
n8r 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tftb 172, bull 173— Sil299— poand3l3— Min466, thIs 469.
Innate, in-nlte{ 91.")
Innated, in-ni'-ted, J
Inborn, ingenerate, natural, not superadded, not ad-
scititious.
Innateness, in-nite-nes, s. The quality of being
innate.
Innavigable, in-n^viv5-gi-bl, a. Not to be
passed by sailing.
Inner, minur, a. 98. Interiour, not outward.
Innermost, in-nur-most, a. Remotest from the
outward part.
Innholder, in-hil-dur, *. a man wUo keeps an
inn.
Innings, in-mngz, a. 410. Lands recovered from
the sea.
Innkeeper, in-keep-ur, s. One who keeps
lodgings and provisions for entertainment of travellers.
Innocence, in-ni-sense.
'1^
Innocency, inino-sen-se
Purity from injurious action, untainted integrity ;
freedom from guilt imputed; barmlessness, innuxious-
ness; simplicity of heart, perhaps with some degree
of weakness.
Innocent, inin5-sent, a. Pure from mischief;
free from any particular guilt j unhurtful, harmless in
effects.
Innocent, in-no-sent, s. One free from guilt o»
harm; a natural, an idiot.
Innocently, in-n&-sent-le, ad. Without guilt ;
with simplicity, with silliness or imprudence ; without
hurt.
Innocuous, in-n6k-ku-us, a. Harmless in effects.
Innocuously, in-n4k-ki-us-le, ad. Without
mischievous effects.
"Innocuousness, ia-n6k-ki-us-nes, s.
Harmlessness.
7'o Innovate, in-n6-vate, f. a. 91. To bring in
something not known before ; to change by introdu-
cing novelties.
Innovation, m-n6-vi^shun, s. Change by the
introduction of novelty.
Innovator, in^n^-vLtur, s. 166, 521. An in-
troducer of novelties; one that makes changes by in-
troducing novelties.
Innoxious, in-nftk-shus, a. Free from mischievoua
effects ; pure from crimes.
Innoxiously, in-nok^sbus-1^, ad. Harmlessly.
Innoxiousness, in-nSk-shus-nes, s.
Harmlessness.
Innuendo, in-ni-ln-dA, s. An oblique hint.
Innumeradle, in-nu^mur-i-bl, a. Not to be
counted for multitude.
Innumerably, in-nuimur-lt-bll, tid. Without
number.
Innumerous, ininu-mur-us, a. 557. Too many
to be counted.
To Inoculate, in-Sk-ki-lite, v. a. To propagate
any plant by inserting its bud into another stock, to
practise inoculation ; to yield a bud to another stock.
Inoculation, in-&k-ku-liishun, s. Inoculation
is practised upon all sorts of stone fruit, and upon
oranges and jasmines; the practice of transplanting
the small-pox, by infusion of the matter from ripened
pustules into the veins of the uninfected.
Inoculator, in-6kiku-U-tur, *. 521. One that
practises the inoculation of trees ; one who propagates
th'' small-pox by inoculation.
Inodorous, in-i^dur-us, a. 314. Wanting scent,
not affecting the nose.
Inoffensive, in-Sf-fen^siv, a. 158. Giving no
scandal, giving no provocation ; giving no pain, caus-
ing noterrour; harmless, innocent.— See Offensive.
Inoffensively, in-Sf-fen^siv-U, ad. Without
appearance of harm, without harm.
Inoffensiveness, in-Sf-fen^stv-nes, s.
Harmlessness.
Inofficious, Jn-ftf-fish'-Ss, a. 357. Not civil,
233
not attentive to the accommodation of others.— Sec
Officious.
Inopinate, in-8p-e-n4te, a. 91. Not expected.
Inopportune, in-Sp-pSr-tuneJ a. Unseasonable,
inconvenient.
lNORDINACY,!n-ortd^-nl-S^, J. 168. Irregularity,
disorder.
Inordinate, in-oi-id^-nate, a. 91. Irregular,
disorderly, deviating from right.
Inordinately, in-or^de-nate-1^, ad. Irregularly,
not rightly.
Inordinateness, in-oride-nate-nes, *. Want
of regularity, intemperance of any kind.
Inordination, in-or-d^niishun, s. Irregularity,
deviation from right.
Inorganical, in-or-g4n-^-kil, a. Void of organs
or instrumental parts.
To Inosculate, in-Ss^ku-late, v. n. To unite
by apposition or contact.
Inosculation, in-Ss-ku-la^shun, s. Cnion by
conjunction of the extremities.
Inquest, in'kwest, S. 408. Judicial inquiry- or
examination ; a jury who are summoned to inquire
into any matter, and give in their opinion upon oath ;
inquiry, search, study.
Inquietude, in-kwi-e-tude, *. Uisturbed state,
want of quiet, attack on the quiet.
To Inquinate, ing-kwe-nate, v. a. To pollute,
10 corrupt.
Inquination, ing-kwe-ni-shun, *. Corruption,
pollution.
Inquirable, in-kwUri-bl, a. That of which in-
quisition or inquest may be made.
To Inquire, in-kwlre{ v. n. To ask questionsj
to make search, to exert curiosity on any occasion; to
make examination.
03" Mr. Nates very justly observes, that in this word
and all its derivatives, Dr. Johnson has preferred the
Latin etymology innxiiro to the French enqiterir, con-!
trary to what he has done with respect to etUirci and
that if we allow entire, e)i9«zre should remain.
To Inquire, in-kwirej v. a. To ask about, to
see<k out, as. He inquired the way.
Inquirer, in-kwt-rur,*. 98. Searcher, examiner,
one curious and inquisitive ; one who interrogates,
one who questions.
Inquiry, in-kwl-l4, s. Interrogation, search by
question ; examination, search.
Inquisition,; In-kw^-zish-un, *. 410. Judicial
inquiry ; examination, discussion ; in law, a manner of
proceeding in matters criminal, by the office of the
judge; the court established in some countries for
the detection of heresy.
Inquisitive, in-kwiz^^-tiv, a. Curious, busy in
search, active to pry into any thing.
Inquisitively, ?n-kwizize-tiv-l^, ad. With
curiosity, with narrow scrutiny.
Inquisitiveness, in-kwiz-z^-ttv-nes, s.
Curiosity, diligence to pry into things hidden.
Inquisitor, fn-kwiziz^-tur, s. 166. One who
examines judicially ; an office in the courts of inquisi-
tion.
To InrAIL, in-rile{ v. a. To enclose with rails.
Inroad, in-rode, s. incursion, sudden and desultory
invasion.
Insanable, in-sin-i-bl, a. Incurable, irremediable.
See Sanable.
Insane, in-sine{ a. Mad; making mad.
Insanity, in-sln-^-t^, s. The state of being
insane; madness.
Insatiable, in-sa-sh5-4-bl, a. Greedy beyond
measure, greedy so as not to be satisfied.
Insatiableness, lU-sAish^-A-bl-nes, s. Greedi-
ness not to be appeased.
Insatiably, in-sA^shi-i-bl^, ad. With greediness
not to be appeased.
Insatiate, in-sAishe-ite, a. 91. 542. Greedy,,
so as not to be satisfied.
INS
INS
559. Fdte73, far 77, fall 83, Mt8I— m^QS, met 35— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
894. Sly, circumventive, diligent to entrap, trea*
cherous.
Insidiously, in-sitKe-us-le, ad. in a sly and
treacherous manner, with malicious artifice.
Insight, in-slte, S. inspection, deepview, knowledge
of the interiour parts.
Insignificance, in-sig-mf-fe-kanse, ")
Insignificancy, in-sig-nif-fe-k^n-se, J *'
Want of meaning, unmeaning terms; unimportance.
Insignificant, in-sig-mf^fe-k^nt, a. Wanting
meaning, void of signification; unimportant, wanting
weight, ineffectual.
Insignificantly, in-sig-mf^fe-kSnt-l^, ad.
Without meaning ; without importance or effect.
Insincere, in-sin-s^rej a. Not what he appears,
not hearty, dissembling, unfaithful; not sound, cor-
rupted.
Insincerity, in-sin-seri^-tJ, s. Dissimulation,
want of trutli or fidelity.
To Insinew, in-sin-nu, v, a. To strengthen, to
confirm.
IvsiNUANT, in-sin^ni-^nt, a. Having the power
to gain favour.
To Insinuate, in-s!n^ni-Ate, v. a. To introduce
any thing gently ; to push gently into favour or regard,
commonly with the reciprocal pronoun; to hint, to
impart indirectly ; to instil, to infuse gently.
To Insinuate, in-sin^nia-ite, v. n. To wheedle,
to gain on the affections by gentle degrees ; to steal
into imperceptibly ; to be conveyed insensibly; to in-
fold, to wreath, to wind.
Insinuation, in-sin-nu-^ishun, s. The power of
pleasing, or stealing upon tlie affections.
Insinuative, in-sin-nu-d-tiv, a. stealing on the
affections.
Insinuator, in-sminu-i-tur, 5. 166. 521.
He that insinuates.
Insipid, in-Sip-pul, a. Without taste; without
spirit, without pathos; flat, dull, heavy.
Insipidity, in-se-pid-e-t^,
Insipidness, in-sip^pid-nes
Want of taste ; want of life or spirit.
Insaturable, in-sitsh-u-rJ-bl, a. 461. Not
to be glutted, not to be filled.
To Inscribe, in-sknbej v. a. To write on any
thing; it is generally applied to something written on
a monument ; to mark any thing with writing ; to as-
sign to a patron without a formal dedication ; to draw
a figure within another.
Inscription, in-sknp-shun, s. Something written
or engraved; title; consignment of a book to a patron
without a formal dedication.
Inscrutable, in-skru^ti-bl, a. Unsearchable,
not to be traced out by inquiry or study.
To InSCULP, in-skulp{ v. a. To engrave, to cut.
Insculpture, in-skulp-tshure, s. 461.
Any thing engraved.
To Inseam, in-seme{ v. a. To impress or mark by
a seam or cicatrix.
Insect, m-sekt, S. Insects are so called from
a separation in the middle of their bodies, whereby
they are cut into two parts, which arc joined together
by a small ligature, as we see in wasps and common
flies ; any thing small or contemptible.
Insectator, in-sek-tA-tur, s. 166. One that
persecutes or harasses with pursuit.
Jnsectile, in-sek-til, «. 140. Having the nature
of insects.
Insectologer, in-sek-tSl-S-ji'r, s. 518. One
who studies or describes insects.
Insecure, in-se-kure( a. Not secure, not con-
fident of safety; not safe.
Insecurity, in-se-ku-re-t^, s. Uncertainty, want
of reasonable confidence j want of safety, danger,
hazard.
Insemination, in-sem-me-ni-shuii, s. The act
of scattering seed on ground.
Insensate, in-sen-sAte, a. 91. stupid, wanting
thought, wanting sensibility.
Insensibility, in-sen-si-biKe-te, s. Inability to
perceive ; stupidity, dulness of mental perception ;
torpor, dulness of corporeal sense.
Insensible, in-sen^se-bl, a. 405. Imperceptible,
not discoverable by the senses ; slowly gradual ; void
of feeling, either mental or corporeal ; void of emotion
or affection. "* •
Insensibleness, in-sen-se-bl-nes, s. Absence of
perception, inability to perceive.
Insensibly, in-sen-se-ble, ad. Imperceptibly, in
such a manner as is not discovered by the senses ; by
slow degrees; without mental or corporeal sense.
Insentient, in-sen-sh^-ent, a. Not having per-
ception.
Inseparability, in-sep-pir-^-bil^^-ti^, 1
Inseparableness, in-sep-p.^r-4-bl-nes, /
The quality of being such as cannot be severed or di-
vided.
Inseparable, in-sep-p^r-fl-bl, a. Not to be
disjoined, united so as not to be parted.
Inseparably, in-!ep-p^r-^-bl4, ad. With indis-
soluble union.
To Insert, in-sert{ v. a. To place in or among
other things.
Insertion, in-ser-sbun, s. The act of placing
anything in or among other matter; the thing in-
serted.
Inserve, m-servj v. a. To bo of use to an end.
Inservient, in-ser-vi-ent, a. Conducive, of use
to an end.
To Inshell, in-shel{ v, a. To hide in t sliell.
To Insuip, in-shlpj v. a. To shut in a ship,
to stow, to embark.
To Inshrine, in-shrinej v. a. To enclose in
a shrine or precious case.
Inside, in-slde, S. interiour part, part witliin.
Insidiator, la-sid-i-A'tur, s, 166. One who
lies in wait.
Insidious, In-sid-5-us, or in-sid'-ji-us, a, 293,
284
}'
Insipidly, in-sip-pid-le, ad. Without taste, dully.
Insipience, in-Sip-e-ense, S. Folly, want of un-
derstanding.
To Insist, in-sistj v. n. To star.d oi rest upon ;
not to recede from terras or assertions, to persist in;
to dwell upon in discourse.
Insistent, in-sis-teiit, a. Resting upon anything.
Insisture, jn-sis-tshijre, s. 461. This word
seems in Shakespeare to signify constancy or regula-
rity.
InsitieNCY, in-Sish-e-en-se, S. Exemption from
.thirst; applied to a camel, that can travel long over
dry deserts without drinking.
InSITION, in-Sisb-un, *. The insertion or ingraft.
merit of one branch into another. — See Transition.
To InsNARE, in-sn^ie| v. a. To entrap, to catch
in a trap, gin, or snare; to inveigle; to entangle in
difficulties or perplexities.
Insnarer, in-sni-rur, s. 98. He that ensnares.
Insobriety, in-s6-bn-^-t^, s. Drunkenness, want
of sobriety.
Insociable, in-s6-sbe-^-bl, a. 405. Averse from
conversation ; incapable of connexion or union.
T'o Insolate, in-so-late, w. «. 91. To dry in the
sun, to expose to the action of the sun.
Insolation, in-si-la'shun, s. Exposition to the
sun.
Insolence, in-s5-l2nse,
Insolency, in-so-len-se.
Pride exerted in contemptuous and overhearing treat-
ment of others ; petulant contempt.
Insolent, in-s6-lent, a. Contemptuous of others,
haughty, overbearing.
Insolently, in-si-lent-lJ, ad. With contempt
of others, liaugluily, rudely.
INS
nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, 'ub 172, bull '
InSOLVABLE, in-S&l-v^-bl, a. Such as admits of
no solution, or explication } that cannot be paid.— See
Solvable.
Insoluble, in-s8l-lu-bl, a. 405. Not to be
dissolved or separated.
Insolvency, in-s6l-ven-sl, s. Inability to pay
debts.
Insolvent, in-s8l-vent, a. Unable to pay.
Insomuch, in-so-mutsb{ conj. 352. So that, to
such a degree that.
To Inspect, in-spektj v. a. To look into jy way
of examination.
Inspection, in-spek-sbun, S. Prying examina-
tion, narrow and close survey; superintendence, pre-
siding care.
Inspector, in-spek-tur, s. 166. A prying ex-
aminer; a superintendent.
Inspersion, in-sper-sbun, s. A sprinkling.
To InspherE, in-sfJreJ v. a. To place in an orb
or sphere.
Inspirable, in-spKri-bl, a. That may be drawn
drawn in with the breath.
Inspiration, in-sp^-ri-sbun, s. The act of
drawing in the breath ; the act of breathing into any
thing ; infusion of ideas into the mind by a superiour
power.
To Inspire, in-splrej v. n. To draw in the breath.
7b Inspire, in-spIreJ v. a. To breathe into, to
infuse into the mind; to animate by supernatural in-
fusion ; to draw in with the breath,
InspireR, in-spi-rur, S. 98. He that inspires.
To Inspirit, in-spir-it, v. a. To animate, to
actuate, to fill with life and vigour.— See Spirit.
To Inspi.<^^sate, in-spis-sate, v, a. To thicken,
to make thick.
Inspissation, in-spis-si-shun, s. The act of
making any liquid thick.
Instability, in-sti-bil-e-te, *. Inconstancy,
fickleness, mutabiliTy of opinion or conduct.
Instable, in-StA.-bl, a. 405. Inconstant, changing.
To Install, in-stalU v, a, 84. 406. To advance
to any rank or office, by placing in the seat or stall
proper to that condition.
Installation, in-stil-li-sbun, s. The act of
giving visible possession of a rank or office, by placing
in the proper seat.
Instalment, in-stal-ment, s. The act of install-
ing; the seat in which one is installed; payments
made at different times.
Instance, in-st^nse, "I
Instancy, In-stJn-s^, J
Importunity, urgency, solicitation ; motive, influence,
pressing argument ; prosecution or process of a suit ;
example, document.
To Instance, iii-stSnse, v. n. To give or offer
an example.
Instant, in-Stint, a. Pressing, urgent; im-
mediate, without any time intervening, present ; quick,
without delay.
Instant, in-stUnt, S. Instant i» such a part of
duration wherein we perceive no succession ; the pre-
sent or current month.
Instantaneous, in-stin-t^in^-us, a. Done in
an instant, acting at once without any perceptible suc-
cession.
Instantaneously, in-st^n-ti-ne-us-le, ad.
In an indivisible point of time.
Instantly, in-st^nt-le, ad. Immediately, without
any perceptible intervention of time ; with urgent im-
portunity.
To Instate, in-stkej v. a. 91. To place in
a certain rank or condition ; to invest. Obsolete.
inSTAURATION, in-Staw-ri-shun, S, Restoration,
reparation, renewal.
»NSTEAD, in-Sted| pj'ep. 234. In room of, in
place of; equal to.
C^ A corrupt pronunciation of this word prevails
285
INS
rs— Oil 299— pSund 313— <;an46e, THis 460.
chiefly in the capital, as if it were written instid. "TMt
is not only a departure from the true sound of the diph-
thong, which is never pronounced like i short, but it it
losing its relation to the substantive stead and the adjec-
tives steady, steadfast, &c.
To Insteep, in-st^Jp5 v. a. To soak, to macerate
in moisture ; to lay under water.
Insteep, in-Step, *. The upper part of the foot
where it joins to the leg.
To Instigate, in-st^-g^te, v. a. To urge to ill,
to provoke or incite to a crime.
Instigation, in-st4-gi-sbun, s, incitement to
a crime, encouragement, impulse to ill.
Instigator, in-st4-ga-tur,*. 521. Inciter to ill.
7h Instil, in-stilj v. a. To infuse by drops; to
insinuate any thing imperceptibly into the mind, to
infuse.
Instillation, in-stil-la^shun, s. The act of
pouring in by drops; the act of infusing slowly into
the mind ; the thing infused.
Instinct, in-stingkt{ a. Moved, animated.
Instinct, in^stingkt, *. 494. The power whicli
determines the will of brutes; a desire or aversion in
the mind not determined by reason or deliberation.
Instinctive, in-stingk-tiv, a. Acting without
the application or choice of reason.
Instinctively, in-stingk-tiv-1^, ad. By instinct,
by the call of nature.
To Institute, iii^ste-tute, v. a. To fix, to
establish, to appoint, to enact, to settle; to educate,
to instruct, to form by instruction.
Institute, in-Ste-tute, s. Established law, settled
order; precept, maxim, prirtciple.
Institution, in-st^-tu-shun, s. Act of establish-
ing ; establishment, settlement ; positive law ; educa-
tion.
Institutionary, in-stJ-tu^sbi'in-^r-J, a. 512.
Elemental, containing the first doctrines or principles
of doctrine.
Institutor, in-st^-tu-tur, *. 166. 521.
An establisher, one who settles ; instructer, educator.
Institutist, in-ste-tu-tist, s. Writer of in-
stitutes, or elemental instructions.
To Instop, ?n-stfip{ v. a. To close up, to stop.
To Instruct, in-strukt{ v. a. To teach, to form
by precept, to inform authoritatively ; to model, to
form.
Instructer, in-struk'tur, s. 98, A teacher, »n
institmor.
Insttiuction, in-struk-sbun, s. The act of
teaching, information ; precepts conveying knowledge;
authoritative information, mandate.
Instructive, in-struk-tiv, a. 157. Conveying
knowledge.
Instrument, in-stri-ment, s. A tool used for
any work or purpose ; a frame constructed so as to
yield harmonious sounds; a writing containing »ny
contract or order; the agent or mean of anything;
one who acts only to serve the purposes of another.
Instrumental, in-stru-men-t^l, a. Conducive
as means to some end, organical ; acting to some end,
contributing to some purpose, helpful ; consisting not
of voices but instruments; produced by instruments,
not vocal.
Instrumentality, in-stru-men-taKe-te, s.
Subordinate agency, agency of any thing as means to
an end.
Instrumentally, in-stru-men-tai-e, ad.
In the nature of an instrument, as means to an end.
Instrumentalness, in-stiu-men-ti\l-nes, s.
Usefulness as means to an end.
Insufferable, in-suPfur-^-bl, a. Intolerable,
insupportable, intense beyond endurance ; detestable,
contemptible.
Insufferably, in-suf^fur-4-bl5, ad. Toa degr««
beyond endurance.
Insufficience, in-suf-fisb-ense, "J
Insufficiency, in-suf-fisb^en-s5, j _'
Inadequateness to any end or puroose.
INT
INT
559. Fke73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, m?t95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164
Insufficient, in-su-fish-ent, a. Inadequate to
any need, use, or purpose, wanting abilities.
Insufficiently, in-suf-fish'-ent-l^, ad. with
want of proper ability.
Insufflation, in-suf-fl4^shun, *. The act of
breathing upon.
Insular, in-shu-lSr, 461. \
Insulary, in-shfi-l^r-5, /
Belonging to an island.
Insulated, in-shi-U-tedj a. Not contiguous on
any side.
InsulSE, in-sulsej a. Dull, Insipid, heavy.
Insult, m-sult, s. 492. The act of leaping upon
any thing; act of insolence or contempt.
To Insult, in-sultj v. a. To treat with insolence
or contempt ; to trample upon, to triumph over.
Insulter, ?n-sult-ur, s. 98. One who treats
another with insolent triumph.
Insultingly, in-sult-ing-1^, ad. with con-
temptuous triumph,
Insuperability, in-su-per-i-b!l-i-ti, *.
The quality of being invincible.
Insuperable, in-SU-per-l-bl, a. Invincible, in-
surmountable.
(tJ- This word is frequently, but very incorrectly, pro-
nounced as if written itishuperable. The « is never aspi-
rated when the accent is on the succeeding vowel, but in
Hire, sugar, and their compounds. — See Principles,
No. 454, 455. 462.— See Superable.
InsuperaBleness, in-su-per-i-bl-nes, *. Invin-
cibleness, impossibility to be surmounted.
Insuperably, in-su-per-J-bl6, ad. Invincibly,
insurmountably.
Insupportable, in-sup-por-tl-bl, a. Intolerable,
insufferable, not to be endured.
Insupportableness, in-sup-p6r4l-bl-nes, s.
Insulferableness, the state of being beyond endurance.
Insupportably, in-sup-p6rit^-bl4, ad. Beyond
endurance.
Insurmountable, in-s5r-mSun-t4-bl, a. 405.
Insuperable, not to he got over.
Insurmountably, in-sfir-moun-ta-bll, ad.
Invincibly, unconquerably.
Insurrection, in-sur-rek-shun, s. A seditious
rising, a rebellious commotion.
Insusurration, in-su-sur-ri-shun, s. The act of
of whispering into something.
IntACTIBLE, in-t4k-tJ-bl, a, 405. Not per-
ceptible to the touch.
Intaglio, m-t^l-yo, s. 388. Any thing that has
figures engraved on it.
InTASTABLE, in-tas-ti-bl, a. Not raising any
sensation in the organs of taste.
Integer, in-t^-jur, s. 98. The whole of any
thing.
Integral, in^t^-gril, a. Whole; applied to
a thing, considered as comprising all its constituent
parts; uninjured, complete, not defective, not frac-
tional, not broken into fractions.
Integral, inU^-grSl, s, 503. The whole made
up of parts.
Integrant, in-t^-gritnt, a. Necessary for making
up an integer.
Integrity, in-teg-gr^-t^, .v. Honesty, uncorrupt-
.'ness; purity, genuine unadulterate state ; intireness.
Integument, in-teg-gi-ment, s. Any thing
that covers or envelops another.
Intellect, ?n-tel-lekt, S, The intelligent mind,
the power of understanding.
Intellection, in-tel-lek^shun, s. The act of
understanding.
Intellective, in-tel-lek-tiv, a. Having power
to understand.
iNTELLiicTUAL, 1n-t?l-leki^tshu-il, a. 461.
Relating to the understanding, belonging to the mind,
transacted by the understanding; perceived by the in-
tellect, not the senses; having the power of andef't
standing.
Intellectual, in-tel-lek^tshu-^l, *. Intellect,
understanding, mental ix>wers or faculties.
Intelligence, in-teKle-jense,
Intelligency, in-tel-le-jen-se,
Commerce of information, notice, mutual communi;
cation ; commerce of acquaintance, terms on whicS
men live one with another; spirit, unbodied mind;
understanding, skill.
Intelligencer, in-teKl^-jen-sur, s. 98. One
wl<o sends or conveys news, one who gives notice ot
private or distant transactions.
Intelligent, in-tel-le-jent, a. Knowing, in-
structed, skilful; giving information.
Intelligential, in-tel-l^-jen-sbll, a.
Consisting of unbodied mind; intellectual, exercising
understanding.
Intelligibility, in-tel-le-j^-bil-l-tl, s.
Possibility to be understood.
Intelligible, in-tel-le-je-bl,a. To be conceived
by the understanding.
Intelligibleness, in-tel-le-j^-bl-nes, *.
Possibility to be understood, perspicuity.
Intelligibly, in-tel-le-je-ble, ad. So as to be
understood, clearly, plainly.
Intemerate, in-tem^er-^te, a. 91. Undefiled,
unpolluted.
Intemperament, in-tem-per-i-ment, *.
Bad constitution.
Intemperance, in-tem-per-inse, \
Intemperancy, in-tem^pHr-i\n-se, J
Want of temperance, want of moderation, excess in
meat or drink.
Intemperate, in-tem-per-^te, ct. 91. Immoderate
in appetite, excessive in meat or drink; passionate,
ungovernable, without rule.
Intemperately, in-tem-per-ite-le, ad. With
breach of the laws of temperance ; immoderately, ex-
cessively.
Intemperateness, in-tem-per-ite-nis, s.
Want of moderation.
Intemperature, in-teiniper-l.-tAre, s.
Excess of some quality.
To Intend, in-tendj v. a. To mean, to design,
Intendant, in-ten-dint, S. An officer of the
highest class, who oversees any particular allotment of
the publick business.
Intendment, in-tend-ment, s. intention, design.
To Intfnerate, in-ten^ner-ite, v. a. 554.
To make tender, to soften.
Inteneration, in-ten-uer-a-shun, s. The act of
softening or making tender.
Intenible, in-ten-e-bl, a. 405. That cannot
hold.
(G> Dr. Johnson has given this word from Shakespeare,
who formed it as if derived from the Latin : but as that
language has no nearer relation to it than teneo, it must
be derived from the French tenable, and therefore cannot
have been compounded of in and temble, as Dr. Johnson
tells us, because there is no such word. It ought, there-
fore, to be written Intertable,
Intense, in-tensej a. Raised to a liigh degree,
strained, forced; vehement, ardent; kept on the
stretch, anxiously attentive.
Intensely, in-tlnse^le, ad. To a great degree.
IntenseNESS, in-tense-nes, S. The state of being
affected to a high degree, contrariety to laxity or re-
mission.
Intension, in-ten^shun, *. The act of forcing or
straining any thing.
Intensity, in-ten'-se-te, s. Intenseness.
Intensive, in-ten-siv, a. 428^ stretched or
increased with respect to itself; intent, full of care.
Intensively, in-ten-siv-1^, ad. To a great degree.
Intent, in-tent{ a. Anxiotisly diligent, fixed with
close application.
INT
INT
nor 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 6il 299— pound 3\3—thin 466, this 469.
Intent, in-tent{ S. A design, a purpose, a drift,
meaning.
Intention, in-ten-shun, s. Detign, purpose) the
state of being intense or strained.
Intentional, m-tenishSn-il, a. 88. Designed,
done by design.
Intentionally, in-tenishun-il-i, ad. By design,
with tixed choice ; in will, if not in action.
Intentive, in-ten^tiv, a. 157. Diligently applied,
bnsily attentive.
IntENTIVELY, !n-ten-t!v-ll, ad. With application,
closely.
Intently, in-tent-ll, ad. With close attention,
with close application, with eager desire.
Intentness, in-tent^nes, s. The state of l>eing
intent, anxious application.
T'o Inter, tn-ter{ v. a. To cover under ground, to
bury.
Intercalar, in-ter^ki-lir, \
Intercalary, ^n-ter-kil-i-re, /
Inserted out of the common order, to preserve the
equation of time, as the twenty-ninth of February in
a leap year is an Intercalary day.
(tv" AH our orthoepists agree in placing the accent on
the second syllable of intercalar and intercalate ; and
Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash, Mr. Perry, Buchanan, Barclay,
and Eniick, place it on the same syllable in intercalary;
but Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston, and Bailey, on the tl-.ird.
This latter pronunciation is certainly more agreeable to
the ear ; and as it is derived from the Latin intercalaris,
a word of the same number of syllables with the penul-
timate long, it should seem we ought tc> place the accent
on the same syllable in the English word, 509, but as our
language absolutely forbids us to lay the stress on the a
in this termination, 512, I see no reason why we should
not place it on the preceding syllable, especially as the
termination is not enclitical, 513, and therefore does not
require the accent on the conjunctive part of the w,ord,
(see Academy). The accent oh the third syllable, there-
fore, as it clashes with no analogy, and is so much more
agreeable to the ear, ought, in my opinion, to be adopted.
To Intercalate, in-teriki-late, v. a.
To insert an extraordinary day.
lNTERCALATiON,in-ter-k^-la-shun, *. Insertion
of days out of the ordinary reckoning.
To Intercede, in-ter-s4Mj v. n. To pass
between ; to mediate, to act between two parties,
Interceder, in-ter-sJMdur, s. 98. One that
intercedes, a mediator.
To Intercept, !n-ter-septj v. a. To stop and
seize in the way ; to obstruct, to cut off, to stop from
being communicated.
Interception, in-tSr-sep-shun, s. Obstruction,
seizure by the way.
Intercession, in-ter-seshiun, s. Mediation,
interposition, agency between two parties, agency in
the cause of another.
Intercessour, in-ter-ses-sur, S. Mediator, agent
between two parties to procure reconciliation. — See Ho-
nour.
To Interchain, in-ter-tshine{ v. a. To chain,
to link together.
To iNTERCHANfiE, in-ter-tshAnjeJ v. a. To put
each in the place of the other; to succeed alternately.
lNTERCHANGE,in!-ter-tsllAnje, *. 493. Commerce,
permutation of commodities; alternate succession;
mutual donation and reception.
Interchangeable, in-ter-tshan^j^-bl, a. 405.
Capable of being interchanged ; given and taken mu-
tually ; following each other in alternate succession.
Interchangeably, in-ter-tshin^ji-bl^, ad.
Alternately, in a manner whereby each gives and re-
ceives.
Interchangement, in-ter-tshinje-ment, s.
Exchange, mutual transference.
Intercipient, in-ter-sip-^-ent, s. An intercepting
power, something that causes a stoppage.
JntercisiON. in-ter-sizh-un, *. Interruption,
To Interci.ude, in-ter-klijdej v. n. To shut
from a place or course by something intervening.
287
Interclusion, !n-ter-kluizhun, s, Obstmction,
interception.
lNTERcoLUMNiATiON,in-ter-k6-lum-n^-{lish3n,
s. The space between the pillars.
To Intercommon, in-ter-kSm^mun, v. n.
To feed at the same table.
Intercommunity, in-ter-kSm-mA^n^-te, *.
A mutual communication or community.
Intercostal, in-ter-kfts^t^l, a. Placed between
the ribs.
Intercourse, in-ter-korse, s. Commerce, ex-
change; communication.
Intercurrence, in-ter-kurirense, s. Passage
between.
Intercurrent, in-ter-kur-rent, a. Running
between.
InterDEAL, in-ter-delej S. Traffick, intercourse.
To Interdict, in-ter-dikt{ v. a. To forbid, to
prohibit; to prohibit from the enjoyment of com-
munion with the church.
Interdict, in-ter-dikt, *. 493. Prohibition,
prohibiting decree; a papal prohibition to the clergy
to celebrate the holy oftices.
Interdiction, in-ter-dikishun, s. Prohibition,
forbidding decree ; curse, from the papal interdict.
Interdictory, in-ter-dikitur-e, a, 512.
Belonging to an interdiction. — For the o, see Domestick.
To Interest, iii^ter-est, v. a. To concern, to
affect, to give share in.
Interest, in-ter-est, S. Concern, advantage,
good ; influence over others; share, part in any thing,
participation ; regard to private profit ; money paid
for use, usury; any surplus of advantage.
To Interfere, in-ter-f^rej v. a. To interpose,
to intermeddle; to clash, to oppose each other.
Interference, m-ter-fJ-rense, s. An interposing,
an intermeddling.
(R" There is a perfectly new pronunciation of this
word, by placing the accent on the second syllable, which
from its singularity, bids fair for a reception among the
minor criticks in pronunciation, especially when there
are at first sight a few plausible analogies in its favour.
Why, these criticks will say, should we not pronounce
this word with the accent on the antepenultimate syl-
lable, as well as co7i/erence, deference, preference, inference,
and circumference, which it is evident are not formed from
our verbs to confer, defer, &c. but from the Latin corife-
rens, deferens, &c. ? It may be answered, that as there is
no Latin verb interfere, there is not the same reason for
accenting this word on the antepenultimate syllable, as
there is for the other words : and therefore forming in-
terference from our own verb to interfere, seems preferable
to the forming of a mongrel Latin word, merely to avoid
a formative of our own ; especially when we have so
many words in a similar termination deriving their ac-
cent from the verb; as defiance, from defy; reliance, from
rely; assurance, from assure. Sec. and even in this termj-
nat4on condolence, from condole; and why not interference
from interfere? En tick's is the only Dictionary in which
I liave found this very common and useful word ; but as
Dr. Johnson has not got it, this omission in other Dic-
tionaries is easily accounted for.
Interfluent, in-ter^flu-ent, a. 518. Fio'-ms;
between.
Interfulgent, in-ter-ful-jent, a.
Shining between.
Interfused, in-ter-fuzd{ a, 359. Poured or
scattered between.
Interjacency, 111 er-jaisen-se, s. The act or
state of lying between; the thing lying between.
Interjacent, in-tei-^-sent, a. Intervening,
lying between.
Interjection, in-ter-jek-shun, *. A part of
speech that discovers the mind to be seized or affected
with some passion, such as are in English, Oh ! alas !
ah! intervention, interposition; act of something
coming between.
Interim, in-ter-im, s. 554. Mean time, intervs-
ning time.
To Interjoin, lu-ter-joinj v. n. To jom mutualljj
to intertnarry.
INT
INT
559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fk 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 1 05, pin 107- ni 162, move 164^
Interiour, in-te-re-ur, a. internal, inner, not
outward, not superficial.
Interknowledge, in-ter-nSKledje, s. Mutual
knowledge.
Tu Interlace, in-ter-lisej v. a. To intermix,
to put one thing within another.
Interlapse, in-ter-llpse{ s. The flow of time
between any two events.
To Interlard, in-ter-lardj v. a. To mix meat
with bacon or fat ; to interpose, to insert between j to
diversify by mixture.
To Interleave, in-ter-leve{ v. a. To chequer
a book by the insertion of blank leaves.
To Interline, in-ter-linej v. a. To write in
alternate lines; to correct by something written be-
tween the lines.
Interlineation, in-ter-lin-l-A-shun, s.
Correction made by writing between the lines.
To Interlink, in-ter-lingkj v. a. To connect
chains one to another, to join one in another.
Interlocution, in-ter-lo-ku-shun, s. Dialogue,
interchange of speech ; preparatory proceeding in law.
Interlocutor, in-ter-l6kiku-tur, s. 518.
Dialogist, one that talks with another.
03- So great is the tendency of our language to the en-
clitical accent, that this word, tliough perfectly Latin,
and having the penultimate u long, has not been able to
preserve the accent on that syllable. Mr. Nares is the
only orthoepist wlio places tlie accent on u; Mr. Sheridan,
Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry,
Mr. Barclay, and Entick, accent the antepenultimate
cyllable. I prefer Mr. Kares's accentuation. — See Pro-
locutor.
Interlocutory, in-ter-l&k^ki-tur-l, a. 512.
Consisting of dialogue; preparatory to decision.
(Kr- For the last o, see Domestick.
To Interlope, in-ter-l6pe{ v. n. To run between
parties and intercept the advantage that one should
gain from the otlier.
Interloper, in-ter-l6^pur, s. 98. One who
runs into business to which he has no right.
Interlucent, m-ter-lu-sent, a. Shining between.
Interlude, in-ter-lude, s. Something played at
the intervals of festivity, a farce.
IntkrlUENCV, in-ter-lu^en-s5, S. Water inter-
posited, interposition of a flood.
Interlunar, in-ter-lu^ni
Interlunary, in-ter
Belonging to the time when the moon, about to change,
is invisible.
Intermarriage, in-ter-m^riridje, s. 90. 274.
Marriage between two families, where each takes one
and gives another.
To Intermarry, in-ter-mSr^rl, v. n. To marry
some of each family with the other.
To Intermeddle, in-terimed-dl, v, n. To in-
terpose officiously.
Inter meddler, in-ter-medidl-ur, s. One that
interposes officiously.
Intermediacy, in-ter-me-dl-i-se, or in-ter-
me-je-a-se, S, 294. Interposition, intervention.
Intermedial, in-ter-ml-de-il, or in-ter-me^
je-al, a. 294. Intervening, lying between, inter-
venient.
Intermediate, in-ter-me-dl-ite, «. Interven-
ing, interposed. — See Immediate.
Intermediately, in-ter-me-dl-ate.ll, ad. 376.
By way of intervention. — See Immediate.
Interment, iii-ter-ment, s. Burial, sepulture.
Iniermigration, in-ter-me-grA^shun, *. Act
of removing from one place to another, so as that of
two parties removing, each takes the place of the other.
Interminable, in-ter-ml-ni-bl, a. Immense,
admitting no boundary.
Interminate, in-ter^mi-nite, a. 91.
Unbounded, unlimited.
Intermination, in-ter-mi-ni-shun, *.
Menace, threat.
S88
-lfiin4r, ' "J ^
Ir-lta-nir-l, J
To Intermingle, in-ter-mingigfl, v. a.
To mingle, to mix some things among others.
To Intermingle, in-ter-ming-gl, v. n. To b«
mixed or incorporated.
Intermission, in-ter-mish-un, *. Cessation for
a time, pause, intermediate stop; intervenient time
state of being intermitted ; the space between tlie
paroxysms of a fever.
Intermissive, in-ter-mis-siv, a. 158. Coming
by fits, not continual.
To Intermit, in-ter-mit,' v. a. To forbear any
thing for a time, to interrupt.
To Intermit, in-ter-mit,' v. n. To grow mild
between the fits or paroxysms.
Intermittent, in-ter-mit-tent, a. Coming by
fits.
To Intermix, in-ter-miksj v. a. To mingle, to
join, to put some things among others.
To Intermix, in-ter-miks{ v. n. To be mingled
together.
Intermixture, in-ter-miks^tshure, s. 461.
Mass formed by mingling bodies ; something additional
mingled in a mass.
Intermundane, in-ter-mun^dane, a. Subsisting
between worlds, or between orb and orb.
Intermural, in-ter-mu-rAl, a. Lying between
walls.
Intermutual, in-ter-mu'tshu-4l, a. Mutual,
interchanged.
Intern, m-ternj a. Inward, intestine, not foreign.
Internal, in-ter-nil, a, inward, not external 5
intnnsick, not depending on external accidents, real.
Internally, in-ter-n4l-^, ad. Inwardly; mentally,
intellectually.
Internecine, in-ter-ne^slne, a. 149.
Endeavouring mutual destruction.
Internecion, in-ter-ne-shun, s.
Massacre, slaughter.
Internuncio, in-ter-nun-she-6, *. Messenger
between two parties.
Interpellation, in-ter.pel-la-shi\n, s.
A summons, a call upon.
T**) Interpolate, in-ter^p6.1ate, v. a. 91.
To foist any thing into a place to which it does not be-
long; to renew, to begin again.
Interpolation, in-ter-po-la'-shun, s. Something
added or put into the original matter.
Interpolator, in-ter-pi-lA-tur, s. 521. One
that foists in counterfeit passages.
Interposal, in-ter-po-zal, *. Interposition,
agency between two persons ; intervention.
To Interpose, in-ter-pozej v. a. To thrust in as
an obstruction, interruption, or inconvenience; to
. otTcr as a succour or relief ; to place between, to make
intervenient.
To Interpose, in-ter-p6zej v. n. To mediate, to
act between two parties ; to put in by way of interrup-
tion.
Interposer, in-ter-pu-zur, *. 98. One that
comes between others ; an intervenient agent, a me-
diator.
Interposition, in-ter-po-zish-un, s.
Intervenient agency; mediation, agency between par-
ties; intervention, state of being placa;! between two;
any thing interposed.
To Interpret, in-ter-pret, v. a. To explain, to
translate, to decipher, to give a solution.
Interpretable, in-ter-pre-ti-bl, a. Capable o\
being expounded.
Interpretation, in-ter-pre-ta-shun, *.
Tlie act of interpreting, explanation ; tlie sense given
by any interpreter, exposition.
Interpretative, in-ter-prl-ti-tiv, a. 513.
Collected by interpretation.
Interpretatively, in-ter-prl-ti-tiv-ll, ad.
512. As may be collected by interpretation.
Interpreter, in-te-r^pre-tur, s. An expositor,
an expounder} a translator.
INT INT
nur 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 173, bull 173— 8il 299— pound 313— //tin 466, this 469.
Interpunction, in-ter-pungk-sliun, s. Pointing
between words or sentences.
Interregnum, in-ter-reg-num, s. The time in
wliicli a throne is vacant between tlie deatli of one
prince and accession of another.
Interreign, in-ter-rane5 s. Vacancyof the throne.
To Interrogate, in-ter-ro-gate, v, a.
To examine, to question.
To Interrogate, in-ter^ri-gate, v. n. To ask,
to put questions.
Interrogation, in-tei'-ro-ga-shun, 5. A question
put, an inquiry, a note that marl;s a question, thus, (?).
Interrogative, in-ter-r5g-g^-tiv, a. Denoting
a question, expressed in a questionary form of words.
Interrogative, in-ter-rog-g3.-tiv, s. 512.
A pronoun used in asking questions, as, who? what?
Interrogatively, in-ter-rog-gi-tiv-1^, ad.
In form of a question.
Interrogator, iii-ter-ro-ga-tur, 5. 521.
An asker of questions.
Interrogatory, in-ter-r6g-gi-tur-e, s. 512.
A question, an inquiry.— For the last o, see Vomestick,
Interrogatory, in-ter-r8g^gi-tur-^, «. 557.
Containing a question, expressing a question.
To Interrupt, in-ter-iupt{ v. a. To hinder the
process of any thing by breaking in upon it ; to hinder
one from proceediiic;, by interposition ; to divide, to
separate.
Interruptedly, in-ter-rup-ted-l6, ad. Not in
continuity ; not witl»)ut stoppages.
Interrupter, in-ter-rupt-ur, s. 98.
He wlio interrupts.
Interruption, in-ter-rfip-shun, s. Interposition,
breach of continuity ; hiuderance, stop, obstruction.
Interscapular, in-ter-sk4p'pu-l^r, a. Placed
between the slioulders.
To Interscind, in-ter-sindj v. a. To cut off by
interruption.
To Interscribe, in-ter-skrlbe{ v. a. To write
tietwcen.
Intersecant, in-tSr-se-kSnt, a. Dividing any
tiling into parts.
To Intersect, in-ter-sekt,' v. a. To cut, to
divide each otlier mutually.
To Intersect, i!i-ter-sekt| v. n. To meet and
cross cacli other.
Intersection, iii-ter-st-k-shun, s. The point
where lines cross each other.
7b Intersert, in-ter-sertj v. a. To put in
between other things.
Intersertion, in-ter-ser-shun, s. An insertion,
or thing inserted between any things.
7b Intersperse, in-ter-sperse{ v. a. To scatter
a'jre and there among other things.
Interspersion, in-ter-spei^shun, s. The act of
scattering here and there.
Interstellar, in-tei-stel-h^r, a. Intervening
between the stars.
Interstice, iii-ter-stis, or In-ter-stis, s. Space
between one llwng and anotlier.
qo- Mr. Shcriilau, Dr. Kenritk, Mr. Nares, Buchanan,
W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Barclay, place the
accent on the second syllable of this word ; and Dr. John-
son, Dr. Ash, Mr. Scott, Bailey, and Entick, on the first.
I do not hesitate a moment to pronounce this the better
accentuation : for as this woVil must be derived from the
noun hiterstilium, and not from the verb intersto, the
rule so often mentioned, of changing the secondary accent
of the Latin word, when shortened into the principal ac-
cent of the English word, must take place here — See
/Icademy and Incomparable.
It is not easy to conjecture wliat could be the reason
that this majority of orthodpists should be found on the
lide of tlie penultimate pronunciation of this word. It
certain that the greater part do but copy from former
Dictionaries; but when an uncouth and uncommon pro-
nunciation is adopted, it is generally for some learned
■.ason Irorn the dead languages, which the common in-
tp^ctor is utterly incaiuible of conceiving. In the pre-
tiiil insLincc, however, there is not tlie sludow of a
2iiO
reason, frem the original Latin, that we should place the
accent on the second syllable of interstice, which would
not oblige us to lay the stress on the same syllable of tn-
terfere, intervene, intercourse, interval, superjliix, &c.
Interstitial, in-ter-stish-il, a. Containing
interstices.
Intertexture, in-ter-teks-tsliure, s. Diversifi.
catian of things mingled or woven one among another.
To Intertwine, in-ter-twlnej 1
2 9 1 I f V, eta
To Intertwist, in-ter-twist; J
To unite by twisting one in another.
Interval, in-ter-v3.1, s. Spaces between places,
interstice ; time passing between two assignable
points, remission of delirium or distemper.
6:3- Dr. Kenrick, of all our orthoepists, is the only one
who accents this word on the second syllable.
To Intervene, in-ter-vene,' v. n. To come
between things or persons.
Intervenient, in-ter-v^-ne-ent, a. Intercedent,
passing between.
Intervention, in-ter-ven-shun, s. Agency
between persons ; agency between antecedents and
consecutives ; interposition, the state of being inter-
posed.
To Intervert, in-ter-vert{ v. a. To turn to
another course.
Interview, in-ter-vu, s. Mutual sight, sight of
each other.
7b Intervolve, in-ter-vilv{ v. a. To involve
one within another.
To Interweave, in-ter-wevej t'.«. Pret. Fnter-
wove. Part. pass. Interwoven, Intericove, or Iiilcrvieaved.
To mix one with another in a regular texture, to inter-
mingle.
Intestable, in-tes-ti-bl, a. Disqualified to make
awill.
Intestate, in-tes-tate, a. 91. Wanting a will
dying without a will.
Intestinal, in-tes-te-n^l, a. 88. Belonging to
the guts.
^ry- This word is sometimes pronounced with the accent
on the third sylliible with the t long, because the i in the
Latin intcstiuum is long ; but Dr. Johnson makes it more
properly a formative of our own from intestine; and even
ifwewereto allow this adjective to be derived imme-
diately from the Latin substantive of the same number
of syllables, we may see in Principles, No. 503, h, how
many exceptions there are to this rule, and how probable
it is that this word is one.
Intestine, in-tes-tm, a. 140. Internal, inward;
contained in the body ; domeslick, not foreign.
Intestines, in-tes-t'inz, s. The guts, the bowels.
7b Inthral, uW/trawll v. a. 406.
to shackle, to reduce to servitude.
Intiiralment, in-f/aawl-ment, s
slavery.
7b Inthrone, iu-</tr6ne| v. a.
royalty, to seat on a throne.
Intimacy, in-te-nia-S^, s. Close familiarity.
Intimate, in-te-niat, a, 91- inmost, inward,
intestine; familiar, closely acquainted.
Intimate, in-te-niAt, *. A familiar friend, one
who is trusted with our thoughts.
7b Intimate, in'-te-mate, v. a. 91. To hint, to
point out indirectly, or not very plainly.
Intimately, in-te-mate-le, ad. Closely, with
intermixture of parts ; familiarly, with close friend-
ship.
Intimation, in-te-ma-shun, s. Hint, obscure or
indirect declaration or direction.
7b Intimidate, in-tim-e-date, v. a. To make
fearful, to dastaidize, to make cowardly.
InTIRE, lU-t5re{rt. Whole, undiminished, unbroken.
InTIRENESS, in-tlre-neS, s. Wholeness, integrity.
Into, in'to, prep. Noting entrance with regard to
place ; noting penetration beyond the outside ; noting
a new state to which any thing is brougM by the
agency of a cnuse.
u
To enslave.
Servitude,
To raise to
INT
INT
K> 559. Flte73, f^r??, fill 83, fSt 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, p!n 107— nA 162, move 164,
Intrinsecate, 1n-trinisi--kate, a. Perplexed.
Obsolett.
IntrinSICK, in-trinMk, a. Inward, internal, real,
true; not depending on accident, fixed in tlie nature
of the thing.
To Introduce, in-tri-dusej v. a. 376. To con-
duct or ushev into a place, or to a person ; to bring
someihing into notice or practice; to produce, to give
occasion ; to bring into writing or discourse by proper
preparatives.
Introducer, in-tro-du-sur, s. One who conducts
another to a place or person ; any one who brings any
thing into practice or notice.
Introduction, iii-tri-duk-shun, s. The act of
conducting or ushering to any place or person ; the act
of bringing any new thing into notice or practice; the
preface, or part of a book containing previous matter.
IntRODUCTIVE, in-tio-dukitiv, a. Serving as the
means to introduce something else.
Introductory, in-trA-duk-tur-e, a. 512.
Previous, serving as a means to someihing farther.
Introgression, in-tro-gresh-un, s. Entrance,
the act of entering.
Intromission, m-tri-mish-un, s. The act of
sending in.
To Intromit, in-tro-mit( v. a. To send in, to
let in, to admit, to allow to enter.
Intolerable, in-tSl-ler-i-bl, a. Insufferable,
not to be endured ; bad beyond sufferance.
Intolerableness, in-tiKler-4-bl-nes, s. 554,
555. Quality of a thing not to be endured.
Intolerably, in-tSl-ler-4-bll, ad. To a degree
beyond endurance.
Intolerant, in-tftKler-Jnt, a. Not enduring, not
able to endure.
Intolerance, !n-t6Uer-inse, s. Want of tolera-
tion.
7h InTOMB, in-toomj v'. a. 347. To enclose in
a funeral monument, to bury.
Intonation, in-to-naishun, s. Manner of sound-
ing.
To Intone, ill-t6nej v. n. To make a slow pro-
tracted noise.
To Intort, in-t5rt{ v. a. To twist, to wreath, to
wring.
To Intoxicate, in-tSks-l-kite, v. a. To in-
ebriate, to make drunk.
Intoxication, in-tftks4-kiishun, s. inebria-
tion, the act of making drunk, the state of being
drunk.
Intractable, in-tr^k^ttl-bl, a. Ungovernable,
stubborn, obstinate, unmanageable, furious.
Intractableness, in-trik^t^-bl-nes, s.
Obstinacy, perverseness.
Intractably, m-trik'-ti-ble, ad. Unmanage-
ably, stubbornly.
Intranquillity, in-trltn-kwil-i-ti, s. Unquiet-
ness, want of rest.
Intransmutable, in-tnlns-mii^ti-bl, a. 405.
Unchangeable to any other substance.
To Intreasure, in-trezb-ure, v. a. To lay up
as in a treasury.
7b Intrench, in-trensbj v. o. To invade, to
encroach, to cut off part of what belongs to another;
to break witli hollows ; to fortify with a trench.
Intrenchant, in-trensh^Ant, a. Not to be
divided, not to be wounded, indivisible.
Intrenchment, in-trensh-ment, *. Fortification
with a trench.
Intrepid, in-trep^id, a. Fearless, daring, bold.
Brave.
Intrepidity, in-tr^-pid'-e-t^, s. Feariesness,
cournge, boldness.
Intrepidly, in-trep'-id-l4, ad. Fearlesiy, boldly,
daringly.
Intricacy, initr^-ki-sJ, s. state of being
entangled, perplexity, involution.
Intricate, in^tr^-kAte, a. 91. Entangled, per-
plexed, involved, complicated, obscure.
To Intricate, iii^tr^-kAte, v. a. 91. To perplex,
to darken. Not in use.
Intricately, iii-tre-kate-1^, ad. With involution
of one in another, with perplexity.
Intricateness, initre-kate-nes, *. Perplexity,
involution, obscurity.
Intrigue, in-tree^J s. il2. 337. A plot,
a private transaction in which many parlies are en-
gaged; a love plot; intricacy, complication ; the com-
plication or perplexity of a fable or poem.
To Intrigue, in-tr^^g( v. n. 560. To form plots,
to carry on private designs } to carry on an affair of
love.
Intriguer, in-treeg-ur, s. 98. One who busies
himself in private transactions, one who forms plots,
one who pursues women.
Intriguingly, in-tre%-itig-lJ, ad. With
intrigue, with secret plotting.
Jntrinsecal, in-tnn-se-k^l, a. Internal, solid,
natural, not accidental.
(t^ This word, derived from the Latin inlrinsecus,
Dr. Johnson tells us, is now, contrary to etymology,
generally written mtrinsical.
INTRINSECALIY, in-trin'-se-k^l-e, ad. InternaJly,
naturally, leally; within, at the iusidCi
To Introspect, in-tro-spektj v. a. To take
a view of the inside.
Introspection, in-tri-spek^sbun, s. A view of
the inside. ,
Introvenient, in-tr6-ve^ne-ent, a. Entering,
coming in.
Tb Introvert, in-tr6-vert( t>.«. To turn inwards.
0:5' This word is not in any Dictionary I have seen,
but from its real utility ought to be in all of them. It is
peculiaily expressive of that act of the mind which turns
our thoughts upon ourselves; and is so happily exem-
plified by Hannah More, in her Strictures on Female
Education, as at once to show the beauty of the thought
and the propriety of the expression. Speaking of that
exquisite sensibility which some females plead as a reason
for shunning that distress, in the removing of which it
shoul'd be exerted, she says, "That exquisite sense of
feeling which God implanted in the heart as a stimulus to
quicken us in relieving the miseries of others, is thus in-
troverted, and learns to consider self as not the agent,
but the object of compassion. Tenderness is made an
excuse for being hard-hearted; and instead of drying the
weeping eyes of others, this false delicacy reserves its
own selfish tears, for the more elegant and less expensive
sorrows of the melting novel, or the pathetick tragedy."
Vol. II. p. 123.
To Intrude, in-troSd,' v. n. 176. To come in
unwelcome by a kind of violence, to enter without in-
vitation or permission; to encroach, to force In un-
called or unpermitted.
To Intrude, in-trood{ v. a. 339. To force
without right or welcome.
Intruder, iii-troo-dur, s. 98. One who forces
himself into company or affairs without right.
Intrusion, in-troS-zhSn, *. The act of thrusting
or forcing any thing or person into any place or state ;
encroachment upon any person or place ; voluntary and
uncalled undertaking of any thing.
Intrusive, in-troo-siv, a. Intruding, coming
into company without invitation.
(t?- This word has not found its way into any of our
Dictionaries, except Scott's and Entick's ; but for its le-
gitimacy and utility, the publick ear will be a sufficienf
warrant, without any authority to exemplify it.
To Intrust, in-trustj v. a. To treat with con-
fidence, to charge with any secret.
Intuition, in-tA-ish-un, *. sight of any thing,
immediate knowledge; knowledge not obtained by de>
duction of reason.
Intuitive, in-tu-e-tiv, a. Seen by the mind inv
mediately; seeing, not barely believing; having thi
power of discovering truth immediately without ratio
cination.
Intuitively, iii-tu^e-tiv-l^, ad. Without Ueduc
tion of reason, by immediate perce;)tion.
INV
INV
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 3\3—thm 466, mis 469.
s. 510.
Intumescence, in-tu-mes-sense, "l
Intumescency, in-tu-mes^sen-s^, /
Swell, tumour.
/nturgescence, in-tur-jes-sense, s. 510.
Swelling, the act or state of swelling.
To Intwine, in-twlne,' v. a. To twist or wreath
together; to encompass by circling round it.
To Invade, in-vade{ v. a. To attack a country,
to make an hostile entrance ; to assail, to assault.
Invader, in-va-dur, s. 98. One who enters with
hostility intot>ie possessions of another; an assailant.
Invalid, in-v^l-id, a. Weak, of no weight or
efficacy.
Invalid, in-vi-leed| s. 112. One disabled by
sickness or hurts.
To Invalidate, in-vlUe-date, v, a. To weaken,
to deprive of force or efficacy.
Invalidity, in-v4-lid-^-t^, s. Weakness, want of
efficacy.
Invaluable, in-v^l-u-^-bl, a. Precious above
estimation, inestimable.
Invariable, m-\a.-xk-k-h\, a. Unchangeable,
constant.
Invariableness, in-vi^ri-^-bl-nes, s.
Immutability, constancy.
Invariably, in-va-re-^-bl^, ad. Uncliangeably,
constantly.
Invasion, in-va-zhun, s. Hostile entrance upon
the rights or po.ssessions of another, hostile encroach-
ments.
Invasive, in-vA-siv, a. 158. 428. Entering
hostilely upon other men's possessions.
Invective, in-vek^tiv, s. 140. A severe censure
in speech or writing.
Invective, lu-vek-tiv, a. Satirical, abusive.
InVECTIVELY, in-vek^tlV-1^, ad. Satirically,
abusively.
To Inveigh, in-val v. n. 249. 390. To utter
censure or reproach.
InVEIGHER, in-va-ur, S. Vehement railer.
To Inveigle, in-ve-gl, v. a. 230. To persuade
to something bad or hurtful, to wheedle, to allure.
Inveigler, in-ve-gl-ur, 5. 98. Seducer, deceiver,
allurer to ill.
INUENDO, in-U-en-dS, S. A distant notice ; a hint.
To Invent, in-vent{ v. a. To discover, to find
out; to forge, to contrive falsely ; to feign ; to produce
something new in writing, or in mechanicks.
NVENTER, in-vent-?ir, s. One who produces
something new, a deviser of sometliing not known
before; a teller of fictions.
Invention, in-ven-shun, s. Fiction, discovery,
act of producing something new; forgery; the thing
invented.
Inventive, in-venitiv, a. Quick at contrivance,
ready at expedients.
Inventor, in-vent^ur, s. 166. A ender out of
something new ; a contriver, a framer.
Inventorially, in-ven-t' -re-4l-^, ad.
In manner of an inventory.
Inventory, in-ven-tur-e, *. 512. An account or
catalogue of moveables. — Ft r the o, see Domestick.
(i:> Mr. Sheridan, Ur. Asn, Mr. Narcs, Mr. Scott,
W.Johnston, Mr. Perry, Buchanan, Entick, and Bailey,
pronounce tliis word with the accent oa the first syllable;
and Dr. Johnson, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Barclay, on the
second. Dr. Kenrick indeed tells us, that the accent is
sometimes placed on the first; which is indeed very ap-
parent from the number of writers 1 have produced for
that accentuation. But the propriety of this pronuncia-
tion is not better supported by authority than by analogy.
For if we had an English word from which a word of this
Kind might be formed, as rleclnruturi/, dejamatory, &c. the
accent will generally be found to be on'the same syllable
as in declare, defame, &.C. but if we have no such corre-
sponding English word, and the word of this termination
comes from the Latin, as promontory, desultory, &c. the
word then takes the secondary accent we give the Latin
SO I
vords promontorium, desultoriiis, &c. Now though our
English verb to itwent comes froin the same parent in-
venio as inventory, it is in so different a sense as to have
no claim to the parentage. As therefore im-entarivm. is
the latter Latin word from which this word is derived,
and as this has the secondary accent on the first syllable
in our pronunciation of Latin, so inventory must have
the principal accent on the same syllable in English.—
See Academy, Incomparable, &c. Dr. Johnson, indeed,
furnishes us with an authority from Shakespeare, against
himself:
** I found
** Forsooth au inventory thus importing
** Tile several parcels of his plate."
Inventress, in-venitres, s, A female that invents.
Inverse, in-versej a. 431. Inverted, reciprocal,
opposed to Direct.
Inversion, in-ver-shun, s. Change of ordet or
time, so as that the last is first, and first last ; change
of place, so as that each takes the room of the other.
7'o Invert, fu-vert,' v. a. 556. To turn upside
down, to place in contrary method or order to that
which wa» before; to place the last first.
Invertedly, iii-ver-ted-le, ad. In contrary or
reversed order.
To Invest, in-vestj v. a. To dress, to clothe, to
array; to place in possession of a rank or office; to
adorn, to grace ; to confer, to give ; to enclose, to sur-
round so as to intercept succours or provisions.
Investient, in-ves-tshent, a. 464. Covering,
clothing.
Investigable, in-veS-t^-gJ-bl, a. To be searched
out, discoverable by rational disquisition.
To Investigate, in-Ves-t^-gAte, v. a. 91. To
search out, to find out by rational disquisition.
Investigation, in-ves-te-gd-shun, s. Tlie act of
the mind by which unknown truths are discovered;
examination.
Investiture, in-ves-te-t6re, s. The right of
giving possession of any manor, office, or benefice ; the
act of giving possession.
Investment, in-vest-nient, s. Dress, clothes,
garment, habit.
Inveteracy, in-vet-ter-S-s^, s. Long continuance
of any thing bad; in pliysick, long continuance of a
disease.
Inveterate, in-vet^ter-ate, a. 91. Old, long
established; obstinate by long continuance.
To Inveterate, in-vet-ter-Ate, v. a. To Iiarden
or make obstinate by long continuance.
Inveterateness, in-vet-ter-Atc-nes, s. Long
continuance of any thing bad; obstinacy confirmed
by time.
Invetera TiON, in-vet-ter-a-shuii, s. The act of
hardening or confirming by long cm tinu-ince.
Invidious, in-vid-^-us, or in-vid-je-us, a. 293.
376. Envious, malignant; likely to ineur or to bring
hatred.
Invidiously, in-vuKe-us-l^, ad. Malignantly, en-
viously ; in a manner likely to provoke hatred.
Invidiousness, in-vul-e-us-nes, S. Quality of
provoking envy or hatred.
To Invigorate, iii-vis^go-rAte, v. a. To endue
with vigour, to strengthen, to animate, to enforce.
Invigoration, in-vig-^o-ra'-sbun, s. The act of
invigorating; the state ot being invigorated.
Invincible, in-vin-se-bl, a. 405. Unconquer-
able, not to be subdued.
Invincibleness, in-vin-se-bl-nes, .9. Unconquer-
ablencss, insupt-rableness.
Invincibly, in-vin-se-ble, ad. Insuperablj', un.
conqiierably.
Inviolable, in-vUo-l<^-bl, a. 405. Not to be
profaned, not to be injured ; not to be broken ; insiis-
ceptible of hurt or wound.
Inviolably, in-vl-o-ht-bl^, ad. without breach,
without failure.
Inviolate, in-vi-6-late, a. 91. Unhurt, m»-
injured, unpolluted, unbroken.
INW
JOI
85- 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fttSl— m^DS, met95— olne 105. pin 107— nA 162. move 164
InVIOUS, in-ve-us, a. Impassable, untrodden.
Invisibility, la-viz-e-bil-e-te, s, Tl>e state of
being invisible, imperceptiblencss to sight.
Invisible, in-viz'-e-bl, a. 405. Not perceptible
by the sight, not to be seen.
Invisibly, in-viz-^-ble, ad. Imperceptibly to the
sight.
To Inviscate, in-vis^kate, v. a. To lime, to
entangle in glutinous matter.
Invitation, in-v^-ta-shun, *. The act of in-
viting, bidding, or calling to any thing witli ceremony
and civility.
InVITATORY, !n-vl-t^-tur-J, a, 513. Using in-
vitation, containing invitation.
To Invite, in-vltej v. a. To bid, to ask to any
place; to allure, to persuade.
To Invite, la-vkej v. n. To give invitation, to
afford allurement.
Inviter, in-vi'-tur, S. 98. He who invite*.
Invitingly, in-vi-ting-le, ad. In such a manner
as invites or allures.
To Inumbrate, in-um-brate, v. a. To shade,
to cover wiiii shades.
Inunction, \n-ungk-shun, s. The act of smearing
or anointing.
Inundation, In-un-da^shun, s. The overflowing
of waters, flood, deluge ; a confluence of any kind.
To Invocate, in-vi-kite, v. a. 91. To invoke,
to implore, to call upon, to pray to.
Invocation, in-vo-ki-sliun, s. The act of calling
upon in prayer; the form of calling for the assistance
or presence of any being.
Invoice, in-voise, S. A catalogue of the freight of
a ship, or of the articles and price of goods sent by a
factor.
To Invoke, in-vike{ v. a. To call upon, to
implore, to pray to.
To Involve, in-vilv( v. a. To inwrap, to cover
with anything sunounding; to imply, to comprise;
toentwist; to take in; to entangle; to make intricate;
to blend, to mingle together confusedly.
Involuntarily, in-vSl-un-t^-re-le, ad. Not by
choice, not spontaneously.
Involuntary, in-v6l-un-ti-r^, a. Not having
the power of choice ; not chosen, not done willingly.
Involution, in-v6-lu-shuri, *. The act of invoiv-
ing or inwrapping ; the state of being entangled, com-
plication ; that which is wra.pped round any thing.
To Inure, in-ure{ v. a. To habituate, to make
ready or willing by practice and custom, to accustom.
Inurement, iii-ureiment, s. Practice, iiabit, use,
custom, frequency.
To InURN, in-urn{ v. a. To intomb, to bury.
Inustion, in-us-tsbun, s. 4G4. The act of
burning.
Inutile, in-u-tll, a. 140. Useless, unprofitable.
Inutility, in-U-tll-e-te, S, Uselessness, unprofit-
ableness.
Invulnerable, in-vul-ner-a-bl, a. Not to be
wounded, secure from wound.
7*0 InWALL, in-wallj v. a. To enclose with a wall.
Inward, Iniwanl, 1 ^ gg^
Inwards, in-waruz, J
Towards the internal parts, within ; with inflection or
incurvity, concavely ; into the mind or thoughts.— See
Tov^ards,
Inward, in-ward, a. Internal, placed within j
intimate, domestick; seated in the mind.
Inward, !n-ward, s. 88. Any thing within,
generally the bowels ; i tirr.ate, near acquaintance.
.'nWARDLY, in'-\vard-le,ar7. in the heart.privatdy ;
in the parts within, internally ; with inflection or con-
cavity.
In WARDNESS, lll-ward-nes, s. Intimacy, familiarity.
To Inweave, in-wJveJ v. a. 227. P>et, rnwoie
or Inweave'l, Part. pass, [nvove or Inwovm, To mix
any thing in weaving, so that it forms part of the
texture ; to intwine, to complicate.
To Inwood, in-wudj v. a, 307- To hide in
woods. Obsolete.
To Inwrap, in-rip| v. a. 4"'4. To cover by in-
volution, to involve; to perplex, to puzzle with diftV-
culty or obscurity ; to ravish or transport.
Inwrought, iii-rawtj «. 319- Adorned with work.
To Inwreatii, in-reTueJ v. a. 467. To surround
as wiih a wreath.
Job, ']th, S. A low, mean, lucrative affair; petty,
piddiing work, a piece of chance work ; a sudden stab
with a short instrument.
To Job, jSb, v. a. To strike suddenly with a sharp
instrument ; to drive in a sharp instrument.
To Job, j5b, v. n. To play the stockjobber, to buy
and sell as a broker.
Jobber, jib-bur, s. 98. A man who sells stock in
the publick funds ; one who docs chance work.
Jobbernowl, j6b-biir-riole, *. A loggerhead,
a blockhead.
Jockey, jftk'-ke, s. 270. A fellow that rides
horses in the race ; a man that deals in horses ; a cheat
a trickisli fellow.
To Jockey, jok'-kJ, v. a. To jusile by riding
against one; to cheat, to trick.
Jocose, jo-kosej «. Merry, waggish, given to jest.
Jocosely, j6-k6se-le, ad. Waggishly, in jest, in
game.
JocoSENESS, .jo-kise^nes, ">
Jocosity, ji-kfts-i-te, J
Waggery, merriment.
Jocular, jik^u-lur, a. 88. Used in jest, merrj',
jocose, waggish.
Jocularity, jik-u-lir^e-te, s. Merriment, di».
position to jest.
Jocund, jok-und, a. Merry, gay, airy, lively.
See Facund.
Jocundly, jik^und-li^, ad. Merrily, gaily.
To Jon, jig, V. a. To push, to shake by a sudden
push, to'give notice by a sudden push.
To Jog, jig, v. n. To move by small shocks ; to
move on ill a gentle, equable trot.
Jog, jig, s. A push, a slight shake, a sudden j
interruption by a push or shake : a rub, a small stop.
Jogger, jig-gur, S. 98. One who moves heavily
and dully.
To Joggle, jig-gl, v. n. 405. To shake, to be
in a tremulous motion.
JOHNAPrLE, jin-ip-pl, S. 405. A sharp apple.
To Join, join, v. a. To add one to another in con-
tinuity; 'to unite in league or marriage; to dash to-
gether, to encounter; to associate; to unite in one
act ; to uni'e in concord ; to act in concert with.
To Join, join, v. n. To grow to, to adhere, to be
continuous; to close, to clash ; to unite with in mar-
riage, or anv other league ; to become confederate.
Joinder, join-dur, *. Conjunction, joining.
Joiner, join'-ur, *. 98. One whose trade is to
make utensils of wood joined.
Joinery, join-ur-e, s. An art whereby several
pieces of wood are fitted and joined together.
Joint, joint, *. Articulation of limbs, juncture of
m-^veable bones in animal bodies; hinge, juictiires
which admit motion of the pans; straithl lines, in
joiners' language, are called a joint, that is, two pieces
of wood are shot or planed ; a knot in a plant ; one o
the limbs of an animal cut up by the butclier ; Out o
joint, luxated, slipiied from the socket, or correspond-
ent part where it naturally moves; thrown into con-
fusio.i and disorder.
Joint, joint, a. Shared among many ; united in
the saiiie possession; combined, acting together in
concert.
7'rj Joint, joint, v. a. To join togelhor in con-
federacy J to form many parts into one ; to form in ar.
ticulaticinsj to divide a joint, to tut or quartrr inU>
joinM.
JOY
IRR
nor 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— </tin 466, thIs 469.
Gladness, joy^
•}«
Jointed, joint-ed, a. Full of joints.
Jointer, join-tur, s, 98. A sort of plane.
Jointly, joint-1^, ud. Together, not separately j
in a state of union or co-operation.
Jointress, joln-tres, S. One who holds any thing
in jointure.
JointSTOOL, joint-stoolj s. A stool formed by
framing the joints into each other.
Jointure, jo^n-tshure,*. 461. Estate settled on
a wife, to be enjoyed after her husband's decease.
Joist, joist, s. The secondary beam of a floor.
Joke, joke, s. A jest, something not serious.
To Joke, joke, v. n. To jest, to be merry in
words or actions.
Joker, jo-kur, S. 98. A jester, a merty fellow.
JoLE, jole, *. The face or cheek ; the head of a fish.
To JOLL, jole, V. a. To beat the head against any
thing, to clash with violence.
JOLLILY, j6l-l^-l^, ad. In a disposition to noisy
mirth.
JOLLIMENT, j5Uli-ment, s. Mirth, merriment,
gayety.
JoLLiNESS, j6l'-le-nes.
Jollity, joKle-te,
Gayety, elevation of spirit ; merriment, festivity.
Jolly, jol-le, a. Gay, merry, airy, cheerful, lively ;
plump, like one in high health.
7b Jolt, jolt, V, n. To shake as a carriage on
rough ground.
To Jolt, jolt, v. a. To shake one as a carriage does.
Jolt, jolt, s. shock as in a carriage.
JOLTHEAD, jilt-hed, S, A great head, a dolt,
a blockhead.
Ionic, I-Sn'-ik,a. il6. Belonging to lonia; to one
of the dialects of the Greek language; to one of the
five orders of architecture.
JONOUILLE, jjin-kwilj s, A species of daffodil.
JORDEN, jor-dn, i. 103. A chamber pot.
To Jostle, jis^sl, v. a. 472. To justle, to rush
against.
Jot, jot, s. A point, a tittle.
Jovial, jb-\kAl, a. 88. Under the influence of
Jupiter ; gay, airy, merry.
Jovially, j6-v^4l4, ail. Merrily, gayly.
Jovialness, jo-v^-al-nes, s. Gayety, merriment.
Journal, jur-nul, a. 88. 314. Daily, quotidian.
Journal, jur-nul, *. A diary, an account kept of
daily transactions ; any paper published daily.
Journalist, jiir-nul-ist, s. A writer of journals.
Journey, _)uT'-nk, S. 270. The travel of a day;
travel by land; a voyage or travel by sea- passage
from place to place.
To Journey, jur-ne, v, n. To travel, to pass from
place to place.
Journeyman, jur-n5-man,s. 88. A hired work-
man.
JouriJeywork, jurin^-wurk, *. Work performed
for hire
Joust, just, S. 314. Tilt, tournament, mock fight.
It is now written, less properly. Just.
To Joust, just, v. n. To run in the tilt.
J,0WLER, j6le'-ur, s. 9S. A kind of hunting dog.
Joy, joe, s. 229. 329. The passion produced by
any happy accident, gladness ; gayety, merriment;
happiness ; a term of Kindness.
To Joy, joe, v. n. To rejoice, to be glad, to exult.
To Joy, joe, v. a. To congratulate, to entertain
kindly; to gladden, to exhilarate.
Joyance, joe^ir.se, J. Gayety, festivity. Obsolete.
Joyful, joe-fPd, a. Full of joy, giad, exulting.
Joyfully, j5e'-ful-^, ad. WitJ* joy, gladly.
293
Joyfulness, joe-fid-nes, s.
Joyless, joe^es, a. Void of joy, feeling no
pleasure; giving no pleasure.
Joyous, joe-US, a. 314. Glad, gay, merry ; giving
joy-
Ipecacuanha, ip-pe-k^k-u-il-n^, s. An Indian
plant.
Irascible, l-ris'-se-bl, a. 115. 405. Partaking
of the nature of anger, disposed to anger.
Ire, Ire, *. Anger, rage, passionate hatred.
Ireful, Ire-fiil, a. Angrj', raging, furious.
IrefullY, Ire-tul-e, ad. With ire, in an angry
manner.
Iris, l-ns, S. Tlie rainbow; an appearance of light
resembling the rainbow; the circle round the pupil of
the eye; the flower-de-luce.
To Irk, erk, v. a. 108.
CTy" This word is very expressive : it comes from Ilia
Islandick yrk, work. It is only used impersonally, and
signifies to disgust, as, It irks me, I am weary of it.
Irksome, eik-Sura, a. 166. Wearisome, trouble-
some.
Irksomely, erk-sum-l^, ad. Wearisomely,
tediously.
Irksomeness, erk-sum-nes, s. Tediousness,
wearisomeness.
Iron, I-urn, s. 417. A hard, fusil, malleable
metal; any instrument or utensil made of iron; a
chain, a shackle.
Iron, l-um, a. Made of iron ; resembling iron in
colour; harsh, severe; hard, impenetrable.
To Iron, 1-lirn, v. a. To smooth with an iron ; to
shackle with irons.
Ironical, I-rSn-ne-k^l, a. 83. 115. Expressing
one thing and meaning another.
Ironically, I-rSn^ne-kil-^, ad. By the use ot
irony.
Ironmonger, l-urn-raung-gur, s. A dealer
in iron.
Ironwood, Uurn-Wlld, s. A kind of wood ex.
tremely hard, and so ponderous as to sink in water.
Ironwort, Uurn-wurt, s. A plant.
Irony, 1-urn-e, a. Having the qualities of iron.
Irony, l-run-^, s. A mode of speech in which the
meaning is contrary to the words.
Irradiance, ir-rA-de-aiise, ") _„_
RRADiANCY, ir-ra-de-au-se, J
Emission of rays or beams of light upon an object j
beams of light emitted.
To Irradiate, ir-ra^d^-ite, v. a. To adorn with
light emitted upon it, to heighten ; to enlighten in-
tellectually, to illuminate; lo animate by heat or
light ; to cfecorate with shining ornaments.
Irradiation, ir-ri-de-Aishun, *. 534. The act
of emitting beams of light; illumination, intellectual
light.
Irrational, ir-rlshio-nil, a. Void of reason,
void of understanding ; absurd, contrary to reason.
Irrationality, 1r-rish-A-nil'-^-t4, s.
Want of reason.
Irrationally, ir-r^sh-i-n;^l-5, ad. Without
reason, absurdly.
Irreclaimable, ir-rJ-kU-m^-bl, «. 405. Not
to be reclaimed, not to ba changed to the better.
Irreconcilable, ir-rek-ftn-sl-li-bl, a. Not to
be reconciled, not lo be appeased ; not to be made con-
sistent.— See Hecoitcilcabte.
Irreconcilableness, ir-rek-Sn-slMi-bl-nes, s.
Impossibility to be reconciled.
Irreconcil-^bly, ir-rek-6n-sUl4-bl4, ad.
In an irreconcilable manner.
Irreconciled, ir-r2kiiu-slld, a. Not atoned,
not forgiven.
Irrecoverable, ir-rJ-kuv^iir-i-bl, a. Not to
be regained, not to be restored or repaired : not to b«
remedied.
IRR
IRR
{»• 559. FAte73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Irrecoverably, ir-re-kiav^ur-J-ble, ad.
Beyond recovery, past repair.
Irreducible, ir-re-duise-bl, a. Not to be
reduced.
IRREFRAGABILITY, ir-ref-fr^-gl-biKe-te, s.
Strength of argument not to be refuted.
Jrrefragable, ir-ref'-M-ga-bl, or ir-re-fr%-
a-bl, a. Not to be confuted, superiout to argu-
mental opposition.
(f3» If we might judge by the uniformity we find in our
Dictionaries, there would be no great difficulty in settling
the accentuation of this word. Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash,
Dr. Kenrick, Bailey, Entick, W. .Johnston, Perry, Bar-
clay, and Buchanan, place the accent on the third syl-
lable; Mr. Scott either on the second or tliird, with a
preference to the latter; and Mr. Sheridan alone places
It exclusively on the second. But notwitlistanding
Mr. Sheridan's accentuation stands single, if I am not
much mistaken, it has not only I he best usage on its side,
but the clearest analoty to support it. It were, indeed,
rol)e wished, for the sake <if harmony, that, like ihe
Greeks and Romans, we had no accent higlier than the
antepenultimate; but language is the vox populi. Our
accent, in a thousand instances, transgresses these clas-
sick bounds, and who shall confine it \ In compounds of
our own, with the utmost propriety, we place the accent
on the fourth syllable from the last, as in wearisomeiiess,
serviceableness, &c. 501 ; and a probable reason is given,
tinder the word Academii, why we accent so many words
from the Latin in the same manner; but be the reason
what it will, certain it is, that this custom has prevailed.
This prevalence of custom is sufficiently exemplified in
the positive of the word in question ; Refragabte is ac-
cented by Johnson, Ash, and Bailey, on the first syllable,
and would probably have been accented in the same
manner by the rest, if they had inserted the word. Bu-
chanan and Barclay, indeed, have the word, and accent
it on the second ; but their authority is greatly out-
weighed by the three ethers. Convinced, therefore, tliat
pronouncing this word with the accent on the secfmd syl-
lable is following that path which the best usage has
pointed out, I do not hesitate to dissent from so many
iuthorities, especially when 1 find the best of these au-
thorities inconsistent ; for if we are to pUu-e the accent
on the first syllable of Refragabte, why we should remove
the accent in Irrefragable I cannot conceive. — See Aca-
demy and Disputable.
lRREFRAGABLY,ir-refifr4-gA-ble, ad. With force
above confutation.
Irrefutable, ir-r^-fu^t^-bl, a. Not to be over-
thrown by argument.
Ct3- All our Dictionaries place the accent on the third
syllable of this word, nor do I mean to affront such re-
spectable authority, by placing it on the second, as in
irrefragable, tho.:gh there is the same reason for both.
Let it not be pleaded that we have the verb refute in fa-
vour of the first pronunciation ; this lias not the least
iifliience on the words indisputable, irrevocable, incompa-
rable, &c. The reason why corruptible and refractory
ought not to have the accent on the first syllable, arises
from the difficulty of pronouncing the uncombinable
consonants pf and c4 in sylhibles not under the stress. —
See Principles, No. 517 ; also the words Acceptable and
R^'ractory.
Irregular, ir-reg^gu-lir, a. 88. Deviating
from rule, custom, or nature; immethodical, not con-
fined to any certain rule or order; not being according
to the laws of virtue.
Irregularity, ir-reg-gi-lir^e-t^, *. Deviation
from rule; neglect of method and order; inordinate
practice.
Irregularly, Ir-reg-gu-l^r-l^, ad. Without
observation of rule or metliod.
To Irregulate, ir-reg-gii-lite, v. a. To make
irregular, to disorder.
Irrelative, ir-rel-l^-tiv, a. Having no reference
to any tUing, single, unconnected.
Irrelevant, ir-rel-e-v^nt, a. Unassisting, un-
relieving.
C3> This is one of the annual productions of the House
of Commons (where new words and money bills natu-
rally originate) ; but it certainly deserves reception, as
it conveys a new idea, which is, that the object to which
it relates is supposed to be in a fallen and abject state,
and incapable of relief; whereas unassitling may relate
to an object which indeed wants assistance, but which is
•till in a militant state, and not overcome. Every new
394
shade of thought, however nice, enriches a language,
and maj' be considered as a real acquisition to it : but this
word, as it is generally used in Parliament, seems to sig-
nify nothing more than merely unrelated; and if this
had been expressed by irrelative, though not strictly clas-
sical, yet a very allowable formation, itweuld have been
of real use ; but as it is used at present, it is a pedantick
encumbrance to the language. — See Relevant.
IrreligION, ir-re-lld-jun, S. Contempt of re-
ligion, impiety.
Irreligious, ir-re-lid^jus, «. 314. Co«iemning
religion, impious s contrary to religion.
Irreligiously, ir-re-lid^jus-le, ad. With
impiety, with irreligion.
Irremeable, ii-re-me-a-bl, a. Admitting no
return.
Irremediable, ir-re-me-de-i-bl, a. Aiimitiing
no cure, not to bo remedied.
Irremediably, ir-re-me-de-^-ble, ad. Without
cure.
IrreiMissible, Ir-re-mis'se-bl, a. Not to be
pardoned.
Irremissiblenes.s, ir-re-mls-se-bl-iies, s. The
quality of being not to be pardoned.
Irremoveable, ir-re-moov-i-bl, a. Not to be
■ moved, not to be changed.
Irrenowned, ir-ru-nound{ a. 369.
Void of honour.
Irreparable, ir-rep-p:t-r4-bl, a. Not to be re-
covered, not to be repaired.
63- This word and its simple Reparable come from the
Latin Repnrabilis and Irreparabilis, and are pronounced
with the accent on the prcantepenullimaie syllable, ac-
cording to the analogy of words anglicised from the
Latin, by dropping a syllable; which is, to place the
accent on that syllable which had a secondary stress in
our own English pronunciation of the Latin words.— See
Academy and Incomparable.
Irreparably, ir-repip^-r^-ble, ad. Without
recovery, without amends.
Irrepleviable, ir-re-plev-ve-a-bl, a. Not to
be redeemed. A law term.
Irreprehensible, ir-rep-jire-hcii-se-bl, a.
Exempt from blame.
Irreprehensibly, ir-rep-pr^-hun-se-ble, ad.
Without blame.
Irrepresentable, ir-rep-pst'-zent^ii-bl, a.
Not capable of represeiUalion.
Irreproachable, ir-rc-piotsh-A-bl, «. 295.
Free from blame or re-flrohch.
Irreproachably, if- r^-protsh^Lble, ad. With-
out blame, vi'itiiout reproach.
Irreproveable, ir-re-proov';\-bl, a. Not to be
blamed, irreproachable.
Ihreptitious, ir-rep-tish-us, a. Encroaching,
ereei.ing in.
CC?- This word is in no Dictionary that I have met with ;
hut it appears to me to deserve a place, as it is the only
single word that expresses imperceptible intrusion.
Mr. Elphinston seems to use it wiih precision, where he
tells us, in his Principles of the English Language,
" that etymology counts the b in crumb irreptitious, for,
not having found it in foreign sources, she cannot see its
use at home." Book I. pa^e 25.
Irresistibility, ir-r^-zis-te-bil-e-t^-, s. Power
above opposition.
Irresistible, ir-r^-zis-t^-bl, a. Superiour to
opposition.
Irresistibly, ir-r^-zis-te-ble, ad. In a manner
not to be opposed.
Irresoluble, ir-rez-z6-lu-bl, a. Not to be
broken, not to be dissolved. — See Dissoluble.
Irresolubleness, ir-rez-zo-lu-bl-nes, s. Not
resolvable into prats.
Irresolve-dly, ir-re-zul-ved-le, ad. 364.
Without settled deteniiination.
Irresolute, ir-rez-zi-liitc, a. Not constant in
purpose, not determined.
Irresolutely, ir-rtz^zi-liite-l5, ad. Without
firmness of mind, without determined purpose.
ISO
JUD
nor 167, nSt 63— tube 171, tub 172, oull 173— oil 299— pound 313— thin 466, this 409.
Irresolution, ir-rez-6-lu-shun, s. Want of
firmness of mrn-d.
Irkesfective, ir-re-spekitiv, a. Having no
regard to any circumstances.
Irrespectively, ir-re-spek-tiv-le, ad. Without
regard to circumstances.
Irretrievable, ir-re-tr^e-v^-bl, a. 275. Not
to be repaired, irrecoverable, irreparable.
Irretrievably, ir-re-tree-vi-ble, ad.
Irreparably, irrecoverably.
Irreverence, Ir-rev-ver-ense, s. Want of
reverence, want of veneration; state of being disre-
garded.
Irreverent, ir-rev-ver-ent, a. Not paying due
homage or reverence, not expressing or conceiving
due veneration or respect. — See Reverent.
Irreverently, ir-rev-v?r-ent-l^, ad. Without
due respect or veneration.
Irreversible, ir-re-ver-s^-bl, a. Not to be re-
called, not to be changed.
Irreversibly, ir-re-veris4-bl^, ad. Without
change.
Irrevocable, ir-rev-v^-ki-bl, d. Not to be re-
called, not to be brought back,
03- For the reason of accenting this word on the se-
cond, and not on the third syllabic, see Academy and
Incomparable.
Irrevocably, ir-rev-vo-ki-ble, ad.
Without recal.
To Irrigate, ii-iri-giLte, v. a. To wet, to
moisten, to water.
Irrigation, ir-r^-gi-shun, s. The act of watering
or moistening.
Irriguous, ir-ng-gu-us, a. Watery, watered;
dewy, moist.
lURISION, !r-nzh-un, *. The act of laugliing at
another.
Irritable, ir-r^-tl-bl, a. Capable of being made
To Irritate, ir-re-tate, v. a. 91. To provoi<e,
to tease, to exasperate ; to fret, to put into motion or
disorder by any irregular or unaccustomed contact; to
heighten, to agitate, to enforce.
Irritation, ir-re-ti-sbun, s. Provocation, exas-
peration ; stimulation.
Irruption, ir-rup-sbun, s. The act of any thing
forcing an entrance; inroad, burst of invaders into
anv place.
Is, iz, 420. The third person singular of To Be,
I am, thou art, he is; it is sometimes expressed by 's,
as, What's the price of this book ?
IscHURY, is-ku-r^, s. 353. A stoppage of urine.
ISCHURETICK, IS-ku-FCt-tlk, S. Such medicines
as force urine when suppressed.
IsiCLE, l-Sik-kl, *. 405. A pendent shoot of ice.
Isinglass, i-Zing-glfc, S. A fine kind of glue made
from the intestines of a large fish resembling a sturgeon.
Isinglass stone, 1-zing-gl^ stAne, s. A pure
fossil, more clear and transparent than glass, of which
the aucients made their windows.
Island, 1-lA.nd, s. 458. A tiact of land surrounded
by water.
(tr^ The s in this word and its compounds ia perfectly
silent.
Islander, Ul^lld-ur, S. 98. An inhabitant of an
island.
Isle, ile, s. 458. An island, a country stirrounded
by water; a long walk in a church or publick building.
Isochronal, l-s6k-ri-n^l, a. Having equal times.
Isochronous, l-sik-ro-nus, a. Performed in equal
times.
Isolated, iz-o-l;\-ted, a. {hole, Fr.) A term in
architecture, siguifyiug alone, separate, detached.
03^ I have not met with this word in any of our English
Dictionaries, but have so often heard it in conversation
as to induce mc to insert it without any other authority
than its utility.
Isoperimetricai., l-siVp2r-i-raet-trc-kil, a.
2.Q^
In geometry, such figures as have equal perimeters or
circumferences, of which the circle is the greatest.
Isosceles, l-s6sise-lez, S. That which hath only
two sides equal.
Issue, ish^sbu, S. 457. The act of passing otit 5
exit, egress, or passage out ; event, consequence ; ter-
mination, conclusion ; a fontanel, a vent made in a
muscle for the discharge of humours j evacuati<in ; pro-
geny, offspring; inlaw, Issue hath divers applications,
sometimes used for the children begotten between the
man and his wife, sometimes for profits growing fiom
an amercement, sometimes for profits of lands or te-
nements, sometimes for that point or matter depend-
ing in suit, whereupon the parties join and put their
ciuse to the trial uf the jury.
To Issue, ish-shii, v. n. To come out, to pass out
of any place ; to make an eruption ; to proceed as an
oflTspring ; to be produced by any fund ; to run out in
lines.
To Issue, ish-sbu, v. a. To send out, to send
forth ; to send out judicially or autlioritativcly.
Issueless, isb-shu-les, a. Without offspring,
without descendants.
Isthmus, ist-mus, s. a neck of land joining the
peninsula tn the continent.
O::?" I have only made the ft mute in this word;
Mr. Sheridan makes both the ft and t mute, and spells
the word l.imus. Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry,
Mr. Barclay, and Mr. Buchanan, pronounce the word as
I have done, and, I think, agreeably to the best usage.
It, it, pron. The neutral demonstrative ; the thing
spoken of before. It is used ludicrously after neutral
verbs, to give em emphasis. Jt is idiomalioally applied
to persons, as, It was I, It was he.
Itch, itsh, s. 352. A cutaneous disease extremely
contagious; the sensation of uneasiness in the skin,
which is eased by rubbing; a constant teasing desire.
To Itch, itsb, v. n. To feel that uneasiness in the
skin which is removed by rubbing; to long, to have
continual desire.
Itchy, itsb-e, a. Infected with the itch.
Item, i-tetn, ild. Also ; a word used when any
article is added to the former.
Item, l-tem,.v. A new article; a hint, an inuendo-
To Iterate, it-ter-Ate, v. a. 91. To repeat, to
utter again, to inculcate by frequent mention j to do
over again.
Iterant, it-ter-^nt, a. Repeating.
Iteration, it-ter-a-sbun, s. Repetition, recital
over again.
Itinerant, l-tiu-uer-^nt, a. Wandering, not
settled.
Itinerary, l-tin-ntr-ir-e, s. A book of travels*
Itinerary, l-tin-ner-^r-e, a. Travelling, done on
a journey.
Itself, lt-s2lf^ pron. The neutral reciprocal pro-
noun applied to things.
Jubilant, ju-be-l^nt, a. Uttering songs of
trivimph.
Jubilation, ju-be-li-sbun, s. The act of declar-
ing triumph.
Jubilee, ju-be-le, s. A publick festivity.
Jocundity, ju-kun-di-t^, *. Pleasantness, agree-
ableness.
JuDAlCAL, ji-di-e-kil, a. Jewish ; pertaining to
the Jews.
Judaism, ju-da-izm, s. The religious rites of the
Jews.
To Judaize, ji-di-lze, v. n. To conft rm to the
Jews.
Judge, judje, S. One who is invested with authority
to determine any cause or question, real or personal ;
one who presides in a court of judicature ; one who hai
skill sufficient to decide upon the merit of any thing.
To Judge, judje, v. n. To pass sentence ; to
f(jrm or give an opinion ; to discern, to distinguish.
To Judge, judje, v. a. To pass sentence upon, to
examine authoritatively; to pass severe ccniure j lo
doom severely.
JUN
JUS
dry 559. tke 73, far 77, fall 83, Mt 81— m5 93, metgS— p!ne 105, piu lOT— no IG2, move lb*4
JUDGEU, j'ldjeiur, S. 98. One wlio forms judge-
ment or passes sentence.
Judgment, judje-ment, s. The power of judging ;
tlie act of exercising judicature; determination, de-
cision ; tlie quality of distinguishing propriety and im-
propriety ; opinion, notion ; sentence against a cri-
minal, condemnation; punishment inflicted by Pro-
vidence; distribution of justice; the last doom.
(i3~ I am of Dr. Lowth's opinion, that the silent e in
Ihis and similar words ought to be preserved ; and though
Dr. Johnson spells acknowledgment and abridgment with-
out the e, he spells lodgernent with it. Thus the rectitude
of habit frequently corrects the errors of criticism.
Judicatory, ju-de-ka-tur-^,«. 512. Distribution
of justice; court of justice.
Judicature, ju-d^-kA-ture, s. Power of dis-
tributing justice.
Judicial, jU-dish-Al, a. 88. Practised in the dis-
tribution of publick justice; inflicted on as a penalty.
Judicially, ju-dish-il-e, ad. In the forms of
legal justice.
Judiciary, ju-disb-ir-J, a. Passing judgment
upon any thing.
Judicious, ju-dish-us, o. Prudent, wise, skilful.
Judiciously, ju-disli-us-l4, ad. SkiifuUy, wisely.
Jug, jug, *. A large drinking vessel with a gibbous
or swelling belly.
To Juggle, jug-gl, v. n. To play tricks by sleight
of hand ; to practise artifice or imposture.
Juggle, jugigl, *. 405. A trick by legerdemain j
an imposture, a deception.
Juggler, JUg-gl-ur, *. 98. One who practises
slight of hand, ime Tyho deceives the eye by nimble
conveyance ; a cheat, a trickish fellow.
Jugglingly, jug-gl-ing-1^, ad. 410.
In a deceptive manner.
Jugular, ju-gu-lir, a. 88. Belonging to tiie
throat.
Juice, juse, S. 342. The liquor, sap, or water of
plants and fruits ; the fluid in animal bodies.
Juiceless, juse-les, a. Without moisture.
Juiciness, ju-s^-nes, s. Plenty of juice, succulence.
Juicy, ju-S^, a. Moist, full of juice.
JULAP, ju-lSp, S. 88. An extemporaneous form of
medicine, made of simple and compound water sweet-
ened.
July, ju-ll| *. The seventh mo'ith of the year.
JUMART, ju-mart, S. The mixture of a bull and
a mare.
T'o Jumble, jum-bl,!;. a. 405. To mix violently
and confusedly together.
To Jumble, jutn-bl, v. 7i, To be agitated together.
Jumble, jiim-bl, S, Confused mixture, violent and
confused agitation.
7b Jump, .jump, v. n. To leap, to skip, to move
forward without step or sliding; to leap suddenly j to
jolt ; to agree, to tally, to join.
Jump, jump, arf. Exactly, nicely.
Jump, jump, *. The act of jumping, a leap, a skip;
a lucliy chance; a waistcoat, limber stays worn by
ladies.
JUNCATE, jung-kit, S. 91. 408. Cheesecake,
a kind of sweetmeat of curds and sugar j any delicacy;
a furtive or private entertainment.
JUNCOUS, jung-kt^lS, a. Full of bulrushes.
Junction, jungk-shun,*. Union, coalition.
Juncture, jungk-tshure, *. 461. The line at
which two things are joined together; joint, articula-
tion i union, amity ; a criticiil point or article of time.
June, June, *. The sixth month of the year.
Junior, ji!i-n^-ur, a, 166. One younger than
another.
Juniper, jiVni-pur, s. 98. A plant. The berries
are powerfully atlenuant, ditiretick, and carminative.
Junk, jungk, s. 408. A small ship of China;
pieces of cable.
296
Junket, jung'-kit, 99. 408. A sweetmeat j
a stolen entertainment.
To Junket, jung-kit, v. n. To feast secretly, to
make entertainments by stealth; to feast.
Junto, jun-to, s. a cabal.
Ivory, i-vur-e, S. 166. The tusk of the ele-phant.
Ivory, l-vur-e, a. Made of ivorj' ; pertaining to
ivory.
Jurat, ju-rat, S, A magistrate in some corporations.
Juratory, ju-ri-tur-e, rt. 512. Giving oath.
Juridical, ju-rid-de-k^l, a. Acting in the dis-
tribution of justice ; used in courts of justice.
Juridically, ji-nd-d^-kal-e, a. With legal
authority.
Jurisconsult, j&-iis-kSn-sult, s. One who
gives his opinion in law.
Jurisdiction, ju-ns-dik-shun, s.
Legal authority, extent of power ; district to whicli any
authority extends.
Jurisprudence, ji-ris-pru-deiise, s. The science
of law.
Jurist, ju-nst, S. A civil lawyer, a civilian.
Juror, ju-rur, 5. 166. One that serves on a jury.
Jury, ju-re, s, A company of men, as twenty-
four, "or twelve, sworn to deliver truth upon such
evidence as shall be delivered them touching the mat-
ter in question.
Juryman, ju-re-m4n, s. 88. One who is em-
pannelled on a jury.
JurymAST, jii-r^-raist, S. So the seamen call
whatever they set up in the room of a mast lost in
fight, or by a storm.
Just, just, a. Upright, equitable, honest; exact;
virtuous: complete, without superfluity or defect ; re-
gular, orderly ; exactly proportioned ; full, of full di-
mensions or weight.
Just, just, a <f. Exactly, nicely, accurately; merely,
barely, nearly.
Just, just, s. Mock encounter on horseback.
To Just, just, v. n. To engage in a mock fight, to
tilt; to push, to drive, tojuslle.
Justice, jus-tis, *. 142. The virtue by wliich we
give to every man what is his due ; vindicative retri-
bution, punishment; right, assertion of right; one
deputed by the king to do right by way of judgment.
Justicement, jus-tis-ment, s. Procedure in
courts.
Justiceship, jus-tis-ship, s. Kank or office of
justice.
Justiciable, jus-tisb-e-a-bl, «. 542. Proper to
be examined in courts of justice.
Justiciary, juS-llsh-e-4-re, S. One that ad-
ministers justice.
Justifiable, jus'te-fl-4-bl, a. 405. Defensible
by law or reason, conformable to justice.
JusTiFiACLENESS,ju£-te-fi-i-bl-nes,i. Rectitude,
possibility of being fairly defended.
Justifiably, jus-t^'-fi-il-ble, ad. Rightly, so as
to be supported by ri'^ht.
Justification, jus-tu-fe-ka-sbun, s. Defence,
maintenance, vindication, support; deliverance by
pardon from sins past.
Justificative, jus-tif^e-ka-tiv, a. Justifying;
serving to justify or prove.
CCT- I know not if I am excusable for inserting this
word, which has not as yet found its way into any other
Dictionary; but the frequency of seeing the French
Pie'ces Justificatives seems to have familiarised it to our
ears, and to invite us to the adoption of it. The distance
of the accent from the end of the word can be no objec-
tion to an English speaker who has so many similar
words, such as significative, purijicative, &c. and as we
have no single word that will exactly stand in its place,
it seems to have a better right to admission than many
other words which are found nowhere but in a Dictio-
nary.— See Principles, No. 512.
JusTiFiCAT0R,jus-t^-f^-k4-tiir, «. 521. One who
supports, defends, vindicates, or justifies.
KEE
nSr .67, nftt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173-
JUSTIFIER, jus-te-fi-ur, s. 98. One who defends
oi' absulvcs.
To JUSTII-Y, jus'-te-fl, V. a. 183. To clear from
imputed guilt, to absolve from an accusation ; to main-
tain, to defend, to vindicate ; to free from past sins by
pardon.
To JuSTLE, jus-sl, V. n. "405. 472. To encounter,
to clash, to rush against each otlier.
To JuSTLE, jus-sl, V. a. 405. To push, to drive,
to force by rushing against it.
Justly, j?»St-lc, atf. Uprightly, honestly, in a just
manner; properly, exactly, accurately.
Justness, jiist-nes, s. Justice, reasonableness,
equity ; accuracy, exactness, propriety.
To Jut, jut, v. n. To push or shoot into pro-
minences, to come out beyond the main bulk.
To JUTTY, jut-te, V. a. To shoot out beyond.
Juvenile, ju-ve-nil, a. 145. Young, youthful.
ft:^ Dr. Kelirick, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Perry, pronounce
the i short in tlie last syllable of this vford ; and Mr. She-
ridan, Mr. Buchanan, and W. Johnston, make it long.
The former mode is, in my opinion, the move correct.
If it should be urged that the t is long in the Latin Juve-
vllis, it may be answerc-d, that the same letter is long in
the Lalm floslilis, Serv'tlis, and Subtilis, and yet the i in
Hostile, Servile, and Subtile, is by Mr. Sheridan marked
short.
Juvenility, ju-ve-nil-4-tJ, s. Youthfulness.
Juxtaposition, juks-t^-po-zish-un, s. Apposi-
tion, the state of 'being placed by each other.
Ivy, I've, *. A plant.
K.
Ja.ALENDAR, k4l-en-dur, s. 98. An account of
time.
Kali, kA-lJ, s. Sea-weed, of the ashes of vvhich
glass is made, whence the word Alkali.
Kam, kam, a. A word in Erse, signifying crooKcd.
To KaW, kaw, v. n. To cry as a raven, crow, or
rook.
Kaw, kaw, S, The cry T)f a raven or crow.
Kayle, kAle, S. Ninepins, kcttlepins ; nine holes.
To Keck, kek, v. n. To heave the stomach, to
retch at vomiting.
To Keckle a cable, kek-kl, v. a. To defend
a cable round with rope.
KeCKSY, kek-se, *. It is used in Staffordshire
both for hemlock and any other hollow-jointed plant.
Kecky, kek-ke, a. Resembling a kex.
KedgeR, ked-jur, S. A small anchor used in
a river.
Keulack, ked-l4k, S. A weed that grows among
corn. Charlock.
Keel, keel, s. 246. Tl»s bottom of a ship.
KeelfaT, keel-vat, s. A cooler, a tub in which
liquor is let to cool ; properly Keelvat.
Keelson, k^il-sun, S. The next piece of timber
in a ship to her keel.
To KeeLHALE, k^el-hale, v. a. To punish in the
seamen's way, by dragging the criminal under water
on one side of the ship, and up again on the other.
ft3» This word is more generally, though less properly,
pronounced keelhawl. — See To Hale.
Keen, keen, a. 246. Sharp, well-edged } severe,
piercing; eager, vehement; acrimonious; bitter of
tnind.
Keenly, ke^n-le, nd. Sharply, vehemently.
Keenness, keen-nes, s. Sharpness, edge ; rigour
of weather, piercing cold; asperity, bitterness of mind;
eagerness, vehemence.
To Keep, k^ep, v, a. 246. To retain ; to have in
custody ; to preserve in a state of secuiily ; to protect,
297
KET
'il 299— pound 313— Min 466, this 469.
to guard, to detain ; to hold for another ; to reserve, to
conceal; to tend; to preserve in the same tenor or
state; to hold in any state; to retain by some degree
of force in any place or state ; to continue any state or
action; to observe any time ; to maintain, to support
with necessaries of life; to have in the house; to
maintain, to hold ; to remain in ; not to leave a place ;
not to reveal, not to betray ; to restrain, to withhold;
to keep back, to reserve, to withhold ; to restrain ; to
keep company, to frequent anyone; to accompany;
to keep company with, to have familiar intercourse;
to keep in, to conceal, not to tell ; to restrain, to curb ;
to keep off, to bear to distance ; to hinder ; to keep
up, to maintain without abatement; to continue, to
hinder from ceasing; to keep under, to oppress, to
subdue.
To Keep, keep, v. n. To remain by some labout
or effort in a certain state ; to continue in any place or
state, to stay ; to remain unhurt, to last ; to dwell, to
live constantly ; to adhere strictly; to keep on, to go
forward ; to keep up, to continue undismayed.
Keeper, keep-ur, *. 98. One who holds any-
thing for the use of another ; one who has prisoners in
custody ; one who has the care of parks, or beasts of
chase 5 one that has the superintendence or care of any
thing.
KeepERSIIIP, keip-ur-sbip, S. Office of a keeper.
Keg, vulgarly k%, properly keg, s. A small barrel,
commonly used for a fish barrel.
Kell, kel, S. The omentum, that which inwraps
the guts.
Kelp, kelp, S, A salt produced from calcined sea-
weed.
Kelson, kel-sun, s. 166, The wood next the
keel.
C3^ A very accurate philologist has informed me, that
tlv's word is pronounced regularly in the north-west of
England, Keelsen ; but the very general practice of
shortening the vowel of the primitive in the compound
may justly make us suspect, that in other parts of the
kingdom it is otherwise, 515.
To Kemb, kemb, V, a. To comb, to disentangle
the hair. Obsolete.
To Ken, ken, v. ct. To see at a distance, to descry ;
to know.
Ken, ken, s, view, reach of sight.
Kennel, ken-ml, S. 99. a cot for dogs ; a number
of dogs kept in a kennel : the hole of a fox, or other
beast; the water-course of a street.
To Kennel, ken-nil, f. n. To lie, to dwell; used
of beasts, and of man in contempt.
Kept, kept. Pret. and part. pass, of Keep,
Kerchief, ker-tshif, s. A head-dress.
Kerchiefed,! i ■2 /j. i ■2^. .„ , , , .
' > ker-tshlft, a. Dressed, hooded.
Kerchieft, J
ct?- These words show the propensity diphthongs have
to drop a vowel when not under the accent, 208.
KerMES, ker-mez, s. A substance heretofore sup-
posed to be a vegetable excrescence, but now found to
be the body of a female animal, containing a numerous
offsprii>g.
Kern, kern, S, An Irish foot soldier.
To Kern, kern, v. n. To harden as ripened corn,
to take the form of grains, to granulate.
Kernel, ker-nil, *. 99- The edible substan,-e
contained in a shell; anything included in a shell;
any thing included in a hiisk or integument ; the seeds
of pulpy fruits; a gland ; knobby concretions in chil-
dren's tiesh.
KeRNELLV, ker-inl-e, a. Full of kernels, having
the quality or resemblance of kernels.
Kernelwort, ker-rul-wurt, s. An herb.
Kersey, ker'ze, s. Coarse stidf.
Kestrel, kes-tril, s, 99. A linle kind of bastard
huwk.
Ketch, ketsll, s. A heavy ship.
Kettle, ket-tl, s. 405. A vessel in which liquor
is boiled.
Kettledrum, ket'-tl-drum, s, A drum, of which
the head is spread over a body of brass.
KIN
fc?. 5b9. Fite 73, far 77, iall 83, f^t 81— m4 93,
KeX, keks, S, The same as Kecksy.
Key, ke, S. 269. An instniinent formed with
cavities correspondent to the wards of a lock ; an in-
strument by which something is screwed or turned ; an
explanation of any thing difficult; the parts of a mu-
sical instrument which are struck with the fingers ; in
musick, is a certain tone whereto every composition,
whether long or short, ought to be fitted.
Key, ke, S. 220. A bank raised perpendicular for
the ease of lading and unlading ships.
Keyage, ke-idje, S. 90. Money paid for lying at
the key.
Keyhole, ke-hole, s. The perforation in the
door or lock through which the key is put.
Keystone, ke-stone, S, The middle stone of an
arch.
Kibe, kylbe, s. An ulcerated chilblain, a chap in
the heel.— See Guard.
KiBED, kyibd, a. 359. Troubled with kibes.
To Kick, kik, v. a. To strike with the foot.
Kick, klk, *. A blow with the foot.
Kicker, kik-kur, s. 98. One who strikes with
his foot.
Kicking, kik^king, s. 410. The act of striking
with the foot.
Kickshaw, kik-shaw, S. Something uncommon,
or laiiiastical, sninething ridiculous ; adlsh sochanged
by the cookery that it can scarcely be known. Pro-
balily a corruption of the French word Quelquechosi.
Kid, kid, *. Tlie young of a goat; a bundle of
heath or furze.
To Kid, kid, v. a. To bring forth kids,
Kidder, kid-dur, S. 98. An engrosser of com to
enhance its price.
To Kidnap, kld-n^p, v. a. To steal children, to
steal human beings.
Kidnapper, kid-nip-pur, *. One who steals
human beings.
Kidney, kid-n^, *. One of the two glands that
separate the urine from the blood ; race, kind, in lu-
dicrous language.
KiDNEYBEAN, kid^n^-bene, s. A kind of pulse
in the shape of a kidney.
Kidneyvetch, kid^n^-vetsh, 1
KiDNEYWORT, kid^ii^-wurt, J
Kilderkin, kil-des-kin, *. A small barrel.
To Kill, kll, v. a. To deprive of life, to put to
death ; to murder ; to destroy animals for food , to de-
prive of vegetative life.
Killer, kil-lur, s. One that deprives of life.
Killow, kll-li, 5. 327. An earth of a blackish or
deep blue colour.
Kiln, kll, *. 411. A stove, a fabrick formed for
admitting heat in order to dry or burn things.
To KiLNDRY, kll-drl, v. a To dry by means of
a kiln.
KiMEO, kim-b6, a. Crooked, bent, arched.
83" This word is generally used with the a before it, as,
he stood with his arms akimbo
Kin, kin, *. Relation either of consangxiinity or
affinity; relatives, those who are of the same race ; a
relation, one related ; the same generical class.
Kind, kyJnd, a. 160. Benevolen , filled with
general good-will ; favourable, beneficent. — See Gut7t.
Kind, kylnd, s. 92. Race, general class ; particular
nature ; natural state ; nature, natural determination ;
manner, way ; sort.
% Kindle, kin^dl, v. a. To set on fire, to light,
to make to burn ; to inflame the passions to exaspe-
rate, to animate.
To Kindle, kin-dl, v. n. 405. To catch fire.
Kindler, kind-dl-ur, 5. 98. One that lights, one
who inflames.
Kindly, kyind-li, ad. Benevolently, favourably,
nitli good will.
2y8
KNA
met95— pinelOS, pml07— nil62, move 164^
Kindly, kylnd-li, a. Congenial, kindred j bland,
mild, softening.
Kindness, kylnd-nes, s. Benevolence, beneficence
good-will, favour, love.
Kindred, kin-dred, s. Relation by birth or
marriage, affinity; relation, suit; relatives.
Kindred, kin'-dred, a. Congenial, related.
KiNE, kylne, S. Plural for Cow. Obsolete.
King, king, *. Monarch, supreme governour j a card
with the picture of a king; a principal herald.
To King, king, v. a. To supply with a king; to
make royal, to raise to royalty.
KiNGAPPLE, king-ip-pl, S. A kind of apple.
Kingcraft, king-kr^ft, *. The act of governing,
the art of governing.
Kingcup, king-kup, *. A flower.
Kingdom, king-dum, *. 166. The dominion of
a king, the territories subject to a monarch; a ditferent
class or order of beings ; a region, a tract.
Kingfisher, king-fish-ur, *. A species of bird.
Kinglike, king-like,")
Kingly, king'le, J
Royal, sovereign, monarchical; belonging to a king j
noble, august.
Kingly, king-lJ, ad. With an air of royalty,
with superiour dignity.
KlNGSEVIL, klllgZ-i-vl, S. A scrofulous distemper,
in which the glands are ulcerated, commonly believed
to be cured by the touch of the king.
Kingship, king-ship, *. Royalty, monarchy.
KiNGSPEAR, king-spere, *. A plant.
Kingstone, king-stone, *. A fish.
KiNGSFOLK, kinz-foke, S. Relations, those who
are of the same family. — See Folk.
Kinsman, kinz-mSn, s. 88. A man of the same
race or. family.
Kinswoman, kinz-wum-un, s. A female relation.
Kinswomen, kinz-wiw-min, *. The plural ol
the above,
Kirk, kerk, t. An old word for a church, yet re-
tained in Scotland.
KiRTLE, ker-tl, S. 405. An upper garment, a gown.
To Kiss, kis, v. a. T» touch with the lips j to
treat with fondness; to touch gently.
Kiss, kis, S. Salute given by joining lips.
KiSSlNGCRUST, kis-sing-krust, s. Crust formed
where one loaf in the oven touches another.
Kit, kit, *. A large bottle ; a small diminutive
fiddle; a small wooden vessel.
Kitchen; kitsb-in, s. 103. The room in a house
where the provisions are cooked.
Kitchengarden, kitsb-in-gar-dn, s. Garden
in which esculent plants are produced.
KiTCHENMAiD^ kitsh-in-mide, s. A cookmaid.
Kitchenstuff, kitsh-in-stiif, s. The fat of
meat scummed off the pot, or gathered out of the drip-
ing-pan.
Kitchenwench, kitsh-in-wensh, *. ScuUion,
maid employed to clean the instruments of cookery.
Kitchenwork, kit«h-in-wurk, S. Cookery,
work done in the kitchen.
Kite, kyJte, *. 160. A bird of prey that infest*
the farms, and steals the chickens; a name of reproach
denoting rapacity ; a fictitious bird made of paper.— See
Guilt.
KiTESFOOT, kyltes-fut, *. A plant.
Kitten, kit-tn, s. 103. A young cat.
To Kitten, kit-tn, v. n. To bring forth young cats.
To Klick, klik, v. n. To make a small sharp
noise like a clock.
To Knab, nib, v. a. 399- T;. bite, to catch.
A vulgar word.
Knack, n4k, s. 399- a l^ttle machine, a petty
KNl KNO
nor 16T, nSt 163— tube 17), tub 172> bull 173— oil299— pSund3l3— fAin466, this 409.
contrivance, a toy; a readiness, an habitual facility,
a lucky dexterity; a nice trick.
Knag, n%, *. 399. A bard knot in wood.
Knap, nAj), S. 399. A protuberance, a swelling
prominence.
To Knap, nap, v. a. To bite, to break sbort ; to
strike so as to make a sharp noise like that of breaking.
7'o Knapple, nap-pl, v. n. 405. To break off
with a sharp quick noise.
Knapsack, iilip-s^k, s. Tne bag which a soldier
cariiis on his back, a bag of provisions.
Knapweed, n^p'-w^ed, *. A plant.
Knare, nare, *. A hard knot from the German
word knor.
Knave, nive, *. 399. A boy, a male child ;
a servant ; in these senses the word is obsolete. A
petty rascal, a scoundrel ; a card with a soldier painted
on it.
Knavery, na-vur-e, s. 557. Dishonesty, tricks,
petty villany; mischievous tricks or practices.
Knavish, Iia-Vish, a. Dishonest, wicked, fraudu-
lent ; waggish, mischievous.
KnaVISHLY, na-Vlsh-1^, ad. Dishonestly, fraudu-
lently ; waggishly, mischievously.
To Knead, need, v. a, 227. To beat or mingle
any stuff or substance.
Kneadingtrough, n^id-ing-trSf, s. A trough
in which the paste of bread is worked together.
Knee, ne4, S. 399- The joint of the leg where the
leg is joined to the thigh ; a knee is a piece of timber
growing crooked, and so cut that the trunk and branch
make an angle.
To Knee, nee, v. a. To supplicate by kneeling.
Kneed, n^ed, a. Having knees, as in-kneed,
having joints, as kneed grass.
KneEDEEP, n^e-deep, a. Rising to the knees;
sunk to the knees.
Kneepan, n^e-p^n, S. The small 1 onvex bone on
the articulation of the knee, which selves as a pulley
to the tendon of the muscle that moves the leg.
To Kneel, ne^l, v. n. 399. To bend the knee,
to rest on the knee.
Kneetribute, ne^-trib-ute, s. Worship or
obeisance shown by kneeling.
Knel, nel, s. 399- The sound of a bell rung
at a funeral.
C:> I know not why Dr. Johnson has ehosen to spell
this word with but one t, except from its derivation from
tiie Welch Cnil : This, however, is but a poor reason for
overturning the settled laws of orthography, which have
given to/, s, and I, when ending a substantive or verb,
the privilege of duplication. — See Introduction to the
Rhyming Dictionary, page viii.
Knew, nu, 399. The pret. of Knoiv.
Knife, nlfe, s. Plural Knives. 399. An instru-
ment edged and pointed, wherewith meat is cut.
Knight, nlte, *. 399. A man advanced to a certain
degree of military rank ; the rank of gentlemen next
to baronets ; a man of some particular order of knight-
hood ; a representative of a county in parliament ; a
champion.
Knight-errant, nite-er^r^nt, «. A wandering
knight. — See Errant.
Knight-errantry, nlte-er-rint-rl, s. The
character or manners of wandering knights.
To Knight, nite, v. a. To create one a knight.
Knightly, nlte^li, a. Befitting a knight, beseem-
ing a knight.
Knighthood, nke-hud, s. The character or
dignity of a knight.
To Knit, riit, v. a. Pret. Knit or Knitted.
To make or unite by texture without the loom ; to tie;
to join, to unite ; to contract; to tie up.
To Knit, nit, v. n. 399. To weave without
a loom; to join, to close, to unite.
Knitter, nit-tur, *. 98. One who weaves or knits.
Knittingneedlb, nit^ting-nii-dl, *. A wire
which women use in knitting.
299
Knob, nSb, s. 399. A protuberance, any part
bluntly rising above the rest.
Knobbed, n6bd, a. 359. Set with knobs, having
protuberances.
Knobbiness, nftb-be-nes, s. The quality of having
knolls ,
To Knock, nok, v. n. 399. To clash, to be
driven suddenly together; to beat, as at a door for ad-
mittance; to knofk under, a common expression
which denotes that a man yields or submits.
To Knock, nok, v. a. To affect or change in any
respect by blows; to dash together, to strike, to collide
with a sharp noise ; to knock down, to fell by a blow ;
to knock on the head, to kill by a blow, to destroy.
Knock, nSk, S. A sudden stroke, a blow J a loud
stroke at a door for admission.
Knocker, nSk-kur, s. 98. He that knocks ; the
hammer which hangs at the door for strangers to strike.
To Knoll, nole, v. a. 399. 406. To ring the
bell, generally for a funeral.
To Knoll, nile, v. n. To sound as a bell.
Knot, nSt, *. 399. A complication of a cord or
string not easily to be disentangled ; any figure of
which the lines frequently intersect each other j any
bond of association or union ; a hard part in a piece of
wood; a confederacy, an association, a small band;
difficulty, intricacy; an intrigue, or difficult perplexity
of affairs; a cluster, a collection.
To Knot, nSt, v. a. To complicate in knots j to
entangle, to perplex; to unite.
To Knot, nSt, v. n. To form buds, knots, or
joints in vegetation ; to knit knots for fringes.
Knotberrybush, nftt-ber-r^-bush,
Knotgrass, nSt^^ris,
Knotted, not-ted, a. Full of knots.
KnoTTINESS, nSt-t^-nes, «. Fulness of knots, uu-
evenness, intricacy.
Knotty, nSt-te, a. Full of knots; hard, rugged;
intricate, perplexed, difficult, embarraised.
To Know, ni, v. a. Pret. / knew, I have
known. To perceive with certainty, to be informed of,
to be taught; to distinguish; to recognise; to be no
stranger to ; to converse with another sex.
To Know, llh, v. n. 399- To have clear and certain
perception, not to be doubtful ; to be informed.
A plant.
Possible to be discovered
98. One who has skill or
Knowable, ni^i-bl, a
or understood.
Knower, no-ur, s.
knowledge.
Knowing, ni-ing, <». 410. Skilful, well instructed}
conscious, intelligent.
Knowingly, no-ing-lJ, ad. With skill, with
knowledge.
Knowledge, n6l-led.ie, or no-ledje, s. Certain
perception; learning, illumination of the mind ; skill
in any thing; acquaintance with any fact or person;
cognizance, notice; information, power of knowing.
CT- Scarcely any word has occasioned more altercation
among verbal critics than this. A great appearance of
propriety seems to favour the second pronunciation, till
we observe a great number of similar words, where the
long vowel in the simple is shortened in the compound,
and then we perceive something like an idiom of pronun-
ciation, which, to correct, would, in some measure, ob-
struct the current of the language. To preserve the sim-
pie without alteration in the compound, is certainly a
desirable thing in language; but when the general tune
of the language, as it may he called, crosses this analogy,
we may depend on the rectitude of general custom, and
ought to acquiesce in it. That the secondary accent
shortens the vowel, which was long in the original, ap-
pears throughout the language in proclamation, provoca-
tion, &c. 530. That the primary accent does the same in
preface, prelate, prelude^ SiC. is evident; and as ledge is
no general termination of our own, which is applicable
to several words, why should we not consider knowledge
as a simple, and pronounce it independently on its ori-
ginal quantity .' The patrons for the first pronunciation
are, Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, Mr. Barclay,
Mr. Elpliinston, and Mr. Scott; and for the second,
W. Jiihnston and Mr. Buchanan. Mr. Perry gives both,
liut seems to allow the first the preference.— Sep Princi-
ples, No. 328.515
LAC
LAD
ty
559. Fite73, fir 77, fill 83, ^t 81— ml 93, mSt95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, m2ve 164,
Knuckle, nuk'-kl, s. 399. 405. The joints of
the fingers protuberant when the fingers close ; the knee
joint of a calf; the arliculation or joint of a plant.
To Knuckle, nuk-kl, v. n. To submit.
Knuckled, nSk'-kld, a. 359. Jointed.
L.
J_/A, lHw, interj. See, look, behold.
LabdaNUM, l4b-di-num, S. A resin cf the softer
kind. This juice exudates from a low spreading shrub,
of the cistus kind, in Crete.
Label, li-bel, S. A small slip or scrip of writing ;
any thing appendant to a larger writing ; a small plate
liung on the necks of bottles to distinguish the several
sorts of wines ; in law, a narrow slip of paper or parch-
ment affixed to a deed or writing, in order to hold the
appending seal.
LaBENT, la-bent, a. Sliding, gliding, slipping.
Labial, l»'-b^4l, a. 113. Uttered by the lipsj
belonging to the lips.
Labiated, li-bl-A-ted, a. Formed with lips.
Labiodental, lA-b^-6-den-til, a. Formed or
pronounced oy the co-operation of the lips and teeth.
Laboratory, lAb-bi-r^-tur-e, s. A chymist's
workroom.— For the last o, see Domestick, il2.
Laborious, l^-b6^re-us, a. Diligent in work,
assiduous; requiring labour, tiresome, not easy.
Laboriously, l4-bo'rl-us-ll, ad. With labour,
with toil.
LaBORIOUSNESS, 1^-bo-rl-US-neS, S. Toilsome-
ness, difficulty; diligence, assiduity.
Labour, la-bur, *. 314. The act of doing what
requires a painful exertion of strength, pains, toil;
work to be done; childbirth, travail.
To Labour, li^bur, v. n. To toil, to act with
painful effort ; to do work, to take pains ; to move with
difficulty ; to be diseased with ; to be in distress, to be
pressed ; to be in childbirth, to be in travail.
To Labour, la'-bur, v. a. To work at, to move
with difficulty ; to beat, to belabour.
Labourer, li-bur-ur, s. 557. One who is
employed in coarse and toilsome work ; one who takes
pains in any employmenc.
Laboursome, la-bur-sum, a. Made with great
labour and diligence.
Labra, U^bri, *. 92. A lip.
Labyrinth, litb^ber-niM, *. A maze, a place
formed with inextricable windings.
Lace, lAse, S. A string, a cord ; a snare, a gin ;
a platted string with which women fasten their clothes ;
ornaments of fine thread curiously woven; textures of
thread with gold and silver.
To Lace, lase, v. a. To fasten with a string run
through eyelet holes ; to adorn with gold or silver tex-
tures sewed on; to embellish with variegations; to
beat.
LaceMAN, lise-m^n, S. 88. One who deals in
lace.
Lacerable, lis-ser-i-bl, a. 405. Such as may
be torn.
To Lacerate, lis^ser-ate, r. a. 91. To tear,
to rend.
Laceration, l^s-ser-A-slum, s. The act of
tearing or rending ; the breach made by tearing.
Lacerative, lis^ser-i-tiv, a. 512. Tearing,
having the power to tear.
Lachrymal, lik-kre-m^l, a, 353. Generating
tears.
LacHRYMARY, lAk-kr^-m^-rl, a. Containing
tears.
Lachrymation, lik-krl-ma-shun, *. The act
of weeping or shedding tears.
300
Lachrymatory, lUk-kre-mi-tur-l, s. A vessel
in which tears are gathered to the honour of the dead.
(i3» For the o, see Domestick, 512.
To Lack, l3.k, V, a. To want, to need, to
without.
To Lack, lik, v. n. To be in want ; to be wanting
Lack, lik, S. Want, need, failure.
Lackbrain, lak-branc, S. One that wants wit.
Lacker, lik'-kur, *. 98. A kind of varnish.
To Lacker, lak'-kur, v. a. To do over wiik
lacker.
Lackey, l4k-ke, s. An attending servant, a foot
boy.
To Lackey, lak-ke, v. a. To attend servilely.
To Lackey, lik-ke, v. n. To act as a foot-boy,
to pay servile attendance. •
LaCKLINEN, lllkMin-nin,fl. dd- Wanting shirts.
Lacklustre, lAk'-lus-tur, a. 416. Wanting
brightness.
Laconick, lit-kftn'-ik, a. 509. short, brief.
(K;- This word is derived from Lacones, the Spartans,
who inhabited the province of Lncmua, in Peloponnesus,
and were remarkable for using few words.
LaCONISM, lilk-ko-nizm, S. A concise style;
a short, pithy expression, after the manner of the La-
ced a;moniaiis.
Laconically, la-kon-ntkitl-e, ad. Briefly,
concisely.
Lactary, l^k'-ti-re, a. 512. Milky.
Lactary, lS,k-ti-re, s. A dairy house.
Lactation, lAk-ta'-shun, s. The act or time ol
giving suck.
Lacteal, lAk'-tl-^l, or ktk'-tsh^-ill, a. 464.
Conveying chyle.
Lacteal, htk?t^-;\l, or liik'-tshl-tl, s. The
vessel that conveys chyle. ^
Lacteous, Ulk-tl-us. or lak'-tshe-us, a. Milky,
lacteal, conveying chyle.
LacteSCENCE, lik-tes'-sense, J. 510. Tendency
to inilk.
Lactescent, lilk-tes'-sent, a. Producing milk.
Lactiferous, lak-tif^fer-us, a. 518. Convey.
ing or bringing milk.
Lad, lid, S. A boy, a stripling.
Ladder, lid'-diir, *. 98. a frame made with
steps placed between two upright pieces ; any thmg by
which one climbs ; a gradual rise.
Lade, lade, s. 73. 75. The mouth of a river,
from the Saxon Lade, which signifies a purging or dis-
charging.
To Lade, lade, v. a. 75. To load, to freight, to
buidcn ; to heave out, to tbrow out.
Lading, la'-ding, s. 410. Weight, burden,
freight.
Ladle, la-dl, S. 405. A large spoon, a vessel with
a long handle used in throwing out any liquid ; the re-
ceptacles of a mill wheel, into which the water fallmg
turns it.
Lady, la-de, *. 182. a woman of high rank; the
title of Lady properly belongs to the wives of Knight.",
of all deerees above them, and to the daughters of
Earls, ancl all of higher ranks; a word of complaisance
used of women.
Lady-bedstraw, la'-dt-hed^straw, s. A plants
Lady-bird, la-de-burd, "|
Lady-cow, la'-de-kSii, >*.
Lady-fly, la-de-fli, J
A small beautiful insect of the beetle kind.
Lady-day, hUd^-da, *. The d.iy on which tlk
A'ununciation of the Blessed Virgin is celebrated, the
2.Mh of March.
Lady-like, la'-de-like, a. Soft, delicate, elegant.
Lady-mantle, la'-de-ni^n-tl, s. A plant.
LaUYSHIP, li'd^sbip, *. The title of a lady.
LAM LAN
nor 167, nJt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— /Ain 466, this 469.
ER, liVdiz-slip'-pur, \
K, la-diz-smSk, J
Lady's-slippe
Lady's-smock
Lag, lag, a. Coming behind, falling short j sluggish,
slow, tardy ; last, long delayed.
Lag, lag, *. The lowest class, the rump, the fag
end ; he that comes last, or hangs behind.
7b Lag, litg, v, n. To loiter, to move slowly; to
stay behind, not to come in.
Lagger, liW-giir, *. 98. A loiterer; an idler.
Laical, la-e-kAl, a. Belonging to the laity, or
people, as distinct from the clergy.
Laid, lade, 202. 222. Part. pass, of Lay.
La IV, lane, 202. Part. pass, of Lie.
Lair, lare, S. 202. The couch of a boar, or wild
beast.
Laird, lard, S. 202. The lord of a manor in the
Scottish dialect.
Laity, lA-e-te, s. The people as distinguished
from the clergy ; the state of a layman.
Lake, lake, S. A large diffusion of inland water ;
a small plash of water ; a middle colour betwi.\t ultra-
marine and vermilion.
Lamb, l^m, *. 347. i The young of a sheep ;
typically, the Saviour of the world.
Lambkin, l^m-kin, s. a little lamb.
Lambative, l^tn-bit-tiv, a, 157. Taken by
licking.
Lambative, l4mibi-tiv, s. A medicine taken by
licking with the tongue.
Lambs-wool, iSms^wul, s. Ale mixed with the
pulp of roasted apples.
CrT- Mr. Elphinston has a no less strange than whim-
sical derivation of this word from an old French subsian-
tive te moitst, "That the verb imist should ever have been
Scottishly man, (as, ye mil n dooV/, foryc mast rfojt,) seems
indeed as surprising as that the old le moust (now mout)
the noun mwsJ should ever have Englishly run \nlo lamb's
wool, which beats far the change of Asparagus into Spar-
ri»c-;frass, or the elegant as elliptical grass." Such a de-
rivation, perhaps, is not impossible ; but 1 should think
the more natural, as well as the more easy one, is the re-
semblance of the soft pulp of an apple to the wool of a
lamb. — See Asparagus, and the noun A[ust.
La.MBENT, lAni-bent, a. Playing about, gliding
over without harm.
LamdoidAL, lAin-doid-dll, a. Having the form
of the Greek letter Lamda or A.
Lame, lAme, a. Crippled, disabled in the limbs ;
hobbling, not smooth, alluding to the feet of a verse;
imperfect, unsatisfactory.
To Lame, lime, v. a. To cripple.
Lamellated, lam-mel-i-ted, a. Covered with
films or plates.
Lamely, lame-le, ad. Like a cripple, without
natural force or activity ; imperfectly.
Lameness, lAme-nes, s. The state of a cripple,
loss or inability of limbs; imperfection, weakness.
To Lament, ht-tiientj v. n. To mourn, to wail, to
grieve, to express sorrow.
To Lament, l;t-ment{ v. a. To bewail, mourn or
bemoan, to sorrow for.
Lament, iJ-mentJ S. Sorrow audibly expressed,
lamentation ; expression of sorrow.
Lamentable, lam-men-tS-bl, a. To be lamented,
causinc; sorrow ; mournful, expressing sorrow ; miser-
able, in a ludicrous or low sense, pit'ful. — See Incom-
parable.
Lamentably, lim-men-t;t-ble, ad. With ex-
pressions or tokens of sorrow ; so as to cause sorrow ;
pitifully, despicably.
Lamentation, l^m-men-tA-shun, s. 527. 530.
Expression of sorrow, audible grief.
Lam ENTER, l;l-ment'ur, s. 98. He who mourns
or laments.
Lamentine, hlni-meti-tine, *, 149, A fish called
a sea cow or manatee.
301
Lamina, l4m-m5-nS, s. Thin plate, one coat laid
over another.
(K5» This word from its derivation from the Latin, and
its similar form to Stamina, may by some be taken
for a plural, as Stamina is often for a singular; but it
must be observed, that Lamina is a noun singular of the
first declension ; and that if we speak learnedly, we ought
to form the plural by lamincc; but that if we descend to
plain English, it ought to be Laminas. — See Animalcule
and Stamina.
Laminated, lAm-me-ni-ted, a. Plated; used of
such bodies whose contexture discovers such a disposi-
tion as that of plates lying over one another.
To Lamm, l;tm, v. a. To beat soundly with
a cudgel. A low word.
Lammas, lim-mas, s. 88. The first of August.
Lamp, htmp, S. A light made with oil and a wick ;
that which contains the oil and wick ; in poetical lan-
guage, real or metaphorical light.
LA!\IPASS, lim-pits, S. A lump of flesh, about the
bigness of a nut, in the roof of a horse's mouth.
Lampblack, lainpibl;1.k, s. It is made by holding
a torch under the bottom of a bason, and as it is furred
striking it with a feather into some shell.
Lampoon, lani-poonj *. A personal satire, abuse,
censure, written not to reform but to vex.
To Lampoon, lilm-poon| v. a. To abuse with
personal satire.
Lampooner, litai-poon-?ir, s. 98. A scribbler of
personal satire.
Lamprey, l4m^pre, *. A kind of eci.
Lampron, lim-prun, *. 166. A kind of sea fish,
a long eel.
Lance, htnse, s. 78, 79. A long spear.
To Lancf, lA.nse, v. a. To pierce, to cut ; to open
chirurgically, to cut in order to a cure.
Lancet, lin-Slt, 5. 99. A small pointed chirurglcal
instrument.
To LaNCH, lansh, v. a. To dart, to cast ai
a lance.
(t3» This word, says Dr. Johnson, is too often written
Launch, and is only a vocal corruption ol tauce.
LanciNATION, lan-S^-ni-shuil, S. Tearing, lacera-
tion.
To Lancinate, lin-se-iulte, v. a. 91. To tear,
to rend.
Land, land, S. A country ; a region, distinct frorr;
other countries ; earth, distinct from water; ground,
• surface of the place; an estate real and immoveable;
"■ nation, people.
To Land, lilld, v. a. To set on shore.
To Land, l4nd, v. n. To come on shore.
Landau, lan-daw{ S. A coach whose top may
occasionally open.
Land-forces, lilnd-for-sez, s. Powers not naval,
soldiers that serve 6n land.
Landed, l;1n-ded, a. Having a fortune in land.
Landfall, lAnd-lall, s. 406. A cudden translation
of pro))erty in land by the death of a rich man.
LaNDFLOOD, l^nil-flud, S. Inundation.
Landholder, luml-hol-dur, s. One whose fortune
is in land.
Land.iobber, hInd-job-bur, s. One who buys
and sells land for othc'r men.
Landgrave, lind-grave, s. A German title oi
dom.inion.
Landing, hlnd'-uig, 41^ 1 _
Landing-place, l5.iKl-ing-pllse, /
The top of stairs.
Landlady, lin-la-de, *. A woman who hai
tenants holding of her ; the mistress of an inn.
Landless, land-les, a. "Without property, without
fortune.
Landlocked, Und^lSkt, a. 359. Shut in, ot
enclosed with land.
LANDLOPER; Und-l6-pur, *, .98. A landman;
LAP
LAR
<ty 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, ^t 8 1— mS 93, met 95— pine 1 05, pin 107— no 162, move 1 64,
To Lap, lUp, ?;. n. To feed by quick repeated
motion of tlie tongue.
To Lap, lap, v. a. To lick up.
LapdOG, lap^dSg, S, A little dog, fondled by ladies
in the lap.
Lapful, Ictp-ful, s. 406. As much as can be con-
tained in the lap.
Lapicide, lap-e-side, s. A stone-cutter.
Lapidary, l^p-^-d4r-e, s. One who deals in
stones or gems.
To Lapidate, lip-e-date, v. a. To stone, to
kill by stoning.
Lapidation, lip-e-da-shun, s. A stoning.
Lapideous, li-pid-e-us, a. stony, of the nature
of stone.
Lapide-scence, iSp-i-desisense, s. 510.
Stony concretion.
Lapidescent, l^p-e-desisent, a. Growing of
turning to stone.
Lapidifick, lap-e-dififik, a. 509.
Forming stones.
Lapidist, lip-e-dist, S. A dealer in stones ur gems.
Lapis, la-pis, s. A stone.
Lapis-lazuli, lA-pis-lJzh-u-lI, s. A stone of an
azure or blue colour.
Lapper, lipipur, s. 98. One who wraps up ; one
who laps or licks.
Lappet, lip^pit, s. 99. The parts of a head-dresg
that hang loose.
Lapse, lipse, s. Flow, fall, glide j petty errour,
small mistake i transition of right from one to an*
a term of reproach used by seamen, of those who pass
their lives on shore,
(t5" This word is improved by seamen into the more
intelligible word Landlubber.
Landlord, lindMord, s. 88. One who owns land
or houses ; the master of an inn.
Landmark, iSnd-mark, s. Any thing set up to
preserve boundaries.
Landscape, iSnd-skipe, s. A region, the prospect
of a country; a picture representing an extent of
space, with the various objects in it.
Land-tax, l^nd-tiks, s. Tax laid upon land and
houses.
Land-waiter, l^nd^wil-tur, s. An officer of the
customs, who is to watch what goods are landed.
Landward, land^wird, ad 88. Towards the land.
Lane, lane, S. 35. A narrow way between hedges ;
a narrow street, an alley ; a passage between men
standing on each side.
Lanerbt, lin-ner-et, s. A little hawk.
Language, ling^widje, s. 331. 90. Human
speech ; the tongue of one nation as distinct from
others; style, manner of expression.
Languaged, l3.ng-gwidjd, a. 359. Having
various langaages.
Language-master, llng-gwidje-m^s-tur, s.
A teacher of languages.
Languid, lingigwid, a. 340. Faint, we^ik,
feeble; dull, heartless.
Languidly, ling'gwid-1^, ad. Weakly, feebly.
Languidness, iSng^wid-nes, *. Weakness,
feebleness.
To Languish, lingigwish, v. n. ,340. * To grow
feeble, to pine away, to lose strength; to be no longer
vigorous in motion; to sink or pine under sorrow ; to
look with softness or tenderness.
Languish, hlng^wish, *. Soft appearance.
Languishingly, lang-gwisli-Ing-le, ad. Weakly,
feebly, with feeble softness; dully, tediously.
Languishment, ling-gwish-ineiit, s. State of
pining; softness of mieii.
Languor, ll'ig-gwur,*. 166. 344. A faintness,
which may arise from want, or decay of spirits.
To Laniate, lA^ne-Ate, v. a, 9\. To tear in
|)ieces, to rend, to lacerate.
Lanifice, l^n-e-fis, 5. 142. Woollen manufacture.
LaNIGEROUS, li-nid-jer-US, a. Bearing wool.
Lank, 15ngk, a, 408. Loose, not filled up, not
stiffened nut, not fat ; faint, languid.
LankneSS, l^n^k-nes, s. Want of plumpness.
LaNNER, liininur, *. 98. a species of hawk.
Lan.SOUENET, l^ll-sken-net, S. A common foot
soldier ; a game at cards.
03" This word, as a game at cards, is altered bv the
vulgar into Latnbskiniiet. This is something, at least,
which they understand ; and this very intelligibility con-
firms them in the corruption. — See Asparagus.
Lantern, lin-turn, *. 98. 418. A transparent
case for a candle; a lighthouse, a light hung out to
guide ships.
0:^ This word, says Dr. Johnson, by mistake is often
written Lanlhorn. The cause of this mistake is easy;
transparent cases for candles were generally made of
horn ; and this was sufficient to persuade those who knew
nothing of the derivation of the word from the Latin
Lanlema, that this was its true etymology — See Aspa-
ragus.
Lantern-jaws, 1 Jn-turn-jawz, *. A thin visage.
Lanuginoos, l4-nu-jin-us, a, 314. Downy,
covered with soft hair.
Lap, liip, *. The loose part of a garment, which
may be doubled at pleasure ; the part of the clothes
that is spread horizontally over the knees; the part
formed by the knees in a sitting posture.
To Lap, lap, v, a. To wrap or twist round any
thing ; to involve in any thing.
To Lap, l^p, v. n. To be spread w twisted over
any thing.
302
To Lapse, htpse, v. n. To glide slowly, to fail by
degrees; to slip by inadvertency or mistake; to lose
the proper tiine ; to fall by the negligence of one pro-
prietor to another ; to fall from perfection, truth, ot
r;itll.
Lapwing, l^p-Wing, S, A clamorous bird with
long wings.
LapwORK, lip-WUl'k, S. Work in which one part
is interchangeably wrapped over thi other.
Larboard, l^ir^bord, s. The left-hand side of
a ship, when you stand with your face to the head.
Larceny, lai-se-ne, s. Petty theft. — See
J^alrocin'j.
Larch, lartsh, s. 352. A tree of the fir kind which
drops its leaves in winter.
Lard, lard, *. 81. The grease of swine; bacon,
the flesh of swine.
To Lard, lard, v, a. To stuflF with bacon ; to
fatten; to mix with something else by way of improve.
ment.
Larder, l^r-dur, S. 93. The room where meat is
kept or salted.
Larderer, lar-dur-ur, s. One who has the
charge of the larder.
Large, lardje, a. Big, bulky; wide, extensive f
liberal, abundant, plentiful ; copious, diffuse; at large}
without restraint, diffusely.
Largely, lardje-li, ad. widely, extensively ;
copiously, diffusely; liberally, bounteously; abun-
dantly.
Largeness, lardje-nes, 5. Bigness, greatne.«s, ex-
tension, wideness.
Largess, lar-jes, S. A present, a gift, a bounty.
Largition, lar-jish-un, S. The act of giving.
Lark, lark, S. A small singing bird.
Larker, la.rk-ur, *. 98. A catcher of larks.
Larkspur, Lark^spur, s. A plant.
Larvated, lar^va-ted, a. Masked.
LarUM, lir-rum, S. 81. Alarm; noise noting
danger.
LARYNGOTOMY,l^r-inpgtiJ.m^^ ,. 518.
An operation wliere the (gfe-pait of tlit larynx Is ^i-
LAT
LAU
nSr 16T, hftt 163— tube 171, tuo 172, bull 173— S'l 299— pound 3\3—iMn 466, THis 469
v'lded to assist respiration, during large tumours upon
the upper parts, as in a quinsey.
Larynx, li-nilglvS, *. Tlie windpipe, the trachea.
Lascivient, l4-siv^vi-ent, a. 542. Frolicksome,
wantoning.
Lascivious, li-siv-v^-us, a. 542. Lewd, Kwtful ;
wanton, soft, luxurious.
Lasciviously, li-siv-v^-us-1^, ad. Lewdly,
wantonly, loosely.
LasciviOUSNESS, l4-siv^v6-us-nes, S. Wanton-
ness, looseness.
Lash, l^sh, S. A stroke with any thirfg pliant and
tougli ; the thong or point of the whip; a leash, or
string in which an animal is held; a stroke of satire,
a sarcasm.
7b Lash, lish, v. a. To strike with any thing
pliant, to scourge; to move with a sudden spring or
jerk; to heat, to strike with a sharp sound; to scourge
witli satire ; to tie any tiling down lo the side or mast
of a sliip.
To Lash, lisll, v. n. To ply the whip.
Lasher, l^sh-ur, *. 98. One that whips or lashes.
Lass, las, s. 79- a girl, a maid, a young woman.
Lassitude, ifc-S^-tide, S. Weariness, fatigue.
Lasslorn, lis-lorn, s. Forsaken by his mistress.
See Forlorn.
Last, lAst, a. 79- Latest, that which follows all
the rest in time; hindmost, which follows in order of
place ; next hefnre the present, as Last week ; utmost ;
at Last, in conclusion, at the end; The Last, the end.
Last, lilst, ad. The last time, the time next before
the present ; in conclusion.
7'o Last, l^st, v. n. To endure, to continue.
Last, last, s. The mould on which shoes arc formed ;
a load, a ceilain weight or measure.
Lastage, hts-tldje, *. 90. Custom paid for
freightage ; tlie ballast of a ship.
Lasting, hls-ting, part. a. 410. Continuing,
durable ; of long continuance, perpetual.
Lastingly, ifc^ting-l^, ad. Perpetually.
LaSTINGNESS, lis-ting-nes, S. Durableness, con-
tinuance.
Lastly, lUst-le, ad, Tn the last place; in the
conclusion, at last.
Latch, l4tsh, *. A catch at a door moved by
a string or handle.
To Latch, liltsh, v. a. To fasten with a latch ;
to fasten, to close.
Latches, li1,tsh-ez, *. Latches or laskets, in
a ship, are loops made by small ropes.
LaTCHET, iJtsh-lt, 5. 99. The string that fastens
the shoe.
Late, lAte, a. Contrary to early, slow, tardy, long
delayed: last in any i>lace, office, or character; the
deceased ; far in the day or night.
Late, late, ad. After long delays, after a long
time ; in a latter season; lately, not long ago; far in
the day or night.
LateD, lA-ted, a. Belated, surprised by tlve night.
Lately, late-le, ad. Not long ago.
Lateness, l;\te'-nes, *. Time far advanced.
Latent, lA-tent, a. Hidden, concealed, secret.
Lateral, lit-t4r-4l, a. Growing out on the side,
belonging to the side ; placed, or acting in a direclit)n
perpendicular to a vertical line.
Laterality, lit-ter-il^^-t^, ad. The quality of
having distinct sides.
Laterally, l4t-ter-;ll-^, a. By the side, sidewise.
LaTEWARD, latc-wiud, ad. 88. Somewhat late.
Lath, \a.th, S. 78. a small long piece of wood
used to support the tiles of houses.
To Lath, la<A, v. a. To fit up with laths.
Lathe, IAtHC, S. The tool of a turner, by which
he turns about his matter so as to shape it by the chisel.
To Lather, lATii'-ur, v. n. To fwm a foam.
303
To Lather, l^TH-ur, v. a. To cover with foam
of water and soap.
Lather, l;\TH-ur, S. 98. A foam or froth made
commonly by beating soap with water.
Latin, iJt-tin, a. 159. Written or spoken in the
language of the old Romans.
LatinISM, lUtklll-lzm, S. A Latin idiom ; a mod*
of speech peculiar to the Latin.
LaTINIST, lit^tin-lSt, s. One skilled in Latin.
LatINITY, li-tin^n^-te, *. The Latin tongue.
7b Latinize, l^t-tin-lze, v. n. To use woidsor
phrases borrowed fr')m the Latin.
7b Latinize, l^t-tin-ize, v. a. To give names n
Latin termination, to make them Latin.
Latirostrous, li-t^-r6s-trus, a. Broad-beaked.
Latish, lAte-ish, a. Somewhat late.
Latitancy, l^t-t^-tan-se, s. The state of lying
hid.
Lati TAN r, lit^te-tW, a. Concealed, lying hid.
LaTITATION, lAt-e-ta'-shun, S. The state of lying
concealed.
Latitude, hlt-t5-tude, .v. Breadth, width ; room,
space, extent ; the extent of the earth or heavens,
reckoned from the equator; a particular degree reck-
oned from the equator; unrestrained acceptation;
freedom from settled rules, laxity ; extent, dilTusion.
Latitudinarian, hlt-e-tu-de-nilir^-itn, s.
One who allows himself great liberties in religious
matters.
Latitudinarian, lit-e-tu-d^-ni-r^-4n, a.
Not restrained or confined by religion.
Latrant, lA-tr^nt, a. Barking.
Latria, \k-trh-k, s. 93. The highest kind ol
worship, as distinguished from Dulia.
0:5" This word, by being derived from the Greek harftla
is pronounced by Johnson, and after him by Ash, with
the accent on the penultimate syllable; both of them
liad forgot their Greek in the word Dulia, which they ac-
cent on the antepenultimate, though derived from SaXila.
One of these modes of accentuation must be wrong; and
my opinion is, that, as these words are appellatives, we
should adopt that accent which Dr. Johnson did when
his Greek was out of his head; that is, the antepenul-
timate.— See Cyclopedia.
Latrociny, lit-ro-Se-n^, S. Larceny, theft,
robbery ; a literal version of the Latin lalrocinium,
which was afterwards contracted into larceny.
(jr^ It may be observed that Dr. Johnson spells this
word with an e in the second syllable, while both its
Latin and French derivation require, as Mason has shown
from Blackstone, that it ought to be written larciny.
Latten, lit'-ten, *. 99- 103. Brass, a mixture of
copper and calaminaris stone.
Latter, htl-tur, a. 98. Happening after some-
thing else; modern, lately done or past; mentioned
last of two.
Latterly, lit^tiir-1^, ad. 557. Of late.
Lattice, lit-tis, s. 140. 142. A window made
with a kind nf network; a window made with sticks
or irons crossing each other at small distances.
7b Lattice, htt^tiS, v. a. To mark with cross
parts like a lattice.
Lava, la-va, s. 92. The overflowing of sulphureous
mailer from a volcano.
Lavation, li-v;i-shun, *. The act of washing.
Lavatory, liv^vA-tSr-^, s. 512. A wash;
soinciliing in which parts diseased are washed.
<i~f For the o, see Domestick.
Laud, lawd, S. 213. Praise, honour paid, celebra-
tion ; thai part of divine worship wliich consists in
praise.
7b Laud, lawd, i>. a. To praise, to celebrate.
Laudable, law^di-bl, a. 405. Praise-worthy,
commendable; healthy, salubrious.
Laudableness, law-di-bl-nes, s. Praisc-worthi-
ness.
Laudably, l^w-d^-bl^, ad. In a manner deserving
praise.
LAW
LAZ
(K5» 559. FAte73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m593, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
A soporifick
Laudanum, l5d^d^-num, s. 217
tincture.
To Lave, live, v. a. To wash, to bathe ; to lade,
to draw out.
7'o Laveer, li-v^er| v, n. To change the direc-
tion often in a course.
AjAVF.NDER, Uvi-ven-dur, s. 98. The name of
a plant.
Layer, Li-vur, s. 98. A washing vessel.
To Laugh, laf, v. n. 215. 391. To make that
noise wliich sudden merriment excites j in poetry, to
appear gay, favouralile, pleasant, or fertile; To laugh
at, to treat with contempt, to ridicule.
To Laugh, laf, v. a. To deride, to scorn.
Laugh, laf, S. The convulsion caused by merriment ;
an inarticulate expression of sudden merriment.
Laughable, laf-R-bl, a. 405. Such as may
properly excite laughter.
Laugher, laf'-ur, s. 98. A man fond of merriment.
Laughingly, laf-ing-le, ad. In a merry way,
merrily.
Laughingstock, laf-ing-stfik, s. A butt, an
object of ridicule.
Laughter, la.f-tur,*. 98. Convulsive merriment ;
an inarticulate expression of sudden merriment.
Lavish, liv-ish, a. Prodigal, wasteful, indiscreetly
liberal ; scattered in waste; profuse; wild, unrestrained.
2o Lavish, lilv-ish, v. a. To scatter with profusion.
LaVISHER, litv-ish-ur, S. 98. A prodigal, a pro-
fuse man.
Lavishly, l^v-isb-le, ad. Trofusely, prodigally.
Lavishment, lilv^ish-nient, ")
Lavishness, hlv'-ish-nes, J
Prodigality, profusion.
7b Launch, l?insli, v. n. 214. The force into
the sea; to rove at large ; to expatiate. — See Lanch.
To Launch, l?insh, v. a. 352. To push to sea;
to dart from the land.
LauND, lavvnd, .1. A i)lain extended between woods;
now more frequently written Lavm.
Laundress, lan-dres, s. 9.14. A woman whose
employment is to wash clothes.
Laundry, lajl'dre, s. The room m which clothes
are washed ; the act or state of washing.
Lavolta, li-vftUta, S. 92. An old dance, in
which was much turning and much capering.'
Laureate, law-rl-^t, a. 91 Decked or invested
with laurel.
Laureation, law-re-a-shun, *. It denotes, in
the Scottish universities, the act or stale of having de-
grees conferred.
Laurel, iftr^ril, s. 99, 217. A tree, called also
the Clierry-bay.
Laureled, liir-rild, a, 359. Crowned or decorated
with laurel.
lyAW, law, s. A rule of action ; a decree, edict,
statute, or custom, publickly established; judicial
process ; conformily to law, any thing lawful ; an esta-
blished and constant mode of process.
LaVVPUL, law-fill, U. 406. Agreeable to law, con-
formable to law.
Lawfully, law-ful-J, ad. Legally, agreeably to
law.
Lawfulness, law-ful-nes, s. Legality; allowance
of law.
Lawgiver, law-giv-ur, s. 98. Legislator, one
that makes laws.
Lawgiving, l?w'glv-ing, a. Legislative.
_iAwLESS, law-les, a. Unrestrained by any law,
not subject to law ; contrary to law, illegal.
Lawlessly, law-les-1^, ad. In a manner contrary
to law.
Lawmaker, law-mA-kur, *.' One who makes
laws, a lawg'ver.
3;)4
Lawn, lawn, .9. An open space between woods j fine
linen, remarkable for being used in the sleeves o!
bishops.
Lawsuit, lawtsute, S. A process in law, a litigation.
Lawyer, law'-yer, S, 98. Professor of law, ad-
vocate, plender.
Lax, laks, a. Loose, not confined, not closely
joined ; vague, not rigidly exact ; loose in body, so as
to go frequently to stool ; slack, not tense.
Lax, laks, s. A looseness, a diarrhoea.
Laxation, lik-sA^shun, *. The act of loosening
or slackening; the state of being loosened or slack-
ened.
Laxative, liks^i-tiv, a, 512. Having the power
to ease costiveness.
Laxative, j4ks'-l-tiv, s. a medicine slightly
purgative.
Laxativeness, laks^l-tiv-nes, s. The state
opposite to costiveness.
Laxity, l^ks-e-te, S. Not compression, not close
cohesion ; contrariety to rigorous precision ; loose-
ness, not costiveness ; slackness, contrariety to tension
openness, not closeness.
Laxness, laks-iies, s. Laxity, not tension ; not
precision ; not costiveness.
Lay, 1^, Pret. of Lie, to rest.
To Lay, la, v. a. To place along ; to beat down
corn or grass ; to keep from rising, to settle, to still;
to put, to place ; to make a bet ; to spread on a surface ;
to calm, to still, to quiet, to allay ; to prohibit a spirit
to walk ; to set on the table ; to propagate plants by
fixing their twigs in the ground ; to wager ; to reposit
any thing ; to bring forth eggs ; to apply with violence ;
to apply nearly ; to impute, to charge ; to throw by
violence; to Lay apart, to reject, to put by; to Lay
aside, to put away, not to retain ; to Lay before, to
expose to view, to show, to display ; to Lay by, to re-
serve for soine future time; to put from one, to dis-
miss ; to Lay down, to deposit as a pledge, equivalent,
or satisfaction; to quit, to resign; to commit to re-
pose ; to advance as a proposition ; to Lay for, to at-
tempt by ambush or insidious practices ; to Lay forth,
to diffuse, to expatiate; to plate when dead in a de-
cent posture; to Lay hold of, to seize, to catch; to
Lay in, to store, to treasure; to Lay on, to apply with
violence; to Lay open, to show, to expose; to Lay
over, to incrust, to cover ; to Lay out, to expend ; to
display, to discover, to dispose, to plan ; to Lay out,
with the reciprocal pronoun, to exert; to Lay to, to
charge upon, to apply with vigour, to harass, to attack;
to Lay together, to collect, to bring into one view ; to
Lay under, to subject to; to Lay up, to confine, to
store, to treasure ; to Lay upon, to importune, to wager
upon.
To Lay, li, v. n. To bring eggs, to contrive ; to
Lay about, to strike on all sides ; to Lay at, to strike,
to "endeavour to strike; to Lay in for, to make over-
tures of oblique invitation ; to Lay on, to strike, to
beat; to act with vehemence; to Lay out, to take
measures.
Lay, 1^, S. A row, a stratum ; a wager.
Lay, la, s. Grassy ground, meadow, ground im-
ploughed.
Lay, la, *. A song.
Lay, la, a. Not clerical ; regarding or belonging to
the people as distinct from the clergy.
Layer, Ul-ur, s. 98. A stratum, or row, a bed,
one body spread over another; a sprig of a plant; a
lien that lays eggs.
Layman, la-m<^n, S. 88. One of the people dis-
tinct from the clergy ; an image used by painters to
form attitudes and hang drapery upon.
LazAR, la-zir, S. 418. One deformed and nauscoua
with filthy and pestilential diseases.
Lazar-iiouse, la-zar-hoi!ise, ")
Lazare'ito, lilz-.^r-ret-ttj, J
A house for the reception of the diseased, an hospital.
Lazarwort, la-zar-wurt, s. A plant.
Lazily, hUz^-lo, ad. Idly, sluggishly, heavily.
Laziness, la'-ze-nes, S. Idleness, sluggishness.
Lazing, U-2ing, a. 410. sluggish, idle.
LEA
LEA
nor 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^/*in 466, THis 469.
Lazuli, l;\zh-u-li, s. The ground of this stone is
blue, vaiiCRated with yellow and white.
Lazy, la-ze, a, idle, sluggish, unwilling to work ;
slow, tedious.
Lea, le, S. 227- Ground enclosed, not open.
Lead, led, S. 234. A soft lieavy metal. In the
plural, flat roof to walk on.
7b Lead, led, v. a. To fit with lead in any manner.
Jh Lead, lede, v. a. Pret. Led. To guide by the
hand ; to conduct to any place; to conduct as head or
commander; to introduce by going first; to guide, to
show the method of attaining; to draw, to entice, to
allure; to induce, to prevail on by pleasing motives;
to pass, to spend in any certain manner.
Jh Lead, l^de, v. n. 227. To conduct as a com-
mander; to show the way by going first.
Lead, lede, s. Guidance, first place.
Leaden, IwUdn, a. 103. 234. Made of lead;
heavy, dull.
Leader, le-dur, S. 98. One that leads or conducts;
captain, commander, one who goes first, one at the
head of any party or faction.
Leading, le-ding^, /ja?Y. «. 410. Principal.
Leading-stuings, le-ding-stnngz, *. strings
by which children, when Ihey learn to walk, are held
from falling.
Leadvvort, led-wurt, s. 234. A plant.
Leaf, lefe, s. 227- The green deciduous parts of
plants and flowers; a part of a book, containing two
pages ; one side of a double door ; any thing foliated,
or thinly beaten.
To Leaf, lefe, t'. n. To bring leaves; to bear
leaves.
Leafless, lefe-les, a. Naked of leaves.
Leafy, l^^fe, a. Full of leaves.
League, leeg, S. 227. A confederacy, a com-
bination.
To League, le%, v. n. To unite, to confederate.
League, leeg, s. A measure of length, containing
three miles.
Leagued, leegd, a. 359. Confederated.
Leaguer, 1^-gur, s. 98. Siege, investment of
a town.
Leak, leke, *. 227. A breach or hole which lets
in water.
To Leak, l^ke, v. n. To let water in or out; to
drop through a breach.
Leakage, le-kldje, s. 90. Allowance made for
accidental loss in liquid measures.
Leaky, le-ke, a. Battered or pierced, so as to let
water in or out ; loquacious, not close.
To Lean, leiie, v. n. 227. 238. Pret. Leaned
or Leant. To incline against, forest against; to tend
towards; to be in a bending posture.
Lean, lene, a. 227. Not fat, meager, wanting
flesh; not unctuous, thin, hungry; low, poor, in op-
position to great or rich.
Lean, lene, s. The part of flesh which consists of
the muscle williout the fat.
Leanly, lene-le, ad. Meagerly, without plumpness.
Leanness, lene-nes, S. Extenuation of body,
want of flesh, meagerness ; want of bulk.
To Leap., lepe, v. n. 239. To jump, to move
upward or prugress'«y'ly without change of the feet ; to
rush with vehemeitce; to bound, to spring; to fly, to
start.
(K^ The past time of this verb is generally heard with
the diphthong short; and if so, it ought to be spelled
lept, rhyming with kcjit. — See Principles, No. 369, 370.
Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry,
Mr. Barclay, Mr. Nares, Mr. Smith, and Mr. Elphinston,
pronounce the diphthong in the present tense of this
word long, as 1 have done; and Mr. Elphinston and
Mr. Nares make it short, in the preterit and participle.
Mr. Slieiidan alone makes the present tense short, which,
if I recollect justly, is a pronunciation peculiai to Ireland.
See Ileard,
305
To Leap, lepe, v. a. To pass over or into by
leaping; to compress, as oeasts.
Leap, lepe, S. Bound, jump, act of leaping ; space
passed by leaping; sudden transition ; an assault of an
animal of prey; embrace of animals.
Leap-frog, lepe-frSg, s. A play of children, in
which they imitate the jump of frogs.
Leap-year, lepe-yere, s. Leap-year, or bissextile,
is every fourth year, and so called from its leaping a
day more that year than in acommon year; so that the
common year liath three hundred and sixty-five days,
but the Leap-year three hundred and sixty-six: and
then February hath twenty-nine days, which in com-
inon years hath but twenty-eight.
To Learn, lern, v. a. 234. To gain the knowledge
or skill of; to teach ; improperly used in this last sense.
To Learn, lern, v. n. To receive instruction j to
improve by example.
Learned, ler^ned, a. 362. Versed in science and
literature; skilled, skilful, knowing; skilled in scho-
lastick knowledge.
Learnedly, ler-ned-li, ad. With knowledge,
with skill.
Learning, ler-ning, s. 410. Literature, skill in
languages or sciences ; skill in any thing good or bad.
Learner, ler-nur, s. One who is yet in hii
rudiments.
Lease, lese, S. 227t A contract by which, in con-
sideration of some payment, a tempinary possesion
is granted of houses or lands; any tenure.
To Lease, l^se, V, a. To let by lease.
To Lease, leze, v. n, 227. To glean, to gathei:
what the harvest-men leave.
Leaser, le-zur, s. A gleaner.
Leash, le^sh, S. 227. A leather thong, by which
a falconer holds his hawk, or a courser leads his grey-
hound ; a band wherewith to tie any thing in general.
To Leash, l^esb, v. a. To bind, to hold in
a string.
Leash, leesh, s, A brace and a half, a sportsman's
term
(t?- Sportsmen, like the professors of other arts, often
corrupt their technical terms; for we frequently hear thi*
word pronounced like the lease of a house. This corrup-
tion, however, is not gone so far as to make the true
sound pedantick, and therefore ought to be corrected.—
See Clef.
Leasing, leizuig', J. 227. 410. Lies, falsehood.
Least, leest, a. 227. The superlative of Little,
Little beyond others, smallest.
Least, leest, ad. In the lowest degree.
Leather, lexH-ur, s. 98. 234. Dressed hide* of
animals; skin, ironically.
Leathercoat, leTH-ur-kote, s. An apple with
a rough rind; a sort of potato.
Leathery, lexn'-ur-e, a. Resembling leather.
Leave, l^ve, s, 227. Grant of liberty, permission,
allowance; farewell, adieu.
To Leave, l^ve, v. a. Pret. / Left; I have
Left. To quit, to forsake; to have remaining at
death ; to suffer to remain ; to fix as a token of remem-
brance ; to bequeath, to give as inheritance; to give
up, to resign ; to cease to do, to desist from ; to Leave
off, to desist from, to forbear, to forsake; to Leave
out, to omit, to neglect.
To Leave, l^ve, v. n. To cease, to desist j to Leavp
off, to desist, to stop.
Leaved, leevd, a. 227. Furnished with foliage ;
made with leaves or folds.
Leaven, leviven, s. 103. 234. Ferment mixed
with any boiiy to make it light; any mixture whicb
makes a general change in the mass.
To Leaven, lev-ven, v. a. To ferment by some-
thing mixed; to taint, to imbue.
Leaver, iMvur, s. 98. One who deserts or
forsakes.
Leaves, \hl\z, s. The pUtral o' Leaf,
LEG
LEG
ty 559. FAte73, far 77, fall. 83, fitSl— ra493, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 16^
Leavings, le-villjz, s. 410. Remnant, relicks, offal.
Lecher, letsh-ur, s. 98. A wlioremaster.
Lecherous, letsh^ur-us, a. Lewd, lustful.
Lecherously, letsh-ur-us-1^, ad.
Lewdly, lustfully.
LecHEROUSNESS, letsh-'ir-us-nes, S. Lewdness.
Lechhry, lets\i-ui-e, S. 557. Lewdness, lust.
Lection, lek-shun, S. A reading, a variety in
copies.
Lecture, lek-tslu'tre, S. 461. A disroarse pro-
nounced upon any subject; the act or practice of read-
ing, perusal; a magisterial reprimand.
To Lecture, lek-tshure, v. a. To instruct
formally ; to instruct insolently and dogmatically.
Lecturer, lek-tshur-ur, s. An instructor,
a teacher by way of lecture, a preacher in a church
hired by the parish to assist tlie rector.
Lectureship, lekitshur-ship, s. The office of
a lecturer.
Led, l(id. Part. pret. of To Lead.
Ledge, ledje, *. A row, layer, stratum ; a ridge
rising above the rest ; any prominence or rising part.
Leuhorse, led^hSrse, s. A sumpter horse.
Lee, lee, *. Dregs, sediment, refuse. Sea term j
it is generally that side which is opposite to the wind,
as the I.ee-shore is that the wind blows on.
Lee, lee, o. Having the wind blowing on it ; having
tlie wind directed towards it.
Leech, leetsh, *. A physician, a professor of the
an of liealing; a kind of small water serpent, which
fastens on animals, and sucks the blood.
Leech-craft, leetsh-krift, s. The art of
healing.
Leek, leik, S, A pot herb.
Leer, lere, s. An oblique view ; a laboured cast of
countenance.
To Leer, lere, v. n. To look obliquely, to look
archly ; to look with a forced countenance.
Lees, leez, *. Dregs, sediment.
LeET, l^et, S. A law day.
Leeward, lee-wurd, a. 88. Under the wind, on
the side opposite to that from which the wind blows.
See Lee.
Left, left. Part. pret. of Leave.
Left, left, a. Sinistrous ; not on the right hand.
Left-handed, left-h^nd^ed, a. Using the left
hand rather than the right.
Left-handedness, left-hindied-nes, s.
Habitual use of the left hand.
Leo, leg', *. The limb by which animals walk,
particularly that part between the knee and the foot in
men ; an act of obeisance ; that by wliich any lliing is
supported on the ground ; as, the Leg of a table.
Legacy, leg'-a-S^, s. Legacy is a particular thing
given by la:-t will and testament.
Legal, le-gal, a. Done or conceived according to
law ; lawful, not contrary to law.
Legality, le-g^l^S-te, S. Lawfulness.
To Legalize, 1^-gil-lze, v. a. To authorize j to
make lawful.
Legally, le-gil-lJ, ad. Lawfully, according to law.
Legatary, leg-^-t^r-e, *. One who has a legacy
left.
LegA r»NE, leg^i-tlne, a. 149. Made by a legate j
belonging to a legate of the Roman see.
Legate, leg-gate, *. 91- A deputy, an ambassador;
a kinil of spiritual ambassador from the Pope.
CT- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick,
and Mr. Perry, pronounce the first syllable of this word
short, and Buchanan alone long.
Legatee, leg-g^-t^^{ S. One who lias a legacy
left him.
Legation, l^-ga'-shun, s. Dtimtation, com-
mission, 'eiiUitss}',
Legator, leg-gi-tSrJ s. 166. One who makes
a will, and leaves legacies.
0^5- This word seems to have the accent on the last syl-
lable, the better to distinguish it from its correlative U-
gatee.
Legend, 1^-gend, S. A chronicle or register of
the lives of saints ; any memorial or relation ; an in-
credible unautlientick narrative; any inscription, par-
ticularly on medals or coins.
CCx- This word is sometimes pronounced with the vowel
in the first syllable short, as if written ISti-jend. This
has the feeble plea of the Latin word Lego to produce j
but with what propriety can we make this plea for a short
Vowel in English, when we pronounce that very vowel
long in the Latin word we derive it from ? Tlie genuine
and ancient analogy of our language, as Dr. Wallis ob-
serves, is, when a word of two syllables has the accent
on the first, and the vowel is followed by a single conso-
nant, to pronounce the vowel long. It is thus we pro-
nounce all Latin words of this kind; and in this manner
we should certainly have pronounced al! our English
words, if an affectation of following Latin quantity had
not disturbed the natural progress of pronunciation.—
See Drama. But, besides this analogy, the word in ques-
tion has the authority of Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
W. Johnston, Bailey, Entick, Perry, and Buchanan, on
its side. Ur. Kenrick and Dr. Ash are the only abettors
of the sliort sound.
Legendary, led^jen-dl-rJ, a. Pertaining to
a legend.
0:3- As the preceding word has, by the clearest analogy,
the vowel in the first syllable long, so this word, by hav-
ing the accent higher than the antepentimate, has as
clear an analogy for having the same vowel short, S30.
535. This analogy, however, is contradicted by Dr. Ash,
W. Johnston, Mr. Scott, Entick, Buchanan, and Perry,
who make the vowel e long, as in Legend. As Dr. John-
son's accentuation does not determine the quantity of
the vowel, his not inserting this word is, in this case, no
loss; but Mr. Sheridan's omission of it deprives us of a
valuable opinion.
Leger, led-Jur, *. 98. A leger-book, a book that
lies in thecompling house.
Legerdemain, led-jur-de-manej s. Sleight of
hand, juggle, power of deceiving the eye by nimble
motion, trick.
Legerity, le-jer-e-te, S. Lightness, nimbleness.
Legged, legd, a. 359. Having legs.
Legible, led-je-bl, a. 405. Such as may be read j
apparent, discoverable.
Legibly, led-je-ble, ad. In such a manner as
may be read.
Legion, le-jun, *. A body of Roman soldiers, con-
sisting of about five thousand, a military force; any
great number.
Legionary, l^-jun-Sr-J, a. Relating to a legion ;
containing a legion, containing a great indefinite
number.
To Legislate, led-jis-late, v. n. To enact laws.
(fj» This word is neither in Johnson nor Sheridan.
For the pronunciation of the first syllable, see the fol-
lowing words :
Legislation, led-jis-la-shun, s. The act of giv-
ing laws.
Legislative, led-jis-la-tiv, a. Giving laws, law-
giving. ^
Legislator, led-jis-la-tur, *. 166.521. Alaw-
giver, one who makes laws for any community.
Legislature, led-jis-la-tshure, s. 461. The
power that makes laws.
CTP- Some respectable speakers in the House of Com-
mons pronounce the e in the first syllable of this wora
long, as if written Lecgisluture, and think they are won-
derfully correct in doing so, because the first syllable of
all Latin words, compounded of Lex, is long. They do
not know that, in pronouncing the word in this manner
tliey are contradicting one of the clearest analogies of
the language ; which is, that the antepenultiinatf, and
secondary accent, shorten every vowel they fall upon,
except K, unless they are followed by a diphthong, 534,
535. This analogy is evident in a numerous catalogue ot
words ending in ity, where the antepenultimate vowel is
short in English, though long in the Latin words whence
they are derived, as serenily, dwhutii, globosity, &c. The
same may be observed of the words declamatory, dclifiC'
rathe, iCc, where the two stcoud syllables are slioit in
LEN
LES
oSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, kub 172, bull 173— oil 299— '\>iA\\A^i3— thin 466, THis 469.
., l?g'-girne, |^ ^^3
EN, le-pi-men, J
English, though long in the Latin declamatorius, delibe-
raticus, &c. Even the words liberal and liberty, if pro-
nouHCed with their first syllables long, as in the Latin
words liberalis and libertas, ought to be sounded lye'beral
and lye'berty. If, therefore, we consider the accent on
the first syllable of legislator, legislature, or legislative,
either as primary or secondary, we find a clear analogy
for shortening the vowel ; nor can we have the least
reason for lengthening it, which will not oblige us in the
same manner to lengthen tlie first vowel of lenitive, pe-
dagogue, pacification, and a thousand others. — See Prin-
ciples, No. 530. 533. Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick,
Mr. Scott, and Mr. Perry, mark the e in the first syllable
of this word and its relatives short; W. Johnston only
marks them long. From Entickwe cas gather the quan-
tity of this vowel in no word but legislate, where he makes
it long, and Ash, Bailey, and Buchanan, do not mark
it either way. These authorities sufficiently show us the
general current of custom ; and the anal' gies of the
language sufficiently show the propriety of it.
Legitimacy, l^-jlt^te-m^-s^, *, Lawfulness of
birth ; genuineness, not spuriousness.
Legitimate, le-jit^t^-mite, a. 91. Sorn in
marriage, lawfully begotten.
To Legitimate, le-jit-te-mite, v. a. 91.
To procure to any the right of legitimate birth; to
make lawful.
Legitimately, U-jiti^-mite-le, ad. Lawfully,
genuinely.
Legitimation, ll-jit-^-mAishun, s. Lawful
birth; the act of investing with the privileges of lawful
birth.
Legume '-"•'
Legumen
Seeds not reaped, but gathered by the hand ; as, beans,
in general, all larger seeds ; pulse See Bitumen and
Blasphemous.
Leguminous, le-gu^me-nus, a. Belonging to
pulse, consisting of pulse.
Leisurable, le-zhur-i-bl, a. Done at leisure,
not hurried, enjoying leisure.
Leisurably, le-zhur-4-ble, ad. At leisure,
without tumult or hurry.
Leisure, le-zhiare, s. 251. Freedom from
business or hurry; vacancy of mind; convenience of
time.
(tv" Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, Dr. Kenrick,
and Mr. Smith, pronounce the diphthong in this word
long; and Mr. Nares, Mr. Elphinston, and Mr. Barplay,
short. The first manner is, in my opinion, preferable.
Leisurely, l^^zhur-l^, a. Not hasty, deliberate.
Leisurely, le-zhiar-le, ad. Not in a hurry, slowly.
Lemma, lem-ma, s. 92. A proposition previously
assuuied.
Lemon, lem-mun, s. 166. The fruit of the
lemon-tree ; the tree that bears lemons.
Lemonade, l2m-mun-AdeJ s. Liquor made of
water, sugar, au'.l the juice of lemons.
To Lend, lend, v. a. To deliver something to
another on condition of repayment; to suffer to be
used on condition that it be restored ; to afford, to grant
in general.
Lender, lend'-ur, s. 98. One who lends any
thing; one who makes a trade of putting money to
interest.
Length, \ength, s. The extent of any thing
material from end to end ; horizontal extension ; a
certain portion of space or time; extent of duration;
full extent, uncontracted state; end; at Length, at
last, in conclusion.
To Lengthen, \ing'-thn, v. a, 103. To draw
out, to make longer; to protract, to continue; to pro-
tract pronunciation j to Lengthen outj to protract, to
extend.
To Lengthen, \eng'-thn, v. n. To grow longer, to
increase in length.
Lengthwise, leng^^i'vlze, ad. Accordirg to the
length.
Lenient, l^^n^-ent,«. 113. Assuasive, softening,
mitigating; laxative, emollient.
Lenient, l^^ni-ent, s. An emollient or assuasive
application.
307
T'o Leniky, len^n^-fi, v. a. 183. To assuage,
to mitigate.
Lenitive, len^e-tiv, a. 157. Assuasive, emollient.
Lenitive, len-^-dv, s. Any thing applied to ease
pain ; a palliative.
Lenity, len-e-te, S. Mildness, mercy, tenderness.
Lens, lenz, *. 434. A glass spherically convex on
both sides, is usitally called a Lens ; such is a burn-
ing-glass, or spectacle-glass, or an object-glass ofa te-
lescope.
Lent, Itllt. Part. pass, from Lend,
Lent, lent, *. Tlie quadragesimal fast ; a time o(
abstinence.
Lenten, lentf^tn, a. 103. Such as is used In
Lent; sparing.
Lenticular, len-tik-ku-l^r, a. Doubly convex,
of the form of a lens.
Lentiform, len-te-form, a. Having the form of
a lens.
Lentiginous, len-tid'-jin-fis, a. Scurfy, fur-
furaceous.
Lentigo, len-tl-^i, s. 112. A freckly or scurfy
eruption upon the skin. — See Fertigo,
Lentil, len-til, s. A kind of pulse.
Lentisk, len-tlsk, s. A beautiful evergreen ; the
Mastlch tree.
LeNTITUDE, len-te-tAde, *. sluggishness, slowness.
Lentner, lent-nSt, S. 98. A kihd of hawk.
LeNTOR, len-tur, *. \G6. Teiiacity, viscosity j
slowness, delay. In pliysick, that sizy, viscid part of
the blood which ubstrucis tlie Vessels.
Lentous, len-tus, a. Viscous, tenacious, capable
to be drawn nut.
Leonine, le-i-nlne, a. 149. belonging to a lion,
having the nature of a lion. Leonine \er.<Oi are those
of which the end rh.\ mes to the middle, so named from
Leo the inventt r.
Leopard, lep-purd, y. 88. A spotted beast of
Leper, lep-pur, *. 98. One infected with a leprosy.
t:3» All our orthnepists are uniform in pronouncing
this word with the first syllable short, as in leprosy,
Leperous, lep-pur-us, a. Causing leprosy,
Profierly Leprous.
Leporine, lep-pi-rlne, a. Belonging to a hare,
having the nature of a hare.
([:> Mr. Sheridan has marked the e in the first syllable
of this word long, without even the flimsy plea of Latin
quantity to support it. Mr. Perry, Entick, and Dr. Ash,
are the only other orthoEpists from whom we can gafrhel"
the pronunciation of this letter. The two first are for
the short sound, and the last for the long one. But the
short sound is so agreeable to analoiiy, as to want no au-
thorities to support it. — See Principles, No. 530. 535.
Leprosy, lep-pri-se, s. a loathsome distemper,
which covers the body with a kind of while scales.
Leprous, lepiprus, a. 314. infected with
a leprosy.
Less, les. A negative or privative termination.
Joined to a substantive, it implies the absence or pri-
vation of the thing; as, a witless man.
Less, les, a. The comparative of Little ; oppose*
to greater.
Less, les, S. A smaller quantity, a smaller degree
Less, les, ad. In a smaller degree, in a lowet
deg.ree.
Lessee, les-seej S. The person to whom a lease is
given.
To LKSSEN, les'-sn, v. ti. 103. to diminish in
bulk; to diminishthedegreeofany quality ; todegrade,
to deprive of power or dignity.
To Lessen, les-sn, v. n. To grow less, to shrink.
Lesser, les-sur, «. 98. A barbarous corruption ot
ies!.
Lesson, lesisn, *. 170. Any thing read or repeated
to a teacher; precept, notion inculcated; poVtioiis W
LEV
LIB
cy 559. The 73, iSr77, fall83/l4t81— m593,"met95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
scripture read in divine service; tune priclied for an
instrument; a rating lecture.
Lessor, les-sor, *. 166. One wlio lets any thing
to farm, or otherwise, by lease.
Lest, lest, or leest, conj. That not ; for fear that.
^^ Almost all our orthoepists pronounce this word
both ways ; but the former seems to be by much the more
general. This word is derived from the adjective least :
but it is not uncommon for words to change their form
when tlicy change their class. Dr. Wallis's advice to
spell the superlative of little lessest, has not yet been fol-
lowed, and probably never will; and therefore there is
no necessity for Dr. Lowth's expedient to distinguish
these words by spelling the conjunction least, like the
adjective. But why we should sound the e long, contrary
to the analogy of spelling, while such a pronunciation
confounds the conjunction and the adjective, cannot be
conceived. The second pronunciation, therefore, ought
to be exploded.
Tb Let, let, v. a. • To allow, to suffer, to permit ;
to put to hire ; to grant to a tenant ; to suffer any thing
to take a course which requires no impulsive violence ;
to permit to take any state or course ; to Let blood, is
elliptical for To let out blood, to free it from confine-
ment, to suffer it to stream out of the vein; to Let in,
to admit ; to Let off, to discharge ; to Let out, to lease
out, to give to hire or farm.
To Let, let, v. a. To hinder, to obstruct, to
oppose. Not much used now.
Let, let, s, Hinderance, obstacle, obstruction, im-
pediment.
Letharoick, lJ-?/iaryik, a. 509. Sleepy by
disease, beyond the natural power of sleep.
Lethargickness, le-^Aar-jik-nes, s. Sleepiness,
drowsiness.
Lethargy, le^A-^r-j^, S. A morbid drowsiness,
a sleep from which one cannot be kept awake.
Lethe, li'-thh, s. A poetical river of hell j
oblivion, a draught of oblivion.
Letter, let-tur, *. 98. One who lets or permits;
one who hinders ; one who gives vent to any thing, as,
a blood-letter.
Letter, let-tur, S. One of the elements of
syllables; a written message, an epistle ; the literal or
expressed meaning; Letters without the singular,
learning ; type with which books are printed.
To Letter, let-tur, v. a. To stamp with letters.
Lettered, let-turtl, a. 359. Literate, educated
to learning.
Lettuce, let^tis, s, A plant. — See Asparagus.
Levant, le-v4nt{ *. 494. The east, particularly
those coasts of the Mediterranean east of Italy.
(tp- Milton has used this word as an adjective, with
the accent on the firstsyllable ; and Dr. Ash and Mr. Bar-
clay explain it by Rising up, or becoming turbulent.
** Forth rush the Levant and the Poueut winds."
In this case, also, the vowel e ought to have the long
sound. — See Legend.
Levator, le-vAitor, *. 166. 521. A diirurgicai
instrument, whereby depressed parts of the skull are
lifted up.
Leucophlegmacv, lu-ko-flegira3,-se, s. Pale-
ness, with viscid juices and cold sweatings.
Leucophlegmatick, lu-ko-fleg-nitlt^ik, a.
509. Having such a constitution of body where the
blood is of a pale colour, viscid, and cold.
Levee, lev-ve, s. The time of rising ; the concourse
of those who crowd rouna a man of power in a morn-
Level, lev-vil, a. 99. Even, not having one part
higher than another; even with any thing else, in ihe
same line with any thing.
To Level, lev-vll, v. a. To make even, to free
from inequalities ; to reduce to the same height with
something else ; to lay flat; to bring to equality of con-
dition; to point in taking aim, to aim; to direct to
any end.
To Level, lev-vil, v. n. To aim at, to bring the
gun or arrow to the same direction with the mark ; to
conjecture, to attempt to guess ; to he in the same di-
rection with a mark J to make attempts, to aim.
X^EVEL, ImV-VjI, S, a phinej a surface without
308
protuberances or inequalities ; rate, standard; a state
of equality; an instrument whereby masons adjust
their work ; rule, borrowed from the mechanick level j
the line of direction in which any missile weapon is
aimed ; the line in which the sight passes.
Leveller, lev-vil-lur, s. One who makes any
thing even ; one who destroys superiority, one who en-
deavours to bring all to the same state.
LevelnesS, lev-vil-nes, *. Evenness, equality of
surface ; equality with something else.
Leven, lev-ven, s. 103. Ferment, that which
being mixed in bread makes it rise and ferment; any
thing capable of changing the nature of a greater mass.
Lever, le-vur, S. 98. The second mechanica.
power, used to elevate or raise a great weight.
Leveret, lev-vur-it, s. A young hare.
Leviable, lev^v^-i-bl, a. 405. That may be
levied.
Leviathan, le-vl-i-<.'iin, S. A large water animal ,
mentioned in the book of Job ; by some imagined the
crocodile, but in poetry generally taken for the whale.
To Levigate, lev-ve-g-ate, v. a. To rub or grind
to an impalpable powder; to mix till the liquor be-
comes smooth and uniform.
Levig ATION, lev-e-gA-shun, s. The act of reducing
hard bodies into a subtile powder.
Levite, le-vlte, *. 156. One of the tribe of Levi,
one born to the office of priesthood among the Jews ;
a priest, used in contempt.
LeviticAL, l^-vit-t5-kdl, a. Belonging to the
Levites.
Levity, lev-ve-te, *. Lightness ; inconstancy j
unsteadiness; idle pleasure, vanity ; trifling gayety.
To Levy, lev-ve, v, a. To raise, to bring together
men; to raise money ; to make war.
Levy, lev-ve, S. The act of raising money or
men ; war raised.
Lewd, liide, a. 265. Wicked, bad; lustful,
libidinous.
Lewdly, lude-le, ad. Wickedly j Hbidinously
lustfully.
Lewdness, lude-nes, s. Lustful licentiousness.
Lewdster, lude-stur, *. 98. A lecher, one
given to criminal pleasures. Not used.
Lewis-D'OR, lii-e-dorj *. A golden French coin,
in value about twenty shillings.
Lexicographer, leks-e-kftij-grif-ur, s. 518.
A writer of dictionaries.
Lexicography, leks-e-kJg'-gr^f-^, *. The art
or practice of writing dictionaries.
Lexicon, leks-e-kun, *. 166. A dictionary,
commonly of the Greek language.
Ley, lee, s. a field.
(f:^ This word and Key are the only exceptions to the
general rule of pronouncing this diphthong when the
accent is on it. — See Principles, No. 269.
Liable, ll-A-bl, a. 405. Obnoxious, not exempt,
subject.
Liar, ll-nr, *. 88. 418. One who tells falsehoods,
one who wants veracity.
Libation, ll-ba-slmii,*. 128. The act of pouring
wine on the ground in honour of some deity; the wine
so poured.
LiBBARD, lib-burd, *. 88. A leopard.
Libel, ll^bel, S. A satire, defamatory writing,
a lampoon ; in the civil law, a declaration or charge in
writing against a person in court.
To Libel, ll-bel, v. n. To spread defamation,
generally written or printed.
To Libel, ll-bel, v. a. To satirize, to lampoon.
Libeller, ll-bel-lur, s. A defamer by writing,
a lampooner.
Libellous, ll-bel-lus, a. Defamatory.
Liberal, lib-ber-il, a. 88. Not mean, not low
in birth; becoming a gentleman; munificent, geno
rous, bountiful,— See Legislature.
LIE
LIF
nSr 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 5il 299- pound 313— ^Ain 466, THis'469
Munificence,
I^iBERALiTY, lib-ber-4l-^-tJ, s,
bounty, generosity.
To Liberalize, lib-er-^l-lze, v. a. To make
liberal.
LiDERALLY, l!b-ber-rAl-e, ad. Bountifully,
largely.
7'o Liberate, hb-er-ate, r. a. 91. To free from
conlinement.
Liberation, lib-er-a-shun, s. The act of
delivering, or being delivered.
Libertine, llb-ber-tin, s. 150. One who lives
without restraint or law; one who pays no regard to
the precepts of religion j in law, a freedraan, or rather
the son of a freedman.
Libertine, lib-ber-tin, a. Licentious, irreligious.
Libertinism, lib-ber-tin-izni, s. Irrciigion,
licentiousness of opinions and practice.
Liberty, llb-ber-t^, S, Freedom as opposed to
lavery; freedom as opposed to necessity; privilege,
exemption, immunity; relaxation of restraint j leave,
permission.— See Legislature.
Libidinous, le-bid-^-nus, a. 128. Lewd, lustful.
LiEiDiNOUSLY, 1^-bid-e-nus-le, ad. 128.
Lewdly, lustfully.
LiBRAL, li-br^l, a. 88. Of a pound weight.
Librarian, ll-bra'-ri-Jn, s. 128. One who has
the care of a library.
Library, ll-bri-re, s. A large collection of books;
the place where a collection of books is kept.
To Librate, li-brAte, v. a. 91. To poise, to
balance.
Libration, ll-bra-shun, s. 128. Tlie state of
being balanced ; in astronomy, Libration is the balan-
cing motion or trepidation in the firmament, whereby
the declination of the sun, and the latitude of the stars
change from time to time.
Libratory, ll-bri-tur-e, a. 512. Balancing,
playing like a balance.— For tne o, see Dovieslick.
Lice, Use. The plural of Louse.
Licebane, llse-bdne, *. A plant.
License, ll-sense, *. Exorbitant liberty, contempt
of legal and necessary restraint; a grant of permission,
liberty, permission.
To License, ll-sense, v. a. To set at liberty; to
permit by a legal grant.
Licenser, ll-sen-sur, s. 98. A granter of per-
mission.
Licentiate, ll-sen-sh^-ate, s. 91. A man who
uses license ; a degree in Spanish universities.
7b Licentiate, U-sen-she-ite, v. a. To permit,
to encourage by license.
Licentious, ll-sen-shus, a. 128. Unrestrained
by law or morality ; presumptuous, unconfined.
Licentiously, ll-sen-shus-li, ad. With too
much liberty.
Licentiousness, ll-sun-sbus-nes, s. Boundless
liberty, contempt of just restraint.
To Lick, lik, v. a. To pass over with the tongue ;
to lap, to take in by the tongue ; to Lick up, to devour.
Lick, lik, s. A blow. Vulgar,
Lickerish, llk^r-isb,
-iICKE
Nice i
petite
':h
Lickerous, likier-us,
Nice in the choice of food ; delicate, tempting the ap-
petite.
LiCKERJSHNESS, llk^er-ish-iies, s. Niceness of
palate.
Licorice, lik-kur-is, «.', 142. A root of sweet
taste.
Lictor, lik-tur, s, 166. A Roman officer, a kind
of beadle.
Lid, lid, *. A cover, any thing that shuts down
over a vessel ; the membrane that, when we sleep or
wink, is drawn over the eye.
Lie, ll, S. 276. Any thing impregnated with some
other body, as soap or salt.
(}:?> 1 have diifcrcU from Mr. Sheridan, and agree with
309
every other orthogpist in giving this word the same sound
as lie, a falsehood.
Lie, ll, S. 276. A criminal falsehood; a charge ol
falsehood; a fiction. — See .^;)pernii>.
To Lie, H, V, n. To utter criminal falsehood.
To Lie, ll, v. n. To rest horizontally, or with very
great inclination against something else; to rest, t«
lean upon ; to be leposited in the grave ; to be in
state of decumbiture ; to be placed or situated ; to press
upon, to be in any particular state ; to be in a state of
concealment ; to be in prison ; to be in a bad state ; to
consist ; to be in the power, to belong to ; to be charged
in any thing, as, an action Lieth against one ; to cost,
as, it Lies me in more money ; to Lie at, to importune,
to tease; to Lie by, to rest, to remain still; to Lie
down, to rest, to go into a state of repose; to Lie in,
to be ill childbed; to Lie under, to be subject to; to
Lie upon, to become an obligation or duty; to Lie
with, to converse in bed.
Lief, leef, a. 275. Dear, beloved.
Lief, l^ef, ad. Willingly. Used now only in
familiar speaking.
Liege, leedje, a. 275. Bound by feudal tenure,
subject; sovereign.
Liege, leedje, *. Sovereign, superiour lord.
Liegeman, le^dje-min, s. 88. A subject.
Lieger, l^.e-jur, s. 98. A resident ambassador.
Lien, li-en. The part, of Lie. Lain. Obsolete.
Lienterick, li-eu-ter-rik, a. 509. PertaininE
to a lientery.
LlENTERV, ll-ell-ter-re, 5. A particular looseness,
wherein the food passes suddenly through the stomach
and guts.
Crj- For the propriety of accenting this word on the
first syllabic, see Dysentery. That Di/scntery, Mesentery,
and Lientery, ought to have the same accentuation, can
scarcely be doubted; and yet, if we consult our dic-
tionaries, we see an unaccountable diversity.
fMr- Sheridan, Mr. Narcs, Mr. Scott,
Dys'entery,'. W. Johnston, Perry, Entick, Bailey,
(. Barclay.
„ ,, I Dr. Jnhiison, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, Bu-
Dyse,>'tery,[ ^,,^„^„^ Penning.
• r / . ( M r. Sheridan, Buchanan, Dr. Ash, Barclay,
Mes'entcry,[ j.„ji^^._ Kenrick.
Mesen'tery, Bailey, penning.
T I , ( Dr. Johnson, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Sheridan,
Li cntery, | ^^.^ ^g,,^ Buchanan, Entick.
Licn'tery, Bailey, Barclay, Penning.
LlER, ll-ur, S. 418. One that rests or lies dovm.
LlEU, lu, S. 284. Place, room, stead.
LlEVE, leev, ad. WilHngly.
Lieutenancy, lev-ten-nJn-se, s. The office o
a lieutenant ; the body of lieutenants.
Lieutenant, lev-ten-n3.nt, *. 285. A deputy,
one who acts by vicarious authority ; in war, one who
holds the next rank to a superiour of any denominap
tion.
(1:7- This word is frequently pronounced by good speak<
ers as if written I.it!«enani. The difference between the
short i and short e is so trifling as scarcely to deserve no-
tice: but the regular sound, as if written Lewtenant,
seems not so remote from the corruption as to make us
lose all hope that it will in time be the actual pronuncia-
tion.
Lieutenantship, lev-teninJnt-sbip, s. The
rank or office of lieutenant.
Life, life, *. Plural Lives. Union and co-opera-
tion of soul with body ; present state ; enjoyment or
possession of terrestrial existence ; blood, the supposed
vehicle of life; conduct, manner of living with res-
pect to virtue or vice ; condition, manner of living
with respect to happiness and misery; continuance of
our present state; the living form, resemblance exactly
copied; common occurrences, human affairs, the
course of things; narrative of a life past ; spirit, brisk-
ness, vivacity, resolution ; animated existence, animal
being; a word of endearment.
LlVEBLOOD, life-blud, s. The blood necessary to
Kfe.
LiFEGiviNG, llfe-giv-ing, «. Having the power (o
give life.
LIG
LIM
lt> 659. Fite!73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
92. Tlie guard of
Lifeguard, llfe-gyardj s.
a king's person,
(fcj- Tliis word is vulgarly pronounced Liveguanl^ as if
opposed to a Dcarfg'iiurd.
Lifeless, lifei-les, a. Dead ; unammated ; without
power or force.
Lifelessly, lIfeMes-1^, ad. Without vigour,
without spirit.
Lifelike, life-like, rr. Like a living person.
LiFESTRING, Hfe^strin^, S. Nerve, strings imagined
to convey life.
Lifetime, llfeitlme, S. Continuance or duration
of life.
LifeWEARY, Ufe-we-r^, a. Wretched, tired of
living.
Th Lift, lift, v. a. To raise from the ground, to
elevate; to exalt; to swell with pride. Up is some-
times empliatically added to Lift.
Th Lift, lift, v. n. Jo strive to raise by strength.
Lift, lift, S. The act or manner of lifting ; a hard
struggle, iis, To help one at a dead lift.
Lifter, lif'-tur, *. 98. One that lifts.
To LiG, llg, V. 71. To lie. Obsolete.
Ligament, lig-s^S-ment, s. A strong compact
substance whicfl unites the bones in articulalion ; any
thing which connects the parts of the body; bond,
chain.
LiGAMENTAL, l1g-r^-men-tll, \
Ligamentous, lig-a-men-tus, j
Composing a ligament.
Ligation, ll-gi-shun, *. The act of binomg;
the state of being bound.
Ligature, llg-gA-ture, S. Any thing bound on,
bandage; the act of binding; the state of being bound.
Light, lite, s. 393, That quality or action of the
medium of sight by which we see; illumination of
mind, instruction, knowledge; the part of a picture
whicli is drawn with bright colours, or on which the
liglit is supposed to fall; point of view, situation, di-
rection in which the light falls; explanation; any
thing that gives light, a pharos, a taper.
Light, lite, a. Not heavy ; not burdensome, easy
to be worn, or carried; not afflictive, easy to be en-
dured; easy to be performed, not difficult; not va-
luable; easy to be acted on by any power; active,
nimble; unencumbered, unembarasseri, clear of im-
pediments; slight, not great; easy to admit any in-
fluence, unsteady, unsettled ; gay, airy, without dignity
or solidity; not chaste, not regular in conduct; bright,
clear; not dark, tending to whiteness.
Light, lite, ad. Lightly, cheaply.
To Light, lite, v. a. To kindle, to inflame, to set
on fire; to give light to, to guide by light; to illumi-
nate ; to lighten, to ease of a burden.
To Light, lite, v. n. To happen, to fall upon by
chance; to descend from a horse or carriage ; to fall
in any particular direction; to fall, to strike on; to
settle, to rest.
To Lighten, ll-tn, V.n. 103. To flash with thunder;
toshine like lightning; to fall or light, [from Ugln,v.n.]
To Lighten, ll-tn, v. a. To illuminate, to
enlighten; to exonerate, to unload; to make less
heavy; to exhilarate, to cheer.
Lighter, llte-ur, *. 98. A heavy boat Into which
ships are lightened or unloaded.
Lighterman, llte^ur-mln, s. 88. One who
manages a lighter.
Lightfingereo, llte-fing-gurd, a. 359.
Nimble at conveyance, thievish.
Lightfoot, llteifut, a. Nimble in nmning or
dancing, active.
Lightfoot, llte-fut, *. Venison,
Lightheaded, lite-hed-fcl,a. Unsteady, thought-
less ; delirious, disordered in the mind by disease.
Lightheadedness, llte-hed-ed-nes, s. Deliri-
ousness, diaorder of the mind.
210
Lighthearted, Ute-barited, a. Gay, merry.
Lighthouse, llte^house, s. a high building
at the top of which lights are hung to guide skips at
sea.
Lightlegged, llte-legd{ a. 359. Nimble, swift.
LiGHTLESS, llteMeS, a. Wanting light, dark.
Lightly, lite-le, ad. Witiiout weight, without
deep impression; easily, readily, without reasoti ;
cheerfully; not chastely; nimbly, with agility; gayly,
airily, with levity.
LlGHTMlNDED, llte-llllndied, a. Unsettled, un-
steady.
Lightness, lite-nes, s. Levity, want of weight;
inconstancy, unsteadiness; unchastity, want of con-
duct in women ; agility, nimbleness.
Lightning, llte-mng, s. The flash that precedes
thunder; mitigation, abatement.
Lights, lltes, S. The lungs, the organs of breathing.
Lightsome, lite-sum, a. Luminous, not dark, not
obscure, not opaque; gay, airy, having the power to
exliilarate.
Lightsomeness, lite-sum-nes, *. Luminousness,
not opacity, not obscurity; cheerfulness, merriment,
levity.
Lignaloes, lig-n4U6ze, S. Aloes wood.
Ligneous, lig-ne-iis, a. Made of wood; wooden,
resembling wood.
LlGNUMVITS, llg-num-vl-te, *, Guaiacum, a very
hard wood.
LiGURE, ll-gure, S. 544, A precious stone.
Like, like, a. Ttesemblmg, having resemblance;
equal, of the same quantity; for Likely, probable,
credible; likely, in a state that gives probable expec-
tations.
Like, like, S, Some person or thing resembling
another; near approach, a state like to another state.
Like, like, ad. In the same manner, in the same
manner as; in such a manner as befits; likely, pro-
bably.
To Like, like, r. or. To choose with some degree of
preference; to approve, to view with approbation.
To Like, like, v. n. To be pleased with.
Likelihood, llke-le-hud, s. Appearance, showj
resemblance, likeness; proljability, verisimilitude, ap-
pearance of truth.
Likely, llke-le, a. Such as may be liked, such
as may please; probable, such as may in reason be
thought or believed.
Likely, lIke-1^, ad. Probably, as may reasonably
be thought.
To Liken, ll-kn, v. a. 103, To represent as
having resemblance.
Likeness, llke-nes, S. Resemblance, similitude J
form, appearance ; one who resembles another.
Likewise, llke^^wlze, ad. 140. In like manner,
also, moreover, too.
Liking, ll-king, a. Plump, in the state of plump-
ness.
Liking, ll-king, S. Good state of body, plump-
ness; state of trial; inclination,
LiLACH, ll-l^k, s. A tree,
CO" This word is pronounced bythe vulgar as if written
Laylock. The word comes from the French, and the cor-
ruption seems to have obtained in the same manneras in
China, but not so universally. — See China.
Lilied, lil'-lid, rt, 283, Embellished with lilies.
Lily, lil-l^, *, A flower,
Lily-daffodil, lil-le-dlf^fo-dil, s. A foreign
flower.
Lily of the valley, lil-le-5v-TH^-vll-ll, s.
The May lily.
LiLYLiVERED, llKlJ-liv-vurd, o. 359. White
livered, cowardly.
LiMATURE, ll-ml-ture, S. Filings of any metali^
tlie particles rubbed off by a Ale.
LIN
nSr 167, nit 163— tibe 171, tub 173, bull 173-
LlMD, lim,f. 347. A member, a jointed or articulated
part of animals ; an edge, a border.
To Limb, hm, v. a. To supply with limbs; to
tear asunder, to dismember.
Limbeck, lim-bek, s. A still.
Limbed, limd, a. 359. Formed with regard to
limbs.
Limber, lim^bur, a, 98. Flexible, easily bent,
pliant.
LimBEKNESS, lim-bur-nes, S. Flexibility, pliancy.
Limbo, hm-bo, S. A region bordering upon hell,
in which there Is neither pleasure nor pain ; any place
of misery and restraint.
Lime, lime, s. A viscous substance drawn over
twigs, whicli catches and entangles tlie wings of birds
that light upon it; matter of which mortar is made;
the linden tree ; a species of lemon.
jTo Lime, lime, v. a. To entangle, to ensnare; to
smear with lime; to cement ; to manure ground with
lime.
Limekiln, llme-kll, S. Kiln in which stones are
burnt to liine.
Limestone, llme-stSne, s. The stone of which
lime is made.
Lime-water, llme^wi-tSr, s. It is made by
pouring water upon quick lime.
Limit, lim-mit, s. Bound, border, utmost reach.
To Limit, lim-mit, v. a. To confine within
certain bounds, to restrain, to circumscribe; to restrain
from a lax or general signification.
Limitary, limimit-t^r-^, a. Placed at the
boundaries as a guard or superintendant.
Limitation, l!m-m4-ti-shun, *. Restriction,
circumscription; confinement from a lax or undetcr-
minate itni»irl.
7'oLiMN, lim, V. a. 411. To draw, to paint any
thing.
Limner, lim-nur, s. 411. A painter, a picture
maker.
LiMOUS, ll-mus, a. 544. Muddy, slimy
Limp, limp, s. A halt.
To Limp, limp, v. n. To halt, to walk lamely.
Limpid, lim-pul, a. Clear, pure, transparent.
Limpidness, limipid-nes, s. Clearness, purity.
LiMPINGLV, limp-ing-li, ad. In a lame halting
manner.
Limp IT, lim-pit, S. A kind of shell fish.
Limy, li'mo, a. Viscous, glutinous; containing
lime.
To Lin, lin, v. n. To stop, to give over.
Linchpin, linsb-pin, *. An iron pin that keeps
the wheel on the axletree.
LiNCTUS, lingk^tus, s. 408. Medicine licked up
by the tongue.
Linden, lin^deii, *. The lime tree.
Line, line, s. Longitudinal extension; a slender
string; a thread extended to direct any operations ;
tlie string tliat sustains the angler's hook ; lineament-s,
or marks in the liands or face ; outline ; as much as is
written from one margin to the other ; a verse; rank;
work thrown up, trench; extension, limit; equator,
equinoctial circle; progeny, family ascending or de-
scending; one-tenth of an inch.
To Line, line, v. a. To cover on the inside; to
put any thing in the inside; to guard within; to
strengthen by inner works ; to cover over.
Lineage, lin-n4-4je, *. 113. Race, progeny,
family.
(t^ Tliough 1 do not consider the ea in this and the
following words as a diphthong, they are, in colloquial
pronunciation, squeezed so close together as almost to
coalesce. This semi-syllabic separation (as it may be
tailed) is, i)erhaps, not improperly expressed by spelling
the words lin-yage, lin-yal, &c.
Lineal, Im'-nlt-h, a. 113. Composed of lines ;
delineated; descending in a direct genealogy; claimed
by descent; allied by direct descent,
311
LIP
jil 299— pofind 313— rtin 466, this 469.
Lineally, lin^e-itl-l^, ad. in a direct line.
Lineament, lin-iie-^-ment, s. Feature, di*.
criminating mark in the form.
Linear, lin'n^-Ar, a. 113. Composed of lines,
having the form of lines.
LineatioN, lin-i-i-shun. S. Draught of a line or
lines.
Linen, lin-iiin, s. 99. Cloth made of hemp
flax.
Linen, lin-nin, a. Made of linen, resembling
linen.
Linendraper, lin-nm-drAipur, s. He who
deals in linen.
Ling, ling, *. Heath ; a kind of sea fish.
7'o Linger, lingigur, v. n. 409. To remain
long in languor and pain ; to hesitate, to he in sus-
pense; to remain long; to remain long without any
action or determination; to wait long in expectation
or uncertainty ; to be long in producing effect.
Lingerer, ling-gur-tir, *. .'iST. One who lingewi.
Lingeringly, lingi-gur-'ing-le, a<f. 98. Witb
delay, tediously.
Lingo, ling-go, *. Language, tongue, speech.
A low word.
Lingoacious, lin-gwa-shus, a. 408. Full of
tongue, talkative.
Linguadental, ling-gwi-den'-til, a. Uttered liy
the joint action of the tcm-jue and iicih.
Linguist, ling^gwist, *. 331. A man skilful in
languages.
LiNGVVORT, ling^wurt, S. An herb.
Liniment, lin-n^-ment, *. Ointment, balsam.
Lining, ll-ning, S. 410. The inner covering of
any thing; that which is within.
Link, lingk, S. 408. A single ring of a chain;
.-inv thing doubled and closed together; a chain, any
thing conLectlng; any single part of a series orchain
of consequences ; a torch made of pitch and hards.
7b Link, llngk, v. a. To unite, to conjoin in coni
cord ; to join ; to join by confederacy or contract ; to
connect; touniteina regular series vftonsenuences.
LiNKBOY, luis;k-b3^, *. A boy that carries a torch
to accommodate passengers with light.
Linnet, lln-nit, *. 99- A small singing bird.
Linseed, hn-seed, *. The seed of flax.
LlNSEYWOOLSfiV, )iii-s^-wul-s4, O. Made of
linen and wool mixed ; vile, tnean.
Linstock, lin'-stik, .«. a stnfl' of wood with
a match at the c.id of it, used by gunners m firing
cannon.
Lint, lint, S. The soft substance commonly called
flax ; linen scraped into sott wooly substance to lay
on sores.
Lintel, lin^tel, S. That part of the door-frame
that lies across the door-posts over head.
Lion, ll'-un, s. 166. The fiercest and most
magnanimous of four-footed beasts.
Lioness, ll-un-nes, ». A she lion.
S:»- There is a propensity pretty general of pronounc-
ing the c in this and similar words like short t; but this
pronunciation, however pardonable in light colloquial
speaking, would be inexcusable in reading or deliberate
speaking.
LiONLEAF, lUun-life, S. A plant.
Lip, lip, s. The outer part of the mouth, the
muscles that shoot beyond the teeth ; the edge of any
tiling ; to make a Lip, to hang the lip in sullcnness and
contempt.
LiPLABOUR, lip-li-bur, *. Action of the lips with-
out concurrence of the mind.
Lipothymous, ll-pS</<-^-mus, a. 128. Swoon-
■ ing, fainting.
Lipothymy, \\'\>6th'-e m&, s. 128. Jiwoon,
tainting fit.
Lipped, lipt, a. 359- Having lips.
Lippitude, lip-pi-tiide, s. Bleareduess ol ey«».
LIT LIV
fcj-'559. Fite73, far77, fall 83, f^t81— migS, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
X il I <i y1 ,„. . .... r i'2i i'2 J/il ~.
LiPWISDOM, lipiwiz-dum, s. Wisdom in talk
witliout practice.
LiQUABLE, llk-kwJ-bl, a. Such as may be melted.
Liquation, li-kw4-shun, *. 331. The art of
melting ; capacity to be melted.
To Liquate, ll-kwAtc, v. n, 544. To melt, to
liquefy.
Liquefaction, lik-kwe-fikishun, s. The act of
melting, the state of being melted.
LiQUEFiABLE, lik^kwe-fl-ll-bl, «. 183. Such as
may be melted.
To Liquefy, likikwi-fi, v. a. To melt, to
dissolve.
To Liquefy, lik^kw5-fi, v. n. 182, To grow
liquid.
LiQUESCENCY, ll-kwes-sen-se, s. Aptness to melt.
Liqueur, 1^-kureJ *. A flavoured dram.
Liquescent, li-kwes-sent, a. 510. Melting.
Liquid, llk^kwid, a. 340. Not solid, not forming
one continuous substance, fluid ; soft, clear ; pronoun-
ced without any jar or harshness ; dissolved, so as not
to be attainable by law.
Liquid, hk-kwid, S. Liquid substance, liquor.
To Liquidate, lik^kw^-date, v. a. To clear
away, to lessen debts.
Liquidity, l^-kwid-i-t5, *. Subtiltyj the property
or state of being fluid.
LiQUIDNESS, llk^kwld-nes, *. Quality of being
liquid, fluency.
Liquor, lik-kur, J. 314. 415. Any thing liquid i
strong drink, in familiar language.
To Liquor, lik-kur, v. a. 183. To drench or
moisten.
To Lisp, lisp, v. n. To speak with too frequent
appulses of the tongue to the teeth or palate.
Lisp, lisp, s. The act of lisping.
LiSPER, lisp'-ur, S. 98. One who lisps.
List, list, s. a roll, a catalogue ; enclosed ground,
in which lilts are run, and combats fought; desire,
willingness, choice; a strip of cloth ; a border.
7'o List, list, v. n. To choose, to desire, to be
disposed.
To List, list, v. a. To enlist, enrol, or register ;
to retain and enrol soldiers ; to enclose for combats ;
to sew together, in such a sort as to irrake a party-
coloured show ; to hearken to, to listen, to attend.
Listed, list-ed, a. Striped, party-coloured in long
streaks.
To Listen, lis-sn, v. a. 103. 472. To hear, to
attend. Obsolete.
To Listen, lis-sn, v. n. To hearken, to give
attention.
Listener, lis-sn-ur, s. One that hearkens,
a hearkener.
Listless, list^lts, a. Without inclination, without
any determination to one more than another ; careless,
heedless.
Listlessly, list-les-le, ad. Without thought,
without attention.
Listlessness, list-les-nes, s. Inattention, want
of desire.
Lit, lit. Tlie pret. of To Light.
(tj- The regular form of this word is now the most
correct.
Litany, ht-tan-C, S. A form of supplicatory prayer.
Literal, llt-ter-3.1, a. According to the primitive
meaning, not figurative ; following the letter, or exact
words ; consisting of letters.
Literally, lit^ter-^l-e, ad. According to the
primitive import of v.'ords; with close adherence to
words.
LlTERALITY, llt-ter-r.^l-e-te, S. Original meaning.
Literary, lit-ter-a-re, a. Relating to letters or
learning ; learned.
Literate, lit-er-ite, a. Learned; skilled in
letters*
Literati, lit-ter-rA^ti, s. The learned.
Literature, lit-ter-r^-ture, s. Learning j skil
in letters.
Litharge, l'ith-kr}e, S. Litharge is properly lead
vitrified, either alone or with a mixture of copper.,
Lithe, ihae, a. l-imber, flexible.
LitHENESS, llTH-nes, S. Limbemess, flexibility.
Lithesome, llTH-Sum, a. Pliant, nimble, limber.
tT" This word, in colloquial use, has contracted the i
in the first syllable, and changed the Ih intos, as if writ-
ten lissum. This contraction of the vowel may be ob-
served in several other words, and seems to have been a
prevailing idiom of our pronunciation. — See Principles,
No. 328. S15.
Lithography, lWA6g%r^-fe, «. 128. 518.
The art or practice of engraving upon stones.
LiTiiOMANCY, li^/i^6-m;tn-se, s. 519. Prediction
by stones.
Lithontriptick, lif/t-on-tnp^tik, a. 530.
Any medicine proper to dissolve the stone in the kid-
neys or bladder.
Lithotomist, lW/t5t-t6-mist, s. 128.
A chirurgeon who extracts the stone by opening the
bladder.
Lithotomy, ]\-thut'-to-me, s. 128. 518. The
art or practice of cutting for the stone.
Litigant, lit-te-gAnt, s. One engaged in a suit
of law.
Litigant, llt-te-g^nt, a. Engaged in a juridical
contest.
To Litigate, lit-t^-gate, v. a. To contest in
law, to debate l)y judicial process.
To Litigate, ik-te-gite, v. n. To manage
a suit, to carry on a cause.
Litigation, lit-t^-ga-shSn, s. Judicial contest,
suit of law.
Litigious, le-tid-jus, a. Inclinable to law-suits,
quarrelsome, wrangling.
LiTlGiouSLY, le-tid-jus- e, ad. Wranglingly,
Litigiousness, le-tid-jus-nes, s. A wrangling
disposition.
LlTFER, llt'tur, S. A kind of portable bed ;
a carriage hung between two horses; the straw laid
under animals; a brood of young; any number of
things thrown sluttishly about; a birth of animals.
To Litter, lit-tur, v. a. 98. To bring forth,
used of beasts; to cover with things negligently; to
cover with straw.
Little, llt-tl, a. 405. Small in quantity ; dimi-
nutive; of small dignity, power, or importance; not
much, not many ; some.
LlTPLE, llt-tl, *. A small space ; a small part,
a small proportion; a slight affair j not much.
Little, ht-tl, ad. in a small degree; in a small
quantity; in some degree, but not great ; not much.
Littleness, lit-tl-nes, s. Smaiiness of bulk j
meanness, want of grandeur; want of dignity.
Littoral, lit-to-rul, a. 88. Belonging to tiie
shore.
Liturgy, lit-tur-je, «, Form of prayers, formularj
of publitk devotions.
To Live, liv, v. n. 157, To be in a state of
animation ; to pass life in any certain manner with re-
gard to habit, good or ill, happiness or misery ; to con-
tinue in life; to remain undestroyed ; to converse, to
cohabit; to maintain one's self; to be in a state of
motion or vegetation; to be unextinguished.
Live, live, a. 1 57. Quick, not dead ; active, not
extinguished.
LiVELESS, llveiles, a. Wanting life. Obsolete,
See Lifeless. ,
Livelihood, llve-le-liud, s. 157, Support of
life, maintenance, ineans of living.
Liveliness, live-le-nus, s. Appearance of lifej
vivacity, sprightliness.
Livelong, livMftng, «. 157. Tedious, long is
passing; lasting, durable.
LOA
LOF
nor 167, nSt 163— tube I7I, tub 172, bullnS— oil 299— pound 313— ^Aia 466, this 469.
Abhorring, ]iating ;
■ad.
Lively, llve-le, a. 157. Brisk, vigorous; gay,
airy; representing life ; strong, energetick.
LiVELiLYj llve^le-le, 1
Lively, live-le, j
Briskly, vigorously; with strong resemblance of life.
Liver, liv-vur, S. 98. One who lives; one who
lives in any parlicuJar manner; one of the entrails.
Livercolour, liv^vur-kul-lur, a. Dark red.
LlVERGROWN, liv^vur-grone, a. Having a great
liver.
Liverwort, liv-vui-wurt, s. A plant.
Livery, liv-vur-e, s, 98. The act of giving or
taking possession ; release from wardship; the writ by
which possession is obtained ; the state ef being kept
at a certain rate ; the clothes given to servants ; a par-
ticular dress, a garb worn as a token or consequence of
any thing.
Liveryman, liv-vur-e-mSn, s. 88. One who
wears a livery, a servant of an inferior kind ; in Lon-
don, a freeman of some standing in a company.
Lives, llvz. Tlie plural of LiJ'e.
Livid, llV-ld, a. Discoloured, as with a blow,
LiviDlTY, le-vid-e-te, s. Discoloration, as by
a blow.
Living, hv-ving, S. 410. Support, maintenance,
fortune on which one lives : power of continuing life;
livelihood; benefice of a clergyman.
LiVINGLY, llV-Ving-1^, ad. In the living state.
LiVRE, ll-vur, *. 416. The sum by which the
French reckon their money, very nearly ten-pence-
halfpenny English.
LiXIVIAL, lik-siv-i-;1l, a. Tmpregnated with salts
like a lixivium ; obtained by lixivium.
Lixiviate, lik-slv-e-ite, a. 91. Making a
lixivium.
Lixivium, lik-siv-e-um, s, I,ie, water impregnated
with salt of whatsoever kind.
Lizard, liz-Zitrd, s. 88. An animal resembling
a serpent, with legs added to it.
LiZARDSTONE, liz-zSrd-st6ne, S. A kind of stone.
Lo, lo ! illterj. Look, see, behold !
Loach, lotsb, s. 352. A little fish.
Load, lode, *. 295. A burden, a freight, lading ;
any thing that depresses ; as much drink as one can
bear.
To Load, lide, v. a. To burden, to freight ; to
encumber, to embarass; to charge a gun; to make
heavy.
Load, lode, *. The leading vein in a mhie.
LOADSMAN, l6dz^mJn, S. 88. He who leads the
wajs a pilot.
Loadstar, lide-star, s. Tlie pole-star, the cynosure,
llie leading or euidiiig star.
Loadstone, lode-stone, s. The magnet, the stone
on which the mariner's compass needle is touched to
give it a direction north and south.
Loaf, lofe, 9. 295. A mass of bread as it is
formed by the baker; any mass into which a body is
wrought.
Loam, lome, *. 295. Fat unctuous earth, marl.
ft!^ This word is vulgarly pronounced as if written
loom; this pronunciation, however, is not only at va-
riance witli tlie best usage, but with the most probable
etymology. Junius spells it lome, as it undoubted-ly ought
to be pronounced.
To Loam, lome, v. a. To smear with loam, marl,
or clay, to clay.
Loamy, lo-mJ, a. Marly.
Loan, lone, s. 295. Any thirg lent, any thing
delivered to £.notlicr on condition of return or repay-
ment.
Loath, \Qth,a. 295. Unwilling, disliking, not ready.
To Loathe, loTiie, v. a. 467. To hate, to look
on with abhorrei ..i , to consider with the disgust of
satiety ; to see food with dislike.
LOATHF.R, loTH-ur, S, 98. One lliat loathes.
313
Loathful, loTH-ful, a.
abhorred, hated.
Loath INGXY, l^THiing-l^, ad. in a fastidious
manner.
Loathly, \hth'-li, ad. 295. Unwillingly, without
liking or inclination.
Loathness, \hth'-n^S, S. Unwillingness.
Loathsome, loTH-sum, a. Abhorred, detestable
causing satiety or fastidiousness.
Loathsomeness, liTH-sum-nes, s. Quality of
raising hatred.
Loaves, lovz, s. 295. Plural of Loaf.
Lob, lob, s. Any one heavy, clumsy, or sluggish ;
Lob's pound, a prison ; a big worm.
To Lob, l5b, v. a. To let fall in a slovenly or lazy
manner.
Lobby, lob-be, S. An opening before a room.
Lobe, lobe, s. A division, a distinct part ; used
commonly for a part of the lungs.
Lobster, iSb^stur, s. 98. A shell fish.
Local, lo-kal, a. Having the properties of place;
relating to place ; being in a particular place.
Locality, lo-k4l-e-te, s. Existence in place,
relation of place or distance.
Locally, lo-kil-le, ad. With respect to place,
Location, l6-kA-shun, s. .Situation with respec*
to place, act of placing.
Lock, lok, s. An instrument composed of springs
and bolts, used to fasten doors or chests ; the part of
the gun by which fire is struck; a hug, a grapple; any
enclosure; a quantity of hair or wool hanging together;
a tuft ; a contrivance to raise tire v/ater on a river or
canal made navigable.
To Lock, lok, v. a. To shut or fasten with locks ;
to sluit up or confine as willi locks j to close fast.
To Lock, v. n. To become fast by a lock; to unite
by mutual insertion.
Locker, iSk^kur, 5. 98. Any thing that is closed
with a lock, a drawer.
Locket, iftk^klt, S. 99. A small lock, any catch
or spring to fasten a necklace or other ornament.
LocKRAM, lok^krum, s. 88. A sort of coarse
linen.
Locomotion, lo-ko-mo-shun, s. Power of
changing place.
Locomotive, lo-ko-mo-tiv, a. Changing place,
haviiig the power of removing or changing place.
Locust, lo-kust, S. A devouring insect.
Locust-tree, lo-kust-tre^, s. A species of
acacia.
Lodestar, lode-star, *. — See Loadstar.
Lodestone, lAde-stone, s. — See Loadstone.
To Lodge, lodje, v. a. To place in a temporary
habitation; to afford a temporary dwelling ; to place,
to plant ; to fix, to settle; to place in ilie memory;
to harbour or cover ; to aS'ord place ; to lay flat.
To Lodge, l6dje, v. n. To reside, to keep
residence; to take a temporary habitation ; to take up
residence at night; to lie Hat.
Lodge, l3dje, s. A small house in a park or forest ,
a small house, as, the porter's lodge.
Lodger, iftdje-ur, *. 98. One who lives in rooir*
hired in the hOL;se of another; one that resides in ai^
place.
Lodging, iftdje-ing, s. 410. Temporary habi(.i.
tion, rooms hired in the '""ase of another; place of
residence; harbour, covert ; convenience to sleep on.
Lodgment, ludje-ment, S. Accumulation of any
thing in a certain place; possession of the enemy's
work. — See Judi^ment.
Loft, l5ft, S. A floor ; the highest floor ; rooms
on high.
Loftily, lif-te-le, ad. On high, in an elevated
place; proudly, haughtily; with elevation of language
or sentiment, sublimely.
L0FTlNJi.S.i; iSf-te-ncs, s, Ucighl, local elevation;
LON
LOO
C3- 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
sublimity, elevation of sentiment; pride, haugliti-
ness.
Lofty, iSf^tl, a. High, elevated in place j sublime,
elevated in sentiment; proud, haughty.
Log, lo^, S, A shapeless bullcy piece of wood ; a
Hebrew measure, which held a quarter of a cab, and
consequently five-sixths of a pint.
Logarithms, iftgi^-riMmz, s. The indexes of
the ratios of numbers one to anotlier.
LoGGATS, iftg-glts, S. 91. A play or game now
called Skittles, whicli see.
Loggerhead, iftg-gur-hed, *, A dolt, a block-
head, a thickskult.
Loggerheaded, l6g-gur-hed-ed, a. Dull, stupid,
doltish.
Logick, lod-jik, S. Logick is the art of using
reason well in our inquiries after truth, and the com-
munication of it to others.
LoGrcAL, lftd-jik-^1, a. Pertaining to logick ;
skilled in logick ; furnished with logick.
Logically, lSd-je-k4l-e, ad. According to the
laws of logick.
Logician, lo-jish-un, s, A teacher or professor
of logick.
Logman, iSg-mIn, s. 81. One whose business is
to carry logs,
Logogriphe, l5g-6-grif, s. A kind of riddle.
Logomachy, l6-g6m-i-k^, 5. 518. Acontention
in words, a contention about words. — See Monomachy.
Logwood, iftg-wud, S. A wood much used in
dying.
Lohock, li-hSk, S. Medicines wliich are now
commonly called eclegmas, lambatives, or linctuses.
Loin, l5in, *. 299. The back of an animal carved
out by the butcher ; Loins, the reins.
To Loiter, loe-tur, v. n. 299. To linger, to
spend time carelesly.
Loiterer, loe-tur-ur, s. 98. A lingerer, an
idler, a lazy wretch.
To Loll, 161, v. n. 406, To lean idly, to rest
lazily against any thtiig; to hang out, used of the
tongue.
LoMP, lump, s, 165. A kmd of roundish fish.
Lone, lone, a. Solitary ; single, without company.
Loneliness, l6neil^-nes, s. Solitude, want of
company.
Lonely, line^le, a. Solitary, addicted to solitude.
LoNENESS, line'nes, s. Solitude; dislike of
company.
Lonesome, line-sum, «. Solitary, dismal.
Long, long, a. Not short ; having one of its
geometrical dimensions in a greater degree than either
of the other; oj" any certain measure in length; not
soon ceasing, oi^at an end ; dilatory ; longing, desirous ;
reaching to a great distance ; protracted, as a longnote.
Longboat, lung-bote, s. The largest boat belong-
ing to a ship.
Longevity, l6n-jev^e-te, «. 408. Length of life.
Longimanous, iftn-jim-m^-nus, a. 518. Long-
handed, having long hands.
Longimetry, iftn-jim^m^-tr^, *. 403. 518.
The art or practice of measuring distances.
Longing, iSng-ing, S. 410. Earnest desire.
Longingly, l6ng-ing-l5, ad. With incessant
wishes.
Longitude, iftn^jJ-tude, *. Length, the greatest
dimension ; the circumference of the earth measured
from any meridian ; the distance of any part of the
earth to the east or west of any place ; the position of
any thing to east or west.
Longitudinal, lun-j^-tu-de-nil, a. Measured
by the length, running in the longest direction.
Longly, l6ng-le, ad. Longingly, with great liking.
Not used. •
LoNGSOME, lung-sum, a. Tedious, wearisome by
its length.
314
LoNGSUFFERiNG, l6ng-suf-fur-ing, a. Patient,
not easily provoked.
Longways, iftng-wize, ad. in tlie longitudinal
direction
LONGWINDED, iftng-Wind^ed, a. Long-breathed,
tedious. — See JVind.
Longwise, l5i)g^wlze,«d. 152. In the longitudinal
direction.
Loo, loo, *, A game at cards,
Loobily, loo-be-le, a. Awkward, clumsy.
Looby, loo-be, *. 306. A lubber, a clumsy clown.
LoOF, loof, s. 306. It is that part aloft of the ship
which lies just before the chess-trees as far as the bulk-
head of the castle.
To Loof, luf, v. a. To bring the ship close to the
wind.
LoOFED, looft, a. 359. Gone to a distance.
To Look, look, v. n. 306 To direct the eye to
or frnm any object ; to have the power of seeing ; to
direct the intellectual eye ; to expect ; to take care, to
watch; to be directed with regard to any object; to
have any particular appearance ; to seem ; to liave any
air, mien, or manner ; to form the air in any particular
manner; to look about one, to be alarmed, to be vi-
gilant ; to look after, to attend, to take care of; to
look for, to expect ; to look into, to examine, to sift,
to inspect closely ; to look on, to respect, to regard,
to esteem, to be a mere idle spectator; to look over,
to examine, to try one by one; to look out, tosearch,
to seek, to be on the watch ; to look to, to watcli, to
take care of.
To Look, look, v. a. To seek, to search for; to
turn the eye upon ; to influence by looks; to Look out,
to discover by searching.
Look, look, interj. See! lo! behold! observe!
Look, look, S. Air of the face, mien, cast of the
countenance ; the act of looking or seeing.
Looker, idok-ur, *. 98. One that looks ; Looker
on, spectator, not agent.
Looking-glass, look-ing-glis, s. Mirror, a glass
which shows forms reflected.
Loom, loom, S. 306. The frame in which the
weavers work their cloth.
To Loom, loom, v. n. 306. To appear, to appea;
at sea.
Loom, loom, s. A bird.
Loon, loon, S. 306, A sorry fellow, a scoundrel.
See ijDwn.
Loop, loop, S, 306, A double through which
a siring or lace is drawn, an ornamental double or
fringe.
Looped, loopt, a. 359, Full of holes.
Loophole, loop-hole, s. Aperture, hole to give
a passage; a shift, an evasion.
LOOPHOLED, loop-hold, a. 359. Full of holes,
full of openings.
To Loose, loose, v. a. 306. To unbind, to untie
any thing fastened; to relax; to free from anything
pamful ; to disengage.
To Loose, loose, v. n. To set sail, to depart by
loosing the anchor.
Loose, loose, a. Unbound, untied ; not fast ; not
tight; not crowded ; wanton; not close, not concise;
vague, indeterminate; not strict, unconnected, ram-
bling; lax of body ; disengaged; free from confine-
ment; reiTiiss, not attentive; to break Loose, to gain
libe<-ty ; to let Loose, to set at liberty, to set at large.
Loose, loose, *. Liberty, freedom from restraint j
dismission from any restraining force.
Loosely, loose-le, ad. Not fast, not firmly j
without bandage; without union; irregularly; neg-
ligently; meanly; nnchastely.
To Loosen, loo-sn, v. n. 103. To part, to
separate.
To Loosen, loo-sn, v. a. To relax any thing
tied; to make less coherent ; to separate a compagei;
to free from restraint ; to make not costive.
Looseness, loose-nes, *. state contrary to Hiit
LOV LOW
nor 167, nSt 163— tfibe ITl, tub 172, bull 173— 8!l 299— p5und 313— *Ain 466, this 469.
of being fast or fixed; criminal levity; irregularity;
lewdness, unchastity; diarrhoea, flux of the tielly.
Loosestrife, loose-strife, s. An herb.
7b Lop, l6p, v. a. To cut the branches of trees ;
to cut off any thing.
Lop, l6p, s. That which is cut from trees ; a flea,
LoPPER, iSp-pur, *. 98. One that cuts trees.
Loquacious, lo-kwd-shus, o. 414. Full of talk;
babbling, not secret.
Loquacity, li-kw3.sise-te, *. Too much talk.
Lord, lord, S. 167. The Divine Being, Jehovah ;
monarch, ruler ; master ; a tyrant ; a luisband ; a no-
bleman; a general name for a peer of England; an
honorary title applied to officers, as, lord chief justice,
lord mayor.
Tb Lord, lord, v. n. To domineer, to rule
despotically.
Lording, iSr-dinff, S, Lord in contempt or ridicule.
LoRDLING, lord-ling', 5. 410. A diminutive lord.
Lordliness, lord-l^-nes, s. Dignity, high station ;
pride, haughtiness.
Lordly, lord-le, a. Befitting a lord j proud, im-
perious, insolent.
Lordly, lord-1^, ad. Imperiously, proudly.
Lordship, lord-ship, s. Dominion, power ;
seigniory, domain ; title of honour used to a noble-
man not a duiic; titulary compellation of judges, and
some oilier persons in authority.
Lore, lore, s. Lesson, doctrine, instruction.
To Loricate, \tr-rk-kkte, V. a. 168. To plate
over.
LoRiMER, lftriri-mur,\ „_ .^o
T i4 ^ I « f *• 98. 168.
LoRiNER, lor^re-nur, J
Bridle cutter.
Lorn, lorn, a. Forsaken, lost. Obsolete. — See
Forlorn.
Tb Lose, looze, V. a. 164. To forfeit by unlucky
contest, the contrary to Win; to be deprived of; to
possess no longer; to have any thing gone so as that
it cannot be found or had apain ; to bewilder ; to throw
away, to employ ineffectually ; to miss, to part with
so as not to recover.
To Lose, looze, v. n. Not to win, to suS°er loss ;
to decline, to fail.
LoSEABLE, looz^i-bl, a. 405. Subject to privation.
Loser, looz-ur, S. 98. One that is deprived of
any thing, one that forfeits any thing, the contrary to
winner or gainer.
Loss, loS, S. Forfeiture, the contrary to gain ; damage ;
deprivation; fault, puzzle; useless application.
Lost, iSst. Pret. of To Lose.
Lost, iSst. Part, of To Lose.
Lot, lot, s. Fortune, state assigned ; a chance ;
a die, or any thing used in determining chances; a
portion, a parcel of goods as being drawn by lot ; pro-
portion of taxes, as, to pay scot and lot.
Lote-TREE, lote^trel, s. The Lotos.
Lotion, li-sbiin, S. a lotion is a form of medicine
compounded of aqueous liquids, used to wash any dis-
eased parts ; a cosmetick.
Lottery, lit-tur-e, s. 557. A game of chance,
distribution of prizes by chance.
Loud, loild, a. 312. Noisy, striking the ear with
great force ; clamorous, turbulent.
Loudly, loud-l^, ad. Noisily, so as to be heard
far; clamorously.
Loudness, loud-nes, S. Noise, force of sound ;
turbulence, vehemence or furiousness of clamour.
To Love, luv, v. a. V65. To regard with
passionate affection ; to regard with tenderness of af-
fection ; to be pleased with, to like; to regard with
reverence.
Love, luv, f. 165. The passion between the sexes ;
kindness, good-will, friendship, affection; courtship,
tenderness; liking, inclination to; object beloved ;
lewdness; for<'''ness, concord; principle of union;
315
picturesque representation of love, acupid; awordo.
endearment; due reverence to God; akindof thin silK
stuff.
Loveapple, luviip-pl, ff. 405. A plant; the fmit
of a plant.
LoVEKNOT, luvinSt, *. A complicated figure, by
which affection is figured.
Loveletter, luvMet-tur, s. Letter of courtship.
LOVELILY, luvile-l4, ad. Amiably.
Loveliness, luv-l^-nes,s. Amiableness; qualities
of mind or body that excite love.
Lovelorn, luv-lorn, a. Forsaken of one's love.
See Forlorn.
Lovely, luv-le, a. Amiable; exciting love.
Lovemonger, luv-mung-gur, *. One who deaU
in affairs of love.
Lover, luv-ur, S. 98. One who is in love 5
a friend, one who regards with kindness; one whd
likes any thing.
Louver, loo-vur, s. An opening for the smoke.
LoVESECRET,luv-s^-krit, s. Secret between lovers.
Lovesick, luv-sik, a. Disordered with love,
languishing with amorous desire.
Lovesome, luv-suni, a. Lovely. A word not
used.
LoVESONG, luvisong, *. Song expressing love.
LoVESUIT, luv-SUte, S. Courtship.
LOVETALE, luv-tile, S. Narrative of love.
LOVETHOUGHT, luv-^Aawt, S. Amorous fancy.
LoVETOYS, liiv-toez, S. Small presents given by
lovers.
LoVETRICK, luv-trik, S. Art of expressing love.
LoUGH, iftk, s. 392. A lake, a large inland stand
ing water.
Loving, luv-tng, part. a. Kind, affectionate J
expressing kindness.
LoviNGKiNDNESS, luviing-kylnd-oes, s.
Tenderness, favour, mercy.
Lovingly, luv^ing-li, ad. Affectionately, with
kindness.
LoVINGNESS, luv-iriff-nes, S. Kindness, affection.
LouIS-d'oR, lll-l-dore5 S. A golden coin of
France, valued at about twenty shillings.
7h Lounge, lounje, v, n. To idle, to live lazily.
Lounger, loun-jur, s. An idler.
Louse, louse, s. 312. A small animal, of which
different sjiecies live and feed on the bodies of men,
beasts, and perhaps of all living creatures.
To Louse, louze, v. a. 437. To clean from lice.
LOUSEWOIIT, louse-wurt, S. The name of a plant.
Lousily, lou-zl-le, ad. In a paltry, mean, and
scurvy way.
Lousiness, lou^zi-nes, s. The state of abounding
with lice.
Lousy, lou^zi, a. Swarming with lice, over-run
with lice; mean, lowborn.
LoUT, lout, S. A mean, awkward fellow, a bumpkin,
a clown.
To Lout, lout, v. n. 312. To pay obeisance, to
bow. Obsolete.
LotTISH, lout-ish, a. Clownish; bumpkinly.
LoUTISHLY, lout^ish-lj, ud. With the air of
a clown, witli the gait of a bumkin.
Low, li, a. 324. Not high ; not rising far upwards ,
not elevated in situation ; descending far downwurtle,
deep; not swelling high, shallow, used of water; not
of high price; not loud, not noisy; late in time, af,
the Lower empire; dejected, depressed; abject; dis
honouraole; not sublime, not exalted in thought or
diction ; reduced, in poor circumstances.
Low, \h, ad. Not aloft, not at a high price, meanly j
in times near our own; with a depresf ion of th'J voice
in a state of subjection.
LUB
LUK
(K?- 559. F^te73, far 77, fall 83, fltSJ— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 16'4,
To Low, l6u, or l6, v. n. To bellow as a cow.
(fc:?- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Buchanan, W. John-
ston, and Mr. Barclay, pronounce this word in the last
manner; but Dr. Johnson, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, and
Mr. Peny, in the first : and that this is the true pronun-
ciation there is little doubt ; not only as it is the more
general sound of the diphthong, 323, but as it is more
expressive of the tiling signified. The other sound is, in
my opiniiin, a novelty, and ought to be exploded. Witii-
out layinj^ much stress on Dryden's rhyme, it seems to
confirm this opinion.
** Fair 10 grac'd hi« shield ; but 16 now,
** "With horns exalted stands, and seems to foio."
LoWBELL, lo^bel, *. A kind of fowling in the
night, in which the birds are awakened by a bell, and
lured by a flame.
7b Lower, lo-ur, v. a. 98. To bring low, to
bring down by way of submission ; to suffer to sink
down ; to lessen, to make less in price or value.
To Lower, ItVur, v. n. To grow less, to fall, to
sink.
To Lower, lou^ur, v. n. 323. To appear dark,
stormy, and gloomy, to be clouded j to frown, to pout,
to look sullen.
CCx- Whetlier this word comes from the Dutch loeren,
to look askance, or from the Englisli word lower, signi-
fying to look low, as the sky seems to do when it is heavy
and thick with clouds, (which is the much more probable
derivation ;) it certainly cries aloud for a difl"erent spell-
ing from lovier, to make low. For the reasons, see the
words Flower and Flour ; Bowl and Form,
Lower, lou-ur, S. Cloudiness, gloominess ; clovidi-
ncss of look.
Loweringly, lour'-ing-le, ad. With cloudiness,
gloomily.
Lowermost, l6-?tr-m6st, a. Lowest.
Lowland, li-lSnd, S. The country that is low in
respect Of neighbouring hills.
LOWLILY, lo'-le-le, ad. Humbly, meanly.
Lowliness, lA-le-nes, s. Humility ; meanness j
abject depression.
Lowly, li)-\h, a. Humble, meek, mild ; mean j
not lofty, not sublime. • - -
LowN, luon, S. A scoundrel, a rascal ; a stupid
fellow. Properly Loon. Used chiefly in Scotland.
LOWNESS, lo-nes, s. Absence of height ; meanness
of condition; want of rank ; want of sublimity; sub-
missiveness; depression; dejection.
To LoWT, loilt, V. a. To overpower. Obsolete.
LoWTHOUGHTED, \o-tha.<ivt'-ed, a.
Having the thoughts withheld from sublime or heavenly
meditations; mean in sentiments, narrow-minded.
LOWSPIRITED, lo-spir'lt-ed, a. Dejected, de-
pressed, not lively.
LoxoDROMicK, I(ik-s6-dr6m-ik, s. Loxodromick
is the art of oblique sailing by the rhomb.
Loyal, loei^l, a. 88. 329. Obedient, true to the
prince; faithful in love, true to a lady or lover.
Loyalist, lue-il-list, *. One who professes un-
common adherence to his king.
Loyally, loe'-^l-l^, ad. With fidelity, with true
adherence to a king.
Loyalty, iSe-Al-t^, s. Firm and faithful adherence
to a prince ; fidelity to a lady or lover.
toZENGE, ifiz-Zenje, *. A rhomb j the form of
the shield in a single lady's coat of arms; Lozenge is
a form of medicine made into small pieces, to be held
or chewed in the mouth till melted or wasted ; a cake
of preserved fruit.
Lu, loo, s, A game at cards.
LUBBARD, lubiburd, s. 88. A lazy sturdy fellow.
Lubber, lub-bur, *. 98. A sturdy drone, an idle
fat booby.
Lubberly, lub-bSr-l^, a. Lazy and bulky.
Lubberly, lub-bur-le, ad. Awkwardly, clumsily.
To Lubricate, lu-bre-kate, v. a. To make
smooth or slippery.
7bLuBRiciTATE,lu-bris^se-tate,v.«ri Tosmootli,
to make slippery.
31G
Lubricity, lu-bris^s^-ti, s. siipperiness, smooth-
ness of surface ; aptness to glide over any part, or to
facilitate motion; uncertainty, siipperiness, instabi-
lity; wantonness, lewdness.
LuBRICK, lu-brik, a. Slippery, smooth ; uncertain
wanton, lewd.
Lubricous, lu-bre-kus, a. Slippery, smooth ■
uncertain.
Lubrification, lu-brl-f5-kiishun, s. The act
of smoothing.
LuBRiFACTiON, lu-bre-f4k-shun, s. The act of
lubricating or smoothing.
Luce, luse, S. A pike full grown.
Lucent, lu-sent, a. Shining, bright, splendid. '
Lucerne, lu'sern, *. A kind of grass cultivated
as clover.
Lucid, lu^Sld, a. Bright, glittering, pellucid,
transparent ; bright with the radiance of intellect, not
darkened with madness.
Lucidity, lu-sid-e-te, s. Splendour, brightness.
LuciFEROUS, lu-sif^fer-us, a. 518. Giving light,
affording means of discovery.
LuciFiCK, lii-sif-t'ik, a, 509. Making light,
producing light.
Luck, luk, s. Chance, accident, fortune, hap;
fortune, good or bad.
Luckily, luk-ke-1^, ad. Fortunately, by good
hap.
Luckiness, luk^kJ-nes, s. Good fortune, good
hap, casual happiness.
Luckless, luk-les, a. Unfortunate, unhappy.
Lucky, luk-k^, a. Fortunate, happy by chance.
Lucrative, lu-krJ-tiv, a. Gainful, profitable.
Lucre, lu-k?ir, *. 416. Gain, profit.
LucRIFEROUS, lu-knf-fer-US, a. Gainful, profit-
able.
LUCRIFICK, lu-krif-ilk, a. 509. Producing gain,
profitable.
Luctation, liik-ta-shun, s. struggle, cflTort,
contest.
To Lucubrate, lu-ku-brate, v.n. 503. To watch,
to study by night.
Lucubration, liVku-bra-shun, s. 533. Study
by candle-light, any thing composed by night.
LucuBRATORY, lu-ku-bri-tur-c, a. Composed
by candle-light. — For-the o, see JOomesficfc, il2.
Luculent, lu-ku-lent, a. 503. Clear, trans-
parent ; certain, evident.
Ludicrous, lu-d^-krus, a. Burlesque, merry,
exciting laughter.
.Ludicrously, luidi-krus-le, ad. Sportively, in
burlesque.
LudicrousnESS, lu-d^-krus-nes, s. Burlesque,
sportiveness,
Ludification, lu-de-fe-ka-shun, s. The act of
mocking.
To Luff, luf, v. n. To keep close to the wind,
A sea- term.
To Lug, lug, v. a. To haul or drag, to pull with
violence ; to Lug out, to draw a sword, in burlesque
l.inguagc.
To Lug, lug, v. n. To lag, to come heavily.
Lug, lug, s. A kind of small fish ; in Scotland, an
car; a land measure, a pole or perch.
Luggage, liig-gidje, s. 90. Any thing cumbrous
and unwieldy.
Lugubrious, lu-gu-bre-us, a. Mournful, sorrowfuU
Lukewarm, luke-warm, a. Moderately, ot
mildly warm ; indifl'ercnt, not ardent, not zealous.
Lukewarmly, luke-warm-le, ad. With moderate
warmth; with indifference.
Lukewarmness, luko-warm-ncs, s. Moderate
or pleasing heat; indifference, want of ardour.
LUR
LUX
nor 167, Xitt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— </*in466, this 469.
7h Lull, lul, v. a. To compose to sleep by
a pleasing sound ; to quiet, to put to rest.
Lullaby, lul-l;l-bi, s. A song to still babes.
Lumbago, lum-ba-g;o, s. Lumbagos are pains very
troublesome about the loins and small of the back.
(!:j» This word is often pronounced with the Italian
«ound of o, as heard in father; but this mode of pro-
nouncing the accented a, in words from the Latin, has
been long and justly exploded.
p-iUMBEU, lum-bur, S. 98. Any thing useless or
cumbersome; staves, wood, and various kinds of goods
in traflick between the West-India islands and conti-
nent of North America.
To Lumber, lum-bur, v, a. To heap like useless
goods irregularly.
To Lumber, lum-bur, f. n. To move heavily, as
burdened with his ow« bulk.
Luminary, lu-rae-n;ir-re, s. Any body which
gives light; any thing which gives intelligence; any
one that instructs mankind.
LUMINATION, lu-me-nA-shun, S. Emission of-
light.
Luminous, lu-nie-nus, a, 503. Shining, emitting
light; enlightened; bright.
Lump, lump, s. A small mass of any matter;
a shapeless mass ; the whole together, the gross.
To Lump, lump, v. a. To take in the gross, with-
out attention to particulars.
LUMPFISH, lump-fish, s. A sort of fish.
Lumping, lump'ing, a. 410. Large, heavy, great.
Lumpish, lump-ish, a. Heavy, gross, dull, un-
active.
LUMPISHLV, lump-ish-le, ad. With heaviness,
with stupidity.
LUMPISHNESS, lump-ish-nes, S. Stupid heaviness.
Lumpy, lump-^, a. Full of lumps, full of compact
masses.
Lunacy, lu-n3.-se, S. A kind of madness influenced
by the moon
Lunar, liaimlr, 88.")
Lunary, li'-n^r-^, j "'
Formed like a half
Mad, having the
Relating to the moon, under the dominion of the
moon.
Lunated, lu^na-ted, a
moon.
LuNATiCK, lu-nl-tik, a. 509.
imagination influenced by the moon
LuNATICK, lu'-ni-tlk, S. A madman.
Lunation, lu-na-shun, s. The revolution of the
moon.
Lunch, lunsh, 1
Luncheon, lun^shun,/ *'
As much food as one's hand can hold.
LunE, lune, *. Any thing in the shape of a half-
moon ; fits of lunacy or frenzy, mad freaks.
Lunette, lu-net| s. A small half-moon.
Lungs, lungz, *. The lights, the organs of respira-
tion.
Lunged, lungd, a. 359
the nature of lungs.
Lung-grown, lung-grone, a. The lungs some-
times grow fast to the skin that lines the breast, such
are lung-grown.
Lungwort, lung^wurt, s. A plant.
LUNISOLAR, lu-ne-soM^r, a. 88. Compounded
of the revolution of the sun and moon.
Lupine, lii'-pin, s. 140. A kind of pulse.
Lurch, lurtsh, s. A forlorn or deserted condition j
a term at cards.
To Lurch, lurtsb, v. a. To win two games
instead of one at cards; to defeat, to disappoint; to
ti!cli, to pilfer.
Lurcher, lurtsb^ur, *. 98. One that watches to
steal, or tu betray or entrap.
317
Having lungs, having
Lure, lure, S. Something held out to call a hawkj
any enticement, any thing that promises advantage.
Lurid, lu^rid, a. Gloomy, dismal. A yellow
colour bordering on a blue.
To Lurk, lurk, v. n. To lie in wait, to lie
hidden, to lie close.
LURKER, lurk-ur, S. 98. A thief that lies in wait.
Lurking-place, lurk-iiig-plase, s. Hiding
place, secret place.
Luscious, lush-us, a. 357. Sweet, so as m
nauseate; sweet in a great degree; pleasing, delight-
ful.
Lusciously, lush^us-Ie, ad. With a great
degree of sweetness.
LusciOUSNESS, lush-us-nes, s. Immoderate sweet-
ness.
Lusern, lu'sern, s. A lynx.
Luserne, lu-sern, s. [A corrected spelling from
the French.] Lucerne, a kind of grass cultivated as
clover.
Lush, lush, a. Of a dark, deep, full colour, opposite
to pale and faint. Obsolete.
LUSORIOUS, lu-so-re-us, a. Used in play, sportive,
LuSORY, luisur-e, a. Used in play.
(Ky- For the o, see Domestick.
Lust, lust, s. Carnal desire; any violent o*
irregular desire.
To LuST, lust, V. n. To desire carnally j to desire
vehemently; to list, to like; to have irregular dispo-
sitions.
Lustful, lust-ful, a. Libidinous, having irregular
desires ; provoking to sensuality, inciting to lust.
Lustfully, lust-fiil-e, ad. With sensual con-
cupiscence.
LustfULNESS, lust-ful-nes, S. Libidinousness.
LUSTII
LUSTII
eal ability
Stoutly, with vigour,
with mettle.
Lustiness, lus-t^-nes, S. Stoutness, sturdiness,
strength, vigour of body.
LuSTRAL, lus^trAl, a. Used in purification.
Lustration, lus-triishun, s. Putification by
water.
Lustre, lus-tur, S. 416. Brightness, splendour,
glitter; a sconce with lights ; eminence, renown; the
space of five years.
Lustring, lus-string', s. A shining silk. — See
Lntestring.
Lustrous, lus-trus, a. Bright, shining, luminous,
LUSTWORT, lust-wurt, S. An herb.
Lusty, lusiti, a. stout, vigorous, healthy, able of
body.
LUTANIST, luit4n-ist, S, One who plays upon the
lute.
LUTARIOUS, lu-ti-le-US, a. Living in mud, ol
the colour of mud.
Lute, llite, s. A stringed instrument of rausick ;
a composition like clay, with which chymists close up
their vessels.
To Lute, lute, v. a. To close with lute orchymist's
clay.
Lutestring, lute-stnng, s. Lustring, a shining
silk.
C3- This corruption of Lutestring for Lustring seems
beyond recovery, and must be ranked with Asparagus,
Cucumber, &c. which see.
LuTULENT, lu-tshu-lent, a. 461. 503.
Muddy, turbid.
To Lux, luks, ■) _
To Luxate, luks^ate, / ' *
To put out of joint, to disjoint.
Luxation, luks-A-shun, *. The act of disjointing j
any thing disjointed.
HED, lus^te-hed, \
IllOOD, lusit^-bud,/'
Vigour, sprightliness, corpore
Lustily, liis^te-l^, ad.
MAC
K5. 559. FAte 73, ^r 77, till 83, fit 81— m^ 93,
Luxe, luks, s.
voluptuousness
(A French word.) Luxury,
Luxuriance, lug-zu-re4nse, \^
LuxuRiANCY, lug-zu-re-an-se, 479. J
Exuberance, abundant or wanton plenty or growth.
Luxuriant, lug-zu-re4nt, a. 479. Exuberant,
superfluous, plenteous.
To Luxuriate, lug-zu^r^-^te, v. n. To grow
exuberantly, to shoot with superfluous plenty.
Luxurious, lujj-zu^re-us, a. Delighting In the
pleasures of the "table; administering to luxury; vo-
luptuous, enslaved to pleasure; luxuriant, exuberant.
Luxuriously, lug-zu-re-us-1^, ad. Deliciousiy,
voluptuously.
Luxury, luk-shu-re, S. Voluptuousness, addicted-
ness to pleasure; luxuriance, exuberance; delicious
fare.
(K?- For an investigation of the true pronunciation of
this and the preceding words, see Principles, No. 479.
Lycanthropy, ll-kan-<Ar6-p4, s. A kind of
madness, in which men have the qualities of wild
beasts.
Lying, ll-ing, 410. The active part, of Lie.
Lymph, limf, S. Water, transparent colourless
liquor.
Lymphatick, llm-fit-ik, s. 509. A vessel con-
' veying the lymph.
Lymphatick, lira-fit-ik, a. Belonging to the
lymph, conveying the lymph.
Lynx, llllgks, *. 408. a spotted beast, remarkable
for speed and sharp sight.
Lyre, lire, s, a harp, a musical instrument
Lyrical, lir-r^-kil,
Lyrick, l^r-rik,
Pertaining to a harp, or to odes or poetry sung to a
harp; singing to a harp
Lyrist, U-riSt, S. 544. A musician who plays
upon the harp.
.}„.
M.
M/
IacAROONE, mik-i-roon' *. a coarse, rude,
low fellow, whence Macaronick poetry ; a kind of
sweet biscuit, made of flour, almonds, eggs, and sugar.
Macaw-tree, m^-kaw'triJ, s. A species of the
palm-tree.
Macaw, in4-ki.wj S. A bird in the West Indies.
Mace, mase, *. An ensign of authority borne
before magistrates ; a heavy blunt weapon ; a club of
metal ; a kind of spice. The nutmeg is enclosed in a
threefold covering, of which the second is Mace.
Macebearer, mise-bire-ur, s. One who carries
the mace.
To Macerate, misiser-ite, v. a. To make
lean, to wear away; to mortify, to harass with cor-
poral hardships ; to steep almost to solution, either
with or without heat.
Maceration, mts-ser-A-shun, s. The act of
wasting or making lean; mortification, corporal hard-
ships: Maceration is an infusion either with or w'.thout
hpat, wherein the ingredients are intended to be almost
wlioUy dissolved.
Machinal, m^k'-k^-nil, a. 353. Relating to
macliines.
To Machinate, m^k^ki-nite, v. a. To plan, to
contrive.
Machination, mik-kJ-ni-shuu, s. Artifice,
contrivance, malicious scheme.
Machine, m^-sheenj *, 112. Any complicated
piece of workmanship ; an engine; supernatural agency
in poems.
Machinery, mS.-sheen^er-i, *. 112. Enginery,
complicated workmanship; the machinery signifies
that part which the deities, angels, or demons, act in
»po«(a,
18
MAG
met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
Machinist, m^-sh4en-ist, s. a constructor of
engines or machines.
Ky" Some minor critics of the lo«.;i't form pronounce
the first syllable of this word as in Mcicbinal, Machiva-
tion, &c. with the first syllable, as if spelled Mack; bu.
this arises from an ignorance of their respective etymo-
logies ; the former words are derived from the Latin
and Machinist is a formation of our own from the French
word Machine.
Mackerel, mik-ker-il, *. A sea fish.
Mackerel-gale, m^k^ker-il-gile, s. A stront
breeze.
Macrocosm, tn^k-ro-kSzm, s. The whole world,
or visible system, in opposition to the microcosm, ot
world of man.
Mactation, m^k-ta-shun, s The act of killing
for sacrifice.
Macula, m^k^ku-li, s. 92. a spot.
See Lamina.
To Maculate, m^k-ku-late, v. a. To stain, to
stop.
Maculation, mclk-ku-la-shun, *. stain, spot,
taint.
Macule, mak-ule, s. A spot or stain.
See Animalcule.
Mad, mad, a. Disordered in the mind ; distracted;
overrun with any violent or unreasonable desire; en-
raged, furious.
To AIad, m^d, v. a. To make mad, to make
furious, to enrage.
To Mad, m;td, v. n. To be mad, to be furious.
Madam, mid-um, *. 88. The term of compliment
used in address to ladies of every degree,
Madbrain, mid^brane, \
Madbrained, m^d-brind,/
Disordered in the mind, hot-headed.
Madcap, mJd-k^p, *. a madman ; a wild, hot-
brained fellow.
To Madden, m3.d-dn, v. n. 103. To become
Kiad, to act as mad.
To Madden, mid-dn, v. a. To make mad.
Madder, mlld-dur, s. 98. A plant.
Made, made, 75. Part. pret. of Make.
Madefaction, m^d-d^-f^k-shun, s. The act of
making wet.
To Madefy, m^d-di-fi, v. a. To moisten, to make
wet.
Madhouse, mid-house, S. A house where mad-
men are cured or confined.
Madly, m^d-le, ad. Without understanding.
Madman, mid-mA.n, S. 88. A man deprived of
his understanding.
Madness, mid-nes, S. Distraction ; fury, wildness,
rage.
Madrigal, mid-dr^-gil, s. A pastoral seng.
Madwort, mid-wurt, s. An herb.
Magazine, m%-gi1.-zeenj *. 112. A storehouse, .
commonly an arsenal or armoury, or repository of pro-
visions ; of late this word has signified a miscellaneous
pamphlet.
Maggot, raig-gut, s. 166. A small grub which
turns into a fly; whimsey, caprice, odd fancy.
MAGGorriNESS, migigut-ti-nes, s. The state of
. abounding with maggots.
MaggOTTY, mig-gtlt-e, a. Full of maggots
capricious, whimsical.
(Ky- This word and its compounds, having the accent
on tlie first syllable, ought to be spelled with one tonly.
See Bigoted.
Magical, mid-j^-kil, a. Acting, or performed by
secret and invisible powers.
Magically, m id^j ^-kil-e, a<f. According to the
rites of magick.
MaGICK, mid-jik, S, 544, The art of putting in
action the power of spirits ; the secret operatirn of na.
tural j)Owers.
MAI
MAK
nSr 167, n8t. 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 8il 299— pound 313— Min 466, THis 469.
A femalt
Magick, mad-jik, a. Incantatory, necromantick.
Magician, mi-jish-^n, *. 88. One skilled in
magick, an enchanter, a necromancer.
Magisterial, mid-jis-te-rl-il, a. Such as
suits a master ; lofty, arrogant, despotick ; chymically
prepared, after the manner of a magistery.
Magisterially, mid-jis-t^-r^-al-e, ad.
Arrogantly.
Magisterialness, m^d-jis-te-r4-il-nes, s.
Haughtiness.
Magistery, midyis-ter-i, *. A term in
chymistry.
Magistracy, mid-jls-tri-se, s. Office or dignity
of a magistrate.
Magistrate, msld-jis-trAte, *. 91. A man
publickly invested with authority, a governor.
Magnanimity, m^g-n^-nim-^-tl, s. Greatness
of mind, elevation of soul.
Magnanimous, in%-niii^^-mus, a. Great of
mind, elevated in sentiment.
Magnanimously, m4g-n;tn-e-mus-le, ad.
With greatness of mind.
Magnet, mig-net, s. The loadstone, the stone
that attracts iron.
Magnetical, m%-netitJ-k4l, "l
Magnetick, m%-net^tik, 509. J
Relating to the magnet; having powers correspondent
to those of the magnet ; attractive, having the power
to draw things distant.
Magnetism, mi^inet-izin, s. Power of the
loadstone, power of attraction.
Magnifiable, mig-n^-fl-^-bl, a, 183. To be
extolled or praised. Unusual.
Magnifical, mag-nif^fi-kJl, ")
Magnifick, mig-nif-fik, 509,/"*
Illustrious, grand.
Magnificence, mig-niP-fS-sense, s. Grandeur
of appearance, splendour.
Magnificent, mig-nif^f^-sent, a. Grand in
appearance, splendid, pompous; fond of splendour,
setting greatness to show.
Magnificently, m^g-nif^fe-sent-l^, ad.
Pompously, splendidly.
Magnifico, m%-mf-fi-k5, *. a grandee of
Venice.
Magnifier, m%-n^-fl-ur, *. 98. One that
praises extravagantly ; a glass that increases the bulk
of any object.
To Magnify, m%^n^-fi, v. a. 183. To make
great, to exaggerate, to extol highly ; to raise in esti-
mation ; to increase the bulk of any object to the eye.
Magnitude, m%in^-tude, s. Greatness, grandeur;
comparative bulk.
Magpie, Ul%-pl, S. A bird sometimes taught to
talk.
Mahogany, mi-hftgi4-nl, s. a solid wood
brought from America.
Maiu, made, 202. 1
Maiden, mA'-dn, 103./*'
An unmarried woman, a virgin; a woman servant;
female.
Maid, mlde, S. A species of skate fish.
Maiden, mA-dn, a. 103. Consisting of virgins ;
fresh, new, unused, unpolluted.
Maidenhair, maidn-hare, s. A plant.
Maidenhead, m^^dn-hed, \
Maidenhood, mi'-dn-hud, J *'
Virginity, virgin purity, freedom from contamination;
newness, freshness, uncontaminated state.
Maidenlip, miidn-llp, s. An herb.
Maidenly, ma^dn-U, a. Like a maid, gentle,
modest, timorous, decent.
MaIDHOOD, UlAde^hud, s. Virginity. Kot used.
Maidaiauian, nrilo-mAre^yiln, s. A kind of
dance.
,3111
Maidservant, mide-serivint,
servant.
Majestical, mi-jes-ti-kil, \
Majestick, mi-jes^tik, 509. J "'
August, having dignity ; stalely, pompous, sublime.
Majestically, mi-jes-te-kil-^, ad.
With dignity, with grandeur.
Majesty, mid-jes-t^, S. Dignity, grandeur;
power, sovereignty ; elevation j the title of kings and
queens.
Mail, mile, s. 202. A coat of steel neiworlj
worn for defence; any armour; a postman's bundle,
a bag.
To Mail, mile, v. a. To arm defensively, to
cover as with armour.
To Maim, mime, v. a. To deprive of any
necessary part, to cripple by loss of a limb.
Maim, mame, s. Privation of some essential part,
lameness, produced by a wound or amputation ; in-
jury, mischief; essential defect.
Main, mine, a. 202. Principal, chief; violent,
strong; gross, containing the chief part; important,
forcible.
Main, mane, s. The gross, the bulk; the sum,
the whole; the ocean; violence, force; a hand at dice;
the continent.
Mainland, mine-lindj s. The continent.
Mainly, mineile, ad. Chiefly, principally}
greatly, powerfully.
Mainmast, mine-mist, s. Tiie chief or middle
mast.
Mainprise, mine-prize, s. Delivery into the
custody of a friend, upon security given for appearance.
Mainsail, mine-sile, *. The sail of a mainmast.
Mainsheet, mineishelt, s. The sheet or sail
of the mainmast.
Mainyard, mine-yard, s. The yard of the main-
mast.
To Maintain, men-tine{ v. a. To preserve, to
keep ; to defend, to make good ; to keep up, to sup-
• port the expense of; to support with the conveniences
• of life.
To Maintain, men-tinej v. n. To support by
argument, to assert as a tenet.
Maintainable, men-tane-i-bl, a. Defensible,
justifiable.
Maintainer, men-tane-ur, s. Supporter,
cherisher.
Maintenance, men-ten-Jnse, s. Supply of the
necessaries of life; support, protection ; continuance,
security from failure.
Maintop, mine-topj S. The top of the mainmast.
Major, mi-jur, a, 166. Greater in number,
quantity, or extent; greater in dignity.
Major, mi^jur, S. The officer above the c&ptain ;
a mayor or head officer of a town ; the first propi.isition
of a syllogism, containing some generality; Major-
general, the general officer of the second rank ; Major
domo, one who holds occasionally the place of master
of the house.
MajoratioN, mid-j6-ri-shun, S. increase, en-
largement.
Majority, mi-jSr-e-t^, s. The state of being
greater; the greater number; full age, end of mino-
rity ; the office of a major.
Maize, mize, s. Indian wheat.
To Make, mike, v. a. To create; to form ol
materials ; to produce as the agent ; to produce as a
cause ; to perform, to use ; to bring into any state or
condition; to form ; to hold, to keep; to establish in
riches or happiness ; to suffer, to incur ; to commit, to
compel, to force, to constrain; to intend; to raise as
profit from any thing; to arrive at; to gain; to force,
to gain by force ; to put, to place ; to incline -, to prove
as an argument; to represent; to constitute; to
amount to ; to mould, to form ; to Make away, to kill,
to destroy; to transfer; to Make account, to reckon,
to believe; to Make account of, to esteem, to regard ;
to Make free with, to treat without ceremony; to
Make good, to maintain, to Justify j .tu fulfil, to fte<
MAL
MAL
OS- 559. FJte73, f^rTT, fall 83, Mt 81— m593,'met95— pine 105, pui 107— no 163, move \64,
complish ; to make light of, to consider as of no con-
sequence ; to Make love, to court, to play the gallant ;
to Make merry, to feast, to partake of an entertain-
ment; to Make much of, to cherish, to foster; to
Make of, what to Make of, is, how to understand ; to
Make of, to produce from, to effect; to consider, to
account, to esteem; to Make over, to settle in the
hands of trustees, to transfer; to Make out, to clear,
to explain, to clear to one's self; to prove, to evince;
to Make sure of, to consider ascertain; to secure to
one's possession ; to Makeup, to get together; to re-
concile; to repair; to compose as of ingredients; to
supply ; to repair ; to clear ; to accomplish, to conclude.
To Make, mcLke, v. n. To tend, to travel, to go
any way ; to rush ; to contribute ; to operate, to act as
a proof of argument, or cause ; to concur ; to show, to
nppear, to carry appearance ; to Make away with, to
destroy, to kill ; to Make for, to advantage, to favour;
to Make up, to compensate, to be instead.
Make, mike, *. Form, structure.
Makebate, make-bite, s. Breeder of quarrels.
Maker, ma-kiir, s. 98. The Creator, one who
makes any thing; one who sets any thing in its proper
state.
Makepeace, make-pese, S. Peacemaker, recon-
ciler.
Makeweight, mike-wate, s. Any sinail thing
thrown in to make up weight.
Malady, mil-4-de, S. A disease, a distemper,
a disorder of body, sickness.
MalaNDERS, mil-an-durz, s. A dry scab on the
pastern of horses.
Malapert, mil-i-pert, a. Saucy, quick with
impudence.
MaLAPERTNESS, mil-H-pert-neS, S. Liveliness of
reply without decency, quick impudence, saucincss.
MaLAPERTLY, initl-;1.-l)ert-l^, ad. Impudently,
saucily.
Male, male, a. Of the sex that begets young, not
female.
Male, mile, S. The he of any species.
Male, male, a. In composition, signifies III.
Maleadministration, m;Ue-id-min-ms-tra-
shun, S. Bad management of affairs.
03- I have given the first syllable of this and the suc-
ceeding words, compounded of wmZe, the long sound of
o, because I look upon male as a prefix not alterable in
its sound in words of our own compositiou, any more
than arch, fore, mis, pre, or vice: arch and fore are used
separately as adjectives, which is not the case with male;
but mis, pre, and t;ioe, are never used out of compositi&n,
and are therefore exactly under tlie same predicament as
wale. Dis not being a prefix of our own which we can
apply to words at pleasure, alters the sound of s accord-
ing to the presence or absence of the accent, or the nature
of the succeeding consonants, see Dis; but viis being
applicable to any words, never alters the sound of s, 426.
J're, wJien prefixed to words of our own, as ;)re-conceuerf,
presupposed, &c. never shortens the vowel, i30, 531, 532;
and rice in vice-president, vice-admiral, &c. might as well
be changed into vis-president, and vis-adnnral, as male-
conlent and male-practice into malcontent a.nd malpractice.
But though almost all our Pronouncing Dictionaries
adopt the short sound of a, and some even leave out the
c, yet as analogy is so decidedly in favour of the long
sound, and custom is not unanimous, the long sound
ought certainly to have the preference with all who aim
at correctness and consistency. W. Johnston is the only
one who adopts tliis pronunciation ; and Barclay, by
putting a hyphen after male, seems to favour it. If cus-
tom has decided in favour of the short sound of a, the e
ought to be omitted in writing, and then the spelling and
sound would not lie at variance ; but as this would lead
to incurable evils in language, the pronunciation ought
rather to conform to the orthography.— See Bowl.
It must be carefully observed, that formatives of our
own, as male-content, male-practice, &c. are under a very
different predicament from malversation, a pure French
word, and malevolent from the Latin vialcvolas.
Malecontent, maleikftn-tent, \ ^
Malecontented, male-kon-ten-tcd,/
Discontented, dissatisfied.
Malecontent, male-kSn-tent, s. One dis-
satisfied, one discontented.
330
Malecontentedly, mile-kSn-tenited-le, ad.
With discontent.
Malecontentedness, male-kon-ten'ted-ne%
s. Discontentedness wiili government.
Malediction, mil-le-dik-slmn, s. Curse, ex-
ecration, denunciation of evil.
Malefaction, mil-le-filk-slmn, s, A crime, ati
offence. •
Malefactor, m^I-l^-fik-tur, s. An offender
against law, a criminal.
Malefick, m^l-lef^fik, a. 509. Mischievous,
hurtful.
MaleprACTICE, male-prik-tis, *, Practice con-
trary to rules.
Malevolence, mi-lev-vo-lense, s. Ill-will,
inclination to liurt others, malignity.
Malevolent, mi-lev-vo-leiit, a. lii-disposed
towards others.
Malevolently, mS-l2v-v6-leiit-le, ad.
Malignly, malignantly.
Malice, mil-llS, *. 140. Deliberate mischief;
ill intention to any one, desire of hurting.
Malicious, mi-lish'us, a. Iii-disposed to any
one, intending ill.
Maliciously, mi-lish-us-le, ad. With malignity,
with intention of mischief.
Maliciousness, mi-lish-us-nes, s. Malice, in-
tention of mischief to another.
Malign, mtl-linej a. 385. Unfavourable, ill-dis-
posed to any one, malicious; infectious, fatal to the
body, pestilential.
To Malign, mi-llnej v. a. To regard with envy
or malice: to hurt; to censure.
Malignancy, mi-lig-nin-se, s. Malevolence,
malice, destructive tendency.
Malignant, mi-lig-nint, a. Envious, malicious}
hostile to life, as malignant fevers.
Malignant, ma-llg-Iiant, S. A man of ill inten-
tion, malevolently disposed ; it was a word used of the
defenders of tlie church and monarchy by the rebel
sectaries in the civil wars.
Malignantly, mi-lig'-iiSnt-le,' ad. Wiiu ill-
intention, maliciously, mischievously.
Maligner, m;1-llne-ur, s. 386. One who regards
another with ill-will; a sarcastical censurer.
Malignity, mi-lig-ne-te, s. Malice, destructive
tendency; evilness of nature.
Malignly, mi-llne-l^, ad. Enviously, with ill-
will.
MalKIN, maW-kin, S. A dirty wench.
Mall, mel, s. A stroke, a blow. Obsolete,
A kind of beater or hammer ; a walk where they for-
merly played with malls and balls.
0^ This word is a whimsical instance of the caprice
of custom. Nothing can be more uniform than the
sound we give to a before double I in the same syllable ;
and yet this word, when it signifies a wooden hammer,
has not only changed its deep sound of o in all into the a
in alleij, but has dwindled into the short sound of e ia
Mall, a walk in St. James's Park, where they formerly
played with malls and balls, and from which it had its
name; and to crown the absurdity, a street parallel to
this walk is spelt Pall Mall, and pronounced PeUmell,
which confounds its origin wit-h the French adverb pele
mele. For Bailey appears to derive the name of the street
justly from pellere malleo to strike with a mallet. That
thiswoidwasjustly pronounced formerly, we can scarcely
doubt, from the rhymes to it:
" With mighty ma!t
" The monster merciless him made to fall." Spenser
" And give that reverend head a malt
" Or two or three against the wall." Hndibrat.
As a corrirboration of this, we find a large wooden cluH
used for killing swine, called and spelt a 7nall, rhyming
withaW; and the verb signifying to beat or bruise is
spelt and pronounced in the same manner. The word
mallet, where the latter I is separated from the former, is
under a different predicament, and is pronounced regu-
larly .—See Principles, No. 85.
MAN
MAN
nor 1G7, r.h 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— •poimd 313— ifAin4G(J, mis 469.
88, TI:e drake of the
Mallard, mlUl^id, s
wild duck.
Malleability, mil-le-i-bil-e-te, s. Quality of
enduring llie hammer.
Malleable, mSl-le-^-bl, a. 113. Capable of
being spread by beating.
i?f ALLEABLENESS, mill-le-i-bl-lies, S. Quality of
enduring the liamnicr.
To Malleate, m;ll-le-ate, v, a. To hammer.
Mallet, mil-lit, s. 99- A wooden hammer.
Mallows, mal-l6ze, s. A plant.
Malmsey, maui-ze, s, 401. A sort of grape;
a kind of wine.
Malt, malt, S. 79- Grain steeped in water and
fermented, then dried on a kiln.
Maltdus r, malt^dust, s. The dust of malt.
MaLTKLOOR, mtllt-flore, S. A floor to dry malt.
To Malt, malt, v. n. To make malt; to be made
malt.
Maltiiorse, mfilt-horse, s. A dull dolt.
Obsolete.
Maltman, malt-min, 88.")
Maltster, rnalt-stur, J
One who makes malt.
Malvaceous, mil-va-shus, a. Relating to
mallows.
Malversation, m4l-ver-sa-sliun, s. Bad sliifts,
mean artifices.
Mamma, mam-maj s. 77. The fond word for
mother.
Mammet, mW-mit, s. 99- A puppet, a figure
dressed up.
Mammiform, mUm^me-form, a. Having the
shape of paps or dugs.
Mammillary, mamimil-ld-re, a. Belonging to
the paps or dugs.
(K7- I have departed from Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
Mr. Perry, Entick, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, and Dr. John-
son, in the accentuation of this word, and agree with
Mr. Nares and Bailey in placing the stress upon the first
syllable of this and similar words, and as Dr. .lolinson
nimsclf has done on y^j-iJ/nry, Maxillary, Papillary, and
Capillary; and as all our orthoepists but Dr. Kenrick on
Miscellany. — See Academy.
Mammock, mllm-muk, s. 166. A large shapeless
piece.
To Mammock, mctm-muk, v. a. To tear, to
pull to pieces.
Mammon, mSm-mun, s. 166. Riches.
Man, mnn, S. 81. Human being, the male of the
human species; a servant, an attendant; a word of
familiarity bordering on contempt ; it is used in a loose
signification like the French on, one. any one ; one of
uncommon qualifications; individual; a moveable
piece at chess or draughts ; Man of war, a ship of war.
To Man, min, V, a. To furnish with men ; to
guard with men ; to fortify, to strengthen j to tame a
hawk.
Manacles, miln-nil-klz, s. 405. Chains for the
hands.
To Manacle, min-ni-kl, v. a. To chain the
hands, to shackle.
To Manage, miniidje, v. a. 90. To conduct, to
carry on ; to train a horse to graceful action; to go-
vern, to make tractable; to wield, to move or use
easily; to husband, to make the object of caution, to
treat with caution or decency.
To Manage, mlu-idje, w. n. 90, To superintend
affairs, to transact.
Manage, mau-idje, c. Conduct, administration;
a riding school ; management of a horse.
Manageable, man^idie-i-bl, a. Easy in tlie
use ; governable, tractable.
Manageableness, m^u^idje-a-bl-nes, *.
Accommodation to easy use ; tractableness, easiness to
be governeU.
Management, m.^n^idje-ment, *. Conduct, ad-
ministration ; practice, transaction, dealing.
321
Manager, man-idje-ur, 5. 98. One who has tht
conduct or direction of any thing; a man of frugality,
a good husband.
MaNAGERY, m<tn-ld-ier-re, s. Conduct, direction,
administration; husbandry, frugality; manner of
using.
ManaTION, mit-na-shun, S. The act of issuing
from something else.
Manciiet, mdnsh-it, s. 99. A small loaf of
fine bread.
Manciiineel, mantsh-in-eelj s. A large tree,
a native of the West Indies.
C-v" 1 do not hesitate to place the accent on the last
syllable of this word, as this stress, not only its form,
but the best usage, seems to require. Dr. Johnson and
other orthoepists place the accent in the same manner,
contrary to Mr. Sheridan, who places it on the first syU
lal)lo.
To Mancipate, man-se-p;ite, v. a. To enslave,
to bind.
Mancipation, m;tn-se-pa^shun, s. slavery, in-
voluntary obligation.
Manciple, min^se-pl, $. 405. The steward of
a coinmunity, the purveyor.
Mandamus, min-da-mus, s. A writ from the
court of King's Bench.
Mandarin, min-di-reen,' s. 112. A Chines*
nobleman or magistrate.
CCy- Dr. Johnson, and the other lexicographers after
him, spell this word without the final e. It may be ob-
served, that most of the names from the East came
to us by missionaries, and the first accounts we have of
these countries are from the French, which accounts for
the manner in which we always hear it pronounced.
Mandatary, milii'-di-t^r-e, *. 512. He to
whom the Pope has, by virtue of his prerogative, ani.
his own proper right, given a mandate for his benefice.
Mandate, m;ln-dite, 5. 91. Cammand; precept,
charge, commission, sent or transmitted.
Mandatory, miu-dit-tur-e, a. 512. Preceptive,
directoiy. — For the o, see Doviestick.
Mandible, min-de-bl, S. 405. The jaw, the in-
strument of manducation.
Mandibular, mdn-dib-bu-ktr, a. Belonging to
the jaw.
Mandrake, min-dnlke, s. The root of this plant
is said to hear a resemblance to the human form.
To Manducaie, m;tii-du-kite, v. a. To chew,
to eat.
Manducation, min-di!i-ka-shuii, s. Eating,
chewing.
Mane, mine, s. The hair which hangs down on the
neck of horses.
Maneater, mail'ite-ur, s. A cannibal, an an-
thropophagite.
MaNED, mand, a. 459. Having a mane.
Manes, raa-nez, s. Ghost, shade. — See Millepedes.
Manful, min-ful, a. Bold, stout, daring.
Manfully, min-fiil-e, ad. Boldly, stoutly.
ManfulNESS, min-ful-nes, *. Stoutness, boldness.
Mange, mAllje, S. The itch or scab in cattle.
Manger, mAne-jur, s. 542. The place or vesse\
in wiiich animals are fed with corn. — See Change.
Manginess, mane-je-ncs, s. Scabbiness, infection
with the mange.
To Mangle, mang-gl, v. a. 405. To lacerate,
to cut or tear piece-meal, to butcher.
Mangler, ming-gl-ur, S, A hacker, one that
destroys bunglinely.
Mango, millg-go, s. A fruit of the isle of Java,
brought to Europe pickled.
Mangy, mine-j^, a. Infected with tlw mang^
scabby.
Manhater, min-hate-ur, S. Misanthrope, one
that hates mankind.
Manhood, min'-hud, «. Human nature; viriUty,
not womanhood; virility not childhood; courage,
fortitude.
MAN
MAN
ta- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
Maniac, ma-ne-^k, s, A mad person.
Maniac, ina^ne-ik, 505. i
Maniacal, mi-nl'-l-k^l, 506./"'
Hag'mg with madness.
Manifest, m^nine-fest, a. Plain, open, not
concealed ; detected.
7'o Manifest, min^nJ-fest, v. a. To make
appear ; to show plainly, to discover.
Manifestation, m^n-n^-fis-ta-shun, s. Dis-
covery, publication.
Manifestable, m3^n-ni-fes-t^-bl, a. Easy to
be made evident.
Manifestly, m^nin4-fest-l5, ad.
Clearly, evidently.
Manifestness, ra^n-n^-fest-nes, s. Perspicuity,
clear evidence.
Manifesto, m4n-nJ-fesiti, s. Publick protesta-
tion, a declaration in form.
Manifold, mln^ni-fJld, a. Of different kinds,
many in number, multiplied.
Manifoldly, m4nini-f6ld-li, ad. In a manifold
manner.
Manikln, mSn-ne-kin, s. A little man.
Maniple, m^nie-pl, s. 405. A handful j a small
band of soldiers.
Manipular, m3.-nipipu-llr, a. Relating to
a muniple.
Mankiller, m3.nikil-lur, s. 98. Murderer.
Mankind, inin-kj4nd{ s. 498. The race or
species of human beings. — See Guard,
_(fj» Tl)is word is sometimes improperly pronounced
with the accent on the first syllable, and is even marked
so by Dr. Ash. Milton, with his usual license, some-
times places the accent in this manner :
wbcre he might likeliest find
' The only two of mankitui, but in them
The whole included race his purposed prey "
But Pope, in this particular, is a better guide, both in
prose and verse s
"The proper study of mankind is man." Essay on Man.
It may be asked, indeed, why mankind should not have
the accent on the first syllable as well as womankind; it
may be answered, that it has, when it is to distinguish it
f lom u-unionfcind ; but when it is used absolutely, it in-
cludes womankind; and to avoid the distinction which an
accent on the first syllable would imply, it very properly
throws the accent on the general, and not on the specific
part of the word, 521.
Manlike, m;tn^llke, a. Having the qualities
of a man, befitting a man.
Manless, m^llMeS, a. Without men, not manned.
Manliness, mSnil^-nes, s. Dignity, bravery,
stoutness.
Manly, mingle, a. Manlike, becoming a man,
firm, brave, stout.
Manna, mSninS, s. 92. A delicious food distilled
from heaven for the support of the Israelites in their
passage through the wilderness; akindof gum, a gentle
purgative.
Manner, m^n^nur, s. 418. Form, method;
habit, fashion; sort, kind; mien, east of look ; pe-
culiar way; Alanners, in the plural, general way of
life, morals, habits; ceremonious behaviour, studied
civility.
Mannerist, m^nfnur-ist, *. Any artist who
performs all his works in one unvaried manner.
Mannerliness, m^ninur-l^-nes, s. Civility,
ceremonious complaisance.
Mannerly, min-nur-l^, a. Civil, ceremonious,
complaisant.
Mannerly, mSn-nur-1^, ad. Civilly, without
rudeness.
Mannikin, m;tn'-ne-kin, s. A little man, a dwarf.
Mannish, m^n-nish, a. Having the appearance
of a man, bold, masculine, impudent.
MaN(Eijvrf,, m;tn-o^'ur, s. An attempt, out of
the common course of action, to relieve ourselves, or
;522
annoy our adversary ; and generally used in maritime
affairs.
C3- This word, though current in conversation and
really useful, is in no Dictionary I have met with. The
triphthong o«t has no correspondent sound in our lan-
guage, and I have given it what I thought the nearest to
it; but as the word seenw to be universally adopted, it
ought to be anglicised, and may be safely pronounced as
1 have marked it, by those who cannot give it the exact
French sound.
Manor, m^n-nur, S. 418. Manor signifies in
common law, a rule or government which a man hath
over such as hold land within his fee.
Manorial, m4-n6-re-^l, a. Belonging to a manor.
Mansion, m^n^shun, *. Place of residence, abode,
house.
Manslaughter, min-slaw-tur, s. M^irder,
destruction of the human species; in law, the act of
killing a man, not wholly without fault, though with-
out malice.
Manslayer, m^n-sU-ur, s. Murderer, one that
has killed another.
MaNSUETE, m^niswete, a. Tame, gentle, not
ferocious.
Mansuetude, m^niswe-tude, s. 334.
Tameness, gentleness.
Mantel, mSn-tl, S. 103. Work raised before
a chimney to conceal it.
Mantelet, mSn-t^-letJ s. A small cloak worn by
women; in fortification, a kind of moveable pent-
house, driven before the pioneers, as blinds to shelter
them.
MantjgER, mAn-tl-gur, S. 98. A large monkey
or baboon.
Mantle, mitn-tl, s. 405. A kind of cloak or
garment.
To Mantle, m^n-tl, v. a. To cloak, to cover.
To Mantle, mUn-tl, v. n. To spread the wings as
a hawk in pleasure ; to be expanded, to spread I'jxuri-
antly ; to gather any thing on the surface, to froth ; to
ferment, to be in sprightly agitation.
Mantology, m^n-tSKo-je, *. 518. The gift of
prophecy.
Mantua, niitn-tshfi-^, s. 333. A lady's gown.
(C?" Dr. Johnson says this word was probably corrupted
from the French manteau : and Mr. Elphinston, in his
zeal for an homophonous orthography, as it may be
called, says, " Manleau, not AIa7Uua, having given title
to the silk, the maker of maniocs, or niatitows, will have
the honour of leading the fashions at the court of truth,
when, under so glorious patronage, she announces herscl J
a Mantoemaker, or Mantowmaker, Padiiasoyis a siniiliar
falsification of Podesotj, the English offspring of the
French I'ou de soie. The It.ilian cities are much obliged
to atfectation for having so long complimented them at
her own expense. Guided by etymoVjgy, she had no
business with the sound ; and a stranger to analogy was
not likely to know, that a mantel, manlob, or cloke, was
probably the first silken task of the English Mantoe-
viaker,"
Mantuamaker, mitn^tu-ma-kur, s. 333. One
who makes gowns for women.
Manual, miniu-^1, a. Performed by the hand ;
used by the hand.
Manual, min-u-^1, s. A small book, such as
may be carried in the hand.
Manuduction, m^n-niA-duk-shun, s. Guidance
by the hand.
Manufactory, min-u-f^k^tur-e, s. A place
where a manufacture is carried on.
Manufacture, m^n-nu-f^k-tshure, s. 461.
The practice of making any piece of workmanship;
any thing made by art.
To Manufacture, mSn-u-fakitshure, v. a. 463
To make by art and labour, to form by workmanship.
Manufacturer, maii-nu-ftkitslu'i-riir, s.
A workman, an artificer.
To Manumise, niitn'-nu-mize, v. a. To set free
to dismiss from slavery.
Manumission, nutn-nu-mishiun, s. The act ol
giving liberty to slaves.
MAR
MAR
nor 167, nSt 163— ti'ibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pomid 313— ^Ain 466, this 469.
To Manumit, m4n-ni-niit{ v. a. To release
from slavery.
Manurable, mi-nu^ri-bl, a. 4p5. Capable of
cultivation.
Manurance, in^-nu-r^nse, s. Agriculture,
cultivation.
To Manure, mi-nure{ v. a. To cultivate by
manual labour ; to dung, to fatten with composts.
Manure, ini-nure{ S. Soil to be laid on lands.
Manurement, m^-nure-ment, s. Cultivation,
improvement.
Manurer, mi-nu-rur, s. 98. He who manures -
land, a husbandman.
Manuscript, m^n-i-skr?pt, s. A book written,
not printed.
Many, men-nf, a. 29- Consisting of a great
number, numerous.
Manycoloured, men-ne-kiil-lurd, a. Having
many colours.
Manycornered, men-n^-kor-nurd, a.
Polygonal, having many corners.
Manvheaded, men-n^-hed-ded, a. Having
many heads.
Manylanguaged, men-ne-Ung-gwidjd, a.
Having many languages.
Manypeopled, men-n^pee-pld, a. Numerously
populous.
ManytimeS, mell-nJ-tlmZ, ad. Often, frequently.
Map, m4p, S. a geographical picture on vvhich
lands and seas are delineated according to the longi-
tude and latitude ; a description of a country by lines
drawn on pai)er; a view of an estate according to
exact admeasurement.
To Map, mip, v. a. To delineate, to set down.
Little used.
Maple-tree, ma-pl-tree, s. 405. A tree
frequent in hedge-rows.
MappeRY, mtp-pur-^, S. The art of planning and
designing.
To Mar, mar, v. a. 78. To injure, to spoil, to
damage.
Maranatha, m^r-i-ni^A-a, 5. 92. It was a form
of denouncing a curse, or anathematizing among the
Jews.
(t3> Mr. Sheridan, in placing the accent on the second
syllable of this word, differs from Dr. Johnson, and
every other orlhoepist, who uniformly accent the word
on the third syllable, as I have done.
Marasmus, mi-r^z-mus, s. a consumption.
Marauder, mi-ro-dur, s. A soldier that roves
about in quest of plunder.
Marble, mar-bl, s. 405. stone used in statues
and elegant buildings, capable of a bright polish; little
balls of marble with which children play ; a stone re-
markable for the sculpture or inscription, as the Oxford
Marbles.
Marble, mar-bl, a. Made of marble; variegated
like marble.
To Marble, m^r-bl, v. a. To variegate, or vein
like niarl)le.
Marblehearteu, mar-bl-hart-ed, a. Cruel,
insensible, hard-hearted.
Marcasite, raar-ki-slte, s. 155. The Marca»ite
is a solid hard fossil frequently found in mines.
March, martsh, s, 352. The third month of the
year.
To March, mJrtsh, v. n. To move in a military
form ; to walk in a grave, deliberate, or stately
manner.
To March, mJrtsh, v. a. To put in military
movement ; to bring in regular procession.
March, martsh, s. Movement, journey of soldiers;
grave and solemn walk; signals to move; Marches,
without singular, borders, limits, confines.
Marcher, niarlsh-ur, s. 98. President of the
inarches or borders.
Marchioness, mar-tshun-es, «, 388. 353.
The wife of a marquis.
333
Marchpane, raartsh-pine, s. A kind of sweet
bread.
Marcid, mar-Sid, a. Lean, pining, withered.
Marcour, mfirikur, S. 314. Leanness, the state
of withering, waste of flesh.
Mare, mare, s. The female of a horse; a kind of
torpor or stagnation, which seems to press the stomach
with a weight, the nightmare.
Mareschal, mar-shil, s, a chief commander of
any army.
Margarite, marig^-rlte, 5. IS.*). A pearl.
Marge.nt, marijent,")
Margin, mar-jin, J
The border, the brink, the edge, the verge ; the edge
of a page left blank ; the edge of a wound or sore.
Marginal, mar-j^-ndl, a. Placed or written on
the margin.
MarginATED, mar-j^-ni-ted, a. Having a margin.
Margrave, mar-grAve, s. A title of sovereignty
in Germany.
MariETS, mir-rl-ets, «. 81. A kind of violet.
Marigold, m^r-re-gild, 5. 81. A yellow flower.
0:3- The a in the first syllable of this word is, by
Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Buchanan, pronounced long and
slender, as in the proper name Mary : and this is sup-
posed to be the true sound, as it is imagined the flower
was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin : but Mr. Scott,
Mr. Perry, and W. Johnston, give the a the short sound,
as in marry; and in this they appear not only more
agreeable to general usage, but to tliat prevailing ten-
dency of shortening the antepenultimate vowel, which
runs through the language, 503. 535. Losing the simple
in the compound can be no objection, when we reflect on
the frequency of this coalition, 515. Nor is it unworthy
of observation, that gold, in this word, preserves its
true sound, and is not corrupted into gooUl.
To Marinate, mJr-re-nate, v. a. To salt fish,
and then preserve them in oil or vinegar. Not used.
Marine, m^-r^^nj a. 112. Belonging to the sea.
Marine, m^-reeilj S. Sea aff'airs ; a soldier taken
on shipboard to be employed in descents upon the land.
Mariner, mir-rln-ur, s. 98. A seaman, a sailor.
MajorOM, miryur-um, S. A fragrant plant of
many kinds.
Marish, mar-ish, s. A bog, a fen, a swamp,
watery ground.
Marish, mar-ish, a. Fenny, boggy, swampy. Not
used.
Marital, mir-r^-tdl, a. 88. Peruining to
a husband.
Maritimal, mi-rit^t^-m^l, \
Maritime, m^r-re-tim, 146. J
Performed on the sea, marine; relating to the sea,
naval ; bordering on the sea.
Mark, mark, *. 81. A token by which any tiling
is known ; a token, an impression ; a proof, an evi-
dence; any thing at which a missile weapon is direct-
ed; the evidence of a horse's age; Marciue, French,
license of reprisals; a sum of thirteen shillings and
four-pence ; a character made by those who cannot
write their names.
To Mark, mark, v. a. To impress with a token
or evidence ; to note, to take notice of.
,To Mark, mark, v. n. To note, to take notice.
Marker, mark-ur. s. 98. One that puts a mark
on any thing ; one that notes or takes notice.
Market, m^r-klt, S. A publick time of buying
and selling; purchase and sale; rate, price.
To Market, mar-kit, V, n. To deal at a market,
to buy or sell.
Market-bell, mar-kit-bel{ *. The bell to givf
notice that trade may begin in the market.
Market-cross, mSr-kit-kros{ j. a cross set up
where the market is held.
Market-day. mar-kit-da{ s. The day on which
things are publickly bought and sold.
Market-folks, mar^kit-foks, s. People that
come to the market.— See Folk.
MAR MAS
ts- 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, Mt 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164s
irlse, 1
te, r
Market-man, mar-kit-man, s. 88. One who
goes to the market to sell or buy.
Market-place, mar-kit-plase, s. Place where
the market is held.
Market-price, mar-kit-pilse.
Market-rate, mar-kit-rate
The price at which any thing is currently sold
Market-town, mar^kit-toun, s. 521. A town
that has the privilege of a stated market, not a village.
MarKETAULE, mar-klt-^-bl, a. Such as may be
sold, such for which a buyer may be found 5 current
in tlie market.
Marksman, marks-mtn, s. 88. A man skilful
to hit a mark.
Marl, marl, S. A kind of clay mucli used for
manure.
To Marl, v. a. To manure with marl. ■ ■•
Marline, margin, s. 140. Long wreaths of
untwisted hemp dipped in pitch, with which cables
are guarded.
Marlinespike, mar^lin-splke, s. A small piece
of iron for fastening ropes together.
Marlpit, marl-pit, s. Fit out of wlrch m&rl is
dug.
Marly, mar-ll, a. Abounding with marl.
Marmalade, m^r^mi-lade, \
Marmalet, mar-m^-let, J
'I'he pulp of quinces boiled into a consistence with
sugar.
MarMORATION, mar-mo-ra-siiun, *. Incrustation
with marble.
Marmorean, mai'-mo-re-Jn, a. Made of marble.
Marmoset, mar-m6-zet{ s. a small monkey.
Marmot, mar-moot{ s. The Marmotto, or Mus
alpinus.
Marquess, mar-kwis, s. The right word for what
is now usually written and called Marquis.
Marquetry, mar^ket-trl, s. Chequered work,
work inlaid with variegation.
Marquis, mar-kwis, s. In England, one of tlie
second orde-r of nobility, next in rank to a duke.
Marquisate, mar-kwiz-dte, s. 9 1 . The seigniory
of a marquis.
Marrer, mir-rur, S. 98. One who spoils or Iiurts.
Marriage, mir-ridje, s. 81. 90. 274. The act
of uniting a man and woman for life.
Marriageable, m;tr-ridje-^-bl, a. Fit for
wedlock, of age to be married ; capable of union.
Married, mirMd, a. 283. Conjugal, connubial.
Marrow, mir-ri,s. 327. An oleaginous substance
contained in the bones.
Marrowbone, m^riro-bone, s. Bone boiled for
the marrow ; in burlesque language, the knees.
Marrowfat, m^r-ri-fat, s, A kind of pea.
Marrowless, mir^ro-les, a. Void of marrow.
To Marry, m^r'-r^, v. a. 81. To join a man
and woman; to dispose of in marriage; to take for
liusband or wife.
To Marry, mtlr'rJ, v. n. To enter into the
conjugal state.
Marsh, marsh, *. 81. A fen, a bog, a sw&mp.
Marsh-mallow, marsh-miKlo, s. A plant.
Marsh-marigold, marsh-mHr-rl-gSld, s.
A flower. — See Marigold,
Marshal, mar^sh^l, s. The chief officer of arms ;
an officer who regulates combats in the lists ; any one
who regulates rank or order at a feast ; a harbinger, a
pursuivant.
To Marshal, mar^shil, v. a. To arrange, to
rank in order; to lead as a harbinger.
Marshaller, mar-shil-lur, s, 98. One tliat
arranges, one that ranks in order.
Marsha lsea, mar-shal-se, *. The prison belong-
ing to the marshal of the king's liouschold.
324
Marshalship, m^r-sh^l-ship, s. The office of
a marshal.
Marshelder, marsll-el-dur, s. A gelder rose.
Marsh ROCKET, marsh-rok-kit, s, 99.
A species of watercresses.
Marshy, marsh-e, a. Boggy, fenny, swampy;
produced in marshes.
Mart, mart, s. A place of publick traffick;
bargain, purchase and sale ; letters of mart. — See Mark,
To Mart, mart, v. a. To traffick.
Marten, mar'-tin, s, 99. A large kind of weasel,
whose fur is much valued; a kind of swallow that
builds in houses, a martlet.
Martial, miir^shlll, a. 88. Warlike, fighting,
brave; having a warlike show, suiting war ; belonging
to war, not civil.
Martin, mar^tin, "J
Martinet, mar-tin-et,' >s. A kind of swallow.
Martlet, mart'-let, J
Martinet, mar-tin-et{ s. French, An officer
overnice in discipline.
Martingal, mar-tin-gil, 5. A broad strap made
fast to the girths under the belly of a horse, which runs
between the two legs to fasten the other end under the
noseband of the bridle.
Martinmas, mar^tin-mSs, s, 88. The feast of
St. Martin, the eleventh of November, commonly
called Martilmas or Martlemass.
Martyr, mar^tur, J. 418. One who by his death
bears witness to the truth.
?() Martyr, mar^tur, v. a. To put to death for
virtue; to murder, to destroy.
Martyrdom, mar'-tur-dum, s. 166.' Tiie deatii
of a martyr, the honour of a martyr.
Martyrology, mar-tur-rol-lo-jj, s. 518.
A register of martyrs.
Martyrologist, mar-tur-r6Uli-jist, s.
A writer of martyrology.
Marvel, mar-vel, s. 99, A wonder, any thing
astonishing.
To Marvel, mar^vel, v. n. To wonder, to be
astonished.
Marvellous, mar-vel-iius, a. Wonderful, strange,
astonishing; surpassing credit ; the Marvellous is any
thing exceeding natural power, opposed to the Pro-
bable.
Marvellously, mar-vel-lSs-le, ad.
Wonderfully,
Marvellousness, mar-vel-lus-nes, s. Wonder-
fulness, strangeness.
Masculine, m^s^ku-lin, a, 150. Male, not
female; resembling man ; virile, not effeminate ; the
gender appropriated to the male kind in any word.
Masculinely, mis-ku-lin-le, ad. Like a man.
Masculineness, mis-ku-lin-nes, s. Male figure
or behaviour.
Mash, m^sh, s. Any thing mingled or beaten
together into an undistinguished or confused body; a
mixture for a horse.
To Mash, milsh, v. a. To beat into a confused
mass; to mix malt and water together in biewing.
Mask, m^sk, S, 79. A cover to disguise the face,
a visor; any pretence or subterfuge; a festive enter-
tainment in which the company is masked ; a revel, a
piece of mummery ; a dramatick performance, written
in a tragick style, without attention to rules or pio-
bability.
To Mask, m^sk, V, a. To disguise with a mask
or visor; to cover, to hide.
To Mask, m;tsk, v, n. To revel, to play the
mummer ; to be disguised any way.
Masker, misk-ur, s, 98. One who revels in
a mask, a mummer.
Mason, ma-sn, s. \~0. A builder with stone.
Masonry, m^-sn-re, s. The craft or performance
of a mason,
MAS MAT
nor 16T, uSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 3l3—t7im 466, nils 469.
158.\
Masquerade, m;ts-kiir-r;idej s. A diversion in
which the company is masked; disguise.
To Masquerade, m^s-kur-radej v. n. To go in
disguise ; to assemble in maslcs.
Masqueuadeu, ni<ts-kur-ri-dur, J. 415.
A person in a masl\.
(tj~ This word ouglit to have been added to the cata-
■ogne of excipiions, see Principles, No. 415.
Mass, mas, S. 79. A body, a lump ; a large
quantitv ; congeries, assemblage indistinct ; the ser-
vice of ilic Romish cliurch.
lifASSACRE, mfc-S^-kur, S. 416. Butchery, in-
discriminate destruction; murder.
To Massacre, m;ts-s^-kur, v. a. To butcber, to
slaughter indiscriminately.
Massiness, m5.s'-se-nes, ")
Massiveness, mis-siv-nes, /
Weight, bulk, ponderousness.
Massive, mis-siv.
Massy, mis-se,
Weighty, bulky, continuous.
Mast, ni^st, s. 78, 79. The beam or post raised
above a vessel, to wliich the sail is fixed; the fruit of
the oak and beech.
Masted, nictst-ud, «. Furnished with masts.
Master, mfi-stur, s. 76. 98. One who has
servants, opposed to man or servant ; owner, proprie-
tor; a ruler; chief, head; possessor; commander of a
trading ship ; a young gentleman ; a teacher ; a man
eminently skilful in practice or science ; a title of dig-
nity in the universities, as. Master of Arts,
ro When this word is only a compellation of civility,
as Mr. l.ncke, Mr. Voyle, &c. the a is sunk, and an i
substituted ill its stead, as if the word were written Mis-
ter, rhyming with sister. Any attempt to approacli to
the sound of a, by pronouncing it mesttr or muster, ouglit
to be carefully avoided as a provincial pronunciation.
To Master, ma-stur, v. a. 98. 418. To conquer,
to overcome; to execute with skill.
Masterdom, ma-stur-dum, S, 166. Dominion,
rule.
Master-key, ma-stur-kJ, s. The key which
opens many locks, of which the subordinate keys open
each only one.
AIaster-sinew, ma-stur-sin-ni, s. A large
sinew that surrounds the hough, and divides it from
the bone by a hollow place, where the wind-galls are
usually seated.
Master-string, nia-stur-string, s. Principal
string.
Masterstroke, ma-stur-stroke, s. Capital
performance.
Masterless, ma-stur-les, a. Wanting a master
or owner; ungoverned, unsubdued.
Masterly, ma-stur-le, ad. With the skill of
a master.
Masterly, m5.-stur-lJ, a. Suitable to a master,
artful, skilful ; imperious, with the sway of a master.
Masterpiece, ni3,-stur-pese, s. Capital per-
formance, any thing done or made with extraordinary
skill; chief excellence.
Mastership, ma-stur-ship, s. Rule, power;
superiority; skill, knowledge; a title of ironical re-
spect.
Master-teeth, ma-stur-tee^A, s. The principal
teeth.
Masterwort, m3.istur-wurt, *. A plant.
Mastery, ma-Stur-J, *. Rule ; superiority, pre-
eminence ; skill ; attainment of skill or power.
MastfUL, mist-fiil, a. Abounding in mast, or
fruit of oak, beech, or chesnut.
Mastication, mfe-te-ka-sliun, s. The act of
chewing.
Masticatory, m3.s-te-ki-tur-^, s. 512.
A medicine to be chewed only, not swallowed.
(Kk- For the o, see Domeslick.
MaSTICH, HL^^tlk, 5. 353. A kind of gnm
gathered from trees of the same name; a kind of
mortar or cement.
325
Mastiff, mis^tif, *. A dog of the largest size.
MastleSS, mast-les, a. Bearing no mast.
MaSTLIN, raes-linj s. Mixed corn, as wheat <-md ry •
Mat, mat, *. A texture of sedge, flags, or ruslies.
To Mat, m^t, v. a. To cover with mats ; to twis^
together, to join like a mat.
MaTADORE, mit-3.-d6re5 s. A term used in the
games of quadrille and ombre. The matadores are the
two black aces when joined with the two black deuces,
or red sevens in trumps.
Match, m;ttsh, S. 353. Any thing that catches
fire; a contest, a game; one equal to another, one
able to contest with another; one who suits or tallies
with another; a marriage ; one to be married.
To Match, mitsh, v. a. To be equal to j t*
show an equal ; to equal, to oppose ; to suit, to pro-
portion ; to marry, to give in marriage.
To Match, mAtsh, v. n. To be married ; to
suit, to be proportionate, to tally.
Matchable, m^tshii-bl, a. 405. Suitable,
equal, fit to be joined; corres'pondent.
Matchless, mitsh-les, a. Without an equal.
Matchlessly, ro^tsh-les-le, ad. In a manner
not to be equialled.
Matchlessness, mitsh-les-nes, s. State of
being without an equal.
Matchmaker, m^tsh'-mA-kur, s. One who
contrives marriages ; one who makes matches for
burning.
Mate, mite, S. 77. A husband or wife ; a com-
panion, male or female; the male or female of animals;
one tliat sails in the same ship; one that eats at the
same table ; the second in subordination, as the Mas-
ter's mate.
To Mate, mate, v. a. To match, to marry ; to
oppose, to equal ; to subdue, to confound, to crush.
Obsolete in the latter sense.
Material, m^-te-re-4l, a. 505. Consisting of
matter, corporeal, not spiritual; important; momen .
tons.
Materialist, ma-te^r^-Jl-ist, s. One who denies
spiritual substances.
Materiality, m^-te-re-^l-e-te, s. Material
existence, not spirituality.
To Materialize, m4-te-r^-il-Ize, v. a.
To regard as matter.
Materials, m4-te-re-4lz, *. Tlie substance ol
whicli any thing is made.
Materially, ml-tk'-vh-Kl-h, ad. In the state of
matter; not formally ; importantly, essentially.
Materialness, mi-te-re-Hl-nes, s. State of
being material, importance.
Materiate, mi-t^-re-4t, a. 91. Consiiiing of
matter.
Maternal, ml-ter-nil, a. 88. Motherly, befit-
ting or pertaining to a mother.
Maternity, ma-ter-n^-t^, s. The character or
relation of a mother.
Mat-felon, m^t-fel-un, S. A species of knap-
weed.
Mathematical, mhh-h-valit-h.-'k^X, 509. \ ^
Mathematick, m^M-^-m.^t-tik, J
Considered according to the doctrine of the mathe-
maticks.
Mathematically, mSf^-^-m^t-te-k^l-e, ud.
According to the laws of the mathematical sciences.
Mathematician, m^M-e-m.Wish-^n, s. A man
versed in the mathematicks.
Mathematicks, mil<A-e-m;tt-tiks, s. That
science which contemplates whatever is capable of
being numbered or measured.
Mathesis, va.\-thh.-^s, s. 520. The doctrine of
mathematicks.
Matin, mAt^tin, a. Morning, used in the morning.
Matins, m^t^tinz, S. Morning worship.
Matrass, m^t-rls^ S, A chymical glass vessel mad?
MAT
MAY
63-559. Fke 73, far 77, fall83, fit 81— m493, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
for digestion or distillation, being sometimes bellied, r« MATiiuATr. m3tcV,'A-,..Iv» .. « ac.
for digestion or distillation, being sometimes bellied,
and sometimes rising gradually taper into a conical
figure.
Matrice, ma^tris, s. 140. 142. Tlie womb the
cavity where the foetus is formed ; a mould, that which
gives form to something enclosed.
67" When this word signifies the mould in which let-
ters are cast, it is called by tlie founders a Mauris.
MATRrciDR, mAt'-tre-slde, s. 143. Slaughter of
a mother; a mother killer.
To Matriculate, mtt-trik^u-hlte, v. a. To
enter <f: admit to a membership of the universities of
England.
Matriculate, mi-tnk^u-lite, s. 91. A man
matriculated.
Matriculation, mS-trik-ku-la^shun, *.
The act of matriculating.
Matrimonial, mit-tre-moine-Jl, a. 88. Suit-
able to marriage, pertaining to marriage, connubial.
Matrimonially, mit-tre-mo-ne-il-e, ad.
According to the manner or laws of marriage.
Matrimony, m^itre-mun-e, s. Marriage, the
nuptial state.
CO- For the o, see Domesiick. — For the accent, see
Academy.
Matrix, nia-tnks, S. Womb, a place where any
thing is generated or formed.
Matron, rai-trun, s. An elderly lady ; an old
woman.
Matronal, mit-ri-nal, or ma-tr6-nAl, a.
Suitable to a matron, constituting a matron.
(O I have excluded Mr. Sheridan's pronunciation,
which makes the two first syllables of this word exactly
like matron, because the word is a primitive in our lan-
guage, derived from the Latin matronalis, and therefore,
according to English analogy, when reduced to three
syllables, ought to have the accent on the antepenulti-
mate, see Acaaemy ; and this accent has, in simples,
always a shortening power, 60'!. 535: The second pro-
nunciation, though not so strictly agreeable to analogy
as the first, is still preferable to Mr. Sheridan's. Matro.
nis/i and motri)7i/i/ ought to have the first vowel and the
accent as in matron, because they are compounds of our
own i but we do not subjoin nl to words as we do ish and
ly, and therefore words of that termination are under a
different predicament. Something like this seems to
have struck Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Johnson when they
accented theworl Patronal: for though this word is ex-
actly of the same form, and sKperfectly similar in the
quantity of the Latin vowels, we and malronal marked
with the accent upon the first syllable, and patronal on
the second. From Dr. Johnson's accentuation we cannot
collect the quantity of the vowel ; his authority, there-
fore, in the word in question, is only for the accent on
the first syllable. To him may be added, Mr. Scott,
Mr. Perry, and Entick, who accent and sound the a as
Mr. Sheridan has done. Dr. Ash alone seems to favour
the pronunciation 1 have given.
Matronly, ma-trun-1^, a. Elderly, ancient.
■See Matronal.
Jh^ATROSS, m^-tr6s| s. Matrosses are a sort of
soldiers next in degree under the gunners, who assist
about the guns in traversing, spungiug, firing, and
loading them.
Matter, mlt-titr, s. 98. Body, substance
extended; materials, that of which any thing is com-
posed ; subject, thing treated; the whole, the very
thing supposed ; affair, business, in a familiar sense ;
CE.use of disturbance ; import, consequence; thing,
object, that which has some particular relation ; space
or quantity nearly computed ; purulent running.
To Matter, mitt-tur, V, n. To be of importance,
to import ; to generate matter by suppuration.
To Matter, mlt^tur, v. a. To regard, not to
neglect.
Mattery, m3,titur4, a. Purulent, generating
matter.
Mattock, mit-tuk, 5. 166. A kind of toothed
instrument to pull up wood; a pickaxe.
Mattress, mlt^tris, s. 99. A kind of quilt made
to lie upon.
To Maturate, mStsh'-u-r5*«, v.a. 91. To hasten,
to ripen.
Site
To Maturate, mitshiu-r^ie, v. n. 461.
To grow ripe.
Maturation, m^tsh-u-r^^shun, s. The act of
ripening, the state of growing ripe ; the suppuration
of excrementilious or extravasated juices into matter.
Maturative, m;ttsh-u-r^-tiv, a. 463.
Ripening, conducive to ripeness ; conducive to the
suppuration of a sore.
Mature, m J-tureJ a. Ripe, perfected by time ;
brought near to completion; well-disposed, fit for
execution, well digested.— See Futurity.
To Mature, nia-ture{ v. a. To ripen, to advance
to ripeness.
Maturely, m4-ture-le, ad. Ripely, completely;
with counsel well-digested ; early, soon.
Maturity, ml-tu^re-te, s. Ripeness, completion.
Maudlin, mawd^lin, a. Drunk, fuddled.
Maugre, maw-gur, ad. 416. In spite of, not-
withstanding; with ill-will.
To Maul, mawl, v. a. To beat, to bruise, to
hurt in a coarse or butcherly manner. — See Mall.
Maul, mawl, a. A heavy hammer. Obsolete.
MauND, raand, S. 214. A hand basket,
53- Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Perry give the sound of a in
a/( to this word. Dr. Kenrick gives both the a in hard
and that in all, but prefers the first. — See Taunt.
To Maunder, man-dur, v. n. 214. To grumble,
to murmur.
(}::?■ Mr. Sheridan, Buchanan, W. Johnston, and
Mr. Perry, pronounce the diphthong in this word as in
Maimd; but Mr. Nares and Mr. Elphinston, whose opi-
nion in this point is of the greatest weight, pronounce
it as I have marked it. — See Taunt.
Maundy-thursday, mawn-de, or m^n-d^-
thvLVz'-Aa., s. 214. The Tliursday before Good
Friday.
Mausoleum, maw-s5-le-um, j. 503. A pompous
funeral monument.
Maw, maw, S. The stomach of animals; the craw
of birds.
Mawkish, maw-kish, a. Apt to offend the
stomach.
Mawkishness, maw-kish-nes, s. Aptness to
cause loathing.
Maw-worm, mlw-wurm, *. Gut-worms frequently
creep into the stomach, whence they are called sto-
mach or maw-worms.
Maxillar, mig-zil-lir, 478. "l
Maxillary, mlksiil-llr-^, 477./"'
Belonging to the jaw bone.
(Jj^- There is a diversity in the pronunciation of this
word, which makes it necessary to recur to principles to
decide which is best. Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan,
Mr. Nares, and Mr. Barclay, accent it on the first syl-
lable; and Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, W.Johnston, Bailey,
and Entick, on the second: and notwithstanding this
majority, I am of opinion that the first manner is right.
For though Maxillary and the other similar words of this
termination are of the same number of sylla'.des with
the Latin words from which they are derived, as Maxil-
laris, Capillaris, &c. 503, e; yet as our language has an
aversion to the accent on the a in these tenninationi
which have the accent in the Latin words, 512, it seems
agreeable to our own analogy to place the stress on that
syllable to whith we give a secondary stress in the ori-
ginal word, and that is the first. — See Academy and Mam-
millary.
Maxim, maks-im, S. An axiom, a general principle,
a leading truth.
May, ma. Auxiliary verb, pret. Might. To be at
liberty, to be permitted, to be allowed; to be possible;
to be by chance ; to have power; a word expressing
desire or wish.
May be, vaU-hky ad. Perhaps.
May, ma, S. The fifth month of the year ; the
confine of spring and summer; the early or gay part
of life.
To May, mi, v. n. To gather flowers on May
morning.
Mav-BUG, maibug, s. A chaffer.
MEA
MED
nor 167, n6t 1S3— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173--oil 299— pSand 313— #Ain 466, this 469.
Pole to be danced round
A species of chamomile.
The chief magistrate of
who, in London and Yorli, is called
The office of
927. Tame, cowardly.
A kind of drinlj made of
515.}'
MaV-DAY, ma-daj S. The first of May.
May-flower, ma-flour, s. A plant.
May-fly, ma-fll, *. An insect.
May-game, ma-game, s. Diversion, sports, such
as are u«ed on the first of May.
May-lily, raa-hl-le, *. The same with Lily of
the valley.
May-pole, vak'-phle, s.
in May.
May-weed, m^^wJed, s
Mayor, mk-ur, s. 418
a corporation
Lord Mayor.
Mayoralty, ma-ur-4l-t^, s.
a mayor.
Oj" This word is subject to the same corrupt pronun-
ciation as Admirally; that is, as if it were written
Maijoraltry.
Mayoress, mi-ur-es, s. The wife of a mayor.
Mazard, m4z-zurd, *. 88. A jaw. A low word.
Maze, mAze, S. A labyrinth, a place of perplexity
sind winding passages ; confusion of thought, uncer-
tainty, perplexity.
7'o Maze, maze, v. a. To bewilder; to confuse.
See Gene.
Mazy, mi-zl:, a. Perplexed, confused.
Me, me. The oblique case of /.
Meacock, m^-kSk, «.
Obsolete.
Mead, mede, «. 227.
water and honey.
Mead, m^de.
Meadow, med'-d&, 234
A rich pasture ground, from which hay is made.
Meadow-saffron, medido-s^fifurn, 417.1
Meadow-sweet, med-do-sweet, /
Plants.
Meager, me-gur, a. 227. 416. Lean, wanting
flesh, starved; poor, hungry.
Meagerness, me-gur-nes, s. Leanness, want of
flesh; scantness, bareness.
Meal, mk\e, s, 227. The act of eating at
a certain time; a repast; the flower or edible part of
corn.
To Meal, mile, v. a. To sprinkle, to mingle.
Obsolete.
Mealman, m4le-mJn, s. 88. One that deals in
meal.
Mealy, me-le, a. Having the taste or soft in-
sipidity of meal ; besprinkled as with meal.
Mealy-mouthed, me^le-mSuTHd, a. Soft-
mouthed, unable to speak freely.
Mean, m^ne, a. 227- Wanting dignity, of low
rank or birth; low-minded, base, despicable; low in
the degree of any good quality, low in worth ; middle,
moderate, without excess ; intervening, intermediate.
Mean, mene, .?. Mediocrity, middle rate, medium ;
interval, interim, mean time; instrument, measure,
tliat which is used in order to any end; by all Means,
without doubt, without hesitation ; by no Means, not
in any degree, not at all; in the plural, revenue, for-
tune, power; Mean-time, or mean-while, in the in-
tervening time.
To Mean, mJne, v. n. To have in mind, to
intend, to purpose.
To Mean, m^ne, v. a. To purpose ; to intend, to
hint covertly.
Meander, mJ-dn-dur, s. 98. Maze, labyrinth,
flexuous passage, serpentirve winding.
To Meander, me-in-dur, v, n. To run winding;
to be intricate.
Mea'ndrous, m^-Wdius, a. 314.
Winding, flexuous.
Meaning, me-ning, f. 410. Purpose, intention;
the sense, the thing understood.
327
Meanly, raene'-l4, ad. Moderately; poorly j
ungenerously; without respect.
Meanness, mene^nes, s. Low rank, poverty j
lowness of mind; sordidness, niggardliness.
Meant, ment. Pret. and part. pass, of To Mean.
Mease, m^se, S. A Mease of herrings is five
hundred.
Measles, me^zlz, s. 227. 359. A kind of
eruptive and infectious fever; a disease of swine; a
disease of trees.
MeASLED, nie-zld, a. 359. Infected with the
measles.
Measly, ra^-zlf, a. Scabbed with the measles.
Measurable, mezh-ur-i-bl, a. Such as may bo
measured; moderate, in small quantity.
Measurableness, mezhiur-J-bl-nes, s. Quality
of admitting to be measured.
Measurably, mezh-ur-i-ble, ad. Moderately.
Measure, mezhitare, s. 234. That by which any
thing is measured ; the rule by which any thing is ad-
justed or proportioned; proportion, quantity settled j
a stated quantity, as a Measure of wine; sufficient
quantity; riegree; proportionate time, musical time;
motion haimonically regulated ; moderation, not ex-
cess ; limit, boundary ; syllables metrically numbered,
metre; tune, proportionate notes; mean of action,
mean to an end; to have hard Measure, to be hardly
dealt by.
To Measure, mezh-ure, v. a. To compute the
quantity of any thing by some settled rule; to pass
through, to judge of extent by marching over; toad-
just, to proportion ; to mark out in stated quantities ;
to allot or distribute by measure.
Measureless, mezh-tar-les, a. Immense, im-
measurable.
Measurement, mezh'fir-ment, *. Mensuration,
act of measuring.
Measurer, mezh-ur ur, s. 98. One that
measures.
Meat, m^te, s. 246. Flesh to be eaten j food in
general.
Meathe, m^THe, *. A kind of drink.
Mechanical, me-l<4ni^-kll, \
Mechanick, m^-k$n-nik, 509-/
Mean, servile, of mean occupation ; constructed by
the laws of mechanicks ; skilled in mechanicks.
MechANICK, me-kln-nik, S, 353. A manufac-
turer, a low workman.
Mechanicks, m^-kHn-mks, s. Dr. Waliis
defines Mechanicks to be the geometry of motion.
Mechanically, m^-k^nine-k^l-^, ad. Accord-
ing to the laws of mechanism.
Mechanicalness, me-k^n^ne-k^l-nes, s.
Agreeableness to the laws of mechanism; meanness.
Mechanician, mek-J-nish-^n, s. A man pro-
fessing or studying the construction of machines.
Mechanism, mek-i-nizm, s. Action according
to mechanick laws; construction of parts depending
on each other in any complicated fabrick.
Meconium, mJ-ki-ne-um, S. Expressed juice of
poppy; the first excrement of children.
Medal, med^dll, S. 88. An ancient coin ;
a piece stamped in honour of some temarkable per-
formance.
MedallicK, me-d^l-lik, a. 509 Pertaining to
medals.
Medallion, m^-dHUyun, *. 113. i large antique
stamp or medal.
Medallist, med^d4l-!st, s. A aan skilled or
curious in medals.
To Meddle, med-dl, v. m. 405. To have to do;
to interpose, to act in anything; to interpose, or in-
tervene importunely or officiously.
Meddler, med-dl-ur, s. 98. One who busies
himself with things in which he has no concern.
Meddlesome, med-dl-sum, a. Intermeddling.
To Mediate, me'-de-ate, v. n. 91. 534. To
MED
MEE
fc5-'559. Fite73, f3;r7^ fall 83, fdt 81— m5 93,"met95— pine 105, pin lOT— n5 162, move 164,
.}„,
interpose as an equal friend to both parties; to be be-
tween two.
To Mediate, m^^de-ate, v. a. To form by
mediation ; to rmiil by something in the middle.
Mediate, meMe-Ate, a. 91. Interposed, in-
tervening j middle, between two extremes; acting as
a mean.
Mediately, me-de-Ate-le, ad. By a secondary
cause.
Mediation, me-de-a-sliun, S. Interposition, in-
tervention, agency between two parties practised by a
common friend; iiitercession, entreaty for another.
Mediator, me-de-a-tSr, .y. 534. One that in-
tervenes between two parties; an intercessor, an en-
treater for another; one of the characters of our Blessed
Saviour.
Mediatorial, mJ-de-a-to-ri-il,
Mediatory, me'-d^-^-tur-^.
Belonging to a mediator.
83" For the o, see JDowesticfc.— For the accent, see
No. 512.
Mediatorship, me-d^-aitur-ship, s. The office
of a mediator.
Mediatrix, mi-de-;Utr^ks, *. A female mediator.
Medical, nied-^-kal, a. Physical, relating to the
art of healing.
Medically, ined^^-kM-^, ad. Physically, me-
dicinally.
Medicament, med-e-kJ-ment, s. Any thing
used in healing, generally topical applications.
(Ky- All our orthbepists, but Bailey, pronounce this
word with the accent on the first syllable; but my judge-
ment much fails mo if the true pronunciation ought not
to be with the accent on the second, as in Predicament.
My reason is, that this is the syllable on which we place
tiie secondary accent in pronouncing the Latin words
jncdicamentum and predicamentitm ; and it has often been
observed, that this is our guide for accenting English
words formed from the Latin by dropping a syllable.— See
j^cademy.
Medicamental, med-e-k4-ment-i\l, a. Relat-
ing to medicine, internal or topical.
Medicamentally, med-e-k^-ment-4l-J, ad.
After the manner of medicine.
2'o Medicate, med-e-kite, v. a. To tincture or
impregnate witli any thing medicinal.
Medication, med-e-ka-shun, s. The act of
tincturingor impregnatingwith medicinal ingredients;
the use of physick.
Medicinable, me-dis-sin-^-bl, a. Having the
power of physick.
MEr^.CINAL, |^.^_^_^j,^^,;j«.
Having the power of healing, having physical virtue;
belongmg to physick.
C3^ Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word i> now com-
monly pronounced medicinal, with the accent on the se-
cond syllable, but more properly and more agreeably to
the best authorities medicinal. If by the best authori-
ties Dr. Johnson means the Poets, the question is de-
cided; but I look upon Poets to be the worst authorities
in this case, as, by the very rules of their art, a license
is given them to depart from the general pronunciation ;
and that they often avail themselves of this license, can-
not be disputed. But if by more properly Dr. Johnson
alludes to the long t in the Latin medicinus or medicinalis,
nothing can be more inconclusive. If the word be per-
fectly Latin, as well as English, we generally place the
accent on the same syllable as in the original, as acumen,
decorum, &c. but frequently otherwise, as orator, senator,
character, &c. But if this Latin accentuation were to be
servilely followed in Latin words anglicised, we should
overturn the whole fabrick of our pronunciation. Thus,
doctrinal, pastoral, &c. &c. must have the accent on the
second syllable instead of the first, and nothing but con-
fusion would ensue. The truth is, the strong tendency
of our language is to an antepenultimate accent, J03';
and it is with reluctance we ever place it lower, except in
words of our own composition, or where ihe latter syl-
lables have cither an assemblage of consonants or a
diphthong; yet even in this case we find the antepenul-
timate accent sometimes prevail, as ancestor, amnesty,
n.agtstrate, &c. and counterpoise, porcelain, chamberlain,
interrcign, &c. So that by attempting to bring our pro- |
3^8
nunciation under the laws of the Latin language, we dls-
turb and pervert it. Let P«ets, therefore, who have,
and, perhaps, in some cases, ought to have, a language
different from prose, enjoy the privilege of their art,
and while we are reading them let us conform to theit
rules ; but let us not strive against the general current of
prosaick pronunciation, which is always right, and which
is equally negligent of the peculiarities of Poets, and the
pedantry of ancient derivation. The antepenultimate
accentuation of this word is supported by Dr. Ash,
Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, Mr. Smith, W. Johnston, Bar-
clay, Bailey, Penning, and Entick. Mr. Sheridan gives
both, and, by placing this accentuation first, seems to
prefer it to the other.-^See Indecorous and Inimical.
Medicinally, me-dis^se-ndl-le, ad. Physically.
Medicine, tned-d^.-Sin,i. Any remedy administered
by a physician.
CriT- All our orthi'epists tell us that this word is gene-
rally pronounced in two syllables, as if written mcdcine.
That so gross a vulgarism slioukl gain ground in our lan-
guage, is an imputation on our national taste. Our poets,
who, when tortured for a word, often torture a word to
ease themselves, are generally guilty of one part only
of the cruelly of Procrustes, and that is of shortening
such words as are too long for their verse; and these mu-
tilations too often slide into our prosaick pronunciation :
but against this abuse every accurate speaker ought to
be on liis guard. Nay, Cowley, as Mr. Nares informs
us, crushes mediciital into two syllables; and instances
from Milton of this kind are innumerable.
Mr. Elpliinston adopts the dissyllable pronunciation
as more agreeable to its immediate origin, the French
medecine : but as we preserve the i in this word, the Latin
7«erfic!iia seems its more authentick original, and demands
the sound of the i in medicine as much as in ominous,
7nutinous, and original, which Shakespeare and Milton
sink in the same manner as the word in question.
To Medicine, medide-sin, v. a. To operate upon;
or, to affect as physick. Not used.
Mediety, me-dl-e-te, S. Middle state, participa-
tion of two extremes, half.
MediDcrity, me-de-ok^re-te, or me-je-6k^r^-
te, s. 2.93, 294. 376. 534. Small degree, middle
rate, middle state; moderation, temperance.
To Meditate, med-e-tate, v. a. To plan, to
contrive ; to think on, to revolve in the mind.
To Meditate, medie-tdte, v. n. To think, to
muse, to contemplate.
Meditation, med-e-ta-shun, s. Deep thought,
close attention, contemplation ; thought employed
upon sacred objects ; a series of thoughts, occasioned
by any object or occurrence.
Meditative, med^e-ti-tiv, a. 512. Addicted to
meditation; expressing attention or design.
Mediterranean, med-e-ter-riine-itn, ")
Mediterraneous, med-e-ter-ra-ne-us, J
Encircled with land ; inland, remote from the ocean.
Medium, me-de-um, or m^-je-um, *. 293.
Anything intervening; anything used in ratiocina-
tion in order to a conclusion ; the middle place or de-
gree, the just temperature between extremes.
Medlar, med-lur, *, 88. A tree, the fruit of that
tree.
Medley, med-1^, s. A mixture, a miscellany,
a mingled mass.
Medley, med'-le, a. Mingled, confused.
Medullar, m^-dul-l-ir,
Medullary, med'-ul-
Pertaining to the marrow.
03^ I differ from all our orthoiipists in the accentua-
tion of this word ; for though they are uniform here,
they differ so much from each other in similar words, as
to show they are not very sure of their principles. My
reasons for accenting the first syllable of this word arc
the same as for the same accentuation of Maxillary and
Papillary, which see.
Meed, meed, S. 246. Reward, recompense,
present, gift.
Meek, meek, a. 246. Mildof temper, soft, gentla.
To Meeken, mei-kn, v. a. 103. To make meek,
to soften.
Meekly, meek-le, ad. Mildly, gently.
5l'-l4r, 1
I'-Sl-ar-J,/"-
MEL
MEN
solve ; to be softened to pity or any gentle passion ; to
be subdued by affliction.
MelteR, raelt-ur, S. 98. One that melts metals.
Meltingly, melt-iiig-le, ad. Like something
melting.
Melwel, mel-wSl, S. A kind of fish.
Member, mem-bur, s. 98. A limb, a part
appendant to the body ; a part of a discourse or pe-
riod, a head a clause; any part of an integral ; one of
a community.
Membrane, mem-br^ne, *. 91. A membrane
is a web of several sorts of fibres interwoven together
for the covering and wrapping up of some parts.
Membranaceous, mem-bri-n;Ushus, 357.
Membraneous, mem-bra-ne-us.
Membranous, mem^br^n-us.
Consisting of membranes.
Memento, me-men-to, S. A memorial notire,
a hint to awalien the memory.
■}■■
{I 32 f -I
mem-war, J
nSr 167,'nSt 1S3— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il 299— pound 313— thin 466, this 469.
Meekness, meik-nes, s. Gentleness, mildness,
softness of temper.
Meer, mere, a. Simple, unm:xed. — See Mere,
Meer, mere, s. A lake, a boundary. — See Mere.
MeereD, merd, a. 359. Relating to a boundary.
Meet, meet, a. Fit, proper, qualified. Now
rarely used.
To Meet, me^t, v. a. 36. 246. To come face
to face, to encounter; to join another in the same
place ; to close one with another ; to find, to be treated
with, to light on ; to assemble from different parts.
To Meet, meet, v. n. To encounter, to close face
to face; to encounter in hostility; to assemble, to
come together; to meet with, to liglit on, to find ; to
join; to encounter, to engage; to advance halfway;
to unite, to join.
Meeter, meat^ur, s. 98, One that accosts
anotlier. Not used.
Meeting, m^et-ing, s. 410. An assembly,
a convention; acongress; a conventicle, an assembly
of dissenters; conflux, as the meeting of two rivers.
Meeting-house, meet-ing-house, s. Place
wlicre dissenters assemble to worship.
Meetly, meetUe, ad. Fitly, properly.
MeeTNESS, me^t-nes, S. Fitness, propriety.
Megrim, me-grim, S. Disorder of the head.
Melancholick, meKlan-k6l-lik, a. Disordered
with melancholy, fanciful, hypochondriacal. Little
used.
Melancholy, mel^^n-kol-e, j. 503. A disease
supposed to proceed from a redundance of black bile ;
a kind of madness, in which the mind is always fixed
on one object ; a gloomy, pensive, discontented
temper.
Melancholy, mel-;1n-kSl-e, a. 503, o. Gloomy,
dismal ; diseased with melancholy, fanciful, habitu-
ally dejected.
Melilot, mel-le-lut, S. 166. A plant ; a salve
made from it.
To Meliorate, me-le-6-rate, v. a. 534.
To better, to improve.
Melioration, m^-l^-i-ra-sl»un, s. Improve-
ment, act of bettering.
Meliority, m^-l^-6r-e-t^, s. 113. state of
being better.
Melliferous, mel-liWer-us, a. Productive of
lioncy.
Mellification, mel-l4-fe-ka-shun, s. The art
or practice of making honey.
Mellifluence, mel-lif^flu-ense, s. A honeyed
flow, a flow of sweetness.
Mellifluent, mel-lif-flu-ent, 1
Mellifluous, mel-lif^flu-us, 518. /
Flowing with honey. _
Mellow, mel'-l6, a. 327. Soft with ripene??, full
ripe; ioh in sound; soft, unctuous; drunk, melted
down with drink.
To Mellow, mel-lo, v, a. To ripen, to mature j
to soften.
To Mellow, mel-l6, v. n. To be matured, to
ripen.
Mellowness, mel-l6-nes, s. Bipcness, softness
by maturity.
Melodious, m^-l6-de-us, or me-li-je-us, a.
203, 29t. 376. Musical, harmonious.
Melodiously, me-l6-de-us-le, ad. Musically,
harmoniously.
Melodiousness, mJ-loide-us-nes, s. Harmoni-
ousness, musicalness.
Melody, mel-li-de, s. Musick, harmony of
sound.
Melon, melMun, s. 166. A plant; the fruit.
To Melt, melt, v. a. To dissolve, to make
liquid, commonly by heat; to soften to love or ten-
derness; to waste away.
To Melt, melt, v. n. To become liquid, to dis-
329
An account of transactions familiarly written ; account
of any thing.
tj" This word was universally, till of late, pronounced
with the accent on the second syllable, as Dr. Johnson,
W. Johnston, Dr. Kenrick, Barclay, Bailey, Buchanan,
Fenning. and Perry have marked it. Some speakers
have endeavoured to pronounce it with the accent on the
first, as we find it marked in Mr. Nares, Dr. Ash, Scott,
and Entick: but this is an innovation unsuitable to the
genius of our pronunciation; which, in dissyllables hav-
ing a diphthong in the last, inclines us to place the ac-
cent on that syllable, as much as in devoir, which we
fuid accented on the last by all our orthoepists without
exception.
Memorable, mem-mur-^-bl, a. Worthy of
memory, not to be forgotten.
Memorably, mem-mur-i-ble, ad. In a manner
worthy of memory.
Memorandum, mem-mo-r4n-dum, s. A note
to help the memory.
Memorial, me-mo-re-Al, a. Preservative of
memory; contained in memory.
Memorial, me-mo-re-ftl, s. A monument, some-
thing to preserve memory; a written act containing
a claim, remonstrance, or petition.
Memorialist, me-mi-re-dl-ist, s. One who
wiites memorials.
To Memorize, mem-orlze, v. a. To record, ir
commit to memory by writing.
Memory, mem^mur-^, s. 557. The power of
retaining or recollecting tilings past, retention, recol-
lection.
Men, men, s. The plural of Man.
To Menace, men-nA«e, w. a. 91. To threaten,
to threat.
Menace, men^nAse, s. 91. a threat.
Menacer, men-nas-ur, S, 98. A thrcatencr, one
that tlireats.
Menage, m^-nazbej S. A collection of animals.
(t5~ This word is perfectly French ; nor can we express
their soft g any other way than by z'le.
Menagerie, men-azbe-ur-e{ *. A place for
keeping foreign birds, and other curious animals.
Menagogue, men-^-gog, s. 338. A med'icine
that promotes the flux of the menses.
To Mend, mend, v. a. To repair from breach or
decay; to correct ; to advance; to improve.
To Mend, mend, i;. n. To grow better, to advance
in any good.
Mendable, men-dS.-bl, a. 405. Capable of beii^
mended.
Mendacity, men-das-se-te, s. Falsehood.
Mendicancy, men-de-kin-se, s. Beggary.
Mender, mend-ur, s. 98. One who makes any
change for the better.
Mendicant, men-de-k^nt, a. Begging, poor lo
a state of beggary.
MER
MER
(W 559. F;lte 73, far 7T, fall 83, Mt 81— me 93, mut 95— pine 105, pm 107— no Ib'S, move 164,
Mendicant, men-dJ-kint, *. A beggar, one of
some begging fraternity.
To Men Die ATE, men-de-k^te, v. n. To beg, to
asl\ alms.
Mendicity, men-d1s-s^-te, s. The life of
a beggar.
Mends, mends, s. For amends. Not used.
JVIenial, mei-ne4l, a. 113. Belonging to the
retinue or train of servants.
Meninges, me-nui-jes, s. The Meninges are the
two membranes that envelope the brain, wliich are
called tlie piamater and duramater.
Menology, me-n6l-l6-j^, s. 518. A register of
months.
Mens A L, nien^sil, a. Belonging to the table.
Menstrual, mens-stru-il, a. Monthly, lasting
a montli ; pertaining to a menstruum.
Menstruous, mens-stru-us, a. Having the
catamenia.
Menstruum, mens^stru-um, s. AH liquors are
called Menstruums which are used as dissolvents, or to
extract the virtues of ingredients by infusion or decoc-
tion.
Mensurability, men-shu-r^-bil-e-t4 s.
Capacity of being measured.
Mensurable, men-shu-ri-bl, a. Measurable,
that may be measured.
Mensural, men-shu-r^l, a. 88. Relating to
measure.
To Mensurate, men-shu-rate, v, a. To measure,
to take the dimension of any thing.
Mensuration, men-sbi ra-shun, s. The art or
practice of measuring, result of measuring.
Mental, ment-lll, a, 88. Intellectual, existing in
tlie mind.
Mentally, ment^tAl-^, ad. Intellectually, in the
mind; not practically, but in thought or meditation.
Mention, men-shun, s. Oral or written expression,
or recital of any thing.
7b Mention, menishun, v. a. To write or express
in words or writing.
Mei'HITic, me-fit^ik,
Mei'hitical, me-f1ti
lU-savourcd, stinking.
Meracious, me-ra'-shus, a. 292. Strong, racy.
Mercantant, mer^k^n-t^nt, *. A foreigner, or
foreign trader. Not used.
Mercantile, mer^k^n-til, a. 145. Trading,
commercial.
Mercenariness, mertse-nS-r^-nes, s. Venality,
respect to hire or reward.
Mercenary, mer^s^-n^-rf, a. 512. Venal,
hired, sold for money.
Mercenary, merisi-n^-rJ, s. A hireling, one
retained or serving for pay.
Mercer, mer-sur, s. 98. One who sells silks.
Mercery, mei-isSr-^, s. 555. Trade of mercers,
dealing in silks.
Merchandise, raer-tsbSn-dlze, *. Traffick,
commerce, trade; wares, any thing to be bought or
sold.
7'o Merchandise, mer-tsh^n-dlze, v. n. To
trade, to traftick, to exercise commerce.
Merchant, mer^tshint, s. 352. One who
trafhcks to remote countries.
fsCf Mr. Sheridan pronounces tlie e in the first syllable
of this word, like the a in march; and it is certain that,
about thirty years ago, this was the general pronuncia-
tion ; but since that time the sound of a has been gra-
dually wearing away ; and the sound of e is so fully esta-
blished, that the former is now become gross and vulgar,
and is only to he heard among the lower orders of the
people. It is highly probable that, however coarse this
sound of c may now seem, it was once not only the com-
mon pronunciation, but the moit agreeable to analogy.
We still find, that the vowel t hefore r, followed by an-
other consonant, sinks into a broader sound by taking
Die short sound of e, which is really the short sound of
330
■ik, X
fit'-5-k4l,/"-
a slender a, as virgxn, virtue, &c. ; and it is a similar
alteration which takes place in the e before r, followed
by another consonant, in cUrk, Serjeant, Derby, &c.
where this vowel falls into the broader sound of the Ita-
lian a. Sennon, service, vermin, &c. arc still pronounced
by the vulgar, as if written sarmon, aarvice, varment, &c. ;
and this was probably the ancient manner of pronouncing
every e in the same situation. This analogy is now to-
tally exploded; and, except clerk, Serjeant, and a few
proper names, we have scarcely another word in the lan-
guage where the e has not its true sound. But instead of
saying with Mr. Nares, that merchant has returned to
the proper sound of e, we may with greater probability
assert, that this and every other word of the same form
have acquired a sound of e, which they never had before,
and wliich, though a feebler and a shorter sound, con-
duces to the simplicity and regularity of our pronuncia-
tion. Dr. Kenrick concurs, in my opinion, that pro-
nouncing the e in this word like a is vulgar ; and every
other orthoepist, who gives the sound of the vowels,
marks it as I have done.
Merchantly, meritsb^nt-l^, 1
Merchantlike, mer-tsh^nt-llke, / "''
Like a merchant.
Merchant-man, mer-tsbint-min, s. 88.
A ship of trade.
Merchantable, meritsblnt-i-bl, a. Fit to be
bought or sold.
Merciful, merisl-ful, a. Compassionate, tender,
unwilling to punish, willing to pity and spare.
Mercifully, meris^-ful-I^, ad. Tenderly,
mildly, with pity.
Mercifulness, mer^s^-ful-nes, s. Tenderness,
willingness to spare.
Merciless, mer-se-les, a. Void of mercy,
pitiless, hard-hearted.
Mercilessly, mer-sd-les-1^, ad. In a manner
void of pity.
Mercilessness, meris^-les-nes, s. Want of
pity.
Mercurial, mer-ku^re-^l, a. Formed under the
influence of Mercury, active, sprightly; consisting of
quicksilver.
Mercurification, mer-ku-r^-fe-kfcbun, s.
The act of mixing any thing with quicksilver.
Mercury, mer^ku-re, s. The chemist's name for
quicksilver; sprigiitly qualities; a planet; a news-
paper.
Mercy, meKs^, S. 95. Tenderness, clemency,
unwillingness to punish; pardon; discretion, power
of acting at pleasure.
K?- The vulgar pronounce this word as if spelled
marcy ; many above the vulgar pronounce it as if written
mnrcy; but tlier'? is a delicate shade of difference between
this and the true sound of c, which must be carefully at-
tended to.
Mercy-seat, mer^se-sete, s. The covering of
the ark of the covenant, in which the tables of the law
were deposited.
MERfc, mere, a. That or this only, such and
nothing else, iliis only
Mere, mere, s. A pool, commonly a large pool or
lake; a boundary.
Merely, mere^l^, ad. Simply, only.
Meretricious, mer-re^trisb-us, a. Whorisii,
such as is practised by prostitutes, alluring by false
show.
Meretriciously, mer-r^-trish^us-le, ad.
Whorishly.
Meretriciousness, raer-rJ-trishifis-nes, s.
Allurements of strumpets.
Mectdian, m^-ridi^-^n, or me-rid-je-4n, s.
293,294.376. Noon, mid-day; the line drawn from
north to south which tl;e sun crosses at noon : the
particular place or state of any thing; the highest
point of glory or power.
Meridian, me-nd-e-Sn, a. At the point o,
n'lon; extended from north to south; raised to the
highest point.
Meridional., m^-ridie-S-nal, «. Southern,
southerly, having a southern aspect.
MET
MET
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, t&b 172, bull 173— o!l 299— pSund 313— ^/tin 466, this 469.
Meridionality, mJ-nd-l-o-nll-e-ti, s. 293.
Position in the south.
Meridionally, me-rid-e-6-nll-l^, ad. With
a soutlicrn aspect.
Merit, mer-it, S, Desert, excellence deserving
honour or reward ; reward deserved ; claim, right.
To Merit, mer-lt, v. a. To deserve, to have
a right to claim any thing as deserved j to deserve, to
cam.
Meritorious, mer-re-to-rJ-us, a. Deserving of
reward, liigh in desert.
Meritoriously, mer-ri-ti-re-us-l5, ad. In such
a manner as to deserve reward.
Meritoriousness, mer-r^-ti-r^-us-nes, s. The
state of deserving well.
Merlin, mer^lln, s. A kind of hawk.
Mermaid, mir-mide, s. A sea woman.
aO' The first syllable of this word is frequently pro-
nounced like the noun mare; but this is a vulgarism
which must be carefully avoided.
Merrily, mer-r^-l^, ad. Gayly, cheerfully, with
mirth.
Merrimake, mer-r^-make, s. A festival,
a meeting for mirth.
To Merrimake, mer-re-m^ke, v. n. To feast,
to be jovial.
Merriment, meriri-ment, s. Mirth, gayety,
laughter.
MerrinbSS, merir^-nes, *. Mirth, merry dis-
position.
Merry, mer-rl, a. Laughing, loudly cheerful 5
gay of heart; causing laughter; prosperous; to make
merry, to junket, to be jovial.
Merry-andrew, mer-r^-Jn-droo, s. A buffoon,
a jack-pudding.
Merry-thought, mer-r^-^/tawt, *. A forked
bone in the body of fowls.
Mersion, mer-shun, s. The act of sinking.
MeseeMS, mJ-S^^mzJ (Impersonal verb.) I think,
it appears to me.
Mesentery, mez-zen-ter-e, s. That, round
which the guts are convolved.— See Lientery.
Mesenteric K, mez-zen-ter-rik, a. 509.
llelatiiig to the mesentery.
Meseraick, mez-zer-A-ik, a. 509. Belonging to
the mesentery.
Mesh, mesh, S, The space between the threads of
a net.
To Mesh, mesh, v. a. To catch in a net, to
ensnare.
Meshy, mesh^^, a. Re*icalatcd, of net-work.
Meslin, mes-lin, s. Mixed com, as wheat and
rye. ^
Mess, mes, S. A dish, a quantity of food sent to
table together ; a particular set who eat together.
To Mess, mes, v. n. To eat, to feed together.
Message, mes-Sldje, S. 90. An errand, any thing
committed to another to be told to a third.
Messenger, mes-sen-jur, s. 98. One who carries
an errand ; one who brings an account or foretoken of
any thing,
Messiah, mes-sl-J, S. The Anointed, the Christ.
Messieurs, mesh^shoorz, or mesh-shoorz{ *.
French. Sirs, gentlemen.
Messmate, mes-mite, *. One of a set who mesi
together.
Messuage, mes-sw^dje, s. The house and ground
set apart for household uses.
Mesymnicum, m^-sim-n^-kum, *. A repetition
at the end of a stanza ; a kind of burden.
Met, met, 77. The pret. and part, of Meet.
MetABASIS, me-t3,b'-i-sis, s. 503. In rhetoric,
a figure by which the orator passes from one thing to
another.
Metabola, m^-t3.b-b6-la, s. In medicine, a change
of time, air, or disease.
331
Metacarpus, met-tl-kir-pus, s. in anatomy,
a bone of the arm made up of four bones, which are
joined to the fingers.
Metachronism, me-tJkiri-nizm, s. An errour
in the computation of time.
Metagrammatism, mit-?L-gT^m'-k-tlzm, s.
An anagrammatick transposition of letters, so as to
form another word ; as out of the letters of Addison,
may be formed Siddona.
Metal, met-tl, S. A hard compact body, malleable
and capable of fusion. Tlie metals are six in number;
first, gold; second, silver ; third, copper ; fourth, tin;
fifth, iron ; and sixth, lead. Some have added mercury,
or quicksilver, to the number of metals ; but as it
wants malleability, the criterion of metals, it is more
properly ranked among the semi-metals. Courage,
spirit.
0:?- As the metaphorical sense of this word, courage
and spirit, has passed into a different ortliography, mettle,
so the orthography of this sense liw corrupted the pro-
nunciation of the original word, and made it perfectly
similar to the metaphorical one. It is almost the only
instance in the language where al is pronounced in this
manner, and the impropriety is so striking as to encou-
rage an accurate speaker to restore the a to its sound, as
heard in medal. — See Spittal.
MetalepSIS, met-ti-lep-sis, S. A continuation of
a trope in one word through a succession of significa-
tions.
Metallical, ml-til-le-k^l, "I
Metallick, me-t4l-lik, 509./"'
Partaking of metal, containing metal, consisting of
metal.
Metalliferous, met-til-lif^fer-us, a.
Producing metals.
Metalline, met-ttl-llne, a. Impregnated with
metal; consisting of metal.
(t:?- Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, and Bailey,
accent the second syllable of this word ; but Dr. Kenrick,
W. Johnston, Mr. Scott, Buchanan, Barclay, penning
and Entick, the first. I do not hesitate to pronounce
the latter mode the more correct ; first, as it is a simple
in our language, and, having three syllables, requires
the accent on the antepenultimate, notwithstanding the
double (, see Medicinal. In the next place, though there
is no metalliniis in Latin, it ought to follow the analogy
of words of that termination derived from the Latin, as
Crystallinus, Serpentinus, &c. which, when anglicised,
lose the last syllable, and remove the accent to the first,
see Academy. — For the i in the last syllable, see Princi-
ples, No. 148, 149.
Metallist, met-til-list, s. A worker of metals,
one skilled in metals.
Metallography, met-t^l-lftg-gri-f^, s, 518.
An account of metals.
Metallurgist, met-til-lur-jist, s. A worker
of metals.
Metallurgy, metit^l-lSr-ji, s. The art of
workigg metals, or separating them from their ore.
03- This word is accented three different ways by dif-
ferent orihoepists. Dr. Johnson, Barclay, penning, and
Perry, accent it on the second syllable; Sheridan, Bu-
chanan, and IJailey, on the third ; and Ash, Scott, Nares,
and Entick, on the first; and Kenrick on the first and
third. The accent on the first seems to me the most cor-
rect. Bailey derives this word from the Greek ixncih-
XKpyia; and words of this form, upon dropping a syllable
when anglicised, remove the accent higher, asphitosopfiy,
philology, &c. from <f»X<wo4)ia, <piKohOYlcc. The accent thus
removed, in enclitical terminations, 513, generally falls
upon the antepenultimate syllable, unless in the two sue.
ceeding syllables there are uncombinable consonants, as
chiromancy, oligarchy: and in this case, for the ease of
pronunciation, the accent generally rises to the next
syllable, which throws a secondary or alternate accent on
the penultimate, and by this means gives the organs
a greater force to pronounce the uncombinable consonants
than if they immediately followed the principal stress.
See Principles, No. 517. 519.
To Metamorphose, met-ti-m3jr-fus, v. a.
To change the form of any thing.
Metamorphosis, met-t^-mor-fo-sis, s. 520.
Transformation, change of shape.
Metaphor, met^t^-f ur, s. 1 66. The application
of a word to a use to which, in its original import, ii
MET
MIC
ty 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, At 81-- m^ 93, met 95— p'me 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
cannot be putj a metaphor is a simile comprised in
a word.
Metaphorical, mh-t^-fir-l-kU, \
Metaphorick, met-t^-f5riik, 508./ '
Not litera^, not according to the primitive meaning of
the word, figurative.
Metaphrase, met^ti-frize, s, A mere verbal
translation from one language into another.
MeTAPHRAST, inet-ti-frl';t, *. A literal translator,
one who translates word for word from one language
into another.
Metaphysical, met-t4-fiz-^-k^l, ")
Metaphvsick, met-ti-fiz'ik, 524./
Versed in metapliysicks, relating to metaphysicks; in
Shakespeare it means supernatural or preternatural.
Metaphysicks, met-ti-tlz-iks, s. Ontology, the
doctrine of the general affections of beings.
Metastasis, me-tis-ti-sis, s. 520, Translation
or rei^ioval.
Metatarsal, met-^-tar-sil, a. Belonging to the
metatarsus. >
Metatarsus, met-^-tar-sus, s. ' The middle of
the foot, which is composed of five small bones con-
nected to those of the first part of ihe foot.
MeTATH-ESIS, me-ti</t-e-SlS, S. 520. A transposi-
tion.
To Mete, mete, v. a. To measure, to reduce to
measure.
Metempsychosis, mc-ti:nip-s^-k6-sis, s. 520.
The tratismiixration of souls from body to body.
Meteor, me-ti-ur, or me-tshe-ur, s. 2G3.
Any bodies in the air or sky that are of a flux or
transitory nature.
Meteorological, nie-te-i-r6-l6d-j<^-k;tl, a.
bis. Relating to the doctrine of meteors.
Meteorologist, m^-te-o-rftl-lo-jist, s, A man
skilled in meteors, or studious of them.
Meteorology, me-te-o-r&Klo-je, *. The doctrine
of meteors.
MetEOROSCOPE, nie-te-6-ruS-kope, S. An in-
strument for taking the magnitude and distances of
heavenly bodies.
K>> This word, fliough formed from the Greek, has,
like telescope, anglicised its termination, and therefore
ought not to have its final e sounded in a distinct syllable,
as .Mason's example from Albumazar has pronounced it.
Meteorous, me-te-i-rus, a. Having the nature
of a meteor.
Meter, nieitur, s. 98. A measurer.
Metheglin, nie-^/teg-lin, s. Drink made of
honey t)oiled with water and fermented.
Metiiinks, mc-Minksf (Verb impersonal). Tthink,
it seems to me.
Method, mi^A-ud, *. 166. The placing of
several things, or performing several operations in the
most convenient order.
Methodical, me-thtd'-h-k^\, a. Ranged or
proceeding in due or just order.
Methodically, me-</t6d^^-kil-e, ad. Accord-
ing to method and order.
To Methodise, me</t-o-dize, v. a. To regulate,
to dispose in order.
Methodist, tne^A-o-dlSt, S. This word anciently
signified a physician who practised by theory. One of
a new kind of Puiitans lately arisen, so called from
their profession to live by rules, and in constant
method.
Methought, mh-th^v/tl The pret. otMetJdnks.
Metonymical, mtt-ti-nim'-m^-kil, a. Put by
metonymy for something else.
MET0NY.\iiCALLY,met-ti-mm-m5-k5.1-5, ad.
By metonymy, not literally.
Metonymy, mi-tftn-e-ine, or m^t-h-mm-^, s.
A rhetorical figure, by which one word is put for
another, as the matter for the materiate; He died by
steel, that is, by a sword.
(tT- Authorities for the two different ways of accenting
tkii word are so nearly balanced, that it is hard to say
which preponderates. Dr. Johnson, Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash,
Mr. Perry, Buchanan and Bailey, are for the first; and
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Narcs, W. Johnstim, Mr. Scott,
Mr. Barclay, Entick, and Gibbons, the author of the
Rlietorick, for the last. In this case the ear and analogy
ought to dc ide. I have no doubt that the accent on the
first syllable was the ancient mode of pronouncing this
word, as we find it so accented in almost all the systems
of Rlietorick published several years a£;o for the use of
schools: and as these words from the Greek were gene-
rally pronounced in the Latin manner; that is, the ac-
cent on the antepenultimate in Melonymia, an{\ not on
the penultimate, as in MiTJimiMot, the secondary accent
naturally fell on the first syllable, which is naturally be-
come the principal of the English Mclonynty, 503, see
Academy. But that the ear is pleased with the antepe-
nultimate accent cannot be doubted ; and that this word
has as great a right to that accent as lipothymy, hnmonymy,
synonymy, &c. is unquestionable. Besides, the enclitical
accent, as this may be called, is so agreeable to the ear,
that, without eviclent reasons to the contrary, it ought
always to be preferred. — See Principles, No. 513. 518, 519.
Metoposcopy, met-to-pos-k6-pe, s. 518.
The study of physiognomy.
Metre, inciter, s. 416. Speech confined to
a certain number and harmonick disposition of syl-
lables.
Metrical, met-tre-k4l, a. Pertaining to metre
or numbers.
Metropolis, me-trop-p6-lis, *. 518. The mother
city, the chief city of any country or district.
Metropolitan, met-tro-pSl-le-tin, *. A bishop
of the mother church, an archbisiiop.
Metropolitan, met-tri-pSl-le-tdn, a. Belong-
ing to a metropolis.
Mettle, inet-tl. s. 405. Spirit, sprightliness,
courage. — See Metal.
Mettled, raet-tld, a. 359. Sprightly, courageous.
Mettlesome, met-tl-sum, a. Sprightly, lively,
brisk.
Mettlesomely, metitl-sum-1^, ad.
With sprightlmess.
Mew, niu, s. A cage, an enclosure, a place where
a thing is confined; cry of a cat; a sea fowl.
To Mewl, mille, v. n. To squall as a child.
Mezereon, md-ze-r^-un, s. 166. A species of
spurge laurel.
Mezzotinto, met-SO-tia-to, *. A kind of graving.
Miasm, ml-^zm, 5, M/aa-fxa, Greek. A particle or
atom, supposed to arise from distempered, putrefying,
or poisonous bodies.
K/- The plural of this word, in plain English, is
miasms; if we choose to be learned, and use the Greek
singular mia$ma, we must make the plural miasmata.—
See Stamina.
Mice, mlse> s. The plural of M)?«^.
Michaelmas, mik'-kel-nius,*.201. 88. Thefeast
of the archangel Michael, celebrated on the twenty-
ninth of September.
To MiCHE, niitsh, v. n. To be secret or covered.
MiCHER, mitsh'ur, S. A lazy loiterer, who skidks
about in corners and by-places, a hedge-creeper,
or?- This word, and the verb from which it is derived,
are in Ireland pronounced with th^ short i, as Mr. She-
ridan has marked it; but I am much mislakcn if it is
not in England pronounced with the long i, as more
agreeable to the orthography. There is a character in
the farce of the Stage Coach, wnaen by Farquliar, called
Michcr, and this I recollect to have heard with the iprg-
nounced long.
MiCKLE, mik-kl, a. 405. Much, great. Obsolete
Microcosm, mI-kro-kS.:m, s. The little world,
Man is so called.
Micrography, ml-krSg-iil-fe, .t. 129.
Tlie description of the parts of such very small objects
as are discernible only with a microscope.
(cy- Why Mr. Sheridan should cross the general line of
pronunciation, by acienting this word on the first syl-
lable, cannot be conceived, especially as he has accented
7l/icrome(ej- properly. — See Principjcs, No. M8.
Microscope, ml-kri-skope, t. An optick instnj-
ment for viewing small objects.
MIL
MIL
nor 167, nftt 163— tube ITl, tub 172; bull 173— uil 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, THis 469."
Micrometer, nil-krSm^m^-tur, J. 129. 518.
An instrument conlrived to measure small spaces.
Microscopical, mi-kro-skup-^-kAl, "J
MicKoscopicK, mi-kio-skftj/pik, 509. J
JIade bv a microscope; assisted by a microscope; re-
sembling a microscope.
Mid, mid, n. Middle, equally between two ex-
tremes ; it is much used in composition.
MiD-COURSE, nud-kdrse, S, Middle of the way.
Mid-day, mid-dA, s. Noon.
Middle, midWl, a. 405. Equally distant from
tlie two extremes; intermediate, intervening; Middle
finger, the long finger.
Middle, mid-dl, S. Part equally distant from
two extremities; the time that passes, or events that
happen between the beginning and end. '
Middle-aged, mid-dl-adjd, a. 359. Placed
about the middle of life.
Middlemost, mid-dl-most, a. Being in the
middle.
Middling, raid-lin^, a. 410. Of middle rank ;
of moderate size; having moderate qualities of any
kind.
Midland, nudUind, a. 88. That is remote
from the coast ; in the midst of the land, mediter-
ranean.
Midge, midje, s. A small fly, a gnat.
Mid-heaven, mid-hevn, s. The middle of the
sky.
MidleG, midMe^, S. Middle of the leg. '.
Midmost, mid^mist, a. Middle.
Midnight, mid-nlte, s. The depth of niglit,
twelve at night.
Midriff, mid-drif, s. The diaphragm. ,
Mid-sea, mid-se, S. The Mediterranean sea.
Midshipman, mid-ship-mAii, s. 88. An officer
im board a sliip, next in rank to a lieutenant.
Midst, midst, s. Middle.
Midst, midst, a. Midmost, being in the middle.
Midstream, midistreme, s. Middle of the
stream.
Midsummer, mid-sum-mur, s. . The summer
solstice.
Midway, muUwA, s. The part of the way equally
distant from the beginning and end.
Midway, mid-wA, a. Middle between two places.
Midway, mid-wi, ad. In the middle of the
passage.
Midwife, mid-wIfe, s. 144. A woman who
assists women in childbirth.
MlDWlfERY, mid-Wlf-r^, S. 144. Assistance
given at childbirth; act of production ; trade of a
midwife.
0:3- Tliough the i is long in Midwife, it is always short
in its derivative Midwifery, and the compound Man-
viidwifc.
Midwinter, mid-wiii-tur, s. The winter solstice.
Mien, mene, s. Air, look, manner.
Might, mite, 393. The pret. of May.
Might, mite, s. Power, strength, force.
Mightily, ml-te-l^, ad. Powerfully, efficaciously ;
vehemently, vigorously; in a great degree, very much.
Mightiness, mi-te-nts, S. Power, greatness,
height of dignity.
Mighty, mi-te, a. Powerful, strong; excellent,
or powerful in any act.
Mighty, ml'-te, ad. In a great degree.
Migration, ml gra^snun, s. 129. Act of chang-
ing place.
Milch, milsb, a. 352. Giving milk.
Mild, mild, a. Kind, tender, indulgent; soft,
gentle; not acrid, not corrosive ; mellow, sweet, hav-
ing no mixture of acidity.
Mildew mil-du, S. a disease in plants.
333
To Mildew, mil-du, v. a. To taint with mildew.
Mildly, mlld-le, ad. Tenderly ; gently.
Mildness, mlld-nes,' s. Gentleness, tendernes«i
clemency ; contrariety to acrimony.
Mile, mile, s. The usual measure of roads in
England, one thousand seven hundred and sixty yards.
Milestone, mile-stone, s. Stone set to mark
the miles.
Milfoil, mil-foil, s. A plant, the same with
yarrow.
Miliary, miKyi-r5, a. 113. Small, resembling
a millet seed.
Miliary-fever, mil-yi-r^-fc-viir, s. A fever
that produces small eruptions.
Militant, mil-le-tAnt, a. Fighting, prosecuting
the business of a soldier ; engaged in warfare with hell
and the world. A term applied to the Church of Christ
on earth, as opposed to the Church Triumphant.
Military, mil-le-ti-r^, «. Engaged in the life
of a soldier, soldierly ; suiting a soldier, pertaining
to a soldier, warlike; effected by soldiers.
Militia, mil-llshiyA, S. The train bands, the
standing force of a nation.
Milk, milk, S. The liquor with which animals
feed their young; emulsion made by contusion of seeds.
To Milk, milk, v. a. To draw milk from the
breast by the hand or from the dug of an animal ; to
suck.
Milken, milk-kn, a. 103. Consisting of milk.
Milker, milk-ur, J. 98. One that milks animals.
MilkinesS, milk'-^-nes, S. Softness like that of
milk, approaching to the nature of milk.
Milklivered, milk-ilv-vurd, a. Cowardly,
faint-hearted.
Milkmaid, milk^mide, s. Woman employed in
the dairy.
Milkman, milk-mJn, s. 88. A man who sells
milk.
MiLKPAIL, milk-pale, S. Vessel into which cows
are milked.
MiLKPAN, milkipin, S, Vessel in which milk is
kept in the dairy.
Milkpottage, milk-p5t^tidje, s. 90. Food
made by boiling milk with water and oatmeal.
MiLKSCORE, milk-skire, S. Account of milk
owed for, scored on aboard; a petty sum.
Milksop, milk-sftp, S. A soft, effeminate, feeble-
minded man.
Milktooth, milk^too^/i, S. MHktecth are those
small teeth which come forth before when a foal is
about three months old.
MiLKwHiTE, milk-whlte, a. 397. White as
milk.
Milkwort, milk^wurt, s. Milk-wort is a bdl-
shaped flower.
Milkwoman, milk-wum-mun, s. A woman
whose business is to serve families with milk.
Milky, milk-e, a. 182. Made of milk; resem-
bling milk; yielding milk; soft, gentle, tender, ti.
morous.
Milky-way, milk-^-Wa,*. The galaxy; a stream
of light in the heavens, discovered to arise from an
innumerable assemblage of small stars.
Mill, mill, S. An engine or fabrick in which corn
is ground to meal, or any other body is comminutod.
To Mill, mil, v. a. To grind, to comminute ; to
beat up chocolate; to stamp letters or other woik
round the edges of coin in the mint.
Mill-cog, mil-kSg, s. The dcnticulation on the
circumferenceof wheels, by which they lock into other
wheels.
MiLLDAM, mlUd^m, *. The mound by which the
water is kept up to raise it for the mill.
Mill-horse, miUhorse, s. Horse that turns
a mill.
.MilL-TEETH, ia\V-tlhth, S, Tlie gri-.iders.
MIM
MIN
■s: 559. FateTS, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pm 107— n6 162, move 161
tT-
MiLLENAiiiAN, mil-li-n^-rl-itn, S. One who
expects the millennium.
Millenary, mil-Ie-nl-rl, a. Consisting of
a thousand.
Millennium, mil-len-n4-um, s, 113. A thousand
yeai'i ; generally taken for the thoueand years, during
which, according to an ancient tradition in the church,
grounded on a doubtful text in the Apocalypse, our
Blessed Saviour shall reign with the faithful upon
earth after the resurrection.
Millennial, niil-len-ii5-il, a. 113. Pertaining
to the millennium.
Millepedes, mil-le-pedz, or mil-lepi^-dlz, s.
VVood-lice, so called from their numerous feet.
O The former pronunciation of this word is adopted
by Dr. Johnson, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
and Entick ; and the fatter by Mr. Nares, W. Johnston,
Buchanan, and Perry. That the latter is the more
fashionable cannot be denied; but that the former is the
more correct is evident, from similar words which have
been anglicised; thus Bipeds and Quadrupeds have
dropped tlieir Latin final syllable; and why the word in
question should retain it, cannot be conceived. Besides,
thuugh seldom used in the singular, there is no reason
that it should not be so used ; and then it must necessa-
rily become a Milliped : Centipede, properly Centiped, is
adopted; and by forming Centipeds in the plural, shows
lis how we ought to form and pronounce the word in
question ; and if Antipodes has not yet submitted to this
analogy, it is because, like Caiuharides, Caryatides,
Manes, &c. it is never usea in the singular. — See Anti-
podes.
Miller, miUlur, 5. 98. One who attends a mill.
Miller's-thumb, mil'-lurz-Mum( s. A small
fish found in brooks, called likewise a bull-head.
Millesimal, mil-lesisi-m^l, a. Thousandth.
Millet, mil-lit, s. 99. A plant? a kind cf fish.
Milliner, mil-lin-nur, s. 98. One who sells
ribbands and dresses for women.
Million, mil-yun, s. 113. The number of
a hundred myriads, or ten hundred thousand ; a pro-
verbial name for any very great number.
IMiLLiONTH, lail'-ymUh, a. The ten hundred
thousandth.
Millstone, rail-stine, s. The stone by which
corn is ground.
Milt, milt, s. The sperm of the male fish; the
spleen.
Milter, milt'-ur, s. 98. The male of any fish,
the female being called spawner.
Miltwort, milt^wurt, *. An herb.
Mime, mime, *. A buffoon who practices gesticula-
tions, either representative of some action, or merely
contrived to raise mirth.
To Mime, mime, v. n. To play the mime.
Mimer, ml-mur, *. 98. A mimick, a buIToon.
Mimetic, m^-met-ik, a. 129. Apt to imiNtte j
having a tendency to imitation.
{t5- This word is in no Dictionary that I have met
with; but as it is regularly derived from the Greek fi»-
fXYiTixaf, and is adopted by good speakers, there is no rea-
son that it should not be inserted, especially as it seems
to convey a different idea from similar words ; for the
adjective mimick seems to imply the act of imitating;
and tmi/atite, the power, capability, or habit of imitat-
ing; while mimetic signifies a proneness or tendency to
imitation. Besides, mimetic seems to imply a ludicrous
imitation of the actions and passions of living creatures,
but imitative is applied to any objects, and generally im-
plies serious and respectable imitation. Thus we say,
" Painting is an imitative art, and that apes are very mi-
victick," and " it is observable, that those who are very
tiimetic arc seldom imitattre of grand and noble objects."
/larris, therefore, seems to have used this word rather
inaccurately, when he says, " The minwtic art of poetry
lias been hitherto considered as letching its i.nitation
from mere natural resemblance, In this it has been
Elinwn much inferior to painting, and nearly equal to
musick." — Jiarris's Three Treatises, ch. iv.
Mimical, mim-me-k^l, a. Imitative, befitting
a mimick, acting the mimick.
Mimically, mim-ml-k4l-^, ad. In imitation,
in a mimical manner.
Mimick, mim-mik, *. 543. A ludicrous imitator,
a buffoon who copies another's act or manner ; a mean
or servile imitator.
Mimick, mim-mik, a. Imitative.
To Mimick, mim'mik, v. a. To imitate at
a buffoon, to ridicule by a burlesque imitation.
MimICKRY, mim-mik-re, S, Burlesque Imitation.
Mimographer, me-m6g-gr^-fur, *. 129.
A writer of farces.
Minacious, m5-ni'-shus, a. 356. 129. Full of
threats.
Minacity, ml-nls-si-tl, S. Disposition to use
threats.
Minatory, min-ni-tur-l, a. 512. Threatening.
03- For the 0, see Domestick,
To Mince, mmse, v. a. To cut into very small
parts ; to mention any thing scrupulously by a little at
a time, to palliate.
To Mince, minse, v. n. To walk nicely by short
steps ; to speak small and imperfectly ; to speak affect-
edly.
Mincingly, min-sing-ll, ad. 410. In small
parts, not fully; affectedly.
Mind, mind, S, Intelligent power ; liking, choice,
inclination; thoughts, sentiments; opinion; memory,
remembrance.
To Mind, mind, ti. a. To mark, to attend ; to put
in mind, to remind.
To Mind, mind, v. n. To incline, to be disposed.
Little used.
Minded, mind-ed, a. Disposed, inclined, affected
towards.
Mindful, mind-ful, a. Attentive, having memory.
Mindfully, mlnd^f?il-ll, ad. Attentively.
Mindfulness, mind-ful-nes, s. Attention, regard.
Mindless, mind-les, a. Inattentive, regardless ;
not endued with a mind, having no intellectual powers.
Mind-stricken, mlnd-stnk-kn, a. 103. Moved,
affected in the mind.
Mine, mine, pron. possessive. Belonging to me.
(!3» In reading the Scripture, as, " Mine eyes have
seen thy salvation," we are at no loss for the pronuncia-
tion of this word, as the dignity and solemnity of the
composition invariably directs us to give the i its long
sound, as injive, line, &c. but in Milton and other au-
thors, where there is no such dignity or solemnity, this
sound of the word has an intolerable stiffness, and ought
not to have been used. Thus, in the Spectator, No. 195,
Mr. Addison says, " Were 1 to prescribe a rule for drink-
ing, it should be formed upon a saying quoted by Sir Wil-
liam Temple, ' The first glass for myself, the second for
■ my friends, the third for good humour, and the fourth
' for mine enemies.' In Milton too :
" Methought
, " Close at mine ear ore called me forth to walk " Par Lost
InShakespeare, also ;
" Sleeping within mine orchard
" My custom always in the afternoon,
" Upon my secure hour thy uucle stole,
" With juice of cursed hebenon in a phial,
" And in the porches of mine cars did pour
" The leperous distilmeut." Hamlet
In all these instances we find a formality, a staleness,
and uncouthness of sound, that is peculiarly unpleasant
to the ear ; and as this mode of writing was introduced
when our language may be said to have been in its in-
fancy, for the sake of euphony,' (for it is clearly ungram-
matical) so now, when it may be said that it has arrived
at its maturity, the very same reason seems to entitle
the present age to alter it ; that is, I mean tliepronun
elation of it, by substituting my, pronounced like me, iji
its stead.
The dieagreeable sound which 7ni»ie lias in these cases,
has induced several readers to pronounce it min ; but by
thus m!?icing the matter, (if the pun will be pardoned
me) they mutilate the word, and leave it more disagree-
able to the ear than it was before. Readers, thoretore,
have no choice, but either to pronounce it as it is writ-
ten, and to let the author be answerable for the ill sound;
or, in all language but that of Scripture, to change it
into my, pronounced like me.
Shakespeare seems to have used this word Indirrmitly
in the Merry Wives of \Villd8or, where Fiilstail sr.yt,
MIN
MIR
nor 167, n6tl63— tibe I7I, tub .73, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, this 469.
'• Mine host of the Garter — truly, mine host, I must turn
away some of my followers ;" and the host, by request-
ing Falstaff to speak scholarly and wisely, seems to in-
timate, that tills use of the word mine before a vowel or
an h, was the most correct way of speaking. But though
thi/ will, in familiar or ludicrous language, admit of
being changed into the sound of the — miie will, on no
occasion, sufi'er an alteration into7Hin. When llie vowel
is used familiarly, it is always a burlesque upon the
grave use of it, and therefore requires the grave sound,
that the luimour may not bo lost.
Mine, mine, 5. 64. A place or cavern in the earth
which contains metals, or minerals ; a cavern dug
under any fortification.
7b Mine, mine, v. n. To dig mines or burrows.
7b Mine, mine, v. a. To sap, to ruin by mines,
to destroy hy slow degrees.
MiNEU, mine^i'ir, *. 98. One that digs for
metals ; one who makes military minas.
Mineral, min-er-^1, s. 88. Fossil body, matter
dug out of mines.
MlNEUAT,, min-ner-al, a. Consisting of fossil
bodies.
iNfiNERALisr, min^ner-^l-ist, s. One skilled or
employed in minerals.
Mineralogist, inin-ner-il-l5-jist, s. One who
discourses on minerals.
Mineralogy, m1n-ner-il-l6-je, s. 518. The
doctrine of minc-rals. .
7b Mingle, ming-gl, v. n. 405. To mix, to
join, to compuund, to unite with something so as to
make one mass.
To Mingle, nnng^gl, v. n
united with.
Mingle, muig-gl, s.
To be mixed, to be
Mixture, medley, confused
Mingler, min^-gl-ur, s. 98. He who mingles.
Miniature, min-^-ture,s. 274. Representation
in a small compass, representation less than the
reality.
Minikin, min-n^-kia,a. Small, diminutive.
Minim, min-nini, ». A small being, a dwarf.
Minimus, mui-n^-mus, s, A being of the least
size. Not used.
Minion, min-yun, s. 8. 113. A favourite,
a darling ; a low dependant.
MiNious, min-yiis, a. 113. Of the colour of red
lead or vermilion.
7b MiNiSH, min-nish, v, a. To Icosen, to lop, to
impair. Obsolete.
Minister, min-nis-tur, s. 98. 503, b. An agent;
one who acts under another; one who is employed in
the administration of government ; one who performs
sacerdotal functions; a delegate, an official ; ar. agent
from a foreign power.
7b Minister, min-nis-tur, v. a. To g-'ve, to
supply, to alford.
7b Minister, min^nis-tur, v. n. To attend, to
serve in any office ; to give medicines; to give sup-
plies of things needful, to give assistance; to attend
on the service of God.
Ministerial, min-nis-t^^re-il, a. Attendant,
acting at command ; acting under superiour authority ;
sacerdotal, belonging to the ecclesiasticks or their
office ; pertaining to ministers of state.
MiNiSTERY, muv-is-tSr-^, s. Office, service.
Ministral, min-nis-tril, a. 88. Pertaining to
a minister.
MiNiSTRANT, mm-ms-trSnt, a. Attendant,
acting at command.
Ministration, min-nis-tri-shSn, s. Agency,
intervention, office of a^ent delegated or commis-
tioiied; service, office, ecclesiastical function.
Ministry, min-nls-tr^, s. Office, service; eccle-
siastical function ; agency, interposition ; persons em<
ployed in the publick affairs of a state.
Minium, min-yum, *. 113. Vermilion, red lead.
Minnow, min-n6, s. 327. A ve»j' small fisli,
a pink.
335
Minor, ml-nur, a. 166. Petty, inconsiderable}
less, smaller.
Minor, mUnur, S. One under age; the second or
partricular proposition in the syllogism.
Minority, m^-n6rie-te, s. 129. The state of
being under age ; the skate of being less; the smaller
number.
Minotaur, mui-no-tawr, s. a monster invented
by the poets, half man and half bull.
Minster, mui^stur, s. 98. A monastery, an
ecclesiastical fraternity ; a cathedral church.
Minstrel, min^stnl, s. 99. a musician, one
who plays upon instruments.
MiNISTRELSEY, mui-strel-S^, s. Mitsick, instru-
mental harmony; a number of musicians.
Mint, mint, s. A plant.
Mint, mint, s. The place where money is coined ;
any place of invention.
7b Mint, mint, v, a. To coin, to stamp money j
to invent, to forge.
Mintage, mint-idje, s. 90. That which is coined
or stamped ; the duty paid for coining.
Minter, mint^ur, s. 98. A coiner.
Mintman, mint-m^, s. 88. One skilled in
coinage.
Mintmaster, inint-ma-stur, s. One who presides
in coinage.
Minuet, mininu-it, s. 99' A stately regular
dance.
MiNUM, min-num, S. With printers, a smalt sort
of printing letter ; with musicians, a note of slow time.
Minute, me-nute| a. Small, lit«e, slender, small
in bulk.
(t> If we wish to be very minute, we pronounce the t
in the first syllable long, as in the word directly, which
see.
Minute, min-nit, S. The sixtieth part of an hour;
any small space of time; the first draught of any
agreement in writing.
03" I have given the colloquial pronunciation of this
word, but in all solemn speaking would recommend the
orthographical, or that which is indicated by the spel-
ling.
To Minute, min-nit, v, a. To set down in short
hints.
Minute-book, min-nit-book, s. Book of short
hints.
Minute-glass, min-nit-glls, s. Glass of which
the sand measures a minute.
Minutely, m^-nute-le, ad. To a small point,
exactly. — See Minute.
Minutely, min-nit-le, ad. Every minute, with
very little time intervening. Little used.
Minuteness, me-nute-nes, s, Smallness, exility,
iiiconsiderableness.
Minute-watch, min-mt-w3tsh, s. A watch in
which minutes are more distinctly marked than in
common watches which reckon by the hour.
Minutia, m^-nu-sh^-J, 92. The smallest part of
any thing.
(K> This word, which is much in use, is a perfect
Latin word, the plural of which, minutiie, is pronounced
MiNUTis, m^-nu-she-^.
Minx, mingks, s, 408. A she puppy; a young,
pert, wanton girl.
Miracle, mir-^-kl, S. A wonder, something above
human power; in theology, an effect above human or
natural power, performed in attestation of some truth.
0:^ I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the sound of
the first syllable of tliis word, as he seems to have
adopted a vulgar pronunciation, which docs not distin-
guish between the sound of i, succeeded hy single or
double r, not final ; and the soimdof i final, or sutcecded
by r and another consonant. In the forniei case the j is
pure, and has exactly the same sound as its reprcsenta
tive y in Pyramid, Lyrick, &c. ; in the latter the t goes
into short e or u, as in Birth, Virtue, &c. or Sir, Stir,
&c.— See Principles, No. 108, 109, 110.
MiRACULOys, me-r^k'-ku-lus, a. Done hy
MIS
MIS
■ 559. FAte73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 1C5, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
miracle, iiroduced by miracle, effected by power more
than natural.
MiRACULOUSLV, me-r^k-ku-lus-le, ad. By
miracle, by power above that of nature.
MiRACULOL'SNESS, m^-rilk^ku-lus-ues, s.
Superiority to nat-ural power.
Mire, mire, s. Mud, dirt.
To MlBE, mire, v. a. To wbclm in the mud.
Miriness, ml-re-n2s, s. Dirtiness, fulness of
mire.
MiuROR, mir^rur, s. 109. 166." A looking glass,
any thing wliich exhibits representations of objects by
reflection ; it is used for pattern.
Mirth, meri/i,*. 108. Merriment, jollity, gayety,
laughter.
Mirthful, merM-fUl, a. Merry, gay, cheerful.
Mirthless, mer^/t-les, a. Joyless, cheerless.
Miry, ml-re, a. Deep in mud, muddy ; consitUng
of mire.
Mis, mis. An inseparable particle used in composi-
tion to mark an ill sense, or depravation of the mean-
ing, as chance, luck ; mischance, ill luck ; to like, to
be pleased ; to mislil<e, to be offended. It is derived
from mcs, in Teutonick and French, used in the same
sense.
5:7- What is remarkable in the pronunciation of this
inseparable preposition is, that the s, whether the accent
be on it or not, or whether it be followed by a sharp or
flat consonant, always retains its sharp hissing »ound,-
and never goes into z, like d'ls and ex. The reason seems
to be, that the latter come to us compounded, and have
their meaning so mingled with the word as to coalesce
with it, while mis remains a distinct prefix, and has but
one uniform meaning.
MisACCEPTATiON, mis-itk-sep-ta'shun, s. The
act of taking in a wrong sense.
Misadventure, mis-^d-ven-tshure, *. Mis-
chance, misfortune, ill luck; inlaw, manslaughter.
MisADVENTURED, mis-ad-ven-tshurd, a. 359.
Unfortunate.
Misadvised, mis-^d-vlzdj a, 359. in directed.
MiSAIIHED, mis-anidj a. 359. Not aimed rightly.
Misanthrope, m'ls^n-^/trApe, *. 503. Abater
of mankind.
MiSANTHRorv, mi5-4n-^/iro-pe, s. 518. Hatred
of mankind.
Misapplication, mis-Sp-ple-ki-shun, s.
Application to a wrong purpose. ■
7'o Misapply, mis-itp-pllj v. a. To apply to
wrong purposes.
7o Misapprehend, mis-Jp-pie-bendJ v. a.
Not to understand rightly.
Misapprehension, mis-ltp-pre-hen^shun, *.
Mistake, not right apprehension.
7b MisASCRiBE, mis-Ss-skrlbeJ v. a.
To ascribe falsely.
To MisASsiGN, m!s-as-slne{ v. a. To Resign
erroneously.
To Misbecome, mis-be-k'imj v. a. Not to
become, to be unseemly, not to suit.
Misbegot, rais-be-g5t{ "I
Misbegotten, mis-be-gftt^tn, J
Unlawfully or irregularly begotten.
To Misbehave, nns-be-bive{ ». n. To act ill
or improperly.
Misbehaviour, mis-bJ-hive-yur, s. Ill conduct,
bad practice. ■
Misbelief, mis-be-leel^ s. False religion, a v/rong
belief.
Misbeliever, mis- be-l^ivur, s. One that holds
a false religion, or believes wrongly.
To Miscalculate, mis-kJlikii-late, v. a. '■ To
reckim v\rong.
To MiSCAL, mis-kawlj v. a. 406. To name
improperly.
Miscarriage, mis-kir^ridje, i, $0, Unhappy
336
event of an undertaking; abortion, act of bringing
forth before the time.
To Miscarry, mis-kir^re, v. n. To fail, not 'o
have tlie intended event; to have an abortion.
Miscellaneous, mis-sel-la'-ne-us, a. Mingled,
composed of various kinds.
Miscellaneousness, mis-sel-li-ne-us-nes, s.
Composition of various kinds.
Miscellany, mis-sel-len-e, a. 503. Mixed ot
various kinds.
ft5» The accent on the first syllable of this word, which
is the accentuation of all our orthoepists, except Dr. Ken-
rick, is a proof of the tendency to follow the secondary
accent of the original Latin word, notwithstanding the
double consonant in the middle. Thus Miscellanea, in
our pronunciation of it, having a stress on the first, be-
comes the accent when the word is anglicised by drop-
ping a eyllable. — See Academy, Mamillary, and Medul-
lary,
Miscellany, mis-sel-len-e, s. A mass or collec-
tion formed out of various kinds.
To Miscast, mis-kJst{ v. a. To take a wrong
account of.
Mischance, mis-tsh^nsej s. Ill luck, ill fortune.
MiSCHIEl", miS^tshlf, S. 211. Harm, hurt, what
ever is ill and injuriously done; ill consequence, vex-
atious affair.
To Mischief, mis-tshif, v. a. To hurt, to harm,
to injure.
Mischiefmaker, mis-tshif-ma-kur, s. One who
causes mischief.
Mischievous, mls-tsh^-vus, a. 277. Harmful,
hurtful, destructive; spiteful, malicious.
G3" There is an accentuation of this word upon the se
cond syllable, chiefly confined to the vulgar, which, from
its agreeableness to analogy, is well worthy of being
adopted by the learned. Analogy certainly requires that
the verb formed from the noun misc/iii?/' should be mis-
chieve, as from tbiej, thieve; grief, grieve; belief, believe;
&c. with the accent on the second syllable, 492, and from
such a verb would naturally be formed the adjective in
question. But what analogy can give sanction to a vul-
garism .' What Pope observes of the learned in another
case, is but too applicable in this :
** So much they scorn the crowil, that if the throng
" By chance go right, tliey purposely g< wrong."
To which we may add, that in language, as in many
other cases, it is safer to be wrong with the polite than
right with the vulgar.
Mischievously, mis-tshJ-vus-le, af/. Noxiously,
hurtfully, wickedly.
MiSCHlEVOUSNESS, mis'-tshe-VUS-neS, S. Hurt-
fulness, perniciousness, wickedness.
MisciblE, miS-Se-bl, a. 405. Possible to be
mingled.
MiscitatioN, mis-sl-ta-shun, i. Unfair or false
.quotation.
7'o Miscite, mis-sitej v. a. To quote wrong,
MiSCLAlM, mis-klamej s. Mistaken claim.
Misconceit, mis-kon-se^tj "I
Misconception, mis-kftn-sep'-shun, J
A wrong notion.
Misconduct, mis-kSn-dukt, s. Ill behaviour
ill management.
To Misconduct, mls-kSn-duktJ v. a.
To manage amiss.
Misconstruction, mis-kSn-struk-sliun, s.
Wrong interpretation of words or things.
To Misconstrue, mis-kSn-strti, v. a. To in
terpset wrong. — See Construe.
Miscontinuance, mis-kon-tiu-nu-inse, s.
Cessation, intermission.
Miscreance, m1s-kr4-inse, ")
Miscreancy, mis'-kre-^n-sif , J
Unbelief, false faith, adherence to a false religion.
Miscreant, mis-kr^-^nt, s. One that hoid«
a false faith, one who believes in false gods j a v;!«
wrctcli.
MIS
MIS
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, thIs 469.
MiscREATE, mis-kre-itej 1 ^
Miscreated, mis-kr^-i-ted.
Formed unnaturally or illegitimately.
Misdeed, mis-deed{ s. Evil action.
To Misdeem, mis-d^em{ v. a. To judge ill of,
to mistake.
To Misdemean, mis-de-niene{ v, a. To behave
'"•
Misdemeanor, mis-di-me-nur,'*. 166. a petty
offence, ill behaviour.
2'tf Misdo, miS-doo{ v. a. •, To do wrong, to com-
mit a crime.
7b Misdo, mis-doo5 v, n. To commit faults.
Misdoer, niis-doo-ur, *. 98. An offender,
a criminal.
To Misdoubt, mis-doutj v. a. To suspect of
deceit or danger.
Misdoubt, mis-doutj s. Suspicion of crime or
dangeri irresolution, hesitation.
To Misemploy, mis-em-plo^J v. a. To use to
wrong purposes.
Misemployment, mis-em-plo^^ment, s.
Improper application.
Miser, ml-zur, s. 98. A wretch covetous to
extremity.
Miserable, miz-zur-i-bl, a. 557. Unhappy,
wretched ; worthless, culpably parsimonious, stingy.
Miserableness, miz-zur-il-bl-nes, s. state of
misery.
Miserably, miz-zur-l-ble, ad. Unhappily,
calamitously ; wretchedly, meanly.
Misery, miz-zur-^, S. 440. 557. Wretchedness,
unhappiness; calamity, misfortune, cause of misery.
To MiSFASHioN, mis-f4sh^un, v. a. To form
wrong.
Misfortune, mis-foi-itshune, *. 461. Calamity,
ill luck, want of good fortune.
Te Misgive, mis-^ivj v, a. To fill with doubt,
to deprive of confidence.
Misgovernment, mis-guv-urn-ment, s.
Ill administration of publick affairs; ill management;
irregularity, inordinate behaviour.
Misguidance, mis-gyl-danse, s. False direction.
To Misguide, mis-gylde( v. a. To direct ill, to
lead the wrong way. — See Guide. '
Mishap, m!s-h^p,' s. in chance, ill luck.
To MiSINFER, mis-in-fer{ v. a. To infer wrong.
To Misinform, mis-in-f6rm{ v. a. To deceive
by false accounts.
Misinformation, mis-in-for-mi-shun, *.
False intelligence, false accounts.
To Misinterpret, mis-in-ter-pret, v. a. To ex-
plain to a wrong sense.
To MisjoiN, mis-join{ v. a. To join unfitly or
I improperly.
To Misjudge, mis-judje{ v. a. To form false
opinions, to judge ill.
To Mislay, mis-laj v. a. To lay in a wrong place.
MiSLAYER, mis-li^ur, S, 98. One that puts in
the wrong place.
To Mislead, mis-l^dej v. a. To guide a wrong
way, to betray to mischief or mistake.
Misleader, mis-le-dur, s. 98. One that leads
to ill.
MlSLEN, mis-lin, s. Mixed com.
To MiSLiKE, mis-like{ v. a. To disapprove, to
be not pleased with.
MiSLiKE, mis-Uke' s. Disapprobation, distaste.
Misliker, mis-ll'-kur, s. 98. One that dis-
approves.
7'o Mislive, mis-liv,' v. a. To live ill.
To Mismanage, mis-m;tn'idje, v, a. To manage
ill.
337
Mismanagement, mis-m^n-Idje-ment, s.
Ill management, ill conduct.
To Mismatch, mis-m^tsh,' v. a. To match un-
suitably.
To Misname, mis-nimej v. a. To call by the
wrong name.
Misnomer, mis-ni'mur, s. 98. In law, an
indictment or any other act vacated by a wrong name.
To Misobserve, mts-ib-zerv{ v. a. Not to
observe accurately.
MiSOGAMIST, me-sSg-ga-miSt, S. 129. A marriage-
hater.
Misogyny, m^-sftd-jJ-n^, *. 129- Hatred of
women.
To Misorder, mis-or-dur, v. a. To conduct ill,
to manage irregularly.
Misorder, mis-or-dur, s. 98. Irregularity, dis-
orderly proceedings.
MiSORDERLY, mis-or-duf-l^, a. Irregular.
To Mispend, mis-spendj v. a. To spend ill, to
waste, to consume to no purpose.
Mispender, mis-spend-ur, s. One who spends
ill or prodigally.
MispERSUAsiON, mis-per-swA-zhuii, s. Wrong
notion, false opinion.
To Misplace, mis-plclsej v. a. To put in
a wrong place.
To Misprise, mis-prlzej v. a. To mistake, to
slight, to scorn. The word in this sense is wholly ob-
solete.
Misprision, mis-prizh-un, s. Mistake, miscon-
ception ; neglect ; concealment.
To MisPROPORTiON, mis-pro-p6r-shun, v. a.
To join without due proportion.
MiSPROUD, mis-proudj a. Vitiously proud.
Obsolete.
To Misquote, m's-kwotej v. a. ilH. To quote
falsely. — See Quote.
To Misrecite, mis-re-slte{ v. a. To recite not
according to the trutli.
TbMisRECKON, in?s-rekikn,v.a. 103. To reckon
wrong, to compute wrong.
To MlSR ELATE, mis-r^-late| v. a. To relate In-
accurately or falsely.
MiSRELATION, miS-lii-lA-shun, S. False or in-
accurate narrative.
To Misremember, mVrJ-mem-bur, v. a. To
mistake by trusting to memory.
To MiSREPORT, mis-re-p6rtj v. a. To gWe
a false account of.
MiSREPORT, mis-rJ-portJ s. False account, false
and mulicious representation.
To Misrepresent, nns-rep-pri-zentj v. a. To
present not as it is, to falsify to disadvantage.
Misrepresentation, ims-rep-pr^-zen-ti-shun,
s. The act of misrepresenting; account maliciously
false.
Misrule, mis-rooij s. 339. Tumult, confusion,
revel.
Miss, mis, S, The term of honour to a young girl j
a strumpet, a concubine, a prostitute.
To Miss, mis, v. a. Not to hit, to mistake ; to
fail of obtaining; to discover something to be unex-
pectedly wanting; to be without; to omit ; to perceive
want of.
To Miss, mis, v. n. To fly wide, not to hit ; not
to succeed ; tu fail, to mistake ; to be lost, to be want-
ing ; to miscarry, to fail ; to fail to obtain, learn, Ot
find.
Miss, mis, s. Loss, want ; mistake, errour.
Missal, mis-sal, s. The mass book.
To Missay, mi9-saj v. a. To say ill or wrong.
To Misseem, mis-s^emj v. n. To make false
appearance ; to misbecome.
To Misserve, m!s-serv{ v. (t. To serve urfaith-
^ fully.
MIS MIX
KT- 559. FAte 73, far 77, fall 83, tXtSl—mkgS, mSt95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 16*4,
To Misshape, mis-shApe{ v. a. To shape ill, to
form ill, to deform.
Missile, mis-sil, a. 140. Tlirown by the hand,
striking at a distance.
Mission, mish-un, S. 49. Commission, the state
of being sent by supreme authority; persons sent on
any account ; dismission, discharge.
Missionary, mish^un-nir-ri, 1
MissiONER, mish-un-nur, 98. 513.J
One sent to propagate religion.
Missive, mis-siv, a. 158. Such as may be sent.
Missive, mis-siv, s. 158. A letter sent, it is
reiained in Scotland in that sense. A messenger. Ob-
solete.
7'o Misspeak, tnis-speke{ r. a. To speak wrong.
To Misstate, mis-statej v. a. To state wrong.
Mist, mist, s. A low thin cloud, a small thin rain
not perceived in drops; any thing that dims or
daikens.
To Mist, mist, v. a. To cloud, to cover with
a vapour or steam.
Mistakaule, mis-ti-ki-bl, a. 405. Liable to
be conceived wrong.
To Mistake, mis-takej V. «. To conceive wrong,
to take sometliinK for that which it is not.
To Mistake, mis-tAke{ v. n. To err, not to judge
right.
Mista'EN, mis-tAnel Pret. and part. pass, of
Mistake, poetically for Mistaken.
To bit Mistaken, mis-ta-kn, 103. To err.
ftS" Dr. Johnson says this word has a kind of recipro-
cal sense. / mistake is like the French Je me trompe : I
am mistaken means / misconceive, I am in an errour, more
frequently than / «m ill ujiderstood ; but, my opinion is
mistaken, means my opiniuJi is not rightlij underslnod.
Whatever may have been the cause of this irregularity,
it lias long been an eye-sore to our grammarians, but has
got such possession of llie language as to render it almost
incurable. Let us avoid it as much as we will in speak-
ing and writing, it will still remain upon our books as a
part of the language. Mistaken wretch for mistaking
wretch, is an apostrophe that occurs every where among
our poets, particularly those of ihe siage; the most in-
corrigible of all, and the most likely to fix and dissemi-
nate an error of this kind. Our old writers were igno-
rant of Grammar, and thought all phrases good that did
not quarrel with the ear; but that is not the case since
the labours of Johnson and Lofth. The best way there-
fore to remedy these abuses, is to avoid them in future.
With respect to Dr. Johnson's opinion, that" this verb is
used in a reciprocal sense, it may be observed, that this
is the case with all neuter verbs of action ; or, as
Dr. Lowth calls them, intransitively active, or trnnsi-
tivelji nctter ; but the verb in question, / am mistaken,
for i am mistaking, seems rather to be what the Latins
call a verb Deponent ; an active verb with a passive form ;
an irregularity which is no recommendaticn to the Latin
language, and is a blemish in ours. 1 recollect but one
verb more of this kind ; and that is, to speeil in the sense
of to succeed well or ill, which, as a verb neuter, ought to
Vave no passive form ; and yet Pope says,
** A dire dilemma ! cither wny Vm fped;
" If foes, they write; if friends, they read me dead.**
And Otway, in the Orphan, says,
" I'm marry d — Death, Vm sped,"
jWiSTAKE, miS-tAkeJ S. Misconception, errour.
MiSTAKINGLV, mis-ta-king-le, ad. Erroneously,
falsely.
7b MlSTE.lCH, miS-tt'tsh( v. a. To teach wrong.
To MiSTEMPER, mis-tem-pur, V, a. To temper
ill.
Mister, mis-tur, a. 98 (From mestier. trade,
French.) What mistir, means what kind of. Obsolete.
To MiSTERM, mis-termj v. a. To term
erroneously.
To MlSTHlNK, miS-<Aingk{ V.m To think ill, to
think wrong.
To Mistime, mis-tlmej v. a. Not to time right,
not to adap oroiierly with regard to time.
Mistiness, mis-t^-iies, *. Cloudiness, state of
being overcast.
MiSTiON, mis-tshun, s, 464. The state of being
mingled.
Mistletoe, miz-zl-to, *. 472. The name of
one ot those plants which draw their nourishment from
some other plant. It generally grows on the apple
tree, sometimes on the oak, and was held in great ve-
neration by the ancient Druids.
Mistlike, iiiist-l5ke, a. Like a mist.
MlSTOLD, mis-tildl Part. pass, of Mistell.
Mistook, ni'is-tookj Part. pass, of Mistake.
Mistress, mis-tns, s. A woman who governs,
correlative to subject or to servant ; a title of common
respect; a woman skilled in anything; a woman
teacher ; a woman beloved and courted ; a term of con-
temptuous address; a whore, a concubine.
^3^ The same haste and necessity of despatch, which
has corrupted Master into Mister, has, when it is a title
of civility only, contracted Mistress into Missis. Thus,
Mrs. Montagiie, Mrs. Carter, &c. are pronounced Mtssii
Montagve, Missis Carter, &c. To pronounce the word as
it is written, would, in these cases, appear quaint and
pedantick.
Mistrust, mis-trustj s. Diffidence, suspicion,
want of confidence.
To Mistrust, mis-trustJ v. it. To suspect, to
doubt, to regard with diffidence.
Mistrustful, nns-trust-ful, a. Diffident, doubt-
ing.
Mistrustfulness, mis-trust^ful-nes, s.
Diffidence, doubt.
Mistrustfully, mis-trust-f?il-J, ad. With
suspicion, with mistrust.
MiSTRUSTLESS, mis-trust-les, a. Confident,
unsuspecting.
Misty, mis-t^, a. Clouded, overspread with mists ;
obscure.
To Misunderstand, mis-un-dur-st^ndj v. a.
To misconceive.
Misunderstanding, mis-un-dur-stJnd-ing, s.
Difference, disagreement; misconception.
Misusage, mis-u-zidje, S, 90. Abuse, ill use;
bad treatment.
To Misuse, mis-uzej v. a. 437. To treat or use
improperly, to abuse.
Misuse, mis-tjsej *. 437. Bad use.
To Misween, mis-w^enj v. n. To misjudge, to
distrust. Obsolete.
Misy, ml-s^, s. A kind of mineral much resembling
the golden marrasite.
Mite, mite, s. A small insect found in cheese or
corn, a weevil ; the twentieth part of a grain ; any
thing proverbially small ; a small particle.
MiiELLA, mk-tlVAi, s. 129. 92. A plant.
Mithridate, miM-ri-date, *. Mithridate was
-formerly, before medicine was simplified, one of the
capital medicines of the shops, consisting of a great
number of ingredients, and has its name from its in-
ventor, Mitiiridatcs, king of Pontus.
Mitigant, mit-te-gint, a. Lenient, lenitive.
Tb Mitigate, mit-t^-gAte, i;. a. 91. To soften;
to alleviate; to mollify; to cool, to moderate.
Mitigation, mit-te-ga-shun, *. Abatement of
any thing penal, harsh, or painful.
Mitre, ml-tur, «. 416. A kind of episcopal crown.
MiTUED, ml-turd, a. 359. Adorned with a mitre.
Mittens, mit-tinz, s. 99. Coarse gloves for the
wir.ter; gloves that cover the arm without covering
the fingers.
Mittimus, mit-t^-mus, s. A warrant to commit
an offender to prison.
To Mix, miks, v. a. To" unite different bodies into
one mass, to put various ingredients together; to
mingle.
Mixtion, miks-tsbun, s. 464. Mixture, ton-
fusion of one body with another.
MlXTLY, m'kst-l4, ad. With :oalition of dif.
ferent parts into »ne.
MOC
MOD
nor 167, n&t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oi. 299— pound SU—thin 466, THis 469.
Mixture, miksitshure, s. 4fl). The act of
mixing, the state of being mixed; a mass formed by
mingled ingredients ; that which is added and mixed.
MiZMAZE, miZ-mize, S. A labyrinth.
MiZZEN, miz-zn, s. 103. The mizzen is a mast
in the stern of a ship.
Mnemonicks, ne-m6n-niks, s. The art of
memory. — See Pneumatick.
(t5- Mr. Sheridan is the only lexicographer who gives
the sounds of the letters, that has inserted this word,
except Mr. Barclay. The former spells the word mne-
mon-iks, and leaves us to pronounce the first syllable as
we can ; while the latter leaves out the m, and spells the
word iiemonicks; which, in my opinion, is the way it
ought to be pronounced.
Mo, mo, a. More in number.^See Enow.
To Moan, mone, v. a. 295. To lament, to
deplore.
To Moan, mine, v. n. To grieve, to make
lamentation.
Moan, mone, s. Audible sorrow.
Moat, m6te, s. 295. A canal of water round
a house for defence.
To Moat, mite, v. a. To surround with canals by
way of defence.
Mob, m8b, *. The crowd; a tumultuous riot ; a kind
of female head-dress.
C:?> Toller tells us, that in tlie latter end of the reign
of King Charles II. the rabble that attended the Earl of
Shaftslmry's partisans was first called mobile vulgus, and
afterwards by contraction the mob; and ever since the
word has become proper English. To which we may add,
that in Mr. Addison's time this word was not adopted;
for he says, Spectator, No. 135. "I dare not answer that
mob, rep,' pos, incog, and the like," will not in time be
looked upon as part of our tongue.
To Mob, m&b, V a. To liarass or overhear by
tumult.
MoBBISH, mSb-bisll, a. Mean, done after the
manner of the mob.
To MoBLE, mo-bl, V. a. To drees grossly or in-
elegantly. Obsolete.
(t5« This word now exists as spoken, no where but in
the Hamlet of Shakespeare :
*' But who, alas! had seen the mobUd queeu!'*
This is always pronounced mobb-led upon the stage;
and this reading appears more correct than mabled
and mofc-!«/, which seme criticWs have substituted; for
Dr. Fanner tells us he has met with this word in Shirley's
Gentleman of Venice :
" The muon does mobble up herself."
This seems to receive confirmation from the name
women give to a cap, which is little more than a piece of
linen drawn together with strings round the head. The
learned Mv. Upton's supposition, fnat this word signifies
led by the mob, is an anachronism, as the word mob was
not in use in the time of Shakespeare.
MoBBY, mob-be, s. An American drink made of
potatoes.
Mobile, mi-biil{ s. 112. 140. The populace,
the rout, the mob.
Mobility, mo-bll-le-ti, S. Nimbleness, activity;
in cant language, the populace ; fickleness, incon-
stancy.
MocHO-STONE, mi-ki-stone, *. Mocho-stones
are nearly related to the agate.
To Mock, niik, v. a. To deride, to laugh at; to
ridicule; to mimick in contempt ; to defeat, to elude;
to fool, to tantalize, to play on contemptuously.
To Mock, mSk, V, n. To make contemptuous
sport.
Mock, mok, S. Act of contempt, sneer ; imita-
tion, mimickry.
Mock, m&k, a. Counterfeit, not real.
MoCKABLE, mftk-ki-bl, a. Exposed to derision.
Mocker, mok-kiar, *. 98. One who mocks,
a scoi tier, a scolTer.
Mockery, mok-kur-i, S. Derision, sportive
insult; contemptuous merriment 5 vanity of attempt j
imitation, counterfeit appearance, vain show,
339
MocKiNG-BiRD, mSkiking-burd, 5. AnAmericafc
bird, which imitates the notes of other birds.
Mockingly, mik^king-li, ad. In conterapt,
with insult.
MocKiNG-STOCK, m6k-king-st6k, s, a butt for
merriment.
Modal, mt'i-dil, a. Relating to the form or mode,
not the essence.
Modality, mo-d4lMi-te, s. Accidental difference,
modal accident.
Mode, moile, S. Form, accidental discrimination j
gradation, degree ; manner, method ; fashion, custom.
Model, mod-del, *. A representation in miniature
of something made or dime; a copy to he imitated;
a mould, any thing which shows or gives the shape of
that which it encloses ; standard, that by which any
thing is measured.
To Model, mftdidel, v. a. To plan, to shape, to
mould, to form, to delineate.
Modeller, midyel-lur, s. 98. Planner,
schemer, contriver.
Moderate, m8dider-it, a. 91. Temperate, not
excessive ; not hot of temper ; not luxurious, not ex-
pensive ; not extreme in opinion, not sanguine in a
tenet ; placed between extremes, holding the mean j
of the middle rate.
To Moderate, mSd^der-Ate, v. a. 91. To
regulate, to restrain, to pacify, to repress; to make
temperate.
Moderately, miid-der-it-le, ad. Temperately,
mildly; in a middle degree.
Moderateness, mid-der-4t-nes, s. State oi
being moderate, temperateness.
Moderation, mid-der-a-shun, *. Forbearance
of extremity, the contrary temper to parly violence;
calmness of mind, equanimity; frugality in expense.
Moderator, m5d-der-^-tur, *. 421. The
person or thing that calms or restrains ; one who pre-
sides in a disputation, to restrain the contending par.
ties from indeeency, and confine them to the question.
Modern, mSd-durn, a. 98. Late, recent, not
ancient, not antique ; in Shakespeare, vulgar, mean,
common.
Moderns, mSdidurnz, s. Those wlio have lived
lately, opposed to the ancients.
Modernism, mid-durn-nizm, *. Deviation from
the ancient and classical manner.
To Modernize, mSd-durn-iilze, v. a. T-j adapt
ancient compositions to modern persons or things.
Modernness, mftd-durn-nes, s. Nove4ty.
Modest, mod-dist, a. 99- Not presumptuous ;
not forward; not loose, not unchaste.
Modestly, mSd-dist-le, ad. Not arrogantly ,
not impudently; not loosely; with moderation.
Modesty, mid-dis-t^, *. 99- Moderation,
decency; chastity, purity of manners.
MoDESTY-PIECE, mid-dls-ti'-pies, s. A narrow
lace which runs along the upper part of the stays be-
fore.
Modicum, m8d-di-kum, s. Small portion,
pittance.
Modifiable, mt'id-de-fl-^-bl, a. 183. That may
be diversified by accidental ditferences.
MoDiiiCABLE, mo-dif-fe-k3.-bl, a. Diversifiable
by various modes.
Modification, mftd-de-f^-ki-shun, s. The act
of modifying any thing, or giving it new accidental
differences.
To Modify, mSd'-de-fl, v. a. 183. To changi
the form or accidents of any thing, to shape.
MoD1LLION,\ I ,2w 1 ,,„
> mo-Qil-yun, 113.
MODILLON, J
Modilloiis, in architecture, are little brackets which
are often set under the Corinthian and (,'omposite
orders, and serve to support the projecture of the lar-
mier or drip.
Modish, mi-d!sh, a. Fashionable, formed accord*
ing to the reigning custom.
MOL MON
559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fdt 81— mJ 93, mlt95— pine 105, p!n 107— no 162, move 164,
MODISHLY, mi-dish-l5, ad. Fashionably.
M.ODISHNESS, mo-dish-nes, s. Affectation of the
fashion.
To Modulate, mid^u-late, or mid^u-lite, v. a.
293, 294. 376. To form sound to a certain key, or to
certain notes.
Modulation, mSd-dii-la^shun, or iA5d-ju-U-
shun, S. The act of forming any tiling to certain
proportion; sound modulated, agreeable harmony.
Modulator, mSd^u-la-tur, or mSd'-ji-lA-tur,
s. 521. He who forms sounds to acertain key, a tuner.
Module, mSd-ule, or mSd^ule, s. An empty
representation, a model.
Modus, mo-dus, J. Sometlung paid as a compensa-
tion for tithes, on the supposition of being a moderate
equivalent.
MoE, mo, s. More, a greater number. Obsolete.
See Enow.
Mohair, m6-hAre, j. , Thread or stuff made of
camel's or other hair. »
MoHOCKj m6-ll6k, S. The name of a cruel nation
of America, given to ruffians wlio were imagined to in-
fest tlie streets of London in Queen Anne's reign.
MoiDORE, mo^-dorej s. A Portugal coin, rated
at one pound seven shillings.
Moiety, moi-d-te, s. 299. Half, one of two
equal parts.
To Moil, moil, v. a. 299. To daub with dirt;
to weary.
To Moil, moil, v. n. To toil, to drudge. Scarcely
used, except in the phrase, " To toil and moil."
Moist, moist, a. 299- Wet, wet in a small
degree, damp; juicy, succulent.
To Moisten, m8iisn, v. a. 472. To make damp,
to make wet to a small degree, to damp.
Moistener, moi-sn-ur, S. The person or thing
that moistens.
MoistneSS, moist-nes, S. Dampness, wetnes* in
a »mall degree.
Moisture, mois-tsliure, s, 461. Small quantity
of water or liquid.
Mole, m6le, *. A Mole is a formless concretion of
extravaiated blood, wliicli grows into a kind of flesh
in the uterus; a false conception; a natural spot or
discoloration of the body ; a mound, a dike ; a little
beast that works under ground.
Molecast, mile^kist, $. Hillock cast up by
a mole.
Molecatcher, mile-k^tsb-ur, s. One whose
employment is to catch molee.
Molecule, mftl-i-kile, s. A small part of any
thing; a little cake or lump; a small spoton the skin.
<i3- This word is said to be formed from the Latin
riolecula, but as it is anglicised, it must be pronounced
in three syllables. — See Animalcule.
Molehill, mile-hil, s. 406. Hillock thrown up
by the mole working under ground.
To Molest, mA-lest{ v. a. To disturb, to trouble,
to vex.
Molestation, m&l-es-td.-sbun, s. Disturbance,
uneasiness caused by vexation.
Molester, mo-lest-ur, s. 98. One who disturbs.
MolETRACK, mole-tl4k, S. Course of the mole
under ground.
MoLEWARP, mile-warp, s. A mole. Not used.
Mollient, mSl-yent, «. 113. Softening.
MOLLIFIABLE, m&Kl4'fi-i-bl, a. That may be
softened.
Mollification, mSl-lJ-fJ-ki^shun, s. The act
of mollifying or softening; pacification, mitigation.
MOLLIFIER, mSl'-l^-fi-ur, S. 183. That which
softens, thatwhicli appeases; he that pacifies or mi-
tigates.
To Mollify, mSl-lJ-fl, v. a. To soften ; to
assuage; to appease; to qualify, to lessen any thing
harsh ur burdensome.
40
Molten, mii^tn, 103. Part. pass, from Afclt.
MOLY, mi-l<^, *. The wild garlick.
MoLOSSES, "1 m6-l5s^siz, )
Molasses, / mi-hle-siz, f ' '
Treacle, the spume or scum of the juice of the sugar*
cane.
d:^ Tlie second spelling and pronunciation of this
word is preferable to the first ; and as it is derived from
the Italian mellazzo, perhaps the most correct spelling
and pronunciation would be mellasses.
MoME, mime, s. A dull stupid blockhead, a stock,
a post. Obsolete.
Moment, mo-ment, *. Consequence, importance,
weight, value ; force, impulsive weight ; an indivisible
particle of time.
Momentally, rai-men-tal-e, ad. For a moment.
MoMENTANEous, mi-men-ta-n^-us, a. Lasting
but a moment.
Momentary, mo-men-t4-r^, a. 512. Lasting
for a moment, done in a moment.
Momentous, mo-men-tus, a. Important, weighty,
of consequence.
Mommery, mum-mur-i, s, 165. 557- An en-
tertainment in which maskers play frolicks.
Monachal, mSn-n4-k4l, a. Monastick, relating
to monks, or conventual orders.
MoNACHiSM, mSn-ni-kizm, s. The state of
monks, the monastick life.
Monad, fmSn^nid, or") . . ,
,- < 1, A, f S. An indivisible thing.
MoNADE, (.mo-nad, J "
G:y- Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Nares are the only orthoi:-
pists who determine the quantity of the first vowel in
this word ; which they do by making it short. The only
reason that can be eiven is the omicron in the Greek
fjwaf, and what a miserable reason is this when in our
pronunciation of the Greek word we make it long ! — See
Principles, No. 543, 544, &c.
Monarch, mftn-nark, s. A governor invested
with absolute authority, a king; one superiour to the
rest of the same kind ; president.
Monarchal, mo-nar^k4l, «. 353. Suiting
a monarch, regal, princely, imperial.
Monarchical, mi-nar^kl-kdl, a. Vested in
a single ruler.
To Monarchise, m8n-nar-klze, v. n. To play
the king.
Monarchy, mSn-nar-ki, s. The government of
a single person ; kingdom, empire.
Monastery, mSn^ni-str^, or m6n-n^s-ter-r5, s.
House of religious retirement, convent.
Monastick, mo-nls'-tik, 509. "I
MoNASTicAL, mo-n^s^t^-kil, /
Religiously recluse.
MoNASTiCALLY, mi-n^s-te-k4l-li, ad. Reclusely,
in the manner of a monk.
Monday, mun'-de, s, 223. The second day of the
week.
Money, mun-n^, s, 165. Metal coined for the
purposes of commerce.
Moneybag, mun-ne-b%, *. A large purse
Moneychanger, muii-n^-lsban-jur, *. A broker
in money.
Moneyed, mun-nid, a. 283. Rich in money ;
often used in opposition to those who are possessed of
lands.
Moneyless, mun-ne-les, a. Wanting money,
pennyless.
Moneymatter, mun-ni-m^t-tur, s. AccounJ
of debtor and creditor.
Moneyscrivener, mun-ni-skriv-nur, s. 0«
who raises money forotheis.
Moneywort, mun-iie-wurt, s. A plant.
Moneysworth, mun-niz-W'ur^A, s. Somcihinj
valuable.
Monger, mung-gur, j. 381. A dealer, a seller;
as a Fishmonger.
MON
MON
^nSr 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, thIs 469.^
Mongrel, niung-gril, a, 99. Of a mixed breed.
yoMoNISH, mSn-nish, v. a. To admonish.
MoNISHER, m6n-ni3h-ur, f. 98. An admonisher,
a monitor.
Monition, m6-nish-un, s. Information, hint,
instruction, document.
Monitor, mSn-n^-tur, s. 166. One who warns
of faults, or informs of duty ; one who gives useful
liints. It is used of an upper scholar in a school com-
missioned by the master to look to the boys.
Monitory, mSnin^-tur-4, a. 512. Conveying
useful instruction, giving admonition.
03" For the last o, see Domestick,
Monitory, mSn-nJ-tur-r^, s. Admonition,
warning.
Monk, mungk, S. 165. One of a religious com-
munity bound l>y vows to certain observances.
Monkey, mungkik^, s. 165. An ape, a baboon,
an animal bearing some reseniblance of man; a word
of contempt, or slight kindness.
Monkery, mungk^kur-^, s. 557. The monastick
life.
Monkhood, mungkihud, s. The character of
a monk.
Monkish, mungk-kish, a. Monastick, pertaining
to monks.
Monk's-hood, mungks-hud, *. a plant.
Monk's-rhubarb, mungks-roo-burb, s.
A species of dock.
MoNOCHORD, m8n-no-kord, s. An instrument
of one string.
Monocular, m6-n6kiku-l4r, \ „ .
Monoculous, mh-nik'-kh-Mis, j "' ^"'■'^"^'
Monody, m8n-n6-d^, s. A poem »ung by one
person, not in dialogue.
Monogamist, mi-nSg-gi-mist, s. One who dis-
allows second marriages.
Monogamy, mi-nogigi-mJ, *. 518. Marriage
of que wife.
Monogram, m6n^n6-grJm, *. A cipher,
a character compounded of several letters.
Monologue, m8nin6-lJg, s. 338. A scene in
which a person ofthc drama speaks by himself; a soli-
loquy.
(tJ- Why Mr. Sheridan should pronounce dialogue
with the last syllable like log, proutgue with the same
syllable Vike lug, and mojio.og'Ke rhyming with vogue, 1
cannot conceive. The final svllable of all words of this
termination, when unaccented, are, in my opinion, uni-
formly like that in dialogue. Mr. Scott has marked it in
the same manner as 1 have done; Mr. Barclay has fol-
owed Mr. Sheridan.
MoNOME, mSninAme, s. In algebra, a quantity
that has but one denomination or name.
MONOMACHY, mi-nSm-^-k^, *. A duel } a single
combat.
(0> Nothing can more show the uncertainty of our or-
thoSpists in the pronunciation of unusual words, than
the accentuation of this, and those of a similar form.
The only words of this termination we have in Johnson's
Dictionary, are, logomachy, monomachy, scioviachy, and
theomachy. The two first of which he accents on the
first syllable, and the two last on the second. Mr. She-
ridan has but two of them, logomachy and sciomachy ; the
first of which he accents on the first syllable, and the
»ast on the second. Mr. Scott has none of them.
Pr. Ash has them all, and accents logomachy, mono-
machy, and theomachy, on the first syllable ; and sciomachy
on the second. Bailey accents monomachy and sciomachy
on the first syllable, and logomachy and theomachy on the
third. W. Johnston has only logomachy, which he ac-
cents on the second syllable. Mr. Perry has only theo-
rtachy, which he accents on tire second likewise. Eiitick
has them all, and accents them on the first ; and Dr. Ken-
rick accents them all on the second syllable.
This confusion among our orthoepists plainly shows
the little attention which is paid to analogy; for this
would have informed them, that these words arc under
the same predicament as those ending in graphy, logy,
&c. and therefore ought all to have the antepenultimate
accent. An obscure idea of this induced them to accent
•ome of these words one way, aud some anoUierj but
S41
nothing can be more evident than the necessity of ac-
centing all of them uniformly on the same syllable. — Set
Principles, No. 513. 518, &c.
As to Dr. Johnson's observation, which is repeated by
Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Nares, that sciomachy ought to be
written shiamachy, I have only to observe at present^
that writing a instead of o is more agreeable to etymo-
logy ; but changing c into k, either in writing or pro-
nouncing, is an irregularity of the most pernicious kmd«
as it has a tendency to overturn the most settled rules of
the language. — See Sceptick, and Principles, No. SiO.
Monopetalous, m6n-n6-pet^tiHus, a. It it
used for such flowers as are formed out of one leaf,
howsoever they maybe seemingly cut into small ones.
Monopolist, m6-n6p-p6-list, s. One who by
engrossing or patent obtains the sole power or privi-
lege of vending any commodity.
To Monopolise, m6-nSp-pA-llze, v. a. To have
the sole power or privilege of vending any commodity.
MoNOPTOTE, m6n-nop-t6te, or mo-iiiipitote, f.
Is a noun used only in some one oblique case.
(KP- The second pronunciation, which is Dr. Johnson's,
Dr. Ash's, Mr. Barclay's, and Entick's, is the most
usual i but the first, which is Mr. Sheridan's, is more
agreeable to analogy ; for the word is derived from ?7io-
noptoton ; which we pronounce with two accents, one on
the first, and another on the third ; and when we shorten
the word by anglicising it, we generally place the accent
on the syllable we accented in the original. — See HeterO'
elite,
Monostich, mSn-nJ-stik, s. 509. A composition
of one verse.
Monostrophic, mSn-6-strSf^fik, a. Wiitten
in unvaried metre.
Monosyllaeical, m8n-ni-sil-l3.b-5-kil, a.
Consisting of monosyllables.
Monosyllable, m6nin6-sil-U-bl, s. A word of
only one syllable.
MoNOTONiCAL, mSn-i-t6n-4-k4l, a. Spoken
with monotony.
Monotonous, m6-n6t-i-iius, a. Having a same-
ness of sound.
Monotony, mo-nSt^tJ-n^, s. 518. Uniformity
of sound, want of variety in cadence.
Monsoon, mill-sodnj S. Monsoons are shifting
trade winds in the East-Indian ocean, which blow pe-
riodically.
Monster, mSn-stur, s. 98. Something out of
the common order of nature ; something horrible for
deformity, wickedness, or mischief.
To Monster, mSn-stur, v. a. To put out of the
common order of things. Not used.
Monstrosity, mSn-strSs^s4-t4, *, The state of
being monstrous, or out of the common order of the
universe.
Monstrous, mSn-strus, a. Deviating from the
stated order of nature ; strange, wonderful ; irregular,
enormous, shocking, hateful.
Monstrous, mSn-strus, ad. Exceedingly, very
much.
Monstrously, m5n-strus-l4, ad. In a manner
out of the common order of nature, shockingly, ter-
ribly, horribly ; to a great or enormous degree.
MoNSTROUSNESS, m&n-strus-nes, s. Enormity,
irregular nature or behaviour.
Month, munth, s. 165. One of the twelve
principal divisions of the year; the space of four
weeks.
Month'S-MIND, mun^As-mlnd{ S. Longing desire.
Monthly, mun^A-l^, a. Continuing a month j
performed in a month; happening every month.
Monthly, munth'Ak, ad. Once in a month.
Monument, mSn-ni-ment. s. 179. Any thing
by which the memory of persons or things is preserved,
a memorial ; a tomb, a cenotaph.
0:5- There are no words in which inaccurate speaker*
are more apt to err, than where a is not under the ac-
cent. Thus we frequently hear, from speakers, not ot
the lowest class, this word pronounced as if written mo-
nement.
Monumental, m5n-nd-men-t^l, a. Memoiiai,
MOP
MOR
63- 559. Fite 73, fir 77, itU 83, fit 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pm 107— n6 162, move 164,
preserving memory J raised in honour of the dead, be-
longing to a tomb.
Mood, mood, s. 10. 306. The form of an
argument; style of miisick ; the change the verb un-
dergoes, to signify various intentions of the mind, is
callcil Mood; temperof mind, state of mind as affected
by any passion, disposition.
Moody, moo-di, a. Out of humour.
Moon, moon, s. 306. Tlie changing luminary of
the niglit ; a month.
Moon-beam, m3on-b4me, s. Rays of lunar light.
MooN-CALF, moon-kaf, S. A monster, a false
conception; a dolt, a stupid fellow.
Moon-eyed, mooil-lde, a. Having eyes affected
by the revolutions of the moon ; dim-eyed, purblind.
Moon FERN, moon-fern, s. A plant.
Moonfish, moon-tish, .y. Moon-flsh is so called,
because tlie tail fin is shaped lilve a lialf moon.
Moonless, moon-les, a. Not enlightened by the
moon.
Moonlight, moon-lite, s. The light afforded by
the moon.
Moonlight, moon-lite, «. Illuminated by the
moon.
Moonshine, moon^shlne, s. The lustre of the
motm.
Moonshine, moon^shlne, ")
MooNsHiNY, mooii-shl-ne, J
Illuminated by the moon.
Moonstruck, moon-struk, a. Lunatick, affected
by the moon.
MOONWOKT, raoon-wurt, S, Stationflower,
honesty.
Moony, moon-ne, a. Lunated, having a crescent
for the standard resembling the moon.
Moor, moor, S. 311. A marsh, a fen, a bog,
a tract of low and watery ground; a negro, ablack-a-
moor.
Th Moor, moor, f . tt. 31 1. To fasten by anchors
or otherwise.
To Moor, moor, v. n. To be fixed, to be stationed.
Moorcock, moi)r-k6k, «. The male of the moor-
hen.
Moorhen, moor-hen, s. A fowl that ftedsin the
fens, witliout web feet.
Moorish, moor-ish, a. Fenny, marshy, watery.
Moorland, moor-lind, S. Marsh, fen, watery
ground.
MoorSTONE, moorist6ne, J. A species of granite.
MoORY, moor-i, a. 306. 311. Marshy, fenny.
Moose, moose, s. 306. A large American deer.
T'o Moot, moot, v. a. 306. To plead a mock
cause, to state a point of law by way of exercise, as
was commonly done in the inns of court at appointed
times.
Moot case o>- point, moot-k^se, s. a point or
case unsettled and disputable.
Mooted, moot-ed, a. Plucked up by the root.
Mooter, mooL-ur, s. 98. A disputer of moot
points.
Mop, mop, S, Pieces of cloth, or locks of wool,
fixed to « long handle, with which maids clean the
floors ; a wry mouth made in contempt. Not used in
the latter sense.
To Mop, m8p, v. a. To rub with a mop.
To Mop, mop, v, W. To make wry mouths in
contenipf. Obsolete.
To Mope mipe, v. n. To be stupid, to drowse,
to be in a constant day-dream.
I'o Mope, mApe, v. a. To make spiritless, to de-
piiver.f nntural powers.
Mope kyed, mope-lde, a. 283. Blind of one
eye ; dim sighted
Moppet, mop'-pit, \
MorsEV, m&p-si, J
?. 89. 270.
342
A jjuppet made of rags as a mop j a fondling name for
a girl.
Mo PUS, m6ipus, S. A drone, a dreamer.
Moral, m6r'-i4l, a. 88. 168. Relating to the
practice of men towards each other, as it may be vir-
tuous or criminal, good or bad ; reasoning or instruct-
ing with regard to vice and virtue; popular, such as is
known in the general business of life.
Moral, mor-Al, S, Morality, practice or doctrine
of the duties of life ; the doctrine inculcated by a fic-
tion, the accommodation of a fable to form themcrals.
To Moral, mftr-^1, v. n. To moralize, to make
moral reflections. Not used.
Moralist, mor-ril-list, *. One who teaches the
duties of life.
Morality, m6-r^l-le-tJ, s. The doctrine of the
duties of life, ethics; the form of an action which
makes it the subject of reward or punishment.
To Moralise, mor-r^l-Ize, v. a. To apply to
moral purposes ; to explain in a moral sense.
To Moralise, mSr-r^l-ize, v. n. To speak or
write on moral subjects.
Moraliser, mSr-ral-1-zur, *. 98. He who
moralises.
Morally, mSr-ril-e, ad. In the ethical sense,
according to the rules of virtue ; popularly.
Morals, mSr-rilz, s. The practice of the dutie*
of life, behaviour with respect to others.
Morass, mi-r^sj s. Fen, bog, moor.
Morbid, mor-bid, a. Diseased, in a statd contrary
to health.
Morbidness, mor-bid-iies, s. state of being
diseased.
Mordifical, mor-bifife-kil, "J
Morbific, mor-blt-fik, 509. J
Causing diseases.
Mokbose, mor-b6se( a. 427. Proceeding from
disease, not hcaltliy.
MoRBOSITY, mor-bfis-se-ti, s. Diseased state.
Mordacious, nior-dA'-shus, a. Biting, apt to bite.
Mordacity, niSr-d^s-se-t^, s. Biting quality.
Mordant, mor'd;tnt, a. Biting, pungent, acrid.
Ky" The lexicographers would have more properly
spelled this word Mordent, as it comes from the Latin
mordeo, to bite.
Mordicant, mor-dJ-k^nt, a. Biting, acrid.
Mordication, mor-de-ki-shun, s. The act of
corroding or biting.
More, mAre, a. In greater number, in greater
quantity, in greater degree ; greater.
More, more, ad. To a greater degree ; the particle
that forms the comparative degree, as, More happy;
again, a second time, as, once More; no More, have
done ; no More, no longer existing.
More, mAre, S. A greater quantity, a greater
degree; greater thing, other thing.
Morel, mi-relj *. A plant; a kind of cherry.
MoRELAND, mAre-lind, S. A mountainous or
hilly country.
Moreover, m6re-o-vur, ad. Beyond what has
been mentioned.
MoRIGEROUS, mX-rid-jer-US, a. Obedient, ob-
sequious.
Morion, mfi-rJ-un, *. 166.' A helmet, armour
for the head, a casque.
MoRlSCO, miVriS-ko, S. A dancer of the morris
or moorish dance.
MoRN, m6rn, *. The first part of the day, the
morning.
Morning, morfnino^, *. The first part of the
day, from llie first appearance of light to the end of
the first fourth part of the sun's daily course.
Morning-gown, mor-nmg-gounj s. A loose
gown worn before one is formally dressed.
Morning -STAR, mor-nlng-star,' s. The i)lanet
Venus, when she slu»es in the morning.
MOS
MOV
nSr 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172,'bull 173— oil 299— pSund 313— ^Ain 466, THis 469.
\
Morose, mi-risej a. ATI. Sour of temper,
peevisli, sullen.
Morosely, mi-roseile, ad. Sourly, peevishly.
MOROSENESS, m6-rAseineS, S. Sourness, peevish-
ness.
MottOSITY, mi-rfts-S^-tJ, S. Moroseness, sourness,
peevisliness.
MoRPHEW, mor-fu, s. A scurf on the face,
MoRRis-DANCE, m6r-ns-danse, *. A dance in
wliicli bells are gjngled, or staves or swords clashed,
which was learned from iheMoors; Nine Men's Morris,
a kind of play, with nine holes in the ground.
MoRRis-DANCER, mSi-ris-dan-sur, *. One who
dances the moorish dance.
Morrow, vcAv'-i-h, s. 327. The day after the
present day ; to-morrow, on the day after this current
day.
Morse, morse, s. A sea horse.
Morsel, mor'-sil, s. 99. A piece fit for the
inouth, a mouthful J a small quantity.
MoRSURE, mor-shure, *. 452. The act of biting.
MoRT, mort, S. A tune sounded at the death of
the game.
Mortal, mor-dl, a. 88. Subject to death,
doomed some time to die; deadly, destructive, pro-
curing death; human, belonging to man; extreme,
violent: in this sense a low expression.
Mortal, mor-t^l, *. Man, human being.
Mortality, mor-t4l-le-t^, *. Subjection to
death, state of being subject to death ; death; power
of destruction ; frequency of death ; imman nature.
Mortally, mor-t^l-^, ad. irrecoverably, to
death; extremely, to extremity.
Mortar, mor'-tur, s. 88. 418. A strong vessel
in which materials are broken by being pounded with
a pestle; a short wide cannon, out of which bombs
are thrown.
Mortar, mor-tur, s. Cement made of lime and
sand with water, and used to join stones or bricks.
Mortgage, mor-gadje, s. 90. 472. A dead
pledge, a thing put into the hands of a creditor; the
state of being pledged.
To Mortgage, mor-gAdje, v. a. To pledge, to
put to pledge.
Mortgagee, mor-gi-j^e{ s. He that takes or
receives a mortgaee.
Mortgager, m3r-gi-jur{ s. 93. He that gives
a mortgage.
Mortiferous, mor-tif^fer-us, a. Fatal, deadly,
destructive.
Mortification, mor-t^-fi-k4-sbun, s. The
slate of corrupting or losing the vital qualities, gan-
grene ; the act of subduing the body by hardships and
macerations ; humiliation, subjection of the passions ;
vexation, trouble.
To Mortify, mor-t^-fl, v. a. To destroy vital
qualities ; to destroy active powers, or essential qua-
lities; to subdue inordinate passions; to macerate or
harass the body to compliance with the mind j to hum-
ble, to depress, to vex.
To Mortify, mor-t6-f}, v. n. To gangrene, to
corrupt; to be subdued, to die away.
Mortise, mor-tis, *. 240. 441. A hole cut
into wood that another piece may be put into it. — See
Ailvertisemenl.
To Mortise, mor-tis, v, a. To cut with
a mortise, to join with a mortise.
Mortmain, mort-raAne, *. Such a state of pos-
session as makes it unalienable.
Mortuary, mor^tsbu-ir-re, s. A gift left by
a man it hisdeath to his parish church, for the recom-
pense jf liis personal tithes and offerings not duly
paid.
MoSAICK, m6-za-lk, a. 509. Mosaick is a kind
of painting in small pebbles, cockles, and shells of
sundry culours.
MOSCHETTO inSs-k.Mt6, s. A kind of gnat
343
exceedingly troublesome in some part of the West
Indies.
Mosque, mSsk, s. A Mtihometan temple.
Moss, mSs, s. A plant.
To Moss, m6s, v. a. To cover with moss.
Mossiness, m6s-se-nes, s. The state of being
covered or overgrown with moss.
Mossy, mfts-se, a. Overgrown with moss.
Most, most, a. The superlative of More. Con-
sisting of the greatest number, consisting of the great-
est quantity.
Most, mist, ad. The particle noting the super-
lative degree; as, the Most incentive, in the greatest
degree.
Most, m6st, S. The greatest number ; the greatest
value ; the greatest degree ; the greatest quantity.
MOSTICK, mSs-tlk, S. A painter's staff.
Mostly, most-le, ad. For the greatest part.
MosTWHAT, most-whSt, ad. For the most part.
Not used.
MoTATION, mo-tA-sbun, s. Act of moving.
Mote, mite, *. A small particle of matter, any
thing proverbially little.
Mote, mote. For Might. Obsolete.
MoTH, mith, s. 467. A small winged insect that
cats cloths and hangings.
Mother, muTH-ur,*. 165. 469. A woman that
has born a child, correlative to son or daughter j that
which has produced any thing; that wliich has pre-
ceeded in time, as, a Mother church to chapels ; hy-
sterical passion ; a familiar term of address to an old
woman ; Mother-in-law, a husband's or wife's mother;
a thick substance concreting in liquors, the lees or
scum concreted.
Mother, rauTH^ur, a. 165. Had at the birth,
native, as. Mother wit.
To Mother, muTH^ur, v. n. To gather con-
cretion.
Mother-of-pearl, muTH^ui'-5v-perl, s. A kind
of coarse pearl, the shell in which pearls are gene-
rated.
Motherhood, muTn-ur-lmd, s. The office,
state, or character of a mother.
Motherless, muTii'ur-les, a. Destitute of
a mother.
Motherly, muTH-ur-li, a. Belonging to
a mother, suitable to a mother.
Motherwort, muTH-ur-wurt, s. A plant.
MOTHERY, muTH-ur-^, O. 557. Concreted, full
of concretions, dreggy, feculent; used of liquors.
MoTHMULLEiN, mft^A-mul-lin, S. A plant.
MOTHWORT, mS</t-WUrt, S. An herb.
MOTHY, mtth'-e, a. Full of moths.
Motion, mi-shun, S. The act of changing place ;
panner of moving the body, port, gait ; change of
posture, action, tendency of the mind, thought, pro-
posal made; impulse communicated.
Motionless, mi-shun-lcs, a. Wanting motion,
being without motion.
Motive, mi-tiv, a. 157. Causing motion, having
movement ; liaving the power to move } having powef
to change place.
Motive, mi-tiv, s. That which determines the
choice, that which incites to action.
Motley, mSt^l^, a. Mingled with various
colours.
Motor, mi-tSr, s. 166. A mover.
MoTORY, rai-tur-ri, a. 512. Giving motion.
gcj- For the last o, see Domcstick.
Motto, mot-to, S. A sentence added to a device,
or prefixed to any thing written.
To Move, moov, v. a. 164. To put out of one
place into another, to put in miition ; to give an im-
pulse to; to propose, to recommend; 'o persuade, to
prevail on th« mind ; to affect, to touch pathetically.
MOU
MOU
fcj^ 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, ftt 81— mi 93,'met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nS 162, move 164^
to stir nassion : to make annry; to conduct remilarly iit„,~,t, ^?,?,„^ „ qio «_...,..,.
to stir passion ; to make angry } to conduct regularly
in motion.
Tb Move, nioov, v. n, 65. To go from one place
to another ; to walk, to bear tlie body ; to go forward.
Moveable, moov^^-bl, a. 405. Capable of
being moved, not fixed, portable; changing the time
of the year.
tt^ It may be observed, tliat tlie mute e is preserved
in this word and its relatives because the preceding o has
not its general sound. — See Rhyming Dictionary, Ortho-
graphical jiphorism 10.
Moveables, moov-3.-blz, s. 405. Goods,
furniture, distinguished from real or immoveable pos-
sessions.
MovEABLENESS, moov-i-bl-nes, S. Mobility,
possibility to be moved.
MOVEABLY, moov-cl-bli, ad. So as it may be
moved.
Moveless, moov-les, a. Unmoved, not to be put
out of the place.
Movement, moov-ment, *. Manner of moving;
motion.
Movent, mo-vent, a. Moving.
Mover, moo-vur, S. 98. The person or thing
that gives motion ; something that moves ; a proposer.
Moving, moo-ving', part. a. Pathetick, touching,
adapted to affect the passions.
Movingly, moo-ving-1^, ad. Pathetically, so as
to seize the passions.
Mould, mold, s. 318. A kind of concretion on
the top or outside of things kept motionless and damp;
earth, soil, ground in wliich any thing grows, matter
of which any thing is made ; the matrice in which any
thing is cast, in which any thing receives its form ;
cast, form.
C3- There is an incorrect pronunciation of this and si-
milar words, chiefly among the vulgar, which is, sound-
ing the word as if it were written mo-oold. This sound
is often heard among incorrect speakers, where there is
no diphthong, as in cold, bold, sold, &r. pronounced co-
onld, bo-oold, so-oold, &c. while the true pronunciation of
these words has nothing of the a or oo in it, but is exactly
'like fual'd, sol'd, cajol'd, &c. the preterits of the verbs to
foal, to sole, and to cajole, &c. For there is no middle
sound between owl and hole; and the words in question
must either rhyme with howl'dotfoal'd; but the last is
clearly the true pronunciation.
This word, before Dr. Johnson wrote his Dictionary,
was frequently written mold, which was perfectly agree-
able to its Saxon derivation, and was less liable to mis-
pronunciation than tlie present spelling. The word has
three significations : Mould, concretions occasioned
by decay ; wlience to moulder, to waste away ; mould,
or earth, that to which decay reduces bodies ; and a
mould, a form to cast metals in. A diversity of pronun-
ciation has endeavoured to distinguish tnc first of these
senses from the rest, by sounding it so as to rhyme with
howl'd: but these distinctions of sound under the same
spelling, ought to be as much as possible avoided. For
the reasons see Bowl,
To Mould, mfild, v. n. To contract concreted
matter, to gather mould.
Th Mould, mold, v. a. To cover with mould.
Tb Mould, mold, v, a. To form, to shape, to
model ; to knead, as, to Mould bread.
Mouldable, mold-a-bl, a. That may be
moulded.
Moulder, mJld-ur, s. 98. He who moulds.
To Moulder, mol-dur, v. n. To be turned to
dust, to perish in dust.
To Moulder, mil-dur, v. a. To turn to dust.
Mouldiness, mJl-de-nes, *. The state of being
mouldy.
Moulding, mJld-ingj, s. Ornamental cavities in
wood or stone.
Mouldwarp, mold-warp, S. A mole, a small
animal that throws up the earth.
Mouldy, mol-de, a. Overgrown with concretion.
7'o Moult, molt, v. n. 318. To shed or change
the feathers, to lose the feathers,
ToMoUNCU, mimsh, w. a. 314, To eat. Obsolete.
344
Mound, mound, s, 313. Any thing raised to
fortify or defend.
Mount, mount, *, 313, A mountain, a hill ; an
artificial hill raised in a garden, or other place ; a part
of a fan.
To Mount, mount, v, n. To rise on high ; t9
tower, to be built up to great elevation ; to get on
horseback ; for Amount, to attain in value.
To Mount, mount, v. a. To raise aloft, to lift on
high; to ascend, to climb; to place on horseback ; t»
embellish with ornaments, as, to Mount a gun ; to put
the parts of a fan together; to Mount guard, to do
duty and watch at any particular post; to Mount a
cannon, to set a piece on its wooden frame, for the
more easy carriage and management in firing it.
Mountain, moun^tin, s, 208. A large hill,
a vast protuberance of the earth.
Mountain, moun-t?n, «. Foimd on the mountains.
Mountaineer, moun-tin-n^^rj s. An inhabitant
of the mountains ; a savage, a freebooter, a rustick.
Mountainous, mo&n-tin-nus, a. HiUy, full of
mountains ; large as mountains, huge, bulky ; iu-
habiting mountains.
Mountainousness, moun-t?n-nus-nes, s, state
of being full of mountains.
MOUNTANT, moun-tint, a. Rising on high.
Mountebank, moun-te-b^nk, s. A doctor that
mounts a bench in the market, and boasts his in-
fallible remedies and cures; any boastful and false
pretender.
To Mountebank, moun-te-b^nk, v, a. To cheat
by false boasts and pretences.
Mounter, mount-ur, s. 98. One that mounts.
MouNTY, moun-t^, *. The rise of a hawk.
To Mourn, morne, v. n. 318. To grieve, to be
sorrowful ; to wear the habit of sorrow ; to preserve
appearance of grief.
To Mourn, morne, v. a. To grieve for, to lament ;
to utter in a sorrowful manner.
Mourner, m6rn-ui", s. 98. One that mourns,
one that grieves ; one who follows a funeral in black.
Mournful, morn-ful, a. Having the appearance
of sorrow; causing sorrow ; sorrowful, feeling sorrow ;
betokening sorrow, expressive of grief.
Mournfully, m6rn-ful-le, ad. sorrowfully,
with sorrow.
Mournfulness, morn-ful-nes, *. Sorrow, grief;
show of grief, appearance of sorrow.
Mourning, morn-ing, s. Lamentation, sorrow;
the dress of sorrow.
Mourningly, m&rn-ing-le, ad. With the
appearance of sorrowing.
Mouse, mouse, *. Plural Mice. The smallest of
all heasts, a little animal haunting houses and corn-
fields.
To Mouse, mouze, v. n. 313. 437. To catch
mice.
Mouse-hole, mouse-h6le, s. Small hole.
MousER, moiiz'-ur, s. 98. 437. One that hunts
mice.
MouSETAlL, mouse-tale, s. An herb.
Mousetrap, mouse-trilp, s, A snare or gin in
whicli mice are taken.
Mouth, mo\\th, S. 467. The aperture in the head
of any animal at which the food is received ; Uie open-
ing, that at which any thing enters, the entrance ; the
instrument of speaking; a speaker, the principaJ ora-
tor, in burlesque language; cry, voice ; distortion of
the Mouth, wry face ; down in the Mouth, dejected,
clouded.
To Mouth, mouTH, v. n. 467. To speak big, to
speak in a strong ar.d loud voice, to vociferate.
To Mouth, mouTH, v. a. To utter with a voice
afi'ecledly big ; to chew, to eat ; to seize in the mouth ;
to form by the mouth.
Mouthed, mSuTHd, a, 359. Furnished with
a mouth.
MUD
nSr 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173
One who pro-
MouTH-FRiEND, mbu^A-frend, s.
fcsses friendship without intending it.
Mouthful, mou^A-ful, S. What the mouth con-
tains at once; any proverbially small quantity.
Mouth-honour, mohth-tn-nm; s. Civility
outwardly expressed without sincerity.
MOUTHLESS, mouM-les, a. Without a mouth.
Mow, niou, *. 323. A loft or chamber where any
hay or corn is laid up.
To Mow, mo, V. a. 324. To cut with a sithe j
to cut down with speed and violence. ^
Th Mow, mou, v.a. To put in a mow.
Mow, mou, S. 323. Wry mouth, distorted face.
Obsolete.
To MOWBURN, moii-burn, v. n. To ferment
and heat in the mow for want of being dry.
Mower, mfi-ur, s. 98. One who cuts with
a sithe.
MoXA, m6k-s;t, S. 92. An Indian moss, used in
tliecureof the gout by burning it on the part aggrieved.
MoYLE, moil, S. 329. A mule, an animal generated
between tlie Imrse and the ass. Not used.
Much, mutsb,a. 352. Large in quantity, long in
time, many in number.
Much, mutsh, ad. 352. In a great degree, by
far ; often, or long ; nearly.
Much, mutsh, s. A great deal, multitude in
number, abundance in quantity ; more than enough,
a heavy service or burden ; any assignable quantity or
degree; an uncommon thing, something strange; to
make Much of, to treat with regard, to fondle.
Much at one, mutsh-it-wun| ad. Of equal
value, of equal influence.
Muchwhat, mutsh-whSt, ad. Nearly. Little
used.
MuciD, mi-Sid, a. Slimy, musty.
MuciDNESS, mi-Sid-lies, *. Sliminess, mustiness.
Mucilage, mu-s^-lidje, s. 90. A slimy or
viscous body, a body with moisture sufficient to hold
it together.
Mucilaginous, mu-se-lidyln-us, a. slimy,
viscous, soft with some degree of tenacity.
Muck, muk, *. Dung for manure of grounds ; any
thing low, mean, and filthy ; to run a Muck, signifies,
to run madly and attack all that we meet.
To Muck, muk, V, a. To manure with muck, to
dung.
Muckinder, muk-iii-dur, s. A handkerchief.
Not used, except in the Provinces.
MuCKHILL, mukJ-hll, 5. 406. A dunghil.
MuCKlNESS, muk-ke-nes, s. Nastiness ; filth.
MUCKLE, muk-kl, a. 403. Much. Obsolete.
MUCKSWEAT, muk-swet, S. Profuse sweat.
Muckworm, muk-wurm, *. A worm that lives
in dung J a miser, a curmudgeon.
Mucky, muk-ke, a. Nasty, filthy.
Mucous, mu-kus, a. 314. Slimy, viscous.
MUCOUSNESS, mu-kus-nes, *. Slime, viscosity.
MucULENT, mu'ku-ltnt, a. Viscous, slimy.
(tr- The vowel u, in the first syllable of this and si-
milar words, forms a remarkable exception to the short-
ening power of the antepenultimate and secondary
accent ; any other vowel but u, unless followed by a
diphthong, would have been short. This arises from no
legard to the Latin quantity in the word Muculehtus, for
the Jt in culinary, and mutilate, &c. is long in English,
though short in the Latin culinarius, mutilo, &c. So
that the long u in this and similar words is an idiom of
our own pronunciation, 503. 511. 530.
Mucus, mu-kus, *. The viscous substance dis-
charged at the nose ; any viscous matter.
Mud, mud, S. The slime at the bottom of still
water ; earth well moistened with water.
To Mud, mud, v. a. To bury in the slime or
ir.udj to make turbid, to pollute with ditt.
345
MUL
nl299— pound 313— f/iin 466, this 469."
Turbidly, with foul
383. Moist, damp.
Muddily, mud-d^-le, ad.
mixture.
MuddiNESS, mud-dl-nes, S. Turbidness, foul-
ness caused by mud, dregs, or sediment.
To Muddle, mud^dl, v. a. 405. To make
turbid, to foul ; to make half drunk, to cloud or slu-
p''"y-
Muddy, mud-de, a. Turbid, foul with mud;
impure, dark ; cloudy, dull.
To Muddy, mud-d^, v. a. To make muddy, to
cloud, to disturb.
MuDsucKER, mud-suk-kur, s, A sea fowl.
Mudwall, mild-wall, s. A wall built without
mortar.
MuDWALLED, mud-walld, a. 339. Having a mud
wall.
To MuE mu, V. n. To moult, to change fcathew.
Muff, rauf, s. A soft cover for the hands in winter.
To Muffle, muf-fl, v. a. 405. To cover from
the weather; to blindfold; to conceal, to involve.
Muffler, muf-fl-iir, S. A cover for the face ;
a part of a woman's dress by which the face is covered.
Mufti, muf^t^, S. The high priest of the Maho-
metans.
Mug, mug, S. A cup to drink out of.
Muggy, mug-g^, \
Muggish, mug^ish, /
(f3- It is highly probable that this word is a corruption
of murky, whicli Johnson and other writers explain by
dark, cloudy. Sec. but Skinner tells us it is used in Lin-
colnshire to signify darkness, accompanied by heat; and
as this temperament of the weather is commonly accom-
panied by moisture, the word is generally used to signify
a dark, close, warm, and moist state of the air. As tins
word is not very legitimately derived, it is seldom heard
among the learned and polite ; but as it affords us a new
complex idea, and is in much use among the middle
ranks of lifei it seems not unworthy of being adopted.
Mughouse, mug-house, S. An alehouse, a low
house of entertainment.
MuGiENT, mu-j^-ent, a. Bellowing.
Mulatto, mu-lit-ti, s. One begot between
a white and a black.
Mulberry, mul-ber-rl, s. Tree and fruit.
Mulct, mulkt, *. A fine, a penalty ; a pecuniary
penalty.
To Mulct, miilkt, v. a. To punish with fine or
forfeiture.
Mule, mule, *. An animal generated between a he
ass and a mare, or between a horse and a she ass.
Muleteer, mu-let-t^^r{ s. Muie-driver, horse-
boy.
Muliebrity, mu-le-eb-bre-te, s. Womanhood,
the correspondent to virility.
Mulish, mu-lish, a. Having the nature of a mule,
obstinate.
To Mull, mull, v. a. To soften, as wine when
burnt and sweetened ; to heat any liquor, and sweeten
and spice it.
Mullar, mul-lur, S. 88. A stone held in the
hand with which any powder is ground upon a hori-
zontal stone.
Mullein, mul-lin, s. A plant.
Mullet, mul-lit, *. 99- A sea fish.
Mulligrubs, mul-le-grubz, s. Twisting of the
guts. A low word.
MulSE, raulse, S. Wine boiled and mingled with
honey.
Multangular, m5lt-ing-gu-lir, a. Many-
cornered, having many corners, polygonal.
Muitangularly, mult-;tng-gi!i-l4r-le, ad.
With many corners.
Multangularness, mult-ang^gu-l;lr-nes, s.
State of being polygonal.
Multicapsular, mul-te-k^pishu-lir, a. 452.
Divided into many partitions or cells.
MUM MUR
fcj-559. Fite73, fir 77, fill 83, fatSl— m^93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 1^4,
Multifarious, mul-te-fa^re-us, a. Having great
multiplicity, having different respects.
Multifariously, mul-te-fa^re-us-le, ad. With
multiplicity.
Multifariousness, mul-tJ-fa-r^-us-nes, *.
Multiplied diversity.
Multiform, muKt^-form, a. Having various
shapes or appearances.
Multiformity, niul-ti-f6r-me-ti, *. Diversity
of shapes or appearances subsisting in the same thing.
Multilateral, niul-te-l^t-ter-3.1, a. Having
many sides.
MuLTiLOQUOUS, mul-til-li-kwus, a. 518. Very
talkative.
MuLTiNOMiNAL, mul-tl-nSmiml-»il, a. Having
many names.
MULTITAROUS, mul-tipipi-ruS, «. 518. Bringing
many at a birth.
MuLTIPEDE, mul-te-ped,-.S. An insect with many
feet. — See Millepedes.
Multiple, mi\l-t^-pl, S. 405. A term in arith-
metick, wlicn one number contains another several
times; as, nine is the multiple of three, containing
it three times.
MulTIPLIABLE, mul-tJ-plI-i-bl, a. Capable of
being multiplied.
Multipliaeleness, mul-t^-plI-^-bl-nes, s.
Capacity of being multiplied.
Multiplicable, mul-t^-ple-ki-bl, a. Capable
of being arithmetically multiplied.
Multiplicand, niul-t^-pli-k^ndj s. The number
to be multiplied in arithmetick.
Multipi.icate, mul-tip-pli-kate, a. 91. Con-
sisting of more than one.
Multiplication, mul-t^-pl^-ki-shun, s. The
act of multiplying or increasing any number by addi-
tion or production of more of the same kjnd ; in arith-
metick, the increasing of any one tiuinlier by another,
so often as there are units in that number by which the
one is increased.
MuLTiPLicATOR, mul-te-pl^-kA^tur, s. 166,
The number by which another number is multiplied.
Multiplicity, mul-t^-plis^^-t^, s. More than
one of the same kind; state of being many.
MulTIPLIC'OUS, mul-ti-plish-us, a. Manifold.
Obsolete.
Multiplier, muUt^-pU-ur, s. 98. One who
multiplies or increases the number of any thing; tlie
multiplicator in arithmetick.
To Multiply, muUti-pll, t'. a. To increase in
number ; to make more by generatien, accumulation,
or addition; to perform the process of arithmetical
multiplication.
To Multiply, muKte-pll, v. n. To grow in
number; to increase themselves.
Multipotent, mul-tip-pA-tent, a. Having
manifold power.
Multipresence, mul-t^-prez-ense,*. The power
or act of being present in more places than one at the
same time. — See Omnipresence.
MuLTisiLiQuous, mul-te-siKle-kwus, a. The
same with corniculate : used of plants whose seed is
contained in many distinct seed-vessels.
Multitude, mul-t^-tAde, s. 463. Many, more
than one; a great number, loosely and indefinitely; a
crowd or throng, the vulgar.
Multitudinous, mul-te-tu-d^-nus, a. Having
the appearance of a multitude; manifold.
MULTIVAGANT, mul-tiv^vi-g^nt, \
Multivagous, mul-tiviv^-gus, /
That wanders or strays much abroad.
MULTIVIOUS, mul-tiv^v^-us, a. Having many
ways, manifold.
Multocular, mult-Sk-ku-l4r, a. Having more
eyes than two.
Mum, mum, interj. A word denoting prohibition
tu speak ; silence, hush.
Mum, mum, S, Ale brewed with wheat.
346
To Mumble, mumibl, v. n. 405. To speak in
wardly, to grunihle, to mutter; to speak indistinctly;
to chew, to bite softly.
To Mumble, mum-bl, v. a. To utter with a low
inarticulate voice: to mouth gently ; to slubber over,
to suppress, to \itter imperfectly.
Mumbler, mum-bl-ur, S. 98. One that speaks
inarticulately, a mtitterei.
MUMBLINGLY, mum-bl-lIlg-lA, ad. With in-
articulate utterance.
To MuMM, mfim, v. a. To mask, to frolick in
disguise. Obsolete.
MuMMER, mum-mur, *. 9€. A masker, one who
performs frolicks in a personated dress.
Mummery, mum-mur-re, s. 557.. Masking,
frolick in masks, foolery.
Mummy, mum-me, *. A dead body preserved by
the Egyptian art of embalming; Mummy is used
among gardeners for a sort of wax used in tlie planting
and grafting of trees.
To Mump, mump, v. a. To nibble, to bite quick,
to chew with a continued motion; to talk low ^na
quick; in cant language, to go a begging.
Mumper, mump-ur, s. 98. A beggar.
Mumps, mumps, *, Sullenness, silent anger;
a disease.
To Munch, munsh, v. a. 352. To chew by great
mouthfuls.
MuNCHER, munsh-ur, S. 98. One that munches.
Mundane, mun-dAne, «» Belonging to the world.
Mundation, mun-da'-shun, s. Tlie act of
cleansing.
Mundatory, mun^di-tur-r^, a. Having the
power to cleanse. — For the o, see Domcsticfc, 512.
Mundick, mun-dik, *. A kind of marcasite found
in tin mines.
Mundification, mun-de-fe-ka-shun, s. Tiie act
of cleansing.
MundificaTIYE, mun-d?f-fe-ki-tiv, a. Cleans-
ing, having the power to cleanse.— See Justificative.
7b Mundify, mun-de-fi, t^. a. 185. To cleanse,
to make clean.
Mundivagant, mun-fl!v-vi-gJnt, a. 518.
Wandering through the world.
MunDUNGUS, mun-dung-gus, S. Stinking to-
bacco.
Munerary, mi-nl-ri-r^, a. 512. Having the
nature of a gift.
MuNGREL, mung-gnl, S. Qd. Any thing generated
between different kinds, any thing partaking of the
qualities of different causes or parents.
MuNGREL, mung-grll, a. Generated between dif-
ferent natures, basehorn, degenerate.
Municipal, mu-:iis-se-pil, a. Belonging to
a corporation.
Municipality, mti-ne-se-pAl-6-t^, *. The people
of a district, in the division of Republican France.
Munificence, mu-mP-fe-sense, s. Liberality, the
act of giving.
Munificent, mu-nif^fe-sent, a.
Liberal, generous.
Munificently, nvu-nif-f4-sent-li, ad.
Liberally, generously.
Muniment, mu-ne-ment, s. Fortification, strong
hold ; support, defence.
To Munite, mu-nitej v. a. To fortify, to
strengihen. A word not in use.
Munition, mia-nish-un, s. Fortification, strong
hold; ammunition, materials for war.
Munnion, mun-yun, 5. 113. Munnions are the
upright posts that divide the lights in a window-frame.
Murage, mu-ridje, $. 90. Money paid to keep
walls in repair.
Mural, mu-l4l, a. 177. Pertaining to a wall.
Murder, mur-dur, s. 98 The act of killing
a man unlawfully.
MUS MUX
nor 16T, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, this 469.
To Murder, mSr-dur, v. a. To kill a man un-
lawfully; to destroy, to put an end to.
Murderer, mur-dur-ur, s. 557. One who has
shed human blood unlawfully.
Murderess, mur'dur-es, s. A woman that com-
mits murder.
Murderment, mur-dSr-ment, s. The act of
killing unlawfully.
Murderous, mur-dur-us, a. 555. Bloody,
guilty of murder.
Mure, mure, s. A wall. Not in use.
Murenger, mu-ren-jur, J. 177. An overseer ef
a wall.
<i:y- This word is often improperly pronounced with
the n short, as if written Murrenger,
MURIATICK, mu-ri-it-tlk, a. Partaking of the
taste or nature of brine.
Murk, murk, s. Darkness, want of light.
Murky, mur-k^, a. Dark, cloudy, wanting light.
See Muggy,
Murmur, mur-mur, *. A low continued ouzzing
noise; a complaint half suppressed.
To Murmur, mur-mur, v. n. To give a low
buzzing sound j to grumble, to utter secret discontent.
Murmurer, mur-mur-rur, s. 98. One who
repines, a grumbler, a repiner.
MuRliAiN, mur-rin, s. 208. The plague in cattle.
Murrey, mur-r^, a. 270. Darkly red.
MURRION, mur-r^-un, *. 1 13. A helmet, a casque.
Muscadel, mus'-k4-d^l, \
Muscadine, mus-kA-dlne, 149. J
A kind of sweet grajJC, sweet wine, and sweet pear.
Muscat, mus-kat, *. A delicious grape having
the flavour of musk ; a kind of sweet pear.
Muscle, mus-sl, A'. 351. 405. The fleshy fibrous
part of an animal body, the immediate instrument
of motion; a bivalve sliell fish.
MUSCOSITY, mus-k6s-si-t^, S. Mossiness.
Muscular, mus-ku-lir, a. 88. Performed by
muscles.
Muscularity, mus-ki-l^rire-tl, s. The state
of having muscles.
Musculous, musiki-lus, a. 314. Full of
muscles, brawny; pertaining to a muscle.
Muse, muze, *. One of the nine sister goddesses
who, in the heathen mythology, are supposed to pre-
side over the liberal arts.
Muse, raiLZe, s. Deep thought, dose attention,
absence of mind ; the power of poetry.
To Muse, mAze, v. n. To ponder, to study in
silence; to be absent of mind; to wonder, to be
amazed.
Museful, muze-ful, a. Deep-thinking.
Muser, mu-zur, s. 98. One who muses, one apt
to be absent of mind.
Museum, miVzi-Sm, s. A repository of learned
curiosities. — See Pygmean.
Mushroom, mush-room, s. Mushrooms are, by
curious naturalists, esteemed perfect plants, though
their flowers and seeds have not as yet been discovered ;
an upstart, a wretch risen from the dunghil.
Mushroomstone, mush-room-stAne, s. A kind
of fossil.
MusiCK, mu'zik, S. 400. The science of har-
monical sound*; instrumental or vocal harmony.
Musical, mu-ze-kil, a. Harmonious, melodious,
sweet sounding; belonging to musick.
Musically, raii'-zk-kil-\e, ad. Harmoniously,
with sweet sound.
MUSICALNESS, mu'zi-kil-nes, S. Harmony.
Musician, mu-zlsh-un, *. 357. One skilled in
harmony, one who performs upon instrument's of mu-
sick.
Musk, musk, s. A very powerful perfume : it is
procured from « kind of Indian goat.
347
Musk, musk, S. Grape hyacinth, or grape-flower,
Muskapple, musk-^p-pl, s, 405. A kind of
apple. _^
MuSKCAT, musk-kat, S. The animal from wliich
musk is got.
MusKCHERRY, musk-tsher-i"^, s. A sort of
cherry.
Musket, mus-klt, *. 99. A soldier's hand-gun ;
a male hawk of a small kind.
Musketeer, mus-ke-teerj s. A soldier whose
weapon is his musket.
Musketoon, mus-ke-toon{ J. A blunderbuss,
a short gun of a large bore.
Muskiness, mus-ke-nes, s. The scent of musk,
MuskmelON, musk-mel-lun, S. A fragrant
melon.
Muskpear, musk-pAre, s. A fragrant pear.
MuSKROSE, musk-roze, S. A rose so called from
its fragrance.
Musky, mus-ki, a. Fragrant, sweet of scent.
Muslin, muz-lin, s. a fine stuff made of cotton.
Moss, mus, *. a scramble. Obsolete.
O From this, perhaps, comes the vulgar word to
Smush.
Mussitation, mus-se-ta-shuji, s. Murmur,
grumble.
Mussulman, mus-sul-m^n, s. 88. a Mahometan
believer.
Must, must, verb imperfect. To be obliged.
It is only used before a verb. Must is of all persons
and tenses, and used of persons and things.
Must, must, S, New wine, new wort.— -See
Lamb's-wool.
To Must, must, v, a. To mould, to make
mouldy.
To Must, must, v. n. To grow mouldy.
Mustaches, mus-st^'shiz, s. 99. Whiskers,
hair on the upper lip.
Mustard, mus-turd, s. 88. A plant.
To Muster, mus-tur, v. n. 98. To assemble in
order to form an army.
To Muster, mus-tur, w. a. To review forces j to
bring together.
Muster, mus-tur, s. A review of a body of
forces ; a register of forces mustered ; a collection, as
a Muster of peacocks ; to pass Muster, to be allowed.
MusTERBOOK, mus-tur-book, S. A book in
which the forces are registered.
MusTERMASTER, mus-tur-mi-stur, *. One who
superintends the muster to prevent frauds.
Muster-roll, mus-tur-role, *. A register of
forces.
MUSTILY, mus-t^-ll, ad. Mouldily.
MusTINESS, mus-te-nes, *. Mould, damp foulness.
Musty, mus-t^, a. Mouldy, spoiled with damp,
moist and fetid ; stale; vapid; dull, heavy.
Mutability, mu-tA.-bil-le-t^, J. Changeableness;
inconstancy, change of mind.
Mutable, miUi-bl, a. 405. Subject to change;
alterable; inconstant, unsettled.
Mutableness, mu-ti-bl-nes, s. Changeableness,
uncertainly.
Mutation, mu-taishun, *. Change, alteration.
Mute, mute, a, Silent, not vocal, not having the
use of voice.
Mute, mute, *. One that has no power of speech |
a letter which can make no sound.
To Mute, mute, v. n. To dung as birds.
Mutely, mute-li, ad. Silently, not vocally.
To Mutilate, mu-t^-lAte, v, a. To deprive of
some essential part.
Mutilation, mu-ti-li-shun, *. Dcprivatiou of
a limb, or any essential parU
MYR
NAM
'559. The 73, fSr 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93,~met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
MUTINK, mi-tin, *. 140. A mutineer. Not used.
Mutineer, mu-tin-neerj s. A mover of sedition.
Mutinous, mu-tin-nus, a. 314. Seditious, busy
in insurrection, turbulent.
Mutinously, mu-tin-nus-l5, ad. Seditiously,
turbulently.
Mutinousness, mu'-tin-nus-nes, s. Seditious-
ness, turbulence.
To Mutiny, mu-te-ne, v. n. To rise against
authority, to make insurrection.
Mutiny, mu-te-n^, s, insurrection, sedition.
To Mutter, mut-tur, v. n. 98, To grumble, to
murmur.
To Mutter, mut-tur, v. a. To utter with im-
perfect articulation.
Mutter, mut-tur, S. Murmur, obscure utterance.
Not used.
Mutterer, mutitur-ur, s. 555. Grumbler,
murmurer.
MuTTERiNGLY, m&t-tur-ing-l4, ad. With a low
voice; indistinctly.
Mutton, mut^tn, *. 170. The flesh of sheep
dressed for food ; a sheep, now only in ludicrous lan-
guage.
OCT- Tlie o, in this and similar terminations, is under the
same predicament as e. — See Principles, No. 103. 170.
MUTTONFIST, mut^tn-fist, s. A hand large and
red.
Mutual, mu^tshu-4l, a. 463. Reciprocal, each
acting in return or correspondence to the other.
Mutually, rau-tshu-il-lJ, ad. Reciprocally, in
return.
Mutuality, mu-tsh&-^l-le-t{, s. Reciprocation.
Muzzle, muz-zl, S. 405. The mouth of any thing ;
a fastening for the mouth which hinders to bite.
To Muzzle, muz-zl, v. n. To bring the mouth
near. Not used.
To Muzzle, muz-zl, v. a. To bind the mouth ;
to fondle with the "mouth close. A low sense.
My, ml, or mi, pron. pass. Belonging to me.
OCT" There is a puzzling diversity to foreigners in the
pronunciation of this word, and sometimes to natives,
when they read, which ought to be explained. It is cer-
tain that the pronoun my, when it is contradistinguielied
from any other possessive pronoun, and consequently
emphatical, is always pronounced with its full, open
sound, rhyming wilh^y; but when there is no such em-
phasis, it falls exactly into the sound of 7ne, the oblique
case of /. Thus, if I were to say, My pen is as bad as my
t>aper, I should necessarily pronounce my like me, as in
this sentence pen and paper are the empliatical words ;
but if I were to say. My pen is worse than youTS, here my
is in opposition to yours, and must, as it is emphatical,
be pronounced so as to rhyme with high, nigh, &c.
Mynchen, min-tslien, *. A nun.
Myography, mi-ug'-gri-^, s. 116. 187. 518.
A description of the muscles.
Myology, ml-SKl6-je, s. 116. 187. The de-
scription and doctrine of the mujcles.
Myopes, mUi-piZ, S. Short-sighted person*.
0C7- Singular Myops. From this word comes the En-
glish verb, to mope, and the substantive a mope,
MyOPY, ml-6-pJ, *. Shortness of sight.
Myriad, mir-r^-Jd, *. The number often thou-
sand; proverbially, any great number.
OCJ" It may not, perhaps, be unworthy of observation,
that y, in this and the following words, is under the
same predicament as i ; if followed by r and a vowel, it
is short i; if by r and a cnnsonant, it becomes short e,
which is the cause of the difference in the first syllable
of myriad and myrmidon. — See Principles, No. 108, log.
Myrmidon, mer-in4-dun, s. 166. Any rude
ruffian, so named from the soldiers of Achilles.
Myrobalan, mh-r^h'A-l^n, or m\-rt)h-k-\&n, s.
137. A kind of dried fruit resembling dates.
Myrgpolist, m^-r&p-pi-list, or ml-r5p-i-list,
s. 187. 518. One who sells unguents.
Myrrh, mer, s. 108, 109. A precious kind of
eum.
348
Myrrhine, mer^rin, a. 140. Belonging to
myrrh ; made of the myrrhine stone.
Myrtiform, mer-te-form, a. Having the shape
of a myrtle.
Myrtle, mer'-tl, s. 108, 109. 405. A fragrant
tree.
Myself, me-selfj s. An emphatical word added
to I ; as, I myself do it ; that is, not I by proxy, not
another.
Mystagogue, mis-t4-g8g, s. 338. One who
interprets divine mysteries ; also one who keeps church
relicks, and shows them to strangers.
Mysteriarch, mis-ti^r^-ark, s. One presiding
over mysteries.
Mysterious, mis-t^iri-us, a. Inaccessible to the
understanding, awfully obscure ; artfully perplexed.
Mysteriously, mis-te-r^-us-le, ad. In a manner
above understanding; obscurely, enigmatically.
Mysteriousness, mis-te-re-us-nes, s. Holy
obscurity ; artful difficulty or perplexity.
To Mysterize, mis-t^-rlze, v, a. To explain as
enigmas.
Mystery, mis-t^-re, S, Something above human
intelligence, something awfully obscure; an enigma,
any thing artfully made difficult ; a trade, a calling.
Mystical, misk^-k^l, 88.1
Mystick, mis-tik, J
Sacredly obscure ; involving some secret meaning, em-
blematical ; obscure, secret.
Mystically, mis-t^-k^l-1^, ad. In a manner,
or by an act, implying some secret meaning.
Mysticalness, mis-t^-kil-nes, *. Involution of
some secret meaning.
Mythological, mi<A-6-l5d-.je-k4l, a. Relating
to the explication of fabulous history.
Mythologically, mi^//-i-l5d-je-kal-l^, ad.
187. In a manner suitable to the system of fables.
Mythologist, m^-i/iSl-lo-jist, 5. 187. Arelater
or expositor of the ancient fables of the heathens.
To Mythologize, mk-thfA'-lb-j\ze, v. n. To
relate or explain the fabulous history of the heathens.
Mythology, rae-</i6l-l6-je, *. 187. 518.
System of fables.
N.
1 o Nab, nab, v, n. To catch unexpectedly. A low.
word.
Nadir, ni^dur, s. 418. The point under foot
directly opposite to the zenith.
Nag, n4g, S, A small horse j a liorse in familiar
language.
Naiades, nky'-t-dlz, s. The Latin plural of
Naiad, nay-ad, s. A water-nymph.
OC?" The English plural of which is Naiads.
Nail, nk\e, s. 202. The homy substance at the
ends of the fingers and toes ; the talons of birds and
beasts ; a spike of metal by which things are fastened
together; a stud, a boss; a kind of measure, two
inches and a quarter; on the Nail, readily, imme-
diately, without delay.
To Nail, nile, v. a. To fasten with nails ; to
stud with nails.
Nailer, ni-lur, *. 98. A nail maker.
Naked, ni'-kld, a. 99- Wanting clothes, un-
covered ; unarmed, defenceless ; plain, evident ; mere,
simple.
Nakedly, na-kid-le, ad. Without covering j
simply, merely; evidently.
Nakedness, nA-kul-nes, *. Nudity, want of
covering; want of provision for defence; plainness,
evidence.
Name, name, S, The discriminative appcllatiop o.
NAT
NAU
n5r 167, n6t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 8il 299— pound 313— Min 466, Tiiis 469.
an individual ; the term by which any species is dis-
tinguished ; person; reputation, character; renown;
power delegated j an opprobrious appellation.
Nameless, name-les, a. Not distinguished by
any discriminative appellation ; one of which the
name is not known ; not famous.
Namely, nime'l^, ad. Particularly, specially.
Namer, nA-mur, S. 98. One who calls any by
name.
Namesake, nime-slke, s. One that has the
same name with another.
Nap, nAp, S. Slumber, a short sleep j down, villous
substance.
To NaH, nip, V. n. To, sleep, to be drowsy or
secure.
Nape, nipe, s. The joint of the neck behind.
Naphtha, nip-Mi, s. Q^. A kind of bitumen.
See Ophthalmy.
Nappiness, nipipi-nes, s. The quality of having
a nap.
Napkin, nlp-kin, s. A cloth used at table to wipe
the hands ; a handkerchief.
Napless, nip-les, a. Wanting nap, thread-bare.
Nappy, nIp-pJ, a. Frothy, spumy.
Narcissus, nar-sis-sus, *. 81. A daffodil.
Narcotick, nar-kit-tik, a. 509. Producing
torpor, or stupefaction.
Nard, nard, s. Spikenard j an odorous shrub.
NaRE, nire, S. A nostril. Not in use.
Narrable, nir-rl-bl, a. 81. 405. Capable to
be told.
To Narrate, nlr^rite, v. a. 91. To relate, to
tell.
(t> Dr. Johnson says this word is only used in Scot-
land ; but as it is regularly derived from the Latin narro,
and has a specifick meaning to distinguish it from every
other word, it ought to be considered as a necessary part
of the language. To teli seems to imply communication
in the most general sense ; as, to tell a story, to tell a se-
cret, &c. To relate, is to tell at some length, and in
some order, as to relate the particulars of a transactio7i :
but to narrate seems to relate a transaction in order, from
beginning to end ; which often becomes Insipid and tire-
lome. Hence the beauty of Pope's narrative old age :
*' The poor, the rich, the valiant, and the sage,
" And boasting youth, and narrative old age.'^
Narration, nlr-rl'-shun, s. Account, relation,
history.
Narrative, nJr-rJ-tiv, a. 512. Relating, giving
an account; story-telling, apt to relate things past.
Narrative, nlr-ra-tiv, s. A relation, an account.
Narratively, nlr^rl-tiv-1^, ad. By way of
relation.
Narrator, nir-ri-tur, s. 166. A teller,
a relater.
To Narrify, nlr-re-fi, v. a. To relate, to give
account of.
Narrow, nir-ro, a. 327. Not broad or wide ;
small; avaricious; contracted, ungenerous; close, vi-
gilant, attentive.
To Narrow, nir-ri, v. a. To diminish with
respect to breadth ; to.contract; to confine, to limit.
Narrowly, nlrir6-l^, ad. With little breadth ;
contractedly, without extent; closely, vigilantly;
nearly, within a little ; avariciously, sparingly.
Narrowness, nir-ro-nes, s. Want of breadth ;
want of comprehension; confined state; poverty;
want of cipacity.
Nasal, nA-zIl, a. 88. Belonging to the nose.
Nasty, nls^t^, a. 79. Dirty, filthy, sordid,
nau&eous ; obscene.
Vasti LY, nls-te-li, ad. Dirtily, filthily, nauseously ;
obscenely, grossly.
NaSTINESS, nis'-ti-nes, *. Dirt, filth ; obscenity,
grossness of ideas.
Natal, na'-tll, a. 88. Native, relating to nativity.
Natation nl-td-shon, *. The act of swimming.
349
Nathless, nith'-lh, ad. Nevertheless. Obsolete,
Nathmore, nl^-mdre, ad. Never the more.
Obsolete.
Nation, na-shun, s. A people distinguished from
another people.
National, nlsh^un-ll, a. 88. 535. Publick,
general ; bigoted to one's own country.
Nationally, nlshiun-ll-le, ad. With regard ta
the nation.
Nationalness, nishiun-li-nes, s. Reference t«
the people in general.
Native, nl-tiv, a. Produced by nature, not
artificial; natural, such as is according to nature;
conferred by biith; pertaining to the time or place of
birth, original.
Native, nA-tiv, s. 157. One born in any place,
original inhabitant ; offspring.
NaTIVENESS, na-tiv-nes, s. State of being pro-
duced by nature.
Nativity, nl-tiv-ve-te, s. Birth, issue into life ,
state or place of being produced.
Natural, nlt^tshu-ral, a. 461. Produced or
effected by nature; illegitimate: bestowed by nature;
not forced, not far fetched, dictated by nature ; ten-
der, affectionate by nature ; unaffected, according to
truth and reality; opposed to violent, as, a Natural
death.
Natural, nit-tshu-rll, s. An idiot, a foolj
native, original inhabitant ; gift of nature, quality.
Naturalist, nit-tshu-rll-ist, s. A student in
physicks.
Naturalization, nlt-t-shu-rll-^-zi-shun, s.
The act of investing aliens with the privileges of na-
tive subjects.
To Naturalize, nltitshfi-rll-lze, v. a. To
invest with the privileges of native subjects; to make
easy like things natural.
Naturally, nlt-tsbu-rll-l4, ad. According to
unassisted nature; without affectation ; spontaneously.
Naturalness, nlt^tshu-rll-nes, s. The state of
•being given or produced by nature; conformity to
truth and reality ; not affectation.
Nature, nA-tshure, S. 293. An imaginary being
supposed to preside over the material and animal world;
the native state or properties of any thing; the con-
stitution of an animated body; disposition of mind ;
the regular course of things; the compass of natural
existence ; natural affection, or reverence ; the stale
or operation of the material world ; sort, species.
tty- There is a vulgar pronunciation of this word as if
written na-ter, which cannot be too carefully avoided.
Some critics have contended, that it ought to be pro-
nounced as if written nate-ptre ; but this pronunciation
comes so near to that here adopted, as scarcely to be dis-
tinguishable from it. T before y, which is the letter
long u begins with, 8, approaches so near to sh, as, in
the absence of accent, naturally to fall Into it, in the
same manner as s becomes z/i in leisure, pleasure, &c.
The sibilation and aspiration of t in this and similar
words, provided they are not too coarsely pronounced,
are so far from being a deformity in our language, by in-
creasing the number of hissing sounds, as some have in-
sinuated, that they are a real beauty ; and, by a certain
coalescence and flow of sound, contribute greatly to the
smoothness and volubility of pronunciation.— See Prin-
ciples, No. 469, 460, 461, &c.
Naval, nA-vil, a. Consisting of ships; belonging
to ships.
Nave, nAve, *. The middle part of the wheel in
which the axle moves; the middle part of the church,
distinct from the aisles or wings.
Navel, na-vl, *. 102. The point in the middle of
the belly, by which embryos commun.cate with tli«
parent ;" the middle ; the interiour part.
Navelgall, ni-vl-gall, S. Navelgall is a bruise
on the top of the chine of the back, behind the sad-
dle, right against the navel.
Navelwort, na-vl-wurt, s. An herb.
Naught, iiawt, a. 213. 393. Bad, corrupt,
worthless.
Naught, nawt, s. Nothing. This is commonly,
though ifliproperly, written Nought.
ISEC
NEE
KS> 559. Fke 73, fSr77, fall 83, fAt 81— m493, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164.
Naughtily, naw^te-l^, ad. Wickedly, corruptly.
Naughtiness, naw^te-nes, s. Wickedness,
badness.
Naughty, niw-t^, a. Bad, wicked, corrupt.
Navigable, nivive-gi-bl, a. Capable of being
passed by ships or boats.
Navigableness, nivivl-g4-bl-nes, s. Capacity
to be passed in vessels.
To Navigate, niv^v^-gate, v. n. To sail, to pass
by water.
To Navigate, lAv'-vk-gkte, v. a. To pass by
ships or boats. '
Navigation, n4v-v^-gi-sbun, *. The act or
practice of passing by water; vessels of navigation.
Navigator, niv-v^-ga-tur, s. 521. Sailor,
seaman.
Naumachy, naw^m^-k^, s. 353. A mock sea-
fight.
To Nauseate, naw-shJ-ite, v. n. 450. 542.
To grow squeamish, to turn away with disgust.
To Nauseate, naw^sh^-ite, v. a. To loathe, to
reject with disgust ; to strike witii disgust.
Nauseous, naw-shus, a. 450. L«atiisome, dis-
gustful.
Nauseously, navvishus-l4, ad. Loathsomely,
disgustfully.
Nauseousness, naw-shus-nes, *. Loathsomeness,
quality of raising disgust.
Nautical, naw-te-kJl, \
Nautick, naw'-tik, glS./**'
Pertaining to sailors.
Nautilus, naw-te-lus, s. A shell-fish furnished
with som«thing analogous to oars and a sail.
Navy, nk-\^, S. An assembly of ships, a fleet.
Nay, na, ad. No, an adyerb of negation j not only
so, but more.
NaVWORD, ni-wurd, S. The saying nay ; a pro-
verbial reproach, a by-word.
Ne, lie, ad. Neither, and not. Obsolete.
Neaf, nefe, *. 227. A fist. Obsolete.
To Neal, nele, v. a. 227. To temper by
a gradual and regular heat.
Neap, lltpe, a. 227. Low, decrescent. Used only
of the tide.
Near, ntre, prep. 227- At no greater distance
from, close tn, nigh.
Near, nere, ad. Almost ; at hand, not far off.
Near, nere, a. Not distant, advanced towards the
end of an enterprise or disquisition ; close; intimate;
affecting, dear; parsimonious.
Nearly, nere^li, ad. At no great distance;
closely ; in a niggardly manner.
Nearness, nere-lles, *. Closeness ; alliance of
blood or affection ; tendency to avarice.
Neat, n^te, S. 227. Black cattle, oxen ; a cow
or ox.
Neat, nete, a. Elegant, but without dignity;
cleanly ; pure, unadulterated.
Neatherd, nite-herd, s. A cow-keeper, one who
has the care of black cattle.
Neatly, neteU^, ad. Elegantly, but without
dignity; sprucely; cleanlily. .
Neatness, nete-nes, *. Spmeeness, elegance
without dignity ; cleanliness.
Neb, neb, S. Nose, beak, mouth. Retained in the
noilli. In Scotland, the bill of a bird.
Nebula, neb^bu-la, s. 92. It u applied to
appearances like a cloud in the human body, as to films
upon the eyes.
Nebulous, neb-bu-lus, a. Misty, cloudy.
Necessaries, nes'-ses-ser-riz, s. 99. Things
not only convenient but needful.
Necessarily, nes-ses-ser-r^-l^, ad. Indis-
pensably ; by inevitable consequence.
350
Necessariness, nes-ses-ser-r^-nes, s. The state
of being necessary.
Necessary, nes^ses-ser-r^, a. Needful, indi»»
pensably requisite ; not free, impelled by fate; con-
clusive, decisive by inevitable consequence.
To Necessitate, n^-ses-se-tAte, v. a. To make
necessary, not to leave free.
Necessitation, n^-ses-sc-ta-shun, *. The act of
making necessary, fatal compulsion.
Necessitated, n^-ses^se-ta-ted, a. In a state
of want.
Necessitous, ni-ses-s^-tus, a. Pressed with
poverty.
NecESSITOUSNESS, n^-Ses's^-tuS-neS, *. Poverty
want, need.
Necessitude, ne-ses-S^-tude, s. Want, need.
Necessity, n^-SeS-S^-te, S. Compulsion, fatality;
indispensableness ; want, need, poverty; things ne-
cessary for human life; cogency of argument, inevi-
table consequence.
Neck, nek, *. The part between the head and
body ; a long narrow part; on the neck, immediately
after ; to break the Neck of an affair, to hinder any
thing being done, or to do more than half.
Neckbeef, nek^beef, s. The coarse flesh of the
neck of cattle.
Neckcloth, nek'-Hlttfi, s. That which men
wear on the neck.
Necklace, nek^lase, *. An ornamental string of
beads, or precious stones, worn by women on the
neck.
Necromancer, nek-kr6-mJn-sur, *. An en-
chanter, a conjurer ; one who by charms can converse ,
with the ghosts of the dead.
Necromancy, nek^kri-msln-s^, s. 519. The
art of revsaling future events, by communication with
the dead; enchantment, conjuration.
Nectar, nek^tur, s. 88. The supposed drink of
the heathen god-.
Nectared, nek-turd, a. 88. Tinged with
nectar.
Nectareous, nek-ti-r4-us, a. Resembling nectar,
sweet as nectar.
Nectarine, nekiter-rin, a, 150. Sweet as
nectar.
Nectarine, nek-ter-in, *. 150. A fruit of the
plum kind. This fruit differs from a peach in having
a smooth rind and the flesh firmer.
Need, n^^d, S, 246. Exigency, pressing difficulty,
necessity ; want, distressful poverty ; lack of any thing
for use.
To Need, need, v. a. To want, to lack.
To Need, need, v. n. To be wanted, to be
necessary, to have necessity of any thing.
Needer, need-ur, *. 98. One that wants any
thing.
Needful, need-ful, a. Necessary, indispensably
requisite.
Needfully, nh^d-iii\-\i, ad. Necessarily.
Needfulness, need-ftjl-nes, s. Necessity.
NeedilY, need-de-1^, ad. In poverty, poorly.
NeeDINESS, need-de-neS, *. Want, poverty.
Needle, nee-dl, *. 405. A small mstrument
pointed at one end to pierce cloth, and perf'uiated at
the other to receive the thread; the small steel bar
which, in the mariner's compass, stands regularly
north and south.
Needlefish, nee-dl-fish, *. A kind of sea fish.
Needle-full, nee-dl-fiil, s. As much thread as
is generally put at one time in the needle.
Needlemaker, n^^-dl-ma-kur, s. He who
makes needles.
Needlework, nee^dl-wSrk, *. The business of
a seamstress ; embroidery by the needle.
Needlessly, nu^d-ies-Ie, ad. Unnectssariiy
without need
JNEl
NEU
nor 167, nftt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sil 299— pSund 313— /Ain 466, this 469.
NeedleSSNESS, neld'les-nes, s. Unnecpssariness.
Needless, need-les, a. Unnecessary, no requisite.
Needment, neM'-ment, *. Something necessary.
Obsolete.
Needs, nkhdz, ad. Necessarily, by compulsion,
indispensably.
Needy, nee-dl, a. Poor, necessitous.
Ne'er, nare, a<?. 97. 247. A poetical contraction
for Never,
To Neese, n^ze, v. n. To sneeze. Obsolete,
Nef, lief, s. The body of a church.
Nefarious, n^-fa'-r^-us, a. Wicl:ed, abominable.
Negation, ne-ffaishuii, s. Denial, the contrary
to affirmation ; description by negative.
Negative, neg'-gX-tiv, a. 157. Denying, contrary
to affirmative; iiii|>4ying only the absence of some-
thing; having the power to Withhold, though not to
compel.
Negative, negigi-tive, s. A proposition by
which sonietliing is denied; a particle of denial, as.
Not.
Negatively, neg-gJ-tiv-le, ad. With denial,
in the form of denial, not affirmatively; in form of
speech, implying the absence of something.
7'o Neglect, neg-lektj v. a. To omit by
carelessness; to treat with scornful heedlessness j to
postpone.
Neglect, neg-lektj S. Instance of inattention ;
careless treatment ; negligence, frequency of neglect ;
state of being unregarded.
Neglecter, neg-lekt^tur, s. 98. One who
neglects.
Neglectful, neg-lekt-ful, a. Heedless, careless,
inattentive ; treating with indiSerence.
Neglection, neg-lekishun, s. The state of
being negligent.
Neglectfully, neg-lekt'-ful-l^, ad. With
heedless Inatientinn.
Neglective, neg-lekitiv, a. 512. Inattentive
to, or regardless of.
Negligence, negil^-jense, *. Habit of omitting
by heedlessness, or of acting carelessly.
Negligent, neg^le-jent, a. Careless, heedless,
habitually inattentive.
Negligently, neg^le-jent-lJ, ad. Carelessly,
heedlessly, without exactness.
To Negotiate, n^-go-she-^te, v, n, 542. To
have intercourse of business, to traffick, to treat.
Negotiation, ne-go-sh^-aishun, *. Treaty of
business.
Negotiator, n^-go-she-i-tur, s. 521. One
employed to treat with others.
Negotiating, n^-go-shi-a-ting, a. 410.
Employed in negotiation.
Negro, n^-gro, *. A blackmoor.
0:5- Some speakers, but those of the very lowest order,
pronounce tins word as if written ne-gur.
To Neigh, ni, v. n, 249. To utter the voice of
a horse.
Neigh, ni, s. The voi«e of a horse.
Neighbour, niibur, *. 249. One who lives near
to another; one who lives in familiarity with another ;
any thing next or near; intimate, confidant; in divi-
nity, one partaking of the same nature, and therefore
entitled to good offices.
ft:?- For what I apprehend to be the genuine sound of
the diphthong in the first syllable of this word, see
Eight,
To Neighbour, ni'-bur, v, a, 249. To adjoin
to, to confine on. Little used.
Neigh nouRHooD, nAib?ir-hud, s. Place adjoin-
ioR ; stale of being near each other; those that live
within reach of easy communication.
Neighbourly, na'-bur-l4, a. 249. Becoming
a neighbour, kind, civil.
Neighbourly, nd^bur-1^, ad. With social
civility.
Sol
Neither, nl^THur, conj. 252. Not either.
A particle used in the first branch of a negative sen-
tence, and answered by Nor; as. Fight Neither with
small Nur great. It is sometimes the second branch
of a negative or prohibition to any sentence; as. Ye
shall not eat of it. Neither shall ye touch it.
Neither, n^^THur, pron, 98. Not either, nor
one nor other.
Neophyte, neio-fite, s, 156. One regenerated,
a convert,
Neoterick, ne-A-ter-nk, a. 509. Modem,
novel, late.
Nepenthe, ne-pen'-tJik, s, A drug that drives
away all pains.
Nepenthe, nh-pen'-thh, \
Nepenthes, ne-pen-^/t^z, J
A drug which drives away pain ; a powerful anodyne ;
a medicine to assuage grief. In botany, the name of
a plant.
Nephew, nev-vu, S. The son of a brother or sister.
NepHRITICK, ne-fnt-tlk, a. 509. Belonging to
the organs of urine; troubled with the stone; good
against the stone.
Nepotism, nep^o-tizm, s, 503. Fondness for
nephews.
(O- I have differed from a'l our orthHepists in the pro-
nunciation of this word, by making the first syllable
short; not because this e is short in the Latin Nepus,
but because the antepenultimate accent of our own lan-
guage, when not followed by a diphthong, naturally
shortens the vowel it falls upon, b3i.
Nerve, nerv, s. The nerves are the organs of
sensation passing from the brain to all parts of the
body ; it is used by the poets for sinew or tendon.
Nerveless, nerv-les, a. Without strength.
Nervous, iier-vus, a. 314. Well strung, strong,
vigorous; relating to the nerves ; having weak or dis-
eased nerves.
Nervy, ner-ve, a. Strong, vigorous.
Nescience, nesh-e-ense, *. 510. Ignorance, the
state of not knowing.
Nest, nest, S, The bed formed by the bird for in-
cubation ; anyplace where insects are produced; an
abode, place of residence, in contempt ; boxes of
drawers, little conveniences.
To Nest, nest, v. n. To build nests.
Nestegg, nest-eg, *. An egg left in the nest to
keep the hen from forsaking it.
** Books and money laiil for shew,
*' Like nest-eggi to make clients lay." Hudibnu
To Nestle, nes^sl, v. n. 472. To settle, to lie
close and snug.
To Nestle, nes-sl, v, a, 359. To house, as in
a nest ; to cherish, as a bird her young.
Nestling, nest^ling, *,
nest.
Net, net, s.
or meshes.
Nether, neTH-ur, «. 98. Lower, not uppers
being in a lower place; infernal, belonging to the re
gions below.
Nethermost, neTH-ur-most, *. Lowest.
Nettle, net-tl, s. 405. A stinging herb well
known.
To Nettle, net-tJ, v, a. To sting, to irritate.
Network, net^wurk, S. Any thing resembling
the work of a net.
Never, nev^ur, ad, 98. At no time; in no
degree. It is much used in composition ; as. Never-
ending, having no end.
Nevertheless, nev-ur-THe-lesJ ad. Notwith-
standing that.
Neurology, nu-roKlo-j^, s. 518. A description
of the nerves.
Neurotomy, ni-r8tit6-ni^, *. 518. Theanaiomj,
of the nerves.
A bird taken out of the
A texture woven with large interstices
NIC
NIG
^>S59. The 73, far 77, fill 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Neuter, nu-tur, a. 98. 264. Indifferent, not
engaged on either side; in grammar, a noun that im-
plies no sex.
Neuter, nu-tur, *. One indifferent and unengaged.
Neutral, nu-trHl, a. indifferent, not engaged on
either side; neither good nor bad; neither acid nor
alkaline.
Neutral, nu^tr^l, s. One who does not act nor
engage on either side.
Neutrality, nu-tril-^-tl, *. a state of indif-
ference, of neither friendship nor hostility ; a state
between good and evil.
Neutrally, nu-tntl-le, ad. indifferently.
New, nu, a, 265. Fresh ; modem ; having the
effect of novelty ; not habituated ; renovated, repaired
so as to recover the first state; fresh after any thing ;
not of ancient extraction.
New, nu, ad. This is used in composition for
Newly.
Newfangled, nu-fingigld, a. 405. 359.
Formed v»ith vain or foolish love of novelty.
New FANG LEDNESS, nu-Mng-gld-nes, s. Vain
and foolisli love of novelty.
Newel, nu-ll, s. 99. The compass round which
the staircase is carried.
Newly, nu-ll, ad. Freshly, lately.
Newness, nu-nes, s. Freshness, novelty, state of
being new.
News, nuze, s. Fresh account of any thing ;
papers which give an account of the transactions of
the present times.
Newsmonger, nuze-mung-gur, s. One whose
employment it is to hear and to tell news.
Newt, nute, S. Eft, small lizard.
New-year's-gift, nu-ylrz-gift, s. Present made
on the first day of the year.
N EXT, nekst, a. Nearest in place j nearest in any
gradation.
Next, nekst, ad. At the time or turn immediately
succeeding.
Nib, nib, s. The bill or beak of a bird ; the point
of a pen.
Nibbed, nibbd, a. 359. Having a nib.
To Nibble, nibJ-bl, v. a. 405. To bite by little
at a time, to eat slowly ; to bite as a fish does the bait.
To Nibble, nib^bl, v. n. To bite at ; to carp at,
to find fault with.
NiBBLER, mb'-bl-ur, s. 98. One that bites by
little at a time.
Nice, nise, a. Accurate in judgment to minute
exactness. It is often used to express a culpable de-
licacy. Scrupulously and minutely cautious ; easily
injured, delicate; formed with minute exactness ; re-
fined.
Nicely, nlse'-ll, ad. Accurately, minutely,
scrupulously; delicately.
NlCENESS, nise-nes, *. Accuracy, minute exact-
ness ; superfluous delicacy or exactness.
Nicety, ni-se-tl, *. Minute accuracy ; accurate
performance; minute observation; subtilty; delicate
management, cautious treatment; effeminate soft-
ness; Niceties, in the plural, dainties or delicacies in
eating.
Sr?" In this word of our own composition from nice,
we have unaccountably run into the pronunciation of the
mute e. This word we always hear [ironounced in three
syllables, tluiuglisq/eli/, ninety, and surety, are ever heard
in two. This is a proof how much mere similitude of
sound often operates in fixing pronunciation : the termi-
nation ty, being almost always preceded by eor i in words
ef Latin or French formation, where these vowels form
distinct syllable, asvarieiy, gayety, anxiety, society, &c.
Words of mere English formation that approach to them
are thus carried into the same pronunciation by bare
likeness of sound only.
Niche, intsh, s. 352. A hollow in which a statue
* may be placed.
Nick, nik, s. Exact point of time at which there
352
is necessity or convenience; a notch cut in any tiling;
a score, a reckoning; a winning throw.
To Nick, nik, v. a. To hit, to touch luckily, to
perform by some slight artifice; to cut in nicks or
notches; to suit, as tallies cut in Nicks; to defeat or
cozen.
Nickname, nik^nime, s. A name given in scc4
or contempt.
To Nickname, nik-name| v. a. To call by an
opprobrious appellation.
NiDE, Hide, S. A brood, as, a Nide of pheasants.
NiDiFiCATiON, nid-l-fe-ki-shun, s. The act of
building nests.
Nidulation, nid-ju-la^shun, s. 293. The time
of remaining in the nest.
Niece, nelse, S. The daughter of a brother or
sister.
Niggard, nig-gurd, *. 88. A miser, a cur-
mudgeon.
Niggard, nigigurd, a. Sordid, avaricious, par-
simonious.
To Niggard, nig^urd, v. a. To stint.
Niggardish, nig-gurd-ish, a. Having some
disposition to avarice.
Niggardliness, nigigurd-ll-nes, s. Avarice,
sordid parsimony.
Niggardly, nig-gurd-le, a. Avaricious, sordidly
parsimonious.
NiGGARDNESS, nig-gufd-nes, s. Avarice, sordid
parsimony.
Nigh, ni, prep. 390. At no great distance from.
Nigh, ni, ad. Not at a great distance , to a place
near.
Nigh, nl, a. Near, not distant; allied closely by
blood. Not used now, the adjective Near being sub-
stituted in its place.
Nighly, nl-ll, ad. Nearly, within a little.
NiGHNESS, nl-lies, S. Nearness, proximity.
Night, nite, j. 391. The time of darkness ; the
time from sun-set to sun-rise.
Nightbrawler, nite^brawl-ur, *. One who
raises disturbances in the night.
Nightcap, nite^k^p, s. A cap worn in bed, or in
undress.
NiGHTCROW, nlte-krS, S. A bird that cries in
the night.
NlGHTDEW, nlte-dij, S. Dew that wets the ground
in the night.
NiGHTDOG, nlte^dSg, S. A dog that hunts in the
night.
Nightdress, nite'dres, s. The dress worn at
night.
NiGHTED, nite-ed, a. Darkened, clouded, black.
NigHTFARING, nkeifd-ring, a. Travelling in the
night.
NiGHTFIRE, nlteiflre, S. Ignis fatuus : Will-a-
wisp.
Nightfly, nlte-fll, S. Moth that flies in the
night.
Nightfoundered, nite-foun-durd, s. Lost or
distressed in the night.
Nightgown, nlte-goun, n. A loose gown used
for an undress.
Nighthag, nlte^hlg, s. Witch supported to
wander in the night.
Nightingale, nlte-in-gAle, s. A small bird ih?t
sings in the night with remarkable melody, Philomel
a word of endearment.
Nightly, niteMe, ad. By night; every night.
Nightly, nite-le, a. Done by night, acting bj
night.
Nightman, nlte-m^n, s. 88. One who carries
away ordure in the night.
Nightmare, nlte-mare, s, A morbid oppression
NIT
NOG
nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il 299— pound 313— if/tin 466, this 469.
in the night, resembling the pressure of weight upon
the breast.
NiGHTPIECE, nlte-p^ese, *. A picture so coloured
as to be supposed seen by candle-light.
NiGiiTRAiL, nlte^rile, s. A loose cover thrown
overthe dress at night.
NlGHTRAVEN, Illte-ra-vn, S. 103. A bird, sup-
posed of ill omen, that cries aloud in the night.
NiGHTRULE, nite-rule, s. A tumult in the night.
Not used.
Nightshade, nlte-shade, s. A plant of two
kinds, common and deadly night-shade.
NiGHTSHINING, nlte-shl-nln^, a. Showing bright-
ness in the night.
NiGHTWALK, nlte'-wak, s. Walk in the night.
NiGHTWALKER, nlte^walc-ur, s. One who roves
in the night upon ill dusigns.
NiGHTWARBLiNG, nite-waribling, a. Singing in
the night.
NiGHTWARD, niteiward, a. 88. Approaching
towards night.
NlGHTWATCH, Illte^wStsh, S. A period of the
night as distinguished by change of the watch.
Nigrescent, nl-gres^sent, a. 130. 510.
Growing black.
NiGRiFiCATioN, lug-re-fe-kAishun, s. 130.
The act of making black.
To NiLL, ml, V. a. Not to will, to refuse. Obsolete.
To NiM, mm, v. a. To steal. A low word.
Nimble, mm-bl, a. 405. Quick, active, ready,
speedy, lively, expeditious.
NimbleNESS, nim-bl-nes, S. Quickness, activity,
speed.
Nimblewitted, nlmibl-wit-ted, a. Quick,
eager to speak.
Nimbly, nim^ble, ad. Quickly, speedily, actively.
Nimmer, mm-mur, s. 98. A thief, a pilferer.
A low word.
Nincompoop, mngikum-poop, s. A fool, a trifler.
A low word.
Nine, nine, s. One more than eight.
Ninefold, nine-fold, a. Nine times.
Ninepins, nlne-pinz, s. A play where nine pieces
of wood are set up on the ground to be thrown down by
a bowl. — See Loggats.
Ninescore, nlne-skore, a. Nine times twenty.
Nineteen, nlne-teen, a. Nine and ten.
Nineteenth, nlne^teen^A, a. The ordinal of
nineteen, the ninth after the tenth.
Ninety, nlne^te, a. Nine times ten. — See Nicety.
Ninth, nln^A, a. Next in order to the eighth.
Ninetieth, nine'-t^-i</«, a. 279. dd. The tenth
nine times told.
Ninny, nin'ne, s. A fool, a simpleton.
Ninnyhammer, ninin^-h4m-mur, s.
A simpleton.
T'o Nip, nip, v. a. To pinch off with the nails, to
bite with the teeth; to cutoff by any slight means ; to
blast, to destroy before full gruwth ; to pinch as frost;
to vex, to bite; to taunt sarcastically.
Nip, nip, s. a pinch with the nails or teeth; a small
cut; a blast; a taunt, a sarcasm.
Nipper, nip^pur, s. 98. A satirist. Not in use.
Nippers, nipipurz, s. Small pincers.
NippiNGLY, nip^ping-1^, ad. With bitter sarcasm.
Nipple, nip'-pl, s. 405. The teat, the dug J the
orifice at which any animal liquor is separated.
Nipplewort, n?p'-pl-wurt, s. A very common
weed.
NiSI-PRIUS, nUs^-prUus, s. in law, a judicial
writ.
Nir, nit, s. The egg of a louse,
353
Not any, none ; No one, none, not any
To make
Nitency, nl'-ten-S^, s. Lustre, clear brightness j
endeavour, spring. Not in use.
Nitid, nit-tid, a. 544 Bright, shining, lustrous.
Nitre, nUtur, s. 416. Saltpetre.
Nitrogen, nl-tro-jen, s. The quality of generat-
ing nitre. — See Oxygen.
Nitrous, ni-trus, a. 314. \' Impregnated with
nitre.
NiTRY, nUtre, a. Nitrous.
Nitty, nit^te, a. Abounding with the eggs of lice.
Niveous, niv^^-us, a. 314. Snowy.
NlZY, nl-ze, s. A dunce, a simpleton.
No, no, ad. The word of refusal ; the word of
denial. It sometimes strengthens a following nega-
tive : No not, not even.
No, no, a
one.
To NoBiLiTATE, no-biKle-tate, v. a
noble.
Nobility, nS-blUle-t^,' s. Antiquity of family
joined with splendour; rank or dignity of several de-
grees, conferred by sovereigns ; the peisons of high
rank ; dignity, grandeur, greatness.
Noble, noibl, a. 405. Of an ancient and splendid
family ; exalted to a rank above commonalty; great,
worthy, illustrious ; exalted, elevated, sublime ; mag-
nificent, stately; free, generous, liberal; principal,
capital ; a?, the heart is one of the Noble parts.
Noble, no^bl, s. One of high rank ; a coin rated
at six shillings and eight-pence.
Nobleman, no-bl-min, s. 88. One who is
ennobled.
Nobleness, no-bl-nes, s. Greatness, worth,
dignity, magnanimity; splendour of descent.
NoBLESS, no-bles,' s. Nobility J dignity, great-
nessj noblemen collectively.
Nobly, no^bl^, ad. Of antient and splendid ex-
traction ; greatly, illustriously ; grandly, splendidly.
Nobody, no'-bSd-^, S. No one, not any one.
NOCENT, no^sent, a. Guilty, criminal; hurtful,
mischievous.
NoCK, nftk, S. A slit, a nick, a notch; the funda-
ment. Not in use.
Noctidial, n&k-tid^y;tl, or n5k-tid^j5-4l, a.
294. 376. Comprising a night and a day.
NocTiFEROUS, n8k-tiWer-us, a. 518. Bringing
night.
Noctivagant, nSk-tiviyJ-g^nt, a. Wandering
in the night.
Noctuary, nftk-tshu-a-re, *. 461. An account
of what passes by night.
NocTURN, nSk^turn, s. An office of devotion
performed in the night.
Nocturnal, nftk-tur-n^l, a. 88. Nightly.
Nocturnal, nftk-tur-n^l, s. An instrument by
which observations are made in the night.
To Nod, n8d, v. a. To decline the head with
a quick motion ; to pay a slight bow ; to bend down-
wards with quick motion ; to be drowsy.
Nod, nod, s. A quick declination of the head ;
a quick declination; the motion of the head in drow-
siness; a slight obeisance.
NoDATION, n6-di-shun, s. The act of making
knots.
Nouder, nJdMur, s. 98. One who nods.
Noddle, nSd^dl, s. 405. A head, in contempt.
Noddy, nftd^d^, s. A simpleton, an idiot.
Node, n6de, s. A knot, a knob ; a swelling on
the bone; an intersection.
Nodosity, n6-dfts-S^-te, s. Complication, knot.
NODOUS, noidus, a. 314. Knotty, full cf knots.
Nodule, nSd^juie, s. 293. 461. A small lump.
Noggin, n6g^g!n, s. 382. a small mug.
A &
NON
NOS
ty 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, f^tSl— m^93, met 95— pine 105, p!n 107— no 162, move 164,
Nonpareil, nSn-pi-relJ *. Excellence unequalled-.
a kind of apple; printers' lettei- of a small size, otj
which small Bibles and Common Prayers are printed.
Nonplus, nfin-plus, S. Puzzle, inability to say or
do more.
To Nonplus, nSn-plus, v. a. To confound, tq
puzzle.
NoN RESIDENCE, non-rez-e-dense, *, Failure of
residence.
Nonresident, nSn-rezie-dent, s. One who
neglects to live at tJie proper place.
Nonresistance, nSn-re-zisitSnse, *. The prin-
ciple of not opposing the king, ready obedience to a
superiour. »
Nonsense, nSn- sense, s. Unmeaning or ungram-
matical language; trifles, things of no importance.
Nonsensical, nftn-sen-se-k^l, a. Unmeaning,
foolish.
NoNSENSiCALNESS, nSn-sen-s^-k^l-nes, s.
Absurdity.
NoNSOLVENT, n8n-s6l-vent, S. One who cannot
pay his debts.
NoNSOLUTiON, n6n-si-lu^shun, S. Failure of
solution.
NONSPARING, nSn-spi^ring, a. Merciless, all-
destroying. Out of use.
To Nonsuit, nSn^sute, v. a. 342. To deprive of
the benefit of a legal process for some failure in the
management.
Noodle, noo-dl, s. 405^ A fool, a simpleton.
Nook, nook, *. 306. A comer.
Noon, noon, *. 306. The middle honr of the day
It is used metaphorically for midnight in poetry.
NoiANCE, nS^-unse, s. 88. Mischief, incon-
venience. Not used.
NoiOUS, noe-us, a, 314. Hurtful, mischievous.
Not used.
Noise, noeze, s. 299. Any kind of sound ; out-
cry, clamour, boasting or importunate talk; occasion
of talk.
To Noise, no^ze, v. a. To spread by rumour, or
report.
NoisefUL, noeze-ful, a. Loud, clamorous.
Noiseless, noezeMes, a. silent, without sound.
Noisemaker, noeze-ma-kur, s. Clamourer.
Noisiness, noe-z^-nes, s. Loudness of sound.
Noisome, noe-sum, a. 166. Noxious, mischievous,
unwholesome ; offensive, disgusting.
NoisoMELY, noe^sum-le, ad. With a fetid
stench, with an infectious steam.
Noisomeness, noe-sum-nes, s. Aptness to
disgust, offensiveness.
Noisy, noe^ze, a. 438. Sounding loudj clamorous,
turbulent.
Noll, nole, S. 406. A head, a noddle. Not used.
NOLITION, no-lishiun, S. Unwillingness.
Nombles, numiblz, s. 359. The entrails of
a deer.
C:?' This word may be added to the Catalogue, Prin-
ciples, No. 165.
NoMENCLATOR, n3m-en-kla^tur, *. One who
calls things or persons by their proper names.
Nomenclature, nftm-en-kla-tshure, s. 461.
The act of naming ; a vocabulary, a dictionary.
Nominal, nftm^me-nil, a. 88. Referring to
names rather than to things.
Nominally, n8mim^-nJl-le, ad. By name;
titulary.
To Nominate, n3m^me-nite, v. a. To name, to
mention by name; to entitle; to set down, to appoint
by name.
Nomination, nSm-m^-n^ishun, s. The act of
mentioning by name; the power of appointing.
Nominative, nfim-me-ni-tiv, s. The case in
Grammar that primarily designates the name of any
thing.
03" This word, jn the hurry of school pronunciation,
is always heard in three syllables, as if written Nomna-
tive; and this pronunciation has so generally prevailed,
that making the word consist of four syllables would be
ttiffand pedantick See Clef.
Nonage, non^Adje, s. Minority, time of life
before legal maturity.
Nonce, n6nse, S. Purpose, intent, design.
Obsolete.
Or?- This word is still used in familiar conversation,
and should not be entirely discarded. Junius anJ Skin-
ner differ widely in the derivation of this word ; but the
latter, with his usual discernment, inclines to resolve it
into once; and it is in this sense that it seems now to be
generally used.
Nonconformity, nSn-kSn-forime-te, s.
Refusal of compliance j refusal to join in the esta-
blished religion.
Nonconformist, nSn-kSn-for^mist, s. One who
refuses to join in the established worship.
None, nun, a . 165. Not one; not any.
Nonentity, nftn-en^t^-t^, s. Nonexistence;
a thing not existing.
Nonexistence, nJn-eg-zisitense,s. Inexistence,
state of not existing.
NONJURING, nfin-juMng, a. 410. Belonging to
those who will not swear allegiance to the Hanoverian
fam i ly.
Nonjuror, nftniju-rur, s. 166. One who con-
ceiving James II. unjustly deposed, refuses to swear
allegiance to those who have succeeded him.
Nonnaturals, non-nk-tshu-r^lz, s. Any thing
which is not naturally, but by accident or abuse, the
cause of disease. Physicians reckon these to be six,
viz. Air, diet, sleep, exercise, excretion, ar.d the pas-
sions.
354
" Tis night, dead «ight ; and weary Nature lies
** So fast as if she never were to rise.
** Lean wolves forget to howl af night^s pale rtoon,
." No waking dogs bark at the silent moon,
" Nor bay the ghosts that glide with horror by,
" To view the caverns where their bodies lie."
Lee's Thcodosius
Noonday, noon^da, *. Mid-day.
Noonday, noon-da, a. Meridional.
Nooning, noon-ing, s. Repose at noon. A cam
word.
Noontide, noon-tide, s. Mid-day.
Noontide, noon-tide, a. Meridional.
Noose, noose, s. 437. a running knot, which the
mora it is drawn binds the closer.
To Noose, nooze, v. a. 437. To tie in a noose.
Nope, nope, s. A kind of bird called a bull-finch or
redtail.
Nor, nor, covj. 64. A particle marking the
Second or suosequent branch of a negative proposition.
Nor is sometimes used in the first branch for neither}
as; I Nor love myself Nor thee.
North, north, s. The point opposite to the sun in
the meridian ; the point opposite to the south.
Northeast, nor^&-eest{ s. The point between
the north and east.
Northerly, noriTHur-y, a, 88. Being towards
the north.
Northern, nor-THurn, a. 88. Being in the
north.
Northstar, nori/i^star, s. The polestar.
Northward, nor^A^ward, 88. \ ,
Northwards, nor^/t-wardz, J
Towards the north.
Northwest, nor</t-west{ s. The point between
the north and west.
NORTHWIND, r\orth/-v/md, S. The wind that blows
from the north. — See JViiul.
Nose, noze, *. The prominence on the face, which
is the organ of scent and the emunctory of the brain ;
scent, sagacity ; to lead by the Nose, to drag by force,
as a bear by his ring; to lead blindly; to thrust one's
Nose into the affairs of another, to be a busy body; t«
ISOT
NOW
nor 167, »ftt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— p8und 313— /Ain 466, THis 469.
put one's Nose out of joint, to put one out o! the affec-
tions of another.
To Nose, n6ze, v. a. To scent, to smell j to face,
to oppose.
To Nose, n6ze, v. n. To look big, to bluster.
Not used.
Nosebleed, nozeibliid, s. 4n herb.
Nosegay, noze-gi, 5. A posy, a bunch of
flowers.
Noseless, nhze'Aes, a. Wanting a nose.
Nosesmaut, noze-smirt, s. The herb cresses.
Nosle, nftz^zl, s. 405. The extremity of a tiling,
as the nosle of a pair of bellows.
(tv" As this word is invariiibty pronounced with the o
short. Dr. Johnson's spelling is as absurd here as in
Codle, which see.
Nosology, n6-z6l-lo-jl, *. Doctrine of diseases.
NOSOPOIETICK, no-SO-poe-et-tlk, a. Prod\icing
diseases.
Nostril, IlOS-tnl, *. The cavity in the nose.
Nostrum, nSs-truin, 5. A medicine not yet made
publicli, but remaining in some single hand.
Not, nSt, ad. The particle of negation or refusal ;
it denotes cessation or extinction, No more.
Notable, no-t^-bl, 07- nftt-i-bl, a. Remarkable,
memorable, observable; careful, bustling.
fcj" When this word signifies remarkable, it ought to
be pronounced in the first manner ; and when it means
careful or bustling, in the last. The adverb follows tlie
same analogy ; nor ought this distinction (though a blem-
ish in language) to be neglected. — See Bowl.
NotABLENESS, nfttiti-bl-lies, *. Appearance of
business.
Notably, no^tJ-ble, or nSt-il-ble, ad.
Memorably, remarkably ; with consequence, with show
of importance.
Notarial, nh-ik-rh-kX, a. Taken by a notary.
Notary, no-ta-r^, S. An officer whose business it
is to lake notes of any thing which may concern the
publick.
Notation, ni-ti-shun, S. The act or practice of
recording any thing by marks, as by figures or letters j
meaning, signification.
Notch, n&tsh, s. a nick, a hollow cut in any
thing.
To Notch, nfttsh, v. a. To cut in small hollows.
NOTCHWEED, nStsh-W^^d, s. An herb called
orach.
Note, note, S. 64. Mark, token ; notice, heed j
reputation, consequence -, account, information, in-
telligence; tune, voice; single sound in musick; state
of being observed ; short hint; a small letter; a paper
given in confession of a debt; heads of a subject ; ex-
planatory annotation.
To Note, nhte, v. a. To observe, to remark, to
heed, to attend ; to set down ; to charge with a crime ;
in musick, to set down the notes of a tune.
Notebook, nite^book, s. A book in which notes
and memorandums are set down.
Noted, ni-ted, part. a. Remarkable, eminent,
celebrated, egregious.
NoTER, ni'tur, S. 98. He who takes notice.
Nothing, nufA-ing', s. 165. Non-entity; not
any thing, no particular thing; no other thing; no
quantity or degree; no importance, no use ; no pos-
session or fortune ; no difficulty, no trouble ; a thing
of no proportion ; trifle, something of no considera-
tion J to make Nothing of, to do with ease, to make no
difiiculty of; to fail in an attempt, to do ineffectually.
Nothingness, nu<A-ing-nes, .«. Non-existence;
thing of no value.
Notice, ni-tis, s. 142. Remark, heed, observa-
tion, regard; information, intelligence given or re-
ceived.
Notification, ni-ti-fJ-ki-shun, s. The act of
iiiaRing known.
To Notify, niivJ-fl, v. a. 183. To declare, to
make known.
355
Notion, ni^shun, s. Thought, representation oi
any thing formed by the mind; sentiment, opinion.
Notional, noishun-^l, a. 88. Imaginary, ideal,
dealing in ideas, not realities.
NOTIONALITY, n6-shun-4l-le-t^, S. Empty, un-
grounded opinion.
NoTioNALLY, niishun-il-1^, ad. in idea,
mentally.
Notoriety, n6-t5-rl-^-te, s. Publick knowledge,
publick exposure.
Notorious, no-ti^re-us, a. 314. Publickly
known, evident to the world ; known to disadvantage.
Notoriously, n6-t6ir^-us-l^, ad. Pubiickiy,
evidently.
Notoriousness, ni-tiir^-us-nes, s. Publick
fame.
Notwheat, KiSt-wh^te, s. A kind of wheat
unbearded.
Notwithstanding, nSt-wi^A-stand^ing, conj.
Without hinderance or obstruction from; allliough
nevertheless, however.
Noi US, no-tus, *. The south wind.
Novation, no-va-shun, s. The introduction of
something new.
NovATOR, no-vaitur, s. 166. 521. The intro-
ducer of something new.
Novel, nSv^vel, a. 102. New, not ancient; in
the ci<'il law, appendant to the code, and of later
enacticm.
Novel, nov-vel, s. A small talej a law annexed to
the code.
Novelist, nSv-vel-llst, S. Innovator, assertor of
novelty; a writer of novels.
Novelty, n6vivel-t^, *. Newness, state of being
unknown to former times.
November, n6-vein-bur, s. The eleventh month
of the year, or the ninth reckoned from March.
NOVENARY, Il&V-en-i-r^, S. Number of nine.
03- 1 have followed Dr. Johnson and Entick in the ac-
centuation of this word, rather than Mr. Sheridan, who
preserves the first vowel long, and places the accent on
the second syllable.
Novercal, ni-verik^l, a. Having the manner
of a step-mother.
Nought, nawt, *. 319. 393. Not any thing,
nothing; to set at Nought, not to value, to slight.
Novice, nftv-vis, s. 142. One not acquainted with
any thing, a fresh man ; one who has entered a reli-
gious house, but not yet taken the vow.
Novitiate, n6-vish-e-Ate, *. 91. The state of
a novice, the time in which the rudiments are learned;
the time spent in a religious house, by way of trial,
before the vow is taken.
NoviTY, nSv-^-t^, S. Newness, novelty.
Noun, noun, S. 312. In grammar, the name of
any thing.
To Nourish, nur-rish, v. a. 314. To increase
or support by food; to support, to maintain; to en-
courage, to foment ; to train, or educate ; to promote
growth or strength; as food.
NouRiSHABLE. nurirish-i-bl, a. Susceptive of
nourishment.
Nourisher, nur^rish-ur, *. 98. The person or
thing that nourishes.
Nourishment, nur-nsb-ment, s. That which U
given or received in order to the support or increase of
growth or strength, food, sustenance.
To Nousel, nuz-zl, v. a. 102. To nurse up,
corrupted probably from Nunle.
To Nousel, nuz^zl, v. a. To entrap, to insnare
as with a noose. They nuzzle hogs; that is, they put
a ring in their nose, to prevent their digging.
Now, nou, ad. 40. 322. At this time, at tlie
time present; a little while ago. It is sometimes a
particle of connexion j as, If this be true, he is guilty ;
Now this is true, ttierefore he is guilty, iflerthis;
since things are so, in familiar speech; Nov) and then,
at one time and another, uncertainly.
NUM
NUT
85- 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, ftt 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pm 107— n6 \62, move 164,
Now, nou, S. Present moment.
Nowadays, nou-4-dize, ad. In the present age.
Nowhere, no-hwdre, ad. Not in any place.
Nowise, no-\Vlze,a<f. Not in any manner or degree.
(fc:5> This word, says Dr. Johnson, is commonly written
and spoken, by ignorant barbarians, Noways.
Noxious, nik-shus, a. Hurtful, harmful, baneful ;
guilty, criminal.
Noxiousness, n&k^shus-nes, s, Hurtfulness,
insalubrity.
Noxiously, nSk-shus-le, ad. Hurtfuliy, per-
niciously.
NOZLE, nSz-zl, S.405, The nose, the snout, the end.
{j3»This word, by being written with z, is rather more
correct than rtosle; but both of them are radically defec-
tive.— See Coclle.
NUBIFEROUS, nu-blfifer-US, a. Bringing clouds.
To NuBiLATE, nu-bil-4te, v. a. To cloud.
Nubile, nu-bil, a, 140. Marriageable, fit for
marriage.
Nuciferous, nu-sif-fer-us, a. 518. Nut-bearing.
Nucleus, nu-kle-US, S. A kernel, any thing
about which matter is gathered or conglobated.
NuDATION, nu-da-shun, s. The act of making
bare or naked.
Nudity, nu-di-t^, s. Naked parts.
NuGACITY, nu-gisisi-ti, S. Futility, trifling talk
or behaviour.
NUGATION, nu-ga-shun, S. The act or practice of
trifling.
Nugatory, nu-gi-tur-i, a. 512. ' Trifling, futile.
03" For the o, see Domestick.
Nuisance, nu-sJnse, s. 342. Something noxious
or offensive; in law, something that incommodes the
neiglibourhood.
To Null, nul, v. a. To annul, to annihilate.
Null, nul, a. Void, of no force, ineffectual.
Null, nul, *. Something of no power, or no meaning.
NULLIBIETY, nul-le-bI-(^-ti, s. The state of
being nowhere.
To Nullify, nuKl4-fi, v. a. 183. To annul, to
make void.
Nullity, nul-le-te, s. Want of force or eGcacy;
want of existence.
Numb, num, a. 347. Torpid, chill, motionless j
producing chilness, benumbing.
To Numb, nura, v. a. To make torpid, to deaden,
to stupify.
Numbedness, nura-ed-nes, S. 365. Interruption
of sensation.
To Number, num-bur, v. a. 98. To count, to
tell, to reckon how many ; to reckon as one of the same
kind.
Number, num-bur, *. The species of quantity by
which it is computed how many ; any particular aggre-
gate of units, as Even or Odd ; many, more than one ;
multitude that maybe counted; comparative multi-
tude ; aggregated multitude ; harmony ; verses, poetry;
in the noun it is the variation or change of termina-
tion to signify a Number more than one.
NuMBERER, num-bur-ur, *. He who numbers.
Numberless, num-bur-les, a. Innumerable,
more than can be reckoned.
Numbles, num-blz, *. 359. The entrails of a deer.
Numbness, num^nes, s. 347. Torpor, deadness,
stupefaction.
Numerable, nu-mer-J-bl, a. 405. Capable to
be numbered.
Numeral, nu^mer-Hl, a. 38. Relating to number,
consisting of number.
Numerally, nui^mer-^l-le, ad. According to
number.
KuMERARV, nu-mer-A-r5, a. 512. Any thing
belonging to a certain number.
NuMERAT'ON, nu-mer-i^shun, s. The art of
356
numbering; the rule of arithmetick wliich teaches the
notation of numbers, and method of reading immbcrs
regularly noted.
Numerator, ni^mer-i-tur, s. 521. He thai
numbers; that number which serves as the common
measure to others.
Numerical, nu-meririk-^1, a. 509. Numeral,
denoting number; tlie same not only in kind or spe-
cies, but number.
Numerically, nu-mer^rik4l-le, ad. With
respect to sameness in number.
NumeriST, nu-mer-ist, S. One that deals in
numbers.
NUMEROSITY, m\-mer-r6s-sJ-ti, *. Number,
the state of being numerous; harmony, numerous
flow.
Numerous, nu-mer-rus, a. 314. Containing
many, consisting of many, not few ; harmonious,
consisting of parts rightly numbered ; melodious, mu-
sical.
Numerousness, nii-mer-rus-nes, s. The quality
of being numerous ; harmony, musicalness.
Nummary, numim4-ri, a. Relating to money.
Numskull, num-skSl, *. A dunce, a dolt,
a blockhead; the head, in burlesque.
NuMSKULLED, num-skSld, a. 362. Dull, stupid,
doltish.
Nun, nun, s. A woman dedicated to the severer
duties of religion, secluded in a cloister from the world .
NUNCHION, nun-shun, S. A piece of victuals eaten
between meals.
53" I cannot find abetter derivation of this word than
noon-chion, or something taken at noon before the regular
meal of dinner.
Nunciature, nuu-she-i-ture, s. The office of
a nuncio.
Nuncio, nun-she-6, s. 357. A messenger, one
that brings tidings; a kind of spiritual envoy from the
Pope.
Nuncupative, nun-kuipi-tiv, 1
Nuncupatory, nun-ku^pi-tur-re, 512./"'
Publickly or solemnly declaratory, verbally pro-
nounced.
83" Dr. Johnson and Mr. Barclay have very impro-
perly accented these two words upon the third syllable ;
W. Johnson and Bailey, on the first ; but Dr. Ash, Eu-
tick, and Mr. Sheridan, more correctly, in my opinion,
on the second.
Nunnery, nun-nur-e, s. 554. a house of nuns
or women dedicated to the severer duties of religion.
Nuptial, nup-shil, Ct. 88. Pertaining to marriage ,
Nuptials, nup-shllz, s. Marriage.
Nurse, nurse, *. A woman that has the care
of another's child ; a woman that has the care of a sick
person ; one who breeds, educates, or protects j an old
woman in contempt ; the state of being nursed.
To Nurse, nurse, v. a. To bring up a child not
one's own ; to bring up any tiling young; to feed, to
keep, to maintain; to tend the sick ; to pamper; to fo-
ment, tc encourage.
NURSER, nur-sur, s. 98. One that nurses ;
a promoter, a tomenter.
Nursery, nur-sur-re, s. 554. The net or office
of nursing; tliat which is the object of a nurse's care;
a plantation of young trees to be transplanted to other
ground ; place where young children are nursed and
brought up; the place or state where any thing is fos-
tered ' brought up.
Nursl NG, nursMing, s. 410. One nursed up j
a fondling.
Nurture, nur-tshure, s. 461. Food, diet;
edikcation, institution.
To Nurture, nur-tshAre, v. a. To educate, to
train, to bring up; to Nurture up, to bring by care
and food to maturity.
To NusTLE, nus-sl, v. a. 472. To fondle, to
cherish.
NuT, nut, S. The fruit of certain trees: it consists
of a kernel covered by a hard shell ; a small body with
teeth, which correspond with the teeth of wl»eels.
OAT
OBE
nor 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313—t?iin 466, TH.s 469.
NuTBROWN, nut-broun, a. Brown like a nut
kept long.
Nutcrackers, nut-kr^k-kurz, s. An instru-
ment used to break nuts.
NuTGALL, iiut^gal, *. Excrescence of an oak.
Nuthatch, iiut-hitsh, "1
NuTJOBBER, nut-j6b-bur, >*. A bird.
NuTPECKER, nutipek-kur, J
NuTHOOK, nut-hook, s. A stick witli a hook at
tiie end.
Nutmeg, nutimeg, s. The masked nut, a kind of
spice imported from the East Indies.
Nutshell, nut^shel, s. The hard substance that
encloses the kernel of the nut.
Nuttree, nut-tree, *. The tree that bears nuts,
a hazel.
NUTRIFICATION, nii-tre-fe-ka^shun, s. Manner
of feeding or being fed.
Nutriment, nu^tr^-ment, s. Food, aliment.
NuTRiMENTAL, ni-tr^-menitll, a. 88. Having
the qualities of food.
Nutrition, nu-trish^un, s.] The act or quality
of nourishing.
Nutritious, nu-trish-us, a. 314. Having the
quality of nourishing.
Nutritive, nuitri-tiv, a. 158. Nourishing,
nutrimental.
Nutriture, nu-tr5-tire, *. The power of
nourishing.
To Nuzzle, nuz-zl, v. a. 405. To nurse, to
foster; to go with the nose down like a liog.
Nyctalops, mk'-ti-l6ps, s. One that is purblind;
one who sees best in the night.
Nymph, nimf, s. 413. A goddess of the woods,
meadows, or waters ; country girl ; in poetry, a lady.
o.
O,
'j o, l6l. 0 is used as an interjection of v^ishing
or exclamation. O is used by Shnkespeare for a circle
or oval, as. Within this wooden O.
OaF> ife, S. 295. A changeling, a foolish child
left by the fairies; a dolt, a blockhead, an idiot.
Oafish, 6fei-ish, a. Stupid, dull, doltish.
Oafishness, 6fe-ish-nes, s. stupidity, dulness.
Oak, Ake, s. 295. A well-known tree ; the wood
of the tree.
OaKAPPLE, 6kei^p-pl, s. A kind of spungy ex-
crescence on the oak.
Oaken, 6'-kn, a, 103, Made of oak, gathered from
oak.
OakenpIN, 0-kn-pin, S. An apple.
Oakum, i-kum, S. Cords untwisted and reduced
to hemp.
Oar, Are, s. 295. A long pole with abroad end, by
which vessels are driven in the water.
To Oar, ore, v. «. To row.
7b Oar, ore, v. a. To impel by rowing.
Oary, o-re, a. Having the form or use of oars.
Oatcake, ite^k^ke, s. 295. Cake made of the
meal of oats.
Oaten, 6-tn, a. 103. Made of oal«, bearing oats.
Oath, oth, S, 295. An affirmation, negation or
promise, corroborated by the attestation of the Divine
Being.
Oathbreaking, htJi'-hrk-king, S. Perjury, the
violation of an oath.
Oai MALT, ote^malt, s. Malt made of oats.
Oatmeal, ut-me)p, or oteimele, 5. 395, Plour
riiade by grinding oats.
357
Oats, otes, s, a grain with which horses are fed,
Oatthistle, ote'-thh-sl, s. An herb.
Obambulation, 6b-^m-bu-U-shun, s. The act
of walking about.
To Obduce, ftb-diise{ v, a. To drav? over as
a covering.
Obduction, 6b-duk-shun, s. The act of covering,
or laying a cover.
Obduracy, 6b'-ju-r^-se, or 6b-duiri-s^, *. 293.
294. Inflexible wickedness, impenitence, hardness of
heart.
{t3> W. Johnston and Entick are the only orthoepists
who adopt the first mode of accenting this word ; while
Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Bu-
chanan, Perry, and Barclay, adopt the last. Mr. Scott
adopts both, but seems to give the latter the preference
by placing it first. The accentuation of this word must
be determined by that of oftdurate, from which it is de-
rived. It seems, however, to follow the example of ac-
curacy, procuracy, &c. in throwing the accent on the first
syllable. As there are some terminations which seem to
attract the accent to the latter syllables, as ator, end, &c.
as spectator, observator, &c. comprehend, apprehend, &c. so
tiiere are others that seem to repel it to the beginning of
the word, as acy, ary, &c. as efficacy, optimacy, contumacy,
&c. salutary, tributary, adversary, &,c. The word in ques-
tion seems to be of the latter class, and therefore more
analogically pronounced with the accent on the first than
on the second syllable. — See Obdurate.
Obdurate, 5b'-ju-rate, or 6b-du'-rAte, a. 91.
293, 294. 503. Hard of heart, inflexibly obstinate in
ill, hardened; firm, stubborn ; harsh, lugged.
03^ This word is pronounced with the accent on the
second syllable by Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ken-
rick, Dr. Ash, Mr. Nares, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Barclay,
Buchanan, and Mr. Perry; and on the first by Bailey,
Entick, and W. Johnston. Mr. Scott accents it either
on the first or second, but seems to give the preference
to the latter. The poets are decidedly in favour of the
penultimate accent; and when the usage of poetry does
not contradict any plain analogy of prosaic pronuncia-
tion, it certainly has a respectable authority. But the
verb to indurate is a word of exactly the same form, and
has the same derivation ; and yet Dr. Johnson, Mr. She-
ridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Barclay,
and Entick, place the accent on the first syllable: and
my observation fails me if there is not a strong propen-
sity in CHstom to place the accent on the first syllable of
the word in question. This propensity, as there is a plain
analogy in favour of it, ought, in my opinion, to be in-
dulged. To indurate is a verb derived from the Latin in-
duro, forming its participle in aius ; and words of this
kind are generally anglicised by the termination ate, and
have the accent at least as high as the antepenultimate:
thus, from depuro, propago, dcsolo, &c. are formed to de-
purate, to propagate, Xu desolate, &c. and, without recur-
ring to the Latin induratus, we form the regular partici-
ple indurated, from tlie verb to indurate. But though
there is the Latin verb obduro, we have not formed an
English verb from it in ate as in the former case, but de-
rive the adjective obdurate from the Latin participial ad-
jective o6d«ratKs; and no analogy can be more uniform
than that of removing the accent two syllables higher
than in the original : thus, desperate, projiigate, and de-
fecate, have the accent on the first syllable; and de.vpera-
tus, projiigatus, and defmcatus, on the third. Agreeably,
therefore, to every analogy of derivation, ofcdaraJe ought
to have the accent on the first syllable ; and as poets
have adopted the other accentuation, we must, as in
medicinal, and in some other words, admit of ^ poetical
and a prosaic pronunciation, rather than cross so clear
an analogy in favour of poetry, which is so frequently at
variance with prose, and sometimes with itself. — See
Academy and Incomparable.
Obdurately, &b-ju-rit-li, ad. stubbornly,
inflexibly.
Obdurateness, Sbiju-rJt-nes, s. Stubbornness,
inflexibility, impenitence.
Obduration, 6b-ju-ri-shun, s. Hardness of
heart.
Obdured, ftb-dfird{ a. 359. Hardened, inflexible.
Obedience, 6-beije-ense, s. 293. 376.
Obsequiousness, submission to authority.
03^ The o, which forms the first syllable of this word,
though not under the accent, may occasionally be pro-
nounced as long and open as theo in oval, over, &c. (see
Efface) i and though in rapid pronunciation it admits of
a short obscure sotind, common to some of the other
OBL
OBS
(ts- 559. F^te 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— me <J3, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
vowels when unaccentecl, yet its radical sound, or that
which it acquires on the least distinctness or solemnity,
is undoubtedly the long open o before nieniioncd. Thus
in that fugitive pronunciation which has no existence but
In the ear, arid can hardly be expressed to the eve by a
correspondent sound, we jjerceive very little difference
in the sound of the initial vowels o( abottnd, upbraid, and
obedience; yet the moment we dwell with the least dis-
tinctness on these letters, the a '" abound verges to the
a in father; thea has the short sound we hear in thepre-
position tip; and the o in obedience becomes open, as the
first sound of that letter in the alphabet. The same may
be observed of the o in opaque, opinion, and every initial
o ending a syllable immediately before the accent.— See
Principles, No. 98.
Obedient, 6-b^-jJ-ent, ra. Submissive to authority,
compliant with commarid or prohibition, obsequious.
Obediential, o-b^-je-en-shal, a. According to
the rule of obedience.
Obediently, 6-be-j^-ent-l^, ad. With obedience.
Obeisance, i-oA-sinse, s. 250. A bow, a courtesy,
an act of reverence.
(Ky- I must retract my former pronunciation of this
word, which made the diphthong ei like e in obedience,
and adopt the sound of a as in the ey of obey. For the
former sound we have Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, and
Mr. Perry ; and for the latter, Mr. Nares, Mr. Elphin-
»ton, Mr. Scott, and W. Johnston. But if the autho-
rities for this pronunciation were less weighty than they
are, analogy would be clearly on the side f have adopted,
as ei, when under the accent, is much more frequently
pronounced like ey in obey than like ey in key ; the latter
word and ley being the only exceptions to the general
rule of pronouncing ey when accented; and these letters
tfe know are perfectly equivalent to ei, 296.
Obelisk, ftb-^-llsk, *. a magnificent high piece of
marble, or stone, having usually four faces, and les-
sening upwards by deprees.
Obequitation, 6b-2k-kw^-t4-shun, s. The act
of riding about.
Oberration, 6b-er-ra-shun, s. The act of
wandering about.
Obese, S-b^seJ a. Fat, ioaden with flesh.
Morbid fatness.
Obeseness, 6-b^se^nes, \
Obesity, 6-bes-s4-t6, J '
Tb Obey, O-baJ V, a. To pay submission to, to
comply with, from reverence to ai thority.
8:^ This word had formerly the word to before the
person obeyed, which Addison has mentioned as one of
Milton's Latinisms; but it is frequent in old writers;
when we borrowed the French word we borrowed the
syntax, Obeir au Toi.
Object, 6b-jekt, S. 492. That about which any
power or faculty is employed; something presented to
the senses to raise any affection or emotion in the
mind.
To Object, ftb-jekt{ Vi a. To oppose, to present
in opposition ; to propose as a chai-ge criminal, or a
reason adverse.
Objection, 5b-jek-shun, *. the act of present-
ing any thing in opposition; adverse argument ; fault
found.
Objective, 8b-jek-tiv, a. Belonging to the
object, contained in the object; made an object; pro-
posed as an object.
Objectively, fib-jek-tiv-l5, ad. In manner of
an object.
Objectiveness, 8b-jek-tiv-n&, s. The state of
being an object.
Objector, 6b-jek-tur, s. 166. One who offers
objections.
Obit, 6-blt, S. Funeral obsequies.
To Objurgate, 6b-jur-gite, v. a. To chide, to
reprove.
Objurgation, Sb-jur-gi-shfin, s. Reproof, re-
prehension.
Objurgatory, Sb-jur^gi-tur-rl, a. Repre-
hensory, chiding.
03- For the last 0, see Dotnestick ; and for the accent,
No. 312.
Oblate, 6b-Ute{ a. Flatted at the poles. Used
of A spheroid.
- 353
Oblation, Sb-la-shun, s. An offering, a sacrifice.
Oblectation, ob-lek-td-shun, s. Delight,
pleasure.
To Obligate, 6b-le-gate, v. a. To bind by
contract or duty.
Obligation, 6b-le-ga-shun, *. The binding
power of any oath, vow, duty, or contract ; an act
which binds any man to some performance 5 favour by
which one is bound to gratitude.
Obligatory, Sb-le-ga-tur-e, 512. Imposing an
obligation, binding, coercive.
T-oOblige, |^^,„-'j.;,jt;.«.
To bind, to impose obligation, lo compel to something;
to lay obligations of gratitude; to please, to gratify.
See Principles, No. 111.
Obligee, &b-le-jeej s. Tlie person bound by
a legal or written contract.
Obligement, o-blidjeiment, or o-bleedje'
ment, S. Obligation.
Obliger, 6-bllyur, or 6-blee^jur, s. He who
obliges.
Obliging, 6-bll'jing, or 6-bl^e-jing, part. a.
Civil, complaisant, respectful, engaging.
Obligingly, 6-bll-jing-l^, or 6-blee-jing-l^, ad.
Coniplaisantly.
Oblegingness, 6-bllying-nes, or 6-ble^-jiiig-
nes, *. Complaisance.
Obligor, Sb-l^-gorJ S. He who binds himself by
contract.
Obliquation, Sb-le-kwa-sliun, s. Declination
from perpendicularity, obliquity.
Oblique, 6b-llkeJ a. 158.415. Not direct, not
perpendicular, not parallel ; not direct, used of sense ;
in grammar, any case in nouns except the nominative.
Obliquely, &b-llke-l^, ad. Not directly, not
perpendicularly ; not in the immediate or diieC
meaning.
Obliqueness, ftb-llke-nes, ")
Obliquity, Sb-lik-we-t^, J
Deviation from physical rectitude, deviation from pa,
rallelism or perpendicularity ; deviation from mora,
rectitude.
To Obliterate, 8b-lit^ter-rAte, v. a. To efface
any thing written ; to wear out, to destroy, to efface.
Obliteration, 6b-lit-ter-ra-shun, *. Efface-
ment, extinction.
Oblivion, fi-bliv^vJ-un, *. 1 13. Forgetfulness,
cessation of remembrance; amnesty, general pardon
of crimes in a state.
Oblivious, 6-bllV-v4-US, a. Causing forgetfulness.
Oblong, 8b-lftng, a. Longer than broad.
Oblongly, 6b-long-l^, ad. In an oblong direction.
OblongNESS, Sb-lSng-nes, S. Ihe state of being
oblong.
Obloquy, 6b-l6-kwe, S. 345. Censorious speech,
blame, slander; cause of reproach, disgrace.
OBMUTESCENCE,6b-mu-tes-sense, *. 510. Loss
of speech.
Obnoxious, 6b-nSk^shus, a. Subject j liable to
punishment; liable, exposed.
Obnoxiousness, Sb-n6k-shus-nes, *. Stibjection,
liableness to punishment.
Obnoxiously, 8b-n5k^shus-l^, ad. In a state of
subjection, in the state of one liable to punishment.
To Obnubilate, 6b-nu-b^-late, v. a. To cloud,
to obscure.
Obole, ftb-6le, *. 543, 544. In p'iarmacy,
twelve grains.
ObREPTION, 6b-rep-shun, *. The act of creeping
on.
1 Obscene, ftb-seJnJ a. immodest, not agreeable
to chastity of mind; offensive, disgusting; inauspi-
cious, ill-omened.
OBS
OBT
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 173, bull 173— oil299— p3und313— fAin466, THis 469.
In an impure and
tumacy, persistency.
/-v 4i / I t .
Stubborn, coil-
Obscenely, ob-seen-lc, ad.
unchaste manner.
OUSCENENESS, olvs^'eii-iies, ")
«. 511.
Obscenity, &b-setj
Impurity of thought or language, unchastity, lewdness.
Obscuration, Sb-sku-ra-sbun, s. The act of
darkening; a state of being darkened.
OnSCURE, 3b-skureJ a. Dark, unenlightened,
glonmy, hindering sight ; living in the dark ; abstruse ;
difficult; not noted.
To Obscure, ftb-skure{ v. a. To darken, to make
dark; to make less visible ; to make less intelligible;
to make less glorious, beautiful, or illustrious.
Obscurely, 6b-skureile, ad. Not brightly, not
luminously; out of sight, privately; not clearly, not
plainly.
Obscureness, Sb-skure'-nes, ")
Obscurity, ftb-skii^re-te, J **
Darkness, want of light; unnoticed state, privacy;
darkness of meaning.
Obsecration, Sb-si-kri-shun, *. Entreaty,
supplication.
Obsequies, ftb-s^-kwiz, s. 283. Funeral rites,
funeral solemnities. It is found in the singular, hut
not much used.
Obsequious, 6b-s^ikw^-us, a. Obedient, com-
pliant, not resisting; in Shakespeare, funeral.
Obsequiously, 4b-se-kw^-us-le, ad. Obediently,
with compliance; in Shakespeare, it signifies, with
funeral rites.
Obsequiousness, 6b-sJ-kw^-us-nes, *.
Obedience, compliance.
Observable, ib-zir-vi-bl, a. Remarkable,
eminent.
Observably, 6b-zerivi-bl^, ad. In a manner
worthy of note.
Observance, Sb-zer-vJnse, s. Respect, cere-
monial reverence; religious rite; attentive practice ;
rule of practice; observation, attention; obedient re-
gard.
Observant, 6b-zeriv^nt, a. Attentive, diligent,
watchful ; respectfully attentive ; meanly dutiful, sub-
missive.
observation, Sb-zer-vi'-shun, *. The act of
observing, noting, or remarking; notion gained by
observing, note, remark.
Observator, ftb-zer-v^'tur, 166, 521. One
that observes, a remarker
Observatory, Sb-zer-vi-tur-^, s, A place built
for astronomical observation.
fj;^ For the accent of this word, see Principles,
Na. 513.
7b Observe, 6b-zervJ v. a. To watch $ to regard
attentively; to find by attention, to note; to regard
or keep religiously ; to obey, to follow.
To Observe, Sb-zerv{ v, n. To be attentive; to
make a remark.
Observer, ob-zerv-ur, *. One who looks
vigilantly on persons and things; one who looks on,
the beholder; one who keeps any law, or custom, or
practice.
Observingly, Sb-zeriving-1^, ad. AttenUvely,
carefully.
Obsession, 6b-sesh-un, s. The act of besieging.
Obsidional, 6b-sidie-un-^l, or ih-sid'-je-un-kl,
a. 293. Belonging to a siege.
Obsolete, Sb^si-lite, a. Worn out of use, dis-
used, unfashionable.
Obsoleteness, &b'-si-l^te-nes, s. State of being
worn out of use, unfashionableness.
Obstacle, Sb^sti-kl, s. 405. Something opposed.
hinderance, obstruction.
Obstetrication, ib-stet-trJ-ka^shun, *, The
office of a midwife.
Obstetrick, ob-stet'-trik, a. 509. Midwifish,
befitting a midwife, doing the midwife's office.
35P
Obstinacy, ftb^ste-n5-s^, s. stubbornness, con-
tumacy, persistency.
Obstinate, Sb-ste-nate, a. 91,
tumacious, fixed in resolution.
Obstinately, 6b'-st^-n^te-l^, ud. stubbornly,
inttexibly.
Obstinateness, 6biste-nate-nes, *. Stubbdrn-
The act of
Loud,
a.
Obstipation, &b-ste-paishun, *.
stopping up any passage.
Obstreperous, 6b-strep-per-us,
clamorous, turbulent.
Obstreperously, 6b-strep^per-rus-l^, ad.
Loudly, clamorously.
Obstreperousness, 8b-strepiper-rus-nes, *,
Loudness, clamour, noise.
ObSTRICTION, 6b-Strik^sbun, *. Obligation, bond.
To Obstruct, ftb-struktj v, a. To hinder, to be
in the way of, to block up, to bar; to oppose, to re-
tard.
Obstructer, 6b-strukt'-ur, s. 98. One that
hinders or opposes.
Obstruction, 6b-str?ik^shun, s. Hinderance,
difficulty; obstacle, impediment, confinement; in
physick, the blocking up of any canal in the human
body, so as to prevent the flowing of any fluid through
Obstructive, 6b-struk-tiv, a. Hindering,
causing impediment.
Obstructive, ib-strukt^tiv, s. Impediment,
obstacle.
Obstruent, 6b-stru-ent, a. Hindering, blocking
up.
ObstupefactioNj 6b-stu-pe-filk^shun, *.
A stoppage of the exercise of the mental powers.
Obstupefactive, &b-stu-p4-f4k-tiv, a. 512.
Obstructing the mental powers.
To Obtain, 6b-tane,' v. a. 202. To gain, to
acquire, to procure; to gain by concession.
To Obtain, 6b-tdneJ v. n. To continue in use;
to be established ; to prevail, to succeed.
Obtainable, 6b-tine^^-bl, a. To be procured.
Obtainer, 6b-ta-nur, *. 98. He who obtains.
To Obtemperate, 6b-tem-per-ate, v. a.
To obey.
To Obtend, 6b-ten(l,' v. a. . To oppose, to hold
out in opposition ; to pretend, to off'er as the reason of
any thing. In this last sense not used.
Obtenebration, &b-ten-ne-bri-shun, s. Dark-
ness, the state of being darkened.
Obtention, 8b-ten-shun, s. The act of obtending.
To Obtest, ih-tht', v. a. To beseech, to
supplicate.
Obtestation, Sb-tes-t^-shun, s. Supplication,
entreaty.
Obtrectation, 8b-trek-ti-shun, *. Slander,
detraction, calumny.
To Obtrude, 8b-trood,' v. a. 339. To thrust
into any place or state by force or imposture.
Obtruder, 8b-trooii^ur, s. 98. One that
obtrudes.
Obtrusion, 8b-trooizhun, *. The act of obtrud-
ing.
Obtrusive, 8b-troo-siv, a. 428. Inclined to
force one's self or any thing else upon others.
To Obtund, 6b-tund{ v. a. To blunt, to dull, to
quell, to deaden.
Obtusangular, 6b-tuse-llngigi-l^r, a. Having
angles largerthan right angles.
Obtuse, 6b-tt!ise( «. 427. Not pointed, not acute,
not quick, dull, stupid; not shrill, obscure, as, an
Obtuse sound.
Obtusely, ob-tuse^le, ad. Without a point;
dully, stupidly.
OllTUSENESS, 6b-ttjsei^nes, s. nhminc«5, iluhiff*
OCC GDI
ts> 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Obtusion, 6b-tu-zhun, s. The act of dulling j
tlie state of being dulled.
ObveNTION, Sb-ven-shun, S. Something happen-
ing not constantly and regularly, but uncertainly.
To OnvERT, 5b-vertJ v, a. To turn towards.
To Obviate, ftb-ve-ate, v. a, 91. To meet in
the way, to prevent, to oppose.
Obvious, Jb-vl-us, a. Meeting any thing, opposed
in front to any thing; open, exposed; easily discover-
ed, plain, evident.
Obviously, 5b-vl-us-le, ad. Evidently, apparently.
Obviousness, ob-ve-us-nes, s. state of being
evident or apparent.
To Obumerate, Sb-um-br^te, v. a. To shade,
to cloud.
Obumbration, 6b-um-br^-shun, s. The act of
darkening cr clouding.
Occasion, 5k-ki-zhun, *. Occurrence, casualty,
incident ; opportunity, convenience ; accidental cause ;
reason, not cogent, but opportune; incidental need,
casual exigence.
Ctx- What was observed of the e in Efface is applicable
to the 0 in the first syllable of this word. From the ten-
dency of the vowel to open, when immediately preced-
ing the accent, we find elegant speakers sometimes pro-
nounce theo in occasion, offend, officious, &c. as if written
o-casion, o-fend, o-ficious, &c. This seems to be one of
those " faults true critics dare not mend." But as it is
an evident deviation from the orthography, I have not
dared to mark these words in this manner. — See Efface,
It must, however, be remarked, that this deviation only
takes place before double c in the word occasion and its
compounds.
To Occasion, 6k-ka-zhun, v. a. To cause
casually; to cause, to produce ; to influence.
Occasional, Sk-ka-zhun-4l, a. incidental,
casual ; producing by accident ; producing by occasion
or incidental exigence.
Occasionally, Sk-ka-zhun-^l-ll, ad. According
to incidental exigence.
OcCASiONER, &k-ka^zhun-up, s. One that causes
or promotes by design or accident.
OcCECATioN, &k-se-ka-shSn, s. The act of
blinding or making blind.
Occident, 6k^s^-dent, s. The west.
Occidental, 5k-se-den-tAl, ")
OcciDUOus, Sk-sidyi-us, 293, 294. J "'
Western.
Occipital, ftk-sip-pe-t^l, a. Placed in the hinder
part of the head.
Occiput, 6kisl-piit, s. The liinder part of the
head.
OcciSION, ftk-Sizh^un, S. The act of killing.
To Occlude, Sk-kludeJ v. a. To shut up.
Occluse, ftk-kluse( u. 428. simt up, closed.
Occlusion, ftk-kUV-zhun, s. The act of ihuttn.g
up.
Occult, Sk-kuUJ a. Secret, hidden, unknown,
undiscoverable.
OCCULTATION, 6k-kul-ti-shun, S. In astronomy,
is the time that a star or planet is hidden from our
sight.
OCCULTNESS, ftk-kult-nes, 5. Secretness, state of
being hid.
Occupancy, 6k^ku-pin-sl, s. The act of taking
possession.
Occupant, ok^ku-pant, s. He that takes pos-
session of any thing.
To OccuPATE, &k^ku-pite, v, a. 91. To take
up, to possess, to hold.
Occupation, Sk-ku-pi^shun, s. The act of
taking possession 5 employment, business; trade, cal-
ling, vocation.
Occupier, fik-ki-pl-fir, s. 98. A possessor, one
who takes into his possession; one who follows any
employment.
To Occupy, 6kiku-pl, v. a. 183. To possess, to
keep, to take upj to employ; tn follow as business,
3G0
To Occur, 6k-kur{ v. n. To be presented to the
memory or attention; to appear here and there; to
clash, to strike against, to meet.
Occurrence, 6k-kur^rense, s. Incident, ac-
cidental event; occasional presentation.
OCCURRENT, 6k-kur-ient, s. Incident, any thing
that happens.
OCCURSION, 6k-kur-shun, S. Clash, mutual blow.
Ocean, o-shun, s. 357. The main, the great sea;
any immense expanse.
Ocean, o-shun, a. Pertaining t» the main or great
sea.
OCEANICK, 0-she-aU-lk, a. 357. 509. Pertaining
to the ocean.
OCELLATED, o-sel-la-ted, a. Resembling the eye.
Ochre, i^kur, S. 416. A kind of earth slightly
coherent, and easily dissolved in water.
OcHREOUS, 6-kr4-US, a. Consisting of ochre.
OCHREV, i-kur-e, a. Partaking of ochre.
OcHIMY, ok-ke-me, s. A mixed base metal.
Octagon, Sk-ti-g6n, *. in geometry, a figure
consisting of eight sides and angles.
Octagonal, ok-t%-g6-nil, a, 518. Having
eight angles and sides.
Octangular, 6k-t4ng-gu-l^r, a. Having eight
angles.
Octangularness, &k-ting;-gi-llr-nes, s. The
quality of having eight angles.
Octant, 6k'-tJnt, ")
OCTILE, &k'-til, 140./"'
Is, when a planet is in such position to another, that
their places are only distant an eighth part of a circle.
Octave, ftk-t^ve, s. 91. The eighth day after
some peculiar festival ; in musick, an eighth or an in-
terval of e^glit sounds, eight days together after a fes-
tival.
Octavo, ok-ta-vo, a. A book is said to be in
Octavo when a sheet is folded into eight leaves.
Octennial, 6k-ten-ne-^l, a. 113. Happening
every eieht years ; lasting iight years.
October, Sk-to-bur, .*. 98. The tenth month of
the year, or the eighth numbered from March.
OcTOEDRlCAL, 6k-t6-ed-drl-k^l, a. Having
eight sides.
OcTONARY, 6k-to-nir-l, a. Belonging to the
number eipht.
OcTONOCULAR, 5k-to-n6k-ku-l^r, a, H»v'og
eight eyes.
OcTOPETALOUS, ftk-to-pet-t^l-us, a. Having
eight flower leaves.
OCTOSTVLE, ok-to-stlle, s. The face of a building
orordonnance containing eight cohmns.
Octuple, 6k!^tit-pl, a. 405. Eightfold.
Ocular, ftk-ku-l^r, a, 88. Depending on the eye,
known by the eye.
Ocularly, ok'-ku-l^r-ll, ad. To the observation
of the eye.
Oculist, ok-ku-list, s. One who professes to cure
distempers of the eyes.
Odd, od, a. Not even, not divisible into equal
numbers ; particular, uncouth, extraordinary ; some-
thing over a definite number; not noted, not taken
into the common account; strange, unaccountable,
fantastical, uncommon, particular; unlucky; un-
likely, in appearance improper.
Oddly, 6d-le, ad. Not evenly ; strangely, par-
ticularly, unaccountably, uncouthly.
OddnesS, 6d-nes, *. The state of Ijeing not
even ; strangeness, particularity, uncouthness.
Odds, odz, S. inequality, excess of either com •
pared with the other; more than an even wager; ad-
vantage, superiority ; quarrel, debate, dispute.
Ode, ode, *. A poem written to be sung to musick,
a lyrick poem.
Odible, 6'-de-bl, a. 405. Hateful.
OFP
OFF
nor
167, n8tl63— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Mn 466, this 469.
Odious, 6-dJ-us, or i-je-us, a. Hateful, detest-
able, abominable; exposed to hate ; causing hate, in-
vidious.
C3" The first mode of pronouncing this word is the
more common, but the second seems the more correct.
See Principles, No. SQS, 294. 376.
Odiously, o-di-us-1^, or o-j^-us-le, ad. Hate-
fully, abominably ; invidiously, so as to cause hate.
Odiousness, i-de-us-nes, or 6-je-us-nes, s.
Hatefulness.
Odium, A-de-um, or o-je-um, s. Invidiousness,
quality of provoking hate.
Odorate, 6-d6-rate, a. Q^. Scented, having
a strong scent, whether fetid or fragrant.
Odoriferous, 6-do-rif'fer-us, a. Giving scent,
usually sweet of scent; fragrant, perfumed.
Odoriferousness, o-do-rif-fer-us-nes, s. 534.
Sweetness of scent.
Odorous, i-dur-us, a. 314. Fragrant, perfumed.
(t^ It is not a little strange that this adjective should
have preserved the accent of the simple odour, when the
Latin oriOrus presented so fair an opportunity of altering
it. Milton has seized this opportunity; but, happily
for the analogy of our own language, it has not been fol-
lowed :
" Last the bright consummate flow'r
" Spirits odorous brenthes ; fiow'rs and their fruit
** Mail's nourishment.'^
Where we may observe, that if the Latin accent be pre-
served, the Latin spelling ought to be preserved like-
wise.
Odour, 5-dur, *. 314. Scent, whether good or
bad; fragrance, perfume, sweet scent,
OeCONOMICKS, ek-o-nSm-miks, S. 296. Manage-
ment of household affairs.
Oeconomy. — See EcoHomy.
Oecumenical, ek-u-men-n^-k4l, a. 296.
General, respecting the whole habitable world.
Oedema, ^-deimJ, s. 92. 296. A tumour, it is
now commonly by surgeons confined to a white, soft,
insensible tumour.
Oedematick, ed-e-mit^tik, 296.
Oedematous, A-dem-mi-tus,
Pertaining to an oedema.
Oeiliad, e-il-yid, f. 1)3. A glance, wink, token
of the eye.
O'er, ore, ad. Contracted from Over.
Oesophagus, ^-sSf^f^-gus, s. The gullet.
Of, 6v, prep. 377. It is put before the substantive
that follows another in construction, as. Of these part
were slain ; it is put after comparative and superlative
ailjectivcs, as, the most dismal and unseasonable time
Of all other; from, as, 1 bought it Of him ; concerning,
relating to, as, all have this sense Of war; out Of, as,
yet Of this little he had some to spare ; among, as, any
clergyman Of my own acquaintance ; by, as, 1 was en-
tertained Of the consul ; this sense now not in use;
accordingto, as, they doOf right belong to you; noting
power or spontaneity, as. Of himself man is confessedly
unequal to his duty ; noting propertiesor qualities, as,
a man Of a decayed fortune, a body Of no colour;
noting extraction, as, a man Of an ancient family ;
noting adherence or belonging, as, a Hebrew Of my
tribe; noting the matter, as, thechariot was Of cedar;
noting the motive, as. Of my own choice 1 undertook
this work ; noting preference or postponence, as, 1 do
not like the tower Of any place ; noting change Of, as,
O miserable Of happy ! noting causality, as, goodnature
Of necessity will give allowance; noting proportion,
as, many Of a hundred ; noting kind or species, as, an
affair Of the cabinet; Of late, lately.
Off, of, ad. Of this adverb the chief use is to con-
join it with verbs, as, to come Off, to fly Off, to take
Off; it is generally opposed to On, as, to lay on, to
take Off; it signifies distance ; it signifies evanescence,
absence or departure; it signifies any kind of disap-
pointment, defeat, interruption, as, the affair is Off;
from, not toward ; Off hand, not studied.
Off, ftf, interj. Depart !
Off, 6f, pren. Not on ; distant from.
Offal, ftf-ful, *. 88. Waste meat, that which is
not eaten at the table; carrion, coarse flesh, refuse,
that which is thrown away ; any thing of no eslesm.
361
■h
Offence, Sf-ft-nseJ s. Crime, act of wickedness ;
a transgression; injury; displeasure given, cai se ol
disgust; scandal; anger, displeasure concei"ed; at-
tack, act of the assailant.
KT" For the elegant sound of the o in offence, offend.
official, and their compounds, see Occasion and Efface.
OfFENCEFUL, 6f-fense-ful, a. Injurious,
OfFENCELESS, 6f-fense-les, a. Unofl"cnding,
innocent.
To Offend, 6f-fend' v. a. To make angry; to
assail, to attack ; to transgress, to violate ; to injure.
To Offend, ftf-fendj v. n. To be criminal, to
transgress the law; to cause anger; to commit trans-
gression.
Offender, ftf-fen^^dur, .y. 98. A criminal, one
who has committed a crime, transgressor; one who
has done an injury.
Offendress, &f-fenidres, s. A woman that
offends.
Offensive, of-fen'-siv, a. 158. 428. Causing
anger, displeasing, disgusting; causing pain, inju-
rious ; assailant, not defensive.
Offensively, ftf-fen-siv-l(^, ad. Mischievously,
injuriously; so as to cause uneasiness or displeasure;
by way of attack, not defensively.
OffensiveNESS, ftf-fen-SlV-nes, S. Injuriousncss,
mischief; cause of disgust.
To Offer, ftf-fur, v, a. 98. To present to any
one, to exhibit any thing so as that it may be taken or
received; tosacrihce, to immolate; to bid as a price
or reward; to attempt, to commence; to propose.
To Offer, of-fur, v. n. To be present, to be at
hand, to present itself; to make an attejnpt.
Offer, ftP-fur, S, Proposal of advantage to another;
first advance ; proposal made; price bid, act of bid-
ding a price; attempt, endeavour; something given
by way of acknowledgment.
Offerer, 6f^fur-rur, s. One who makes an
oft'er; one who sacrifices, or dedicates in worship.
Offering, 6f-fiV-r1ng, S. A sacrifice, any thing
immolated, or offered in worship.
Offertory, 6fifer-tur-^, *. 557. The thing
ofiered; the act of offering.
Office, ftf^fis, *. 142. A public charge or employ-
ment; agency, peculiar use; business; particular em-
ployment; act of good or ill voluntarily tendered ; act
of worship; formulary of devotions; rooms ina house
1 appropriated to particular business ; place where busi-
ness is transacted.
Officer, 6f-fe-sur, S. 98. A man employed by
the publick ; a commander in the army; one who has
the power of apprehending criminals.
Officered, Sf^fe-surd, a . 362. Commanded,
supplied with commanders.
Official, of-flsh-il, a, 88. Conducive, appro-
priate with regard to use; pertaining to a publick
charge.
Official, 6f-fish-il, S. Official is that person t6
whom the cognizance of causes is committed by such
as have ecclesiastical jurisdiction.— See Offence.
Officially, fif-fish-Jl-e, ad. in a manner
belonging to office.
Officialty, 6f-f1sh-4l-t5, s. The charge or post
of an official.
T'o Officiate, 6f-i1shi^4te, v. a. 542. To give
in consequence of othce.
To Officiate, uf-fish^e-ite, v. n. 91. To dis-
charge an office, commonly in worship; to perform an
office for another.
Officious, &f-fish-us, ff. 314. K>nd, doing good
offices ; over forward.
Officiously, 6f-f1sh-us-lJ, ad. Kindly, with un-
asked kindness ; with too great forwardness.
OfFICIOUSNESS, of-fish-us-nes, S. Forwardness
of civility, or n spect, or endeavouir; over-forward-
ness.
Offing, ftf-fing, s. 410. The act of steering to
a distance from the land ; deep water off the shore.
Offset, if- set, s. Shopt of a plant.
OLI
ON
ty 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— mi 93, met 95--pliie 105, pin 107— no 163, more 164,
Offscouring, 8f-skovir-ing, *. Recrement, part
rubbed away in cleaning any thing.
Offspring, Sf^spring, *. The thing propagated
and generated, ciiildren; production of any l;ind.
To Offuscate, 6f-fus^kate, v, a. 9\. To dim,
to cloud, tu darken.
Offuscation, Sf-fus-ki^shun, s. The act of
darkening. — See Occasion.
Otr, id, ad. ^A poetical word). Often, frequently,
not rarely.
Often, 5f-fn, ad. 103, 472. Oft, frequently,
many times.
Oftentimes, of^fn-timz, ad. Frequently, many
times, often.
OfTTIMES, ftft-tlmz, ad. In poety, frequently,
often.
Ogee, o-jeej s. A sort of moulding in architecture,
consisting of a round and a hollow.
2h Ogle, o-gl, v. a, 406. To view with side
glances, as in fondness.
Ogler, 0-gl-ur, *. 98. A sly gazer, one who views
by side glances.
OglIO, 0-le-o, S. 338. A dish made by mingling
different kinds of meat, a medley. The Spanish OUa
Podrida,
Oh, o, interj. An exclamation denoting pain,
sorrow, or surprise.
Oil, oil, s. 299. The juice of olives expressed ;
any fat, greasy, unctuous, thin matter; the juices of
certain vegetables expressed or drawn by the still.
To Oil, oil, v. a. To smear or lubricate with oil.
OlLCOLOUR, Oll-kul-lur, S. Colour made by
grinding cnlnured substances in oil.
Oiliness, 6il-le-nes, *. ' Unctuousness.'greasiness.
quality approaching to that of oil.
Oilman, oil-ra4n, S. 88. One who trades in oils
and pickles.
OiLSHOP, oil-shftj), S. A sliop where oils and
pickles are sold.
Oily, oil'-^, a. Consisting of oil, containing oil,
having the qualities of oil ; fat, greasy.
OlLYGRAlN, oil-e-grane, s. A plant.
Oilypalm, oil-^-pam, s. A tree.
To OiNT, oint, V. a. 299. To anoint, to smear.
Out of use.
Ointment, 8int-ment, s. Unguent, unctuous
matter.
Oker, 6-kur, s. Properly Ochre, 416. A colour.
Old, old, a. Past the middle of life, not yovmg; of
long continuance, begun long ago ; not new; ancient
not modern ; of any specified duration ; subsisting be-
fore something else j long practised ; of Old, long ago,
from ancient times.
(K^ This word is liable to the same mispronunciation
as mould, which see.
Oldfashioned, old-fish-und, a. Formed accord-
ing to obsolete custom.
Olden, ol-dn, a. 103. Ancient. Not used.
OlDNESS, old-nes, S. Old age, antiquity.
Oleaginous, 6-1^-id-jin-us, a. Oily, unctuous.
Oleaginousness, 6-le-idyin-us-nes, s. 315.
Oiliness.
Oleander, 6-l^-4n-dur, s. 98. The plant
rosebay.
Oleaster, o-le-As^tur, s. 98. Wild olive.
Oleose, o-le-6seJ a. Oily.
To Olfact, ftl-f4ktj V. a. To smell.
Olfactory, dl-f4k-tur-^, a. 557. Having the
sense of smelling.
83- For the last o, see Domestick.
Olid, SKlid, ") . , .
Olidous, 6Ulld-5s, 314./"- S""k.ng. fefd.
Oligarchy, ol-le-gar-k^, s. 519. A form of
government which places thesupreme power in asmall
number, aristocracy.
3C3
Olio, i-le-6, s. 1 13. A mixture, a medley.
Olitory, fiKle-tur-e, s. 557. Belonging to the
kitchen garden.
OlIVASTER, fil-l^-V^-tur, a. 98. Darkly brown,
tawny.
Olive, 61-1iv, s. 140. A plant producing oilj the
emblem of peace.
Ombre, oin-bur, S. 416. A game at cards played
by three.
Omega, 6-me^gA, s. 92. The last letter of the
Greek alphabet, therefore taken in the Holy Scriptures
for the last.
Omelet, ftm-let, *. A kind of pancake made with
eggs.
Omen, o-men, s. A sign good or bad, a prognostick.
Omened, i-mend,a. 359. Containing prognostieks.
Omentum, 6-men-tSm, s. The cawi, the double
membrane spread over the entrails , callid also reticu-
lum, from its structure, resembling that of a net.
To Ominate, 6m-m^-nite, v. a. 91. To fore-
token, to show prognostieks.
OmINATION, 6m-in^-nA-shun, S. Prognostick.
Ominous, 8m-min-us, a. 314. Exhibiting bad
tokens of futurity, foreshowing ill, inauspicious; ex-
hibiting tokens good or ill.
Ominously, ftm-nun-niis-le, ad. With good or
bad omen.
OmINOUSNESS, 6m-min-llUS-neS, S. The quality
of being ominous.
Omission, o-mlsli-un, *. Neglect to dc some-
thing; neglect of duty, opposed to commission or
perpetration of crimes.
To Omit, i-mitj v. a. To leave out, not to
mention; to neglect to practise.
Omittance, o-mit-tinse, s. Forbearance.
Omnifarious, 6m-ne-ta-re-us, a. Of all varieties
or kinds.
OmNIFEROUS, 6m-nif-fer-US, «. 518. All-bearing.
Omnifick, ftm-nlf-fik, a, 509. All-creating.
OmnIFORM, 5m-ne-form, a. Having every shape.
Omnigenous, ftm-nidye-nus, a. 218. Consist-
ing of all kinds.
Omnipotence, 6tn-nip-p6-tense, ")
Omnipotency, om-nip-po-ten-se, J
Almighty power, unlimited power.
Omnipotent, oin-nip-p6-tent, a. 518. Almighty,
powerful without limit.
Omnipresence, 5m-ne-prez-ense, s. Ubiquity,
unbounded presence.
C3- All the orthofipists I have consulted (as far as can
be gathered from their notation and accentuation) make
the penultimate c in this word short, as in the w.rd pre-
sence, except Mr. Sheridan. That it is not pronounced
enclitically like omnipotence, 513. 518. arises, perhaps,
from the number of corrsonants in the latter syllables;
and as this is the case, it seems most agreeable to the
nature of our composition to pronounce ;)resence in this
word, in the same manner as when it is taken singly ;
just as we pronounce theatre in the word amphitheatre,
with the accent on the antepenultimate, though the ac-
cent is on tire penultimate, and the vowel is long, in the
Latin ampitheatrum.
Omnipresent, 6m-nl-prezient, a. Ubiquitary,
present in every place.
Omniscience, 8m-nish-e-ense, ")
Omnisciency, &m-msh-^-en-s^,j
Boundless knowledge, infinite wisdom.
Omniscient, Sm-msh-e-ent, a. Infinitely wise,
knowing without bounds.
Omniscious, 8iii-nish-us, a. 292. All-knowing.
Omnivorous, Sm-niviv6-rus, a. 518. All-
devouring.
Omphaloptick, 6m-fi-l6pitik, s. 509. An optick
glass that is convex on both sides, commonly called
a convex lens.
On, tin, prep. It is put before the word which
signifies H)»t which is under that by which any thing
ONS
OPE
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171,tfib 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— /Ain 466, thIs 469.
is supported, which any thing covers, or where any
thing is fixed; noting addition or accumulation, as,
mischiefs On misctiieis ; noting a state of progression,
as, whither On thy way ? noting dependence or reliance,
as. On God's providence their hopes depend ; at, noting
place; itdenolcsthe motive or occasion of any thing;
it denotes tlie time at which any thing happens, as, this
happened On the first day ; in forms of denunciation
it is put before the thing threatened; noting invoca-
tion ; noting stipulation or condition.
On, on, ad. Forward, in succession ; forward, in
progression; in continuance, without ceasing; upon
the hiidy, as part of dress; it notes resolution to ad-
vance.
On, on, inter}. A word of incitement or encourage-
ment.
Once, wunse, ad. 165. One time; a single
time; the same time ; onetime, though no more ; at
the time immediate ; formerly, at a former time.
One, wun, a. 165. Less than two, single, denoted
by an unit; indefinitely, any; different, diverse, op-
posed to Another ; One of two, opposed to the other;
pai ticularly one.
(tj> This word and its relatives, once and none, are per-
haps the best tests of a residence in the capital. In some
parts of the island they are pronounced so as to give the
0 the sound it has in lone, sonietlmes the sound it has in
gone; but the true sound is that it has in son, done, &c.
which is perfectly equivalent to the sound oft* in sun. 1
never could make a northern inhabitant of England pro-
nounce the follpwing sentence without the greatest dif-
ficulty : " 1 have won one game, and you have won none ;
you have not won once, and that is wonderful." Wiiere
we may observe that the o in won, is the exact sound it
has in one, once, and wonderful.
One, wun, S. A single person ; a single mass or
aggregate; the first hour; the same thing; a person ;
a person by way of eminence ; a distinct or particular
person; persons united; concord, agreement, one
mind ; any person, any man indefinitely. One has
sometimes a plural, when it stands for persons indefi-
nitely, as the great Ones of the world.
One-eyed, wun-ide, a. 263. Having only one
eye.
Oneirocritical, i-nl-ri-knt-t^-k^l, a. Properly
Onirocritical. Interpretative of dreams.
Oneirocritick, A-nl-r6-krit-tik, *. An inter-
preter of dreams.
Oneness, wun-nes, s. Unity j the quality of
being one.
Onerary, tn'-nh-rir-rl, a. 512. Fitted for
carriage or burdens.
To Onerate, 8n-ner-rite, v. a. 91. To load, to
burthen.
Oneration, 8n-ner-iishun, s. The act of loading.
Onerous, &n-ner-us, a. 314. Burthensome;
oppressive.
Onion, un^yun, s. 113. 165. A plant.
Only, Ane-1^, a. single, one and no more ; this
and no other; this above all other, as, he is the Only
man for musick.
Only, one-l^, ad. Simply, singly, merely, barely ;
so and no otherwise; singly without more, as, Only
begotten.
Onomancy, 6nin6-mln-s^, J. 519. A divination
by names.
Onomantical, 6n-n5-m4n-t^-kll, a. Predicting
by names.
Onomatopoeia, 8n-6-mit-6-pMy5, s. in Gram-
mar or Rhetorick, a figure of speech whereby names
and words are formed to the resemblance of the sound
made by the things signified.
03" This word is formed from the Greek ovojua, name,
and stmIw, Jingo, I make or feign. Tims is the word tri-
quetrack formed from the noise made by moving the men
at this game ; and from the same source arises the buzz-
ing of bees, the grunting of hogs, the cackling of hens,
the snoring of people asleep, the clashing of arms, &,c.
The surest etymologies are those derived from the Ono-
matopoeia.
Onset, 6n-set, S. AUack, assault, first brunt.
Onslaught, jn^slawt, s. Attack, storm, onset.
Mot used.
363
Ontologist, 5n-tol'-l6-jist, s. One who considers
the affections of being in general, a metaphysician.
Ontology, 6n-t6l-l6-je, s. 518. The science of
the affections of being in general, metaphysicks.
Onward, 6n^ward, ad. 88. Forward, progres-
sively; in a state of advanced progression; something
farther.
Onycha, 5n-ne-kl, s. 353. 92. The odoriferous
snail or shell, and the stone named onyx.
Onyx, o-niks, s. The onyx is a semipellucid gem,
of which there are several species.
Ooze, ooze, s. 306. Soft mud, mire at the bottom
of water, slime; soft flow, spring; the liquor of a tan-
ner's vat.
To Ooze, ooze, v. n. To flow by stealth, to run
gently.
OoZY, oo-zl, a. Miry, muddy, slimy.
To OpacATE, 6-p^-kite. v. a . 503. To shade, to
darken.
Opacity, 6-p^-si-t^, S, Cloudiness, want of
transparency.
Opacous, 6-pa-kus, a, 314. Dark, obscure, not
transparent.
Opal, o-pal, s. 88. A precious stone reflecting
various colours.
Opaque, A-pAke{ a. 337. 415. Not transparent
dark, cloudy.
To Ope, ope, v. a. Poetically for to open.
To Open, o-pn, t>. a. 103. To unclose, to unlock,
the contrary to Shut ; to show, to discover; to divide,
to break; to explain, to disclose; to begin.
To Ope, ope, \
7^0 Open, 6ipn, 103.J *'' '
To unclose, not to remain shutj a term of hunting,
when hounds give the cry.
Ope, 6pe, \
Open, of^pn, 103./"'
>-p
Unclosed, not shut; plain, apparent; not wearing
disguise, artless, sincere ; not clouded, clear ; exposed
to view; uncovered; exposed, without defence; at-
tentive.
Opener, 6-pn-ur, s. 98. One that opens, one
that unlocks, onethat uncloses ; explainer, interpreter;
that which separates, disuniter.
Openeyed, 6-pn-ide, a. 283. Vigilant, watchful.
Openhanded, 6-pn-hclnd-ed, a. Generous,
liberal.
Openhearted, o-pn-bart-ed, a. Generous,
candid, not meanly subtle.
Openheartedness, o-pn-hart-ed-nes, s.
Liberality, munificence, generosity.
Opening, i-pn-ing, *. 4)0. Aperture, breach;
discovery at a distance, faint knowledge, dawn.
Openly, 6-pn-l^, ad. Publickly, not secretly, in
sight; plainly, apparently, evidently, without dis-
guise.
Openmouthed, i-pn-mouTHdJ a. Greedy,
ravenous.
Openness, 6-pn-ncs, *. Plainness, clearness, free-
dom from obscurity or ambiguity ; freedom from dis-
guise.
Opera, 6p-per-ri, s. 92. A poetical tale or fiction,
represented by vocal and instrumental musick.
Operable, 6piper-4-bl, a. 405., To be done
practicable.
Operant, 6p-per-rint, a. Active, having power
to produce any effect.
To Operate, 6p-per-ite, v. w. 91. To act, to
have agency, to produce effects.
Operation, 6p-per-ra-shun, s. Agency, produc-
tion of effects, influence; action, effect; in chirur-
gery, that part of the art of healing which depends on
the use of instruments; the motions or employments
of an army.
Operative, 6p-per-r4-tiv, a. 512. Having th«
power of acting, having forcible agency.
OPP
OPT
(C-559. FAte73, f^r 77, fall 83, fit 81— me 93/met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
Operator, &p-per-ra-tur, 5. 321. One that per-
forms any act of the hand, one who produces any
effect.
OPEROSE, op-per-rosej a. Laborious.
Ophites, o-fl-tlZ, 5. A stone. Ophites Iias a dusky
greenish ground, willi spots of a lighter green.
OpHTHALMICK, tp-thkl'-mik, a. Relating to the
eye.
O Two aspirations in succession, says Mr. Elpliin-
ston, seem disagreeable to an English ear, and there-
fore one of them is generally sunk. Thus diphthong and
triphthong are pronounced dipthong and tripthmig. P is
lost as well as fc in upophthegvt; and therefore it is no
wonder we hear the first h dropped in oph thalmy and oph-
Ihalmick, which is the pronunciation I have adopted as
agreeable to analogy. Nay, such an aversion do we seem
to have to a succession of aspirates, that the h is sunk in
Isthmus, Esther, and Demosthenes, because the s, which
is akin to the aspiration, immediately precedes. Mr. She-
ridan pronounces the first syllable of this word like off,
but the first of diphthong and triphthong, like dip and
trip. Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, and Mr. Perry, have not
got this word, but pronounce diphthong and triphthong
in the same manner as Mr. Sheridan. Dr. Kfcnrick also
wants the word ; he gives no pronunciation lodiphthong,
but makes the ft silent in triphthong ; while Barclay pro-
nounces the ft in ophthalmick, but makes it either way in
diphthong, and silent in triphthong. It may be remarked,
that Dr. Jones, who wrote a Spelling Dictionary in
Queen Anne's time, made the h in these two words silent.
Ophthalmy, 6p-</i4l-me, S. A disease of the
eyes.
Opiate, 6-p^-3,t, S. 91- A medicine that causes
sleep.
Opiate, 6-p^-^t, «. 91. Soporiferous, narcotick.
To Opine, i-plne,' v. n. To think, to judge.
Opiniative, A-pin-y^-i-tiv, a. 113. Stiff in
a preconceived notion ■, imagined, not proved.
Opiniator, o-pin-y(^-A-tur, 5. 521. One fond of
his own notion. Little used.
Opiniatre, o-pm-ye-a^ter, a. 416. Obstinate,
stubborn. A French word little used.
OpiNIATRETY, 6-pin-yl-a-tr^-te, *. Obstinacy,
inflexibility, determination of mind.
Opinion, A-pin-yun, 5. 113. 550. Persuasion of
the mind, without proof; sentiments, judgment, no-
tion; favourable judgment.
Opinionated, 6-pin-yun-i-tetl, a. Attached to
certain opinions.
Opinionative, i-pin-yun-nl-tiv, a, 512. Fond
of preconceived notions.
Opinionist, 6-pin-yun-nist, s. One fond of his
own notions.
Opium, 6-p^-um, S, A medicine used to promote
sleep.
Oppidan, 6p-p5-diln, S, A townsman, an inhabitant
of a town.
To Oppignerate, 8p-piginer-rite, v. a. To
pledge, to pawn.
OppilatioN, op-pe-li^shun, s. Obstruction,
matter heaped together.
Opponent, 6p-pA-lient, a. Opposite, adverse.
Opponent, ftp-pi^nent, S. Antagonist, adversary ;
one who begins ihe dispute by raising objections to" a
tenet.
Opportune, ftp-pSr-tuneJ a. Seasonable, con-
venient, fit, timely.
Opportunely, 4p-p6r-tune-l^, ad. Seasonably,
conveniently, with opportunity either of time or
place.
Opportunity, 6p-p5r-tu'ne-te, s. Fitjilaceoi
time, convenience, suitableness of circumstances to
any end.
To Oppose, Sp-pozeJ v. a. To act against, to be
adverse, to hinder, to resist ; to put in opposition, to
olfer as an antagonist or rival; to place as an obstacle j
to place in front.
It:?- The 0 in the first syllable of this word has the
same tendency to a long open sound as in occasion. The
same may be observed of i^jpress and its compounds. — See
Occusion and Efface.
364
To Oppose, op-pize{ v. n. To act adversely ; to
object in a disputation, to have the part of raising dif-
ficulties.
OpposelesS, 6p-p5ze-les, a. Irresistible, not to be
opposed.
OpposeR, 6p-poizur, S. 98. One that opposes,
antagonist, enemy.
Opposite, 6p-po-zit, a. 156. Placed in faont,
facing each other ; adverse, repugnant ; contrary.
Opposite, 6p-p6-Zlt, *. 156. Adversary, opponent,
antagonist.
Oppositely, 5p-po-zit-le, ad. In such a situation
as to face each other; adversely.
Oppositeness, 6p-po-zit-nes, ft. The state of
being opposite.
Opposition, 6p-po-zisli-un, .s Situation so as to
front something opposed; hostile resistance; contra-
riety of afli'ection ; contrariety of interest; contrariety
of measures; contrariety of meaning.
To Oppress, 6p-presJ v. a. To crush by liardship,
or unreasonable severity ; to overpower, to subdue. —
See Oppose.
Oppression, 8p-presh-un, s. The act of oppres-
sing, cruelty, severity; the state of being oppressed,
misery; hardship, calamity; dulness of spirits, las-
situde of body.
Oppressive, Sp-pres-siv, a. Cruel, inhuman, un-
justly exactions or severe; heavy, overwhelming.
Oppressor, 8p-pres-sur, *. 98. One who harasses
others with unjust severity.
Opprobrious, 6p-pro-br^-us, a. Reproachful,
disgraceful ; causing infamy.
Opprobriously, 6p-pro-br5-us-lJ,arf. Reproach-
fully, scurrilously.
Opprobriousness, 6p-pri-br^-us-nes, s.
Reproachfulness, scurrility.
To Oppugn, 6p-puneJ v, a, 386. To oppose, to
attack, to resist.
Oppugnancy, ftp-pug-n4n-sJ, S. Opposition.
Oppugner, Sp-pune-ur, s. One who opposes or
attacks.
ft5- Mr. Sheridan sounds the g in this word, though
not in the verb from which it is formed ; but that this is
contrary to analogy.— See Principles, No. 386.
Ops\MATHY,tp-sixn-X-thi,s. 518. An education
begun late in life; knowledge or learning acquired in
age.
OptABLE, ftp-ti-bl, a, 405. Desirable, to be
wished.
Optative, 8p^ti-tiv, or Sp-ti^tiv, a. 505.
Expressive of desire ; tlie name of that mood of a
verb which expresses desire.
K?- Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash, Mr. Scott,
Entick, Barclay, and Buchanan, accent this word on the
first syllable ; and Dr. Kenrick, Bailey, W. Johnston,
and Mr. Perry on the second. That the last is more ge-
neral, particularly in Grammar schools, will be readily
acknowledged; but that the first is more correct and
agreeable to analogy, cannot be denied : for this wordi»
not so naturally derived from the classical optatus, as the
lower Latin optativus : and why this word should trans-
fer its penultimate accent to the first syllable of the En-
glish word, may be seen under the words Academy, In-
comparable, &c.
Upon a more mature recollection of the analogies of
the language, I am still more convinced of the justness
of the decision on the accentuation of this word. A
critick, with whom I lately conversed upon it, contended
that the accent ought to be upon the a, because it was on
that letter in the preterperfect tense of the verb opto, op-
tati. I desired him to put his argument into form, and
tell me whether all words of this termination were to
have the same accent as in the preterperfect tense of the
verb. — Here he could go no farther; I could have imme-
diately confronted him with tentative, from tento, tentavi;
willi negative, from ncgo, negavi; with vocative, from
voco, vocavi; and twenty other examples, which would
have shown the weakness of his reasoning ; and yet this
critick is a real scholar, a man of good sense and great
acuteness. — See Principles, No. 503, on the influence of
the Greek and Latin accent on that of the English j
No. 544, on the influence of the Greek and Latin quan-
tity on that of the English; and No. 618, on the termi-
nations ative and atory.
OKA
ORD
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, this 469.
Optical, 6p-t^-k4l, «. 88. Relating to the
science of opticks.
Optician, 6p-tish-un, s. 357. One skilled in
opticks.
OpTICK, Sp-tlk, a. Visual, producing vision, sub-
servient to vision J relating to tlie science of vision.
OpticK, ftp-tik, *. An instrument of sight, an
organ of sight.
Opticks, Sp^tiks, s. The science of the nature and
laws of vision.
OptIMACY, ftp-te-m^-Se, S. Nobility, body of
nobles.
OptimiTY, 6p-timin)^-ti, *. The state of being
best.
Optimism, <1p-t^-rnizni*, *. The doctrine or
opinion that every thing in nature is ordered for the
best.
Option, ftp^shun, s. Choice, election.
Opulence, ftp-pu-lense, ")
Opulencv, 6p'pu-len-s^, /
Wealth, riches, affluence.
Opulent, ftp-purlent, a. Rich, vrealthy, affluent.
Opulently, &p-pu-lent-l6, ad. Richly, with
splen<lour.
Or, or, conj. 167- A disjunctive particle, marking
distribution, and sometimes opposition ; it corresponds
to Either, he must Either fall Or fly ; before, Or ever,
before ever. In this last sense obsolete.
Oracle, 6r^ri-kl, S. 168. 405. Something de-
livered by supernatural wisdom; the place where, or
person of whom the determinations of heaven are in-
quired ; any person or place where certain decisions
are obtained ; one famed for wisdom.
Oracular, i-r^k-ku-l^r, "1
Oraculous, i-r3.k^ku-lus, /
Uttering oracles, resembling oracles.
OrACULOUSLY, i-rik-ku-lus-li, ad. In manner
of an oracle.
Oraculousness, i-rlk-ku-lus-nes, s. The state
of being oracular.
ORAISON,-6r-r^-zun, s. Prayer, verbal supplication.
See Orison.
Oral, b'-riX, a, 88. Delivered by mouth, not
written.
Orally, o-r^l-le, ad. By mouth, without writing.
Orange, Sr-nnje, s. 90. The orange tree; the
fruit of the tree.
Orange, ftr-nnie, a. Belonging to an orange, of
the colour of an orange.
Orangery, i-rawn-zher-l,s. French. Plantation
of oranges. — See Encore.
Or^ngemusk, ftr'-riiije-musk, s. — See Pewr, of
which it is a species.
Orange-woman, 6r-r!nje-wum-un, *. A woman
who sells oranges.
Oration, i-rA-shun, s. A speech made according
to the laws of rhetorick.
Orator, 6r'-i4-tur, s. 168. 503. A public
speaker, a man of eloquence ; petitioner. This sense
is used in addresses to chancery.
OrATORIAL, Sr-i-ti-rl-il, a. 92. Rhetorical,
florid.
Cj- I have inserted this wor.d, though omitted by al-
most all our lexicographers, because I have met with it
in authors of reputation. Dr. Foster, in his Treatise on
Accent and Quantity, says, " The connexion of tliis,
which may be called the orafortai accent, with the syl-
labic, and the subordination of them to each other,
nowever difficult it may appear, is yet easy in practice,"
page 23. Other good authorities for this word might have
been adduced, but the other adjective oratorical, though
not so justly formed, seems generally to be preferred. I
have sometimes made the experiment on people, whose
ears were nicely set to pure English pronunciation, by
proposing to them for their choice the adjectives orato-
rial or oratorical, and have always found them prefer the
latter. This may, in some measure, arise from suppos-
ing the former might be considered as the adjective of
arlAoTio, but »eeBi» rather to be occasioned by too great
365
a plenitude and rotundity of sound, which is not agree-
able to the genius of our language : for if we regard de»
rivation only, the adjective ought to be oratorial, as de-
rived immediately from the Latin oralorius, in the same
manner as from rhetoricus, is formed rhetorical.
Oratorical, Sr-i4-t5r^re-kAl, a. Rhetorical,
befitting an orator.
Oratorio, 8r-^-toire-o, s. An Italian word, used
to signify a kind of sacred drama, generally taken from
tlie Scriptures, and set to musick.
Oratory, 5r^ri-tur-^, s. 557. Eloquence,
rhetorical skill ; exercise of eloquence ; a private place
whicli is deputed and allotted for prayer alone.
Orb, orb, s. Sphere, orbicular body, circular body;
mundane sphere, celestial body; wheel; any rolling
body; circle, line drawn round; circle described by
any of the mundane spheres ; period, revolution of
time; sphere of action.
Orbation, or-ba-shun, s. Privation of parenti or
children.
Round, circular, orbicular; formed mlo a circle
rounded.
Orbicular, or-bik-kii-htr, a. 88. Sphericai ,
circular.
Orbicularly, or-bik-ku-lAr-1^, ad. Spherically,
circularly.
Orbicularness, or-biki^ku-l;tr-nes, s. The
state of being orbicular.
OrBICULATED, 6r-blk-ku-la-ted, a. Moulded into
an orb.
Orbit, or-bit, s. The line described by the revolu-
tion of a planet.
OrBITY, or-be-te, S. Loss, or v.ant of parenis or
children.
Orc, ork, *. A sort of sea fish.
Orchal, or-kil, s. 88. A stone from which
a blue colour is made.
Orchanet, Sr-k4-net, s. An herb.
Orchard, or-tshurd, s. 88. A garden of fruit
trees.
Orchestre, or^kes-tur, S. 416. The place where
tlie musicians are set at a publick show.
g^ This word is accented on the first syllable by
Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash, Mr. Scott, Mr. Nares,
Buchanan, Entick, Perry, and Barclay ; and by Mr. Bai-
ley and W. Johnston on the second ; and by Dr. Kenrick
on either. The first mode has not only the majority of
votes in its favour, but is agieeable to the general ana-
logy of words of three syllables, which, when not of our
own formation, commonly adopt the antepenultimate
accent. The exception to this rule will be found under
the next word.
Orchestra, 8r-kes-tr^,*. 503. A part of the
theatre appropriated to the musicians.
^^y- Dr. Johnson has preferred the French orchestre to
the Latin orcAes/ro, and the Greek opx,^<rTpa; but as we
find the latter spelling and pronunciation universally
adopted ; and as we take almost every other term of art
rather from the Greek than any other language, I have
ventured to insert it in that dress, after Chambers, and
some other very respectable authors.
This word is accented on the first syllable by Dr. Ash,
Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, Entick, and Barclay; but Mr.
Nares says it is accented on the second, as I have given
it. For notwithstanding the numbers against me, the
very general rule is on my side; which is, that when we
adopt a word whole from the Latin or Greek, it ought to
have the same accent as in those languages. — See Prin-
ciples, No. 503.
To Ordain, or-dane{ v. a. To appoint, to decree ;
to establish, to institute ; to set in an office; to invest
with ministerial function, or sacerdotal power.
Ordainer, or-dAneifir, s. 98. He who ordains.
Ordeal, or-d^-il, or or-je-al, s. 263. A trial
by fire or water, by which the person accused appealed
to heaven, by walking blindfold over hot bars of iron,
or being tlirown into the water.
Order, or^dur, S. 98' Method, regular dispositon ;
proper state; reguliirity, settled mode j mandate, pre-
cept, command ; rule, regulation ; regular government ;
a society of dignified persons distinguished by marlis
ORG
ORN
of honour; a rank or class ; a religions fraternity ; in
the plural, hierarcliical state; means to an end; mea-
sures, care ; in architecture, a system of the several
members, ornaments, and proportions of columns and
pilasters.
To regulate, to ad-
ts- 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fXtSl—mhdS, mef.95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
Organpipe, or^gin-p!pe, s. The pipe of a musical
organ.
Orgasm, or-giztn, S. Sudden vehemence.
Orgies, or-jeze, *. Mad rites of Bacchus, frantick
revels.
Orient, o-re-ent, a. 505. Rising as the sun;
eastern, oriental ; bright, shining.
Orient, o-re-ent, s. The east, the part where the
sun first appears.
Oriental, 6-re-?n^til, a. Eastern, placed in the
east, proceeding from the east.
Oriental, 6-re-en't4l, s. An inhabitant of the
eastern parts of the world.
Orientalism, 6-re-en^ti-lizm, s. An idiom of
the easternlanguages, an eastern mode of speech.
Ori entality, 6-re-en-t^l-l^-t^, *, State of being
oriental.
Orifice, 8r-re-f?s, s. 142. 168. Any opening or
perforation.
Origan, Sr'e-gSn, s. 88. Wild marjoram.
Origin, 6i-r^-jin, "1
Original, o-ridy^-n.4l, 170. J *"
Beginning, first existence; fountain, source, that
which gives beginning or existence; first copy, arche-
type ; derivation, descent.
Original, 6-rid-j^-nil, a. 170. Primitive,
pristine, first.
Originally, 6-rid'-je-nil-ll, ad. Primarily,
with regard to the first cause; at first; as the first
author.
OrIGINALNESS, 6-rid^je-nitl-neS, S. The quality
or state of being original.
OriGINARY, i-rid^i-nl-re, a. Productive, caus-
ing existence ; primitive, in the first state.
To Originate, 6-ridyi-nAte, v. a. To bring
into existence.
Origination, i-rid-je-ni^sbun, s. The act of
bringing into existence.
Orison, Sr-r^-zun, S. 168. A prayer, a supplica-
tion.
(to- Mr. Sheridan has adopted the other spelling from
the French oraison ; but Dr. Johnson, and all the writers
he quotes, spell the word in the manner I have done.
Dr. Johnson tells us this word is variously accented ; that
Shakespeare has the accent both on the first and second
syllables, Milton and Crashaw on the first, and others
on the second.
To Order, or-dur, v. a.
just, to manage, to conduct ; to methodise, to dispose
fitly ; to direct, to command.
Orderer, or-dur-rur, s. 557. One that orders,
melhodises, or regulates.
OrderleSS, or-dur-les, a. Disorderly, out of rule.
Orderliness, or^dur-le-nes, s. Regularity,
methodicalness.
Orderly, or-dur-le, a. Methodical, regular;
well regulated; according with established method.
Orderly, or-dur-le, ad. Methodically, according
to order, regularly.
Ordinable, or-de-nl-bl, a, 435. Such as may
be appointed.
Ordinal, or-de-n4l, a. 88. Noting order.
Ordinal, or-de-nil, s. A ritual, a book contain-
ing orders.
Ordinance, oi-'de-ninse, s. Law, rule, prescript;
observance commanded ; appointment. When U sig-
nifies cannon, it is now generally written for distinc-
tion Ordnance, and pronounced in two syllables.
Ordinarily, oride-n4-re-l^, ad. According to
established rules, according to settled method ; com-
monly, usually.
Ordinary, or-d4-nlt-rJ, or ord-nR-rl, a.
Established, methodical, regular; common, usual;
mean, of low rank; ugly, not handsome, as, she is an
Ordinary woman.
(^ Though it is allowable in colloquial pronunciation
to drop the t in this word, and pronounce it in three syl-
lables; in solemn speaking, the i must be heard dis-
tinctly, and the word must have four syllables. — See
Principles, No. S74.
Ordinary, or^d^-nl-re, s. Established judge of
ecclesiastical causes; settled establishment; actual
and constant oflSce.
Ordinary, ord-nJ-rJ, s. Regular price of a meal ;
a place of eating established at a certain price.
CC5" The i is never heard when the word is used in this
sense.
To Ordinate, or-de-nite, v. a. To appoint.
Ordinate, or-d^-nAte,a. 91. Regular, methodical.
ORDINATIO!i, or-d^-n^-shun, *. Established order
or tendency ; the act of investing any man with sacer-
dotal power.
Ordnance, ord-n^nse, s. Cannon, great guns.
Ordonnance oridun-n^^nse, *. Disposition of
figures in a picture.
Ordure, Sryire, s. 294. 376. Dung, filth.
Ore, ore, *, Metal unrefined, metal yet in its
mineral state.
Organ, or-g^n, s. Natural initrument, as the
tongue is the Organ of ST[>eech ; an instrument of mu-
sick consisting of pipes filled with wind, and of stops
touched by the hand.
Organic AL, or-g^n-ne-kil, ")
Organick, or-g^n^nik, 509. J
Consisting of various parts co-operating with each
other; instrumental, acting as instruments of nature
or art ; respecting organs.
Organically, or-gSn^n^-k^l-lJ, ad. By means
of organs or instruments.
OrganicAlness, or-gHn-ni-kJl-nes, s. state of
being organical.
Organism, or-gi-nizm, s, Organical structure.
Organist, or'g^-mst, s. One who plays on the
organ.
Organization, or-gi-ne-za'shun, s. Construc-
tion in which the parts are so disposed as to be subser-
vient to each other.
To Organize, or-gi-nlze, v. a. To construct so
as that one part co-operates with another.
Organloft, or-giln-lSft, *. The loft where the
36C
" The fair Ophelia ! Nymph, in thy orisons
** Be all my sius remembered.'' Hamlet
" Alas', your too much love and care of me
** Are heavy orisons 'gainst this poor wretch."
Henry the FifOi
** My wakeful lay shall knock
** At th' oriental gates, and duly luock
" The early lark's shrill omonj to be
** An anthem at the day's nativity." Crnshmc
'* His daily orisons attract our ears." Sandys,
** Lowly they bow'd adoring, and began
** Their orisons each morning duly paid." Milton,
** So went he on with his orisons;
" Which, if you mark them well, were wise ones." Collon
** Here, at dead of uight,
" The hermit oft 'mid his orisons hears
** Aghast the voice of time disparting tow'rs." Dyer
" The midnight clock attests my fervent pray'rs,
** The rising sun my oi-isons declares." Harte.
Mr. Nares tells us he has no doubt that Milton's ac-
centuation is right. This too is my opinion. Poets
are not the best authorities, even when they are una-
nimous J but much worse when they differ from others,
and even from themselves. We must therefore leave
them the libertv of accenting both ways, either for the
sake of the vers"e, the rhyme, the humour, or the aflFec-
tation of singularity, and bring our reason for accent-
ing this word in prose on the first syllable, from the
very general rule in Principles, No. 603. Accordingly
Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick,
Buchanan, W. Johnston, Barclay, Bailey, Perry, and
Entick, uniformly place the accent on the first syllable;
and Dr. Ash says it is sometimes accented on the second.
Ornament, or-ni-ment, s. Embellishment, cl«-
coration } honour, tliat which confers dignity.
OSS
OVK
nor 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub .72, bull 173— 6il 299— pound 313— ^in 466, this 469.
Ornamental, or-nJ-men-t^l, a. 88. Serving to
decoration, giving embellishment.
Ornamentally, or-n^-men-tJl-le, ad. In such
a manner as may confer embellishment.
Ornamented, oi-ni-men-ted, a. Embellislied,
bedecked.
Ornate, or-nate, a, 91. Bedecked, decorated,
fine.
Orphan, ur-f^ti, s. 88. A child who has lost
father or mother, or both.
Orphan, or-f^n, a. Bereft of parents.
Orphanage, or-f^n-idje, 90.1
Orphanmsm, or^fin-nizm, /
State of an orphan.
Orpiment, tV-p^-ment, S. A kind of mineral,
the yellow arsenick, used by painters as a gold colour.
Orpine, or-plti, *. 140. Rose root.
Orrery, fir-rer-r^,*. 168. An instrument vchich,
by many complicated movements, represents the re-
volutions of the lieavenly bodies.
Orris, 6ririS, S, A plant and flower.
Orthodox, or-iAo-doks, a. 503. Sound in
opinion and doctrine, not heretical.
OrTHODOXLY, 3r-^A6-d6ks-lJ, ad. With sound-
ness of opinion.
Orthodoxy, ov'-thh-d.tV.-sl, s. 517. Soundness
in opinion and doctrine.
Orthodromicks, or-f/ii-drSm^iks, s. The art
of sailing in the arc of some great circle, which is the
shortest or straightest distance between any two points
on the surface of the globe.
OrTHOEPIST, ov'-thh-h-^ist, S. One who is skilled
in orthoepy.
Orthoepy, OV-thh-h-\>h, S. 519. The right pro-
nunciation of words.
Cr?- It is not a little surprising that so few of our Dic-
tionaries of pronunciation have inserted this word, so
feculiarly appropriated to the subiect they have treated.
I is regularly derived from the Greek op8o«TcTa, and is as
necessary to our language as orthography, orthodoxy, &c.
Mr. Elpiiinston and Mr. Nares place the accent on the
first syllable of this word, as I have done.
Orthogon, or'-thh-gtn, s. A rectangled figure.
Orthogonal, or-t/Ag'-gh-nkl, a, . Rectangular.
Orthographer, or-th^g'-gr^f-fur, s. One who
spells at'cording to the rules of grammar.
Orthographical, Sr-^Ai-grif-fe-k4l,a. Rightly
spelled ; relating to the spelling.
Orthographically, or-</(6-gr4f-f4-kil-lJ, ad.
According to the rules of spelling.
Orthography, or-^/iSg^grif-i, s. 513. The
• part of grammar which teaches how words should be
spelled; the art or practice of spelling; the elevation
of a building delineated.
Ortive, or^tiv, a. 157. Relating to the rising of
any planet or star.
Ortolan, 6r-to-lun, s. 88. A small bird ac-
counted very c'elicious.
OrtS, orts, *. Refuse, that which is left.
Oscillation, 6s-sil-lA-shun, s. The act of
moving backward and forward like a pendulum.
Oscillatory, 6s-sil-l^-tur-re, a. Moving back-
ward and forward like a pendulum.
OsciTANCY, 6s-se-t4n-si, S. The act of yawning;
unusual sleepiness, carelesness,
OSCITANT, 6s-se-t^nt, a. Yawning, unusually
sleepy ; sleepy, sluggish.
OsciTATION, 6s-se-t4ishun, S. The act of yawn-
Osier, O-zher, s. 451. A tree of the willow kind,
growing by the water.
OSPRAY, ts-prk, S. The sea eagle.
Ossicle, is'-sik-kl, s. 405. A small bone.
OsSIFICK, ^S-Slfiflk, a. 509. Having the power
of making bones, or changing carneous or membra-
nous to bony substance.
367
Ossification, 6s-s^-fe-kaishun, s. Change of
carneous, membranous, or cartilaginous, into bony
substance.
Ossifrage, fts^se-fradje, s. A kind of eagle.
To Ossify, Ss^se-fl, v. a. 183. To change into
bone.
OssivorouS, 6s-Siviv5-rSs, a. 518. Devouring
bones.
Ostensible, 6s-tenise-bl, a. Held forth to
view j apparent.
Ostensive, 6s-ten-s!v, a. 158. 428. Showing,
betokening.
Ostent, 5s-tent{ s. Appearance, air, manner,
mien; show, token; a portent, a prodigy.
Ostentation, Ss-ten-ta-shun, *. Outward show,
appearance; ambitious display, boast, vain show.
Ostentatious, fts-ten-ta^shus, a. Boastful,
vain, fond of show, fond to expose to view.
Ostentatiously, Ss-ten-taishus-1^, ad.
Vainly, boastfully.
Ostentatiousness, Ss-ten-tAishus-nes, *.
Vanity, boastfulness.
Osteocope, 6s-tei6-k6pe, *. The aching of the
bones.
Osteology, 6s-tWl-li-j^, *. 518. A description
of the bones.
Ostler, Ss^lSr, s. 472. 98. The mar who takei
care of horses at an inn.
Ostracism, 6s-trA-sizm, *. A manner of sentence
at Athens, in which the note of acquittal or condem-
nation was marked upon a shell, publick censure.
OSTRACITES, Js-tri-si-tiz, s. Ostracites expresses
the common oyster in its fossil state.
Ostrich, fts^tntsh, S. The largest of birds.
Oo=-This word is more frequently pronounced ostridge ;
and by Shakespeare is written estridge.
Otacoustick, At-t^-kou^stik, s. An instrument
to facilitate hearing.
Other, l'TH-ur,/?rOM. 98.469. Not the same, dif-
ferent; correlative to Each ; something besides, next j
it is sometimes put elliptically for Other thing.
Othergates, uTH-ur-gats, a. In another
manner. Obsolete.
Otherguise, uTH^ur-gyize, a. Of another kind.
Otherwhere, uTH-ur-whare, ad. In other
places.
Otherwhile, uTH-ur-while, ad. At other
times.
Otherwise, uTH-ur-wize, or uTH-ur-wiz, ad.
140. In a different manner ; by other causes ; in other
respects ; often corruptly pronounced otherways.
Otter, St-tur, S. 98. An amphibious animal that
preys upon fish.
Oval, i-vul, a. 88. Oblong, resembling the
longitudinal section of an egg.
Oval, A-vul, s. That which has the shape of an egg.
OvARIOUS, i-va-r^-us, a. Consisting of eggs.
Ovary, i-va-r^, s. That part of the body in which
impregnation is formed.
Ovation, i-vi-shun, *. A lesser triumph among
the Romans.
Oven, uv-vn, S. 103. An arched cavity Iieated
with fire to bake bread.
Over, iivur, prep. 98. 4.8. Above; across,
as, he leaped Over the brook ; through, as, the worM
Over.
Over, i-vur, ad. Above the top ; more tjian
a quantity assigned, from side to side; from one to
another; from a country beyond the sea ; on the sur-
face; throughout; completely; with repetition, an-
other time; in a great degree, in too great a quantity;
Over and above, Ijesides,, beyond what was first sup-
posed or immediately intended ; Over against, oppo-
site, regarding in front: in composition it has a great
variety of significations; it is arbitrarily prefixed to
nouns, adjectives, or other parts of speech; Over
night, the' night before.
OVE
OVE
so- 559. Fate 73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
To Over-abound, S-vur-4-bound{ v. n. To
abound more than enongli.
7'o Over-act, 6-vur-ik.t{ v. a. To act more than
c-nougl).
7b Over-arch, i-vur-artshj v. a. To cover as
witli an arch.
To Over-awe, o-vur-a.\v{ v. a. To keep in awe
by superior influence.
To Over-balance, o-vur-b4l-linse, v. a. 493.
To weigli down, to preponderate.
5^ What lias been observed of words compounded
with counter is apjilicable to those compounded withoi'er.
The noun and tlie verb sometimes follow the analogy of
dissyllables ; the one having the accent on the first, and
the other on the latter syllables.— See Counterbalance,
Over-balance, 6-vur-b3.1-linse, s. Sometliing
more than equivalent.
Over-battle, 6-v?ir-b4t-tl, a. Too fruitful,
exuberant. Not used.
7'o Over-beau, 6-vur-bireJ v, a. To repress, to
subdue, to bear down.
To Over-bid, i-vur-bidj v, a. To oifer more
than equivalent.
7'o Over-blow, o-vur-bl6{ v. n. To be past its
violence.
To Over-blow, 6-vur-blo{ v. a. To drive away
as clouds before the wind.
Over-board, o-vur-bord, ad. Off the ship, out
of the ship.
To Over-bulk, i-vur-bulk{ v. a. To oppress by
hulk.
7'o Over-burden, o-vur-bur-dn, v, a. To load
with too great a weight.
To Over-buy, 6-vur-bI{ v. a. To buy too dear.
To Over-caury, o-vur-kir-re, v. a. To carry
too far, to be urged to any thing violent or dangerous.
To Overcast, 6-vur-kistJ v. a. To cloud, to
darken, to cover with gloom; to cover j to rate too
high in computation.
To Over-charge, o-vSr-tsharjeJ v. a. To
oppress, to cloy, to surcharge; to load, to crowd too
much ; to burden ; to rate too high ; to fiH too full ; to
load with too great a charge.
Over-charge, i^vur-tshirje, *. Too great
a charge. — See Overbalance.
To Over-cloud, 6-vur-kloud{ v. a. To cover
with clouds.
To Overcome, 6-vur-kum( v. a. To subdue, to
conquer, to vanquish; to surcharge ; to come over or
upon. Not in use in this last sense.
To Overcome, i-vur-kum| v. n. To gain the
superiority.
OVERCOMER, 6-vur-kum-mur, S. He who over-
comes.
To Over-count, &-vur-kount{ v. a. To rate
above the true value.
To Overdo, 6-vur-doo{ v. a. To do more than
enough.
To Over-dress, 5-vur-dres{ v. a. To adorn
lavishly.
To Over-drive, 6-vur-drive{ v. a. To drive
too hard, or beyond strength.
7'o Over-eye, 6-vur-l| v, a. To superintend; to
observe, to remark.
Overfall, i-vur-fall,*. 406. Cataract. Not used.
To OvER-i'LOAT, 6-vur-flate{ v. n. To swim, to
float.
To Overflow, i-vur-flij v. n. To be fuller
than the brim can hold; to exuberate.
To Overflow, 6-vur-fi6| v. «. To fill beyond
the brim ; to deluge, to drown, to over-run.
OvERl LOW, o-vur-fl6,*. 492. Inundation, more
than fulness, such a quantity as runs over, exuberance.
Overflowing, 6-vur-fl6-ing, s. Exuberance,
copiousness.
Overflowinglv, i-vur-fl5iing-l5, ad.
Exuberantly,
368
To OVER-FLY, i-vur-flij V. a. To cross by flight.
OvERFORWARDNESS, 6-vur-for^ward-nes, *. Too
great quickness ; too great officiousness.
To Over-freight, o-vur-fri\te; v. a. To load
too heavily.
To Over-glance, 6-vur-glanseJ v, a. To look
hastily over.
To Over-go, A-vur-g'oJ v. a. To surpass, to excel.
To Over-gorge, 6-vur-gorje{ v. a. To gorge too
much.
To Over-grow, 6-v?ir-gr6{ v. a. To cover with
growth; to rise above.
To Over-grow, 6-vur-griJ v. n. To grow
beyond the fit or natural size.
Over-growth, o-vur-gr6^A, s. Exuberant
growth.
To Over-hale, o-vur-hawl{ v. a. To spread
over; to examine over again.
(!3» This word has the o, in the last syllable, always
pronounced as it is here marked. — See To Hale.
To Over-hang, 6-vur-liing{ v. a. To jut over,
to impend.
To Over-hang, o-vur-hisigj v. n. To jut over.
To Over-harden, 6-vSr-har-dn, v. a. To
make too hard.
Over-head, o-vur-hed{ ad. Aloft, in the zenith,
above.
To Over-hear, o-vur-heie{ v, a. To hear those
who do not mean to be heard.
To Over-joy, o-vur-joe| v. a. To transport, to
ravish.
Over-joy, o-vur-joe, S. Transport, ecstacy.
To Over-ripen, i-vfir-rl-pn, v. a. To make too
ripe.
To Over-labour, ^-vur-la-bur, v. a. To take
too much pains on any thing, to harass with toil.
To Over-lade, i-vur-ladej v. a. To over-burden.
Overlarge, 6-vur-larjeJ a. Larger than enough.
To Overlay, 6-vur-1^5 v. a. To oppress by too
much weight or power; to smother; to cover super-
ficially ; to jam by something laid over.
To Overleap, A-vur-lepe{ v. a. To pass by
a jump. ^ ^
To Overlive, o-vur-liv{ v. a. To live longer
than another, to survive, to outlive.
To Overlive, i-vur-hvj v. n. To live too long.
OVERLIVER, i-vur-liv-ur, S. Survivor, that which
lives longest. Not used.
To Overload, i-vur-l6de{ v. a. To burden with
too much.
Overlong, 6-vur-l5ng5 a. Too long.
To Overlook, o-vur-lookj v. a. To view from
a higher place; to view fully, to peruse; to superin-
tend, to oversee ; to review; to pass by indulgently j
to neglect, to slight; to pass over unnoticed.
Overlooker, 6-vur-lookiur, s. One who look*
over his fellows.
Overmasted, 6-vur-nifct-ed, a. Having too
much mast.
To Overmaster, 6-vur-m3.s-tur, v. a. To sub-
due, to govern.
To Overmatch, 5-vur-m4tsh,' v. a. To be too
powerful, to conquer.
Overmatch, i-vur-m^tsh, s. One of superior
powers. — See Counterbalance.
Overmuch, 6-vur-mutshJ a. Too much, more
than enough.
Overmuch, o-vur-mutsli{ ad. In too great
a degree.
Overmuchness, 6-vur-mutshines, s.
Exuberance, superabundance. Not used.
Overnight, A-vur-nite{ *. The night before.
To Overname, 6-vur-nAmeJ y, a. To name in
a series.
OVE OVE
nor I6r, not 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Wn 466, Tuis 469.
To OVEROFFICE, O-Vur-Sf^flS, V. a. To lord by
virtue of an office.
OVEROFFICIOUS, O-VUF-of-flsh^US, «. Too busy,
too iiiiporlunate.
To Overpass, 6-vur-p4sJ v. a. To cross ; to
overlook, to pass with disregard ; to omit in a reckon-
ing.
To Overpay, o-vur-pa{ v. a. To reward beyond
tlie price.
7<> OvERPERCH, 6-vur-pertsh{ v, a. To fly over.
7'o OvERPEER, o-vur-pere{ v. a. To overlook, to
hover above.
Overplus, o-vur-plus, s. Surplus, what remains
more tlian sufficient.
To Overfly, 6-vur-pli,' v, a. To employ too
laboriously.
To Overpoise, o-vSr-poizeJ v, a. To outweigh.
Overpoise, i'vur-poize, s, 493. Preponderant
weight.
To Overpower, o-vur-pou^ur, v. a. To be
predominant over, to oppress by superiority.
To Overpress, 0-vur-presJ v. a. To bear upon
with irresistible force, to overwhelm, to crush.
To Overprize, 6-vur-prlze{ v. a. To value at
too liigli a price.
OVERRANK, o-vur-rJngkJ a. Too rank.
To Overrate, o-vur-i;ltcJ v. a. To rate at too
much.
To Overreach, o-vur-rcetshj v. a. To rise
above ; to deceive, to po beyond.
To Overreach, o-vur-iijfctsh{ v. n. A horse is
said to Over-reach, wlitn he brings liis hinder feet too
far forwards, so as to strike against his fore-feet.
Overreacher, i-vur-reetsh-ur, s. A cheat,
a deceiver.
To Overread, o-vur-ret'dj v, a. To peruse.
To Overroast, o-vur-r6st{ v. a. To roast too
much.
7b OvERRt;LE, o-vur-roolj v. a. To influence
with predominant power, to besuperioar in authority;
to govern with high author.ty, to superintend ; to su-
persede, as in law, to Over-rule a plea is to reject it as
incompetent.
To Overrun, i-vur-run| v. a. To harass by in-
cursions, to ravage ; to outrun ; to overspread, to co-
ver all over; to mischief by great numbers, to pester.
To Overrun, 6-vur-iun| v. n. To overflow, to be
more than full.
To Oversee, i-vfir-sJeJ v. a. To superintend ;
to overlook, to pass by unlieeded, to omit.
Overseen, h-\uv-se^n', part. MistaKcn, deceived.
Overseer, o-vur-see-ur, s. One who overlooks,
a superintendent; an officer who has the care of the
parocliial provision for the poor.
To Overset, o-vur-set{ v. a. To turn the bottom
upwards, to throw off the basis ; to throw out of regu-
larity.
To Overset, i-vur-set{ v. n. To fall off the basis.
To Overshade, 6-vur-shAdeJ v. a. To cover
with darkness.
To Overshadow, i-vur-sb^d-dS, v, a. To
throw a shadow over any tiling ; to shelter, to protect.
To Overshoot, 0-vur-sbootj v. n. To fly beyond
the mark.
2'o Overshoot, 6-vur-sboot,' v. a. To shoot
beyond the mark; witli ilie reciprocal pronoun, to
venture too far, to assert tiio much.
Oversight, 6^'ur-slte, 5. 493. Superintendence.
Not used. Mistake, errour.
To Oversize, 6-vur-sizeJ v, a. To surpass in
bulk; to plaster over.
To OvERSKip, o-vur-skipj v. a. To pass by
leaping; to jiass over ; to escape.
To Oversleep, o-vur-slctp| v, a. To sleep too
Ion;*
^60
To OVERSLIP, o-vur-slipj v. a. To pass undone,
unnoticed, or unused ; to neglect.
To OvERSNOW, o-vur-snoj v. a. To cover with
snow.
Oversold, 6-vur-s6ldJ jiart. Sold at too high
a price.
OVERSOON, i-vur-soonj ad. Too soon.
Overspent, 6-vur-spent{ part. Wearied, Uar-
raased.
To Overspread, i-vur-spred{ v. a. To cover
over, to fill, to scatter over.
To Overstand, 6-vur-st;tnd,' v. a. To stand too
nuicli upon conditions.
To Overstock, o-vur-stok{ v. a. To nil too full,
to crciwd.
To Overstrain, 6-vur-strineJ v. n. To make
loo violent ell'orts.
To Overstrain, o-vur-strane{ v. a. To stretch
too far.
To OveRSWAY, 0-Vur-SWa,' v. a. To over-rule,
to bear down.
To OVERSVVELL, o-vup-swelj V. a. To rise above.
Overt, o-vert, a, 544. Open, publick, apparent.
Overtly, i-vert-le, ad. Openly.
To Overtake, 6-vur-tAkeJ v. a. To catch any
thing hy pursuit, to come up to something going be-
fore ; to take by surprise.
To Overtask, o-vur-taskj v. a. To burden with
too heavy duties or injunctions.
7'o Overthrow, o-vur-'/troJ v. a. To turn up-
side down ; to throw down, to demolish ; to defeat, to
conquer; to destroy, to bring to nothing.
Overthrow, o-vfir-i/tri, s. 493. The state of
being turned upside down ; ruin, destruction; defeat,
discomfiture; degradation. — See Overbalance.
OvERTH ROWER, 6-vur-^7<ri-ur, s. He who
overthrows.
OVERTHWART, h-VXir-tJlWMt', «. Opposite, being
over against ; crossing any thing perpendicularly ; per-
verse, adverse, contradictious.
OVERTHWARTLY, i-vur-f/twart-1^, ad. Across,
transversely; pervicaciously, perversely.
OVERTHWARTNESS, A-VUl-^/tWiirt-nt'S, *.
Pervicacity, perverseness.
Overtook, 6-Vur-tookI Fret, and part. pass, of
Overtake,
To Overtop, i-vur-tSp,' v. a. To rise above, to
raise the head above ; to excel, to surpass ; to obscure,
to make of less importance by superiour excellence.
To OveRTRIP, 6-Vur-tripJ v. a. To trip over, to
walk lightly over.
Overture, A-ver-tshiVe, s. 463. Opening, dis-
closure, discovery; proposal, something olt'erid to
consideration.
To Overturn, A-vur-turnJ v. a. To throw
down, to subvert, to ruin ; to overpower, to conquer
OveRTURNER, i-vur-turil-ur, S, Subverter.
7'o Overvalue, A-vur-vil-lu, v. a. To rate at
too high a price.
To Overveil, 6-vur-vAle( v. a. To cover.
To Overwatch, o-vur-w6tsh( v. a. To subdue
with long want of rest.
Overwear, i-vur-wekej a. Too weak, too feeble.
To Overweather, 6-v3r-weTii-ur, v. a. T«
batter with violence of weather. Not us^ed.
To OvERWEEN, 6-vur-ween| v. n. To think toe
highly, to think with arrogance.
OvERWEFNiNGLY, i-vup-ween-ing-le, ad. With
too much arrogance, with too high an opinion.
To OVERWEIGH, 6-Vur-Wi\5 V. a. To prepon-
derate.
Overweight, o-vur-w;lte,*. 49J. Preponderance.
To Overwhelm, o-vur-hwelm,' v. a. To crush
underneath something violent and weighty j to ove?'
look gloomily,
Bb
OUT
OUT
CS-559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, ftt 81— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
Overwhelmingly, 6-vur-whel-ining-le, ad.
In such a manner as to overwhelm.
Overwrought, 6-vur-riwt{ pa7-t. Laboured
too much ; worked too much.
i)vERWOKN, i-vur-w6rn{ part. Worn out, sub-
dued by toil ; spoiled by time.
Ought, awt, S. 319. ,393. Any thing, notnothing.
More properly written Aught.
Ought, awt, verb imperfect. Owed, was bound
to pay, have been indebted. Not used in this sense.
To be obliged by duty to be fit, to be necessary; a
sign of the potential mood.
Oviform, o-v^-form, a. Havini; the shape of an
egg.
Oviparous, o-vip-pa-rus, a. 518. Bringing
forth eggs, not viviparous.
Ounce, ounse, s. 312. The sixteenth part of
a pound in Avoirdupoise weight ; the twelfth part of a
pound in Troy weight.
Ounce, ounse, *. A lynx, a panther.
OUPHE, oofe, *. 315. A fairy, goblin.
Ouphen, oo^fn, a. 103. EUish.
DuR, our, pron. poss. 312. Pertaining to us,
belonging to us; when the substantive goes before, it
is written Ours.
Ourselves, our-selvz{ recip, pron. We, not
others; us, not others ; in the oblique cases.
OuRSELF, our-selff I» used in the regal style for
Myself.
Ousel, oo-zl, s. 405. A blackbird.
To Oust, oust, v. a. 312. To vacate, to take
away, to expel.
Out, out, ad. 312. Not within; it is generally
opposed to In ; in a state of disclosure ; not in con-
finement or concealment; from the place cr house;
from the inner part ; not at home ; in a state of ex-
tinction; in a state of being exhausted; to the end;
loudly, without restraint; not in the hands of the
owner; in an errour; at a loss, in a puzzle; away, at
a loss : it is used emphatically before Alas : it is addea
emphatically to verbs of discovery.
Out, out, interj. An expression of abhorrence or
expulsion, as. Out upon this half-faced fellowship !
Out of, OUt'&V, prep. From, noting prudence;
not in, noting exclusion or dismission, no longer in ;
not in, noting unfitness; not within, relating to a
nouse ; from, noting extraction ; from, noting copy ;
from, noting rescue; not in, noting exorbitance or ir-
regularity; from one thing to something different ; to
a different state from, noting disorder j not according
to J to a different state from, noting separation; be-
yond; past, without, noting something worn out or
exhausted ; by means of; in consequence of, noting
the motive or reason ; Out of hand, immediately, as,
that is easily used which is ready in the hand ; Out at
the elbows, having outrun his means.
To Out, out, v. a. To expel, to deprive. Not
much used.
To OUTACT, OUt-iktJ V. a. To do beyond.
To Outbalance, out-b^Klinse, v. a. To over-
weigh, to preponderate.
To Outbar, out-ba.r{ v. a. To shut out by
fortification.
2'o Outbid, out-bidj v. a. To overpower ty
bidding a higher price.
Outbidder, oiit-bid^dur, s. One that outbids.
Ou TBLOWED, out-blide{ «. Inflated, swollen with
wind.
OUTBOHN, Sut-born, a. Foreign, not native.
Outbound, out-boiind, a, Destinated to a distant
voyage.
To Outbrave, out-bravej v. a. To bear down
and disgrace by more dating, insolent, or splendid
ai)pearance.
7b OutBKAZEN, out-bri'-zn, v. a. To bear down
with impudence.
Outbreak, out-brake, s, Tliat wliich breaks
I'oith, eruption.
37/
To OuTBREATHE, out-br^THe,' V. «, To weary
by having better breath ; to expire. Obsolete.
Outcast, out-k^st, pa7t. a. Thrown into the
air as refuse ; banished, expelled.
Outcast, out^k^st, s. 492. Exile, one rejected,
one expelled.
To Outcraft, out-krift; v. a. To excel in
cunning.
Outcry, out-krl, *. 492. Cry of vehemence, cry
of distress, clamour of detestation.
To Outdare, out-dAre{ v. a. To venture beyond.
To Outdate, out-datej v. a. To anliqunte.
To Outdo, OUt-dooJ v. a. To excel, to surpass.
To OUTDWELL, out-dwelj V. a. To slay beyond.
Outer, out^tur, a. 96. Tliat which is without.
OUTEKLY, 3ut^tur-le, ad. Towards the outside.
Outermost, out-tur-m&st, a. Remotest from
the midst.
To Outface, out-fAseJ v. a. To brave, to bear
down by show of magnanimity ; to stare down.
To Outfawn, out-favvn{ v. a. To excel in
fawning.
To OuTFLY, OUt-fll{ V. a. To leave behind in
flight.
Outform, out-form, *. External appearance.
Not used.
To Outfrown, out-froun| v. a. To frown
down.
Outgate, out-ffAte, s. Outlet, passage outwards.
To OUTGIVE, 0ilt-^iv5 V. a. To surpass in giving.
To Outgo, 6ut-g;ij v. a. To surpass, to excel ; to
go beyond, to leave behind in going ; to circumvent,
to over- reach.
To Outgrow, out-grij v. a. To surpass in
growth, to grow too great or too old for any thing.
OutguARD, out-gyard, S. One posted at a distance
from the main body as a defence.
To Ou''"JEST, out-jest| V. a. To overpower by
j"""g- 3 3 , ,
To Outknave, out-nave; v. a. To surpass in
knavery.
Outlandish, out-l^nd-ish, a. Not native, foreign.
To Outlast, out-listj v. a. To surpass in
duration.
Outlaw, oiit-lclw, s. One excluded from the
benefit of the law ; a plunderer, a robber, a band't.
To Outlaw, out-law, v. a. To deprive of the
benefits and protectiim of the law.
Outlawry, Sut-law-ri, *. A decree by which
any man is cut off from the community, and deprived
of the protection of the law.
To Outleap, out-lepe| v. a. To pass by leaping,
to start beyond.
Outleap, out-lepe, S. Sally, flight, escape.
Outlet, out-let, *. Passage outwards, discharge
outwards.
Outline, out-llne, *. Contour, line by which any
figure is defined -. extremity, a sketch.
To Outlive, oot-livj v. a. To live beyond, to
survive.
OuTLIVER, OUt-llV-vur, S. 98. A survivor.
To Outlook, out-lookj v. a. To face down, to
browbeat.
To OuTLUSTRE, out-lusJtur, V. a. To excel in
brightness.
Outlying, Out-lI-in^,7?a>-^. a. Exceeding others
in ly in^ ; applied to a deer that has got out of its park ;
applied to places lying at the extremities.
To OUTMEASURE, oi!it-mezh'-iire, v. a. To
exceed in measure.
To Outnumber, out-nuin'bur, v. a. To exceed
in number.
To Outmarch, out-mirtsh{ v. a. To leave
behind in tlie march.
OUT
nSr 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173-
OUTMOST, 8ut-m6st, a. Remotest from the
middle.
OuTPARISH, out-pJr-nsh, S, Parish not lying
within tlie walls.
OUTPART, outipRrt, *. Part remote from the
centre or main body.
To Outpace, out-pise{ v. a. To outgo, to leave
behind.
To Outpour, out-poor{ v, a. 316. To emit, to
send forth in a stream.
To OuTPRiZE, out-prlze{ v. a. To exceed in the
value set upon it.
To Outrage, out-radje, v. a. To injure violently
or contumeliously, to insult roughly and tumultuously.
Outrage, out-ridje, s. 497. Open violence,
tumultuous mischief.
Outrageous, out-rA-jus, a. Violent, furious,
exorbitant, tumultuous, turbulent; excessive, passing
reason or decenc) ; enormous, atrocious.
Outrageously, out-riySs-ll, ad. Violently,
tumultuously, furiously.
OUTRAGEOUSNESS, OUt-riyuS-neS, S. Fury,
violence.
To Outreach, out-r^^tshj v. a. To go beyond.
To Outride, out-ridej v. a. To pass by riding.
Outright, out-rltej ud. immediately, witiiout
delay; completely.
To Outroar, 6ut-r5re{ v. a. To exceed in
roaring.
Outrode, out-r6de( Pret. and part, of Outride.
Outrode, out-rode, S. Excursion. Not used.
To OuTROOT, out-root{ V. a. To extirpate, to
eradicate.
To Outrun, out-r3n{ v. a. To leave behind in
running; to exceed.
To Outsail, OUt-S^leJ v. a. To leave behind in
sailing.
To OUTSCORN, out-skornj v. a. To bear down or
Confront by contempt.
To Outsell, out-selj v. a. To exceed in the price
for which a thing is sold; to gain a higher price.
Outset, out^set, s. Gommencement, beginning,
of a discourse or enterprise.
To Outshine, out-shlnej v. a. To emit lustre;
to excel in lustre.
To OUTSHOOT, out-shootj V. a. To exceed in
shooting ; to shoot beyond.
Outside, oiit-slde, s. Superficies, surface J ex-
ternal part ; extreme part, part remote from the
middle; superficial appearance ; the utmost; person,
external man ; outer side, part not enclosed.
To Outsit, out-SItJ v. a. To sit beyond the time
of any thing.
To Outsleep, out-sl4ep5 V, a. To sleep beyond.
To OirrsPEAK, out-sp4k^{ v. a. To speak some-
thing beyond.
To Outsport, out-spirt5 v. a. To sport beyond.
To Outspread, out-spiedj v. a. To extend, to
diflFuse.
To OuTSTAND, out-st^ndj V. a. To support, to
resist ; to stay beyond the proper time. An improper
use of the word.
To OuTSTAND, out-stSndJ V. n. To protuberate
from the main body.
To OuTSTARE, out-stAreJ V. a. To face down, to
browbeat, to outface with effrontery.
OUTSTREET, oflt^str^et, s. street in the ex-
tremities of a town.
To Outstretch, out-stretshj v. a. To extend,
to spread out.
To Outstrip, 3ut-stripJ v. a. 497. To outgo,
to leave behind.
To OuTSWEAR, 5ut-swireJ v. a. To overpower
by fwearing.
371
OXP
■Al 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, this 469.
To bear down
To OUTTONGUE, out-tung,' V. a.
by noise.
To OUTTALK, out-tawkj V. a. To overpower by talk.
To Outvalue, out-viUlu, v. a. To transcend in
price.
To OuTVENOM, out-veninum, v. a. To exceeA
in poison.
To Outvie, oiit-vl,' v, a. To exceed, to surpass.
To OUTVILLAIN, out-vil-iin, V. a. To exceed ik
villany.
To Outvote, out-votej v. a. To conquer by
plurality of suffrages.
To Outwalk, out-wawkj v. a. To leave behind
in walking.
Outwall, out^wall, s. 498. Outward part of
a building ; superficial appearance.
Outward, out^ward, a. 88. External, opposed to
inward; extrinsick, adventitious; foreign, not intes-
tine; tending to the out-parts; in theology, carnal,
corporeal, not spiritual.
Outward, out-ward, *. External form.
Outward, out-ward, ad. 498. To foreign parts,
as, a ship Outward bound ; to the outer parts.
Outwardly, out-waid-le, ad. Externally, op-
posed to inwardly ; in appearance, not sincerely.
Outwards, oiit- wardz, ad. Towards the out-parts.
To Outwatch, out-w6tsh,' v. a. To exceed in
watching.
To Outwear, oiit-wAreJ v. a. To pass tediously;
to wear beyond.
To OutweeD, Sut-w^^d{ v. a. To extirpate as
a weed.
To Outweigh, out-wa{ v. a. To exceed in
gravity ; to preponderate, to excel in value or in
fluence.
7b Outwit, out-wit{ v. a. To cheat, to overcome
by stratagem.
To Outwork, 8ut-wurk{ v. a. To do more
work.
Outwork, out^wurk, *. 498. The parts of
a fortification next the enemy.
Outworn, out-worn,' pa» /. Consumed or destroyed
by use.
OuTWROUGHT, out-rawt{ part. Outdone, ex-
ceeded in efficacy.
To Outworth, unt-viuTtfi', v. a. To excel in
value. Not used.
To Owe, 6, v. a. 324. To be indebted ; to be
obliged for; t; haie from any thing as the consequence
of a cause ; to possess, to be the right owner of. Obso-
lete in this sense, the word Own being used in its stead.
Owing, o'-ing', part. Consequential; imputable to,
as an accent.
Owl, oul, s. 322. Owlet, ou'-let, *. 99.
A bird that flies about in the night and catches mice.
Owler, oul-ur, *. 98. One who carries contraband
goods. Not in use.
Own, hne,a. 324. Proper, peculiar, not common.
This is a word of no other use than as it is added to the
possessive pronouns, my, thy, his, our, your, their; it
is added generally by way of emphasi-nrcorroboration ;
sometimes it is added to note opposition or contradis-
tinction ; domeslick, not foreign ; mine, his, or yours ;
not another's.
To Own, one, v a. To acknowledge, to avow fo»
one's own ; to possess, to claim, to hold by right; to
avow ; to confess, not to deny.
Ownership, o-nur-ship, s. Property, rightful
possession.
Owner, 6'nur, S. S8 One to whom any thing
belongs.
Ox, ftks, s. Plural Oxen. The general name fc«
black cattle : a castrated bull.
Oxbane, Sks-bine, "J
Oxeye, Sks^i, >s. Plants.
OxiiEAL, Sks-h^le, J
PAC
PAG
(a- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fk 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 163, move 164,
OxFLV, 6ks'-ni, S. A kind of ny.
Ox LIP, oks'-H]), S. The same with CoiL'sUp,
a vernal flower.
OXSTALL, oks-stPill, s. 406. A stand for oxen.
Oxtongue, oks^tunj, s. A plant.
OXVCRATE, ftks-e-krite, S. A mixture of water
and vinegar.
OXVGEN, oks-e-jen, S. A quality generating acid.
K?- Both the learned and unlearned coxcombs conspire
to pronounce this word, as well as Hydrogen and Nitro-
gen, with the g hard. For the ahsurdiiy of this pronun-
ciation, see Homogeneous and Heterogenous.
OxYMEI,, ftk-se-mel, *. A mixture of vinegar and
honey.
Oxymoron, oks-e-m6-run, 5. 166. A rhetorical
figure, in which an epithet of a quite contrary signifi-
cation is added to any word, as, " a cruel kindness."
OxYRRHODiNE, 6ks-ir-o-dlne, 5. 149. A mixture
of two parts of oil of roset with one of vinegar of
roses.
OxYTONE, oks-e-tonp, s,
C3^ As I have frequently met with this word in writers
on i>r<isody, 1 have made use of it in the Principles,
No. 499; but not having met with it in any Dictionary,
I forgot to insert it in the former editions, though Bary-
tone did not escape me. It will therefore be necessary to
inform the inspector, that Oxyl'me comes from the Greek
word 'OJuTOvof, and signifies having an acute accent on
the last syllable. For what the acute accent means, see
Jiarytone.
Oyer, 6-yur, S. 93. A court of Oyer and Terminer,
is a judicature where causes are heard and determined.
OyES, o-yisj S. Is the introduction to any procla-
mation or advertisement ^iven by the publick criers.
It is thrice repeated.
0:5> This word, like several otners, has been changed
by the vulgar into something which they think they un-
derstand. It is derived from the old French iinperative
Oyez, Hear ye! but is now universally heard in courts of
justice like the affirmative adverb yrx, preceded by the
long open o. — See Asparagus and Lautern.
Oyster, oe-Stur, S. 98. A b.ralve testaceous fish.
Oysterwench, oe'-stur-wensh "I
Oysterwoman, oe-stur-wum-un,/
A woman whose business it is to sell oysters.
OzSNA, 6-zein4, s. 92 An ulcer in the inside of
the nostrils that gives an ill smell.
P
J ABULAR, p3,bibu-lir, a. Affording aliment or
provender.
Tabulation, pib-bi-li-shun, s. The act of
feeding or procuring provender.
PauulouS, p^b-bu-lus, a. 314. Alimental,
affording aliment.
Pace, pase, S. step, single movement in walking;
gait, manner of walk j degree of celerity ; step, gra-
dation of business; a particular movement which
horses are taught, though some have it naturally, made
by lifting the legs on the same side together; amble.
T'o Pace, pase, v. n. To move on slowly ; to
move ; used of horses, to move by raising the legs on
the same side together.
To Pace, pase, v. a. To treasure by steps; to
direct to go.
Paced, paste, a. 359. Having a particular gait.
Pacer, pi^sur, S. 98. He that paces ; a pad.
Pacification, pis-se-r^-ka-shun, s. The act of
making peace ; tlie act of appeasing o>" pacifying.
Pacificator, pas-se-fe-ka-tur, *. 521. Peace-
maker.
Pacificatory, pi-slf^fe-kt\-tur-e, a. 512.
Tending to make peace.
I'acifick, pi-sifMlk, a. 509. reace-making,
jiiild, gentle, appeasing.
372
Pacifier, p^s-se-fl-uf, s. One who pacifies.
To Pacify, p^-se-fl., v. a. 183. To appease, to
still resentment, to quiet an angry person.
Pack, pak, S. A large bundle of any thing tied up
for carriage; a burden, a load; a due nuinber <)f
cards ; a number of hounds hunting together; a num-
ber of people confederated in any bad design or prac-
tice; any great number, as to quantity and pressure.
To Pack, pak, v. a. To bind up for carriage ; to
send in a hurry ; to sort the cards so as that the game
shall be iiiiquitously secured ; to unite piclced persons
in some bad design.
To Pack, pak, v. n. To tie up goods ; to go off in
a hurry ; to remove in haste ; to concert bad measures,
to confederate in ill.
PaCKCI.OTII, pik'-klo</t, S. A cloth in which goods
are tied up.
Packer, pik-kur, S. 98. One who binds up bale*
for carriage.
Packet, pik^klt, S. 99. A sr.iall pack, a mail of
letters.
To Packet, Ji.^k-klt, v. a. To bind up in parcels.
Packhokse, p;tk-llol'Se, S. A horse of burden.,
a horse Cioployed in carrying goods.
Packsaddle, pak^sid-dl, s. 405. A saddle on
which burdens are laid.
Packthread, pik-</tred, s. strong thread wed
in tying up parcels.
Pact, pakt, S. A contract, a bargain, a covenant.
PagTION, pak-sliun, *. A bargain, a covenant.
PaCTITIOUS, pak-tishii"is, a. Settled by covenant.
Pad, pad,-S. The road, a foot-path ; an easy-paced
horse; a robber that infests the roads on foot; alow
soft saddle.
To Pad, p;ld,. v. n. To travel gently ; to rob on
foot ; to beat a way smooth and level.
PaDDER, paa'-dur, *. 98. A robber, a foot high-
wayman. A low word.
7o Paddle, p;td-dl, v. n. 405. To row, to bent
water as with nars; to play in the water; to finger.
Paddle, ])ad-dl, *. An oar, particularly that which
is used by a single rower in a boat; any thing broad
like the end of an oar.
PaDDLER, pid-dl-ur, S. 98. One who paddles.
Paddock, p;1.d-duk, s. 166. A great frog or toad.
Paddock, pild-duk, *. A small enclosure for deer.
Padlock, pid-lJk, s, A lock hung on a staple to
hold on a link.
To Padlock, p3.d-lSk, v. a. To fasten with
a padlock.
P;EAN, p^-^n, *. . A song of triumph, so called from
• its beginning witli Ma, an adverb of rejoicing, and
riaiav, one of the names of Apollo ; so that a pecan,
or an io pecan, among the Pagans, was equivalent to our
huzza.
Pagan, pi-gAn, S. 88. A heathen, one not
a christian.
Pagan, pA-gtn, a. Heathenish.
Paganism, pi-gdn-izm, *. Heathenism.
Page, padje, S. One side of the leaf of a book ;
a young boy attending on a great person.
To Page, padje, v. a. To mark the pages of
a book; to attend as a page. In this last sense not
used.
Pageant, pAd-junt, «. 244. A statue in a show;
any show, a spectacle of entertainment.
(ty- Mr. Perry, Buchanan, and Entick, pronounce the
a in the first syllable long, like that in page; but
Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Nares,
make it short, as in pad : that the first is more analogi-
cal is evident, as the accented a i5 succeeded by the diph-
thong oa, SOS, but that the last is more agreeable to
general usage, I have not the least doubt. The saine rea-
son holds good for the first a in pageantry ; but usage is
St. 11 more decidedly for the short sound ol the a in this
word, than in pageant. Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick,
Mr. Perry, and W. Johnston, adopt the short sound,
and Entick alone the long one. Abotii forty jenrt •igo,
PAL
PAL
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299- pSund 313— </«in 466, THi8'4e9.
when Mr. Garrick exhibited a show in honour of Sliake-
speare, it was universally called a Padjunt.
Pageant, pid-junt, a. Showy, pomi)Ous, osten-
tatious.
To Pageant, p;tdy unt, v. a. To exhibit in shows,
to represent. Not used.
Pageantry, p^d-jun-tre, s. Pomp, show.
Paginal, pctd-je-nal, a. Consisting of pages.
Not used.
PagoD, pa-god, S, An Indian idol ; the temple of
the idol.
Paid, pAde, 222. The pret. and part. pass, of
Pay.
Pail, pAle, S. 202. a wooden vessel in which milk
or water is commonly carried.
Pailful, pAle-ful, S. The quantity that a pail will
hold.
PaILMAIL, pel-mel( a. Violent, boisterous. This
word is commonly wnlien peilmell. — See Mall.
Pain, pane, *. 73. 202. Punishment denounced j
penalty; punishment; sensation of uneasiness ; in
the plural, labour, work, toil; uneasiness of mind;
the throes of child-birtli.
Painful, pilie-fiil, a. Full of pain, miserable,
beset with affliction ; giving pain, afflictive; difficult,
requiring labour ; industrious, laborious.
Painfully, pane-fi'il-l^, ad. With great pain or
affliction; laboriously, diligently.
Painfulness, pane-ful-nes, *. Affliction, sorrow,
grief; industry, laboriousness.
Painim, pa-niin, *. In the old romances, a Pagan,
an intidel.
Painim, pi-nim, «. Pagan, infidel.
Painless, pine-les, a. Without pain, without
trouble.
PainstAKEK, panz-tA-kur, S. Labourer, laborious
person.
Painstaking, pillZ-tA-king, a. Laborious, in-
dustrious.
To Paint, pAnt, v. a. 202. To represent by
delineation and colours; to describe; to colour; to
deck with artificial colours.
To Paint, pant, v. n. To lay colours on the face.
Pa INT, pant, S, Colours representative of any thing ;
colours laid on the face.
Painter, pin-tur, s. 98. One who professes the
art of representing objects by colours.
Painting, pan-dng, *. 410. The act of represent-
ing objects by delineation and colours j picture, the
painted resemblance ; colours laid on.
Painture, pan-tshure, s. 461. The art of paint-
ing. ^
Pair, pare, S. 202. Two things suiting one
another, as, a j.air of gloves; a man and wife; two of
a sort ; a couple, a brace.
To Pair, pAre, v. n. To be joined in pairs, to
couple; to suit, to fit as acounterpart.
To Pair, pAre, v. a. To join in couples ; to unite
as correspondent or opposite.
Palace, pAl-lJs, *. 91. A royal house, a house
eminently splendid.
Palanquin, p^l-An-keinJ Si 112. Is a kind of
covered carriage, used in tlie eastern countries, that
is supported on the shoulders of slaves.
Palatable, p4l-lAt-t;t-bl, a, Gustfui, pleasing to
the taste.
Palate, pAlMAt, s. 91. The instrument of taste j
mental relish, intellectual taste.
PalATICK, pdl-lAt^tlk, a. 509. Belonging to the
palate, or roof of the mouth.
Palatine, pAl-hVtin, *. 150. One invested with
regal rights and prerogatives; a subject of a palati-
nate.
Palatine, piKjA-tin, a. Possesiing royal privileges.
Pale, pAle, a. 77. 202. Not ruddy, not fresh of
colour, wan, white of look; not high-coloured ap-
373
proacliing to transparency; not bright, not shining
faint of lustre, dim.
To Pale, pale, v. a. To make pale.
Pale, pale, s. Narrow piece of wood joined above
ami below to a rail, to enclose grounds; any enclo-
sure ; any district or territory ; the Pale is the third
and middle part of the scutcheon.
To Pale, pale, v. a. To enclose with pales; to
enclose, to encompass.
Paleeyed, pAleilde, a. Having eyes dimmed.
Palefaced, pale-faste, a. 359. Having tlie face
wan.
Palely, pAle-le, ad. Wanly, not freshly, not
ruddily. .
Paleness, pale-nes, s. Wanness, want of colour
want of freshness; want of lustre.
Palendar, pAl-len-ditr, s, A kind of coasting
vessel.
PaLEOUS, paMe-'lS, a. Husky, chaffy.
Palette, pil-lit, *. 99- A light board on which
a painter holds his colours wlicn he paints.
Palfrey, paKfre, or pAl-fr^', s. A small liorse
fit for ladies.
(!3~ In the first edition of this Dictionary I followed
Mr. Sheridan, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Buchanan,
in the sound of a in the first syllable of this worcl ; but,
upon maturerconsideration, think Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott,
and Mr. Barclay, more analogical, and must therefore
give the third sound of a the preference. — See Principles,
No. 84.
Palindrome, p^Kin-drome, s. A word or
sentence which is the same read backward or forward.
Palingenesia, pll-in-je-n^izh^-S, s. 92.
A regeneration.
Palinode, pAl-lin-ode, ")
Ti 4i/i'J III fS. A recantation.
Palinody, pal-hn-o-de, j
Palisade, pAl-le-sadeJ \
Palisado, pAl-l^-sa^do, J
Pales set by way of enclosure or defence.
To Palisade, pAl-le-sade| v. a. To enclose with
palisades.
Palish, pale-ish, a. Somewhat pale.
Pall, pall, S. A cloak or mantle of state; the
mantle of an archbishop; the covering thrown over
the dead.
To Pall, pall, v. a. To cloke, to invest.
To Pall, pall, v. n. To grow vapid, to become
insipid.
To Pall, pall, v. a. To make insipid or vapid ; to
make spiritless, to dispirit; to weaken ; to cloy.
Pallet, pAUllt, s. 99- A small bed, a mean bed;
a small measure formerly used by chirurgeons.
PaLLMALL, pel-meij S. A play in which the ball
is struck with a mallet through an iron ring. — See
Mall.
PalliAMENT, pAl-le-4-ment, s. A dress, a robe.
To Palliate, pAl-le-Ate, t>. a. 91. To cover
with excuse; to extenuate, to soften by favourable re-
presentations ; to cure imperfectly or temporarily, not
radically.
Palliation, pAl-le-A-shun, s. Extenuation,
alleviation, favourable representation j imperfect or
temporary, not radical cure.
Palliative, p4l-l^-A-tiv, a. 157. Extenuating,
favourably representative; mitigating, not removing,
not radically curative.
Palliative, pil-l^-A-tiv, s. 113. Something
mitigating.
Pallid, ]);1.l-hd, a. Pale, not high-coloured.
Palm, y)am, s. 403. A tree, of which the branches
were worn in token of victory ; victory, triumph ; the
inner part of the hand; a measure of length, com-
prising three inches.
To Palm, pam, v. a. To conceal in the palm of
the hand, as jugglers ; to impose by fraud; to handle;
to stroke witii the hand.
PAN
PAN
559. Fate 73, ilr 77, fall 83, f4t81— mi93, in§t95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164»
Palmer, pam-ur, s. 403. A pilgrim ; so called,
because they who returned from tlie Holy Land carried
l>alin.
Palmetto, p^l-met-to, *. A species of tlie palm
tree: In liie West Indies the inhabitants thatcli their
houses with tlie leaves.
PaLMIFEKOUS, pil-nuf-fer-US, a. Bearing palms.
Palmipede, pal^me-pede, a. Webfooted. — See
Mlllejitilcs.
PalmistER, pil-mis-tur, S. One who deals in
palmistry.
Palmistry, p^l-mis-tre, s. The cheat of foretell-
ing fortunes by the lines of the palm.
Palmy, pa-me, a. 403. Bearing palms.
Palpability, p4l-pi-biKle-t^, *. Quality of
being perceivable to the touch.
Palpable, p4l-p4-bl, a. 403. Perceptible by the
touch; gross, Coarse, easily detected; plain; easily
perceptible.
PaLPABLENESS, piKp^-bl-neS, *. Quality of
being palpable, plainness, grossness.
Palpably, pil-pi-ble, ad. In such a manner as
to be perceived by the touch j grossly, plainly.
Palpation, p^l-pa-shun, s. The act of feeling.
To Palpitate, pil-p^-t4te, v. a. To beat as the
heart, to flutter.
Palpitation, pil-p^-tA'-sbun, s. Beating or
panting, that alter.ition in the pulse of the heart
which makes it felt.
Palsgrave, palz-^rave, s. A count or earl who
has the overseeing of a palace.
Palsical, pal-z^-kUl, s. 84. Afflicted with the
palsy, paralytick.
Palsied, pal-Zld, a. 283. Diseased with a palsy.
Palsy, pal-Z^, s. 84. A privation of motion, or
sense of feeling, or both.
To Palter, pal-tur, v. n. 84. To shift, to
dodge,
Palierer, paUtur-ur, 5. 98. An unsincere
dealer, a shifter.
Paliriness, pal-tri-nes, s. The state of being
paltry. ^
Paltry, pal-tre, a. 84. Sorry, despicable, mean.
Paly, pa-le, «. Pale. Obsolete.
Pam, jiatn, s. The knave of clubs, in the game of
Loo.
7'o Pamper, pim^pur, v. a. 98. To glut, to
ill with food.
Pamphlet, pJm'-flet, s. 99. A small book,
properly a book sold unbound.
Pamphleteer, pira-flet-te^r{ *. A scribbler of
small books.
Pan, pan, S. A vessel broad and shallow; the part
of the lock of a gun that holds the powder; any thing
hollow, as, the brain Pan.
Panacea, pan-4-S^-a,,*. An universal medicine.
Panacea, pin-i-se-A, s. An herb.
Pancake, pin-kake, S. Thin pudding baked in
the frying pan.
PaNADO, p4-na-di, S. Food made by boiling bread
in water.
Pancreas, plng-kre-^s, s. The sweetbread.
Pancreatick, p4ng-kre-At-tik, a. Contained
in the pancreas.
Fancy, \ 4,1 ,.,,.,
p > pan-se, S, A flower, a kmd of violet.
"ANDECT, p^n-dekt, *. A treatise that compre-
hends the whole of any science.
Pandemick, pin-dem-mik, a. 509. Incident to
a whole people.
Pander, pin-dur, *. 98. a pimp, a male bawd,
a procurer.
To Pander, p^n-dur, v. a. To pimp, to be sub-
•errieot to lust or passion. Not used.
374
Panderly, p4n^dur-li, a. Pimping, pimplike.
Pandiculation, p^n-dik-kii-lA-shun, 5. Tht
restlesstiess, stretching, and uneasiness that usually
accompany the cold fits of an intermitting fever.
Pane, pane, s. A square of glass ; a piece mixed in
variegated works with other pieces.
Panegyrick, p^n-n^-jer-rik, *. 184. An eulogy,
an encoiniastick piece.
Panegyrist, p^n-ne-jer-rist, s. One that writes
praise, encomiast.
7b Panegyrize, p4n-ne-j^-rize, v. a. To praise
highly.
03" I have not found this word in any of our Dictio-
naries, but have met with it in so respectable a writer,
that I cannot resist the temptation of inserting it here,
especially as it serves to fill up a niche in language,
which, I think, never should be empty: I mean, thai
wherever there is a noun established, there should
always be a verb to correspond to it. The passage from
wliicli 1 have taken this word has so much real good
sense, and such true genuine humour, that I cannot re-
frain from extracting the whole paragraph, and relying
on the pardon of the inspector for the digression. — " It
may be thought ridiculous to assert, that morals have
any connexion with purity of language, or that the pre-
cision of truth may be violated throusjh defect of critical
exactness in the three degrees of comparison ; yet how
frequently do we hear, from the dealers in superlatives,
of vwsl admirable, super-excellevt, and quite perfect people,
who, to plain persons, not bred in the school of exag-
geration, would appear mere common characters, not
rising above the level of mediocrity I By this negligence
in the just application of word.':, we shall be as much
misled by these trope and figure ladies when they de-
grade, as when \\\ey panegyrize ; for, to a plain and sober
judgment, a tradesman may not be the most good-for-
nothing fellow that ever existed, merely because it wa»
impossible for him to execute, in an hour, an order
which required a week ; a lady may not be the most hi'
deous fright the world ever sav^, though the make of her
gown may have been obsolete for a month ; nor may
one's young friend's father be a monster of cruelty, Ihougfi
he may be a quiet gentleman, who does not choose to
live at watering-places, but likes to have his dauuhter
stay at home with him in the country." — Hannah More'i
Strictures on Modern Female Education, vol. i. page '216.
If the usage of this word stood in need of farther sup-
pott, we have it from the best authority. " The author
thinks it superfluous io panegyrize truth ; yet, in favour
of sound and rational rules, (which must be founded in
truth, or they are good for nothing,) he ventures to
quote the Siagirite himself: It is not possible for a true
opinion to be contrary to another true one." — Harris'i
Philological Inquiries.
Panel, pan-nil, *. 99. A square, or piece of any
matter inserted between other bodies; a schedule or
roll, containing the names of such jurors as the sherilf
provides to pass upon a trial.
Pang, pang, s. Extreme pain, sudden paroxysm of
torment.
To Pang, ping, v. a. To torment.
PaNICK, pin-nik, S. A sudden and groundless
fear.
Panick, pAn-nik, a. Sudden and violent withcat
cause.
PaNNEL, pin-nil, S. 99. A kind of rustick saddle.
Pannicle, pin^ne-kl, 405.1
Pannick, pin^mk, 509. /*"
A plant of the millet kind.
Pannier, pin-yur, s. 113. A basket, a wicker
vessel, in which fruit or other things are carried on a
horse.
Panoply, p;ln-n6-pl^, *. Complete armour.
To Pant, pint, v. n. To palpitate, to beat as the
heart in sudden terror, or after hard labour; to have
the breast heaving, as for want of breath; to long, to
wish earnestly.
Pant, pint, *. Palpitation, motion of the heart.
Pantaloon, pin-ti-loon{ *. A man's gaiment
anciently worn ; a Character in a pantomime.
Pantheon, p;tn-f/ie-un, *. 166. A temple of all
the gods.
Panther, pin-<Aur, s, 98. A spotted wild beast,.
a lynx, a pard.
PAP
PAU
Mr 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 173, b&U 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Am 466, thIs 469.
Pantile, p4n^tlle, s. A gutter tile.
PaNTINGLY, pin-t!ng-lJ, ad, 410. With palpita-
tion.
PaNTLER, pintUur, s. 98. The officer in a great
family, who keeps the bread.
Pantofle, pan-too-fl, *. French. A slipper.
Pantomime, pin-to-mime, s. 146. One who
has the power of universal mimickry, one who ex-
presses his meaning by mute action ; a scene, a tale
exhibited only in gesture and dumb show.
ANTRY, p;tll-tre, S. The room in which provisions
are reposiied.
Pap, p;ip, *. The nipple, a dug ; food made for
infants with bread boiled in water; the pulp of fruit.
Papa, p.i-pa{ *. 77. A fond name for father used
in many languages.
Papacy, pA-pi-si, S, Popedom, office or dignity of
bishops of Home.
Papal, pa-p^l, a. Belonging to the Pope, annexed
to the bishoprick of Rome.
Papaverous, p^-pdv^ver-rus, a. Resembling
poppies.
Paper, pi-pur, *. 64. 76. Substance on which
men write and print.
Paper, pa-pur, a. 98. Any thing slight or thin,
made of paper.
To Paper, pa-pur, v. a. To register. Not used.
To furnish with paper hangings.
Papermaker, pA-pur-mi-kur, s. One who
makes paper.
Papermill, pA-pur-mil, s, A mill in which rags
are ground for paper.
Papescent, pi-pes-sent, a. 510. Containing
pap, pulpy.
Papilio, pH-pil-yS, S. 113. A butterfly, a moth
of various colours.
Papilionaceous, pi-pil-yo-ni-shus, a. 357.
Resembling a butterfly. Applied chiefly to the flowers
of some plants.
Papillary, pltp-pil-4-re, a. Having emulgent
vessels, or resemblances of paps.
K5- There is a set of words of similar derivation and
termination, which must be necessarily accented in the
(ame way 5 these are, /ixillary, Maiillary, Capillary, Pa-
pillary, Pupillary, Armillary, Mammillary, and Medullary-
All these, except the last, which was not inserted, I had
accented on the first syllable in a Rhyming and Pronoun-
cing Dictionary, published thirty years ago.
This accentuation I still think the most agreeable to
analogy ; and that the inspector may judge of the usage,
1 have subjoinedthe several different modes of accen-
tuation of the different orthoEpists :
Ai'illary, Johnson, Kenrick.
Axil'lary, Sheridan, Ash, Bailey.
Max'illary, Johnson, Sheridan, Barclay.
i\r„,:vt«^., (Ash, Kenrick, W.Johnston, Bailey
Maxillary, ^ g^jj^.^^
Cap'illary, Johnson, Kenrick, Nares, penning.
r, .M ( Sheridan, Ash, W. Johnston, Perry,
Capillary, ^ Buchanan, Bailey, Entick.
Pap'illary, Johnson, Nares, Barclay, penning.
D«„;;';^,„ i Sheridan, Kenrick, Ash, Scott, Perry,
Papillary, | Buchat\an, Bailey. ^
D„'„;;i-_„ f Johnson, Sheridan, Kenrick, Ash,
fupiuary, j g^.^^^^ p^j|.y^ Entick, Barclay, Fen-
l iiing.
Pupil'lary, No examples.
Mam' miliary, Nares, Bailey.
M»„™.i';„»,. f Johnson, Kenrick, Ash, Sheridan,
Mammillary, ^ scott, Perry, Entick.
^ .„.,. f Sheridan, Scott, Nares, Smith, Fen-
Ar'millary. [ ,,j^g_
Armillary, Ash, Perry, Entick, Bailey, Barclay.
Medullary, No examples.
f Johnson, Sheridan, Ash, Kenrick,
Medullary, i W. Johnston, Buchanan, Bailey,
(. Barclay, Penning, Entick.
Thfs extract sufficiently shows how uncertain usage is,
and the necessity of recurring to principles : and that
these are on the side I have adopted, may be gathered
from No. 51?. — See Mammillary and Maxillary.
PAPILLOUS, p^-pll-lus, a. The same with
Papillary,
375
Ky* There is some diversity in the accentuation of this
word, as well as the former: Dr. Johnson and Baiclay
place the accent on the first syllable; and Mr. Sheridan,
Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, and Mr. Perry, on the second, as
I have done.
Papist, pi-pist, S. An appellation given by
Protestants to one that adheres to the coicmunion of
the Pope and Church of Rome.
Papistical, pi-pis^t^-kAl, a. Relating to the
religion of those called Papists.
Papistry, pa-pis-tre, s, A name given by
Protestants to the doctrine of the Roman Catholicks.
PaPPOUS, p^p-pus, a. 314. Having soft light
down growing out of the seeds of some plants, such as
thistles ; downy.
Pappy, pip-pi, a. Soft, succulent, easily divided.
Par, par, s. 77. State of equality, equivalence,
equal value.
Parable, pir-ri-bl, s. 81. 405. A similitude,
a relation under which something else is figured.
Parabola, pi-rib^bo-li, s. One of the conick
sections.
Parabolical, pir-ri-bol-le-kil, \
Parabolick, pjtr-ri-b6l-ik, 509. J
Expressed by parable or similitude ; having the nature
or form of a parabola.
PARABOLicALLY,pir-ra-b&l-le-kil-5, ad. By way
of parable or similitude , in the form of a parabola.
PaRABOLISM, pi-ribibi-lizm, *. In Algebra, the
division of the terms of an equation, by a known
quantity that is involved or multiplied in the first term.
Paraboloid, pi-ribib6-loid, s. A paraboliform
curve in geometry.
Paracentesis, pir-i-sen-te-sis, s. That opera-
tion whereby any of the venters are perforated to let
out matter, as tapping in a tympany.
Paracentrical, pir-i-sen-tre-kUl, ")
Paracentrick, par-i-sen'-trik, J
Deviating from circularity.
Parade, pir-rAde( *. Show, ostentation ; military
order; place where troops draw up to do duty and
mount guard; guard, posture of defence.
Paradigm, pir- a dim, «. 389. Example.
Paradisiacal, pir-i-di-zl-4-kil, a. 509.
Suiting paradise, making paradise.
Paradise, pir-ri-dlse, *. The blissful regions in
which the first pair was placed; any place of felicity.
Paradox, pir-ri-dSks, S. a tenet contrary to
received opinion ; an assertion contrary to appearance.
Paradoxical, pir-i-d6k-se-k4l, a. Having the
nature of a paradox ; inclined to new tenets or uotiont
contrary to received opinions.
Paradoxically, pir-H-dSk^se-kil-i, ad.
In a paradoxical manner.
Paradoxicalness, pir-i-dSk-se-kil-nes, s.
State of being paradoxical.
Paradoxology, pir-i-dftk-sil-li-ji, s. The use
of paradoxes.
ParagoGE, pir-i-go-ji, *. A figure whereby
a letter or syllable is added at the end of a word, as,
my deary for my dear.
Paragon, pAr-ri-gin, s. 166. A model, a pattern,
something supremely excellent.
To Paragon, p4r^ri-g6n, v. a. To compare; to
equal.
Paragraph, pir-ri-grif, s. A distinct part of
a discourse.
Paragraphically, \Ar-A-gvM'-fh-ki\-\e, ad.
By paragraphs.
Parallactical, pir-il-lak^te-kil, 509.1
Parallactick, plr-ril-lik^tik, J
Pertaining to a pdrallax.
Parallax, pir-ril-lilks, s. The distance between
the true and apparent place of any star viewed from
the earth.
PARAIJLEL, pir-ril-lel, a. Extended in the same
direction, and preserving always the same distance;'
PAR
PAR
83- 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— ml93,'met95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164-
having the same tendency ; continuing the resemblance
through many particulars, equal.
Parallel, p4r-rA.l-lel, s. Lines continuing their
course, and still remaining at the same distance from
each other; lines on the globe marking the latitude;
direction conformable to that, of anotJier line ; resem-
blance, conformity continued through many par-
ticulars, comparison made; any thing resembling
another.
To Parallel, p^r-ril-lel, v. a. To place so as
always to keep the same direction with another Ime;
to keep in the same direction, to level ; to correspond
to; to be equal to, to resemble through many particu-
lars ; to compare.
Parallelism, p4i-i4l-lel-izm, s. State of being
parallel.
Parallelogram, pir-4-lelMo-gr4m, s. In
geometry, a right lined quadrilateral tigure, whose op-
posite sides are parallel and equal.
Parallelogramical, pir-ll-iel-6-gr^m-in^-
k3.1, a. 509 Having the properties of a paral-
lelogram.
Parallelopiped, p^r-^-lel-lo-pI-ped, *.
A prism whose base is a parallelogram.
To Paralogize, pi-r^l-i-jlze, v. n. To reason
sophistically.
Paralogism, pSr-ril-l6-jizm, s. A false argument.
Paralogy, pJr-i4l-l6-je, «. 518. False reasoning.
Paralysis, p;t-r^l-e-sis, s. 520. A palsy.
To Paralyze, pir-^-llze, v. a. To weaken, to
deprive of strength as if struck with a palsy.
03" The very general use of this word, especially since
the French revolution, seems to entitle it toa place in the
Dictionaries of our language ; as it not only more forcibly
expresses the common idea than to enervate or to deaden,
but serves to fill up those vacancies in speech, where
there is no verb to correspond to a substantive or adjec-
tive. Hence Pope's happy coinage of tjie verb to sen-
sualize, see the verb to Panegyrize. A happier instance
of the use of this word, and a better authority for it,
cannot be given than in Hannah Mora's Strictures on
Education, vol. i. page 49, where, speaking of the philo-
sophic and systematic vice of modern infidels on the
Continent, she says: " This cool, calculating, intel-
lectual wickedness, eats out the very heart and core of
virtue, and, like a deadly mildew, blights and shrivels
the blooming promise of the human spring. Its benumb-
ing touch communicates a torpid sluggishness, which
paralyzes the soul. It descants on depravity, and details
its grossest acts as frigidly as if its object were to alloy
the tumult of the passi<ms, while it is letting ihem loose
on mankind, by plucking off the muzzle of present
restraint and future accountableness."
Paralytical, pir-;t-lit-ti-k^I, \
Paralytick, par-jl-lit-tik, 509./
I'alsied, inclined to palsy.
Paramount, pAr-^-mountJ a. Superior, having
the highest jurisdiction ; as. Lord Paramount, the chief
of the seigniory ; eminent, of the highest order.
Paramount, pir-<^-mo&nt{ s. The chief.
Paramour, par-ri-modr,s. French. A lover or
wooer; a mistress.
PaRANYMPH, pir-r^-nimf, S. A brideman, one
who leads the bride to her marriage ; one who counte-
nances or supports another. Not used.
ParAPEGM, ])Al'-il-pem, S. 389. A brazen table
fixed to a pillar, on which laws and proclamations were
anciently engraved; a table of astronomical observa-
tions.
Parapegma, pJr-A-peg-mi, s. The same as
Parapegm. Plural, Parapegmata.
Parapet, p3.r-ri-pet, *. A wall breast high,
Paraphernalia, plr-3,-fer-n^-le-i, s. Goods in
the wife's disposal.
Paraphimosis, p^r-i4-fe-mo-sis,s. 520. Disease
when the praeputium cannot be drawn over the glans.
Paraphrase, p;tr-ri-fraze, *. A loose interpreta-
tion, an explanation in many words.
To Paraphrase, pSr-ri-fraze, v. a. To interpret
with laxity of expression, to translate loosely.
Pahaphrast, pJr^r^-frilst, *. a lax interpreter,
one who explains in many words,
376
ird, \
3, paridile,/'
PARAPHRASTICAL, pir-4-fr^s^te-kdl, 509- T.
Paraphrastick, pir-^-fris-tik, J
Lax in interpretation, not literal, not verbal.
Paraphrenitis, p;tr-^-fre-ni-tis, s. An inflami.
mation of the diaphragm.
Parasang, p^r-i-sang, S. A Persian measure (A
length.
Parasite, pir-i-slte, *. 155. One that frequents
rich tables, and earns his welcome by flattery.
Parasitical, p^r-A.-sit^te-kil, \
Parasitick, par-it-sit-tik, 509. J
Flattering, wheedling.
Parasol, p^r-rA-sftl, *. A small sort of canopy
or umbrella carried over the head to shade from the sun
PaRATHESIS, pa-rA^A-e-SlS, S. 520. A figure in
Grammar where two or more substantives are put in the
same case ; as, " He went to the country where he was
born [France] and died thei-e. In Khetorick, a short
hint, with a promise of future enlargement. In print-
ing, the matter contained between two crotchets,
marked thus, [].
To Pardoil, par'-boil, V. rt. 81. To half boil.
Parcel, paf-Sil, *. 99- A small bundle ; a part
of tiie whole taken separately; a quantity or mass;
a number of persons, in contempt ; any number or
quantity, in contempt.
To Parcel, par-sil, v. a. To divide into portions,
to make up into a mass.
To Parch, parish, v. a. 352. To burn slightly
and superficially.
To Parch, parish, v. n. To be scorched.
Parchment, partsh-mcnt, s. skins dressed for
the writer.
Paud, pan
Pardale, ^
The leopardl ; in Poetry, any of the spotted beasts.
To Pardon, par-dn, v. a. To excuse an offender;
to forgive a crime ; to remit a penalty ; Pardon me, is
a word of civil denial or slight apology.
Pardon, pa,r-dn, S. 170. Forgiveness of an
offender; Ibrgiveness of a crime, indulgence; remis-
sion of penalty ; forgiveness received ; warrant of for-
giveness, or exemption from punishment.
Pardonable, par-dn-4-bl, a. 509. Venial, ex-
cusable.
Pardonableness, par-dn-iVbl-nes, s, Vcnial-
ncss, susceptibility of pardon.
Pardonably, par-dn-^-ble, ad, Veniaiiy, ex-
cusably.
Pardoner, par-dn-ur, s, 98. One who forgives
another.
To Pare, pire, v. a. To cut off extremities or the
sCirface, to cut away by little and little, to diminish.
PaREGORICK, p^r-^-gftr-lk, a. 509. In incdicinc,
having the power to comfort, mollify, and assuage.
Parenchyma, pa-ren-ke-nia, s. A spongy sub-
stance ; the pith of a plant.
PARENCHYMATOUS,p^r-en-kim-Ltus,314.
Parenchymous, pa-ren-ke-mus,
Spongy, pithy.
PaRENESIS, p;l-ren-e-SlS, *. 520. Persuasion.
C3- Dr. Johnson, in the folio edition of his Dictio-
nary, places the accent on tiie penultimate syllable of
this word, and Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Nares on the an-
tepenultimate, and the latter make the e long. Dr. John
son has several words of a similar termination for his
accentuation; but analogy is clearer for Mr. Sheridan
and Mr. Nares with respect to accent, and directlj
against them with respect to quantity ; for it is not the
long quantity of the original that can resist the shorten-
ing power of the Knglish antepenultimate accent in tins
word, any more than in Dia;resis, Ephemeris, &c. .which
see.
Parent, pA'rent, S. A father or mother.
Parentage, p^r-ren-tAdje, «. 90.515. Extrac-
tion, birth, condition with respect to parents.
Parental, pi-ren'-t^l, a. Becoming parents, per-
taining to parents.
■}«•
PAR
PAR
nor 167, ii3t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull ir3— oil 399— poiind 313— Min 466, this 469.
PAliENTHESlS,p3.-reiii^/ie-Sis, s. 520. A sentence
so iiicliided in aiiotlier sentence, as that it may lie taken
out, witliout injuring tlie sense of that which encloses
it: being coramonly marked thus, ( ).
Parenthetical, pir-en-^Aet-5-k^l, a. 509.
Pertaining to a parenthesis.
Parer, pa-mr, S 98. An instrument to cut away
the surface.
1'arhelion, pAr-he-l5-un, 5. 113. A mock sun.
Parietal, pa-rW-t^l, or. Constituting the sides
or walls.
Paring, pa^nn^, s, 410. That which is pared off
any thing, the rind.
Parish, p^r-nsh, S. The particular charge of
a secular priest ; a particular division or district, liav-
ing officers of its own, and generally a church.
Parish, pstr-nsh, a. Belonging to the parish,
having the care of tlie parish; maintained by the
parish.
Parishioner, pct-rlsh-un-ur, s. One that belongs
to the parish.
Paritor, pir-r^-tur, *. 166. A beadle, a sum-
moner of the courts of civil law.
Parity, n^r-re-t^, S. Equality, resemblance.
Park, park, *. 81. A piece of ground enclosed
and stored with deer and other beasts of chase.
Parker, park-ur, s. 98. A park-keeper.
Parkleaves, park^^vz, s. An herb.
Parle, pari, S. Conversation, talk, oral treaty.
To Parley, par-le, v. n. To treat by word of
mouth, to talk, to discuss any thing orally.
Parley, par-le, s. Oral treaty, talk, conference,
discussion by word of mouth.
Parliament, p?ir-le-ment,i. 274. The assembly
of the king, lords, and commons; which assembly is
of all others the highest, and of greatest authority.
Parliamentary, par-le-men-td-r^', a. Enacted
by parliament, suiting parliament, pertaining to par-
liament.
Parlour, par-lur, 5. 314. A room, in monasteries,
where the relieious meet and converse; a room in
houses on the first floor, elegantly furnished for recep-
tion or entertainment.
Parlous, par-lus, a. 314. Keen, sprightly, waggish.
Not in use.
Parochial, p^-ro-ki-al, a. Belonging to a parish.
Parody, par-ro-de, *. a kind of writing in which
the words of an author or his thojights are taken, and,
by a slight change, adapted to some new purpose.
To Parody, pitr-ro-ile, v, a. To copy by way of
parody.
Paronymous, par-6n-n^-mus, a. Resembling
another word.
Parole, pa-rolej s. Word given as an assurance.
Paronomasia, pir-6-no-maizhe-^, s. 453.
A rhetorical figure, in which, by tlie change of a letter
or syllable, several things are alluded to, as, " They
are^eniis, not/iieiids."
Paroquet, pir-6-ket, s, A small species of
parrot.
Parotid, p^-rfttitid, a. 503. Belonging to the
glands under and behind the ear.
(f^> In this, and the following word, Dr. Johnson
places the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, but
Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Ash much more properly on the
penultimate, as here marked. It may, however, be ob-
served, that Dr. Johnson's accentuation of this word is
the more agreeable to analogy, as it conies from the
Latin PurotUlen, which, according to the general rule, by
losing a syllable, has its accent removed a syllable higher
(see Academy) ; but the succeeding word. Parotic, is
a perfect Latin word, and therefore preserves its Latin
accent on the penultimate.— See Principles, No. 503, b,
atid the word Irreparable.
PaROTIS, p^-ro-tlS, S. 503. A tumou7 in the
glandules behind and about the ears.
377
Paroxysm, pir-r6k-sizm, s. 503. A fit, periodical
exacerbation of a disease.
Parricide, p3r-re-slde, 5. 143. One who destroys
his father; one who destroys or invades any to whon?
he owes particular reverence ; the murder of a fathei;
murder of one to whom reverence is dne.
Parricidal, p^r-re-si-dAl, \
Parricidious, pir-re-sid-yus, /
Relating to parricide, committing parricide.
Parrot, p^r-rut, S. 166. A party-coloured bird ot
the species of the hooked bill, remarkable for the exact
imitation of the human voice.
To Parry, p^r-re, v, n. To put by thrusts, to
fence.
To Parse, parse, t;. «. 81. To resolve a sentence
into the elements or parts of speech.
Parsimonious, par-s6-mo-ne-us, a. Covetous,
frugal, sparing.
Parsimoniously, par-se-miine-us-1^, ad.
Frugally, sparingly. „ , , j , ,
Parsimoniousness, par-se-mo-ne-us-nes, s,
A disposition to spare.
Parsimony, pai^-se-mun-i, s. 503. 557.
Frugality, covetousness, niggardliness.
0:7" For the o, see Domeatick.
Parsley, pars'-le, "l „, ,
n •J / 2 r^r. f *• riants.
Parsnip, pars'-nip, 99. J
Parson, par-sn, s, 170. The priest of a parish,
one that has a parochial charge or cure of souls; a
clergyman ; it is applied to the teachers of the presby-
terians.
KJ- The 0 before n, preceded by k, p, s, or I, is under
the same predicament as e; that is, when the accent is
not on it, the two consonants unite, and the vowel is
suppressed; as beckon, capoti, season, mutton, &c. pro-
nounced beck'", cap'n, seas'n, miitt'v, &c. Parson, there-
fore, ought to be prononnced with the o suppressed, and
nat as Mr. Sheridan has marked it.— See Principles,
No. 103. 170.
Parsonage, par-sn-Aje, s. 90. The benefice of
a parish.
Part, part, J. 81. Something less than the wiiole,
a portion, a quantity taken from a larger quantity ;
that which in division falls to each; share; side,
party; particular office or character ; character appro-
priated in a play ; business, duty ; relation reciprocal ;
in good Part, in ill Part, as well done, as ill done ; in
the plural, qualities, powers, faculties; quarters, re-
gions, districts.
Part, part, ad. Partly, in some measure. Not in
use.
To Part, part, v. a. To divide, to share, to dis-
tribute ; to separate, to disunite ; to break into pieces ;
to keep asunder; to separate combatants ; to screen.
To Part, part, v. n. To be separated; to take
farewell; to have share; to go aw.-\y, to set out; to
Part with, to quit, to resign, to lose.
PaRTABLE, part-i-bl, a. 405. Divisible, such as
may he parted.
PartAGE, part-adje, S. 90. Division, act of
sharing or parting.
To Partake, p;ir-take,' v. n. Prct. I Partook.
Part. pass. Partaken. To have share of any tiling ; to
participate, to have something of the property, nature
or right; to be admitted to, not to be excluded.
To Partake, p5r-takej v. a. To shaie, to have
part in.
Partaker, p4r-ta-kur, S. a partner in possessions,
a sharer in any thing, an associate with ; accomplice,
associate.
Parter, part-ur, S. 98. One that parts or separates,
Parterre, par-tarej 5. French. A level divisioi
of ground.
Partial, par-shil, «. 81. Inclined antecedently
to favour one party in a cause, or on one side of the
qiiestion.more than the other; iuclincd to favour with-
out reason ; ati'ecting only one part, subsisting only in
a part, not universal.
Partiality, par-she-il-le-tJ, s, 542. Unequal
PAR
PAS
659. Fite73, far 77, f^ll83, fit 81— m5 93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 162, move 164,
state of the iudgment in favour of one above the
otiier.
To Partialize, par-shal-lze, v, a. To make
partial.
Partially, par-sbil-le, ad. Witli unjust favour
or dislike; in part, not totally.
PaRTIBILITY, par-te-bil-le-te, *. Divisibility,
separability.
Partible, par-te-bl, a. 405. Divisible, separable.
Participable, par-tis'-se-pi-bl, a. 405. Such as
may be shared or partaken.
Participant, par-tis-se-pint, a. Sharing, having
share or part.
To Participate, par-tis^s^-pite, v. w. To
partake, to have share ; to have part of more things
than one; to have part of something common with
another.
To Participate, par-tis-sl-pAte, v, a. To
partake, to receive part of, to share.
Participation, par-tis-se-pa-shan, s. Tiie
state of sharing something in common ; the act or
state of partaking or having part of something; dis-
tribution, division into shares.
Participal, par-te-sip-pe-al, a. Having the
nature of a participle.
Participially, par-te-sip-p5-al-^, ad. In the
sense or manner of a participle.
Participle, p^r-te-sip-pl, *. A word partaking
at once the qualities of a noun and verb.
Particle, par-te-kl, s. 405. Any small portion
of a greater substance ; a word unvaried by inflexion.
Particular, par-tik-u-lur, a. 179. Relating
to single persons, not general ; individual, one distinct
from others ; noting properties or things peculiar ; at-
tentive to things single and distinct; single, not ge-
neral; odd, having something that eminently distin-
guishes him from others.
Particular, par-tik^u-lur, s.
A single
instance, a single point; individual, private person ;
private interest ; private character, single self, state
of an individual ; a minute detail of things singly enu-
merated ; distinct, not general recital.
Particularity, par-tik-kii-lir-^-t^, *. Distinct
notice or enumeration, not general assertion ; single-
ness, individuality; petty account, private incident;
something peculiar.
To Particularize, par-tikiki-li-rize, v. a.
To mention distinctly, to detail, to show minutely.
Particularly, par-tik-ku-lur-le, ad. Distinctly,
singly, not universally ; in an extraordinary degree.
Partisan, par-te-zin, s. 524. A kind of pike or
halberd ; an adherent to a faction 5 the commander of
a party.
fl:^ All our orthbepists agree in accenting this word on
the first syllable, Mr. Nares says Dr. Johnson has im-
properly accented this word on the last ; but, both in the
folio edition of his Dictionary, and the quarto printed
since his death, the accent is on the first. There is not
the same uniformity in the accentuation of the compa-
nion to this word artisan; for though Mr. Nares,
Mr. Perry, Dr. Ash, W. Johnston, Buchanan, Bailey,
Penning, and Entick, accent the first syllable. Dr. John-
son, in both editions of his Dictionary, Mr. Sheridan,
Mr. Scott, and Mr. Barclay, accent the last : and Dr. Ken-
rick places' an accent on both first and last. The same
diversity appears in the accentuation of courtesan, a word
of exactly the same form ; which is accented by Mr. She-
ridan, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Mr. Nares, Penning,
and Entick, on the last syllable; and by Dr. Ash,
Dr.Kenrick, Buchanan, Barclay, Bailey, and Penning,
on the first ; and by Mr. Perry both on the first and last.
The truth is, these three words are among those which
admit of the accent either on the first or last syllable,
and this has produced the diversity we find in our Dic-
tionaries, 524. The accent on the first syllable seems
the more agreeable to our own analogy, and ought to be
preferred, 503
Partition, par-tisb-un, s. The act of dividing,
a state of being divided; division, separation, dis-
tinction; part divided from the rest, separate part;
that by which different parts are separated; part where
ceparation is made.
378
To Partition, p;tr-tishiun, v. a. To divide into
distinct parts. Little used.
Partlet, part-let, *. a name given to a hen, the
original signification being a rulf or band.
Partly, part-le, ad. In some measure, in some
degree.
Partner, part-liur, S. 98. Partaker, sharer, one
who has part in any thing; one who dances witl".
another.
To Partner, part-nur, v. a. To join, to
associate with a partner. Little used.
Partnership, part-nui-sbip, s. Joint interest or
property; the union of two or more in the same trade.
Partook, pir-tookj Fret of Partake.
Partridge, par-tndje, *. A bird of game.
Parturient, pai-tti-r^-ent, a. About to bring
forth.
Parturition, par- tshu-rish-un, s. The state of
being about to brnig forth.
Party, par-t^, *. A number of persons confederated
by similarity of designs or opinions in opposition to
others; one of two litigants; one concerned in any
affair; side, persons engaged against each other;
cause, side; a select assembly; particular person, a
person distinct from, or opposed to, another; a de-
tachment of soldiers.
Party-coloured, p^r-t^-kul-lurd, a. Having
diversity of colours.
Party-man, par-te-m4n, s. A factious person j
an abetter of a party.
Party-wall, par-t^-wallj s. Wall that separates
one house from the next.
ParvituuE, par-v^-tude, s. Littleness, minuteness.
Parvity, par-ve-te, s. Littleness.
Paschal, pis-kil, a. 88. Relating to the pass-
over; relating to Easter.
To Pash, pish, 1;. a. To strike, to crush.
Pasque-flower, pisk-flou-ur, s. A plant.
Pasquin, pis-kwin, 414. 1 , ,
4i2 iifT*. A lampoon,
Pasquinade, pas-kwin-ade; J
7'o Pass, pis, v. n. To go, to move frorn one
place to another, to be progressive; to go, to make
way; to make transition from one thing to another;
to vanish, to be lost; to be spent, to go away ; to be
at an end, to be over ; to be changed by regular grada-
tion ; to be enacted ; to gain reception, to become cur-
rent ; to occur, to be transacted ; to determine finally,
to judge capitally ; to exceed ; to thrust, to make a
push in fencing ; to omit ; to go through the aliment-
ary duct; to be in a tolerable slate; to Pass away, to
be lost, to glide off, to vanish.
Tb.PASS, pis, V. a. To go beyond ; to go through,
as, the horse Passed the river ; to spend time ; to move
hastily over; to tiansfer to another proprietor; to
strain, to percolate ; to vent, to let out ; to utter cere-
moniously ; to utter solemnly ; to transmit: to put an
end to; to surpass, to excel; to omit, to neglect; to
transcend, to transgress ; to admit, to allow ; to enact
a law ; to impose fraudulently ; to practise artfully, to
make succeed ; to send from one place to another; to
Pass away, to spend, to waste ; to Pass by, to excuse,
to forgive; to neglect, to disregt-rd ; to Pass over, to
omit, to let go unregarded; to come to pass, to be
effected.
Pass, pis, S. A narrow entrance, an avenue ;
passage, road ; a permission to go or come any where;
an order by which vagrants or impotent persons are
sent to tlieir place of abode ; push, thrust in fencing ;
state. Condition.
Passable, pis-si-bl, a. 405. Possible to be
passed or travelled through or o'er ; supportable, to.
lerable, allowable; capable of admission or reception.
Passado, pis-sa-do, S. A push, a thrust. — See
Lumbago.
Passage, pis-Sldje, S. 90. Act of passing, travel,
course, journey ; road, way ; entrance or exit ; liberty
to pass; intellectual admittance, mental acceptance;
unsettled state ; incident, transaction } part of a booky
single place in a writing.
PAS
PAT
nor 167, n8t 163— tAbe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 29y— pound 313- f/tin 466, this 469.
A roll of paste; a kind of
Passed, p^t. Pret. and part, of Pass. — See
Principles, No. 367.
Passenger, p4s-sin-jur, s. 99. A traveller, one
who is upon the road, a wayfarer ; one who hires in
any vehicle tlie liberty of travelling.
Passer, p^S-sur,*. 98. One who passes, one that
is upon the road.
PassibiliTY, pis-se-bll-le-te, *. Quality of
receiving impressions from external agents.
Passible, pls-se-bl, a. 405, Susceptive of im-
■ pressions from external agents.
PasSIBLENESS, pis^se-bi-nes, S. Quality of re-
ceiving impressions from external agents.
Passing, pJs-SlIlg,/>ffr^. a. 410. Supreme, sur-
passing otners, eminent ; it is used adverbially to en-
force the meaning of another word, exceeding.
PaSSINGBELL, pis^Sing-bel, S. The bell wliich
rings at the hour of departure, to obtain prayers for
the passing soul ; it is often used for the bell whicli
rings immediately after death.
Passion, p^h-un, S. Any effect caused by external
agency; violent commotion of the mind; anger, zeal,
ardour; love; eagerness; emphatically, the last suf-
fering of the Redeemer of the world.
Passion-flower, p^shiSn-floii-ur, s. a plant.
Passion-week, p^h^un-weekj *. The week im-
mediately precedmg Easter, named in commemora-
tion of our Saviour's crucifixion.
Passionate, p5sh'-un-nlt, a. 91. Moved by
passion, causing or expressing great commotion of
mind; easily moved to anger.
Passionately, pish-un-nit-le,«rf. With passion;
with desire, love or hatred; witli great commotion of
mind ; angrily.
Passionateness, p/Uh-un-n4t-nes, *. State of
being subject to passion ; vehemence of mind.
Passive, p^s^siv, a. 158. Receiving impression
from some external agent ; unresisting, not opposing ;
suffering, not acting; in grammar, a verb passive- is
tliat which signifies passion.
Passively, pis-siv-le, ad. With a passive nature.
PaSSIVENESS, paS-SlV-neS, s. Quality of receiving
impression from external agents; passibility, power of
suffering.
Passivity, pils-siv-v^-t^, s. Passiveness.
Passover, pis-O-vur, *. A feast instituted among
the Jews, i:i memory nf the time when God, smiting
the first-born of the Egyptians, passed over the habi-
tations of the Hebrews; the sacrifice killed.
F ASSPORT, pis-port, S. Permissioi> of egress.
Past, pJst, part. a. Properly Passed. Not
present, not to come ; spent, gone through, under-
gone.— See Principles, No. 367.
(!:v» This contraction, in every word hut the preposi-
tion, is a disgrace to our orthography. It took its rise,
in all probability, from words ending in st, with which
it v/as rhymed, us that of Pope :
** Which not aloDe ba» shone on ages past,
** But lights the present, and shall warm the last"
But as we see thatT^ossest, drest, and many others, spelled
in this manner to accomiriodate riiymes to the eye
merely, have recovered their true form ; there is no rea-
»on wily this word should not do the same.
Past, pist, S, Elliptically used for passed time.
Vast, pfct, prep. 367. Beyond in time; no
longer capable of ; beyo.id, out of reach of j beyond,
farther than ; above, more than.
Paste, paste, *. 74. Atfy thing mixed up so as to
be viscous and tenacious; flour and water boiled to-
gether so as to make a cement; artificial mixture, in
imitation of precious stones.
To Paste, paste, v. a. To fasten with paste.
Pasteboard, pAste-bord, s. A kind of coarse,
thick, stiff p>iper.
Pasteboard, pAste^bord, a. Made of pasteboard.
Pastern, pis-turn, S. 98. The distance between
the joint next the foot and the cornet of a horse; the
legs of any animal in drollery.
379
Pastil, p^s^til, s.
pencil.
Pastime, pis-time, s. Sport, amusement, diversion.
Pastor, pis-tur, s. \66. A shepherd, a clergyman
who has the care of a flock.
Pastoral, pis'-tur-il, a. 88. Rural, rustick,
beseeming; shepherds, imitating shepherds; relating to
the rare of souls.
OO* For the o, see Domestick.
Pastoral, pis-tur-il, *. A poem relative to the
incidents in a country life, an idyl, a bucolick.
Pastry, pi-Stre, s. Tlie act of making pies ; pies
or baked paste; the place where pastry is made.
Pastry-cook, pi-stre kook, s. One whose trade
is to make and sell things baked in paste.
Pasturable, pis-tshu ri blj a. Fit for pasture.
Pasturage, pis-tshii radje, s. 90. The business
of feeding cattle; lands grazed by cattle; the use of
pasture.
Pasture, pis^tshure, s. 461. Food, the act of
feeding ; ground on which cattle feed; human culture,
education.
To Pasture, pis-tshure, v. a. To place in
a pasture.
To Pasture, pis-tshire, v. n. To graze on the
ground.
Pasty, pis-te, s. 515. A pie of crust raised
without a diEhj a pie.
Pat, pat, a, Fit, convenient, exactly suitable,
Pat, pat, *. A light quick blow, a tap ; a small
lump of matter heat into shape with the hand.
To Pat, pit, v. a. To strike lightly, to tap.
Patacoon, pit-ti-koonj s. A Spanish coin worth
four shillings and eight-pence English.
To Patch, pitsli, v. a. To cover with a piece
sewed on ; to decorate the face with small spots of
bliick silk ; to mend clumsily, to mend so as that the
original strength or beauty is lust j to make up of shreds
or different pieces.
Patch, pitsh, *. 352. A piece sewed on to cover
a hole; a piece inserted in mosaick or variegated work;
a small spot of black silk put on the face; a small par-
tick' ; a parcel of land.
Patcheb, pitsh-ur, s. 98. One that patches,
a botcher.
Patchery, pitsh-ur-^, *. Botchery, bungling
work. Out of use.
Patchwork, pitsh-wurk, s. Work made by
sewing small pieces of different colours interchange.
ably together.
Pate, pAte, *. The head.
Pated, pi-ted, a. Having a pate.
Patefaction, pit-te-fik-shun, s. Act or state
of opening.
Paten, pat-en, *. 103. A plate. Obsolete.
Patent, pit-tent, or pa^tent, a. Open to the
perusal of all, as, letters Patent; something appropri-
ated by letters patent.
tt:?- This word, when an adjective, is, by Dr. Kenrick,
W. Johnston, and Buchanan, pronounced with the a
long, as in paper; but by Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
Dr. Ash, Mr. Perry, and Entick, short, as input. But
when the word is a substantive, it is pronounced with
the a short by Mr. Nares and all those orthoepists, except
Buchanan. That the adjective should by some be pro-
nounced with the a long, is a remnant of that analogy
which ought to prevail in all words of this kind, 544;
but the uniformity with which the substantive is pro-
nounced, with the a short, precludes all hope of altera-
tion.
Patent, pit-tent, S. A writ conferring some ex-
clusive right or privilege. — See the adjective Patent.
Patentee, pit-ten-t^ej s. One who has a pa.ent.
Paternal, pi-ter^nil, a. 88. Fatherly, having
the relation of a father; hereditary, received in suc-
cession from one's father.
Paternity, pi-terine-t4, *. Fathership, the
relation of a father.
PAT
PAU
(0-559. Tlte 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
Path, pa^7«, s. 78. 467. Way, road, tract.
Pathehcal, TpK-thh'-tl-ka], 1
Pathetick, pS-#/tet'-tik, 509./**
Affecting tlie passions, passionate, moving.
Pathetically, pJ-^/tet^te-kil-^, ad. in such
a manner as may strike the passions.
Patheticalness, pa-</t2t-te-kAl-nes, S. Quality
of being pathetick, quality of moving the passions.
Pathless, pa</i-les, a. Untrodden, not marked
with paths.
Pathognomonick, p^-^7(6g-n6-m5n^ik, a. 509.
Such signs of a disease as aie inseparable, designing
tlie essence or real nature of the disease, not
symptomatitk.
(t:^ Mr, Sheridan has suppressed the g in this word as
in gnomon, without considering, that when a syllable
precedes, the g unites with it, and is to be pronounced.
Thus this letter is mute in sig'n, but pronounced in sig-
nify. The same may be observed of resign and resigna-
tion, indign, and indignity, &c.
Pathological, p^i/i-o-lftd-Je-kal, «. Rciuting
to the tokens or discoverable ctTects of a distemper.
Pathologist, pi-^A5Kl6-jist, s. One who treats
of pathology.
Pathology, pi-<AftKlo-je, 5. 518. That part of
medicine which relates to the distempers, with their
differences, causes,and effects, incident to the liuman
body.
Pathofoiea, p^M-6-poi-e-l, S. (From the Greek
iraSo;, passion, and voiiui, to cawse.) The act of moving
the passions ; the method made use of to move the
passions ; an address to the passions.
Pathos, pa-i/ifts, s. (From the Greek.) rassion,
warmth, affection of mind.
Pathway, pa^/t-wa, s. A road, strictly a narrow
way to be passed on foot.
PatiuulARY, pi-tlb-bu-lA-r^, a. Belonging to
the gallows.
Patience, pi-shense, s. The power of suffering,
endurance, the power of expecting long without rage
or discontent; the power of supporting injuries without
revenge 5 sufferance, permission; an herb.
Patient, pa^shent, a. 463. Having the quality of
enduring ; calm under pain or affliction ; not revenge-
ful against injuries, not easily provoked ; not hasty,
not viciously eager or impetuous.
Patient, pa-shent, S. That which receives im-
pressions from external agents ; a person diseased.
Patiently, pA-shent-le, ad. Without rage under
pain or affliction ; without vicious impetuosity.
PatiNE, pit^tin, S. 140. The cover of a chalice,
PaTLY, pilt-1^, ud. Commodiously, fitly.
pATRiAitCH, pa-tre-ark, s. 534. 353. One who
governs by paternal right, the father and ruler of a
familyj a bishop superinur to archbishops.
Patriarchal, pa-tre-ar-k^l, a. Belonging to
patriarchs, such as was possessed or enjoyed by pa-
triarchs ; belonging to hieraichical patriarchs.
Patriarchate, pA-tre-ai-k^t, 91. \
Patriarchship, pa-tre-ark-slnp, J
A bishoprick superiour to arclibishopricks.
Patriarchy, pa'-tre-ar-k^, s, 505. Jurisdiction
of a patriarch, patriarchate.
Patrician, pa-trisli-un, a. Senatorial, noble,
not plebeian.
Patrician, pj-trish-un, s. A nobleman among
the Romans.
Patrimonial, pit-trJ-mo^nc-il, it. Possessed
by inheritance.
Patrimony, pit-trJ-mun-nc, s. An estate pos-
sessed by inheritance.— For the o, see Vomeslick,
Patriot, pA^tr^-ut, s. 505. 534. One whose
ruling passion is the love of his country.
Patriotism, pa'-tre-5t-1zin, .?. 16G. Love of
one's country, zeal for one's country.
Patrol, pil-trolej s. The act of going the rounds
in a garri.-on to observe that orders are keptj those
•jiiat go the rounds.
330
G^" All o>ir orthoepists give this word, both a» noun
and verb, the accent on the last syllable, except
Mr. Nares, who wishes to reduce it to the accentual dis-
tinction so often observed, 492. Johnson's folio edition
lias the accent of both words on the first, but the quarto
accents both on the last; and this accentuation, it is
certain, is the most received in the polite world.
To Patrol, piVtroleJ v. n. To go the rounds in
a camp or garrison.
Patron, p^-trun, 5. 166. One who countenances,
supports, or protects; a guardian saint ; advocate, de-
fender, vindicator; one who lias donation of ecclesi
astical preferment.
Patronage, p4t-trun-idje, s. 90. Support, pro-
lection ; guardianship of saints ; donation of a bene-
fice, right of conferring a benefice.
Z3' That the first syllable of this word is short, and
that of patron long, is owing to the shortening power of
the antepenultimate accent, 603.
Patronal, p^t-ri-nal, a. Protecting, supporting,
guarding, defending.
03" This word, like matronal, has a diversity of pro-
nunciation in our Dictionaries, which shows the neces-
sity of recurring to principles in order to fix its true
sound. Buchanan places the accent on the first syllable;
but whether he makes the a long or short cannot be
known. Dr. Asli places the accent on the same syllabic;
and though he makes the a in matronal short, yet he
makes the same letter in lliis word long as in patron.
Barclay and Penning lay the stress upon the first of ina-
tronal, and on the second of ;)a(ro7iai ; Perry and Entick
place tjie accent on the first of both these words, but
make the a in matronal long, aiKl the same letter in pa-
tronal short. Bailey accents the second syllable of this
word.
Patroness, pa-trun-es, S. A female that defends,
countenances, or supports; a female guardian saint,
(fj- I am well aware of the shortening power of the
antepenultimate accent in patronage, patronise, &c. but
cannot, as Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston,
Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry, have done, allow it that
power in patroness, because the feminine termination ess
is as much a subjunctive of our own as the participial
terminations ing or ed, or the ])lural number, and there,
fore never ought to alter the accent or quantity of the
original word. — See Principles, No. 386. 499.
To Patronise, p^t-tro-nlze, v. a. 503. To
To protect, to support, to defend, to countenance.
Patronymick, pit-tro-nim^mik, a. 509. 530.
Expressing the name of the father or ancestor.
Patten of a imllar, pit-tin, s. 99. its base.
Patten, pilt-tin, S. 99- A shoe of wood with an
iron ring, worn under the common shoe by women.
Pattenmaker, pit-tin-ma-kur, s. He that
makes pattens.
To Patter, pit'-tur, v. n. 98. To make a r.oise
like the quick steps of many feet, or like the beating
of hail.
Pattern, pit-turn, *, The original proposed to
imitation, the archetype, that which is to he copied;
a specimen, a part sliown as a sample of the rest ; an
instance, an example ; any thing cut out in paper to
direct the cutting of cloth.
Pauciloquy, paw-sil-0-kwl, s. 518. A short
speech, speaking little.
Paucity, pavv-se-t^, s. Fewness, smallness ol
number; smallness of quantity.
To Pave, pave, v. a. To lay with brick or stone,
to floor with stone ; to make a passage easy.
Pavement, pave-meiit, s. Stones or bricks laid
on llie ground, stone floor.
Paver, pa'-vur, 99. 1 ,
Pavier, paveiyur, 113. S
One wlio lays with stones.
(fS' This word is more frequently, but, perliaps, less
properly, written Pai-iour,
Pavilion, pi-vil-yun, 5. 113. A tent, a temporary
or moveable house.
To Pavilion, pa-vil-ymi, v. a. To furnish with
tents ; to be sheltered by a tent.
Paunch, p?uisb, 6-. 214. The belly, tlic region of
the guts.
PEA
nor I6r, ii8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173-
To Paunch, pansh, V, a. To pierce or rip the
the belly, to exeiileratc.
Pauper, paw-pur, s. 98. A poor person.
Pause, pawz, *. 213. A stop, a place or time of
intermission; suspense, doubt ; break, paragraph, aj)-
parent separation of the parts of a discourse; place of
suspending the voice marked in writing, thus j — a stop
or intermission in musick.
To Pause, pawz, v. n. 213. To wait, to stop,
not to proceed, to forbear for a time; to deliberate;
to be intermitted.
Pauseu, paw-zur, S. 98. He who pauses, he who
deliberates.
Paw, paw, S. 219. The foot of a beast of prey ;
liand, ludicrously.
To Paw, paw, V, n. To draw tlie fore foot along
the ground, a mark of impatience in a horse.
To Paw, paw, v. a. To strike with the fore foot ;
to handle roughly.
Pawed, pawd, a. 359. Having paws j broad-
footed.
To Pawn, pawn, l'. a. • To pledge, to give in
pledge,
Pawn, pawn, S. Something given in piedge as
a security for money borrowed or a promise made ; the
state of being pledged ; a common man at chess.
Pawnbroker, p^wn-bri-kur, *. One who lends
money upon pledge.
2'o Pay, pa, v. a. 220. To discharge a debt ; to
dismiss one to whom any thing is due with his money ;
to atone, to make amends by suffering; to beat; to
reward, to recompense ; to give the equivalent fur any
thing bought.
Pay, pi, S, Wages, hire, money given in return for
service.
Payable, pi-it-bl, a. 405. Due, to be paid ; such
as there is power to pay.
Payday, pi-di, s. Day on wliich debts are to be
discharged, or wages paid.
Payer, pa'-iir, s. 98. One that pays.
PAYiVtASTER, pa-m?lS-tur, S. One who is to pay,
one from whom wages or reward is received.
Payment, pa-mdnt, s. The act of paying; the
disclutrge of debt or promise; a reward ; chastisement,
sound beating.
Pea, pe, s. 227. A well-known kind of pulse.
(K5> When the plural of this word signifies merely
number, it is formed, by adding s, as, "They are as like
as two peas." When quantity is implied, e is added to s,
as, " A bushel of pease." The pronunciation, in both
cases, is exactly the same ; that is, as if written peze.
Peace, pJse, s, 227. Respite from war ; quiet
from suits or disturbances ; rest from any commotion ;
reconciliation of differences ; a state not hostile; rest,
freedom from terrour, heavenly rest} silence, suppres-
sion of the thoughts.
Peace, pese, inierj, A word commanding silence.
Peace-oifering, pese-ftf-fur-ing', s. Among
the Jews, a sacrifice or gift offered to God for atone-
ment and reconciliation for a crime or offence.
Peaceable, pese-^-bl, a. 405. Free from war,
free from tumult; quiet, undisturbed; not quarrel-
some, not turbulent.
PeaCEABLENESS, pese-i-bl-nes, *. Quietness,
disposition to peace.
Peaceably, pese^^-ble, ad. Without war, with-
out tumult; without disturbance.
Peaceful, pese-ful, a. Quiet, not in war, pacifick
mild ; undisturbed, still, secure.
Peacefully, p^se'-ful-l^, ad. Quietly, without
disturbance; mildly, gently.
Peacefulness, pese-ful-nes, s. Quiet, freedom
from disturbance.
Peacemaker, p^se'-ma-kur, s. One who recon-
ciles differences.
PeACEPARTED, pese-par-ted, a. Dismissed from
the world in peace.
Peach, pi't.sh, S. 227. a fruit tiee; tlie fruit.
381
PEC
'li 299— pound 313— ;/iin 46G, THis 469.
To Peach, petsh, v. a. 352. Corrupted from
iMjKTJrh; to accuse of some crime.
Peach-coloured, petsh-kul-lurd, a. Of a colour
like a peach.
Peachick, pe-tsbik, S, The chicken of a peacock.
Peacock, pe-kSk, *. A fowl eminent for the
beauty of his feathers, and particularly of his tail.
Peahen, pe-hen, S. The female of a peacock. — See
Mavk'mii.
Peak, peke, S. The top of a hill or eminence ;
any thing acuminated} the rising forepart of a head-
dress.
To Peak, peke, v. n. To look sickly.
Peal, pele, s. 227. A succession of loud sounds,
as of bells, thunder, cannon.
To Peal, pele, v. n. To play solemnly and loud.
7'o Peal, pele, v. a. To assail with noise.
Pear, pare, s. 73. 240. The name of a well.
known fruit-tree; the fruit.
Pearl, perl, s. 234. A gem generated in the body
of a testaceous fish; a speck on the eye.
Pearled, perld, a. 359. Adorned or set with
pearls.
PearleyeD, perl-ide, a. Having a speck in the
eye.
Pearly, perl-^, a. Abounding wit.i pearls, con-
taining pearls, resembling pearls.
Pearmain, pare-mAne{ s. An apple.
PeARTREE, pAre-tree, S. The tree that bears pears.
Peasant, pez-z^rit, s. 88. 234. A hind, one
whose business is rural labour.
Peasantry, pez-zSnt-re, s. Peasants, ruslicks,
country people.
Peascod, pesikod, 515.1
•isb2l, /'•
-See Pea.
Peashell, pi-
The husk that contains peas.
Pease, p^ze, s. Food of peas.'
Peat, pete, S. A species of turf used for fire.
Pebble, peb'-bl, 405. 1^
Pebblestone, peb-bl-stone, J
A stone distinct from flints, being not in layers, but
one homogeneous mass; a round hard stone, rather
smooth on the surface ; a sort of bastard gem.
Pebble-crystal, peb-bl-kris-tal, s. Crystal in
form of nodules.
Pebbled, peb-bld, a. 359. Sprinkled or abound-
ing with pebbles.
Pebbly, peb'-ble, a. Full of pebbles.
Peccability, pek-ki-bil-e-te, s. state of being
subject to sin.
Peccable, pek-k^-bl, a. 405. Liable to sin.
Peccadillo, pck-ki\-dil-l6, s. a petty fault,
a slight crime, a venal offence.
Peccancy, pek-kin-se. s. Bad quality.
Peccant, pek-kint, a. 88. Guilty, criminal ;
ill-disposed, offensive to the body; wrong, deficient,
unforinal.
Peck, pek, S. The fourth part of a bushel;
proverbially, in low language, a great deal.
7'o Peck, pek, v. U. To strike with the beak M
a bird ; to pick up food with the beak ; to strike with
any pointed instrument ; to Peck at, to be continually
finding fault with.
Pecker, pek-kur,s. 98. One that pecks ; a kind
of bird, as the woodpecker.
Peckled, pek-kld, a, 359. Spotted, varied with
spots.
Pectoral, pek-tur-^1, a,. 557. Belonging to the
breast ; suited to strengthen the breast and stomach,
(i:^. For the o, see Domestick,
PED
PEL
(»■ 559. Fite 73, fJr77, fall 83, f4t 81— m^93, met95— pine 105, pm 107— ni lfJ4, move 164,
PedobAPTIST, pecl-d6-bip-dst, S, One that holdi
or practises infant baptism.
To Peel, p^el, v. a. 246. To decorticate, to flay;
to plunder. According to analogy tliis should be writ-
ten Pill.
Peel, p^el, s. The skin or thin rind of any thing.
Peel, peel, S. A broad thin board with a long
handle, used by bakers to put their bread in and take
it out of the oven.
Peeler, peel-iir, s, 98. One wlio strips or flays j
a plunderer.
To Peep, p^ip, v. n. 246. To make the first
appearance; to look slily, closely, or curiously.
Peep, peep, *. First appearance, as at the peep and
first break of day ; a sly look.
Peeper, pe^p-ur, *. 98. A young chicken just
brenking the shell ; one that peeps.
Peephole, pe^p-hole, \
Peepinghole, peep-ing-hole, /
Hole through which one may look without being dis-
covered.
Peer, p^er, *. 246. Equal, one of the same rank;
one e^ULiI in excellence or endowments; companion,
fellow; a nobleman.
To Peer, peer, ik n. By contraction from Appear.
To come just in sight ; to look narrowly, to peep.
Peerage, peer-idje, s. 90. The dignity of
a peer; the body oT peers.
PeerdoM, p^er-dum, S. 166. Peerage.
Peeress, p^er-es, s. The lady of a peer, a woman
ennobled.
Pectoral, pek-tur-^l, *. 88. A breast-plate;
a medicine proper to strengthen the breast and
stomach.
To Peculate, pek^ku-Ute, v n. To rob or
defraud the publick.
83" It is somewhat singular that this word, as a verb,
IS not in any of our Dictionaries: nor do the substan-
tives seem to have been in general use, as Dr. Johnson
produces no authorities for them.
Peculation, pek-ku-hUshun, *. Robbery of the
publick, theft of publick money.
Peculator, pek-ku-U-tur, s, 521. Robber of
the publick.
Peculiar, pe-ku-l^-ur, a, 88. Appropriate,
belonging to any one with exclusion of others ; parti-
cular, single.
Peculiarity, p6-ki-l^-^r-^-t^, *. Particularity,
something found only in one.
Peculiarly, p^-ku-le-ur-le, ad. Particularly,
singly ; in a manner not common to others.
Pecuniary, p^-ku-ne-ur-^, a. Relating to
money, consisting of money.
Pedagogue, ped-di-gSg, s. 338. One who
teaches boys, a schoolmaster, a pedant.
Pedal, pe^dJl, «. Belonging to a foot.
Pedals, ped-dils, or pe-dils, s. The large pipes
of an organ.
(ty- I have no doubt that Mr. Nares and Entick, who
adopt the first pronunciation, have the best usage on their
side; biii am persuaded that Mr. Sheridan, Mr. .Scott,
B'lcluinan, .ind Periy, who adopt the lust, are more
analogical. — See Principles, No. 543.
Pedaneous. pe-da-nl-us, a. Going on foot.
Pedant, ped-dint, 5. 88. A schoolmaster j a man
vain of low knowledge.
Pedantick, p^-d4riitik, 1
Pedantical, pi-din-t^-k^l, / "'
Awkwardly ostentatious of learning.
Pedantically, p^-dln-te-k^l-i, ad. With
awkward ostentation of learning.
Pedantry, pedidHii-tr^, s. Awkward ostentation
of needless learning.
To Peddle, pedMl, v. n. 405. To be busy about
trifles.
Pedestal, ped-des-til, s. The lower member of
a pillar; the basis of a statue.
PedESTRIOUS, pi-deS^tr^-US, a. Not winged,
going on foot.
Pedicle, ped-dJ-kl, s. 405. The footstalk, that
by which a leaf or fruit is fixed to the tree.
Pedicular, pe-dikiku-l^r, a. Having the
phihyriasis or lousy distemper.
Pedigree, ped-di-gri, *. Genealogy, lineage,
account of descent.
Pediment, pedid6-ment, *. In Architecture, an
ornament that crowns the ordonnances, finishes the
fronts of buildings, and serves as a decoration over
gates.
Pedlar, ped-lur, *. Properly Peddler. One
who travels the country with small commodities, con-
tracted from petty dealer.
0:5- There is the same impropriety in spelling this
word with one d only as there would be in spelling
saddler awA fiddler '\n the same manner. — For the reasons,
see Codle.
Pedlery, ped-lur-i, «. 98. Wares sold by
pedlers.
Peddling, p«Utll-ing, a. 410. Petty dealing,
such as pedlers have.
C^» The spelling of this word might have informed
Dr. Johnson of the true spelling of pedlet.
Pedobaptism, ped-di-bip-iizm, S. Infant
baptism.
0:5- I have diflFered from Mr. Sheridan and several of
our orthofipists in making the first syllable of this word
short. I ?.m authorised by the shortening power of the
secondary accent, 530, notwithstanding the diphthong in
the original, which lias no more influence in this word
tliaJi in Ctrsorea, cscanomxck, and a thousand others,
382
Peerless, peer-les, a. Unequalled, having no
peer.
PeERLESSNESS, pe^r-les-nes, S. Universal supe-
riority.
Peevish, pe^-vish, a. 246. Petulant, waspish,
easily offended, irritable, hard to please.
Peevishly, pee-vish-1^, ad. Angrily, querulously,
morosely.
Peevishness, peeivish-nes, s. Irascibility,
ijuerulousness, fretfulness ; perverseness.
Peg, pe^, S. A piece of wood driven into a hole ;
the pins of an instrument in which the strings are
strained ; to take a Peg lower, to depress, to sink ; the
nickname o( Margaret.
To Peg, peg, v. a. To fasten with a peg.
Pelf, pelf, *. Money, riches in an odious sense.
Pelican, pe'-le-k^n, a. 88. There are two sorts
of pelicans; f-ne lives upon fish, the other keeps in
deserts, and feeds upon serpents; the pelican is sup-
posed to admit its young to suck blood from its breast.
Pellet, pel-lit, *. 99. a little ball ; a bullet,
a ball.
Pelleted, pel-lit-ted, a. Consisting of bullets.
Pellicle, pel-l^-kl, s. 405. A thin skin; it ii
often used for the film which gathers upon liquors im-
pregnated with salt or other substance, and evaporated
by heat.
Pellitory, pel-le-tur-e, s. 512. 557. An herb.
Pellmell, pel-mel( ad. Confusedly, tumultously,
one among another. — See Mall.
Pells, pelz, *. Clerk of the Pells, an officer belong.
ing to the Exchequer, who enters every Teller's bill
into a parchment roll, called Pellis accepiorum, the
roll of re-ceiiJls.
Pellucid, pel-li-sid, a. Clear, transparent, not
opaque, not dark.
Pellucidity, pel-lu-sid-^-t^, 1
Pellucidness, ])el-lij-s1d-nes, j
Transparency, clearness, not opacity.
Pelt, pelt, S. Skin, hide; the quairy of a Iiawk
all torn.
Peltmonger, pelt-mung-gur, s. A dealer in
raw hides.
To Pelt, pelt, v. a. To strike with gometliirg
thrown; to throw, to cast.
PEN
PEN
nor 167, n^t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Wn 466, this 469.
.}'•
''eltiNG, pelt-mg, a. This word in Shakespeare
signifies paltry, pitiful. Obsolete.
Pelvis, pel-vis, *. The lower part of the belly.
Pen, pen, s An instrument of writing ; feather j
wing; a small enclosure, a coop.
To Pen, pen, v. a. To coop, to shut up, to ineage,
to imprison in a narrow place; to write.
Penal, pe-nil, a. 88. Denouncing punishment,
enacting punishment; used for the purposes of punish-
ment, vindictive.
Penalty, pen-nal-te, \
Penality, p^-ii4l-le-t^,/
Punisliment, censure, judicial infliction; forfeiture
upon non-performance.
Penance, pen-ninse, *. Infliction either publick
or private, suffered as an expression of repentance for
sin.
Pence, pense, *. The plural of Penny.
Pencil, pen-sil, s. 159. A small brush of hair
which painters dip in tl.eir colours; any instrument
of writing without ink.
To Pencil, pen-sil, v. a, 159. To paint.
Pendant, pen-dint, S, 88. A jewel hanging in
the ear; any thing hanging by way of ornament;
when it siguilies a small flag in ships, it is pronounced
Pennnnt.
Pendence, pen-dense, S. Slcpeness, inclination.
Pendency, pen-den-S^, S. Suspense, delay of
decision.
Pendent, pen-dent, a. Hanging; jutting over;
supported above the ground.
Pending, pend-ing, a. 410. Depending, remain
iiig yet undecided.
Pendulosity, pen-ju-l6s^i-t^,
Pendulousness, pen-ju-lus-nes
The slate of hanging, suspension.
Pendulous, pen'-jti-lus, a, 376. Hanging, not
supported below.
Pendulum, pen-ju-lum, s. 293. Any weight
hung so as that it inay easily swing backwards and for-
wards, of which the groat law is, that its oscillations
are always performed in equal times.
Penetrable, pen-ne-tri-bl, a. Such as may be
pierced, such as may admit the entrance of another
body; susceptive of moral or intellectual impression.
Penetrability, pen-n^-tri-bil-^-t^, s. Suscepti-
bility of impression from another body.
Penetranc Y, pen-n^-trJn-se, s. Power of enter-
ing or piercing.
Penetrant, pen^n^-trint, a. Having the power
to pierce or enter, sharp, subtile.
To Penetrate, pen^n^-trate, v. a. To pierce,
to enter beyond the surface, to make way into a body ;
to afl^ect the mind ; to reach the meaning.
To Penetrate, pen-n^-trite, f. n. 91. To
make way.
Penetration, pen-ne-tra-shun, s. Tlie act of
entering into any body; mental entrance into any
thing abstruse ; acuteness, sagacity.
Penetrative, pen-ne-tri-tiv, a. 512. Piercing,
sharp, subtile; acute, sagacious, discerning; having
the power to impress the mind.
Penetrativeness, penine-tri-tiv-nes, s. The
quality of being penetrative.
F ENGUIN, pen^gwin, s. A bird, which though no
higher than a large goose, yet weighs sometimes six-
teen pounds; a fruit, very common in the West Indies,
of a sharp acid flavour.
Pevinsula, pen-in^shii-li, *. 452, A piece of
land almost surrounded by the sea.
Peninsulated, pen-in^shu-li-ted, a. Almost
surrounded with water.
PE MTENCE, pen-ni-tense, S. Repentance, sorrow
for crimes, contrition for sin, with amendment of life,
or change of the affections.
Penitent, pen-nJ-tent, a. Repentant, contrite
383
for sin, sorrowful for past transgression-s, and resolutely
bent on amending life.
Penitent, pen^n^-tent, «, One sorrowful for sinj
one under censures of the church, but admitted to
penance ; one under the direction of a coiifcs-sor.
Penitential, pen-iie-tenisbil, a. Expressing
penitence, enjoined as penance.
Penitential, pen-n^-ten-shil, s. A book direct,
ing the degrees of penance.
Penitentiary, pen-n^-ten-shrl-re, s. One who
prescribes the rules and measures of penance ; a peni-
tent, one who does penance; the place where penance
is enjoined.
Penitently, pen-ne-tent-1^, ad. With re-
pentance, with sorrow for sin, with contrition.
Penknife, penknife, s. A knife used to cut pens.
Penman, pen-miii, s. 88. One who professes the
art of writing; an author, a writer.
Pennant, pen-nint, *. 88. A small flag, ensign,
or colours ; a tackle for hoisting things on board.
Pennated, pen-nA-ted, a. Winged. Pennated,
among botanists, is said of those leaves that grow
directly one against another on the same rib or stalk,
as those of ash and walnut-tree.
Penniless, pen-ne-les, a. Moneyless, poor,
wanting money.
Pennon, pen-nun, s. 166. A small flag or colour.
Penny, pen-n^, S. A small coin, of which twelve
make a shilling ; a penny is the radical denomination
from which English coin is numbered; proverbially, a
small sum ; money in general.
Pennyroyal, pen-ni-r84-4l, s. A weU-known
herb.
Pennyweight, pen^n^-veate, s. A weight con-
taining twenty-four grains Troy weight.
Pennywise, pen-ne-wlzej a. One who saves
small sums at the hazard of larger; with the addition
of pound foolish.
Pennyworth, pen-ni-wur^A, s. As much as is
bnught for a penny ; any purchase, any thing bought
or sold f >r money ; something advantageously bought,
a purchase got for less than it is worth ; a small quan-
tity.
(t?- This word is commonly, and without vulgarity,
contracted into pennnrth.
Pensile, pen-sil, a. 140. Hanging, suspended;
supported above the ground.
PensileneSS, pen-sil-nes, *, The state of hanging.
Pension, pen-.«hun, *. 451. An allowance made
to any one without an equivalent.
Pensionary, pen-shun-A-re, a. Maintained by
pensions.
Pensioner, pen-shun-ur, s. 99. One who is
supported by an allowance paid at the will of another,
a dependant.
Pensive, pen-siv, a. 428, Sorrowfully thoughtful,
mournfully serious.
Pensively, pen^siv-1^, ad. With melancholy,
sorrowfully.
PeNSIVENESS, pen-SlV-neS, *. Melancholy, sorrow-
fulness.
Pent, pent. Part. pa«s. of Pen. Shut up.
Pentacapsular, pen-ta-kip-shij-l^r, n. Having
five cavities.
Pentachord, pen-ti-kord, s. An instrument
with five strings.
PentaedrouS, pen-t4-eidriis, a. Having five
sides.
Pentagon, pen-tJ-g6n, *. 166. A figure with
five angles.
Pentagonal, pen-tag-o-nill, o. Quinquangular,
iiaving five angles.
Pentameter, peii-tiiii-me-tSrj s. A Latin verse
of five feet.
Pentangular, pen-ting-gu-lir, a.
Five cornered.
Pantapetalous, pen-tH-pet^ti-lus, a. Having
five petals.
PER
PER
e^ 559. Tkc 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 16'2, move 164,
PentASTYI.E, pen-tA-Stlle, S. In Architecture, PERCHANCE, per-tshansej ad. Perhaps, pwad-
a wurU in which are five rows of culumns. venture.
Pentateuch, pen-ti-tuke, s. 353. The five """'■■"■""•^ ^2,. e?,,',^i ?..,
hooks of Moses.
Pentecost, pen-te-koste, s. A feast among the
Jews.
Penthouse, pent-house, s. A shed hanging out
aslope from the main wall.
Pentile, pen-tile, s. A tile formed to cover the
sloping part of the roof.
Pent up, pent, pent. a. Shut up.
Pen ULTIMA, pe-nul-te-m4, S. The last syllable
but one.
Penultimate, pe-nui-t^-mAte, a. Belonging to
the last syllable but one.
Penumbra, pe-num-bra, *. An imperfect shadow.
Penurious, pe-nu-re-us, a. Niggardly, sparing,
sordidly mean ; scant, not plentiful.
Penuriously, pi-nu-re-us-le, ad. Sparingly,
not plentifully.
PeNURIOUSNESS, pe-nu-re-US-neS, S. Niggardli-
ness, parsimony.
Penury, pen-nu-re, S. Poverty, indigence.
Peony, pe^^-ne, s. A flower.
People, pee-pl, s. 405. A nation, those who
compose a community ; the vulgar, tlie commonalty,
not the princes or iiobles ; persons of a particular
class; men, or persons in general.
To People, p^e-pl, v. a. 256. To stork with
inhabitants.
Pepper, pep-pur, S. 98. An aromatic pungent
kind of spice brought from India.
To Pepper, pep-piir, v. a. To sprinkle with
pepper ; to beat, to mangle with shot or blows.
Pepperbox, pep-pur-b5ks, s. A box for holding
pepper.
Peppercorn, pep^pur-korn, s. Any thing of
inconsiderable value.
Peppermint, pep-pur-mint, s. Mint eminently
hot.
Pepperwort, pep-ur-wuft, s. A plant.
PePTICK, pep-tik, or. Helping digestion
Peradventure, per-id-ven-tshiiie, ad.
Perhaps, may be, by chance.
To Perambulate, per-Am^bili-late, v. a. To
walk through ; to survey by passing tluuiigh.
Perambulation, per-^m-bij-la-shun, s. The
act of passing through or wandering over; a travelling
surve)".
Perceivable, per-se-vi-bl, a. Perceptible, such
as falls under perception.
PeRCEIVABLY, per-se-v4-ble, ad. In such
a manner as may be observed or known^ v.
To Perceive, per-sevej v, a. To disc^er by
some sensible elfccls; to know, to observe ; to*^i>_af-
fected by. '^
I'ercepticility, per-sep-te-bil-e-te, s. The
state of being an object of the senses or mind; per-
ception, the power of perceiving.
Perceptible, per-sep-te-bl, a. Such as maybe
known or observed.
Perceptibly, per-sep-te-ble, ad. In such
a manner as may be perceived.
Perception, per-sep-shiin, s. The power of
perceiving, consciousness ; the act of perceiving; no-
tion, idea ; the state of being aftected by something.
Perceptive, per-sep-tiv, a. 512. Having the
power of perceiving.
Perceptivity, per-sep-tiv-e-te, s. The power
of perception or tliinking.
Perch, pertsh, s. 352. A kind of fish.
Perch, pertsh, S. A measure of five yards and
a half, a pole ; something on which birds roost or sit.
7'0 Perch, pertsh, v. n. To sit or roost as a bird.
To Perch, pertsh, v, a. To plwe on a yerch,
384
Percipient, per-sip-])e-ent, a. Perceiving
having the power of perception.
Percipient, per-s1p'-pe-ent, s. One that has
the power of perceiving.
To Percolate, per-ki-lite, v. a. To strain.
Percolation, per-k6-la-shun, s. The act o!
straining, purification or separation by straining.
To Percuss, per-kusj v. a. To strike.
Percussion, per-kiish^un, s. The act of striking,
stroke ; effect of sound in the ear.
Percutient, per-ku-shent,«. striking, having
the power to strike.
Perdition, per-dish^un, s. Destruction, ruin,
death; loss; eternal death.
Perdue, per-dlllj ad. Closely, in ambush.
Perdurable, per-dia-ril-bl, a. 293. Lasting,
long continued.
03- Mr. Nares tells us that this word throws the accent
back to the fourth syllable from the end, though the de-
rivation demands it otherwise. I am sorry to differ from
so judicious an orthoepist ; but cannot conceive that de-
rivation requires the same accent as on durable, since
this word is, like many others, considered as a simple,
derived from the Latin pe;ciarafci(ts, which, though imt
a classical word, is formed in the Latin analogy, and has
the same effect on English pronunciation as if it came
to us whole; which effect is to place the accent in the
anglicised word on that syllable which had a secondary
accent in Latin, and that is the first. — See Academy and
Incomparable.
The reason that such a formative as perdurabuis may
be admitted as the parent of perdurable, and not inter-
ferio that of interfeience, is, that we form interferenct
from the verb to interfere, rather than from interferio,
which is not a Latin word, though, perhaps, in the Latin
analogy of formation ; but we have no verb to perdure,
from which to form perdurable, and therefore allowably
follow the Latin analogy of formation, and the English
analogy of pronouncing such formatives. — See Inter-
ference. Poetical authorities are decidedly in favour of
this accentuation :
" O fcrdxirable ehanie! let's stab ourselves." Shak
" the vig'roua sweat
" Doth lend the lively springs their yerduralie heat." Dray
" Why would he, for the momentary trick,
" Be perdiirably fin'd." Shak.
PeRDURABLY, per-du-r^-bli, ad. Lastingly.
Perduration, per-dia-ra-shun, s. Long con-
tinuance.
To PEREGRiNATE^per-re-i^r^-nAte, v. n. To
travel, to live in foreign countries.
Peregrination, per-re-gri-na-shun, s. Travel,
abode in foreign countries.
Peregrine, per-rt^-grin, a. 150. Poreign, noi
native, not domestick.
To Perempt, per-emtj v. a. To kill, to crush.
A law term.
-Peremption, per-em-shun, «. Crush, extinction.
Law term.
Peremptorily, per-rem-tur-re-le, ad.
Absolutely, positively, so as to cut off all farthci
debate.
Peremptoriness, per-rem-tur-^-nes, s. 412.
Positiveness, absolute decision, dogmatism.
Peremptory, per-rem-tur-i, or per-em-t6-r^,
a. 512. Dogmatical, absolute, such as destroys all
farther expostulation. — For the o, see Domestick.
(tj- If we consult our orthoepists, there can scarcely
be any two pronunciations moie equally balanced than
those that are given to this word, Mr. Sheridan,
Mr. Nares, Mr. Smith, Dr. Ash, W. Johnston, Mr Scott,
and Entick, are for the first; and Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ken-
rick, Bailey, Buchanan, Barclay, Penning, and Perry,^
for the last ; but notwithstanding the last has these au."
thorities to support it, I am much mistaken if the first
has not obtained a complete victory. That there is a
strong tendency in words of this kind to draw the accent
high,'is evident ; it is as evident likewise, that those poly
syllables, which we derive from the Latin, incline tc
•jccent that syllable en which we place a secondari
PER
PEfl
n3r 167, not 16S— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 29D— pound 313— </an4SG, thw 4(J9.
accent in pronouncing the original, see Acadtmy and Dis-
putable; and jHovided there are no clusters of uncomhi-
nable consonants in tlie latter syllables, there is no reason
why this accentuation should'be checked. This is the
case with tlie word in question ; the p is mute, t is easily
pronounced after em, and the whole termination is suf-
ficient ly smooth and voluble : but in perfunctory the case
is different; the uncombinable consonants net are not to
be pionounced without considerable difficulty, if we
place the accent on the first syllable ; and therefore this
accentuation ought to he avoided as much as in corrup-
tible, which see. The Poets incline to the side I have
ado; ted .
To-morrow be in readiness to go ,
" Excuse it net, for I am peremptory." Shak
' If I entcrtaine
" As peremplorie a desire, to level with the plaine
A citie, where they lov'd to live; stand not betwixt iny ire
".'And what he aims at." Chapman.
Ben Jonson too, in his Grammar, places the accent on
the first syllable of this word.
Perennial, per-en-n^-4l, «, 113. Lasting
through the year ; perpetual ; unceasing.
Perennitv, per-ren^ne-te, s. Equality of lasting
through all seitsons, perpetuity.
Perfect, per^fekt, a. Complete, consummate,
finished, neither defective nor redundant ; fully in-
formed, fully skilful : pure, blameless, clear, immacu-
late.
To Perfect, perifekt, v. a. To finish, to com-
plete, to consummate, to bring to its true state; to
make skilful, to instruct fully.
PeRFECTER, pirifekt-ur, S. 98. One that makes
perfect.
Perfection, per-fek^hun, s. The state of being
perfect; something that coticurs to produce supreme
excellence; attribute of God.
To Perfectionate, per-fek^sbun-dte, v. a.
To make perfect.
Perfective, per-fek^tiv, a. 512. Conducing to
bring to perfection.
Perfectively, per-fek^tiv-le, ad. In such
a manner as brings to perfection.
Perfectly, peiifekt-le, ad. In the highest
degree of excellence; totally, completely; exactly,
accurately.
Perfectness, per^fekt-nes, s. Completeness ;
goodness, virtue, a scrii)tural word ; skill.
Perfidious, per-fid^yus, a. 294. Treacherous,
false to trust, guilty of violated faith.
'erfidiously, per-fid-yus-le, ad.
TrcacVerously,
Per
by breach of faith
PeRFIDIOUSNESS, per-fldiy&S-neS, S. The quality
of being perfidious.
Perfidy, per-fe-dJ, S. Treachery, want of faith,
breach of faith.
To Perflate, per-flitej v, a To blow through.
Perflation, per-flaishun, s. The act of blowing
through.
To Perforate, per-fo-rite, v. a. To pierce with
a tool, to bore.
Perforation, per-fo-ra^sbun, s. The act of
piercing or boring ; hole, place bored.
Perforator, per-fo-ra-tur, *. 521. Theinstm-
ment of boring.
"erforce, per-forsej ad. By violence, violently.
To Perform, per-fSrmJ or per-f6rm| v. a. To
execute, to do, todischarge, tiachievean undertaking.
tt:^' There is a wonton deviation froin rule in the pro-
nunciation of this word and its derivatives, which calls
aloud for reformation. Pronouncing the last syllable
like/onn, a seat, is a gross departure from analogy, as
will appear by comparing it with the same syllable in re-
form, conform, inform, deform, transform, &c. This error
seems chiefly confined to the stage, where it probably
originated. It is not unlikely that" some affected actor,
to give the word a foreign air, first pronounced it in this
manner; though, injustice to the stage, it ought to be
observed, that it has less of this affectation than any
theatre of elocution in the kingdom.
To Perform, per-formj v. n. To succeed in an
attempt.
385
Performable, per-f5i-m^H-bl, a. Practicable,
such as may be done.
Performance, per-fSr-tuans, s. Completion of
souiethiug designed, execution of souiething pro-
mised; com jjosii ion, work ; acliou, souiething done.
Performer, per-fSrm'-ur, s. 98. One that per-
forms any thing; it is generally applied to one that
makes a publick exhibition of his skill.
To Perfricate, per-fre-kdte, v. n. To rub over.
Perfumatory, per-fii-m4-tur-e, a. 512. That
perfumes.
Perfume, per^fume, s. 492. Strong odour of
sweetness used to give scents to other things; sweet
odour, fragrance.
CO> Penning, Perry, Entick, Dr. Johnson, Buchanan,
W. Johnston, and Kenrick, place the accent on the last
syllable of this word, eitherwhen a substantive ora verb-
As a substantive, Scott places the accent either on the
first or last, and Sheridan on the first. Air. N ares has
shown at large, that the poets accent the substantive both
ways; but the analogy of dissyllable nouns and verbs
seems now to have fixed the accent of the substantive
on the first, and that of the verb on the last.
To Perfume, per-fumej v. a. To scent, to im-
pregnate with sweet scent.
Perfumer, per-fu-mur, *. 98. One whose trade
is to sell things made to gratify the scent.
Perfunctorily, per-fungk-tSr-r^-l^, ad.
Carelesly, negligently.
Perfunctory, per-fungk'tur-J, a. Slight, care-
less, negligent.
(C^ I have differed from Mr. Sheridan and W. John-
ston, who accent this word on the first syllable ; but have
Ur. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Mr. Nares, Barclay, Penning,
Bailey, Buchanan, and Entick, on my side for accent-
ing the second : and this pronunciation, without any au-
thority, would be more eligible than the other, from the
difficulty of pronouncing the uncombinable consonants
in the last syllables, without the assistance of accent,
especially when we consider that the adverb />ei/««eio)i7y,
and the possible abstract noun peifunctoriness, must ne-
cessarily have the same accent as the adjective. — See Pe-
remptory, Irrefragable, and Corruptible.
To Perfuse, per-ftize| v. a. 437. To tincture,
to overspread.
Perhaps, per-b$psj ad. Pcradventure, it may be.
Periapt, per-re-ipt, $. Amulet, charm worn as
a preservative against diseases or mischief. Obsolete.
Pericardium, per-e-k?ii-ide-um, s. 293. The
Pericardium is a thin membrane of a conick figure
that resembles a purse, and contains the heart in Its
cavity.
Pericarpium, ptr-^-ka.r^pe-um, *. In Botany,
a pellicle or thin membrane encompa'ising the fruit or
grain of a plant.
Periclitation, per-e-kle-ta^shun, *. The state
of being in danger : trial, experiment.
Pericranium, per-e-kra-ll(i-i\m, ,9. The Pericra-
nium is the membrane that covers the skull.
PeRICULOUS, p^-rik-ku-luS, a. 314. Dangerom,
hazardous.
Perigee, per-i^-i^^,. "1
Perigeum, per-^-je-uin, J
That point in the heavens, wherein a planet is said to
be in its nearest distance possible from the earth. — See
Euiopean.
Perihelium, per-e-beHe-um, s. That point of
a planet's orbit, wherein it is nearest the sun.
Peril, per'nl, *. Danger, hazard, jeopardy ; de-
nunciation, danger denounced.
Perilous, per-nl-US, «. 314. Dangerous, hazard-
ous, full of danger; it is used by way of emphasis,
or ludicrous exaggeration of any thing bad; smart,
witty. In this last sense out of use.
tCf- This word is commonly, but improperly, written
with double I, perillous, as it comes from the French /)«-
rileitx.
Perilously, pSr-ril-us-le, ad. Dangerously.
Perilousness, per'nl-iiS-nes, s. Dangerousncss.
Perimeter, pe-nm'me-tur, «. 98, The compass
Cc
PER
PER
-553. Fite73, fir 77, fall 83, MtSl— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 10"— ni 163, move 164,
or sum of all sides which bound any figure of what
Rind soever, whether rectilinear or mixed.
Period, pe-re-ud, s. 166. A circuit; time in
which any thing is performed, so as to begin again in
the same manner; a stated number of years, around
of time, at the end of wliich the things comprised
within the calculation shall return to the state in which
they were at the beginning ; the end or conclusion ; the
state at which any thing terminates; length of dura-
tion ; a complete sentence from one full stop to an-
other.
To Period, pI'-rJ-ud, v. a. To put an end to.
An affected word.
Periodick, p^-rl-ftd^ik, 509.")^
Periodical, pe-re-SdWe-kil, J
Circular, making a circuit, making a revolution ; hap-
pening by revolution at some slated time; regular,
performing some action at stated times j relating to
periods or revolutions.
Periodically, pl-r4-6d'-dl-kil-l, ad. At stated
periods.
Periosteum, per-l-8s-tshum, *. All the bones
are covered with a very sensible membrane called the
Periosteum.
Peripatetic, per-i-p^-tet-ik, *. One of the
ancient sects of philosophers, called Peripatetics; so
called because they used to dispute walking up and
down the Lyceum at Athens. They were the followers
of Aristotle.
Periphery, p4-rif-fe-re, s. Circumference,
Periphrasis, pj-nf-fri-sis, s. 520. Circumlocu-
tion ; use of many words to express the sense of one.
PeRIPHRASTICAL, per-ri-Ms^ti-kil, a. Circum-
locutory, expressing the sense of one word in many.
Per p>eumony, per-1p-nij'mo-nl, ") ^
Peripneumonia, p^r-ip-nu-mi-n^-i, J
An inflammation of the lungs.— See Pathognomonick.
To Perish, per^rish, v. n. To die, to be destroyed,
to be lost, to come to nothing; to be in a perpetual
state of decay; to be lost eternally.
Perishable, per-nsh-a-bl, a. 405. Liable to
perish, subject to decay, of short duration.
Perishableness, perirish-l-bl-nes, s. Liable-
ness to be destroyed, liableness to decay.
Peristaltick, per-1-stil-tik, o. Peristaltick
motion is that vermicular motion of the guts, which is
made by the contraction of the spiral fibres, whereby
the excrements are pressed downwards and voided.
Peristerion, per-is-ti-re-un, s. The herb
vervain.
Perisystole, per-i-sis^tJ-U, s. The pause or
interval betwixt the two motions of the heart or pulse.
Peritoneum, per4-t&-n^-um, *. 503. This lies
immediately under the muscles of the lower belly, and
is a thin and soft membrane, which encloses all the
bowels.
To Perjure, per-jure,w. a. lo focjwear, to taint
with perjury.
Perjurer, periji-rur, *• 98. One that swears
falsely.
Perjury, per-ji-rJ, s. False oath.
Periwig, peKre-Wlg, S. Adscititious hair for the
head; hair not natural, worn by way of ornament, or
concealment of baldness.
To Periwig, per^re-wig, v. a. To dress in false
hair.
Periwinkle, periri-wing-kl, s. A small shell
fish, a kind of sea snail.
To Perk, perk, v. n. To hold np the head with
an affected briskness.
To Perk, perk, v. a. To dress, to prank.
Per LOUS, per-lus, a. Dangerous, full of hazard.
Now written Perilout.
Permanence, per'-m^-nense, \
Permanency, p2r-ma-nen-se, J
Duration, consistancy, continuance in the same state.
Permanent, per-mi-nent, a. Durable, not
drcayins, unchanged.
386
Permanently, peKm^-nent-li, ad. Durably,
lastingly.
PeRMANSION, per-mSn-shun, S. Continuance.
Permeable, per-me-i-bl, a. 405. Such as may
be passed through.
Permeant, per-me-ant, a. Passing through.
To Permeate, per-m4-Ate, v. a. To pass through.
Permeation, per-ml-a-shuii, *. The act of
passing through.
Permiscible, per-mis-se-bl, a. Such as maybe
mingled.
Permissible, per-mis-s^-bl, a. That may be
permitted.
Permission, per-mish-un, s. Allowance, grant
of liberty.
Permissive, per-mis^siv, a. 158. Granting
Ml>eriv, not fav.iui } not niiuiemig, ihnugn not ap-
prnvirie: sranieii. suffered without hinderance, not
authorised or favoured.
Permissively, per-ims-siv-le, ad. By bare
allowance, without liinderance.
Permistion, per-mis-tshun, *. 464. The act of
mixing.
To Permit, per-mitj v. a. To allow without
command ; to suffer without authorising or aiipniving;
to allow, to sutfer, to give up, to resign. In this last
sense not very properly used.
Permit, per-m'lt, S. 492. A written permission
from an officer for transporting goods from place to
place, showing the duty on them to have heeii paid.
Permittance, per-mititilnse, s. Allowance,
forbearance of opposition, permission.
Permixtion, per-miks-tshun, s. The act of
mingling, the state of being mingled.
Permutation, per-mu-ta-shun, *. Exchange
of one for another.
To Permute, per-mutej v. a. To exchange,
Permuter, pcr-mu-tur, s. 98. An exchanger,
he who permutes.
Pernicious, per-nish-iis, a. 292. Mischievous
in the highest degree, destructive; quick, in this sense
very improperly used by Milton.
Perniciously, per-nish-us-1^, ad. Destructively,
mischievously, ruinously.
Perniciousness, per-nish-us-nes, s. The quality
of being pernicious.
Pernicity, per-nis'-se-te, *. Swiftness, celerity.
Peroration, per-i-ri-shun, s. The conclusion
of an oration.
To Perpend, per-pend5 v. a. To weigh in the
mind, to consider attentively.
Perpendicular, per-pen-dik-u-lar, a. Crossing
at right angles; cutting the horizon at right angles.
Perpendicular, per-pen-tlik^u-lSr, s. A lire
crossing the horizon at right angles.
Perpendicularly, per-pen-dik^kti-iar-le, ad.
In such a manner as to cut another line at right angles;
in the direction of a straight line up and down.
Perpendicularity, per-pen-dik-u-l^r-e-tl, *.
The state of being perpendicular.
PerpensioN, per-pen-sbun, *. Consideration.
To Perpetrate, per-pe-trAte, v. a. To com-
mit, to act. Always in an ill sense.
Perpetration, per-pe-tri-shun, *. The act of
committing a crime ; a bad action.
Perpetual, per-pet'-shtj-il, a. 461. Never
ceasing; continual, uninterrupted.
Perpetually, per-pet-tsbu-al-le, ad.
Constantly, continually, incessantly.
To Perpetuate, pJr-pet'-tshij-Ate, v. a. To
make perpetual, to preserve from extinction, to eter-
nize ; to continue without cessation or intermission.
Perpetuation, per-pet-tshu-i-sbun, s. Tht
net of making perpetual, incessant continuance.
PER
PER
nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sil 299— pound 313— thin 466, thIs 469.
Perpetuity, per-pe-tu-l-t^, s. Duration to all
futurity; exemption from intermission or cessation ;
something of which there is no end.
(!3~ For the reason tliat the t is not aspirated in this
word, see Futurity.
To Perplex, per-pleks{ v. a. To disturb with
doubitul notions, to entangle; to embarrass, to make
intricate.
Perplexedly, per-pleksied-1^, ad. 364.
Intricately, with involution.
Perplexedness, per-pleks-ed-nes, s. 365.
Embarrassment, anxiety; intricacy, involution, diffi-
culty.
Perplexity, per-pleks-e-te, «. Anxiety, distrac-
tion of mind; entanglement, intricacy.
Perpotation, per-p6-ti'shun, s. The act of
drinking largely.
Perquisite, per-kwiz-it, s. 156. Something
gained by a place or office over and above the settled
wages.
Perquisition, per-kw^-zisbiun, s. An accurate
inquiry, a thorough search.
Perry, per-re, s. Cyder made of pears.
To Persecute, per-s^-kute, v. a. Yo harass
with jicnaliies, to pursue with malignity; to pursue
with repeated acts of vengeance or enmity ; to impor-
tune much.
Persecution, per-s^-ku-sbun, *. The act or
practice of persecuting ; the state of being persecuted.
Persecutor, per^se-ku-tur, s. 98. One who
harasses others with continued malignity.
Perseverance, per-se-ve-rinse, s. Persistance
in any design or attempt, steadiness in pursuits, con-
stancy in progress.
Perseverant, per-s^-ve^rant, a. Persisting,
constant.
To Persevere, per-s^-v^rej v. n. To persist in
an attempt, not to give over, not to quit the design.
^^3- Mr. Nares observes, that this word was anciently
written persevtr, and accented on the second syllable.
" say thou art mine.
** My love, as it begins, su shall penever,"
All's well, he. Act IV.
** Pertever not, but hear me, mighty kings."
King John, Act II.
" But in her pride she doth peisner still.** Spenser,
But that before the time of Milton the spelling and ac-
centuation had been changed.
** Whence heavy persecution shall arise
" Of all who in the worship persevere
" Of spirit and truth.'* Par. Lost, XII. v. 532.
As this word is written at present, there can be no
doubt of its pronunciation; and that it is very properly
written so, appears from other words of the same form.
Declare, respire, explore, procure, &c. from declaro, re-
spiro, explore, procuro, &c. and consequently from perse-
vero ought to be formed persevere: not one of ourorih«><-
pists place the accent on the second syllable; yet such is
the force of prescription, that the old pronunciation is
not entirely rooted out, especially in Ireland, where
this pronunciation is still prevalent.
Perseveringly, per-s^-vi'ie-ing-lJ, ad. With
perseverance.
To Persist, per-sistj v. n. 447. To persevere,
to continue firm, not to give over.
Per.sistance, per-sis-t^nse, 1
Persistency, per-sis-ten-se, J
The state of persisting, steadiness, constancy, perse-
verance in good or bad ; obstinacy, contumacy.
Persistive, per-sis-stiv, a. 157. Steady, not
receding from a purpose, persevering.
Person, per^sn, *. 170. Individual or particular
man or woman; human beings a general loose term
fora human being; one's self, not a representative;
exterior appearance ; man or woman represented in a
Ucti'.'ous dialogue ; character; character of office: in
Grammar, the quality of the noun that modifies the
verb. — See Parson.
Personable, pcr-sun-H-bl, a. Handsome, grace-
ful, of good appearance.
(K»" As the 0 in person is sunk, as in season, treason, &c.
■a this word| being a compound of out own, and person-
387
age coming to us from the French, we generally suppresi
the 0 ; but as personal, personate, &c. come to us from the
Latin, we generally preserve the o. This is the best rea
son I can give for the slight difference we find in the pro-
nunciation of these words; and if any one is inclined
to think we ought to preserve the o distinctly in all ot
them, except person, and even in this, on solemn occa
sions, 1 have not the least oojection.
Personage, per-sun-idje, *. 90. A considerabte
person, man or woman of eminence ; exterior appear
ancej air, stature; character assumed; character re
presented.
Personal, per-sun-^1, a. 88. Belonging to men
or women, not to things, not real ; affecting indivi-
duals or particular people, peculiar, proper to him or
her, relating to one's private actions or character;
present, not acting by representative; exterior, cor-
poral ; in Law, something moveable, something ap))en-
dant to the person; in Grammar, a personal veih is
that which has all the regular modifications of the
three persons, opposed to impersonal that has only the
third.
Personality, per-so-niUle-te, s. The exisiei!<e
or individuality of any one.
Personally, per-sSn-dl-le, ad. In persot , tn
presence, not b> representative; with respect to an in-
dividual particularly; with regard to numerical exist
ence.
To Personate, per-sun-ite, v. a. To represent
by a fictitious or assumed character, so as to pass foi
the person represented ; to represent by action or ap-
pearance, to act ; to pretend hypocritically, witi; the
reciprocal pronoun ; to counterfeit, to feign ; to re-
semble ; to make a representative of, as in a picture,
out of use. — See Personable.
Personation, per-sun-d-shun, s. Counterfeiiing
of another person.
Personification, per-s6n-ni-fi-ki'-sliun, s.
Prosopopoeia, the change of things to persons.
To Personify, per-sonin6-fi, v. a. To change
from a thing to a. person.
Perspective, per-spek^tiv, s. A glass through
which things are viewed; the science by which things
are ranged in a picture, according to their appearance
in their real situation ; view, visto.
(C?' This word, as may be seen in Johnson, was gene-
rally accented by the poets on the first syllable; but the
harshness of this pronunciation arising from the uncom
binable consonants in the latter syllables, has prevti.ted
this pronunciation from gaining any ground in piose;
and it were much to be wished tliat the same reason had
prevented the initial accentuationof similar words.— See
Irrefragable, Corruptible, Acceptable, &c.
Perspective, per-spek'tiv, a. Relating to the
science of vision, opticK, optical.
Perspicacious, per-sp^-ka^sbus, a. Quick
sighted, sharp of tight. Mentally applied.
Perspicaciousness, per-sp^-ki-sbus-nes, *.
Quickness of sight.
Perspicacity, per-spJ-k4s-s^-tf, s. Quickncw
of sight, of mental sight.
Perspicience, per-spisb-e-ense, s. The act of
looking sharply. Little used.
Perspicil, per-sp^-sil, s. A glass through which
things are viewed, an optick glass.
Perspicuity, per-spe-ku-e-t^, s. Clearness to
the mind, easiness to be understood, freedom fromoii-
scurity or ambiguity; transparency.
Perspicuous, per-spik^ki-us, a. Transparent,
clear, such as may be seen through ; clear to the un-
derstanding, not obscure, not ambiguous.
Perspicuously, per-spik-ki-us-l^, ad. Clearly
not obscurely.
Perspicuousness, per-spik-kii-us-nes, s.
Clearness without obscuritv.
Perspirable, per-spl-ra-bl, a. Such as may be
emitted by the cuticular pores; perspiring, emitting
perspiration.
Perspiration, per-spe-ri^shun, s. Excretion by
tlie cuticular pores.
Perspira'UVE, per-spUri-tiv, a. 512. Perform.
ing the act of perspiration.
To Perspire, per-splrej v, n. To perform ex
PER PET
83- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fill 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164.
cretion by the cuticular pores ; to be excreted by the
skin.
Persuadable, per-swi'dJ-bl, a. Such as may
be persuaded.
To Persuade, per-swide{ v. a. 331. To bring
to any particular opinion ; to influence by argument or
expostulation. Persuasion seems rather applicable to
the passions, and Argument to the reason ; but this is
not always observed . To inculcate by argument or ex-
postulation.
' Persuader, per-swa-dur, s. 98- One who
influences by persuasion, an importunate adviser.
Persuasible, per-swa^ze-bl, a. 439. To be
influenced by persuasion.
Persuasidleness, ptr-swa^ze-bl-nes, s. 439.
The quality of being flexible by persuasion.
Persuasion, per-swA-zhun, s. The act of per-
suading, the act of influencing by expostulation, the
act of gaining or attempting the passions ; the stale of
being persuaded, opinion.
Persuasive, per-swi-slv, a. 428. Having the
power of persuading, having influence on the passions.
Persuasively, per-swA-siv-ll, ad, in such
a manner as to persuade.
Persuasiveness, per-swa-siv-nes, s. Influence
on the passions.
Persuasory, per-sw<l-sur-l, a. 429. 512. 557.
Having the power to persuade.
Pert, pert, a. Brisk ; smart j saucy.
To Pertain, per-tAneJ v. n. To belong, to relate.
Pertinacious, per-tl-na-sVius, a. Obstinate,
stubborn, perversely resolute; resolute, constant,
steady.
Pertinaciously, per-te-mUshus-le, ad.
Obstinately, stubbornly.
Pertinacity, per-t^-n^s^sJ-te, "1
Pertinaciousness, per-tu-na-shus-nes, J
Obstinacy, stubbornness; resolution, constancy.
Pertinacy, per-te-ni-se, s. Obstinacy, stuliborn-
ness, persistency ; resolution ; steadiness, constancy.
Pertinence, per-tl-nensc, ")
Pertinency, per-te-nen-se, J
Justness of relation to the matter in hand, propriety to
the purpose, appositeness.
Pertinent, per-te-nent, a, iMating to tiie
matter in hand, just to the purpose; apposite; relat-
ing, regarding, concerning.
Pertinently, per-te-nent-li, ud. Appositely,
to the purpose.
PeRTINENTNESS, per-tl-nent-nes, S. Apposite-
ness.
Pertingent, per-tin^ent, a. Reaching to,
touching.
Pertly, 'pell-ll, ad. Briskly, smartly, saucily,
petulantly.
PertNESS, pert-neS, S. Brisk folly, sauciness,
petulance; petty liveliness, sprightliness without force.
Pertransient, per-ti^n-shl-ent, a. Passing
over.
To Perturb, per-turbj \v a
To Perturdate, per-tur-bAte, j
To disquiet, to disturb ; to disorder, to confuse.
PeRTUUBATION, per-tur-bi-shun, S.' Disquiet
of mind; restlessness of passions; disorder; cause of
disquiet; commotion of paisaions.
Perturbator, per-tur-ba-tur, s. 314. Raiser
of commotions.
Pertusion, per-tu-zbun, S. The ac» of piercing
or punching; hole made by punching or i iercing.
To Pervade, ptr-vadej v. a. To pass through an
aperture, topermer?tCj to pass through the whol"" ex-
tension.
Pervasion, per-viizhun, s The act of pervading
or passing through,
388
Perverse, per-versej a. Distorted from the
right; obstinate in the wrong, stubborn, untraciable;
petulant, vexatious.
Perversely, per-vers-le, ud. Peevishly, vexa-
tiously, spitefully, crossly.
PerverSENESS, per-vers-nes, s. Petulance, pee.
vishness, spiteful crossness.
Perversion, per-ver^slmn, s. The act of per.
verting, change to worse.
Perversity, per-ver-se-te, s. Pcrverseness,
crossness.
To Pervert, per-vertj v. a. To distort from the
true end or purpose; to corrupt, to turn fiom the
right.
Peuverter, per-vert-ur, *. 98. One that changes
any thing from good to bad, a corrupter; one who dis-
torts any thing from the right purpose.
Pervertible, per-vert-te-bl, a. That may be
easily perverted.
Pervicacious, per-vl-ka-shus, a. Spitefully
obstinate, peevishly contumacious.
Pervicaciously, per-vl-kA-shits-lJ, ad. With
spiteful obstinacy.
Pervicaciousness, per-ve-ka^shus-nes, 292.1
Pervicacity, per-ve-k^s-se-t^, J
s. Spiteful obstin?.cy.
Pervious, per-ve-us, a. Admitting passage,
capable of being permeated; pervading, permeating.
PeRVIOUSNESS, per-Ve-US-neS, S. Quality of ad-
mitting a passage.
Peruke, per-rilke, S. A cap of false hair, a periwig.
Perukemaker, per-ruke-mi-kur, s. A maker
of perukes, a wigmaker.
Perusal, pe-rili-z^l, *. 88. The act of reading.
To Peruse, pe-ruzej v. a. To read ; to observe^
to examine.
Peruser, pe-ru-zSr, S. 98. A reader, examiner.
Pest, pest, S. riague, pestilence; any thing mis-
• chievous or destructive.
To Pester, pes-tur, v. a. 98. To disturb, to
perplex, to harass ; to encumber.
Pesterer, pes-tur-ur, S. 555. One that pesters
or disturbs.
Pesterous, pes-tur-us, a. 314 Encumoering,
troublesome.
PestIIOUSE, pC'St-house, *. An hospital for persona
infected with the plague.
Pestiferous, pes-tif-fer-us, a. Destructive ;
pestilential, infectious.
Pestilence, pes-te-lense, s. Plague, pest, con-
tagious distemper.
Pestilent, pes-te-lent, a. Producing plagues,
malignant; mischievous, destructive.
Pestilential, pes-te-len-sbil, a. Part.iking of
the nature of pestilence, producing pestilence, infec-
tious, contagious ; mischievous, destructive.
Pestilently, pes-te-lent-ie, ad. Mischievously,
destructively.
PeSTILLATION, pes-til-la-shun, S. The act of
pounding or breaking in a mortar.
Pestle, pes' tl, 5. 405. 472. Ai\ instrument with
which any thing is broken in a mortar.
Pet, pet, S. A slight passion, a slight fit of anger ;
a lauib taken into the house, and brought up liy hand;
any animal tamed and much fondled ; a favourite.
To Pet, pet, V. a. To spoil by too mucii fondling.
Petal, pe-tAl, or pet-iil, s. Petal is a term in
botanv, signifying those tine-coloured leaves that com-
pose the flowers of all plants. The leaf of a flower, as
distinguished from the leaf of a plant.
5^ 1 must retract my fi-rmer pronunciation of the first
syllable of thi< word with Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Perry,
and join Dr. Keurick and Mr. Scott, who make the <■ long.
In all words of this form we ought to incline to this pro-
nunciation, from its being so agreealileto analogy. Let
it not be pretended that the e in the Lai>» peiatum is
PEW
PHI
nor 167, n5t"l63— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil299— pound313— ;/iin466, THis 469.
short ; so is the a in labellum, and tiie i in libellus, whicli
vet in the English label and libel, we pronounce lung.
Sut however riglit the long sound of e may be by ana-
logy, I am apprehensive that, as in peilals, the short
found is in more general use. — See Peilals.
Petalous, pet^t^-lus, a. 503. Having petals.
Petar, pe-tar( \
Petard, pe-tard,'/
A piece of ordnance resembling a high-crowned hat,
chiefly used to break down a barrier.
Petechial, pe-te-ke-ill, a. 353. Pestilentially
spotted.
Peter-wort, pe-tur-wurt, s. A plant somewhat
different from St. John's-wort.
Petition, pe-tish-un, S. Request, entreaty, sup.
plication, prayer; single branch or article of a prayer.
To Petition, p^-tish-un, v. a. To solicit, to
supplicate.
Petitionarily, pe-tish^un-J-r^-le, ad. By way
of begging the question.
Petitionarv, pe-tish-un-^-re, a. Supplicatosy,
coming with petitions; containing petitions or re-
quests.
Petitioner, pe-tish-un-ur, s. 98. One who
offers a petition.
Petitory, pet-te-tur-^, a. 512. Petitioning,
claiming the property of any thing.
(t^- For the o. sec Domestick.
PetrE, pe^tur, *. 416. Nitre, saltpetre.
Petrescent, pu-tres^sent, a. 510. Growing
stone, becoming f tone.
Petrifaction, pet-tre-fslk-sbun, *. The act of
turning to stone, the state of being turned to stone;
that which is made slone.
PeTRIFACTIVE, pet-tr^-fak-tiv, a. Having the
power to form stone.
Petrif. CATION, pet-tre-fe-k;l-shun, s. A body
formed by changing other matter to stone.
Petrifick, pe-trif-fik, a. 509. Having the
power to change to stone.
To Petrify, pet-tre-fl, v. a. 183. To change to
stone.
To Petrify, pet^tr6-fl, v, n. To become stone.
Petrol, p^itrol, ")
Petrolium, pe-tro-li-um, J
A liquid bitumen, black, floating on the water of
springs.
PetronEL, pet^tro-nel, s. A pistol, a small gun
used by a horseman.
Petticoat, pet-te-kote, s. The lower part of
a woman's dress.
Pettifogger, pet- te-fog-gur, j. a petty small-
rate lawyer.
Pettiness, pet-t^-nes, s. Smallness, littleness,
inconsiderableness, unimportance.
Pettish, pet-tisb, a. Fretful, peevish.
Pettish NESS, pet-tish-nes, s. Fretfulness, pee-
vishness.
Pettitoes, pet-tt^-toze, s. The feet of a sucking
pig; feet, in contempt.
Petto, pet^t6, ad. In Petto. Italian. The
breast; hgurative of privacy,
PErrY, pet-t^, a. Small, inconsiderable, little.
Pettycoy, pet^te-ko^, s. An herb.
Petulance, pet-tsbta-L^nse, ")
Pe TULANCY, p?titshi!i-l^n-se, J
Sauciness, peevishness, wantonness.
Petulant, pet^tsbu-l^nt, a. 461. Saucj-, per-
verse, wanton.
Petulantly, pet^tshu-l^nt-le, ad. With
petulance, with saucy pertness.
Pew, pu, .<t. A seat enclosed in a church.
Pewet, pe-w'it, s. 99. A water fowl ; the lapwing.
Pewter, pu-tur, s. 98. a compound of metuis,
*n artificial metal j the plates and dishes in a hous ..
389
Pewterer, pu-tur-ur, s. A smith who works in
pewter.
Ph.ENOMENON, f^ nftm^e-non, s. (This has some-
times Phceiwmena in the plural.) An appearance in the
works of nature.
Phaeton, fa-e-tSn, *. A kind of high open
carriage upon fuur wheels, used for pleasure.
Phalanx, fa-links, oj* f^Klinks, s. a troop of
men closely embodied.
ftrp" The second manner of pronouncing this word is
more general ; but the first is more analogical. If, when
we pronounce a Lalin or Greek word of two syllables,
having a single consonant between tno vowels, we always
make the first vowel long; it is very natural, when sucli
a word is transplanted whole into our own language, to
pronounce it in the same manner. That the quantity of
the original has very little to do in this case, maybe
seen under the word Drama, 514; and yet nothing but
an absuid regard to this could have influenced the ge-
nerality of speakers to pronounce this word with the first
vowel short, contrary to the old genuine analogy of our
own language, as Dr. Wallis calls it, and contraryto the
manner in which we pronounce tlieword in the original;
for thiiugh local, favour, and labour, have the first vowei
short in the Latin localis, favor, and labor, we pntnounce
Ihem both in Latin and Engiisli according to our ow p.
analogy, with Ihc o and a long and open. The same may
be observed of words from the Greek. In the word in
question, therefore, the authority of Mr. Sheridan,
Mr. Scott, and Dr. Ash, who make the first vowel long,
ought to outweigh that of Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, En-
tick, and Buchanan, who make it shor*
PHANTASiM, fan-tiizm, "1
Phantasima, fin-tiz-mS, J
Vain and airy appearance, something appearing only
to imagination.
Piiantastical, f,tn-tls-te-k:ll 1
Phantastick, fin-tis'-tik, 509./"'
See Fantastical.
Phantom, fin-turn, s. 166. A spectre, an
apparition ; a fancied vision.
Pharisaical, fir-r^-sa-i-kil, a. Ritual, ex-
ternally religious, from the sect of the Pharisees,
whose religion consisted almost wholly in ceremonies.
Pharmaceutical, far-mi-si-te-kil, 509.")
Pharmaceutick, far-nii-su^tik, /
Relating to the knowledge or art of pharmacy, or pre-
paration of medicines.
Pharmacologist, far-mil-ki^l-l6-jist, j. 518.
A writer upon drugs.
Pharmacology, f?ir-nii-k6l-lo-je, s. The
knowledge of drugs and medicines.
Pharmacopoeia, far-m;t-ki-pei^yi, *. A dis-
pensatory, a book containing rules for the composition
of medicines.
Pharmacopolist, f?ir-mi-ki*p'-pA-list, s. An
apothecary, one who sells medicines.
Pharmacy, f?ir-mA-sJ, s. The art or practice of
preparing medicines, the trade of an apothecary.
Pharos, fa'rSs, s. 544. A light-house, a watch.,
tower.
Pharyngotomy, ftr-in-gSt-to-rae, s. The act
of making an incision into the windpipe, used when
some tumour in the throat hinders respiration.
Pharynx, fA-nnks, *. The upper part of ihe
gullet, below the larjnx.— See Phalaux.
Phasis, fa-sis, s. (In the plural. Phases.) Ape?.r
ance exhibited by any body, as the changes of the
moon.
Pheasant, fez-zint, s. A kind of wild cock j
a beautiful large bird of game.
To Pheese, feze, v. a. To comb, to fleece,
to curry. Obsolete.
PhENIX, fi-niks, s. The bird which is supposed (O
exist single, and to rise again from its own ashes.
Phenomenon, fi-nftm-me-nJn, s. Appearance.
visible quality ; any thing that strikes by a ncvr appear-
ance.
Phial, fl'-il, s. A sm.=iil bottle.
Philanthropy, fil-in^</tr5-pe, s. 131. Iwc of
mankind, good ivUure,
PllL
PHY
«:»• 559, Fite73, fir 77, fill 83, Mt 81— mi 03, met 95 — pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
To Philip, fll-ip, v. a. To give a smart stroke
with the end of a linpei bent against the thumb, and
suddenly straightened.
(t5> 1 have not met with this word in any Dictionary I
have seen, but have lieard rt in a tliousand conversations
wiiere it has been used wit iiout scruple. It means a very
singular action of the hand which can be expressed by
no other word; and certainly deserves a place in the
language. If I may hazaid a conjecture., it is derived
from philippick : the sniar ness of the strolie heing simi-
lar to the asperity of the oration.
Philip, fll-ip, S_ A smart stroke with the end of
the finger bent against tl e thumb, and suddenly strait-
ened. The word that Mr. Walker has so frequently
heard is Fillip, which see.
Philippick, fll-lij)-plfc , S. Any invective declama-
tion.
<t5- Invective orations a-e so called from those of De-
mosthenes, pronouni ed ugiinst Philip king of Macedon,
Rnd which abounded with the sharpest invectives.
Philologer, fe lilMi jur, *. 131. One whose
chief study is language, » graxmarian, a critick.
Phiiolooical, fil a iSd-ji-kil, a. Critical,
grammatical.
Philologist, fl l&l'l\-jist, s. 131. a critic,
a grammarian.
Philology, fe-l5l^li \h:,s, 131. 518. Criticism,
grammatical learning.
Philomel, fiKli mel \ _. . . ^. ,
n lO \\ i>, J f*' The nightingale.
Philomela, ni-lo mA'U, J
Philomot, fil-o mil ^ a. Coloured like a dead
leaf.
Philosopher, fi-i3s^s5-fur, s. 131. A man
deep in knowledge, cillif r moral or natural.
Philosopher's stone, fe-lSs-so-furz-stoneJ s.
A stone dreamed of bj alcl'ymists, which, by its touch,
converts base metals iito eoid.
Philosophick, flWAz.feflk, 425. 509.1
Philosophical, fll Iiz6f-fi-k4l, J
Belonging to philosophy, suitable to a philosopher;
skilful in philosophy J frutal, abstemious.
PHlLOSOPHiCALLY.^fll 14-zif^fe-k4l-i, ad.
]n a philosophical manner, rationally, wisely.
83- Mr. Sheridan seems very properly to have marked
the s in this and the two preceding words, as pronounced
Mke z.— For the reasons, see Principles, No. 425. 435.
PhilosophiSM, f4-lis-i-fizm, S. Visionary or
unfounded philosophy.
(t:y> This word has been brought into use since the
French revolution, and is generally meant to ridicule the
absurd systems of philosophy that revolution has been
productive of. In this sense it has been used by one of
the best writers of our own country, Dr. Barrow, on
Education, where he says, " An education, without pre-
judices, is, indeed, a notion dictated by the true spirit of
pliilosophism, and expressed in its own jargon j for it is
in practice an impossibility, and in terms little less than
a contradiction," vol. i. p. 54.
To Philosophize, f^-lSsJ-s6-flze, v, ti. To play
the philosopher, to reason like a philosopher.
"hILOSOPHY, fe-lfts-SO-fJ, S. Knowledge natural
or moral ; hypothesis or system upon which natural
effects are explained ; reasoning, argumentation; the
course of sciences read in the schools.
Philter, fll-tur, j. 98. Something to cause love.
(i^ This word ought rather to be written phiUre.—See
Principles, No. 416.
7<» Philter, fil-tur, v. a. To charm to love.
Phiz, fiz, *. The face. A low word.
Phlebotomist, fl^-b6titA-mist, S. One that
opens a vein, a blood-letter.
To Phlebotomize, fle-bfititi-mize, v. a. To
let blood.
P.HLEBO'FOMY, fl^-b8t^ti-mi, *. Blood-letting,
the art or practice of opening a vein for medical Ib-
ientlons.
Phlegm, flem, s. 389. The watery humour of
the body ; the tough viscid matter discharged by cough-
ing ; water.
Phlegmagogue, ficg'-m^-gtg, s. 389.
A purgs of the milder sort, supposed to evacuate
380
'I'
5, J
phlegm, and leave the other humours. — See Pathog-
nomonick.
PhlegmaTICK, fleg^m^-tik, a. 510. Abounding
in phlegm; generating phlegm; watery; dull, cold,
frigid.
Phlegmon, fleg-mSn, s. 166. An inflammation,
a burning tumour.
Phlegmonous, flegim6-nus, a. Inflammatoiy,
burning.
PhLEME, fleme, s. An instrument which is placed
on the vein, and driven into It with a blow.
Phlogistic, fli-jis-tik, a. Having phlogiston.
Phlogiston, flo-jis-t6n, or flo-gis-tSn, .?. 560.
Achymical liquor extremely inflammable; the Inflam-
mable part of any body.
Cc5> Professors of every art think they add to its dig-
nity, not only by deriving the terms of it from the
Greek, but by pronouncing those terms contrary to the
analogy of our own language. For this reason our pro
nunciation becomes full of anomalies, and the profes-
sors of an art speak one language, and the rest of the
world another. Those, therefore, wl:o are not chymists,
ought, In my opinion, to enter their protest against the
irregular sound of the g in this and similar words. Pro.
nonncing the g- soft, would only hurt the pride of the
professor; but pronouncing it hard, would hurt the
genius of the language. — See Heterogeneous.
Phosphor, Ms-fur, 166.
Phosphorus, fSs-fA-rus,
The morning star; a chvmical substance which ex-
posed to the air, lakes fire.
Phrase, fraze, S. An idiom, a mode of speech
peculiar to a language ; an expression, a mode of
speech.
To Phrase, flAze, v. a. To style, to call, to term.
Phraseology, frA-z^-5lMi-j^, s. 518. style,
diction ; a phrase hook.
Phrenetick, fre-net-ik, a. Mad, inflamed in
the brain, frantlck.
03- This word, as well as pfcT-ent/is, is pronounced b/
Mr. Sheridan with the accent on the first syllable; in
which, though he Is contrary toanalogy, he isconslstent.
But Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ken'rick, and Mr. Barclay, pro-
nounce/renetJc/; with the accent on the firstsyllable, and
/)/iren!/is with the accent on the second. That the penul-
timate accent is the true pronunciation in both can
scarcely be doubted, if we consult analogy, iog ; and that
it is most In use, may apjjcar from the additional suflVagcs
of Dr. Ash, Mr. Nares, Mr. .Scott, Mr. Perry, W.John-
ston, Entick, Bailey, and Fennlnf.
PhRENITIS, fr4-nl-tlS, S. 503. Madncs.* ; inflam-
mation of the brain.
PhrENSY, fren-Z^, *. Madness, frantickness.
Phthisical, tiz-zi-k4l, a. 413. Wasting.
Phthisick, tiz^zik, 413.")
Phthisis, thV-sx?,, 544. J '
Phylactery, fe-l4k-ter-^, *. A bandage on
which was inscribed some memorable sentence.
Physical, flZ-Z^-k4l, a. Relating to nature or to
natural philosophy, not moral ; pertaining to the
science of healing; medicinal, helpful to health ; re-
sembling physick.
Physically, fiz-z^-kil-le, ad. According to
nature, by natural operation, not morally.
Physician, f^-zish-in, s. One wlio professes the
art of healing.
Physick, flZ-Zlk, *. The science of healing j
medicines, remedies; in common phrase, a purge.
To Physick, flz^zik, v. a. To purge, to treat
with physick, to cure.
Physicotheology, flz-ze-kiV^/ie-ftl-lo-je, *.
Divinity enforced or illustrated by natural plulosophy.
Physiognomer, fizh-e-6g-no-niur, o»hz-
^-6g-i)o-niur,
Physiognomist, lizh-^-5gini-mist.
One who judges of the temper or future fortune by tlie
features of the face.
03- For the propriety of pronouncing the s in thcst
words like z/i, we need only appeal to analogy. S, before
a diphthong beginning with i, and having the accent be-
fore it, either primary or secondaiy, always goes intozA,
rul plulosoph
, or nz- 1
t, 518. J
PIC
PIE
nor 167, nSt 163— tube I'/l, t5b 172, bull 173— 8il 299— pound 313— thin 466, this 469.
■}"■
as may be seen, Principles, No. 451. The secondary ac-
cent on the first syllable of these words gives a feeble-
ness to the second, which occasions the aspiration of s
as much as in evasion, adhesion, &c. where the s is pre-
ceded hy the primary accent. It must, however, be
acknowledged, that this is far from being the most ge-
neral pscnunciation. — See Ecclesiastick.
Physiognomy, dzh-k-tg'-nh-mk, s. The art of
discovering the temper, and foreknowing the fortune
by the features of the face; the fac;, the cast of the
look.
US' There is a prevailing mispronunciation of this
word, by leavipg out the g, as if the word were French.
If this arises from ignorance of the common rules of
ipelling, it may be observed, that §• is always pronounced
before n when it is not in the same syllable ; as, sig-nify,
indig-nity, &c. but if atfectation be the cvuse of this error.
Dr. Young's Love of Fume will be the best cure for it. —
See Pathognomonick.
Physiological, fizh-e-i-l6d-,je-kil, a. Relating
to the doctrine of the natural constitution of things.
Physiologist, f1zh-e-6J-Io-jist, s. a writer of
natural philosophy.
Physiology, fizh-e-ftKlo-j^, s. 518. The
doctrine of the constitution of the works of nature.
Phytivorous, fi-tiv'-vp-rus, a. 518. That eats
grass or any vegetable.
PhYTOGRAPHY, fl-tug-gri-fJ, S. 518. A descrip-
tion of plants.
Phytology, fl-tftKli-j^, s. 518. The doctrine
of plants, botanical discourse.
Piacular, pl-ik'-ku-l^r, 116
PiAcuLOUS, pl-4k^ku-lus.
Expiatory, having the powertoatone j such as requires
expiation; criminal, atrociously bad.
PlA-MATER, pi-^-ma^tur, *. 98. A thin and
delicate membrane, which lies under the dura matar,
and covers immediately the substance of the brain.
PlANET, pUi-net, s. A bird, the lesser wooi-
pecker ; the magjiie.
Piaster, pl-is-tur, *. 132. An Italian coin,
about Kve shillings sterling in value.
Piazza, pe-iz-z4, s. 132. A walk under a roof
supported by pillars.
Pica, pi-ka, *• Among printers, a particular sized
type or letters.
Picaroon, pik-kH-roonJ j. a robber, a plunderer.
To Pick, pik, v. a. To cull, to choose ; to take
up, to gather i to separate from any thing useless or
noxious, by gleaning out either part ; to clean by
gathering off gradually any thing adhering; to pierce,
lo strike with a sharp instrument ; to strike with bill or
beak, to peck : to nib ; to open a lock by a pointed in-
strument: to Pick a hole in one's coat, a proverbial ex-
pression for one finding fault with another.
To Pick, pik, v. n. To eat slowly and by small
morsels ; to do any thing nicely and leisurely.
Pick, pik,*. A sharp-pointed iron tool.
Pickapack, pik-i-pik, «rf. In manner of a pack
upon the bark. A vulgar phrase.
Pickaxe, pik-Aks, s. An axe not made to cut but
pierce, an axe with a sharp point.
PiCKBACK, pik-bik, a. On the back.
F'ICKED, pik-ked, a. 366. Sharp, smart.
lo PiCKEER, pik-k^er( v. a. To pirate, to pillage,
to rolj; to make a flying skirmish.
Picker, pik-kur, s. 98. One who picks or culls;
a [fickaxe, an instrument to pick with.
Pickerel, pik^kur-il, *. 99- A small pike.
Pickerel-weed, pik-kur-il-weed, *. A water
plant from which pikes ate fabled to be generated.
Pickle, pik^kl, s. 405. Any kind of salt liquor,
in which flesh or other substance is preserved; thing
kept in pickle; con Vition, state.
To Pickle, pik'kl, v. a. To preserve in pickle;
to season or imbue highly with any thing bad, as
a Pickled rogue. A low phrase.
PiCKLEHERRING, pik-kl-her-ing, s. A jack-
puUdinj;, a merry -andrew, a buffoon.
391
Picklock, pik^lSk, s. An instrument by which
locks are opened ; the person who picks locks.
Pickpocket, pik^p6k-it, 1
PicKPURSE, pikipurse, j'
A thief who steals by putting his hand privately tnt*
the pocket or purse.
PiCKTOOTH, pik^too^A, s. An instrument by
which the teeth are cleaned.
PiCKTHANK, \nk'-thknkf s. An officious fellow,
who does what he is not desired.
PiCT, plkt, S. A painted person.
Picture, pik'-tshtare, 461. A resemblance of
persons or things in colours ; the science of painting ;
the works of painters; any resemblance or representa-
tion.
To Picture, pik-tshiare, v. a. To paint, to re-
present by painting ; to represent.
Picturesque, pik-tshu-resk{ a. Expressed
happily as In a picture.
To Piddle, pidMl, v. n. 405. To pick at table,
to feed squeamishly and without appetite ; to trifle, to
alt.end to small parts rather than to the main.
PiDDLER, pid-dl-ur, S. 98. One that eat*
squeamishly and without appetite.
Pie, pi, S. Any crust baked with something in it |
a magpie, a party-coloured bird; the old popish service
book, so called from the colours of the text and rubrick.
PlEDALD, pl-bald, a. Of various colours, diversified
in colour.
Piece, peese, S. A patch; a fragment; a part |
a picture; a composition, performance; a single
great gun; a hand gun; a coin, a single piece of
money; in ridicule and contempt, as, a Piece of ;i
lawyer ; a Piece, to ea< h ; of a Piece with, like, of th e
same sort, united, the same with the rest.
To Piece, p^ese, v. a. To enlarge by the
addition of a piece; to join, to unite; to Piece out, to
increase by addition.
To Piece, peese, v. n. To join, to coalesce, to b«
compacted.
PlECER, pees-iir, S. 98. One that pieces.
PlECELESS, pees-les, a. Whole, compact, not
made of separate pieces.
Piecemeal, pees-mele, ad. In pieces, in frag-
menls.
Piecemeal, p^es-mele, a. Single, separate,
divided.
Pied, plde, a. 283. Variegated, party-coloured.
PlEDNESS, plde-nes, *. Variegation, diversity of
colour.
PlELED, pild, a. Bald. O'osolete.
Piepowder court, pl-pou-dur, *.
(K^ This word is derived from the French jni, a fool,
and pnudri, dusty; q. d. Diisly-fnnt Court. — " A Court
held in fairs, particularly at Bartholomew Fair, in West
Smiihficid, London, to (io justice to buyers and spllers,
and to redress disorders committed in them." — Sucli wa»
the old derivation of this woid ; but the late Daines Har-
rington, and Bliickstone after him, derive it with inucl"
more probabiliiy from Pied Puldieaux, a pedler. — Mason't
Supplement to Johnson's Dictitmary.
Pier, peer, s. 275. One of the columns on whlcn
the arch of a bridge is raised.
To Pierce, peerse, or perse, w. a. To penetrate,
to enter, to force ; to touch the passions, to aflfect.
Cr?- What has been observed of the vorA fierce is per-
fectly applicable to this word and its compounds.
To Pierce, peerse, or perse, v. n. To make
way by force; to strike, to move, to affect; to enter,
to dive ; to affect severely.
Piercer, pe^rs-ur, or persiur, s. An instrument
that bores or penetrates; the part with which insects
perforate bodies ; one who perforates.
Piercingly, p^er'sing-li, or persiing-li, ad
410. Sharply.
PiERCiNGNESS, p^^r-sing-ues, or persiing- nes.
s. 273. Power of piercing.
Piety, pl-^-te, s. Discharge of duty to God and
to parents, or those in superiour rotation.
PIL TIN
(»• 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, Mt 81— m59S,"met95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 1G4,
Pig, pi^, s. A young sow or boar, an oblong mass
of lead or unforged iron.
To Pig, pig, ?'. n. To farrow, to bring pigs.
Pigeon, puKjin, *. 259. A fowl well known.
PlGEONrOOT, pid'jin-fut, S. An herb.
PlCEONLIVERED, pid-jUl-llV-Ultl, Cf. Mild, soft,
gentle, timid.
PlGGIN, pig-gin, s. 332. In the northern
provinces a small vessel.
PiGHT, phe. Old pret. and part. ))ass. of Pitch.
Pitched, placed, fixed, determined. Obsolete.
Pigment, pig-ment, S. Paint, colour to be laid
on any body.
PlGMV, pig-me, *. A small nation, fabled to be
devoured by the cranes.
Pignoration, p%-n6-ra-shun, s. The act of
pledging.
Pignut, pig:-nut, s. An earth nut.
Pigsnev, pigz-n^, S. A word of endearment to
a girl. Obsolete.
Pike, pike, S. A large fish of prey J a long lance
used by the foot soldiers to keep off the horse, to which
bayonets have succeeded ; a fork used in husbandry ;
among turners, two iron springs between which any
thing to be turned is fastened.
Piked, pik-ked, a. 366. Sharp, acuminated,
ending in a point.
PiKEMAN, plke-ra^n, *. 88. A soldier armed with
a pike.
Pikestaff, plke^st^f, S. The wooden frame of
a pike.
Pilaster, p5-lJs^tur, s. 132. A square column
sometimes insulated, butoftener set within a wall, and
only showing a fourth or fifth part of its thickness.
PiLCHER, piltsll-ur, *. 98. A furred gown or
case, any thing lined with fur ; obsolete; a fish like a
herring.
Pile, pile, s. A strong piece of wood driven into
the ground to make firm a foundation ; a heap, an ac-
cumulation ; any thing heaped together to be burned ;
an edifice, a building ; a hair ; hairy surface, nap ; one
side of a coin, the reverse of cross; in the plural,
Piles, the ha:morrhoids.
7'o Pile, pile, v. a. To heap, to lay one thing on
another; to fill with something heaped.
Pileated, TpiV-k-k-ici], a. 507. In the form of
a cover or hat.
PiLER, plle-lir, S. 98. He who accumulates.
To Pilfer, pil-fur, v, a. To steal, to gain by
petty robbery.
To Pilfer, pil-fur, v. n- 98. To practise petty
theft.
Pilferer, pil-fur-ur, s. One who steals petty
things.
Pilferingly, pil-fur-ing-ll, ad. With petty
larceny, filchinRly.
PiLFERY, piUfur-^, *. Petty theft.
Pilgrim, piKgrim, s. A traveller, a wanderer,
particularly one who travels on a religious account.
To Pilgrim, pil-grim, v. n. To wander, to
ramble.
•Pilgrimage, pil-gnm-Adje, s. 90. A long
journey, travel, more usually a journey on account of
devotion.
^ILL, pil, s. Medicine made into a small ball or
mass.
To Pill, pil, v. a. To rob, to plunder.
To Pill, pil, v. a. For Peel, to strip off the bark.
To Pill, pil, v. W. To come off in flakes or scoriae.
03» This word, says Dr. Johnson, should be written
peel. To strip off the bark or rind of any thing is uni-
versally so pronounced ; but when it is written pill, it is
impossible to pronounce it peel, as Mr. Sheridan has
done, without making the eye contradict the ear too pal-
pably. I am of opinion that the pronunciation ou ht to
conform to the orthography. — See Bowl,
392
Pillage, pil-lidje,*. 90. Plunder, something got
by plundering or pilling ; the act of plundering.
To Pillage, pilHulje, v. a. To plunder, to spoil.
Pillager, pil-lidje-ur, *. 98. A plunderer
a spoiler.
Pillar, pil-lur, S. 88. A column; a supporter,
a maintainer.
Pillared, pilMurd, a. 359. Supported by
columns ; havine the form of a column.
Pillion, pil-yun, s. 113. A soft saddle set
behind a horseman for a woman to sit on ; a pad, a low
saddle.
Pillory, pil-lur-^, S. 557. A frame erected on
a pillar, and made with holes and folding boards,
through which the heads and hands of criminals are
put.
I'o Pillory, pil-lSr-^, v. a. To punish with the
pillory.
Pillow, piUlo, s. 327. A bag of down or feathers
laid under the head to sleep on.
To Pillow, pil'-lo, v. a. To rest any thing on
a pillow.
PiLi.owBiiER, pil-lo-bere, \
Pillowcase, pil-Io-kase, J
The cover of a pillow.
PilosiTY, pe-l3s-Se-t^, S. 132. Hairiness.
Pilot, pi-lut, *. 166. He whose otlice is to steer
the ship.
To Pilot, pl-lut, v. a. To steer, to direct in the
course.
Pilotage, pl-lut-tidje, s. 90. Pilot's skill,
knowledge of coasts ; a pilot's hire.
PiMENTA, pe-men-ti, S. A kind of spice called
Jamaica pepper, all-spice.
Pimp, pitnp, S. One who provides gratifications for
the lust of others, a procurer, a pander.
To Pimp, pimp, v. n. To provide gratiflcations for
the lust of others, to pander.
Pimpernel, pim-per-nel, s. A plant.
Pimping, pimp-ing, a. 410. Little.
Pimple, pim-pl, S. 405. A small red pustule.
Pimpled, pim-pld, a. 359. Having red pustules,
full of pimples.
Pin, pin, S. A short wire with a sharp point and
roundhead, used by women to fasten their cluthes ;
any thing inconsiderable or of little value ; any thing
driven to hold parts together, a peg, a bolt ; any slender
thing fixed in another body ; that which locks the
wheel to the axle ; the pegs by which musicians stretch
or relax their strings; a cylindrical roller made of
wood.
To Pm, pin, V. a. To fasten with pins ; to fasten,
to make fast; to join, to fix; to shut up, to enclose,
to confine.
PiNCASE, pin-k^se, S. A case to keep pins in.
Pincers, pin-surz, *. An instrument by which
nails are drawn, or any thing is gripped which requires
to be held hard.
do- This word is frequently mispronounced /JiHcftcrs.
To Pinch, pinsh, v. a. To squeeze between the
fingers or with the teeth ; to hold hard with an instru-
ment ; to squeeze the flesh till it is pained or livid ; to
press between hard bodies; to gall, to fret ; to gripe,
to straiten; to Ui.itress, to pain; to press, to drive to
difficulties.
To Pinch, pinsh, v. n. 352. To act with force
so as to be felt, to bear hard upon, to be puzzling; to
spare, to be frugal.
Pinch, pinsh, *. A painful squeeze with the fingers j
a small quantity of snuff contained between the finger
and thumb; oppression, distress inflicted; difticu'ty,
time of distress.
Pinchbeck, pinsh-bek, s. A compound metal
resembling gold; so called from the name of the in-
ventor.
PiNCIIFlST, T)insll'-fl3t, 1
r, 1 , , 1 1 > s A miser,
PiNCHPENNY, pmsh-pen-ne, J
PIP
PIT
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173-- 3il 299— pound 313— f/tin 466, this 469.
Pincushion, pin-kush-un, *. A small bag stufTed
with brail or wool, on which pins are stuck. — See
Cushio7i.
PiNDUST, pin-dust, s. Small particles of metal
maile bv cutting pins.
Pine, pine, s. A tree.
To Pine, pine, v. n. To languish, to wear away
with any kin J of misery; to languish with desire.
To Pine, pine, v. a. To wear out, to make to
languish; to grieve for, to bemoan in silence.
Pineapple, plne-ip-pl, *. A plant.
Pineal, pin'ne-^1, a. 507. Re.«embling a pine
apple. An epithet given by Des Cartes to tlie gland,
which he imagined the seat of the soul.
Pin FEATHERED, piii'-feTH-urd, a. 359. Not
fledged, having the featliers yet only beginning to
shoot.
Pinfold, pin-fold, S. A place in which beasts are
confined.
Pinguid, pinoj-^wid, a, 340, Fat, unctuous.
Pinhole, pin-hole, s, A small hole, such as is
made by the perforation of a pin.
Pinion, pin-yun, *. 8. 113. The joint of the
wing remotest from the body ; Shakespeare seems to
use It for a feather or quill of the wing; wing; fellers
for the arms.
To Pinion, pin-yun, v, a. To bind thev/ings;
to confine by binding the elbows to the sides; to
shackle, to bind.
PiNKj pingk, *. 408. A small fragrant flower of
tiic zi'.liflower kind ; an eye, commonly a small eye,
as Pink-eyed ; any thing supremely excellent ; a colour
used by painters ; a kind of heavy narrow-slerned
ship; a tsh, the minnow.
To Pink, pingk, v, a. To work in eyelet holes, to
p*prce in small holes.
To Pink, pingk, v. n. To wink.
PiNMAKER, pin-mik-ur, s. He who makes pins.
PiNMONEY, pin-mun-n^, S.' A certain annuity
settled on a wife to defray her own charges.
Pinnace, pin-is, s. 91. A boat belonging to
a ship of war. It seems formerly to have signified ra-
ther a small sloop or bark attending a larger ship.
FlNNACLE, pin-na-kl, *. 405. A turret or eleva-
tion above the rest of the building; a high spiring
point.
Pinner, pin-nur, S. 98. The lappet of a head-dress
which flies loose.
Pint, pint, S. 105. Half a quart; in medicino,
twelve ounces ; a liquid measure.
Pioneer, pi-o-neerj *. One whose business is to
level the road, throw up works, or sink mines in mili-
tary operations.
Pionv, pl-un-^, *. 116. A large flower.
Pious, pl-ias, a. 314. Careful of the duties owed by
created iKings to God; careful of the duties of near
relation.
Piously, pl-us-le, ad. In a jiious manner,
relig'.ously.
Pip, pi]), *. A defluxion with which fowls are
troubled; a horny pellicle that grows on tho tip of
their tongues ; a spot on tlie cards.
To Pip, pip, v. n. To chirp or cry ai a bird.
Little used.
Pipe, pipe, S. Any long hollow body, a tube;
• a tube of clay through which the fume of tobacco is
drawn into the mouth ; an instrumentof wind musick;
the organs of voice and respiration, as the windpipe ;
the key of the voice ; an office of the excliequer; a li-
quid measure containing two hogsheads.
To Pipe, pipe, v. n. To play on the pipe ; to have
a shrill sound.
Piper, ytl-pur, s. 98. One who play* on the pipe.
PiPETREE, plpe^tree, s. The lilac tree.
Piping, plpc-ing, a. 410. Weak, fctble, sickly;
hot, boiling.
I'iPKIN, pip-kin, S. A small earllicn boiler.
3y3
Pippin, j'lp-pin, s. a sharp apple.
Piquant, pik^kant, a. 415. Pricking, siinuilau
ing; sharp, puiigcnt, severe.
Piquancy, pik-k^n-st^, s. Sliarpness, tartnesi.
PiQUANTLY, pik'-kAnt-le, ad. Sharply, tartly.
Pique, peek, s. 415. An ill win, an offence
taken, petty malevolence ; point, nicety, punctilio.
To Pique, peek, v. a. 112. To touch with envy
or virulency, to put in'.":i fret ; to offend, to irritate; to
value, to fix repiitatiiin as on a point.
To PiQUEER, pik-keer,' v. a. — See Pickeer.
PiQUEERER, pik-keer-ur, s. A robber, a plunderer.
Piquet, pZ'-ketJ S. 415, A game at cards.
Piracy, pl-lil-se, s. The act or practice of robbing
on the sea. — See Privacy,
Pirate, pl-rit, *. 91. A sea-robber; any robber,
particularly a bookseller who seizes the copies of other
men.
To Pirate, pUrSt, v. n. To rob by sea.
To Pirate, pl-rAt, v. a. To take by robbery.
Piratical, pl-ratite-kAl, a. 132, Predatory,
robbing, consisting in robbery.
PiSCATION, piS-kA-sbun, S. The act or practice of
fishing.
Piscatory, pis-k4-tur-e, a. 512. Relating to
fishes. — For the o, see Domestick.
Pisces, pis-s^S, *. The twelfth sign in the Zodiack,
figured by two fishes.
Piscivorous, pis-siv-v6-rus, a. 518. Fisheatiug,
living on fish.
Pish, pish, interj, A contemptuous exclamation.
To PiSIl, pish, V. n. To express contempt.
Pismire, ynz-mire, 5. 434, An ant; an emmet.
To Piss, pis, v, n. To make water.
Piss, pis, s. Urine, animal water.
PiSSABED, pis-^-bed, S. A yellow flower growing
in the grass.
PlSSBURNT, piS-burnt, a. stained with urine
liaving a colour as though stained with urine.
Pistachio, pis-tll-sho, s. The pistachio is a dry
fruit of oblong figure; Pistich nut.
PiSTILLATION, pis-tll-li-shun, S. The act of
pounding in a mortar.
Pistol, pis-tul, s. 166.. A small hand-gun.
To Pistol, pis-t?il, v. a. To shoot with a pistol.
Pistole, p1s-t6le{ s, A coin of many countries
and many degrees of value.
Pistolet, pis-to-let{ s. A little pistol.
Piston, pis-tun, s. 166. The moveable part in
several machines, as in pumps and syringes, whereby
the suction or attraction is caused ; an embolus.
Pit, pit, S. A hole in the ground ; abyss, pro-
fundity ; the grave; the area on which cocks fight;
the middle part of the theatre; any hollow of the body
as the Pit of the stomach, the arm-pit ; a dint made by
the finger.
To Pit, pit, v. a. To sink in hollows.
Pitapat, pit-^-pit, S. A flutter, a palpitation ;
a light quick step.
Pitch, pltsh, s. The resin of the pine extracted by
fire and inspissated ; any degree of elevation or height ;
state with respect to lowness or height ; degree, rate.
To Pitch, pitsh, v. a. To fix, to plant j to order
regularly; to throw headlong, to cast forward; to
smear with pitch; to darken.
To Pitch, p'ltsh, v. n. To light, to drop ; to fail
headlong; to fix choice; to fix a tent or temporary
habitation.
Pitcher, pitsh-iir, s. 98. An earthen vessel,
a water-pot; an instrument to pierce the ground, in
which any thing is to be fixed.
Pitchfork, pitsh'fftrk, y, A fork used in
husbandry.
PrrCIIiNESS, pitsh-^-m\ £ Blackness, darknc *.
PLA
PLA
it^ 559. Tke 73, far 77, f^H 83, dt 81— ml 93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— n4 162, mirt 104,
Pitchy, pitsh-i, ff„ Smeared with pitch; having
the qualities of pitch; black, dark, dismal.
Pit-coal, pit^kole, *. Fossil coal.
Pitman, p'lt-min, s. 88. He that in sawing
timber works below in the pit.
Pit-saw, jiit-skw, *. A large saw used by two
men, o' wliom one is in the pit.
Piteous, pitsh-e-US, a. 263. Sorrowful, mournful,
exciting pity ; compassionate, tender; wretched, paltry,
pitiftil.
PiTEOUSLY, pitsh-^-us-1e ad In a piteous
manner.
PiTEOUSNESS, pitsh-^-us-nes, s. Sorrowfulness,
tenderness.
Pitfall, pit-fall, s. 406. A pit dug and covered,
into which a passenger falls unexpectedly.
Pith, p\(h, s. 467. The marrow of the plant, the
soft part in the midst of the wood; marrow; strength,
force; energy, cogency, fulness of sentiment, close-
ness and vigour uf thought and style; weight, mo-
R^ent, principal part; the quintessence, the chief
part.
Pithily, ]pith-h-lh, ad. With strength, with
cogency.
Pithiness, plM-l-nes, S. Energy, strength.
Pithless, piM-les, a. Wanting pith; wanting
energy, wanting force.
Pithy, piM-e, a. Consisting of pith ; strong,
forcible, eneigetick.
Pitiable, pltitA-4-bl, a. 405. Deserving pity.
(J:7" Tlie dlpiithong ia, in this word, does not draw the
preceding t to tsh, as in piteous, and ihe reason seems to
xte the same as that which preserves the same letter pure
in Ali/f Utter, IVeighticr, SiC. tiiat is, tlie termination aiie,
though derived from the Latin, is often used in composi-
tion with pure English words, like the personal and com-
parative terminations er, eth, &c. j and therefore the
general rule in English composition is adhered to, which
IS, that simples preserve their sound and accent, whatever
terminations are annexed to them.
Pitiful, pit-t^-fiil, a. Melancholy, moving com-
passion; tender, compassionate; paltry, contemptible,
despicable
PlTIFULLT/ pit-te-ful-6, ad. Mournfully, in
a manne chat moves compassion; contemptibly,
despicably.
PiTIFULfSS, pit-t^-ful-nes, S. Tenderness,
mercy, a passion; despicableness, contemptibleness.
Pitiless pit-te-les, a. Wanting pity, wanting
compasair'ti, merciless.
Pittance, pit-tinse, *. An allowance of meat in
a monastery ; a small portion.
Pituitary, p^-tu-^-t4-r^, a. Conducting the
phlegm.
PlTUITt, pjt-tshu-Ite, S. 155. Phlegm.
PiTUnous, pe-tui^-tUS, a. 132. Consisting of
phlegm.
Pity, pit-te, S, Compassion, sympathy with
misery, tenderness for pain or uneasiness ; a ground of
pity, a subject of pity or of grief.
To Pity, pit-t^, v. a. To compassionate misery,
to regard with tenderness on account of unhappiness.
To Pity, pit-te, v. n. To be compassionate.
Pivot, piv-vut, *. A pin on which any thing turns.
PiX, piks, s. A little chest or box in which the
consfcc.i'ated Host is kept in Roman catholick countries.
Placable, plA-ki-bl, a. 405. Willing or possible
to be appeased.
03- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, W. Johnston, and
Buchanan, make the radical a in this word and its deri-
vatives long, as 1 have done; but Dr. Kenrick and
Mr. Perry make it short. Mr. Scott marks it both ways,
but seems to give the short sound the preference, by
placing it first. This, from the shortening power of the
Bntepenullimate accent, it must be confessed, is the
most analogical, &3&; but this word and its companion,
tapable, seem immoveably fixed in the long sound of the
antepenultimate, though tlie o in the same situation in
iociblc and ini/uciite evidently inclines to the short sound.
—See Incapable and Indocil.
394
Placability, pli-k^-biUl-tl, \
Placableness, pla-ki-bl-nes, jT*'
Willingness to be appeased, possibility to be appeased.
Placard, plik-ardj \
Placart, plilk-artj /
An edict, a declaration, a manifesto,
ft:?- Bailey places the accent on the first syllable of
placard, and Penning on the first of both these words :
all our other orthoepists place the accent as 1 have done.
Place, plase, S. Particular portion of space ;
locality, local relation ; local existence : space in ge-
neral ; a seat, residence, mansion ; passage in writing ;
state of being, validity ; rank, order of priority ; office,
publick characteror employment ; room, way ; ground,
room.
To Place, pldse, v. a. To put in any place,
rank, or condition ; to fix, to settle, to establish.
Placer, plA-^ur, s. 98. One that places.
Placid, plfc-Sld, a. Gentle, quiet ; soft, mild.
Placidly, plisisid-l4, ad. Mildly, gently.
PlaCIT, plas-lt, S. Decree, determination.
Placket, or Plaquet, plik^kit, *. 99.
A petticoat.
Plagiarism, pla-ji-rizm, s. Theft, literary
adoption of the thoughts or works of another.
Plagiary, pli-j4-re, s. A theft in literature, one
who steals the thouBhts or writings uf another ; the
crime of literary theft.
(K5> Mr. Elphinston and some respectable speakers
pronounce tliis word with the first vowel short, as if
vir'tltenpiad-jary; but Mr. Sheridan, Mr.Scott, Mr. Perry,
Mr. Buchanan, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston, and Entick,
mark it with tlie a long, as if written play-jary : and to
know which is the true pronunciation, we need only re-
cur to analogy, which tells us that every vowel, except
i. having the accent, and being followed by a diphthong,
is long.— See Principles No. 505. 507.
Plague, plag', s. 337. Pestilei.ce, a disease
eminently contagious and destructive; state of miseryj
any thing troublesome or vexatious.
To Plague, plAg, v. a. To infect with pestilence <
to trouble, to tease, to vex, to harass, to torment, to
afflict.
Plaguily, pliigl-li, ad. 560. Vexatiously.
horridly.
Plaguy, pla-ge, a. 34.^-. Vexatious, troublesome.
Plaice, plAse, s. 202. A flat fish.
Plaid," pV4d, s. 204. A striped or variegated
cloth, an outer loose garment worn much by the High-
landers in Scotland.
Plain, plAne, a. 202. Smooth, level, flat; void of
ornament, simple; artless; honestly rough, open,
sincere; mere, bare; evident, clear.
Plain, pUne, ad. Not obscurely ; distinctly,
articulately ; simply, with rough sincerity.
Plain, pline, S. Level ground, open flat ; a Held
of battle.
To Plain, pline, v. a. To level, to make even.
Tb Plain, plane, l>. M. To lament, to wail. Not used.
Plaindealing, pline-de-ling, a. Acting without
art.
Plaindealing, pUne-d^-ling, s, 410. Manage-
ment void of art.
Plainly, plAne-1^, ad. Levelly, flatly; without
ornament; without gloss, sincerely; in earnest, fairly ;
evidently, clearly.
Plainness, plane-nes, s. Levelness, flatness;
want of ornament, want of show; openness, rough
sincerity; artiessness, simplicity.
Plaint, pl4nt, s. Lamentation, complaint, lament,
expression of sorrow.
Pl.AINTFUL, plint-ful, a. Complaining, tudibly
sorrowful.
Plaintiff, plane-tif, *. He that commences
a suit in law against another, opposed to the defen-
dant.
ft:?- This word was universally, till of late years, pro-
nounced with the first syllable like plan, as appears by
its being adopted by Mr. Scutt,' Mr. Elphinston,
PLA
nor 167, nt^. 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 1
Mr. Perry, W. Johnston, and Dr. Kenrick ; but a laud-
able dcsiie of reforming the language has restored the
diphthong to its true sound ; and the first syllable of this
word, like plane, is now the current prono.nciation of
(ill our courts of justice. Mr. Sheridan and Entick agree
in this pronunciation.
Plaintiff, plane-tif, a. Complaining. A word
not in use, being now written Plaintive.
Plaintive, plAne-tlv, a. Complainine, lamenting,
expressive of sorrow.
PlaINWOKK, plAneiwurk, S. Needlework as dis-
tinguished from embroidery.
Plait, plAte, s. 202. A fold, a double.
To Plait, plate, v. a. To fold, to double; to
weave, to braid.
Q^ Tliere is a corrupt pronunciation of this word, as
if written plete, which must be carefully avoided.
PlAITER, plate-ur, S. 98. One that plaits
Plan, pl^n, S. a scheme, a form, a model ; a plot
of any building, or ichnography.
7b Plan> plin, V, a, i'o scheme, to form in
design.
Plane, plane, s. A level surface ; an instrument
by which the surface of boards is smoothed.
7h Plane, plAne, v. a. To level, to free from
inequalities; to smooth with a plane.
Plane-IREE, plAne-trii, S. The name of a fine
tall tree.
Planet, plin-lt, *. 99. One of the celestial
bodies in our system, which move round and receive
light from the sun.
Planetary, plin-n4-tir-re, a. Pertaining to the
planets ; producfd by the planets.
Planetical, pl4n-net-te-kil, a. Pertaining to
planets.
Planetstruck, plin'-it-struk, a. Blasted.
Planisphere, pl4n-n^-sfere, s, A sphere pro-
jected on a plane.
Plank, plingk, S. 408. A thick strong board.
To Plank, plingk, v. a. To cover or lay with
planks.
Planoconical, pl4-n&-kSnin^-k4l, a. Level
on one side, and conical on the other.
Planoconvex, pli-ni-k6n-veks, a. Flat on the
one side, and convex on the other.
Plant, plint, s. Any thing produced from seed,
any vegetable production; a saplin.
fc:?- There is a coarse pronunciation of this word,
chiefly among the vulgar, which rhymes it with aunt.
This pronunciation seems a remnant of that broad sound
which was probably given to the a before two consonants
in all words, but which has been gradually wearing away,
and which is now, except in a few words, become a mark
of vulgarity.— See Principles, No. 79.
To Plant, plint, v. a. To put into the ground in
order to grow, to set, to generate; to place, to fix ; to
settle, to estalilish, as, to Plant a colony ; to fill or
adorn with something planted, as he Planted the garden
or the country ; to direct properly, as, to Plant a can-
non.
PlaNTAGE, plin-tidje, *. 90. An herb.
Plantain, plAn-tiii, s. 202. An herb ; a tree in
the West Indies, which bears an esculent fruit.
PlANTAL, plin-til, a. 88. Pertaining to plants.
Plantation, pl3.n-ta-sbun, *. The act or practice
of planting; the place planted; a colony; introduc-
tion, establishment.
Planted, plint-ed, a. This word seems in
Shakespeare, to signify settled, well-grounded.
Planter, plint-ur, s. 98. One who sows, sets,
or rnltivaies; one who cultivates grounds in the West
Indian colonies.
Plash, plash, s. A small lake or puddle of water;
branch partly rut off and bound to other branches.
To Plash, pl4sh, v. a. To interweave branches.
PlASHY, pldshi^, a. Watery, filled with puddles.
Plasm, plazm, *. A mould, ■ mattix in which any
thing is cast or formed.
395
PLA
73— oil 299— pound 313— *Ain 466, rais 469.
Plaster, pl^-tur, *. 98. Substance made of
water and some absorbent matter, such as chalk or
lime well pulverized, with which walls are overlaid; a
glutinous or adhesive salve.
To Plaster, pl^S^tur, v. a. To overlay as with
plaster; to cover with a medicated plaster.
Plasterer, pl^s^tur-ur, *. One whose trade ii
to overlay walls with plaster; one who forms figures in
plaster.
PlastICK, plls-tlk, a. Having the power to give
form.
Plastron, pl4s-trun, s. 99. A piece of leather
stuffed, which fencers use when they teach their scho-
lars, in order to receive the pushes made at them.
To Plat, pl4t, v. a. To weave, to make by
texture.
Plat, pl4t, S. a small piece of ground. — See Plot.
Platane, pl^titln, s. The plane-tree.
Plate, plate, S. A piece of metal beat out into
breadth; wrought silver; a small shallow vessel of
metal or porcelain, on which meat is eaten ; the prize
run for by horses.
To Plate, J'. a. To cover with plates ; to arm
with plates ; to beat into laminae or plates.
Platen, plit^en, «. 103. In printing, that flat
part of the press by which the impression is made.
Platform, pl^tiform, s. The sketch of any
thing horizontally delineated, the ichnography; a
place laid out after any model ; a level place before
a fortification ; a scheme, apian.
Platina, pl4t^^-nA, s. A species of metal.
Platonic, pli-tin-ik, a. A Platonic lover, is
one who professes great purity in love.
Platonist, plit^o-nist, S. One who adopts the
sentiments of Pinto.
Platoon, pli-toonj S. A small square body of
musqueteers.
53- Corrupted from Peloton, French. — See Encore.
Platter, plit-tur, 5. 9 J. A large dish, generally
of earth.
Plaudit, plaw^dit, *. 213. Applause.
Plausibility, plaw-z^-bil-^-t^, s. speciousness,
superficial appearance of right.
Plausible, plaw-ze-bl, a. Such as gains approba-
tion, supertirially pleasing or taking, specious, popular.
Plausieleness, plawizi-bl-nes, s, Speciousness,
show of light.
Plausibly, plaw-ze-bli, ad. With fair show,
speciously.
Plausive, plaw-siv, er. 158. 428. Applauding}
plausible. Not used in this last sense.
To Play, pla, v. n. 220. To sport, to frolick, to
do something not as a task, but for pleasure; to toy,
to act with levity ; to triHe ; to do somethii\g fanciful;
to practise sarcastick merriment; to practise illusion;
to game, to contend at some game ; to tnuch a musical
instrument; to operate, to act, used of any thing in,
motion ; to wanton, to move irregularly ; to represent
a character ; to act in any certain character.
To Play, pl^, v. a. To put in action or motion,
as, he Played his cannon ; to use an instrument of
musick; to act a mirthful character; to exhibit dra-
matically, to act, perform.
Play, pla, s. Action not imposed, not work;
amusement, sport ; a drama, a comedy or tragedy, or
any thing in which characters are represented by dia-
logue and action ; game, prhcticc of gaming, contest
at a game ; practice in any contest; action, employ-
ment, office : manner of acting ; act of touching an in-
strument ; in Play, invest, not in earnest; rooPi for
motion ; liberty of acting, swing.
Playbook, pla-book, S. Book of dramati'.k con*
positions.
Playday, pli^di, s. Day exempt from tasks of
work. •
PlAYDEBT, plA-det, S. Debt contracted by gaming.
Player, pla-ur, *. 98. One who plays; an idler,
a lazy person ; actor of dramatick scenes; a inimick
PLE
PLl
'559. File 73, far 77, fill 83, ffttSl— m^93, metSJ^pIne 105, pin 107— 116 1G2, move \Gi
one who touches a musiral instrument; one who acts
in any certain manner, not in earnest, but in play.
Pl \Y fellow, pla-fcl-lo, *. Companion in amuse-
ment.
Playful, pla-ful, a. Sportive.
PlAYGAMK, pla-game, S. Play of children.
Playhouse, pla-hoiise, *. House where dramatick
peilbriiiances arc represented.
Playsome, pla-sum, a. Wanton.
Playsomeness, pla-sum-nes, s. Wantonness,
levity.
Plaything, Tplk'-thing, s. A toy.
Playwright, plA-rke, s. A maker of plays.
Plea, pie, S. 227. Tlie act or form of pleading ;
tiling offered or demanded in pleading ; allegation ; an
booliigy, an excuse.
To Pleach, pletsh, v. a. 227. To bend, to in-
terweave. Not in use.
To PlEAD, plede, v. n, 227. To argne before
a court of justice; to speak in an argumentative or
persuasive way for or against, to reason with anullier ;
to be offered as a plea : to admit or deny a charge of
guilt.
To Plead, pleJe, v. a. To defend, to discuss ; to
allege in pleading or argument ; to offer as an excuse.
Pleadable, ple-di-bl, a. Capable to be alleged
in plea.
Pleader, ple-diir, *. 98. One who argues in
a court of justice ; one who speaks for or against.
Pleading, pl^-ding, *. 410. Act or form of
pleading.
PleASANCE, ple^zSnse, *. 234. Gayety, pleasantry.
Obsolete.
PlEASAN r, plez-ztlnt, «. 234. Delightful ; good
humoured, cheerful; gay, lively, merry; trifling,
adapted rather to mirth than use.
Pleasantly, plez-zint-le, ad. In such a manner
as to give delight; gayly, in good humour ; lively, lu-
dicrously.
Pleasantness, plez-z4nt-nes, s. Deiightfuiness,
stale of being pleasant ; gayety, cheerfulness, merri-
ment.
Pleasantry, plez-ziln-tr^, s, Gayety, merriment;
sprightly saying, lively talk.
To Please, pleze, v. a. 227. To delight, to
gratify, to humour ; to satisfy, to content; to obtain
favour from ; to be pleased, to like, a word of cere-
mony.
To Please, pleze, v. n. To give pleasure ; to gain
approliation; to like, to choose; to condescend, to
cuinply.
Pleasingly, plf-zuig-k, ad. In such a manner
as to give delight.
Pleasurable, plezh-ur-i-bl, a. Delightful, full
of plcat-ire.
Pleasure, plezh-ure, s. 234. 450. Delight,
pratificationof themiiidor senses ; loose gratification ;
approbation ; what the will dictates; choice, arbitrary
will.
To Pleasure, plezh-ure, v. a. To please, to
gratify.
Plep.eian, pl^-b4-yin, s. 113. One of the lower
people.
Plebeian, plJ-b^-yin, a. Popular, consisting of
mean persons; belonging to the lower ranks; vulgar,
low, common.
Pledge, pledje, s. A gage, any thing given by
way of warrant or security ; a pawn j a surety, a bail,
a hostage.
To Pledge, pledje, v. a. To put in pawn, to give
as security ; to secure by a pledge; to invite to drink,
by accepting the cup or health after another.
Pledget, pled-jit, s. 99. A small mass of lint.
Pleiads, ple-vildz, \ . . ...
Ti 1 i^> 4 J t c s. A northen constellation.
Plel^ues, ple-ya-dez, J
S3- I have preferred those orthoepists who mark these
woids as 1 have done, to Mr. Sheridan, who makes the
396
first syllable like the verb taphj. Dr. Kenrick, Scott,
and Perry, the only ort-hoepists frwm whuin wecan know
the s.>und of the diplithong ei, give it as I have done;
and Johnson, by placing the accent after the e, seems to
have done the same : but the sound we invariably give
to these vowels in plebeian, is a sufficient proof of English
analogy; and that pronouncing them likcei/e, is an affec-
tation of adhering to the Greek, from whicli pleiarfw is
derived. — See Key to the Classical Pror.uitcialion vj Greek
and Latin Proper Names, under the vv'jrd.
PlENARILY, plen^il-ri-le, ad. Fully, completely.
Plenary, plen-i-r^, or ple-ni-re, a. Full,
complete.
C^ Some very respectable speakers make the vowel e,
in the first syllable of this word, long; but analogy and
the best usage seem to shorten the e, us they do the a, in
granary, Mr. Nares, W. Johnston, Buchanan, and En-
tick, adopt the second pronunciation ; and Mr. Shoridun,
Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Perry, the
first : nor do I see any reason that the e slunild not be
short in this word as well as in plenitude, in which all
our ortliol'pists, except Buchanan, pronounce tlic e as in
plenty.
PleNARINESS, plen-it-re-nes, S. Fulness, com-
pleteness.
Plenilunary, plen-ne-lu-ni-re, a. Relating to
the full moon.
Plempotence, ple-iiip-po-ttnse, s. Fuhicss of
power.
Plenipotent, ple-nip-po-tentj a. Invested with
full power.
Plenipotentiary, plen-nt-p6-ten-shi-ie, s.
A ncgociator invested with full power.
PleNIST, ple-ilist, $. 544. One that holds all
space to be full of matter.
Plenitude, plen-ne-tude, s. Fulness, the countrary
to vacuity ; repletion, animal fulness, plethory ; exu-
berance, abundance, completeness.
Plenteous, pleii-tshi-us, a. 263. Copious,
exuberant, abundmt; fruitful, fertile.
Plenteously, plea-tshe-us-le, ad. Copiously,
abundantly, exuberantly.
Pl.ENTEOUSNESS, plen-tshe-uS-Iies, s. Abundance,
fertility.
Plentiful, pleil-te-ful, «. Copious, abundant,
exuberant, fruitful.
Plentifully, plen-te-ful-^, ad. Copiously,
abundantly.
PlentifulNESS, plen-te-fitl-neS, s. The state of
being plentiful, abundance, fertility.
Plenty, plell-te, $. Abundance, such a quantity
as is more than enough ; fruitfulness, exuberance; it
is used, I think, barbarously for pienliful; a state in
which enough is had and enjoyed.
Pleonasm, ple-o-iiitzm, s. A figure of rhctorick,
by which more words are used than are necessary.
Plethora, plS<A-o-ri, s. 4G8. The state in
which the vessels are fuller of humours than is agree-
able to a natural state of health.
(13- All our orthoepists, except a Dictionary of Terms
in Medicine, place the accent on the first syllable ot
this word, notwithstanding the Greek and Latin 0 are
long. This, probably, arose from the anglicised word
plethory, where the accent is very properly antepenulti-
mate.—See Principles, No. 603.
Plethoretick, ple<A-6-ret^ik, "I
Plethorick, pU-</i6r'ik, 509./
Having a full habit.
Plethory, ple?/i-S-r^, S. 503. Fulness of habit.
Plevin, plev-vin, *. In law, a warrant or assurance.
Pleurisy, plu-r^-S^, S. An inflammation of tl»e
pleura.
Pleuritical, plu-nt^te-k^l, ")
Pleuritick, plu-rit'-tik, 509-/ .*
Diseased with a pleurisy; denoting a pleurisy.
Pliable, plUA-bl, a. 405. Easy to be be<ft,
flexible ; flexible of disposition, easy to be persuaded.
Pliableness, pli-a-bl-nes, s. Flexibility, eajineM
to be bent; flexibility of mind.
PlIANCY, pll-an-se, S, Easiness to be bent.
PLU
PLU
nor 167, nSt 163— tube I7I, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, this 469.
Plumcake, plum-kikej s. Cake made with
PlIANT, pll-int, a. Bending, flexile j limber;
easy to take a form ; easily persuaded.
PliANTNESS, pU-ilnt-neS, s. Flexibility, toughness,
Plicature, plik-ki-tshure, "l
Plication, yl^-k^^shfin, 132./*- ^old. double.
Pliers, plKiirz, s. 98. An instrument by which
■ any tiling is laid hold on to bend it.
To Plight, pllte, v. a. To pledge, to give* as
surety ; to braid, to weave. In this last sense, obsolete.
Plight, pllte, S. 393. Condition, state; good
rase; picilge, gage; a fold, a plait. Not used in this
last sense.
Plinth, plinth, s. In Architecture, is that square
member vfhich serves as a foundation to the base of
a pillar.
To Plod, pl5d, v. n. To toil, to drudge, to travel;
to travel laboriously ; to study closely and dully.
Plodder, plSd-dur, s. 98. A duil, heavy,
laborious man.
Plot, plot, S, a small extent of ground ; a con-
spiracy, a secret design formed against anothei ; an in-
trigue, an affair complicated, involved, and embar-
rassed; stratagem, secret combination to any ill end;
contrivance, deep reach of thought.
To Plot, pl6t, v. n. To form schemes of mischief
against another, commonly against those in authority ;
to contrive, to scheme.
To Plot, pl6t, v. a. To plan, to contrive; to
describe according to ichnography.
Plotter, pl6t-tur, s. 98. Conspirator, contriver
Plover, pluv^vur, *. 165. A lapwing.
Plough,' plou, *. 313. 390. The instrument with
which the furrows are cut in the ground to receive the
seed.
To Plough, plou, V, n. To turn up the ground in
order to sow seed.
To Plough, plou, v. a. To turn with the plough;
to bring to view by the plough; to furrow, to divide;
to tear.
PlougiIBOY, plou^boe, s. A boy that follows the
plough, a coarse ignorant boy.
Plougiier, plou-ur, s. 98. One who ploughs or
cultivates ground.
Ploughland, plou-l^nd, S. A farm for corn.
Ploughman, plouimin, *. 88. One who attends
or uses the plough ; a gross ignorant rustick ; a strong
laborious man.
Ploughshare, ploii-sh;\re, s. The part of the
plough that is perpendicular to the coulter.
7'o Pluck, pluk, v. a. To pull with nimblenessor
force, to snatch, to pull, to draw, to force on and off,
to force up or down ; to strip oft' feathers ; to Pluck up
a heart or spirit, a proverbial expression for taking up
or resuming courage.
Pluck, pluk, *. A pull, a draw, a single act of
plucking ; the heart, liver and lights of an animal.
PlUCKER, pluk-kur, *. 98. One that plucks.
Plug, plug, s. A stopple, any tiling driven hard
into another body.
To Plug, plug, v. a. To stop with a plug.
Plum, plum, s. A fmit; the sum of one hundred
thousand pounds. It is sometimes improperly written
plumb.
'^LUMAGE, plu-midje, s. 90. Feathers, suit of
feathers.
Plumb, plum, s. 347. A plummet, a leaden
weight let down at the end of a line.
Plumb, plum, ad. Perpendicularly to the horizon.
53- This word, says Dr. Johnson, is sometimes
ignoranlly pronounced plump.
To Plumb, plum, v. a. To sound, to search by
a line with a weight at its end ; to regulate any work
by the plummet.
Plumber, plum^mur, s. 98. One who works
upon lead. Commonly written Plummcr.
Plumbery, pli^im'nuir-e, s. Works of lead,
mar.ufaclures of a plumber.
397
Plume, plume, J. Feather of birds ; feather worn
as an ornament ; pride, towering mien ; token of
honour, prize of contest; Plume is a term used by
botanists for that part of the seed of a plant which in
its growth becomes the trunk.
To Plume, plume, v. a. To pick and adjust
"feathers; to strip off" feathers ; to strip, to pill; to
place as a plume; to adorn with plumes; to Plume
one's self upon, to be proud of.
Plumealum, plume-^l'-lum, s. A kind of
asbestos.
PLUMIGEROUS,p.a-mid-jer-US, a. Having feathers,
feathered.
Plumitede, plu-in^-p^de, s. A fowl that has
feathers on the foot. — See Millepedes,
Plummet, plum-mit, s. 99. A weight of lead
hung at a siring, by which depths are sounded, and per-
pendicularity is discerned.
PlumoSITY, plu-mSs-se-te, s. The state of liaving
feathers.
PlUMOUS, plu^mus, a. 314. Featheiy, resembling
feathers.
Plump, plump, a. Somewhat fat, sleek, full and
smooth.
Plump, plump, s. A knot, a tuft, a cluster,
a number joined in one mass. Little used.
(K^ This word, says Mr. Mason, is now corrupted to
Clump, and is one of those words that the vulgar continue
to speak right, and for which they are laughed at by
politer corrupters of language.
To Plump, plump, v. a. To fatten, to swell, to
make large.
To Plump, plump, v. n. To fall like a stone into
the water ; to be swollen.
Plump, plump, ad. With a sudden fall. — See
Plumb.
Plumper, plurap-ur, s. 98. Something worn in
the mouth to swell out the cheeks.
Plumpness, plump-nes, s. Fulness, disposition
towards fulness.
Plumporrioge, plum-por-ridje, s. Porridge
with plums.
Plumpudding, plum-pud^ding, 5. 410. Pudding
made with plums.
Plumpy, plump^^, a. Plump, fat.
Plumy, pluime, a. Feathered, covered with
feathers.
To Plunder, plun-dur, v. a. 98. To pillage, to
rob in a hostile way, to rob as a thief.
Plunder, plimidur, *. Pillage, spoils gotten in
war.
Plunderer, plun-dur-ur, s. Hostile pillager,
spoiler; a thief, a robber.
7'o Plunge, plunje, v. a. 74. To put suddenly
under water, or under any thing s ippnsed liquid ; to
put into any state suddenly ; to hurry into any distress ;
to force in suddenly.
To Plunge, plunje, v. n. To sink suddenly into
water, to dive; to "fall or rush into any hazard or dis-
tress.
Plunge, plunje, S. Act of putting or sinking
under water; difficulty, strait, distress.
Plunger, plun-jur, s. 98. One that plunges,
a diver.
Plural, plu-ral, a. Implying more than one.
Pluralist, plu-r4l-ist, s. One that holds more
ecclesiastical benefices than one with cure of souls.
Plurality, plu-ntl-e-te, s. The state of being or
having a greater number; a number more than one;
more cures of souls than one; the greater number, the
majority.
Plurally, pli^ritl-i, ad. In a sense implying
more than one.
Pi USH, plush, s, A kind of villous or shaggy cloth,
shag.
POE
POL
559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, fAtSl— ml93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Pluvial, plu-ve-4l, "I _ . , .. . .
^ ,1/12 r «. Rainy, relating to rain.
Pluvious, pluUe-us, J
To Ply, pll, v. a. To work on any thing closely
and importunately J to employ wiih diligence, to keep
busy, to set on work} to practise diligently; to solicit
impi>rtuoately.
To Ply , pli, v. n. To work, to offer service j to
go in haste} to busy one's self; to bend.
Ply, pll, S. Bend, turn, bias 5 plait, fold.
Plyers, pll'-urz, s. 98. — See Pliers.
Pneumatical, ni-niit^te-kAl, \
Pneumatick, nu-matitik, 509. J *
Moved by wind, relative to wind ; consisting of spirit
or wind.
C?. I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in these words,
as I apprehend it is contrary to analogy, and the best
usage, to pronounce the initial 71. G and k before n are
always silent, as in gnomon, knave, &c. B is not heard in
bdellium, nor pin psalm, ptisan, &c. and till some good
reasons be offered for pronouncing it in the words in
question, I must join with Dr. Keurick, Mr. Scott, and
Mr. Perry, who have sunk it as 1 have done.
PneumATICKS, nu-mit^tiks, *. A branch of
meclianicks, which considers the doctrine of llie air,
or laws according to which that fluid is condensed,
larified or gravitates; in the scliools, the doctrine of
spiritual substances, as God, angeU, and the souls of
men.
Pneumatology, nu-mi-t6l-li-j5, *. The doctrine
of spiritual existence.
I'o Poach, pitsh, v. a. 352. To boil slightly 5
to plunder by stealth.
To Poach, putsh, v. n. To steal game, to carry
oil' game privately in a bag.
Poacher, potsli-ur, s, 98. One who steals game.
Pock, p6k, *. A pustule raised by the small pox.
Pocket, pfik-klt, 5. 88. The small bag inserted
into clothes.
To Pocket, pftk-kit, v, a. To put in the
pocket ; to Pocket up, a proverbial form that denotes
the doinK or taking anything clandestinely; to pass
by an affiunt so as to say nothing of it.
Pocket-book, pftk-kit-book, s. A paper-book
carried in the pocket for hasty notes.
Pocket-glass, pik-kit-glcls, s. Portable looking-
glas..
POCKHOLE, pok-hOie, S. P=* yr scar made by the
small pox.
POCKINESS, pftk'k^-nes, S. The state of being
pi.cky.
PoCKY, pOk-kc, n. Infected with the pox,
POCULENT, pok-ku-lent, a. Fit for drink.
Pod, p5d, S. The capsule of legumes, the case of
seeds.
Podagric AL, pa-dag-gre-k4l, a. Afflicted with
the gout ; gouty, relating to the gout.
Podge, pMi^j *• ■* puddle, a plash.
Poem, pi-em, *. 99. The work of a poet,
a metrical composition.
PoESY, pi-^-s4, S. The art of writing poems ;
poem, metrical compositions, poetry; a short conceit
engraved on a ring or other thing, pronounced as two
words.
Poet, pi-et, S. 99- An inventor, an author of
fiction, a writer of poems, one who writes in measure.
Poetaster, pi'-e-t^-tur, s. A vile petty poet.
Poetess, po-et-tcs, *. A she poet.
Poetical, t)i-et^t^-kil, "I
PoETiCK, po-et'-tik, 509./ '
Expressed in poetry, pertaining to poetry, suitable to
poetry.
Poetically, p6-tttte-kil-le, ad. With the
qualities of poetry, by the fiction of poetry.
Poetry, pi-e-tre, *. Metrical composition, the
art or practice of writing poems; poems, poetical
pieces,
399
Poignancy, po^inin-sJ, s. 387. The power of
stimulating the palate, sharpness : the power of irrita-
ticm, asperity.
Poignant, poe-nSnt, a. 387. Sharp, stimulating
the palate; severe, piercing, painful; initating,
satirical, keen.
Point, point, S. 299. The sharp end of any in
strunient ; a string with atag; headland, promontory ;
a sting of an epigram; an indivisible part of space ;
an indivisible part of time, a moment ; a small space ;
space; punctilio, nicety; part required of time or
space, critical moment, exact place; degree, state;
note of distinction in writing, a stop ; a spot, a part of
a surface divided by spots, division by marks into which
a«iy thing is distinguished in a circle or other plane, as
at tables the ace or sise Point ; one of the degrees into
which the circumference of the horizon and the
mariner's compass is divided ; particular place to
which any thing is directed ; respect, regard ; an aim ;
the act iif adc'g m marking out ihegame ; the particular
thinn required ; particular, instance, example; a single
position, a single assertion, a single part of a com-
plicated question, a single part of any whole; a note,
a tune ; Pointhlank, directly, as, an arrow is shot to the
pnintblank, or white mark; a Point of war, a certain
measure beat on the drum.
To Point, point, v. a. To sharpen, to forge or
grind to a point ; to direct towards an object by way of
forcing it on the notice; to show as by directing the
finger; to direct towards a place; to distinguish by
stops or points.
To Point, point, v. n. To note with the finger ;
to force upon the notice by directing the finger towards
it ; to distinguish words or sentences by points; to in-
dicate as dogs do to sportsmen ; to show.
Pointed, pomt-eil, a. Sharp, having a sharp
point or pick ; epigrammatical, abounding in conceits.
Pointedly, point-ed-le, ad. In a pointed manner.
PoiNTEDNESS, point-ed-IieS, S. Sharpness, picked-
ness with asperity ; epigrammatical smartness.
POINTEI,, poillt-ei, S, Any tiling on a point.
Pointer, point-ur, 4. 98. Any thing that points;
a dog that points out (tame to sportsmen.
PoINTINGSTOCK, point'-ing-Stok, S. Something
made the object of ridicule.
Pointless, point-les, a. Blunt, not sharp,
obtuse.
Poison, poe'-zn, s. 170. 299. That which
destn.ys or injures life by a small quantity, and by
means not obvious to the senses, venom.
To Poison, poe-zn, v. a. To infect with poison;
toaitack, to injure, or kill by poison given; to corrupt,
to taint.
Poison-tree, poi'zn-tr^5, s. A plant.
Poisoner, poe^zn-ur, s. 98. One who poisons ;
a corrupter.
Poisonous, poe-zn-us, a. Venomous, having tho
qualiiies of poison.
PoisoNOUSLY, poe^zn-US-1^, ad. Venomously.
POISONOUSNESS, poe-ZIl-US-neS, S. The quality
of being poisonous, venomeusness.
PoiTREL, poe-trel, s. 299. Armour for the
breast of n horse ; a graving tool.
Poise, poize, *. 299. Balance, equipoise, equili-
brium ; a regulating power.
To Poise, poeze, v. a. To balance, to hold or
place in equiponderance ; to be eq jiponderant toj to
weigh; to oppress with weight.
Poke, poke, s. A pocket, a small bag.
To Poke, poke, v. a. To feel in the dark, to
search any thing with a long instrument.
Poker, pi-kur, s. 98. The iron bar with which
men stir the fire.
Polar, po-l^r, a. 88. Found near the pole,
lying near the pole, issuing from the pole.
Polarchy, p6l'-a.r-ke, s.
(tT- This word is not in any of the Dictionaries 1 have
seen, but I have met with it in a work lately published by
Mr. Evanson, on the Revelations, where he says,
" Besides the beforementioned beast, the emblem of the
POL
POL
n8r 167, uSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pSund 313— fAin 466, this 469.
lupreme civil power of the European PoZarcfty, anotlier
beast is represented in this vision, having some external
marks of a lamb." As the only sense in which this word
can be taken is that of many governments, it ought to
have been written and pronounced Po'ly-ar-chy.
Polarity, pi-l^|ie-te, $. Tendency to the pole.
FOLARY, po-13.r-e, a. Tending to the pole, having
a direction towards the pole.
Pole, pile, S. The extremity of the axis of the
earth, either of the points on which the world turns ;
a long staff; a tall piece of timber erected: a measure
of length containing five yards and a half; an instru-
inent of measuring.
To Pole, pole, v. a. To furnish with poles.
POLEAXE, pole-^ks, S. An axe fixed to a long
pole.
Polecat, pile^k^t, s. The fitchew, a stinking
animal.
Polemical, pA-lemime-k^l, \
PoLEMiCK, po-lein^mik, 509. J
Controversial, disputative.
(Pj- Tlieo in these words is under the same predicament
as that in Obedience, which see.
PoLEMicK, p6-lem-mik, s. Disputant, con-
trovertist.
Polestar, pSle-star, S. A star near the pole by
which navigators compute their northern latitude,
cynosure, lodestar; any guide or director.
Police, p6-l^is( S, 112. The regulation and
government of a city or country, so far as regards the
inhabitants.
Policed, po-leist{ a. 359. Regulated, formed
into a regular course of administration.
Policy, p&l-l^-si, *. The art of government,
chiefly with respect to foreign powers; art, prudence,
management of affairs, stratagem j a warrant for
money in the public funds.
To Polish, piKlish, v. a. To smooth, to brighten
by attrition, to gloss; to make elegant of manners.
To Polish, pSl-lish, v. n. To answer to the act
of polishing, to receive a gloss.
Polish, pftl-lisb, S. 544. Artificial gloss, bright-
ness given by attrition ; elegance of manners.
PolISHABLE, pSKllsh-i-bl, a. Capable of being
polished.
Polisher, pftl-lish-ur, S. 98. The person or in-
strument that gives a gloss.
Polite, p6-llte5 a. 170. Glossy, smooth ; in this
sense only technically used ; elegant of manners.
Politely, po-llteil^, ad. With elegance of
manners, genteelly.
Politeness, pi-llte-nes, S. Elegance of manners,
gentility, good breeding.
Politesse, po-l^-tes{ s. ■ French. Used ludicrously
for politeness.
"OLITICAL, po-lltitJ-k^l, a. 170. Relating to
politicks, relating to the administration of public
affairs; cunning, skilful.
Politically, po-li-t^-k4l-^, ad. With relation
to public administration ; artfully, politickly.
Politician, p8l-l^-tish-^n, *. One versed in the
arts of government, one skilled in politicks; a man of
artifice, one of deep contrivance.
Politick, pftl'le-tlk, a. Pohtical, civil ; prudent,
versed in affairs; artful, cunning.
POLITICKLY, pilM^-tlk-le,arf. Artfully, cunningly.
Politicks, pOl-li-tlks, *. The science of govern-
uient, the art or practice of administering publick
affairs.
Polity, pSl-lJ-ti, s. A form of government, civil
constitution.
Poll, poll, *. 406. The hcaa 5 a catalogue or list
of voters at an election; a re^.ster of heads; a fish
called generally a chub, a cheven.
To Poll, pAll, v. a. To lop the top of trees ; to
pull off hair from the head, to clip short, to shear; to
mow, to crop; to plunder, to strip, to pill; to take a
list or register of persons; to insect into a number as
» T«t»r,
Pollard, piil-l^rd, s. 88. A tree lopped; the
chub fish.
Pollen, pftKlm, *. 99. A fine powder commonly
understood by the word farina, as also a sort of fine
bran.
Poller, pilMur, s. 98. Robber, pillager,
plunderer; he who votes or polls.
POLLEVIL, pAl-eivl, s. PoUevil is a large swelling,
inflammation, or imposthume in the horse's poll or
nape of the neck.
Pollock, pJl'-luk, s. 166. A kind of fish.
To Pollute, pil-lutej v. a. To make unclean,
in a religious sense; to defile; to taint with guilt; to
corrupt by mixtures of ill.
POLLUTEDNESS, p6l-lii-ted-nes, s. Defilement,
the state of being polluted.
Polluter, pSl-lii-tur, S. 98. Defiler, corrupter.
Pollution, pftl-ltj^shun, *. The act of defiling;
the state of being defiled, defilement.
PolTRON, p6l-trooilJ *. A coward, a scoundrel,
0:3- This is one of iliose half French half English words
that showsat once our desire to imitate the nasal vowel,
and our incapacity to do it properly. — See Encore.
Poly, po^lA, s. An herb.
Polyacoustick, po-le-4-kou'stik, s. Any thing
that multiplies or magnifies sounds.
(tj« The reason that theo, though under the secondary
accent, in the first syllable of this and the three follow-
ing words, is long, is because two vowels succeed it in
the following syllables. — See Priviciples, No. 534.
Polyanthus, p6-le-4n-//ms, s. A plant bearing
many Bowers.
Polyedron, pi-le-4'-dr6n, *. A solid figure with
many sides.
Polyedrical, p5-lJ-ed^dr^-k^l, \
PoLYEDROUS, pA-le-eidrus, 314. J
Having many sides.
POLYGAMIST, pi-ng^gS-mist, S. One who hold*
the lawfulness of more wives than one at a time.
Polygamy, pA-lig-gi-me, s. 518. Plurality of
wives.
Polyglot, pSl-l^-gl6t, a. Having many langaagea.
Polygon, pilMe-gSn, s. 166. A figure of many
angles.
Polygonal, p5-lig'-g6-n^l, a. Having many
angles.
Polygram, pol-lJ-gT-^m, s. A figure consisting
of a great number of lines.
PoLYGRAPHY, pA-llfC-gri-fJ, *. The art of writing
in several unusual manners or cyphers.
Polyhedron, pil-e-hi-dr6ii, s. Any thing with
many sides.
POLYLOGY, p5-lil-li-je, s. 518. Talkativeness.
Polymathy, pi-lim-mA-</i^, s. 518. The
knowledge of many arts and sciences, also an ac-
quaintance with many different subjects.
PoLYPETALOUS, p6l-l^-pet-tll-us, o. Having
many petals.
Polyphonism, p6-llf-f6-nizm, *. Multiplicity of
sound.
Polypody, pi-l'p-6-de, s. A plant.
Polypous, p6l-l4-pus, a. 314. Having the
nature of a polypus, having many feet or roots.
Polypus, p8l-le-pus, S. Polypus signifies any
thing in general with many roots or feet, as a swelling
in the nostrils j but it is likewise applied to a tough
concretion of grumous blood in the heart and arteries;
an animal with many feet: a creature considered by
some naturalists as a link between the animal and ve-
getable creation, as partaking of both their natures.
Polyscope, p6l-le-skipe, s. A multiplying glass,
POLYSPERMOUS, p5l-li-Sper-nnuS, q. Those plants
are thus called, which have more than four seeds suc-
Iceedinp each flower, and this without any certain order
or number.
POLYSYLLABICAL, pSl-lJ-Sll-lJb'-bJ-kil, O,
Having many syllables.
PON
POP
t,-5- 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
[lie iruii.
)MEROY, pum-roe, \ . . . c i
*^ 1 3i/4i f*' A sort of apple.
JMEROY.VL, pum-roe-al, J
Polysyllable, pil'-lJ-sil-lA-bl, s. A word of
iiiiiny syllables.
Polytheism, p5l-le-</te-izm, s. The doctrine of
plurality of gods.
POLYTHEIST, pil-le-f/tC-lSt, S. One that holds
plurality of gods.
POMACEOUS, po-ma.-shus, a. 357. Consisting of
apples.
Pomade, p6-mAdeJ s. A fragrant ointment.
Pomander, p6-niS.n-dur, s. 98. A sweet ball,
a perfumed ball of powder.
Pomatum, p6-mi-tum, .?. An ointment.
Pomegranate, pum-gr.^n'-nit, s. 90. The tree;
the fruit.
POM"""" "..."'.-"o
Pom
PoMIFEROUS, pi-miP-fer-US, a. A term applied
to plants which liave the largest fruit, and arc covered
with a thick hard rind.
PO.MMEL, pum-mll,*. 99. A round ball or knob ;
the knot that balances tlic blade of the sword ; the pro-
tuberant part of the saddle before.
To Pommel, pum-nnl, v. a. To beat black and
blue, to bruise, to punch.
Pomp, p5mp, *. Splendour, pride ; a procession of
splendour and ostentation.
POMPHOLYX, pSm-fo-llks, *. Pompholyx is
a white, light, and very friable substance, found in
crusts adhering to the domes of the furnaces and of
the covers of the large crucibles.
POMPION, pum-pe-Ul), S. 165. A pumpkin.
Pomposity, pSin-pSs-e-te, s. An affectation of
pompousncss.
(t3- Though this word is not to be found in Johnson or
Sheridan, it has been adopted by some of our oilier lexi-
cograpliers, and so frequently occurs in conversation, as
to deserve a place in the language.
Pompous, p3m-pus, a. 314. Splendid, mag-
nificent, grand.
Pompously, pftin-pus-l5, ad. Magnificently,
splendidly.
PoMPOUSNESS, p&m-pus-nes, s. Magnificence,
splendour, showiness, ostentatiousness.
Pond, p6nd, S. A small pool or lake of water,
a basin, water not running or emitting any stream.
To Ponder, pSn-dur, v. a. 98. To weigh
mentally, to consider, to attend.
To Ponder, pSn-dur, v. n. To think, to muse.
Ponderable, p5n-dur-il-bl, a. Capable to be
weighed, mensurable by scales.
FONDERAL, pfin-dur-al, a. Estimated by weight,
distinguished from numeral.
PoN DERATION, p4n-dur-A-shun, s. The act of
weighing.
Ponderer, pon-dur-ur, *. He who ponders.
Ponderosity, pSn-dur-8s-s^-t^, s. Weight,
graviiy, heaviness.
Ponderous, pftn-dur-us, rt. 314. Heavj', weighty ;
important, momentous; forcible, strongly impulsive.
Ponderously, pSn-dur-us-li, ad. With great
weight.
Ponderousness, pSn-dur-us-nes, s. Heaviness,
weight, graviiy.
Pondweed, pftnd-weed, *. A plant.
PONENT, po'-nent, a. Western. — See Levant.
Poniard, pon'-y;ird, s. 113. 272. A dagger,
a short stabbing weapon.
To Poniard, pftn^yird, v. a. To stab with
a poniard.
Pontage, pftn'-tidje, s. 90. Duty paid for the
reparalion of bridges.
Pontiff, pSn-tlf, S. A priest, a high priest; the
I'ope.
Pontifical, pSn-tlf-fe-kAl, a. Belonging to
a high priest; popish; si>lcndid, magnificent j bridgc-
bui'ding : in this sense it is used by Milton only.
400
Pontifical, pun-tif-fe-kjll, *. a book contain
ing rites and ceremonies ecclesiastical.
Pontifically, pSn-tif-fe-kal-^, ad. In a pon-
tifical manner.
Pontificate, pSn-tif-fe-kdt, s. 90. Papacy
popedom.
PONTIFICE, ptn-t4-f1s, *. 142. Bridge-work,
edifice of a bridge. Little used.
Pontificial, p5n-te-fish-il, a. Kelating to
PontiiTs or Popes.
Ponton, pSn-toonJ s. A floating bridge, or inven-
tion to pass over water. — See Poltron and Encore,
Pony, po-ne, *. A small horse.
Pool, pool, *. 306. a lake of standing water.
Poop, poop, S. 306. The hindermost part of tlie
ship.
Poor, poor, a. 306. Indigent, oppressed with
want; trifling, narrow; paltry, mean; unhappy, un-
easy ; depressed, low ; a word of tenderness, dear; a
word ok" slight contempt, wretched ; not good, not fit
for any purpose ; the Poor, those who are in the lowest
rank of the community, those who cannot subsist but
by the charity of others ; barren, dry, as a poor soil;
lean, emaciated, as a poor horse ; without spirit, flac-
cid.
Poorly, poor-le, ad. AVithout wealth ; with
little success ; meanly, without spirit; without dignity.
POORJOHN, poor-j6nJ S. A sort of fish.
Poorness, poor'nes, s. Poverty, indigence, wantj
meanness, lowness, want of dignity ; sterility, barren
11 ess.
Poorspirited, poor-spir-it-ed, a.
Mean, cowardly.
Poorspiritedness, poor-spir^it-ed-nes, s.
Meanness, cowardice.
Pop, pop, S. A small smart quick sound,
£5- Undoubtedly derived from the noise caused by the
sudden expulsion of tome small body.
To Pop, pftp, v. n. To move or enter with a quick,
sudden, and unexpected motion.
To Pop, pSp, v. a. To put out or in suddenly,
ilily, or unexpectedly ; to shift.
Pope, pope, s. The bishop of Rome ; a small fish,
by some called a ruff'.
PopedOAI, pope-dum, S. 166. Papacy, papal
dignity.
Popery, po-pur-e, *. 555. A name given by
prntestants to the religion of the church of Rome.
PoPESEYE, pops-1, s. The gland surrounded with
fat in the middle of the thigh.
Popgun, pSp-glin, S. A gun wlrh which children
play, that only makes a noise.
Popinjay, p5p-pin-ji, S. A parrot ; a woodpecker;
a trifling fop.
Popish, po-pish, a. An epithet of contempt for
what is taught by the Pope; relative to what is called
PoPlSHLY, po-pish-le, ad. In a popish manner. ^
Poplar, pftp-lir, s. 88. A tree.
Poppy, pop'-pe, s. A soporiferous plant.
Populace, pSp-pta-lfc, s. 91. The vulgar, the
multitude.
PoPULACY, p6p-pu-li-se, S. The common people,
the multitude. Little or scarcely ever used.
Popular, p8p^pu-lar, a. 88. Vulgar, plebeian;
suitable to the common people ; beloved by the peo])le,
pleasing to the people ; studious of the favour of the
people; prevailing or raging among the populace, as
a popular distemper.
Popularity, pop-pu-lir-^-tJ, *. Graciousne»»
among the people, slate of being favoured by the peo-
ple; representation suited to vulgar conception. In
this sense little used.
Popularly, p8p-pu-lir-l^, ad. In a popular
manner; so as to please the crowd; according tovulgar
concf^plion.
POK
POS
nor 167, n8t 163— tfibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, this 469.
Having small spiracles
s. The quality of
To Populate, pftp-pu-late, v. n. To breed
people.
Population, pftp-pu-la-shSn, *. The state of
a country with respect to numbers of people.
Populous, p6p-pu-lus, a. 314. Full of people,
numerously iniiabited.
Populously, p6p-pu-lus-le, ad. With much
people.
PoPULOUSNESS, p6p-pu-lus-nes, S. The state of
abounding with people.
Porcelain, poi-se-line, s. China, china ware.
Porch, portsh, s. 352. a roof supported by
pillars before a door, an entrance j a portico, a co-
vered walk.
Porcupine, poi-ku-pine, s. 149. A kind of
large hedge-hog.
Pore, pore, S. Spiracle of the skin, passage of per-
spiration J any narrow spiracle or passage.
To Pore, p6re, v, n. To look with great intense-
ness and care.
Poreblind, pore-blind, a. Near-sighted, short-
sighted. Commonly written, and always pronounced,
PurUimU
Poriness, p6-r^-nes, s. Fulness of pores.
Pork, p6rk, S. Swine's flesh.
Porker, pirk-ur, s. a hog, a pig.
Porkeater, pork-e-tur, s. One who feeds on
pork.
PORKET, pork-it, s. 99. A young hog.
Porkling, pirk-ling, *. 410. A young pig.
Porosity, pi-ros-s^-te, ' s. Quality of having
pores.
Porous, po-rus, a. 314.
or passages.
Porousness, po-rus-nes
having pores.
PoRPHYRE, por^fur, \
Porphyry, por-fur-^, /
Marble of a particular kind.
Porpoise, \ i , i
PORPUS, /P"r-pus, *. Thesea-hogi
PoRRACEOUs, pSr-r;i-shus, a Greenish.
Porrection, p6r-rek'shun, s. The act of reach-
ing forth.
PORRET, pSriflt, *. 99. A scallion.
Porridge, pSr-ridje, s. Food made by boiling
meat and other ingredients in water.
PORRIDGEPOT, p6r^ndje-pot, s. The pot in
which meat is boiled for a family.
Porringer, p5r-nn-jur, s. A vessel in which
broth is eaten. It seems, in Shakespeai-e's time, to
have been a word of contempt for a head-dress.
Port, port, *. A harbour, a safe station for ships;
a gate. Shew atl thy praises within the ports of the
daughter of Sion : the aperture in a ship, at which the
gun is put nut ; carriage, air, mien ; the name of the
wine of Oporto in Portugal.
Portable, por^t^-bl, a. 405. Manageable by the
hand ; sucli as may be borne along with one ; such as
is transported or carried from one place to another;
sufferable, supportable.
PorTABLENESS, por-ti-bl-nes, *. The quality of
being portable.
Portage, port-idje, 5. 90. The price of carriage;
port- hole.
Portal, por^til,*. 88. The gate, the arch under
which the gate opens.
PortanCE, pirU^nse, S. Air, mien ; demeanour.
Obsolete.
Portass, pir-tfc, S. A breviary, a prayer-book.
Obsolete.
Portcullis, port-kuKlis, s. A sort of machine
like a harrow, hung over the gates of a city, to be let
down to keep out an enemy.
401
To Portcullis, pfirt-kuUlis, v. a. To bar, to
shut up.
Ported, port^ed, a. Borne in a certain or regular
order.
To Portend, por-tend{ v. a. To foretoken, to
foreshow as omens.
Portension, por-tenishun, s. The act of fore-
tokening.
Portent, por-tent{ s. Omen of ill, prodigy fore-
tokening misery.
Portentous, por-ten-tus, a. Monstrous, pro-
digious, foretokening ill.
Porter, por-tur, s. 98. One that has the charge
of the gate ; one who waits at the door to receive mes-
sages ; one who carries burdens for hirej a kind of
strong beer.
Porterage, pSr^tSr-idje, s. 90. Money paid
for carriage.
Port-folio, port-f6M^-6, s. An empty binding
of the size of a large book to keep loose paper in.
P9RTICO, por^te-ko, S. A covered walk, a piazza.
Portion, por-shun, S. a part; a part assigned,
an allotment, a dividend; part of an inheritance given
to a child, a fortune ; a wife's fortune.
Ih Portion, por-shun, v. a. To divide, to
parcel ; to endow with a fortune.
Portioner, p6rishi n-ur, s. 98. One that divides
Portliness, portM^-nes, s. Dignity of mien j
grandeur of demeanour.
Portly, p6rt-l^, a. Grand of mien; bulky,
swelling.
PORTMAN, pSrt-m^ll, S. 88. An inhabitant ot
burgess, as those of the cinque-ports.
Portmanteau, port-mln-t6, s. A chest or bag
in which clothes are carried.
Portrait, por-trAte, s. 90. A picture drawn
alter the life.
Portraiture, poritri-tAre, s. Picture, painted
resemblance.
To Portray, p5r-trAj v. a. 492. To paint, to
describe by picture; to adorn with pictures.
Portress, pur-tres, s. A female guardian of
a gate.
PORY, po^r^, a. Full of pores.
To Pose, poze, V, a. To puzzle, to gravel, to put
to a stand or stop.
Poser, pi^zur, S. 99. One that asketh questions
to try capacities, an examiner.
Posited, pSz-zit-«!'d, a. Placed ; ranged.
Position, p6-zish-lin, S. state of being placed,
situation; principle laid down; advancement of any
principle; in grammar, the state of a vowel placed
before two consonants.
Positional, p6-zish-un-il, a. Respecting position.
Positive, p3z-ze-tiv, a. 157. Not negative, real,
absolute; direct, not implied; dogmatical, ready to
lay down notions with confidence ; settled by arbitrary
appointment; certain, assured.
Positively, ptz'-zh-tiv-\k, ad. Absolutely, by
way of direct position ; certainly, without dubitation ;
peremptorily, in strong terms.
PosiTiVENESS, p8z-ze-tiv-nes, s. Actualness, no'.
mere negation ; peremptoriness, confidence.
Posse, p3s-se, S. An armed power, consisting of
the populace.
To Possess, p8z-zesj v. a. 170. To have as an
owner, to be master of : to enjoy, or occupy actually ;
to seize, to obtain ; to have power over, as an unclean
spirit ; to affect by intestine power.
tj- The o in the first syllable of possess, and its com-
pounds, is exactly under the same predicamen as the
same letter in occasion, oberlience. Sec. which see.
Possession, pSz-zesh-un, s. The state ot ownirj
or having in one's own hands or power.
Possessive, p8z-zes!^siv, 1
Possessory, pftz-zes-sur-^, J '
Having possession.
Da
POS
POT
ty&59. FAte73, far 77, fall 83, fSt81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nA 162, move 164,
(Ky- For tlie same reason that 1 have placed the accent
on the first syllable of dimissory, I have placed it on the
first syllable of tnis word; our language seems to prefer
deriving it from the Latin possessorius, to forming it
from our own word possess ; and when this is the case,
the accent is generally on the first syllable, because the
secondary accent was on that syllable in the English pro-
nunciatiair of the Latin word, see Academy. Dr. John-
son and Mr. Sheridan give this word tlie same accentua-
tion a« I have done ; but most of our other orthbepists
accent the second syllable.
Possessor, pftz-zes-sur, J. 166. Owner, master,
proprietor.
Posset, pos-sit, *. 99. MHk curdled with wine or
any acid.
Possibility, pfts-se-bil-e-t^, *. The power of
being in any manner, the state of being possible.
Possible, p6s-s^-bl, a. 405. Having the power
to be or to be done, not contrary to the nature of
things.
Possibly, p6s-se-ble, ad. By any power really ex-
isting ; perhaps, without absurdity.
Post, post, *. A hasty messenger, a courier who
comes and goes at stated times ; quick course or man-
ner of travelling ; situation, seat; military station;
place, employment, office; a piece of timber set erect.
To Post, post, V, n. To travel with speed.
To Post, post, v. a. To fix opprobriously on
posts ; to place, to station, to fix ; to register metho-
dically, to transcribe from one book into aiiotlier ; to
delay ; obsolete.
Postage, post-idje, S. 90. Money paid for con-
veyance of a letter.
Postboy, pist-boe, S. Courier, boy that rides post.
To Postdate, p6st-dite, v. a. To date later than
the real time.
Postdiluvian, pist-d^-lui^v5-in, *. One that
lived since the flood.
Poster, pAst-ur, s. 98. a courier, one that
travels hastily.
Posterior, pos-te-rA-ur, a. Happening after,
placed after, following; backward.
Posteriors, pSs-tA^rA-firz, s. 166, The hinder
parts.
Posteriority, p5s-tA-re-Sr-A-t4, s. The state of
being after, opposite to Priority.
Posterity, p6s-ter-A-t4, s. Succeeding genera-
tions, descendants.
Postern, pAs-tern, ». A small gate, a little door.
Postexistence, pAst-eg-zisitense, S. Future
existence.
Posthaste, pist-hAste{ s. Haste like that of
a courier.
PoSTHORSE, pAst-borse, s. .A horse stationed for
the use of couriers.
POSTHOUSE, post-house, S. Post-office, house
where letters are taken and dispatched.
Posthumous, pAst^hu-mus, a. Done, had, or
published after one's death.
POSTIL, pos-til, *, Gloss, marginal notes.
To PoSTIL, pAs-til, V, a. To gloss, to ilh.strate
with marginal notes.
Postilion, pAs-tll-j^un, s. 113. One who
guides the first pair of a set of six horses in a coach;
one who guides a post-chaise.
POSTILLER, pAs-til-ur, S. One who glosses or
illustrates with marginal notes.
POSTLIMINOUS, pAst-lim-e-nuS, a. Done after-
wards, continued afterwards.
Postliminy, pAst-lim-^-nA, s. The return of
a person thought to have been dead ; a restoration
from banishment or exile ; the act of taking possession
of a house by entering at a hole in the wall, the way
by the threshold being thought ominous.
Postmaster, post-nias-tijr, *. One who has the
charge of a publick conveyance of letters.
Postmaster-gf.nehal, pAst-mas-tur-jeii'-er-^l,
I. lie who prcsiiiea over ilie posts oi letter canicrs,
4Qi
Postmeridian, pAst-mA-nd-A-An, a. Being ia
the afternoon. —See Meridian.
POSTOFFICE, pAst-AP-fiS, s. Office where letters
are delivered to the post, a post-house.
To Postpone, pAst-pAneJ v. a. To put off, to
delay ; to set in value below something else.
Postscript, pAst-sknpt, s. The paragraph added
to the end of a letter.
Postulant, pos-tshu-lAnt, *. A candidate.
7b Postulate, pAs^tshu-lite, v. a. To beg or
assume without pri>of.
Postulate, pAs-tshu-lit, *. 90. Position sup-
posed or assutned without proof.
PosTULATiON, pSs-tshu-lA-shun, *. The act of
supposing without proof, gratuitous assumption.
PosTULATORY, pSs-tshu-la-tur-A, a. 512.
Assuming without proof; assumed without proof.
(53- For the last o, see Domestick.
POSTULATUM, p6s-tshu-la^tum, s. 503. Position
assumed without proof.
O^' This is a Latin word, which forms its plural some-
times like its original postnlata, and sometimes as in
English ;)OS«K/a4Hms; the former is the most eligible, if
we are discoursing logically; and the latter, if we are
speaking less methodically.
Posture, pAs-tshure, s. 463. Place, situation;
voluntary collocation of the parts of the body with re-
spect to each other ; state, disposition.
To Posture, pAs-tshure, v, a. To put in any
particular place or disposition.
PoSTU REMASTER, pAs^tshur-m^-tuF, s. One
who teaches or practises artificial contortions of the
body.
Posy, po-ze, s. A buncli of flowers j a motto on
d ring.
Pot, pot, *. A vessel in which meat is boiled on the
fire ; vessel to hold liquids ; vessel made of earth ; a
pewter vessel or mug liolding a quart or pint of beer j
to go to Pot, to he destroyed or devoured.
To Pot, pot, v. a. To preserve seasoned meats in
pots ; to enclose iji pots of earth.
Potable, pA^t^-bl, a. 405. Such as may be
drank, drinkable.
PotableNESS, pA-t^-bl-nes, *. Drinkableness.
PotARGO, pA-tar-go, *. A West Indian pickle.
Potash, pAt-4sh, *. Potash is an impure fixed
alkaline salt, made by burning from vegetables.
Potation, pA-ta-shun, *. Drinking bout,
draught.
Potato, pA-tA-tA, s. An esculent root.
Potbellied, pAt-bel-lid, a. 283. Having a swoln
paunch.
Potbelly, pAt-bel-le, *. A swelling paunch.
To PoTCH, potsh, V. a. To poach, to boil slightly.
flCy- This word is mure commonly and better written
Poach
PoTcoMPANiON, pAt-kump^n-yun, s. A fellow
ilrinker, a good fellow at carotisals.
Potency, pA-ten-se, *. Power, influence ; efficacy,
strength.
Potent, pA-tent, a. Powerful, efficacious ; having;
great authority or dominion, as. Potent monarchs.
Potentate, pA-ten-tate, s. 90. Monarch, prince,
sovereign.
Potential, pA-ten-sh;ll, a. Existing in possibility,
not in act; having the effect without the external ac-
tual property ; efficacious, powerful ; in Grammar, Po-
tential is a mood denoting the possibility of doing any
action.
Potentiality, pA-ten-she-al-A-ie, *. 542.
Possibility; not actuality.
Potentially, pA-ten-sh^l-e, ad. in power ot
possibility, not in act or positively; in efficacy, not in
actuality.
Potently, pA-tent-le, ad. Powerfully, forcibly.
Potentness, pA-tent-nes, s. Powcrfulness,
might, power.
POU
FRA
nor 167, "St 1C3— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— p3und 313— ^Ain 466, This 469.
PoTGON, pftt-gun, S. (By inistake or corruption
used for Popgun.) A gun which makes a small noise.
POTHANGER, pSt-h^Ilg-ur, i. Hook or branch on
which tlie pot is liiing over the fire.
POTHECARY, \)tth-k-k^-rk, i. 470. One who
compounds and sells medicines.
Kj^ This contraction of apotheia'^ is allowable in no-
thing but in comick poetry :
** So modem 'potlucaries tutight the arl
" By doctors' bills to play the doctors' part ;
" Bold in the practice of mistaken rules,
** Prescribe, apply, and call their masters fools."
Pope's Essay on Crit.
The Other contraction, as if yttitlen potecary, is almost
too vulgar to deserve notice.
Pother, puTH-ur, «. 165. 469. Bustle, tumult,
flutter.
To Pother, puTH-ur, v. n. To make a bluster-
ing ineffectual effort.
Potherb, pSt-erb, s. 394. An herb fit for tiie
pot.
Pothooks, pSt^hooks, s. Hooks to hang pots or
kettles on; also ill-formed or scrawling letters, or
characters.
Potion, pi-shun, S, A draught, commonly a physical
draught.
Potlid, p6t-lid, S. Cover of a pot.
Pottage, pftt-tidje, s. 90. Any thing boiled or
decocted for food.
Potter, pot-tur, S. A maker of earthen vessels.
POTTERN-ORE, pAt-teni-Are, *. An ore which
serves the potters to glaze their earthen vessels.
Potting, p6t'-ting, /?arf. «. 410. Dunking.
Pottle, pot-tl, *. 405, A liquid measure contain-
ing four pints.
Potvaliant, p6t-viKyint, a. Heated to
courage by stioiig drink.
Pouch, poutsb, *. 313. a small bag, a pocket J
applied ludicrously to a big belly or a paunch.
Poverty, poV-vur-te, S. Indigenoe, necessity ;
meanness, defect.
Poult, polt, *. 318. a young chicken, particularly
of a turkey.
03- This word is corrupted by the great as well as the
small vulear, intopoat, rhyming with out. — See Aspara-
gus and Cucumber.
Poulterer, p6l-tur-ur, s. One whose trade is to
sell fowls ready for the cook.
Poultice, pil-tis, s. 142. A cataplasm, a soft
mollifying application.
To Poultice, pol-tis, v, a. 142. To apply
a poultice or cataplasm.
Poultry, pol-tr^, s. Domestick fowls.
Pounce, pouiise, 5. 313. The claw or talon of
a bird of prey ; the powder of gum sandarach.
T« Pounce, pounse, v. a. To pierce, to per-
forate ; to pour, to sprinkle through small perforations j
to seize with the pounces or talons.
Pounced, pounst, a. 359. Furnished with «laws
or talons.
Pouncetbox, poun^sit bftks, S. A small box
perforated.
Pound, poiind, 5. 313. A certain weight, consist-
ing, in Troy weight, of twelve, in Avoirdupois, of
sixteen ounces ; the sum of twenty shillings; a pin-
fold, an enclosure, a prison in which beasts are en-
closed.
To Pound, pound, v. a. To bear, to grind with
a pestle ; to shut up, to imprison, as in a pound.
Poundage, pound-idje, s. 90. A certain sum
deilucted from a pound ; payment rated by the weight
of the commndity.
Pounder, pound^ur, s. 98. The name of a heavy
large pear; any person or thing denominated from a
certain number of pounds, as a Ten- pounder, a gun
that carries a bullet of ten pounas weight ; a pestle.
To Pour, pour, v, a. 316. To let some liquid
403
out of a vessel, or into some place or receptacle; t«
emit, to give vent to, to send forth, to let out, to send
in a continued course.
03- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W.Johnston, Dr. Ken
rick, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Smith, pronounce this word a«
1 have done; Mr. Na-'es alone pronounces \tpore.
To Pour, pour, v. n. To flow rapidly; to rush
tumultuously.
Pourer, pour'-ur, s. 98. One that pours. — See
Principles, No. 316.
Pout, pout, *, 313. 'a kina of fish, a cod fish
a kind of bird ; a chick of a turkey.
To Pout, pout, v. n. To look sullen by thrustirg
out the lips ; to s^hoot out, to hang prominent.
Powder, pou'-dur, s. 98. 322. Dust, any body
comminuted i gunpowder; sweet dust for the hair.
To Powder, pou-dur, v. a. To reduce to dust,
to cominiiuite, to pound small; to sprinkle as with
dust; to salt, to sprinkle with salt.
POWDERBOX, pou^dur-bSks, S. A box m which
powder for the hair is kept.
PowDERHORN, pou-dur-hom, s, A horn case in
which powder is kept for guns.
POWDERMILL, pimMur-mil, *. The mill in which
the ingredients fur gunpowder are ground and mingled.
Powder-room, pouidur-room, *. The part of
a ship in which the gunpowder is kept.
Powder-CHESTS, pou'-dur-tshests, s. Wooden
triangular chests filled witli gunpowder, pebble stones
and such like materials, set on fire when a ship is
boarded by an enemy.
Powdering-TUB, pou-dur-ing-tub, *. The vessel
in which meat is salted ; the place in which an infected
lecher is physicked to preserve him from putrefaction.
Powdery. pou'-dur-e,rt. Dusty, friable.
Power, pou^ur, i. 98. 322. Command, authority,
dominion, influence; ability, force, reach ; the moving
force of an engine; f.iculty of the mind; sovereign,
potentate; one invested with dominion; divinity}
host, army, military force.
Powerful, pou-ur-ful, a. Invested with com-
mand or authority, potent; forcible, mighty; effica-
cious.
Powerfully, pou^ur-ful-^, ad.
Potently, mightily, efticatiously, forcibly.
Powerfulne?s, pou'-ur-ful-nes, *.
Power, efiic-acy, might.
Powerless, pou-ur-les, a. Weak, impotent.
Pox, poks, s. Pustules, efflorescences ; the venereal
disease.
To Pose, pAze, v. a. To puzzie. — See Pose and
Jp/jose.
Practicability, pr^kite-k^-bil-e-te, *. Practi-
cableness, a possibility of being perfurir.ed. — See /m-
practicabititi/.
Practicable, prik^t^-k^-bl, a. Performable,
feasible, capable to be practised ; assailable, fit to be
assailed.
Practicableness, pr^kit^-ki-bl-iies, s.
Possibility to be performed.
Practicably, prJk-t^-k^-ble, ad. In such
a manner as may be performed.
Practical, pr^k-t^-k4l, a. Relating to action,
not merely speculative.
Practically, prAk-te-k4l-l^, ad. in relation to
action ; by practice, in real fact.
Practicalness, prik-t^-kAl-nes, s. The quality
of being practical,
Practice, prAk-tis, s. 142. Tiie habit of doing
any thing ; use, customary use ; dexterity acquired by
habit ; actual performance distinguished from theory j
method or art of doing any thing ; medical treatment
of diseases ; c*- rcise of any profession ; wicked stra-
tagem, bad artifice. In this last sense not now in use.
Practick, prak-tik, a. Relating to action, not
merely theoretical.
To Practise, prik^tis, v. a. 499. To da
habitually; to do, not merely to profess; as, to Prac«
PRE
t>559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, fit Sl—ml 93,
lise law or pliysick; to use in order to habit and dex-
terity.
T'o Practise, prak-tis, v. n. To have a habit of
acting in any manner formed; to transact, to negotiate
secretly ; to use bad arts or stratagems ; to use medical
metliodsj to exercise any profession.
PracTISANT, prik^tiz-int, *. An agent. Not in
use.
Practiser, prik^tis-sur, *. 98. One tliat
pjactisesany tiling, one that does any tiling habitually ;
one who prescribes medical treatment.
Practitioner, pr;tk-tish-un-ur, *. One who is
engaged in the actual exercise of any art; one who
does any thing habitually.
Prjecognita, pri-k6g-nl-ti, s, 92. Things
previously known, in order to understand something
else.
Pragmatick, pr^2:-mit-tik, 509.")
Pragmatical, pr%-mlt-t^-k^l, / '
Meddling, impertinently busy, assuming business v/ith-
out invitation.
Pragmatically, prag-mit-tJ-k^l-^, ad.
Meddlingly, impertinently.
Pragmaticalness, pi4g-mit-te-kAl-nes, s.
The quality of intermeddling without right or call.
Praise, prAze, S. 202. Renown, commendation,
celebrity; glorification, tribute of gratitude, laud;
ground or reason of praise.
To Praise, praze, v. a. To commend, to applaud,
to celebrate; to glorify in worship.
PraISEFUL, prAze-ful,a. Laudable, commendable.
PrAISER, pri-zur, S. 98. One who praises, an
applauder, a commenHer.
Praiseworthy, prAze-wur-THe, a. Commend-
able, deserving praise.
PrAME, prime, S. A flat-botlomed boat.
To Prance, pranse, v. n. 78, 79. To spring
and bound in high mettle ; to ride gallantly and osten-
tatiously ; to miive in a warlike or showy manner.
To Prank, pringk, v. a. To decorate, to dress
or adjust to ostentation.
Prank, pringk, *, 408. A froiick, a wild flight,
a ludicrous trick, a wicked act.
To Prate, prAte, v. n. To talk carelessly and
without weight, to chatter, to tattle.
Prate, prAte, S. Tattle, slight talk, unmeaning
loquacity.
Prater, pri-tur, s, 98. An idle talker,
a chatterer.
Pratingly, pri^ting-1^, ad. 410. With tittle
tattle, with loquacity.
To Prattle, prititi, v. n. 405. To talk lightly,
to chaiter, to be trivially loquacious.
Prattle, prJt-ll, S. Empty talk, trifling loquacity.
Prattler, prit^lur, s. 98. A trifling talker,
a chatterer.
Pravity, prRv-i-te, *. Corruption, badness,
malignity.
Prawn, prawn, S. A small crustaceous fish like
a shrimp, but larger.
To Pray, prA, t;. n. To make petitions to heaven;
to entreat, to ask submissively; 1 Pray, or Pray,
singly, is a slightly ceremonious form of introducing
a question.
To Pray, prl, v. a. To supplicate, to implore, to
address with petitions; to ask fur as a supplicant ; to
entreat in ceremony or form.
Prayer, prA-ur, s. 98. Petition to heaven j
entreaty, submissive opportunity.
Prayer-book, pra'-ur-book, s. Book of pubiick
or private devotions.
To Preach, pretsh, v. n. 227. To pronounce
a pubiick discourse upon sacred subjects.
To Preach, pretsh, v. a. To proclaim or publish
in religious orations ; to inculcate publickly, to teach
with earnestness.
I'reacher^ pr£tsh-ur, s. 98. One who discourses
404
PRE
net 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, niove 164,
publickly upon religious subjects; one who is apt to
harangue tediously in discnurse.
Preachment, pretshiment, *. A sermon ot
other discourse mentioned in contempt.
Preamble, pre^am-bl, s. 405. Something pre-
vious, introduction, preface.
Preantepenultimate, pr^-^n-te-pl-nul-t5-
mite, a. The fourth syllable from the last.
Preapprehension, pre-Hp-pre-hen-shun, *.
Preconception.
Prebenc, preb-end, s. A stipend granted in
cathedral churches ; sometimes, but improperly, a sti-
pendiary of a cathedral, a prebendary.
PreBENDAL, pr^-ben^dAi, a. Appertaining to
a prebend.
Prebendary, preb-en-der-^,*. 512. A stipendiary
of a cathedral.
Precarious, pre-ka-re-us, a. Dependent, un-
certain because depending on the will of another, held
by courtesy.
Precariously, pre-ka'-r^-us-le, ad. Uncertainly
by dependence, dependeiitly.
Precariousness, pre-kA-r^-us-nes, s.
Uncertainty, dependence on others.
Precaution, pre-kaw'sbun, s. Perscrvative
caution, preventive measures.
To Precaution, pre-kaw-shun, v. a. To warn
beforehand.
Precedaneous, pres-e-cU-ne-us, a. Previous,
antecedent.
To Precede, pr^'-s^dej v. a. To go before in
order of time; to go before according to the adjust-
ment of rank.
Precedence, pre-se-dense, \
Precedency, pre-se-den-se, J
The act or state of going before, priority; something
going before, something past; adjustment of place;
the foremost place in ceremony; superiority.
Precedent, pre-s^-dei)t,f/. Former, going before.
Precedent, pres-se-deiit, s. Any thing that is
a rule or exaini>le to future times; any thing done be-
fore of the same kind.
Precedently, nre-seident-le, ad. Beforehand.
Precentor, pre-sen-tur, s. 166. He that leadi
the choir.
Precept, pre-sept, s. 532. A rule authoritatively
given, a mandate.
CO- Mr. Slieiidan, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Scott, Bu-
chanan, W. Johnston, Perry, and Entick, make the e in
the fi;st syllable of tiiis word long; Dr. Kenrick alone
makes it short.
Precepiial, pre-sep^shal, a. Con.sisting of
precepts.
Preceptive, pri-stp'-tiv, a. 157. Containing
precepts, giving precepts.
Preceptor, pre-sep^tur, s, 166. A teacher,
a tutor.
PreceptoRY, pres-ep-t6-re, S. A seminary of
instruction. — See Rcceptory,
The act of going before.
pre-Singkt; *. Outward limit, boundary.
Preciosity, pre-sbe-fts'-e-te, *. 554. Value,
preciousness ; any thing of high price.
Precious, presb-us, a. 357. Valuable, being of
great worth ; costly, of great price, as a precious stone.
Preciously, presh-us-1^, ad. Valuably, to
a great price.
Preciousness, presh-us-nes, s. Vaiuabieness,
worth, price.
Precipice, pres-se-pis, s. 142. A headlong
steep, a fall perpendicular.
Precipitance, pre-slp^pe-tiliise, \
Precipitancy, pr<^-sip^pi-tAn-se, J
Hash haste, headlong haste.
Precipitant, pr^-sip-pe-tint, a. falling o
insiruciion. — see nccepiory.
Precession, pre-siisb^un. T
Precinct, pre-singktj *. Out
PRE
PRE
"nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— fAin 466, this 469.
rushing headlong; hasty, urged with violent haste;
rashly hurried.
PreCIPITANTLV, pri-SipipJ-tJnt-l5, ad. In head-
long haste; in a tumultuous hurry.
To Precipitate, pre-sip-p4-t^te, v, a. To throw
headlong; to hasten unexpectedly; to hurry blindly or
rashly; to thmw to the bottom, a terra of chymistry
opposed to Sublime.
To PuEciPiTATE, pri-sip-pl-tite, V. n. To fall
headlong; to fall to the bottom as a sediment; to
Iiasten without just preparation.
Precipitate, pre-sip'pe-tit, a, 91. Steeply
falling; headlong, hasty ; violent.
Precipitate, pre-sjp-pe-t^t, *. 91. A corrosive
medicine made by precipitating mercury.
Precipitately, prl-s1p-pe-t4t-l^, ad. Head-
long, steeply down ; hastily, in blind hurry.
Precipitation, pr^-sip-p5-ta-shun, s. The act
of throwing headlong; violent motion downward;
tumultuous hurry, blind haste; in Chymistry, sub-
sidency, contrary of sublimation.
Precipitous, pr4-sip-p^-tus, a. Headlong,
steep ; hasty, sudden ; rash, heady.
Precise, pr^-slsej a. 427. Exact, strict, nice,
having strict and determinate limitations; formal,
finical.
Precisely, pr^-slseM6, ad. Exactly, nicely,
accurately, with superstitious formality, with too much
scrupulosity.
0:^ Though we seldom hear the adjective precise pro-
nounced as if writtei\ precize, we very frequently hear
the adverb precisely pronounced as if written precizely :
but it ought to be remembered as an invariable rule, that
adverbs preserve exactly the same accent and sound as
the adjective from which they are formed ; and there-
fore, as tne adjective is pronounced with the hissing or
pure s, the adverb ought to have the same.
PrecisenesS, pre-slseines, s. Exactness, rigid
nicety.
Precisian, prJ-sizh-e-in, s. 88. One who
limits or restrains ; one who is superstitiously rigorous.
Precision, pre-sizh-un, *. Exact limitation.
PrECISIVE, pr^-si-siv, a. 428. Exactly limiting.
To Preclude, pre-klijdej v. a. To shut out or
hinder by some anticipation.
Precocious, pr^-k6-shus, o. 357. Ripe before
the time.
Precocity, pr^-kfts-s5-t5, S. Ripeness before the
time.
To PreCOGITATE, prJ-k&dyJ-tite, v. a. To con-
sider or scheme beforehand.
Precognition, pre-kS^-msb-un, s. Previous
knowledge, antecedent examination.
Preconceit, pr^-k6n-s^te{ s. 530. An opinion
previously formed.
To Preconceive, pre-kSn-seve( v. a. To form
an opinion beforehand ; to imagine beforehand.
Preconception, pr4-k5n-sep-shun, s. 531.
Opinion previously formed.
Precontract, prl-k6n-tr4kt, s. A contract
previous to another.
To Precontract, pr^-kSn-trJktJ v, a. To con-
tract or bargain beforehand.
PreCURSE, pre-kurse{ *. Forerunning.
Precursor, pre-kur-sur, s. 166. Forerunner,
harbinger.
Predaceou.s, pr4-di-shus, a. 357. Living by
prey.
PredAL, pre-dal, a. 88. Robbing, practising
plunder.
Predatory, pr^d^dA-tur-e, a. 512. Plundering,
practising rapine; hungry, preying, rapacious, raven-
ous.— For the o, see Domestick.
Predeceased, pre-de-seestj a. 531. 359.
Dead before.
Predecessor, pred-^-ses-sur, s. One that was
in »ny state or place before another; ancestor.
405
Predestinarian, pre-des-tJ-niirl-in, s. One
that holds the doctrine of predestination.
To Predestinate, pre-des^t^-n^te, v, a. To
appoint beforehand by irreversible decree.
Predestination, pri-des-tl-na^shun, s.
Preordination.
Predestinator, pre-desit^-ni-tur, *. 166. 521
One that holds predestination, or the prevalence of
pre-established necessity.
To Predestine, pr^-des^tin, v. a. 140. To de-
cree beforehand.
Predetermination, pre-de-ter-inl-na-shun,j.
Determination made beforehand.
Tb Predetermine, pr^-de-terimin, v, a. 140.
To doom or confine by previous decree.
Predial, pr^'-d^-^l, or Tpra'-j^-kl, a. 293.
Consisting of farms.
PrEUICABILITY, pred-lk-J-blKi-t^, S. Capacity
of being attributed to a subject.
Predi CABLE, pred-de-k^-bl, a. Such as may be
affirmed of something.
Predicable, pred-d^-k^-bl, S. A logical term,
denoting one of the five things which can be afBrmed
of any thing.
Predicament, pr^-dikikJ-ment, s. A class or
arrangement of beings or substances ranked according
to their natures, called also category; class or kino
described by any definitive marns. — See Medicamenl.
Predicamental, pr^-dik-4-men-tdl, a.
Relating to predicaments.
Predicant, pred-d^-kant, s. One that affirms
any thing.
To Predicate, pred^de-kate, v. a. To affirm
any thing of another thing.
Predicate, pred^-de-k^t, s. 91. That which is
affirmed of the subject. Thus, in the sentence, " Man
is a rational animal." Man is the subject, and a rational
ontmaiis the predicate. In this sentence also, "The
Wages of sin is Death." Death is the subject, and
the mages of sin is the predicate, where it may likewise
be observed, that it is the subject of the proposition
which governs the verb, and forms what is called the
Nominative case.
Predication, pred-i-ka-shun, s. Affirmation
concerning any thing.
To Predict, pr^-dikt{ v. a. To foretell, to fore-
show.
Prediction, pr^-dik-sbun, s. Prophecy, declara-
tion of something future.
Predictor, pr^-tlik-tur, s. Foreteller.
PrEDIGESTION, pr^-d^-jes^tshun, S. Digestion
too soon performed.
Predilection, pr^-dJ-lek-sbun, s. Preference,
partiality, prepossession in favour of any thing.
0C?» It is probable that this worii was not in use when
Dr. Johnson wrote his Dictionary, or he would have in-
serted it; perhaps it was lirst used by the author of the
Letters signed Junius ; but the readiness wiih which it
has since been adopted by the most respectable wriiLMs,
is a sufficient proof of its propriety and utility. Scntt,
Entick, and Mason, are the only orthoepists who have
inserted this word.
To Predispose, pri-dis-p5zej v. a. To adapt
previously to any certain purpose.
Predisposition, pre-dis-po-zish-un, s. Previous
adaptation to any certain purpose.
Predominance, pre-d5m-m^-ninse, "I
Predominancy, pr^-dSm-me-niii-se, J
prevalence, superiority.
Predominant, pr^-d6m-m5-n4nt, a. Prevalent
supreme in influence, ascendant.
To Predominate, pre-diim^m^-nate, v. n. 91.
To prevail, to be ascendant, to be supreme in influ-
ence.
To Pre-elect, prJ-l-lekt{ v, a. To choose by
previous decree.
Pre-eminence, pr^-em-mJ-nense, s. Superiority
of excellence ; precedence, priority of jlacej »i'peri»
rity of power or influence.
PRE
PRE
559. Fke73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
Pregnant, preg-n^nt, a. Teeming, breeding
fruitful, fertile, impregnating.
Pregnantly, pr%-n;tnt-le, arf. Fruitfully, fully
Pregustation, pre-gus-ta-shun, s. The act of
tasting before another.
To Prejudge, pr^-judjej v. a. To determine
any question beforehand, generally to condemn be-
forehand.
To Prejudicate, pr4-iu'd^-kate, v. a. To de-
termine beforehand to disadvantage.
Prejudicate, pre-ju-de-kit, a. 91. Fonnedby
prejudice, formed before examination j prejudiced,
prepossessed.
Prejudication, pr^-jfi-d^-k^-shun, s. The act
of judging beforehand.
Pre-eminent, pr^-eni-m^-nent, a. Exrenent
above otiiers.
Pre-emption, pre-eni-shtan, *. 413. The right
of purchasing before another.
To Pre-engage, pri-en-gidje{ v. a. To engage
by precedent ties or contracts.
Pre-engagement, pr^-eri-gAdje^ment, s.
Precedent obligation.
To Pre-establish, pre-i-st^bMish, v. a.
To settle beforehand.
Pre-establishment, pre-^-stAbUish-ment, s.
Settlement beforehand.
To Pre-exist, pri-egz-?st{ v. n. To exist
beforehand.
Pre-EXISTENCE, pre-egz-ts-tense, s. Existence
beforehand, existence of the soul before its union with
the body.
Pre-existent, pr^-egz-is-tent, a. Existent
beforehand, preceding in existence.
Preface, pref-fis, J. 91. 532. Something spoken
introductory to the main design, introduction, some-
thing proemial.
(t> Mr. Sheridan, Mr. N ares, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick,
VV. Johnston, Buchanan, Perry, and Entick, pronounce
the first e in this word short.
To Preface, pref-fis, v. w. 91. To say some-
thing introductory.
To Preface, pref-fas, v. a. To introduce by
something proemial ; to face, to cover.
Prefacer, pref^i^-ur, s. 98. The writer of
a preface.
Prefatory, pref^f^-tur-e, a. 512. Introductory.
Prefect, pr^-fekt, *. A governor.
Prefecture, pref^fek-ture, s. Command, office
of government.
Q;S^ Thoitgh I have agreed with all our orthogpists in
making the first syllable of prefect long, I cannot follow
them so implicitly in the accent and quantity of this
word. All but Mr. Sheridan, W. Johnston, and Mr. Perry,
place the accent on the second syllable) and the two
first of these writers make the first syllable long, as in
prefect Mr. Perry alone has, in my opinion, given this
word its true pronunciation, by placing the accent on
the lirst syllable, and making that syllable short. This
is agreeable to that general tendency of our language to
»n antepenultimate accentuation, and a short quantity
on every vowel but n. — See Principles, No. 533. S95.
To Prefer, pri-fer{ v, a. To regard more than
another; to advance, to exalt, to raise; to offer so-
lemnly, to propose publickly, to exhibit.
Preferable, prefifer-4-bl, a. Eligible before
something else.
Preferableness, pref^fer-4-bl-nes, s. The state
of being preferable.
Preferably, pref'-fer-i-bl4, ad. In preference,
in such a manner as to prefer one thing to another.
Preference, j>ref-fer-ense, s. The act of pre-
ferring, estimation of one thing above another, elec-
tion of one rather than another.
Preferment, pr^-fer-ment, s. Advancement to
a higher station ; a place of honour or profit ; pre-
ference, act of preferring.
Preferrer, pre-fer<^rur, s. 98. One who prefers.
To Prefiourate, pr^-fig-yu-rite, v. a. To show
by an antecedent representation.
Prefiguration, pr^-fig-yi-r^-shun, s.
Antecedent representation.
To Prefigure, pr^-fig^yire, v. a. To exhibit
by antecedent representation.
To Prefix, pre-f^ksj v. a. Ta <ippoint before-
hand; loseMie, to establish.
Prefix, pri^fiks, s. 492. Some particle put
before a word to vary its signification.
Prefixion, pru-f^k-shuil, 5. The act of prefixing.
To Preform, prH-fonnJ v. a. To form beforehand.
Pregnancy, preginin-s^, s. The state of being
with young} fruUfulncss, inventive power.
406
Prejudice, pred-ju-dis, S. 142. Prepossession,
judgment formed beforehand without examination}
mischief, detriment, hurt, injury.
To Prejudice, pred-ji-dis, v. a. To prepossess
with unexamined opinions, to fill with prejudices ; tc
obstructor injure by prejudices previously raised; to
injure, to hurt, to diminish, to impair.
Prejudicial, pred-ju-dish-^1, a. Obstructive
by means of opposite prepossessions ; contrary, oppo-
site; mischievous, hurtful, injurious, detrimental.
Prejudicialness, pred-ju-dish-4l-nes, *. The
state of being prejudicial.
Prelacy, prel-li-s5, s. The dignity or post of
a prelate or ecclesiastick of the highest order; epis-
copacy, the order of bishops ; bishops.
Prelate, prel-lat, *. 91. 532. An ecclesiastick
of the highest order and dignity.
(Ky> Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Nares,
Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, W.Johnston, Buchanan, Perry,
and Entick, pronounce thee in the first syllable of this
word short.
PrelatiCAL, pr^-l4tit^-kSl, a. Relating to
prelates or prelacy.
PrelatioN, pr^-la-shun, s. Preference, setting
of one above the other.
Prelature, prel-l4-ture, \
Prelatureship, piel-li-ture-ship, J
The state or dignity of a prelate.
Prelection, pri-lek-sbun, s. Reading, lecture.
Prelibation, pri-ll-b^-shun, *. 530. Taste
beforehand, effusion previous to tasting.
Preliminary, pr^-lim-e-ni-r^, a. Previous,
introductory, proemial.
Preliminary, pre-lim-^-ni-re, s. Something
previous, preparatory measures.
Prelude, prel-ude, s. 532. .Some short flight of
nuisick played before a full concert ; something intro-
ductory, something that only shows what is to follow,
(t^ Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick,
W.Johnston, Buchanan, Perry, and Entick, pronounce
the e in the first syllable of this word short.
To Prelude, pr^-lude{ v. a. 492. To serve as
an introduction, to be previous to.
Preludious, pre-lu-j^-iis, a. 293. Previous,
introductory.
Prelusive, pre-lu-siv, a. 158. 428. Previous,
introductory, proemial.
Premature, pre-ma-turej a. 531. Ripe too
soon, formed before the time, too early, too soon said
or done, too hasty.
Prematurely, pr^-m^-ture-1^, ad. Too early
too soon, with too hasty ripeness.
Prematureness, pre-mi-ture-nes,l
Prematurity, pre-m^-tii^r^-ti, J
Too great haste, unseasonable earliness.
To Premeditate, pre-med^e-tAtCji'. a. To con-
trive or form beforeliand, to conceive beforehand.
Premeditation, pre-med-e-tA-shun, s. Act of
meditating beforehand.
To Premerit, pr^-m?riit, v. a. To deserve
before.
Premices, prem-is-siz, *. First fruits*
PRE
PRE
nor 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— f^^in 466, THis 469.
Premier, preme-yer, a. 113. First, chief.
This word is used as a substantive for the first minister
of state.
To Premise, prJ-mlzeJ v. a. To explain pre-
viously, to lay down premises ; to send before the
time. In this last sense not in use.
Premises, prem-is-siz, *. 99- Prepositions
antecedently supposed or proved ; in law language,
houses or lands.
Premiss, preni-is, s. An antecedent proposition.
(t^- As the singular ends with ss, the preceding word in
the plural ought to have ss also.
Premium, pre-m^-um, *. Something given to
invite a loan or bargain ; a reward proposed.
To Premonish, pr^-m6n-nish, v. a. To warn
or admonish beforehand.
Premonishment, pr^-m6n-nish-ment, *.
Previous information.
Premonition, pr^-m5-njshiun, s. Previous
notice, previous intelligence.
Premonitory, pre-mftn-ni-tur-^, a. Previously
advising. — For the last o, see Domestick, 512.
To Premonstrate, pr^-m8n'.<;trite, v, a. To
show beforehand.
PremonKre, prem-mu-nl-r^, *. A writ in the
common law, whereby a penalty it incurrible, as in-
fringing some statute; the penalty so incurred i a dif-
ficulty, a distress.
PrEMUNITION, pri-mA-mshiun, S. An anticipa-
tion of objection.
To Prenominate, pri-nftm-m4-n^te, v. a. To
forename.
Prenomination, pre-n&m-m4-ni-shun, s. The
privilege of bein^' named first.
Pren^TION, pre-no-shun, *. Foreknowledge,
prescience.
Prentice, pren-tis, *, 142. One bound to
a master, in order to instruction in a trade. This word,
says Dr. Johnson, is contracted by colloquial licence
from apprentice.
PreNTICESHIP, pren^tis-sbip, «. The servitude
of an apprentice.
Prenunciation, pre-nun-sbe-i-shun, s. The
act of telling before. — See Pronunciation.
Preoccupancy, pr^-Jk-ku-p^n-s^, s. The act
of taking possession before another.
To Preoccupate, pr^-ok^ku-pite, v. a. To an-
ticipate; to prepossess, to till with prejudice.
Preoccupation, pr^-6k-kA-pA-sbun, s.
Anticipation; prepossession; anticipation of objection.
To Preoccupy, pre-ftk-ku-pi, v. a. To pre-
possess, to occupy by anticipation or prejudices.
To Preominate, pr^-8mime-nAte, v. a. To
prognosticate, to gather from omens any future event.
Preopinion, pre-i-pin^yun, s. 113. Opinion
antecedently formed, prepossession.
To Preordain, pr4-or-dAne{ v. a. To ordain
beforehand.
Preordinance, prl-Sr^dl-n^nse, s. Antecedent
decree, first decree.
Preordination, pr^Sr-dJ-ni-shun, s The act
of preordaining.
Preparation, prep-er-i-shun, s. 530. The act
of preparing or previously fitting any thing to any pur-
pose ; previous measures ; ceremonious introduction ;
the act of making or fitting by a regular process; any
thing made by process of operation.
Preparative, pr^-plr^ri-tiv, a. Having the
power of preparing or qualifying.
Preparative, pri-piri^ri-tiv, s. That which has
the power of preparing or previously fitting; that
which is done in order to something else.
Preparatively, pr^-p;1rir^-tiv-le, ad.
Previously, by way of preparation.
Preparatory, pr^-pir-r^-tur-i, a. Antecedently
necessary ; introductory, previous, antecedent.
*^ For ♦he o, we Domestick.
407
To Prepare, pri-pai-ej v. a. To fit for any thing,
to adjust to any use, to make ready for any puriiose;
to qualify for any purpose ; to make ready beforehand ;
to form, to make; to make by regular process, as, he
Prepared a medicine.
To Prepare, pr^-pire,' v. n. To take previou*
measures ; to make every thing ready, to put things in
order; to make one's self ready, to put himself in a
state of expectation.
Preparedly, prl-pA-red-1^, ad. 304. By proper
precedent measures.
Preparedness, pre-pi-red-nes, s. state or act
of being prepared.
Preparer, pr^-p^-rur, s. 98. One that prepares,
one that previously fits; that which fits for any thing.
Prepense, pre-pense{ \
Prepensed, pre-penst{ 359. /
Forethought, preconceived, contrived beforehand, as,
malice Prepense.
PrEPOLLENCY, pie-pSUen-S^, S. Superiour in-
fluence; power beyond others.
To Preponder, pr^-p8n-der, v. a. To outweigh.
Preponderance, pr^-pSn-der-^nse, "I
Prbponderancy, pr^-p6n^der-in-s^, J
Superiority of weight.
Preponderant, pre-pSn^der-^nt, a.
Outweighing.
To Preponderate, pr^-pSn^der-ite, v.n. To
outweigh, to overpower by weight ; to overpower by
stronger influence.
To Preponderate, pr^-p8n^der-Ate, v. a. To
exceed in weight; to exceed in Influence or power
analogous to weight.
Prepondera riON, pr^-p5n-der-^-sbun, $. The
state of outweighing.
To Prepose, pr^-pize{ v. a. To put before.
Preposition, prep-pi-zish-un, s. In Grammar,
a particle governing a case.
PrEPOSITOR, pri-pi^Z-Zlt-tur, S. A scholar ap-
pointed by the master to overlook the rest. — See Con-
strue.
To Prepossess, pre-pftz-zesj v. a. 531. To fill
with an opinion unexamined, to prejudice.
Prepossession, pre-p&z-zesh-un, s. Pre-occupa-
tion, first possession; prejudice, pre-conceived opi-
nion.
Preposterous, pr^-p8s-ter-us, «. Having the
first which ought to be the last, wrong, absurd, per-
verted; applied to persons, foolish, absurd.
Preposterously, pr^-pos-ter- us-le, ad.
In a wrong situation, absurdly.
Preposterousness, pre-pos-ter-us-nes, s.
Absurdity, wrong order.
Prepotency, pr^-po-ten-se, *. Superiour power,
predominance.
Prepuce, pri-pise, s. That which covers the
glans, foresKin.
To PrerEQUIRE, pr4-r^-kwlre,' v. a. To demand
previouly.
Prerequisite, pr^-rek^kwiz-it, a. Something
previously necessary.
Prerogative, pre-r8g-g4-tiv, s. An exclusive
or peculiar privilege.
Prerogatived, pr^-rig-ga-tivd, a. 359. Having
an exclusive privilege, having prerogative.
Presage, presisAdje, ». 492. 532. Prognostick^
presension of futurity.
(t^ Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry,
and Entick, pronounce the e in the first syllable of this
word short; and Dr. Kenrick and W. Johnston make it
long.
To Presage, pre-sadje{ v. a. To forebode, to
foreknow, to foretell, to prophecy ; to foretoken, to
foreshow.
Presagement, pre-sidje-ment, s. Forebodement,
presension ; foretoken.
I Presbyter, prez-be-ter, s. A priest j a pies
1 byterian.
PRE
PRE
»-.559. Fite73, far 77, fill 83, f^tSI— mi93/met95— pine 105, pin 107— nS 162, move 164,
Presbyterian, prez-be-te^re-an, a. Consisting
of elders, a term for a modern form of ecclesiastical
government.
Presbyterian, prez-be-ti-r^-3.n, s. An abettor
of presbytery or Ciilviiiistical discipline.
Presbytery, prez-b^-ter-^, s. Body of elders,
wlielher priests or laymen.
Prescience, pre-she-ense, s. 532. Fore-
knowledge, knowledge of future things.
Prescient, pre-she-ent, a. 357. Foreknowing,
proplictick.
Prescious, pre-she-us, a. Having foreknowledge.
To Prescind, pre-siud| v. a. To cut off, to
abstract.
Prescindent, pre-sind-ent, a. Abstracting.
To Prescribe, pre-skrlbej v. a. To set down
authoritatively, to order, to direct ; to direct medi-
cally.
To Prescribe, pre-skrlbej v. n. To influence by
long custom ; to influence arbitrarily; to form acustom
which has the force nf law; to write medical directions
and forms of medicine.
Prescript, pre-sknpt, a. Directed, accurately
laid down in a precept.
Prescript, pr^-sknpt, s. Direction, precept,
model prescribed.
Prescription, pre-sknp-shun, s. Rules pro-
duced and authorized by custom ; custom continued
till it has the force of law ; medical receipt.
PreSEANCE, pre-se-inse, s. Priority of place in
sitting.
Presence, prez-zense, S. state of being present ;
state of being in the view of a superior; a number
assembled before a great person ; port, air, mien,
demeanour; readiness at need, quickness at ex-
pedients; tlie per.-on of asupeiiof.
Presence-chamber, prez'-zens-tshAm-bur, \
Presence-room, prez-zensrooin, J
t. The room in whicli a ((reat person receives company.
PrESENSATION, pre-Sen-sa-shun, S. Precon-
ception.
PrESENSION, prp-senishun, S. Perception before-
hand.
Present, prez-zent, a. Not absent, being face to
face, being at hand; not past, not future; ready at
hand, quick in emergencies; favourably attentive,
propitioivs; unforgotten; not abstracted, not absent of
mind, attentive ; the Present, an elliptical expression
forthepresenttime, the time now existing; at Present,
at the present time, now.
Present, prez-zent, S. A gift, a donative, some-
thing'ceremoniously given; a letter or mandate ex-
hibited.
To Present, pre-zentj v. a. 4.92. To place in
the presence of a superior ; to exhibit to view or
notice ; to offer, to exhibit ; to give formally and
ceremoniously ; to put into the hands of another ; to
favour with gifts ; to prefer to ecclesiastical benefices ;
to offer openly ; to lay before a court of judicature, as
an object of inquiry.
Presentable, pr^-zent^i-bl, a. What may be
presented.
Presentaneous, prez-zen-ta-ne-us, a. Ready,
quick, immediate.
Presentation, prez-zen-tA-shun, s. The act of
presenting ; the act of offering any one to an eccle-
siastical benefice ; exhibition.
Presentative, pre-zen^t4-tiv, a. Such as that
presentations may be made of it.
Presentee, prez-zen-tet'{ s. One presented to
a benefice.
Presenter, prJ-zen-tfir, s. 98. One that pre-
sents.
PreseNTIAL, prJ-zen-shil, a. Supposing actual
presence.
Presentiality, pre-zen-sh6-^l-e-te, s. State
of being present.
Pbesentifick, prez-zen-til-fik, a. Making pre-
MOt.
408
Presentifickly, prez-zen-tififik-le, ad, 509.
So as to make present.
Presentiment, pr^-sen-t^-ment, s. Previous idea.
Presently, prez^zent-le, ad. At present, at
this lime, now ; immediately, soon after.
Presentment, pri-zent-ment, s. The act of
presenting; anything presented or exhibited, repre-
sentation ; in Law, the form of laying any thing before
a court of judicature for examination.
PresentnesS, prez-zent-nes, S. Presence of
mind, quickness at emergencies.
Preservation, prez-zer-vaishun, s. The act of
preserving, care to preserve.
Preservative, pri-zer-vi-tiv, s. That whici
has the power of preserving; something preventive.
To Preserve, pr^-zerv{ v. a. To save, to defend
from destruction or any evil, to keep ; to season fruits
and other vegetables, with sugar, and in other proper
pickles.
Preserve, pr^-zervj S, Fruit preserved whole in
sugar.
Preserver, pr^-zerv-ur, s. One who preserves,
one who keeps from ruin or mischief; he who makes
preserves of fruit.
To Preside, pr^-slde{ v. n. 447. To be set
over, to have autlioriiy over.
Presidency, prez-ze-den-se, s. Superintendence.
President, prez-z^-dent, s. One placed with
autlinrity over others, one at the head of others,
governor, prefect.
Presidentship, prez-z^-dent-ship, «. The office
and place of president.
Presidial, pr^-sid-j^-Hl, a, 293. Relating to
a garrison.
To Press, pres, v. a. To squeeze, to crush; to
distress; to constrain, to compel; to drive by
violence; to affect strongly; to enforce, to inculcate
with argument and imjiorlunity ; to urge, to bear
strongly on; to compress, to hug, as embracing; to
act upon with weight ; to fo.ce into military service.
To Press, pres, v. n. To act with compulsive
violence, to urge, to distress ; to go forward with
violence to any object; to make invasion, to encroach ;
to crowd, to throng; to come unseasonably or impor-
tunately ; to urge with vehemence and importunity;
to act upon or influence ; to Press upon, to invade, to
push agninst.
Press, pres, *. The instrument by which any thing
is crusheil or squeezed ; the instrument by which books
are printed; crowd, tumult, throng; a kind of wooden
case or frame for clothes and other uses; a commission
to force men into military service.
Pressbed, pres-bed, s. A bed so formed as to be
shut up in a case.
Presser, pres-sur, S. 98. One that presses or
works at a press.
Pressgang, pres-g^np:, s. A crew employed to
force men into naval service.
Pressingly, pres-sing-le, ad. With force, closely.
PreSSION, presh-un, S. The act of pressing.
Pressman, pres-min, s. 88. One who forces
another into service, one who forces away; one who
makes the impression of print by the press, distinct
from the Compositor, who ranges the types.
PreSSMONEY, pres-mun-e, *. Money given to
a soldier when he is taken or forced away into tiie
service.
Pressure, preshishure, s. 450. The act of pres-
sing or crushing; the stale of being pressed or crushed;
force acting against any thing, gravitation, pressing;
violence inflicted, oppression ; affliction, grievance,
distress; impression, stamp, character made by im-
pression.
Presto, pres-to, ad. Quick, at once.
Presumably, pre-zu-mi-ble, ad. Without ex
amination.
To Presume, pre-zumej v, n, 454. To suppose,
to believe previously without examination ; tosupposc,
to affiriu without immediate proof; to venture wiiiii««
PRE
PR!
nor 167, nit 163— tfibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sil 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, THis 469.
Pretence, false appearance
positive leave ; to form confident or arrogant opinions ;
to make confident or arrogant attempts.
Presumek, pr^-zu-mur, s. 98. One who pre-
supposes, an arrogant person.
Presumption, pre-zum-shun, *. 512. Supposi-
tion previously formed; confidence grounded on any
thing presupposed; an argument strong, but not
demonstrative J arrogance, confidence blind and ad-
venturous, presumptuousness; unreasonable confi-
dence of Divine favour.
PrESI'MPTIVE, pr^-zum-tiv, a. Taken by previous
supposition ; supposed, as, the Presumptive heir, op-
posed to the lieir apparent; confident, arrogant, pre-
sumptuous.
Presumptuous, pre-zum-tshu-us, a. Arrogant,
confident, insolent; irreverent with respect to holy
things.
C3-We frequently hear this word pronounced in three
syllables, by corrupting and contracting the two last
syllables into shus, as i( v/ntten prcznmsliiis : but correct
speakers carefully preserve these syllables distinct, and
pronounce them "like the verb to chew, and the pronoun
us. — See Unctuous.
Presumptuously, pri-zuinitshu-us-1^, ad.
Arrogantly, irreverently; with vain and groundless
confidence in Divine favour.
Presumptuousness, pr^-zumitshu-us-nes, s.
Confidence, irreverence.
Presupposal, pr^-siip-po-zil, 531. Supposal
previously formed.
To Presuppose, pr^-sup-pizej v. a. To sup-
pose as previous.
Presupposition, prJ-sup-po-zish-un, *. Sup-
position previously formed.
PresURMISE, pre-sur-mlzej S. Surmise previously
formed.
Pretence, pre-tense{ s. A false argument
grounded upon fictitious postulates; the act of showing
or alleging what is not real; assumption, claim to
notice; claim true or false; something threatened or
held out to terrify.
To Pretend, pr^-tendj v. a. To make any
appearance of having, to allege falsely ; to show
hypocritically; to hold out as a delusive appearance;
to claim.
To Pretend, pri-tendj v. n. To put in a claim
truly or falsely ; to presume on ability to do anything,
to profess presumptuously.
Pretender, pie-tend-ur, s. 98. One who lays
claim to any thing.
Pretendingly, pr^ tend^inj-lJ, ad. Arrogantly,
presumptuously.
Pretension, pr^-ten-shSn, s. Claim true or
false; fictitious appearance.
Preterimperfect, pr^-ter-im-per-fekt, a.
The tense not perfectly past.
Preterit, pri-ter-it, a. Past.
Preterition, pre-ter-rish-un, s. The act of
going past, the state of being past.
Preteritness, pre^ter-it-nes, s. state of being
past, not presence, not futurity.
Preterlapsed, pre-ter-lipstj a. Past and gone.
Pretermission, pr^-ter-mish-un, s. The act of
omitting.
To Pretermit, pr^-ter-mitj v. a. To pass by.
Preternatural, pr^-ter-nit^tshu-rill, a.
Different from what is natural, irregular.
Preternaturally, pre-ter-nit-tshu-r^I-^, ad.
In a manner different from the common order of
nature.
PRETERNATURALNESS,pr4-ter-nat^tshu-r4l-nes,
». Manner different from the order of nature.
Preterperfect, prJ-ter-per-fekt, a. A gram-
matical term applied to the tense which denotes time
absolutely past.
Preterpluperfect, prJ-ter-plu-per-fekt, a.
The grammatical epithet for the tense denoting time
relatively past, or past before some other past lime.
409
Pretext, pr^-tekstj s.
false allegation.
PretEXTA, pr^-teksitJ, *. The robe that wa»
worn by the youths of old Rome under seventeen years
of age.
PretOR, pre^tSr, S. 166. The Roman judge ; it
is now sometimes taken for a mayor.
PrETORIAN, pr^-to-r^-in, a. Judicial, exercised
by the pretor.
Prettily, prit-te-1^, ad. Neatly, pleasingly.
Prettiness, prit-te-nes, S, Beauty without
dignity.
Pretty, prit-t^, a. 101. Neat, elegant ; beautiful
without grandeur or dignity ; it is used in a kind of
diminutive contempt in poetry and in conversation;
not very small.
Pretty, pnt-te, ad. In some degree.
To Prevail, pr^-vAleJ v, n. To be m force, to have
effect, to have power, to have influence; toovercome,
to gain the superiority ; to gain influence, to operate
effectually ; to persuade or induce by entreaty.
Prevailing, pr^-va-ling, a. Predominant, having
most influence.
Prevailment, pr^-vale-ment, s. Prevalence.
Prevalence, prev-vi-lense, 1
Prevalency, preyiyi-len-s^, /
Superiority, influence, predominance.
Prevalent, previyJ-lent, a. Victorious, gaining
superiority; predominant, powerful.
Prevalently, prev-vi-lent-l^, ad. Powerfully,
forcibly.
To Prevaricate, prl-vAr^r^-kite, v, n. To
cavil, to quibble, to shuffle.
Prevarication, pr^-vir-rJ-ki^shun, *.
Shuffle, cavil.
Prevaricator, prJ-vJr^rJ-ki-tur, s. 521.
A caviller, a shuffler.
To Prevene, pr4-v^ne{ v. a. To hinder,
Prevenient, pre-vein^-ent, a. Preceding, going
before, preventive.
To Prevent, pr^-vent{ v. a. To go before as
a guide, to go before making the way easy; to go
before ; to anticipate ; to pre-occupy, to pre-engage, to
attemi)f first: to hinder, to obviate, to obstruct. This
last is almost the only sense now used.
Preventer, pre-vent-ur, s. One that goes
before ; one that hinders, a hindercr, an obstructer.
Prevention, pr^-ven-shuii, s. The act of going
before ; pre-occupation, anticipation ; hinderance, ob-
struction ; prejudice, prepossession.
Preventional, pr^-ven-shun-^1, a. Tending to
prevention.
Preventive, prJ-vent'-iv, a. 157. Tending to
hinder; preservative, hinderirug ill.
Preventive, pr^-vent-iv, s. A preservative, tliat
which prevents, an antidote.
Preventively, pre-ve.nt-iv-le, ad. In sucli
a manner as tends to prevention.
Previous, pri-v^-us, a. 314. Antecedent, going
before, prior.
Previously, pr5-v5-us-lf, ad. Beforeliand, an-
tecedently.
PreVIOUSNESS, pre-vJ-us-nes, S. Antecedence.
Prey, prA, s. 269. Something to be devoured,
something to be seized, plunder ; ravage, depredation ;
animal of Prey, is an animal that lives on other
animals.
To Prey, prA, v. n. To feed by violence; to
plunder, to rob ; to corrode, to waste.
Preyer, piaifir, s. 98. Robber, devourer.
plunderer.
Priapism, prl-^-pizm, S. A preternatural tension.
Price, prise, S. 467. Equivalent paid for any
thing; value, estimation, supposed excellence ; rate at
which any thing is sold; reward, thing purchased b
merit.
PRI
ts- 559. FAte73, fSr77, f^ll83 fit 81— ml 93
To Prick, prik, v. a. To pierce with a small
puncture; to erect with an acuminated point; to set
up the ears; to animate by a puncture or mark; to
spur, to goad, to impel, to incite; to pain, to pierce
with remorse; to mark a tune.
To Prick, pnk, v. n. To dress one's self for
show ; to come upon the spur.
Prick, pnk, S. A sharp slender instrument, any
thing by which a puncture is made; a thorn in the
mind, a teasing and tormenting thought, remorse of
conscience; a puncture; the print of a deer or hare in
the ground.
Pricker, prik-klir, S. 98. A sharp-pointed in-
strument; a light-liorse-man.
Pricket, pnkikit, s. 99- A buck in his second
year.
Prickle, prik^kl, s. 405. Small sharp point,
like that of a brier.
Prickliness, pnkMe-nes, s. Fulness of tharp
points.
PRICKiOOaE, prikilouse, S. A word of contempt
for a tailor.
Pricksong, pnk^sSng, S. Song set to musick.
Obsolete.
Prickly, prik^l^, a. Full of sharp points
PrickwoOd, pnk^wud, S. A tree.
Pride, pride, *. inordinate and unreasonable self-
esteem ; insolence, rude treatment of others ; dignity
of manner, loftiness of air; generous elation of heart ;
elevation, dignity; ornament, show, decoration;
splendour, ostentation ; the state of a female beast
soliciting the male.
To Pride, pride, v. a. To make proud, to rate
himself high. Used only with the reciprocal pronoun.
Prier, prl-ur, S, 416. One who inquires too
narrowly.
Priest, prelst, S. 275. One who officiates in
sacred offices ; one of the second order in the hierarchy,
above a deacon, below a bishop.
Priestcraft, pre^st^krift, s. Religious fraud.
Priestess, preSst-tes, *. A woman who officiates
in Heathen rites.
Priesthood, preest-hud, s. The office and
character of a priest; the order of men set apart for
holy offices ; the second order of the hierarchy.
Priestliness, preest-l4-nes, s. The appearance
or manner of a priest.
Priestly, preest-ll, a. Becoming a priest.
Sacerdotal, belonging to a priest.
PrIESTRIDDEN, pr^5stMd-dn, a, 103. Managed
or governed by priests.
Prig, prig, *. A pert, conceited, saucy, pragmatical,
little fellow.
Prill, pnl, *. A birt or turbot ; commonly pro-
nounced Brill.
Prim, prim, a. Formal, precise, affectedly nice.
To Prim, prim, v. a. To deck up precisely, to
form to an affected nicety.
Primacy, prl-mi-sl, S. The chief ecclesiastical
station.
83" Mr. Elphinston is the only orthoepist who gives
the short sound to i in this word. Perhaps no one un-
derstands the analogies of our language better ; but in
this and several other words he overturns the very foun-
dation of language, which is ge^ieral custom. I am well
acquainted with the shortening power of the antepenul-
timate accent, 535 ; and if custom were wavering, this
ought to decide ; but in this word, and primary, custom
is uniform, and precludes all appeal to analogy.
Primal, prl-mil, a. First, A word not in use.
Primarily, prl^mi-r^-l^, ad. Origitiaiiy, in the
first intention.
Primariness, prUml-r^-iies, s. The state of
being first in act or intention.
Primary, prl-mi-r4, a. First in intention ;
original, first; first in dignity, chief, principal. — See
Primacy,
Primate, pxlimit, ». 91. The chief ecclesiastick.
410
PRI
met95— lolne 105, pin 107 — ni 163, move 164,
Primateship, prUmit-ship, s. The dignity or
office of a primate.
Prime, prime, s. The dawn, the morning ; the
beginning, the early days ; the best part ; the spring of
life; spring; the height of perfection; the first part,
the beginning.
Prime, prime, a. Early, blooming ; principal,
first rate; first original ; excellent.
To Prime, prime, v. a. To put in the first
powder, to put powder in the pan of a gun ; to lay tlie
first colourr. on in painting.
Primely, prlme^l^, ad. Originally, primarily, in
the first place; excellently, supremely well.
Primeness, prlmeines, S. The state of being
first ; excellence.
Primer, prim-mur, s. 98. A small prayer-book
in which children are taught to read.
Primero, prl-me-ro, s. 133. A game at card*.
Primeval, prl-m^^v4l, 133.1
Primevous, prl-m^-vus, J ""
Original, such as was at first.
Primitial, prl-mish^il, a. 133. Being of the
first production.
Primitive, pnm-e-tiv, a. Ancient, original,
established from the beginning; formal, aft'ectedly
solemn, imitating the supposed gravity of old times;
primary, not derivative.
Primitively, prim^^-tiv-le, ad. Originally, at
first; primarily, not derivatively; according to the
original rule.
Primitiveness, primie-tiv-nes, a. state of
being original, antiquity, conformity to antiquity.
Primogenial, prl-mo-je^ne-^l, *- First-born,
primary, elemental.
Primogeniture, prl-mi-jen^e-ture,*. Seniority,
eldership, state of being first-born.
Primordial, prl-mor-de-ill, orvx\-vmx'-]\-l\,a.
293. 376. Original, existing from the beginning.
Primordiate, prl-mor-de-ate, a. 91. Original,
existing from the first.
Primrose, prim^roze, s. A flower ; Primrose is
used by Shakespeare for gay and flowery.
Prince, prinse, s. A sovereign, a chief ruler;
a sovereign of rank next to kings; ruler of whatever
sex; the son of a king, the kinsman of a sovereign;
the chief of any body of men.
To Prince, prinse, v, n. To play the prince, to
take state.
Princedom, prins^dum, s. 166. The rank,
estate, or power of the prince; sovereignty.
Princelike, prins-Uke, a. Becoming a prince.
Princeliness, prins-le-nes, *. The state, manner
or,dignity of a prince.
Princely, prins-1^, a. Having the appearance of
one high born ; having the rank of princes; becoming
a prince, royal, grand, august.
Princely, prins-1^, ad. In a princclike manner.
Princes-feather, prinisiz-ferH^ur, s. The
lierb armaranth.
Princess, prin^ses, s. 502. A sovereign lady,
a woman having sovereign cojnmand; a sovereign
lady of rank next that of a queen ; the daughter of
a king; the wife of a prince.
Principal, prinise-p^l, a, 88. Chief of the first
rate, capital, essential.
Principal, prin-s^-p^l, s. A head, a chief, not
a second ; one primarily or originally engaged, not ar
accessary or auxiliary ; a capital sum placed out at
interest, the president or governor.
Principality, prin-s^-pil-4-t^, s. Sovereignty,
supreme power ; a prince, one invested with sove-
reignty ; the country which gives title to a prince, as
the Principality of Wales; superiority, predominance
Principally, prin6ei-pil-e, ad. Chiefly, above
all, above the rest.
Principalness, prin-s5-p4l-nes, s. The ttate of
being principal.
PRl PRO
n8r 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oxl 299— pound 313— thin 466, thIs 469.
Analysis
One that prints books;
That which leaves no
Former, being before
Principiation, prin-sip-i-i-shun, *.
into constituent or elemental parts.
Principle, pnn-se-pl. s. 405. Element, con-
stituent part; original cause; being productive of
other being, operative cause; fundamental truth;
original postulate ; first position from which others are
deduced ; ground of action, motive ; tenet on which
morality is founded.
To Principle, pnn-s^-pl, v. a. To establish or
fix in any tenet, to impress with any tenet good or ill ;
to establish firmly in the mind.
Princox, pnng-k6ks, *. A coxcomb, a pert young
rogue. Otjsolete.
To Prink, pringk, v. n. To prank, to deck for
show.
To Print, print, v. a. To mark by pressing any
thing upon another ; to impress any thing so as to leave
its form; to impress words, or make books, not by
the pen, but by the press.
To Print, print, v. n. To publish a book.
Print, print, s. Mark or form made by impression )
that which being impressed leaves its form; pictuie
cut in wood or copper to be impressed on paper ; picture
made by impression ; the form, size, arrangement, or
other qualities of the types used in printing books;
the state of being published by the printer; single
sheet printed and sold ; formal method.
Printer, pnnt^ur, s. 98
one tliat stamps linen.
Printless, print-les, a.
impression.
Prior, prl^ur, a, 166,
something else, antecedent, ant.eriour.
Prior, prl-ur, S. The head of a convent of
monks, inferiour in dignity to an abbot.
Prioress, prl-ur-es, S. A lady superiour of a con-
vent of nuns.
Priority, prl-ftr-r^-tl, 5. The state of being
first, precedence in time, precedence in place.
Priorship, prl-ur-sbip, s. The state or office of
a prior.
Priory, prI-ur-4, S. A convent in dignity below
an abbey.
Prism, prizm, S, A prism of glass is a glass
bounded with two equal and parallel triangular ends,
and three plain and well-polished sides, which meet in
three parallel lines, running from the three angles of
one end, to the three angles of the other end.
Prismatick, priz-mit^tlk, a. 509. Formed as
a prism.
Prismatically, priz-m^titi-kil-S, ad. In the
form of a prism.
Prismoio, pnzm'moid, s. A body approaching
to the form of a prism.
Prison, priz-zn, s. 170. A strong hold in which
persons are confined, a jail.
To Prison, priz-zn, v. a.
confine.
Prisonbase, priz^zn-bAse, s.
play, commonly called Prisonbars.
Prisoner, priz^zn-Sr, *. 98.
fined in hold; a captiv^ One taken by the enemy j one
under an arrest.
Prisonhouse, priz-zn-house, S. Jail, hold in
which one is confined.
Prisonment, priz-zn-ment, s. Confinement,
imprisonment, captivity
Pristine, "-■=- ~
original.
Prithee, priTH^^
thee, or 1 Pray thee.
Privacy, prl-vi-si, or priv-4-s^, s. state of
being secret, secrecy ; retirement, retreat.
(}3» The first pronunciation of this word is adopted by
Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and
Entick; and the last by Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elphinston,
and Mr.Scott. Mr. Elphinston isin this word :onsistent
frith his pronunciation of ;>ri>R<(cy,- but my ear and ob-
411
To imprison, to
A kind of rustick
One who is con-
pris-tin, a. 140. First, ancient,
A familiar corruption of Pray
servation greatly fail me, if the first mode of pronouncing
this word is not the most agreeable to polite as well as
general usage. It seems to retain the sound of its primi-
tive/jrirate, as piracy does of pirate; which word jnracy
Mr. Elphinston, in opposition to all our ortliofipists, pro-
nounces with the i short.
PriVADO, prl-vi-dA, S. A secret friend. Not used.
See Lumbago.
Private, prUvIt, a. Q\. Secret; alone; being
upon the same terms with the rest of the community,
opposed to publick; particular, not relating to the
publick ; in Private, secretly, not publickly.
Privateer, prl-v^-t^er{ s. A ship fitted out by
private men to plunder enemies.
To Privateer, prl-v4-tMrJ v. n. To fit out
ships against enemies, at the charge of private persons.
Privately, pri-vit-1^, ad. Secretly, not openly.
Privateness, pri-vit-nes, s. The state of a man
in the same rank with the rest of the community;
secrecy, privacy ; obscurity, retirement.
Privation, pri-vi-shun, *. 133. Removal or
destruction or any thing or quality; the act of degrad-
ing from rank or office.
Privative, prlv-vi-tiv, a. 1 33. Causing privation
of any thing; consisting in the absence of something;
not positive.
(i:^ Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, Mr. Scott,
W. Johnston, and Entick, make the first syllable of this
word short, as I have done ; and Mr. Perry and Buchanan
make it long. In defence of the first pronunciation it
may be observed, that\his word is not like primacy and
primary; the first of which is a formative of our own;
and the second, derived from the Vsit'm primarius, which,
in our pronunciation of the Latin, does not shorten the i
in the first syllable as privativus does, see Jcademy and
Incomparable, and therefore these words are no rule for
the pronunciation of this j which, besides the general
tendency of the penultimate accent to shorten every
vowel it falls on butjt, 535, seems to have another claim
to the short vowel from its termination ; thus sinative,
donative, primitive, derivative, &c. alt plead for the short
sound.
Privative, priv^vi-tiv, s. 157. That of which
the essence is the absence of something, as silence is
only the absence of sound.
PrivatiVely, priv^vJ-tiv-ll, ad. By the absence
of something necessary to be present, negatively.
Privativeness, priv-vi-tiv-nes, s. Notation of
absence of something that should be present.
Privet, pri-vit, s, 99. Evergreen; a kind of
phylleria.
Privilege, priv-vi-lidje, *. Peculiar advantage;
immunity, publick right.
To Privilege, priv-v^-lidje, v. a. 133. To
invest with rights or immunities, to grant a privilege ;
to exempt from censure or danger ; to exempt from
paying tax or impost.
Privily, privi^-l^, ad. Secretly, privately.
Privity, prir-^-t5, S. 530. Private communica-
tion ; consciousness, joint knowledge.
Privy, prlv-l, a. Private, not publick, assigned to
secret uses ; secret, clandestine ; admitted to secrets
of state ; conscious to any thing, admitted to participa-
tion.
Privy, priv-i, S. Place of retirement, necessary
house.
Prize, prize, *. A reward gained by contest with
competitors; reward gained by any performance;
something taken by adventure, plunder.
To Prize, prize, v. a. To rate, to value at
a certain price ; to esteem, to value highly.
PrIZER, prUzur, S. 98. He who values.
Prizefighter, prlze^fl-tur, s. One that fight*
publickly for a reward.
Pro, pro. For, in defence of.— See Con.
Probability, pr6b-^-bil-^-t^, s. Likelihood,
appearance of trutii, evidence arising from the pre-
ponderation of argument.
Probable, pr&b-bH-bl, a. Likely, having m»n
evidence than tlie contrary.
PRO PRO
«> 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, ^t 81—mf 93, met95~plne 105, pin 107— ni 162. m3ve 164,
03» Were this word used to signify the possibility of
searching a wound with a probe, the o would in that case
be pronounced long.
Probably, pr&b-bcl-ble, ad. Likely, in likelihood.
PrOBAT, pro-bit, S. The proof of wills and testa-
ments of persons deceased in the spiritual court.
Probation, prS-ba-shun, s. Proof, evidence,
testimony; the act of proving by ratiocination or
testimony ; trial, examination j trial before entrance
into monastick life, novitiate.
is- The 0 in the inseparable preposition of this and
similar words, when the accent is on the second syllable,
is exactly like the o in obedience, which see.
Probationary, pro-bi-shun-i-re, a. Serving
for trial.
Probationer, pr6-bi-shun-ur, *. One who is
upon trial ; a novice.
Probationership, pro-bi^shuii-ur-ship, s.
State of being on trial.
Probatory, prSb-bi-tur-4, a. 512. Serving
for trial.
Probatum est, pro-bAitum est, *. A Latin
expression added to the end of a receipt, signifying, It
is tried or proved.
Probe, probe, s, A slender wire by which surgeons
search the depth of wounds.
Probe-scissors, pr6be-siz-zurs, s. 166.
Scissors used to open wounds.
To Probe, probe, v. a. To tearcli, to try by an
instrument,
Probity, pr&b-^-tJ, s. 530. Honesty, sincerity.
Problem, prSb-lem, s. A question proposed.
Problematical, pr&b-l4-mit-t^-kill, a. 509.
Uncertain, unsettled, disputable.
Problematically, pr&b-le-mltit^-k3.l4, ad.
Uncertainly.
Proboscis, pri-bJs-sis, s. A snout, the trunk of
an elephant ; but it is used also for the same part in
every creature.
PROCACIOI'S, pr&-ki^sbus, a. Petulant, loose.
ProCACITY, prA-kis-s^-ti, s. 530, Petulance.
PrOCATARCTICK, pri-kit-ark-tlk, a. Forerun-
ning, antecedent.
Procatarxis, pr6-kit-arks^is, S. The pre-
existent cause of a disease, which co-operates with
others that are subsequent.
Procedure, pr6-sJi-jure, s. 376. Manner of
proceeding, management, conduct ; act of proceeding,
progress, process.
To Proceed, pri-s^ld{ v. n. 533. To pass from
one thing or place to another; to go forward, to tend
to the end designed ; to come forth from a place or
from a sender ; to issue, to be produced from ; to pro-
secute any design; to be transacted, to be carried on ;
to make progress, to advance; to carry on juridical
process; to transact, to act, to carry on any affair
methodically; to be propagated, to come by genera-
tion ; to be produced by the original efficient cause.
Proceed, pr6-se^dj S. Produce, as the Proceeds
of an estate. A law term.
Proceeder, pr6-sMd-ur, s. 98. One who goes
forward, one who makes a progress.
Proceeding, pri-s^^d-ing, s. 410. Progress
from one thing to another, series of conduct, transac-
tion; legal procedure.
Procerity, pro-sefi^-tJ, S. Tallness, height of
stature.
Process, pros-ses, S. 533. Tendency, progressive
course ; regular and gradual progress ; methodical
management of any thing ; course of law.
(Cj- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash,
Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, and Mr. Ferry, place the accent
on the first syllable of this word ; and those who give the
quantity of the vowels make it short: Buchanan alone,
though he places the accent on the first syllable, makes it
long.
Mr. Nares, suspects the accentuation of this word on
the second syllable tote the most ancient, though Shake-
speare so frequently places the accent on the first,
412
" Tell her the piw:M« of Antonio's end." . Merchant of Vmiot
"in brief, to set the needless process by." Measure for Meaxurt
" In process of the seasons I hare seen," Shakespeare's Sonnets
But Milton accents the second syllable :
" Cannotwithontproccfjofspeechbetold." Par Z«t(,Tii. 178
" which might rise
" By policy and long process of time." lb, ii. 297-
There is a phrase, as Mr. Nares observes, in process oj
tbne, when we oftener hear the accent on the second
syllable of this word than the first. This is undoubtedly
a proof of the justness of his observation respecting the
antiquity of this pronunciation ; but as it is now an-
tiquated in other phrases, it ought not to be used in this.
Procession, pro-sesh-un, s. A train marching in
ceremonious solemnity.
Processional, pro-sesh-un-il, a. Relating to
procession.
Processionary, pro-sesh-un-i-r^, a. 512.
Consisting in procession.
Procinct, pro-singktj s. Complete preparation,
preparation brought to the point of action.
To Proclaim, pr6-kUme; v. a. 202. To pro-
mulgate or denounce by a solemn or legal publication j
to tell openly ; to outlaw by publick denunciation.
Proclaimer, pro-kla-mur, s, 98. One that
publishes by authority.
Proclamation, prSk-kli-ina-shun, s. Publlca-
tion by authority ; a declaration of the king's will
openly published among the people.
Proclivity, pr6-kliv'e-t^, s. 530. Tendency,
natural inclination, propension ; readiness, facility of
attaining.
Proclivous, pro-kll-vus, a. 503. Inclined,
tending by nature.
Proconsul, pro-kftn-sul, *. A Roman officer,
who governed a province with consular authority.
Proconsulship, pro-k6n-sul-ship, s. The ofSce
of a proconsul.
To Procrastinate, pro-kris^tin-^te, t>. a. To
defer, to delay, to put off from day to day.
Procrastination, pro-kris-tin-A-sbun, s.
Delay, dilatoriness.
Procrastinator, pro-kris^tin-A-tur, s. 521.
a dilatory person.
Procreant, pro-kri-int, a. 505. Productive,
pregnant.
To Procreate, pro-kre-ate, v, a. To generate,
to produce.
Procreation, pro-kre-i-shun, s. Generation,
production.
Prooreative, pro-kr^-a-tiv, a. 512. Generative
productive.
Procreativeness, pro-kre-d-tiv-nes, s. 512
534. Power of generation.
Procreator, pro^kri-i-tur, *. 521. Generator,
begetter.
Proctor, prSk^tur, s. 166. A manager of
another man's affairs; an attorney in the spiritua.
court ; the magistrate of the university.
Proctorship, prSk-tur-ship, s. Office or dignitj
of a proctor.
Procumbent, pr6-kum-bent, a. Lying dowi^
prone.
Procurable, pro-ku^ri-bl, a. To be procured.
obtainable, acquirable.
Procuracy, pr8k^iJ-rJ-sJ, s. The management o'
any thing. i i i
Procuration, prok-ku-ra-shun, s. The act o\
procuring.
Procurator, prftk-ku-ra-tur, s. 166. 521.
Manager, one who transacts affairs for another.
Procuratorial, prftk-ku-ri-toir^-al, o. MacU
by a proctor.
Procuratory, pr6-ku-r^-tur-^, o. 512.
Tending to procuration.
PRO
PRO
nSr »67, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound '613— thin 466, this 469.
Irreverence o/
To Procure, prS-kureJ v, a. To manage, to
transact for another; to obtain, to acquire; to per-
suade, to prevail on ; to contrive, to forward.
To Procure, pro-kurej v. n. To bawd, to pimp.
Procuaement, pro-kure-ment, s. The act of
procuring.
Procurer, pr6-ku-rur, s. 98, One that gains,
obtainer; pimp, pander.
Procuress, pro-ku-res, s. A bawd.
Prodigal, prid-de-giil, a. Profuse, wasteful, ex-
pensive, lavish.
Prodigal, pr6d-d5-g4l, S. A waster, a spendthrift.
Prodigality, prSd-de-g4l-e-te, s. Extravagance,
profusion, waste, excessive liberality.
Prodigally, pr6dide-gil-e, ad. Profusely, waste-
fully, extravagantly.
Prodigious, pr6-did-jus, a. 314. Amazing,
astonishing, monstrous.
Prodigiously, pr6-did-jus-le, ad. Amazingly,
astonishingly, portentously, enormouslj'.
PrODIGIOUSNESS, pro-dld-jus-nes, S. Enormous-
ness, portentousness, amazing qualities.
Prodigy, prod-de-j^, s. Any thing out of the
ordinary process of'nature, from which omens are
drawn, portent; monster; any thing astonishing for
good or bad.
ProditioN, pro-dish-un, S. Treason, treachery.
ProDITOR, pr&d-^-tur, S. 166. A traitor. Not in
use.
ProditoRIOUS, pr&d-l-tJ-rJ-uS, a. Treacherous,
perfidious ; apt to make discoveries. Not used. «
To Produce, pr6-duse5 y. a. 492. To offer to
the view or notice; to exhibit to the publick ; to bring
as an evidence; to bear, to bring forth as a vegetable;
to cause, to effect, to generate, to beget.
Produce, prSd-duse, *, 532. Product, that
which any thing yields or brings ; amount, gain.
(t:?- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Elphinston,
Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Perry, and Entick,
make the a in the first syllable of this word short; and
Buchanan and Dr. Ash, long.
Producent, pri-du-sent, S. One that exhibits,
one that offers.
Producer, pri-du!^sur, s. One that generates or
produces.
Producible, pri-di-sJ-bl, a. Such as may be
exhibited ; such as may be generated or made.
Pkoducibleness, pri-du-sJ-bl-nes, s. The state
of being producible.
Product, pr8d-ukt, S. 532. Something pro-
duced, as fruits, grain, metals ; work, composition ;
thing consequential, effect.
(tj- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick,
W. Johnston, Perry, and Entick, make the o in the first
syllable of this word short ; and Dr. Ash, as far as we can
gather by his position of the accent, makes it long.
Productile, pri-duk-til, a. 140. Which may
be produced.
Production, pr6-duk-shun, *. The act of pro-
ducing; the thing produced, fruit, product ; composi-
tion.
Productive, pr6-duk-tiv, a. Having the power
to produce, fertile, generative, efficient.
Proem, pr6iem, S. Preface, introduction.
Profanation, prof-4-ni-shiin, s, 533. The act
of violating any thing sacred; irreverence to holy
things or persons.
Profane, pri-fAne{ a. 533. Irreverent to sacred
names or things; not sacred, secular; polluted, not
pure ; not purified by holy rites
To Profane, pro-fanej v. a. To violate, to
pollute, t.j put to wrong use.
Profanely, pr6-fAne-l^, ad. With irreverence
to sacrfd names or things.
Ppofaner. pri-fine-ur, s. Polluter, vloIaloJi
413
Profaneness, pr5-faneines, s.
what is sacred.
Profection, pro-fek-shun, s. Advance, pro-
gression.
To Profess, pro-fesj v. a. To declare himself in
strong terms of any opinion or character, to make a
show nf any sentiments by loud deciaraiiiin ; to declare
publickly one's skill in any artor science, so as to invite
employment.
To Profess, pro-fesJ v. n. To declare openly;
to declare friendship.
Professedly, pr6-fes-sed-l5, ad. 364. Accord-
ing to open declaration made by himself.
ProfESSIOR, pro-fesh-un, S. Calling, vocation,
known employment; declaration, strong assurance;
the act of declaring one's self of any party or opinion.
Professional, pro-fesh'-un-^l, a. Relating to
a particular calling or profession.
Professor, pro-fes-sur, s. One who declares
himself of any opinion or party; one who publickly
practifcs or teaches an art.
Professorship, pro-fes-sur-shlp, j. The station
or office of a publick teacher.
To Proffer, prif^fur, v. a. To propose, to offer.
Proffer, prSf-fur, S. Offer made, something
proposed to acceptance.
Profferer, prSWur-ur, s. He that offers.
Proficience, pr6-fish-ense, ")
Proficiency, pro-fish-en-se, J
Profit, advancement in any thing, improvement gained.
Proficient, pr6-fish'ent, s. One who has made
advancement in any study or business.
Profile, pro-fil, pr6-feel{ J. 112. The side face,
half face.
Profit, prSf-f^t, S. Gain, pecuniary advnntage ;
advantage, accession of good ; improvement, advance-
ment, proficiency.
To Profit, pr&f-fit, w. a. To benefit, to
advantage ; to improve, to advance.
To Profit, prSf-ht, ?;. M. To gain advantage ; to
make improvement ; to be of use or advantage.
Profitable, prof-fit-i-bl, a. Gainful, lucrative;
useful, advantageous.
Profitableness, prof-f1t-^-bl-nes, s. Gainfui-
ness, usefulness, advantageousness.
Profitably, prif^f1t-i-bl^, ad. Gainfully, ad-
vantageously, usefully.
Profitless, pr&f^fit-les, a. Void of gain or
advantage.
Profligate, prif^flu-gat, a, 91. Abandoned,
lost to virtue and decency, shameless.
Profligate, prof-fl^-g4t, *. 91. -An abandoned,
shameless wretch.
Profligately, prSf-fle-gat-le, ad. Shamelessly.
PrOFLIGATENESS, pr6f-fle-git-nes, *. The quality
of being profligate.
ProfLUENCE, pr6f^flu-ense, s. Progress, course.
Profluent, prof^flu-ent, a. 532. Flowing
forward.
Profound, pr6-found| a. Deep, descending far
below thesurface, low with respect to the neighbouring
places; intellectually deep, not obvious to tlie mind ;
lowly, submissive; learned beyond the common reach.
Profound, pro-foundj *. The deep, the main, the
sea ; the abyss.
Profoundly, pr6-found-l^, ad. Dee,%, witij
deep concern; with great degrees of knowledge, wilU
deep insight.
Profoundness, pro-found-nes, s. Depth o.
place; depth of knowledge.
Profundity, pro-fuiid'e-tJ, s. Depth of place or
knowledge.
Profuse, pri-fuse{ a. 427- Lavish, prodigal,
overabounding.
Profusely, pro-fise-lJ, ad. Lavishly, prodigally)
with exuberance.
PRO PRO
ty-hb9. Fdte73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Profuseness, pr6-fuseines, s. Lavishness, pro-
digality.
Profusion, pro-fu-zhun, s. Lavishness, prodigality,
extravagance ; abundance, exuberant plenty.
To Prog, prSg-, v. n. To rob, to steal; to ehift
meanly for provisions. A low word.
Prog, prog, *. Victuals, provision of any kind.
A low word.
PROGENERATION, pr6-jen-er-iishun, s. The act
of begetting, propagation.
Progenitor, pr6-jen-!t-ur, s, A forefather, an
ancestor in a direct line.
Progeny, pr6d-je-ne, s. Offspring, race, generation.
Prognosticable, pr6g-nSs-te-ki-bl, a. Such
as may be foreknown or foretold.
To Prognosticate, prftg;-n8s'-t^-kAte, v. a.
To foretell, to foreshow.
Prognostication, pr8g-n8s-t^-ka^shun, s.
a foretoken.
Prognostic ator, prSg-n6s-te-k^-tur, *. 521.
One who foretells.
Prognostics, pr5g-n8s-tik, a. Fortokening
disease or recovery.
Prognostick, pr6g-nfts-tik, s. The skill of
foretelling diseases, or the event of diseases ; a pre-
diction ; a token forerunning.
Progress, prog-gres, *. 532. Course, procession j
advancement, motion forward ; intellectual improve-
ment; removal from one place to another ; a journey
of state, a circuit.
(t5- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Nares,
Dr. Keniick, W.Johnston, and Perry, pronounce the o
in the first syllable of this word short; but Buchanan
and Entick make it long.
Progression, pro-gresh-im, s. Process, regular
and gradual advance; motion forward; intellectual
advance.
Progressional, pro-gresh-un-ill, a. In a state
of increase or advance.
Progressive, pro-gres-siv, a. Going forward,
advancing.
Progressively, pri-gres-siv-le, ad. By gradual
steps or regular course.
Progressiveness, pri-gTcs-siv-nes, s. The state
of advancing.
To Prohibit, pr6-hib^it, v. a. To forbid, to
interdict by authority; to debar, to hinder.
Prohibiter, pro-hib-it-tur, s. Forbidder, in-
terdicter.
Prohibition, pr6-he-bish-iin, s. Korbiddance,
interdict, act of forbidding.
Prohibitory, pr6-hib-b^-tur-^, a. Implying
prohibition, forbidding.
To Project, pri-jektj v. a. 492. To throw
out, to cast forward ; to exhibit a form, as of the image
thrown on a mirror; to scheme, to form in the mind,
to contrive.
To Project, pro-jekt{ v. n. To jut out, to
shoot forward, to shoot beyond something next it.
Project, prSd-jekt, S. 492. 532. Scheme, con-
trivance.
Projectile, pr6-jek-til, s, 140. a body put in
motion.
Projectile, pr6-jek-til, a, 140. impelled
forward. »
Projection, pri-jek^shun, *. The act of shoot-
ing forward ; plan, delineation ; scheme, plan of
action; in Chemistry, crisis of an operation.
Projector, pr6-jek-tur, *. On« who forms
schemes or designs ; one who forms wild impracticable
schemes.
PR0JECTURE,pr6-jek^tshure,«.463. A jutting out.
To Prolate, pro-Ute{ v. a. 492. To pronounce,
to utler.
Prolate, pr^Kite, a, 532. Extended beyond an
fxaci round.
PrOLATION, pr6-lA'sllun, *. Pronunciation, ut-
terance; delay, act of deferring.
Prolegomena, prSl-le-gum-me-ii^, s. 530.
Previous discourse, introductory observations.
ProlepsiS, pr6-lep-s1s, s. A figure of rhetorick,
in which objections are anticipated.
ProlepTICAL, pr6-lep-te-k4l, a. Previous, ante-
cedent.
Proleptically, pro-lepit^-k^l-le, ad. By way
of anticipation.
Prolification, pro-lif-fe-ka-shun, s. Genera-
tion of children.
Prolific, pro-lit-fik, a. 509. Fruitful, genera-
tive, pi;egnani, productive.
Prolifically, pri-lif^fe-klLl-^, ad. Fruitfully,
pregnantly.
Prolix, pri-liks{ a. Long, tedious, not concise j
of long duration.
PrOLIXIOUS, pr6-likishflS, a. Dilatory, tedious.
Not used.
Prolixity, pr6-liks-^-te, s. tediousness, tire.
some length, want of brevity.
Prolixly, pr6-liks-le, ad. At great length,
tediously.
PrOLIXNESS, pro-llks-nes, *. Tediousness.
Prolocuior, prSl-l6-ku-tur, s. 503. The fore-
tnan, the speaker of a convocation.
(Kr- In compliance with so many authorities I placed
the accent on the antepenultimate syWable of interlocutor,
and nearly the same authorities oblige me to place the
accent on the penultimate of this word; for so Dr. John-
son, Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry,
Buchanan, Barclay, Penning, and Bailey, accent it. But
surely these two words ought not to be differently
accented; and if my opinion had any weight, I would
accent them both on the penultimate, as they may be
considered exactly like words ending in ator, and ought
to be accented in the same manner. Mr. Sheridan and
Mr. Scott are very singular in placing the accent on the
first syllable. — See Interlocutor.
Prolocutorship, pr6l-l6-kiiitur-ship, s. The
office of a prolocutor.
Prologue, pr&l-l&g, s. 338. .'^-32. Preface, in.
troduction to any discourse or performance ; something
spoken before the entrance of the actors of a play.
(f^ Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Nares,
Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Perry, and Entick,
make the o in the first syllable of this word short, and
Buchanan only long.
To Prologue, pr8l-l$g, v. a. To mtroduce with
a formal preface. Not in use.
To Prolong, pr6-l6ng{ v. a. To lengthen out,
to continue, to draw out; to put off to a distant time.
Prolongation, prSl-l8ng-gA-shun, s. 530.
-The act of lengthening; delay to a longer time.
Prolusion, pro-li-zhun, S. Entertainment, per-
formance of diversion; prelude.
Prominent, pr8m-me-nent, «. Standing oui
beyond the other parts, protuberaiat.
Prominence, prSm^me-nense, \ ,
Prominency, prOm'rae-nen-se, J
Protuberance, projecting parts.
Promiscuous, pr6-mis-ku-ns, a. Mingled, con-
fused, undistinguished.
Promiscuously, pri-mis-ku-us-1^, ad. With
confused mixture, indiscriminately.
Promise, prSm-miz, *. Declaration of some
benefit to be conferred ; hope, expectation.
To Promise, pr6m^miz, v. a. To make declara-
tion of some benefit to be conferred.
To Promise, prSm-miz, v. n. To assure one by
a promise; it is used of assurance even of ill.
Promisebreach, prSm-miz-bretsh, s. Violatioa
of promise.
Promisebreake«, prSmimiz-bra-kiV, *.
Violator of promises.
PRO
PRO
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il 399— pound 313— fAin 466, this 469.
98. One who
Promiser, prim^miz-ur, s.
promises.
Promissory, pr8m-mis-sur-e, a. 512. Contain-
ing i)rofession of some benefit to be conferred.
Promissorily, prftra^mis-sur-^-l^, ad. By way
of promise.
Promontory, pr6m^mun-tur-i, s. 557. A head-
land, a cape, higli land jutting inro the sea.
To Promote, prfi-mitej v. a. To forward, to
advance; to elevate, to exalt, to prefer.
Promoter, pri-mite-ur, s. Advancer, forwarder,
encourager.
Promotion, pri-mi-shun, S. Advancement, en-
couragement, exaltation to some new honour or rank,
preferment.
To Promove, pr6-moov{ v. a. To forward, to
promote. Not used.
Prompt, prSmt, a. 412. Quick, ready j petulant ;
ready without hesitation, wanting no new motive j
ready, told down, as. Prompt payment.
To Prompt, prftmt, v. a. To assist oy private
instruction, to help at a loss j to incite, to instigate j
to remind, to act as a prompter.
Prompter, prSmitur, *. 98. One who helps
a publick speaker, by suggesting the word to him when
he falters; an admonislier, a reminder.
Promptitude, primiti-tude, S. Readiness, quick-
ness.
Promptly, prSmt-1^, ad. Readily, quickly, ex-
peditiously.
Promptness, prSmt-nes, s. Readiness, quickness,
alacrity.
Prompture, prSm^tsliire, s. 468. Suggestion,
motion given by another. Not used.
To Promulgate, pro-mul-gAte, v. a. To publish,
to make known by open declaration.
Promulgation, pr5m-ul-gi-shun, *. 530.
Publication, open exhibition.
Prom ULGATOR,prSm-ul-gA-tur,*. 521. Publislier,
open teacher.
To Promulge, pri-mulje{ v. a. To promulgate,
to publish, to teacli openly.
PrOMULGER, pio-mul-jur, *. 98. Publisher,
promulgator.
Prone, prone, a. Bending downward, lying with
the face downwards; precipitous, headlong; sloping;
inclined, disposed.
Proneness, prone-nes, *. The state of bending
downwards ; the state of lying with the face downwards;
descent, declivity; inclination, disposition to ill.
Prong, prong, *. A fork.
Pronominal, prA-nftm-6-nAl, n. Having the
nature of a a pronoun.
Pronoun, proinoun, s. 313. -A word used instead
of a noun or name.
To Pronounce, pro-nounspj ?•. a. 313. To
speak, to utter; to utter solemniy, to utter confidently ;
to form or articulate by the orgMis of speech ; to utter
rhetorically.
To Pronounce, pri-n(^unse( v. n. To speak
with confidence or authority.
Pronouncer, pri-noun^sur, s. 98. One who
pronounces.
Pronunciation, pri-nSn-sh^-ii-shun, ». Act or
mode of utterance.
CCy" There are few words more frequently mispro-
nounced than this. A mere English scholar,"who con-
siders the verbtopro7io7(nce as the root of it, cannot easily
conceive why the o is thrown out of the second syllable ;
and therefore, to correct the mistake, sounds the word as
if written pronotinciation. Those who are sufficiently
learned to escape this errour, by understanding that the
word comes to us either from the Latin jjronunciatio, or
the French provnnciation, are very apt to fall into another,
by sinking the first aspiration, and pronouncing the
third syllable like the noun sea. But these speakers
ought to take notice, that, throughout the whole language,
c, «, and t, preceded by the accent, cither primary or
415
sccondaiy, and followed by ea, ia, io, or any similar
diphthong, always become aspirated, and are pronounced
as if written she. Thus the very same reasons that oblige
us to pronounce partiality, propitiation, especially;, &c. a&
if written parsheality,propisheashnn,espeshally, &'c. oblige
us to pronounce pronunciation as if written pronunshea-
shun. See Principles.-, No. 357, 450, 461, and the word
£cclesiastick-
But though Mr. Sheridan avoids the vulgar errour of
sinking the aspiration,' in my opinion befalls into one
fully as exceptionable ; which is, that of pronouncing the
word in four syllables, as if written pro-nun-sha-sliun.
I am grossly mistaken if correct speakers do not always
pronounce this and similar words in the manner I have
marked them : and, indeed, Mr. Sheridan himself seems
dubious with respect to some of them ; for though he
pronounces glaciate, gluciatton, association, &c. gla-shate,
gla-sha-shun, as-so-sha-shun, &c. yet he spells congfaaate,
conglaciatio7t, and association, — con-gla-syate, con-gla-sya-
shun, con-so-sya-shun. See Principles, No. 54i, 543.
Proof, proof, S. 306. Evidence, testimony, con-
vincing token; test, trial, experiment; firm temper,
impenetrability; armour hardened till it will abide
a certain trial ; in Printing, the rough draught of
a sheet when first pulled.
Proof, proof, a. Impenetrable, able to resist.
Proofless, proof^les, a. Unproved, wanting
evidence.
To Prop, prSp, v. a. To sustain, to support.
Prop, prOp, s. Support, a stay, that on which any
thing rests.
Propagable, pr8p-^-g^-bl, a. Such as may be
spread; such as may be propagated.
To Propagate, prSp^^-gAte, v. a. 91. To con-
tinue or spread by generation or successive production ;
to carry on from place to place; to increase, to pro-
mote; to generate.
To Propagate, pr&p-i-gate, v. n. To have off-
spring.
Propagation, pr6p-^-gi^shuii, s. Continuance
or diffusion by generation or successive production.
Propagator, pr5pi^-ga-tur, «. 521. One who
continues by successive production ; a spreader, a pro-
moter.
To Propel, pro-pelj v. a. To drive forward.
To ProPEND, pro-pendj v. n. To incline to any
part, to be disposed in favour of any thing. Not used.
Propendency, pr6-pen-den-s4, s. Inclination
or tendency of desire to any thing; preconsideration.
Not used.
Propense, pri-pensej a. Inclined, disposed.
Propension, prO-pen^sbun,\
Propensity, pr6-pen^se-te, j *'
Inclination, disposition to any thing good or bad;
tendency.
Proper, prSp^pur, a. 98. Peculiar, not belong
ing to more, not common ; noting an individual ; one's
own; natural, original; fit, suitable, qualified ; accu-
rate, just ; not figurative ; pretty ; tall, lusty, handsome m
with'bulk. •
Properly, prop'-pur-l^, ad. Fitly, suitably ; in
^- a'strict sense.
ProPERNESS, pr8p-pur-neS, S. The quality of
being proper.
PimP^aiTY, pr&p-pur-t^, S. Peculiar quality ;
quality, disposition ; right of possession ; possession
held in one's own right; the thing possessed; some-
thing useful; necessary implements.
T^ Property, prftp-pur-te, v. a. To invest with
qualities; to seize or retain as something owned, to
appropriate, to hold. Not in use.
Prophecy, prof-fe-se, s. 499. A declaration of
something to come, prediction.
ProphesieR, pr6f^fe-sl-ur, s. One who pro-
pliesies.
To Prophesy, pr8fif^-»i, v. a. 499. To predict,
to foretell, to prognosticate; to foreshow.
To Prophesy, pr6f^fe-sl, v. n. To utter pre-
dictions $ to preach, a scriptural sense.
PRO
PRO
e3-'559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164^
1, /"•
Prophet, prftPflt, *. 99- One who tells future
events ; one of the sacred writers empowered by God
to foretell futurity.
Prophetess, prof-fit-tes, s, A woman that
foretells future events.
Prophetick, pri-fet'tik, 509.
Prophetical, pri-fet-t^-kal
Foreseeing or foretelling future events.
Prophetically, pr6-fet-te-kil-^, ad. With
knowledge of futurity, in manner of a prophecy.
To Prophetize, pr8f-lit-tize, v. n. To give
predictions.
Prophylactick, prof4-likitik, a. 530. Pre-'
ventive, preservative.
Propinquity, pr6-ping-kwl-te, s. Keamess,
proximity, nearness of timej kindred, nearness of
blood.
PrOPITIABLE, pr6-pish-e-4-bl, a. Such as may
be induced to favour, such as may be made propitious.
To Propitiate, prA-pish^e-^te, v. a. 542. To
induce to favour, to conciliate.
Propitiation, pri-pish-e-A'shun, *. The act of
making propitious; the atonement, the ofTeiing by
which prupitiousness is obtained.
Propitiator, pro-pish^e-i-tur, s. 521. One
that propitiates.
Propitiatory, pro-pish^^-i-tur-e, a. Having
the power to make propitious.
Propitious, pri-pish-us, a. 292. Favourable,
kind.
Propitiously, prA-pishius-l^, ad. Favourably,
kindly.
PROPITIOUSNESS, pr&-pish-US-nes, S. Favour-
ableness, kindness.
PrOPLASM, pro-pllzm, S. Mould, matrix.
ProPLASTICE, pr6-plis-tis, S. The art of making
moulds for casting.
Proponent, prJ-po^nent, s. 503. One that
makes a proposal.
Proportion, pri-p5r-shun, s. Comparative
relation of one thing to another, ratio; settled rela-
tion of comparative quantity, equal degree; harmo-
nick degree J symmetry, adaptation of one to another;
form, size.
To Proportion, pri-por^shun, v. a. To adjust
by comparative relations; to form symmetrically.
Proportionable, pro-por-shun-S-bl, a.
Adjusted by comparative relation, such as is fit.
Proportionably, pri-p6r-shun-i-bl^, ad.
According to proportion, acrording to comparative re-
lations.
Proportional, pri-p5r-shun-4l, a. Having
a settled comparative relation; having a certain de-
gree of any quality compared with something else.
Proportionality, pri-por-shun-^l-^-t^, s.
The quality of being proportional.
Proportionally, pr6-p6r-shun-il-li, ad.
In a stated degree.
Proportionate, pri-p6r-sbun-^t, a. 91.
Adjusted to something else according to a certain rate
or comparative relaiion.
To Proportionate, pr6-p6r-shun-ite, v. a. 91.
To adjust according to settled rates to something else.
Little used.
"roportionateness, pri-por^shun-it-nes, s.
The state of being by comparison adjusted.
Proposal, pro-pi-zil, *. 88. Scheme or design
prupounded to consideration or acceptance; offer to
the mind.
To Propose, pri-pizej v. a. To offer to the con-
sideration, a
To Propose, pro-poze, v, n. To lay schemes.
Not used.
Proposer, pri-p^-zur, s. 98. One that offers
any thing to consideration.
Proposition, prSp-i-zish-un, s. A sentence in
which any thing ii affirmed or decreed ; proposal, offer
of termii,'
416
Propositional, pr5p-i-zish-un-il, a. Considered
as a proposition.
To Propound, pro-poundj v. a. 313. To offer
to consideration, to propose ; to offer, to exhibit.
PrOPOUNDER, pri-pound-ur, *. He that pro-
pounds, he that offers.
Proprietary,, pro-prl'-e-t^r-e, *. Possessor in
his own right.
Proprietor, pr6-prU^-tur, s. 98. A possessor
in his own right.
Proprietress, prS-prl-e-tres, s. A female pos-
sessor in her own right.
Propriety, pr6-prUe-te, S. Peculiarity of pos-
session, exclusive right; accuracy, justness.
PROPT,/or Propped, pr6pt, ;>arf . 359. Sustained
by some prop.
To Propugn, pr6-pune{ v. a. 385, To defend,
to vindicate.
(KJ- This word and its compounds are exactly under the
same predicament as impugn; which see.
Propugnation, prSp-pug-na-shun, s. 530.
Defence.
Propugner, pro-pu-nur, s. 386. A defender.
Propulsion, pro-puUshun, s. The act of driving
forward.
ProRE, prore, S. The prow, the forepart of a ship.
Prorogation, prir-ri-^A-shun, *. Continuance,
state of lengthening out to distant time, prolongation ;
interruption of the session of parliament by the regal
authority.
To Prorogue, pr6-rig{ v. a. 337. To protract,
to prolong ; to put off, to delay ; to interrupt the
session of parliament to a distant time.
ProruptION, pr6-riip-shun, s. The act of bursting
out.
ProsaiCK, pri-za-lk, a. 509- Belonging to prose,
resembling prose.
To Proscribe, pr6-skrlbe{ v. a. To censure
capitally, to doom to destruction.
Proscriber, pro-skrl-bur, s. 98. One that
dooms to destruction.
Proscription, pro-skrip-shun, s. Doom to
death or confiscation.
Prose, proze, *. Language not restrained to
harmonick sounds, or set number of syllables.
To Prose, prize, v. n. To make tedious narrations.
To Prosecute, prfts^se-kute, v. a. 444. To
pursue, to continue endeavours after any thinp ; to con-
tinue, to carry on ; to proceed in consideration or dis-
quisition of any thing; to pursue by law, to sue
criminally.
Prosecution, pris-s^-kuishun, s. Pursuit, en-
deavour to carry on ; suit against a man in a criminal
cause.
Prosecutor, prSs^s^-ku-tur, s. 166.521. One
that carries on anything; apursuerof any purpose; one
who pursues another by law in a criminal cause.
Proselyte, prSs-se-lite, s. A convert, one
brought over to a new opinion.
Proselytism, prfts-5-l^-tizm, s. The desire of
making converts.
To Proselytize, pr6s^i-le-tlze, v. a. To con-
vert to one's own opinion.
Prosemination, pri-sem-m^-nA'-shun, *.
Propagation by seed.
Prosodiacal, pros-6-di-a-k4l, a. Relating to the
rules of prosody.
Prosodian, pri-sA^d^-^n, s. One skilled in
metre or prosody.
Prosody, pr6s'-so-d4, s. 444. 503. The part of
grammar which teaches the sound and quantity of
syllables, and the measures of verse.
Prosopopoeia, prSs-so-p6-p5-yS, s. Personifica-
tion, figure by which things are made persons.
Prospect, pr&s-pekt, s. View of something
distant; place which affords an extended view; scrie*
PRO
PRO
nor 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il 299— pound 313— fAin 466, THU 469.
of objects open to the eye; object of view; view into
futurity, opposed to retrospect ; regard to something
future.
Prospective, pro-spek-tiv, a. Viewing at
a distance; acting with foresiglit.
To Prosper, prSs^pur, v. a. 98. To make
happy, to favour.
To Prosper, prSs-pur, v. n. To be prosperous,
to be successful ; to thrive, to come forward.
Prosperity, pr6s-per-i-t4, S. Success, attain-
ment of wishes, good fortune.
Prosperous, pr$s-pur-us, a. 314. Successful,
fortunate.
Prosperously, pr6sipur-us-iJ, ad. Successfully,
fortunately.
PrOSPEROUSNESS, pr6s-pur-US-neS, S. Prosperity.
Prospicience, pro-spish-e-ense, s. 542. The
act of looking forward.
Prosternation, pr6s-ter-na-shun, s. Dejection,
depression, state of being cast down.
To Prostitute, prSs-tl-tute, v. a. To sell to
wickedness, to expose to crimes for a reward; to ex-
pose upon vile terms.
Prostitute, pr6s-t^-tute, a. Vicious for hire,
sold to infamy or wickedness.
Prostitute, pris-t^-tute, S. A hireling, a mer-
cenary, one who is set to sale ; a publick strumpet.
Prostitution, pr5s-t^-tu-shun, s. The act of
setting to sale, the state of being set to sale for vile
purposes ; the life of a publick strumpet.
Prostrate, prSs-tr^t, rt. 91. Lying at length;
lying a-t mercy ; thrown down in humblest adoration.
To Prostrate, prSs^trAte, v. a. 91. To lay
flat, to throw down j to fall down in adoration.
Prostration, prSs-traishun, s. The act of
falling down in adoration ; dejection, depression.
PkoSYLLOGISM, pro-sil-li-jizm, *. a prosyllogism
is when two or more syllogisms are connected together.
Protactick, pro-tak-tik, a. Protactick persons
in plays are those who give a narrative or explanation
of ihe piece.
Protasis, pr5-ti-sis, s. 503. The first part of
the comedy or tragedy in the ancient drama that ex-
plains the argument of the piece. A maxim or pro-
position.
To Protect, pr5-tekt{ v. a. To defend, to cover
from evil, to shield.
Protection, pri-tek-shun, s. Defence, shelter
from evil ; a passport, exemption from being molested.
Protective, pr6-tek-tiv, a. 512. Defensive,
sheltering.
Protector, pr6-tek-tur, *. 98. Defender,
slielterer, supporter ; an officer who had heretofore the
care of the kingdom in the king's minority.
Protectorate, pri-tek-ti-rite, s. Government
by a protector.
Protectress, pri-tek^tres, s. A woman that
protects.
To Protend, pri-tendj v. a. To hold out, to
stretch forth.
PrOTERVITY, pri-ter^vi-te, s. Peevishness, pe-
tulance.
To Protest, pri-test{ v. n. 492. To give
a solemn declaration of opinion or resolution.
To Protest, pr6-testj v. a. A form in law of
entering a caveat against a bill not accepted or paid in
due time ; to call as a witness, not used.
Protest, prA-testJ o»-piSt-est, s. 492. A solemn
declaration of opinion against something.
C:> The first pronunciation of this word is adopted by
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Smith,
Mr. Perry, Buchanan, Barclay, Bailey, and Penning;
and the second by Mr. Nares, Dr. Asli, Dr. Johnson,
and Eniick. As this substantive was derived from the
verb, it had formerly the accent of the verb: and that
this accent was the most prevailing, appears from the
majority of authorities in its favour. But the respect-
able authorities for the second pronunciation, and the
pretence of distinguishing it from the verb, may very
41T
probably establish it, to the detriment of the sound ol
the language, without any advantage to its signification.
See Boxel.
Protestant, pr8t-tes-tSnt, a. Belonging to
Protestants.
Protestant, pr8t-tes-tint, s. One who protesu
against the church of Rome.
Protestantizm, prSties-tan-tizui, s.
The Protestant religion.
Protestation, prSt-tes-ti-sbun, s. A solemn
declaration of resolution, fact, or opinion.
Protester, pr6-test-ur, s. 98. One who protests,
one who utters a solemn declaration.
Prothonotary, pro-<A6n-n6-tir-^, *. 51.8.
The head register.
pROTHONOTARiSHiP,pr6-^/tSnin6-tir-rJ-ship,y.
518. Oftice or dignity of the principal register.
Protocol, pr6-ti-k6l, *. The original copy of
any writing.
Protomartyr, pr5-ti-m^r-tur, s. The first
martyr. A term applied to St. Stephen.
Protoplast, pri^t6-plist, s. Original, thing
first formed.
Prototype, pri-ti-tipe, s. The original of
a copy, exemplar, archetype.
To Protract, pr6-trikt{ v, a. To draw out, to
delay, to lengthen, to spin to length.
Protracter, pri-trik-tur, s. One who draws
out any thing to tedious length; a mathematical in-
strument for taking and measuring angles.
Protraction, pr6-trlkisbun, s. The act of
drawing to length.
Protractive, pri-trik^tiv, a. Dilatory, delaying,
spinning to length.
Protreptical, pr5-trepitJ-kSl, a. Hortatory,
suasory.
To Protrude, pro-tridej v. a. To thrust
forward.
To Protrude, pri-tridej v. n. To thrust itself
forward.
Protrusion, pro-trooizbun, s. The act of
thrusting forward, thrust, push.
Protuberance, pr6-tu-ber-inse, *. Something
swelling above the rest, prominence, tumour.
Protuberant, pri-tuiber-4nt, a. Swelling,
prominent.
To Protuberate, pri-tu-ber-ite, v. n. To
swell forward, to swell out beyond the parts adjacent.
Proud, proud, a. 313. Elated, valuing himself;
arrogant, haughty ; daring, presumptuous ; grand,
lofty; ostentatious; salacious, eager for the male;
fungous, exuberant.
Proudly, proud'-l^, ad. Arrogantly, ostentatiously,
in a proud manner.
To Prove, proov, v. a. 164. To evince, to show
by argument or testimony ; to try, to bring to the
test ; to experience.
To Prove, proov, v. n. To make trial ; to be
found by experience; to succeed; to be found in the
event.
ProveaBLE, proovii-bJ, a. That may be proved.
Provedore, pr6v-v^-doreJ $. One who undertakes
to procure supplies for an army.
Provender, prSv-ven-dur, s. Dry food for
brutes, hay and corn.
Proverb, pr6v-verb, s, A short sentence frequently
repeated by the people; a saw, an adage; a word, a
name, or observation commonly received or uttered.
To Proverb, prSv-verb, v. a. To mention in
a proverb ; to provide with a proverb.
Proverbial, pri-ver-be-il, a. Mentioned in
a proverb ; resembling a proverb, suitable to a pro-
verb; comprised in a proverb.
Proverbially, pr6-ver-bJ-4l-lJ, ad.
In a proverb.
To Provide, pri-vldej v. a. To procure before-
hand, to get ready, to prepare ; to furnish, to tuppiVA
Eb
PRO
PSA
83- 559. Fite T3, fir 77, fill 83, fit 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
to stipulate j to Provide against, to take measures for
counteracting or escaping any ill; to Proviae for, to
take care of before hand.
Provided that, pri-vKded, ad. Upon these
terms, this stipulation being made.
Pkovidence, priv-ve-dense, *. 533. Foresight,
timelv care, fi>re(a5t, the act of providing; the care
of God over created beings ; Divine superintendence;
prudence, frugality, reasonable and moderate care of
expense.
PUOVIDENT, prSv-ve-dent, a. Forecasting, cautious,
prudent witli res))ecc to futurity.
Providential, prSv-e-den'-sh^l, a. Effected by
providence, referrible to providence.
Providentially, pr8v-^-den-shil-i, ad. By
the care of Providence.
Providently, prJv-vi-dent-li, ad. With fore-
siglit, willi wise precaution.
Provider, pro-vUdur, s. 98. He who provides
or procures.
Province, priv-vinse, S. A conquered country,
a country eoverned by a delegate ; the proper office or
business of anyone; a region, a tract.
Provincial, jjro-vin-shil, a. Relating to a pro-
vince; appendant to the principal country; not of
the mother country; rude, unpolished; belonging
only to an archbisliop's jurisdiction.
Provincial, pro-vin-shA.1, s. A spiritual governor.
To Provinciate, pr6-vin-sh4-ite, v. a. To turn
to a province.
Provision, pr6-vizh-un, *. The act of providing
beforehand; measures taken beforeliand; accuiuula-
tinn of stores beforehand, stock collected; victuals,
food, provender; stipulation, terms settled.
Provisional, pr6-vi/h-un-ll, a. Temporarily
established, provided for present need.
Provisionally, pri-vizh-un-il-l, ad. By way
of provision.
Proviso, pr6-vl-z6, S. stipulation, caution, pro-
visional condition.
Provocation, priv-6-ki-shun, s. 530. An act
or cause by which anger is raised ; an appeal to a
JU'Jgt. 114 7
Provocative, pro-vo-ka-tiv, s. Any thing which
revives a decayed or cloyed appetite.
Provocativeness, pro-vi-ki-tiv-nes, 5. Quality
of being provocative.
7b Provoke, pro-vokej v. a. To rouse, to excite
by something; to anger, to incense ; to cause, to pro-
mote ; to challenge; to move, to incite.
To Provoke, pro-vokej v. n. To appeal,
a lalinisni ; to produce anger.
Provoker, pri-vo-kur, s. One that raises anger;
causer, promoter.
PROvoKiNGLY,pr6-VH-king-lJ, a<f. 410. In such
a manner as to raise anger.
Provost, prSv-vust, *. The chief of any body, as
the Provost of a college.
Provost, pro-voj *. Corrupted from the French
Prevot. The executioner of an army.
Provostship, prSv-vust-ship, s. The office of
a provost.
Prow, prou, or pro, *. The head or forepart of
a ship.
CO Mr. Elphinston, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Smith,
Mr. Perry, and Buchanan, are for the first pronuncia-
tion of this word; and Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares,
Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, and Barclay, for the second.
When authorities are so nicely balan<ed, analogy ought
to decide ; and that is clearly for the first pronunciation.
See Principles, No. 323.
Prowess, prou-es, or pri-ls, s. Bravery valour,
military gallantry.
(t5- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, W.John-
ston, and Perry, adopt the first sound of this word ; and
Mr. Nares only the second : here too analogy must de-
cide for the first. — See Principles, No. 3",3.
To Prowl, proul, or prole, v. n. To wander
for prey, to prey, to plunder.
4IB
03- This word, among many others composed of the
diphthong ou, is subject to a double pronunciation ; the
one rhyming with cot»J, and the other with sfroiJ. That
the former is more agreeable to analogy mav be seen
from tlie more numerous instances of this sound of the
ow than of the other ; that the latter pronunciation,
however, was very prevalent, may be gathered from the
mode of spelling this word in Philip's Pastorals, edit.
1748. Tonson and Draper.
" I, only with the froling wolf, constrain'd
" All lught to wake: with hunger he is pain'd,
" And 1 with lore. His hunger he may tame ;
" But who can quench, O cruel love ! thy flame."
The authorities for the first pronunciation are Mr. She-
ridan, Mr. Smith, Mr. Scott, Buchanan, and W.John-
ston ; and for the second. Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, and
Mr. Perry: and analogy must decide as in the two fore-
going words. — See Principles, No. 325.
Prowler, proul-ur, s. One that roves about for
prey.
Proximate, prSksie-mit, a. 91. Next in the
series of ratiocination, near and immediate.
Proximately, pr8ks-e-m^t-l^, ad. Immediately,
without intervention.
Proxime, pr^ks-im, a. 140. Next, immediate.
Proximity, pr4ks-im-^-t^, s. Nearness,
Proxy, prSks-^, *. The agency of another ; the
substitution of another, the agency of a substitute;
the person substituted or deputed.
PrUCE, proos, S. Prussian leather.
Prude, prood, s. 359. A woman over-nice and
scrupulous, and with false affectation of virtue.
Prudence, proo-dense, s. 339. Wisdom applied
to practice.
Prudent, proo-dent, a. Practically wise; fore-
seeing by natural instinct.
Prudential, proo-den-shil, a. Eligible on
principles of prudence.
Prudentials, proo-den-shilz, s, Maxims of
prudence or practical wisdom.
Pruuentiality, proo-den-slie-il-^-ti, *.
Eligibility on principles of prudence.
Prudentially, proo-den-shil-e, ad. According
to the rules of prudence.
Prudently, proo-dent-li, ad. Discreetly,
judiciously.
Prudery, prood-er-J, s. Overmuch nicety in
conduct.
Prudish, prood^sll, a. Affectedly grave.
To Prune, prdon, v. a. 339. To lop to divest
trees of their superfluities; to clear from excrescences.
To Prune, proon, v. n. To dress, to prink.
A ludicrous word.
Prune, proon, s. 176. A dried plum.
Prunello, proo-nel-li, s. A kind of stuff of
which the clergymen's gowns are made; a kind of
plum.
PrUNER, proon-ur, *. 98. One that crops trees.
Pruniferous, proo-nif-fer-us, a. Plumbeating.
pRUNiNGHOOK, proon'-ing-hook, )
Pruningknife, proon-ing-nlfe, J
A hook or knife used in lopping trees.
Prurience, proo-re-ense, \
Pruriency, proo-re-en-se, J
An itching or a great desire or appetite to any thing.
Prurient, proo-re-ent, a. Itching.
Pruriginous, proo-rid-jin-us, a. Tending to an
itch.
To Pry, prl, v. n. To peep narrowly.
Psalm, sam, *. 78. 403. 412. A holy song.
Psalmist, sal-mist, *. 78.403. A writer of holy
songs.
Psalmody, sal-mJ-de, s. 403. The act or
practice of finging holy songs.
Psalmography, s4l-mSg-gri-fe, s. 519, xiie
I act of wiitiiig psalms,
PUD
PUI
lor \S7, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound SrlS—thin 466, THis 469.
Psalter, sawKtur, s. 412. The volume of
psalms, a psalm book.
Psaltery, sawl-tur-^, j. 412. A kind of harp
beaten with slicks.
PSEUDO, SU-do, S. 412. A prefix, which being put
before words, signifies false or counterfeit, as. Pseudo-
apostle, a counterfeit aposile.
PSEUDOGUAPHY, SU-d6g-r^-fe, S. False writing.
(5:5- For the propriety of suppressing the p in these
words, see Pneumaticks .
PSEUDOLOGY, su-dSl-i-ji, *. Bl8. Falsehood of
speech.
Pshaw, shiw, inter j. 412. An expression of
contempt.
Psyche, sl-k^, s. A nymph whom Cupid married.
This word signifies the soitl.
Psychology, sl-k8l-6-jJ, s. 513. The doctrine
of the soul or mind.
PSYCHOMACHY, sl-kSm-i-kJ, 5. 518. A conflict
of the soul with the body.
PSYCHOMANCY, sl-ko-man-si, *. 519- Divination
by consulting the souls of the dead.
Ptisan, tlZ-Z^n( *. 412. A medical drink made
of barley decocted with raisins and liquorice.
Ptyalism, tl-4-llzm, S. An effusion of spittle,
a salivation.
PtylOSIS, tl-l6-SlS, S. 503. 529. A disease of
the eyes.
PtysmagogUE, tizimi-gftg, 5. 519- A medicine
to provoke spitting.
Puberty, pu-ber-tJ, S. The time of life in which
the two sexes begin first to be acquainted.
Pubescence, pu-bes-sense, s. 510. The state
of arriving at puberty.
Pubescent, pu-bes-sent, a. Arriving at puberty.
Publican, pub-l^-kin, s. 88. In scripture
language, a toll-gatlierer ; in common language, a man
that keeps a house of general entertainment.
Publication, piib-l^-ki-shun, s. The act of
publishing, the act of notifying to the world; edition,
the act of giving a book to the publick.
PUBLICK, pllb-llk, a. Belonging to a stale or
nation; open, notorious, generally known; general,
done by many; regarding not private interest, but
the good of the community; open for general enter-
tainment.
Publick, pub-hk, *. The general body of manKind,
or of a stale or nation ; open view, general notice.
Publickly, pub-hk-le, ad. In the name of the
community ; openly, without concealment.
Publick NESS, pub-llk-nes, *. state of belonging
to the community ; openness, state of being generally
known or publick.
Publickspirited, pub-hk-spir-it-ed, a. Having
regard to the general advantage above private good.
To Publish, pub-lish, v. a. To discover to
mankind, to make generally and openly known; to
put forth a book into the world.
Publishek, pub-lish-ur, *. One who makes
publick or generally known ; one who puts out a book
into the world.
Pucelage, pu'sel-idje, s. 90. A state of
virginity.
Puck, puk, .i. Some sprite among the fairies, common
in romances.
PUCKBALL, puk-bill, S. A kind of mushroom full
of dust.
To Pucker, pukM^ur, v. a. 98. To gather into
wrinkles, to contract into folds or plications.
PUDDKR, pud'-dur, s. 98. A tumult, a turbulent
and irregular bustle.
To PUDDER, ptid'-dur, v. n. To make a tumult,
to make a bustle.
To PuDDER, pud^dur, v. a. To perplex, to
d'sturb.
Pudding, pud^dnig, *. 174. 410. A kind of
food very variously compounded, but generally made
419
of flour, milk, and eggs; the gut of an anim&l; a
bowel stuffed with certain mixtures of meal and other
ingredients.
Puddingpie, pud^ding-pl, s. a pudding with
meat baked in it.
Puddingtime, pud-ding-time, s. The time of
dinner; the time at which pudding, anciently the first
dish, is set upon the table ; nick of time, critical mi
nute.
Puddle, pudidl, *. 405. a small muddy lake,
a dirty plash.
To Puddle, pud^dl, v, a. To muddy, to pollute
with dirt, to mix dirt and water.
Puddly, pud-dl-^, a. Muddy, dirty, miry.
Pudency, pA-den-S^, s. Modesty, shamefacedness.
PUDICITY, pu-dlS-S^-t^, *. Modesty, chastity.
Puefellow, pu-fel-l6, s. A partner, A cant
word.
Puerile, pu'-^-ril, ffl. 140.145. Childish, boyish.
Puerility, pu-^-ril-e-te, S. Childishness, boyish-
ness.
PUET, pu-lt, s. 99. A kind of water-fowl.
Puff, puf, *. A quick blast with the mouth j
a small blast of wind ; a fungus ; any thing light and
porous, as Puff paste; something to sprinkle powder
on the hair.
To Puff, puf, v. n. To swell the cheeks with
wind ; to blow with a quick blast ; to blow with scorn-
fulness; to breathe thick and hard; to do or move
with hurry, tumour, or tumultuous agitation ; to swell
with the wind.
To Puff, puf, v. a. To swell as with wind ; to
drive or agitate with blasts of wind ; to drive with a
blast of breath scornfully; to swell or blow up with
praise ; to swell or elate with pride.
Puffer, puf-fur, s. 98. One that puffs.
Puffin, puf'-fin, S. A water-fowl; a kind of fish ;
a kind of fungus filled with dust.
Puffing LY, p?if^fing-li, ad. 410. Tumidly,
with swell ; with shortness of breath.
Puffy, puf-fe, a, 183. Windy, flatulent ; tumid,
turgid.
Pug, pug, *. A kind name of a monkey, or any
thing tenderly loved.
Pugh, pooh, interj. A word of contempt.
Pugnacious, pug-n^^.shus, a. 387. Inclinable
to fights quarrelsome, fighting.
Pugnacity, pug-nls-S^-ti, *. Quarrelsomeness,
inclination to fight.
Puisne, pu-n^, a. 458. Young, younger, later in
time; petty, inconsiderable, small.
Puissance, pi!i-is-sinse, or pi-is-s^nse, *.
Power, strength, force.
0:> The best way to judge of the pronunciation of this
and the following word will be to show the authorities
for each: and as the negative of these words, impuissance,
is governed by its positive, it may not be improper to
join it to the list.
/Dr. Johnson, Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash,
s.v ....■., ) Mr. Scott, W Johnston, Perry, Fen-
fuissauce, . ^j^^^ Barclay, Bailey, Buchanan, and
l Entick.
Pu'issance, Mr. Sheridan.
fDr. Johnson, Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash,
„ . , j Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, Buchanan,
fuusant, , ^ Johnston, Barclay, Bailey, Fen-
l. ning, and Entick.
Pu'issant, Mr. Sheridan.
, . , f Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Barclay, Bailey,
rmpmssance,[ ^nj penning. ^ "
Impii'issance, Mr. Sheridan.
Nothing can be more decisive than the authorities for
the penultimate accent on these words, and this induced
me to alter my former accentuation on the first syllable •
but maturer consideration has convinced me that this is
most conformable to the best as well as the most ancient
usage; That double consonants in the middle do not
always attract the accent. — See Principles, No. 503, b.
This word, Dr- Johnson says, seems to have been pro-
nounced with only two syllables. " It was undeniably
so," says Mr, Mason, " in Shakespeare and subsequen*
PUL
PUN
(»-55a Fite73, ftr 77, fill 83, f4t8'.— mJ 93,'met 35— pine WS, pin 107— ni 162, move 1C4,
Dustiness]
writers : but if Johnson had taljen the pains of loolcing
into Spenser's Fairy Queen, he might have found, very
near the beginning of the first canto, tliat the word was a
trisyllable :
" And ever as lie rode his heart did eamFi
" To prore hii pviitant in battle brare
'* Upon htf foe."
' am more and more convinced that tlie true pronuncia-
tion of this word is in three syllables, with the accent on
the first. Thus in the first chorus of Shakespeare's Henry
the Fifth,
" Into a thousand parts divide one man,
" And make imapnary puissance,"
And again in the third chorus :
" And leare your England as d(ad midnight ttill,
" Guarded with grandsires, babies, and old women,
" Or past, or not arriv'd at pith and puistanct."
„'.?^1c-s4nt, a. Powerful, strong,
pu-is-Si)
PCISSANT,
forcible.
PuissANTLY, pu^is-s4nt-liJ, od. Powerfully,
forcibly.
PCKE, puke, s. A vomit.
To Puke, puke, v. n.^ To vomit.
Purer, pu-kur, s. 98. Medicine causing a vomit.
Pulchritude, pul-kri-tude, s. Beauty, grace,
handsomeness.
To Pule, pule, v. n. To cry like a chicken j to
whine, to cry.
PULICK, pu-lik, s. An herb.
PULICOSE, pi-l4-kise{ a. 427. Abounding with
fleas.— See Appendix.
To Pull, pul, v. a. 173. To draw forcibly ; to
pluck, to gather: to tear, to rend j to Pull down, to
subvert, to demolish, to degrade ; to Pull up, to extir-
pate, to eradicate.
Pull, pul, *. The act of pulling, pluck.
Puller, pul-lur, s. 98. One that pulls.
Pullet, pul-lit, s. 174. A young hen.
Pulley, pul-l^jS. 174. a small wheel turning on
a pivot, with a furrow on its outside in which a rope
runs.
To Pullulate, pul'-li-Ute, v. n. 177.
To germinate, to bud.
Pulmonary, piil-m6-nlr-i, '77.1^
PuLMONicK, pul-mon'-mk, 509. J
Belonging to the lungs.
Pulp, pulp, S. Any soft mass ; the soft part of
fruit.
(t5- All our orthoepists, except Mr. Elphinston, give
the n in this word the same sound as in dull, and not as
in pull, as he has done.
Pulpit, pul-pit, S. 174. A place raised on high,
where a speaker stands ; the higher desk in the church,
where the sermon is pronounced.
O^. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Nares, Dr. Kenrick,
and W. Johnston, pronounce the u in this word as I
liave done. Mr Perry alone gives it the sound of u in
dull.
PULPOUS, pulp-US, U. Soft.
PULPOUSNESS, pulp-us-nes, S. The quality of
being pulpoos.
PULPV, pulp-e, a. Soft, pappy.
Pulsation, pul-si-shun, *. The act of beating or
moving with quick strokes against any thing opposing.
Pulse, pulse, S. The motion of any artery as the
blood is driven through it by the heart, and as it is
perf tived by the touch j otci'llsition, vibration ; to feel
one's Pulse, to try or know one's mind artfully j legu-
miiious plants.
Pulsion, pul-shun,*. The act of driving or forcing
forward, in opposition to suction.
PulverABLE, pul'ver-H-bl, a. Possible to be
reduced to dust.
Pulverization, pul-ver-J-ziishun, s. The act
of powdering, reduction to dust or powder.
To Pulverise, pul-ver-lze, v, a. To reduce to
powder, to reduce to dust.
420
Pulverulence, pul-ver-i-lense, s.
abundance of dust.
PULVIL, pul-vil, s. Sweet-scented powder.
To PULVIL, pul-Vil, V. a. To sprinkle witk
perfumes in powder.
Pumice, pu^nns, or pum-mis, s. A slag a
cinder of some fossil.
(fc5- This word ought to be pronounced peirmis. In
nothing is our language more regular than in preserving
the uopen when the accent is on it, and followed by a
single consonant ; and therefore Mr. Sheridan, Mr.Scutt,
and Buchanan, who give it this sound, ought rather to
be followed than Mr. Elphinston, Dr. Keniick, W.John-
ston, Perry, and Entick, who adopt the short u.— See
Luculent.
Pummel, pum-mil, s. 99- — see Pommel.
Pump, puiup, a. An engine by which water is drawn
up from wells ; its operation is performed by the pres-
sure of the air j a shoe with a thin sole and low heel.
To Pump, pump, v, n. To work a pump, to throw
out water by a pump.
To Pump, pump, f. «. To raise or throw out by
means of a pump ; to examine artfully or by sly inter-
rogatories.
Pumper, pump-ur, s. 98. The person or the
instrument that pumps.
PuMPiON, pamp-yun, *. 113. A plant.
Pun, pun, S. An equivocation, a quibble, an ex«
prcssion where a word has at once different meanings.
To Pun, pun, v. n. To quibble, to use the same
word at once in different senses.
7o Punch, punsh, v. a. To bore or perforate by
driving a sharp instrument.
Punch, punsh, s. A pointed instrument, which,
driven by a blow, perforates bodies ; a liquor made by
mixing spirit with water, sugar, and the juice of le-
mons or oranges; the buffoon or harlequin of the
puppet-show J in contempt or ridicule, a short fat
fellow.
Puncheon, punsh-iin, s. 359. -An instrument
driven so as to make a hole or impression) a measure
of liquids.
Puncher, punsh-ur, s. 98. An instrument that
makes an impression or hole.
Punctilio, puns^k-til-yi, s. 113. A small
nicety of behaviour, a nice point of exactness.
Punctilious, pungk-til-yus, a. Nice, exact,
punctual to superstition.
Punctiliousness, pungk-til-yus nes, *. Nicety,
exactness of behaviour.
PunCTO, pungk^ti, S. 408. Nice point of
ceremony ; the point in fencing.
Punctual, pungk-tshu-al, a. 4GI. Comprised
in a point, consisting in a point; exact, nice, punc-
tilious.
Punctuality, pungk-tslni-^l-i-ti, s. Nicety,
scrupulous exactness.
Punctually, pungk^tshu-il-J, ad. Nicely
exactly, scrupulously.
PUNCTUALNE^S, pungkitshu-^l-ttes, s. Exact
ness, nicety.
Punctuation, pungk-tshi-aishun, s. The act
or method of pointing.
Puncture, pungkf^tshure, s. 461. A hole made
with a sharp point.
To Punctulate, pungk'-tshu-lite, v. a. To
mark with small spots.
Pungency, pun^en-si, *. Power of pricking;
heat on the tongue, acridness; power to pierce the
mind; acrimoniousness, keenness.
Pungent, pun-jent, a. Pricking, sharp on the
tongue, acrid; piercing, sharp, acrimonious, biting.
Punic, pu^nik, a. (From the Latin Pceni.lht
Carthaginians, who were notorious for breach of faith.}
False, faithless, treacherous,
PuNiCEOUS, pu-nish^us, a. 357- Purple.
PUNINESS, pu-ni-"ies, s. PettincM, »mallne«t.
PUR
PUR
'nSr 167, n8tl63~tibe 171, tSb 172, bSU 173— 651299— pS&nd 313— Min 466, THis'469;
7h Punish, pun-msb, v, a. 176. To chastise, to
afflict with penalties ; to revenge a fault with pain or
death.
Punishable, puninisb-4-bl, a. Worthy of punish-
ment, capable of punishment.
PUNISHABLENESS, piinimsh-4-bl-nes, s. The
quality of deserving or admitting punishment.
PuNiSHER, puninish-ur, s. 98. One who inflicts
pain for a crime.
Punishment, puninisb-ment, s. An infliction
imposed in vengeance of a crime.
PUNITION, pu-nish-un, S. Punishment.
Punitive, pu-n^-tiv, a. ^Awarding or inflicting
punishment.
Punitory, pu-n^-tur-^, a, 512. Punisiiing,
tending to punishment.
Punk, pungk' S. A whore, a common prostitute.
Punster, pun-stur, s. A quibbier, a low wit who
endeavours at reputation by douole meaning.
Puny, pu^ni, a. Youne j inferior, petty, of an
under rate.
Puny, pu-ne, S. A young unexperienced unseasoned
wretch.
To Pup, pup, v. n. To bring forth whelps, used of
a bitch bringing young. ^
Pupil, pu-pil, S. The apple of the eye; a scholar,
one under ilie care of a tutor; award, one under the
care of his guardian.
Pupilage, pi-pil-idje, s. 90. State of being
a scholar; wardship, minority.
'upiLLARY, pu-pil-ir-^, a.
Pupillary, pu-pil-2lr-i, a. 512. rertaining to
a pupil or ward.
H^- Dr. Johnson has spelled this word with one I, as if
derived from our own ytord pupil, and not from the Latin
pupillaris. — For the accent of this word, see Papillary.
Puppet, pup-lt, S. 99- A small image moved by
men in a mock drama; a word of contempt,
(t^ This word was f )rmerly often pronounced as if
yfTitten poppit I but this pronunciation is now confined
to the lowest vulgar.
PuppeTMAN, pupipit-mdil, *. Master of a puppet-
show.
Puppetshow, pupip1t-sh5, S. A mock drama
performed by wooden images moved by wire.
Puppy, pup-pi, S. A whelp, a progeny of a bitch j
a name of contempt to an impertinent fellow.
To Puppy, pup-pi, v. n. To bring whelps.
Purblind, pur-blind, a. Neat-sighted. Corrupted
from Porebtind.
Purblindness, puribllnd-nes, *. Shortness of
sight.
Purchasable, pur-tshHs-i-bl, a. That may be
purchased or bought.
To Purchase, pur-tsbfc, v. a. To buy for
a price; to obtain at any expense, as of labour or
danger; to expiate or recompense by a fine or forfeit.
Purchase, pur^tsb^s, s. Any thing bought or
obtained for a price ; any thing of which possession is
taken.
Purchaser, pur-tshis-ur, s. A buyer, one that
gains any thing for a price.
Pure, pure, a. Not sullied ; clear ; unmingled ;
not connected with any thing xetrinsick ; free; free
from guilt, guiltless, innocent; not vitiated with cor-
rupt modes of speech; mere, as, a Pure villain ; chaste,
modest.
Purely, pure^li, ad. In a pure manner, not
with mixture; innocently, without guilt ; merely.
Pureness, pure-nes, *. Clearness, freedom from
extraneous or foul admixtures; simplicity; innocence;
freedom from vitious modes of speech.
PURFILE, pur^fll, *. 140. A sort o*' ancient
trimming fi)r women's gowns.
To PURFLE, pur'-fl, V. a. 405. To decorate with
a wrought or flowered border.
PURFLE, pur-fl, "I . , , , , .,
-,„ . ' /fll f*. A border of embroidery.
PURFLEVV, pur-flu, J '
421
Purgation, pur-gi^sbun, s. Tlie act of cleansing
or purifying from villous mixtures ; the act of cleans-
ing the body by downward evacuation; the act of
clearing from imputation of guilt.
Purgative, purig4-tiv, a. 157. Cathartick,
having the power to cause evacuation downwards.
Purgatory, pur^gi-tur-i, *. 512. 557. A pia»
in which souls are supposed, by the papists, to be purged
by fire from carnal impurities, before they are received
into heaven.
To Purge, purdje, v. a. To cleanse, to clear ; to
clear from impurities; to clear from guilt; to clear
from imputation of guilt ; to »weep or put away impu
rities; to evacuate the body by stool ; to clarify, to de-
fecate.
To Purge, purdje, V, n. To have frequent stools.
Purge, purdje, s. A cathartick medicine, a medi-
cine that evacuates the body by stool.
PURGER, pui-ySr, *. 98. One that clears away any
thing noxious; purge, cathartick.
Purification, pu-ri-fi-ki'-shun, *. The act of
making pure; the act of cleansing from guilt; a rite
performed by the Hebrews after child-bearing.
Purificative, pu-riP-fi-ki-tiv, 1
Purificatory, pu-nf-fe-kJ-tur-i, 512. 557./
a. Having power or tendency to make pure.
Purifier, pii-ri-fl-ur, *. 98. Cleanser, refiner.
To Purify, pu-re-fl, v. a. 183. To make purej
to free from any extraneous admixture ; to make clear;
to free from guilt or corruption ; to clear from barba-
risms or improprieties.
To Purify, pi\-re-fl, v. n. To grow pure.
Puritan, pu^re-tSn, *. 88. a nick-name given
formerly to the Dissenters from the Church of En-
gland.
Puritanical, pi-ri-t^n^ni-k^l, a. Relating to
puritans.
Puritanism, pu-ri-tJn-izm, s. The notions of
a puritan.
Purity, puire-te, s. Cleanness, freedom from
foulness or dirt; freedom from guilt, innocence; chas-
tity, freedom from contamination of sexes.
Purl, purl, S, An embroidered and puckered
border; a kind of medicated malt liquor, in which
wormwood and aromaticks are infused.
To Purl, purl, v. n. To murmur, to flow with
a gentle noise.
To Purl, purl, v. a. To decorate with fringe or
embroidery. Not used.
Purlieu, pur-lu, *. The grounds on the borders
of a forest, border, enclosure.
Purlins, pur-lins, s. In Architecture, those
pieces of timber that lie across the rafters on the inside,
to k»ep them from sinking in the middle.
To Purloin, pur-luillj v. a. To steal, take by theft.
PURLOINER, pur-loin-ur, S. A thief, one that
steals clandestinely.
Purple, pur^pl, a. 405. Ked tinctured with blue;
in poetry, red.
To Purple, pur-pl, v. a. To make red, to
colour with purple.
Purples, pur-plz, *. Spots of livid red, which
break out in malignant fevers; a purple fever.
Purplish, pur-pl-ish, a. Sonrewhat purple.
Purport, pur-port, S. Design, tendency of
a writing or discourse.
To Purport, pur^port, v. n. To intend, to tend
to show.
Purpose, pur-pus, 5. ,166. Intention, design,
elfect, consequence ; instance, example.
To Purpose, pur-pus, v. n. To intend, to design,
to resolve.
Purposely, puripus-li, ad. By desgn, by
intention.
To Purr, pur, v. n. To murmur as a cat or
leopard in pleasure.
Purse, purse, S, A small bag for money.
PUT
PUZ
fcj. 559. Hte 73, filr77, fall 83, f^t 8 l--m5 93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
To Purse, purse, v. a. To put into a purse ; to
contract as a purse.
PORSENET, purse-net, *. A net of which the
mouth is drawn together by a string.
PuRSEPKOUD, purse-proud, a. Puffed up with
money.
Purser, pur^sur, S. 98. Tlie paymaster of a ship.
PURSINESS, pur^s^-nes, *. Shortness of breath.
PURSLAIN, piws-lin, *. 208. > plant.
PURSUABLE, pur-SU-^-bl, a. What may be
pursued.
Pursuance, pur-SU-anse, S. Prosecution, procesj.
Pursuant, pur-su-ant, a. Done in consequence
or prosecution of any thing.
To Pursue, pur-suj v. a. 454. To chase, to
follow in hostility ; to prosecute ; to imitate, to follow
, as an example ; to endeavour to attain.
To Pursue, pur-suJ v. n. To go on, to proceed.
Pursuer, pur-su-ur, s. 98. One who follows in
liostility.
Pursuit, pur-sutej *. Tlie act of following with
hostile intention ; endeavour to attain ; prosecution.
Pursuivant, pur-sw^-vint, *. 340. A state
messenger, an attendant on the heralds.
Pursy, pur-S^, a, Shortbreathed and fat.
Purtenance, pur-tl-nanse, s. The pluck of an
animal.
To Purvey, pur-vaj v. a. 269. To provide witli
conveniences ; to procure.
To Purvey, pur-vaj v. n. To buy in provisions.
Purveyance, pur-vA-^nse, S. Provision, pro-
curement of victuals.
Purveyor, pur-vA-ur,*. QQ. One who provides
victuals; a procmer, a pimp.
PuRULENCE, pu-rit'lense, \ ,._.
PuRULENCY, pu-ru-len-se, J
Generation of pus ana matter. — See Muculeht.
Purulent, pA-ru-lent, a. Consisting of pus or
the running of wounds.
Pus, piis, s. The matter of a well-digested sore.
To Push, push, v. a. 173, 174. To strike with
a thrust; to force or drive by impulse i>f anything;
to force, not by a quick blow, but by continued vio-
lence ; to press forward ; to urge, to drive ; to enforce,
to drive to a conclusion j to importune, to tease.
To Push, push, W. M. To make a thrust ; to make
an effort ; to make an attack.
Push, piKh *. Thrust, the act of striking with
a pointed instrument; an impulse, force imjjressed ;
assault, attack; a forcible struggle, a strong effort;
exigence, trial ; a sudden emergence ; pimple, a wheal,
in this sense not used.
Pusher, push-ur, S. 98. He who pushes forward.
Pushing, push-ing, a. 410. Enterprising,
vigorous.
Pushpin, push-pin, *. A child's play, in which
pins are pushed alternately.
Pusillanimity, pu-sil-l3.n-im-ml-t4, s.
Cowardice.
Pusillanimous, pu-sil-An-ne-mus, a. Mean-
spirited, narrow-minded, cowardly.
PusiLLANiMOUSNESS, pi-sil-^n^ne-oius-nes, *.
Meannees of spirit.
Puss, pus, f. 173. 174. The fondling name of
a cat ; the sportsman's term for a hare.
Pustule, pus-tshiile, s, 463. A small swelling,
a pimple, an efflorescence.
Pustulous, pus^tshu-lus, a. Full of pustules,
pimply.
To Put, put, v. a, 173, 174. To lay or reposit
in anyplace; to place in any situation ; to give up;
to push into action ; to use any action by which tlie
place or state of any thing is changed ; to cause, to
produce; to add; to place in a reckoning; to reduce
to any state; to oblige, to urge ; to propose, to state;
to bring into any state of mind or temper; to offer, to
422
advance ; to unite, to place as an ingredient ; to Put
by, to turn off, to divert, to thrust aside ; to Put down,
to baffle, to repress, to crush, to degrade, to bring
into disuse; to confute; to Put fqrth, to propose, to
extend; to emit as a sprouting plant ; to exert; to Put
in, to interpose; to Put in practice, to use, to exer-
cise; to Put off, to divest, to lay aside; to defeat or
delay with some artifice or excuse; to delay, to defer,
to procrastinate; to pass fallaciously; to discard; to
recommend, to vend or obtrude; to Put on or upon,
to impute, to charge; to invest with, as clothes or co-
veting ; to forward, to promote, to incite; to impose,
to inflict; to assume, to take ; to Put over, to refer;
to Put out, to place at usury ; to extinguish ; to emit,
as a plant; to extend, to protrude; to expel, to drive
from ; to make publick ; to disconcert ; to Put to, to
kill by, to punish by; to Put to it, to distress, to per-
plex, to press hard ; to Put to, to assist with ; to Put
to death, to kill; to Put together, to accumulate into
one sum or mass; to Put up, to pass unrevenged; to
expose publickly ; to start ; to hoard ; to hide ; to Put
upon, to incite, to instigate 5 to impose, to lay upon]
W) Put upon trial, to expose or summon to a solemn
and judicial examination.
To Put, put, or put, v. n. To shoot or germinate;
to steer; to Put forth, to leave a poi't ; to germinate,
to bud, to shoot out ; to Put in, to enter a haven ; to
Put in for, to claim, to stand candidate for; to Put in,
to offer a claim ; to Put off, to leave land ; to Put over,
to sail across ; to Put to sea, to set sail, to begin the
course; to Put up, to offer Due's self a candidate; to
advance to, to bring one's self forward; to Put up
with, to suffer without resentment.
5^> The common pronunciation of the capital is the
first sound given to this word ; but in Ireland, and the
different counties of England, it is generally pronounced
regularly so as to rhyme with hut, nut, &c. W. Johnston
has adopted this sound, and Mr. Perry gives it both ways,
but seems to prefer the regular sound. Mr. Nares is de-
cidedly in favour of this sound ; and as this word, when
a noun, is always so pronounced, it seems a needless de-
parture from rule, and embariassing the language, to
liave the same word differently pronounced. This is an
inccmvenience to which, perhaps, all languages are sub-
ject ; but it ought in all languages to be avoided as much
as possible. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Scott,
Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Smith, adopt the first sound.— See
BokI.
Put, put, *. 175. A rusticif, a clown ; a game at
cards.
Putage, pu-tidje, *. 90. In law, prostitution on
the woman's part.
PUTANISM, pu-t^-nizm, *. The manner of living,
or trade of a prostitute.
Putative, pu-ti-tiv, a. 157. Supposed, reputed,
PuTIB, pu-tld, a. Mean, low, worthless.
PUTIDNESS, pu-tld-nes, *. Meanness, vileness.
Putlog, pilt-log, *. Putlogs are pieces of timbei
or short poles about seven feet long, to bear the board.,
they stand on to work, and to lay bricks and mortar
upon.
PUTREDINOUS, pu-tred-^-nus, a. Stinking, rotten,
Putrefaction, pu-tre-fik-shun, *. The state
Bf growing rotten ; the act of making rotten.
Putrefactive, pu-tr^-fik-tiv, a. Making rotten.
To Putrefy, pu-tri-fi, v. a. 183. To make
rotten, to corrupt with rottenness.
To Putrefy, pt'i^tri-fl, v. n. To rot.
Putrescence, pu-tres-sense,«. 510. The state
of rotting.
Putrescent, pu-tres-sent, a. Growing rotten.
Putrid, pu-trid, a. Rotten, corrupt.
PuTRIDNESS, pu-trid-nes, *. Rottenness.
Putter, put-tur, «. 98. One who puts; Putter
on, inciter, instigator. — See Put.
PUTTINGSTONE, put-tiijg-stone, s. In some
pans of Scotland stones are laid at the gates of great
houses, which they call Puttingstones, lor trials ol
strength.
PUTTOCK, put-tuk, 5. 166. a buzzard.
Putty, put-te, s. a kind of powder on which glass
is ground ; a kind of cement used by glaziers.
To Puzzle, puz-zl, v, a. 405. To perplex, t»
confound, to smbarrais, to entangle.
QUA
QUA
nor 167, n&t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull ITS— 8il 299— pound 313— </tin 466, this 46*9.
Mean or bad sets U
To Puzzle, puz-zl, v. n. To be bewildered in
one's own notions, to be awkward.
Puzzle, puz-zl, s. Embarrassment, perplexity.
Puzzler, piiz-zl-ur, *. 98. He who puzzles.
PygARG, pi-garg, *. A bird.
Pygmean, pig-me-in, a. Belonging to a pygmy.
K^ This word has the accent on the penultimate for
the same reason as Epicurean. It is derived from Pigmcei,
Pigmies: and its adjective, if it had one, must have liad
the diphthong in ii, which would necessarily fix the ac-
cent on that syllable. — See European.
" They less than smallest dwarfs in narrow room
*' Throng nuraberless, like that jtygvifau race
" Beyond the Indian niouat." Milton.
PvGMY, pig-me, *. A dwarf, one of a nation
faliled to be only three «pans high, and after long wars
to have been destroyed by cranes.
Pylorus, pe-l6-rus, s. 187. 503. The lower
nrirtce of the stomach.
Pypowder, pi-pou-dur, s. — See Piepowder.
Pyramid, pir^i-mid, 5. 109.180. in Geometry,
is a solid figure, wliose base is a polygon, and whose
sides are plain triangles, their several points meeting
in one.
Pyramidal, pi-r^m^i-dil, 187 \
Pyramidical, pir-^-mid'-e-kAl, /
Having the form of a pyramid.
Pyramidically, pir-i-inid-5-k^l-^, ad. In form
of a pyramid.
PyRAMIS, pir'3.-mis, S. A pyramid.
Pyre, plre, *. A pile to be burnt.
Pyrites, pe-rl-tcz, or pir-e-tiz, *. 1 87. Firestone.
fiy- This word is accented on the second syllable by
Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Barclay, Bailey, and Pen-
ning ; and on the first by Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Asti, Mi. Perry,
and Eiitick. Pyri'tes is the analogical pronunciation ;
for as the word is derived from the Greek tjofiVrif and the
Latin pyrites, (both with the accent on the penultimate,
and preserving the form of their originals) it ought to
have the accent on the same syllablea See Principles,
No. 503.
Pyromancy, piriA-miii-s^, s. 519. Divination
by fire.
Pyrotechnical, pir-i-tekin^-k4l, a. 530.
Engaged or skilful in fireworks.
PvROTECHNiCKS, pir-i-tek^niks, s. The art of
employing fire to use or pleasure, the art of fireworks.
Pyrotechny, pir^&-tek-ni, s. The art of
managing fire.
Pyrrhic, pir^nk, *. A kjnd of dance in armour,
to quick time.
Pyrrhonean, pir-ri-n^-4n, a. Embracing the
opinion of Pyrrho.
Pyrrhonism, pir-ri-nizm,«. Scepticism, universal
doubt.
Pyrrhonist, pir-ro-nist, s. A sceptic.
Pythagorean, pk-t/i&g-it-rk-in, a. Founded on
the opinion of Pythagoras. — See European.
Pythagorean, pk-thK^-h-rh'-kn, s. A Pythagorean
philosopher.
Pvx, piks, S. The box in which the Host is kept.
Q-
To Quack, kw^k, v. n. 85, 86. To cry like
duck ; to act the part of a boasting pretender to
ohysick, or any other art.
Quack, kwik, s. a boastful pretender to arts
wliich he does not understand; a vain boastful pre-
tender to physick, one who proclaims his own medical
abilities in publick places j an artful tricking prac-
titioner in physick
423
Quackery, kw^k-kur-^, s.
physick.
Quacksalver, kwctkisil-vur, s. One who brags
of medicines or salves, a charlatan.
Quadragesimal, kw6d-ra-jesisJ-m4l, a. 414.
Lenten, belonging to Lent.
Quadrangle, kwSd-r^ng^l, 5. 414. a square,
a surface witli four right an^iles.
Quadrangular, kwi-dr^n-gi-lur, a. 414.
Square, having four rinht angles.
Quadrant, kwa^drint, *. 85. The fourth part,
the quarter; the quarter of a circle; an instrument
with which nititudes are taken.
ftj» It has been observed in the Principles, No. 85, 86,
&c. that w, by articulating the a, gives it the deep broad
sound equivalent to the diphthong a«; and that u, pre-
ceded by <;, has exactly the same effect 414. This is
evident from the sound of a in this and similar words,
which, till lately, was always pronounced broad. Some
innovators have attempted to give the o in this word its
slender sound ; but the publick ear seems in opposition to
it, nor ought it to be admitted. The broad sound is the
genuine English pronunciation, as appears in every word
where it is succeeded by r. As this consonant, when
final, or followed by another consonant, gives every athat
precedes it the Italian sound heard 'u\ father; so, when
these letters are preceded by qu, or w, the o falls into the
broad sound heard in water. Thus, as we hear bar, dart,
barrel, with the sound of the Italian o; so we hear war,
quart, and quarrel, witli the German a. Equator, quaver,
and words eliding with hard c, §■, and/, have departed
from this rule; but a sufficient number of words are left
to indicate plainly what is the analogy, and to direct us
where usage is doubtful.
QuADKANTAL, kw^-dr^n-t^l, a. Included in the
fourth part of a circle.
OuADRATE, kw^idrite, a. 91. Square, having
four equal or parallel sides; divisible into four equal
parts ; suited, applicable.
Quadrate, kwa-drate, s. 414. A" square,
a surface with four equal and parallel sides.
To Quadrate, kwa-diAte, v, n. To suit, to be
accommodated.
QtJADRATICK, kw^-drat^ik, a. 414. Belonging
to a square.
Quadrature, kw6d^r4-tijre, *. The act of
squaring; the first and last quarter of the moon ; the
state of being square, a quadrate, a square.
Quadrennial, kwi-dren-ii^-3.1, a. Comprising
four years ; happening once in four years.
Quadrible, kwodi|e-bl, a. 405. That may be
squared.
QUADRIFID, kw6d-dr^-f1d, a. Cloven into four
divisions.
Quadrilateral, kw6d-dre-l^t-ter-il, a. 414.
Having four sides.
Quadrille, ki-dril{ s. 415. A game at cards
Quadripartite, kw4-drip-par-tlte, a. 155.
Having four parts, divided into four parts. — See Bi-
partite.
Quadrireme, kwSdidri-r^me, s. A galley with
four banks of oars.
Quadrisyllable, kw6d-dr4-8iKllt-bl, s. 414.
A word of four syllables.
Quadruped, kw6d-drA-ped, *. An animal that
goes on four legs, as, perhaps, all beasts. — See Mille-.
pedes.
Quadruped, kwftd-dru-ped, a. Having four feet..
Quadruple, kw6d-dru-pl, a. Fourfold, four
times told.
To Quadruplicate, kw4-dru-pll-kate,i>. a. 91.
To double twice.
QuADRUPLiCATiON, kw<\d-dru-plJ-kA-shun, s.
The taking a thing four times.
Quadruply, kw6d'-dru-ple, ad. To a fourfold
quantity.
QuiERE, kwi-ri, V. a. Latin. Inquire, seek.
To Quaff, kw4f, v. a. 85. To drink, to swallow
I in large draughts.
To Qua IF, kw;tf, v, n. To drink luxuriously.
OUA
ttJ- 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, f4t 81— ml 93,
QUAFFER, kwifilur, S. He who quaffs.
Quaggy, kw^-gi, a. 85. 283. Boggy; soft,
r.ot solid.
Quagmire, kw^g-mire, s. a shaking marsh.
Quail, kwale, *. A bird of game.
QUAILPIPE, kwile-plpe, S. A pipe with which
fowlers allure quails.
Quaint, kwant, a. scrupulous, minutely exact ;
neat, petty ; subtilely excogitated, line-spun j attected,
foppish.
Quaintly, kwint-li, ad. Nicely, exactly, with
petty elegance ; artfully.
QUAINTNESS, kwAnt-neS, *. ' Nicety, petty
eleitance.
jTo Quake, kwike, v. n. To shake with cold or
feor, to tremble; to shake, not to be solid or firm.
Ql/AKE, kwake, s. A shudder, a tremulous agitation.
Quaker, kwd-kur, *. a sect of Christians that
arose near the middle of the seventeenth century, who
were so named from the trembling with which they
preached and prayed.
Quaking-grass, kw4-king-gr^s, s. An herb.
Qualification, kw&l-l^-f^-kA^shun, s. That
which makes any person or thing fit for anything;
accomplishment; abatement; diminution.
To Qualify, kwSKle-fl, v. a. 86. To fit for any
thing; to furnish with qualifications, to accomplish j
to make capable of any employment or privilcgo ; to
abate, to soften ; to assuage; to modify, to regulate.
Quality, kwol-l4-tl, *. 86. Nature relatively
considered; property, accident; particular efficacy;
disposition, temper ; virtue or vice; accomplishment,
qualification ; character, comparative or relative rank;
rank, superiority of birth or station.
Quality, kw6l-lJ-tJ, S. 86. Persons of high
rank. ^
Qualm, kwam, S. 403. A sudden fit of sickness,
a sudden seizure of sickly languor.
Qualmish, kwim-ish, a. Seized with sickly
languor.
Quandary, kw8n-dA-r^, s, A doubt, a difficulty.
Quantitive, kwSn-ti-tlV, a. Estimable according
to quantity.
Quantity, kw3n-tJ-tJ, s. 86. That property of
any thing which may be increased or diminished ; any
indeterminate weight or measure ; bulk or weight; a
proportion, a part ; a large portion ; the measure of
time in pronouncing a syllable.
Quantum, kwSn-tum, s. The quantity, the
amount.
Quarantine, kwSr-rln-tJ^n,' *. 112. The space
of forty days, being the time which a ship, suspected
of infection, is obliged to forbear intercourse or com-
merce.
Quarrel, kwir^nl, s. 86. 414. • A brawl,
a petty fight, a scuflle; a dispute, a contest; a cause of
debate; objection, ill-will.
To Quarrel, kwSr^nl, v. n. 9.9. To debate,
to scuffle, to squabble; to fall into variance; to fight,
to combat; to find fault, to pick objections.
QuARRELLER, kw8r-nl-ur, s. 98. He who
quarrels.
QUARRELOUS, kwSr-ril-us, a. Petulant, easily
provoked to enmity.
Quarrelsome, kwSr-ril-sfim, a. inclined to
brawls, easily irritated, irascible, cholerick, petulant.
Quarrelsomely, kwSr^ril-sum-le, ad.
In a quarrelsome manner, petulanily, cliolerickly.
Quarrelsomeness, kwSr-nl-sum-nes, s.
Cholerickness, petulance.
Quarry, kwftr-re, 5. 86. A square ; game flown at
by a hawk; a stone mine, a place where they dig
stones.
To Quarry, kwor-re, v. n. To prey upon; to
dig out stones.
Quarryman, kw6riie-mJi), s. 88. One who
digs in a quairy.
424
met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Quart, kwort, s. 86. 414. The fourth part,
a quarter ; the fourth part of a gallon ; the vessel in
which strong drink is commonly retailed.
Quartan, kwor^tin, S. The fourth-day ague.
QuARTATioN, kwof-taishun, S. A chymica,
operation.
Quarter, kworitur, s. 86. A fourth part ■
a region of the skies, as referred to the seaman's card
a -particular region of a town or country; the place
where soldiers are lodged or stationed ; proper station;
remission of life, mercy granted by a conqueror;
treatment shown by an enemy ; friendship, amity,
concord, in this sense not used; a measure of eight
bushels.
To Quarter, kwSr-tur, v. a. To divide into
four parts ; to divide, to break by force ; to divide into
distinct regions ; testation or lodge soldiers; to diet;
to bear as an appendage to hereditary arms.
Quarterage, kwor-tur-idje, s. 90. A quarterly
allowance.
Quarterday, kwor-tur-dA, *. One of the fou»
days in the year on which rent or interest is paid.
Quarterdeck, kwor-tur-dek, *. The short
upper deck.
Quarterly, kwor-tur-le, a. Containing a fourth
part.
Quarterly, kworitui'-le, ad. Once in a quarter.
Quartermaster, kwor-tur-ma-stur, s. One
who regulates the quarters of soldiers.
Quartern, kwor-turn, $. 98. A giii, or the
fourth part of a pint.
Quarterstaff, kvvor-tur-stJf, s. A staff of
defence.
Quartile, kwor'-til, *. 140. 145- An aspect of
the planeis, witen they are three signs or ninety de-
grees distant from each other.
Quarto, kwor-to, s. A book in which every sheet
makes four leaves.
To Quash, kw6sh, v. a. To crush, to squeeze
to subdue suddenly; to annul, to nullify, to make
void.
To Quash, kw5sh, v. n. To be shaken with
a noise.
Quatercousins, ki-ter-kuz-znz, s. 415.
Friends.
Quaternary, kw^-ter-nSr I,
Quaternion,
Quaternity,
The number four.
Quatrain, kwa^trin, s. 202. A stanza of four
lines rhyming alternately.
To Quaver, kwiUvfir, v. n. 86. To shake the
voice, to speak or sing with a tremulous voice; to
tremble, to u||>r<ite. — See Quadrant.
Quay, ke, «!^20. A key, an artificial bank to the
sea or river. \
Quean, kw^ne, s. 8. A worthless woman,
generally a strumpet.
QUEASINESS, kwe-ze-nes, s. The sickness of
a nauseated stomach.
Queasy, kw^-ze, a. Sick with nausea ; fastidious^
squeamish; causing nauseousness.
Queen, kwe^n, s. 8. The wife of a king,
a supreme governess.
To Queen, kwe^n, v. n. To play the queen.
Queening, kw^en-ing, s. 410. An apple.
Queer, kw^er, a. Odd, strange, original, particular,-
QUEERLY, kW^er-1^, ad. Particularly, oddly.
QuFERNESS, kwt4r-nes, S. Oddness, particularitjs
To Quell, kwel, v. a. To crush, to subdu.,
originally to kill.
Quell, kwel, s. Murder. Obsolete.
Queller, kweKlur, *. 98. One that crushes or
subdues.
Quelquechose, kekishize, 5. French. A trifle,
a kickshaw.
Y, kw^-ter-nSr k, "|
*, kwS-ter-n^-un, \s.
r, kwi-ter-ne-tc, J
aui
QUI
n8r 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ?/tin 466, this 469.
To Quench, kwensh, v. a. To extinguish fire ;
to still any passion or commotion j to allay thirst j to
destroy.
To Quench, kwensh, v, n. To cool, to grow
conl. Not in use. • .
QUENCHABLE, kwenshii-bl, a. That may he
quenched.
j^UENCHER, kwensh-ur, S. 98. Extinguisher.
Quenchless, kwensh-les, a. Unextinguishable.
Querent, kwi^rent, s. The complainant, the
plaintitr.
Querimonious, kwer-r6-miinl-fls, a. Querulous,
complaining. .
QuERiMONiousLY, kwer-r^-mi-n5-us-li, ad. -
Querulously, complainingly.
Querimoniousness, kwer-r^-mo-nl-us-nes, s.
A complaining temper.
Querist, kw^-rist, s. An inquirer, an asker of
questions.
Quern, kwern, S, A hand mill. Obsolete. ',
Querpo, kwer^pi, S. A dress close to the body,
a waistcoat.
QuERRY, kweriri, S. A groom belonging to
a prince, or one conversant in the king's stables.
Querulous, kwer-ru-lus, a. Mourning, habitu-
ally complaining.
Querulousness, kwer-rA-lus-nes, s. Habit or
quality of complaining mournfully.
Query, kv/k'-lky S. A question, an inquiry to be
resolved.
To Query, kwi-r^, v. a. To ask questions.
Quest, kwest, S, Search, act of seeking ; an em-
panelled Jury j searchers, collectively ; inquiry, exami-
nation.
QueSTANT, kwes-tint, S. Seeker, endeavourer
after. Not in use.
Question, kwes-tshun, s. 464. Interrogatory,
anything inquired; inquiry, disquisition; a dispute,
a subject of debate ; affair to be examined ; doubt,
controversy, dispute ; examination by torture j state of
being the subject cf present inquiry.-
To Question, kwes-tshun, v. n. To inquire j to
debate by interrogatories.
To Question, kwes-tshun, v. a. To examine
one by questions ; todoubt, to be uncertain of ; tohave
no confidence in, to mention as not to be trusted.
Questionable, kwes-tshun-l-bl, a. Doubt-f-ji,
disputable ; suspicious, liable to suspicion, liable to
question.
QueSTIONARY, kweS-tshun-J-r^, a. Inquiring,
asking questions.
Questionableness, kwes-tshun-5-bl-nes, s.
The quality of being questionable.
Questioner, kwes-tshun-ur, s. An inquirer.
Questionless, kwes-tshun-les, ad. Certainly,
without doubt.
Questman, kwest-min, 83. \
Questmonger, kwest-mung-gur, J
Starter of lawsuits or prosecutions.
QuestriST, kwes-tnst, *. Seeker, pursuer.
Questuary, kwes-tshu-4-rl, a. Studious of
profil.
To Quibble, kwib-bl, v. n. 405. To, pun, to
play on the sound of words.
Quibble, kwib-bl, *. A low conceit dependi.nj on
the sound of words, a pun.
Quibbler, kwib-bl-ur, s. 93. A punster.
Quick, kwik, a. Living, not dead; swift, nimble,
done with celerity; speedy, free fiom delay, active,
sprightly, ready.
Quick, kwik, ad. Nimbly, speedily, readily.
Quick, kwik, s. The living flesh, sensible parts;
plants of hawthorn.
QUICKBEAM, kwik-blme, *. A species of wild ash.
435
To Quicken, kwlk^kn, v. a. 103. To mak«
alive; to hasten ; to excite.
To Quicken, kwik^kn, v. n. To become alive,
aj a woman quickens with child; to move with acti-
vity.
Quickener, kwik^kn-ur, s. One who makei
alive; that which accelerates, that which actuates
Quicklime, kwik-llme, s. Lime unquenched
Quickly, kwik-1^, ad. Nimbly, speedily, actively.
Quickness, kwik-nes, J, speed; activity; keen
sensibility; sharpness.
Quicksand, kwik^sind, s. Moving sand, unsolid
ground.
To Quickset, kwik-set, v. a. To plant with
living plants.
Quickset, kwik-set, S. Living plant set to grow.
QuICKSIGHTED, kwik-sl-ted, a. Having a sharp
sight.
QuICKSIGHTEDNESS, kwik-sUted-nls, S. Sharp-
ness of sight.
Quicksilver, kwikisil-vur, s. 98. A mineral
substance, mercury.
Quicksilvered, kwik-sil-vurd, a. 359. Over-
laid with quicksilver.
QUIDDIT, kwid-dit, 5. A subtilly, an equivocation.
Quiddity, kwid-5-ti, S. Essence, that which is
a proper answer to the question, Quid est.' a scholas-
tick term ; a trifling nicety, a cavil.
03- This is derived from the barbarous Latin word
Quidditas, and can be literally explained by nothing but
a word as barbarous in English, IVhattity.
Quiescence, kwl-es-sense, *. 510. Rest, repose.
Quiescent, kwl-es-sent, a. Resting, not being in
motion.
Quiet, kwl-et, a. 99. StUl, peaceable j not in
motion ; not ruffled.
Quiet, kwl-et, *. Rest, repose, tranquillity.
To Quiet, kwl-et, v. a. To calm, to lull, to
pacify ; to still.
Quieter, kwl-et-tur, s. Tlie person or thing that
quiets.
Quietism, kwUet-izm, s. Tranquillity of mind.
The doctrine of Quietists.
Quietist, kwi-e-tist, S. One who follows the
doctrine of Quietism, taught by Molinos, a Spanish
priest, and condemned by the Church of Rome.
Quietly, kwl-et-le, ad. Calmly ; peaceably, at
rest.
Quietness, kwl-et-nes, *. Coolness of temper j
peace, tranquillity; stillness, calmness.
QuietsOME, kwl-et-sum, a. Calm, still, undis.
turbed.
Quietude, kwl'-^-tude, s. Rest, repose.
Quill, kwil, *. The hard and strong feather of the
wing, of which pens are made; prick or dart of a por-
cupine ; reed on which weavers wind their threads.
Quillet, kwiUlit, s, 99. Subtiity, nicety.
Quilt, kwilt, S. A cover made by stitching one
cloth over another with some soft substance between
them.
To Quilt, kwilt, v. a. To stitch one cloth upon
another with something soft between them.
Quinary, kwl-ni-l4, a. Consisting of five.
Quince, kwtnse, s. a tree, the fruit.
Quincuncial, kwin-kung^sh^l, a. 408. Having
the form of a quincunx.
Quincunx, kwing-kungks, S. Quincunx order is
a plantation of trees, disposed originally in a square,
consisting of five trees, one at each corner, and a fifth
in the middle, which disposition, repeated ag«in and
again, forms a regular grove, wood, or wilderness.
5:^ As the accent is on the first syllable of this word,
it is under the same predicament as the first syllable of
Congregate. — See Principles, No. 408.
Quinquangular, kwm-kw^ig-gu-l^r, a. 403.
Having five cornera.
QUO
RAC
ts- 559. Fite73, far 77, fill 83, fJt81— ml93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, m3ve 164,
Quinquennial, kwin-kwen-ii6-^l, a. Lasting
five years, happening once in five years.
Quinsy, kwin-ze, S. A tumid inflammation in the
throat.
Quint, kint, S. A set of five; sequents of five.
A term at cards, pronounced Kent.
Quintain, kwui-tin, s. 208, A post with
a turning top.
Quintessence, kwin-tes-sense, *. A fifth being;
an extract from any thing, containing all its virtues
in a small quantity.
(t3- All our onhogpists but Dr. Ash place the accent on
the first syllable of this word. My opinion is, that it
may have the accent either on the first or second, as the
rhythm of the phrase requires, 524 ; and this word, per-
haps, requires it ofiener on the second than the first.
QuiNTILE, kwin-tll, s. 140. An aspect of the
planets, comprehending seventy-two degrees, or a fiftli
part of the heavens.
QuiNTIN, kwin-tin, S. An upright post for the
exercise of tilting.
Quintuple, kwin-tA-pl, a. Fivefold.
Quip, kwip, s. A sharp jest, a taunt.
Quire, kwire, s. A body of singers, a chorus;
the part of the church where the service is sung; a
bundle of paper consisting of twenty-four sheets.
To Quire, kwlre, v. n. To sing in concert.
QuiRISTER, kwir-ns-tur, *. Chorister, one who
sings in concert, generally in divine service.
OO There is a vulgar pronunciation of the first i in
this word, wliich gives it the sound of short e; this sound
is proper in quirk where the r is succeeded by a conso-
nant, but not in the word in question, where this letter
is succeeded by a vowel.— See Principles, No. 108.
Quirk, kwerk, *. 108. Quick stroke, sharp fit J
•mart taunt; subtilty, nicety, artful distinction ; loose
light tune.
To Quit, kwit, v. a. , To discharge an obligation,
to make even : to set ffiee; to carry through, to dis-
charge, to perform; to clear himself of an affair; to
repay, to requite; to vacate obligations; to pay an
obligation, to clear a debt, to be tantamount^; to aban-
don, to forsake; to resign, to give up.
Quitchgrass, kwitshigrls, *. Dog grass.
Quite, kwlte, ad. Completely, perfectly.
QuiTRENT, kwit-rent, *. Small rent reserved.
Quits, kwits, inter j. An exclamation used when
any thing is repaid, and the parties become even.
Quittance, kwit-tinse, *. Discharge from
a debt or obligation, an acquittance; recomoense, re-
payment.
To Quittance, kwititinse, r. a. To repay, to
recompense.
QUITTERBONE, kwit-tuf-bine, », A hard round
swelling upon the coronet, between the heel and the
quarter. Said of a horse.
Quiver, kwiv-vur, s. 98. A case for arrows.
To Quiver, kwiv-vur, v. n. To quake, to play
with a tremulous motion; to shiver, to shudder.
Quivered, kwivivurd, a. 395. Furnished with
a quiver ; sheathed as in a quiver.
Quodlibet, kw8d-le-bet, s. A nice point,
a sulitilty.
QUOIF, kwoif, S. 415. Properly Coif. Any cap
with which the head is covered; the cap of a ssrjeant
at law. — See Coif.
To QUOIF, kwoif, V. a. 415. To cap, to dress
with a head-dress.
QuioiFURE, kwoif'ure, s. Properly Coiffure.
Head-dress.
Quoit, kwoit,*. 415. Properly Coi^. Something
thrown to a great distance to a certain point ; the discus
of the ancients is sometimes called in English quoit,
but improperly.
03- Till the orthography of a word is fixed, it will not
be easy to settle its pronunciation. That the words
9api/' and quoit ought to be written coif and coit, ap-
-ietti from the derivation of tlie first from the French
43fi
coeffe, and of the second from the Dutch coele; and if
this be granted, it will necessarily follow that we ought
to pronounce them coif and coit, 415.
To Quoit, kwoit, v. n. To throw quoits, to play at
quoits.
To Quoit, kwoit, v. a. To throw.
Quondam, kw3n-d5m, a. Having been formerly.
A ludicrous word.
Quorum, kwi-rum, s. A bench of justices, such
a number of any officers as is sufficient to do business.
Quota, kwo-t^, *, 92, A share, a proportion as
assigned to each.
Quotation, kwo-ta-shun, s. 415. The act of
quoting, citation ; passage adduced out of an author a*
ev'^ienceor illustration.
CcT' In this and similar words Mr. Sheridan, and se-
veral respectable orthoepists, pronounce the qu like ft,
b'.', as Mr. Nares justly observes, it is not easy to say
why. If it he answered, that the Latins so pronounced
these letters, it may be replied, that when we alter our
Latin pronunciation, it will be time enough to alter
those Lnglish words which are derived from that lan-
guage.
To QuO'^E, kwAte, v. a. To cite an author, or the
words of anolhei
QUOTER, kwo-tur, S. 98. Citer, he that quotes.
Quoth, kwu<A, or "kvihth, verb imp. Quoth I,
say I, or said I ; Quoth he, says he, or said he.
03- Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, W.John-
ston, Mr. Naies, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Smith, pronounce
the 0 '11 this word long, as in buth; but Buchanan short,
as in moth. This latter pronunciation is certainly more
agreeable to the general sound of o bi-fore th, as in broth,
froth, cloth, &c. ; Imt my ear fails me if I have not always
heard it pronounced like the o in doth, as if written
kwuth, which is the pronunciation Mr. Elphinstun gives
it, and, in my opinion, is the true one.
Quotidian, kw6-tid-je-^n, a. Daily, happening
every day.
Quotidian, kw6-tidy^-in, s. 224. 293.
A quotidian fever, a fever which returns every day.
Quotient, kwo-shent, s. In Arithmetick,
Quotient is the number produced by the division o!
the two given numbers, the one by the other. Thus,
divide 12 by 4, and 3 is the Quotient,
R,
■h
J 0 Rabate, rj-bitej v. n. In Falconry, to recover
a hawk to the fist again.
To Rabbet, r^b^bit, v. a. QQ. To pare down
pieces of wood so as to fit one another.
Rabbet, rib-bit, *. A joint made by paring two
pieces, so that they wrap over one another.
Rabbi, rlh'-hh:, or rib^bi,
Radbin, rib^bin,
A doctor among the Jews.
Cr?- The first of these words, when pronounced in
Scripture, ought to have the last syllable like the verb to
buy.
Rabbinical, rib-bin^i-kil, a. Belonging to the
Rabbins.
Rabbit, rib-bit, S. A furry animal that lives on
plants, and burrows in the ground.
Rabble, rib-bl, s. 405. A tumultuous crowd, an
assembly of low people.
Rabblement, rib-bl-ment, s. Crowd, tumultuous
assembly of mean people.
Rabid, rAb-bld, a. 544. Fierce, furious, mad.
Race, rase, *, A family ascending ; family descend-
ing; a generation, a collective family; a particular
breed; Kace of ginger, a root or spriR of ginger; a
particular strength or taste of wine ; Contest in run-
ning; course on the feet; progress, course.
Racehorse, rdse-horse, s. Horse bred to nm
for prizes.
RAG RAI
n5r 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— p3und 313— Min 466, thU 469.
Racemation, rJs-si-mi-shun, s. 530. Cluster
like tliat of grapes.
Racemiferous, rJs-s^-mifier-us, a. Bearing
clusters.
Racer, rise-ur, *. 98. Runner, one that contend*
in speed.
RacINESS, ri-se-nes, S. The quality of being racy.
Rack, rik, *. An engine of torture ; torture,
extreme pain; a distaff, commonly a portable distaff,
from which they spin by twirling a ball ; Ilie clouds as
they are driven by the wind ; instruments to lay a spit
on in roasting; a wooden grate in which hay is placed
for cattle ; arrack, a spirituous liquor.
Tb Rack, rik, V, a. To torment by the rack ; to
torment, to harass ; to screw, to force to performance ;
to stretch, to extend; to defecate, to draw off from
the lees.
To Rack, rik, v. n. To stream as clouds before
the wind.
Rack-rent, r^k^rent, s. Rent raised to the
uttermost.
Rack-renter, r^k^rent-ur, s. One who pays the
uttermost rent.
Racket, rik-kit, s. 99. An irregular clattering
noise; a confused talk in burlesque language ; the in-
strument with which players strike the ball.
RaCKOON, r^k-koon' S. A New-England animal,
like a badger.
Racv, rd-se, a. Strong, flavourous, taiting of the
soil.
Raduock, rJd^duk, *. 166. A bird.
Radiance, ri^d^-inse, orrk-jk-Xnse, 293,294.1
Radiancy, rA'-d^-in-s^, or rk-j^-in-ak, 376. J
s. Sparkling lustre.
Radiant, rk'-Al-^nt, or r^^j^-4nt, a. Shining,
brightly sparkling, emitting rays.
To Radiate, ra-d^-dte, or rk'-jk-ite, v. n. To
emit rays, to shine.
Radiation, ri-d^-A-shun, or ri-j^-a^shun,*. 534.
Beamy lustre, emission of rays; emission from a
centre every way.
Radical, rld^d^-kil, a. Primitive, original.
RadicalITY, r4d-di-k4Kl-tl, S. Origination.
Radically, r4d-d^-k^l-^, ad. Originally, pri-
mitively.
Kadicalness, rididi-kll-nes, *. The state of
being radical.
To Radicate, rJd-di-kdte, v. a. 91. To root,
to plant deeply and firmly.
^DICATION, rld-4-kd-shun, S. The act of fixing
<leep.
Radicle, rid^d^-kl, s. 405. That part of the
seed of a plant which becomes its root.
Radish, rid-dish, S. A root which is commonly
cultivated in the kitchen gardens.
03^ This word is commonly, but corruptly, pronounced
as if written rerfi/isA. The deviation is but small; nor
do I think it so incorrigible as that of its brother escu-
lents, Asparagus, Cucumber, and Lettuce; which see.
Radius, ri'-di-us, or A'-jh-us, s. 293, 294.
The semidiameter of a circle ; a bone of the fore-arm,
which accompanies the ulna from the elbow to the
wrist.
To Raffle,' r^f^fl, v. n, 405. To cast dice for
a prize.
Raffle, raf^fl, *. A species of game or lottery, in
which many stake a small part of the value of some
single thing, in consideration of a chance to gain it.
Raft, rift, s. 79. A frame or float made by laying
pieces of timber cross each other.
Rafter, rif^tir, «. 98. The secondary timbers of
the house, the timbers which are let into the great
beam.
Raftered, riPturd, a. 359. Built with rafters.
Rag, rag, S. 74. A piece of cloth torn from the
rest, a tatter s any thing rent and tattered, worn out
clothes.
427
Ragamuffin, rig-J-mufi|?n, s, A paltry mean
fellow.
Rage, radje, *. Violent anger, vehement furyi
vehemence or exacerbation of any thing painful.
To Rage, radje, v. n. 74. To be in a fury, to be
healed with excessive anger; to ravage, to exercise
fury; to act with mischievous impetuosity.
Rageful, ridjeiful, a. Furious, violent.
Ragged, rAgigid, a. 99.381. Rent into tatters,
uneven, consisting of parts almost disunited; dressed
in tatters; rugged, not smooth.
Raggedness, rig-gid-nes, s. State of being
dressed in tatters.
Ragingly, ri-jing-1^, ad. With vehement fury.
Ragman, rig-m^n, *. 88. One who deals in rags.
Ragout, ri-goo{ *. French. Meat stewed and
. highly seasoned.
RagSTONE, r%-stAne, S. A stone so named from
its breaking in a rugged manner; the stone with which
they smooth the edge of a tool new g jund and left
ragged.
Ragwort, r%^wurt, s. 166. A plant.
Rail, rile, S. 202. A crossbeam fixed at the end*
In two upright posts; a series of posts connected with
beams, by which any thing is enclosed ; a kind of
bird ; a woman's upper garment.
To Rail, rile, v. a. To enclose with rails ; to
range in a line.
To Rail, rile, v, n. To use insolent and reproachful
language.
Railer, rk\e'-ur, s. 98. One who Insulu or
defames by opprobrious language.
Railing, rk'-ling, s. A series of rails j reproachful
language.
Raillery, rll-ler-^, s. Slight satire, satirical
merriment.
CCy- We must not suppose this word to be the offspring
of the English word to rail, however nearly they may he
sometimes allied in practice. Haillery comes directly
from the French word raillerie; and, in compliment to
that language for the assistance it so often affords us, we
pronounce the first syllable nearly as in the original.
This, however, is not a mere compliment, like the
generality of those we pay the French; for, were we to
pronounce the first syllable like rail, it might obscure
and pervert the meaning. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, W.Johnston, Mr. Perry, and
Mr. Smith, pronounce it as I have marked it.
Raiment, rA-ment, *. 202. Vesture, vestment,
clothes, dress, garment.
To Rain, rine, v. n. 202. To fall in drops from
the clouds; to fall as rain; it Rains, the water falls
from the clouds.
To Rain, rine, v. a. To pour down as rain.
Rain, rine, S. The moisture that falls from the
clouds.
Rainbow, rkne'-bb, s. 327. The iris, the
semicircle of various colours which appears in showery
weather.
RaiNDEER, rkne-dilr, S. A deer with large horns,
which, in the nortnern regions, draws sledges through
the snow.
Raininess, rine^i-nes, *. The state of being
showery.
Rainy, rkne-h, a. Showery, wet.
To Raise, rize, v. a. 202. To lift, to heave ; to
sev upright; to erect, to buildup; to exalt to a state
more great or illustrious ; to increase in current value ;
to elevate ; to advance, to prefer ; to excite, to put in
action; to excite to war or tumult, to stir up; tc
rouse, to stir up; to give beginning to, as he raised
the family ; to bring into being ; to call into view from
the state of separate spirits; to bring from death to
life ; to occasion, to begin ; to set up, to utter loudly ,
to collect, to obtain a certain sum; to collect, to as.
semble, to levy; to give rise to; to Raise paste, to
form paste into pies without a dish.
Raiser, rdze-ur, s. 98. He that raise*.
RAN
RAP
ty 559. Fite 73, &t 77, fall 83, ftt 81— m6 93,'met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
strong scented.
Raisin, rl'-zn, S. A dried grape.
(}3« If aiitrquity can give a sanction to the pronuncia-
tion of a word, this may be traced as far back as the
days of Queen Elizabeth. FalstaflF, in the first part of
Henry the Fourth, being urged by the Prince to give
reasons for his conduct, tells him, that if raisins were as
plenty as blackberries, lie would not give him one upon
compulsion. This pun evidently shows these words were
pronounced exactly alike in Shakespeare's time, and that
JMr. Sheridan's pronunciation of this word, as if written
ray-s'n, is not only contrary to general usage, but, what
many would think a greater offence, destructive of the
wit of Shakespeare. Mr. Sheridan has Mr. Scott,
Mr. Perry, and W. Johnston, on his side} and I liave
Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Nares on mine.
Rake, rake, s. An instrument witli teeth, by which
the ground is divided ; a loose, disorderly, vicious,
wild, gay, thoughtless fellow.
To Rake, rike, v. a. To gather with a rake ; to
draw together by violence; to scour, to search with
eager and vehement diligence ; to heap together and
cover i to fire on a ship in the direction of head and
stern .
T'o Rake, rike, V. M. To search, to grope $ to pass
with violence ; to lead an irregular life.
Raker, rAke-ur, s. One that rakes.
RakeHELL, rAkeihel, *. A wild, worthless, dis-
solute, debauched fellow.
Rakehelly, rAke-hel-le, «. Wild, dissolute.
Rakish, rike-ish, a. Loose, dissolute.
To Rally, ril-le, v. a. To put disordered or dis-
persed forces into order; to treat with satirical merri-
ment.
To Rally, ril-le, v. n. To cone again into
order; to exercise satirical merriment.
Ram, ram, S, A male sheep ; an instrument to
batter walls.
SToRaM, ram, v. a. To drive with violence, as with
a battering ram ; to fill with any thing driven hard to-
gether.
To Ramble, rim^bl, v. n. 405. To rove loosely
and irregularly, to wander.
Ramble, ram-bl, *. Wandering, irregular excursion.
Rambler, rim-bl-ur, S. 98. Rover, wanderer.
Rambooze, r^m-booze{ s. A drink made of wine,
ale, eggs, and sugar.
Ramification, rim-m^-fe-ki-shun, s. Division
or separation into branches, the act of branching out.
To Ramify, rim-m^-fl, v. a. 183. To separate
into branches.
To RAiMIFY, rSm-mJ-fl, v. n. To be parted into
branches.
Rammer, r^m-mur, s. 98. An instrument with
which any thing is driven hard ; the stick with which
the charge is forced into the gun.
Rammish, rim-mish, a. strong scented.
Ramous, rd-mus, a. 314. Branchy, consisting of
branches.
To Ramp, r^mp, V, n. To leap with violence j to
climb as a plant.
Ramp, rimp, *. Leap, spring.
Rampallian, r^m-pil-ytn, s. 113. A mean
wretch. Not in use.
Rampancy, ram-p^n-S^, S. Prevalence, exu'jerance.
Rampant, rimp-^Ilt, a. Exuberant, overgrowing
restraint; in Heraldry, Rampant is wiien the lion is
reared up in the escutcheon, as it were, ready to com-
bat with his enemy.
Rampart, rlm-p^rt,!
Rampire, rSm-plre, J
The platform of the wall behind the parapet ; the wall
round fortified places.
03- Mr. Sheridan spells this word rampyr, and pro-
nounces the y in the last syllable short : hut this is con-
trary to Dr. Johnson's orthography, and the pronuncia-
tion is in opposition to analogy — See Umpire.
Ran, r^n. Pret. of Run.
To Ranch, rJnsh, v. a. (Corrupted from Ff^nnch.)
To sprain, to injure with violent contortion.
428
Rancid, rinisld, a.
Rancidness, ran-sid-nes, 1
Rancidity, r4n-sid-e-ti, J
Strongfcent, as of old oil.
Rancorous, r^ngikur-us, a. 314. Malignant,
spiteful in the utmost degree.
Rancour, r^ng-kur, s. 314. Inveterate malignity
steadfast implacability.
Random, rUn-dum, *. 166. Want of direction,
want of rule or method ; chance, hazard, roving mo-
tion.
Random, rin-d3m, a. Done by chance, roving
without direction.
Rang, ring. Pret. of Ring.
To Range, ranje, v. a. 74. To place in order, to
put in ranks ; to rove over.
To Range, rAnje, v. n. To rove at large ; to be
placed in order.
Range, ranje, S, A rank, any thing placed in
a line ; a class, an order; excursion, wandering ; room
for excursion ; compass taken in by any thing excur-
sive.
Ranger, ran-jur, s. 98. One that rangei,
a rover ; a dog that beats the ground ; an officer who
tends the game of a forest.
Rank, rlngk, a. 408. High growing, strong,
luxuriant; fruitful, bearing strong plants; strong
scented, rancid; high tasted, strong in quality ; ram-
pant, high grown ; gross, coarse.
Rank, rangk, S. ' Line of men p.ace a-breast ;
a row; range of subordination j class, order; degree
of dignity; dignity, high place, as, He is a man of
Rank.
To Rank, rJngk, v. a. To place a-breast $ to
range in any particular class ; to arrange niethodical!y.
To Rank, ringk, v, n. To be ranged, to be
placed.
To Rankle, rangk-kl, v. n. To fester, to breea
corruption, to be inflamed in body or mind.
RanKLY, r3.ngk^l^, ad. Coarsely, grossly.
Rankness, rangk-nes, S. Exuberance, superfluity
of growth.
Ranny, r^n-n^, s. The shrewmouse.
To Ransack, rJn^sik, v. a. To plunder, to
pillage, to search narrowly.
Ransome, rJn-sum, s. 166. Price paid for
redemption from captivity or punishment.
0::^* I cannot conceive Dr. Johnson's reason' for writ
ing this word with the finale, since it comes from ihe
French rangon, and all his examples are without this
letter.
To Ransome, rin^sum, v. a. To redeem from
captivity or punishment.
RaNSOMELESS, ritn-s&m-les, a. Free from ransom.
To Rant, rstnt, v. n. To rave in violent or high
sounding language.
Rant, rSnt, *. High-sounding language.
Ranter, r^nt-ur, *. 98. a ranting fellow.
RaNTIPOLE, rAnt-e-pole, a. Wild, roving, rakish,
Ranula, rin-ni-l4, s. 92. A soft swelling, po$.
sessing those salivals which are under the tongue.
Ranunculus, rA-nung-ku liis, s. Crowfoot.
To Rap, rap, v. n. To strike with a quick smart blow,
To Rap, rAp, v. a. To affect with rapture, to strike
with ecstacy, to hurry out of himself; to snatch away.
Rap, r^p, S. A quick smart blow ; counttrfeit half
penny.
Rapacious, rJ-pi-shus, a. Given to plunder,
seizing by violence.
Ra<'AC OUSLY, r4-pA-shus-lJ, ad. By rapine, by
violent robbery.
Rapaciousness, ril-pi-shus-nes, s. The quality
of being rapacious.
Rapacity, rJ-pis'-s^-t^, s. Addictedncsi lo
plunder, exercise of plunder; ravenousncss.
RAS RAT
n3r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, t5b 172, b&ll 173— Sllgps— pgdnd 313— ^Ain 466, this 469.
Rape, r^pe, S. Violent defloration of chastity ;
something snatched away ; a plant, from the seed of
which oil is expressed.
Rapid, rip-id, a. Quick, swift.
Rapidity, ri-pid-i-te, s. Velocity, swiftness.
Rapidly, rip-id-1^, ad. Swiftly, with quick
motion.
RapidNESS, ripiid-nes, s. Celerity, swiftness.
Rapier, ri-pe-er, s. 113. A small swojd used
only in thrusting.
Rapier-fish, ra^p^-er-fish, s. A sword-fish.
Rapine, rAp-in, *. 140. The act of plundering;
violence, force.
Rapper, rip-pur, *. 98. One who strikes.
Rapport, rip-pirtj *. French. Relation, re^
ference.
Rapsody, rSpisi-d^, *.
(t3" A Rhapsody was originally the title of Homer's
Poems, and meant no more than a collection of several
smaller parts into one; but is now applied to any wild or
unconnected elfusions of imagination. As the II in the
Greek 'Va-^iuSia has the rough breathing, this word is
better written rhapsody.
Rapture, rip-tshure, *, 461. Ecstasy, transport,
violence of any pleasing passion ; rapidity, haste.
Raptured, rip'-tshurd, a. 359. Ravished, trans-
ported.
Rapturous, ripitshir-us, a. 314. Ecstatick,
transporting. '
Rare, rare, a. Scarce, uncommon ; excellent,
valuable to a degree seldom found ; thinly scattered ;
thin, subtle, not dense; raw, not fully subdued by
the fire. — See Rear.
RaREESHO W, r4-r^-sh5, S. A show carried in a box.
Rarefaction, rir-r^-fik-shun, s. Extension of
the parts of a body, that makes it take up more room
than it did before.
RaREFIABLE, ririr^-fl-i-bl, a. Admitting rare-
faction.
To RaretY, Ar'-vk-A,V. a. 183. To make thin,
contrary to condense.
To Rarefy, rir-ri-f!, v. n. To become thin.
Rarely, rare-l^, ad. Seldom, not often; finely,
nicely, accurately.
Rareness, rAreines, s. Uncommonness, value
arising from scarcity. ,
Rarity, ra-r6-te, *. Uncommonness, infrequency ;
a thing valued for its scarcity.
Rarity, rir'-l-t^, *. 530. Tliinness, subtlety, the
contrary to density.
83- The ditference in the proiianciation of t-liese words
is not only necessary to convey their different significa-
tion, but to show their different etymology. The first
comes to us from the French rareti, and the last from the
Latin raritas; which, therefore, according to the most
settled analogy of our language, ought to have the ante-
pt'nultimate syllable short. — See Principles, No. 511;
also the word Chastity.
Rascal, ris-kil, s. 88. A mean fellow, a scoundrel.
Rascalion, ris-kal-yun, s. 113. One of the
lowest people.
Rascality, ris-kil-e-tJ, s. The low mean people.
Rascally, ris^kil-^, a. Mean, worthless.
To Rase, r^ze, or rice, v. a. — See Raze. To
skim, to strike on the surface ; to overthrow, to destroy,
to root up ; to blot out by rasure, to erase.
03» There seems to be no small difficulty in settling
tlie orthography and pronunciation of this word.
Dr. Johnson advises, when it signifies to strike slightly,
to write it rase; and when it signifies to rain, raze.
Whatever may be the o.tility of this distinction to the
eye, the ear seems to have made no such distinction in
the sound of the s; as graze, which is evidently formed
from this word, and seems to have been adopted for the
purpose of signifying to strike slightly, has preserved the
z; while erase, which means to destroy, to expunge, to
take away entirely, is by all our onhoe\iist5, except
Dr. Kenrick, pronounced with tlies pure. But rase, whe-
ther signifying to strike slightly, or to overthrow, has
oeen so geni^rully pronounced with tb« s like z, that most
4S9
of ourwriters have adopted the latter character: and thi«
sound, it may be observed, seems more agreeable to the
analogy of verbs in this termination than that in erase,
437.467. But as nothing seems to be more fixed in the
language than the sharp hissing sound of s in erase, so if
analogy and usage were to compound the difference, per-
haps it would be easier to bring rase to the sound of race,
as Mr. Elphinston has done, than erase to the sound of
eroie, as Dr. Kenrick has done : but to sound i< with the
hissing s wlien it is written raze, as Mr. Sheridan has
done, is a solecism in pronunciation ; for though s often
goes into the sound of z, z never goes into that of j.
The confusion observable among our authors in this
word sufficiently shows how inconvenient it is to make
the same letters sound differently when a different sense
is conveyed. Dr. Johnson seems aware of this when he
recommends a different orthography for this word, as it
acquires a different meaning; but he docs not tell us
whether rase is to be pronounced like race or raze: nor
do any of 6ur orthoepists make this distinction of sound
according to the sense. With great deference to
Dr. Johnson, perhaps such a distinction, both in sound
and spelling, is unnecessary and embarrassing. The
best way, therefore, in my opinion, will be always to
spell this word with the z, as jazor, and to pronounce it
with the z, when it is written rase. — See Bowl.
Rash, rash, a. Hasty, violent, precipitate.
Rash, rash, s. An efflorescence on the body,
a breaking out.
Rasher, rish^ur, s. 98. A thin slice of bacon.
Rashly, rish-l^, ad. Hastily, violently, without
due<:on3ideration.
RashN-ESS, rftshines, S. Foolish contempt of
danger.
Rasp, rasp, S. A delicious berry that grows on
a specjes of the bramble, a raspberry.
To Rasp, risp, v. a. To rub to powder with a very
rough file.
Rasp, rasp, s. A large rough file, commonly used to
wear away wood.
Raspatory, risp^i-tur-J, s. A chirurgeon's
rasp.
Raspberry, or Rasberry, risiber-i, s. A kind
of berrj'.
Raspberry-bush, ris'-ber-ri-bush, *. a speciet
of bramble.
Rasure, ri-zhire, *. 452. The act of scraping or
shaving; a mark in a writing where something has
been rubbed out. — See Rase.
Rat, rat, *. An animal of the mouse kind that
infests houses and ships ; to smell a Rat, to be put on
the watch by suspicion.
Ratable, ri-tJ-bl, a. Set at a certain rate or
value.
Ratably, ra^tJ-bl^, ad. Proportionabiy.
Ratafia, rit-A-f^-S, *. a fine liquor, pMpared
from the kernels of apricots and spirits.
Ratan, rit-tinj S. An Indian cane.
Rate, rate, S. Price fixed on any thing ; allowance
settled; degree, comparative heightor value; quantity
assignable; that which sets value; manner of doing
anything; degree to which any thing is done; tax im-
posed by the parish.
To Rate, rAte, v. a. To value at a certain price j
to chide hastily and vehemently.
Rath, rith, a. Early, coming before the time.
Rather, r^TH-ur, or ri^THur, ad. More
willingly, with better liking; preferably to the other,
with better reason ; in a greater degree than otherwise ;
more properly ; especially; to have Rather, to desire in
preference, a bad expression ; it should be. Will Father.
H^ Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word is the com-
parative of rath, a Saxon word, signifying soon, and that
It still retains its original signification ; as wc may say,
" I would sooner do a thing," with as much propriety as,
" I would rather do it." Some very respectable speakers
pronounce this word with the first syllable like that in
rS-ven; and Mr. Nares has adopted this pronunciation.
Dr. Ash and Bailey seem to be of the same opinion ; but
.ill the other orthoepists, from whom we can certainly
know the quantity of the vowel, as, Mr. Sheridan,
Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston,
Mr. Ferry, Buchanan, and £ntick, make it short. There
RAV
REA
ts- 559. Fite 73, f3.r77, fSU 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, iiove 164,
deriving it from the word raven, as this bird is the most
voracious and greedy of all others.
Ravenous, riv^vn-us, a. Furiously voracious^
hungry to rage.
Ravenously, r4vivn-us-ll, ad. With raging
voracity.
RavenouSNESS, r^v^vn-us-nes, *. Rage for prey^
furious voracity.
Ravin, rSv^in, s. Prey, food gotten by violence j
rapine, rapaciousncss.
Ravinglv, rk'-vins-\k, ad. 410. With phrensy,
with distraction.
To Ravish, rJv-lsh, v. a. To constuprate by
force; to tal<e away by violence J to delight, to rapture,
to transport.
Ravisheb, r4viish-ur, s. 98. He that embraces
a woman by violence j one who takes any thing by
violence.
Ravishment, riv^ish-ment, s. Violation, forcible
constupration ; transport, rapture, pleasing violence
of the mind.
Raw, raw, a. Not subdued by the fire ; not covered
with the skin ; sore; immature, unripe; unseasoned,
unripe in skill ; bleak, chill.
RawboNED, raw^bind, a. 359. Having bone*
scarcely covered with flesh.
Rawhead, riw-hed, s. The name of a sp«ctre, to
frighten children.
Rawly, raw-ll, ad. In a raw manner ; unskilfully,
newly.
Rawness, riw^nes, s. state of being raw : un-
skilfulness.
Ray, ra, s. a beam of light 5 any lustre, corporeal
or intellectual; a fish; an herb.
To Ray, rk, v. a. To streak, to mark in long lines.
Not used.
Raze, rAze, s. a root of ginger.
CO This word is generally pronounced like the noun
race, but improperly. It is derived from the Spanish
rai/z, a root, and should either be pronounced with the z,
or written with the e.
To Raze, rize, v. a. To overthrow, to ruin, to
subvert; to efface; to extirpate. — See Rase.
Razor, rA^zur,*, 166. A knife with a thick blade
and fine edge used in shaving.
Razorable, ra^zur-i-bl, a. Fit to be shaved.
Razorfish, ra^zur-fish, s. A fish.
Razure, rA-zbure, s. 484. Act of erasing.
ReacceSS, r^-^k-sesj s. Visit renewed.
To Reach, rhsh, v. a. 227. To touch with the
hand extended ; to arrive at, to attain anything dis-
tant; to fetch from some place distant and give; to
bring forward from a distant place: to hold out, to
stretch forth ; to attain; to penetrate to; to extend
• to; to extend, to spread abroad.
To Reach, retsh, V, 7l. 352. To be extended ;
to be extended far; to penetrate; to make effsrts to
attain ; to take in the hand.
Reach, retsh, *. Act of reaching or bringing by
extension of the hand ; power of reaching or taking in
the hand; power of attainment or management;
power, limit of faculties ; contrivance, artful scheme,
deep thought; a fetch, an artifice to attain some dis-
tant advantage ; extent.
To React, rk-^kt', v. a. To return the impression.
Reaction, re-^k-shun, s. The reciprocation of
any impulse or force impressed, made by the body in
which such impression is made : Action and Reaction
are equal. '
To Read, rl^d, v. a. Pret. Read; part. pass. Read.
To peruse any thing written ; to discover by characters
or marks ; to learn by observation ; to know fully.
To Read, re^d, v. n. 227. To perform the act of
perusing writing; to be studious in books; to know by
reading.
Read, red, part. a. 231. Skilful by reading.
Readeption, r^-^d-epishun, *. Recovering, act
of regaining.
is a pronunciation of this, and some few other words,
which may not improperly be called diminutive. Thus,
in familiar conversation, when we wish to express very
little, we sometimes lengthen the vowel, and pronounce
the word as if written leetle. In the same manner, when
rather signifies just preferable, we lengthen the first
vowel, and pronounce it long and slender, as if written
Tayther ; and this, perhaps, maybe the reason that the
long slender sound of the vowel has so much obtained ;
for usage seems to be clearly on the side of the other pro-
nunciation, and analogy requires it, as this word is but
the old comparative of the word rath, soon.
Ratifia, r^t-^-te^{ s. A liquor, flavoured with fruit
kernels.
Ratification, r^t-tl-fl-ki-shun, s. The act of
ratifying, confirmation.
Ratifier, r^t-td-ft-ur, s. 98. The person or
thing that ratifies.
To Ratify, rAt^tl-fi, v. a. To confirm, to settle.
Ratio, ra-sh^-A, s. Proportion.
To Ratiocinate, r^sh-4-6si|-nlte, v. a. To
reason, to argue.
Ratiocination, rish-e-Ss-l-ni^shun, s. 536.
The act of reasoning, the act of deducing consequences
from premises.
Rational, rlsh-un-il, a. 507. Having the
power of reasoning; agreeable to reason; wise,
judicious, as, a Rational man.
Rationalist, r^sh^Sn-il-list, s. One who pro-
ceeds in his disquisitions and ^practice wholly upon
reason.
Rationality, r^sh-l-i-n4l-l-tl, s. The power
of reasoning; reasonableness.
Rationally, r4sh-un-4l-l, ad. Reasonably, with
reason.
Rationalness, r^h^un-il-nes, s. The state of
being rational.
Ratsbane, rSts-b^ne, S. Poison for rats ; arsenick.
Raiteen, rh.-X.hkn.', S, A kind of stuff.
To Rattle, rit-tl, v. n. 405. To make a quick
sharp noise with frequent repetitions and collisions ;
to speak eagerly and noisily.
To Rattle, r^t-tl, v. a. To move any thing so as
to make a rattle or noise ; to stun with a noise, to drive
with a noise ; to scold, to rail with clamour.
Rattle, r/lt-tl, *. A quick noise nimbly repeated;
empty and loud talk; an instrument which agitated
makes a clattering noise ; a plant.
Rattleheaded, rit-tl-hed-ed, a. Giddy, not
steady.
Rattlesnake, rit^tl-snAke, s. A kind of serpent.
Rattlesnake-root, rit-tl-snake-root, s.
A plant, a native of Virginia; the Indians use it as
a certain remedy against the bite of a rattlesnake.
RaTTOON, r^t-toon; S. A West- Indian fox.
To Ravage, rlv-vidje, v. a. 90. To lay waste,
to sack, to pillage, to plunder.
Ravage, r3.vividje, s. Spoil, ruin, waste.
Ravager, r^v^vidje-ur, s. 98. Plunderer, spoiler.
RaUCITY, raw-sl-tl, s. Hoarseness, loud rough
noise.
To Rave, rAve, v. n. To be delirious, to talk
irrationally ; to burst out into furious exclamations as
if mad ; to be unreasonably fond.
To Ravel, rivivl, v. a. 102. To entangle, to
involve, to perplex ; to unweave, to unknit, as, to Ravel
out a twist.
To Ravel, rSvivl, v. n. To fall into perplexity or
confusion ; to work in perplexity, or busy himself with
intricacies.
Ravelin, iSvUin, S. In fortification, a work that
consists of two faces, that make a salient angle, com-
monly called half moon by the soldiers.
Raven, r^^vn, S. 103. A large black fowl.,
To Raven, rUv'-vn, v. a. 103. To devour with
great eagerness and rapacity.
83- After enumerating several derivations of this word,
Skinnet seems at Ia»t to have fixed on the true one, by
430
REA REB
nor 167, n8t"l63— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 8il 2&9— pound 313— Min 46G, thU 469.
RCADER, r^Jd-ur, S. 98. One that peruses any
tiling written ; one studious in books ; one whose office
is to read prayers in cliurches.
Readership, ried-ur-ship, s. The office of read-
ing prayers.
Readily, red^de-l5, ad. 234. Expeditely, with
little hinderance or delay.
Readiness, red^di nes, s. Expediteness, promp-
titude; the state of being ready or'fit for anything;
facility, freedom from hinderance or obstruction; state
of being willing or prepared.
Reading, r^M-ing, *. 410. Study in books,
perusal of books; a lecture; a prelection; publick
recital; variation of copies.
Readmission, rJ-id-mish-un, s. The act of
admitting again.
To Readmit, r^-ld-mitj v. a. To let in again.
To ReadorN, r4-i-dorn{ V, a. To decorate again,
to deck a-new.
Ready, red^^, a. 234. Prompt, not delaying;
fit for a purpose, not to seek ; prepared, accommodated
to any design; willing, eager ; being at the point, not
distant, near; being at hand; next to h»nd ; facile,
easy, opportune, near; quick, not done with hesita-
tation; expedite, not embarrassed; to make Ready, to
make preparations.
Ready, red-di, ad. Readily, so as not to need
delay.
Ready, red-dl, S. Ready money. A low word.
Reaffirmance, r4-if-fer-minse, *. Second
affirmation, j
Real, re-A,l, a. Not fictitious, not imaginary ; true,
genuine; in Law, consisting of things immoveable, as
land.
Reality, rJ-il-J-ti, S, Truth, what is, not what
merely seems ; something intrinsically important.
To Realize, r^i^l-lze, v. a. To bring into being
or act ; to convert money into land.
Really, rk'-k\-k, ad. Wit.h actual existence ;
truly, not seemingly ; it is a slight corroboration of an
opinion.
Realm, relm, s, 234. A kingdom, a king's
dominion; kingly government.
Realty, rk-k\-ik, s. Loyalty. Little used.
Ream, r^me, s. 227. A bundle of paper contain-
ing twenty quires.
Tb Reanimate, r4-in-ni-mite, v. a. To revive,
to restore to life.
To ReanNEX, r5-^n-neks{ v. a. To annex again.
To Reap, rkpe,v. a. 227. To cut corn at harvest;
to Rather, to obtain.
To Reap, r^pe, v. n. To harvest.
Reaper, r^-pur, s. 98. One that cuts corn at
harvest.
Reapinghook, rl-ping-hook, s. A hook used
to cut corn in harvest.
Rear, rere, *. 227. The hinder troop of an aimy,
or the hinder line of a fleet; the last class.
Rear, r^re, a. 227. Raw, half roasted, half
sodden.
(K?^ This word is frequently, bot corruptly, pronounced
as if written rare. But though rear, rhyming with fear,
is the true pronunciation, we must not suppose it to have
the least affinity and signification with rear, behind,
funius and Skinner derive this word from the Saxon word
Irere, signifying^uentor trembling like the white sryork
•fan egg when unconcocted ; heii&e Junius explains the
phrase a fieer-eg-g:, a trembling egg; and Skinner imagines
that this word may come from the Greek word 'Psw, to
flow, because unconcocted eggs easily flow or move
about ; or he supposes that our word rear, and the Saxon
hrere, may possibly come from the Latin rarus, as opposed
to dense, because eggs, when boiled, lose their fluidity,
and grow thick. Thisderivation of Skinnerseemsa little
too farfetched. Whatever may be itsorigin in the Saxon,
it seems to have been used in that language for ciude and
uvcovroeted ; from the Saxon it comes to us in tlmt sense,
and. in my opinion, ought to be written as well as pro-
nounced Rere.
To Rear, r^re^v. a. To raise up ; to lift up from
431
a fall : to bring up to maturity; to educate, to instruct;
to exalt, to elevate ; to rouse, to stir up.
Rearward, rere-ward, s. The last troop ; the
end, the tail, the train behind ; the latter part.
Rearmouse, r^reimoiise, s. The leather-winged
bat.
To ReaSCEND, ri-As-Send( v. n. To dimb again.
To ReaSCEND, r^-is-sendj v. a. To mount again.
Reason, rk'-zn, s. 170. 227. The power by
which man deduces one proposition from another, or
proceeds from premises to consequences; cause, ground
or principle; cause efficient; final cause; argument,
ground »f persuasion, motive; clearness of faculties ;
right, justice; reasonable claim, just practice;
rational, justaccount; moderation ; moderate demands.
See Raisiti,
To Reason, rl-zn, v. n. To argue rationally, to
deduce consequences justly from premises; to debate,
to discourse, to raise disquisitions, to make inquiries.
To Reason, r^-zn, v. a. To examine rationally.
Reasonable, r^'-zn-i-bl, a. Having the faculty
of reasen J actin«, speaking or thinking rationally;
just, rational, agreeable to reason; not immoderate ;
tolerable, being in mediocrity.
Reasonableness, re-zn-4-bl-nes, s. Tiie faculty
of reason; agreeableness to reason ; moderation.
Reasonably, ri-zH-i-ble, ad. Agreeably to
reason ; moderately, in a degree reaching to mediocrity.
Reasoner, rJ-zn-ur, s. 98. One who reasons, an
arguer.
Reasoning, ri-zn-xng, s. 410. Argument.
Reasonless, re-zn-les, a. Void of reason.
To Reassemble, re-^s-sem^bl, v. a. To collect
anew.
To Reassert, rl-^s-sertj v. a. To assert anew.
To Reassume, r^-^s-sume{ v. a. To resume, to
take again.
(O- See Principles, No. 4'34i and the word j^ssume.
To Reassure, r^-li-shure{ v, a. To free from
fear, to restore from terrour.
To Reave, r^ve, v. a. To take away by stealth or
violence.
ReBAPTIZATION, r^-b^p-ti-zi^shun, *. Renewal
of baptism.
To Rebaptize, r^-bip-tlzej v. a. To baptize
again.
To Rebate, re-bite{ v. a. To blunt, to beat to
obtuseness, to deprive of keenness.
Rebeck, r^-bek, s. A three stringed fiddle.
Rebel, reb-el, *. 102. 492. One wlio opposes
lawful authority.
To Rebel, r4-belj v. n. To rise in opposition
against lawful authority.
Reseller, r^-bel-lur, s. One that rebels.
Rebellion, r^-b?l-yun, s. 113. insurrectibn
against lawful authority.
Rebellious, r^-bel-yus, a. Opponent to lawful
authority.
Rebelliously, rl-bel-yus-1^, ad. In opposition
to lawful authority.
Rebelliousness, ri-beKyus-nes, s. The quality
of being >-ebeHious.
To Rebellow, r^-bel^li, v. n. To belhsw in
return ; to echo back a loud noise.
To Rebound, r^-bo?indJ v. n. To spring back, to
fly back in consequence of motion impressed and
resisted by a greater power.
To Rebound, re-boundj v. a. To reverberate, to
beat back.
Rebound, ri-boundj s. The act of flying back in
consequence of motion resisted, resilition.
Rebuff, r^-bufj *. Repercussion, quick and sudden
resistance.
To Rebuff, ri-buf? v. », To beat back, to oppo<«
with sudden violence,
REC
REC
(W- 559. Fite73, fir 77, ^U 83, ftt 81— mi 93,'met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
To re-edify, to restore
To Rebuild, rJ-biltiJ v. a
from demolition, to repair.
EBUKABLE, ri-bu^ki-bl, a. Worthy of repre-
hension.
To Rebuke, ri-bukej v. a. To cliide, to repre-
hend.
Rebuke, rJ-bAkeJ S. Reprdiension, chiding ex-
pression, objurgation ; in low language it signifies any
kind of check.
Rebuker, r^-bu-kur, S. 98. A chider, a repre-
hendcr.
Rebus, re-bus, s. A word represented by a picture;
a kind of riddle.
To Rebut, ri-but{ v. a. To answer a sur-
rejoinder.
Rebutier, ri-butitur, S. 98. An answer to
a sur-rejoinder.
To Recall, rl-kill{ v. a. To call back, to call
again, to revoke.
Recall, rl-kall{ s. 406. Revocation, act o"r
power of calling back.
To Recant, r^-kAntJ v. a. To retract, to recall,
to contradict what one has once said or done.
Recantation, r^-kln-ti^shun, s. 530. Retrac-
tion, declaration contradictory to a former declaiation.
Recantatory, re-kin-td-to-r^, a. 557. In the
manner of a recantation.
Recanter, re killt-ur, s. 98. One who recants.
To Recapitulate, re-kJ-pit-tshu-lite, v. a.
91. To repeat again distinctly, to detail again.
Recapitulation, re-klt-pit-tshu-li-shun, s.
X)etail repealed, distinct repetition of the principal
points.
Recapitulatory, re-k^-pit-tsbi-U-tur-^, a.
612. 667. Repeating again.
To Recarry, r^-kftr-r^, v. a. To carry back. '
To Recede, r^-s^ed{ v. n. To fall back, to
retreat J to desist.
Receipt, r^-sitel s, 412. The act of receiving ;
the place of receiving; a note given, by which money
is acknowledged to have been received; reception, ad-
mission; prescription of ingredients for any com-
position.
Receivable, re-s^^vi-bl, a. Capable of being
received.
To Receive, r5-s6ve{ v. a. To take or obtain
anything as due; to take or obtain from another; to
take any thing 'communicated ; to embrace intellec-
tually; to allow; to admit; to take as into a vessel ;
to take into a place or state ; to entertain as a guest.
Receivedness, r^-se-ved-nes, s. 365. General
allowance.
Receiver, rJ-s5-vur, s. 98. One to whom any
thing is communicated by another ; one to whom any
thing is given or paid ; one who partakes of the blessed
sacrament ; one who co-operates with a robber, by
taking the goods which he steals; the vessel into which
si>irits are emitted from the still ; the vessel of the air
pump, out of which the air is drawn, and which there-
fore receives any body on which experiments are tried.
To Receiebrate, re-seKll-brAte, v. a. To
celebrate anew.
Recency, r^'sen-si, s. Newness, new state.
Recension, re-sen-shun, 5. Enumeration, review.
Recent, re-sent, a. New, not of long existence ;
late, not antiqu'e ; fresh, not long dismissed from.
Recently, re-sent-le, ad. Newly, freshly.
Recentness, r^-sent-nes, s. Newness, freshness.
Receptacle, res'-sep-tl-kl, or re-sep'-ti-kl, s.
A vessel or place into which any thing is received.
C:?- The first of these pronunciations is by far the most
fashionable, but the second most agreeable to analogy
and the car. So many mutes in the latter syllables
require the aid of the antepenultimate accent to pro-
nounce them with ease, and they ought always to Uave
it,— See McrjitaUt and CorruptibCs,
433
The best way to show what is the general usage in the
accentuation of this word, will be to give it as accented
by different orthogpists.
Receptacle, Mr. Sheridan, W. JohtMton.
jDrs. Johnson, Kenriclc, Ash, Mr. Nare^
V»riyt/inrl. } *'■■• Smith, Perrv, Scott, BuchanarL
necep lacie, < Barclay, Penning', Bailey, Dyche, and
I. Entick.
RecEPTIBILITY, ri-slp-ti-blUl-ti, S, Possibility
of receiving.
ReceptARY, res^sep-ta-re, s. Thing received.
Obsolete. — See Receptory.
Reception, r^-sepishun, s. The act of receiving;
the state of being received; admission of any thing
communicated; re-admission; the act of containing
treatment at first coming, welcome entertainmentj
opinion generally admitted.
Receptive, r^-sep^tiv, a. Having the quality oi
admitting what is communicated.
Receptory, res'sep-tur-i, a. Generally or
popularly admitted.
(t3- Dr. Johnson and Mr. Sheridan place the accent on
the first syllable of this word, and on the second of de-
ceptory ; but as these words are both of the same form,
till some reason can be given for accenting them differ-
ently, I shall consider them both as accented on the first
syllable, as that accentuation appears to be not only
most agreeable to polite usage, but to the general analogy
of words of this termination. — See Peremptory.
A view of the diversity of accentuation among our or-
thogpists, will enable the inspector to judge of the pro-
priety of that which I have adopted :
Rec'eotarv ■[ ^^^' Sheridan, Dr. Johnson, folio and
^ *'l quarto, and Barclay.
«,-_/,„. f Dr. Ash, Mr. Scott, Scott's Bailey,
iteceptary,^ Mr. Perry, Penning, and Entick.
Dov «<,„... / Dr. Johnson, folio, Mr. Sheridan,
Re<feptory,[ Mr. Smith, and Barclay.
{Dr. Johnson, quanto. Dr. Ash, Mr. Perry,
Barclay, penning, Scott's Bailey, and
Entick.
Dec'eptory,
C Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash,
Decep'tory,}. Mr. Perry, Barclay, Scott's Bailey, and
I. Penning.
Recess, re-sesj S. Retirement, retreat ; departure ;
place of retirement, place of secrecy, private abode j
remission or suspension of any procedure; removal to
distance, secret part.
Recession, rl-sesh^un, *. The act of retreating.
To Rechange, r^-tshinjej v. a. To change
again.
To Recharge, ri-tsh^rjej v. a. to accuse in
return; attack anew; among hunters, a lesson which
the huntsman winds on the born when the hound$havo
lost their game.
ReCHEAT, ri-tshitej S. A lesson which the hunts,
man winds on the horn, when the dogs are at fault,
to bring them back from pursuing a counterscent.
Recidivation, re-sid-^-vi-shun, s. Backsliding,
falling again.
Recipe, resise-pe, s. A medical prescription.
Recipient, r^-Sip-p^-ent, S. The receiver, that
to which any thing is communicated ; the vessel into
which spirits are driven by the still.
ReCIFROCAL, rJ-Sip-pri-k^l, a. Acting in vicis-
situde, alternate ; mutual, done by each to each ; mu-
tually interchangeable.
Reciprocally, rl-sip-pro-k4l-i, ad. Mutually,
interchangeably.
Reciprocalness, re-sipipri-kil-nes, s Mutual
return, alternateness.
To Reciprocate, re-sipipro-kite, v. n. To ad
interchangeably, to alternate.
Reciprocation, r^-sip-pri-ki-shun, s. Alter,
n-ation, action interchangea.
Reciprocity, res-i-prfts-i-te, s. A mutn*
return.
Recision, r^-Sizh-un, s. The act of cutting off.
Recital, r^-sl-tJl, s. Repetition, rehearsal j
enumeration.
REC
REC
167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, b&U 173— oil 299— poiind 313— fAin 466, thIs 469.
Rr.ciTATroN, res-se-ta-shun, s. Repetition,
reliearsal.
Recitative, res-se-tA-teev{ ")
Recitativo, res-se-tit-teev^o, J
A kind of tuneful pronunciation, more musical than
common speech, and less than song; chant.
To RecitE) re-sltej v. a. To rehearse, to repeat,
to enumerate, to tell over.
To Reck, rek, V.n. To care, to heed. Not in
use. .'
To Reck, rek, v. a. To heed, to care for. Out of
use.
Reckless, rek-les, a. Careless, heedless, mindless.
Recklessness, rek-les-nes, s. Carelesness,
negligence.
To Reckon, rek-kn, v. a. 103. To number, to
count; to esteem, to account.
2o Reckon, rek-kn, v.n. 170. To compute, to
calculate; to state an account; to pay a penalty; to
lay stress or dependance upon.
Reckoner, rek-kn-ur, s. 98. One who computes,
one who calculates cost.
Reckoning, Ttik-knAng, s. 410. Computation,
calculation; accounts of debtor and credilnr; money
charged by a host; account talien; esteem, account,
estimation.
To Reclaim, re-klAmeJ v. a. 202. To reform,
to correct ; to reduce to the state desired ; to recall, to
cry out against ; to tame.
To Recline, ri-kllnej v. a. To lean back, to
lean sidewise.
To Recline, r^-kllne| v. n. To rest, to repose,
to lean. ,
Recline, r5-kllne{ a. In a leaning posture.
To Reclose, re-kloze{ v. a. To close again.
To Reclude, r^-kliaile{ v. a. To open.
ReCLLSE, r^-kluse{ a. 437. Shut up, retired.
Recluse, r^-klusej s. A person shut up or
retired.
Recoagulation, rk-kh-ag-gu li-shun, s.
Second coagulation.
Recognisance, r4-kog^ne-z^nse, s. Acknow-
ledgment of person or thing ; badge ; a bond of record
testifying the recognisor to owe unto the recogiiisee
a certain sum of money acknowledged in some court of
record.
(tS" For the pronunciation of ^ in this and the following
•words, see Principles, No. 387, and the words Cognizance
and Conusance.
To Recognise, rek-kSg-nlze, v. a. To acknow-
ledge, to recover and avow knowledge of any person
or thing; to review, to re-examine.
Recognisee, re-kig-ne-ze^{ s. He in whose
favour the bond is drawn.
Recognisou, re-kSg-n^-2or| s. He who gives
the recognizance.
Rj" When this word is not used as a law term, but con-
sidered only as the verbal noun of recognist, it ought to
be swelled recogniser, and to have the accent on the first
syllable.
Recognition, rek-k%-nish^un, s. Review, re-
novation of knowledge; knowledge confessed ; acknow-
ledgment.
To Recoil, re-koil| v. n. 299. To rush back in
consequence of resistance; to fall back; to fail; to
shrink.
To Recoin, re-koiuj v. a. 299, 300. To coin
over again.
Recoinage, re-koin'-ulje, s. 90. The act of
coining anew.
To Recollect, rek-kol-lekt{ v. a. To recover
to memory ; to recover reason or resolution ; to gathe-
what is scattered, to gather again. — See Collect.
Recollection, rek-k6l-lek-shun, s. Recovery
of notion, revival in the memory.
433
To Recomfort, r5-kuii)ifurt, v, a. To comfort
or console again ; to give new streneth.
To Recommence, re-kSm-inense,' v. a. 531.
To begin anew.
To Recommend, rek-k6m-mend( v. a. To
praise to another; to make acceptable; to use one's
interest with another in favour of a third person ; to
commit with prayers. — See Command.
Recommendable, rek-koni-meiid-^bl, a.
Worthy of recommendation.
Recommendation, rek-k8m-mtn-daisbun, s.
The act of recommending ; that which secures to one
a kind reception from another.
Recommendatory, rek-kftm-m2n-d;t-tur-^, a
512. That which recommends to another.
(tT- For ihe last o, see Domestick.
Recommender, rek-kSm-mend-ur, 5. One who
recommends.
To Recommit, re-k6m-mitj v. a. To commit
anew.
To Recompact, re-k5in-p^kt{ v. a. To join
anew.
To Recompense, rek-kom-pense, v. a. To
repay, to require; to compensate, to make up by some-
thing equiialent.
Recompense, rek'kSm-pense, s. Equivalent,
compensation.
Recompilement, re-kfim-plle-ment, J, 531.
New compilement.
To Recompose, re-kom-poze{ v. a. 531. To
settle or quiet anew ; to form or adjust anew.
ReCOMPOSITION, ri-kftm-pi-zish-un, S. Com-
position renewed.
To Reconcile, rek-k$n-sile, v. a. To compose
differences, to obviate seeming contradictions; to make
to like again; to make any thing consistent; to restore
to favour.
Reconcileable, rek-kon-si'-lH-bl, a. Capable
of renewed kindness ; consistent, possible to be made
consistent.
03- Tiinugli Dr. Johnson and Mr. Sheridan have
written Reconciteahle, Unreconcil cable, and Keconcileahle-
iicss, with the mute c in the iniddle of these words, thej'
have omitted it in Irteconcilable, Irreconcilably, and Irrc
concilableness. This has sometimes occasioned an impro-
priety in the pronunciation of these words, liy sounding
the preceding i short, as in silver, and giving the words
a syllable more than they ought to have, as if divided
into Rec-on-sil cable, &c. but as the orthography ii
wrong, so is the pronunciation. The mute e ought to
have no place, when followed by a vpwel, in woi ds of our
own composition, where the "preceding vowel has its
general sound; and therefore, as it is Inclinable, Desira-
ble, Sec. so it ought to be Reconcilable, Reconcilabli/, &c.
This was the orthography adopted by Dyche before>it
became so fashionable to imitate the French. — See Move-
able.
Reconcileableness, rek-kJn-sUl^-bl.nes, s.
Consistence, possibility to he reconciled; disposition
to renew love.
Reconcilement, rek^kSn-slle-ment, *. Recon-
ciliation, renewal of kindness, favour restored, friend-
ship renewed.
Reconciler, rek-kSn-sI-lur, *. One who renews
friendship between others; one who discovers the con-
sistence between propositions seemingly contradictory.
Reconciliation, rek-kfin-sil-^-d^shun, s.
Renewal of friendship.
To Recondense, ri-kftn-dense{ v. a. To con-
dense anew.
Recondite, rek-kon-dlte, a. Secret, profound,
abstruse.
03- Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Barclay
Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Mr. Fry, and Entiek, accent this
word on the second syllable; Mr. Sheridan and Bailey
on the last ; and Fenning only on the first. But notwith-
standing so many authorities are against me, I am much
deceived if the analogy of pronunciation be not decidedly
in favour of that accentuation which 1 have given. We
have but few instances in the language where we receive
a word from the Latin, by dropping a syllable, that we do
Ff
REC
REC
559. Fite73, far77, ftU 83, (AtSl— mIgS, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
not remove the accent higher than the original, 505.
TJius recondite, derived from recondilus, may with as
much propriety remove the accent from the long penul-
timate, as, carbuncle from carbunculu3 ; calumny from ca-
lumniai detriment '^rom detrimentum; mnocency from in-
nocentia; controversy ftom controversia ; and a tliousand
others. Besides, it may be observed, that Mr. Sheridan
and Bailey, by accenting this word on the last syllable,
do not decide against the accent on the first; for all words
of three syllables, which may be accented on the last,
■inay also have an accent on the first, though not in-
versely, 5^4. The antepenultimate accent, to which our
language has such a tendency, ought, in my opinion, to
be indulged in this word, notwithstanding the numerous
authorities against it. The word incondite must certainly
follow the fortunes of the present word; and we find
those orthoepists who have the word, accent it as they do
recondite, Mr. Sheridan on the last syllable, but Mr. Pen-
ning inconsistently on the second.
To Reconduct, ri-k6n-dukt{ v. a. To conduct
again.
To ReCONJOIN, r^-kin-joinj v. a. To join anew.
To Reconquer, re-kSng-kur, v. a. To conquer
agait..
7b Reconsecrate, r4-k6nis^-krite, v. a. To
consecrate anew.
To Reconvene, r5-kSn-v^ne{ v. a. To assemble
anew.
To Reconvey, rJ-kSn-vi{ v. a. To convey again.
To Record, ri-k3rd{ v. a. 492. To register any
thing, so that its memory may not be lost ; to celebrate,
to cause to be remembered solemnly.
Record, rek-ord, or rh-kbrd', s. Register,
authentick memorial.
(tJ- The noun record was anciently, as well as at pre-
•ent, pronounced with the accent either on the first or
second syllable; till lately, however, it generally con-
formed to the analogy of other words of tliis kind ; and
we seldom heard the accent on the second syllable, till a
great luminary of the law, as remarkable for the justness
of his elocution as his legal abilities, revived the claim
this word anciently had to the ultimate accent ; and since
nis time this pronunciation, especially in our courts of
justice, seems to have been the most general. We ought,
however, to recollect, that this is overturning one of the
most settled analogies of our language in the pronuncia-
tion of dissyllable nouns and verbs of the same form. —
See Principles, No. 492.
'* But many a crime, deemM innocent on earth,
*' Registered in heav'u ; and there no doubt
" Have each their record with a curse annexed."
Cou.ye^t Task.
Recordation, rek-or-dA-shun, s. Remembrance,
Recorder, r4-kord-ur, s. One whose business it
is to register any events ; the keeper of the rolls in a
city ; a kind of flute, a wind instrument.
To Recover, re-kuv-ur, v, a. To restore from
sickness or disorder ; to repair; to regain ; to release ;
to attain, to reach, to come up to.
To Recover, r4-kuviur, v. n. To grow well from
a disease.
Recoverable, r4-kuviur-4-bl, «. Possible to be
restored from sickness ; possible to be regained.
Recovery, re-kuv-ur-4, S. Restoration from
sickness; power or act.of regaining; the act of cutting
off an entail.
7'o Recount, r5-k3unt{ v. a. To relate in detail,
to tell distinctly.
Recountment, r4-kount-ment, *. Relation,
recital.
Recourse, ri-kirse{ s. Application as for help
or protection j access.
Recreant, rek-kri-ltnt, a. Cowardly, mean.
spirited; apostate, false.
To Recreate, rek^kr^-Ate, v. a. 531. To
refresh after toil, to amuse or divert in weariness; to
delight, to gratify ; to relieve, to revive.
Recreation, rek-kr^-i-shun, s. Belief after
toil or pain, amusement in sorrow or distress ; refresh-
ment, amusement, diversion.
Recreative, rek-kr^-a-tiv, a. Refreshing,
giviiiU relief after labour or pain, ai^jning, diverting.
434
Recreativeness, r2k^kr5-4-tiv-nes, *. The
quality of being recreative.
Recrement, rek-kri-ment, s. Dross, spumi,
superfluous or useless parts.
Recremental, rek-kr^-inen-t4l, ")
Recrementitious, rek-kre-men-tish^us, J "'
Drossy, superfluous, useless.
To Recriminate, ri-knm-4-nite, v. n. To
return one accusation with another.
Recrimination, r4-krim-^-nA-shun, s. Return
of one accusation with another.
Recriminator, r^-krim-e-n^-tur, 5. 521. He
who returns one charge with another.
Recrudescent, rek-kroo-des^sent, a. 510.
Growing painful or violent again.
To Recruit, re-krobt{ v. a. To repair any thing
wasted by new supplies; to supply an army with new
men.
To Recruit, ri-kr8ot{ v. n. To raise new
soldiers.
Recruit, r^-krootj s. 343. Supply of any thing
wasted; a new soldier.
Rectangle, rek^t^ng-gl, *. a figure which has
one angle or more of ninety degrees.
Rectangular. rek-ting;-gu-l4r, a. Righ
angled, having ungles of ninety digrees.
Rectangularly, rek-t^iig-gu-lir-le, ad.
With right angles.
Rectifiable, rek^t^-fl-i-bl, «. 183. Capable
to be set right.
Rectification, rek-te-fe-ka-shun, s. The act
of setting right what is wrong; in Chymistiy, Rectifi-
cation is drawing any thing over again by distillation,
to make it yet higher nr finer.
To Rectify, rek'-ti-tl, v. a. 183. To make
right, to reform, to redress ; to exalt and improve by
repeated distillation.
Rectilinear, rek-t^-lin-e-ur, \
RectilineouS, rek-te-linie-us, /
Consisting of right lines.
Rectitude, rek-t^-tAde, s. straightness, not
curviiy ; uprightness, freedom from mural obliquity.
Rector, rekitur, s. 418. Ruler, lord, governor;
parson of an unimpropriated parish.
Rectorial, 3ek-tAire-4l, «. Belonging to the
rector of a parish.
Rectorship, rek^tur-ship, s. The rank or office
of a rector.
Rectory, rekitur-e, s. A rectory or parsonage is
a spiritual living, composed of land, tithe, and other
oblations of the people, separated or dedicated to God
in any congregation for the service of his church there,
and for the maintenance of the minister thereof.
Recubation, rok-ki-bi-shun, s. 530. The act
of lying or leaning.
Recumbency, re-kum-beii-se, *. The posture of
lying or leaning ; rest, repose.
Recumbent, re-kum-bent, a. Lying, leaning.
ReCUPERABLE, ri-ku-l)cr-a-bl, a. Recoverable.
, Obsolete. i i o i a
Recuperation, re-ku-per-a'-sbun, *. (From the
Latin recupey o, to recover.) Recovery of a thing lost.
Recuperatory, r4-ku'-per-d-tur-i, a. Belonging
to recovery.
Recuperative, ri-kiiper-l-t1v, a. (From the
Latin recupero.) Tending to recovery. " And here
behold the recaperative principles of the constitution,
and contemplate Parliament as the true source of
legitimate hope." — Grattan's Ansuer to Lord Clare,
1800.
To Recur, r^-kur{ v. n. To come back to the
thought, to revive in the mind; to have recourse to
to take refuge in.
Recurrence,
Recurrencv,
Recurrent, r^-kur-ient, a. Returning from
time to time.
2 in.
E, r^-kur-rense, ")
I , "2 , 2 I r *• Return.
r, re-kur-ren-se, J
RED
RED
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— o?l 299— pound 313— Min 466, mis 469.
Recursion, re-kur'shun, s. Return.
Recurvation, re-kur-vA^shun, "I
Recurvity, re-kur-v^-tl, /
Flexure backwards. *
Recurvous, re-kurivus, a. Bent backward.
Recusant, r^-ku-z^nt, or rek-ku-z^nt, *,
A nonconformist.
03" I must in this word retract my former opinion,
and give the preference to the accent on the second syl-
lable. Mr. Sheridan and W. Johnston might, like my-
self, suppose usage on their side; but the authority of
Drs. Johnson, Asli, Kenrick, Mr. Nares, Perry, Barclay,
Penning, Bailey, Dyche, and Entick, is sufficient to make
us suspect that usage has not so clearly decided ; and
therefore, though some words of this form and number
of syllables depart from the accentuation of the Latin
words from which they are derived, as ignorant, laborant,
adjutant, permanent, confident, &c. yet the general rule
seems to incline to the preservation of the accent of the
original, when the same number of syllables are preserved
in the English word — to say nothing of the more im-
mediate formation of this word from the judicial verb to
recuse. See Principles, Nos. 437 and 503, b and k.
To Recuse, r^-kizej v. n. To refuse. A judicial
word.
Red, red, a. Of the colour of blood, of one of the
primitive colours.
Redbreast, red-brest, S. A small bird so named
from the colour of its breast, called also a Robin.
Redcoat, red-kote, s. A name of contempt for
a soldier.
To Redden, red-dn, v. a. 103. To make red.
To Redden, red-dn, v. n. To grow red.
ReDDISHNESS, red^dish-nes, *. Tendency to
redness.
ReDDITION, red-dish-un, S. Restitution.
Redditive, red-de-tiv, a. Answering to an inter-
rogative.
Reddle, red-dl, S. 405. A sort of mineral of the
metal kind.
Rede, r^de, s. Counsel, advice. Obsolete.
To Redeem, re-d^^mj v. a. 246. To ransom, to
relieve from any thing by paying a price ; to rescue, to
recover; to make amends for; to free by paying an
atonement; to save the world from the curse of sin.
Redeemable, ri-d^^m-H-bl, a. Capable of
redemption.
Redeem A BLENESS, re-dJ^m-4-bl-nes, s. The
state of being redeemable.
Redeemer, r^-de^m-ur, s. 9.8. One who ransoms
or redeems; our Saviour.
To Redeliver, re-d^-liv-ur, v. a. To deliver
back.
Redelivery, re-d^-liv^ur-e, s. The act of deliver-
ing back.
To ReDEMAND, r&-d^-mand5 v. a. To demand
back.
Redemption, ri-dem^shiin, s. 412. Ransom,
release; purchase of God's favour by the death of
Christ.
Redemptory, r^-demitur-^, a. 412. 512. 557.
Paid for ransom.
ReuhoT, red-hSt, a. Heated to redness.
Redintegrate, re-din-ti-grite, a. Restored,
renewed, made new.
Redintegration, r^-din-te-grA-shiin, s.
Renovation, restoration; Rcdiniegration, chyinisis
call the restoring any mixed body or matter, whose
form has been destroyed, to its former nature and con-
stitution.
ReDLEAD, red-ledj s. Minium.
Redness, red-nes, S. The quality of being red.
Redolence, red'-i-lense, 503. \
Redolency, red'-i-len-s^, J*
Sweet scent.
Redolent, rcd-5-lent, «. 503 Sweet of scent.
435
71) Redouble, re-dub^bl, v. a. To repeat often ;
to increase by addition of the same quantity over and
over.
To Redouble, ri'dub-bl, v. n. To become twice
as much.
Redoubt, re-dout{*. The outwork of a fortification<
a fortress.
Redoubtable, rJ-dout-i-bl, a. Formidabit.
terrible to foes.
Redoubted, r^-dout-ed, a. Dreadful, awful,
formidable.
To Redound, re-doundj v. n. To be sent back
by re-action } to conduce in the consequence.
To Redress, ri-dres{ v. a. To set right, to
amend ; to relieve, to remedy, to ease.
Redress, re-dres{ S. Reformation, amendment ;
relief, remedy ; one who gives relief.
Redressive, re-dres-siv, a. Succouring, affording
remedy.
Redshank, red^shSngk, *. A bird.
Redstreak, redistreke, S. An apple, cider fruit;
cider pressed from the redstreak.
To Reduce, r^-d6se{ v. a. To bring back,
obsolete; to bring to the former state ; to reform from
any disorder; to bring into any state of diminution;
to degrade, to impair in dignity ; to bring into any
state of misery or meanness; to subdue; to subject to
a rule, to bring inio a class.
Reducement, r^-duse-ment, s The act of
bringing back; subduing, reforming, or diminishing.
Reducer, r^-du-sur, s. 98. One that reduces.
Reducible, r^-duis^-bl, a. Possible to be
reduced.
Reducibleness, r^-du-s^-bl-nes, s. Quality of
being reducible.
Reduction, r^-duk-shun, s. The act of reducing ,
in Arithraetick, Reduction brings two or more numbers
of different denominations into one denomination.
Reductive, r^-duk-tiv, a. 157. Having the
power of reducing.
Reductively, r^-duk^tiv-le, ad. By reduction,
by consequence.
Redundance, r^-duii-d$nse, ")
Redundancy, r^-dun-d4n-se, J
Superfluity, superabundance.
Redundant, re-dun-dSnt, a. Superabundant,
exuberant, superfluous; using more words or images
than are necessary.
Redundantly, r^-dun-d4nt-le, ad. Superfluously,
superabundantly,
To Reduplicate, r^-du-ple-kite, v. a.
To double.
Reduplication, re-du-ple-kA-shun, s. The
act of doubling.
Reduplicative, re-du-ple-ki-tiv, a, 512.
Double.
Redwing, red-wing, s. A bird.
To Re-echo, r^-ek-ko, v. n. To echo back.
ReECHY, retsh-e, a. Smoky, sooty, tanned.
Reed, reed, S. 246. A hollow knotted stalk, which
grows in wet grounds ; a small pipe; an arrow.
To Rk-edify, re-ed-^-rt, v, a. To rebuild, to
build again.
Reedless, reed-les, a. Being without reeos.
Reedy, reed-e, a. Abounding with reeds.
Reek, reek, *. 246. Smoke, steam, vapour j
a pile of cum or hay.
To Reek, reek, V, n. To smoke, to steam, to
emit vapour.
Reeky, reek-e, a. Smoky, tanned, black.
Reel, reel, s. 246. A turning frame upon which
yarn is wound into skeins from the spindle.
To Reel, r^^l, v. a. To gather yam off the spindle.
To Reel, re^l, v. n. To stagger, to incline In
walking, first to one side, and then to the other.
REF
REP
ts- 559. Tke 73, fJr77, fall 83, dt 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n4 162, m3ve 164,
Re-election, re-^-lek.-sbun,f. Repeated election.
To Re-enact, re-en-^ktj v. a. To enact anew.
To Re-enforce, re-en-forse{ v. a. To strengthen
with new assistance.
Re-enforcement, r^-en-forse-ment, s. Fresli
assistance.
To Re-enjoy, rl-en-joej v. a. To enjoy anew, oi
a second time.
2b Re-enter, re-en'-tur, v. a. To e* ter again,
to cuter anew.
To Re-enthrone, re-en-?/tr6ne,' v. a. To re-
place ill a throne.
Re-entrance, re-en-trilnse, s. The act of
entering again.
Reermouse, rufr'mouse, s, A bat.
7b Re-establish, r^-e-st^b-blish, v. a.
Vo cstablisli anew.
Re-establisher, re-^-stib-lish-ur, s. One that
re-establislies.
Re-establishment, re-e-stib-lish-ment, *.
The act of re-establishing, the state of being re-
established, restauration.
Reeve, reev, *. A steward. Obsolete.
To Re-examine, re-egz-im-in,i/. a. To examine
anew.
To Refect, rJ-fektJ v, n. To refresh, to restore
after hunger or fitigue.
Refection, r^-fek-shun, s. Refreshment after
hunger or fatigue.
Refectory, r^-fek-tur-l, or ref^ek-tur-5, s.
'j\1. Room of refreshment, eating room. — For the o,
see Domestick.
(t7- Almost all the Dictionaries I have consulted, except
Wr. Sheridan's, place the accent on the second syllable
of this word ; and yet, so prevalent has the latter accentu-
ation been of late years, that Mr. Nares is reduced to
hope it is not fixed beyond recovery. There is, indeed,
one reason why this word ought not to have the accent
on the first syllable, and that is, the two mutes in the
second and third, which are not so easily pronounced
when the accent is lemoved from them, as the mutes and
liquids in acoesnory, consistory, ucsultory, &c. ; and there-
fore I am decidedly in favour of the accentuation on the
second svllable, which is that adopted by Dr. Johnson,
J)r. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston. Mr. Nares, Buchanan,
Perry, Scott, Bailey, Barclay, and Entick, as all words of
this termination have the accent on the same syllable.
See Refractory, Peremptory, Corruptible, and Irrefragable.
To Refel, r^-felj V. a. To refute, to repress.
To Refer, r^-fer{ v. a. To dismiss for information
or judgment; to betake for decision; to reduce to, as
to Iht ultimate end ; to reduce as to a class.
To Refer, re-ferj v. n. To respect, to have
relation ; to appeal.
Referee, rSf-er-^5j s. One to whom any thing is
referred.
Reference, ref-fer-ense, s. Relation, respect,
allusion to ; dismission to another tribunal.
To Referment, rJ-fer-ment{ v, a. To ferment
anew.
Referrible, re-fer-r^-bl, a. Capable of being
considered as in relation to something else.
To Refine, re-finej v. a. To purify, to clear from
dross and excrement ; to make elegant, to polish.
To Refine, r^-flne( v. n. To improve in point of
accuracy or delicacy ; to grow pure ; to atfect nicety.
Refinedly, re-flneied-le, ad. 364. With
affected elegance.
Refinement, re-fine-ment, *. The net of
purifying by clearing any thing from dross; improve-
ment in elegance or purity ; artificial practice; affec-
tation of elegant improvement.
Refiner, r^-fi-nur, *. Purifier, one who clears
from dross or recrement; improver in elegance; in-
ventor of superHuous subtiliies.
To Refit, r^-ht| v. a. To repair, to restore after
damage.
Te Reflect, r^-flekt| v. a. To tiirow back.
4?6
To Reflect, r^-flektj v. a. To throw back
light ; to bend back ; to throw back the thoughts upoii
the past, or on themselves; to consider attentively
to throw reproach or censure; to bring reproach.
Reflectent, r^-flek-tent, a. Bending back,
flying back.
Reflection, rJ-flekishun, s. The act of throwing
back ; the act of bending back ; that which is reflect-
ed J thought thrown back upon the past ; the act of the
mind upon itself ; attentive consideration ; censure.
Reflective, rl-flek-tiv, a. Throwing back
images : considering things past; considering the ope-
rations of the mind.
Reflector, re-flekitur, s. Considerer.
Reflex, re^fleks, a. Thrown backward.
Reflexibility, r^-fleks-e-bil-e-te, *. The quality
of being reflexible.
Reflexible, re-fleks^e-bl, a. Capable to be
thrown back.
Reflexive, re-fleks-iv, «. Having respect to
something past.
Reflexively, re-fleks^iv-1^, ad. In a backward
direction.
To Reflourish, r^-flui-iish, v. a. To flourish
anew.
To Refi.OW, rJ-floJ v. a. To How back.
Refluent, ref^flu-ent, a. 518. Running back.
Reflux, re-fluks, *. Backward course.
To Reform, re-formj v. a. To change from
worse to belter.
To Reform, re-fSrmJ v. n. To grow better.
Reform, r^-form( S. Reformation.
Reformation, ref-for-ma-shiin, s. 531 . Change
from worse to better.
Reformer, r^-form-iir, s. One who makes
a change for the hotter.
To Refract, r^-fr4kt{ v. a. To break the
natural course of rays.
Refraction, re-fi4k-shun, s. The incurvation
or change of determination in the body moved ; in
Dioptricks, it is the variation of a ray of light from
that right line which it would have passed on in hud
not the density of the medium turned it aside.
Refractive, r^-fr4k^tiv, a. Having the power
of refraction.
Refractoriness, ri-frSk^tur-^-nes, s. SuUen
obstinacy.
Refractory, rJ-frak^tur-l, a. Obstinate, per-
verse, contumacious.
(t3- AH our orthoepists, except Bailey and Dyche,
place the accent on the second syllable of this word ; and
we need but attend to the diDiculiy and indistinctness
which arises from placing the accent on the first syllable,
to condemn it. The mutes c hard and t are furmed by
parts of the organs so distant from each other, that,
without the help of the accent to strengthen the organs,
they are not very easily pronounced — to say nothing of
the difficulty of pronouncing the substantive refractoii-
ness and the adverb rf/rac(oii7^ with the accent on tlie
first syllable, which must necessarily be the case if we
accent the first syllable of this word. — See Corruptible,
RefRAGABLE, rvP-iri-gk-hl, a. Capable of con-
futation and conviction.
03- In this word there is not the same concurrence of
consonants as in the last, and consequently not the came
reason for placing the accent on the second syllable. — See
Irrefragable.
To Refrain, re-frane,' v. a. To hold back, to
keep from action.
To Refrain, rl-fr^nej v. n. To forbear, to
abstain, to spare.
Refrangibility, ri-fran-je-bil'-^-t^, *.
Refraugibility of the rays of light, is their disposition
to be refracted or turned out of their way, in passing
out of one transparent body or medium into nnmher.
Refrangible, re-fiHii^je-bl, a. Turned out tA
their course in passing from one medium to another.
Refrenation, ref-fie-na-sliuii, s. The att c/
restraining. ^
REG
REG
'n8r 167, nftt 163— tfibe 171, tfib 172, bull 173— 3!i 299— p3&nd 313— thin 466, this 469.
To Refresh, r5-fre§bj v. a. To recreate, to
relieve after pain ; to improve by new touches any
thing impaired; to refrigerate, to cool.
Refresher, r^-freshiur, s. 9iJ. That which
refreshes.
Refreshment, r^-fresh^ment, s. Relief after
pain, want, or fatigue j that which gives relief, as food,
rest.
Refrigerant, re-fnd-jer-int, a. Cooling,
mitigating heat.
To Refrigerate, r^-fnd-jer-ate, v. a, 91.
To cool.
Refrigeration, rf'-fnd-jer-A-shun, s. The act
of cooling ; the state of being cooled.
Refrigerative, r^-fridijer-^-tiv, 512. 1
Refrigeratory, re-fHdyer-i-tur-l, 512. 557.J
a. Cooling, having the power to cool.
Refrigeratory, ri-frid^.jer-^-t?ir-^, s. The
part of a distilling vessel that' is placed about the head
of a still and filled with water to cool the condensing
vapours ; any thing internally cooling.
03- See Dumestick.
Reft, reft. Part, of Beave. Deprived, taken away.
Pret. of Reave. Took away.
Refuge, ref-fudje, s. Shelter from any danger or
distress ; protection, that w! ich gives shelter or pro-
tection, resource ; expedient in distress.
To Refuge, rePfiidje, v, a. To shelter, to
protect.
Refugee, rlf-fi'-j^ej s. One who flies to shelter
or protection.
Refulgence, re-fuiyense, s. Splendour, bright-
ness.
Refulgent, re-fi'.l-jent, a. 177. Bright, glitter-
ing, splendid.
To Refund, r5-fund{ v. a. To pour back j to
repay what is received, to restore.
Refusal, rl-fh'-zil, S. 88. The act of refusing,
denial of any thing demanded or solicited; the pre-
emption, the right of having any thing before another,
option.
To Refuse, r^-fuze{ v. a. 495. To deny what
is solicited or required ; to reject, to dismiss without a
grant.
To Refuse, r^-fuzej v. n. Not to accept.
Refuse, ref-use, s. 437. 492. That which
remains disregarded when the rest is taken.
(t?- I have given the sharp and hissing sound to the s
m this word, according to the analogy of substantives of
this form which have a corresponding verb, and imagine
I have the best usage on my side, though none of our
orthoepists, except Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, and W. John-
ston, have made this distinction.
Refuser, ri-fu'-zur, s. 98. He who refuses.
Refutal, r4-fu^tal, S. 88. Refutation.
Refutation, ref-fu-ti-shun, s. The act of
refuting, the act of proving Jalse or erroneous.
To Refute, ri-futej v. a. To prove false or
erroneous.
To Regain, re-gine{ v. a. To recover, to gain
anew.
Regal, r^-gdl, a. Royal, kingly.
To Regale, r^-gile{ v. a. To refresh, to entertain,
to gratify.
Regalement, r^-gileiment, s. Refreshment,
entertainment.
Regalia, ri-gi'-le-i, s. 92. 113. Ensigns of
royalty.
Regality, r^-gJUi-t^, s. Royalty, sovereignty,
kingship.
To Regard, rJ-g^rd,' v. a. 92. 160. To value,
to attend to as worthy of notice ; to observe, to re-
mark; to pay attention to; to respect, to have rela-
tion to ; to look towards.
Regard, r^-gardj *. Attention as to a matter of
importance; respect, reverence ; note, eminence; re-
spect, account; relation, reference} look, aspect di-
rected to anothar.—See Guard,
437
Regardable, r^-gardi|-bl, a. Observable
worthy of notice.
Regarder, r^-gard^ur, J. 98. One that regards,
Regardful, re-gard'-ful, a. Attentive, taking
notice of.
Regardfully, ri-gard'-fiil-^, ad. Attentivelv,
heedfully; respectfully.
Regardless, re-gard^les, a. Heedless, negligent,
inattentive.
Regardlessly, re-gardiles-l^, ad. Without
heed.
Regardlessness, r^-gard^Ies-nes, s. Heedless-
ness, negligence, inattention.
Regency, re-jen-S^, s.' Authority, government ;
vicarious government ; the district governed by a vice-
gerent; those to whom vicarious regality is intrusted.
To Regenerate, r^-jen-er-^te, v. a. To repro-
duce, to produce anew ; to make to be born anew ; to
renew by the change of carnal nature to a Christian
life.
Regenerate, rJ-jen^er-^t, a. 91. Reproduced;
born anew by grace to a Christian life.
Regeneration, r^-jen-er-a-sbuii, s. Newbirth.
birth by grace from carnal affeciions to a Christian life.
Regenerateness, i4-jen-er-^t-nes, s. The
state of being regenerate.
Regent, r^-jent, a. Governing, ruling; exercising
vicarious authority.
Regent, r^ijent, J. Governor, ruler ; one invested
with vicarious royalty.
RegeNTSHIP, re-jeilt-ship, *, Power of governing
deputed authority.
Regermination, re-jer-m5-naishiin, s. The
act of sprouting again.
RegiBLE, red^^-bl, a. 405. Governable.
Regicide, red'-je-slde, «. 143. Murderer of his
king; murder of his king.
Regimen, rcd-j^-men, s. That care in diet and
living that is suitable to every particular course of me-
dicine.
tiS- The word or member of a sentence governed by a
verb; as. Evil communication corrupts good matiners,
where ffooi/ manners may be said to be the regimen, or
part of the sentence governed by the verb corrupts.
Regiment, red-je-ment, *. Established govern-
ment, polity; rule, authority ; abody of soldiers under
one colonel.
Regimental, red-je-ment-ill, a. Belonging to
a regiment; military.
Regimentals, red-je-men-tils, s. The uniform
military drcs^ of a regiment.
Region, ri-Jun, s. 290. Tract of land, countrj-,
'ractof space; part of the body, within ; place.
Register, red-jis-tuf, *. 98. An account of any
thing regularly kept; the officer whose business is to
keep the register.
To Register, red-Jis-tur, v. a. To record, to
preserve by authcntick accounts.
Registry, rwl-jis-tie, s. The act of inserting in
the register; the place where the register is kept; a
series of facts recorded.
Regnant, reg-n^nt, a. Reigning, predominant,
prevalent, having power.
To Regorge, r^-gorgej v. a. To vomit up,
to throw back ; to swallow eagerly ; to swallow back.
To Regraft, re-grAftJ v. a. To graft again.
To Regrant, re-grintj v. a. To grant back.
To Reg rate, r^-grate' v. a. To ofl'enJ, to shock ;
not used; to engross, to forestall.
Regrater, ri-griteifir, s. 98. Forestaller,
engrosser.
To Regreet, rJ-greet{ v. a. To resalutc, to
greet a second time.
Regreet, r^-gr^^tj s. Return or exchange of
salutation.
Regress, r^igres, s. Passage back, fovfcr it
pasiittg back.
REI
REL
tj-
559. FiteTS, fir 77, fill 83, ^t81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
Regression, rl-gresh-un, s. The act of returning
or going back.
Regret, rl-gret| s. Vexation at something past,
bitterness of reflection ; grief, sorrow.
To Regret, rl-gretj v. a. To repeat, to grieve at.
RegueRDON, rl-ger-diin, s. Reward, recom-
pense. Obsolete. — See Guerdon,
Regular, reg^u-)4r, a. 179. Agreeable to rule,
consisting with the mode prescribed ; governed by
strict regulations ; having sides or surfaces composed
of equal figures ; instituted or initiated according to
established forms.
Regi;14R, reg-u-l4r, s. In the Roman Catholick
Church, all persons are said to be regulars, that pro-
fess and follow a certain rule of life, and observe the
three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
Regularity, reg-u-l^r-^-tl, s. Agreeabieness to
rule; method, certain order. '
Regularly, reg-u-lir-ll, ad. In a manner con-
cordant to rule.
To Regulate, reg^u-Ute, v. a. To adjust by
rule or method ; to direct.
Regulation, reg-u-laishuii, s. The act of
regulating; method, the effect of regulation.
Regulator, reg-i-li-tur, s. 521. One that
regulates ; that part of a machine which makes the
motion equable.
To Regurgitate, rl-guryl-tite, v. a. To
throw back, to pour back.
Regurgitation, r^-gur-j4-tA-shun, s.
Resorption, the act of swallowing back.
To Rehear, r^-h^re{ v. a. To hear again.
Rehearsal, rl-her-s^l, s. 442. Repetition,
recital ; the recital of any thing previous to publick
exhibition.
To Rehearse, rl-herse{ v. a. To repeat, to
recite; to relate, to tell; to recite previously to pub-
lick exhibition.
To Reject, rl-jektj v. a. To dismiss without
compliance with proposal or acceptance of offer; to
cast off, to make an abject; to refuse, not to accept;
to throw aside.
Rejection, ri-jlk-shun, s. Tlie act of casting
off or throwing aside.
To Reign, rine, v. n, 249. To enjoy or exercise
sovereign authority ; to be predominant, to prevail ;
to obtain power or dominion.
Reign, rAne, *. 385. Royal authority, sovereignty;
time of a king's government ; kingdom, dominions.
To Reimbody, rl-im-b&di|, v. n. To imbody
again. ^
To Reimburse, rl-im-bursej v. a. To repay, to
repair loss or expense by an equivalent.
Reimbursement, rl-im-burse^ment, s. Repara-
tion or repayment.
To Reimpregnate, ri-im-preginite, v. a. To
impregnate anew.
Reimpression, rl-im-presh-un, s. A second er
repeated impression.
Rein, rine, s. 249. The part of the bridle which
extends from the horse's head to the driver's or rider's
hand ; used as an instrument of government, or for
government ; to jive the reins, to give license.
To Rein, rAne, v. a. To govern by a bridle; to
restrain, to control.
Reins, r^nz, s. The kidneys, the lower part of the
back.
To Reinsert, rJ-in-sert{ v. a. To insert
a second time.
To Reinspirb, rl-in-splre{ v. a. To inspire
anew.
To Reinstall, r^-in-stall{ I'. a. 406, To seat
again ; to put again in possession.
To Reinstate, r^-in-stAte{ v. a. To put again
in possession.
To Reintegrate, re-in^tl-grdte, v. a. To renew
with regard to any state or quality.
438
To Reinvest, rl-in-vestj v, a. To invest anew.
To Rejoice, re-jo^se{ v. n. 299. To be glad, to
joy, to exult.
To Rejoice, rl-joese{ v, a. To exhilarate, to
gladden.
Rejoicer, re-joi^sur, s. 98. One that rejoices.
To Rejoin, r^-join{ v. a 299- To join again »
to meet one again.
To Rejoin, re-j8inj v. n. To answer to a reply.
Rejoinder, re-join-dur, s, 98. Answer to
a reply ; reply, answer.
To Reiterate, rl-it^-ter-ite, v. a. To repei
again and again.
Reiteration, ri-it-ter-i-shun, s. Repetition.
To Rejudge, rl-judjej v. a. To re-examine; to
review, to recall to a new trial. •
To Rekindle, re-kin-dl, v. a. To set on fire
again.
To Relapse, rl-l4psej v. n. To fall back into
vice and errour; to fall back from a state of recovery
to sickness.
Relapse, rl-lipsej s. Fall into vice or errour
once forsaken ; regression from a state of recovery to
sickness.
To Relate, rJ-lite{ v, a. To tell, to recite j to
ally by kindred.
To Relate, rl-l4te5 v, n. To have reference, to
have respect to.
Relater, rl-li-tur, S. 98. Teller, narrator.
Relation, rl-la-shun, S. Manner of belonging to
any person or thing ; respect ; reference, regard ; con-
nexion between one thing and another; kindred,
alliance of kin; person related by birth or marriage,
kinsman, kinswoman ; narrative, account.
Relative, reU^-tlv, a. 158. Having relation,
respecting; considered not absolutely, but as respect-
ing something else.
Relative, rel-i-tlV, S. Relation, kin«man J
pronoun answering to an antecedent; somewhat re-
specting something else.
Relatively, rel-i-tiv-le, ad. As it respects
something else, not absolutely.
Relativeness, rel-^-tiv-nes, s. The state of
having relation.
To Relax, r^-lJksJ v. a. To slacken, to make
less tense ; to remit, to make less severe or rigorous ;
to make less attentive or laborious ; to ease, to divert ;
to open, to loose.
To Relax, rl-l4ks{ v. n. To be mild, to be
remiss, to be not rigorous.
Relaxation, rel-iks-i^shun, s. 530. Diminu-
tion of tension, the act of loosening; cessation of
restraint; remission, abatement of rigour ; remission of
attention or application.
Relay, rl-lij s. Horses on the road to relieve
others.
To Release, rl-llse{ v. a. 227. To set free
from confinement or servitude ; to set free from pain ;
to free from obligation ; to quit, to let go; to relax, to
slacken.
Release, rl-llsej S. Dismission from confinement,
servitude, or pain ; relaxation of a penalty j remission
of a claim; acquittance from a debt signed by the
creditor.
To Relegate, rel-l-gite, v. a. To banish, tj
exile.
Relegation, rel-1-gi-shnn, s. Exile, judici^
banishment.
To Relent, rl-lentj v, n. To soften, to grow les»
rigid or hard ; to grow moist ; to soften in temper, to
grow tender; to feel compassion.
To Relent, r^-lentl v. a. To slacken, to remit j
to soften, to mollify.
Relentless, re-lent-les, a. Unpitying, unmoved
by kindness or tenderness.
Relevant, rel'-e-vint, a. Relieving.— See irre-
levant.
REL
REM
or 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 3.3— thin 465, this 469.
nor
O^- In the first edition of this Dictionary I appre-
hended that this word was a new coinage of the House
of Commons j but upon consulting Mr. Elf-hinston, a
complete judge in this case, I find it has long been a ju-
risprudential word, as he calls it, in Scotland, meaning
inferential or conclusive; and that it has only been trans-
ferred from ( he Scotch Bar to the British Parliament.
But that this is not the sense oi the Frencli relevant, or
the Latin relevo, is certain; and that relevant in this
sense seems nearly the samJas relntive or related. To
»ay nothing of the impropriety of introducing technical
words in a general assembly of the nation, it may be ob-
served, that using tlie word in this sense, which is that
which it generally has in our parliamentary debates,
tends to overlurn the most settled meaning of words,
and, instead of precision and accuracy, to create obscu-
rity and confusion.
RelevaTION, rel-4-vi-sbun, S. A raising or lift-
ing up.
Reliance, rJ-li-^nse, S. Trust, dependence, con-
fidence.
RelicK, rel-ik, *. That which remains, that which
is left after the loss or decay of the rest ; it is gene-
rally used in the plural : it is often taken for the body
deserted by ilie soul ; that which is kept in memory of
another with a kind of religious veneration.
Relict, I'el-lkt, *. a widow, a wife desolate by the
death of her husband.
Relief, rh-l^hP, s. 275. The prominence of
a figure in stone or metal, the seeming prominence of
a picture; the recommendation of any thin^ by the
interposition of something different; alleviation of
calamity, mitigation of pain or sorrow; that which
frees from pain or sorrow ; dismission of a sentinel
from his post ; legal remedy of wrongs.
ReliEVABLE, r^-l^^vii-bl, a. Capable of relief.
To Relieve, vk-\hh\', v. a. To support, to assist ;
to ease pain or sorrow; to succour by assistance : to set
a sentinel at rest, by placing another on his post; to
right by law.
Reliever, r^-l^^v-ur, s. One that relieves.
Relievo, r^-le^v-o, s. The prominence of a figure
or picture.
To Relight, r^-llte{ v. a. 393. To light anew.
Religion, r^-lid-jun, J. 290. Virtue, as founded
upon reverence of God, and expectation of future
rewards and punishments ; a system of Divine faith
and worship, as opposite to others.
Religionist, re-hd-jun-ist, s. A bigot to any
religious persuasion.
Religious, re-hd-jus, a. Pious, disposed to the
duties of religion ; teaching religion ; among the Ro-
manists, bound by the vows of poverty, chastity, and
obedience; exact, strict.
Religiously, r^lid'-jus-l4, ad. Piously, with
obedience to the dictates of religion ; according to the
rites of religion ; reverently, with veneration ; exactly,
with strict observance..
Religiousness, r^-lidijus-nes, s. The quality or
state of being religious.
To Relinquish, r^-ling^kwish, v. a. 408. To
forsake, to abandon ; to quit, to release, to give up.
Relinquishment, r^-ling-kwish-mlnt, s. 408.
The act of forsaking.
Relish, rel-hsh, *. Taste, the effect of any thing
on the palate ; it is commonly used of a pleasing taste;
taste, small quantity just perceptible j liking, delight,
in any thing; sense, power of perceiving excellence,
taste.
To Relish, rel-ish, v. a. To give a taste to any
thing; to taste, to have a liking.
To Relish, rel-isb, v. n. To have a pleasing
taste i to give pleasure ; to have a fltvour.
RelisHABLE, rel-ish-i-bl, a. Having a relish.
To Relive, rJ-llv{ v. n. To revive, to live anew.
To Relove, re-luv( v. a. To love in letum.
ReluCE.NT, r^-lu-sent, a. Shining, transparent.
Reluctance, r^-luk-t^nse, \
Reluctancv, re-luk-t^n-s^, J
Unwillingness, repujnanre.
439
Reluctant, re-luk-tint, a. Unwilling, acting
with repugnance.
Reluctation, rel-luk-ta'-shun, s. 530.
Repugnance, resistance.
To Relume, re-ltamej v. a. To light anew
to rekindle.
To Relumine, r^-luimin, v. a. To light anew
To Rely, r^-lU v. n. To lean upon with con
fidence, to put trust in, to rest upon, to depend upon.
To Remain, r^-mAneJ v. n. To be left out of
a greater qnantity or number; to cmtinue, to endure,
to be left ; to be left as not comprised.
Remain, r^-mine{ *. 202. Reiick, that which is
left, generally used in the plural ; the body left by the
soul.
Remainder, r4-mineidur, s. What is left ; the
body wnen the soul is departed, remains.
To Remake, r^-makej v. a. To make anew.
To Remand, r^-mand| v. a. 79. To send back,
to call back.
Remanent, rem-mJ-nent, s. The part of remain-
ing.
0:^ I place the accent on the first syllable of this word,
for the same reason as in permanent : tl.e a in both re-
maneo and permaneo is short, if that be any rule. — See
Principles, No. 503, e. It is highly probable that rem-
nant is but an abbreviation of the present word.
Remark, r^-markj S. 78. Observation, note,
notice taken.
To Remark, re-markj v. a. To note, to observe ;
to distinguish, to point out, to mark.
Remarkable, r^-mark-i-bl, a. Observable,
worthy of note.
Remarkableness, r^-mark^i-bl-nes, s.
Observableness, worthiness of observation.
Remarkably, r4-mark-l-bl5, ad. Observably,
in a manner worthy of observation.
Remarker, ri-mark-ur, *. 98. Observer, one
that remarks.
Remediable, ri-me-d4-i-bl, a. Capable of
remedy.
Remediate, r^-me^dl-^t, a. 91. Medicinal,
affording a remedy.
Remediless, rem-mi-di-les, a. Not admitting
remedy, irreparable, cureless.
03- Spenser and Milton place the accent upon the se-
cond syllable of this word ; and as Mr. Nares observes.
Dr. Johnson has, on the authority of these authors,
adopted this accentuation : " But this," says Mr. Nares,
" is irregular ; for every monosyllabic termination, added
to a word accented on the antepenult, throws the accent
to the fourth syllable from the end." With great respect
for Mr. Nares's opinion on this subject, 1 should think a
much easier and more general rule might be laid down
for all words of this kind, which is, that those words,
which take the Saxon terminations after them, aser, less,
ness, less7iess, ly, &c. preserve the accent of the radical
word ; therefore, this and the following word ought to
ha.ve the same accent as remedy, from which they are
formed.— See Principles, No. 489. 501.
Remedilessness, rem-^-dl-les-nes, s.
Incurableness.
Remedy, rem^mJ-di, s. A medicine by which
any illness is cured; cure of any uneasiness; that
which counteracts any evil ; reparation, means of re
pairing any hurt.
To Remedy, rem'-me-d6, v. a. To cure, to
heal ; to repair or remove mischief.
To Remember, ri-memibur, v. a. To bear in
mind any thing; to recollect, to call to mind; to
mention j to put in mind, to force to recollect, to re-
mind.
Rememberer, ri-mera-bur-ur, s. One who re.
members.
Remembrance, re-mem-brinse, *. Retention
in memory; recollection, revival of any idea; accoun'
preserved ; memorial ; a token by which any one ii
(kept in the memory.
Remembrancer, r^-memibrin-sur, s. One
tnat reminds, one that puts in mind ; an officer of tiie
Exchequer.
REM
REN
fc?- 559. Fke 73, fir 77, fall 83, l^tSl— m^93, met 95— pine 1 05, pin 107— ni 162, move .64,
To Remigrate, remii-grite, v. n. 513. To
re-move back again.
Remigration, rem-e-gr^ishun, *. Removal
back agaii..
3'o Rewind, re-mind{ v. a. To put in mind, to
force to remember.
Reminiscence, rem-ml-nis^sense, s. 510.
Recollection, recovery of ideas.
Reminiscential, rem-m^-nis-sen-shil, a. -
Kelating to reminiscence.
Remiss, r^-misj a. Slack; slothful; not intense.
Remissible, r^-mis-s^-bl, a. 509. Admitting
forgiveness.
Remission, re-mish-un, S. Abatement, relaxation;
cessation of intenseiiess ; in Pliysick, Uemissinn is
when a distemper abates, but does not go quite off be-
fore it returns again ; release; forgiveness, pardon.
Remissly, re-misM^, ad. Carelesly, negligently;
slackly.
Remissness, r^-mis-nes, S. Carelesness, negligence.
To Remit, re-mit{ v. a. To relax; to forgive
a punishment ; to pardon a fault ; to resign ; to refer ;
to put again in custody ; to send money to a distant
place.
To Remit, re-mitj v. n. To slacken, to grow less
intense; to abate by growing less eager; in Physick,
to grow by intervals less violent.
Remitment, r^-mit-ment, *. The act of remitting
to custody.
Remittance, re-imt'-ti1nse, s. The act of paying
money at a distant place ; sum sent to a distant place.
Remitter, ru-mit^tur, s. 98. In Common Law,
a restitution of one that hath two titles to lands or te-
nements, and is seised of them by his latter title,
unto his title that is more ancient, in case where the
latter is defective.
Remnant, rem-nint, s, Eesidue, that which is
left.
Remnant, rem-nint, a. Remaining, yet left.
Remolten, r^-mil^tn, part. 1 03. Molted again.
Remonstrance, r^-mSn-str^nse, *. show, dis-
covery ; not used ; strong representation.
To Remonstrate, re-mftn^strate, v. n. To
make a strong representation, to show reasons.
RemORA, rein'i-rS, s. 92. 503. A let or obstacle;
a fish or kind of worm that sticks to ships and retards
their passage through the water.
Remorse, r^-mnrsej or r^-morsej s. Pain of
guilt ; anguish of a guilty conscience.
(KT- Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, Mr. Perry, and several
respectable speakers, pronounce this word in the second
manner; but Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, VV. Johnston, and
Mr. Smith, in the first ; and, in my opinion, with analogy
ani tlie best usage on their side. The final e does not
lengthen the o, but serves only to keep the s from going
into the sound of z.
Remorseful, r^-mors^ful, a. Tender, compas-
sionate. Not used.
Remorseless, re-mori-les, a. Unpitying, cruel,
savage.
Remote, r^-mote{ a.- Distant; removed far off;
foreign.
Remotely, re-m5teil5, ad. At a distance.
Remoteness, re-m6te-nes, s. state of being
remote.
Remotion, re-mtj-shun, s. The act of removing,
the state of being removed to a distance.
Removable, re-nioov^A-bl, a. s-ch as may be
removed. — See Moveable.
R-KMOVAL, re-moovi^l, ><r. 88. The a<r of putting
out of any place; the act of putting away ; dismission
from a post; the state of being removed.
To Remove, re-moovj v, a. To put from its
place, to take or put away ; to place at a distance.
To Remove, r^-moovj v. n. To change place ; to
go from one place to another.
tion of one to the place of another; departure, act of
going away ; the act of changing place ; a step in the
scale of grada''on ; act of putting a horse's shoes upon
ditferent feet.
Removed, rh-vaoo\&', part. a. Remote, separate
from others.
Removedness, re-moov^ed-nes, s. 364. Tlie
state of being removed, remoteness.
Remover, re-moov^ur, s. 98. One that removes.
To Remount, re-mountj v. n. To mount agnia-
Remuneraele, re-mu-ner-;Vbl, a. Rewardabie
To Remunerate, re-mu'ner-ate, v. a. To re
ward, to requite.
Remuneration, r^-mu-ner-i^shun, *, Reward,
requital.
Remunerative, re-mia-ner-a-tiv, a. Exercised
in giving rewards.
To Remurmur, re-mur-inur, v. a. To uttet
back in murmurs, to repeat in low hoarse sounds.
To Remurmur, re-mur-mur, v, n. To murmur
back, to echo a low hoarse sound.
Renard, ren-n^rd, s. 88. The name of a fox.
Renascent, re-nis^sent, a. Produced again,
rising again into being.
Renascible, re-nas-se-bl, a. 405. Possible to
be produced again.
To Renavigate, re-nivive-gate, v. a. To sail
again.
Rencounter, ren-koun^tur, *. 313. Clash,
collision; personal opposition; loose or casual en-
gagement; sudden combat without premeditation.
To Rencounter, ren-koun-tur, v. v. To clash,
to meet an enemy unexpectedly ; to fight hand to
hand.
To Rend, rend, v. a. Pret. and part. pass. Re7it.
To tear with violence, to lacerate.
Render, rend-ur, s. 98. One that rends,
a tearer.
To Render, ren-dur, v, a. To return, to pay
back; to restore ; to invest with qualities, to make;
to translate; to surrender, to yield, to give up; to
offer, to give to be used.
Render, ren^dlir, s. Surrender. Obsolete.
Rendezvous, ren-d^-voozj s. 315. Assembly,
meeting appointed; place appointed for an assembly.
To Rendezvous, ren-de-vooz J i/. w. To meet at
a place appointed.
Or:?" This word is in such universal use as to be per-
fectly anglicised ; and those who leave out the sat thi
end, in coinpliment to tlie French language, show but
little taste in their pronunciation of English. To this
letter, in this word, as well a:S in several other words,
may be applied the judicious advice of Pojie :
** In words as fashions the same rule ^ill hold j
** Alike fantastick, if too new or old :
" Be Dot the first by whom the new are tryM,
** Nor yet the last to lay the old aside."
lisiay on Critidjni.
Rendition, reii-dish-un, s. Surrendering, the
act of yielding.
Renegade, ren-n^-gAde, \
Renegado, ren-ne-ga-do, J
One that apostatizes nom the faith, an apostate; one
who deserts to the enemy, a revolter. — Sec Lumbago,
To Renege, re-neegl v. a. To disown.
To Renew, re-nuj v. a. To restore to the former
state; to repeat, to put again in act; to begin again,
in Theology, to make anew, to transform to new life.
Renewable, r^-nii-A-bl, a. Capable of being
renewed.
Renewal, xk-nxx'-U, s. 88. The act of renewing;
renovation.
Renitrncv, re-nl-tt-n-se, s. Tliat resistance in
solid bodies, when they press upon, or are impelled one
against another.
fcr- This word and the following were in Dr. Johnson's
p r 22 . I third edition, folio, accented on the second syllable; but
1\B.M0VE, re-moov, s. Change of place ; traiisla- | in the sixth edition, quarto, they have the accent on tlv»
440
REP
REP
nSr Ifftintt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— fAin 466, THift 46a.
first. This latter accentuation, it must be allowed, is
more agreeable to English analogy, see Principles,
No. 503, 6; but there is an analogy that the learned are
very fund of adopting, which is, that when a word from
the Latin contains the same number of syllables as the
original, the accent of the original should then be pre-
served; and as the accent ofVenifens is on the second
lyllable, the word reniu-nt ought to have the accent on
the second likewise. For my own part I approve of our
own analogy, both in accent and quantity; but it is the
business of a prosodist to give the usage as well as ana-
logy ; and were this word and its formative renitency lo
be brought into common use, 1 have no doubt but that
the Latin analogy, that of accenting this word on the
second syllable, would generally prevail. This may fairly
be presumed from the suffrages we have for it; namely,
Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, Buchanan, and
Entick, who are opposed by no Dictionary I have con-
sulted but by Scoti's Bailey.
ReniteNT, re-nRtent, a. Acting against any
impulse by elastick power.
Rennet, ren-nit, s. The ingredient vrith which
milk is coagulated, in order to make cheese; a kind of
apple. — See Rurmet.
To Renovate, ren-no-vate, v, a. To renew, to
restore to the first state.
Renovation, reu-n6-vi-sh3n, s. Renewal, the
act of renewing.
To Renounce, rl-nounsej v. a, 313. To dis-
own, to abnegate.
Renouncement, rJ-nounse-ment, s. Act of
renouncing, renunciation.
Renown, r^-nounj s. 322. Fame, celebrity,
praise widely spread.
To Renown, r^-noun{ v. a. To make famous.
Renowned, ri-noundj part. a. 359. Famous,
celebrated, eminent.
Rent, rent, *. A break, a laceration.
7b Rent, rent, V, a. To tear, to lacerate.
Rent, rent, *. Revenue, annual payment; money
paid for any thing held of another.
To Rent, rent, v. a. To hold by paying rent j to
set to a tenant.
Rentable, rent^i-bl, a. 405. That may be
rented.
Rental, renti^l, s. Schedule or account of rents.
Renter, rent-ur, *. 98. He that holds by paying
rent.
Renunciation, rJ-nun-sh^-dishun, *. The act of
renouncing. — See Pronunciation.
To Reordain, ri-or-danej v. a. To ordain again,
on su)>posltion of some defect in the commission of
ministry.
Reordination, r^-or-de-na-shun, *. Repetition
of ordination.
To Repacify, re-pis^se-fl, v. a. To pacify again.
Repaid, r^-pidej Part, of Repay.
To Repair, r^-pire| v. a. 202. To restore after
injury or dilapidation ; to amend any injury by an
equivalent; to fill up anew, by something put in the
place of what is lost.
Repair, re-parej *. Reparation, supply of loss, re-
storation after dilapidation.
To Repair, r^-pire{ v. n. To go, to betake him-
self.
Repair, r^-pire{ S. Resort, abode ; act of betaking
himself any whither.
Repairer, re-pAre-ur, s. 98. Amender, restorer.
Reparable, repip4r-i-bl, a. 531. Capable of
being amended or retrieved. — See Irreparable.
Reparauly, rep^p^r-4-ble, arf. In a manner
capable of remedy by restoration, amendment or
supply.
Reparation, rep-pi-r^^shun, s. The act of
repairing; supply ol what is wasted; recompense for
any injury, amends.
Reparative, r^-pdr^r^-tiv, s. 512. Whatever
makes amends.
Repartee, rep-plr-te^J s, sm«rt reply.
441
To Repass, re-p^sf v a. To pass again, to past
back.
To Repass, r^-p^sj v. n. To go bi>ck in a road.
Repast, re-pilstj s. A meal, act of taking food j
food, victuals.
To Repast, re-plstj v. a. To feed, to feasts
Repasture, re-pis-tshure, s. 463. Entertain-
ment.
To Repay, rh-pn', v. a. To pay back in return, iu
requital, or in revenge; to recompense; to requite
either good or ill.
Repayment, r^-pi-ment, s. The act of repaying;
the thing repaid.
To Repeal, ri-pelej v. a, 227. To recall j to
abrogate, to revoke.
Repeal, re-pelej s. Recall from e.xile ; revocation,
abrogation.
To Repeat, re-pete,' v. a. 227. To use again, to
do again ; to speak again ; to try again j to recite, to
rehearse.
Repeatedly, re-pe-ted-l5, ad. Over and over,
more than once.
Repeater, re-pe^tur, s. 98. One that repeats,
one that recites; a watch that strikes the hours at will
by compression of a spring.
To Repel, ri-pelj v. a. To drive back any thing}
to drive back an assailant.
To Repel, r^-pelj v. n. To act with force
contrary to force impressed; to Repel in medicine, is
to prevent such an afflux of a fluid to any particular
part, as would raise it into a tumour.
Repellent, re-pel-lent, s. An application that
has a repelling power.
Repeller, re-pel-lur, *. 98. One that repels.
7'o Repent, re-pentj v. n. To think on any thing
past with sorrow; to express sorrow for something
past ; to have suoh sorrow for sin as produces amend-
ment of life.
To Repent, re-pent{ v. a. To remember with
sorrow; to remember with pious sorrow; it is used
with the reciprocal pronoun.
Repentance, re-pent-^nse, s. Sorrow for any
thing past ; sorrow for sin, such as produces newness
of life, penitence.
Repentant, re-pent^Snt, a. Sorrowful for the
past; sorrowful for sin ; expressing sorrow for sin.
To Repeople, re-pee-pl, v, a. To stock with
people anew.
To Repercuss, re-per-kusj v. a. To beat back,
to drive back.
Repercussion, r^-per-kush-un, s. The act of
driving back, rebound.
Repercussive, re-per-kSs-siv, a. Having the
power of driving back, or causing a rebound; repel-
lent ; driven back, rebounding.
Repertitious, rep-per-tish-us, a. Found, gained
by finding.
Repertory, rep-per-tur-^, *. 512. A treasury,
a magazine.
Repetition, rep-^-tish-un, *. 531. Iteration©,
the same thing ; recital of the same words over again ,
the act of reciting or rehearsing; recital from me-
mory, as distinct from reading.
To Repine, re-plne| v. n. To fret, to vex one's
self, to be discontented.
Refiner, re-plne-ur, s, 98. One that freu or
murmurs.
To Replace, re-pl^ej v. a. To put again in the
former place ; to put in a new place.
To Replait, r5-plite{ v. a. To fold one part often
over another.
To Replant, re-plantj v, a. To plant anew.
Replantation, re-plin-ti^shun, s. The act of
planting again.
To Replenish, r^-pleninish, v. a. To stock, to
fill J to coftsummate, to complete,
REP REP
fc»- 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fttSl— migS, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nS 162, move 164,
To Replenish, rl-plen-nish, v. n. To be
stocked.
Replete, re-pletej a. Full, completely filled.
Repletion, r^-ple-shun, s. The state of being
over full.
RePLEVIABLE, r5-plev^v^-^-bl, a. That may be
replevined.
To Replevin, ri-plev-vin, \
To Replevy, r^-plev^ve, /
To take back or set at liberty any thing seized, upon
security given.
Replication, rep-pl4-ka-shun, *. 531.
Rebound, repercussion j reply, answer.
ReplIER, r^-pll-ur, S. 98. He that makes
a return to an answer.
To Reply, r^-pll{ v. n. To answer, to make
a return to an answer.
Reply, re-pllj S. Ansvper, return to an answer.
To RePOLISH, r^-puKllsh, V, a. To polish again.
To Report, r^-p6rtj v. a. To noise by popular
rumour ; to give repute ; to give an account of.
Report, re-pirtj S. Rumour, popular fame ;
repute, publick character; account given by lawyers
of cases ; sound, repercussion.
Reporter, re-p6rt-ur, s. 98. Relater, one that
gives an account.
Reportingly, r^-port^ingi-lJ, ad. By common
fame.
Reposal, rl-p6^zJl, s. 88. The act of reposing.
To Repose, r^-p6zej v. a. To lay to rest; to
place as in confidence or trust.
To Repose, re-pizej v. n. To sleep, to be at
rest J to rest in confidence.
Repose, r^-pizej *. sleep, rest, quiet ; cause of
rest.
Reposedness, r^-po-zld-nes, s. 365. State of
being at rest.
To Reposite, r^-pSz^zit, v. a. To lay up, to
lodge as in a place of safety.
Reposition, re-pi-zish^un, s. The act of
replacing.
Repository, r5-pSz-J-tur-^, s. A place where
any thing is safely laid up.
To Repossess, re-pSz-zesJ v. a. To possess
again.
To Reprehend, rep-pr^-hendj v. a. To reprove,
to chide; to blame, to censure.
Reprehender, rep-pr^-hend-ur, s. Blamer,
censurer.
Reprehensible, rep-pri-henisl-bl, a. Blame-
able, censurable.
Reprehensibleness, rep-pri-hen-se-bl-nes, s.
Blamableness.
Reprehensibly, rep-pr^-hen-s4-bl^, ad.
Blamably.
Reprehension, rep-pre-hen'shun, s. Reproof,
open blame.
RePREHENSIVE, rep-pr^-hen^SlV, a. Given in
reproof.
To Represent, rep-pr^-zentj v. a. To exhibit,
as if the thing exhibited were present; to describe, to
show in any particular character ; to fill tlie pkice of
another by a vicarious character; to exhibit, to show.
Representation, rep-pr^-zen-t^-shun, s.
Image, likeness; act of supporting a vicarious cha-
racter; respectful declaration.
Representative, rep-pi4-zent-4-tjv, a. 512.
Exhibiting a similitude; bearing the character or
power of another.
Representative, rep-pr^-zeiit-^-tiv, s.
One exhibiting the likeness of another; one exercis-
ing the vicarious power given by another; that by
which any thing is shown.
Representer, rep-pre-zent-ur, *. One who
shows or exhibits; one who bears a vicarious cha-
racter.
442
RepresentmenT, rep-prJ-zent-ment, s. Image,
or idea proposed, as exhibiting the likeness of some-
thing.
To Repress, rJ-presJ v. a. To crush, to put
down, to subdue.
Repression, re-presh-un, s. Act of repressing.
Repressive, rc-pres-siv, a. 158, Having pbwer
to repress, acting to repress.
To Reprieve, re-preevj v. a. 275. To respite
after sentence of death, to give a respite.
Reprieve, re-pre^v{ s. 275. Respite after
sentence of death ; respite.
To Reprimand, rep-pre-ii.and{ v. a. 79.
To chide, to reprove.
Reprimand, rep-pr4-mand{ s. Reproof, repre-
hension.
To Reprint, re-print{ v. a. To renew the im-
pressiim of any thing; to print a new edition.
Reprisal, r^-prl-z4l, *. 88. Something seized by
way of retaliation for robbery or injury.
Reprise, r^-piize{ *. The act of taking something
in retaliation of injury.
To Reproach, r^-protsb{ v. a. To censure in
opprobrious terms as a crime; to charge with a fault
in severe language ; to upbraid in general.
Reproach, r^-pr6tsh{ s. 295. Censure, infamy,
shame.
Reproachable, rJ-protsh-i-bl, a. Worthy of
reproach.
Reproachful, r^-protsh-ful, a. Scurrilous,
opprobriiius ; sliameful, infamous, vile.
Reproachfully, r^-protsh^ful-e, ad. Oppro-
brioiisly, ignominiously, scuirilously ; sliamefuAy, in-
famously.
Reprobate, rep-pro-bate, a. Lost to virtue,
lost to grace, abandoned.
Reprobate, rep-pro-bate, s. A man lost to
virtue, a wretch abandoned to wickedness.
To Reprobate, rep-pro-bate, v. a. To disaiiov/,
to reject ; to abandon to wickedness and eternal de-
struction ; to abandon to his sentence, without hope
of pardon.
Reprobateness, rep-pro-bate-nes, s. The state
of being reprobate.
Reprobation, rep-pr6-ba-shun, *. The act of
abandoning, or state of being abandoned to eternal
destruction ; a condemnatory sentence.
To Reproduce, r^-pr6-duse| v. a. 530. To
produce again, to produce anew.
Reproduction, ri-pro-duk-shun, s. The act of
producing anew.
Reproof, r^-proof5 S. Blame to the face, repre-
hension.
RepROVABLE, re-proov-i-bl, a. Blamable,
worthy of reprehension. — See Muveable.
To Reprove, r^-proovj v. a. To blame, to
censure; to charge to the face witli a fault; to chide.
Reprover, r^-proov-ur, *. A reprehender, one
that reproves.
To Reprune, ri-proonj v. a. 339. To prune
a second time.
Reptile, repitll, a. 140. Creeping upon many
feet.
Reptile, rep-tll, *. An animal that creeps upon
many feet.
Republican, r^-pub-le-kan, a. Placing the
government in the people.
Republican, re-pub-le-kin, s. One who thinks
a commonwealth without monarchy the best govern-
ment.
Republicanism, r^-pub-le-kin-izm, *. Attach-
ment to a republican government.
Republick, re-pub-hk, *. Commonwealth, state
in which the power is lodged in more than one.
Repudiable, r^-pu^d^-^-bl, oi- re-pu'-j^-i-bl, a,
893, 294. 376. Fit to be rejected or divorced.
RES RES
nor 167, nSt 163— tfibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^in 466, this 469.
3, re-puff-naiise, \
{, re-pug-nan-se, J
To Repudiate, r^-piid^-^te, or rl-Ytu'-jl-lte,
V. a. To divorce, to put away.
Repudiation, r6-pu-d^-i-shun, s. Divorce, re-
jection
Repugnance
Repugnancy,
Inconsistency, contrarTcty; reluctance, unwillingness;
struggle of opposite passions.
Repugnant, ri-pug-n^nt, a. Disobedient j re-
luctant ; contrary, opposite.
Repugnantly, ri-pug-nSnt-li, ad. Contradic-
torily, reluctantly.
To Repullulate, r^-pul-lu-lite, v. n. To bud
again.
Repulse, rJ-pulse{ s. 177. The condition of
being driven off or put aside from any attempt.
To Repulse, r4-pulse{ v. a. To beat back,
to drive off.
Repulsion, ri-puKsbun, s. 177. The act or
power of driving off from itself.
Repulsive, re-puKslv, a. Driving off, having
the power to beat back or drive off.
To Repurchase, rl-pur-tshls, v. a. To buy
again.
Reputable, rep-pu-tl-bl, a. Honourable, not
infamous. — See Academy.
Reputably, rep-pi-ti-bl^, ad. Without dis-
credit.
Reputation, rep-pi-tiishun, *. Credit, honour,
character of good.
To Repute, rS-piteJ v. a. To hold, to account,
to think.
Repute, ri-putej *. Character, reputation ;
established opmion.
RePUTELESS, ri-puteiles, a. Disreputable, dis-
graceful.
Request, r4-kwest{ s. Petition, entreaty, repute,
credit.
To Request, ri-kwest{ v, a. To ask, to solicit,
to entreat.
Requester, r^-kwest^ur, *. 98. Petitioner,
solicitor.
To RE(Juicken, rl-kwikikn, v. a. To reanimate.
Requiem, re-kwJ-em, s- A hymn in which they
implore for the dead Requiem or rest; rest, quiet,
peace.
RequirABLE, rl-kwUr4-bl, a. Fit to be required.
To Require, re-kwlre| v, a. To demand, to ask
a thing as of riglit ; to make necessary, to need.
Requisite, rek-W^-zit, a. Necessary, required by
the nature of things.
Requisite, rekiw^-zit, s, ,154. Any thing
necessary.
Requisitely, rek-wJ-zit-l4, ad. Necessarily, in
a requisite manner.
Requisiteness, rek^wl-zit-nes, s. Necessity,
the state of being requisite.
Requisition, rek-kw^-zisb-un, s. A requiring or
demanding of something.
Requital, ri-kwl^t4l, s. 88. Return for any
good or bad office, retaliation; reward, recompense.
To Requite, rl-kwite{ v. a. To retaliate good or
ill, to recompense.
Rereward, r^re-ward, s. The rear or last troop.
To Resail, ri-silej v. a. To sail back.
Resale, rJ^sile, S. Sale at second hand.
2'o Resalute, r4-si-lute{ v. a. To salute or
ureet anew.
To Rescind, ri-sindj v. a. To cut off, to abrogate
a law.
Rescission, rJ-sizhian,#. ' The act of cutting off,
alirogation. — See Abscission.
Rescissory, r^-siz^zur-r^, a. 512. Having the
power to cut off.
443
To Rescribe, r5-skrlbe{ v. a. To write back
to write over again.
Rescript, ri'skript, s. Edict of an empercr.
To Rescue, res-ku, v. a. To set free from any
violence> confinerBent, or danger.
Rescue, res-ku, S. Deliverance from violence,
danger, or confinement.
Rescuer, res^ku-Sr, s. 98. One that rescues.
Research, re-sertsh{ s. Inquiry, search.
To Research, r^-sertsh{ v. a. To examine, to
inquire.
To Reseat, r5-s^te{ v. a. To seat again.
ReSEIZER, rk-sk'-ZUT, s, 98. One that seizes again.
ReseiZURE, r^-S^^zhure, S. 452. Repeated seizure.
seizure a second time.
Resemblance, r4-zem^blinse, s. Likeness,
similitude, representation.
To Resemble, r^-zem^bl, v, a. 445. To com-
pare, to represent as like something else ; to be like, to
have likeness to.
To Resend, r^-send{ v. a. To send back, to send
again.
To Resent, r^-zent{ v. a. 445. To take well or
ill ; to take ill, to consider as an injury or affront.
Resenter, ri-zent^ur, s. 98. One who feels
injuries deeply.
Resentful, ri-zent^^l, a. Easily provoked to
anger, and long retaining it.
Resentingly, r^-zent^ing-l^, ad. With deep
sense, wi?Vi strong perception j with continued anger.
Resentment, r^-zent-ment, s. Strong perception
of good or ill ; deep sense of injury.
Reservation, rez-er-viishun, s. Reserve, con-
cealment of something in the mind; something kept
back, something not given up ; custody, state of being
treasured up.
Reservatory, rl-zer-vi-tur-l, s. 512. Place
in which any thing is reserved or kept.
To Reserve, r^-zerv{ v. a. To keep in store, to
save to some other purpose; to retain, to lay up to
a future time.
Reserve, r4-zervj s. Something kept for exigence;
something concealed in the mind ; exception ; mo-
desty, caution in personal behaviour.
Reserved, ri-zervdj a. 359. Modest, not loosely
free ; sullen, not open, not frank.
Reservedly, re-zervd^l^, ad. 364. With
reserve; coldly.
ReservednesS, ri-zervdines, S. Closeness, want
of openness.
Reserver, r4-zer-v5r, s. One that reserves.
Reservoir, rez-er-vworj *. Place where any
thing IS kept in store.
To Resettle, r^-set-tl, v. a. To settle again.
Resettlement, rl-set-tl-ment, s. The act tf
settling again ; the state of settling again.
To Reside, ri-zide{ v. n. 447. To live, to dwell,
to be present; to subside.
Residence, rezie-dense, 5. 445. Act of dwelling
in a place; placeof abode, dwelling; thatwhich settles
at the bottom of liquors.
Resident, rez-i-dent, a. 445. Dwelling or
having abode in any place.
Resident, rez-^-dent, s. An agent, minister, or
officer residing in any distant place with the dignity of
an ambassador.
Residentiary, rez-l-denisher-l, a. Holding
residence.
Residual, rJ-z!d-j&-il, 445.1
Residuary, r^-zidyi-^r-^, /
Relating to the residue ; relating to the part remaining.
Residue, rez-z^-du, s. 445. The remaining part,
that which is left.
To Resign, r^-zlne,' v. a. 445. 447. To give
up a claim or possession; to yield up; to submit
RES
RES
»3-659. Fite73, far 77, f^ll83, fttSl— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 163, move 164,
particularly to Siibmit to providence; to submit with
out resistance or murmur.
Res gnation, iez-z%-na-shun, j. Tlie act of
resigning or giving up a claim or possession; submis-
sion, unresisting acquiescence; submission without
murmur to the will of God,
Rksigner, re-zi-nur, *. 98. One that resigns.
Resigniment, re-zlneinient, s. Act of resigning.
Resilience, re-zil-e-cnse.
Resiliency, re-ziUe-en-se,
The act of starting or leaping back.
ise, ^
.t fS.
-se, J
Resilient, re-ziUe-ent, a. 445. Starting or
springing back.
ResilitiON, rez-l-llsh-un, S. The act of springing
back.
Resin, rez-in, S. 445. The fat sulphurous part of
lome vegetable, which is natural or procured by art,
and will incorporate with oil or spirit, not an aqueous
menstruum.
Resinous, rez-in-us, a. Containing resin, con-
sisting of resin.
Resinousness, rez-in-us-nes, s. The quality of
being resinous.
Resipiscence, res4-pisisense, f . 510. Wisdom
after the fact, repentance.
To Resist, re-zist{ v. a. 445. 447. To oppose,
to act against; not to give way.
Resistance, re-zist-Anse, s. The act of resisting,
opposition ; the Quality of not yielding to force or
external impression.
Resistibility, re-zist-^-bil-e-te, s. Quality of
resisting.
Resistible, rl-zist'l-bl, a. 405. Tiiat may be
resisted.
Resistless, rl-zist-les, a. Irresistible, that
cannot be opposed.
Resolvable, rh-zt[-vLh\, a. 445. That may be
analyzed or separated ; capable of solution, or of being
made less obscure.
Resoluble, rez-i-li-bl, a. That may be melted
or dissolved.
C^ I have placed the accent on the first syllable of
this word, fer tlic same reason which induced mc to p«ice
it on the first of dissoluble.
I have differed from some of our orthiicpists in this ac-
centuation, and the uncertainty that reigns among them
will be a sufficient apology for having recourse to analogy,
which is clearly shown by the accent which all of them
place upon the second syllable of ir.dis'soluble.
Sis'solubleA Sl'eridan, Ash, Buchanan. W.Johnston,
' I Perry, Entick, Dr. Johnson's quarto.
Dissol'uble. I Kenrick Barclay, Fenn'n?, Bailey, John-
' I son's folio.
J?..',;.,;,;., f Ash, Bailey, Penning, ElTtick, Johnson's
jtesoiuoie, ^ quarto.
Kesol'uble, Sheridan, Scott, HeDiick, Johnson's folio.
To Resolve, r^-zSlvJ v. a. To inform j to
solve, to clear ; to settle in an opinion ; to fix in deter-
mination ; to melt, to dissolve, to analyze.
To Resolve, ro-zftlvj v. n. To determine, to
decree within one's self; to melt, to be dissolved.
Resolve, r5-z6lvj s. Resolution, fixed determina-
tion.
Resolvedly, re-z6lvied-U, ad. 365. , With
firmness and constancy.
Resolveoness, re-z6lvied nes, s. Resolution,
constancy, firmness.
Resolvent, re-zSUvent, , That which has the
power of causing sohviion.
Resolver, re-zSlv^ur, S. 98. One that forms
afirm resolution ; one that dissolves, one thatseparates
parts.
Resolute, rez^i-lute, a. Determined, constant,
firm.
Resolutely, rez-5-lute-l^, ad. Determinateiy,
steadily.
Resoluteness, rlz^i-lute-nes, s. Determinate-
ness, state of being fixed in resolution.
444
Resolution, rez-A-lu-shun, s. Act of clearing
difficulties; analysis, act of separating any thing into
constituent parts; dissolution; fixed determination,
settled theught ; firmness, steadiness in good or bad
determination ef a cause in c«urts of justice.
Resolutive, r^-zftKi-tiv, a. bl'Z. Having th,
power to dissolve.
Resonance, rezizS-ninse, s. Sound, resound.
Resonant, ruzizo-n^nt, a. 5U3. Sounding, re-
sounding,
Tb Resort, rl-z6rtj f. W. To have resourse to;
to frequent; to repair to; to fall back; a term in law,
CO Some speakers pronounce this word so as in rhyme
wilh ipr/Tt ; but as this is not the most usual proniiiuia.
lion, so it is not the most agreeable to analoey. Tliat it
is not ihe most usual, appears from the testimony r\
Slieridan, Keniick, Scott, Smith, W.Johnston, an!
Perry, who pronounce it as I have done.
RiiSORT, rlz6rt{ s. Frequency, assembly; con-
cours J movement, active power, spring.
To Resound, re-z3undj v. a. To echo, to
celebrate by sound ; to tell so as to be heard far ; to
. "■ return sounds.
To Resound, rh-zbhnd', v. n. To be echoed back
To Resound, re-sound, v. a. 446. To sound
again.
Resource, re-sirse{ s. 318. Some new or un-
expected means that offer, resort, expedient. — See
Source.
To Resow, re-s6{ v. a. To sow anew.
7h Respeak, re-spekej v. n. To answer.
7o Respect, re-spekt{ v. a. To regard, to have
regard to ; to consider with a low degree of reverence ;
to have relation to; to look toward.
Respect, rJ-spekt( * . Regard, attention ; reverence,
honour; awful kindness; good will; partial regard;
reverend character; manner of treating others; con-
sideration, motive ; relation, regard.
Respectable, rl-spek-ti-bl, a. Deserving of
respect or regard.
, CrT" This word, like several others of the same form, is
frequently distorted by an accent on the first syllable.
When there are no uncombinable consonants in the
latter syllable, this accentuation is not improper, as, rfe-
spicable, disputable, preferable, &c. ; hut when consonants
of so different an organ as ct and pt occur in the penulti-
mate and antepenultimate syllables of words without the
accent, the difficulty of pronouncing them is a sufficient
reason for placing the accent on them in order to assist
the pronunciation ; and accordingly we findalmost every
word of this form has the accent upon these letters, as,
delectable, destructible, perccptiile, susceptible, disceptible,
&c. ; besides, as it contributes greatly to place the accent
on the most significant pait of the word, when other
reasons do not forbid, this ought to determine us to lay
the stress upon the second syllable of the word in question.
This is the accentuation of Mr. Scott, Mr. Buchanan,
W.Johnston, Bailey, and Entick; and if Dr. Johnson,
Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, Barclay, Penning,
and Perry, had inserted the word in their Dictionaries,
they would, in all probability, have accented the word in
the same manner. Since the first edition of this Dic-
tionary, I see this is the case with the quarto edition of
Dr. Johnson. — See Acceptable, Corruptible, and Irrefrag-
able.
Respecter, r^-spekt-ur, s. 98. One that has
partial regard.
Respectful, re-spekt-ful, a. Ceremonious, ful
of outward civility.
Respectfully, re-spekt-ful-i, ad. With some
degree of reverence.
Respective, r^-spek-tiv, a. 512. Particular,
relating to particular persons or things, belonging to
each ; relative, not absolute.
Respectively, r^-spek-tiv-le, ad. Particularly,
as each belongs to each j relatively, not absolutely.
Respersion, rl-sper-shun, s. The act of sprink-
ling.
Respiration, res-pe-ra-shun, s. Tiie act of
breathing; relief from toil.
To Respire, re-splrej v. n. To breathe; to
catch breath 3 to rest, to take rebt from toil.
RES
RES
nSr 167, n&t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pSund 313— Min 466, thIs 469.
Respite, res-pit, *. 140, Reprieve, suspension of
a capital sentencej pause, interval.
To Respite, res-pit, v. a. To relieve by a pause;
to suspend, to delay.
Resplendence, re-splen-dense, ")
Resplendency, re-splen-den-se, J
Lustre, splendour.
Resplendent, r^-splen-dent, a. Bright, having
a beautiful lustre.
Resplendently, re-splen-dent-le, ad. With
lustre, brightly, splendidly.
Th Respond, r^-sp&nd{ v. n. To answer; to
correspond, to suit. Little used.
Respondent, re-spond-ent, *. An answerer in
a suit ; one whose province, in a set disputation, is to
refute objections.
Response, re-sp6nsej $. An answer; answer
made by the congregation; reply to an objection in
a formal disputation.
Responsibility, r^-spSn-s^-bil-^-te, s. state of
being obliged to answer.
(tj» This word is in none of our Dictionaries, but is so
constantly in the mouths of our best parliamentary
speakers, as to show its general reception ; and, though
there is no Latin substantive to derive it from. It is so
much more smooth and voluble than our own responsihle-
tiess, that we cannot, wonder at the preference that is
given to it.
Responsible, r^-Spin-S^-bl, a. Answerable, ac-
countable; capable of discharging an obligation.
Responsibleness, re-sponisi-bl-nes, s. state
of being obliged or qualified to answer. ,
Responsion, r^-spSn-shun, s. The act of
answering.
Responsive, r^-spSn-Slv, a. Answering, making
answer ; correspondent, suited to something else.
ReSPONSORY, r4-SpSnisur-^, a. 512. Containing
answer. — See Domestick.
Rest, rest, S. Sleep, repose j the final sleep, the
quietness of death; stillness, cessation of motion;
quiet, peace, cessation from disturbance; cessation
from bodily labour; support, that on which any thing
leansorrests ; place of repose; final hope; remainder,
what remains.
Rest, rest, s. Others, those which remain.
7'o Rest, rest, r. W. To sleep, to slumber; to die;
to be at quiet ; to be without motion, to be still ; to be
fixed in any state or opinion ; to cease from labour; to
be satisfied, to acquiesce; to lean, to be supported; to
be left, to remain.
To Rest, rest, V, a. To lay to rest j to place as on
a support.
ReSTAGNANT, re-Sl^g-nint, a. Remaining without
flow or motion.
7'o Restagnate, ri-stig^nate, v, n. To stand
without flow.
Restagnation, r^-st;1g-na-shun, s. The state
of standing without flow, course, or motion.
Restauration, res-ta-ra-shun, s. The act of
recovering to the former state.
{Ky" This word, though regularly formed from the Latin
restauratio, is now entirely out of use, and restoration im-
moveably fixed in its place.
To ResteM, r^-stein{ v. a. To force back
against the current.
Restful, rest-ful, a. Quiet, being at rest.
Restharrow, rest-har^r6, s. A plant.
Restiff, res-tif, a. Unwilling to stir, resolute
against going forward, stubborn; being at rest, being
less in motion.
C:?" Tliere is a deviation from propriety in the use of
tl is word almost too vulgar to deserve notice, and that is
denominating anv thingstubborn or unrulyrHsfj/. Shake-
speare, Swift, and Davenant, as we see in Johnson, have
used the word resty : but this is an evident corruption of
the French word restij, and should be totally laid aside.
Restifness, FfcS-tif-neS, s. Obstinate reluctance.
445
Restinction, re-stinjk-shun, s. The act of
extinguishing.
Restitution, res-te-tu-slum, s. The act of
restoring what is lost or taken away ; theactof rccovci'*
ing its former state or posture.
Restless, rest-les, a. Being without sleep j
unquiet, without peace; inconstant, unsettled; not
still, in continual motion.
Restlessly, rest-les-le, ad. Without rest, un-
quietly.
Restlessness, rest-les-nes, s. Want of sleep
want of rest, unquietness; motion, agitation.
Restorable, s^-sto-r^-bl, a. That may be
restored.
Restoration, res-ti-ra-shun, s. The act oi
replacing in a former state; recovery.
Restorative, re-sto-ri-tiv, a. That has the
power to recruit life.
Restorative, re-sto-ra-tiv, 5. 5)2. A medicine
that has the power of recruiting life.
To Restore, re-storej v. a. To give back what
has been ImsI or taken away; to bring back; to re-
trieve; to bring back from degeneration, declension,
or ruin, to its former state; to recover passages in
books from corruption.
Restorer, re-sto-rur, s. 98. One that restores.
To Restrain, r^-stranej v, a. To withhold, to
keep in; to repress, to keep in awe; to hinder; to
abridge; to limit, to confine.
ReSTRAINABLE, re-Stra-nil-bl, «. Capable to be
restrained.
Restrainedly, r^-stri'-ned-le, acl, 365.
With restraint, without latitude.
Restrainer, re-strA-nur, *. 202. One that
restrains, one that withholds.
Restraint, r^-StrantJ S. Abridgment of liberty;
prohibition; limitation, restriction; repression,
hinderance of will ; act of withholding.
To Restrict, re-stiikt{ v. a. To limit, to
confine.
Restriction, r^-strikishnn, s. Confinement,
limitation.
Restrictive, rJ-stnk-tiv, a. Expressing limita-
tion ; slyptick, astringent.
Restrictively, re-strik-tiv-l^, ad. AVith limita-
tion.
To Restringe, re-strinjej v. a. To limit, to
confine.
ReSTRINGENT, re-strin-jent, S. That which hath
the power of restraining.
Resty, res-te, a. Obstinate in standing still. — See
Restij:
To Resublime, re-sub-llmej v. a. To sublime
another time.
To Result, re-zultj v. n. 445. To fly back; to
rise as a consequence ; to be produced as the effect of
causes jointly concurring; to arise as a conclusion
from premises.
Result, r^-2uU| S. Resilience, act of flying back ;
consequence, effect produced by the concurrence of co-
operating causes; inference from premises; resolve,
decision.
ResumABLE, r^-/u-m4-bl, a. That may be
taken back.
To Resume, re-zumej v. a. 445. To take back
what has been given ; to take back what has been taken
away; to take f.gain; to begin again what was broken
off', as.toresume a discourse.
ResuiMPTION, r^-zum-shun, s. 412. The act of
resuming.
Resumptive, r^-zum-tiv, a. Taking back.
Resupination, re-su-pe-na-shun, s. 446. The
act of lying on the back.
To Resurvey, r^-sur-va{ v. a. To review, to
survey again.
Resurrection, rez-ur-rek-stjun, s. 445.
Kevival from the dead, return from the grave.
RET RET
fc?- 559. Fke 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— mJgS, metgSr-pIne 105, pin 107— ni \6% move 164,
Retire, rl-tire{ s. Retreat, retirement. Not ia
To Resuscitate, ri-sus^si-tite, v. a. 546.
To stir up anew, to revive.
Resuscitation, r^-sus-s^-ta-shun, s. The act of
stirring up anew; tlie act of reviving, or state of being
revived.
To Retail, ri-tile{ v. a. 202. To divide into
small parcels; to sell in small quantities ; to sell at
second hand ; to sell in broken parts.
Cj" This verb and noun may be classed vfith those in
Principles, No. 492: though the verb is sometimes
accented on the first syllable, and the noun on the last.
Retail, re-t^le, *. Sale by small quantities.
Retailer, re-ti-iur, s. One who sells by small
quantities.
To Retain, rJ-t4ne{ v. a. 202. To keep, to keep
in mind ; to keep in pay, to hire.
Retainer, r^-ti-nur, s. 9B. An adherent,
a dependant, a hanger-on ; the act of keeping de-
pendant, or being in dependance.
To Retake, r^-tAkeJ v. a. To take again.
To Retaliate, ri-tiV-k-kte, v. a. 113. To
return by giving like for like, to repay, to requite.
Retaliation, r^-til-l-i-shun, s. Requital, return
of like for like.
To Retard, r^-tard{ v. a. To hinder, to obstruct
in svfiftness of course; to delay, to put off.
To Retard, rJ-tardJ v, n. To stay back.
Retardation, ret-tar-da^shun, s, 530.
Hinderance, the act of delaying.
RetaRDER, ri-t^rd-ur, S. 98. Hinderer, obstructor.
To Retch, ritsh, or retsh, v. n. To force up
something from the stomach.
tj- This word is derived from the same Saxon original
as the verb to reach, and seems to signify ihesame action ;
the one implying the extension of the arm; and the
other, of the throat or lung!. No good reason, therefore,
appears either for spelling or pronouncing them dif-
ferently ; and though Dr. Johnson has made adistinction
in the orthography, the pronunciation of both is generally
the same. — See Bowl,
Retch LESS, retsh-les, a. Careless. Not used.
ReTECTION, rl-tek-shun, S. The act of discover-
ing to the view.
Retention, r4-ten-shun, s. The act of retaining;
memory; limitation; custody, Confinement, restraint.
Retentive, r^-ten-tiv, a. Having the power of
retention ; having memory.
Retentiveness, ri-ten-tiv-nes, s. Having the
quality of retention.
Reticence, ret-ti-sense, s. Concealment ' by
silence.
Reticle, ret-J-kl, *. 405. A small net.
Reticular, re-tik-u-lir, a. Having the form of
a small net.
Reticulated, ri-tik-u-l4-ted, a. Made of net-
work.
Retiform, ret-t^-f3rm, a. Having the form of
a net.
Retina, ret-ti-nJ, S. The optick nerve which re-
reives the image of the object in vision.
Retinue, let-^-nA, or r^-tin-nu, s. A number
attending upon a principal person, a tram.
03- This word was formerly always accented on the
second syllable: but the anttpenultimale accent, to
which our language is so prone In simples of three
iyllables, has so generally obtained as to make it doubt-
ful to which side the best usage inclines. Dr. Johnson,
Sheridan, Ash, Kenrick, Nares," Bailey, and Penning,
accent the second syllable ; and Buchanan, W. Johnston,
Perry, Barclay, and £ntick, the first. Scott accents
both, but prefers the first. In this case, then, analogy
cught to decide for placing the accent on the first syllable,
fee Principles, No. 635, and the word Revenue.
To Retire, r^-tlre{ v. n. To retreat, to withdraw,
to go to a place of privacy : to retreat from danger ; to
go from a publick station ; to go off from company.
To Retire, ri-tlre{ v, a. To withdraw, to take
away.
4AS
Retired, r^-tirdj part. a. Secret, private.
Reti redness, r^-tird-nes, s. Solitude, privacy,
secrecy.
Retirement, re-tlre-ment, s. Private abodev
secret habitation; private way of life; act of with
drawing.
Retold, r^-t5ld( Part. pass, of Retell. Related
or told again.
To Retort, r^-tortj v. a. To throw back; t«
return any argumenr, censure, or incivility; to curve
back.
Retort, r^-tort{ S. A censure or incivilitj
returned ; a chymical glass vessel with a bent neck to
which the receiver is fitted.
Retorter, r^-tort'-ur, s. 98. One that retorts.
Retortion, r4-tor-sbun, *. The act of retorting.
To Retoss, re-tSsJ v. a. To toss back.
To Retouch, r4-tutshj v. a. To improve by new
touches.
To Retrace, r^-trase,' v. a. To trace back.
To Retract, r4-tr4ktj v. a. To recall, to recant.
Retractation, ret-tr^k-ti^shun, s- 530.
Recantation, change of opinion.
Retraction, r^-trik-shun, s. The act of with.
drawing something advanced : recantation, declaration
of change of opinion ; act of withdrawing a claim.
Retreat, r^-tr^tej *. Place of privacy, retire-
ment ; place of security ; act of retiring before a
siiperiour force.
To Retreat, rJ-treteJ v. n. To go to a private
abode ; to take shelter, to go to a place of security ; to
retire from a superiour enemy ; to go out of the former
place.
Retreated, re-tie-ted, part. adj. Retired, gone
to privacy.
To Retrench, re-trensh{ v a. To cut off, to
pare away ; to confine.
To Retrench, r^-trenshj v. n. To live with
less magnificence or elegance.
Retrenchment, ri-trensh-ment, *. The act of
lopping away.
To Retribute, r^-tnb-ute, v. a. To piiy back,
to make repayment of.
■(t^ I have differed from Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan,
and almost all ourorthogpists, in givingthe accent totlie
second syllable of this word in preference to tlie first.
Butwiiile the verbs attribute, cuntribule, and distribute,
have the penultimate accent, it seems absurd not to give
retribute the same.
Retribution, ret-tre-bA^shun, s. Rei)ayment,
■ return accouimodateil to the action.
Retributive, r^-trib-fi-tiv, 512.1
Retributory, r^-tnb-u-tur-e, /
Repaying, making repayment.
Retrievable, r^-treev^^-bl, a. That may be
retrieved.
To Retrieve, re-tre^v{ v. a. 275. To recover,
to restore; to repair; to regain ; to recall, to bring back.
Retrocession, ret-tro-sesh-un, *. 530. The
act of going back.
Retrogradation, ret-tro-gri-di-sbun, s. 530.
The act of going backward.
Retrograde, ret-tro-grade, a. Going back-
wards; contrary, opposite.
Retrogression, ret-tro-gresb-un, s, 530. The
act of going backwards.
Retrospect, ret-tro-spekt, s. 530. Look thrown
upon things behind or things past.
Retrospection, ret-tro-spek-sbun, *. 530.
Act or faculty of looking backwards.
Retrospective, ret-tri-spek-tiv, a. 530.
Looking backwards.
To ReTUND, r5-tund{ V, a. To blunt, to turn.
REV
REV
nSr 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tSb 172, bill 173— 8!l 299— pSdnd 313— </nn 466, thIs 469.
To Return, r^-turnj v. n. To come to the same
place; to come back to the same state ; to go back; to
make answer; to revisit ; aftera periodical revolution,
to begin the same aeain ; to retort, to recriminate.
To Rei URN, re-turn{ v. a. To repay, to give in
requital; to give back; to send back; to give account
of; to transmit.
Return, rl-turnj s. Act of coming back ; profit,
advantage; repayment, retribution, requital; act of
restoring or giving back, restitution j relapse.
Returnable, re-turnii-bl, a. Allowed to be
reported back. A law term.
Returner, rl-tSrn^ur, s. 98. One who pays or
remits money.
Reve, reve, s. The bailiff of a franchise or manor.
See Sheriff.
To Reveal, rJ-veleJ v. a. 227. To lay open, to
disclose a secret ; to impart from heaven.
Revealer, r^-ve-lur, *. 98. Discoverer, one that
shows or makes known ; one that discovers to view.
To Revel, rev^el, v. n. To feast with loose and
clamorous merriment.
Revel, rev-el, s. A feast with loose and noisy
jollity.
To Revel, r^-velj v. a. 492. To retract, to draw
back.
Revel-rout, reviel-rout, s. A mob, an unlawful
assembly.
Revelation, rev-l-Uishun, S. Discovery, com-
munication, communication of sacred and mysterious
truths by a teaclier from heaven.
Reveller, rev-el-5r, s. One who feasts with
noisy jollity.
Revelry, revfel-ri, S. Loose jollity, festive mirth.
To Revenge, r^-venjej v. a. To return an
injury ; to vindicate by punishment of an enemy ; to
wreak one's wrongs on him tliat inflicted them.
Revenge, ri-venje{ S. 74. Return of an injury.
Revengeful, r4-venje-ful, a. Vindicative, full
of vengeance.
Revengefully, r^-venje^ful-ll, ad. Vindic-
tively.
Revenger, r^-ven'jur, s. 98. One who revenges.
Revengement, r^-venjeiment, *. Vengeance,
return of an injury.
Revenginglv, r^-veni.jing-l4, ad.
With vengeance, vindictively.
Revenue, rev^^-nu, or ri-ven^i, s. Income,
annual profits received from lands or other funds.
(ty- This word seems as nearly balanced between the
accent on the first and second syllable as possible ; but as
It is of the same form and origin as avenue and retinue, it
ought to follow the same fortune. Retinne seems to
have been long inclining to accent the first syllable, and
avenue has decidedly done so, since Dr. Watts observed
Ihat it was sometimes accented on the second : and by
this retrocession of accent, as it may be called, we may
easily foresee that these three words will uniformly yield
to the antepenultimate accent, the favourite accent of
our language, conformably to the general rule, which
accents sim pies ofthree syllables upon the first. Dr. John-
son, Mr. Narcs, and Bailey, are for the accent on the
second syllable; but Dr. Ash, Dr. Keiirick, Buchanan,
W. Johnston, Perry, Barclay, Penning, and Entick,
accent the first. Mr. Sheridan gives both, but places the
antepenultimate accent first. 503 See Cmversant, and
Retinue.
Reverb, r^-verbj v. a. To strike against, to rever-
berate. Not in use.
Reverberant, rJ-ver^ber-^nt, a. Resounding,
. beating back. "^
To Reverberate, r^-ver'-ber-ate, v. a. 555.
To beat back ; to heat in an intense furnace, where the
flame is reverberated upon the matter to be melted or
cleaned.
To Reverberate, r^-ver'-ber-Ate, v. n. To be
driven back, to bound back; to resound.
Reverberation, ri-vlr-ber-a'-shun, s. The act
vf beatiPg oi driving back.
447
Reverberatory, r^-veriber-J-tur-^, a.
Returning, beating back.
To Revere, re-vlre,' v. a. To reverence, tc
venerate, to regard with awe.
Reverence, rev^er-ense, *. Veneration, respect,
awful regard; act of obeisance, bow, courtesy ; title o?
the clergy.
To Reverence, rev^er-ense, v. a. To regard
with reverence, to regard with awful respect.
Reverencer, rev^er-en-sur, s. One who regards
with reverence.
Reverend, revier-end, a. Venerable, deserving
reverence ; the honorary epithet of the clergy.
Reverent, rev^er-ent, a. Humble, expressing
submission, testifying veneration.
Reverential. rIv-er-enishJl, a. Expressing
reverence, proceeding from awe and veneration.
Reverentially, rev-er-en^shil-^, ad. With
show of reverence.
Reverently, rev'-er-ent-l5, ad. Respectfully,
with awe, with reverence.
Reverer, r^-v^irur, s. One who venerates, one
who reveres.
Reversal, ri-vers^^l, s. Change of sentence.
To Reverse, re-verse{ v. a. To turn upside down ;
to overturn, to subvert; to repeal; to turn to the
contrary ; to put each in the case of the other.
Reverse, ri-verse,' s. 431. Change, vicissitude;
a contrary, an opposite; the side of the coin on which
the head is not impressed.
Reversible, re-vers'-i-bl, a. Capable of being
reversed.
Reversion, ri-ver-shun, s. The state of being to
be pdssessed after the death of the present possessor:
succession, right of succession.
Reversionary, r^-ver^shun-l-r^, a. To be en-
joyed in succesjion.
To Revert, r^-vert{ v. a. To change, to turn to
the contrary ; to turn back.
To Revert, r^-vert{ v. n. To return, to fall back.
Revert, r^-vertj s. Return, recurrence.
ReVERTIBLE, ri-vert-^-bl, «. Returnable.
Revery, rev-er-i, s. Loose musing, irregular
thought.
ftj- This word seems to have been some years floating
between the accent on the first and last syllable, but to
have settled at last on the former. It may "still, however,
be reckoned among those words, which, if occasion
require, admit of either. See Principles, No. 528. It
may, perhaps, be necessary to observe, that some Lcxico-
grapliers have written this word reverie instead of
revery, and that while it is thus written we may place the
accent either on the first or last syllable; hut if we place
the accent on the last of revert/, and pronounce the y like
e, there arises an irregularity which forbids it ; for j/, with
the accent on it, is never so pronounced. Dr. Johnson's
orthography, therefore, with y in the last syllable, and
Mr. Sheridan's accent on the first, seem to be the most
correct mode of writing and pronouncing this word.
A view of the different orthography and accentuation
of this word may contribute toconfirin that which 1 have
chosen :
Re'very, Sheridan, W. Johnston, Barclay.
Revery', Johnson's quarto, Entick.
Reverie^, Buchanan.
Reve'ry, Ken rick, Johnson's folio.
Rete'ries, Bailey.
Reverie', Barclay, Penning, Entick.
Re'verie', Perry.
To Revest, r^-vestj v. a. To clothe again 5 1 ■
reinvest, to vest again in a possession or office.
Revestiary, re-ves-tsh^-4-ri, s. Place where
dresses are reposited.
To Revictual, r^-vit^tl, v, a. To stock with
victuals again. — See f^ictuaU.
To Review, re-vuj v. a. 286. To see again ; to
consider over again ; tore-examine; to survey, to ex-
amine ; to overlook troops in performing their military
REV
RHY
t3- 559. Fite73, far 77, Tall 83, Mt 81— mi 93/met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Revolutionary, rev-6-lu-shun-i-r^, a. 512.
Founded on a revolution.
Revolutionist, rev-6-lu-shun-ist, s. An undis-
tinguishing promoter of revolutions in government.
To Revomit, re-v&m-mit, v. a. To vomit, to
vomit again.
Revulsion, re-vuKshun, s. The act of revelling
or drawing humours from a remote part of the body.
To Reward, re-ward{ v. a. To give in return j
to repay, to recompense for something good ; to repay
evil.
Reward, re-wardj S. Recompense given for good j
it .s sometimes used with a mixture of irony, for
punishment or recompense of evil.
Rewardable, re-ward-^-bl, a. Worthy of
reward.
Rewarder, re-vvard-ur, s. One who rewards,
one that recompenses.
To Reword, re-wurdj v. a. To repeat in the
same words.
RhauarbarATE, rJ-bar^b^-rate, a. Impregnated
or tinctured with rhubarb.
RhaBDOMANCY, l4b-do-min-S^, S. 519. Divi-
nation by a wand.
RiiAPSODIST, rAp-so-dist, S. One who writet
without regular dejiendence of one part upon another.
Rhapsody, rap-stS-d^, s. Any number of parti
joined together, without necessary dependence or
natural connexion. — See Rapsoily.
RhETORICK, ret-ti-rik, s. The art of speaking,
not merely with propriety, but with art and elegance;
the power of persuasion, oratory.
Rhetorical, rt-tSr-e-kil, a. rertaining to
rhetorick, oratorical, figurative.
Rhetorically, r^-tor-e-k4l-5, ad. Like an
orator, figuratively, with intent to move the passions.
To Rhetoricate, re-tSr^e-kite, v. n. To play
the orator, to attack the passions.
Rhetorician, ret-to-rish-^n, s. Onewhoteachei
the science of rhetorick.
Rheum, room, s. 264, 265. A thin watery matter
oozing through the glands, chiefly about the mouth.
Rheumatick, roo-mJt-ik, a. 509. Proceeding
from rheum, or a peccant watery humour.
Rheumatism, roo-mi-tizm, s. a painful dis-
temper supposed to proceed from acrid humours.
Rheumy, roo'me, a. Full of sharp moisture.
Rhinoceros, rl-nus-sJ-r3s, *. 134. A vast beast
in the East Indies armed with a horn in his front.
Rhomb, rumb, S. A parallelogram or quadrangular
figure having its fqur sides equal and consisting of
parallel lines, with two opposite angles acute, and two
obtuse.
(t:?- I liave here differed from Mr. Sheridan, and
adopted tliat sound of the vowel in this word which is
given to it by Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, Mr. Smith, and
Mr. Perry. This I do not only suppose to be the general
pronunciation, taut find it written rhumb by Dr. Ash,
Buchanan, and Barclay. This is the way I find it spelled
by an old English author in Collectanea Curiosa, vol. I.
page 232. " And so that opportunity of curbing the
" Puritan being lost, the course which was afterwards
" steered proved to be a false rhvvibe, and did rather
" accelerate than prevent the mischief." But when this
word is given us in its l.atin form rhombus, the o ouglif
to have the same sound as in comedy.— See Principles^
No. 347.
RhOMBRICK, rum'-blk, a. Shaped like a rhomb.
Rhomboid, rum-boid, s. A figure approaching to
a rhomb.
Riiomboidal. rum-boid-cll, a. Approaching in
shape to a rhomb.
Rhubarb, roo-burb, s, 265. A medical roo?
slightly purgative, referred by botanists to the dock.
Rhyme, rime, S. An harmonica! succession o1
sounds; the consonance of verses, the correspondence
of the last sound of one verse to the last sound or syl-
[ lable of another J poetry, a poem.
Review, rJ-vu J S, 286. Survey, re-examination;
an exliibition of troops when performing their military
exercises.
To Revile, re-vllej v. a. To reproach, to vilify,
to treat with contumely.
Revile, re-vilej s. Reproach, contumely, expro-
bration. Not used.
RevileR, r^-vlle^ur, S. 98. One who reviles.
Revilingly, re-vlle-ing-l^, ad. In an opprobrious
manner, with contumely.
ReVISAL, r^-vi-zal, *. Review, re-examination.
To Revise, re-vizej v. a. To review, to overlook.
Revise, re-vizej S. Review, re-examination ;
among printers, a second proof of a sheet corrected.
Reviser, rJ-vl-Zur, S. 98. Examiner j super-
intendent.
Revision, rl-vizh-un, s. Review.
To Revisit, re-viz^it, v. a. To visit again.
Revival, r^-vKv4l, s. 88, Recall from a state of
languor, oblivion, or obscurity.
7'o Revive, r^-vive{ v. n. To return to life ; to
return to vigour or fame, to rise from languor or
obscurity.
To Revive, ri-vlve{ v. a. To bring to life again ;
to raise from languor, insensibility, or oblivion ; to
renew, to bring back to the memory ; to quicken, to
rouse.
Reviver, re-vUvur, S. 98. That which invigorates
or revives.
To Revivificate, r^-viv^e-fe-kite, v, a. To
recall to life.
Revivification, re-viv-^-fe-ki^shfin, *. The
act of recalling to life.
Reviviscency, rev-ve-vis^sen-sJ, s. 510.
Renewal of life.
Reunion, r^-un-yun, s. Return to a state of
juncture, cohesion, or concord.
To Reunite, r^-u-nltej v. a. To join again, to
make one whole a second time, to join what is divided ;
to reconcile, to make those at variance one.
To Reunite, r^-u-nke( v. n. To cohere again.
Revocable, rev-6-ka-bl, «. That may be re-
called ; that may be repealed. — See Irrevocable.
Revocableness, rev-i-ki-bl-nes, *, The quality
of being revocable.
To Revocate, rcv-o-kate, v, a. To recall, to
call back.
Revocation, rev-o-ki-shun, s. Act of recalling j
state of being recalled ; repeal, reversal.
To Revoke, re-voke| v. a. To repeal, to reverse j
to draw back, to recall.
Revokement, ri-voke-ment, .y. Repeal, recall.
To Revolt, r^-vilt{ or re-vSltJ v. n. To fall off
from one to another.
(Cy»This word has Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry,
and Mr. Buchanan, for that pronunciation which rhymes
it with malt ; but that which rhymes itwithfcoit, jolt, &c.
lias the authority of Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Smith,
Mr. Scolt, Mr. Nares, and W.Johnston, a clear analogy,
and, if I am not mistaken, the best usage on its side.
Revolt, re-VOlt| S. Desertion, change of sides ;
a revolter, one who changes sides j gross departure from
duty.
Revolted, ri-vilt-ed, part. adj. Having swerved
from duty.
Revolter, rJ-vilt-ur, s. One who changes sides,
a deserter.
To Revolve, rJ-vilvJ v. n. To roll in a circle,
to perform a revolution ; to fall in a regular course of
changing possessors, to devolve.
To Revolve, ri-v6lvj v. a. To roll any thing
round; to consider, tn meditate on.
Revolution, rev-vo-!u-sb3nJ 5. Course of any
thing which returns to the point at which it began to
move ; space measured by some revolution ; change in
the state of a government or country; rotation in
eneral, returning motion.
443
RID
RIG
nor 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— «7tin 466, thIs 469.
'.}'■
To Rhyme, rlme,'f. n. To agree in sound j to
make versesi
Rhymer, rl-mur, 98
Rhymster, rime-stur, _
One who makes rhymes,' a versifier. A word of con
tempt.
Rhythm, rlthm, S. The proportion which the
parts of a motion bear to each other.
Rhythmical, Tith'-mh-ki\, a. Harmonica!,
having proportion of one sound to anotlier.
Rhythmus, rlth'-mus, s. Tlie same as Rhythm.
Rib, rib, S. A bone in the body j any piece of
timber or other matter wliich strengthens the side.
Ribald, rib-buld, *. 88. A loose, mean wretch.
Ribaldry, rib-buld-r^, s.] Mean, lewd, brutal
language.
Riband, rib-bin, s. 88. A fillet of silk, a narrow
web of silk, which is worn for ornament.
Ribbed, ribbd, «. 359. Furnished with ribs ; en-
closed as the boby by ribs.
Ribbon, rib^bin, s. 166. — See Riband.
To RibroAst, rib-rost, v. a. To beat soundly.
A cant word.
Ribwort, ribivvurt, s. A plant.
Rice, rise, s. 560. One of the esculent grains.
Rich, ntsh, a. 352. Wealthy, valuable, precious ;
having any ingredients or qualities in a great quantity
or degree ; fertile.
Riches, ritsh-iz, S. 99. Wealth, money or pos-
sessions |Splendid, sumptuous appearance.
Richly, ritsh-l^, ad. Wealthily, splendidly;
plenteously.
Richness, ritsh-nes, S. Opulence; finery;
fertility ; abundance or perfection of any quality.
Rick, nk, s. A pile of com or hay regularly
heaped up and sheltered from wet.
Rickets, rik-klts, S, The Rickets is a distemper in
children, from an unequal distribution of nourish-
ment, whereby the joints grow knotty, and the limbs
uneven.
Rickety, rik^it-^, a. 99. Diseased with the
rickets.
Rid, rid. Pret. of Ride.
To Rid, rid, v. a. To set free, to redeem ; to
clear, to disencumber; to drive away, to destroy.
Riddance, rid-d;\nse, S. Deliverance ; disen-
cumbrance, loss of something one is glad to lose ; act
of clearing away any encumbrances.
Ridden, ridMn, 103. The part, of Ride.
Riddle, nd-dl, S. 405. An enigma, a puzzling
question, a dark problem; any tiling puzzling; a
coarse or open sieve.
To Riddle, nd-dl, v. a. To solve, to unriddle;
to separate by a coarse sieve.
To Riddle, rid-dl, v. n. To speak ambiguously,
or obscurely.
Riddlingly, rid-dl-ing-1^, ad. In the manner
of a riddle.
To Ride, ride, v. n. To travel on horseback ; to
travel in a vehicle ; to be borne, not to walk ; to be
supported in motion; to manage a horse; to be sup-
ported as sliips on the water.
To Ride, ride, v. a. To manage insolently at will.
RlDEU, rl-dur, *. 98. One who is carried on
a horse or in a vehicle ; one who manages or breaks
horses.
Ridge, ridje, s. The top of the back ; the rough
top of anything; a steep protuberance ; the ground
thrown up by the plough ; the top of the roof rising to
an acute angle; Ridges of a hoise's mouth are wrinkles
or risings of the flesh in the ruof of the mouth, run-
ning across from one side of the jaw »o the other.
To Ridge, rulje, v. a. To fbrm a ridge,
RiDGiL, rid-.jil, 1 . , ,, ^ , .
„ 2j. M^ c S' A ram half castrated,
KiDOLiNG^ ndje-linff,J
449
Ridgy, rid^l, a. Rising in a ridge.
Ridicule, rid^^-kule, s. i Wit of that speciet
which provokes laughter.
0:5" This word is frequently mispronounced by sound-
ing the first syllable like the adjective red; an inaccuracy
which cannot be too carefully avoided.
I am of the same opinion as Mr. Nares, that this word
was anciently accented on the last syllable as derived
from the French ridicule, and not the Latin ridiculus;
but this accent being found contrary to the Latin ana-
logy, 503, shifted to the first syllable; a transition which,
in words of three syllables, is the easiest thing in the
world. — See Principles, No. 524.
To Ridicule, rid-e-kule, v. a. To expose to
laughter, to treat with contemptuous merriment.
Ridiculous, r^-dik^ku-lus, a. Worthy of
laughter, exciting contemptuous merriment.
Ridiculously, re-dik-ku-lus-le, ad.
In a manner worthy of laughter or contempt.
Ridiculousness, re-dik-ku-lus-nes, s. The
quality of being ridiculous.
Riding, rUdin
, pa)t.
Employed to travel on
A district visited by an
A coat made to
Riding, ri'-ding, s. 410.
ofiicer.
RiDiNGCOAT, rUding-kote, s.
keep out the weather.
RiDINGHOOD, rl-ding-bud, *. A hood used by
women, when they travel, to bear off the rain.
RiDOTTO, re-d6t'tA, s. An entertainment of
singing; a kind of opera.
RiE, rl, S. An esculent grain.
Rife, rife, a. Prevalent, abounding. It is now
only used of epidemical distempers.
Rifely, rife-le, ad. Prevalently, abundantly.
Ripeness, rife-nes, S. Prevalence, abundance.
7'o Rifle, ri-fl, v. a. 405. To rob ; to pillage, to
jilunder.
RiFLER, ri-fl-ur, S. Robber, plunderer, pillager.
Ill FT, rift, *. A cleft, a breach, an opening.
To Rift, rift, v. a. To cleave, to split.
To Rift, rift, v. n. To burst, to open ; to belrh,
to break wind.
To Rig, rig, v. a. To dress, to accoutre; to fit
with tackling.
RiGADOON, rij-i-doonj s. A dance.
Rigation, rl-gi-shun, S. The act of watering.
Rigger, ng-gur, S. 382. One that rigs or dresses.
Rigging, rig-ing, *. 410. The sails or tackling
of a ship.
RiggiSH, ng-isb, a. 382. Wanton, whorish.
TbRlGGLE, rig-gl, V. n. 405. To move backward
and forward, as shrinking from pain ; properly,
IVriggle.
Right, rite, a. 393. Fit, proper, becoming, true;
not mistaken, just, honest; convenient, not left;
straight, not crooked.
Right, rite, interj. An expression of approbation.
Right, rite, ad. Properly, justly, exactly, accord
ing to truth ; in a direct line ; in a great degree, very ;
not used except in titles, as. Right honourable, Right
reverend.
Right, rite, S. Justice, freedom from error ; just
claim ; that which justly beiongs to one ; property,
interest; power, prerogative; immunity, privilege;
the side not left ; to rights, in a direct line, straight •
deliveiance from errour.
To Right, rite, v. a. To do justice to, to establish
in possessions justly claimed, to relieve from wrong.
Righteous, ri-tshe-us, a. 263. 464. Just,
honest, virtuous, uncorrupt ; equitable.
Righteously, rl-tsh^-us-le, ad. Honestly,
virtuously.
Righteousness, rUtshe-fis-nes, s. Justkt,
honesty, virtue, goodness.
G o
RIO
KIV
559. FAte73, far 77, fall 83, Mt81— m^93, metSS— plae 105, pin 107— ni 162, inme 164,
Rightful, rlte-ful, a. Having the riglit, liaving
the ju8t claim i honest, just.
Rightfully, rlte^ful-e, ad. According to right,
according to justice.
Right-hand, rlte-Vi^ndJ s. Not the left.
Rightfulness, rke-ful-nes, s. Moral rectitude.
Rightly, rke-le, ad. According to truth, properly,
suitably, not erroneously; honestly, uprightly, ex-
actly; straightly, directly.
Rightness, ritei^nes, S. Conformity to truth, ex-
emption from being wrong, rectitude ; straightness.
Rigid, ridijid, a. 380. stiff, not to be bent, un-
pliant; severe, inflexible; sharp, cruel.
Rigidity, r^-jld-^-t^, *. stiffness ; stiffness of
appearance, want of easy or airy elegance.
Rigidly, ndijid-l^, ad. Stiffly, unpliantly; severely,
inflexibly.
RiGIDNESS, nd-jld-nes, S. Severity, inaexibility.
RiGOL, ri-gol, ;. A circle} in Shakespeare, a diadem.
Not used.
Rigour, rig^gur, s. 314. 544. Cold stiffness;
a convulsive shuddering with sense of cold; severity,
•ternness, want of condescension toothers; severity
of conduct; strictness, unabated exactness, hardness.
Rigorous, ng-gur-us, a. Severe, allowing no
abateiTient.
Rigorously, rigigur-us-lJ, ad. Severely, with-
out tenderness or mitigation.
Rill, ril, S. A small brook, a little streamlet.
Th Rill, nl, v. n. To run in small streams.
RilleT, nl-llt, S. 99. A small stream.
Rim, rim, s. A border, a margin; that which
encircles something else.
Rime, rime, S, Hoar frost, not used; a hole,
a chink.
To Rimple, rimipl, v. a. 405. To pucker, to
contract into corrugations.
Rind, rind, s. 105. Bark, husk.
Ring, rTng, «. 67. Arircle;acircleofgoldorsome
other matter worn as an ornamental circle of metal
to be held by ; atircuirii course; a circle made by per-
sons standing round ; a number of bells harmonically
tuned; the sound ot bdlsor any other sonorous body;
a sound of any kind.
To Ring, rfiig, v. a. To strike bells or any other
sonorous body, so as to make it sound ; to encircle;
to fit with a ring ; to restrain a hog by a ring in his
nose.
To Ring, ring, v. n. To sound as a bell or
sonorous metal ; to practise the art of making musick
with bells; to sound, to resound; to utter as a bell;
to tinkle; to be filled with a bruit or report.
Ring-bone, ring-bine, s. a hard callous sub-
stance growing in the hollow circle of the little pastern
of a horse : it sometimes goes quite round like a ring.
Ringdove, ring-duv, s. A kind of pigeon.
Ringer, ring-ur, s, 98. 409. He who rings.
Ringleader, ringM^-dur, s. The head of
a riotous body.
Ringlet, ring-let, s. 99. A small ring; a circle;
a curl.
RiNGSTREAKED, I?ng£-StrJkt, a. Circularly
streaked.
Ringtail, ringUAle, *. A kind of kite.
Ringworm, nng-wurm, s. A circular tetter.
To Rinse, rinse, v. a. To wash, to cleanse by
washing ; to wash the soap out of clothes.
fc?- This word is often corruptly pronounced as if
written rense, rhyming with sense ; but this impropriety
is daily losing ground, and is now almost confined to
the 'ower order of speakers.
RiNSER, rins-ur, *. 98. One that washes or rinses,
a washer.
RiOT, rl-iit, *. 166. Wild and loose festivity;
a scdiimn, an uproar; to run tict, to move or act
without control or restraint.
450
Tu RiOT, n-ut, V, n. To revel, to be dissipated in
luxurious enjoyments; to luxuriate, to be tmniiliuous;
to banquet luxuriously; to raise a sedition or uproar.
Rioter, rl-ut-ur, s. 98. One who is dissipated in
luxury ; one who raises an uproar.
Riotous, rl-ut-us, a. 314. Luxurious, wantor/.
licentiously fesiive; seditious, turbulent.
Riotously, rl-ut-us-le, ad. Luxuriously, wiib
licentious luxury ; seditiously, turbulently.
RiotouSNESS, ri-ut-us-nes, S. The state of being
riotous.
To Rip, rip, v. a. To tear, to lacerate ; to undo
any thing sewed ; to disclose ; to bring to view.
Ripe, ripe, a. Brought to perfection in growth,
mature; complete; proper for use; advanced to the
perfection of any quality : brought to the point oi
taking effect, fully matured; fully qualified by gradual
improvement.
To Ripe, ripe, v. n. To ripen, to grow ripe, to be
matured.
To Ripe, ripe, v. a. To mature, to make ripe.
Not used.
Ripely, rlpe'l^, ad. Maturely, at the fit time.
To RlPES, A'-Tpn,v. n. 103. To grow ripe.
To Ripen, rl-pn, v. a. To mature, to make ripe.
Ripeness, ripe-nes, s. The state of being ripe,
maturity.
Ripper, rip-pur, s. 98. One who rips, one who
tears, one who lacerates.
To Ripple, rip-pl, v. n. 405. To fret on the
surface, as water swiftly running.
Rippling, rip-ling, *. a moving roughness on the
surface of a running water.
To Rise, rize, v. n. To change a jacent or
recumbent to an erect posture ; to get up from rest; to
get up from a fall ; to spring, to grow up ; to gain ele-
vation of rank or fortune; to swell; to ascend, to
move upwards ; to break out from below the horizon
as the sun ; to begin to act ; to be excited ; to break
into military commotions, to make insurrections ; to
be roused, to be excited to action , to increase in price ;
to elevate the style; to be revived from death; to be
elevated in situation.
Rise, rise, *. 437. 560. The act of rising ;
elevated place; appearance of the sun in the east"
increase of price; beginning, original; elevation,
increase of sound.
(f:3- This word very properly takes the pure sound of
s to distinguish it from the verb, but does not adhere to
this distinction so inviolably as the nouns use, excuse,
&c. for we sometimes hear " the Rise and Fall of the
Roman Empire," " the 7'jse and fall of provisions," &c.
with the s like z. The pure ,<, however, is more agree-
able to analogy, and ought to be scrupulously preserved
in these places by all correct speakers. — See Principles,
No. 437. 499.
Riser, rUzur, *. 98. One that rises.
Risibility, riz-e-bil-^-te, s. The quality of
laughing.
Risible, riz-^-bl, n. 405. Having the faculty or
power of laughing; ridiculous, exciting laughter.
Risk, risk, S. Hazard, danger, chance of harm.
To Risk, risk, v. a. To hazard, to put to chance,
to endanger.
RiSKER, r'lsk-ur, S. 98. He who risks.
Rite, rite, *. Solemn act of religion, external
observance.
Ritual, rit-tsllta-^l, a. 463. Solemnly cere-
monious, done according to some religious institution.
Ritual, rit-tshu-^1, *. A book in which the rites
and observances of rclii^ion are stt down.
Ritualist, rit-tshu-il-ist, s. One skilled m the
ritual.
Rival, ri-v^l, s. 88. One who is m jmrsuit of the
same thing which another man pursues; a competi.
tor; a competitor in love.
Rival, rl-val, a. standing in competition, maklni
the same claim, eniulou»,
ROC
ROL
nSr 167, n8tl63— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 5il399— pSund313— Min466, thIs 469.
A purer kind of
To Rival, rUvll, v. a. To stand in competition
with another, to oppose ; to] emulate, to endeavour to
equal or excel.
To Rival, rl-v^l, v. n. To be in competition.
RiVALiTY, rl-v^K^-t^, X
Rivalry, rl'-vil-r^, S"' Competition, emulation.
Rivals HIP, rUv4l-ship, *, The state or character
of a rival.
To RiVE, rive, v. a. Part. Riven. To split, to
cleave, to divide by a blunt instrument.
To RiVEL, riv^vl, V. a. 102. To contract into
wrinkles and corrugations.
Riven, riv^vn, 103. V&rt. ai Rive.
River, rw-ur, s. 98. Aland-current of water
larger than a brooI\.
River-dragon, riv-ur-di4giun, s. A crocodile;
a name given by Milton to the king of Egypt.
River-god, nv^ur-gSd, *. Tutelary deity of
a river.
River-horse, riv-ur-horse, s. Hippopotamus.
Rivet, riv^it, *. 9d. A fastening pin clinched at
both ends.
To Rivet, riv^lt, v. a. To fasten with rivets; to
fasten strongly, to make immoveable.
Rivulet, riv-u-let, s, A small river, a brook,
a strtamlet.
RlXDOLLAR, riks-d6l-lur, s. A German coin,
worth four shillings and sixpence sterling.
Roach, r6tsh, *. 295. A fish.
Road, rode, *. 295. Large way, path ; ground
where ships may anchor; inroad, incursion — not used;
journey.
To Roam, rArae, v. n. 295. To wander without
any certain purpose, to ramble, to rove.
To Roam, rime, v. a. To range, to wander over.
ROAMER, ro-inur, s. 98. A rover, a rambler,
a wanderer.
RoAN, rone, a. 295. Bay, sorrel, or black, wiih
grey or white spots interspersed.
To Roar, rore, v. n. To ery as a lion or other
wild beast ; to cry in distress; to sound as the wind or
sea; to make a loud noise.
Roar, rore, S. 295. The cry of a lion or other
beast ; an outcry of distress ; a clamour of merriment ;
the sound oi the wind or sea; any loud noise.
RoARV, ro-r^, a. Dewy.
To Roast, rost, v. a. 295. To dress meat, by
turning it round before tlie fire; to dress at the fire
without water ; to heat any thing violently ; to rule the
Roast, to govern, to manage, to preside.
(t3=- It is a little singular that instead of the participle
of this verb we should use the verb itself for the adjec-
tive, in roast beef, a roast fowl ; whilst we say a roasted
apple, a roasted potatoe, and, as Shakespeare has it,
a roasted egjf.
Rob, rub, S, Inspissated juices.
To Rob, rftb, v. a. To deprive of any thing by
unlawful force, to plunder; to take away unlawfully.
Robber, rSb^bfir, s. 98. A thief, one that robs
by force, or steals by secret means.
Robbery, r6b^bur-e, s. Theft perpetrated by force
or with privacy.
Robe, robe, *. A gown of state, a dress of dignity.
To Robe, ribe, v. a. To dress potrpously, to
invest.
Robin; rib^biii, }
Robin-red-breast, rftb-bin-red^brest, j *'
A bird so named from his red breast.
Robust, ri-bustj 1
Robustious, rA-bust^jus,/'"'
Strong, vigorous, boisterous, violent.
Robustness, ro-bust-nes, s. Strength, vigour.
Rocambole, rSk-itm-bole, s, a sort of wild
garlicki
451
Roche-alum, rotsh-^l'-lum, s.
alum.
Rock, rok, s. A vast mass m stone ; protection,
defence, a scriptural sense ; a distaff held in the hand,
from which the wool was spun by twirling a ball below.
To Rock, r3k, v. a. To shake, to move backward*
and forwards; to move tlie cradle in order to procure
sleep; to lull, to quiet.
To Rock, r6k, v. n. To be violently agitated, to
reel to and fro.
Rock-doe, rSk^do, S. A species of deer.
Rock-ruby, r8kiroo-be, s. The garnet, when it
is of a very strong, but not deep red, and hag a fair
cast of the blue.
Rock-salt, rokisalt, s. Mineral salt.
Rocker, rSk-kur, s. 98. One who rock.
cradle.
Rocket, rSk^klt, *. 99. An artificial firework.
ROCKLESS, rftkMes, a. Being without rocks.
Rockrose, rok-rize, *. A plant.
RoCKWORK, rSk-wurk, *. stones fixed in mortar,
in imitation of the asperities of rocks.
Rocky, rSk-ke, a. Full of rocks; resembling
a rock ; hard, stony, obdurate.
Rod, rod, s. a long twig ; any thing long and
slender; an instrument for measuring; an instrument
of correction made of twigs.
Rode, ride. Pret. of Ride.
Rodomontade, r6d-A-m$n-tideJ s. An empty
noisy bluster or boast, a rant.
Rok, ro, s. A species of deer ; the female of the
hart.
Roe, ro, s. The eggs of fish.
Rogation, ro-gA-sbun, s. Litany, supplication.
Rogation-week, ro-gA^shun-we^k, s. The
week immediately preceding Whit-sunday.
Rogue, rig, s. 337. A vagabond; a knave,
a villain, a thief ; a name of slight tenderness and en-
dcarment ; a wag.
To Rogue, r6g, v. n. To wander, to play the
vagabond; to play knavish tricks.
Roguery, rA^gur-^, s. 98. Knavish tricks j
waggei-y, arch tricks.
ROGUESHIP, rogiship, S. The qualities or person-
age of a rogue.
Roguish, rA-gish, a. Knavish, fraudulent ; waggish,
slightly mischievous.
Roguishly, ro^gish-le, ad. Like a i-ogue,
knavishly, wantonly.
Roguishness, ro-gish-nes, *. Ths qualities of
a rogue.
Roguy, ro^gA, a. 345. Knavish, wanton
To RoiST, roist, ■)
Tb Roister, roV-tur, J ^- "•
To behave turbulently, to act at discretrjn, to be at
free quarter, to bluster.
Roister, rois^tur, s. 299. A turbulent, brutal,
lawless, blustering fellow.
To Roll, rAle, v. a. 406. To move any thing by
volutation, or successive application of the different
parts of the surface to the ground ; to move any thing
round upon its axis; to move in a circle; to produce
a periodical revolution; to wrap round upon itself; to
inwrap, to involve in bandage; to form by rolling
into round masses ; to pour in a stream or waves.
To Roll, rAle, V, n. To be moved by the successive
application of all parts of tlie surface to the ground ; to
run on wheels; to perform a periodical revolution ; to
move with appearance of circular direction ; to float in.
rough water; to move as waves or volumes of water j
to fluctuate, to move tumultuously ; to revolve on iti
axH ; to be moved tumultuously.
Roll, role, *. The act of rolling, the state of being
rolled; the thing rolling ; mass made round ; writing
rolled upon itself; a round body rolled along; publicit
writing } a register, a catalogue j chronicle.
ROO
ROS
^ 559. Fate 73, far 77, fill 83, ftt 81— m^ §3, met"95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
Roller, ro-lur, S. 98. Any thing turning on its
own axis, as a heavy stone to level walks; bandage,
fillet.
ROLLINGPIN, ro-hng-pin, S. A round piece of
wood tapering at each end, with which paste is moulded.
RoLLYPOOLY, ro-le-po-le, s. A corruption of
roll ball into the pool. A sort of game, in which when
a ball rolls into a certain place it wins.
RoMAGE, rum-midje, s. 90. A tumult, a bustle,
an active and tumultuous search for any thing.
Romance, ro-m^nsej s. A miiitaiy fable of the
middle ages, a tale of wild adventures in war and love j
a lie, a fiction.
To Romance, ri-m^nsej v. n. To lie, to forge.
Romancer, r6-m^ns-ur, *. 98. A liar, a forger
of tales.
To Romanize, ro-m^n-ize, v. a. To Latinize, to
fill with modes of the Roman speech.
RoMANTlCK, ro-m^n-tik, a. Resembling the
tales (if romances, wild; improbable, false; fanciful,
full of wild scenery.
Roman, ro-min, a. 88. Belonging to Rome.
Rome, room, S. The capital city of Italy, supposed
to have been founded by Romulus, and once the mis-
tress of the world.
(ty- The o in this word seems irrevocably fixed in the
English sound of that letter in move, prove, &c. Pope,
indeed, rhymes it with dome,
" Thus when we view some weU-proportion*d dome,
" The world's just wonder, and ev'n thine, O Rome .'"
But, as Mr. Nares observes, it is most probable that he
pronounced this word as if written doom, as he rhymes
Home with doom afterwards in the same poem.
" From the same foes at last both felt their doom;
*' And the same age saw learning fall and Rome"
Essay on Criticism, v. 685.
The truth is, nothing certain can be concluded from
the rhyming of poets. It may serve to confirm an esta-
blished usage, but can never direct iis where usage is
various and uncertain. But the pun which Shakespeare
puts into the mouth of Cassius in Julius Csesar decidedly
shows what was the pronunciation of this word in his
time:
*' Now it is Rome, indeed, and room enough,
** When there is in it but one only man."
And the Grammar in Queen Anne's time, recommended
by Steele, says, the city Rome is pronounced like Room;
and Dr. Jones, in his Spelling Dictionary, 1704, gives it
the same sound.
Romp, rSmp, S. A rude, awkward, boisterous, un-
taught girl; rough, rude play.
To Romp, rftmp, v. n. To play xudely, noisily,
and boisterously.
Rondeau, r6n-d6{ S. A kind of ancient poetry,
commonly consisting of thirteen verses, of which
eighi have one rhyme and five another; it is divided
into three parts, and at the end of the second and
tliird, the beginning of the Rondeau is repeated in an
equivocal sense.
RONION, run-yun, 5 113. A fat bulky woman.
RONT, runt, S. 165. An animal stinted in the
growth.
Rood, rood, S. 306. The fourth part of an acre in
square measure; a pole, a measure of sixteen feet and
a half in long measure ; the cross.
Roof, roof, s. 306. The cover of a house; the
vault, the inside of the arch that covers a building;
the palate, the upper part of the mouth.
To Roof, roof, v. a. To cover with a roof j^ to
enclose in a house.
Roofy, roof^^, a. Having roofs.
Rook, rook, S. 306. A bird resemoling a crow: it
feeds not on carrion but grain; a piece at chess;
a cheat, a trickish rapacious fellow.
To Rook, rook, v. n. To rob, to cheat.
Rookery, ro6k-iir-c, s. A nursery of rooks.
Rooky, rook-^', a. Inhabited by rooks.
Room, rooui, *. 306. space, extent of place ;
fpacr ot place unoccupied ; way unobstructeJ ; place
452
of another, stead; unobstructed opportunity ; an apart-
ment in a house.
Roomage, loom-idje, s. 90. Space, place.
Roominess, rodm-e-nes, s. Space, quantity of
extent.
Roomy, rooin-^, a. Spacious, wide, large.
Roost, roost, s. 306. That on which a bird siU
to sleep ; the act of sleeping.
To RoosT, roost, v. n. To sleep as a bird j to
lodge, in burlesque.
Root, root, s. 306, That part of the plant which
rests in the ground, and supplies the stems with
nourishment; the bottom, the lower part; a plant of
which the root is esculent; theoi;iginal, the first cause;
the first ancestor ; fixed residence; impression, dur-
able effect.
To Root, root, t. n. To fix the root, to strike far
into the earth ; to turn up earth.
7b Root, root, v. a. To fix deep in the earth ; to
impress deeply ; to turn up out of the ground; to era-
dicate ; to extirpate; to destroy, to banish.
Rooted, root-ed, a. Fixed deep, radical.
Rootedly, root-ed-le, ad. Deeply, strongly.
Rooty, root-4, a. full of roots.
Rope, rope, s. A cord, a string, a halter ; any row
of things depending, as a rope of onions.
To Rope, rope, v. n. To draw out in a line as
viscous matter.
RoPEDANCER, rSpc-dlns-ur, S. An artist who
dances on a rope.
RopiNESS, ro-p^-nes, s. Viscosity, glutinousness.
ROPEMAKER, rope'- mA-kur, s. One who makes
ropes to sell.
Ropery, rope-ur-^, S, Rogue's tricks. Not
used.
RopETRICK, rope-trik, *. Probably rogue's trick,
trick that deserves the halter. An old cant word.
Ropy, ro-pe, a. Viscous, tenacious, glutinous.
Roquelaure, rSk-e-lorl *. French, a clonk
for men.
RoRIFEROUS, ro-rif-fer-us, a. Producing dew.
RoRiFLUENT,.Jr6-rif-fliIi-ent, a. 518. Flowing
with dew.
Rosary, vh'-zkv-k, S. 440. A string of beads, on
which prayers are numbered. A place abounding with
roses.
ROSCID, ros-Sld, a. Dewy, abounding with dew.
Rose, roze, S. A flower ; to speak under the Rose,
to speak any thing with safety, so as not afterwards to
be discovered.
Rose, roze. Pret. of Rise.
Roseate, ro-zh^-ilt, «. 91. 452. Rosy, full of
roses; blooming, fragrant, as a rose.
Rosed, rozd, a. 359. Crimsoned, flushed.
Rosemary, roze-mi-re, s. A plant.
Rose-noble, roze-no-bl, s. An English gold
coin, in value anciently sixteen shillings.
Rose-water, roze-wa-tur, s. Water distilled
from roses.
RoSET, ro-zet, S. A red colour for painters.
RosiN, r6z-Zin, S. Inspissated turpentine, a juice
of the pine; any inspissated matter of vegetables that
dissolve in spirit.
(i3» When this word is used in a general or philoso-
phical sense for the fat sulphurous part of vegetables, it
IS generally termed resin; when in a more confined
sense, signifying the inspissated juice of turpentine, it
is called rosin:
" Bouzebus who could siveetly sing,
" Or with the rosined bow torment the string." Gay,
To Rosin, rSz-zin, v. a. To rub with rosin.
ROSINY, ruz-zin-^, a. Resembling rosin.
ROSSF.L, ros'-sil, S. 99. light land.
Rostrated, rSs-tri-ted, a. Adorned with heaii
of ships.
ROU
ROW
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sii 299— pSund 313— <Ain 466, THis"46g!.
Rostrum, rSs^trum, s. Tlie beak of a bird ; the
beak of a ship ; the scaffold wlience orators harangued ;
tlie pipe which conveys the distilling liquor into its
receiver in the common alembicks.
Rosy, ro-z^, a. 438. Resembling a rose in bloom,
beauty, colour, or fragrance.
To Rot, r3t, v. n. To putrefy, to lose the
cohesion of its parts.
To Rot, r6t, v. a. To make putrid, to bring to
corruption.
Rot, rot, S. A distemper among sheep in which
their lungs are veasted j putrefaction, putrid decay.
Rotary, ri-t^-re, a. Whirling as a wheel.
Rotated, ro-ta-ted, a. Whirled round.
Rotation, r6-tA-shun, s. The act of whirling
round like a wheel j revolution j the act of taking any
thing in turn.
Rotator, r6-ta-tur, s. 166. That which gives
a circular motion.
Rote, rote, *. Words uttered by mere memory
without meaning, memory of words without compre-
hension of the sense.
To Rote, r<^te, v, a. To fix in the memory without
informing the understanding.
ROTGUT, rftt-gut, *. Bad small beer. A low term.
Rotten, rSt-tn, a. 103. Putrid, carious; not
trusty, not sound.
Rottenness, r6t-tn-nes, s. state of being rotten,
cariousness, putrefaction.
Rotund, rA-tundJ a. Round, circular, spherical.
RoTUNDiFOLious, r6-tun-d^-fi-l^-us, a. Having
round leaves.
Rotundity, r5-tun-d5-t5, S. Roundness, cir-
cularity.
RoTUNDO, r6-tun-d6, *. A building formed round
both in the inside and outside, such as the Pantheon
at Rome.
To Rove, rive, v. n. To ramble, to range, to
wander.
To Rove, rSve, v. a. To wander over.
Rover, ro-vur, *. 98. A wanderer, a ranger;
a fickle inconstant man j a robber, a pirate.
Rouge, roozhe, s. French, Red paint to paint
the face.
Rough, ruf, a. 314. 391. Not smooth, rugged;
austere to the taste ; harsh to the ear ; rugged of tem-
per, inelegant of manners; harsh to the mind, se-
vere; hard featured ; not polished ; rugged, disordered
in appearance ; stormy, boisterous.
To Roughcast, ruf^k^t, v. a. To mould with-
out nicety or elegance, to form with asperities and
inequalities; to plaster with rough mortar; to form
any thing in its first rudiments.
Roughcast, ruP-k^t, s. A rude model, a form
in its rudiments ; a kind of rough plaster.
ROUGHDRAUGHT, ruf-dr^ft, S, A draught in its
rudiments.
To RouGHDRAW, ruf-draw, v. a. To trace
coarsely, a
To Roughen, ruf-fn, f. a. 103. To make rough.
7b RoUGHHEW, ruf-hu| v. a. To give to any
thing the first appearance of form.
Roughhewn, ruf-hune( part. a. Rugged, un.
polished, uncivil, unrefined; not yet nicely finished.
Roughly, ruf-li, ad. With uneven surface, with
asperities on the surface ; harshly, uncivilly, rudely;
severely, without tenderness; austerely to the taste;
boisterously, tempestuously ; harshly to the ear.
Roughness, ruf^nes, S. Superficial asperity, un-
evenuess of surface ; austereness to the taste ; taste of
astringency; harshness to the ear; ruggedness of tem-
per ; coarseness of manners, tendemy to rudeness;
absence of delicacy; severity, violence of discipline ;
violence of operation in medicines; unpolished or un-
finished state; inelegance of dress or appearance;
tempestuousness, storminess; coarseness of features.
Rough-rider, ruf-rl-dur, s. One that breaks
horses for riding.
RoUGHT, rawt, 319. (Old pret. of Tfcacft.) Reached.
To Roughwork, ruf-wurk, v. a. To work
coarsely over without the least nicety.
Rounceval, roun-s^-v4l, s. 313. A species a
pea.
Round, round, a. 313. Cylindrical; circular
spherical ; not broken ; large, not inconsiderable-
plain, candid, open; quick, brisk; plair\, free witli.
out delicacy, almost rough.
Round, round, s. A circle, a sphere, an orbj
rundle, step of a ladder; the time in which any thing
has passed through all hands, and comes hack to t[»e
first; a revolution, a course ending at the point where
it began ; a walk performed by a guard or officer, to
survey a certain district.
Round, round, ad. Every way, on all sides ; in
a revolution ; circularly; not in a direct line.
Round, round, prep. On every side of; about,
circularly about; all over.
To Round, roiind, v. a. To surround, to encircle}
to make spherical or circular; to raise to a relief; to
move about any thing; to mould into smoothness.
To Round, round, v. n. To grow round in form j
to whisper; to go round.
Roundabout, roijnd^i-buut, a. Ample, cir-
cuitous; indirect, loose.
Roundel, roun-del, "I
Roundelay, roun-d^-la, J " '
A kind of ancient poetry; a round form or figure.
Rounder, roiind'ur, S. 98. Circumference, CIV
closure. Not used.
Roundhead, rSund-hed, S. A puritan, so named
from the practice once prevalent among them of crop-
ping their hair round.
Roundhouse, round-house, s. The constable*!
prison, in which disorderly persons found in the street
are confined.
Roundish, round-isb, a. somewhat round,
approaching to roundness.
Roundly, roundil^, ad. In a round form, in
a round manner; openly, plainly, without reserve;
briskly, with speed; completely, to the purpose;
vigorously, in earnest.
Roundness, round-nes, S. Circularity, sphericity,
cylindrical form; smoothness; honesty, openness,
vigorous measures.
To Rouse, VO\\ze,v. a. 313. To wake from restj
to excite to thought or action; to put into action; to
drive a beast from his lair.
To Rouse, rouze, v. n. To awake from slumber j
to be excited to thought or action.
Rouse, rouze, *. A dose of liquor rather too large.
RouSER, lou-zur, *. One who rouses.
Rout, rout, S, 313. A clamorous multitude,
a rabble, a tumultuous crowd; confusion of any army
defeated or dispersed.
To Rout, rout, v. a. To dissipate and put into
confusion by defeat.
Route, rout, or root, s. Road, way.
(f^ Upon a more accurate observation of the best
usage, I must give the preference to the first sound of
this word, notwithstanding its coincidence in sound with
another word of a different meaning; the fewer French
sounds of this diphthong we have in our language, the
better; nor does there appear any necessity for retaining
the final <>.— See Bowl. Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Smitii
make a difference between rout, a rabble, and ronte,
a road ; Mr. Scott gives both sounds, but seems to prefer
the first: W. Johnston, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry,
pronounce both alike, and with the first sound
Routine, roo-telnj *. 112.
(KP- This is a French word adopted ti express any prac-
tice, proceeding in the same reg-ular way, without any
alteration according to circumstances.
Row, ro, S. 324 Arankor file, a number of things
ranged in a line.
To Row, ro, v. n. To impel a vessel in the watei
by oars.
To Row, rh, V, a. To drive or lielp forward by
oars.
RUD
RUM
»3-'559. F^te73, far 77, fall 83, fltSl—mfi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, mSve 164,
Rowel, rou-ll, S. 322. The points of a »pur turn-
ing on an axis; a »eton, a roll of hair or silk put into
a wound to hinder it from healing and provoke a dis-
charge.
To Rowel, rou-ll, v. a. To pierce through the
skin, and keei> the wound open by a rowel.
Rower, ro-ur, *. 98. One that manages an oar.
Royal, roe-^l, a. 329. Kingly, belonging to
a king, becoming a king, regal; noble, illustrious.
Royalist, roe^^l-ist, *. Adherent to a king.
To RoYALIZE, ro^-^l-Ize, v. a. To make royal.
Royally, roe-al-e, ad. In a kingly manner,
regally, as becomes a king.
Royalty, roe-^l-t^, s. Kingship, character or
office of a king ; state of a king; emblems of royalty.
Roynish, roeinish, a. 329. Paltry, sorry, mean,
rude. Not used.
7b Rub, rub, v. a. To clean or smooth any thing
by passing something over it, to scour, to wipe ; to
move one body upon another ; to remove by friction ;
to touch hard ; to Rub dov^n, to clean or curry a horse ;
to Rnb up, to excite, to awaken; to polish, to re-
touch.
Th Rub, rub, v, n. To fret, to make a friction; to
get through difficulties.
Rub, rU)b, *. Collision, hinderance, obstruction ;
act of rubbing; inequality of ground that hinders the
motion of a bowl; difficulty, cause of uneasiness.
Rub-stone, rub'-stine, s. A stone to scour or
sliarpen.
Rubber, rubibur, S. 98. One that rubs , the in-
strument with which one rubs; a coarse file; a game,
a contest, two games out of tliree.
1, J
Rubbish, rub-bish, /
Ruius of a building, fr.igments of matter used in build-
iuR; confusion, mingled mass; any thing vile and
wmlhless.
Rubble-stone, rub-bl-st&ne, s, A stone rubbed
and worn by the water at the latter end of the deluge.
Rubicund, rSo-b4-kund, a. 339. Inclined to
redness.
Rubied, roo'-bid, a. 283. Red as a ruby.
RUBIFICK, roo-blf-f^k, a. 509- Making red.
RuBiFORM, roo-b^-form, a. Having the form of
red.
To Rubify, roo-b^-fl, v. a. 183. To make red.
Rubious, roo-be-us, a. 314. Ruddy, red. Not
used.
Rubricated, rooibr4-ki-ted, a. Smeared with
red.
Rubric K, roo-brik, *. Directions printed in books
of law, and in prayer-books, so termed, because they
were originally distinguished by being in red ink.
Ruby, roo'-be, S. A precious stone of a red colour,
next in hardness and value to a diamond; redness;
any thing red ; a blotch, a earbuncle.
Ruby, roo-bJ, a. Of a red colour.
Ructation, ruk-t^ishun, S. A belching arising
f:'om wind and indigestion.
Rudder, rud^dur, *. 98. The instrument at the
stern of a vessel by which its course is governed; any
thing that guides or governs the course.
Ruddiness, rud^d^-nes, *. The quality of
approaching to redness.
Ruddle, rud^dl, *. 405. Red earth.
Ruddock, rud^duk, s. A kind of bird.
Ruddy, rud-d^, a. Approaching to redness, pale
red ; yellow.
Rude, rood, a, 339. Rough, coarse of manners,
brutal, violent, turbulent; harsh, inclement; raw,
untaught; rugged, shapeless, artless, inelegant; such
as may be done with strength without art.
Rudely, rood-1^, ad. In a rude manner; hij-
•KilfuUyj violently, boisterously..
454
Rudeness, rood^nes, s. Coarseness of manners,
incivility ; violence, boisterousness.
Rudesby, roodz-bi, S. An uncivil turbulen
fellow. Obsolete.
Rudiment, roo-d^.-ment, s. The first principle^
the first elements of a science ; the first part of educa-
tion ; the first inaccurate, unshapen beginning.
Rudimental, roo-de-ment-^1, a. Initial, re.
lating to first principles.
To Rue, roo, v. a, 339. To grieve for, or regretj
to lament.
Rue, too, s. An herb called Herb of Grace, because
holy water was sprinkled with it.
Rueful, roo'ful, a. 174. Mournful, woful,
sorrowful.
Ruefully, roo-ful-e, ad. Mournfully, sorrowfully.
Ruefulness, rob-ful-nes, s. Sorrowfulness,
mournfulness.
Ruelle, roo-elj s. French, A circle, au
assembly at a private house.
Ruff, ruf, S. A puckered linen ornament formerly
worn about the neck; a small river fish; a state of
roughness.
Ruffian, rtlf-yin,S. 113. A brutal, boisterous, mis-
chievous fellow ; a cut-throat, a robber, a murderer.
Ruffian, ruf-yin, a. Brutal, savagely boisterous.
To Ruffle, ruf-fl, v. a. 405. To disorder, t«
put out of form, to make less smooth; to discompose,
to put out of temper; to contract into plaits.
To Ruffle, rufifl, v. n. To grow rough or
turbulent ; to be in loose motion, to flutter.
Ruffle, ruf^fl, S. Plaited linen used as an orna-
ment; disturbance, contention, tumult.
RufTERHOOD, ruP'tur-hud, s. In Falconry,
a hood to be worn by a hawk when she is first drawn.
Rug, rug, *. A coarse nappy woollen cloth ; a coarse
nappy coverlet used for mean beds; a rough woolly
dog.
Rugged, nV-gH «• 99* 366. Rough, full of
unevenness and asperity ; savage of temper; stormy,
rude, rough or harsh to the car; surly; boisterous;
rough, shaggy.
Ruggedly, rug-gid-l^, ad. In a rugged manner
Ruggedness, riigigid-nes, s. The state ot
quality of being rugged.
Rugose, roo-g6seJ a. Wrinkled.
Ruin, roo'-in, *. 176. 339. The fall or destruction
of cities or edifices; the remains of a building demo-
lished ; destruction, loss of happiness or fortune, over-
throw; mischief, bane.
To Ruin, roo-iu, v. a. To subvert, to demolish ;
to destroy, to deprive of felicity or fortune; to im-
poverish.
To Ruin, roo-lri, v. n. To fall in ruins; to run
to ruin ; to be brought to poverty or misery. Little
used.
To Ruinate, roo-in-dte, v, a. To subvert, to
demolish. Obsolete.
Ruination, roo-in-5.-shun, s. Subversion, de.
Mmolition. Vulgar. Obsolete.
Ruinous, roo-in-us, a. 314. Fallen to ruin,
dilapidated; pernicious, baneful, destructive.
Ruinously, roo-ln-us-le, ad. In a ruinout
manner.
Rule, rool, S, 339- Government, sway, supreme
command; an instrument by which lines arc drawn ;
canon, precept by which the thoughts or actions ar«
directed; regularity, propriety of behaviour.
To Rule, rool, v. a. To govern, to control, t»
manage with power and authority ; to settle as by
rule.
To Rule, rool, v, 7l. To have power or command.
Ruler, rool-l^ir, S. 98. Governor, one that has the
supreme command ; an instrument, by the direction
of which lines are drawn.
Rum, rum, s, A country parson; a kind of spiri.
distilled from molasses.
RUN
RUT
nSr 167, nSt 163— tube iri, tub 173, b&ll 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 4GG, this 469.
To Rumble, rum^bl, v. n. 405. To make
a hoarse low continued noise.
Humbler, rum-bl-ur, s. The person or thing that
rumbles.
Ruminant, roo'-m^-nint, a, 339. Having the
property of chewing the cud.
To Ruminate, roo-me-nate, v. n. To chew the
cud ; to muse, to tliink again and again.
To Ruminate, roo-me-nate, v. a. To chew over
again ; to muse on, to meditate over and over again.
Rumination, roo-me-ni-shun, s. The property
or act of chewing the cud ; meditation, reflection.
To Rummage, rum^midje, v. a, 90. To search,
to plunder, to evacuate.
To Rummage, ruin-midje, v. n. To search
places.
Rummer, ru-n-mur, s. 98. A glass, a drinking cup.
Rumour, roo-mur, s. 314. 339. Flying or
popular report, bruit, fame.
To Rumour, roo-mur, v. a. To report abroad, to
bruit.
Rumourer, roo-mur-ur, S. Reporter, spreader
of news.
Rump, rump, S. The end of the back bone ; the
buttocks.
To Rumple, rum-pl, v, a. 405. To crush or
contract into puckers or creases.
Rumple, rum-pl, S. 405. Pucker, rough plait.
To Run, run. Pret. Ran, V, n. To move swiftly,
to ply the legs 'n such a manner as that both feet are
at every step off the ground at the same time ; to rush
violently; to take a course at sea; to contend in
a race ; to stream, to flow; to be liquid, to be fluid ;
to be fusible, to melt; to pass, to proceed; to have
a legal course, to be practised ; to have a course in
any direction ; to pass in thought or speech ; to have
a continual tenourof any kind ; to be popularly known ;
to have reception, success, or continuance; to proceed
in a certain order ; to be in force ; to be generally re-
ceived ; to have a track or course; to make a gradual
progress ; to excern pus or matter; to become irregu-
lar, to change to something wild ; to get by artifice or
fraud; to fall, to pass; to have a general tendency;
to proceed on as a ground or principle ; to Run after,
to search for, to endeavour at though out of the way ;
to Run away with, to hurry without consent ; to Run
in with, to close, to Comply ; to Run on, to be con-
tinued; to Run over, to be so full as to overflow ; to
be so much as to overflow ; to Run out, to be at an
end; to spread exuberantly; to expatiate; to be
wasted or exhausted.
To Run, run, v. a. To pierce, to stab j to for:e,
to drive : to force into any way or form ; to drive with
violence; to melt; to incur; to venture, to hazard ;
to import or export without duty; to prosecute in
thought; to push; to Run down, to chase to weari-
ness; to crush, to overbear; to Run over, to recount
cursorily, to consider cursorily j to Run through, to
pierce to the farther surface j to spend one's whole
estate.
Run, run, S, The act of running, as, the play has
a great run, I have had a run of ill luck.
Runagate, rinini-gite, *. A. fugitive, rebel,
apostate-
Runaway, rdn^i-wi, s. One who flies from
danger, a fuiHtive.
Rundle, run-dl, S. 405. A round, a step of
a ladder; a peritrochium, something put round an
axis.
RUNDI.ET, rund-llt, S. 99. A small barrel.
Rung, rung. Pret. and part. pass, of Ring.
Runic, ru-nik, a. Denoting the old Scandinavian
language.
Runnel, run^nil, s. 99. A rivulet, a small brook.
Little used.
Runner, run^nur,*. 98. Onethat runs, a racer;
a messenger; a shooting sprig; one of the stones of
a mill; a bird.
RuNNET, run-nit, S. 99. . A liquor made by steep-
ing the stomach of a calf in hot water, and used to
coagulate milk for curds and cheese.
45
Runnion, run-yun, s. 113. A paltry scurvy
wretch. Out of use.
Runt, runt, *. Any small animal below th«
natural growth of the kind.
Ruption, rup-shun, *. Breach, solution of con-
tinuity.
Rupture, rupi^tshure, s. 461. The act of
breaking, state of being broken ; a breach of peace,
open hostility; burstenness; preternatural eruption of
the gut.
To Rupture, rup-tsbure, v. a. To break, to
burst, to suff'er disruption.
Rupturewort, rup-tshur-wi'irt, s. A plant.
Rural, roo-r^l, a. 88. 339. Country, existing
in the country, not in cities ; suiting the country, re-
sembling the country.
RuRALiTY, roo-r^l-^-tl, "I
Ruralness, roo-r^l-nes, j
The quality of being rural.
RusB, rush, s. A plant; any thing proverbially
worthless.
Rush-candle, rush-kin-dl, s. A small blinkinj
taper, made by stripping a rush.
To Rush, rusb, v. n. To move with violence, to
go on with tumultuous rapidity.
Rush, rush, S. a violent course.
Rushy, rush-e, a. Abounding with rushes j made
of rushes.
Rusk, riisk, s. Hard bread for stores.
Russet, rus-sit, a. 99. Reddishly brown j
Newton seems to use it for grey ; coarse, homespun,
rustick.
RuSSETING, rus'sit-ing, *. A name given to
several sorts of pears or apples, from their colour.
Rust, rust, S. The red incrustation of iron ; the
tarnished or corroded surface of any metal ; loss of
power by inactivity ; matter bred by corruption or de-
generation.
To Rust, rust, v. n. To gather rust, to have the
surface tarnished or corroded; to degenerate in idle-
ness.
To Rust, n'st, v. (t. To make rusty j to impair
by time or inactivity.
Rustical, rus-tJ-k4l, a. 88. Rough, boisterous,
rude.
Rustically, rus-te-k^I-i, ad. Rudely, in-
elegantly. 5 1 4 'J
Rusticalness, rusite-kal-nes, s. The quality of
being rustical, rudeness.
To Rusticate, rusiti-kdte, v. n. To reside in
the country.
To Rusticate, rus-te-kate, v. a. To banish
into the country.
Rusticity, rus-tis-^-t^, s. Qualities of one that
lives in the country, simplicity, artlessncss, rude-
ness , rural appearance.
Rustick, rus'-tik, a. Rural, country ; rude, im-
taught, inelegant; artless, honest, simple; plain,
unadorned.
Rustick, rus'-tik, *• A clown, a swain, an in-
habitant of the country.
RUSTINESS, rus-te-nes, *. The state of being rusty
To Rustle, rus-sl, v. n'. 472. To make a low
continued rattle.
Rusty, rus-t^. «. Covered with rust, infected with
rust; impaired by inactivity.
To Rut, rut, v. n. To desire to come together
Used of deer.
Rut, rut, *. Copulation of deerj the track of
a cart-wbeel.
Ruth, rooth, s. 339. Pity, tenderness, sorrow for
the misery of another.
RUTHFUL, ro'6th'-i\l\, a. Rueful, woful, sorrowful.
Ruthfully, rooM-ful-^, ad. Wofuliy, sadly j
sorrowfully, mournfully; wofuUy, in irony.
SAC SAF
ty 559. The 73, far 77, iall 83, ftt 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164<
Ruthless, vooth'Aes, a. Cruel, pitiless.
RuTHLESSNESS, rooM-les-nes, s. Want of pity.
Ruthlessly, roo^/i-les-1^, ad. Without pity,
cruelly.
RumSH, rutitish, a. Wanton, libidinous,
lecherous.
Ryder, rl-dur, «. A clause added to an act of
parliBinent at its tliird reading.
Rye, I'l, s, A coarse kind of bread corn.
Ryegrass, rl-grSs, s. A liind of strong grass.
s.
•5abdATH, S^h'-h&th, S. A day appointed by God
among the Jews, and from them established among
Christians for publick worship ; the seventh day, set
apart from works of labour, to be employed in piety;
intermission of pain or sorrow, time of rest.
Sabbathbreaker, s4b'-baM-brA-kur, s. Violator
of the sabbath by labour or wickedness.
Sabbatical, s^b-b^t^ti-kil, a. Resembling the
sabbath, enjoying or bringing intermission of labour.
Sabbatism, sib'-bJ-tizm, s. Observance of the
sabbath superstitiously rigid.
Sabine, s^b-ln, s. 140. A plant, savin.
Sable, sil-bl, s. 405. Fur.
Sable, sa^bl, a. Black.
Sabre, sd-ber, s. 416. A scimitar, a short sword
with a convex edge, a falchion.
SaBULOSITV, S^b-U-l5s-e-t^, S. Grittiness, sandi-
ness.
Sabulous, s^b-u-lus, a. 314. Gritty, sandy.
Saccade, sJk-kideJ s. A violent check the rider
gives his horse by drawing both the reins suddenly.
Saccharine, sak-ki-rlne, a. 149. 353. Having
the taste or any other of the chief qualities of sugar.
Sacerdotal, s4s-er-do-ttll, a. 88. Priestly,
belonging to the priesthood.
Sachel, S^tshiil, *. 99. A small sack or bag.
Sachem, sa-tshem, s. The title of soine Auterican
chiefs.
Sack, sak, S. A bag, a pouch, commonly a large
bag; the measure of three bushels; a woman's loose
robe.
To Sack, S^k, v. a. To put in bags ; to take by
storm, to pillage, to plunder.
Sack, sak, s. Storm of a town, pillage, plunder;
a kind of a sweet wine, now brought chiefly from the
Canaries.
SackBUT, S^k^but, *. A kind of pipe.
Sackcloth, sSkiklft<7t, *. Cloth of which sacks
are made, coarse cloth, sometimes worn in mortifica-
tion.
SACKER, Sakikur, s. 98. One that takes a town.
Sackful, s^k-fiili s. A sack quite filled,
SackPOSSET, s^k-poS-Sit, *. A posset made of
milk and sack.
Sacrament, s^k-kri-ment, s. An oath, any
ceremony producing an obligation; an outward and
visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace j the
eucharist, the holy communion.
(Ky» This word, with sacrijice, sacrilege, and sacristy, is
sometimes pronounced with the a in the first syllable
long, as in sacred; but this is contrary to one of the
clearest analogies in the language, which is that the
•ntepenultimate accent in simples, not followed by
a diphthong, always shortens the vowel it falls upon.
See Principles, No. 503.
Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W. John-
«ton, Kenrick, Perry, and Entick, pronounce these words
as 1 have marked them.
Sacramental, s^k-kr^-ment-^1, a. Constituting
a sacrament, pertaining to a sacrament,
45G
Sacramentally, sik-kri-ment-4l-e, ad.
After the manner of a sacrament.
Sacred, sa-kred, a. Devoted to religious use%
holy; consecrated J inviolable.
Sacredly, sa-kred-le, ad. Inviolably, religiouslji
Sacredness, sa-kred-nes, s. The state of being
sacred, state of being consecrated to religious uses,
holiness, sanctity.
Sacrifick, si-krif-f^k, a. 509. Employed in
sacrifice.
Sacrificable, si-krif-4-kS-bl, a. Capable of
being offered in sacrifice.
Sacrificator, Sctk-kre-fe-k4-tur, s. Sacrificer,
offerer of sacrifice.
Sacrificatory, s4k-krififl-kA-tiir-l, a. 512.
Offering sacrifice.
To Sacrifice, s^kikrl-fize, v. a. 351. To
offer tOiHeaven, to immolate; to destroy or give up
for the sake of something else; to destroy, to kill; to
devote with loss.
To Sacrifice, s^k-kr^-flze, v. n. To make
oflTerings, to offer sacrifice.
Sacrifice, sak^kre-fize, *. 351. 142. The act of
offering to Heaven ; the thing offered to Heaven, or
immolated ; any thing destroyed or quitted for the sake
of something else; any thing destroyed.
Sacrificer, sik-kr4-fi-zur, s. 98. One who
offers sacrifice, one that immolates.
Sacrificial, s^k-kr^-fish^^i, a. Performing ,
sacrifice, included in sacrifice.
Sacrilege, sik-kre-lidje, s. The crime of appro-
priating to himself what is devoted to religion; the
crime of robbing Heaven.— See Sacrament,
Sacrilegious, sik-kre-leySs, a. Violating
things sacred, polluted with the crime of sacrilege.
Sacrilegiously, sak-kre-le-jus-1^, ad. With.
sacrilege.
Sacring, S^-knilg, /)ar#. 410. Consecrating.
Sacrist, sa-ki^st, \
Sacristan, sA.k-iis-tSn, /
He that has the care of the utensils or moveables of
the chureh. — See Sacrament.
Sacristy, *ik-kris-te, s. An apartment where
the consecrated vessels or moveables of a church are
deposited.
Sad, sad, a. Sorrowful, habitually melancholy j
afflictive,;calamitous ;]bad ; inconvenient; vexntious;
dark coloured.
T'o Sadden, sid'dn, y. «. 103. To make sad; to
make melancholy, to make gloomy.
Saddle, S;td-dl, S. 405. The seat which is put
upon the horse for the accommodation of the rider.
Tp Saddle, S^d-dl, v. a. To cover with a saddlej
to load, to burden.
SADDLEBACKED, S.id-dl-bdkt, a. Horses saddle-
backed, have their backs low, and a raised head and
neck.
Saddlemaker, sSdMl-ni;\-kur,l
Saddler, s^d-lur. — See Codle. J
One whose trade is to make saddles.
Sadly, s3.d-l^, ad. Sorrowfully, mournfully; cala-
mitously, miserably.
Sadness, sad-ncs, S. Sorrowfulness, dejection cn
mind; melancholy look.
Safe, safe, a. Free from danger or hurt ; conferring
security ; no longer dangerous, reposited out of the
power of doing harm.
Safe, safe, *. a buttery, a pantry.
Safeconduct, safe-kon-dukt, *. Convoy, guard
through an enemy's country ; pass, warrant to pass.
Safeguard, sAfe-gard, *. Defence, protection,
security ; convoy, guard through any interdicted road,
granted by the possessor; pass, warrant to pass.
Safely, safe-l6, ad. In a safe manner, without
danger; without hurt.
SafENESS, sAfe-nes, S. Exemption from danger.
SAL
SAL
nor 167, nJt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 46e,>His 469.
Safety, slfe-te, s. Freedom from danger ; exemp-
tion from hurt; custody, security from escape.— See
Nicety,
Saffron, s^f-furn, s. 417. A plant.
Saffron, s^f^furn, a. Yellow, having the colour
of saffron.
To Sag, s4g, V, n. To hang heavy. Not in use.
Sagacious, s4-ga-shus, a. Quick of scent j
quick of thought, acute in making discoveries.
Sagaciously, si-gaishus-1^, ad. With quick
scent ; with acuteness of penetration.
Sagaciousness, si-ga-shus-nes, s. The quality
of being sagacious.
Sagacity, si-gSs-se-te, s. Quickness of scent ;
acuteness of discovery.
Sage, sadje, *. A plant.
Sage, sadje, a. Wise, grave, prudent.
Sage, sAdje, s. A philosopher, a man of gravity
and wisdom.
Sagely, sadje-li, ad. Wisely, prudently,
SaGENESS, sadje-nes, S, Gravity, prudence.
Sagittal, sid-je-t4l, a. Belonging to an arrow ;
in Anatomy, a suture so called from its resemblance
to an arrow.
Sagittary, sid-je-t^-r^, s. A centaur, an
animal half man half horse, armed with a bow and
quiver. Sagittarius, one of the signs of the Zodiac.
Sago, sA-gA, i. A kind of eatable grain.
Said, sed, 203. 222. Pret. and part, pass, of Say,
Aforesaid; declared, showed.
(t^ This word, with paid and laid, are a scandal to our
orthography. It appeared so to Cooke, the translatorof
Hesiod, wlio spelled tliem regularly sayed, payed, and
layed. " Perseus is sayed to have been sent by Pallas to
slay Medusa," 4c. page 156.
Saik, sA-lk, s. A Turkish vessel proper for the
carriage of merchandise.
Sail, sale, s, 202. The expanded sheet which
catches the wind and carries on the vessel through the
water; wings; a ship, a vessel; Sail is a collective
word, noting the number of ships; to strike Sail, to
lower the sail, a proverbial phrase for abating of pomp
or superiority.
To Sail, s;Ue, v, n. To be moved by the wind
with sails; to pass by sea j to swim ; to pass smoothly
along.
To Sale, sale, V, a. To pass by means of sails ; to
fly through.
Sailer, Ig^^^jg ^gg
Sailor, J
A seaman, one who practises or understands naviga-
tion.
C^ The first of these words is generally applied to the
ship, and the second to the mariner. Whatever may be
the reason for this distinction to the eye, the ear is quite
insensible of it, and the ship and the man are both pro-
nounced alike. See Principles, No. 416.
Sailyaud, sile-yard, *. The pole on which the
sail is extended.
SiAlNIOIN, sJn-foin, S. A kind of herb.
Saint, sant, S, 202. A person eminent for piety
and virtue.
To Saint, sint, v. a. To number among saints, to
reckon among saints by a public decree, to canonize.
To Saint, sAnt, v, n. To act with a show of piety.
Sainted, sant-ed, a. Holy, pious, virtuous.
Saintlike, sint-llke, a. Suiting a saint, becom-
ing a saint; resembling a saint.
Saintly, sAnt'l^, a, ; Like a saint, becoming
a saint.
SaiNTSIIIP, sAnt-ship, 5, The character or qualities
of a saint.
Sake, sake, S. Final cause, end, purpose; account,
regard to any person or thing.
Sakere T, Si\k-er-it, s. 99, The male of a sakei-
hawk,
45T
Sal, sal, S. Salt, a word often used in Pharmaqr,
Salacious, sa-U-shus, a. Lustful, iecherou€.
Salaciously, s^-la-shus-le, ad, Lecherousljt
lustfully.
Salacity, sA-lAs-se-te, s. Lust, lechery.
Salad, sil-l^d, S. Food of raw herbs.
0:^ This word is often pronounced as if written sallet
the true pronunciation is, however, more in use and less
pedantick than that of asparagus and cuatmber would be.
Salamander, s^i-4-man-dur, s,. An animal
supposed to live in the fire.
Salamandrine, sil-li-man-drin, a, 140.
Resembling a salamander.
Salary, sil-ll-re, s. stated hire, annual or
periodical payment. — See Granary.
Sale, sale, S. The act of selling ; vent, power of
selling; market; a publick and proclaimed exposition
of goods to the market ; auction; state of being venal,
price.
Saleable, si^lJ-bl, a, 405. Vendible, fit foi
sale, marketable.
Saleableness, sa-l^-bl-nes, s. The state of
being saleable.
SaleaBLY, sa-l^-ble, ad. In a saleable manner.
Salebrous, S^l-e-brus, a. Rough, uneven,
rugged.
Salesman, silz^mAn, 5. 88. One who sells
clothes ready made.
SalewORK, sAle-Wurk, S. Works for sale, work
carelesly done.
Salient, sA-le-ent, a, 113. Leapmg, oounding 5
beating, panting, springing or shooting with a quick
motion.
Saline, si-llne{ or sa^line, a. Consisting of salt.
OCT- As this word is derived from the Latin salitius by
dropping a syllable, the accent ought, according to the
general rule of formation, 503, to remove to the first.
This accentuation, however, is adopted only by Dr. John-
son, Buchanan, and Bailey; as Sheridan, Kcnrick, Ash,
Nares, W. Johnston, Scott, Perry, Barclay, Fenning,
Entick, and Smith, accent the second syllable.
SalINOUS, sj-ll-nus, a. Consisting of salt, con-
stituting salt.
O:^- Dr. Johnson, in his folio Dictionary, accents this
word on the first syllable, in which he is followed by his
publishers in the quarto . but as this word may be easily
derived from the Latin word salinus, and with the same
number of syllables, it ought to be accented on the se-
cond. 503, e.
Saliva, s4-ll-v4, S. 503, b. Every thing that is
spit up, but it more strictly signifies that juice which
is separated by the glands called salival.
C^> As this word is a perfect Latin word, all our Dic-
tionaries very properly accent it on the second syllable,
503. But salival, which is a formative of our own, has
no such title to the penultimate accent : this pronuncia-
tion, however, is adopted by Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash,
Dr. Kenrick, Scott, Barclay, Fenning, Entick, and
Johnson's quarto ; but Mr. Perry and Dr. Johnson's folio
place the accent on the first syllable, and, in my opinion,
more correctly.
Salival, si\'-h-vi\, or s^-ll'-v^l, 1_
Salivary, sil-e-v^-re, J
Relating to spittle.— See Saliva.
To Salivate, s4l-le-vite, v. a. To purge by the
salival glands.
Salivation, sal-l^-vi-sbun, s, A method of cure
much practised in venereal cases.
Salivous, s^-ri-vus, or sl\'-^-\us, a, ConsUtir.g
of spittle, having the nature of spittle. — See Principles,
No. 103, p.
{f^ As this word has somewhat more of a Latin aspect
than salival, and is probably derived from salivosus, the
learnedly polite, or the politely learned, snatch at the
shadow of Latin quantity to distinguish themselves from
mere English speakers. Hence in all the words of this
termination they preserve the penultimate i long, and
place the accent on it, and thus we arc obliged to do the
same in this word under painof appearing illiterate. This
penalty, however, Dr. Ash and Mr. Perry have incurred.
SAL
SAN
«^ 559. The 73, fir 77, fall 83, tk 81— ml 93, "met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, ni3ve 164,
J
by placing the accent on the first syllable ; but Dr. John-
ton, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Barclay, Penning, and
Entick, follow the learned majority, though evidently
wrong.
Sallet, sJl'-lit, 99.
Salleting, s4Ulit-in
Corruj'ted from salad.
Salliance, s^l-le-^nse, *. 113. The act of
issuing forth, sally. . .
Sallow, s4l-l6, s. 327. A tree of the genus of
willow.
Sallow, sil-lo, a. sickly, yellow.
Sallowness, sil-l6-nes, s. Yellowness, sickness,
paleness.
Sally, sal-le, S. Eruption ; issue from a place
besieged, quick egress; range, excursion; slight, vo-
latile or sprigiitly exertion; levity, extravagant flight,
frolick.
Sallyport, sil-ll-pirt, s. Gate at which sallies
are made.
Salmagundi, sil-m4-gun-di, *. A mixture of
chopped meat and pickled herrings, with oil, vinegar,
pepper, and onions.
Salmon, simimun, *. 401. The salmon is
accounted the kinii of freshwater fish.
Salmontrout, sim-mun-trout{ s, A trout that
has some resemblance lo a salmon, a samlet.
Salsoacid, s^l-si-^s^sid, «. 84. Having a taste
compounded of saltness and sourness.
SaLSUGINOUS, s4l-SU-j^-nuS, a. Saltish, some-
what salt.
Salt, salt, S. 84. Salt is a body whose two
essential properties seem to be dissolubility in water
and a pungent sapor; taste; smack; wit, nierriment.
Salt, salt, a. Having the taste of salt, as salt fish ;
impregnated with salt; abounding with salt; lecher-
ous, salacious.
7'o Salt, salt, v, a. To leason with salt.
Salt-pan, salt-p4n,")
c it I -i^ I •• Pi' where salt is got.
Salt-pit, salt^pit, J '
Saltation, sil-ti'-shun, s. 84. The act of
dancing or jumping ; beat, palpitation.
(!3»Astliis word comes immediately from the Latin,
and the t is carried off to commence the second syllable,
the a has not the broad sound as in salt, but goes into the
general sound of that letter ; in the same manner as the
u infulminate, is not pronounced like the peculiar sound
of that letter in/uW, but like the u in <h(tt. 177.
Saltcat, salt^kit, *. A lump of salt.
Saltcellar, salt-sel-lur, s. 88. Vessel of salt
set on the tabic,
Salter, salt-ur, s. 98. One who salts; one who
sells salt.
Saltern, salt-ern, s. A salt-work.
S/LTISH, salt'^ish, a. Somewhat salt.
SaLTLESS, salt-les, a. Insipid, not tasting of salt.
Saltly, Salt^l^, ad. With taste of salt ; in a salt
manner.
Saltness, saltines, s. Taste of salt.
Saltpetre, salt-p^^^tur, s. 416. Nitre.
Salvabjlity, sil-vR-bil-5-tl, S. Possibility of
being received to everlasting life.
Salvable, s4Kvi-bl, a. 405. Possible to be saved.
Salvage, siKvidje, *. 90. A recompense allowed
to those who have assisted in saving goods or mer-
chandise from a wreck.
Salvation, sil-vA-shun, s. Preservation from
eternal death, reception to the happiness of heaven.
SalvatoRY, S^l-vi-tur-l, S. 512. A place where
any thing is preserved.
Salubrious, s4-lta-br^-us, a. Wholesome, health-
ful, promoting health.
Salubrity, s4-lu-bri-tl, s. Wholesomeness,
healthfulness.
Salve, salv, S. 78. A glutinous matter applied to
wounds and hurts, an emplaster ; help, remedy.
458
03- Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word is originally
and properly so//; which having saities in the plural, the
singular, in time, was borrowed from it : sealf, Saxon,
undoubtedly from sulvus, Latin. There is some diver-
sity among our ortlioepists about the ! in this word and
its verb. Mr. Sheridan marks it to be pronounced;
Mr. Smith, W.Johnston, and Barclay, make it mute;
Mr. Scott and Mr. Perry give it both ways; and
Mr. Nares says it is mute in the noun, but sounded in
the verb. The mute I is certainly countenanted in this
word by calve and halve; but as they are very irregular,
ana are the 'inly words where the I is silent iii this situa-
tion, (or valre, delve, solve, &c. have the / pronounced;
and as this word is of Latin original, the I ought cer-
tainly to be preserved in both words: for to have the
same word sounded differently, to signify different
tilings, is a defect in langtiage that ought as much as
possible to be avoided. — See Howl and Fault.
To Salve, salv, v. a. To cure with medicaments
applied; to help, to remedy; to help or save by
a salvo, an excuse, or reservation.
Salver, s4l'-vur, s. 98. A plate on which any
thing is presented.
Salvo, sal-vo, S. An exception, a reservation, an
excuse. — See Saltation.
SalUTARINESS, sil-ltJ-ti-r^-neS, S. Wholesome-
ness, quality of contributing to health er safety.
Salutary, s4l'-lA-t4-re, «. Wholesome, healthful,
safe, advanlp.^eous, contributing to health or safety.
Salutation, Sitl-lu-tiishSn, *. The act or style
of saluting; greeting.
To Salute, si-liate{ v. a. To greet, to hail; to
kiss.
Salute, s4-li)te| S. Salutation, greeting; a kiss.
Saluter, Sit-lti^tur, S. 98. One who salutes.
Salutiferous, s^l-li-tiWer-us, a. Healthy,
bringing health.
Same, sime, a. Identical, being of the like kind,
sort, or degree; mentioned before.
Sameness, same-nes, *, identity,
Samlet, s^m-let, s. A little salmon.
Samphire, SiLm-tir, *. 140. A plant preserved in
pickle.
Sample, s^m^pl, s. 405. A specimen, a part
shown, that judgment may be made of the whole.
Sampler, s^m-pl-ur, *. 98, A pattern of workj
a piece worked by young girl.' for improvement.
Sanable, s4n-ni-bl, a. 53£. Curable, susceptive
of remedy, remediable.
£5" Mr. Nares, Buchanan, and W. Johnston, pro-
nounce the a in the first syllable of this word long; but
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and Entick, more properly,
short. Buchanan only makes the same a in sanative
long; but Mr. Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, Perry,
and Entick, short. Mr. Sheridan and Buchanan, are
tJie only onhoCpists from whom we can gather the sound
of this vowel in i;isa»io6ie, which the latter marks long,
and the former short as it ought to be, from the shorten,
ing power of the antepenultimate accent. — See Granary,
Sanation, s^-na-shun, s. The act of curing.
Sanative, sltn-ni-tiv, a, 158. Powerful to cure,
healing. — See Donative.
Sanativeness, sinini-tiv-nes, s. Power to cura
Sanctification, s4ngk-t^-fi-kaishiin, *. 408.
The state of being freed, or act of giving freenom from
the dominion of sin for the time to come; the act of
making holy, consecration.
Sanctifier, singk-t^-fl-ur, *. He that sanctifiei
or makes holy.
To Sanctify, slngk-t^-fl, v, a. To free fron.
the power of sin for the time to come ; to make holy
to make a means of holiness ; to make free from guilt,
to secure from violation.
Sanctimonious, s4ngk-te-mi-ne-us, a. Saintly,
having the appearance of sanctity.
Sanctimony, s4ngk-te-m6 ne, *. Holiness,
scrupulous austerity, appearance of holiness.
Sanction, singk'-shun, s. 408. The act of
conlirmation which gives to any thing its obligatory
power, ratification; a law, a decree ratified.
SAP
SAT
nor 167, n8< 163— tibe 171, tub 172, Dull 173— oil 299--pound 3U—thin 466, this 469.
SaNCTITUDE, singk-ti-tude, *. Holiness, good-
ness, saintliness.
Sanctity, S^ngk-ter-t^, s. Holiness, goodness,
godliness ; saint, holy being.
To Sanctuarise, sUngk^tshu-^-rize, v. n. To
shelter by means of sacred jirivilegcs.
Sanctuary, singkitsbu-i-r5, s. 463. A holy
place, holy ground j a place of protection, a sacred
asyhim ; shelter, protection.
Sand, sand, *. Particles of stone not conjoined, or
stone broken to powder; barren country covered with
sands.
Sandal, sin-dil, s. 88. A loose shoe.
Sandarach, or Sandarac, siiiidA-rik, s.
A mineral resembling red arsenic j the gum of the
juniper tree.
Sandblind, sind^bllnd, a. Having a defect in
the eyes, by which small particles appear before them.
Sandbox-trex, sind-bSks-tr^^, s. a plant.
Sanded, slu-ded, a. Covered with sand, barren ;
marked with small spots, variegated with dusky
specks.
SandisH, sand-isb, a. Approaching to the nature
of sand, loose, not close, not compact.
Sandstone, sind-stine, *. stone of a loose and
friable kind.
Sandy, sind-^, a. Abounding with sand, full of
sand; consisting of eend, unsolid.
Sane, sine, a. Sound, healthy.
Sang, sing. The pret. of Sing.
Sanguiferous, sing-gwiPfer-us, a. Conveying
blood.
Sanguification, s4ng-gw^-f^-ki-shun, s. The
proiUiction of blood; the conversion of the chyle into
blood.
Sanguifier, singigw^-fl-ur, s. Producer of
bl.K)d.
To Sanguify, sUng-gwJ-fi, v. n, 340. To pro-
duce blood.
Sanguinary, stlngigwi-nl-r^, a. Cruel, bloody,
murderous.
Sanguine, s^ng-gwm, a. 340. Bed, having the
colour of b'.ood; abounding with blood more than
any other humour, cheerful ; warm, ardent, confident.
Sanguineness, singigwin-nes, \
Sanguinity, slng-gwin-t^-te, J
Ardour, heat of expectation, confidence.
Sanguineous, sing-gwin-^-us, a. Constituting
blood ; abounding with blood.
Sanhedrim, san-h^-drim, s. The chief council
among the Jews, consisting of seventy elders, over
whom the high-priast presided,
Sanicle, sin-^-kl, s. 405. A plant.
Sanies, sk-nk-iz, S. Thin matter, serous excretion.
SanioUS, si-n^-us, a. 314. Running a thin
serous matter, not a well-digested put.
Sanity, sin-i-t^, 5. Soundness of mind.
Sank, singk. The pret. of Sink.
Sans, S^Z, prep. Without. Obsolete.
Sap, sip, S, The vital juice of plants, the juice that
circulates in trees and herbs.
To Sap, sip, v. a. Tu undermine, to subvert by
digging, to mine.
"^0 Sap, sip, V, n. To proceed by mine, to proceed
invisibly.
Sapid, sip-id, a. 544. Tasteful, palatable, making
a powerful stimulation upon the palate.
Sapidity, si-pid-^-te, \
SAPiDNESS, sap-id-nes, J
T<istefulness, power of stimulating the palate.
Sapience, sa-pi-ense, s. Wisdom, sageness,
knowledge.
Sapient, si-p^-ent, a. Wise, sage.
459
Wanting sap, viranting vital
h
Sapless, sipMes, a.
juice; diy, old, husky.
Sapling, sip-ling, s. A young tree, a young plant.
Saponaceous, sip-6-ni-shus, 851,1
Saponary, sipipo-ni-ri, J "'
Soapy, resembling soap, having the qualities of soap,
Sapor, sa-por, *. 166. Taste, power of affecting oi
stimulating the palate.
Saporifick, sip-A-nf-fik, a. 530. Having the
power to proiuce tastes.
Sapphire, sif-fir, *. 140. 415. A precious stone
of a blue colour.
Sapphirine, sif-llr-lne, a. 149. Made of
sapphire, resembling sapphire.
SappineSS, sip-p^-nes, S. The state or the quality
of abounding in sap, succulence, juiciriess.
Sappy, sap-p«, a. Abounding in sap, juicy,
succulent; young, weak.
Saraband, sir^ri-bind, s. 524. A Spanish dance.
Sarcasm, sar-kizm, s. A keen reproach, a taunt,
a gibe.
Sarcastically, sar-kis-t^-kil-^, ad.
Tauntingly, severely.
Sarcastical, sar-kisit^-kil,
Sarcastick, sar-kis^tik, 509.
Keen, taunting, severe.
Sarcenet, sirse-net, s. Fine thin-woven silk.
Sarcocele, sar-ki-s^le, *. An excrescence of
the testicles. — See Hylrocele.
Sarcoma, sir-koimi, S. 92. A fleshy excrescence,
or lump, growing in any part of the body, especially ,
the nostrils.
Sarcophagous, sir-kSf^fi-gus, a. 581. Fiesii-
eating, feeding on flesh. Hence a tomb, where the
human flesh is consumed and eaten away by time, is
called a Sarcopfuigus.
Sarcophagy, sar-kJf-^-jl, «. 518. The practice
of eating flesh.
Sarcotick, sSr-k6titik, s. 509. A medicine
which fills up ulcers with new flesh, the same as an
incarnalive.
Sardel, sar-del, "^
Sardine, siridlne, 140. >s,
Sardius, sar-d^-us, or sar^j^-fis, 293, 294. J
a sort of precious stone.
Sardonyx, sar-d6-nik«, s. A precious stone.
Sarsa, siF-si, "I
Sarsaparella, sir-si-pi-reWi, J
Both a tree and a plant.
Sash, sish, *. a belt worn by way of distinction,
a silken hand worn by officers in the army; a window
so formed as to be let up and down by pulleys.
Sassafras, sis-si-fris, *. A tree, one of the
species of the cornelian cherry.
Sat, sit. The pret. of Sit.
Satan, si'-tin, or sit'-tin, s. The prince of hell,
any wicked spirit.
03- This word is frequently pronounced as if written
Saltan; but making the first syllable long is so agreeable
to analogy that it ought to be indulged wherever custom
will permit, and particularly in proper names. Cato,
Plato, &.c. have now universally the penultimate a long
and slender; and no good reason can be given why the
word in question should not join this class : if the short
quantity of the a in the original be alledged, for an an-
swer to this see Principles, No. M4, and the word Satire.
Mr. Nares and Buchanan only adopt the second sound;
but Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Sheridan, Br. Kenrick,
Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, Entick, and, if we
may judge by the position of the accent. Dr. Ash and
Bailey, the first.— See The Key to the Classical Pronun-
ciatiim of Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper h'amt$t
under the word.
Satanical, si-tin^nJ-kil, \
Satanick, si-tin-nik, &09.S
Devilish, infernal.
SAT
SAT
(W>'559. Fite 73, far 77, fill 83, f4t81— me93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
Satchel, sStsh-il, s. 99- A Httle bag used by
school-boys.
To Sate, sate, v. a. To satiate, to glut, to pall, to
feed beyond natural desire.
Satellite, sit^tel-llte, s. 155. A small planet
revolving round a larger.
(K?- Pope has, by the license of his art, accented the
plural of lliis word upon the second syllable, and, like
the Latin plural, has given it four syllables :
** Or ask of yonder argeat fields above,
" Why Jove's Satellites are less than Jove."
Essay on ilfan.
This, however, is only pardonable in poetry, and, it
may be added, in good poetry. — See Antipodes and
Millepedes.
Satellitious, sit-tel-lish-us, a. Consisting of
satellites.
To Satiate, si^shl-^te, v. a. To satisfy, to fiU ;
to glut, to pall; to gratify desire ; to saturate, to im-
pregnate with as much as can be contained or imbibed.
Satiate, si-sh^-4te, a. 91. Glutted, full to
satiety.
Satiety, sl-tU4-te, S. 460. Fulness beyond
desire or pleasure, more than enough, state of being
palled.
C:?" The sound of the second syllable of this word has
been grossly mistaken by the generality of speakers ; nor
is it much to be wondered at. Ti, with the accent on it,
succeeded by a vowel, is a very uncommon predicament
for an English syllable to be under; and therefore it is
not surprising that it has been almost universally con-
founded with an apparently similar, hut really different,
assemblage of accent, vowels, and consonants. So ac-
customed is the ear to the aspirated sound of t, when
followed by two vowels, that whenever these appear we
are apt to annex the very same sound to that letter,
without attending to an essential circumstance in this
word, which distinguishes it from every other in the
language. There is no English word of exactly the same
form with satiety, and therefore it cannot, like most
other words, be tried by its peers; but analogy, that
grand resource of reason, will as Clearly determine, in
this case, as if the most positive evidence were produced.
In the first place, then, the sound commonly given to
the second syllable of this word, which is that of the first
ofsi-lence, as if written sa-si-e-(y, is never found annexed
to the same letters throughout the whole language. T,
when succeeded by two vowels, in every instance but the
word in question, sounds exactly like sh; thus satiate,
expatiate, &c. are pronounced as if written sa-she-ate, ex-
pa-she-ate, &c. and not sa-se-ale, ex-pa-se-ate, &c. and
therefore if the t must be aspirated in this word, it ought
at least to assume that aspiration which is found among
similar assemblages of letters, and Instead of sa-si-c-«y, it
ought to he sounded sa-shi.ety ■ in this mode of pronun-
cialion a greater parity might be pleaded ; nor should we
introduce a new aspiration to reproach our language with
needless irregularity. But if we once cast an eye on
those conditions, oii which we give an aspirated sound to
the dentals, 26, we shall find both these methods of pro-
nouncing this word equally remote from analogy. In
almost every termination where the consonants, t, d, c,
and s, precede the vowels ea, ia, ie, to, &c. as in ma-lial,
soldier, suspicion, confusion, anxious, prescience, &c. the
accent is on the syllable immediately before these con-
sonants, and they all assume the aspiration; but in
■^gyptittcum, elephantiasis, hendiadis, society, anxiety,
science, &c. the accent is immediately after these con-
sonants, and the t, d, c, and x, are pronounced as free
from aspiration as the same letters in tiar, diet, cion,
Ixion, &c. the position of the accent makes the whole
difference. But if analogy in our own language were
silent, the uniform pronunciation of words from the
learned languages, where these latters occur, would be
sufficient to decide the dispute. Thus in elephantiasis,
Miltiades, salielas, &c. the antepenultimate syllable ti is
always pronounced like the English noun tie; nor should
we dream of giving ti the nspirated sound in these words,
though there would be exactly the same reason for it as in
satiety : for, except in very few instances, as we pro-
nounce Latin in the analogy of our own language, no
reason can be given that we should pronounce the ante-
penultimate syllable in satietas one way, and that in
taliely another.
I sh'iuld have thought my time thrown away in so
minute an investigation of the pronunciation of this
word, if 1 had not found the best judges disagree about it.
That Mr. Sheridan supposed it ought to be pronounced
m-ti-e-tij, is evident from his giving this word as an
4C0
instance of the various sounds of t, and telling us that
here it sounds s. Mr. Garrick, whom I consulted on this
word, told me, if there were any rules for pronunciation,
I was certainly right in mine; but that he and liis liierary
acquaintance pronounced in the other manner. Dr. John
son likewise thought I was right, but tlKit the greate
number of speakers were against me; and Dr. Lowth.
told me, he was clearly of my opinion, but that he could
get nobody to follow him. 1 was mqch flattered to find
my sentiments confirmed by so great a judge, apd much
mine flattered when 1 found my reasons were entirely
new to him.
But, notwithstanding the tide of opinion was some
years ago so much against me, I have since had the
pleasure of finding some of the most judicious philo-
logists on my side. Mr. Elphinston, Dr. KenrK'k, and
Mr. Perry, mark the word as I have done ; and Mr. Nares
is of opinion it ought to be so pronounced, though for
a reason very different from those I have produced,
namely, in order to keep it as distinct as may be from the
word society. While Mr. Fry .frankly owns, it is very
difiicult to determine the proper pronunciation of this
word.
Thus 1 have ventured to decide where " Doctors dis-
agree," and have been induced to spend so much time on
the correction of this word, as the improper pronuncia-
tion of it docs not, as in most other cases, proceed from
an evident caprice of custom, as iniitsyand bury, or from
a desire of drawing nearer to the original language, but
from an absolute mistake of the principles on which we
pronounce our own.
Satin, sit-tin, s. . A soft, close, and shining silk.
Satire, si-tur, sit-ur, sa-tire, or sAt-ere, s.
A poem in which wickedness or folly are censured.
C3" The first mode of pronouncing this word is adopted
by Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Ash, and Mr. Smith.
The short quantity of the first vowel is adopted by
Mr. Nares, Mr. Elphinston, Buchanan, and Entick ; but
the quantity of the second syllable they have not marked.
The third is adopted by Mr. Perry and Dr. Kenrick ; and
for the fourth we have no authorities.
But though the first mode of pronouncing this word is
the most general, and the most agreeable to an English
ear, the second seems to be that which is most favored by
the learned ; because, say they, the first syllable in the
Latin satyra is short. But if this reasoning were to hold
good, weought to pronounce the first syllable of silence,
local, label, libel, locust, paper, many others short, because
silentium, locaiis, labellum, abellus, lociista, papyrus, &c.
have all the firstsvllables short in Latin. But, to furnisti
the learned with "an argument which perhaps may not
immediately occur to them, it may be said, that in the
instances I have adduced, none of the Latin words have
the initial syllable accented as well as short, which is the
case with the word satyra : but it may be answered, if we
were to follow the quantity of the Latin accented vowel,
we must pronounce foetid, viimic, frigid, squalid, comic,
resin, credit, spirit, and lily, with the first vowel long,
because it is thecase in the Latin words fcetidus, mimicus,
frigidus, squalidas, comicus, resina, a'ediius, spiritus, and
lilium.
Theonly shadow of an argument therefore that remains
is, that though we do not adopt the Latin quantity of
the accented antepenultimate vowel when it is long,
except the vowel u, 507, 508, 509, we do when it is short.
For though we have many instances where an Englisli
word of two syllables has the first short, though derived
from a Latin word where the first two syllables are long;
as civil, legate, solemn, &c. from civilis, Icgatus, solemnis,
&c. yet we have no instance in the language where
a word of three syllables in Latin with the first two
vowels short, becomes an English dissyllable with the
first syllable long. Hence the shortness of the first syl.
tables of plalane, zephyr, atom, &c. from platanus, ze-
phyrus, atomus, &.C. which arc short, not only from the
custom of carrying the short sound we give to the Latin
antepenultimate vowel into the penultimate of the
English word derived from it, but from the affectation
of shortening the initial vowel, which this custom has in-
troduced, in order to give our pronunciation a Latin air,
and furnish us with an opportunity of showing our learn-
ing by appealing to Latin quantity ; wliich, when applied
to English, is so vague and uncertain, as to put us out of
all fear of detection if we happen to he wrong. The ab-
surd custom, therefore, of shortening our vowels, ought
to be discountenanced as much as possible, since it is
supported by such weak and desultory arguments ; and
our own analogy in this, as well as in similar words,
ought to be preferred to such a shadow of analogy to the
quantity of the Latin language, as I have charitably af.
forded to those wlio ate ignorant of it, See Principles,
No, 544,
SAV
SAV
hJic 167, ntt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— fZtin 466, Tliis 469.
With respect to the quantity of the last syllable, though
custom seems to have decided it in this word, it is not so
certain in other words of a similar form. To which we
may add, that although poets often bend the rhyme to
their verse, when they cannot bring their verse to the
rhyme, yet where custom is equivocal, their example is
teriainly of some weight. In this view we may look
upon the couplet in Pope's Essay on Criticism,
'* Leave dang'rous trutjis to unsuccessful satire) t
" And flattery to fulsome dedicators,''
Sec Vmpire.
Satirical, s^-tir^re-k;ll, "I
Satirick, si-tir-rik, J
Belunging lo satire, employed in writing invective;
censorious, severe in language.
Satirically, si-tn-^re-kltl-J, ad. With in-
vective, with intention to censure or vilify.
Satirist, sAt-tur-iSt, S. One who writes satires.
•See Patroness.
To Satirize, s^t-tur-Ize, v. a. To censure as in
a satire.
Satisfaction, sJt-tis-Mkishun, *. The act of
pleasing to the full ; the state of being pleased ; release
from suspense, uncertainty, or uneasiness; gratifica-
tion, that which pleases; amends, atonement for
a crime, recompense for an injury.
Satisfactive, sl-tis-ftk-tiv, a. Giving latisfac
tion.
Satisfactorily, s4t-tis-f4k^tur-i-lJ, ad. In
a satisfactory manner.
Satisfactoriness, sat-tis-fik^tur-ri-nes, s.
Power of satisfying, power of giving content.
Satisfactory, sit-tis-fik'-tur-^, a. Giving
satisfaction, giving content; atoning, ffiaking amends.
(t^~ For the o, see Domestick,
To Satisfy, sat-tis-fl, v. a. To content, to please
to such a degree as that nothing more is desired; to
feed to the All ; to recompense, to pay, to content; to
free from doubt, perplexity, or suspense ; to convince.
To Satisfy, Sclt-tlS-fi, v. n. To make payment.
Satrap, sa-trap, s. A nobleman in ancient Persia
who governed a province.
Saturable, sit-tshu-ri-bl, a. Impregnable with
any thing till it will receive no more.
Saturant, sit-tshiii-r^nt, a. Impregnating to
the fill.
To Saturate, s^t-tshu-rAte, v. a. To impregnate
till no more can be received or imbibed.
Saturday, s3.t-tur-de, s. 223. The last day of
the week.
Saturity, si-tu-re-ti, S. Fulness, the state of
being saturated, repletion.
Saturn, sa-turn, or sat-turn, s. The remotest
planet of the solar system ; in Chymistry, lead.
03" This was supposed to be the remotest planet when
Dr. Johnson wrote his Dictionary; but Mr. Herschel
has since discovered a planet stili more remote, which
will undoubtedly be called hereafter by his own name.
The first pronunciation of this word is not the most
general, but by far the most analogical ; and for the
same reason as in Satan : but there is an additional rea-
son in this word, which will weigh greatly with the
learned, and that is, the a is long in the original.. Mr.
Elphinston, Dr. Kenrick, Perry, and Entick, adopt the
second pronunciation of this word ; and Mr. Sheridan,
Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, and, if we may euess
by the position of the accent, Dr. Ash and BailevI the
first. '
Saturnine, sit^tur-nlne, a. 148. Gloomy,
melancholy, severe of temper.
SATURNIAN, si-tur-n^-All, a. Happy, golden.
Satyr, sa'tur, or s4t-ur, s. A sylvan god.
(t^ This word, and satire, a poem, are pronounced
exactly alike, and for similar reasons.
Savage, siv'-vulje, a. 90. Wild, uncultivated;
uncivilized, barbarous.
Savage, S^V^vidje, s. a man untaught and un-
civilized, a barbarian.
Savagely, sav-vidje-le, ad. Barbarously, cruelly.
Savageness, siv-vidje-nes, s. Barbarousncss,
cruelty, wildness.
461
Savagery, s^yivid-jer-rl, 5. Cruelty, barbarity j
wild growth.
Savanna, si-vkn'-nk, s. 92. An open meadow
without wood.
Sauce, sawse, 5. 218. Something eaten with food
to improve its taste; to serve one the same Sauce,
a vulgar phrase, to retaliate one injury with another.
To Sauce, sawse, v. a. To accompany meat with
something of higher relish ; to gratify with rich tastes
to intermix, or accompany with any thing good, or,
ironically, with any thing bad.
Saucebox, sawse^buks, s. An impertinent or
petulant fellow.
Saucepan, siwse-p^n, s. A small skillet with
a long handle, in which sauce or small things are
boiled.
Saucer, slw-sur, s. 98. 218. A small pan o.
platter on which sauce is set on the table ; a piece or
platter of china, into which a tea-cup is set.
Saucily, saw-S^-le, ad. Impudently, impertinently,
petulantly.
SauciNESS, saw-se-nes, s. Impudence, petulance,
impertinence.
Saucy, saw-se, a. 218. Pert, petulant, insolent.
Cc?" The regular sound of this diphthong must be care-
fully preserved, as the Italian sound of a given to it in
this word, and in sauce, saucer, daughter, &c. is only
heard among the vulgar.
To Save, save, v. a. To preserve from danger or
destruction; to preserve finally from eternal death;
not to spend, to hinder from being spent; to reserve
or lay by ; to spare, to excuse ; to salve.
To Save, sAve, v. n. To be cheap.
Save, sAve, ad. Except, not including.
Saveall, save-all, s. 406. A small pan inserted
into a candlestick to save the ends of candles.
Saver, sA-vur, s. 98. Preserver, rescuer; one
who escapes loss, though without gain ; one who lays
up and grows rich.
Savin, sjvi-m, s. A plant.
Saving, sA-ving', a. 410. Frugal, parsimonious,
not lavish; not turning to loss, though not gainful.
Saving, si-vlng, ad. With exception in favour of.
Saving, sa-ving, S. Escape of expense, somewliat
preserved from being spent, exception in favour.
Savingly, sa^ving-le, ad. With parsimony.
SavINGNESS, Sa-Ving-nes, s. Parsimony, frugality;
tendency to promote eternal salvation.
Saviour, sAveiyur, s. 113. Redeemer, he that
has saved mankind from eternal death.
To Saunter, san-tur, or sawn-tur, v. n. To
wander about idly, to loiter, to linger.
C:?- The first mode of pronouncing this word is the
more agreeable to analogy, if not in the most general use;
but where use has formed so clear a rule as in words of
this form, it is wrong not to follow it. See Principles,
No. 414.
Af r. Elphinston, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, and Mr. Scott,
are for the first pronunciation; and Mr. Sheridan and
W. Johnston for the last. Mr. Perry gives both ; but,
by placing them as I have done, seems to give the pre-
ference to the first.
Savory, sa-vur-i, s. 314. A plant.
Savour, sa-vur, S, A scent, odour; taste, power
of affecting the palate. — See Honour.
To Savour, sA'-vur, v. n. To have any particular
smell or taste; to betoken, to have an appearance or
taste of something.
To Savour, sA^vur, v. a. To like; to exhibit
taste of.
Savourily, si^vur-^-l^, ad. With gust, with
appetite ; with a pleasing relish.
SavouriNESS, si-vur-^-nes, *. Taste pleasing and
piipiant; pleasing smell.
Savoury, si^vur-e, a. Pleasing to the smeil ,
pr«|uaat to the taste.
Savoy, s%-\th[ s., A sort of colewwt.
Sausage, sawisidje, or s^sisidje, s. A roll or
ball made commonly of pork or veal minced very
small, with salt and spice.
(tj- This word is pronounced in the first manner by
correct, and in the second, by vulgar speakers. Among
this number, however, I do not reckon Mr. Sheridan,
Mr. Smith, and Mr. Scott, who adopt, it; but, in my
opinion. Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Perry, who prefer tlie
first, are not only more agreeable to rule, but to the best
usage. In this opinion I am confirmed by Mr. Nares,
who says it is commonly pronounced in the second man-
ner. See Principles, No. 218.
Saw, saw, 219. The pret. of See.
Saw, saw, .9. A dentated instrument by the attri-
tion of which wood or metal is cut) a saying, a sen
tence, a proverb.
To Saw, saw, v. a. Part. Sawed and Sawn.
To cut timber or other matter with a saw.
Sawdust, saw-dust, J, Dust made by the attrition
of the saw.
Sawfish, sRw^fish, *. A sort of fish.
Sawpit, saw-pit, *. Pit over which timber is laid
to be sawn by two men.
Saw-wort, saw-wurt, *. A plant.
Saw-whest, saw-rest, s. A sort of tool. With
the saw-wrest they set the teeth of the saw.
Sawek, saw-ur, \
Sawyer, sawiyur, 113. J
SCA SCA
fty 559. Fite73, fir 77, fill 83, fit 81— m*93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nA 162, move 164,
Scald, skald, .v. Scurf on the head.
Scald, skald, a. Paltry, sorry.
ScALDHEAD, skald-hedj s. A loathsome diseas*,
a kind of local leprosy in which the head is covered
with a scab.
Scale, skale, *. A balance, a vessel suspended by
a beam against another; the sign Libra in the Zodiack"
the small shells or crusts which, lying one over another,
make the coats of fishes; any thing exfoliated, a thin
lamina; ladder, means of ascent ; the act of storming
by ladders ; regular gradation, a regular series rising
like a ladder ; a figure subdivided by lines like the steps
ofa ladder, which is used to measure proportions be-
tween pictures and the thing represented : the series of
harmonick or musical proportions; any thing marked
at equal distances.
To Scale, skale, v. a. To climb as by ladders ; to
measure or compare, to weigh j to t-ake otf in a thin la-
mina; to pare off a surface.
To Scale, skile, v. n. To peel off in thin
particles.
Scaled, skAld, a. 359. Squamous, having scales
like fishes.
Scalene, sk^-lene{ S. In Geometry, a triangle
that has three sides unequal to each other.
ScalINESS, ska-le-nes, S. Tlie state of being scaly.
ScALL, skawl, S. 84. Leprosy, morbid baldness.
SCALLION, skll-yun, «. 113. A kind of onion.
Scallop, skSl-lup, *. 166. A fish with a hollow
pectinated shell.
53- This word is irregular ; for it ought to have the a in
ifie first syllable like that in tallow, but the deep sound
of a is too firmly fixed by custom to afford any expecta-
tion of a change. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Ken-
rick, Mr. Nares, and Mr. Smith, pronounce the o in the
manner I have given it, and Mr. Perry only as in tallow.
To Scallop, skM-lup, v. a. To mark on the edge
with segments of circles.
Scalp, skAlp, S. The scull, the cranium, the bone
that encloses the brain ; the integuments of the head.
To Scalp, skJlp, v. a. To deprive the scull of
its integuments.
Scalpel, skll-pel, s. An instrument used to
scrape a bone.
SCALV, sk4-l^, a. Covered with scales.
To ScAiviBLE, skim^bl, v. n. 405. To be
turbulent and rapacious, to scramble, to get by
struggling with others; to shift awkwaidly. Little
used.
Scam MONi ATE, skim-mi^nl-ite, a. 91. Made
with scammony.
SCAMMONY, skim-mi-n^, *. The name of
a plant; a concreted juice drawn from an Asiatic
plant.
To Scamper, sklm'-pur, v. n. 98. To fly with
speed and trepidation.
To Scan, skin, v. a. To examine a verse by
counting the feet ; to examine nicely.
Scandal, skin^dil, *. 88. Offence given by the
faults of others; reproachful aspersion, opprobrious
censure, infamy.
To Scandal, sk^n'-d^l, v. a. To treat op-
probriously, to charge falsely with fault's.
To Scandalize, skiii-dcVlize, v. a. To offend
by some action supposed criminal ; to reproach, to dis-
grace, to defame.
Scandalous, skln^di-lus, a. 314. Giving publick
offence; opprobrious, disgraceful; shameful, openly
vile.
Scandalously, skAn-di-lus-1^, ad. Censoriously,
opprnhriiMisly ; shamefully, ill to a degree that gives
publick offence.
Scandalousness, skinMl-lus-nes, s. The
quality of giving publick offence.
Scandalum magnatum, sk4n-di-lum mig-na-
tum, S. An offence given to a person of dignity by
opprobrious speech or writing; a wiit to recover da«
mages in such cases.
One whose trade is to saw timber into boards or beams.
Saxifrage, slk-s^-fridje, *. A plant.
SaXIFRAGOUS, sik-Slf^rS-gUS, a. Dissolvent of
the stone.
To Say, sA, v. a. 220. Pret. Said. To speak, to
utter in words, to tell } to tell in any manner.
Saying, sA-ing, s. 410. Expression, words,
opinion sententiously delivered.
Says, Sez. Third person of To Sap.
(!:> This seems to be an incorrigible deviation. 90.
Scab, skab, S. An incrustation formed over a sore
by dried matter; the itch or mange of horses; a paltry
fellow, so named from the itch.
Scabbard, sklb-burd, *. 418, The sheath of
a sword.
Scabbed, skib-bed, or skibd, a. 366. Covered
or diseased with scabs; paltry, sorry.
03- This word, like learned, blessed, and some others,
vrhen used as an adjective, is always pronounced in two
syllables, and when "a participle, in one. See Principles,
No 362.
Scabbedness, skAb^bed-nes, s. The state of
being scabbed.
SCABBINESS, sk4bib^-nls, S. The quality of being
scabby.
Scabby, skAb-bi, a. Diseased with scabs.
Scabious, ski-be-us, a. Itchy, leprous.
Scabrous, sk^-brus, a. 314. Rough, rugged,
pointed on the surface ; harsh, unmusical.
Scabwort, skib^wurt, s. A plant.
Scad, skid, S. A kind of fish ; probably the same
as Shad.
Scaffold, skiWuld, S. 1 66. A temporary gallery
or stage raised either for shows or spectators ; the gal-
lery raised for execution of peat malefactors; frames
of timber erected on the side of a building for tlie
workmen.
SCAFFOLDAGE, skif-ful-dldje, S. 90. Gallerj',
hollow floor.
Scaffolding, skif-ful-dnig, s. 410. Building
slightly erected
Scalade, ski-ladej 1
Scalado, ski-la^dA, J
A storm given to a place by raising ladders against the
walls. — See Lnmbago.
ScALARY, skil-i-re, a. Proceeding by steps like
th<ise of a ladder.
To Scald, skald, v. a. 84. To burn with hot
li<luor,
463
SCA SCH
nSr 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— -pound 313— fAin 466, this 469.
Scansion, sk^n-shun, *. The act or practice of
scanning a verse.
To Scant, skltnt, v. a. To limit, to straiten.
Scant, skint, a. Parsimonious j less tlian wiiat is
proper or competent.
Scantily, sklniti-le, ad. .Sparingly, niggardly 5
narrowly.
Scantiness, skstn-te-nes, s. Narrowness, want of
space; want of amplitude or greatness.
SCANTLET, skint-let, S. A small pattern, a small
quanlity, a little piece.
Scantling, skint'-ling, s. 410. A quantity cut
for a particular purpose; a certain proportion; a small
quantity.
SCANTLY, sktnt-le, ad. Scarcely; narrowly,
penurionsly.
ScaNTNESS, skant-lies, *. Narrowness, meanness,
smalhiess.
Scanty, skin-t^, a. Narrow, small, short of
sufiicient quantity ; sparing, niggardly.
To Scape, skipe, v. a. To escape, to shun, to fly.
To Scape, skipe, v. n. To get away from hurt or
danger.
Scape, skape, S. Escape, flight from hurt or
danger; negligent freak ; loose act of vice or lewdness.
Scapula, sklp-u-li, s. 92. The shoulder-blade.
SCAPULARY, skip-i-li-r^, a. Relating or belong-
ing to the shoulders.
Scar, skar, s. 78. A mark made by hurt or fire,
a cicatrix.
To Scar, skir, v. a. To mark as with a sore or
wound.
Scarab, skir-ib, S. A beetle, an insect with
sheathed wings.
Scaramouch, skir-l-moutsh, s. A buffoon in
motley dress.
Scarce, skirse, a. Not plentiful ; rare, not common.
Scarce, skirse, ")
Scarcely, skarseMi, J
Hardly, scantly ; with difficulty.
Scarceness, skirse-nes, 1
Scarcity, skdr^se-te, 511./
Smalliiess nf quantity, not plenty, penury; rareness,
unfreqiiency, not commonness.
To Scare, skAre, v. a. To frighten, to terrify; to
strike with sudden fear.
Scarecrow, skare-krS, s. An image or clapper
set up to fright birds.
Scarf, skarf, S. Any thing that hangs loose upon
the shoulders or dress.
To Scarf, skirf, v. a. To throw loosely on } to
dress in any loose vesture.
Scarfskin, skarf^skin, S. The cuticle; the
epidermis.
Scarification, skir-i-fe-ki^sbun, *. Incision
of the skin with a lancet, or such like instrument.
Scarificator, skir-^-fi-ki^tur, s. One who
scarifies.
Scarifier, skir'-rl-il-ur, s. 98. He who scarifies;
the instrument with which scarifications are madp.
yo Scarify, skir'-r4-fl, «. a. 183. To let blood
by incisions of the skin, commonly after the apilica-
tion of cupping-glasses.
Scarlet, skar^-let, s. 99. A beautiful bright red
colour, cloth died with a scarlet colour.
Scarlet, skar-let, a. Of the colour of scarlet.
Scarletoak, ska.r-let-6ke{ s. The ilex, a species
of oak.
Scarp, skarp, S. The slope on that side of a ditch
which is next to a fortified place, and looks toward* the
• fields.
SCATE, skite, S. A kind of wooden shoe on which
people slide.
To SCATE, skate, v. n. To slide on skates,
463
■ad.
ScATE, skite, *. A fish of the species of thoraback,
SCATEBROUS, skit^te-brus, a. Abounding with
springs.
To ScATH, skkth, V. a. To waste, to damage, fo
destniy.
SCATH, skKtll, S. Waste, damage, mischief.
SCATHFUL, skiM-ful, a. Mischievous, destructive.
To Scatter, skit-tur, v. a. 98. To throw
loosely about, to sprinkle; to dissipate, todisperse.
To Scatter, skit-tur, v. n. To be dissipated, to
be dispersed.
SCATTERINGLY, skit-tur-ing-l^, ad. Loosely,
dispersedly.
Scavenger, skiv^in-jur, s. 98. A petty
magistrate, whose province is to keep the streets clean;
a villain, a wicked wretch.
Scenery, s^^n-er-^, s. The appearances of places
or things; the representation ol the place in which an
action is performed ; the disposition and consecution
of the scenes of a play.
Scene, S^^n, *. ' The stage, the theatre of dramatick
poetry ; the general appearance of any action, the whole
contexture of objects, a display, a series, a rej^ular
disposition; part of a play ; the place represented by
the stage; the hanging of the theatre adapted to the
ScenicK, sen-nik, a. Dramatick, theatrical.
Or^ From the general tendency of the antepenultimate
accent to shorten tlie vowel, and the particular propen-
sity to contract every vowel but u before the termination
in tea/, we find those in ic, which may be looked upon as
abbreviations of the other, preserve >he samesliortening
power with respect to the vowels which precede : and
though the word in question might plead the long sound
ot thee in the Latin scenicus, yet, if this plea were ad-
mitted, we ought for the same reasons to alter the sound
of o in comic J nor should we know where to stop. As
a plain analogy, therefore, is formed by epic, topic, tro-
pic, tonic, &c. it would be absurd to break in upon it,
under pretence of conforming to Latin quantity ; as this
would disturb our most settled usages, and quite unhinge
the language. — See Principles, No. 544.
ScENOGRAPHiCAL, slii-i-grif-fe-kil, a. Drawn
in perspective.
ScENOGRAPHiCALLY, sen-i-grif^f^-kil-^, ad.
In perspective.
SCENOGRAPHY, s^-nSg-gri-fl, *. 518. The art
of perspective.
Scent, sent, *. The power of smelling, the smell ;
the object of smell, odour good or badj chace followed
by the smell.
To Scent, sent, v. a. To smell, to perceive by the
nose; to perfume, or to imbue with odour good or bad.
Scentless, sent-les, a. Having no smell.
Sceptre, sep-tur, s. 416. The engine of royalty
borne in the hand.
Sceptred, sep-turd, a, 359. Bearing a sceptre.
Sceptick, skep-tik, s. — See Skeptick.
SCHEDIASM, sk^-de-azm, s. (From the Greek
irXfJia<r/.ia.) Cursory writing on a loose sheet.
03" This word is not in Johnson, but, from its utility,
is certainly worthy of a niche in all our other Dictionaries
as well as Ash's, where it is to be fciund. The Latins
have their Schediasma, the French have their FeiiilU
volante, and why should not the English have their Sche-
diasm, to express what is written in an extemporary way
on a loose sheet of paper, without the formality of com-
position >
Schedule, sed^jule, or sked^ule, s. A small
scroll ; a little inventory.
(t:?" In the pronunciation of this word we seem to de-
pan both from the Latin schedtila and the French s<./ie-
dule. if we follow the first, we ought to pronounce the
word skedule, 353 j if the last, schedule; but entirely
sinking the ch in schedule seems to be the prevailiii'g
mode, and too firmly fixed by custom to be altered iu
favour of either of its original words. Dr. Ken rick,
Mr. Perry, and Buchanan, pronounce it skedule ; but
Mr. Eiphinston, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Nares,
Barclay, Penning, and Shaw, sedule : thougli if we may
believe Dr. Jones, it wai pronounced skeduU in QuMH
Anne's time.
SCH
SCI
559. rite 73, far 77, fill 83, f^t 81— mJ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Sciatica, sI-^t-te-k4,T .„„
SciATicK, sUtklk, /*-2«9- The hip gout.
SciATICAL, sl-it-te-kll, a. Afflicting tlie hip.
Science, sUense, s. Knowledge; certain^
grounded on demonstration ; art attained by precepts,
or built on principles; any art or species of know-
ledge.
Sciential, sl-ln-sbal, a. Producing science.
SciENTiFiCAL, si-en-tif^fe-k4l, \
SciENTiFiCK, si-en-tif-flk, /
Producing demonstrative knowledge, producing cer-
tainty.
Scientifically, si-en-tif-fe-k4l-^, ad. In such
a manner as to produce knowledge.
Scimitar, sim^mi-tur, s. 88. A short sword
with a convex edge.
To Scintillate, sin-til-lite, v, n. To sparkle^
to emit sparks.
Scintillation, sin-til-la-shun, s. The act of
sparkli4ig, sparks emitted.
Sciolist, sl-6-list, S. One who knows things
superficially.
SciOLOUS, si-o-lus, a. Superficially or imperfectly
knowing.
SciOMACHY, sl-6m-mJl-ke, s. Battle with
a shadow. — See Monomachy.
(t^ Mr. Nares questions whether the c should not be
pronounced hard in this word, (or as it ought rather to
he schiamachy;) and if so, he says, ought we not to write
skiamacky, for tlie same reason as skeptick f I answer.
Exactly. — See Scirrhus and Skeptick.
Dr. Johnson's folio accents this word properly on the
second syllable (see Principles, No. 518) but the quarto
on tlie first.
Scion, sl-un, S. 166. A small twig taken from one
tree to be ingrafted into another. ,
Scire facias, sl-ri-fd-shis. s. A writ judicial in
law.
SciRRHUS, skir-rus, S. 109. An indurated gland.
03- This word is sometimes, but improperly, written
schirrus, witli the h in the first syllable instead of the
last ; and Bailey and penning liave given us two aspira-
tions, and spelt it schirrhus ; both of which modes ot
spelling-the word are contrary to the general analogy of
orthography ; for as the word comes from the Greek
iTxippof, the latter r only can have the aspiration, as the
first of these double letters has always the si>iril!is lenis :
and the c in the first syllable, as it arises from the Greek
K, and not the x> "" more reason can be given for plac-
ing the h after it, by spelling it schirrus, than there is for
spelling scexe from (Txriv^, schene; or sceptre from <rxrrirr(^f,
scheptre. The most correct Latin orChography confirms
this opinion, by spelling the word in question scirrAus;
and, according to the most settled analogy of our own
language, and the constant method of pronouncing
words from the Greek and Latin, the c ought to be soft
■ before the i in this word, and the first syllable should be
pronounced like the first of syr-inge, Sir-i-tis, &c.
Whatever might have been the occasion of the false
orthography of this word, its false pronunciation seems
fixed beyond recovery : and Dr. Johnson tells us it ought
to be written skirrhus, not merely because it comes from
a-xip'po;, but because c in English has before e and i the
sound of s. Dr. Johnson is the last man that 1 should
have suspected of giving this advice. What ! because
a false orthography has obtained, and a false pronuncia-
tion in consequence of it, must both these errours be con-
firmed by a still grosser departure from analogy ? A little
reflection on the consequences of so pernicious a practice
would, I doubt not, have made Dr. Johnson retract his
advice. While a true orthography remains, there is some
hope that a false pronunciation may be reclaimed; but
when once the orthography is altered, pronunciation is
incorrigible; and we inust bow to the tyrant, however
false may be his title.— See Principles, No. 350, and the
word Skeptick.
Mr. Sheridan pronounces this word skirrous; Mr. Scott,
Mr. Perry, and W. Johnston, have omitted it; neither
Dr. Kenrick, nor Buchanan, take any notice of the
sound of c, and, according to them, it might be pro-
nounced s; but Barclay writes it to be pronounced
sitiTrus.
Scirrhous, skir^rus, a, 314. Having a gland
indurated.^
Scheme, skiJme, S. 353. A plan, a combination
of various tilings into one view, design, or purpose;
a project, a contrivance, a design ; a representation of
the aspects of the celestial bodies, any lineal or mathe-
matical diagram.
Schemer, ske-mur, s. 98. A projector, a con-
triver.
SCHESIS, ske-SlS, S. A habitude, the relative state
of a thiog, with respect to other things 5 a rhetorical
figure, in whieh a supposed affection or inclination of
the adversary is introduced in order to be exposed.
Schism, Sizm, S, a separation or division in the
church.
(fcS- Tlie common pronnnciation of thi» word Is con-
trary to every rule for pronouncing words from the
learned languages, and ought to be altered. Ch in
English words, coming from the Greek words with x>
ought always to be pronounced like A;; and I believe the
word in question is almost the only exception throughout
the language. However strange, therefore, skizm, may
sound, it IS the only true and analogical pronunciation ;
and we might as well pronounce scheme, seme, as schism,
sizm there being exactly the same reason for both. But
when once a false pronunciation is fixed as this is, it re-
quires some daring spirit to begin the reformation : but
when once begun, as it has, what seldom happens, truth,
novelty, and the appearance of Greek erudition on its
side, there is no doubt of its success. Whatever, t4iere-
fore, may be the fate of its pronunciation, it ought still
to retain its spelling. This must be held sacred, or the
whole language will be metamorphosed : for the very
same reason that induced Dr. Johnson to spell sceptick,
skeptick, ought to have made him spell schism, sizm,
and schedule, sedule. All our orthoiipists pronounce the
word as I have marked it.
SCHISMATICAL, siz-m^tite-kal, a. Implying
schism, practising schism.
SCHISMATICALLY, siz-mk^te-kSl-J, ad. In
a schismatical manner.
SCHISMATICK, Si2^mi-tik, S. One who separates
from the true church.
Scholar, sk&l-lur, s. 88. 353. One who learns
of a master, a disciple; a man of letters; a pedant,
a man of books ; one who has a lettered education.
Scholarship, skSl-lur-ship, s. Learning,
literature, knowledge; literary exhibition; exhibition
or maintenance for a scholar.
ScHOLASTICAL, sko-las-te-kil, a. Belonging to
a scholar or school.
SCHOLASTICALLY, ski-lfc'-te-kil-^, ad. Accord-
ing to the niceties or method of the schools.
SCHOLASTICK, sko-lls-tlk, a. Pertaining to the
school, practised in the schools ; befitting the school,
suitable to the school, pedanticl<.
Scholiast, sko-le-^st, s. 353 . A writer of ex-
planatory notes.
ScHOLiON, sk6'-lWn, ")
Scholium, skiM^-um, J
A note, an explanatory observation.
School, skool, s. 353. A house of discipline and
instruction ; a place of literary education ; a state of
instruction ; system of doctrine as delivered by parti-
cular teachers.
To School, skool, v. a. To instruct, to train ;
to teach with superiority, to tutor.
Schoolboy, skool-bo^, s, A boy that is in his
rudiments at school.
Schoolday, skool-di, S, Age in which youth is
kept at school.
Schoolfellow, skool-fel-lo, s. One bred at the
same school.
^CIIOOLHOUSE, skool-house, S. House of dis-
cipline and instruction.
Schoolman, skool-mSn, s. 88. One versed in
the niceties and subtiliies of academical disputation;
one skilled in the divinity of the schools.
^hoolmaster, skool-mis-tur, S, One who
presides and teaches in a school
Schoolmistress, skooUmis-tris, s, A woman
who governs a school.
464
SCO
SCR
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 5?1 299— .pSflnd 313— <7n i 466, Tins 469.
SciRRHOSlTY, Skir-r6s-s5-t5, S. An induration of
the glands.
SciSSIBLE, Sis^se-bl, a. Capable of being divided
smoothly by a sliarp edge.
SCISSILE, Sis-sil, a. 140. Capable of being cut or
divided smoothly by a sharp edge.
SCISSIOV, swh-un, S, The act of cutting.— See
Abscission,
Scissors, s\z-zurz, s. 166. A small pair of
shears, or blades moveable on a pivot, and intercept-
ing the thing to be cut,
SciSSURE, Sizh-ure, S. A crack, a rent, a fissure.
SCLAVONIA, sklit-vi^ne-a, s. 92. A province
near Turkey In Europe.
Sclavonic, skl^-v5n-ik, a. The Sciavonian
language.
SCLEROTICK, skle-rftt^ik, a. Hard, an epithet of
one of the coats of the eye.
To ScoAT, skote, \
yo Scotch, skfttsh, J
To stop a wheel by putting a stone or piece of wood
under it. N. B. The former of these words is the most
in use.
To Scoff, skSf, v. n. To treat with insolent
ridicule, to treat with contumelious language.
Scoff, skof, S. 170. Contemptuous ridicule, ex-
pression of scorn, contumelious language.
Scoffer, sk6f-fur, S. 98. insolent ridiculer,
saucy scorner, contumelious rcproaclier.
SCOFFINGLY, skSf-flOg-li, cd. In contempt, in
ridicule.
To Scold, skold, v. n. To quarrel clamorously
and rudely.— See Mould.
Scold, skold, s. A clamorous, rude, foul-mouthed
woman.
Scollop, skSl-lun, s. 166. A pectinated shell
fish.
Sconce, skSnse, *. A fort, a bulwark j the head ;
a pensile candlestick, generally with a looking-glass
to reflect the light.
7b Sconce, skSnse, v. a. To mulct, to fine.
Scoop, skoop, s. 306. A kind of large ladle,
a vessel with a long handle used to throw out liquor.
To Scoop, skoop, v. a. To lade out ; to carry off
*^n any thing hollow ; to cut hollow, or deep.
SCOOPER, skoop-ur, S, 98. One who scoops.
Scope, skope, S. Aim, intention, drift ; thmg
aimed at, mark, final end ; room, space, amplitude
of intellectual view.
ScoRBUTiCAL, skor-bu-t4-kil, ")
ScoRBUTiCK, skor-bu-tik, 509./
Diseased with the scurvy.
ScoRBUTicALLY, skof-bu-ti-kill-i, ad. With
tendency to the scurvy.
To Scorch, skortsb, v. a. 352. To bum
superficially; to burn.
To Scorch, skortsb, v. n. To be burnt
superficially, to be dried up.
ScoRDiUM, skorM4-um, or skSr-j^-uin, s. 293,
994. 376. An herb.
Score, Skore, S. A notch or long incision ; a line
drawn ; an account, which, when writing was less
common, was kept by marks on tallies; account kept
of something past; debt imputed; reason, motive;
sake, account, reason referred to someone; twenty;
a song in Score, the words with the musical notes of
a song annexed.
To Score, skore, V, a. To set down as a debt J to
impute, to charge; to mark by a line.
Scoria, ski-r^-4, S. 92. Dross, excrement.
SCORIOUS, sk6-r4-US, a. 314. Drossy recrementi-
tious.
To Scorn, skorn, V, a. To despise, to revile, to
vilify.
To Scorn, skorn, v. n. To scoff.
46S
, a. ti>
'' I
)PS, >s
3PS, J
Scorn, skorn, s. Contempt, scoff, act of contumely.
Scorner, skorn-ur, S. 98. Contemner, despiserj
scoffer, ridiculer.
Scornful, skorn-ful, a. Contemptuous, insolentj
acting ill defiance.
Scornfully, skorn-ful-l, ad. Contemptuously,
insolently.
Scorpion, skor-p^-un, S. A reptile much re-
sembling a small lobster with .'a very venomous sting j
one of the signs of the Zodiack; a scourge to called
from its cruelty; a sea fish.
Scot, skot, s. Shot, payment j Scot and lot, parish
payments.
To Scotch, skStsb, v, a. To cut with shallow
incisions.
Scotch, skitsb, a. Belonging to Scotland.
Scotch collops,
Scotch'd collops,
Scorch'd collops.
Veal cut into small pieces and fried.
(fc:?- The inspector may choose which of these he
pleases. The first is most in use, and seems nearest the
truth.
Scotch hoppers, sk6tsb-b6p-purz, s. A play
in which boys hop over lines in the ground.
SCOTOMY, sk6t-t6-m^, 5. A dizziness or swimming
in the head, causing dimness of sight.
Scoundrel, skoun-dril, s, 99- A mean rascal,
a low petty villain.
To Scour, skour, v. a. 312. To rub hard with
any thing rough, in order to clean the surface ; to
purge violently; to cleanse; to remove by scouring;
to range in orcier to catch or drive away something, to
clear away; to pass swiftly over.
To Scour, skoiir, v. n. To perform the office ot
cleaning domestick utensils; to clean; to be purged
or lax; to rove, to range ; to run here and there; to
run with great eagerness and swiftness, to scamper.
Scourer, skour-ur, S. One that cleans by rubbing j
a purge ; one who runs swifily.
Scourge, skui-je, s. 314. A whip, a lash, an
instrument of discipline; a punishment, a vindictivs
affliction; one that afflicts, harasses, or destroys;
a whip for a top.
To Scourge, skurje, v. a. To lash with a whip,
to whip ; to punish, to chastise, to chasten, to casti-
Scourger, skur-jur, s. 98. One that scourges,
a punishcr or chastiser.
Scout, skoiit, s. 312. One who is sent privily
to observe the motions of the enemy.
To Scout, skout, v, n. To go out in order to ob-
serve the motions of an enemy privately.
(Ky» This word has been used latterly as a verb active
in a very different sense, and in better company than
one could have imagined. This sense, when applied to
principles or opinions, is that of reprobating or despising;
and we sometimes find, in parliamentary speeches, that
certain opinions or principles are scouted; still, how-
ever, with me, it passed for irreptitious and demi-
vulgar, till ] found it used by one of the guardians of
language as well as of religion and politicks, the Anti-
Jacobin Review. " The first is the admirable and judi-
cious Hooker; who scouts the opinion of those, who,
because the names of all church otlirers are words of re-
lation, because a shepherd must have his flock, a tea-
cher his scholars, a minister his company which he mi-
nistereth unto, therefore suppose that no man should be
ordained a minister but for some particular congregation,
and unless he be tied to some ceriain parish. ' Perceive
' they not,' says lie, ' how by this means, they niake it
« unlawful for the church to employ men at all in con-
' verting nations?' "
To Scowl, skSul, v. n. To frown, to pout, to
look angry, sour and sullen.
Scowl, skoul, S. 322. Look of suUenness or dis
content, gloom.
SCOWLINGLY, skoul-ing-le, ad. With a frown-
ing and sullen look.
To Scrabble, skrib-bl, v. n. 405. To paw with
the bands.
Uii
SCR
SCR
559. Fite 73, far 77, fill 83, ^t 81— m4 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Scrag, skrig, *. Any thing thin or lean.
Scragged, skr^-ged, a. 366. Rough, uneven,
full of protuberances or asperities.
SCRAGGEDNESS, skr%^ged-nes,"l
ScRAGGiNESS, skr%-g^-nes, /
Leanness, unevenness, roughness, ruggedness.
Scraggy, skrlg^ge, a. 383. Lean, thin j rough,
rugged.
7'o Scramble, skrim-bl, v. n. To catch at any
thing eagerly and tiimnltuously with the hands, to
catch with haste, preventive of another; to climb by
the help of the hantts.
Scramble, skrim'-bl, s. 405. Eager contest for
something ; act of climbing by the help of the hands.
Scrambler, skr4mibl-ur, *. 98. One that
scrambles; one that climbs by the help of the hands.
To SCRANCH, skransh, v, a. To grind somewhat
crackling between the teeth.
Scrannel, skr^n-nil, a. 99- Grating by the
sound.
Scrap, skrip, *. A small particle, a little piece,
a fragment ; crumb, small particles of meat left at the
table; a small piece of paper.
To Scrape, skrApe, v. a. To deprive of the
surface by the light action of a sharp instrument ; to
take away by scraping, to erase; to act upon any sur-
face with a harsh noise ; to gather by great efforts or
penurious or trifling diligence ; to Scrape acquaintance,
a low phrase, to curry favour, or insinuate into one's
familiarity.
To Scrape, skripe, v. n. To make a harsh
noise; to play ill on a fiddle.
Scrape, skripe, f. Difficulty, perplexity, distress;
an awkward bow.
Scraper, skri-pur, *. 98. Instrument with
which any thing is scraped ; a miser, a man intent on
getting money, a scrape|ienny ; a vile fiddler.
To Scratch, skratsh, v. a. To tear or mark with
slight incisions ragged and uneven ; to tear with the
nails; to wound slightly; to hurt slightly with any
thing pointed or keen ; to rub with the nails; to write
or draw awkwardly.
Scratch, skritsh, S. An incision ragged and
shallow ; laceration with the nails ; a slight wound.
SCBATCHER, skr^tsh-ur, *. 98. He who scratches.
Scratches, skr^tsh^iz, s. 99. Cracked ulcers or
scabs in a horse's foot.
ScRATCHiNGLY, skfitsh^lng-li, ad. With the
actiiui uf scra'cliing.
SCRAW, skraw, s. 219. Surface or scurf.
To Scrawl, skrawl, v. a. 219. To draw or
mark irregularly or clumsily; to write unskilfully and
inelegantly.
Scrawl, skrawl, s. Unskilful and inelegant
writing.
ScrawLER, skriwl-ur, *. A clumsy and inelegant
writer.
SCRAY, skri, S. 220. A bird called a sea-swallow.
Tb Screak, skreke, f. w. 227- To make a shrill
or harsh noise.
To Scream, skr^me, v. n. 227. To cry out
shrilly, as in terrour or agony.
Scream, skr^me, s. A shrill quick loud cry of
terrour or pain.
To Screech, skr^etsh, v. n. 246. To cry out
as in terrour or anguish ; to cry as a night owl.
SCREECHOWL, skre^tsh-oul, «. An owl that
hoots in the night, and whose voice is supposed to be-
token danger, or death.
Screen, skrien, S. 246. Any thing that affords
shelter or concealment; any thing used to exclude
cold or light ; a riddle to sift sand.
To Screen, skreen, v. a. To shelter, to conceal,
to hide; to sift, to riddle.
Screw, skroo, *. 265. One of the mechanical
powers ; a kind of twisted pin or nail wliich enters by
turning,
466
To Screw, skroo, v. a. To turn by a screw 5 to
fasten with a screw; to deform by contortions; to
force, to bring by violence; to squeeze, to press; to
oppress by ex.tortion.
To Scribble, skrib-bl, v. a. 405. To fill with
artless or worthless writing; to write without use or
elegance.
To Scribble, skrib-bl, v. n. To write without
care or beauty.
Scribble, skrib-bl, s. Worthless writing.
Scribbler, skrib^bl-itr, *, 98. A petty aitthor,
a writer without worth.
Scribe, skrlbe, *. A writer; a public notary.
SCRIMER, skri-mur, *. 98. A gladiator. Not in
use.
Scrip, sknp, s. A small bag, a satchel ; a schedule,
a small writing.
Scrippage, skrip'pidje, *. 90. That wliich is
contained in a scrip.
Scriptory, skripitur-^, a. 512. Written, not
orally delivered. — See Domestick.
Scriptural, skr!pitshi-r4l, a. Contained in
the Bible, biblical.
Scripture, skrip-tshure, *. 461. Writing}
sacred writing, the Bible.
Scrivener, skriv-nur,*. One who draws contracts}
one whose business is to place money at interest.
K5» This word is irrecoveraiyly contracted into two
syllables. — See Clef and Nominative.
Scrofula, skr4f-u-l4, s. 92. A depravation of
the humours of the body, which breaks out in sores
commonly called the king's evil.
Scrofulous, skrSf-u-lus, a. 314. Diseased with
the scrofula.
Scroll, skrile, s. 406. A writing rolled up.
SOROYLE, skroel, *. A mean fellow, a rascal,
a wretch.
To Scrub, skrub, v. a. To mh hard with some-
thing coarse and rough.
Scrub, skrub,*. A mean fellow; any thing mean
or despicable.
Scrubbed, skrub-bid, 366.")
Scrubby, skrub^bi', J
Mean, vile, worthless, dirty, sorry.
Scruff, skruf, s.
S3- This word, by a metathesis usual in pronuncia-
tion. Dr. Johnson supposes to be the same with scurf.
Scruple, skroo-pl, s. 339. 405. Doubt ; per-
plexity, generally about minute things ; twenty grains,
the third part of a dram ; proverbially any small quan-
tity.
To Scruple, skroo-pl, v.
hesitate.
To doubt, tc
A doubter, one
ScRUPLER, skroo-pl-ur, s. 98.
who has scruples.
Scrupulosity, skroo-pia-lSs-l-tl, *. Doubt,
minute and nice doubtfulness ; fear of acting in any
manner, tenderness of conscience.
Scrupulous, skroo^pu-lus, a. 314. Nicely
doubtful, hard to satisfy in determinations of con-
science; given to objections, captious; cautious.
Scrupulously, skroo-pu-lus-le, ad. Carefully,
nicely, anxiously.
Scrupulousness, skroo-pu-lus-nes, s. The
state of being scrupulous.
Scrutable, skroo-t^-bl, a. 405. Discoverable
by inquiry.
SCRUTATION, skroo-ta-shun, *, Search, examina-
tion, inquiry.
Scrutator, skroo-ti'tar, s. 166. Inquirer,
searcher, ex;imitier.
SCRUThVOUS, skroo-tin-US, a. Captious, full o!
inquiries.
Scrutiny, skroo-t^-ne, s. 339. Inquiry, seiuch,
examination.
SCIJ
SEA
nor 167, n$tl63— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^/an 466, this 4G9.
To Scrutinize, skroo-tin-ize, v. a. To searcn,
to examine.
SCRUTOIRE, skroo-t6reJ s. A case of drawers for
writing.
yb Scud, skud, v. n. To fly, to run away with
precipitation.
To SCUDDLE, skud-dl, V. n. To ruij with a kind
of affected haste or precipitation.
Scuffle, skuf^fl, *. 405. A confused quarrel,
a tumultuous broil.
To Scuffle, skuf^fl, v. n. To fight confusedly
and tumultuously.
To SCULK, skulk, V, n. To lurk in hiding places,
to lie close.
SCULKER, skulk-ur, S. 98. A lurker, one that
hides himself for shame or mischief.
ScULL, skul, S. The bone which incases and defends
the brain, the arched bone of the head; a small boat,
a cockboat ; one who rows a cockboat ; a shoal of fish,
SCULLCAP, skul-kJp, *. A headpiece.
Sculler, skul-lur, *. 98. a cockboat, a boat in
which there is but one rower j one that rows a cock-
boat.
Scullery, skul-lur-e, S. The place where common
utensils, as kettles or dishes, are cleaned and Itept.
Scullion, skul-yun, *. 113. The lowest domestick
servant, that washes the kettles and the dishes in the
kitchen.
SCULFTILE, skulp-tll, a. 140. Made by carving.
Sculptor, skulp-tur, s. 166. A carver, one who
cuts wood or stone into images.
Sculpture, skulp-tshijre, s. 461. The art of
carving wood, or hewing stone into images; carved
work; the act of engraving.
To Sculpture, skulp-tshure, v. a. To cut, to
engrave.
Scum, skum, S. That which rises to the top of any
liquor; the dross, the refuse, the recrement.
To Scum, skuni, v. a. To clear off the scum.
ScuMMER, skum^miir, *, 98. A vessel with
which liquor is scummed.
Scupper holes, skup^pur, *. 98. In a ship,
small holes on the deck, through which water is carried
into the sea.
Scurf, skurf, *. A kind of dry miliary scab ; soil
or stain adherent ; any thing sticking on the surface,
ScurfiNESS, skurf-^-nes, *. The state of being
scurfy,
SCURRIL, skur-nl, a. Low, mean, grossly, oppro-
brious.
Scurrility, skur-ril-i-ti, s. Crossness of
reproach ; low abuse.
Scurrilous, skuriril-us, a. 314. Grossly op-
probrious, using such language as only the license of
a buffoon can warrant.
ScuRRiLOUSLY, skur-ril-us-1^, ad. With gross
reproach, with low buffoonery.
SCURVILY, skur-V^-1^, ad. Vilely, basely, coarsely.
Scurvy, skur-ve, S. A distemper of the inhabitants
of cold countries, and among those who inhabit marshy,
fat, low, moist soils.
Scurvy, skur-vJ, a. Scabbed, diseased with the
scurvy; vile, worthless, contemptible.
SCURVYGRASS, ^ur'-vh-gt^, S. The spoonwort.
Scut, skut, s. The tail of those animals whose tails
are very short.
SCUTAGE, skuitadje, f. 90. Shield money. A tax
formerly granted to the king for an expedition to the
Holy Land.
Scutcheon, skutshiin, *, 259. The shield
represented in heraldry,
SCUTIFORM, sku-te-form, a. Shaped like a shield.
Scuttle, skut^tl, s, 405. a wide shallow
basket; a small grate; a quick pace, a short run,
a pace of affected precipitation,
467
To run with affectei
This con
To Scuttle, skut-tl, v. n.
precipitation.
To 'SdeIGN, zdinp, V, a. To disdain,
traction is obsolete.
Sea, se, s. The ocean, the water opposed to the
land; a collection of water, a lake; proverbially far
any large quantity ; any thing rough and tempestuous
half Seas over, half drunk.
Seabeat, se-b^te, a. Dashed by the waves of the
sea.
SeaboAT, sMbite, s. Vessel capable to bear the tea.
Seaborn, se-boru, a. Bom of the sea, produced
by the sea.
Seaboy, se-boe, s. Boy employed on shipboard,
Seabreach, se-bretsh, s. Irruption of the sea by
breaking the banks.
Seabreeze, s^-breze, s. Wind blowing from the
sea.
SeaBUILT, se-bilt, a. Built for the sea.
Seaholly, s^-hftl-i, S. A plant,
Seacalf, sJ-kafJ s. The seal,
Seacap, se-kap, s. Cap made to be worn on ship-
board,
SeacHART, si-kirt{ S. Map on which only the
coasts are delineated. — See Chart.
SeACOAL, S^-kile, *, Coal so called, because
brought to London by sea,
Seacoast, s^-k6ste{ s. Shore, edge of the sea.
SeacompaSS, S^-kum-p^S, S. The card and needle
of mariners,
SeACOW, s4-k8uj S. The manatee, a very bulky
animal, of the cetaceous kind.
Seadog, se-dt^gj *. Perhaps the shark.
Seafarer, s^-fi-rur, s. A traveller by sea,
a mariner.
Seafaring, se-fa-nng, a. 410. Travelling by sea.
Seafennel, se-fen-nil, s. 99. The same with
Samphire, which see,
Seafight, s4-flte{ s. Battle of ships, battle on the
A bird that lives ht sea
Girded or encircled by tbe
Seafowl, se-foul{ s.
Seagirt, si-gert, a.
!>ea,
Seagreen, se-gr^^n, a. Resembling the colourof
the distant sea, cerulean.
Seagull, s4-gul{ s. A sea bird,
Seahedgehog, se-hedje-h6g, *. A kind of sea
shellfish.
SEAHOG, si-hftg{ s. The porpus.
Seahorse, S^-borse{ S. The seahorse is a fish of
a very singular form, it is about four or five inches in
length, and nearly half an inch in diameter in the
broadest part; the morse; by the seahorse Dryden
means the hippopotamus.
Seamaid, s^-made, *, Mermaid,
Seaman, S^-m4n, S. 88, A sailor, a navigator,
a mariner; merman, the male of the mcrmaii!.
Seamark, s^-tnark, s. A point or conspicuous place
distinguished at sea.
SeAMEW, sJ-mijJ *. A fowl that frequents the sea".
SeAMONSTER, S^-m8ns-tur, *. A strange animal
of the sea.
SeANYMPH, S^-mmf^ *, A goddess of the sea,
Seaonion, se-iin-yun, s. An herb.
Seaooze, s^-oozej *. The mud in the sea or shore.
Seapiece, se-peese, *, A picture representing any
thing at sea.
Seapool, se-pool, *. A lake of salt wattr. .
Seaport, si'-pirt, s. A harbour.
SeaRISQUE, se-risk, *, Hazard at sea.
Seauocket st^iokMut, S, A plant.
SEA SEC
(t5- 559. Fate 73, (ki 77, filU 83, fSt 81— mi ps/met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
SeAROOM, se-room, s. Open .ea, spacious main.
Searover, s^-r6-vur, s. A pirate.
Seaserpent, s^-ser-pent, *. A serpent generated
in the water.
SeASERVICE, s5-ser-vis, S. Naval war.
Seashark, S^-shark{ S. A ravenous sea fish.
SeashELL, sl-shelj s. A shell found on the shore.
Seashore, s^-shirej s. The coast of the sea.
Seasick, S^-slk, a. sick, as new voyagers on the
sea.
Seaside, sl-sldej s. Tlie edge of the sea.
SeasurgEON, si-sur-jun, S. A chirurgeon employed
on shipboard.
Seaterm, si-term, S. Word of art used by the
seamen.
Seawater, si-wa-tur, s. The salt water of the sea.
Seal, s^Ie, s. 227. Tiie seacalf.
Seal, selfi, s. A stamp engraved with a particular
impression, which is fixed upon the wax that closes
letters, or affixed as a testimony ; the impression made
in wax; any act of confirmation.
To Seal, sJle, v. a. To fasten with a seal ; to
confirm or attest by a seal ; to confirm, to ratify, to
settle; to shut, to close; to mark with a stamp.
To Seal, s4le, v, U. To fix a seal.
Sealer, si-lur, s. 98. One who seals.
Sealingwax, si^ling-wiks, s. Hard wax used
to seal letters.
Seam, sime, S. 227. The edge of cloth where the
threads are doubled, the suture where the two edges
are sewed together; the juncture of planks in a ship ;
a cicatrix, a scar; grease, hog's lard. In this last sense
not used.
To Seam, sime, V, a. To join together by suture
or otherwise ; to mark, to scar with a long cicatrix.
Seamless, sime-les, a. Having no seam.
Seamstress, sem^stres, «. 234. 515. A woman
whose trade is to sew.
Seamy, se-me, a. Having a seam, showing the
seam.
Sear, sire, a. 227. Dry, not any longer green.
To Sear, sire, v. a. To burn, to cauterize.
Searce, seise, s. 234. A fine sieve or bolter.
To Searce, serse, v. a. To sift finely.
Sear CLOTH, sire-klftM, s, A plaster, a large
plaster.
To Search, sertsh, v. a. 234. To examine, to
try, to explore, to look through ; to inquire, to seek ;
to probe as a chirurgeon ; to search out, to find by
seeking.
To Search, sertsh, v. n. To make a search ; to
make inquiry ; to seek, to try to find.
Search, sertsh, S. Inquiry by looking into every
suspected place ; inquiry, examination, act of seek-
ing; quest, pursuit.
Searcher, sertsh-ur, S. Examiner, inquirer,
trier; officer in London appointed to examine the
bodies of the dead, and report the cause of death.
Season, si-zn, s. 227. 443. One of the four
parts of the year. Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter ;
a time as distinguished from others; a fit time, an
opportune concurrence; a time not very long; that
which gives a high relish.
To Season, si-zn, v. a. 170. To mix with food
any thing that gives a high relish ; to give a relish to ;
to qualify by admixture of another ingredient ; to im-
bue, to tinge or taint j to fit for any use by time or
habit, to mature.
To Season, se^zn, v. n. To be mature, to grow fit
for any purpose.
Seasonable, se-zn-i-bl, a. 405. Opportune,
happening or done at a proper time.
SeasonablenesS, se-zn-a-bl-nes, S. Opportune-
ness of time; propriety with regard to time.
46'2
Seasonably, si^zn-J-bli, ad. Properly with
respect to time.
Seasoner, si-zn-ur, *. 98. He who seasons or
gives a relish to any thing.
Seasoning, se'zn-ing, s. 410. That which is
added to any thing to give it a relish.
Seat, site, s. 227. a chair, bench, or any thing
on which one may sit ; a chair of state; tribunal ; man-
sion, abode ; situation, site.
To Seat, site, v. a. To place on seats ; to cause
to sit down ; to place in a post of authority, or place
of distinction ; to fix in any particular place or situa-
tion, to settle; to fix, to place firm.
Seaward, si^ward, ad. 88. Towards the sea.
Secant, si^k^nt, S. In Geometry, the right line
drawn from the centre of a circle, cutting and meeting
with another line called the tangent without it.
To Secede, si-siid{ v. n. To withdraw from
fellowship in any affair.
Seceder, si-siid-ur, s. 98. One who discovers
his disapprobation of any proceedings by withdrawing
himself.
Secern, si-serni v. a. To separate finer from
grosser matter, to make the separation of substances in
the body.
Secession, si-sesh^un, S. The act of departing \
the act of withdrawing from councils or actions.
To Seclude, si-klude( v. a. To confine from,
to shut up apart, to exclude.
Second, sek^kund, *. 166. The next in order to
the first ; the ordinal of two; next in value or dignity,
inferior.
Second-hand, sek^kuud-hand, 525. Possession
received from the first possessor.
Second, sek-kund, s. One who accompanies
another in a duel, to direct or defend hini; one who
supports or maintains ; the sixtieth part of a minute.
To Second, sek-kund, v. a. To support, to
forward, to assist, to come m after the act as a main-
taincr ; to follow in the next place.
Second-sight, sek-kund-sltej s. The power » f
seeing things future, or things distant: supposed in-
herent in some of the Scottish islanders.
Secondarily, sek^kun-di-ri-li, ad. In the
second degree, in the second order.
Secondariness, sek-kun-di-ri-nes, s. The state
of being secondary.
Secondary, sekikun-d^-ri, a. Not primarj',
not of the first rate ; acting by transmission or deputa-
tion.
Secondary, sek-kun-d^-ri, s. A delegate,
a deputy.
Secondly, sekikund-li, ad. In the second
place.
Secondrate, sekikund-rite, s. The second
order in dignity or value ; it is sometimes used adjec-
tively.
Secrecy, si-kri-si, S. Privacy, state of being
hidden ; solitude, retirement ; forbearance of dis-
covery ; fidelity to a secret, taciturnity inviolate, close
silence.
Secret, si-krit, a. 99. Kept hidden, not
revealed ; retired, private, unseen ; faithful to a secret
intrusted; privv, obscene.
Secret, si-krit, S. Something studiously hidden;
a thing unknown, something not yet discovered
privacy, secrecy.
Secretariship, sek^kri-tJ-re-ship, s. The
office of a secretary.
Secretary, sek^kri-t^-ri, s. One intrusted
with the management of business, one who writes for
another.
To Secrete, si-critej v, a. To put aside, to
hide ; in the animal economy, to secern, to separate.
Secretion, si-kri-shun, s. The part of tin
animal economy that consists in separating the various
fluids of the body ; the fluid secreted.
Secretitious, sek-ri-tish^us, a, 530. Parted
by animal secretion.
SED SEE
n3r 167, ntt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3!l 299— p^nnd 313— thin 468, this 469.
SecRETIST, S^ikr^-tist, s. A dealer in secrets.
Secretly, se-knt-l^, ad. Privately, privily, not
openly, not publickly.
Secretness, s^-krit-nes, *. state of being
hidden ; quality of keeping a secret.
Secretorv, se-kr4itur4, a. 512. Performing
the nfiice of secretion.
Sect, sekt, S. A body of men following some
particular master, or united in some tenets.
SectARISM, sek-ti-mm, S. Disposition to petty
sects in opposition to things established.
Sectary, Sek-t4-r5, S. One who divides from
publick establishment, and joins with those distin-
guished by some particular whims ; a follower, a pupil.
Sectator, sek-td^tur, s. 521. A follower, an
imitator, a disciple.
Section, sek'sbun, s. The act of cutting or
dividing; a part divided from the rest; a small and
distinct part of a writing or book.
Sector, sekitur, S. 166. A mathematical instru-
ment for laying down or measuring angles.
Secular, sek^ku lur, a. 88. Not spiritual,
relating to affairs of the present world ; in the Church
of Home, not bound by monastick rules j happening
or coming once in a century.
Sec CLARITY, sek-ki- lAr-^-t^, *. Worldliness,
attention to the things of the present life.
To Secularize, sek^ku-l^-rize, v. a. To convert
from spiritual appropriations to common use; to make
worldly.
Secularly, sek^ki-lur-le, ad. In a worldly
manner.
Secularness, sekiku-lur-nes, s. Worldlmess.
Secundine, sek^kun-dlne, s. 149. Tlie membrane
in which the embryo is wrapped, the after-birth.
Secure, S^-kureJ a. Free from fear, easy, assured ;
careless, wanting caution; free from danger, safe.
Tb Secure, s^-kure{ v. a. To make certain, lo
put out of hazard, to ascertain; to protect, to make
safe; to ensure; to make fast.
Securely, s4-kure-l^, ad. Without fear, with-
out danger, safely.
Securement, s4-kureiment, s. The cause of
safety, protection, defence.
Security, S^-ku^re-ti, s. Carelesness, freedom
from fear; confidence, want of vigilance ; protection,
defence ; any thing given as a pledge or caution ; en-
surance; safety, certainty.
Sedan, sd-d^Il^ S. A kind of portable coach,
a chair.
Sedate, se-dAteJ a. Calm, unruffled, serene.
Sedately, s^-diteile, ad. Calmly, without di».
turbance.
SedATBNESS, s5-d^te-nes, S. Calmness, tran-
quillity.
Sedentariness, sed-den-ti-rJ-nes, s. ' The state
of being sedentary, inactivity.
Sedentary, sed^den-t^-r^, o. Passed in sitting
still, wanting motion or action ; torpid, inactive.
C^ We sometimes hear this word with the accent on
the second syllable; but I find this pronunciation only
in Buchanan. Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
W. Johnston, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, Bailey,
Barclay, penning, Entick, and Smitli, place the accent
on the first syllable.
Sedge, sedje, s. A growth of narrow flags,
a narrow flag.
Sedgy, sed-ji, a. Overgrown with narrow flags.
Sediment, sed-^-ment, s. That which subsides or
settles at the bottom.
Sedition, s^-dish-un, s. A tumult, an insurrec-
lion, a popular coinmntion.
Seditious, si-dlshJ-us, a. Factious with tumult,
turbulent.
Seditiously, sl-dish-us-lJ, ad, Tumultuously,
witli I'actioug tuibulence.
469
Seditiousness, s^-dish^us-nes, s. Turbulence^
disposition to sedition.
To Seduce, S^-duse,' v. a. To draw aside from
the right, to tempt, to corrupt, to deprave, to mis-
lead, to deceive.
Seducement, s5-duseiment, s. Practice of
seduction, art or means used in order to seduce.
Seducer, s^-tluisur, s. 93. One who draws aside
from the right, a tempter, a corrupter.
SeduCIBLE, s5-duis^-bl, a. 405. Corruptible,
capable of being drawn aside.
Seduction, si-duk-shun, s. The act of seducing,
the act of drawing aside.
Sedulity, s^-di'-l^-t^, s. Diligent assiduity,
laboriousness, industry, application.
Sedulous, sed^u-lus, or sed'-ju-!us, a. 293,
294. 376. Assiduous, industrious, laborious, diligent,
painful.
Sedulously, sedidu-lus-le, ad. Assiduously,
industriously, laboriously, diligently, painfully.
SedULOUSNESS, sed-du-lus-nes, S. Assiduity,
assiduousness, industry, diligence.
See, S^e, s. 246. The seat of episcopal power, the
diocess of a bishop.
To See, skk, v, a. To perceive by the eye ; to
observe, to find; to discover, to descry ; to converse
with.
To See, sl^, v. n. To have the power of sight, to
have by the eye perception of things distant ; to dis-
cern without deception ; to inquire, to distinguish; to
be attentive; to scheme, to contrive.
See, skk, interj. Lo, look I
Seed, s^ed, s. 246. The organized particle pro-
duced by plants and animals, from which new plants
and animals are generated; first principle, original ,
principle of production; progeny, offspring; race,
generation.
To Seed, s^ed, v. n. To grow to perfect maturity
so as to shed the seed.
Seedcake, S^ed-kAke, s. A sweet cake interspersed
with warm aromatick seeds.
Seedlip, seed-lip, 1
Seedlop, seed-lop, J
A vessel in which the sower carries his seed.
SeeDPEARL, S^^d-perli S. Small grains of pearis.
SeEDPLOT, S^ed-pl6t, *. The ground on which
plants are sowed to be afterwards transplanted.
Seedtime, s^^d-tlme, S. The season of sowing.
Seedling, s^ed-ling, *. 410. A young plant just
risen from the seed.
Seedsman, se^dz^ra^n, *. 88. Tlie sower, li«
that scatters the seed.
Seedy, seed-e, a. 182. Abounding with seed.
Seeing, s^^-ing, s. 410. sight, vision.
Seeing, sei-ing', "1 •
Seeing that, s^i-ing Tnit, J •''
since, it being so that.
To Seek, siik, v. a. Pret. Sought. Part. pass.
Sought. To look for, to searcli for; to solicit, to en-
deavour to gain; to go to find; to pursue by secret
machinations.
To Seek, sJ^k, v. n. 246. To make search, to
make inquiry; to endeavour; to make pursuit; to
apply to, to use solicitation ; to endeavour after.
Seeker, se^k'ur, s. 98. One who seeks, an
inquirer.
To Seel, skl\, v. a. 246. To close the eyes.
A term of Falconry, the eyes of a wild or haggard hawk
being for a time seeled.
To Seem, si^m, v. n. 246. To appear, to make
a show; to have semblance; to have the appearance or
truth; it Seems, there is an appearance, though no
reality ; it is sometimes a slight affirmation, it appears
to be.
Seemer, s^^m'Sr, S, 98. , One that carries an
appearance.
SEL
SEM
6^559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, f4t8I— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164.,
Seeming, shkm-ing, S. 410. Appearance, show,
semblance; fair appearance; opinion.
Seemingly, seem-iiig-1^, ad. In appearance, in
show, in semblance.
Seemingness, seem-ing-nes, s. Plausibility,
fair appearance.
Seemliness, s^^m-l^-nes, 5. Decency, handsome-
" liess, comeliness, grace, beauty.
Seemly, se^m-le, a. 182. Decent, becoming,
proper, fit.
Seemly, seem-1^, ad. In a decent manner, in
a proper manner.
Seen, s^en, a. 246. skilled, versed.
Seer, s^er, S. One who sees J a prophet, one who
foresees future events.
SeeRWOOD, S^^r-W&d, S. Dry wood. — See Sear-
wood,
Seesaw, s^-saw, s. A reciprocating motion.
To Seesaw, se-saw, v. n. To move with a reci-
procating motion.
To Seeth, seeTH, v. a. 246. To boil, to decoct
in hot liquor.
To Seeth, s^ern, v. n. 467. To he in a state of
ebullition, to be hot.
Seeth er, s^^th^uf, s. 98. A boiler, a pot.
Segment, se^-ment, s. A figure contained between
a chord and an arch of the circle, or so much of the
circle as is cut off by that chord.
7'o Segregate, seg-gr^-gite, v, a. To »et
apart, to separate from others. 91.
Segregation, seg-gr^-gi-shun, s. Separation
from otheis.
Seigneurial, s4-nu're-il, a. 250. Invested
with large pnwcrs, independent.
Seignior, sene-yiu-, s. 166. a lord. The title
of honour given by Italians.
Seigniory, sene-yur-r^, s. 113. A lordship,
a territory.
Seignorage, s^ne^yur-idje, s. 90. Authority,
acknowledgment of power.
To Seignorize, s^neiyur-ize, v. a. To lord over.
Seine, s^ne, s. A net used in fishing.
To Seize, seze, v. a. 250. To take possession of,
to grasp, to lay hold on, to fasten on ; to take forcible
possession of by law.
To Seize, s^ze, v. n. To fix the grasp or the
power on any thing.
Seizin, se'zin, S. The act of taking possession ;
the things possessed.
Seizure, sl^zhure, *. 450. The act of seizing ,
the thing seized ; the act of taking forcible possession ;
gripe, possession; catch.
Seldom, sel-dum, ad. 166. Rarely, not often.
SeldomneSS, sel-rlum-nes, S. Uncommonness,
rareness.
To Select, sJ-lektJ v. a. To choose in preference
to others rejected.
Select, si-lektj a. Nicely chosen, choice, culled
out on account of superiour excellence.
Selection, s^-lek^shun, s. Tiie act of culling or
choosing, choice.
Selectness, s^-lekt-nes, S. The state of being
select.
Selector, sJ-lek-tur, *. 166. He who selects.
Selenography, sel-le-iiog-grif-l, s. 518.
A description of the moon.
Self, self, pron. Plural Selves, • Its primary
signification seems to be that of an adjective; very,
particular, this above others ; it is united both to the
personal pronouns, and to the neutral pronoun It, and
IS always added when they are used reciprocally, as,
I did not hurt Him, he hurt Himself; the people hiss
Me, but I clap Myself; compounded with Him, a pro-
noun substantive. Self is in appearance an adjective ;
joined to My, Thy, Our, Your, pronoun adjectives, it
seems a substantive ; it is much used in composition.
470
Selfish, SelP-ish, a. Attentive only to one's own
interest, void of regard for others.
Selfishness, self-isb-nes, *. Attention to his
own interest, without any regard toothers; self-love.
Selfishly, self-ish-l6, ad. With regard only to
his own interest, without love of others.
Self-same, self-sAme, a. Exactly the same.
To Sell, sell, v. a. To give for a price.
To Sell, sell, v. n. To have commerce or trafiick
with one.
Sellander, sel-lin-dur, s. 98. A dry scab in
a horse's hough or pastern.
Seller, sel-lur, s. 98. The person that sells,
vender.
Selvage, seUvidje, s. 90. The edge of cloth
where it is closed l>y complicating the threads.
Selves, selvz. The plural of Self'.
Sewblable, sem-bU-bl, a. 405. Like, rir
sembling.
Semblably, sem-bl^-ble, ad. With resemblance.
Semblance, sem-bl^nse, S. Likeness, similitude;
appearance, show, figu'e.
SeMBLANT, sem-bl^nl, a. Like, resembling, having
the appearance of any thing Little used.
Semblative, seni-bli-tiv, a. 512. Resembling.
To Semble, sem-bl, v. n. 405. To represent, to
make a likeness.
Semi, sem-me, ' S. Ic^. A word which, used in
composition, signifies half.
Semiannular, sem-me-in-nu-ktr, rt. Half round.
Semibrief, sem-me-bref, s. A note in musick
relating to time.
Semicircle, sem-m^-ser-kl, s. A half round,
part of a circle divided by the diameter.
Semicircled, sem-me-ser-kld, "1
Semicircular, sem-me-ser-ku-J-Sr, 88. 359./
u. Half round.
Semicolon, sem-me-ki-l5n, s. Half a colon,
a point made thus [ ;] to note a greater pause tliaii that
of a comma.
Semidiameter, sem-me-dl-<tm-^-tur, s. 98.
Half the line, which, drawn through the centre of
a circle, divides it into two equal parts.
Semifluid, sem-m^-flu-id, a. Imperfectly fluid.
Semilunar, sem-me-lu-nir, 88. \
Semilunary, sem-m^-lu^nlr-i, J
Half metal.
Resembling in form a half moon.
Semimetal, sem-m4-met-tl, s.
imperfect metal.
SeminALITY, sem-4-nAl-i-t^, s. The nature of
seed ; the power of being produced.
Seminal, sem-^-nil, a. 88. Belonging to seed ;
contained in the seed, radical.
Seminary, sem-^-n^-r^, *. 512. The grouno
where any thing is sown to he afterwards transplanicd ;
the place or original stock whence any thing is brought j
seminal state; original, first principles; breeding
place, place of education from which scholars are
transplanted into life.
Semination, sem-^-n^-shun, s. The act of
sowing.
Seminifical, sem-^-nif-5-kil, \
' ' '^-Ik, 509./"
Productive of seed
Seminifick, sem-^-nif-'
Seminification, sem-e-nif-e-ka-shun, s. The
propagation from the seed or seminal parts.
Semiopacous, sem-m^-o-pA-kus, a. Half dark.
Semiordinate, sem-me-or-de-nate, s. A line
drawn at right angles to, and bisected by, the axis, and
reaching from one side of the section to another.
Semi PEDAL, s^-mip-^-ddl, a. 518. Containing
half a foot.
Semipellucid, sem-m^-pel-liisxd, a. Half
tkar, imperfectly transi^arent.
SEN ■ SEN
nor 167, n8t 163— ti'ibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299- pound 313— ^7un 466, th"s 469.
Semiperspfcuous, sem-m^-per-spikii-us, a.
Half transparent, imperfectly clear.
Semiquadrate, sem-me-kwaidrit, O'-l.
Semiquartile, sem-me-kwar^til, 140. J
In Astronomv, an aspect of tlie planets when distant
from each oilier forty-five degrees, or one sign and
a half.
Semiquaver, sem-me-kwA-ver, s. In Musick,
a note containing half the quantity of the quaver,
Semiouintii.e, sem-mi-k\vin-til, *. 140, In
Astronnmv, an aspect of tlie planets when at the dis-
tance of tliirty-six degrees from one another.
Semisextile, sem-me-seks-til, s. 140.
A Semisixtli, an aspect of the planets when they are
distant from each other one-twelfth part of a circle, or
thirty degrees.
Semispherical, sem-mi-sfer-r^-kil, a. 88.
Belonging to half a sphere.
Semispiie«oidal, sem-ml-sf^-roid'll, a.
Formed like a half spliemid.
Semitertian, sem-me-ter-shun, s. An ague
compounded of a tertian and a quotidian.
Semivowel, sem-me-vpu-il, *. A consonant
which has an imperfect sound of its own.
Sempiternal, sem-pe-ter-nal, a. Eternal in
futurity, having beginning, but no end; in Poetry, it
is used simply for eternal.
Sempiternity, sem-p^-ter-n^-ti, *, Future
duration without end.
Sempstress, sem-stres, «. 515. A woman whose
business is to sew, a woman who lives by her needle
This worti ought to be written Seamstress.
Senary, sen-n^-r4. a. Belonging to the number
six, containing six.— See Grunary.
Senate, s^n-nai;, s, 91, An assembly of coun-
sellors, a body of men set apart to consult for the
publick good.
Senatehouse, sen-nit-house, *. Place of
publick council.
Senator, sen-ni-tur, s. 166. A publick coun-
sellor.
Senatorial, sen-n4-tiir^-il, ")
Senatokian, sen-ni-t6-ri-4n, /
Belonging to senators, befitting senator!.
To Send, send, v. a. To despatch from one place
to another; to commission by authority to go and act ;
to grant as from a distant place; to inflict as from
a distance; to emit; to imroit; to difTuse, to pro-
pagate.
To Send, send, v. n. To deliver or despatch
a message ; to send for, to require by message to come
or cause to be brought.
Sender, send-ur, s. 98. He that sends.
Senescence, se-nes-sense, «. 510. The state of
growing old, d^cay by time.
Seneschal, sen-nes-kal, s. One who had in
great houses the care of feasts, or domestick cere-
monies.
Czj' Dr. Kenrick pronounces the eft in this word like
sh; but Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Buchanan, and Bar-
clay, like k. As the word does not come from the learned
languages, 352, if usage were equal, I should prefer
Dr. Kenrick's pronunciation. The rest of ourorthoepists
either have not the word, or do not mark the sound of
these letters.
Senile, S^-nlle, a. 140. Belonging to old age,
consequent on old age.
Senior, s^'-ne-ur, or slne^yur, s. 113. One
older than another, one who on account of longer time
has some superiority ; an aged person.
Seniority, si-n^-6i-4-t^, s. Eldership, priority
of birth.
Senna, sen-nJ, s. 92. A physical tree.
Sennight, sen-mt, s. 144. The space of seven
nights and days, a week.
SeNOCULAR, se-nftk-ku-lir, a. Having six eyes.
Sensation, sen-si-shun, s. Perception by means
of the senses.
471
Sense, sense, *. 427. 431. Faculty or power by
which external objects are perceived ; perception by
the senses, sensation; peneptionof intellect, appre-
hension of mind J sensibility, quickness or keenness
of percepliim ; understanding, soundness of faculties ;
strength of natural reason : reason, reasonable mean-
ing; opinion, notion, judgment ; consciousness, con-
viction ; moral perception; meaning, import.
Senseless, sens-les, a. Wanting sense, wanting
life, void of all life or perception ; unfeeling, wanting
perception; unreasonable, stupid; contrary to true
judgment; wanting sensibility, wanting quickness or
keenness of perception; wanting knowledge, uncon-
scious.
Senselessly, sens-les-le, ad. In a senseless
manner, stupidly, unreasonably.
Senselessness, sens-les-nes, s. Folly, absurdity.
Sensibility, sen-se-bil-e-ti, *. Quickness of
sensation • quickness cf perception.
Sensible, sen^se-bl, a. 405. Having the power
of ptTceiving by the senses; perceptible by the senses;
^perceived by (lie mind; perceiving by either mind or
senses; having moral perception; having quick intel-
lectual feelinj!, being easily or strongly affected ; con-
vinced, persuaded; in low conversation, it has some-
times the sense of reasonable, judicious, wise.
SeNSIDLENESS, sen-S^-bl-neS, *. Possibility to
be perceived by the senses; actual perception by mind
or body ; quickness of perception, sensibility; painful
consciousness.
Sensibly, sen-se-bli, ad. Perceptibly to the
seiiies ; with perception of either mind or body; ex-
ternally, by impression on the set'.ser. ; with quick
intellectual perception; in low language, judiciously,
reasonably.
Sensitive, sen-se-tiv, a, 157. Having sense of
perception, but not reason.
Sensitively, sen-s^-tiv-le, ad. In a sensitive
manner.
Sensorium, sen-so'-r^-um, 1
Sensory, sen-so-r^, 557. J
The part where the senses transmit their perceptions
to the mind, the seat of sense; organ of sensation,
SENSU-AL, sen-shu-il, a. 452. Consisting in
sense, depending on sense, atfecting the senses, pleas-
ing to the senses, carnal, not spi'itual; devoted to
sense, lewd, luxurious.
Sensualist, sen-shu-al-ist, s. A carnal person,
one devoted to corporeal pleasures.
Sensuality, sen-shu-il-e-te, s. Addiction to
brutal and corporeal pleasures.
To Sensualize, sen'-shu-i-llze, v. a. To sink
to sensual pleasures, to degrade the mind into subjec-
tion to the senses.
Sensually, sen-shu-al-e, ad. In a sensual
manner.
Sensuous, sen-shu-fis, a. 452. Tender, pathetick,
full of passion.
Sent, sent. The part. pass, of Send.
Sentence, sen-tense, *. Determination or de-
cision, as of a judge, civil or criminal; it is usually
spoken of condemnation pronounced by the judge;
a maxim, an axiom, generally moral ; a short para-
graph, a period in writing.
To Sentence, sen-tense, v. a. To pass the last
judgment on any one ; to condemn,
SeNTENTIOSITY, sen-ten-sh^-fts-i-te, S. Com-
prehension in a sentence.
Sententious, sen-ten-shus, a. 292. 314.
Abounding with short sentences, axioms, and maxims
short and energetick.
Sententiously, sen-ten-shus-l4, ad. In short
sentences, with striking brevity.
Sententiousness, sen-teii-slius-nes, «. Pithines*
of sentences, brevity with strength.
SeNTERY, sen-ter-e, *. One who is sent to watch
in a garrison, or in the outlines of an army.
Sentient, seii-shi-ent, a 542. Perceivlngj
having perception.
SEV
SEQ
539. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 194,
*3-
SenTIENT, sen-she-ent, s. He that has perception.
Sentiment, sen-te-ment, s. Thought, notion,
opinion ; the sense considered distinctly from the
language or things, a striking sentence in a composi-
tion.
Sentinel, sen-te-nel, *. One who watches er
keeps guard to prevent surprise.
Sentry, sen-tr^, *. A watch, a sentinel, one who
watches in a garrison or army ; guard, watcli, the duty
of a sentry.
Separability, sep-p^r-i-biKl-te, *. The quality
of admitting disunion or discerption.
Separable, sep-pir-i-bl, a. 405. Susceptive of
disunion, discerptible; possible to be disjoined from
something.
Separableness, sep-p^r-i-bl-nes, s. Capable-
ness of being separable.
To Separate, sepipir-ite, v. a. To break, to
divide into parts; to disunite, to disjoin; to sever
from the rest; to set apart, to segregate; to with-
draw.
To Separate, sepipSr-dte, v. n. To part, to be
disunited.
Separate, sep-p^r-^t, a, 91. Divided from the
rest; disunited fro
poreal nature.
rom the body, disengaged from cor-
SepARATELY, sep-p^r-^t-ll, ad, Apart, singly,
distinctly.
Separateness, sep-p^r-it-nes, s. The state of
being separate.
Separation, sep-pir-A-shun, s. The act of
separating, disjunction; the state of being separate,
disunion ; the cliymical analysis, or operation of dis-
uniting things mingled; divorce, disjunction from
a married state.
Separatist, sep-p$r-i-tist, s. One who divides
from the Church, a schismatick.
Separator, sep-p^r-i-tur, s. 521. One who
divides, a divider.
Separatory, sep-p^r-J-tur-l, a. 512. Used in
separation.
Seposition, sep-p6-zish-un, s. 530. The act of
setting apart, segregation.
Sept, sept, *, A dan, a race, a generation.
Septangular, sep-ting-gu-lir, a. Having
seven corners or sides.
September, sep-tem-bur, s. The ninth month
of the year, the seventh from March.
Septenary, sep'-ten-^r-l, a. 512. Consisting of
seven.
Septenary, sep-ten-nir-l, S. The number seven.
Septennial, sep-ten-n^-Al, a. 113. Lasting
seven years; happening once in seven years.
Septentrion, sep-ten-tre-un, *. The north.
Septentrion, sep-ten'-tr^-un, 1
Septentrional, sep-ten-trl-un-^1,/
Northern.
Septentrionality, sep-ten-tre-un-4l-l-te, s.
Northerliness.
Septentrionally, sep-ten-tr^-un-4l-ll, ad.
Towards the north, northerly.
To Septentrionate, sep-ten-trl-i-nAte, v. n.
91. To tend northerly.
SeptICAL, sepitl-kil, a. Having power to pro-
mote or produce putrefaction.
Septilateral, sep-t^-lHt-ter-^l, a. Having
seven sides.
Septuagenary, sep-tshu-^dyJ-ni-rl, a. 463.
i28. Consisting of seventy.
Septuagesimal, sep-tsbu-i-jes-sl-m^l, a.
Consisting of seventy.
Septuagint, sep-tsbu-it-jint, s. 463. The old
Greek version of the Old Testament, so called as being
supposed the work of seventy-two interpreters.
SeptijplE, sep'-tu-pl, O. 405. Seven times as
much.
472
Sepulchral, se-pul-kr^l, a. Relating to burial
relating to the grave, monumental.
Sepulchre, sepipul-kur, 5. 416. 177. A grave,
a tomb.
(t3» I consider this word as having altered its original
accent on the second syllable, either by the necessity ot
caprice of the poets, or by its similitude to the genera-
lity of words of tliis form and number of syllables, 503,
which generally have the accent on the first syllable.
Dr. Johns>n tells us it is accented by Shakespeare and
Milton on the second syllable, but by Jonson and Prior
more properly on the first ; and lie might have added, as
Shakespeare has sometimes done :
" Go to thy lady's grave and call her tlience ;
" Or at the least i« hers, sepulchre thine "
Shakvpeare
" I am glad to see that time survive,
"• Where mierit is not tepiilchred alive."
Ben Jonson,
" Thou so sepulchred in such pomp dost lie,
** That kings for such a tomb would wish to die."
Milton.
" See the wide waste of all involving years;
** And Rome its own sad sepulchre appears."
Addison.
To accent this word on the second syllable, as Shake-
speare and Milton have done, is agreeable to a very
general rule, when we introduce into our own language
a word from the Greek or Latin, and either preserve it
entire, or with the same number of syllables; in thii
case we preserve the accent on the same syllable as in
the original word. This rule has some exceptions, as
may by seen in the Principles, No. 503, e, but has still
a very great extent. Now sepulchrum, from which this
word is derived, has the accent on the second sv liable ;
and sepulchre ought to have it on the same ; while sepul-
ture, on the contrary, being formed from sepuUura, by
dropping a syllable, the accent removes to the first, see
/Academy. As a confirmation that the current pronuncia-
tion of sepulchre was with th* accent on the second syl-
lable, every old inhabitant of London can recollect
always having heard the Church called by that name so
pronounced ; but the antepenultimate accent seems now
so fixed as to make an alteration hopeless. Mr. Forster,
in his Essay on Accent and Qnaniity, says that this is
the common pronunciation of the present day; and
Dr. Johnson, Mr. Elphinstou, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, Mr. Perry, Barclay, Entick, and
W. Johnston, place the accent on the first syllable both
of this word and sepulture, penning places the accent on
the second syllable of sepulchre when a noun, and on the
first when a wrb. Mr. Sheridan very properly reverses
this order : W. Johnston places the accent on the second
syllable of sepulture ; and Bailey on the second of both.
All our orthoep'ists place the accent on the second sylla-
ble of sepulchral, except Dr. Ash and Barclay, who place
it upon the same syllable as in sepulchre; and the un-
couth pronunciation this accentuation produces, is a fresh
proof of the impropriety of the common accent. 493.
To Sepulchre, sl-pul-kur, i;. a. 493. To bury,
to entomb.
Sepulture, sep-p?il-ture, s. 177. Interment,
burial.
Sequacious, sJ-kwa-shus, a. 414. Following,
attendant; ductile, pliant.
SeQUACITY, S^-kwaS-4-tl, S. Ductility, toughness.
Sequel, se-kwel, S. Conclusion, succeeding part ;
consequence, event; consequence inferred, consequen-
tialness.
Sequence, sl-kwense, s. Order of succession 5
series, arrangement, method.
Sequent, se^kwent, a. Following, succeeding J
consequential.
To Sequester, sl-kwes^tur, v. a. To separate
from others for the sake of privacy ; to put aside, to
remove; to withdraw, to segregate ; to set aside from
the use of the owner to that of others; to deprive of
possessions.
Sequestrable, se-kwes-tr^-bl, a. Subject to
privation; capable of separation.
To Sequestrate, se-kwes-trate, v. n. 91. To
sequester, to separate from company.
Sequestration, sek-wes-trA'-sbun, s. 530.
Separation, retirement ; disunion, disjunction) »tat«
SER SET
'n8r I67,"nit 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 8il 299— pound 313— </un 466, this 469.
of being set aside; deprivation of tlie use and profits of
a possession.
Sequestrator, sek-wes-tri-tur, *. One who
takes from a man the profits of liis possessions.
Seraglio, se-r^l-yo, 5. 388. A house of women
kept for debauchery.
Seraph, ser-r4f, s. 413. One of the orders of
angels,
Seraphical, s^-r.4f-fJ-kJl, ")
Seraphick, sl-r^f^fik, 509./ "
Angelick, angelical.
Seraphim, ser-ri-fim, s. pi. Angels of one
of the heavenly orders.
Sere, sere, a. Dry, withered, no longer green.
Serenade, ser-^-nddeJ *. Musick or songs with
which ladies are entertained by their lovers in the
To Serenade, ser-e-nade{ v. a. To entertain
with nocturnal musick.
Serene, sl-rene{ a. Calm, placid j unruffled, even
of temper.
Serenely, s^-rene-le, ad. Calmly, quietly j with
unruffled temper, coolly.
Sereneness, se-r^ne-nes, s. Serenity.
Serenitude, si-ren-ne-tude, s. Calmness, cool-
ness of mind.
SeRB»JITY, sJ-ren-ne-te, s. 530. Calmness,
temperature; peace, quietness; evenness of temper.
Serge, serdje, s. A kind of cloth.
Sergeant, sar-j^nt, s. 100, An officer whose
business is to execute the commands of magistrates ;
' a petty officer in the army; a lawyer of the liigliest
rank under a judge ; it is a title given to some of the
king's servants, as, Sergeant chirurgeons.
Sergeantry, sar-j;lnt-tr5, s. A peculiar service
due to the king for the tenure of lands.
Sergeantship, sar-jint-ship, s. The office of
a sergeant.
Series, se-re-iz, s. Sequence, order; succession,
course.
Serious, S^-ri-US, a. 314. Grave, solemn; im-
portant.
Seriously, s^-r^-us-1^, ad. Gravely, solemnly,
in earnest.
Seriousness, se-rJ-us-nes, s. Gravity, solemnity,
earnest attention.
Sermon, ser-mun, s. 100. 166. A discourse of
instruction preuouuced by a divine for the edification
of the people.
Sermonize, serimun-ize, v. n. To preach or
give instruction in a formal manner.
SerOSITY, s5-r3s-S^-tJ, S. Jhin or watery part of
the blood.
Serous, se-rus, a.
serum.
Serpent, ser-peiit, s.
undulation without legs.
Serpentine, ser-pen-tlne, a. 149. Resembling
a serpent ; winding like a serpent.
Serpiginous, ser-pid-j^-nus, a. Diseased with
a serpigo.
Serpigo, ser-pl-go, 07' ser-pJ-gi, *. 112. A kind
of tetter. — See Vertigo.
Serrate, ser-rAte, 9l'\-
Serrated, ser-ri-ted, J
Formed with jags or indentures like the edge of a saw.
Serrature, ser-ri-ture, s. Indenture like teeth
of a saw.
To Serry, ser'rl, v. a. To press close, to drive
hard together.
Servant, ser-v^nt, S. 100. One who attends
another, and acts at his command ; one in a state of
subjection; a word of civility used to supcriours or
equals.
1J3- This is one of the few words which has acquired
by time a softer signification than 'ts original, knuve ;
473
Thin, watery; adapted to the
An animal that moves by
which originally signified only a servant, but is now
degenerated into a cheat, while servavt, which signified
originally a person preserved from death by the con-
3ueror, and reserved for slavery, signifies only an obe-
ient attendant.
To Serve, serv.W. a, 1 OO. To attend at command
to bring as a menial attendant; to be subservient or
subordinate to ; to supply with any thing ; to obey in
military actions; to be sufficient to ; to be of use to,
to assist ; to promote; to comply with ; to satisfy, to
content; to stand instead of any tiling to one ; to re-
quite, as he Served me ungratefully; in Divinity, to
worship the Supreme Being; to Serve a warrant, to
seize an ofl^ender and carry him to justice.
To Serve, serv, v, n. To be a servant, or slave j
to be in subjection ; to attend, to wait ; to act in war;
to produce the end desired ; to be sufficient for a pur-
pose; to suit, to be convenient; to conduce, to be of
use ; to officiate or minister.
Service, sel-vis, S. 1.42, Menial office, low
business done at the command of a master ; attendance
of a servant ; place, office of a servant ; any thing done
by way of duty to a superiour: attendance on any su-
perioiir; profession of respect uttered or sent; obe-
dience, submission ; act on the performance of which
possession depends ; actual duty, office ; employment,
business; military duty; a military achievement;
purpose, use; useful office, advantage; favour; pub-
lick office of devotion ; course, order of dishes; a tree
and fruit.
Serviceable, serivis-i-bl, a. Active, diligent,
officious; useful, beneficial.
Serviceableness, ser-vis-^-bl-nes, s. Officious-
ness, activity ; usefulness, beneficialness.
Servile, ser-Vll, a. 140. Slavish, mean ; fawn-
ing, cringing.
Servilely, ser-vil-le, ad. Meanly, slavishly.
Servileness, serMl-nes, "I
Servility, ser-vil-i-t^, J
Slavishness, involuntary obedience; meanness, de-
pendence, baseness; slavery, the condition of a slave.
Serving-man, ser-ving-min, s. A menial
servant.
Servitor, ser-ve-tur, s. 166. Servant, attendant;
one of the lowest order in the university.
Servitude, ser-v^-tude, s. Slavery, state of
a slave, dependence; servants collectively.
Serum, se-rum, S. The thin and watery part that
separates from the rest in any liquor; the part of the
blood which in coagulation separates from the grume.
Sesquialter, ses-kvv^-Al-ter, \
Sesquialteral, ses-kwe-^l^ter-ll, /
In Geometry, is a ratio, where one quantity or num-
ber contains another once and half as much more ; as
six and nine.
Sesquiplicate, ses-kvvip-pl^-k^t, a. 91. In
Mathematicks, is the proportion one qnantity or
number has to another, in the ratio of one half.
Sesquipedal,
Sesquipedalian,
Containing a foot and a half.
Sesquitertian, ses-kwi-terishun, a. Having
such a ratio as that one quantity or number contains
another once and one third part more, as between six
and eight.
Sess, ses, S. Rate, cess charged, tax.
Session, scsh-un, S. The act of sitting; an
assembly of magistrates or senators; the space for
which an assembly sits, without intermission or re.
cess ; a meeting of justices, as, the Sessions of the
peace.
Sesterce, ses-terse, S. Among the Romans, a sum
of about eiRht pounds, one shilling, and five-pence half-
penny sterling.
To Set, set, v. a. Pret. 7 Set. Part. pass. lam Set.
To place, to put in any situation or place; to put into
any condition, state, or posture ; to make motionless;
to fix, to state by some rule ; to regulate, to adjust, to
set to musick, to adapt with notes ; to plant, not sow ;
to iatersperse or mark with any thing ; to reduce from
afra"turcdor dislocttpd state; to appoint, to fix; to
L, ses-kwip-pe-dal, "I
LiAN, ses-kwl-pi-dA'-1^4n, 518,/ "'
SEV SEX
(fc?- 559. File 73, far 77, f^ll83, fk 81— mi 93, met 95-— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162,
stake at play; to fix in metal; to embarrass, to dis- SEVENFOLD, sevivn-fold, a. Rer
move 164»
stake at play; to fix in metal; to embarrass, to dis-
tress ; to apply to somelliing; to fix the eyes ; to offer
for a price; to place in order, to frame ; to station, to
place; to oppose; to bring to a fine edge, as, to Set
a razor ; to Set about, to apply to ; to Set against, to
place in a stale of enmity or opposition ; to Set apart,
to neglect for a season; to Set aside, to omit fi>r the
present; to reject ; to abrogate, to annul; to Set by,
to regard, to esteem ; to reject or omit for the present ;
to Set down, to mention, to explain, to relate in writ-
ing; to Set forth, to publish, to promulgate, to make
appear ; to Set forward, to advance, to promote ; to
Setoff, to recommend, to adorn, to embellish; to Set
on or upon, to animate, to instigate, to incite ; to at-
tack, to assault ; to fix the attention, to detarmine to
any thing with settled and full resolution; to Set out,
to assign, to allot ; to publish ; to mark by boundaries
or distinctions of space ; to adorn, to embellish; to
raise, to equip; to Set up, to erect, to establish newly ;
to raise, to exalt; to place in view; to place in
repose, to fix, to rest; to rai»e with the voice; to
advance ; to raise to a sufficient fortune.
To Set, set, v. n. To fall below the horizon, as
the sun at evening; to be fixed hard; to be extin-
guished or darkened, as the sun at night; to set musick
to words ; to become not fluid ; to go, or pass, or put
one's self into any state or pasture ; to catch birds with
a dog that sets them, that is, lies down and points
them out; to plant, not sow; to apply one's self; to
Set about, to fall to, to begin ; to Set in, to fix in
a particular state : to Set on or upon, to begin a march,
or enterprise; to Set on, to make an attack; to Set
out, to have beginning; to begin a journey; to begin
the world ; to Set to, to apply himself to ; to Set up,
to begin a trade i^ienly.
Set, set, part. a. Reg-alar, not lax; made in
consequence of some formal rule.
Set, set, s, A number of things suited to each
other; any thing not sown, but put in a stale of some
growth into the ground; the fall of the sun below the
horizon ; a wager at dice.
Setaceous, s^-tA-shus, a, 357. Bristly, jet with
strong hairs.
SeTON, se-tn, S, 170. A seton is made when the
skin is taken up with a needle, and the wound kept
ojien by a twist of silk or hair, tliat humours may vent
themselves. Farr-ers call this operation in cattle
Rowelling.
Settee, set-t^^{ s. A large long seat with a back
to it.
Setter, set^tfir, *. 98. One who sets; a dog
who beats the field, and points the bird for the sports-
men ; a man who performs the oflice of a setting dog,
or finds out persons to be plundered ; a bailiff's fol-
lower.
Setting-dog, set-ting-dSg, s. A dog taught to
find game, and point it out to the sportsmen.
Settle, set^tl, s. 405. A long wooden seat with
a back, a bench.
7'o Settle, set-tl, v. a. To place in any certain
state after a time of fluctuation or disturbance; to fix
in any way of life; to fix in any place ; to establish,
to confirm; to determine, to affirm, to free from am-
biguity; to fix, to make certain or unchangeable ; to
make close or compact; to fix unalienably by legal
sanctions; to affect so as that the dregs or impurities
siivk to the bottom ; to compose, to put into a state of
calmness.
To Settle, Set^tl, v. n. To subside, to sink to
the bottom and repose there; to lose motion or fer-
mentation ; to fix one's self, to establish a residence;
to choose a method of life, to establish a domestick
state; to become fixed so as not to change; to take any
lasting state; to grow calm; to make a jointure for
a wife.
Settledness, set-tld-ues, s. The state of being
settled, confirmed slate.
Settlement, set-tl-ment, s. The act of settling,
the state of being settled ; the act of giving pcissession
by legal sanction ; a jointure granted to a wife ; subsi-
dence, dregs ; act of quitting a roving for a domestick
and methodical life ; a colony, a place where a colony
is established.
CCy- When this word means dregs, it would be better
lo wiiie it settling.
Seven, sev^vn, a. 103. Four and three, one more
than six.
4T4
Sevenfold, sev-vn-fold, a. Repeated seven
times, having seven doubles.
Sevenfold, sev-vn-f'6ld, ad. Seven times.
SeVENNIGHT, Seil-nit, *. 144. A week, the time
from one day of the week to the next day of the same
denomination preceding or following. It happened on
Monday was Seveniiight, that is, on the Monday
before last Monday; it will be done on Monday
Sevennight, that is, on the Monday after next
Monday.
Sevenscore, sev-vn-sk6ne, a. Seven times
twenty.
Seventeen, sevivn-teen, «. Seven and ten.
Seventeenih, s^v'-vn-tkenth, a. The seventh
after the tenth.
Seventh, sev-\nth, a. The ordinal of seven, the
first after the sixih ; containing one part in seven.
Seventhly, sev-vn<A-l^, ad. In the seventh
plaoe.
Seventieth, sevivn-ti-e<A, a. The tenth seven
times repeated.
Seventy, sev^vn-t^, a. 182. Seven times ten.
To Sever, sev-vur, v. a. 98. To part by violence
from the rest ; to force asunder ; to disjoin, to dis-
unite; to keep distinct, to keep apart.
To Sever, sev-vur, v. n. 98. To make a separa-
tion, to make a partition.
Several, sev^ur-al, a.
Different, distinct.
unlike one another; divers, many; particular, single;
distinct, appropriate.
Several, sev-ur-il, s. Each particular singly
taken ; any enclosed or separate place.
Severally, sev-ur-4l-^, ad. Distinctly, par-
ticularly, separately.
Severalty, sev-ur-4l-t5, s. State of separation
from the rest.
Severance, sev-ur-^nse, s. Separation, paitition.
Severe, se-v^re{ a. Sharp, apt to punish, apt to
blame, rigorous; austere, morose; cruel, inexorable;
regulated by rigid rule, strict ; grave, sober, sedate ;
rigidly exact; painful, afflictive; concise, not luxu-
riant.
Severely, s^-vireili, ad. Painfully, afflictiveiy,
ferociously, horridly.
Severity, s^-ver-^-t^, S. 511. Cruel treatment,
sharpness of punishment; hardness, power of dis-
tressing; strictness, rigid accuracy ; rigour, austerity,
harshness.
To Sew, so, v. n, 266. To join any thing by the
use of the needle.
To Sew, s6, v. a. To join by threads drawn with
a needle.
Sewer, SU-ur, S, 266. An officer who serves up
a feast.
Sewer, so-ur, *, He or she that uses a needle.
Sewer, shore, S. A passage for the foul or useless
water of a town to run through and pass off.
(fc^ The corrupt pronunciation of this word is becom <
universal, though in Junius's time it should seem to
have been confined to London; for, under the word
shore, he says, " Common shore, Londinensibiis ita cor-
rnptt dicitur, the commim sewer." Johnson liasi given us
no etymology of this word ; but Skinner tells »i, " Non
infelicit^r Co-xelhts declinat i verb. Issue, d ctumque
putat quasi Issuer abjecta initiali syllaba." Nothing can
be more natural than this derivation ; the s going into
sh before u, preceded by the accent, is agreeable to ana-
logy, 4^2; and the u in this case being pronounced like
ew. might easily draw the word into the common ortho-
graphy, seicer ; while the sound of sh was preserved, and
tiie ew as in s/ieu>, strew, and seir, might soon slide into
o, and tliui produce the present anomaly.
Sex, seks, *. The property by which any animal ii
male or female ; womankind, by way of emphasis.
Sexagenary, seks-ild-jen-flr-e, a. Aged sixty
years.
Sexagesima, seks-4-jes's^-n)4, *. The srcond
Sunday before Lent
SHA
SHA
nor 167, n6t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— o!l 399— pound 313— ^Ain 466, thIs 469.
Sexagesimal, seks-a-jesisJ-mil, a. Sixtieth,
numbered by sixties.
Sexangled, seks-4ng^gld, 359. "I
Sexangular, seks-^ng-gu-l4r, /
Having six corners or angles, hexagonal.
Sexangularly, seks-ilng-gi-lir-1^, ad. With
six angles, hexagonally.
Sexennial, seks-ln^ne-il, a. 113. Lasting six
years, happening once in six years.
Sextain, seks-tin, s. 208. A ftania of six lines.
Sextant, seks-tint, s. Tiie sixth part of a circle.
Sextile, seks-tll, a. 140. Is a position or aspect
of two planets, when sixty degrees distant, or at tlie
distance of two signs from one another.
Sexton, seks^tun, *. 170. An under officer of the
church, whose business is to dig graves.
Sextonship, seks-tun-ship, *. The office of
a sexton.
Sextuple, seks-tu-pl, a. 405. Sixfold, six times
told.
Shabbily, shib-bi-1^, ad. Meanly, reproachfully,
despicably.
ShABBINESS, shlb-b4-nes, s. Meanness, paltriness.
Shabby, shib-be, a. Mean, paltry.
To Shackle, skik^kl, v. a. 405. To chain, to
fetter, to bind.
Shackles, shik-klz, s. (Wanting the singular.)
Fetters, gyves, chains.
Shad, sh4d, s. A kind of fish.
Shade, shade, s. The cloud of darkness made by
interception of the light ; darkness, obscurity ; cool-
ness made by interception of the sun ; an obscure
place, properly in a grove or close wood by whicli the
light is excluded ; screen causing an exclusion of light
or heat, umbrage; protection, shelter; the parts of
a picture not brightly coloured ; a colour, gradation of
light ; the figure formed upon any surface correspond-
ing to the body by which the light is intercepted ; the
soul separated from the body, so called as supposed by
the ancients to be perceptible to the sight, not to the
touch ; a spirit, a ghost, manes.
To Shade, shide, v. a. To overspread with dark-
ness ; to cover from the light or heat ; to shelter, to
hide; to protect, to cover, to screen; to mark with
different gradations of colours; to paint iu obscure
colours.
ShadiNESS, sbi-d5-nes, S. The state of being
shady, umbrageousness.
Shadow, shid^do, *. 327. 515. The representa-
tion of a body by which the liglH is intercepted ; dark-
ness, shade ; shelter made by any thing that intercepts
the light, heat, or influence of the air; obscure place ;
dark part of a picture; any thing perceptible only to
the sight; an imperfect and faint representation, op-
posed to substance; type, mystical representation;
protection, shelter, favour.
To Shadow, sh^d-dA, v. a. To cloud, to darken ;
to make cool or gently gloomy by interception of the
light or heat; to conceal undercover, to hide, to screen ;
to screen from danger, to shroud ; to mark with va-
rious gradations of colour or light ; to paint in obscure
colours; to represent imperfectly; to represent typi-
cally.
Shadowy, sh^d-d6-^, a. Full of shade, gloomy ;
faintly representative, typical ; unsubstantial, unreal ;
dark, opaque.
Shady, sba-de, a. Full of shade, mildly gloomy ;
secure from the glare of light, or sultriness of heat.
Shaft, shaft, S, An arrow, a missile weapon ;
a narrow, deep, perpendicular pit} any thing straight,
the spire of a church.
Shag, sh4g, S. Rough woolly hair; a kind of
cloth.
Shagged, sh%-ged, 366. \
Shaggy, shig^g^, 383. j""
Rugged, hairy, rough. ruggeJ.
Shagreen, sha-greenj *. Tlie skin of r kind of
fish ; or skin made rough in Imitation of it.
475
To Shake, shike, v. a. Pret. Shook. Part, pass.
Shaken or Shook. To put into vibrating motion, to
move with quick returns backwards and forwards, to
agitate ; to make to totter or tremble ; to throw away,
to drive off; to weaken, to put in danger ; to drive from
resolution, to depress, to make afraid ; to Shake
hands, this phrase, from the action used among
friends at meeting and parting, signifies to join with,
to take leave of; to Shake off, to rid himself, to free
from, to divest of.
To Shake, shike, v. n. To be agitated with
a vibratory motion; to totter; to tremble, to be un-
able to keep the body still; to be in terrour, to be
deprived of firmness.
Shake, shake, S. Concussion J vibratory motion ;
motion given and received.
Shaker, shi-kur, S. 98. The person or thing
that shakes.
Shale, shale, a. A husk, the case of seeds in
siliquous plants.
Shall, sbil, v. def. It has no tense but Shall
future, and Should imperfect. — See Been.
ft?. Children are generally taught to pronounce this
word so as to rhyme with all; and when they are fixed in
this pronunciation, and come to read tolerably, they
have this sound to break themselves of, and pronounce it
like the first syllable of shal-low.
Shalloon, shil-loon{ s. A slight woollen stuff.
Shallop, shJl-lup, s. A small boat.
Shallow, sh4l-lo, a. 327. Not deep, not pro-
found; trifling, futile, silly ; not deep of sound.
Shallow, shilMi, S. A shelf, a sand, a flat.
a shoal, a place where the water is not deep.
Shallowbrained, shiKli-brand, a. Foolish,
futile, trifling.
ShalloWLY, shil'lo-l^, ad. With no great
depth; simply, foolishly.
Shallowness, shil-l6-nes, *. Want of depth ;
want of thought, want of understanding, futility.
Shalm, sham, s. 403. German. A kind of
musical pipe.
Shalt, shUlt. The second person of Shall.
To Sham, sh3.m, v. n. To trick, to cheat, to fool
with a fraud, to delude with false pretences ; to ob-
trude by fraud or folly.
Sham, sh^m, S. Fraud, trick, false pretence, im-
posture.
Sham, gb^m, a. False, counterfeit, pretended.
Shambles, shim-blz, s. 359. The place where
butchers kill or sell their meat, a butchery.
Shambling, shim^bl-ing, a. 410. Moving
awkwardly and irregularly.
Shame, shime, s. The passion felt when reputation
is supposed to be lost, or on the detection of a bad ac-
tion; the cause or reason of shame; disgrace, ignominy,
reproach.
To Shame, shime, v. a. To make ashamed, to
fill with sliame ; to disgrace.
To Shame, sh4me, v. n. To be ashamed.
Shamefaced, shime-f'Aste, a. 259. Modest,
bashful, easily put out of countenance.
Shamefacedly, shime-faste-le, ad. Modestly,
bashfully.
Shamefacedness, shimeifiste-nes, ff. Modesty,
bashfulness, timidity.
Shameful, shAmeiful, a. Disgraceful, ignominious,
reproachful.
Shamefully, shime'ful-^, ad. Disgracefully, •
ignominiously, infamously.
Shameless, shanie-les, a. Wanting shame, im-
pudent, immodest, audacious.
Shamelessly, shime-les-1^, ad. Impudentlji
audaciously, without shame.
Shamelessness, shime-lcs-nes, s Impudence,
want of shame, immodesty.
Shammer, sh^in-mur, s. d^. A cheat, an tm
postor.
SHA
ty 559. Fite73, far 77, f^ill 83, Mt81— mlj)3,
ShAMOIS, shJmiraJ, S. A kind of wild goat. — See
Chamois.
Shamrock, shim^ruk, *. 166. The Irish name
for three-leaved grass.
Shank, sk^ngk, S. 408. The middle joint of the
leg, that part which reaches from the ancle to the
knee; the bone of the leg; the long part of any in-
strument.
Shanked, sh^ngkt, a. 359. Having a shank.
Shanker, shingk-ur, *. 93. A venereal ex-
crescence.
To Shape, shape, v. a. To form, to mould with
respect l» external dimensions; to mould, to regulate;
to image, to conceive.
Shape, shipe, S. Form, external appearance ; make
of ihe trunk of the body ; idea, pattern.
Shapeless, sliApe-les, a. Wanting regularity or
form, wanting symmetry of dimensions.
Shapeliness, shape-le-nes, s. Beauty or propor-
tion of form.
Shapely, shape^le, a. Symmetrical, well formed.
Shard, shard, S. A fragment of an earthen vessel ;
a plant ; a sort of fish.
Shardcoun, shird-born, a. Born or produced
among broken stones or pots.
Sharded, shard-ed, a. Inhabiting shards,
2Tj Share, shAre, v. a. To divide, to part among
many; to partake with others; to cut, to separate, to
shear.
To Share, shire, V, n. To have part, to have
a dividend.
Share, shire, S. Part, allotment ; dividend ;
a part; the blade of the plough that cuts the ground.
Sharebone, shire-bone, s. The os pubis, tlie
bone that divides the trunk from the limbs.
Sharer, sha-rur, *. 98. One who divides or
apportions to others, a divider; a partaker, one who
participates any thing with others.
Shark, shark, *. A voracious sea fish ; a greedy
artful fellow, one who fills his pockets by sly tricks ;
trick, fraud, petty rapine.
To Shark, shark, v. a. To pick up hastily or
slily.
To Shark, shark, v. n. To play the petty thief;
to cheat, to trick.
Sharp, sharp, a. Keen, piercing, having a keen
edge, having an acute point; acute of mind, witty,
ingenious, inventive; quick, as of sight or hearing;
shrill, piercing the ear with a quick noise, not flat;
severe, biting, sarcastick ; severely rigid ; eager, hun-
gry, keen upon a quest; painful, afflictive; fierce;
attentive, vigilant; pinching, piercing, as the cold;
subtile, witty, acute; among workmen, hard; ema-
ciated, lean.
Sharp, sharp, i. A sharp or acute' sound; a pointed
vireapon, small sword, rapier.
To Sharp, sharp, v. a. To make keen.
To Sharp, sharp, v. n. To play thievish tricks.
To Sharpev, sharipn, v. a. 103. To make
keen, to edge, to point; to make quick, ingenious, or
acute; to make quicker of sense; to make eager or
hungry; to make fierce or angry; to make biting or
sarcastick ; to make less flat, more piercing to the ears;
to make sour.
Sharper, sharp-ur, s. 98. A tricking fellow,
a petty thief, a rascal.
Sharply, sharp-li, ad. With keenness, with good
edge or point; severely, rigorously; keenly, acutely,
vigorously; afiiictively, painfully; with quickness;
judiciously, acutely, wittily.
Sharpness, sharp-nes, s. Keenness of edge or
point; severity of language, satirical sarcasm; sour-
ness; painfulness, aftiictiveiiess ; intellectual acute-
ness, ingenuity, wit; quickness of senses.
Sharp-set, sharp-set{ a. Bager, vehemently
desirous.
SllARP-viSAGED, sharp-viziidjd, a. 90. Haying
a sharp couiueuauce.
■}».
SHE
met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nA 162, move 164,'
SHARP-SIOHTED, shirp-sUtcd, a. Having qiiiclc
sight.
To Shatter, shatitur, v. a. 98. To break a
once into many pieces, to [break so as to scatter th»
parts ; to dissipate, to make incapable of close and
continued attention.
To Shatter, shit'tur, v, n. To be broken, or
to fall, by any force, into fragments.
Shatter, shit-tur, S. One part of many into
which any thing is broken at once.
Shatterdrained, shit-tur-brind, 359.
Shatterpated, shilt-tur-pi-ted.
Inattentive, not consistent.
Shatter Y, shit^tur-^', a. 182. Disunited, not
compact, easily falling into many parts.
To Shave, shive, v. a, Pret. Shaved. Part.
pass. Shaved or Shaven. To pare otf with a razor ; to
pare close to the surface; to skim, by passing near, or
slightly touching ; to cut in thin slices.
Shaveling, shive-ling, s. 410. A man shaved,
a name of contempt for a fi iar or religious.
Shaver, shi-vur, S. 98. A man that practises
the art of shaving; a man closely attentive to his own
interest.
Shaving, sha-ving, *. 410. Any thin slice pared
off from any body.
Shawm, shawm, S. A hautboy, a comet.
She, she4, pi'on, Ih oblique cases Mer. Tlie
female pronoun demonstrative; the woman before
mentioned; it is sometimes used for a woman abso-
lutely : the female, not the male.
Sbeaf, sh^fe, S, 227. A bundle of stalks of corn
bound together; any bundle or collection held toge-
ther.
To Sheal, shele, v. a. 227. To shell.
To Shear, shere, v. a. 227. Pret. Sho7-e or
Shared. Part. pass. Shorn. To clip or cut by in-
terception between two blades moving on a rivet; to
cut by interception.
Sheard, sherd, s. 234. A fragment.
Shears, sherz, *. 227. An instrument to cut,
consisting of two blades moving on a pin.
Shearer, sheer-ur, s. 98. One that clips with
shears, particularly one that fleeces sheep.
Shearman, she^r^min, s. 83. He that shears.
Sheath, sh^th, s. 227. The case of any things
the scabbard of a weapon.
7b Sheath, sh^THjl
To Sheathe, 467. J '
To enclose in a sheath or scabbard, to enclose in any
case ; to fit with a sheath ; to defend the main body by
an outward covering.
Sheath WINGED, shlth-witlgd, a. Having hard
cases which are folded over the wings.
SheATHY, she^A-^, a. 182. Forming a sheath.
To Shed, shed, v. a. To effuse, to peur out, to
spill ; to scatter, to let fall.
To Shed, shed, v. n. To let fall its parts.
Shed, shed, S. A slight temporary covering; in
Composition, effusion, as blood shed.
Shedder, shed'-dur, s, 98. A spiller, one who
sheds.
Sheen, sh^^n, 246. 1
Sheeny, sh^^n'-^, 182./
Bright, glittering, showy.
Sheen, she^n, S. Brightness, splendour.
Sheep, she^p, S, 246. The animal that be.ir«
wool ; a foolish silly fellow.
To Sheepbite, she^p-blte, v. n. To use petty
thefts, to injure slily.
Sheepbiter, sheep-blte-ur, s. A petty thief,
a sly injurer.
Sheepcot, sheep-kSt, s. A little enclosure for
sheep.
Sheepfold, sh^ep-fild, f. The place where shcei
, are enclM^U,
SHE
SHI
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 6il299— p3und313— f/tin 466, this 46.').
A fragmtnt of broken eartliea
SHKEPHOOK, shl^pihook, S, A hook fastened to
a pole by wliich shepherds lay hold on the legs of their
sheep.
Shebpish, slieep-ish, a. Bashful, over-modest,
timorously and meanly diffident.
Sheepishness, she^piish-nes, S. Bashfulness,
mean and timorous diffidence.
Sheepmaster, she^p-mas-tur, s. An owner of
sheep.
Sheepshearing, sh^^pish^er-ing, s. The time
of shearing sheep, the feast made when sheep are
shorn.
Sheep's-EYE, shfeps-l{ S. A modest diffident
look, such as lovers cast at their mistresses.
SheepwalR, sbeip-wiwk, s. Pasture for sheep.
Sheer, sh^re, a. 246. Pure, clear," unmingled.
Sheer, sh^re, ad. 246. Clean, quick, at once.
Sheers, she^rz, s. — See Shears.
Sheet, sheet, s. 246. A broad and large piece of
linen ; the linen of a bed ; in a ship, ropes bent to the
clews of the sails; as much paper as is made in one
body ; a single complication or fold of paper in a book j
any tiling expanded.
Sheet-anchor, sh^k-lngk-kur, s. In a ship,
is the largest anchor.
To Sh EET, sh^^t, V. a. To furnish with sheets ;
to infold in a sheet ; to cover as with a sheet.
Shekel, shekikl, s. 102. An ancient Jewish
coin, in value about two shillings and sixpence.
Shelf, shelf, S. A board fixed against a supporter,
so that any thing may be placed upon it; a sand bank
in the sea, a rock under shallow water.
Shelfy, shelftj, a. Full of hidden rocks or banks,
full of dangerous shallows.
Shell, shel, s. The hard covering of any thing,
the external crust; the covering of a testaceous or
crnstaceous animal ; the covering of the seeds of sili-
quous plants; the covering of kernels; the covering
of an egg; the outer part of a house; it is used
for a musical instrument in Poetry ; the superficial
part.
To Shell, shel, v. a. To take out of theshell,
to strip off the shell.
To Shell, shel, v. n. To fall off as broken shells;
to cast the shell.
ShELLDUCK, Shel^duk, S. A kind of wild duck.
Shellfish, shel-ilsh, s. Fish invested with a hard
covering, either testaceous, as oysters, or crustaceous,
as lobsters.
Shelly, sheKl^, a. Abounding with shells; con-
sisting of shells.
Shelter, shel-tur, *. 98. A cover from any external
injury or violiRce; a protector, defender, one that
gives security ; the state of being covered, protection,
security.
To Shelter, sheKtui*, v. a. To cover from ex-
ternal violence ; to deferid, to protect, to succour with
refuge, to harbour; to betake to cover; to cover from
notice.
To Shelter, sheKtfir, v. n. To take shelter; to
give shelter.
Shelterless, shelitur-les, a. Harbouriess, with-
out home or refuse.
Shelving, shelv-ing, a. 410. Sloping, inclining,
having declivi-ty.
Shelvy, shel-vi, a. Shallow, rocky, full of banks.
To Shend, shend, v. a. Pret. and part. pass.
Shent. To ruin, to disgrace; to surpass. Obsolete.
Shepherd, shep^purd, s. 98. 515. One who
tends sheep in the pasture; a swain; a rural lover;
one who tends the congregation, a pastor.
Shepherdess, shepipSr-des, s. A woman that
tends sheep, a rural lass.
ShEPHERDISH, shepipurd-ish, a. Resembling
a slit'i'lieid, suiting a shepherd, pastoral, rustick.
Sherbet, sher-betj s. The juice of lemons or
oranges mixed with water and sugar.
Sherd, sherd, *.
ware.
Sheriff, sher-lf, S. ■ An officer to whom is intrusted
in each county the execution of the laws. — See Shricve.
Sheriffalty, sheri^if4l-t^, \
Sheriffship, sher-if-shlp, J*
The office or jurisdiction of a sheriff.
Sherris, sher-ris,")
Sherry, shgr'-r^, /*• A kind of sweet Spanish wine.
Shew, shA, s. — See Show.
Shewbread, shoibred, s, — See Showhread.
Shield, sh^4ld, *. 275. A buckler, a broad piece
of defensive armour held on the left arm to ward off
blows ; defence, protection ; one that gives protec-
tion or security.
To Shield, sh^^ld, v. a. To cover with a shield;
to defend, to protect, to secure ; to keep off, to defend
against.
To Shift, shift, v. n. To change place ; to change,
to give place to other things ; to change clothes, par-
ticularly the linen ; to find some expedient to act or
live, though with difficulty; to practise indirect me-
thods ; to take some method for safety.
To Shift, shift, v. a. To change, to alter; to
transfer from place to place; to change in position;
to change, as clothes; to dress in freslj clothes ; to
Shift off, to defer, to put away by some expedient.
Shift, shift, s. Expedient found or used with
difficulty, difficult means ; mean refuge, last resource,
fraud, artifice; evasion, elusory practice ; a woman's
linen.
One who plays tricks;
Wanting expedients.
Shifter, shift'-ur, s. 98.
a man of artifice.
Shiftless, shiftMes, a.
wanting means to act or live.
Shilling, shii-ling, s. 410. A coin of various
value in different times ; it is now twelve-pence.
Shill-i-shall-i, shil-li-shal-1^, ad. a corrupt
reduplication of SAaH /? To stand Shill-I-sl>all-I, it
to continue hesitating.
Shily, shl-1^, ad. Not familiarly, not frankly.
Shin, shin, S. The forepart of the leg.
To Shine, shine, v. n. Pret. I Shone, I have
Shone, Sometimes / Shitted, I have Shineil. To glit-
ter, to glisten ; to be splendid ; to be eminent or con-
spicuous; to be propitious; to enlighten.
Shine, shine, s. Fair weather; brightness.
splendour, lustre. Little used.
Shiness, shl-nes, S. Unwillingness to be tractable
or familiar.
Shingle, shing-gl,*. 405. A thin board to cover
houses.
Shingles, sh'ingiglz, *. 405. A kind of tetter or
herpes that spreads itself round the loins.
Shiny, shKn^, a. Bright, luminous.
Ship, skip, s. A ship may be defined a large
hollow building made to pass over the sea with sails.
To Ship, ship, v. a. To put into a ship ; to
transport in a snip.
Shipboard, ship-bird, *. This word is seldom
used but in adverbial phrases; a Shipboard, on Ship-
board, in a ship; the plank i>f a ship.
ShipbOY, ship-bb^, S, A boy who serves in a ship.
ShipMAN, ship-m^n, S. 88. Sailor, seaman.
Shipmaster, ship^mas-tur, *. Master of a ship.
Shipping, ship-ping, *. 410. Vessels of naviga-
tion ; passage in a ship.
Shipwreck, ship^rek, s. Tlie destruction of ship:
by rocks or shelves; the parts of a shattered ship ; dt
struction, miscarriage.
(K?- The pronunciation of the latter parj of this word,
as if written rack, is now become vulgar.
To Shipwreck, ship^rek, v. a. To destroy by
dashing on rocks or shallows; to make to suffer the
dangers of a wreck.
SHO
SHO
K?" 559. Fite73, far 77, tall 83, fat 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pm 107— n6 162, move 164
t'-tL \
t'-tim,J
s. Hebrew,
Shipwright, ship-rlte, s. A builder of ships.
Shire, sh^re, *. 8. 106. A division of the
kingdom, a county.
dS" The pronunciation of this word is very irregular,
as it is the only pure English word in the language where
the final e does not produce the long diphthongal sound
of i when the accent is on it : but this irregularify is so
fixed as to give the regular sound a pedantic stiffness.
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and Buchanan, however, have
adopted this sound, in which they have been followed
by Mr. Smith ; but Mr. Elphinston, Dr. Lowtli, Dr. Ken-
rick, Mr. Perry and Barclay, are for the irregular sound;
W. Johnston gives both, but places the irregular first :
and the Grammar called BickerstaflF's, recommended by
Steele, adopts this sound, and gives this rule :
" To sound like double (e) (t) does incline j "|
** As in Machine, and Shire, and ATa^^azine ; V
** Like (a) in Sin-aht but writ (oi) in join." J
It may likewise be observed, that this word, when
unaccented at the end of words, as Nottinghamshire,
Wiltshire, &c. is always pronounced witli the t like ee.
Shirt, shurt,«. 108. The under linen garment of
a man.
To Shirt, shurt, v. a. To cover, to clothe as in
a shirt.
Shirtless, shurt-les, a. Wanting a shirt.
Shittah, shit-tl
Shittim, shit^ti
A sort of precious wood growing in Arabia.
Shittlecock, shit-tl-kSk, s. a cork stuck
with feathers, and driven by players from one to ano-
ther with battledour:.
(t3- The most natural derivation of this word seems to
arise from the motion of a shuttle, and tlierefore it ought
to be written and pronounced shuttlecock.
Shive, shlve, S. a slice of bread, a thick splinter
or lamina cut off from the main substance.
To Shiver, shiv^ur, v. n. 98. To quake, to
tremble, to shudder as with cold or fear.
To Shiver, shiv'iir, v. n. To fall at once into
many parts or shives.
To Shiver, shiv-ur, v. a. To break by one act
into many parts, to shatter.
Shiver, shlv-ur, S. 515. One fragment of many
into which any thing is broken.
ShIVERV, shlV-ur-^, a. Loose of coherence, easily
falling into many fragments.
Shoal, shole, s. 295. a crowd, a multitude,
a throng ; a shallow, a sand bank.
To Shoal, shile, v. n. To crowd, to throng, to
be shallow, to grow shallow.
Shoal, shole, a. Shallow, obstructed or encumbered
with banks.
ShoALINESS, shi-le-neS, S. Shallowness, frequency
of shallow places.
ShOALY, shi-l^, a. Full of shoals, full of shallow
places.
Shock, shok, S. Conflict, mutual impression of
violence, violent concourse; concussion, external
violence; the conflict of enemies : ofi"ence, impression
of disgust ; a pile of sheaves of corn ; a rough dog.
7b Shock, shSk, v. a. To shake by violence; to
oflTend, to disgust.
To Shock, shSk, v. n. To be offensive.
To Shock, sh6k, v. n. To build up piles of
sheaves.
Shod, shSd, ybr ShOED, The prct. and part. pass.
of To Shoe.
Shoe, slioo, S. 296. The cover of the foot.
To Shoe, shoo, v. a. Pret. / Shod. Part. pass.
Shod To fit tht foot with a shoe ; to cover at the
bottom.
ShoEBOY, shoo-bo^, *. A boy who cleans shoes.
ShoeING-HORN, shdo-ing-horn, S. A horn used
to lacilitate the admission of the foot into a narrow
tlioe.
478
Shoemaker, sho6-ma-kur, s. One whose trade
is to make shoes.
ShoETYE, shoo-ti, S. The riband with which
women tie shoes.
Shog, shog', s. Violent concussion.
To Shoo, sh6g, v. a. To shake, to agitate bj
sudden interrupted impulses.
Shone, shftii. The pret. of Shine.
(O" This word is frequently pronounced so as to rhyme
with tone; but the short sound of it is by far the most
osual anioiiB those who may be styled polite speakers.
This sound is adopted by Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Sheri-
dan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Smith; nor do
I find the other sound in any of our Dictionaries that
have the word.
Shook, shook, 306. Tlie pret. and in Poetry,
part. pass, of Shake.
7(9 Shoot, shoot, v. a. Frei. I Stiot. Tart. Shot
or Shotten. To discharge any thing so as to make it fly
with speed or violence; to discharge from a bow or
gun; to let off; to emit new parts, as a vegetable; to
emit, to dart or thrust forth; to fit te each other bv
planinj!, a workman's term; to pass through with
swiftness.
To Shoot, shoot, v. n. To perform the act of
shooting:; to germinate, to increase in vegetable
growth ; to form itself into any shape ; to be emitted ;
to protuberate, to jut out; to pass as an arrow; to
become any thing suddenly ; to move swiftly along ; to
feel a quick pain.
Shoot, shoot, S. The act of striking, or endeavour-
ing to strike with a missile weapon discharged by any
instrument, obsolete; a branch issuing from tlie main
stock.
Shooter, shoot^ur, s. 98. One who shoots, an
archer, a gunner.
Shop, shSp, s. a place where any thing is sold j
a room in wiiich manufactures are carried on.
Siioi'BOARI), sh6p-b6rd, s. Bench on which anj
work is done.
Shopbook, sh6pM)ook, s. Book in which a trades-
man keeps his accounts.
Shopkeeper, shSp-ke^p-ur, *. A trader who
sells in a shop, not a merchant, who only deals by
whiilesale.
Shop.MAN, shSp-m^n, s. 88. A petty trader ; one
wlio serves in a shop.
Shore, shore. The pret. of Shear.
Shore, shore, *, The coast of the sea ; the bank
of a river; a drain, properly Sewer; the support ol
a building, a bultress.
To Shore, shire, v, a. To prop, to support; to
set on shore, not in use.
Shoreless, shore-les, a. Having no coast.
Shorn, shorne. Tiie part, pass, of Shear.
GS" Tliis word was inadvertently marked with the third
sound of o in the first edition of this Dictionary; but
from considering its analogy with swear, wear, and tear,
I do not hesitate to alter it to the first sound of that
vowel : Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Smith, and W. Johnston, are
for the first pronunciation; but Mr. Perry, Mr. Wares,
and Mr. Elphinston, are for t'he last : and these author!-
ties, with analogy on their side, are decisive.
Short, short, a. 167. Not long, commonly not
long enou|ih ; repeated by quick iterations ; not reach-
ing the purpostd point, not adequate ; nut far distant
in time; defective; scanty; not going so far as was
intended; narrow, contracted ; brittle.
Short, short, S. A summary account.
Short, short, ad. Not long.
7b Shorten, shor-tn, v. a. 103. To make short-,
to coinract, lo abbreviate ; to confine, to hinder from
progression : to cut off; to lop.
Shorthand, short-h^nd, s. A method of writing
in compendious characters.
Shortlived, shoit-livd,' a. 59. Not living or
lasting long.
Shori LY, shurt-li, ad. Quickly, soon, in a littU
time; in a few words, briefly.
SHR
SHR
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 6il 299— pound 313— //an 466, this 469.
Shortness, short-nes, s. The quality of being
short; fewness of words, brevity, conciseness; want
of retention ; deficience, imperfection.
ShortRIBS, short-ribz5 s. The bastard ribs.
Shortsighted, short-sUted, a. Unable to see
far.
Shortsightedness, short-sUted-nes, s. Defect
of sight.
Shortwaisted, short-wist-ed, a. Having a short
body,
ShortwiNDED, short-wind^ed, a. Shortbreathed,
asthmatick, breathing by quick and faint reciproca-
tions.
ShortWINGED, short-Wingd{ a. Having short
wings. Su hawks are divided into long and short-
winged.
Shory, sho're, a. Lying near the coast.
Shot, shSt. The pret. and part. pass, of Shoot.
SiHOT, shSt, S. The act of shooting ; the flight of
a shot; the charge of a gun; bullets or small pellets
for tlie charge of a gun; any tiling discharged from
a gun, or other instrument; a sum cliarged, a reckon-
ing.
ShotfREE, shStifrIi, a. Clear of the reckoning.
ShotteN, shftt-tn, a. 103. Having ejected the
spawn.
To Shove, shuv, v. a. 165. To push by main
strength ; to drive a boat by a pole that reaches to the
bottom of the water; to push, to rash against.
To Shove, shuv, v. n. To push forward before
one ; to move in a boat, not by oars but a pole.
Shove, shuv, s. The act of shoving, a push.
Shovel, shuv-vl, s. 102. An instrument consist-
ing of a long handle and broad blade with raised edges.
To Shovel, shuv^vl, v. a. To throw or heap
with a shovel ; to gather in great quantities.
SHOVELBOARD, shuv-vl-bord, S. A long board on
which they play by sliding metal pieces at a mark.
ShougH, shSk, *. 321. 392. A species of shaggy
dog, a shock.
Should, shud, 320. This is a kind of auxiliary
verb used in the conjunctive mood, of which the signi-
fication is not easily fixed. — See Been.
Shoulder, shol-dur, i. 318. The joint which
connects the arm to the body ; the upper joint of the
foreleg ijf a beast ; the upper part of the back ; the
shoulders are used as emblems of strength; arising
part, a prominence. — See Mould.
To Shoulder, shol-dur, v. a. To push with in-
solence and vii>lence; to put upon the shoulder.
Shouldekbelt, shol^dur-beit, *, A belt that
comes across the shoulder.
Shoulderclapper, shol-dur-klip-pur, s. One
who affects familiarity.
Shouldershotten, sh5Udur-sh6t-tn, a.
Strained in the shoulder.
Shoulderslip, shil^dur-slip, s. Dislocation of
the shoulder.
To Shout, shout, v. n. 313. To cry in triumph
or exultation.
Shout, shout, s. A loud and vehement cry of
triumph or exultation.
ShOUTER, shout-ur, S. 98. He who shouts.
To Show, sho, v. a. 324. Pret. Showed and
Shown. Part. pass. Shown. To exhibit to view; to
give proof of, to prove; to make known; to point the
way, to direct; to otfer, to afford; to explain, to ex-
pound ; to leach, to tell.
To Show, sho, V, n. To appear, to look, to be in
appearance.
Show, sho, S. A spectacle, something puWickly
exposed to view for money; superficial appearance ;
ostentatious display ; object attracting notice ; splen-
did appearance; semblance; speciousness; external
appearance; exhibition to view; pomp, magnificent
specLicle ; phantoms, not realities; representative
action.
479
Showbread, or Shewbread, shA-bred, s.
Among the Jews, they thus called loaves of bread that
the priest of the week put every Sabbath-day upon the
golden table which was in the Sanctum before the
Lord.
Shower, shou^3r, s. 323. Rain either moderat*
or violent; storm of any thing falling thick; any very
liberal distribution.
To Shower, shou-ur, v. a. To wet or drown
with rain ; to pour down; to distribute or scatter with
great liberality.
To Shower, shou^ur, v. n. To be rainy.
Showery, shou^ur-^, a. Rainy.
Showish, or Showy, shi^ish, or sho^^, a
Splendid, gaudy; ostentatious.
Shown, shone. Part. pass, of To Show. Exhibited.
Shrank, shrank. The pret. of Shrink.
To Shred, shred, v. a. Pret. Shred. To cut
into small pieces.
Shred, shred, s. A small piece cut off; a fragment.
Shrew, shr3o, *. 265. 339. A peevish, malignant^
clamorous, turbulent woman.
Shrewd, shrodd, «. Having the qualities of
a shrew, malicious, troublesome; maliciously sly
cunning; ill-betokening; rnischievous.
Shrewdly, shrodd-le, ad. Mischievously
vexationsly ; cunninKly; slily.
Shrewdness, shrood-nes, s. siy cunning, arch
ness ; miscliievousness, petulance.
Shrewish, shrou-ish, a. Having the qualities of
a shrew ; froward, petulantly clamorous.
Shrewish ly, shrdo-ish-le, ad. Petulantly, pee-
vishly, clamorously.
Shrewishness, shroo^ish-nes. s. The qualities
of a shrew, frowardness, petuhince, claniorousness.
Shrewmouse, shroo-mouse, *. A mouse of
which the bite was generally supposed venomous.
To Shriek, shreek, v. n. 275. To cry out
inarticulately with anguish or horrour, to scream.
Shriek, shriek, S. An inarticulate cry of anguish
or horrour.
Shrieve, shreiv, S. 275. A sheriff.
fi3- Tliis was the ancient mode of writing and pronounc-
ing this word. Stow, indeed, writes it sArife; but it is
highly probable that the i had exactly the sound of ie
in grieve, thieve, &c. and the common people of London
to this day have preserved this old pronunciation, though
it is wearing away fast among them. To be convinced,
that t'liis is the true etymological manner of writing and
pronouncing it, we need but attend to the Saxon word
from which it is derived : reve, or reeve, signifies a stewc
ard ; and s/irteiie is but a contraction of shire reeve, or
sAire steward. But however just this orthography and
pronunciation may be in other respects, it wants the true
stamp of polite usage to make it current; it is now grown
old and vulgar, and Pope's use of this word,
** Now Mayors and Shrieves all htisliM and satiate lay," — —
must only be looked upon as assisting the humour of the
scene he describes.
Shrievalty, shrii^vil-ti, s. The office of
a sheriff.
ti:y- By a caprice common in language, this compound
is not nearly so antiquated as its simple; though it
should seem, that if the old root be taken away, and
another planted in its stead, the branches ought to spring
f^roni the latter, and not the former. But though we
seldom hear sAriere for sAeri^, except among the lower
classes of peoph in London, we not unfrequcutly hear,
even among the better sort, shrievalty for sheriffalty ;
and Junius, in one of his letters to the Duke of Grafton,
says, ': Your next appearance in office is marked with
his election to tiie shrievalty." Public Advertiser, July 9,
1771. This is certainly an inaccuracy ; and such an in-
accuracy, in such a writer as .lunius, is not a little sur-
piising.
Shrift, shrift, s. Confession made to a priest.
Shrill, shnl, a. Sounding with a piercing,
tremulous, or vibratory sound.
To Shrill, shril, v. n. To pivrce the e?.r witn
quick vibrations of sound,
SHU
SIE
ts-'hSg. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93,"met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, mSve 164-;
To Shut, shut, v. n. To be closed, to close itself.
Shut, shut, ^ar^. a. Rid, clear, free.
Shut, shut, S. Close, act of shutting ; small dool
or cover.
Shutter, shut-tur, s, 93. One that shuts
a cover, a door.
Shuttle, shut-tl, *. 105. The instrument with
which the weaver shoots ihe cross threads.
Shuttlecock, shut-tl-kok, s. a cork stuct
with featliers, and beaten bacliward and forward. — S^
SItittlecock.
Shy, shi, a. Reserved ; cautious ; keeping at
a distance, unwilling to approach.
Sibilant, sib'-e-l^nt, a. Hissing.
SiBILATlON, Slb-e-la-shun, *. A hissing sound,
SlCAMORE, sik-i-m6re, s. A tree.
SiCCITY, Slk.ise-t^, S. Driness, aridity, want ol
moisture.
SlCE, size, S. The number six at dice.
SiCK, Slk, a. Afflicted with disease; ill in the
stomach ; corrupted ; disgusted.
To SiCKEV, sik-kn, v. a, 103. To make sitk J
to weaken, to impair.
To Sicken, sik-kn, v, n. To grow rick ; to be
satiated; to be disgusted or disordered with abhor-
rence ; to grow weak, to decay, to languish.
Sickle, sik^kl, *. 405. The hook with which
com is cut, a reaping-hook.
Sickleman, sik^kl-mttn, \
o 'J, n 1 2 „„ f *• A reaper.
biCKLER, sik-kl-ur, 98. J
Sickliness, sik-le-nes, S. Disposition to sickness,
habitual disease.
Sickly, Slk-li, «. Not healthy, somewhat dis-
ordered; faint, weak, languid.
To Sickly, Sik-l^, v. a. To make diseased, to
taint with the hue of disease. Not in use.
Sickness, Slk-nes, S. state of being diseased;
disease, malady ; disorder in the organs of digesiioii.
Side, side, S. The part of animals fortified by the
ribs ; any part of any body opposed to any otlier pait ;
the right or left; margin, verge; any kind of local
resptct; parly, faction, sect; any part placed in con-
tradiction or opposition to anotlier.
Side, side, a. Lateral, oblique, being on either side.
To Side, side, v. n. To take a party, to engage in
a faction.
Sideboard, slde-bSrd, s. The side-table, on
which conveniences are placed for those that eat at the
other table.
SiDEBOX, slde^bSks, *. Seat for the ladies on the
side of the theatre.
.SiDEFLY, slde-fll, s. An insect.
To Sidle, sUdl, v. n. 405. To go with the body
the narrowest way.
Sidelong, side-l6ng, a. Lateral, oblique, not in
front, not direct.
Sidelong, Slde-l6ng, ad. Laterally, obliquely, not
in pursuit, not in opposition ; on the side.
Sider, sl'-dur, s. 98. — See Cider.
SiDERAL, sid-der-il, a. Starry, astral.
Sideration, sid-der-a-shun, s. A sudden mortifica-
tion, a blast, or a sudden deprivation of sense.
Sidesaddle, slde-sad-dl, s, A woman's seat on
horseback.
Sidesman, sidz^mln, s. 88. An assistant to the
churchwardens.
Sideways, slde-w^ze,! ,
SiDEWiSE, slde^wlze, J
Laterally, on one side.
Siege, S^dje, S. The act of besetting a forlifiii
place, a league; any continued endeavour to gain pos-
session ; place, class, rank. Obsolete.
Sieve, SIV, S. 377. Hair or lawn strained upon
Shrilly, shril'-le, ad. With a shrill noise.
Shrillness, shril-nes, *• The quality of being
shrill.
Shrimp, shrimp, s. A small crustaceous vermiculated
fish; a little wrinkled man, a dwarf.
Shrine, shrine, *. A case in which something
sacred is reposited.
To Shrink, shringk, v. n. Pret. I Shrunk, or
Shrank. Part. Shrunken. To contract itself into less
room, to shrivel ; to withdraw as from danger; to ex-
press fear, liorrour, or pain, by shrugging or contracting
the body; to fall back as from danger.
To Shrink, shringk, v. a. Part. pass. Shrunk,
Shrank, or Shrunken. To make to shrink.
Shrink, shringk, s. Contraction into less compass;
contraction of the body from fear or horrcur.
ShriNKER, shringkiur, s. 98. iHe who shrinks.
To Shrive, shrive, V, a. To hear at confession.
To Shrivel, shrivivl, v. n, 102. To contract
itself into wrinkles.
To Shrivel, shriv^^vl, v, a. To contract into
wrinkles.
Shriver, shrUvur, s, 98. A confessor.
Shroud, shroud, i. 313. A shelter, a cover ; the
dress of the dead, a winding-sheet ; the sail ropes.
To Shroud, shroijd, v, a. To shelter, to cover
from danger; to dress for the grave; to cover or con-
ceal ; to defend, to protect.
7b Shroud, shroud, v. n. To harbour, to take
shelter.
Shrovetide, shrove^tlde, ")
Shrovetuesday, shrove-tizeM^, 223./
The time of confession, the day before Ash-wednesday
or Lent.
Shrub, shrub, S. A small tree; spirit, acid, and
sugar mixed.
Shrubby, shrub-bJ, o. Resembling a shrub ; full
of shrubs, bushy.
7h Shrug, shrug, v. n. To express horrour or
dissatisfaction by motion of the shoulders or whole
body.
To Shrug, shrug, v. a. To contract or draw up.
Shrug, shrug, s, A motion of the shoulders usually
expressing dislike or aversion.
Shrunk, shrungk. The pret. and part. pass, of
Shrink.
Shrunken, shrungk-kn, 103. The part. pass, of
Shrink.
To Shudder, shud'-dur, f. m. 93. To quake with
fear, or with aversion.
To Shuffle, shuf-fl, v. a. 405. To throw into
disorder, to agitate tumultuously, so as that one thing
takes the place of another; to remove, or put by with
some artifice or fraud ; to change the position of cards
with respect to each other; to form fraudulently.
To Shuffle, shuf-fl, v. n. To throw the cards
into a new order; to play mean tricks, to practise
fraud, to evade fair questions ; to struggle, to shift; to
move with an irregular gait.
Shuffle, shuf-fl, S. 405. The act of disordering
things, or making them take confusedly the place of
each other; a trick, an artifice.
Shufflecap, shuf^fl-kip, S. A play at which
money is shaken ii> a hat.
Shuffler, shuf-fl-ur, s. 98. He who plays
tricks, or shuffles.
Shufflingly, shuf^fl-ing-le, ad. 410. With
an irregular pait.
To Shun, shun, v. a. To avoid, to decline, to en-
deavour to escape.
Shunless, shun-les, a, inevitable, unavoidable.
To Shut, shut, v. a. Pret. / Shut. Part. pass.
Shut. To close so as to prohibit ingress or egress , to
enclose, to confine ; to prohibit, to bar ; to exclude ; to
contract, not to keep expanded ; to Shut out, to ex-
clude, to deny admission } to Shut up, to close, to
confine; to roncUide.
SIG
SIL
ti8r 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 5!l 299— pSund 313— Min 466, this 469.
a hoop, by which flower is separated from branj
a boulter, a scarce.
Th Sift, sift, v. a. To separate by a sieve ; to
separate, to part ; to examine, to try.
Sifter, sift-fir, s. 98. He who sifts.
To Sigh, sI, v. n. To emit the breath audibly, as
in grief.
Sigh, si, s. a violent and audible emission of
breath which has been long retained,
0C5- A very extraqxdinary pronunciation of this word
prevails in London, and, what is more extraordinary, on
the Stage, so different from every other word of the same
form as to make it a perfect oddity in the language. This
pronunciation approaches to the word sithe; and the
only ditference is, that sithe has the flat aspiration as
in this; and sigh the sharp one, as in thin. It is not
easy to conjecture what could be the reason of this de-
parture from analogy, unless it were to give the word
a sound which seems an echo to the sense ; and if this
intention had gone no farther than the lengthening or
shortening of a vowel, it might have been admitted, as
\T\ fearful, cheerful, pierce, fierce, great, leisure, and some
others; but pronouncing gh like th in this word is too
palpable a contempt of orthography to pass current with-
out the stamp of the best, the most universal and per-
manent usage on its side. The Saxon combination gh,
according to the general rule, both in the middle and at
the end of a word, is silent. It had anciently a guttural
pronunciation, which is still retained in great part of
Scotland, and in some of the northern parts of England:
but every guttural sound has been long since banished
from the language; not, however, without some efforts
to continue, by changing these letters, sometimes into
the related guttural consonant k, as in lovgh, hough, &c.
and sometimes into a consonant entirely unrelated to
them, as in laugh, cough, &c. These are the only trans-
mutations of these letters; and these established irregu-
larities are quite suflicient without admitting such as are
only candiciates for confusion. If it be pleaded that
tithe better expresses the emission of breath in the act of
sighing, it may be answered, that nothing can be more
erroneous, a> the tongue and teeth have nothing to do in
this action. Mr. Sheridan has, indeed, to assist this ex-
pression, spelt the word sih, as at aspiration must neces-
sarily accompany the act of sighing; but (to take no
notice that, in this case, the h ought to be before the i)
S97> though such expression may be very proper in ora-
tory, when accompanied by passion, it would be as
affected to give it this aspiration in ordinary speech, as
to pronounce the vord fearful with a tremor of the voice
and a faltering of the tongue, or to utter the word laugh
with a convulsive motion of the breast and lungs. To
these reasons may be added the laws of rhyme ; which
recessarily exclude this affected pronunciation, and
oblige us to give the word its true analogical sound :
" LoTe is a smoke, raised with the fume of sighs}
*' Being purg'd, a fire, sparkling in lovers' eyes."
Shakespeare.
Sight, site, s. 393. Perception by the eye, the
sense of seeing; open view, a situation in which no-
thing obstructs the eye; act of seeing or beholding;
notice, knowledge ( eye, instrument of seeing; aper-
ture pervious to the eye, or other points fixed to guide
the eye, as, the Sights of a quadrant; spectacle show,
tiling wonderful to be seen.
Sightless, slte-les, a. Wanting sight, blind j
not sightly.
Sightly, slte-le, a. Pleasing to the eye, striking
to the view.
Sigil, sid^jil, s. 544. A seal.
Sign, sine, * 385. A token of any thing, that by
which any thing is shown ; a wonder, a miracle; a pic-
ture hung at a door, to give notice what is sold within ;
a constellation in the Zodiack; typical representa-
tion, symbol ; a subscription of one's name, as, a
Sign-manual.
To Sign, sine, v. a. To mark; to ratify by hand
or seal ; to betoken, to signify, to represent typically.
Signal, Slg-nil, s. 88. Notice given by a sign,
a sign that gives notice.
Signal, Sig-nal, a. Eminent, memorable, remark-
able.
SignaliTY, Sig-nitU^-t^, *. Quality of something
remarkable or memorable.
To Signalize, sig-nil-lze, v. a. To make
eminent, to make remarkable.
481
Signally, siginil-^, ad. Eminently, remarkably,
memorably.
Signation, Slg-ni^shun, S. Sign giving, act of
betokening.
Signature, sig'-n^-ture, s. 463. A sign or mark
impressed upon any thing, a stamp ; a mark upon any
matter, particularly upon plants, by which their nature
or medicinal use is pointed out ; proof, evidence ;
among printers, some letter or figure to distinguish
different sheets.
Signet, Slg^net, $. 99. A seal commonly used for
the seal-manual of a king.
Significance, sig-nif^fe-kSnse, 1
Significancy, sig-nif-fe-k^n-se, J *'
Power of signifying, meaning; energy, power of im-
pressing the mind ; importance, moment.
Significant, sig-nif^fe-k^nt, a. Expressive of
something beyond the external mark; betokening,
standing as a sign of something ; expressive or repre-
sentative in an eminent degree; important, momen-
tous.
Significantly, sig-n?f-fe-k^nt-li, ad. With
force of expression.
Signification, sig-nJ-fi-ki^shuii, *. The act of
making known by signs ; meaning expressed by a sign
or word.
Significative, sig-mf^fe-k^-tiv, a. Betokening
by .iny external sign ; forcible, strongly expressive.
Significatory, sig-nif-fe-k4-tur-6, *. 512.
That which signifies or betokens.
To Signify, Slgine-fi, v. a. To declare by some
token or sign; to mean; to express; to import, to
weigh; to make known.
To Signify, sig-ni-fl, v. n. 385. To express
meaning with force.
SiGNiORY, s^ne-y6-ri, s. 113. Lordship,
dominion.
Signpost, slneip6st, s. That upon which a sign
hangs.
SiKER, sik^ur, a. and ad. The old word for Su7-e
or Sureti/.
Silence, sUlense, S. The state of holding peace ;
habitual taciturnity, not loquacity ; secrecy, stillness.
Silence, sl-lense, interj. An authoritative re-
straint of speech.
To Silence, sl-lense, v. a. To still, to oblige to
hold peace.
Silent, sl-lent, a. Not speaking ; not talkative ;
still; not mentioning.
Silently, sl-lent-1^, ad. Without speech ; witii-
out noise; without mention.
SiLicious, s4-lish-us, a. 135. 357. Made of
hair.
SiLICULOSE, sl-llk-u-lose{ a. 427- Husky, full
of husks. — See Appendix.
SiLiGiNOSE, sl-litl-je-n6se5 a. 427- Made of fine
wheat. — See Appendix.
SiLIQUA, Sll-l^-kwJ, S. 92. A carat of which six
make a scruple ; the seed-vessel, husk, pod, or shell of
such plants as are of the pulse kind.
SiLlQUOSE, sil-le-kwise{ \
SiLIQUODS, Sll-l^-kwUS,
Havii:g a pod or capsule.— See Appendix.
Silk, silk, S. The thread of the worm that turns
afterwards to a butterfly ; the stuff made of the worm's
thread.
Silken, silk^kn, a. 103. Made of silk ; soft,
tender; dressed in silk.
SiLKMERCER, silk-inef-sur, S. A dealer in silk.
SiLKWEAVER. Sllk-W^-VUF, S. One whose trade is
to weave silken stutts.
Silkworm, silk-wurm, s. The wonn that spins
silk.
Silky, silk-e, a. Made of silk ; soft, pliant.
Sill, sill, s. The timber or stoneat the foot of tl»e
doof*
If
SIM
SIN
c:> 559. Vke 73, far 77, fall 83, fSt 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, piu 107— n6 16'2, move 164,
■h
Plants.
SlLI.ABUB, Sll-l^-bub, s. A mixture of milk warm
from the cow witli wine, sugar, &c.
Sillily, Sll-le-l4, ad. In a silly manner, simply,
foolishly.
Silliness, Sil-le-nes, *, Simplicity, weakness,
harmless folly.
Silly, si-l-le, a. Harmless, innocent, artless j
foolish, wi -less.
SlLLYHOW, Sil-le-lioia, S, The membrane that
covers the head of the foetus.
Silvan, sil'-vin, «. 88. Woody, full of woods.
Silver, sil-vur, *. 98. silver is a white and hard
metal, next in weight to gold; any thing of soft splen-
. dour; money made of silver.
Silver, sil-vur, a. Made of silver; white like
silver; liaving a pale lustre ; soft of voice.
7'o Silver, sil-vur, v. a. To cover superficially
with silver; to adorn with mild lustre.
Silver BEATER, sil-vur-b^-tur, *. One tliat
foliates silver.
SiLVERLY, SiUvur-l^, ad. With the appearance
of silver.
Silversmith, siI-vur-smiM, *. One tnat works
in silver.
Silverthistle, siKvur-^/tis-sl,
SiLVEUWEED, sil-vur-we^d,
Silvery, sil-vur-e, a. Besprinkled with silver,
sliir.iiig like silver.
SiMAR, se-marj 5. A woman's robe.
Similar, sim^^-lur, 88.")
SiiNiiLARLY, sun^e-lur-^, /
Homogeneous, having one part like another; resem-
bling, having resemblance.
Similarity, sim-^-llri^-t^, s. Likeness.
Simile, Sim-^-le, *. 96. A comparison by which
any thing is illustrated.
Similitude, Se-mil-^-tude, *. Likeness, re-
semblance; comparison, simile.
Simitar, sim-e-tur, *. 88. A crooked or falcated
sword with a convex edge. More properly spelt
Cimeter.
To Simmer, sim-mur, v. n. 98. To boil gently,
t» boil with a gentle hissing.
Simony, Sim-un-^, s. The crime of buying or
selling church prefeimeiit.
To Simper, sini-pur, v. n. 98. To smile,
generally to smile foolislily.
Simper, Siniipur, S. 98. A smile, generally
a foolish smile.
Simple, Sim-pl, a. 405. Plain, artless ; harmless,
uncompounded, unmingled; silly, not wise, not
cunning.
Simple, Sini-pl, *. A simple ingredient in a medicine,
a drug, an herb.
To Simple, siin-pl, v. n. To gather simples.
SlMPLENESS, Sim-pl-lleS, *. The quality of being
simple.
Simpler, sim^pl-ur, *. 98
herbalist.
Simpleton, slm^pl-tuii, s.
atrifler, a foolish fellow.
SiMPLiniY, sim-plis^^-t^, s.
ntssj not sulitilty, not abstruseness ; not finery j state
of being uncompounded ; weakness, silliness.
To Simplify, sim-ple-fl, v. a. To make less
compjex ; to reduce to first principles.
^^IMPLIST, Sim-plist, *. One skilled in simples.
Simply, siin-pl^, ad. Without art, without
subtilty ; of itself, without addition; merely, solely;
foolishly, sillily.
Simular, sim^Li-l^r,5. 88. One that counterfeits.
Not in use.
'SlMLlAiiON, sun-A-l;\-shuii, S. That part of
ii^puaisy which pretends that to be which is not.
482
A simplist, an
A silly mortal.
Plainness, artless-
Simultaneous, sl-mu.l-til-ne-us, a. 135. Acting
together, existing at the same time.
Sin, Sin, S. An act against the laws of God, a violatioi
of the laws of religion; habitual negligence of reli-
gion.
To Sin, sin, v. n. To neglect the laws of religion,
to violate the laws of religion ; to offend against right.
Since, Sinse, ad. Because that; from the time
that ; ago, before this.
Since, sinse, prep. After, reckoning from some
time pas* to the time present.
Sincere, sin-serej a. Pure, unmingled ; honest,
undissembling, uncorrupt.
Sincerely, sin-s^re-1^, ad. Honestly, without
hypocrisy,
SiNCE'RENESS, sin-sere-ues, "1
Sincerity, sin-ser-e-t^, /*'
Honesty of intentioh, purity of mind; freedom from
hypocrisy.
SiNDON, Sin-dun, S. 166. A fold, a wrapper.
Sine, sine, S. a right sign, in Geometry, is a right
line drawn from one end of an arcli perpendicularly
upon the diameter drawn from the other end of that
arch.
Sinecure, sl-n^-kure, *. An office which has
revenue without any employment.
Sinew, sin-iu'l, *. 265. A tendon, the ligament by
which the joints are moved; applied to whatever gives
strength or compactness, as, money is the Sinew of war j
muscle or nerve.
To Sinew, Sin-nit, V, a. To knit as by sinews.
Not in use.
Sinewed, sin^nude, a. 359. Furnished with
sinews; strong, firm, vigorous.
Sinewy, sm-nu-4, a. Consisting of a sinew,
nervous; strong, vigorous.
Sinful, Sin-tul, a. Alien from God ; unsanctified ^
wicked, not obserrant of religion, contrary to religion.
Sinfully, sin^ful-^, ad. Wickedly.
Sinfulness, sin-ful-nes, s. Alienation from God,
neglect or violation of the duties of religion.
To Sing, sin^, v. n. Pret. / Sang or Sung.
Part. pass. Sting. To form the voice to melody, u
articulate musically; to utter sweet sounds inarticif
lately; to make any small or shrill noise j to tell, in
Poetry.
To Sing, sing, v. a. 409. To relate or mention,
in Poetry; to celebrate, to give praise to; to utter
harmoniously.
To Singe, Sinje, v. a. To scorch, or burh slightly
or superficially.
Singer, Sin^-ur, S. 410. One that sings, one
whose profession or business is to sing,
Singingmaster, sing^ing-mHs-tur, *. 410.
One who teaches to sing.
Single, sing-gl, a. 405. One, not double;
particular, individual, not ccmipounded ; alone, having
no companion, having no assistant; unmarried j not
complicated, notduplicated; pure, uncorrupt, a scrip-
tural sense ; that in which one is opposed to one.
To Single, siiig-gl, v. a. To choose out from
among others; to sequester, to withdraw; to take
alone ; to separate.
Singleness, sliig^gl-nes, s, simplicity, sincerity,
honest plainness.
Singly, Sing-gle, ad. Invidually, particularly; ,
without partners or associates; honestly, simply,
sincerely.
Singular, siiig^gu-lAr, a. 88. 179. Single, not
complex, not compound; in Grammar, expressing
only one, not plural; particular, unexampled ; having
something not common to others ; alone, that of which
there ts but one.
Singularity, sing-gu-l^r-e-te, s. Some character
or quality by which one is distinguished from others;
any thing remarkable; a curiosity.
Singularly, sing-gi-lAr-le, aef. Particularly, to
a manner not cununon to others.
SIR
SIZ
nor 167, n&t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, this 469.
Sinister, sin-nis-tur, ff. 98. 503. Being on the
left hand ; lelt, not right ; bad, deviating from lionesty,
unfair; unlucky, inauspicious.
(try- This word, though uniformly accented on the
second syllable in the poets quoted by Johnson, is as
uniformly accented on the first by all our lexicographers,
and is uniformly so pronounced by the best speakers.
Mr. Nares tells us, that Dr. Johnson seems to think,
that when this word is used in its literal sense, as,
'* In his sinister hand, instead of ball,
** He placM a mighty mug of potent ale."
Drydciu
It has the accent on the second syllable ; but when in
tVie figurative sense of corrupt, insidiovj!, &c. on the first.
This distinclion seems not to be founded on the best
usage, and is liable to the objections noticed under the
word BoilI. — See Principles, No. 495.
SiNISTROUS, Sin-niS-trus, a. Absurd, perverse,
wrong-headed.
SlNISTROlJSLY, Sin-niS-truS-ll, ad. With a ten-
dency to the left; perversely, absurdly. Accented
according to the adjective.
To Sink, singk, v. n. Pret. / Sunk, anciently
Sank. Part. Sunk or Sunken. To fall down through
any medium, not to swim, to go to the bottom ; to fall
gradually; to enter or penetrate into any body; to
lose height, to fall to a level ; to lose or want pro-
minence; to be overwhelmed or depressed; to be
received, to be impressed; to decline, to decrease, to
t'ecay ; to fall into rest of indolence; to fall into any
state worse than the former, to tend to ruin.
To Sink, Sin^k, v. a. 408. To put under water,
to disable from swimming or floating; to delve, to
make by delving; to depress, to degrade; to plunge
into destruction; to make to fall; to bring low, to
diminish in quantity ; to crush ; to diminish; to make
to decline; to suppress, to conceal.
Sink, Singk, *•. 408. A drain, a Jakes j any place
where corruption is gathered.
Sinless, Sin-les, a. Exempt from sin.
SlNLESSNESS, sill-les-lies, *. Exemption from sin.
SjNNER, Sininur, S. 98. One at enmity with God;
one not truly or religiously good ; an otfender, a ci i-
minal.
SiNOFFERING, sinijf-fur-ing, S. An expiation or
sacrifice for sin.
SiNOPER, Sin-6-pur, s. 98. A species of earth,
ruddle.
To SiNl/ATE, Sin-yu-ite, v. a. To bend in and
out.
SiNUATION, Sin-yu-^-shun, *. 113. A bending
in and out.
Sinuous, 8in-yu-us, a. 113. Bending in and out.
Sinus, sl-nus, S. A bay of the sea, an opening of
the land ; any fold or opening.
To Sip, sip, v. a. To take a small quantity of
' liqviTd in at the mouth.
Sip, sip, S. A small quantity of liquid taken in at
the mouth.
Siphon, sl-fun, s. 166. A pipe through whicii
- liquors are conveyed.
Sipper, sip-pur, s. 98. One that sips.
Sippet, sip-pit, s. 99. A small sop.
Sir, sur, *. 109- The word of respect in compella-
tidu ; the title of a knighi or baronet ; it is sometimes
used for Man ; a title given to the loin of beef, which
one of our kings knighted in a fit of good humour.
Sire, sire, S, a father, in Poetry ; it is used of
beasts, as the liorse had a good sire ; it is used in Com-
position, as. Grand-sire.
Siren, si-ren, *. A goddess who enticed men by
singing, and devoured them.
fSiiilASiS, se-n-i-sis, *. 135. 5U3. An inflamma-
• tion of the brain and its membrane, through an
excessive heat of the sun.
SiRIUS, .Sir^r^-US, *. The dogstar.
Sirocco, si-rftk-kO, S. The south-east, or Syrian
wind.
SikrAH, S<^r-r^, S, 92. A compellation of reproach
auU insult.
4eiJ
(t^ This is a corruption of the first magnitude, but too
general and inveterate to be remedied. Mr. Sheridaih
Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry,
pronounce it as I have done. W. Johnston alnive pro-
nounces it as if written serrah; and Mr. Elphinston,
because it is derived from sir and the interjection ah, sayg
is ought to have the first syllable like sir. — See quotation
under the word shire.
SiROP, or Sirup, sur-rup, *. 166. The juice of
vegetables boiled with sugar.
(t^ The i in this word and its compounds is irrecover-
ably corrupted into short u.
SiRUPED, sur-rupt, a. 359. Sweet, like simp,
bedewed with sweets.
SiRUPY, sur-rup-^, «. Resembling sirup.
Sister, SIS-tur, S. 98. A woman bom jf the same
parents, correlative to brother ; one of the same faith,
a christian , one of the same nature, lunn.in being j oi;e
of the same kind, one of the same office.
SiSTER-IN-LAW, Sis'-tur-lll-livt, *. A husband or
wife's sister.
Sisterhood, sis'-tur-hud, *. The office or duty
of a sister; a set of sisters ; a number of women of the
same order.
Sisterly, SlS-tur-1^, a. Like a sister, becoming
a sister.
To Sit, sit, v. n. Pret. / Sat. To rest upon the
buttocks; to be in a state of rest, or idleness; to be in
any local position; to rest as a weiglit or burden ; to
settle, to abide; to brood, to incubate ; to be placed in
order to be painted; to be in any situation or condi-
tion ; to he fixed, as an aesembly ; ti be placed at the
table; to be in any solemn assembly as a member ; to
Sit down, to begin a siege; to rest, to cease as satis-
fied; to settle, to fix abode i to Sit out, to be without
engagement or employment; to continue to the end ;
to Sit up, to rise from lying to sitting ; to watch, not
to go to bed.
To Sit, sit, v. a. To keep upon the seat j to be
settled, to do business.
Site, site, *. situation, local position.
SiTH, Slth, ad. Since, seeing that. Obsolete.
SiTHE, or Scythe, siTHe, *. The instrument of
mowing, a crooked blade juined al right angles to
a long pole.
SirrER, Slt-tur, S. 98. One that »ils } a bird that
broods.
Sitting, sit-ting, s, 410. The posture of sitting
on a seat ; the act of resting on a seat ; a time at which
one exhibits himself to a painter; a meeting of an
assembly; a course of study uniniermitted; a time for
which one sits without rising; incubation.
StTUATE, sit-tshi-ate, pa?t. a. 463. PUced with
respect to any thing else.
Situation, sit-tshu-a-shun, *. Local respect,
position ; condition, state.
Six, siks, S. Twice three, one more than five.
Sixpence, siks-pense, s. A coin, half a shilling.
SiXSCORE, siks-skore, a. Six times twenty.
Sixteen, Slks'-te^n, «. Six and ten.
Sixteenth, siks-te^n<A, a. The sixth from the
tenth.
Sixth, SlksM, a. The first after the fifth, the
ordinal of six.
Sixth, siksth, s. A sixth part.
Sixthly, siks</i-le, ad. In the sixth place.
Sixtieth, siks-t^-e<A, «. 279. The tenth six
limes repeated.
Sixty, siks-t^, a. Six times ten.
Sl^E, size, S. Bulk, quantity of superfices, com-
parative magnitude; condition; any viscous or
glutinous substance.
To Size, size, v. a. To adjust, to arrange accord-
ing to size; to settle, to fix; to cover with glutinous
matter, to besmear with size.
Sized, sizd, a. 359- Having a particular magnitude,
, SlZEAULE, sl-2^-bl, «, Ueasunubly bulky.
SKI
SKU
•559. Fke73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, tilet 93— pine 105, pin 107— n6 1<»2, move 164,
SiZER, sl-zur, S. 93. A certain rank of students
in the universities.
Sl/INESS, sUze-nes, S. Glutinousncss, viscosity,
SiZY, sl-ze, a. Viscous, glutinous.
SkainSMATE, skAnz^m^te, *. A messmate. Ob-
solete.
Skate, skate, S. A flat sea fish j a sort of shoe
armed with iron, for sliding on the ice.
SkEAN, sklne, S. A short sword, a knife.
SkEG, skeg', *. A wild plum.
SkeggER, skeg-gur, s. 9B. Skcggers are bred of
such sick salmon that might not go to tiie sea.
Skein, sk^ne, S. 249< A knot of thread of silk
wound.
Skeleton, skel-ll-tun, *. 166. The bones of the
body preserved together as much as can be in their
natural situation • the compages of the principal
parts.
Skeptick, skep^tik, s. 350. One who doubts, or
pretends to doubt of every thing. — See Schirrus.
03- It is with some reluctance I have given this word as
Dr. Johnson has written it, a place in this Dictitmary ;
not because it is not generally pronounced in this man-
ner, but that I think conforming our spelling to a pre-
vailing pronunciation, when this pronunciation is
contrary to analogy, is pregnant with ihe greatest evils
that can happen to a language. Wliil<; the original
landmark is standing, the true proprietor may claim his
rights; but when once that is effaced, there is no hope
of a resumption. How Dr. Johnson could remove this
landmark is astonishing. It is one of those unaccounta-
ble absurdities that sometimes enter into the characters
of men, whose understandings are as much above tlie
rest of the world in some things, as they are below them
in others. The truth is, this great man troubled him-
self little about pronunciation; he seems to have cared
as little for etymologies ; and even grammatical disqui-
sitions seem not to have been his favourite study ; but
when words were to be precisely defined, when the boun-
daries of their significations were to be fixed, and their
most delicate shades of meaning to be distinguished and
exemplified, this task, so difficult to the strongest mind,
seemed to present him with an operaiion worthy of his
powers; in this labour he was, indeed, a literary Her-
cules, and in this he has toiled with honour to himself,
and to the essential improvement of the English lan-
guage.
Skeptical, skep^te-kll, a. Doubtful, pretending
to universal doubt.
Skepticism, skep-tl-sizm, s. Universal doubt,
pretence or profession of universal doubt.
Sketch, sketsh, S. An outline; a rough draught,
a first plan.
To Sketch, sketsh, v. n. To draw, by tracing
the outline; to plan, by giving the first or principal
motion.
Skewer, skure, s. 265. A wooden or iron pin,
used to keep meat in form.
To Skewer, skure, v. a. 98. To fasten with
skewers.
Skiff, skifF, S. A small light boat.
Skilful, skll-ful, a. Knowing, qualified with skill.
Skilfully, skil-ful-*^, ad, with skill, with art,
with uncommon ability, dexterously.
Skilfulness, skil-ful-nes, S. Art, ability,
dexterousness.
Skill, skil, s. Knowledge of any practice or art,
readiness in any practice.
To Skill, skil, v. n. To be knowing in, to be
dexterous at.
Skilled, skild, a. 359< Knowing, dexterous,
acquainted with.
SkillesS, skil-les, a. Wanting art. Not in use.
Skillet, skil-lit, s, 99. a small kettle or boiler.
To Skim, skim, v. a. To clear off from the upper
part, by passing a vessel a little below the surface; to
take by skimminn; to brush the surface lightly, to pass
very near the furface,
Jh Skim, skim, v. n. To pass lightly, to glide
•long.
484
Skimbleskamble, skiinibl-skam-bl,a. Wander-
ing wild. A cant word.
Skimmer, skim-mur,*. 98. A shallow vessel with
which the scum is taken off.
SkiMMILK, skim-milk{ S. Milk from which ih*
cream has been taken.
Skin, skin, S. The natural covering of the flesh;
hide, pelt, that which is taken from animals to make
parchment or leather.
To Skin, skin, v. a. To flay, to strip or divest of
the skin; to cover with the skin; to cover superfi-
cially
Skink, skingk, s. Saxon. Drink, any thing
potable ; pottage.
To Skink, skingk, v. n. 408. To serve drink.
Skinker, skingk-ur, S. One who serves drink.
Skinned, skind, a. 359. Having the nature of
skin or leather.
Skinner, skin-nur, s. 93. A dealer in skins.
SkiNNINESS, Skin-ni-nes, S. The quality of being
skinny.
Skinny, skin-nl, a. Consisting only of skin,
wanting flesh.
To Skip, skip, v. n. To fetch quick bounds, to
pass by quick leaps, to bound lightly and joyfully , to
pass without notice.
To Skip, skip, v, a. To miss, to pass.
Skip, skip, S. a light leap or bound.
Skipjack, skip-j^k, s. An upstart,
Skipkennel, skip-ken-nil, *. 99, A lackey,
a footboy.
Skipper, sklp-pur, S. 98. A shipmaster, or ship-
boy.
Skirmish, sker^mish, 5. 108. A slight fight, less
than a set battle ; a contest, a contention.
To Skirmish, sker-mish, v. n. To fight loosely,
to fight in parties before or after the shock of the main
battle.
Skirmisher, sker-mish-ur, s. He who skirmishes.
To SkihRE, sker, v. a. To scour, to ramble over
in order to clear.
To SkirrE, sker, v. n. To scour, to scud, to run
in haste.
Skirret, sker^rit, j. 99. A plant.
Skirt, skert, *. 108. The loose edge of a garment;
a part which hangs loose below the waist; the edge
of any part of the dress; edge, margin, border, extreme
part.
To Skirt, skert, v. a. To border to run along
the edge.
Skittish, skit-tish, a. shy, easily frighted ^
wanton, volatile; changeable, fickle.
Skittishly, sklt-tish-ll, ad. Wantonly, un-
certainly, fickly.
SkittisHNESS, sklt-tish-nes, S. Wantonness,
fickleness, shinc.ss.
Skittle, skit-tl, s. 405. A piece of wood like
a sugar-loaf u^ed in the play of skittles.
Skittles, skit'-tlz, *. pi.
(t> This word is in no Dictionary that I have seen;
nor do 1 know its derivation. It is described hy Johnsrui,
under the word loggats, to be kittle-pins set up and
thrown down by a bowl: but what kittle-pins are, nei-
titer he nor any other of our lexicographers informs us.
Skonce, sk6nse, s. — see Sconce.
SkrEEN, skr^en, *. 246. Riddle or coarse sieve ;
any thing by which the sun or weather is kept off}
shelter, concealment. Better written Screen.
To SkREEN, skriln, v. a. To riddle, to sift ; to
shade from sun, or light, or weather; to shelter ot
protect.
SkUB, sklj, a. 335. Oblique, sidelong.
To Skulk, skulk, v. n. To hide, to lurk in fear
or malice.
Skull, skul, 5. Tlie bone that encloses tlie 1-cad
a shoal.
SLA SLE
nor 167, nftt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^/tin 466, this 469.
.'-kn, 103.}^- "•
Skullcap, skul-k^p, s, A headpiece.
Sky, skei, S. 160. The region which surrounds tliis
eartli beyond the atmospliere ; it is laken for the
whole region without tlie eartli j the heavens j the
weather.
Skyev, skeK^, a. Etliereal.
Skycolour, skel-kul-ur, «. An azure colour, the
colour of the sky.
Skycoloured, skei-kul-urd, a. Blue, azure,
like the sky.
Skydyed, skuUdlde, a. Coloured like the sky.
SkyeD, skeide, a. 359. Enveloped by the skies.
Skyish, skel-ish, a. Coloured by the ether.
Skylark, skel-lark, s, A lark that mounts and
sings.
Skylight, skei' lite, s, A window placed in
a room, not laterally, but in the cieling.
Skyrocket, skeKr6k-it, s. A kind of firework,
which flies high, and burns as it flies.
Slab, slab, s, A puddle; a plane of stone, as,
a marble Slab.
Slab, slab, a. Thick, viscous, glutinous.
To Slabber, sl^b^bur, o»'sl6bib5r, v. n. To let
the spittle fall from the mouth, to drivel; to shed or
pour any thing.
03" The second sound of this word is by much the
more usual one ; hut »s it is in diiect opposition to the
orthography, it ought to be discountenanced, and the
a restored to its true sound. Correct usage seems some-
what inclined to this reformation, and every lover of
correctness ought to favour it.
Slabberer, sl^b-bur-ur, s. &8. He who slabbers.
Slabby, slAbUie, a. Thick, viscous ; wet, floody.
Slack, slak, a. Loose •, remiss ; relaxed
To Slack, slik.
To Slacken, slik'
To be remiss, to neglect; to lose the powerof cohesion ;
to abate; to languish, to (lag.
To Slack, slAk, \
To Slacken, s\^k'-kn,j^' **'
To loosen, to make less tight ; to relax, to remit ; to
ease, to uiiiigate; to cause to be remitted; tocium-
l)le ; to i.eglect; to repress; to make less quick and
forcible.
Slack, slak, *. Small coal, coal broken in small
parts.
Slackly, slik'lJ, ad. Loosely, negligently,
remissly.
Slackness, sl3k-nes, s. Looseness, not tightness;
negligence, remissness ; want of tendency ; weakness.
Slag, slag, *. The dross or recrement of metal.
SlaiE, sla, S, A weaver's reed.
Slain, slane. The part. pass, of Slay.
To Slake, slake, v. a. To quench, to extinguish,
K?> There is a corrupt pronunciation of this word like
the word slack. This is the word, as Dr. Johnson ob-
serves, from which it is evidently derived; but as it has
acquired a distinct and appropriated meaning, it is with
great propriety that it differs a little from its original,
both in orthography and pronunciation.
All our otlhoepists unite in pronouncing this word re-
gularly ; -but, as Mr. Smith observes, bricklayers and
their labourers universally pronounce it with the short
a; as if written slack; and it may be added, that the
correctest speakers, when using the participial adjective
in the words unslaked lime, pronounce the o in the same
manner ; but this ought to be avoided.
To Slam, slim, v. a. To slaughter, to crush ; to
win all the tricks in a hand at whist.
Slam, slam, s, A term at whist, when all the
tricks in a hand are won.
Ti Slander, slin^ur, v, a. 78. To censure
falsely, to belie.
Slander, slin^dur, S. False invective ; disgrace,
reproach; disrepu'.ation, ill name.
Slanderer, slin-dur-ur, s. One who belies
another, une who lays false imputations on another.
485
■ad.
Slanderous, sl^n-dur-i^as, a. 314. uttering re-
proachful falsehoods; containing reproachful false-
hoods, calumnious.
Slanderously, slin-dur-us-le, ad. Calum-
niously, with false reproach.
Slang, sling. The pret. of Sling.
Slank, slingk, S. An herb.
Slant, sliut, 78. \
Slanting, slint'ing, j
Oblique, not direct, not perpendicular.
Slantly, slint'-l^, 78. 1
Slantwise, slint-wlze, / '
Obliquely, not perpendicularly, slope.
Slap, slip, S. A smart blow.
Slap, slip, ad. With a sudden and violent blow.
To Slap, slip, v. a. To strike with a slap.
Slapdash, slip-dish{ interj. All at once. A low
word.
To Slash, slish, v. a. To cut, to cut with long
cuts ; to lash. Slash is improper.
To Slash, slash, v. n. To strike at random with
a sword.
Slash, slish, S. Cut, wound ; a cut in cloth.
Slatch, slitsh, s. The middle part of a rope or
cable that hangs down loose.
Slate, slate, *. A gray fossile stone, easily broke
into thin plates, which are used to cover houses, or ta
write upon.
To Slate, slate, v. a. To cover the roof, to tile.
Slater, sli-tur, s. 98. One who covers with
slates or tiles.
Slattern, slit'turn, *. 98. A woman negligent,
not elegant or nice.
SlATFERNLY, slil-tum-lJ, a. Negligent in
dress, inelegant in dress.
To Slaitern away, slit-turn i-wij v. a. To
lose by negl'gence.
Slaty, slA-te, a. Having the nature of slate.
Slave, slave, s. One mancipated to a master, not
a freeman, a dependant.
To Slave, slave, v. n. To drudge, to mjil, to toil.
Slaver, sliv-ur, *. 98. Spitt'o. running from the
mouth, drivel.
To Slaver, sliv-ur, v. n. To be smeared with
spittle: to emit spittle.
To Slaver, sliv^fir, v. a. To smear with drivel.
Slaverer, sliv-ur-ur, s. 98. One who cannot
hold his spittle, a driveller, an idiot.
Slavery, slA-vSr-e, *. 557. Servitude, the con-
dition of a slave, the offices of a slave.
Slaughter, slaw^tur, *. 213. 390. Massacr^
destruction by the sword.
To Slaughter, slaw-tur, v, a. To massacre, <o
slay, to kill with the sword. .
Slaughterhouse, slawitur-house, s. House in
which beasts are killed for the butcher.
Slaughterman, slaw-tur-min, s. One employed
in killing.
Slaughterous, slaw-tur-us, a. Destmctive,
murderous.
Slavjsh, sli-vish, a. Servile, mean, base, de-
pendunt.
Slavishly, sla-vish-le, ad. Servilely, meanly.
SlAVISHNESS, sla-vish-nes, *. Servility, meanness.
To Slay, sla, v. a. 220. Pret. Slew. Part. pass.
Stain. To kill, to butcher, to put to death.
Slayer, sli^ur, *. 98. Killpr, murderer, destroyer.
Sleazy, sle-z^, a. 227. Weak, wanting substance.
Sled, sltd, s. a carriage drawn without wheels.
Sledded, sled'-did, a. 99. Mounted on a sled.
Sledge, sledje, s. A large heavy hammer;
a carriage without wheels, or with very low wheel*.
SLI
SLO
t> 559. Fnte 73, fXr77, ^U 83, fUt 81— me 93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,'
Sleek, sliek, a. 246. Smooth, glossy.
7'o Slf.KK, sleek, v. a. To comb smooth and
even; to render soft, smooth, or glossy.
Sleekly, sU-ek-li, ad. Smoothly, glossly.
7'o Sleep, sleep, v. n. 246. To take rest, by
suspension of the menial powers ; to rest, to he motion-
less ; to live thraughllessly I to be deari, death being
a state from whicli man will some time awake; lobe
inattentive, not vigilant; to be unnoticed, or un-
attended.
Sleep, sl^ep, S. Repose, rest, suspension of the
mental powers, slumber.
Sleeper, sl^^p-ur, s. 98. One who sleeps j alaay
inactive drone; that which lies dormant, or without
effect ; a fish.
Sleepily, sleep-e-le, ad. Drowsily, with desire
to sleep; dully, lazily; stupidly.
Sleepiness, sll^p-e-neS, S. Drowsiness, disposi-
tioii to sleep, inability to keep awake.
Sleepless, sleep-les, a. Wanting sleep.
Sleepy, sleep-^, a. Drowsy, disposed to sleep;
suporiferons, causing sleep.
Sleet, sl^et, S. 246. a kind of smooth small
hail or snow, not falling in flakes, but single particles.
To Sleet, sl^^t, v. n. To snow in small particles
intermixed with rain.
Sleety, sleet-e, a. Bringing sleet.
Sleeve, sle^v, s. 246. The part of a garment
that covers Ihe arms ; a fish.
Sleeved, sl^evd, a. 339. Having sleeves.
Sleeveless, slt4v-les, a. Wanting sleeves;
wanting reasonableness, wanting propriety.
Sleight, sllte, s. 253. Artful trick, cunning
artifice, dexterous practice.
Slender, slen-dur, ft. 98. Thin, small in cir-
cumference compared with the length; small in the
waist, having a fine shape ; slight ; small, weak ; spar-
ing ; not amply supplied.
Slenderly, slen-diir-1^, ad. Without bulk ;
slightly, meanly.
SlENDERNESS, slenWur-neS, S. Thinness, sniall-
ness of circumference; want of hulk or strength;
slightness; want of plenty.
Slept, slept. The pret. of Sleep.
Slew, slu, 265. The piet. of Slay.
To SlEY, slA, V. n. 269- To part or twist into
threads.
To Slice, sllse, v. a. To cut into fiat pieces ; to
cut into parts ; to cut off; to cut, to divide.
Slice, sllse, *. A broad piece cut off; a broad
piece; a broad head fixed in a handle, a peel, a spa-
tula.
Slid, slid. The pret. of Slide.
Sudden, slid-dn, 103. The part. pass, oi Slide.
To Slidder, slididur, v. n. 98. To slide with
interruption.
To Slide, slide, v. n. Pret. Slid. Part. pass.
Sliilden. To pass along smoothly, to glide ; to move
without change of the foot ; to pass along by silent and
unobserved progression ; to pass silently and gradually
from good to bad ; to pass without difficulty or obstruc-
tion ; to move upon the ice by a single impulse, witli-
out change of feet ; to fall by error ; to be not firm ; to
pass with a free and gentle course or flow.
Fo Slide, slide, v. a. To pass imperceptibly.
Slide, slide, S. Smooth and easy passage; flow,
even course.
Slider, sll-dur, s. He who slides.
Slight, sllte, «. 393. Small inconsiderable ;
weak; neglicent; foolish, weak of mind; not strong,
thin, as a slight silk.
Slight, sllte, «. Neglect, contempt ; artifice,
cunning practice.
To Slight, sllte, v. a. To neglect, to disregard ;
to throw carclesly ; lo slight over, to treat or perform
cartlesly,
496
slUmi-
nes,
Viscosity, glutinous
Slighter, sll-tur, *. 98. One who disregards.
Slightingly, sll-ting-1^, ad. 410. Withou
reverence, with cnnlempt.
Slightly, sllte-le, ad. Negligently, contemptuously;
weakly, without force ; without worth.
Slightness, sllte-nes, s. Weakness, want of
strength ; negligence, want of attention.
Slim, shm, a. Slender, thin of shape.
Slime, slime, S. viscous mire, any glutinous sub.
stance.
Sliminess,
matter.
Slimy, sli-m^, a. Overspread with slime ; viscous,
glutinous.
SlINESS, sll-nes, S. Designing artifice.
Sling, sling, S. 410. A missile weapon made by
a strap ; a throw, a stroke; a kind of hanging bandage.
To Sling, sling, V, a. To throw by a sling ; to
throw, to cast; to hang loosely by a string; to move
by means of a rope.
Slinger, sling-ur, J. 409,410. One who slings,
or uses the sling.
To Slink, slingk, v. n. Pret. Slunk. To sneak,
to steal out of the way.
To Slink, slingk, v. a. 408. 419. To cast, to
miscarry of.
To Slip, slip, v. n. To slide, not to tread firm ; to
move or fly out of place ; to sneak, to slink; to glide,
to pass unexpectedly or imperceptibly; to fall into
fault or errour; to escape, to fall out of the memory
To Slip, slip, f. a. To convey secretly; to loseb..
negligence; to part twigs from the main body by
laceration ; to escape from, to leave slily ; to let loose <
to throw off any thing that holds one; to pass over
negligently.
Slip, slip, S. The act of slipping, a false stepj
errour, mistake, fault ; a twig torn from the main
stock; a leash or string in which a dog is held; an
escape, a desertion ; a long narrow piece.
SlIPBOARD, slip-bord, *. A board sliding in
grooves.
Slipknot, slip-nSt, S. A bow knot, a knot easily
uniied.
Slipper, slip-pur, S. 98. A shoe without leather
behind, into wiiicli Ihe toot slips easily.
SlIPPERINESS, slip-pur-^-neS, .?. state or quality
of being slipptry, smoothness, glibness; uncertainty,
want of firm footing.
Slippery, slip-pur-e, a. Smooth, glib; not
affording firm footing; hard to hold, hard to keep;
not standing firm; uncertain, changeable; not
rhaste.
Slippy, slip-pe, a. sUppery.
Slipshod, slip-shftd, a. Having the shoes not
pulled up at the heels, but barely slipped on.
Slipslop, slip-slSp, *. Weak liquor ; affectation
of using elegant words, and mistaking them.
To Slit, slit, v. a. Pret. and part. Slit and
suited. To cut longwise.
Slit, slit, *. A long cut or narrow opening.
To Slive, sllve.
To Sliver, sll-vQr, ,
To split, to divide longwise, to tear off longwise.
Sliver, slUvur, s. 98. A branch torn off.
Sloats, slots, s. 295. Sloats of a cart, are those
underpieces which keep the bottom together.
Slobber, slob-bur, s. slaver. — See Slabber.
Sloe, s16, *. 296. The fruit of the blackthorn.
Sloop, sloop, s. 306. A small ship.
Slop, slftp, *. Mean and vile liquor of any kind.
Slop, slftp, *. (Generally used in the plural.)
Trowsers, open breeclies.
Slope, slipe, a. Oblique, not perpendicular.
}v. a.
SLU
nSr 167, nJt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173-
SloPE, slope, *. An oblique direction, any thing
obliquely directed; declivity, ground cut or formed
with declivity.
Slope, slipe, ad. Obliquely, not perpendicularly.
To Slope, slope, v. a. To form to obliquity or
declivity, to direct obliquely.
To Slope, slope, v. n. To take an oblique or
declivous direction.
Slopes ESS, slope-nes, s. Obliquity, declivity.
Slopewise, slipe-wlze, ad. Obliquely.
SlOPINGLY, slo-ping-le, «<f. 410. Obliquely.
Sloppy, slftp-pe, a. Miry and wet.
Slot, sljt, *. The track of a deer.
Sloth, slo^A, *. 467. Laziness, sluggishness, idle-
ness ; an animal of very slow motion.
Slothful, slo^A^ful, a. Lazy, bluggish, dull of
motion.
Slothfully, slo</i-ful-e, ad. With sloth.
SlOTHFULNESS, slo</t-ful-neS, *. Laziness, sluggish-
ness, inactivity.
Slouch, sloutsb, S. 313. A downcast look, a de-
pression of the head; a man who looks heavy and
clownish.
7'o Slouch, sloutsb, V, n. To have a downcast
clownish look.
Sloven, sluv-ven, S. 103. A man indecently
negligent of cleanliness, a man dirtily dressed.
Slovenliness, sluv^ven-l^-nes, *. Indecent
negligence of dress, neglect of cleanliness.
Slovenly, sluv^veu-le, a. Negligent of dress,
negligent of neatness, not cleanly.
Slovenly, sluv-ven-le, ad. In a coarse, melegaift
manner.
Slovenry, sluv-ven-rJ, S. Dirtiness, want of
neatness.
Slough, slot\, s. 313. 390. A deep miry place.
Slough, slutf, s. 391. The skin which a serpent
casts off at liis periodical renovation ; the part that
separates from a foul sore.
Sloughy, slou-i, a. Miry, boggy, muddy.
Slow, s16, a. 324. Not swift, not quick of
motion ; late, not happening in a short time ; not
ready, not quick; acting with deliberation; dull, in-
active; dull, heavy in wit.
Slow, slo. in Composition, is an adverb. Slowly.
To Slow, slo, v. a. To delay, to procrastinate.
Not in use.
Slowly, sli'-l^, ad. Not speedily ; not soon ;
not hastily; not promptly; tardily, sluggishly.
Slowness, slA-nes, s. Smallness of motion ; want
of velocity ; length of time in which any thing acts or
is brought to pass; dulness to admit conviction or
affection; want of promptness; deliberation, cool
delay ; dilatoriness, procrastination.
Sloworm, slfi-wurm, s. A blind worm, a small
viper.
To Slubber, slub-bur, v. a. 98. To do any
thing lazily, imperfectly, or with idle hurry ; to stain,
to daub; to cover coarsely or carelesly.
Slubberdegullion, slub-bur-di-gul-yun, a.
A sorry wretch. A low word.
Sludge, sludje, *. Mire, dirt mixed with water.
Slug, slug', s. An idler, a drone ; a kind of slow
creeping snail ; a cylindrical or oval piece of metal shot
from a gun.
Sluggard, sliig-gurd, s. 88. An inactive lazy
fellow.
To Sluggardise, slug-gur-dize, ?. a. To make
idle, to make dronish.
Sluggish, slug-gisL, a. Lasy, slothful
Sluggishly, slug^gisb-1^, ad. lazily, idiy,
slowly.
Sluggishness, sJug-pisb-nes, s. siotn, laziness,
idleness.
487
SMA
'1l 299— pound 313— thin 466, Tills 46fl.
A Watergate, a floodgate.
'■}"■
Sluice, sluse, s. 342.
a vent for water.
To Sluice, sluse, V, a. To emit by floodgates.
Sluicy, slu-se, a. Falling in streams as from-
a sliice or floodgate.
To Slumber, slum-bur, v. n. To sleep lightly,
to he not awake nor in profound sleep; to sleep, to
repose; Sleep and Slumber are often confounded; t(i
be in a state of negligence and supiiieness.
Slumber, slum-bur, s. 98. Light sleep ; sleep.
repose.
Slumberous, slum^bur-us,
Slumbery, slum-bur-^,
Sopor! ferous, causing sleep; sleepy.
Slung, slung. The prct. and part. pass, of Sling-
Slunk, sluilgk. The pret. and part. pass, of Slink.
To Slur, slur, v. a. To sully, to soil ; to pasr
lightly: to cheat, to trick.
Slur, slur, S. Slight disgrace.
Slut, slut, *. A dirty woman 5" a word of slight
conleinpt to a woman.
Sluttery, sliit-tur-e, s. 557. The qualities or
practice of a slut.
Sluttish, slut^tisb, a. Nasty, dirty, indecently
negligent of cleanliness.
Sluttish LY, slutitish-lJ, ad. In a sluttish
manner, nastily, dirtily.
SlUTTISHNESS, slllt-tish-nes, S. The qualities or
practice of a slut, nastiness, dirtiness.
Sly, sll, a. Meanly artful, secretly insidious.
Slyly, sli-le, ad. With secret artifice, insidiously.
To Smack, sm4k, v. n. To be tinctured with any
particular taste; to have a tincture or qualiiy infused;
to make a noise by separation of the lips strongly
pressed together, as afier a taste; to kiss with a close
compression of the lips.
To Smack, sniik, v. a. To kiss ; to make any
quick smart noi^e.
Smack, SmA.k, *. Taste, flavour ; tincture, quality
from something mixed; a small quantity, a taste;
the act of p;utii)g the lips audibly, as after a pleasing
taste; aloud kiss; a small ship.
Small, smfiil, a. 84. Little in quantity ) slender,
minute; little in degree v liule in importance, petty;
little in the principal quality, as. Small beer; not
strong, weak.
Small, small, «. The small or narrow part of any
thing, particularly applied to the leg.
Smallcoal, small-kole, *. Little wood coals used
to Mght fires.
SmallCRAFT, smalKkrSft, *. A little vessel belovr
the denomination of ship.
Smallpox, small-pftks' s. 406. An eruptive
distemper of great malignity.
Smallness, small-nes, S. Littleness, not great-
ness ; want of bulk, minuteness; weakness.
Smally, smil-1^, ad. In a little quantity, witU
minuteness, in a little or low degree.
Smaragdine, smi-r%-din, a. 140. Made of
emerald, resembling emerald.
Smart, smart, *. 78. Quick, pungent, lively pain i
pain, corporeal or intellectual.
To Smart, smart, v. n. To feel quick lively pain J
to feel pain of body or mind.
Smart, smart, a. Pungent, sharp ; quick,
vigoroi.s; acute, witty; brisk, lively.
Smart, smart, S. A fellow affecting briskness and
vivacity.
SiMARTLY, smart^le, ad. After a smart manne(
sharply, briskly. ^
Smartness, sm*trtines, s. The quality of beinj
smart, quickness, vigour ; livelini.s5, liriskncss, witti-
noss.
SmaTCH, Sm^tsh, .«. Tasle, tincture, twang;
a bird.
SMO SNA
559. Fite 73, far 77, fall83,'fit 81— m493, met 95— pine 1 05, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Its-
To SmATTER, sm^t'tur, V, n. To have a slight,
superficial knowledge; to talk superficially or ignor-
antly.
Smatter, smit-tur, S. 98. Superficial or slight
knowledge.
Smatterer, sm^t-tur-ur, s. One who has
a slight or superficial knowledge.
To Smear, sme^r, v. a. 227. To overspread with
something viscous and adhesive, to besmear; to soil,
to contaminate.
Smeary, sm^er-e, a. Dauby, adhesive.
To Smell, smell, v. a. To perceive by the nosej
to find out by mental sagacity.
To Smell, smell, v. n. To strike the nostrils ;
to have any particular scent ; to have a particular tinc-
ture or smack of any quality; to practiscethe act of
smelling.
Smell, smell, S, Power of smelling, the sense of
which the nose is the organ j scent, power of affecting
the nose.
Smeller, smel-lur, *. 98. He who smelts.
Smellfeast, smell-feste, s, A parasite, one who
haunts good tables.
Smelt, smelt. The pret. and part. pass, of Smell,
Smelt, smelt, S. A small sea fish.
To Smelt, smelt, v. a. To mtlt ore, so as to
extract the metal.
Smelter, smelt-ur, *. 98. One who melts ore.
To SmerK, smerk, V, a. To smile wantonly.
Smerky, or Smirky, smerk-e, a. 108. Nice,
smart, jaunty.
Smerlin, smer-hn, s, A fish.
Smicket, smik-kit, s. 99. The under garment of
a woman.
To Smile, smile, v. n. To express pleasure by the
counlenance; to express slight contempt; to look
gay or joyous J to be favourable, to be propitious.
Smile, smile, S. A look of pleasure, or kindness.
Smilingly, sml-ling-le, ad. 410. With a look
of pleasure.
To Smirch, smertsli, v. a. 108. To cloud, to
dusk, to soil.
7b Smirk, smerk, v. n.
rcy' .Tohnson defines this word, " To look affectedly
soft or kind ;" Ash, "To smile wantonly," and Mason
defines the substantive smirk to be " a settled smile."
Ash appears to me to have been the farthest from the
true signification ; for the quality of wantonness does
not seem to enter into the idea of this word : the genuine
meaning seems to be that which Johnson has given us
from Spencer under the adjective smerky which signifies
nice, smart ; therefore the verb may perhaps not be im-
properly defined to be. To assume a pleasant vivacity of
countenance.
Smit, smit. The part. pass, of Smite.
To Smite, smite, f. a. Pret. Smote. Part. pas.s.
Smit, Smitten. To strike, to kill, to destroy; to afflict,
to chasten, to affect with any passion.
To Smite, smite, v. n. To strike, to collide.
SmITER, smi-tur, *. 98. He who smites.
Smith, smith, S. 467. One who lorges with his
hammer, one who works in metals.
Smithcrait, smith'-krKit, S. The art of a smith.
Smith ery, snnth-wr-h, s. The shop of a smith.
Smithy, smith-e, s. The work-shop of a smith.
Smitten, smit-tn, 103. The part, pass, of 5'»n7<?.
Smock, smok, s. The under garment of a woman,
a shift.
Smockfaced, smSkifaste, a. 359. Palefaced,
maidenly.
Smoke, sm6ke, S. The visible effluvium or sooty
exhalation from any thing burning.
To Smoke, smike, v. n. To emit a dark exhala-
tion by heat; to move with such swiftness as to
kindle; to smell, or hunt ..out; to use tobacco in
a yipe.
483
To Smoke, smoke, v. a. To scent by smoke, or
dry in smoke ; to smoke a pipe ; to smell out, to find
out.
Smoker, smo-kur, S. 93. One that dries or per-
fumes by smoke ; one that uses tobacco in a pipe.
Smokeless, smoke-les, a. Having no smoke.
Smoky, smo-ke, a. Emitting smoke, fumid I
having the appearance or nature of smoke; noisome
with smoke.
Smooth, smooTH, a. 306. 467. Even on the
surface, level ; evenly spread, glossy ; equal in pace,
without starts or obstruction; flowing, soft; mild,
adulatory.
To Smooth, smooTH, v. a. To level, to make
even on the surface ; to work into a soft uniform mass ;
to make easy, to rid from obstruction ; to make flow-
ing, to free from harshness; to palliate, to soften ; to
calm, to mollify; to ease; to flatter, to soften with
blandishments.
Smoothfaced, smooTH-fiste, a. 359. Mild
looking, having a soft air.
Smoothly, smooTH-le, ad. Evenly ; with even
glide; without obstruction, easily, readily ; with seft
and bland language.
Smoothness, smooTH-nes, s. Evenness on the
surface; softness or mildness on the palate; sweetness
and softness of numbers; blandness and gentleness of
speech.
Smote, smite. The pret. of Smite.
To Smother, smuth-uf, v. a. 469. To suffocate
with smoke, or by exclusion of the air ; to suppress.
Smother, smuTH-ur, s. 98. A state of suppres-
sion ; smoke, thick dust.
Smother, smuTH-ur, v. n. To smoke without
vent ; to be suppressed or kept close.
Smouldering, sm6l-dur-ing, \
Smouldry, sm6l-dre, 318. J '
Burning and smoking without vent.
Smug, snmg, a. Nice, spruce, dressed with affecta-
tion of nicaness.
T'o Smuggle, smug-gl, r. rt, 405. To importer
export goods witlDut payment of the customs.
Smuggler, smug-gl-ur, s. 98. A wretch who
imports or exports goods without payment of the
customs.
Smugly, smug-le, ad. Neatly, sprucely.
Smugness, smug-lies, S. Spruceness, neatness.
Smut, smut, *, A spot made with soot or coal ;
must or blackness gathered on corn, mildew ; ob-
scenity.
To Smut, smitt, v. a. To stain, to mark with
soot or coal ; to taint with mildew.
7b Smut, smut, v. n. To gather must.
7b Smutch, smutsh, v. a. To black with smoke.
Smuttily, smut-te-le, ad. Blackly, smokily;
obscenely.
Smuttiness, smut-te-nes, s. Soil from smoke j
obsceneness.
Smutty, sraut-tts a. Black with smoke or coal J
tainted with mildew; obscene.
Snack, sn^k, S. A share, a part taken by compact.
Snaffle, sn^f-fl, *. 405. a biidie which crossei
the nose ; a kind of bit for a bridle.
7b Snaffle, snAf-fl, v. a. To bridle, to hold in
a bridle, to manage.
Snag, SliSg, *. A jag or sharp protuberance
a tooth left by itself, or standing beyond the rest.
Snagged, sn4g-ged, 366. \
Snaggy, sn%'-g6, 383. J '
Full of snags, full of sharp protuberances; shooting
into sharp points.
Snail, SllAle, S. 202. A slimy animal which creeps
on plants, some with shells on their backs; a name
niven to a drone, from the slow motion of a snail.
Snake, snake, s. A serpent of the oviparous kind,
distinguished from the viper. The snake's bite is
harmless.
SNl
SOA
nor 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173--oil 299— pound 313— Min466, this 469.
S. Plants.
Snakeroot, snike-root, $. A species of birthwort
growing in Virginia and Carolina.
Snakeshead, snaks-hed, ~)
Snakeweed, snkke'-viekd,j
Snakewood, sn^ke-wud, s. A kind of wood used
in medicine.
Snaky, Slia-k^, a. Serpentine, belonging to
a snalie, resembling a snake ; having serpents.
Th Snap, snap, v. a. To break at once, to break
short; to strike witli a sharp short noise ; to bite; to
catch suddenly and unexpectedly ; to treat with sharp
language.
To Snap, snap, v. n. To break short, to fall
asunder; to make an effort to bite with eagerness.
Snap, snap, *. The act of breaking with a quick
motion ; a greedy fellow ; a quick eager bite; a catch,
a theft.
Snapdragon, sn4p-dr%-un,*. A plant; a kind
of play.
Snapper, sndp-pur, s, 98. One who snaps.
Snappish, snlp-pish, a. Eager to bite ; peevish,
sharp in reply.
Snappishly, snip-pish-ll, ad. Peevishly, tartly.
SnaPPISHNESS, snip-pish-nes, S, Peevishness,
tartness.
Snapsack, snip-S^k, S. A soldier's bag. — See
Knapsack.
Snare, snare, S. Any thing set to catch an animal,
a gin, a net , any thing by which one is entrapped or
entangled.
To Snare, snare, v. a. To entrap, to entangle.
To Snarl, snarl, v, n. To growl, as an angry
animal ; to speak roughly, to talk in rude terms.
Snarler, snai-lur, S. 98. One who snarls j
a growling, surly, quarrelsome fellow.
Snary, sni-r^, a. Entangling, insidious.
To Snatch, sn.ttsh, v. a. To seize any thing
hastily ; to transport or carry suddenly.
Snatch, snittsh, S. A hasty catch; a short fit of
vigorous action ; a broken or interrupted action, a short
fit.
Snatcher, sn<ttsh-iir, s. 98. One who snatches.
Snatchingly, snitsh-ing-1^, ad. 410. Hastily,
with interruption.
To Sneak, sneke, v. n. 227- To creep slily, to
come or go as if afraid to be seen ; to behave with
meanness and servility, to crouch.
Sneaker, sne^kur, 5. 98. A small bowl of punch.
Sneaking, sne'-kin^, part. a. Servile, mean,
low; covetous, niggardly.
Sneakingly, sneiking-le, ad. 410. Meanly,
.servilely.
SneAKUP, sn^-kup, \ s. A cowardly, creeping,
insidious scoundrel.
To Sneap, snepe, v. a. 227. To reprimand ; to
check; to nip. Not in use.
To Sneer, snere, v. a. 246. To show contempt
by looks; to insinuate contempt by covert expres-
sions; to utter with grimace; to show awkward mirth.
Sneer, snere, s, A look of contemptuous ridicule ;
an expres.sion of ludicrous scorn.
To Sneeze, sneeze, v. n. 246. To emit wind
audibly by the nose.
Sneeze, sneeze, s. Emission of wind audibly by
the nose.
Sneezewort, snJiz^wurt, s. A plant.
Snet, snet, s. The fat of a aeer.
Snick-and-snee, sniki^nd-sne^J s. A combat
with knives.
To Sniff, snlf, v. n. To draw breath audibly by
the nose.
To Snip, snip, v. a. To cut at once with scissars.
Snip, snip, *. A lingle cut with scissars : a small
shred. '
489
Snipe, snipe, S. A small fen fowl with a long bill
a fool, a blockhead.
Snipper, snip-pur, s. 98. One who snip:?.
Snippet, snip-pit, s. 99. A small part, a share.
Snipsnap, snip-snip, S. Tart dialogue.
Snivel, sniv-vl, S. 102. Snot, the running of the
nose.
To Snivel, sniv-vl, v. n. To run at the nose ; to
cry as children.
Sniveller, sniv-vl-ur, s. 98. A weeper, a weak
lamenter.
To Snore, snore, v. n. To breathe hard through
the nose, as men in sleep.
Snore, snore, s. Audible respiration of sleepera
through the nose.
To Snort, snSrt, v. n. To blow through the nose
as a high-mettled horse. ^
Snot, snSt, s. The mucus of the nose.
Snotty, sn8t-te, a. Full of snot.
Snout, snout, S. 313. The nose of a beast; the
nose of a man, in contempt; the nosel or end of any
hollow pipe.
Snouted, snoiitied, a. Having a snout.
Snow, sno, s. 324. The small particles of water
frozen before they unite into drops.
To Snow, sno, v. n. To have snow fall.
To Snow, sn6, v. a. To scatter like snow.
Snowball, sno-ball, s. A round lump of congealed
snow.
SNOWBROTH, sno'-hrtth, S. Very cold liquor.
Snowdrop, sno-drop, s. An early flower.
Snow-white, snfi-hwite, a. White as snow.
Snowy, sno-^, a. White like snow ; abounding
with snow.
To Snub, snub, v. a. To check, to reprimand ; to
nip.
Snuff, snuf, S. The useless excrescence of a candle ;
a candle almost burnt out ; the fired wick of a candle
remaining after the flame; resentment expressed by
sniffling, iieiverse resentment; powdered tobacco taken
by the nose.
To Snuff, snuf, v. a. To draw in with the breath j
to scent ; to crop the candle.
To Snuff, snilf, v. n. To snort, to draw breath by
the nose ; to sniff in contempt.
Snuffbox, snuPbJks, s. The box in which snuff
is carried.
Snuffers, snuf^furz, s. The instrument with
which th: candle is clipped.
To Snuffle, snuf-fl, v. n. 405. To speak
through the nose, to breathe hard through the nose.
To Snug, snug, v. n. To lie close.
Snug, snug, a. Close, free from any inconvenience j
close, out of notice; slily or Insidiously close.
To Snuggle, snug-gl, v, n. 405. To lie close, to
lie warm.
So, so, ad. In like manner ; it answers to As either
preceding or following; to such a degree; in such
a manner; in the same manner; thus, in this manner;
therefore, for this reason, in consequence of this; on
these terms, noting a conditional petition ; provided
that, on condition that; in like manner, noting con-
cession of one proposition and assumption of another,
answering to As ; it notes a kind of abrupt beginning,
well; a word of assumption, thus be it ; a form of
petition; So so, an exclamation after something done
or known ; indifferently; not much amiss or well; So
then, thus then it is that, therefore.
To Soak sJke, v. n. To lie steeped in moisture 5
to enter by degrees into pores ; to drink gluttonously
and intemperately.
To Soak, s6ke, v. a. To macerate in any moisture,
to steep, to keep wet till moisture is imbibed, to
drench; to drain, to exhaust.
Soap, sioe, *, 295. a substance used in washing.-
SOF
SOL
(fc3»559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, f^t81— mS 93, m?t 95— pine 105, p?n 107— ni 162, move 164,
Soapboiler, sopeiboil-ur, s. One whose trade is
to make soap.
SoAPWORT, sope-wurt, s. A species of campion.
7h Soar, sore, v. n. 295. To fly aloft, to tower,
to mount, properly to fly without visible action of the
wings; lo mount intellectually, to tower with the
mind ; to rise high.
Soar, sore, s. Towering flight.
7b Sob, s8b, v. n. To heave audibly with convulsive
sorrow, to sigh with convulsion.
Sob, s8b, *. A convulsive sigh, a convulsive act of
respiration obstructed by sorrow.
Sober, so-bur, a. 98. Temperate, particularly in
liquors ; not overpowered by drink ; not mad, right in
the understanding; regular, cahn, free from inordinate
passion ; serious, solemn, grave.
To Sober, s6-bur, v. a. To make sober.
Soberly, so^bur-l^, ad. Without intemperance j
without madness; temperately, moderately; coolly,
calmly.
Soberness, s6-bur-nes, S. Temperance in drink ;
calmness, freedom from enthusiasm, coolness,
Sobriety, SO-bri-e-t^, S. Temperance in drink ;
general temperance ; freedom from inordinate passion ;
calmness, coolness; seriousness, gravity.
Soccage, sSkikadje, s. 90. A tenure of lands
for certain inferiour or husbandry services to be per-
formed to the lord of the fee.
Sociability, s6-sh^-i-bil-e-ti, s. Naturaltendency
to be sociable.
Sociable, si-shi-i-bl, a. 405. Fit to be con-
joined; ready to unite in a general interest; friendly,
familiar; inclined to company.
Sociable, sMshi-i-bl, s. A kind of less exalted
Phaeton, with two seats facing each other, and a bux
for the driver.
SOCIABLENESS, SO-she-^-bl-neS, S. Inclination to
company and converse; freedom of conversation, good
fellowship.
Sociably, si-sh^-i-ble, ad. Conversibly, as
a companion.
Social, si-shil, a. 357. Relating to a general or
publick interest; easy to mix in friendly gayety ; con-
sisting in union or converse with another.
SoCIALNESS, s6-sh^l-nes, S. The quality of being
social.
Society, SO-sU^-t^, S. 460. Union of many in
one general interest; numbers united in one interest,
community; company, converse; partnership, union
on equal terms.
SociNlAN, s6-sinii-in, *. One who adopts the
tenets of Socinus.
Sock, Sok, *, something put between the foot and
shoe ; the shoe of the ancient comick actors.
Socket, Sok-klt, *. 99. Any hollow pipe, generally
the hollow of a candlestick; the receptacle of the
eye; any hollow that receives something inserted.
Socle, si-kl, S. 405. With Architects, a flat
square member under the bases of pedestals of statue;
and vases — See Codle,
Sod, sSd, S. a turf, a clod.
Sodality, s6-tl^l-e-t^, S. A fellowship, a fraternity.
Sodden, s6d-dn, 105. The part. pass, of .See^At.
Boiled, seethed.
To SodeR, sSd-dur, v. a. 98. To cement with
some nietallick matter.
SODER, sftd-dur, S. Metallick cement. — See
Solder.
Soever, s5-ev-ur, ad. 98. A word properly
joined with a pronoun or adverb, as, whosoever, what-
soever^ howsoever.
Sofa, si-fS, S. 92. A splendid seat covered with
carpets.
Soft, s6ft, a. 163. Not hard; ductile; flexible,
yielding; tender, timorous; mild, gentle, meek, civil;
placid; effeminate, viciously nice ; delicate, elegantly
'ender; weak, simple; smooth, flowing.
490
(t?- When this word is accompanied by emotion, it is
sometimes lengthened into sauj't, as Mr. Sheridan has
marked it; but in other cases such a pronunciation
borders on vulgarity.
Soft, soft, interj. Hold, stop, not so fast '
To Soften, sof^fn, v. a. 472. To make soft, te
make less liard ; lo make less fierce nr obstinate; to
make easy, to compose; to make less harsh.
To Soften, sftf-fn, v. n. 1.03. To grow less hard^
to grow less obdurate, cruel, or obstinate.
Softly, Soft-li,acf. Without hardness; notviolently,
not forcibly; not loudly; gently, phiciilly; niiktly,
tenderly.
Softener, sSf^fn-Ur, S. That which makes soft ;
one who palliates.
Softness, sftft-nes, S. Quality contrary to hardness;
mildness, gentleness; effeitiinacy, vicious delicacy;
timorousness, pusillanimity; quality contraiy to Harsh-
ness; easiness to be affected ; metliness.
SOHO, SO-ho{ interj. A form of calling from a dis-
tant place.
To Soil, soil, v. a. 299. To foul, to dirt, to
pollute, to stain, to sully; to dung, to manure.
Soil, soil, *. Dirt, spot, pollution, foulness; ground,
earth, considered witli relation to its vegetative quali-
ties; land, country; dung, compost ; cut grass given
to cattle.
SoILINESS, soil-4-nes, *. Stain, foulness.
SoILURE, SOll-yilire, S. 1)3. Stain, _ pollution.
Not in use.
To Sojourn, soy urn, v. n. .314. To dwell any
where for a time, to live as not at home, to inhabit as
not in a settled habitation.
Ky»Tliis verb and noun, as may be seen in Johnson,
are variously accented by the poets; but our modern
orthoepists have in general given the accent to the first
syllable of both words. Dr. Kenrick, I'erry, Entick, and
Buchanan, accent the second syllable: but Dr. Johnson,
Mr. Sheridan, Or. Ash, Mr. Nares, W. Jdinston, Bai-
ley, Barclay, and F'enning, the first. Mr. Scott gives
both accents, but that on the first syllable the place.
Sojourn, SO-jurn, *. A temporary residence,
a casual and no settled habitation.
Sojourner, s6-Jurn-ur, S. A temporary dweller.
T'o Solace, sftKl^s, f. a. 91. 544. To comfort,
to cheer, to amuse.
To Solace, sftl-l^S, v. n. To take comfort.
Solace, sol-las, S. Comfort, pleasure, alleviation,
that which gives comfort or pleasure.
Solar, si-l^r, 544. \
Solar Y, si^l^r-^, J
Being of the sun ; belonging to the sun ; measured by
the tun.
Sold, sold. The pret. and part. pass, of Sell.
Sold, sold, *. Military pay, warlike entertainment.
SolDAN, s6l-din, S. The emperor of the Turks.
To Solder, sSl-dur, v. a. To ivnite or fasten with
any kind of metallick cement; to mend, to unite an,
thing broken.
Oj' Dr. Johnson seems to favour writing this word
without the I, as •* is sometimes pronounced : but the
many examples he has brought where it is spelt witli
I, show sufficiently how much this orthography is esta-
blished. It his highly probable, that omitting the sound
of I in this word began with mechanicks; and as the
tvord has been lately little used, except in mechanical
opeiations, this pronunciation has crept into our Dic-
tionaries, but ought not to be extended to the liberal
and metaphorical use of the word. It is derived from
the Latin solulare, the Italian soldare, or the French
souder : and when other things are equal. Dr. Johnson's
rule of deriving words rather from the French than the
Latin, is certainly a good one, but ought not •-,, overturn
a settled orthography, which has a more original Ian
guage than the French it is favour. Though our ortlioS.
pists agree in leaving out the /, they differ in pronounc-
ing the 0. Sheridan sounds the o as in soil ; W. Johnston
as in sober; and Mr. Nares as the diphthong a"'.
Mr. Smith says, that Mr. Walker pronounces the / in
this word, but every workman pronounces it as rhvuiing
SOL SON
nSr 167, ^ntt 163— tibe 171, t5b 172, b&ll 173— SllSSS— p3Snd 313— ^Ain 466, this 469.
A recluse, a hermit
with fodder: to which it may he answered, that work-
men ought to take their pronunciation from scl-.olais,
and not scholars from workmen. — See Cleff.
SOLDKR, sSl-dur, *. Metallick cement,
SOLDERER, s6l-dur-ur, S, One who solders or
mends.
"Soldier, sol-jur, s. 293, 376. A fighting man,
a warrior ; it is generally used of the common men, as
distinct from the commanders.
{f3> No orthoSpist, except W, Johnston, leaves out
the I in this word; but 1 have frecjuently had occasion
'.3 differ from this gentleman, and in this I do devoutly.
Soldierlike, soKjur-llke, \
Soldierly, sol'-jur-le, 404. J "'
Martial, military, becoming a soldier.
Soldiership, s6Kjur-ship, *. 404. Military
character, martial qualities, behaviour becoming
a soldier.
Soldiery, s5l-jur4, *. Body of military men,
soldiers collectively J soldiership, martial skill.
S<e, sole, S. The bottom of the foot ; the bottom
of the shoe; the part of any thing that touches the
ground; a kind of sea fish.
To Sole, sole, v. a. To furnish with soles, as, to
Sole a fuiir of shoes.
Sole, sole, a. single, only ; in Law, not married.
Solecism, sSU^-sizm, *. 503. Unfitness of one
word to another.
Solely, sSleM^, ad. Singly, only. — See IVhoUy,
Solemn, sol-em, a. 411. Anniversary, observed
once a year; religiously grave; awful, striking with
seriousness; grave, affectedly serious,
Solemness, sSlMem-nes, \
Solemnity, s6-lem'-n^-t^, J *"
Ceremi-iny or rite annually performed; religious cere-
mony ; awful ceremony or procession ; manner of
acting awfully serious; gravity, steady sei imisness;
awful grandeur, sober dignity ; affected gravity.
Solemnization, s8l-lem-nl-zi'-shun, s. The act
of solemnizing.
To Solemnize, sSl-lem-nize, v. a. To dignify
by particular formalities, to celebrate; to perform
religiously once a year.
Solemnly, s6l-lem-l^, ad. With annual religious
ceremonies ; with formal giravity and stateliness ; with
affected gravity ; with religious seriousness.
'^enU?a't''^t'<?"l<.?^'^'®'^^*' '"• "• T" importune, to
ask; to' attempt, to try to »«,.fiv.eVe: to implore, to
quie't.— See 06erfiej'ce. . "
SOLic ITATION, s6-fe-^-ti'-shun, s. Importunity ,
act of importuning; invitation, excitement.
SoiICITOR.SO-lls'-lt-ur. S. 166, One who petitions
^'^^n\ ano?ife'r • one who does in Chancery the business
which is done by attorneys in other courts,
SOLICITOUS, si-lls'-s'lt-fis, a, 314, Anxious, care-
ful, concerned. ,,„,,, , , ,
Solicitously, s&-lis'-sit-us-l^, ad. Anxicusiy;
carefully. » , t
Solicitude, si-lis'-s4-tude, *. Anxiety, carefu--
SOLICITRESS, s6-lis'-lt-tres, *. A woman who
petitions for another.
Solid sftUld, a. Not fluid-; not hollow, compact,
dense ; having all the geometrical dimensions ; strong,
firm! sound, not weakly; real, not empty; true, not
fallacious,- not light, not superficial ; grave, profound.
Solid, s8l'-id, S. 544. In Physick, the part con-
taining the fluids.
Solidity, so-lld^e-t^, *. Fulness of matter, not
hoUowness; firmness, hardness, co"'P»<:'"*" ;„ °f"'
sity ; truth, not fallaciousness, intellectual strength,
cert-ainty.
Solidly, soUlid-le, ad. Firmly, densely, com-
pactly ; truly, on good ground.
SolIDNESS, sftUlul-nes, *. Firmness, density.
Soliloquy, so-lil-lo-kwJ, s. A discourse made
by one in solitude to himself.
491
Solitaire, s3l-lJ-t^re{ *,
an ornament for the neck.
Solitarily, s8l'-Ie-ti-r^-l^, ad. in solitude
without company.
SOLJTARINESS, sftKle-t4-r^-nes, s. Solitude, foP
bearance of company, habitual retirement.
Solitary, s&l-le-t^-r^, a. Living alone j retired,
gloomy, dismal ; single.
Solitary, sSlMe-ti-re, s. One that lives alone,
a hermit.
Solitude, sSlMe-tude, *, Lonely lif^, state o;
being alone; a lone place, a desert.
Solo, SO-lo, *. a tune played on a single instrument.
Solstice, s6l'-stis, *. 140, The point beyond
which the sun does not go, the tropical point, the
point at which the day is longest in summer, or
shortest in winter; it is taken of itself commonly for
the summer solstice.
Solstitial, sSl-stish^il, a. Belonging to the
solstice ; happening at the solstice.
Soluble, sSl-u-bl, a. 405, Capable of disjolution
or separation of parts.
Solubility, s5l-u-bil-^-t^, *, Susceptiveness of
separation of parts.
To Solve, sSlv, v. a. To clear, to explain, to
untie an intellectual knot.
Solvency, sSKven-se, s. Ability to pay.
Solvent, sftl-vent, a. Having the power to cause
dissolution ; able to pay debts contracted.
SolVIBLE, sftKv^-bl, a. 405, Possible to be
cleared by reason or inquiry. — See Dissolvible.
Solund-goose, s6-lund-gooseJ *, a fowl in
bigness and feaiher very like a tame goose, but his bill
longer; his wings also much longer.
Solution, SO-luishun, S. Disjunction, separation;
matter dissolved, that which contains any thing dis-
solved; resolution of a doubt, removal of an intellec-
tual difficulty.
Solutive, sSKu-tiv, a. 157. 512. Laxative,
causing relaxation.
Some, sum, a. 165. More or less, noting an inde-
terminate quantity; more or fewer, noting an inde-
terminate number; certain persons; Some is often
used absolutely for some people; Some is opposed to
Some, or to Others ; one, any, without determining
which.
Somebody, sumib6d-l, s. One, a person indis-
criminate and undetermined; a person of considera-
:->uin<^' ,
somersault ; from sommci , « - ,
aTeapO A leap by which a jumper uixv^ - .._
from a beam and turns over his head.
Somehow, si\m'-bou, ad. One way or other.
Something, s5m'-Mlng, *. 410. A ti.i"g;nde.
terminate; move or less ; part, distance not great.
Something, s5m'-</nng, ad. m some degree.
Sometime, sSm'-tlme, ad. Once, formerly,
times, or to Another time.
SoMFWHAT. sum'-hwSt, s. 475. Something, not
^ nothln" tT'oug" it be uncertain what ; more or less,
part gi eater or less.
SOMEWHAT, s5m'-hwSt, ad. In some degree.
Somewhere, sSmlbwire, ad. In one place or
other. „ Y - .
SOMEWHILE, s5m'-hwile, *, Once, for a time.
Somniferous, s&m-n?lU?r-5s, «. Causing sleep
procuring sleep.
SoMNiKicK, sSm-mf-fik, «, M9.
Somnolency, sfim'-ni-len-se, *,
clination to sleep.
Son sun.*, 165. A male child correlative to fathei
or 'mother , descendant, however distant ; compela-
?k,nof an old to a young man ; native of a coun ry ;
The second person of^he Trinity ; product of any thing
Causing sleep.
Sleepiness, in-
SOP
SOR
13- 559.'Fite"73, Urn, fall 83, fAt81— ml93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
Son-in-law, sun-!n-law, s. One married to one's
daughter.
SONSHIP, Sun-ship, S. Filiation, the state of
being a son.
Sonata, s6-na-t^, s, 92. A tune.
Song, sSng', s. 408, 409. Any thing modulated
in tlie utterance ; a poem to be modulated to the voice j
a ballad; a poem, lay, strain; poetry, poesy; notes
of birds ; an old Song, a trifle.
SONGISH, song-ish, a. Containing songs, consist-
ing of songs. A low word.
Songster, s6n^?-stur, s. 98. A singer.
Songstress, sung-stres, s. A female singer.
Sonnet, sSn-net, s. 99. A small poem.
SoNNETrEEU, sSn-net-teerJ s. A small poet, in
contempt.
Soniferous, so-ui^fer-us, a. Giving or bringing
sound.
SONCRH'IfK, s3n-6-rif-flk, a, 509. Producing
sound.
Sonorous, so-n6-rus, «. 512. Loud sounding,
giving loud or shrill sound; high sounding, of mag-
nificent sound.
Sonorously, so-iio-rus-le, ad. With high
sound, vvitli magnificence of sound.
Sonorousness, so-no-rus-nes, *. The quality
of giving sound J magnificence of sound.
Soon, soon, ad. 306. Belore long time be past,
shortly after any time assigned; early, opposed to
late; readily, willingly; Soon as, immediately.
Soopberry, soop-ber-r^, *. A plant.
Soot, soot, S. 309- Condensed or Imbodied smoke.
53- Notwithstanding I have Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares,
Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and the professors
of this BlacK Art themselves, against me in the pro-
nunciation ot this word, I have ventured to prefer the
regular pronunciation to the Irregular. The adjective
sooti/ has its regular sound among the correctest speakers,
which has induced Mr. Sheridan to mark it so ; but no-
rthing can b. more absurd than to pronounce the sub-
ifantive in one manner, and the adjective derived from
it by adding y, in another. The other orihoepisis, there-
fore, wlio pr<mounce both these words with the oo like
S, are more consistent than Mr. Sheridan, though, upon
Vhe whole, not so right.
Sooted, soot-ed, a. Smeared, manured, or covered
with soot.
SoOTP-nir.M cfvV^?- ■ "^ - •-■■'-"'rom sitting
ffoOTH, sllfh, s. 467. Truth, reality. Obsolete
Sooth, so6a, a. 467. Pleasing, dehghtful.
^o'cX"I^Xn";'t!-g«;tity^J- ^°«--' -P'-^
Soother, sooTH^ur s a a.„.
by blandishments. ' flatterer, one who gains
To Soothsay, so6th'-sL v.
a name given to tnose of a certt !n class in the univei
sily between Freshmen and Bachelors.
Sophistical, s6-fis-te-ka.l, a. 88. Fallaciously
subtle, logically deceitful.
SoPHISTICALLY, SO-fl5-t6-k^l-e, ad. With fal-
lacious subtilty.
To Sophisticate, so-fls^te-kate, v. a. Ts
adulterate, to corrupt with something spurious.
Sophisticate, so-fts-te-kate, part. a. 91.
Adulterate, not genuine.
Sophistication, so-f'is-ti-k^-sh5n, s. Adulters-
tion, not genuineness.
Sophisticator, s6-i1s-te-ka-tur, *. 521.
Adulterator, one that makes things not genuine.
Sophistry, sSf-fiS-tre, s. Fallacious ratiocmation.
SOPORIFEROUS, sup-0-rif-ur-uS, a. Productive
of sleep, opiate.
SopoRiFEROusNESo, s6p-o-rif-ur-fis-nes, s. 518.
527. The quality of causing sleep.
SOPORIFICK, sSp-i-rif-flk, fl. 530. 509. Causing
sleep, opiate.
SoRliS, sorbz, S. The berries of the sorb ot
servicetree.
Sorcerer, sor-ser-ur, *. 98. A conjuror, an
enchanter, a magician.
Sorceress, sor-ser-es, s. A female magician, an
enchantress.
Sorcery, sor-ser-e, s. 555. Magick, enchant-
ment, conjuration.
SoRD, sord, *. Turf, grassy ground. — See Sod.
Sordid, sor-dld, a. Foul, filthy; mean, vile,
base; covetous, niggardly.
Sordidly, sor-did-l^, ad. Meanly, poorly,
covetously.
Sordidness, sor-dld-nes, S. Meanness, baseness ;
nastiness.
Sordine, sor-dienj s. 112. A small pipe put
into the mouth of a trumpet to make it sound lower or
shriller.
Sore, sore, s. A place tender and painful, a place
excoriated, an ulrer.
Sore, sore, a. Tender to the touch ; tender to the
mind, easily vexed; violent with pain, afflictively
vehement.
Sore, sore, ad. With painful or dancrp.-"..e
Sf^^:^J;eSdaSJ:^=^/^----rst
Sorely, s5reM^, ad. With a
year a fawn, the second a ^Hck^r the third a Sorel
pS-^:;-^L-^a.e.de^ ,„
loZTst&t:-4ir7-''^--
one prop'osi.i^:p,,*^,S onlmZr"" '''^'^
of^f^.T''^-'^''-'^-'^'^'''- J43. The:
Sorrel, s3rMl, s. 99,
liavingan acid taste.
-nes, s.
SooTiNESs, sooti^-nes.
sooty.
'so''oT^la'c"k"ltVd;sk?.-SeTi^^^^^ <=°"-«"g of I SoRRow. s8r'-r6. .. 327. Grief pain
>0P, sOp, s. Anv fbin„ cf«» 1 • ,. I P'"s' 5 sadness, mourning,
ea.'en; ^.^y thing^Tven'to^padfy.""^ '" '"'"°'- *° ^^ ^f So««OW, sSr^ri, v. n. To gric
foretell. ' — ">, v. n. To predict, to
Soothsayer, sooMisl-iV c * <• . „ . -
nosticator. ' ""'" ^^^ W"^. *• ^ foreteller, a prog- Sorrily, &'^v'-xh-\h ad
_,, I wretchedly. '
sooty. - -, -. i"e qitahty of being Sorriness, sSr^r^-
SOOTY, sooit^, a. Breedin ' "*''
Si — ' 111
So
' -r7 "• "»'^ mil
aten; any thing given to pacify.
roSop s3p,,,.a. To steep in liquor.
SoPE, s6pe.— See Soap.
^arikeffvf^sity'.^''""^'"-'^'- '•-''-'' two
SOPHI, si'-fj . The emperor of Persia.
SZ.'J^'W""'^*- ^f-'-'-argument.
Sophist, sSfifist, s. 544. a
SOPHISTEK, sM'-
fallaciously subtle
492
ycr*
murder
A plant like dock, but
Meanly, despicably,
Meanness, despicable-
for something
to be dejected. ' '" ^""''' *" ^^ «''.
Sorrowed, sor^rodp « ^';q a
sorrow. oLsolete ' '^* ^"'''"Panicd witl
Sorrowful, s.Viro-ful a «!=.^ r
^^nh^S' vef auius '"■"^^'' '^ '°'-"""S P-t ; vile.
J*. 544. A professor of pliiiosonliv I SouT, Sort. * A i.;,„i „
•^fts-tSr, *. 98 aT : «f b;ingo.f;,int^Tde^;,r'r'' ""''""^'••"^"'••''
sou
sou
nSr 167, nit 163— tube Ul, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— </«m 466, Tliis 469.
Cj- There is an affected pronunciation of this word so
as to rliyme with jiort. This affectation, however, seems
confined to a few in the upper ranks of lite, and is not
likely t« descend to tlieir inferiors, as it does not appear
to have made any progr£ss among correct and classical
speakers.
It may be observed, that the long open o is confined
to those words where p precedes it, and to the word
fort.
To Sort, sort, V, a. To separate into distinct and
proper classes ; to reduce to order from a state oT con-
fusion ; to conjoin, to put together in distribution ; to
cull, to choosei to select.
To Sort, sort, v. »l. To be joined with others of
the same species j to consort, to join ; to suit, to fitj
to fall out.
SORTANCE, sor-t^nse, S. Suitableness, agreement.
Not in use.
Sortilege, sor-t^-ledje, s. The act of drawing
lots.
Sortition, sor-tisb-un, s. The act of casting
lots.
SORTMENT, Sortiment, S. The act of sorting,
distribution ; a parcel sorted or distributed.
To SOSS, sSs, V. n. To fall at once into a chair.
Sot, sOt, *. A blockhead, a dull, ignorant, stupid
fellow, a dolt; a wretch stupified by drinking.
To Sot, sot, V, a. To stupify, to besot.
To Sot, sot, v. n. To tipple to stupidity.
Sottish, sSt^tish, a. . Dull, stupid, doltish; dull
with intemperance.
SoTTISHLY, sSt-tlsh-li, ad. Stupidly, dully,
senselessly.
SOTTisiiNESS, sSt-tish-nes, S. Dulness, stupidity,
insensibility.
Souchong, sou-tshSngJ s. The finest sort of
-Bohea tea.
Sovereign, suv^er-in, a. 255. .Supreme in
power, having no superiour ; supremely efficacious
Sovereign, suv^er-in, s. 165. Supreme lord.
Sovereignly, suvier-in-1^, ad. Supremely, in
the highest degree.
Sovereignty, suv-er-in-tl,*. Supremacy, highest
place, highest degree of excellence.
Sought, sJwt, 319. The pret. and part. pass,
of Seek.-
Soul, sole, s. 318. The immaterial and immortal
spirit of man; vital principle; spirit, essence, princi-
pal part; interiour power; a familiar appellation
joined to words expressing the qualities of the mind;
human being; active power; spirit, fire, grandeur of
mind; intelligent being in general.
SOULED, sild, a. 359, Furnished with mind.
Soulless, sole-les, a. Mean, low, spiritless.
Sound, sound, a. 313. Healthy, hearty ; right,
not erroneous ; stout, lusty, valit-; fast, hearty.
Sound, sound, ad. Soundly, heartily, completely,
fast.
Sound, sound, S A shallonr sea, such as may be
sounded.
Sound, sound, S. A probe, an instrument used by
chirurgeoMs to feel what is out of reach of the fingers.
To Sound, sound, v. a. To search with a plum-
met, to try depth; to try, to examine.
To Sound, sound, v. n. To try with the sounding
line.
Sound, sound, *, Any thing audible, a noise, that
which is perceived by the ear; mere empty noise
opposed to meaning.
To Sound, soi^ind, v. n. To make a noise, to emit
a noise; to exhibit by likeness of sound.
To Sound, sound, v. a. To cause to make a noise,
to play on ; to betoken or direct by a sound ; to cele-
brate by sound.
Soundboard, sound-bord, s. Board which pro-
pagates the sound in organs.
Sounding, soiindiing, a. 410, Sonorous, having
^ magnificent sound.
493
Sounding-board, s6und-ing-b6rd, s. The canopy
of the pulpit: the ceiling over the front of the stage.
Soundly, sownd^e, ad. Healthily, heartily i
lustily : stoutly, strongly; truly, rightly ; fast, closely.
Soundness, sound^nes, *. Health, heartiness j
truth, rectitude, incorrupt state; strength, solidity.
Soup, soop, s. 315. Strong decoction of flesh for
the table.
Sour, sour, a. 313. Acid, austere; harsh of
temper, crabbed, peevish; afflictive, painful ; expres
sing discontent.
Sour, sour, s. Acid substance.
7h Sour, sour, v. a. To make acid; to make
harsh; to make uneasy, to mase 'ess pleasing; to
make discontented.
To Sour, sour, v, n. To become acid; to grow
peevish or crabbed.
Source, sorse, s. 318. Spring, fountain-bead;
original, first producer.
0:j- Some respectable speakers have attempted to give
the French sound to the diphthong in this woid and its
compound resoioce, as if written soorce and reswrce; but
as this is contrary to analogy, so it is to general usage.
Sheridan, Nares, Sniilli, and W. Johnston, give the same
sound to both these words as I have done. Mr. Periy
gives the same sound to source, and, as well as 1 can guess
from the blindness of the print, to resource also.
Mr. Scott gives both sounds, but seems to prefer the
first r Kenrick only gives source the sound of soorce, and
the diphthong ou in resource, the same sound as in hour,
town, HiC.
Sourish, sour-ish, «. Somewhat sour.
Sourly, sbui-le, ad. With acidity ; with acrimony.
Sourness, sour-nes, s. Acidity, austereness of
taste; asperity, harshness of temper.
Sous, souse, or soo, 5. 315. A small denomination
of French money.
GS'The first pronunciation of this word is vulgar; th»
second is pure French, and, as such, is no more entitled
to a place iu an English Dictionary, than the word penn'j
is in a French one.
Souse, souse, S. 313. Pickle made of salt ; any
thing kept parboiled in a salt pickle.
To Souse, soiise, v. n. To fall as a bird on its prey.
To Souse, souse, v. a. To strike with sudden
violence, as a bird strikes its prey.
Souse, souse, ad. With sudden violence. A low
word.
Souterrain, soo-ter-rinej *. 315. A grotto or
cavern in the ground.
South, sou<A, S. 313. The part where the sun is
to us at noon; the southern regions of the globe; the
wind that blows from the south.
South, south, a. 313. Southern, meridional.
South, Sou</(, ad. Towards the south ; from the
south.
Southing, souTH-in^^, a. Going towards the
south.
Southeast, sou^/t-eestj s. The point between the
east and south.
Southerly, suTH-ur-le, or sourii-ur-le, a.
Belonging to any of the points denominated from the
south, not absolutely southern ; lying towards the
south; coming from about the south.
QO' The diphthong in this and the following word has
fallen into contraction by a sort of technical sea pro-
nunciation ; but both of them seem to be recovering
their true diphthongal sound, though the latter seems
farther advanced towards it than the former.
Southern, souTH-urn, or suTH-urn, a. Belong-
ing to the south, meridional ; lying towards the south j
coming from the south.
Southernwood, suTH-urn-wud, s. A plant.
SouTHMOST, sou^/t^mist, a. Farthest towards the
south.
Southsay, sou^/j-sa, «. 315. Prediction; properly
S'JUthsay,
SPA SPE
63- 559. FAte73, Mr 77, fall 83, iit 81— me .93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 -62, move 164^
parsimonious; to forbear, to be scrupulous j to use
mercy, to forgive, to be tender.
Spare, spare, a. Scanty, parsimonious ; superfluous^
unwanted j lean, wanting flesh.
Sparer, spa-rur, *. 98. One who avoids expense.
Sparer IB, spare- rib, s. Some part cut off from
tlie ribs.
Spargefaction, spar-j^-fik^shun, s. The act of
sprinkling.
Sparing, sparring, a. 410. Scarce; scanty;
parsimonious.
Sparingly, spa-nng-lJ, ad. Frugally, par-
simoniously; with abstinence; not with great fre-
quency; cautiously, tenderly.
Spark, spark, s. 78. A small particle of fire, or
kindled matter; any thing shining; any thing vivid or
active; a lively, showy, splendid, gay man.
To Spark, spark, v. n. To emit particles of fire,
to s))arkle.
SpARKFIJL, spark-ful, a. Lively, brisk, airy.
SpARKISH, Spaik-ish, a. Airy, gay j showy, well-
dressed, fine.
Sparkle, spar^kl, s. 405. A spark, a small
particle of fire ; any luminous particle.
To Sparkle, spar-kl, v. n. To emit sparks j to
issue in sparks ; to shine ; to glitter.
Spauklingly, spark-li!ig-le, ad. With vivid
and twinkling lustre.
Sparklingness, sp3,rkiling-nes, *. Vivid and
twinkling lu?tre.
Sparrow, spilr-ro, «. 87. .327- A small bird.
Sparrowhawk, spir-ro-hawk, s. The female of
the miislcet-hawk.
SpARROWGUASS, sp4r-ri-gris, *. Corrupted from
/liparas^iis, which see.
Sparry, sr)ar-r^, a. 82. Consisting of spar.
Spasm, S])azni, s. Convulsion, violent and involuntary
contraction.
SpasMODICK, spAz-mSd-lk, a. 509. Convulsive.
Spat, spit. The pret. of Spit. Obsolete.
To Spatiate, spa-she-ate, v. n. To rove, to
range, to ramble at laiue.
To Spatter, spit-tur, v. a. 98. To sprinkle
with dirt, or any thing offensive; to throw out any
thing offensive ; to asperse, to defame.
To SPATfER, Spit-tur, V. n. To spit, to sputter,
as at any thing nauseous taken into the mouth.
Spatterdashes, spilt-tur-d4sh-iz, s. Coverings
for the legs hy whicli the wet is kept off.
Spattling-poppy, spit-ling- piip-pu, s. White
- hehen, a plant.
Spatula, spit'-tshi-li, s. 92. 461. A spattie, or
slice, used by apoihecaries and surgeons in spreading
plasters or in stirring medicines.
Spavin, spiv'-in, *. This disease in horses is a bony
excrescence or crust as hard as a bone, that grows on
the inside of the hough.
Spaw, spaw, *. 219. A place famous for minend
waters, any mineral water.
To SpAWL, spawl, v. n. To throw moisture out oT
the mouth. i.
Spawl, spawl, $. 219.. Sfiittle, moisture qcctejl
from the mouth.
Spawn, spawn, s, 219- The eggs of fish or of
frogs; any product or yftspring.
To Spawn, spawn, v. a. To produce as fishes do
eggs; to generate, to bling forth.
To Spawn, spawn, v, n. To issue as eggs from
fish ; to issue, to proceed.
SpawneR, spawn-ur, s. 98. The feinale fish.
To Spay, spi, v. a, 220. To castrate female
animals;
To Speak, spike, v. n. 227. Pret. Spake or
Spoke; part. pass. Spo/cen. To utter articulait sotnids,
to exj^ress thoughts by vords j to harangue, to make
To SouthsAY, sou^/i-sa, v. n. To predict. — See
Soothsay.
Souths AVER, SOUiA-si-ur, S. A predicter ; pro-
perly Soothsayer.
Southward, sou^/i-ward, or suTH-urd, ad.
Towards the south.
Southwest, sou<A-west{ s. Point between the
south and west.
Sow, sou, S. 322, A female pig, the female of
a boar; an oblong mass of lead; an insect, a mille-
pede.
To Sow, SO, V. n. 324. To scatter seed in order to
a harvest.
To Sow, s5, V. a. Part, pass. Sown. To scatter
m the ground in order to growth ; to spread, to
propagate; to impregnate or stock with seed; to
besprinkle. — See Bowl.
To Sow, sA, V. a. (From suo, Latin.) Part. pass.
Sowed. To join by needle-work.
To SoWCE, souse, v. a. 323. To throw into the
water.
Sower, s6-ur, S. 98, He that sprinkles the seed ;
a scatterer ; a breeder, a promoter.
SOWINS, sou'-ini5, S. 323, Flummery made of
oatmeal, somewhat soiired.
To SOWL, soul, V. a. 323. To pull by the ears.
Obsolete,
Sown, sine, s. The part, of To Sow.
SOWTHISTLE, SOll-^AlS-sl, «. 472. A weed.
Space, spise, S. Room, local extension ; any
quantity of place ; quantity of time ; a small time ;
a while.
Spacious, spi-shus, a. 357. Wide, extensive,
roomy.
Spaciousness, spi-shus-nes, *, Roominess, wide
extension,
Spaddle, spad-dl, s. 405. A little spade.
Spade, spAde, s. 73. The instrument of digging ;
a suit of cards.
Spadille, spi-d!l{ S. The ace of spades at ombre
and quadrille.
Spake, s])ike. The old pret. of Speak.
Spalt, spalt, *, A white, scaly, shining stone, fre-
quently used to promote the fusion of metals.
Span, spin, S. The space from the end of the thumb
to the end of the little finger extended; any short
duration.
To Span, spin, v. a. To measure by the hand ex-
tended ; to measure,
Spancounter, spin^koun-tur, ")
Spanfarthing, spin-far-Tinng, /
A play at which money is thrown within a span or
mark.
Spangle, sping-gl, s. 405, A small plate or
boss of shinmg metal; any thing sparkling and
shining.
To Spangle, sping-gl, v. a. To besprinkle with
spangles or shining bodies.
Spaniel, spiniyel, s. 113. 281. a dag used for
sport in the field, remarkable for sagacity and obe-
dience; a low, mean, sneaking fellow.
To Spank, spingk, v. a, 408. To strike with
the open hand.
Spanker, spingk-ui, s. a small coin.
Spar, spar, *, 78. Marcasite; a small beam, the
bar of a gate.
To Spar, spar, v. n. To fight like cocks with
prelusive strokes.
To Spar, spar, v. a. To shut, to close, to bar.
Obsolete,
^To Spare, spire, v. a. To use frugally ; to save
for any particular use; to do without; to lose will-
ingly ; to omit, to forbear ; to use tenderly, to treat
witli pity; to grant, to allow.
To SrARE, spare, v. n. To live frugally, to be
404
SPE
SPE
nor 167, n&t Ibd— tAbe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Miii 466', TMis 469.
A plant, a speclea of
An herb.
Noting
a speech ; to talk for or against, to dispute ; to dis-
course, to make mention; to give sound; to Speai<
with, to address, to converse with.
To Speak, speke, v. a. To utter with tlie mouth,
to pronounce ; to proclaim, to celebrate ; to address,
to accost ; to exliibit.
SpEAKABLE, sp^-k:t-bl, U. 405. Possible to be
spoken ; having tlie power of speech.
Speaker, spe-kur, *. 98. One who speaks; one
iilio speaks in any particular manner; one who cele-
brates, proclaims, or mentions; the prolocutor of the
commons.
Speaking-trumpet, sp^^king-trump^it, s. 99.
410. Trumpet by which the voice may be propagated
to a great distance.
Spear, spere, s. 227. A long weapon with a sharp
point, used in thrusting or throwing; a lance; a laHCe
generally with prongs to kill fish.
To Spear, spere, v. a. To kill or pierce with
a spear.
To Spear, sp^re, v. n. To shoot or sprout.
SpEARGRASS, Sp^re-grfc, S. Long stiif grass.
Spearman, spere-min, *. 88. One who uses
a lance in tight.
Spearmint, spJreimint, *.
mint.
Spearvvort, sp^re-wurt, «.
Special, spesh^Al, a. 357
species: pariicular, peculiar; appropriate, desif;ned for
a particular purpose; extraordinary, uncommon; chief
in excellence.
Specially, spesh^il-5, ud. Particularly above
others ; not in a common way, peculiarly.
Specialty, spesh^iil-ti, "1
Speciality, spesh-e-^li^-t4, / *'
Particularity.
Species, sp^-sh^z, s. 433. A sort, a subdivision
of a general term; class of nature, single order of
beines: appearance to the senses; representation to
the mind; circulating monev; simples that have <rface
in a compound.
Specific, spe-sif-lk, s. A specific medicine.
Speciitcal, sp^-siW^-k^l, 1
Specifick, sp^-sififik, 509. J "■
That wliich makes a thing of the species of which it
is; appropriated to the cure of some particular dis-
temj.er.
Specifically, sp6-si(^fe-kal-i, ad. in such
a manner as to constitute a species, according to the
nature of the species.
,7'o Specificate, spc-sif^fJ-kAte, v. a. To mark
by notation of distinguishing jiarticularities.
Specification, spes-se-fe-kA-shun, s. Diatinct
notation, determination by a peculiar mark; particular
mention.
7'o Specify, spes'sJ-fl, v. a. 183. To mention,
to show by some particular mark of distinction.
Specimen, spes-s^-men, s. 503. A sample,
a part of any, thing exhibited that the rest may be
known.
Specious, sp^ishus, «. 357. Showy, pleasing to
the view; plausible; superficially, not solidly right.
Speciously, spe-shus-le, ad. With fair ap-
pearance.
Speck, spek, *. A small discoloration, a spot.
To Speck, spek, v. a. To spot, to stain in drops.
Speckle, spek^kl, s. 405. Small speck, little
spot.
To Speckle, spek^kl, v. a. To mark with small
spots.
Spectacle, spek'-ti-kl, s. 405. A show, a ga^ing-
stock, any thing cxhiUited to the view as eminently
remarkable; any thing perceived by the sight; in the
Plural, glasses to assist the sight.
Spectacled, spek-t4-kld, «. 359. Furnished
with spectacles.
Si'hcta roR, spek-ti-tur, *. 76. 521. A looker
uii, ii beholder.
495
Spectatorship, spek-t^itiir-ship, * Act ol
beholding.
Spectre, spek^tur, s. 410. Apparition, ap-
pearance of persons dead.
Spectrum, spek^trum, s. An image, a visible
form.
Specular, spek-ku-l4r, o. 88. Having the
qualities of a mirrour or looking-glass; assisting
sight.
To Speculate, spek^kA-l^te, v. n. 91. To
meditate, to contemplate; to take a view of any thing
with the mind.
To Speculate, spek^ku-lite, v. a. To consider
attentively, to look through with the mind.
Speculation, spek-u-li^shun, *. Examination
of the eye, view ; mental view, intellectual examina-
tion, contemplation ; a train of thoughts formed by
meditation; mental scheme not reduced to practice;
power of sight.
Speculative, spek^kA-li-t!v, a. 512. Given to
speculation, contemplative; theoretical, not prac-
tical.
Speculatively, spek^ku-l4-tiv-le, ad. Con-
templatively, with meditation; ideally, theoretically,
not practically.
Speculator, spek'-kiVla-tur, *. 521. One who
forms theories; an observer, a conteinplalor ; a spy,
a watcher.
SpECULATORY, Spek-ku-la-tur-e, a. 512. Ex-
ercising speculation.
Speculum, spekiki-ium, s. 503. A mirrour,
a looking-glass.
Sped, sped. The pret. and part, pass, of Speed,
See Mistaken.
Speech, spettsh, 5, 246. The power of articulate
utterance, the power of expressing thoughts by vocal
words ; language, words considered as expressing
thoughts ; particular language as distinct from others :
any thing spoken ; talk, mention ; oration, harangue.
Speechless, spe^tsh-les, a. Deprived of the
power of speaking, made mute or dumb ; mute,
dumb.
To Speed, sp^ed, V, n, 246. Pret, and part. pass.
Speed and Speeded. To make haste, to move with
celerity; to have success; to have any condition good
or bad.
To Speed, sp^M, V, a. To despatch In haste ; to
despatch, to destroy, to kill ; to hasten, to put into
quick motion; to execute, to despatch; to assist, to
help forward; to make prosperous.
Speed, speed, S, Quickness, celerity, haste, hurry,
despatch; the course or pace of a horse; success,
event.
Speedily, speed^^-le, ad. With haste, quickly.
SpEEDINESS, Sp^^d-^-neS, S. The quality of being
speedy.
Speedwell, speed-well, s, A plant.
Speedy, sp^t^d-e, a. Quick, swift, nimble, quick of
despatch.
Spell, spell, *. A charm consisting of some words
of occult power ; a turn of work.
To Spell, spell, v. a. To write with the proper
letters ; to read by naming letters singly ; to charm.
To Spell, spell, v. n. To form words of letters j
to read.
Spelter, spelt'ur, s, 98. A kind of semimetal.
To Spend, speud, v. a. To consume, to lay on'. ;
to bestow as expense, to expend ; to effuse ; to squander,
to lavish; to pass; to waste, to wear out; to fatigue,
to harass.
To Spend, spend, v. n. To make expense; to
pro\e in the use; to be lost or wasted.
Spender, spend-ur, s, 98. One who spends;
a prodigal, a lavisher.
Spendthrift, spend-^Arift, s. A prodigal,
a lavisher.
Sperm, sperm, S. Seed, that by which the specie*
i« cuutinueU,
SPI
SPI
*s-
659. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fltSl— ml93, met95— pine 105, pin 10'— n6 162, move 164,
Spermaceti, sper-m^-s^itl, s. (Cormptediy
pronounced Parmasity.)
(t5> When Shakespeare makes Hotspur describe a fop
losing tliis word,
** And telling me th« 80Tereigu*st thiny on corth,
" Was pormasitty for an inward bruise."—
it is highly probable this was not a foppish pronuncia-
tion, but that which generally obtained in Queen
Elizabeth's time, and has, among the vulgar, been
continued to ours.
Sperm ATI CAL, sper-mSt^te-kAl, ")
Spermatick, sper-mit-tik, 509./
Seminal, coHsisting of seed ; belonging to the sperm.
Spermatize, sper-m4-tize, v. n. To yield seed.
Spermatocele, sper-m^t^to-sele, s. A rupture,
occasioned by the contraction of the seminal vessels.
See Hydrocele.
To Sperse, sperse, v. a. To disperse, to scatter.
To Spet, spet, V. a. To bring or pour abundantly.
Not in use.
To Spew, spu, v. a. 265. To vomit, to eject
from the stomach j to eject, to cast forth ; to eject with
loathing.
To Spew, spu, V, n. To vomit, to ease tlie stomach.
To Sphacelate, sf4sis5-ldte, v. a. To affect
with a gangrene.
Sphacelus, sfits-S^-lus, s, A gangrene, a mor-
tification.
Sphere, sfere, S. A globe, an orbicular body,
a body of which the centre is at the same distance from
every point of the circumference j any globe of the
mundane system ; a globe representing the earth or
sky; orb, circuit of motion; province, compass of
knowledge or action.
To Sphere, sfere, v. a. To place in a sphere ; to
form into roundness.
Spherical, sfer-r^-kil,
Spherick, sferiril
Round, orbicular, gl
orbs of the planets.
}"•
•}'•
Spherick, sfer^rik, 509,
Round, orbicular, globular; planetary, relating to the
orbs of the planets.
Spherically, sfer-r^-kil-^, ad. In form of
a sphere.
Sphericalness, sf?rire-k4l-nes.
Sphericity, sfe-ris^i-te,
Roundness, rotundity.
Spheroid, sfe-roid, *. A body oblong or oblate,
approaching to the form of a sphere.
Spheroidal, sfJ-roe-d4l, a. Having the form of
a spheroid.
Spheroidical, sf^-roid-5-k4l, a. Having the
form of a spheroid.
Spherule, sfer-ule, s. A little globe.
Sphinx, sfingks, S. The Sphinx was a famous
monster in Egypt, having the face of a virgin and the
body of a lion.
Spice, spise, s. A vegetable production fragrant to
the smell and pungent to the palate, an aromatick sub-
stance used in sauces; a small quantity.
To Spice, splse, v. a. To season with spice.
Spicer, spl-sur, S. 98. One who deals in spice.
SpICERY, spi-sur-e, S. The commodity of spices ;
a repository of spices.
Spick-and-span, spik-5nd-spin{ a. Quite new,
now first used.
SpickneL, spik-nel, S, The herb baldmony or
bearwort.
Spicy, spi-se, a. Producing spice, abounding with
aromaticks ; aromatick, having the qualities of spire.
Spider, Spl-dur, S. 98. The animal that spins
a web for flies.
Spiderwort, spUdur-wurt, s. A plant with
a lily-flower composed of six petals,
Spignel, spiginel, s. A plant.
Spigot, spig-ut, s. 166, A pin or peg put into the
faucet to keep in the liquor,
486
Spike, spike, s. An ear of com ; a Jong nail of
iron or wood, a long rod of iron sharpened ; a smaller
species of lavender.
To Spike, spike, v. a. To fasten with long nails;
to set with spikes.
Spikenard, splke^nard, *. The name nf a plant j
the oil produced from the plant.
(t5" Mr. Elphinston is the only orthoSpist who pro-
nounces the i short in this word; Mr. Sheridan,
Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, W. Johnston, and Buchanan,
preserve it long as in spike: and though I am well aware
of the common idiom of our pronunciation to shorten
the simple in the compound, see Knowledge, yet I think
this idiom ought not to be sought after, when not esta-
blished by custom.
Spill, spill, s. A small shiver of wood, or thin bar
of iron; a small quantity of money.
To Spill, spill, V, a. To shed, to lose by shedding J
to throw away.
To Spill, spill, v. n. To waste, to be lavish ; to
be shed, to be lost by being shed.
Spilth, SpiUA, S. Any thing poured out or wasted.
Not in use.
To Spin, spin, v, a. Pret. Spun, or Span.
Part. Spun. To draw out into threads; to form threads
by drawing out and twisting any filamentous matter;
to protract, to draw out ; to form by degrees, to draw
out tediously.
To Spin, spin, v. n. To exercise the art of spin-
ning; to stream out in a thread or small current; to
move round as a spindle.
Spinage, spin^nidje, s. 90. A plant.
Spinal, SpUnil, a. 88. Belonging to the back bone.
Spindle, spin^dl, S. 405. The pin by which the
thread is formed, and on which it is conglomerated ;
a long slender stalk ; any thing slender.
Spindleshanked, spin-dl-sh4ng:kt, a. Having
small legs.
Spindletree, spin-dl-tree, s. Prickwood, a plant.
Spine, spine,*. The back bone.
Spinel, spl-nel, S. A sort of mineral.
Spinet, spin^net, s. A small harpsichord ; an in-
strument with keys.
SpiniferouS, spl-nif-fer-us, a. Bearing thorns.
Spinner, spin-nur, *. 98. One skilled in spinning ;
a garden spider with long jointed legs.
Spinning-wheel, spin-ning-hwe^l, s. Tiie
wheel by which, since the disuse of tlie rock, the thread
is drawn.
Spinosity, spl-n6s-s^-te, S, Crabbedness, thorny
or briary perplexity.
Spinous, spl'-nus, a. 314. Thorny, full of thorns.
Spinster, spins-tur, s. 98. A woinan that spins j
the general term for a girl or maiden woman.
Spinstry, spins-tri, S. The work of spinning.
Spiny, spl-ne, a. Thorny, briary, perplexed.
Spiracle, spir^J-kl, *. 109. A breathing hole,
a vent, a small aperture.
0:3- I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the quantity
of the i in the first syllable of this word, because I think
the same antepenultimate accent, which shortens the
0 in oracle, and the i in miracle, ought to have the same
influence in the word in question. 503,
Spiral, spl-ril, a. 88, Curve, winding, circularly
involved.
Spirally, spUril-5, ad. In a spiral form.
Spire, spire, *. A curve line, any thing wreathed
or contorted, a curl, a twist, a wreath; any thing
growing up taper, a round pyramid, a steeple; the top
or uppermost point.
To Spire, spire, v. n. To shoot up pyramidically.
Spirit, spir-lt, .V. 109. Breath, wind in motion ; an
immaterial substance; the soul of man ; an apparition ;
ardour, courage J genius, vigour of mind; intellectual
powers distinct from the body } sentiment; eagerness,
desire J man of activity, man of life; that which give*
SPI SPL
nor 167, n$t 163— tube 171, tu)« 172, bull 173— oil 299- pound 313— </an 466, THis 469.
vigour or cheerfulness to the .mind ; any thing emi-
nently pure and refined; that which hath power or
energy; an inflammable liquor raised by distillation.
03- Tlie general sound of the first i in this word and
all its compounds was, till lately, the sound of e in
merit: but a very laudable attention to propriety has
nearly restored the t to its true sound ; and now spirit,
sounded as if written sperit, begins to grow vulgar.
See Principles, No. lOS, 109, 110, and the word Mirac/e.
Mr. Sheridan, W. Johnston, and Mr. Smith, have
given into this false sound of i, 109 ; but Dr. Kenrick,
Mr. Scott, and Mr. Perry, have given it the true sound j
and Mr. Nares very justly thinks that this word, miracle,
and cistern, are now more frequently and properly heard
with the short sound of t.
7b Spirit, spir-lt, v. a. To animate or actuate
as a spirit; to excite, to animate, to encourage; to
draw, to entice.
Spirited, spir-it-ed, a. Lively, full of fire,
Spiritedness, spir-it-ed-nes, s. Disposition or
make of mind.
Spiritfulness, spir-it-ful-nes, s. Sprightliness,
liveliness.
Spiritless, spir-lt-les, a. Dejected, low, deprived
of vigour, depressed.
Spiritous, spirilt-US, a. Refined, advanced near
to spirit.
SpiritouSNESS, spir-lt-us-nes, S. Fineness and
activity of parts.
Spiritual, spir^it-tshu-ll, a. 461. Distinct
from matter, immaterial, incorporeal, mental, in-
tellectual ; not gross, refined from external things,
relative only to the mind; not temporal, relating to
the things of heaven.
Spirituality, spir-it-tshu-^K4-tJ, s.
Immateriality, essence distinct from matter; intel-
lectual nature; acts independent of the body, pure
actsof the soul, mental refinement; that which belongs
to any one as an ecclesiastick.
Spiritualty, spir-it-tshu-4l-t^ s. Ecclesiastical
body.
Spiritualization, spir-it-tshu-4l-i-zi^sbun, s.
Act of spiritualizing.
To Spiritualize, spir'lt-tshu-^l-lze, v. a. To
refine the intellect, to purify from the feculencies of
the world.
Spiritually, spir^it-tshu-4l-l^, ad. without
corporeal grossness, with attention to things purely
intellectual.
Spirituous, spir-it-tsbu-us, a. Having tiie
quality of sjiirit, tenuiiy and activity of parts; lively,
gay, vivid, airy.
Spirituosity, spir-it-tsbu-Ssise-t^, 511.")
Spirituousness, spir-it-tshu-us-nes, J
The quality of being spirituous.
To Spirt, spurt, v. n.. 108. To spring out in
a sudden stream, to stream out by intervals.
To Spirt, spurt, v. a. To throw out in a jet.
SpIRTLE, spurt-tl, v. a, 405. To dissipate.
SpIRY, Spl-re, a. Pyramidal, wreathed, curled.
SpiSSITUDE, spis-se-tude, *. Crossness, thickness.
Spit, spit, *. A long prong on which meat is
driven to be turned before the fire ; such a depth of
earth as is pierced by one aclion of tlie spade.
To Spit, spit, v. a. Fret. Spat. Part. pass. Spit
or Spitted. To put upon a spit ; to thrust through.
To Spit, spit, v. n. To eject from the mouth ; to
throw out spittle or moisture of the mouth.
SpiTAL, spit-til, S. Corrupted from Hospital, and
seldom used but to a sermon preached at an hospital,
as, a Spital sermon; or in the proverbial phrase, Rob
not the spital; or in the name of that district of
London called Spitalfields.
03" Tlie a in all these words has a tendency to sink its
sound, and to confound thein with spittle. In the last of
these words this tendency is incurable; but in the two
first it would be far from pedantic to preserve the sound
of the a as in medal. Dr. Johnson seems to depart from
etymology in doubling the t in these words.
197
To Spitchcock, spitsWkSk, v. a. To cut an
eel in pieces and broil it.
Spite, spite, *. Malice, rancour, hate ; Spite of, or
in Spite of, notwithstanding, in defiance of.
To Spite, spite, v. a. To vex, to thwart
malignantly ; 10 fill with spite, to offend.
Spiteful, Spite-ful, a. Malicious, malignant.
Spitefully, splte^ful-e, ad. Maliciously, maiig-
nantly.
Spitefulness, splte^ful-nes, s. Malignity, desire
of vexing.
Spitted, spit-ted, a. Shot out into length, put on
a spit.
SpitteR, spit-tur, S. 98. One who puts meat on
a spit ; one who spits with his mouth ; a young deer.
Spittle, spit-tl, s. 405, (Corrupted from Hospital.)
Not in use.
Spittle, spit-tl, s. Moisture of the mouth.
SpitvenoM, spit-ven-um, S. Poison ejected from
the mouth.
To Splash, splish, v. a. To daub with dirt in
great quantities.
Splashy, splish^^, a. Full of dirty water, apt to
daub.
Splayfoot, spli^fut, a. Having the foot turned
inward.
SplAYMOUTH, SplA-mou^/i, S. Mouth widened by
design.
Spleen, spleen, S. The milt, one of the viscera,
. supposed the seat of anger and melancholy; anger,
spile, ill-humour; a fit of anger; melancholy, hypo-
chondriacal vapours.
Spleened, spleend, a. 359. Deprived of the
spleen.
Spleenful, spleen-ful, a. Angry, peevish, fretful.
Spleenless, spl^^n-les, a. Kind, gentle, mild.
Spleenwort, spleen-wurt, S. Miltwaste, a plant.
Spleeny, spluen-e, a. Angry, peevish.
Splendent, splen-deiit, a. Shining, glossy.
Splendid, splen-did, a, Showy, magnificent,
sumptuous.
Splendidly, spleii-did-1^, ad. Magnificently,
sumptuously.
Splendour, splen^dur, «. 314. Lustre, power of
shining; magnificence, pomp.
Splenetick, spleii-e-tik, a. 510. Troubled with
the spleen, fretful, peevish.
Splenick, splen-ik, a. 508. Belonging to the
spleen.
Splenish, splen-ish, a. Fretful, peevish j properly
Spleenish.
&;>■ Dr. Johnson has received this word without any
remark upon the impropriety of its formation. To turn
a Latin noun into an English adjective by the addition
of ish, is false heraldry in language: especially as vte
have the Enplish word spleen, from which it might have
been formed with so much more propriety : but to pro-
nounce the e lung, as Mr. Sheridan has dune, is adding
absurdity to errour.
Splenitive, splen-J-tiv, a. 512. Hot, fiery,
passionate. Not in use.
Splent, splent, s. Splent is a callous hard sub-
stance, or an insensible swelling, which breeds on or
adheres to the slmnk-hone, and when it grows big
spoils the shape of the leg.
To Splice, splise, v. a. To join the two ends 0/
a rope without a knot.
Splint, splint, *. a thin piece of wood or othet
matter used by chirurgeons to hold the bone newly
set.
To Splinter, splint^ur, v, a. To secure by
splints ; to shiver, to break into fragments.
Splinter, splint-ur, *. 98. a fragment of any
tiling broken with violence; a thin piece of wood.
To Splin ter, splirit-ur, v. n. To be broken into
fragments,
Kk
sro
SPR
(ts- 569. Fite 73, fSr77, f^U 83, ftt 81— mi 93, met S5— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Liouid food.
To Split, split, v. a. Pret. Split. To cleave, to
rive, to divide longitudinally in two; to divide, to
part ; to dash and break on a rock ; to divide, to break
into discord.
To Split, split, v. n. To burst asunder, to crack ;
to be broken against rocks.
Splitter, split-tur, s. 98. One who splits.
Splutter, splut'tur, S. Bustle, tumult; hasty
and inarticulate speaking. A low word.
To Spoil, spoil, v. a. 299. To rob j to plunder;
to corrupt, to mar, to make useless.
To Spoil, spoil, v. n. To practise robbery or
plunder; to grow useless, to be corrupted.
Spoil, spoil, S. That which is taken by violence,
plunder, pillage, booty; the act of robbery; corrup-
tion, cause of corruption; the slough, the cast-off skin
of a seriient.
Spoiler, spoil-ur, s, 98. A robber, a plunderer.
SpOILFUL, Spoiliful, a. Wasteful, rapacious.
Spoke, sp&ke, S. The bar of the wheel that passes
from the nave to the felloe.
Spoke, spike. The pret. of Speak.
Spoken, sp6-kn, 103. Part. pass, of Speak.
Spokesman, sp6ks-mlln, s 88. One who speaks
for another.
To Spoliate, sp6-li-ite, v. a. To rob, to
plunder.
Spoliation, spi-l4-i-shun, s. The act of robbery
or jirivalion.
Spondee, spon-de, S. A foot in poetry of two long
syllables.
Spondyle, sp&n-dil, S. A vertebre ; a joint of the
spine.
Sponge, spunje, s. 165. A soft porous substance
remarkable for sucking up water.
To Sponge, spunje, v. a. To blot, to wipe away
as with a sponge.
To Sponge, spunje, v. n. To suck in as a sponge;
to gain a maintenance by mean arts.
Sponger, spun-jur, s. 98. One who hangs for
a maintenance on others.
SpongiNESS, spun-ji-nes, s. Softness and fulness
of cavities like a sponge.
SpONGIOUS, spun-j^-US, a. 314. Full of cavities
like a sponge.
Spongy, spun-ji, a. Soft and full of small
interstitial holes; wet, drenched, soaked.
SponK, spungk, *. 165. In the Scotch dialect.
Touchwood. — See S/mnk.
SpONSAL, spSn-sAl, a. Relating to marriage.
Sponsion, s[)6n-sliun, s. The act of becoming
surety for another.
Sponsor, spSn-sur, *. 166. A surety, one who-
makes a promise or gives security for another.
Spontaneity, spSn-tl-ne-i-ti, *, Voluntariness,
accord uncompelled.
Spontaneous, sp5n-ti-ne-us, a. Voluntary,
acting without compulsion.
Spontaneously, spSn-ti-ne-us-le, ad.
Voluntarily, of its own accord.
Spontaneousness, sp6n-tain^-us-nes, s. 314.
Voluntariness, accord unforced.
Spool, spool, *. 306. A small piece of cane or
reed, with a knot at each end; or a piece of wood turned
in that form to wind yarn upon, a quill.
To SpOOM, spoom, v. n. 306. To pass swiftly.
Not in use.
Spoon, spoon, *. 306. A concave vessel with
a handle, used in eating liquids.
Spoonbill, spoon-bil, s. A bird ; the end of its
bill is broad.
Spoonful, spoon-ful, S. As much as is generally
taken ft once in a spoon ; any small quantity of
liquid.
4iJ8
Spoonmeat, spoonimete, s.
nourishment taken with a spoon.
SpOONWORT, Spoon-wSrt, S. Scurvygrasj.
Sport, sport, S. Play, diversion, game, froliek, and
tumultuous merriment ; mock, contemptuous mirth;
that with which one plays; play, idle gingle; diver-
sion of the field, as of fowling, hunting, lishing.
To Sport, sport, v. a. To divert, to make merry;
to represent by any kind of play.
To Sport, spSrt, v. n. To play, to froliek, tc
game, to wanton ; to trifle.
Sportful, sp6rt-ful, a. Merry, froiicksome,
wanton, ludicrous, done in jest.
Sportfully, sport-fi'il-e, ad. Wantonly, merrily.
SportfulNESS, sport-ful-nes, *. Wantonness,
play, merriment, froliek.
Sportive, spir-tiv, a. Gay, merrj-, froiicksome,
wanton, playful, ludicrous.
SpORTIVENESS, sp6r-tlV-neS, S. Gayety, play.
Sportsman, spirts-m^n, *. One who pursues the
recreation of the field.
Sportulp, spir^tshule, s. 461. An alms, a dole.
Spot, spot, *. A blot, a mark made by discolora-
tion ; a taint, a disgrace, a reproach; a smail extent
of place; any particular place.
To Spot, sp6t, V. a. To mark witji discoloration j
to corrupt, to disgrace, to taint.
Spotless, SpSt-leS, a. Free from spots; im-
maculate, pure.
Spotter, spSt-tur, s. 98. One who spou.
Spotty, sp6t'-te, a. Full of spots.
Spousal, spou^il, a. 99. Niietia), matrimon>«I|
bridal.
Spousal, spou-z4l, S. Marriage, nuptials.
Spouse, spouze, s. 313. One joined in marriage,
a husband or wife.
Spoused, spouzd, a, 359. Wedded, espoused,
joined together as in matrimony.
Spouseless, spoiiz-les, a. Wanting a husband or
wife.
Spout, SpSilt, S. 313. A pipe, or mouth of
a pipe or vessel, out of which any thing is poured ;
a cataract.
To Spout, ppout, v, a, 313. To pour with
violence, or in a collected body as from a spout ; to
speak speeches out of plays in imitation of an actor.
A low word.
To Spout, spout, v. n. To issue as from a spout.
To Sprain, spriiie, v. a. 202. To stretch the
ligaments of a joint without dislocation of the bone.
Sprain, sprAne, *. Extension of ligaments without
disliicatinn of the joint.
Sprang, spring. The pret. of Spring.
SpUA T, sprit, S. A small sea fish.
To Sprawl, sprawl, v. n. To struggle as in the
convulsions of death, to tumble with agitation.
Spkay, sprA, S. 220. Tlie extremity of a branch ;
the foam of the sea, commonly written Spry.
To Spread, spred, v. a. 234. To extend, to ex-
pand ; to make to cover or fill a large space ; to cover
by extension ; to cover over ; to stretch ; to extend ,
to publish, to divulge; to emit as effluvia or emana-
tions.
To Spread, spred, v. n. To extend or expand
itself.
Spread, spred, S. Extent, compass ; expansion of
parts.
Spreader, spred^ur, s. 98. One who spreads,
publisher, divulger.
Sprent, sprent, part. Sprinkled.
Sprig, sprig, *. A small branch.
Spriggy, spng-ge, tf. 383. Full of small branches.
SprIGHT, sprite, *. 393. Spirit, shade, soul, in
corporeal agent; walking spirit, apparition.
SPR
nor 167, nSt 163— tibe 17}, j:ub 172, bujl 173'
Lively, brisk, gay;
SPY
jil 299— pound 3\3— thin 460, thIs 46\9.
Sprightful, sprlte-ful, a
vigorous.
Sprightfully, sprlteiful-l, ad.
Brislcly, vigorously.
SpRIGHTLINESS, sprlte-le-nes, S. Liveliness, brisk-
ness, vigour, gayety, vivacity.
Sprightly, sprlteMi, a. Gay, brisk, lively,
vigorous, airy, vivacious.
To Spring, spring, v. n. Pret. Sprung, or
Sprang; antiently Sprang. To arise out of the ground
and grow by vegetative power; to begin to grow ; to
proceed as from seed ; to come into existence, to issue
lortti ; to arise, to appear ; to issue with effect or force ;
to proceed as from ancestors ; to proceed as from
a ground, cause, or reason; to grow, to thrive; to
bound, to leap, to jump, to fly with etastick power; to
rise from a covert ; to issue from a fountain ; to pro-
ceed as from a source; to shoot, to issue with speed
and violence.
To Spring, spring, v. a. 409. To start, to rouse
game ; to produce light; to cause by starting a plank ;
to discharge a mine ; to contrive a sudden expedient,
to offer unexpectedly ; to produce hastily.
Spring, spring, S. The season in which plants
spring and vegetate ; an elastick body, a body which
when distorted has the power of restoring itself; elas-
tick force; any active power, any cause by which mo-
tion is produced or propagated; a leap, a bound,
a jump, a violent effort, a sudden struggle; a fountain,
an issue of water from the earth ; a source, that by
which any thing is supplied; rise, beginning; Cause,
original.
Springe, sprinje, s. (Rhymes, Fringe.') A gin,
a noose which catches by a spring or jerk.
Springer, spnng-ur, s. 98. One who springs or
rouses game.
Or5» The g ought here to rest in the usual sound, and
not to be suffered to articulate the e as it does in Jinger.
See Principles, No. 381, and 409.
Springhalt, spring-hilt, s. A lameness by
wliich the horse twitches up his legs.
Springiness, spring-^-nes, or sprin-ji-pes, s.
Elasticity, power of restoring itself. — See Springy,
Springle, spring-gl, s, 405. A springe, an
elastick noose.
Springtide, spring-tide, s. Tide at xhe new
moon, high tide.
Springy, spring^!, or STprln'-jk, a. Elastick,
having the power of restoring itself.
03- A most absurd custom has prevailed in pronounc-
ing this adjective, as if it were farmed from springe,
a gin, rhyming vihh fringe, when nothing can be plainer
than its formation from spring, an elastick body, and
that the addition of y ought no more to alter the sound
of £" in this word, than it does in striitgy, full of strings.
It IS certainly thus we ought to pronounce the substan-
tive formed from this adjective, which we meet with in
Mr. Forster : " In general, that nervous springiness, (if
I may so express it) so very observable in Mr. Pope's
metre, is often owing chiefly to a Trochee beginning his
Tine," Essay on Accent and Quantity, p. 59. — But the
absurdity is still increased when this vicious pronuncia-
tion is given to the adjective formed from spring, a foun-
tain ; this, however, is so contrary both to custom and
analogy, that nothing but an oversight in Mr. Sheridan
could have prevented his making the distinction. See
Principles, No. 409.
Springy, spring^l, a. 409. Full of springs or
fountains.
To Sprinkle, spring^kl, v. a. 405. To scatter,
to disperse in small masses; to scatter in drops; to
besprinkle, to wash, to wet, or dust by sprinkling.
To Sprinkle, spring'kl, v. n.
act of scattering in small drops.
To Sprit, sprit, v. a.
force.
To Sprit, sprit, v. n.
sprout.
Sprit, sprit, *. Shoot, sprout.
Spritsail, spritisile, s, T\\e sail which belongs to
the boltsprit-mast,
493
To perform the
To throw out, to eject with
To shoot, to terminate, to
Sprite, sprite, *. A spirit, an incorporeal agent.
SprITEFULLY, Sprlte^ful-^, arf. vigorously, wilU
life and artlnui .
To Sprout, sprout, v. n. 313. To shoot by
vegetation, to gei'minate; to shoot into ramificationsi
to grow.
Sprout, sprout, *. a shoot of a vegetable.
Spruce, sproose, a. 339. Nice, trim, neat.
7b Spruce, sproose, v. n. To dress wth afected
neatness.
Sprucebeer, sproose-biirj s. Beer tinctured
with branches of lir.
SpRUCELEATHER, Sproose-leTH^ur, S. Prussian
leather.
Spruceness, sprpose-nes, s. Neatness without
elegance.
Sprung, sprung. The pret. and part. pass, of
Spring.
Spud, spud, s. a short knife.
Spume, spume, *. Foam, froth.
To Spume, spume, v. n. To foam, to froth.
Spumous, spuimus,^ ^ ,
o 1/ I r«' Frothy, foamy.
Spumy, spu'me, J > ■" ^
Spun, spun. The pret. and part. pass, of Spin.
Spunge, spunje, s. More properly Sponge
A sponge.
To Spunge, spunje, v. n. 74. To hang on
others for maintenance.
Spunging-house, spSn^jing-house, *. a house
to which debtors are taken )>efore commitment to
prison. ■
Spungy, spun-ji, a. Full of small holes, and soft
like sponge; wet, moist, watery ; drunken, wet with
liquor.
Spunk, spungk, *. 408. Rotten wood, touchwood
Used in Scotland fur animation, quick sensibility.
Spur, spur, S. ' A sharp point fixed on the rider's
heel; incitement, instigation; a stimulus, anything
that galls and teases; the sharp points on the legs of
acock; any thing standing out, a snag.
To Spur, spur, v. (f. To pricjc wjth the spur, to
drive with the spur; to instigate, tp ipcite, to urge
forward ; to drive by force.
To Spur, spur, v. n. To travel jvith great expedi-
tion ; to press forward, ' •
SpURGALLED, spur-galld, a. Hurt with the spur.
Spurge, spurje, j. a plant violently purgative.
Spurious, spu'-r^-us, a. 314. Not genuine,
counterfeit, adulterine ; not legitimate, bastard.
SpurlING, spur-ling, *. 410. A small sea fish.
To Spurn, spurn, v. a. To kick, to strike or drive
with the foot ; to reject, lo scorn, to put away with
contempt, to disdain; to treat with contempt.
To Spurn, spurn, v. n. To make contemptuous
opposition ; to toss up the heels, to kick or struggle.
Spurn, spurn, S. Kick, insolent and contemptuous
treatment.
Spurney, spur-n^, s. A plant.
Spurrer, spur-rur, *. 98. One who uses spurs.
Spurrier, spur^ri-ur, s. One who makes spurs.
Spurry, spur-r^, s. A plant.
To Spurt, spurt, v, n. To fly out with a qurck
stream. See To Spirt.
SputatiON, sp&-tA-shun, *. Tlie act of spitting.
To Sputter, sput-tur, v. n. To emit moisture in
small flying <lrops ; to fly out in small particles with
some noise ; to speak hastily and obscurely.
To Sputter, sput-tur, v, a. 98. To throw out
with noise.
Sputterer, sput-tur-ur, s. One that sputten.
Spy, spl, s. One sent to watch the conduct or
motions of othcrtt
SQU
STA
(a- 559. Fate 73, f^r 77, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
7h Spy, spl, v. a. To discover by the eye at
a distance , to discover by close examination ; to searcli
or discover by artifice.
To Spy, spl, v. n. To search narrowly.
SpyBOAT, spi-bSte, s. A boat sent out for intelligence.
Squab, skwSb, a. 86, 87. Unfeathercd, newly
hatched; fat, thicli and stout, awkvvardly bulky.
Squab, skwftb, s. A kind of sofa or couch,
a stuffed cushion.
Squab, skw6b, ad. With a heavy sudden fall.
Squab-pie, skw6b-plj S. A pie made of many in-
gredients.
SqUABBISH, skwSb^blsh, a. Thick, hof/y, fleshy.
To Squabble, skw6b-bl, v. n. 405. To quarrel,
to debate peevislily, to wrangle.
Squabble, skw6b-bl, s. A low brawl, a petty
quarrel.
Squabbler, skw8b'bl-ur, s. A quarrelsome
fellow, a brawler.
Sq'jadron, skwa^drun, *. 83. 85. A body of
men drawn up in square ; a part of an army, a troop;
part of a fleet, a certain number of ships.
Squadroned, skwa'drund, a. 359. Formed
into squadrons.
Squalid, skw8l-lid, a. 86. Foul, nasty, filthy.
See Quadrant.
To Squall, skwall, v. n. To scream out as a child
or woman frighted.
Squall, skwall, S. Loud scream ; sudden gust of
wind.
Squaller, skwall-ur, S. ©8. Screamer, one that
screams.
Squally, skwilUl^, «. Windy, gusty.
Squamous, skwa-mus, a, 314. Scaly, covered
with scales.
To Squander, skwSnMur, v. a. To scatter
lavishly, to spend profusely; to scatter, to dissipate,
to disperse.
Squanderer, skw6n-dur-ur, s. A spendthrift,
a prodigal, a waster.
Square, skwAre, a. Cornered, having right angles;
forming a right angle; cornered, having angles of what-
ever content ; parallel, exactly suitable; strong, well
exact, honest, fair; in Geometry, Square root of
any number is that which, nmltiplied by itself, pr<
duces the Square, as four is the square root of sixteen.
Square, skwAre, S. a figure with right angles and
equal sides; an area of four sides, with houses on each
side; content of an angle; a rule or instrument by
which workmen measure or form their angles; rule,
regularity ; squadron, troops formed square ; level,
ec)uality ; quartile, the astrological situation of planets,
distant ninety degrees from each other; rule, confor-
mity; Squares go, the game proceeds.
To Square, skwAre, v. a. To form with right
angles; to reduce to a square; to measure, to reduce
to a measure ; to adjust, to regulate, to mould, to
shape ; to accommodate, to fit.
To Square, skwire, v. n. To suit with, to fit
with; to quarrel, to go to opposite sides.
Squareness, skwire-nes, s. The state of being
square.
Squash, skwSsb, S. 86. Any thing soft and easily
crushed; a plant; any thin? unripe, anything soft;
a sudilen fall ; a shock of soft bodies.
To Squash, skwosh, v. a. To crush into pulp.
To Squat, skwSt, v. n. To sit cowering, to sit
close to the ground.
Squat, skwOt, «. Cowering close to the ground ;
short and thick, having one part close to another, as
*hose of an animal contracted and cowering.
SOUAT, skwftt, s. The posture of cowering or lying
-lose; a sudden fall.
To SoaEAK, skweke, v. n. 227. To set up
a sudden dolorous cry ; to cry with a slirill acute tone;
.!> break silence or secrecy through fear or pain.
Squeak, skweke, s. A shrill quick cry.
500
To Squeal, skwele, v. n. 227. To cry with
a shrill sharp voice, to cry with pain.
Squeamish, skwe-niBh, a. Nice, fastidious
easily disgusted, having the stomach easily turned.
Squeamishness, skwe-mish-nes, *, Niceness
delicacy, fastidiousness.
To Squeeze, skneeze, v, a. 246. To press, tc
crush between two bodies ; to oppress, to crush, tc
harass by extortion ; to force between close bodies.
To Squeeze, skw^eze, v. n. To act or pass in
consequence of compression ; to force a way through
close bodies.
Squeeze, skweeze, s. Compression, pressure.
Squelch, skwelsh, s. Heavy fall.
SouiB, skwib, *. A small pipe of paper filled will-
wildfire; any petty fellow.
Squill, skwil, S. A plant; a fish j an insect.
Squint, skwmt, a. Looking obliquely, looking
suspiciously.
To Squint, skwint, v. n. To look obliquely, to
look not in a direct line of vision.
To Squint, skwint, v. a. To form the eye to
oblique vision; to turn the eye obliquely.
Squint-eyed, skwint-lde, a. Having the sight
directed obliquely ; indirect, oblique, malignant.
To Squiny, skwin-nj, v. n. To look asquint.
Obsolete cant word.
Squire, skwire, *. A gentleman next in rank to
a knight ; an attendant on a noble warriour.
Squirrel, skwer^rii, s. 109. A small animal
that lives in woods, leaping from tree to tree.
0C5" The i in this word ought not, according to analogy,
to be pronounced like i, iOQ; but custom seems to have
fixed it too firmly in that sound to be altered without the
appearance of pedantry. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
Mr. Perry, and Mr. Srnith, give the i tlie sound that
I have done.
To Squirt, skwurt, v. a. 108. To throw out in
a quick stream.
To Squirt, skwurt, v. n. To prate, to let fly.
Squirt, skwurt, *. An instrument by which
a quick stream is ejected ; a small quick stream.
SqUIRTER, skwurt-ur, S. One who plies a squirt.
To Stab, Stib, v. a. To pierce with a pointed
weapon ; to wound mortally or mischievously.
Stab, stab, *. A wound with a sharp-pointed
weapon ; a dark injury, a sly mischief; a stroke,
a blow.
Stabber, stib'-bur, S. 98. One who stabs,
a private murderer.
StABILIMENT, StIl-biKlJ-ment, 5. Support, firm-
ness, act of making firm.
Stability, st4-biKe-te, S. Steadiness, strength to
stand; fixedness; firmness of resolution.
Stable, sta-bl, a. 405. Fixed, able to stand •,
steady, constant.
Stable, sta-bl, .v. 405. A house for beasts.
To Stable, stA-bl, v. n. To kennel, to dwell as
beasts.
StAbleboy, sta^bl-bo4 \
Stableman, sta'-bl-m4i , 88.J *'
One who attends in the sti, le.
Stableness, Sta'-bl-nes *. Power to stand-,
steadiness, constancy, slabi ly.
To Stablish, stibilish, v. a. To establish, to fix,
to settle.
Stack, Stak, *. A large quantity of hay, corn, or
wood ; a number of chimneys or funnels.
To Stack, st^k, v. a. To pile up regularly in
ricks.
StaCTE, Slilkt, s. An aromatick, the guM tld
distils from the tree which produces myrrh.
StADTHOLDER, StfltMlold-ur, S, The chief
magistrate of the United Prsivlnces.
STA
STA
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sil 299— pSund 313— fAin 466, this 469.
Staff, stUf, s, Plural Staves. A stick with
which a man supports himself in walking; a prop,
a support ; a stick used as a weapon ; any long piece of
wood ; an ensign of an office ; a stanza, a series of
verses regularly disposed, so as tliat, when the stanza
is concluded, the same order begins again.
Stafftree, stif-trl^, s. A sort of evergreen
privet.
Stag, stag, S. The male red deer; the male of the
hind.
Stage, Stadje, *. A floor raised to view, on which
any show is exhibited; the theatre, the place of scenick
entertainments; any place where any thing is pub-
lick ly transacted or performed, a place in which rest
is taken on a journey ; a single step of gradual
process.
To Stage, stidje, v. a. To exhibit publickly.
Not in use.
Stagecoach, stidje-k6tshj s. A coacii that
keeps its stages, a coach that passes and repasses on
certain days for the accommodation of passengers.
Stageplay, Stidje-pld, S. Theatrical entertain-
ment.
Stager, sti-Jur, S. 98. a player ; one who has
long acted on the stage of life, a practitioner.
StaggARD, stigigird, s. 88. A four-year-old stag.
To Stagger, stig^gur, v. n. 98. To reel, not to
stand or walk steadily ; to faint, to begin to give way ;
to hesitate, to fall into doubt.
To Stagger, St^g-gur, v. a. To make to stagger,
to make to reel ; to sliock, to alarm.
Staggers, Stag-gurz, S, A kind of horse apoplexy ;
madness, wild conduct. In this last sense out of use.
Stagnancy, st^g-nan-se, s. The state of being
witliout motion or ventilation.
Stagnant, stdg-nSnt, a. Motior.iess, still.
To Stagnate, st%-n;lte, v. n, 91. To lie
motionless, to have no course or stream.
Stagnation, stig-n^-shun, s, stop of course,
cessation of motion.
Stalactite, stll-^k-ti^t4, "1
V Stalactites, st^l-ik-tl-tez, J
Spars in the form of icicles.
Si AID, stide, part. adj. 202. 222. Sober, grave,
regular.
Staidness, stide-nes, S. Sobriety, gravity,
regularity.
To Stain, stAne, v. a. 202. To blot, to spot; to
disgrace, to spot with guilt or infamy.
Stain, StAne, *. 73. Blot, spot, discoloration;
taint of guilt or infamy j cause of reproach, shame.
StaineR, stA-nur, S, One who stains, one who
blots.
Stainless, stineiles, a. Free from blots or spots;
free from sin or reproach.
Stair, stare, *. 202. Steps by which we rise in an
ascent from the lower part of a building to the upper.
Staircase, stAre'kise, s. The part of a fabrick
that contains the stairs.
Stake, stake, S. A post or strong stick fixed in the
ground; a piece of wood; any thing placed as a pali-
sade or fence; the post to which a beast is tied to be
baited; any thing pledged or wagered; the state of
being hazarded, pledged, or wagered.
To Stake, StAke, v. a. To fasten, support, or
defend with posts set upright; to wager, to hazard, to
put to hazard.
Stagirite, stid-ji-rlte, S. An inhabitant of
Stagira : Aristotle so called because born at Stagira.
See Principles, No. 156.
Stale, stale, a. Old, long kept ; altered by time ;
used till it is of no use or esteem.
Stale, stale, *. Something exhibited or offered as
an allurement to draw others to any place or purpose.
In this sense little used : In Shakespeare it seems to
signify a prostitute.
To Stale, stdle, v. a. To wear out, to make old.
Not ill u»e.
501
To Stale, stale, v, n. To make water.
Stalely, stile^ll, ad. Of old, of long time,
Staleness, stale-nes, s. Oldness, state of being
long kept, state of being corrupted by time.
To Stalk, stawk, v. n. 84. To walk with high
and superb steps; to walk behind a stalking horse or
cover.
Stalk, stawk, S. High, proud, wide and stately
step; the stem on which flowers or fruits grow; the
stem of a quill.
Stalking-horse, stawkiing-horse, s. A horse,
either real or fictitious, by which a fowler shelters
himself from the sight of the game ; a mask.
Stalky, stawk-^, «. Hard like a stalk.
Stall, stall, *. 84. a crib in which an ox is fed,
or where any horse is kept in the stable; a bench or
form where any thing is set to sale; a small house or
shed in which certain trades are practised; the seat of
: a dignified clergyman in the choir.
To Stall, stall, v. a. To keep in a stall or
stable ; to invest.
Stall-fed, stilKfed, a. Fed not with grass but
dry feed.
Stallion, st^l-yun,'!"*. 113. A horse kept for
mares.
Stamina, StSm-in-i, S. The first principles of any
tiling; the solids of a human body; those little fine
threads or capillaments which grow up within the
flowers of plants.
1i:j- This word, like animalcula, is often, by inere
English speakers, used as a singular. Thus, speaking of
microscopick objects, they talk of seeing the leg of an
animalcula, and, observing a person with a good consti-
tution, they say he lias a good stamina; to such speakers
it may bo obs(t)ved, that these words are perfectly Latin
plurals, the singulars of which are animalculum and sta-
men.— See Animaicule, Lamina, and Miasma.
StAMINEOUS, st3.-mill-^-us, a. Consisting of
threads.
To Stammer, stim-mur, v. n. 98. To speak
with unnatural hesitation, to utter words with difti-
• culty.
Stammerer, st^m-mur-ur, s. One who speaks
with hesitation.
To Stamp, Stimp, v. a. To strike by pressing the
foot hastily downward ; to impress with some mark or
figure; to mint, to form, to coin.
To Stamp, st^mp, v. n. To strike the foot
suddenly downward.
Stamp, Stinip, *. Any instrument by which
a hollow impression is made, a mark set on any thing,
impression ; a thing marked or stamped ; a picture cut
in wood or metal; a mark set upon things that pay
customs to the government; a character of reputation
good or bad; authority, currency, value; make, cast,
form.
Stamper, st^mp-ur, *. 98. An instrument of
pounding.
To Stanch, stansh, v. a. 78. To stop blood, to
hinder from running.
To Stanch, stansh, v. n. To stop.
Stanch, stansh, a. Sound, such as win not run
out; firm, sound of principle, trusty, hearty, deter-
mined ; strong, not to be broken.
Stanchion, st^n-shun, *. A prop, a support.
Stanchless, stansh-les, a. Not to be stopped.
To Stand, stand, v. n. Pret. I Stood; I have
Stood. To be upon the feet, not to sit or lie down ; to
be not demolished or overthrown ; to be placed as an
edifice ; to remain erect, not to fall ; to become erect '
to stop, to halt, not to go forward ; to be at a stationary
point without progress or regression; to be in a stale
of firmness ; to be in any posture of resistance or de
fence; to be in a state of hostility; not to yield, not
to fiy, not to give way; to be placed with regard to
rank or order; to remain in the present state; to be in
any particular state ; not to become void, to remain in
force; to consist, to have its being or essence; to be
with respect to terms of a contract; to haveaplacej
to be in any state at the time present; to be in a per-
manent state} to be with regard to condition or for-
STA STA
ts- 559. rite 73, ftr77, fall 83, fitSl— ml93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
fune; to have any particular respect; to depend, to
rest, to be supported ; to be if ith regard to state of
mind J to be resolutely of a party ; to be in the place,
to be representative ; to hold a course ; to offer as a can-
didate ; to place himself, to be placed ; to stagnate,
not to flow; to be without motion; to insist, to dwell
with many words; to persist; to persevere; to adhere,
to abide ; to be consistent ; to Stand by, to support, to
defend, not to desert ; to be present without being an
actors to repose on, to rest in ; to Stand for, to pro-
pose one's self a candidate; to maintain, to profess to
support; to Standoff, to keep at a distance; not to
comply; to forbear friendship or intimacy; to have
relief, to appear protuberant or prominent ; to Stand
out, to hold resolution, to hold a post ; not to com-
ply, to secede; to be prominent or protuberant; to
Stand to, to piy, to pei-severe; to teinSin fixed in
» purpose i to Stand under, to undergo, to sustain -, to
Stand up, to arise in order to gain notice; to Stand
upon, to concern, to interest; to value, to take pride;
to insist.
To Stand, stlnd, h; a. Tft etidute, to resist
without flying or yielding; to await, to abide, to suflTer;
to keep, to maintain.
Stand, st^nd, S. A station, a placfe where one waits
standing; rank, post, station; a stop; a halt; stop,
interruption; the act of opposing ; highest mark, sta-
tionary point; a point beyond which one caiinot
proceed ; difficulty, perplexity, embairassment. Hesi-
tation ; a frame or table on which vessels are placed.
Standard, stin-dS.rd, s. An ensign in war,
particularly the ensign of Ihe horse ; that wliicli i? of
undoubted authority, that which is the test of other
things of the same kind ; that whicli has been tried by
the proper test; a settled rate; a standing stem or
tree.
Standardbearer, stin-dArd-bA-r3r, s. One
who bears a standard or ensign.
Stander, stJnd-ur, *. 98. One who stands •
a tree that has stood long; Stander bjf, one present;
a mere specta.tor.
Standing, sth\d-ing, pai-t. a. Settled, established;
lasting, not transitory ; stagnant, not running; placed
on feet.
Standing, Stind-ing, S. 410. Continuance, long
possession of an office; station, place to stand in;
power to stand ; rank ; condition ; competition, can-
didateship.
StaNDISH, st^nMish, S. A case for pen aihd ink.
StANG, st^ng, S. A perch, a measure of five yards
and a half.
Stank, stingk. The pret. of Stm%.
Stannary, st^n-n^r-e, a. Relating to the tin
works.
Stanza, St^n^zi, S. 92. a number of lines
regularly adjusted to eacli other, so much of a poem
as contains every variation of measure or relation of
rhyme.
Staple, sta-pl, *. 405. A settled mart, an
established emporium.
Staple, St^-pl, a. Settled, established in com-
merce ; according to the laws of commerce.
Staple, stA-pl, S. A loop of iron, a bar bent and
driven in at both ends.
Star, star, *. 78. One of the luminous bodies that
appear in the nocturnal sky; the pole star; configura-
tion of the planets supposed to influence fortune;
a mark of reference.
Star-apple, star^^p-pl, *. A plant.
Starboard, star-bord, *. Is the right-hand side
of a ship, as larboard is the left.
Starch, Startsh, S. 78. A kind of viscous matter
made of flour or potatoes, with which linen is
stiffened.
To Starch, startsh, v. a. To stiffen with starch.
Starchamber, st^r^tsham-bur, s. A kind of
criminal court of equity.
Starched, startsht, a. 359. stiff'ened with
starch; stiff, precise, formal.
StarcheR, Startsh-ur, S, 98. One whose trade
is to starch.
StARCHLY, startsh-l^, ad. Stiffly, precisely.
502
StARCHNESS, startsh-nes, S. Stifl'ness, preciseness.
To Stare, Stlre, v. n. To look with fixed eyes, to
look with wonder, impudence, confidence, stupidity,
or honour; to Stare in the face, to be undeniably evi-
dent; to stand out prominent.
Stare, stare, s. Fixed look ; starling.
Starer, sta-rur, *. 98. One who looks with fixed
eyes.
Star-fish, star-fish, s. A fish branching out into
several points.
Star-gazer, star-ga-zur, s. An astronomer, an
astrologer.
Star-hawk, star-hawk, s. A sort of hawk.
StaRK^ stark, a, 78. stiff, strong, rugged ; deep,
full; mere, simple, plain, gross.
Stark, stark, ad. Is used to extend or augment the
signification of a word, as, Stark mad, mad in the
highest degree.
Starkly, stark^le, ad. Stiffly, strongly.
Starless, star-les, a. Having no light of stars.
Starlight, stir-lite, S. Lustre of the stars.
Starlight, starMlte, a. Lighted by the stars.
STARLIKE, star-like, a. Having various points re-
sembling a star in lustre; bright, illustrious.
Starling, star-ling, *. A bird; it is one of those
tliat may be taught to whistle, and articulate words.
Starpaved, star-pavd, a. Studded with stars.
Starproof, star-proof, a. Impervious ts starlight.
Starred, starrd, a. 359. Influenced by the stars
with respect to fortune ; decorated with stars.
Starry, star-r^, a. 82. Decorated with stars;
consisting of stars, stellar; resembling stars.
Starring, stSr-ring, a. 82. 410. Shining with
stellar light.
StARSHOOT, star-shoot, S. a supposed emission
from a star.
To Start, start, v. n. 78. To feel a sudden and
involuntary twitch or motion of the animal frame ; to
rise suddenly; to move with sudden quickness; to
shrink, to winch; to deviate; to set out from the
barrier at a race; to set out upon any pursuit.
To Start, start, v. a. To alarm, to disturb
suddenly ; to make to start or fly hastily from a hiding
place; to bring into motion; to produce to view or
notice; to discover, to bring within pursuit; to put
suddenly out of place.
StART^ Start, s. A motion of terrour, a sudden
twitcli or contraction of the frame; a sudden rousing to
action, excitement ; sally, vehement, eruption ; sud-
den effusion; sudden fit; intermitted action) a quick
spring or motion ; first emission from the bariier, act
. of setting out ; to get the Start, to begin before ano-
ther, to obtain advantage over another.
Starter, start-ur, s. 98. One who shrinks from
his purpose.
StarTingly, start^ing-le, ad. 410. By sudden
fits, with frequent intermission.
To Startle, star-tl, v. n. 405. To shrink, to
move on feeling a sudden impression.
To Startle, star-tl, v. a. To fright, to shock, 'to
impress with sudden terrour.
Startle, star-tl, s. Sudden alarm, shock, sudden
impression of terrour.
Startup, start-up, S. One that comes suddenly
into notice.
To Starve, Starv, v. n. To perish, to be destroyed ;
to perish with hunger; to be killed with cold; to
suffer extreme poverty ; to be destroyed with cold.
To Starve, starv, v. a. To kill with hunger ; to
subdue by famine ; to kill with cold ; to deprive of force
or vigour.
Starvling, starv-ling, s, 410. An animal thin
and weak fur want of nourishment.
StaRWORT, Star-wurt, *. Elecampane.
Statary, sta'-ti-r^, a. 512. Fixed, »ettled.
STA
STE
nor 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tut 172, bull its^il 299— pound 313— thin 466, Tuis 469'.
State, Stite, *. Co .aition, circumstances of na-
ture or fortune ; modification of any thing j estate,
signiory, possession ; tlie community, tlie pubiick, tlie
commonwealth ; a republick, a government not monar-
chical; rank, condition, quality; solemn pomp, ap-
pearance of greatness) dignity, grandeur; a seat of
dignity; the principal persons in the government.
To StanE, state, v. a. To settle; to reguUte ; to
represent in all the circumstances of modification.
StaTELINESS, St^te-l^-neSi S. Grandeur, majestick
appearance, august manner; dignity; appearance of
pride, affected dignity.
Stately, 8tAte^l4, ad. August, grand, lofty,
elevated ; elevated in mien or sentiment.
Stately, st^te-le, a. Majestically.
Statesman, stits-min, .«. 88. A politician, one
versed in the arts of government; one eiilploycd in
pubiick afi'airs.
Stateswoman, stits-frum-un, s, A woman who
meddles with pubiick affairs.
Statical, st4titd-kil, 1
Statick, stk'-tik, 509./"'
Relating to the science of weighing.
StaTICKS, stit-tiks, S. The scieijce which con-
siders the weicht of bodies.
Station, sta-shun, s. The act of standing ;
a state of rest ; a place where any one is placed ; post
assigned, office ; situation, position ; employment,
office; rank, condition, life.
To Station, sti^shun, v. a. To place in a certain
post, rank, or place. •
Stationary, sti-shun-i-r^, a. Fixed, not pro-
gressive.
8:^ This word, though not noticed by Johnson, is used
to signify the goods of a stationer: such as books, paper,
and other commodities for writing. The reason why
a seller of paper is called a stationer, is, that formerly
the sellers of paper were itinerants or pedlars; and that
as the trade became more important, thfey took a stand
or station, which gave a name to the profession.
Stationer, sti-sbun-ur, s. 98. A bboWeller ;
a seller of paper.
Statist, std-tist, s. A statesman, a politician.
Kot in use.
Statistical, sti-tisiti-kil,
Statistick, st4-tis-tik,
IK5- This word is not found in any of our Dictionaries,
and seems to have been first used by Sir John Sinclair in
his plan for a statement of the trade, population, and
productions of every county in Scotland; with the food,
diseases, and longevity of its inhabitants : a plan which
reflects the greatest credit on the understanding and
benevolence of that gentleman, as it is big with advan-
tages both to the philosopher and the politician. These
words must not be confounded with statical and statick ;
for though such a plan leads to a philosophical weighing
of these provincial circumstances, yet certainly the first
idea is that of stating these circumstances ; and there-
fore these words are formed from the English verb to
state, and not from staticks, derived from the Greek
word (rranx^.
Statuary, stit-tshu-i-r^, s. The art of carving
images or representations of life; one that practises or
professes the art of making statues.
Statue, St^t-tshij S. 463. An image, a solid re-
presentation of any living being.
To Statue, St^t-tshA, v. a. To place as a statue.
Not used.
Stature, stJt-tshire, s. 463. The height of
any animal.
Statutable, stUt^tsbu-ti-bl, a. According to
statute.
Statute, stititshute, s. 463. A law, an edict of
the legislature.
To Stave, stive, v. a. To break in pieces ; to push
off as with a staff; to pour out by breaking the cask.
Staves, stavz, s. The plural of Staff.
To Stay, Stk, v. n, 220. To continue in a place,
to forbear departure ; to continue in a state; to wait,
503
.}».
to attend; to stop, to be long; to dwell, to rest con-
fidently.
To Stay, Sti, v. a. To stop, to withhold, to re-
press; to delay, to obstruct, to hinder from progres-
sion; to keep from departure; to prop, to support, to
hold up.
Stay, Sta, s. Continuance in a place, forbearance
of departure; stand, cessation of progression; a slop,
au obstruction, a hinderance from progress; restraint,
prudence, caution ; a fixed state ; a prop, a support j
a tackling.
Stayed, stide, part. a. 222. Fixed, settled ;
serious, not volatile ; stopped.
Stayedly, Stade^le, ad. Composedly, gravely,
prudently, soberly.
Stayedness, stade^nes, *; Composure, prudence,
gravity, judiciousness.
Stayer, sta-ur, s, 98. One who stops, holds, or
supports.
StAYLACE, sti-lase, *. A lace with which women
fasten their boddice.
Stays, StAze, S. (without a singular.) Boddice,
a kind of stiff waistcoat worn by ladies; ropes in a ship
to keep the mast from falling; any support, any thing
that keeps anotlier extended.
Stead, Sted, s. 234. Room, place which another
had or might have; use, help; the frame of a bed.
See Instead.
To SlEAD, sted, V. a. To help, to support, to
assist. Little used.
Steadfast, sted-fSst, a. Ftst in a place, firm,
fixed ; constant, resolute.
Steadfastly, sted-fist-1^, ad. Firmly, con-
stantly.
Steadfastness, stediffct-nes, s. immutabiutj,
fixedness; firmness, constancy, resolution.
Steadily, sted-^-l^j ad. Without tottering, with-
out shaking; without variation or irregularity.
Steadiness, sted'-e-nes, *. state of being not
tottering nor easily shaken ; firmness, coiistancy j
consistent, unvaried conduct.
Steady, Sted-^, a. Firm, fixed, not tottering j not
wavering, not fickle, not changeable with regard to
resolution or attention.
Steak, stAke, s. 240. A slice of flesh broiled or
fried, a collop.
To Steal, st^le, v. a. 227. Pret. / Stole. Part.
pass. Stolen. To take by theft, to lake clandestinely,
to take without right ; to withdraw or convey without
notice ; to gain or effect by private means.
Stealer, st^-lur, *. 98. On* who steals, a thief.
Stealingly, st4^ling-l^, ad. 410. Slily, by
invisible motion.
Stealth, stel^A, s. 234. 515. The act of steal-
ing, theft; the thing stolen; secret act, clandestine
practico.
Stealthy, steUA-l, a. Done clandestinely, per-
formed by stealth.
Steam, st^me, s. 227. The smoke or vapour ot
any thing moist and hot.
To Steam, St^me, v. n. To smoke or vapour with
moist heat ; to send up vapours ; to pass in vapours.
Steed, St^^d, *„ 246. A horse for state or war.
Steel, st^il, s. 246. steel is a kind of iron,
refined and hardened, of great use in the making of
tools and instruments of all kinds ; it is often used for
weapons or armour; chalybeate medicines; it is used
proverbially for hardness, as, heads of steel.
To Steel, St^el, v. a. To point or edge with
steel; to make hard or firm.
Steely, St^^-1^, a. Made of steel ; hard, firm.
Steelyard, st^l-yard, s. a liind of balance, in
which the weight is moved along an iron rod, and
grows heavier as it is removed farther from the ful-
crum.
(t5» This word, in common usage among those who
weigh heavy bodies, lias contracted its double e into
singlet, and is pronounced as if v>x'Men stilnard, This
STE
STI
•559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, f^tSl— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
contraction is so common in compound words of this
kind as to become an idiom of pronunciation, which
cannot be easily counteracted without opposing the cur-
rent of the language. See Principles, No. b\b, and the
word Knowledge.
?TEEP, steep, a. 246. Rising or descending with
great inclination.
Steep, steep, s. Precipice, ascent or descent
approaching to perpendicularity.
7h Steep, st^ep, v. a. To soak, to macerate, to
imbue, to dip.
Steeple, stee-pl, s. 405. A turret of a church
generally furnished with bells.
Steeply, St^^p-1^, ad. With precipitous declivity.
Steepness, St^ep-neS, *. Precipitous declivity.
Steepy, steep-e, a. Having a precipitous declivity.
Steer, steer, *. 246. A young bullock.
yb Steer, steer, v. a. To direct, to guide a vessel
in a passage.
To Steer, sl^er, v. n. 246. To direct a course.
Steerage, st^er-idje, *. 90. The act or practice
of steering; direction, regulation of a course ; that by
which any course is guided ; regulation or manage-
ment of any thing; the stern or hinder part of the
ship.
Steersmate, steJrz-mite, "I
Steersman, steerz^m^n, 88./
A pilot, one who steers a ship.
Steganography, steg-^-nS^-grSf-fe, *. 518.
The art of secret writing by characters or ciphers.
Stegnotick, steg-nSt-tik, a. 509. Binding,
rendering costive.
Stellar, steUlir, a. 88. Astral, relating to the
stars.
Stellate, stel-lite, a. . Pointed in the manner of
a painted star.
SteLLATION, stel-lA-shun, S. Emission of light
as from a star.
Stelliferous, stel-hf-fer-us, a. Having stars.
Stem, stem, *. The stalk, the twig; family, race,
generation ; the prow or forepart of a ship.
7b Stem, stem, v. a. To oppose a current, to pass
cross or forward notwithstanding the stream.
Stench, stensli, s. a violent stink.
Stenography, ste-nog-gr^f-fe, s. Short-hand.
Stentorophonick, sten-to-ro-fun-ik, a.
Speaking loudly.
7b Step, step, v. n. To move by a single change
of the place of the foot ; to advance by a sudden pro-
gression ; to move mentally ; to go, to walk ; to take
a short walk; to walk gravely and slowly.
Step, step, *. Progression by one removal of the
foot; one remove in climbing; quantity of space
passed or measured by one removal of the foot ;
a small length, a small space; walk, passage; pro-
gression, act of advancing; footstep, print of the
foot; gait, manner of walking; action, instance of
conduct.
Step t step. In Composition, signifies one who is
related only by marriage.
Steppingstone, step-ping-stone, s. stone laid
to catch the foot, and save it from wet or dirt,
Stercoraceous, ster-k6-raishus, a. 357.
Belonging to dung.
Stercoration, ster-k6-ri-shun, s. The act of
dunging.
Stereography, sie.r-re-tg'-grlf-fi,s. 518. The
art of drawing the forms of solids upon a plane.
Stereograph I c, ste-re-fi-gntt-ik, a. Delineated
on a plane.
Stereometry, ster-re-6m-m^-tre, s. 518. The
art of measuring all sorts of solid bodieb.
Stereotype, ste-re-o-tlpe, s. 534. The art of
priming from solid plates cast from moveable types,
instead of )irinting from the types thcMnselves.
Steril, ster-nl, a. Barren, unfruitful, not pro-
ductive, wanting fecundity.
504
Sterility, St^-ril-e-te, S. Barrenness, want oi
fecundity, unfruitfulness.
To Sterilize, ster-ril-ize, v. a. To make barren,
to deprive of fecundity.
Sterling, ster-ling, a. 410, An epithet by
which genuine English money is disciiminaled ,
genuine, having past the test.
Sterling, St^r-ling, S. English coin, money ;
standard rate.
Stern, stern, a. Severe of countenance ; severe of
manners, harsh, unrelenting; hard, afflictive.
Stern, stern, S. The hind part of the ship where
the rudder is placed ; post of management, direction ;
the hinder part of any thing.
StERNAGE, Stern-ldje, S. 90. The steerage or
stern.
Sternly, Stern-le, ad. In a stem manner, severely.
Sternness, stern-nes, s. Severity of look;
severity or harshness of manners.
SternoN, Ster-nSn, «. 166. The breast bone.
Sternutation, ster-nu-tA-shun, s. The act of
sneezing.
Sternutative, sttr-nuitl-tiv, a. Having the
quality of sneezing.
Sternutatory, ster-nu-t^-tiir-i, s. Medicine
that provokes to sneeze. — See Domesticfc, 51J. 557.
7b Stew, stu, v. a. To seeth any thing in a »lov»
moist heat.
To Stew, stu, v. n. To be seethed in a slow moist
heat.
Stew, stu, S. a bagnio, a hot-house ; a brothel,
a house of prostitution ; a storepond, a small pond
where fish are kept for the table.
Steward, Stu-urd, *. 88. One who manages the
atfairs of another; an officer of state.
Stewardship, stu-urd-ship, s. The office of
a steward.
Stick, Stlk, S. 400. A piece of wood small and
long.
To Stick, stlk, v. a. To fasten on so as that it
may adhere.
To Stick, Stlk, v. n. To adhere, to unite itself by
its tenacity or penetrating power; to be inseparahle,
to be united with any thing ; to rest upon the memory
painfully; to stop, to lose motion ; to resist emission ;
to be constant, to adhere with firmness ; to be trouble-
some by adhering; to remain, not to be lost; to dwell
upon, not to forsake ; to cause difficulties or scruple;
to scruple, to hesitate ; to be stopped, to be unable to
proceed; to be embarrassed; to be puzzled; to stick
out, to be prominent with deformity; to be unem-
ployed.
To Stick, stlk, v. a. To stab, to pierce with
a pointed instrument; to fix upon a pointed body;
to fasten by transfixion ; to set with something
pointed.
Stickiness, stik-ke-nes, *. Adhesive quality,
glutinousncss, tenacity.
7b Stickle, stik-kl, v. n. 405. To take part
with one side or other; to contest, to altercate, to
contend rather with obstinacy than vehemence; to
trim, to play fast and loose.
Stick lerag, stik-kl-b^g, s. The smallest of
fresh water fish.
Stickler, st?k-kl-ur, s. 98. A sidesman to
fencers, a second to a duellist ; an obstinate contender
about any thing.
Sticky, stlk-ke, a. Viscous, adhesive, glutinous.
Stiff, Stlflf, a. Kigid, inflexible; not soft, not
giving way, not fluid; strong, not easily resisted;
hardy, stubborn, not easily subdued ; obstinate, per-
tinacions; harsh, not written with ease ; constrained;
formal, rigorous in certain ceremonies.
To Stiffen, stif-fn, v. a. 103. So makestiir, to
make inflexible, to make unplian-t; to make obstinate
To Stiffen, stif-fn, v. n. To grow stiff", to grow
rigid, to become unpliant; to grow hard, to be har-
dened ; to grow less susceptive of impression, to grow
obstinate.
STI
nor 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173-
Obstinate, stub-
Stiffhearted, stiff-hart-ed, a,
born, contumacious.
Stiffly, StlfF^l^, ad. Rigidly, inflexibly, stubbornly.
Stiffnecked, stifP-nekt, a. 366. Stubborn,
obstinate, contumacious.
Stiffness, st'iff-nes, s. Rigidity, inflexibility;
inaptitude to motion; tension, not laxity; obstinacy,
stubbornness, contumaciousness ; unpleasing formality,
constraint ; rigorousness, harslincss ; manner of writ-
ing, not easy, but liarsh and constrained.
To Stifle, stUfl, v. a. 405. To oppress or kill
by closeness of air, to suffocate; to keep in, to hinder
from emission; to extinguish by artful or gentle
means ; to suppress, to conceal.
SllGMA, stigimi, s. 92. A brand, a mark with
a hot iron ; a mark of infamy.
Stigmatical, stig-m^t'-tl-kll, ") ^
Stigmatick, stisj-mAtitik, 509./ '
Branded or marked with some token of infamy.
7b Stigmatize, stigim^-tlze, v. a. To mark
with a brand, to disgrace with a note of reproach.
Stile, stile, s. a set of steps to pass from one
enclosure to another; a pin to cast the shadow in
a sundial.
Stiletto, Stil-let'-t6, s. A small dagger, of which
the blade is not edged, but round, with a sharp point.
To Still, still, v. a. To silence, to make silent:
to quiet, to appease ; to make motionless.
Still, still, a. silent, uttering no noise: quiet,
calm; motionless.
Still, still, s. Calm, silence.
Still, still, a<f. To this time, till now; neverthe-
less, notwithstanding; in an increasing degree; al-
ways, ever, continually ; after that; in continuance.
Still, still, *. A vessel for distillation, an alembick.
To Still, still, v. a. To distil, to extract or
operate upon by distillation.
Stillatitious, stil-l4-tish-us, a. Falling in
drops, drawn by a still.
Stillatory, st?r-U-tur-^, s. 512. 557.
An alcmhick, a vessel in which distillation i; per-
formed ; the room in which stills are placed, a labora-
tory.
Stillborn, still-born, a. Born lifeless, dead in
the birth.
Still-life, stil-llfe, s.
C:^" Mr. Mason explains this word by " things that
have ottlj vegetable life." But I am much mistaken if
Painters do not use it to signify the bodies of animals
also, as fish, game, &,c.
Stillness, stilUnes, *. Calm, quiet, silence,
taciturnity.
Stilly, StllMl, a</. Silently, not loudly ; calmly,
not tumultuously.
Stilts, stilts, s. Supports on which boys raise
themselves when they walk.
To Stimulate, stiin-mA-lite, v. a. To prick,
to prick forward, to excite by some pungent motive;
in Physick, to excite a quick sensation, with a deriva-
tion towards the part.
Stimulation, stim-mu-li-shun, s. Excitement,
pungency.
To JiTiNG, stiiig, V. a. Fret. / Stung or Stang.
Part. pass. Stang, and Stung. Topiercc or wound wi-th
a point darted out, as that of wasps or scorpions ; to
pain acutely.
Sting, sting, S. A sharp point with which some
animals are armed; any thing that gives pain; the
point in the last verse of an epigiani.
Stingily, stinye-1^, ad. Covetously.
Stinginess, stinyi-nes, s. Avarice, covetousness,
niggardliness.
StINGLESS, Stingiles, a. Having no sting.
Stingo, Sting-go, S. Old strong beer.
Stingy, Stin^j^, a. Covetous, niggardly, avaricious.
To Stink, stiugk, v. n. Pret. / Stunk or Stank.
505
STO
-oil 299— pound ZU—th\n 466, thIs 469.
To emit an off'ensive smell, commonly a smell of
putrefaction.
Stink, stuigk, s. 408. Offensive smell.
Stinkard, stingk^urd, s. 88. A mean stinking
paltry fellow.
Stinker, stingkiur, s. 98. Something intended
to offend by the smell.
Stinkinglv, stingk^ing-l^, ad. 410.
With a stink.
Stinkpot, stingkip6t, s. An artificial compoEition
offensive to the smell.
To Stint, stint, v. a. To bound, to limit, to con-
fine, to restrain, to stop.
Stint, stint, *. Limit, bound, restraint ; a propor •
tion, a quantity assigned.
Stipend, stl-pend, s. Wages, settled pay.
Stipendiary, sti-pen-d^-^-ri, or stl-pen^e-i-
r^, a. 293, 294. 376. Receiving salaries, perform-
ing any service for a stated price.
Stipendiary, stl-pen-de-a-r^, s. One who per
forms any service for a settled payment.
Stiptical, stip^t^-k^l, ■)
Stiptick, stip^tik, 509./"'
Having the power to stanch blood, astringent.
To Stipulate, stipipu-Ute, v. n. To contract,
to bargain, to settle terms.
Stipulation, stip-A-la^shun, s. Bargain.
To Stir, stur, v. a. 109. To move, to remove
from its place; to agitate, to bring into debate; to in-
cite, to instigate, to animate; to Stir up, to incite, to
put into action.
To Stir, stur, v. n. To move one's self, to go out
of the place, to change place ; to be in motion, not to
be still; to become the object of notice; to rise in the
morning.
Stir, stur, J. Tumult, bustle; commotion, publicV
disturbance; tumultuous disorder; agitation, con-
flicting passion.
StiRP, sterp, s. 108. Race, family, generation.
Stirrer, stur-rur, s. 98, One who is in motion,
one who puts in motion ; a riser in the morning; Stirrei
up, an inciter, an instigator.
Stirrup, Stur-rup, S. An iron hoop suspended by
a strap, in which the horseman sets his foot when he
mounts or rides.
To Stitch, stitsh, v. a. To sew, to work on with
a needle; to join, to unite; to Stitch up, to mend
what was rent.
To Stitch, Stltsb, v. n. To practise needlework.
Stitch, stitsh, s. A pass of the needle and thread
through any thing; a sharp sudden pain.
StITCHERY, StltsWur-^, s. Needlework.
STITCHWORT, Stltshiwurt, S. Camomile.
Stithy, StlTH-^, s. An anvil, the iron body on
which the smith forges his work.
Stoccado, Stftk-ki^di, *. A thrust with the
rapier. — See Lumbago.
Stock, St6k, S. The trunk, the body of a plant ;
the trunk into which a graft is inserted; a log, a post;
a man proverbially stupid ; the handle of any thing ;
a support of a ship while it is building; a thrust,
a stoccado; something made of linen, a cravat, a close
neckcloth; a race, a lineage, a family; the principal,
capital store, fund already provided ; quantity, store,
body; a fund established by the government, of which
the value rises and falls by artifice or chance.
To Stock, St&k, v. a. To store, to fill sufficiently j
to lay in store; to put in the stocks; to Stock up, to
extirpate.
Stockdove, stSk^duv, s. Ringdove.
Stockfish, stftk^fish, s. Dried cod, so called
from its hardness.
Stockgillyflower, stSk-jil^e-flou-ur, $.
A plant.
Stocking, stSk-ing,*. 410. Thecoveringoftheleg.
Stockjobber, stftk^J&b-bur, s. One who get*
money by buying and selling in the funds.
STO
STO
63-559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, Mt 81— mJ 93, met 95— pint 105, pin 107— nS 162, move 164,
StoCKISH, Stikiish, a. Hard, blockish.
StocklocK, stSk^lSk, S. Lock fixed in wood.
Stocks, stSks, S. Prison for tiie legs.
StOCKSTILL, St&k^Stll, a. Motionless.
Stoick, sto-lk, s. A philosopher of the sect of
Zeno, holding the neutrality of external things.
Stole, stole, *. A long vest.
Stole, st6le. The pret. of Steal.
Stolen, stAln, 103. Part. pass, of ^Sfca/.
Stolidity, sto-lid^e-t^, i. stupidity, want of
sense. Not used.
Stomach, stum'-muk, *. 165.353. The ventricle
in which food is digested; appetite, desire of food;
inclination, liking; anger, violence of temper; sullen-
ness, resentment ; pride, haughtiness.
To Stomach, stum-muk, v. a. To resent, to
remember with anger and malignity.
To Stomach, stiim-muk, v. n. To be angry.
Stomached, stum-mukt, a. 359. Filled with
passions of resentment.
Stomacher, stum-ini-tshur, *. An ornamental
covering worn by women, on the breast.
StomacHFUL, Stum-muk-f&l, a. Sullen, stub-
born, perverse.
Stomachfulness, stum-muk-ful-nes, s.
Stubbornness, sullenness.
Stomachical, stS-mik-^-kil, "I
Stomachick, st6-mak-ik, 509./
Relating to the stomach, pertaining to the stomach.
Stomachick, sti-mlk-ik, s. A medicine for the
stomacb.
03" We not unfrequentlj' hear this word pronounced
stomatick; but this pronunciation, though not confined
to the vulgar, is so gross an irregularity as to deserve the
reprobation of every correct speaker.
Stone, stone, S. stones are bodies insipid, hard,
not ductile or malleable, not soluble in water j piece
of stone cut for building; gem, precious stone; calcu-
lous concreton in the kidneys or bladder; tlie case
which in some fruits contains the seed; testicle;
a weight containing fourteen pound : Stone is used by
way of exaggeration, as. Stone-still, stone-dead; to
leave no Stone unturned, to do every thing that can
be done.
Stone, stine, a. Made of stone.
To Stone, stone, v. a. To pelt, beat, or kill
with stones ; to harden.
Stonebreak, stone-biake, s. An herb.
Stonec HATTER, stine<^tshit-tur, *. A bird.
Stonecrop, stine'-krdp, *. A sort of tree.
Stonecutter, stone-kut-tur, *. One whose
irade is to hew stones.
Stonefern, Stone-fern, s. A plant.
SroNEFLY, st6ne'fll, S. An insect.
Stonefruit, st6ne^froot, *. Fruit of which the
seed is covered with a hard shell enveloped in the
pulp.
Stonehawk, stone-hawk, s. A kind of hawk.
Stonehorse, st6ne-horse, *. A horse not
castrated.
Stonepit, stilie-pit, S. A quarry, a pit where
stones are dug.
Stonepitch, st6ne-pitsh, *. Hard inspissated
pitch.
Stoneplover, stoneipluv-ur, s. A bird.
Stonework, stone^wurk, s. Building of stone.
Stoniness, sti-ne-nes, 4. The quality of having
many stones.
Stony, sti-n^, a. Made of stone $ abounding with
stones; peirifick; hard, inflexible, unrelenting.
Stood, stud, 307. The pret. of To Stand.
Stool, stool, S. 306. A seat without a back, so
distinguished from a chair j evacuation by purgative
medicines.
506
StooxbALL, StooKball, S. A play where balls are
driven from stool to stool.
To Stoop, stoop, v. n. 306. To bend down, to
bend forward ; to lean forward standing orwalkingj
to yield, to bend ; to submit ; to descent! from rank or
dignity ; to yield, to be inferiour; to sink from resolu-
tion or superiority ; to condescend; to come down on
l)rey as a falcon; to alight from tlie wing; to sink to
a lower place.
Stoop, stoop, S. Act of stooping, inclination down-
ward; descent from dignity or superiority; fall of
a bird upon his prey ; a vessel of liquor.
Stoopingly, stoop^ing-1^, ad. 410. With
inclination downwards.
To Stop, Stip, v. a. To hinder from progressive
motion ; to hinder from any change of state, whether
to better or worse ; to hinder from action ; to put an
end to the motion or action of any thing; to suppress;
to regulate musical strings with the fingers; to close
any aperture ; to obstruct ; to encumber.
To Stop, st6p, v. n. To cease to go forward.
Stop, stop, s. Cessaticn of progressive motion j
hinderance of progress, obstruction ; hiivderance of ac-
tion ; cessation of action; interruption; prohibition
of sale; that which obstructs, obstacle, impediment;
instruments by which the sounds of wind musick are
regulated ; regulation of musical chords by the fingers ;
the act of applying the stops in musick; a point in
writing, by which sentences arc distinguished.
Stopcock, stSp'-k6k, s. a pipe made to let out
liquor, stopped by a turning cock.
Stoppage, stSpipidje, *. 90. The act of stopping,
the state of being stopped.
Stopple, StSp-pl, *. 405. That by wlsich any
hole or the mouth of any vessel is filled up.
Storax, sti-r^ks, s. A tree; a resinous and
odoriferous gum.
Store, store, s. Large number, large quantity,
plenty ; a stock accumulated, a supply hoarded ; the
state of being accumulated, hoard; storehouse, maga-
zine.
Store, store, a. Hoarded, Uid up, accumulated.
To Store, st6re, v. a. To furnish, to replenish}
to stock against a future time, to lay up, to hoard.
Storehouse, stire-h3use, s. Magazine, treasury.
Storer, sti-rur, s. 98. One who lays up.
Storied, st6^rid, a. 283. Adorned with historical
pictures.
Stork, stork, S. A bird of passage famous for the
regularity of its departure.
StORKSBILL, Storks-bll, S. An herb.
Storm, sturm, s. 167. A tempest, a commotion of
the elements; assault on a fortified place; commo-
tion, tumult, clamour; calamity, distress; violence,
vehemence, tumultuous force. — See Rules to be observed
' iy the fiatives of Ireland in order to obtain a just Pro-
nunciation of English prefixed to this Dictionary,
page 14.
To Storm, storm, v. a. To attack by open force
To Storm, storm, v. n. to raise tempests; to
rage, to fume, to be loudly angry.
Stormy, storm-^, a. Tempestuous } violent,
passionate.
Story, sto-re, *. History; account of things past;
small tale, petty narrative; an idle or trifling tale,
a petty fiction ; a floor, a flight of rooms.
To Story, Sti-ri, v. a. To tell in history, to
relate.
Storyteller, sti-r^-tel-lur, s. 98. One who
relates tales.
Stove, Stire, *. A hot-house, a place artificially
made warm ; a place in which fire is made, and by
which heat is communicated.
To Stove, stive, v. a. To keep warm in a houM
artificially heated.
Stout, stout, a. 313. strong, lusty, valiant ; brave,
bold, intrepid; obstinate, resolute, proud; strong, firm.
Stout, stout, S, A cant name for strong beer.
Stoutly, stSut-l^, ad. Lustily, boWly, obstinately.
StR
STR
nor 167, nStl63— tibelTl, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 465, thIs 469.
Stoutness, Stout-nes, s. Strengtli, valour j bold-
ness, rortitude ; obstinacy, stubbornness.
To Stow, sto, v. a. 324. To lay up, to reposite
in order, to lay in the proper place.
Stowage, Sto-idje, s. 90. Room for laying up ;
the state of being laid up.
To Straddle, str^d^dl, v. n. 405. To stand or
walk with the feet removed far from each other io the
right and left.
To Straggle, str%igl, v. n. 405. To wander
without any certain direction, to rove, to ramble; to
wander dispersedly j to exuberate, to shoot too far;
to be dispersed, to be apart from any main body.
Straggler, strigigl-ur, s. 98. A wanderer,
a rover, one who forsakes his company ; any thing
that pushes beyond the rest, or stands single.
Straight, strAte, a. 202. 393. Not crooked,
right ; narrow, close.
Straight, strAte, ad. 249. Immediately, directly.
To Straighten, strat'-tn, v. a. 103. To make
straight.
Straightness, striteines, S. Rectitude, the
contrary to crookedness.
StraightWAYS, strite-wlze, ad. Immediately,
straight.
To Strain, str^ne, v. a. 202. To squeeze through
something; to purify by filtration; to squeeze in an
embrace; to sprain, to weaken by too much violence ;
to put to its utmost strength; to make straiglit or
tense ; to push beyond the proper extent ; to force, to
constrain, to make uneasy or unnatural.
To Strain, strine, v. n. To make violent efforts;
to be filtred by compression.
Strain, Strane, S. An injury by too much violence ;
race, generation, descent; hereditary disposition;
a style or manner of speaking; song, note, sound;
rank, character ; turn, tendency.
Strainer, stri-nur, *. 98. An instrument of
filtration.
Strait, Strite, a. 202. Narrow, close, not wide;
close, intimate ; strict, rigorous ; difficult, distressful;
it is used in opposition to crooked, but is then more
properly written Straight.
Strait, strAte, S. A narrow pass, or frith ; distress,
difficulty.
To Strait, strite, v. a. To put to difficulties.
To Straiten, stri-tn, v. a. 103. To make
narrow; to contract, to confine; to make tight, to
intend; to deprive of necessary room; to distress, to
perplex.
StRAITLV, Strite^lfs atl. Narrowly; strictly,
rigorously; closely, intimately.
StraitnesS, strAte-nes, *, Narrowness ; strictness,
rigour; distress, difficulty, want, scarcity.
StrAITLACED, strAteMiste, a. 359. Stifi; con-
strained, without freedom.
Strand, strand, *. The verge of the sea or of any
water.
To Strand, strind, v. a. To drive or force upon
the shallows.
Strange, strAnje, a. Foreign, of another country,
not domcstick; wonderful, causing wonder; odd,
irregular; unknown, new; uncommonly good or bad;
unacquainted. — See Change,
Strange, strdnje, interj. An expression of wonder.
Strangely, strinje-1^, ad. With some relation
to foreigners ; wonderfully, in a way to cause wonder.
Strangeness, strdnje-nes, s. Foreignness, the
state of belonging to another country ; uncommunica-
tiveness, distance of behaviour; remoteness from
common apprehension; mutual dislike; wonderful-
ness, power of raising wonder.
Stranoer, Strdn-jur, *. 98. A foreigner, one of
another country ; one unknown ; a guest, one not
a domestick ; one unacquainted ; one not admitted to
any communication or fellowship.
To Stranger, strdn-jur, v. a. To estrange, to
alienate. Not used. '
^o Strangle, str^ngigl, v. a. 405. To choak,
607
to suffocate, to kill by intercepting the breath ; to
suppress, to hinder from birth or appearance.
StraNgler, strJng-gl-ur, s. 98. One who
strangles.
Strangles, str^ng^lz, s. Swellings in a horse's
throat.
Strangulation, strlng-gu-U-shun, s. The act
of strangling, suffocation.
Strangury, str^ng^g6-r5, s. a difficulty of
urine attended with pain.
Strap, strap, s. A narrow long slip of cloth or
leather.
Strappado, str^p-pa^do, s. Chastisement by
blows — See Lumbago.
Strapping, str^p'-ping, a. 410. Vast, large,
bulky.
Strata, strd'-tJ, s. 92. Plural of Stratum.
Beds; layers. — See Drama.
Stratagem, strSt-t^-jem, S. An artifice in war.
a trick by which an enemy is deceived; an artifice,
a trick.
STRATOCRACY, stri-tftk^r^-sl, s. 518. A military
government.
Stratum, strd^tum, s. A bed, a layer.
Straw, strinr, s. 219. The stalk on which com
grows, and from which it is threshed; any thing pro-
verbially worthless.
Strawberry, strlw-ber-r4, *. A plant; the
fruit.
Strawbuilt, straw^bilt, a. Made up of straw.
Strawcoloured, straw-kul-urd, a. Of a light
yellow.
Strawworm, straw-wurm. s. A worm bred in
straw.
Strawy, Straw-^, a. Made of straw, consisting of
itraw.
To Stray, stri, v. n. 220. To wander, to rove j
to rove out of the way ; to err, to deviate from the
right.
Stray, Stra, S. Any creature wandering beyond iti
limits, any thing lost by wandering; act of wander-
ing.
Streak, strike, s. 227. A line of colour different
from that of the ground.
To Streak, strike, v, a. To stripe, to variegate
in hues, to dapple.
Streaky, Stri-ki, a. striped, variegated by hues.
Stream, streme, *. 227. A running water ; the
course of running water, current: any thing issuing
from a head, and moving forward with continuity oT
parts; any thing forcible and continued.
To Stream, streme, v. n. To flow, to run in
a continuous current; to flow with a current, to
pour out water in a stream : to issue forth with con-
tinuance.
Streamer, stre-mur, s. 93. An ensign, a flaa
a pennon.
Streamy, Stri-mi, a. Abounding in running
water; flowing with a current.
Street, street, 5. 246. A way, properly a paved
way; proverbially, a publick place.
Streetwalker, stieet-wi-kur, s. A common
prostitute that offers herself to sale.
Strength, strengfA, «. Force, vigour, power ol
the body ; power of endurance, firmness, durability;
vigour of any kind ; potency of liquors ; fortification,
fortress; armament, force, power; argumentative
force.
(t:?- This word and its compounds are often erroneously
pronounced as if written slrenth, strenthen, &c. ; tlu
same may be observed of length, lengthen, &c. ; but this
is a pronunciation which obtains chiefly in Ireland, and
is unquestionably improper.
To Strengthen, streng'-thn, v. a. To mak*
strong; to confirm, to establish; to animate, to
fix in resolution ; to make to increase in power 01
security.
STR STR
b-'SSg. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— mi 93,'met 95— pine 105, pm 107— n5 1G2, move 1G4,
To Strengthen, streng-iAn, v. n. To grow
strong.
Strengtiiener, streng-^7m-ur, s. That which
gives strength, that which makes strong; in Medi-
cine, strengtheners add to tlie bulk and firmness of the
solids.
STRENGTHLESS,Strengf7/-leS,«, Wanting strength,
deprived of strengtli; wanting potency, weak.
Strenuous, stren-u-us, a. Brave, bold, active,
valiant ; zealous, vehement.
Strenuously, stren-u-us-ll, ad. Vigorously,
actively; zealously, vehemently, with ardour.
StrePEROUS, Strep-er-us, a. Loud, noisy.
Stress, stres, s. importance, important part;
violence, force, either acting or suffered.
JTo Stretch, Stretsh,f. a. To extend, to spread
out to a distance ; to expand, to display, to strain to
the utmost; to carry by violence farther than is right.
To Stretch, Stretsh, v. n. To be extended; to
bear extension without rupture ; to sally beyond the
truth.
Stretch, stretsh, S. Extension, reach, occupation
of morespace; forceof body extended; effort, struggle,
from the act of running; utmost extent of meaning;
utmost reach of power.
Stretcher, stretsh-ur, s. 98. Any thing used
for extension ; the timber against which the rower
plants his feet.
To Strew, str6, v. a. 266. To spread by being
scattered; to spread by scattering; to scatter loosely.
Strewment, stro-ment, s. Any thing scattered
in decoration.
Stricken, strik-kn, 103. The ancient part, of
Strike.
Strickle, strik-kl, s. 405. That which strikes
the corn to level it with the bushel.
Strict, Stnkt, a. Exact, accurate, rigorously nice;
severe, rigorous ; confined, not extensive ; close, light ;
tense, not relaxed.
Strictly, strikt-li, ad. Exactly, with rigorous
accuracy ; rigorously, severely, without remission.
Strictness, strikt-nes, s. Exactness, rigorous
accuracy, nice regularity ; severity, rigour.
Stricture, stnk-tshure, s. 463, A stroke,
a touch ; contraction, closure by contraction; a slight
touch upon the subject, not a set discourse.
Stride, stride, *. A long step, a step taken with
great violence, a wide stretch of the legs.
To Stride, stride, v. n. Pret. I Strode, or Strid.
Part. pass. Strirfrfen. To walk with long steps ; to
stand with the legs far from each other.
To Stride, stride, v. a. To pass by a step.
Stridulous, stridyu-lus,a. 294. 376. Making
a small noise.
Strife, strife, s. Contention, contest, discord;
contrariety.
Strifeful, strife-ful, a. Contentious, discordant.
To Strike, strike, w, a. Vret.IStruckor Strook.
Part. pass. Struck, Struckcn, Stricken. To act upon by
a blow, to hit with a blow; to dash, to throw by a quick
motion ; to notify by the sound of a hammer on aoell;
to stamp, to impress ; to punish, to afflict ; to contract,
to lower, to vail, as to Strike sail, or to Strike a flag ;
to alarm, to put into motion; to make a bargain; to
produce by a sudden action ; to affect suddenly in any
particular manner; to cause to sound by blows; to
forge, to mint: it is used in the participle for advanced
in years, as, well Struck or Stricken in years; to Strike
off, to erase from a reckoning or account; to separate
by a blow ; to Strikeout, to produce by collision; to
blot, to efface ; to bring to light, to form at once by
a quick effort.
To Strike, strike, v. n. To make a blow; to
collide, to clash; to act by repeated percussion; to
sound by the stroke of a hammer ; to make an attack ;
to sound with blows ; to be dashed upon shallows, to
be stranded; to pass with a quick or strong effect ; to
pay homage, as by lowering the sail ; to be put by some
•tiUden act or motion into any state ; to Strike in with,
to conform, to suit itself to ; to Strike out, to spread or
love, to make a sudden excursion.
Striker, strUkur, *. 98. One who strikes.
Striking, strl-king, part, a. 410. Affecting,
surprising.
String, string, S, 410. A slender rope, a small
cord, any slender and flexible band ; a thread on which
many things are filed ; any set of things filed on a line ;
the chord of a musical instrument; a small fibre;
a nerve, a tendon ; the nerve of the bow ; any conca-
tenation or series, as a string of propositions ; to have
two Strings to the bow, to have two views or two expe-
dients.
To String, string, v, a. Pret. 1 Strang.
Part. pass. Strung. To furnish with strings ; to put
a stringed instrument in tune; to file on a string; to
make tense.
Stringed, stringd, a. 359. Having strings, pro«
duced by strings.
Stringent, strin-jent, a. Binding, contracting.
StrINGHALT, string-halt, S. A sudden twitching
and snatching up of the hinder leg of a horse, much
higher than the other.
Stringless, string-les, a. Having no strings.
Stringy, string-^, a. Fibrous, consisting of small
threads. — See Springy.
To Strip, strip, v. a. To make naked, to depriva
of covering; to deprive, to divest; to rob, to plunder,
to pillage : to peel, to decorticate ; to deprive of all ;
to take off covering ; to cast off; to separate from
soineihing adhesive or connected.
Strip, strip, 5. A narrow shred.
To Stripe, stripe, v. a. To variegate with line»
of different colours.
Stripe, stripe, *. A lineary variation of coiourj
a shred of a differcot colour; a weal, or discoloration
made by a lash or biow ; a blow, a lash.
Stripling, strip-ling, s, 410. A youth, one in
the state of adolescence.
(J3- Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word is of uncen
tain etymology; but, in my opinion. Skinner very
naturally derives it from a boy in the state in which lie
is subject to stripes.
To Strive, strive, v. n Pret. I Strove, anciently
/ Strived. Part. pass. Striven. To struggle, to labour,
to make an effort ; to contest, to contend, to struggle
in opposition to another; to vie, to emulate.
Striver, strl-vur, S. One who labours, one who
contends.
Stroke, stroke. Old pret. of Strike, now com-
monly Struck.
Stroke, stroke, S. A blow, a knock, a sudden act
of one body upon another; a hostile blow; a sudden
disease or affliction ; the sound of the clock; the touch
of a pencil; a touch, a masterly or eminent effort ;
an effect suddenly or unexpectedly produced; power,
efficacy.
To Stroke, stroke, v. a. To rub gently with the
hand by way of kindness or endearment; to rub gently
in one direction.
To Stroll, strJle, v. n. 406. To wander, to
ramble, to rove.
Stroller, Strol-lur, S. 98. A vagrant, a wanderer,
a vagabond.
Strond, strftnd, S. The beach, the bai'ik. Obsolete.
Strong, string, a. Vigorous, forceful, of great
ability of body; fortified, secure from attack; power-
ful, mighty; supplied with forces; hale, healthy;
forcibly acting on the imagination; eager, zealous;
full, having any quality in a great degree ; potent, in-
toxicating; having a deep tincture; affecting the
smell powerfully ; hard of digestion, not easily nutri-
mental; furnished with abilities for any thing ; valid,
confirmed ; violent, vehement, forcible ; cogent, con-
clusive; firm, compact, not soon broken; forcibly
written.
StRONGFISTED, Strftng-fist-ed, a. strong-handed.
Strongly, Str6ng-le, ad. Powerfully, forcibly }
with strength, with firmness, in such a manner as to
last; vehemently, forcibly, eagerly.
StRO.NGWATER, Strong'-wa-t?ir, S. Distilled spirila
STU
STU
nor 167, nftt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, this 469-
Strook, strook. The old pret. of Strike, used in
Poetry for Struck.
Strophe, stro-fe, s. 9S. A stanza.
Strove, strove. The pret. of Strive.
To Strow, stro, V. a. 266. 324. To spread by
being scattered; to spread by scattering, to besprinkle;
to spread ; to scatter, to throw at random.
To Strowl, strole, V, n. To range, to wander.
Now written Stroll.
Struck, struk. The pret. and part. pass, oi Strike.
Structure, struk-tshure, *. 463. Act of
building, practice of building, manner of building,
form, nial<e; edifice, building.
To Struggle, strug-gl, v. n, 405. To labour,
to act with effort; to strive, to contend, to contest; to
labour in difficulties, to be in agonies or distress.
Struggle, strug-gl, s. 405. Labour, effortj
contest, contention ; agony, tumultuous distress.
Struma, stroo'-mi, j. 339. 92. A glandular
swelling, the king's evil.
Strumous, strooimus, a. 314. Having swellings
in the glands.
Strumpet, strumipit, *. 99- A whore, a prostitute.
Strung, strung. The pret. and part. pass, of
String'.
To Strut, strut, v, n. To walk with affected
dignity; to swell, to ptotuberate.
Strut, strut, S. An affectation of stateliuess in the
walk.
Stub, stub, s. A thick short stock left when the
rest is cut off; a log, a block.
To Stub, stub, v. a. To force up, to extirpate.
Stubbed, stub^bed, a. 366. Truncated, short and
thick.
Stubbedness, stub-bed- nes, s. The state of being
short, thick, and truncated.
Stubble, stub^bl, «, 405. The stalks of corn left
in the field by the reaper.
Stubborn, stub-burn, a. 166. Obstinate, in-
flexible, contumacious; persisting, persevering,
steady; stiff, inflexible; hardy, firm; harsh, rough,
rugged. ^
Stubbornly, stub-burn-le, ad. Obstinately,
contumaciously, inflexibly.
Stubbornness, stub-burn-nes, *. Obstinacy,
vicious stoutness, contumacy.
Stubby, Stub-b^, a. short and thick, short and
strong.
Stubnail, stub-nile, s. A nail broken off.
Stucco, Stuk-k6, S. A kind of fine plaster for walls.
Stuck, stuk. The pret. and part. pass, of Stick.
Stud, stud, S. A post, a stake; a nail with a large
head driven for ornament; a collection of breeding
horses and mares.
To Stud, stud, v. a. To adorn with studs or
knobs.
Student, stu-dent, s. A man given to books,
a bookish man.
Studied, stud-id, a. 283. Learned, versed in any
study, qualified by study.
Studier, stud-^-ur, s. One who studies.
Studious, stu-de-us, orstu-je-us, a. 293, 294.
S76. Given to books and contemplation, given to
learning ; diligent, busy ; attentive to, careful ; con-
templative, suitable to meditation.
Studiously, stu-de-us-le, or stu-j4-us-l^, ad.
Contemplatively, with close application to literature;
diligently, carefully, attentively.
STUDiousNESS,sti-d^-us-nes,orsti-ji-us-nes,j.
Addiction to study.
Study, Stud-^, s. Application of mind to books
and learning; perplexity, deep cogitation; attention,
meditation, contrivance; any particular kind of
learning; apartment set off for literary employment.
To Study, Stud-i, V, n. To think with very close
application, to muse ; to endeavour diligently.
509
}•■
To Study, Stud^e, V, a. To apply the mind } to
consider attentively; to learn by application.
Stuff, stuff, s. Any matter or body ; materials out
of which anything is made; furniture, goods; that
wliich fills any thing; essence, elemental part; any
mixture or medicine; cloth or texture of any kind;
texture of wool thinner and slighter than cloth; matter
or thing held in contempt or dislike.
To Stuff, stuff, v. a. To fiU very full with any
thing ; to fill to uneasiness ; to thrust into any thing ;
to fill by being put into any thing; to swell out by
something thrust in ; to fill with something improper
or superfluous; to obstruct the organs of scent ot
respiration ; to fill meat with something of high
relish.
To Stuff, stuff, V, n. To feed gluttonously.
Stuffing, stuf^fing', s. 410. That by which any
thing is filled ; relishing ingredients put into meat.
Stultiloquence, stul-til-lo-kwense, 518.
Stultiloquy, stul-til-i-kw5.
Foolish talk.
To Stultify, stul-t5-fl, v. a. To prove void of
understanding.
Stum, stum, *. Wine yet unfermented; new wine
used to raise fermentation in dead and vapid wines ;
wine revived by a new fermentation.
To Stum, stum, v. a. To renew wine by mixing
fresh wine and raising a new fermentation.
To Stumble, stum-bl, v. n. 405. To trip in
walking; to stop, to err, to slide into crimes or
blunders; to strike against by chance, to light on by
cliance.
To Stumble, stum-bl, v. a. To obstruct in
progress, to make to trip or stop; to make to boggle, to
offend.
Stumble, stum-bl, S. A trip in walking j a blunder,
a failure.
StUMBLER, Stum-bl-ur, S. 98. One that stumbles.
Stumblincblock, stum-bling-blok, 410.1
Stumblingstone, .stum-bling-stine, J
Cause of stumbling, cause of offence.
Stump, stump, S. The part of any solid body re-
maining after the rest is taken away.
Stumpy, stump-e, a. Full of stumps, hard, stiff.
To Stun, stun, v. a. To confound or dizzy with
noise; to make senseless or dizzy with a blow.
Stung, stung. The pret. and part. pass, of Sting,
Stunk, stungk. The pret. of Stink.
To Stunt, stunt, v. a. To hinder from growth.
Stupe, stupe, *. Cloth or flax dipped in warm me-
dicaments, applied to a hurt or sore.
To Stupe, stupe, v. a. To foment, to dress, with
stupes.
Stupefaction., stu-pe-fik-shun, s. Insensibility,
dulness, stupidity.
StUPEFACTIVE, stu-pi-fik-tiv, a. Causing in-
sensibility, dulling, obstructing the senses.
Stupen do us, stu-pen-dus, a. Wonderful, amazing,
astonishing.
(t3- Bv an inexcusable negligence, this word and «re-
menrfous'are frequently pronounced as if writteii sdi/jen-
dious and trenumiious, even by thi)se speakers who, in
other respects, are not incorrect. They ought to remem-
ber, that compendious and equipondious are the only words
ending in ndious.
Stupid, Stuipid a. Dull, wanting sensibility,
wanting apprehension, heavy, sluggish of understand-
ing; performed without skill or genius.
Stupidity, Stu-pid-^^-te, *. Dulness, heaviness of
mind, sluggishness of understanding.
Stupidly, stu'pid-1^, ad. with suspension or
inactivity of unde'-standing; dully, without appre-
hension.
StUPIFIER, Stu-pe-fl-ur, S. 98. That which causes
stupidity.
To Stupify, stu'-pe-f1, V. a. 183. To make
stupid, to deprive of sensibility.
SUB
Sim
W- 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, lAtSl— m593, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nA 163, move 164,
Stupor, Stu-por, S. 166. Suspension or diminu-
tion of sensibility.
To Stuprate, stu-prite, v. a. To ravish, to
violate.
StUPRATION, Stu-pra-shun, S. Rape, violation.
Sturdily, stur-di-1^, ad. stoutly, hardily;
obstinately, resolutely.
StURDINESS, Stur^d^-nes, S. stoutness, hardiness;
brutal strength.
Sturdy, stur-d^, a. Hardy, stout, brutal,
obstinate; strong, forcible; stiff, stout.
Sturgeon, stur-jun, *. 259. A sea fish.
Sturk, Sturk, s. A young ox or heifer.
To Stutter, stut^tur, v. n. 98. To speak with
hesitation, to stammer.
Stutter, stut-tur, s. 98. A stammer.
Stutterer, stut^tur-ur, s. A stammerer.
Sty, stl, S. a cabin to keep hogs in ; any place of
bestial debauchery.
To Sty, StI, v. a. To shut up in a sly.
Stygian, stld-j^-an, a. Hellish, infernal, pertain-
ing to Styx, one of the poetical rivers.
Style, stile, S. Manner of writing with regard to
language; manner of speaking appropriate to particu-
lar characters ; title, apppllation ; a pointed iron used
anciently in writing on tables of wax ; any thing with
a sharp point, as a graver, the pin of a dial ; the stalk
which rises from amid the leaves of a flower; Style of
court, is properly the practice observed by any court
in its way of proceeding.
To Style, stile, v. a. To call, to term, to name.
Styptick, Stip-tlk, a. The same as astringent, but
generally expresses the most efficacious sort of
astringents, or those which are applied to stop hae-
morrhages.
StypticITY, Stip-tis-4-te, S. The power of stanch-
ing blood.
Suasive, swi-siv, a. 428. paving ppwer to
persuade. Little used.
SUASORY, swd^sur-i, a. 429- 512. Having
tendency to persuade.— See Domestick. bbT.
Suavity, swiv-i-tJ, *. 511. Sweetness to the
senses ; sweetness to the miud.
'H. '•ub. In Composition, signifies a subordinate
degree.
Subacid, sub-^S-sid, a. Sour in a small degree.
SUBACRID, sub-ik-krid, a. Sharp and pungent
in a small degree.
To Subact, sub-4kt{ V. a. To reduce, to subdue.
SuBACTION, sub-^kishun, S. The act of reducing
to any state.
Subaltern, sub-il-tern, a. Inferior, subordinate.
Subaltern, Sub-il-tern, S. An inferior, one acting
under another; it is used in the army to all officers
below a captain.
SUBASTRINGENT, Sub-4s-strin-jent, a. Astringent
in a small degree.
SUBBEADLE, Sub-be-dl, S. An under beadle.
SUBCELESTIAL, Sub-se-les-tsh3.1, a. Placed beneath
the heavens.
SUBCHANTER, Sub-tsh4n-tur, S. The deputy of
the precentor in a cathedral.
Subclavian, sub-kli-v4-^n, «. Under the armpit
or shoulder.
SuBCONSTELLATioN, sub-koii-stfc.-.i-sbun, *.
A subordinate or secondary constellation.
SuBCONTRARY, Sub-k6nitr4-r^, a. Contrary in
an inferior degree.
Subcontracted, sub-k$n-tr4kited, part. a.
Contracted after a former contract.
Subcutaneous, sub-ki-tA-ne-us, a. Lying
under the skin.
Suboeacon, sub-di'-kn, s. 170. In the Roman
Chinch, is the iWiicoii's sfivaiii.* .
510
SuBDEAN, sub-d^nej *. The vicegerent of a dean.
SubdecuPLE, sub-dek-ku-pl, a. Containing one
part of ten.
SUBDITITIOUS, sub-de-tish-us, a. Put secretly in
the place of somethmg else.
To Subdiversify, sub-de-ver^sJ-fl, v. «. To
diversify again what is already diversified.
To Subdivide, sub-de-vldej v. a. To divide
a part into yet more parts.
Subdivision, sub-de-vizh-un, s. The act of
subdividing; the parts distinguished by a second
division.
SUBQOLOUS, Sub-d6-lus, a. 503. Cunning, subtile,
T'o Subduce, sub-duse{\
7b Subduct, sub-duktjj
To withdraw, to take away ; to subtract by arithme-
tical operation.
SuBDUCTiON, sub-duk-shun, s. The act of
taking away ; arithmetical subtraction.
To Subdue, sub-du| v. a. To crush, to oppose, to
sink ; to conquer, to reduce under a pew dominion ; to
tame, to subact.
Subduer, sub-du-ur, S, 98. Conqueror, tamer.
SubdumeNT, sub-du-ment, S. Conquest, Not
used.
Subduple, sub-di-pl, 405. "1
SuBDUPLicATE, s?ib-du-ple-kite, J
Containing one part of two.
Subjacent, sub-jA-sent, a. Lying under.
To Subject, sub-J^kt{ v. a. 492. To put under;
to reduce to submission, to make subordinate, to make
submissive; to enslave, to make obnoxious; to ex-
pose, to make liable; to submit, to make accountable}
to make subservient.
Subjected, sub-jek-ted, part. adj. Put underj
reduced to submission ; exposed, made liable to.
63- A very improper, though a very prevailing mis-
accentuation of the passive participle of the word to
subject, has obtained, wliich ought to be corrected. All
the authorities in Johnson place the accent of subjected
on the same syllable as the verb, except one from
Milton :
" He tuljected to mau's service angel wings."
But in another passage Milton accents this word as it
ought to be, even when an adjective ;
" The angel
*' Led them direct and down the cUit afl fast
** To the subjected plain."
But as the word subject is an adjective as well as a verb,
and when an adjective it has always the accent on the
first syllable, so the participle has not only caught the
accent of the adjective, but, as one errour commonly
generates another, seems to have communicated the im-
propriety to the verb; whicji we sometimes hear, con-
-trary to all analogy and authority, accented on the first
syllable likewise. These improprieties are easily cor-
rected at first, and in my opinion, they are not yet so
rooted as to make correctness look like pedantry.
Subject, sub^jekt, a. Placed or situated under $
living under the dominion of another; exposed, liable,
obnoxious ; being that on which any action operates.
Subject, sub-jekt, *. 492. One who lives under
the dominion of another; that on which any opera-
tion either mental or material is performed; that in
wliich anything inheres or exists; in Grammar, the
nominative case to a verb, is caHed, by grammarians,
the Subject of the verb.
Subjection, sub-jekishun, *. The act of sub-
duing; the state of being under government.
Subjective, sub-jek-tiv, «. Relating not to the
object, but to the subject.
SuBiNGRESSioN, sub-in-gr^sh^un, *. Secret en-
trance.
To Subjoin, sub-join{ v. a. To add at the end,
to add afterwards.
Subitaneous, sub-^-ti-n^-us, a. 314. Sudden
hasty.
SUB
SUB
167, nftt 163— tube 1 1, tub 172, bull 173r-51l 299— pound 313— //tin 4G6, Tuis 469.
To Subjugate, sub-jugate, v. a. To conquer,
to subdue; to bring under dominion by force.
Subjugation, sub-ji-gA^shun, *. The act of
subduing.
SUBJUNCTION, sub-jungk^shun, s. The state of
being subjoined ; tlie act of subjoining.
Subjunctive, sub-jungk-tiv, a. Subjoined, to
something else.
SUBLAPSARIAN, sub-lip-si^re-in, s. One who
holds that ilie Divine Being, in the choice which he
made of his jieople, considered them as fallen.
SUBLAPSARY, Sub-lAp'-sl-r^, tt. Done after the
fall of man.
SUBLATION, sub-U-shun, S. The act of taking
away.
SuBLEVATioN, sub-l^-vi^shun, *. The act of
raising on high.
SUGLIMABLE, sub-ll-Hli-bl, O. Possible to be
sublimed.
SUBLIMABLENESS, Sub-lUmi-bl-neS, *. Quality
of admitting sublimation.
Sublimate, sub-l^-mit, *. 91. Any thing raised
by fire in the retort ; quicksilver raised in the retort.
Tb Sublimate, sub-l^-mite, i;. a. 91. To raise
by the force of chymical fire ; to exalt, to heighten, to
elevate.
Sublimation, sub-le-ma^sbun, *. A chymical
operation which raises bodies in the vessel by the
force of fire; exaltation, elevation, act of heightening
or improving.
Sublime, sub-bllmej a. High in place, exalted,
aloft; high in excellence, exalted by nature; high in
style or sentiment, lofty, grand; elevated by joy;
haughty, proud.
Sublime, sub-blltne{ s. The grand or lofty style.
To Sublime, sub-blime| v. a. To raise by
• chytnical fire ; to raise on high ; to exalt, to heighten,
to fniprove.
To Sublime, sub-bllme{ v. n. To rise in the
chymical vessel by the force of fire.
Sublimely, sub-blime-le, ad. Loftily, grandly.
Sublimity, sub-blimie-ti, s. Height of place,
local elevation; height of nature, excellence; lofti-
ness of style or sentiment.
Sublingual, sub-ling-gwil, a. Placed under the
tongue.
Sublunar, sub-lii^nir, 1 ^
Sublunary, sub-lu-nir-^, /
Situated beneath the moon, earthly, terrestrial.
KJ- Accenting the word sublunary on the first syllable
can only be accounted for on the principles laid down.
No. 503, and under the words Academy, Incomparable,
&c.
Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Buchanan,
W. Johnston, Mr. Perrv, Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, Barclay,
and Entick, accent the first; and Bailey and Penning
only, the second syllable.
Submarine, sub-mi-r^^n{ a. Lying or acting
under the sea.
To Submerge, sub-nierje{ v. a. Tp drown, to
put under water.
Submersion, sub-merishun, *. The act of
drowning, state of being drowned ; the act of putting
under water.
To Subminister, sub-min-is-tur, \ i, a
To SuBMiNiSTRATE, sub-min-is-trite,/
To supply, to afford.
To Subminster, sub-mln'-is-tur, v. n. To sub-
serve.
SUBMISS, sub-mis{ a. Humble, submissive, ob-
sequious.
Submission, sub-mish-un, s. Delivery of himself
to the power of another : acknowledgment of inferiority
or dependence ; acknowledgment of a fault, confession
of error, obsequiousness, resignation, obedience.
Submissive, sSb-mis-siv, a. 428. Humble,
tesljijiiig submission or inferiority.
511
-Sk'-tave, 1
b4kitA-pl,J "•
Submissively, sub-mis-siv-le, ad. Humbly, wuh
confession of inferiority.
Submissiveness, si^ib-mis-siv-nes, *. 153.
Humility, confession of fault, or inferiority.
SUBMISSLY, sub-mis-le, ad. Humbly, with sub-
mission.
To Submit, sub-mit{ v. a. To let down, to sink;
to resign to authority ; to leave to discretion ; to refer
to judgment.
To Submit, sub-mitj v. n. To be subject, to
acquiesce in the authority of another, to yield.
SuBMULTIPLE, sub-mul-te-pl, *. A submultiple
number or quantity is that which is contained in ano-
ther number a certain number of times exactly ■, thu
three is Submultiple of twenty-one, as being contained
in it exactly seven times.
Suboctave, sub-Sk-tave,
SUPOCTUPLE, sub-
Containing one part of eight.
Subordinacy, sub-or-de-ni-sl, \
SuBORDiNANCY, sub-or^d^-nin-s^, J
The state of being subject ; series of subordination.
Subordinate, sub-or-d^-nat, a. 91. Inferiourin
order ; descending in a regular series.
.Subordinately, sub-8r-d^-nit-le, ad. In a series
regularly descending.
Subordination, sub-or-d^-nA-shun, s. The
state of being inferiour to another; a series regularly
descending.
To Suborn, sub-ornj v. a. To procure privately,
to procure by secret collusion ; to procure by indirect
means.
Subornation, sub-or-ni-shun, s. The crime of
procuring any to do a bad action.
Suborner, sub-or-nur, *. 98. One that pro-
cures a bad action to be done.
SuBP(EN4, sub-p^-n^, S. 92. A writ commanding
attendance in a court, under a penalty.
(t3» This, like most other technical words, is often cor-
rupted into Supena. — See Clejf'.
SuBQUADRUPLE, Sub-kw8d-dr&-pl, a. Contain-
ing one part of four.
SubqUINTUPLE, sub-kwin-tu-pl, a. Containing
one part of five.
Subrector, sub-rek-tur, *. 166. The rector's
vicegerent.
Subreption, sub-rep-shun, s. The act of obtain-
ing a favour by surprize or unfair representation.
SUBREPTITIOUS, Sub-rep-tlsh-US, a. Fraudulently
obtained.
To Subscribe, sub-skrlbe{ v. a. To give consent
to, by underwriting the name ; to attest by writing the
name; to contract, to limit, not used in this last sense.
Subscriber, sub-skrl-bur, «. 98. One who sub-
scribes; one who contributes to any undertaking.
Subscription, sub-skrip-shun, *. Any thing
underwritten; consent or attestation given by under-
writing the name; the act or state of contributing to
any undertaking; submission, obedience. Not used
in this last sense.
Subsection, sub-sek-shun, s. A subdivision of
a larger section into a lesser. A section of a section.
Subsequence, sub-s^-kwense, s. The state of
following, not precedence.
SuBSECUTIVE, sub-sek-kfi-tiv, a. Following in
Subseptuple, sub-sep-tu-pl, a. Containing one
oi seven part*.
Subsequent, sub-se-kwent, a. Following m
train, not preceding.
Subsequently, sub-se-kwent-le, orf. Not so as
to go before, so as to follow in train.
To Subserve, sub-servj v. a. To serve U
subordination, to serve instrumentally;
Subservience, sub-ser-vi-ense, 1
Subserviency, sub-ser-v^-en-s^, /
Instrumental fitness or use.
SUB
SUB
•3* 559. Fite73, fir 77, fal'.SS, Mt81— m^SS, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 16^
Subservient, sub-ser-ve-ent, a. Subordinate,
instrumentally useful.
SUBSEXTUPLE, sub-seks-tu-pl, a. Containing one
part of six.
To Subside, sub-side{ v. n. To sink, to tend
downwards.
Subsidence, sub-sUdense, ")
SuBSiuENCY, sub-sl-den-se, J
Tlie act of sinking, tendency downwards.
Subsidiary, sub-sid^e-i-ri, or sub-sid-j4-i-r^,
a. 293, 294. 376. Assistant, brought in aid.
To Subsidize, sub-se-dlze, v, a. To give money
to receive aid or assistance.
03- This word seems to have grown out of tlie last
war: if so, it is a little surprising that an action so
common before sliould not have generated a verb to
express it.
SuIJSIDY, subise-dJ, S. Aid, commonly such as is
given in money.
To SUBSIGN, sub-slne{ V, a. To sign under.
T'o Subsist, Sub-SlStJ v. n. To continue, to retain
the present state or condition ; to have means of living,
to be maintained; to adhere, to have existence. t
Subsistence, Sub-SlS-tense, *. Real being; com-
petence, means of support.
Subsistent, sijb-sis-tent, a. Having real being.
Substance, sub-stAnse, *. Being, sometiiing
existing, something of which we can say that it is j
that which supports accidents; the essential part;
something real, not imaginary; sometiiing solid, not
empty; body, corporeal nature ; wealth.
Substantial, sub-st^n-sh^l, a. Real, actually
existing ; true, solid, real, not merely seeming ; cor-
poreal, material ; strong, stout, bulky ; responsible,
moderately wealthy.
Substantials, sub-st^n-shtllz, s, (Without
singular.) Essential parts.
Substantiality, sub-st4n-shJ-al-e-t5, s. Real
existence; corporeity.
Substantially, sub-st^n-shM-e, ad. In manner
of a substance, with reality of existence} strongly,
solidly; truly, really, with fixed purpose; with com-
petent wealth.
Substantialness, sub-st^n'-shil-nes, s. The
state of being substantia} ; firmness, strength, power
of lasting.
To Substantiate, sub-st4n-shJ-ite, v, a. To
make to exit.
Substantive, sub-stdn-tiv, s. 513. A noun be-
tokening the thing, not a quality.
To Substitute, sub-ste-tute, v. a. To put in
the place of another.
Substitute, s>ub-st^-tute. s. 463. One put to
act in the place of another.
Substitution, sub-ste-tu-shun, *. 463. The
act of placing any person or thing in tlie room of
another.
To SuBSTRACT, sub-strikt{ V, a. To take away
part from the whole ; to take one number from ano-
ther See To Subtract.
Substraction, sub-str4k-shun, s. The act of
taking part from the whole; the taking of a less
number out of a greater of the like kind, whereby to
find out a third number.
Substruction, sub-struk-shun, s. Underbuilding.
SuBSTYLAR, sub-stl-lir, a. Substylar line is, in
Dialling, a right line, whereon the gnomon or style
of a dial is erected at right angles with the plane,
Subsultive, sub-sul-tiv, ")
Subsultory, sub-sul-tur-e, J
Bounding, moving by starts.
^3- Mr. Sheridan is the only ortlioepist who has ac-
cented this word on the first syllable, as 1 have done;
for Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, Barclay, Fen-
viing, Bailey, and Entick, accent the second. Its
companion, "Dcsit/(ory, is accented on the first syllable
by Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Johnson, Mr. Nares, Mr. Smith,
and Penning: but on the second by Dr. Ash, Dr. Ken-
lick, Mr. Scott, W. Joli-iiston, Mr. Perry, Buchanan,
Bailey, and Entick. As these two words must necessarily
be accented alike, we see Dr. Johnson and penning are
inconsistent. But though the majority of authoritie*
are against me in both these words, I greatly mistake
if analogy is not clearly on my side. See Principles,
No. 512.
SuBSULTORILY, Sub-Sul-tur-l-1^, ad. In abound-
ing manner.
SubtANGENT, sub-t4n'jeilt, *. In any curve, it
the line which determines the intersection of the
tangent in the axis prolonged.
To Subtend, sub-teiidj v, a. To be extended
under.
Subtense, sub-tense{ s. The chord of an arch,
that which is extended under any thing.
Subterfluent, sub-ter^flu-eiit, "1 -.„
Subterfluous, sub-ter-flu-us, J
Running under.
Subterfuge, sub-ter-fudje, s. A shift, an evasion,
a trick.
Subterraneal, sub-ter-ri-nJ-^1,
Subterranean,
., sub-ter-ra-ne-al, *)
i, sub-ter-ra-n^-4n, /-a.
;s, sub-ter-ra-iie-us, J
Subterraneous,
Lying under the earth, placed below the surface. Th«
laot two wf-rds only are in use.
Subterranity, sub-ter-r4u-i-te, s. A place
under ground. Not in use.
Subtile, sub-til, n. 140. Thin, not dense ; nice,
fine, delicate; piercing, acute; cunning, artful, sly,
subdolous, deceitful; refined, acute beyond exactness.
Sec Subtle.
SubtilelY, sub-dl-le, ad. Finely, not grossly j
artfully, cunningly.
Subtileness, sub-til-nes, S. Fineness, rareness j
cunning, artfulness.
To Subtiliate, sub-til-yate, v. a. 113. To
make thin.
SuBTiLiATiON, sub-til-yA-shun, s. The act o(
making thin.
SUBTILTY, sub-tll-t^, S. Thinness, fineness, exility
of parts; nicety; refinement, too much acutenessj
cunning, artifice, sliness.
SUBTILIZATION, sub-tll-e-zi-shuil, 5. Subtiliza-
tion is making any thing so volatile as to rise readily
in steam or vapour; refinement, superfluous acute-
ness.
To Subtilize, sub-til-lze, v. a. To make thin,
to make less gross or coarse; to refine; to spin into
useless niceties.
SubTLE, sut-tl, a. 347. 405. Sly, artful, cunning.
{!3» This word and subtile, have been used almost in-
discriminately to express very ditferent senses, as may
be seen in Johnson ; but as custom has adopted a dif-
ferent spelling, and a different pronunciation for their
different meanings, it is presumed it has not been with-
out reason. That the first sense of the word meaning
■Jive, acute, &c. should extend itself to the latter meaning
sli/, artful, &c. is not to be wondered at, as words have
a natural tendency to fall into a bad sense; witne.ss,
knave, villain, &c. ; but if custom has marked this dif-
ference of sense by a difference of spelling and pronun-
ciation, it should seem to be an effort of nature to
preserve precision in our ideas. If these observations
are just, the abstracts of these words ought to be kept at
distinct as their concretes ; from subtile, therefore, ought
to be formed subtilly, and from subtle, subtlety ; the
i being heard in the two first and mute in the two last.
Subtlety, sut-tl-t^, S. Artfulness, cunning.
Subtly, sut-l^, ad. Slily, artfully, cunningly
nicely, delicately.
To Subtract, sub-tr4kt{ v. a. — See Suhstract.
03^ This orthography seems to prevail over substrnct.
The vanity of deriving words from the Latin rather than
a living language is very prevalent: but the s in thia
word intervening between the two mutes certainly makes
the word flow more easily, and the alteration is therefore
to be regretted.
SuBTRACTioNjSub-tr^k-shun, s. — see Suhsttac-
tion.
Subtrahend, sub-tr4-hendj s. The number t«
be taksn from a larger uuu»V«r.
sue
SUF
. nSr 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— poimd 313— ^Ain 4S6, this 469.
Oveitlirow, ruin,
Subversion, sub-ver-shun, s.
destruction.
Subversive, s?ib.ver-iiv, a. 153. Having
tendency ti> overturn.
To Subvert, sub-vertj v. a. To overtlimw. to
overturn, to destroy, to turn upside down; to corrupt,
to confound.
Subverier, sub-vert^ur, s. 98. Overthrower,
destroyer.
Suburb, siib-urb, s. Buiiditjg without the walls of
acily; the cmfiiies, the out-part.
Suburban, sub-urb'-^n, a. 88. Inhabiting the
suliurli.
Subworker, siib-wurk-ur, S. Undenvorker,
subordinate helper.
Succedaneous, suk-se-da-ne-us, a. Supplying
the place of something else.
StCCEDANEUM, suk-se-da'-ne-um, i. 503. That
w.iicli is put to serve fur something else.
To Succeed, suk-seedj »'• »• 246. To follow in
order ; to come inlo the place of ime who lias <|-.iitied ;
to obtain one's wish, to terminate an unileriakiiig;
in the desired effect ; to terminate according to wish.
To Succeed, suk-seedj v. a. To follow, to be
subsequent or consequent to ; to prosper, to make
successful.
SUCCEEDER, suk-seedi£r, *. 98. One who
follows, one who conies into the place of another.
Success, suk-sesj s. The termination of any affair
liappy or unhappy.
Successful, suk-ses-ful, a. Prosperous, happy,
fortunate.
Successfully, suk-ses-ful-6, ad. Prosperously,
luckily, fortunately.
SUCCESSFULNESS, Suk-SeS-ful- PeS, *. Happy
conclusion, dt-sired event, series of good fortune.
Succession, suk-sesh-uil, *. Consecution, scries
of (me Ihin,! or person following another: a series of
things or persons f-illo«ing one another: a lincnge.
an order ol de-reudants ; the power or right of coming
to the iiiherilauce of ancestors.
Successive, suk-ses-siv, a. 158. Following in
order, coutinning a course or consecution uninter-
rupted; iniiented !>y succession.
Successively, suk-silsisiv-le, ad. In uninter-
rupted order, one after aiicither.
Successiveness, suk-ses-siv-nes, s. The state of
being successive.
Successless, suk-ses-les, a. Unlucky, unfor-
tunate, failing of the event desired.
Successor, suk-ses-sur, oj'si'ik-ses-ur, s. 503.
One that fcdlnws in the place oi character of another,
correlative to Predecessor.
0::7"Thi5 word is not unfrcquentlv pronounced with the
accent on the second syllable, as if it were formed from
success; but thiii accentuation. thou';li agreeable to it«
Latin ori)>inal, has, as in cimfessor, yielded to the pre-
vailine power of the English antepennltiniale accent.
Dr. Johiiion, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elphinst(m, and Entick,
accent this word on the first syllable; and Dr. Ash,
Dr. Kenrick. W. Johnston, Mr.' I'errv, Buchanan, and
Bailey, on the second; Barclay and penning uive l)ofli,
but prefer the first: Mr. Scolt gives both, and prefers
the second; but, from the opinion that is foolishlv gone
forth, that we ouRlit to accent words as near the begin-
ning as possible there is little doubt that the antepenul-
timate accent will prevail.
Succinct, suk-singktj a. 403. TucTved or girded
up, having tiie clothes drawn up; short, concise,
bi-ief.
Succinctly, suk-singkt-li, ad. Briefly, con-
cisely.
Succory, suk'-kur-e, s. 557. A plant. — See
Do»ics(;cfc.
To Succour, suk'-kur, v. a. 314. To help, to
assist ill dllhiiilly or distress, to relieve.
Succour, Suk-kur, S. Aid, assistance, relief of
any kind, help in distress; the persons or things that
bring help.
513
To draw the breast j to
Tlie act of sucking ; milk given bj
SuccoiiRER, suk^kur-ur, s. 98. Helper, assistan^
reliever.
Succour LESS, suk-kur-les, a. Wanting rellel,
void of friends or help.
SUCCULENCY, Suk-klJ-ltn-£^, S. Juiciness.
Succulent, suk-ku-lent, a. Juicy, moist.
To Succumb, siik-kumb{ v. a. To yield, to sink
under any ditticuliy.
SUCCUSSION, suk-kush^un, s. The act of shakingj
in Physick, such a sluiking of tlie nervous parts as ia
procured by stnnig stimuli.
Sucri, SUtshtpron. Of tliat kind, of the like kindj
the Fame that; compiehended un<lfcr the term pre-
mised; a manner of expressing a paiticiilar person or
thing.
To Suck, suk, v. a. To draw in with the mouth |
to draw the teat of a female ; to draw with the milk|
to empty by sucking ; to draw or drain.
To Suck, siik, v. n.
draw, to imbibe.
Suck, suk, s.
females.
Sucker, suk-kur, s. 98. Any thing that draws
by suction ; the embolus of a pump; a pipe ihrougli
which any thing is sucked; a young twig shooting
frtim the stock.
Bucket, si'ik'-kit, *. 90- A sweetmeat,
SUCKINGBOTTLE, Suk-klllg-bot-ll, *. A bottle
which to children supplies the want of a pap.
To Suckle, siik-kl, v. a. 405. To nuise at ths
breast.
Suckling, sukMino;, s. 410. A young creatur*
yet fed by the pap.
Slction, suk^sliun, s. The act of sucking.
SUDATION, SlI-llA'shun, S. Sweet.
Sudatory, sijida-tur-e,*. 512, 557. Hot-l.oust.
sweating bath.
Sudden, sud-d?n, a. 103. Happening without
previous noiice, c.-miing without the common pre-
paratives; hasty, violent, rash, passionate, precipi-
tale.
Sudden, sud-dili, S. Any unexpected occurrence,
surprise. Not ill use. On a Sudden, sooner than was
expected.
Suddenly, sud-dni-le, ad. In an unexpected
manner, without preparation, hastily.
Suddenness, sud-dui-iies, s. State of being
sudden, unexpected presence, manner of coming of
happening unexpectedly.
Sudorifick, su-do-nf-flk, n. Provoking or
causing sweat.
SuDORhFicK, su-do-rififik, s. 509. A medicine
provoking sweat.
Sudorous, suidtj-rus, a, 314. Consisting of
sweat.
SUDS, siid^, s. A lixivium of soap and water ; to be
in the Suds, a familiar phrase for being in any diffi>
cully.
To Sue, su, v. a. To prosecute by law ; to gain by
legal procedure.
To Sue, Sli, v. n. 335. To beg, to entreaj, to
petition.
Suet, si!i-1t, *. 99. A hard fat, particularly that
about the kiilneys.
Suety, sii-lt-^, a. Consisting of suit, resembling
suet.
To Suffer , sufifur, v. a. 98. To bear, to undergo,
to feel with sense of pain ; to endure, lo support; to
allow, to permit ; to pass through, to be affeited by.
To Suffer, suf^fur, v. n. To undergo pain Of
inconvenience; to undergo punishment; to be in-
jured.
Sufferable, Sut-fur-A-bl, O. Tolerable, such as
may be endured.
Sufferably, 8uf-fur-4-ble, ad. Toleratly, so as
to be endured.
SUI
SUL
559. File 73, far 77, fill 83, fit 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni \6<-2, move 164,
Sufferance, suf-fur-^nse, s. Pain, inron-
veiiieiice, misery; patience, moderation; toleration,
permission.
Sufferer, suf-fur-ur, s. One who endures or
undeiRoes pain or inconvenience j one wlio allows, one
who permits.
SuFFERINfi, suf-fur-ing, S. 410. Pain suffered.
To Suffice, suf-fi^e^ v. n. 3."il. To be enough,
to he sulhcient, to he equul lo the end or pnrpose.
To Suffice, suf-fizej v. a. 351. To afford; to
supply ; to satisl'y.
Sufficiency, suf-fish-en-s^, *. Statp of being
adfqnate to ihe end pn-posed ; qualifiraiinn for any
purpose; ci^mpetencc, enough; supply eipial lo «Hiit:
It is used by Temple for ihat conceit which makts
a mail ihink himself equal to things above him.
Sufficient, suf-fish'-eiit, a. 357. Equal to any
end or purpose, emuiiili, roinpeleut ; qualilied for any
thing by fortune or otheiwise.
Sufficiently, suf-fish-cnt-le, ad. To a sufficient
denree, enougii.
7'tf Suffocate, suf^fo-kAte, v. a. To choke by
exclusion or iuterceplion nf air.
Suffocation, suf-fo-kA-shun, s. The act of
cliciking, the slate i>l licinf; choked.
Suffocative, suf-fo-ka-tiv, a. 512. Having the
p luer to choak.
Suffragan, suf-fri-gun, s. 88. A bishop con-
sidered as subject to hi? metropolitan.
7b Suffragate, suf^fiA-gate, i;. w. 90. To vote
with, to agree in voice with.
Suffrage, suf-fridje, s. 90. Vote, voice given in
4 controverted point
SUFFRAGINOUS, suf-fiAd-jin-us, O. Belonging to
the knee j.iint of beasts.
SUFFUMIGVnON, Suf-fu-mJ-^H-shtin, S. Opera-
tion of fumes raised by lire.
To Suffuse, s?if-fuzej v. a. To spread over with
someiliiiig expansible, as with a vapour or a tincture.
Suffusion, suf-fu-zhuii, .«. The act of over-
sprearling with any thing ; that wliich is suffused or
spread.
Sugar, shug-ur, S. 175. 454. The native salt
of the sugar-cane, obtained by the expression and eva-
poration of its jniies; anything proverbially sweet;
a chymical dry crystallization.
7'o Sugar, shug-ur, v. a. To impregnate or
season with sugar; lo sweeten.
Sugary, shiig-ur-e, U, Sweet, tasting of sugar.
7b Suggest, sug-jestj »'. a. To hint, to intimate,
to insinuate (tooil or ill ; to seduce, to draw to ill by
insinuation ; to inform secretly.
(}:5" Though the first g in cxa>rgeTa>e is, by « difficulty
of pronuncialion, assimilated to the lasi, this is not al-
ways the case in the present word. For though we
sometimes hear it sounded as if written siiiljest, the
most correct speakers generally preserve the first and last
g ill their distinct and separate sounds.
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Nares, pronounce
the g in bot'.i syllables soft, as if written suil-jest.
i)r. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, and Barclay, make the first
fliard, and the second soft as if written sugjest, as
have done ; for as the accent is not on ihese conson-
ants, there >s not ttie same apology for pronouncing the
fiist soft as there is in <uaggerute ; whicli see.
Suggestion, sug-jes-tsliun, s. Private hint,
intimatior , insinuation, secret notification.
Suicide, su-^-slde, *. 143. Self-murder, the
horrid crime of destroying one's self.
Suit, sfite, s. 342. A set, a number of things
correspondent one to the other; dollies madeone part
to answer another ; a petition, an address of enlieaiy ;
courtship; pursnii, prosecutiim ; in Law, Suit is some-
times out for the instance of a rause, and sometimes
for the iHUse iiselfdednced in jndginenl.
Suit, Sllte, v. a. To fit, to adapt to something
else; to he filud to, to become ; to Uiess, lo tloil'«
3 a Suit, sute, i;. n. To agree, to accord.
^14
Suitable, su-tA-bl, a. 405. Fitting, accordinf
with, aureeable to.
SuII'ABLENESS, su-tA-bl-nes, S. Fimess, agree-
ableiiess.
Sui lABLV, SU-la-ble, ad. Agreeably, according lo.
Suite, swete, *. French. Consecution, fcrics,
regular order ; retinue, company.
Suiter, \ ,. .. ro ^ri!
„ >su-tur, s. 98. 166.
Suitor, J
One who sues, a peiiiionei, a supplicant^ a wooer, one
who ronris a mistiess.
Suitress, Stil'-tres, s. A female supplicant.
Sulcated. sul^ka-ted, a. Furrowed.
Sulky, sul-ke, a. Silently sullen, sour, morose,
obstinate.
(t5- This word had long been a vagabond in conversa-
tion, and was not lo be found in any of onr DiiMi.marits
lill it was lately adiiiiiied to a place in Euiick's, and,
fnun ils very frequent use, may now be consiiUred as
a denizen of the lanRUaiie. Mr. Colnian ba<l, many
years aijo, made use of it in his prologue to The Wife in
the Right, where he says,
" No tulkv critiik to the Playhouse drawn,
** Whom inoderii CoineJy provokes to yawn."
And Ibis writer's aiuhority alone is a sufficient proof
of the propriety and utility of the word. Il may perhaps
be objecled, tl-.al the word siitleit is pcrfertlv equivaleiil,
and lenders this word useless. Those, however, who
consider language philosiqihically, know that there are
no words perfectly synonymi>.is, and cimseqnently that
there are no useless words. If it he asked what is the
difference between these words, 1 would answer, ihut
sulleoiiess seems to lie an habitual sulkiness, and snlki-
ncss a temporary sullenness. The former miy be an
innate disposition : the latier, a disposii ion occasioned
by recent injury. The one has a malignancy in il ihieat-
ening danper; the other, an obstinate averseness lo
pleasure. Thus we are in a sullen mood, and in a sulky
fit; Men and Women are said to he sullen iiid Cliihlren
sulky; sullenness may be predicated m' inanimate ob-
jects, sulkiness only of sucli as are aniinaled.
" No cheerful breeze this suUfm region knows ;
" The druulfttl East it all the wind that Mows."
Pppt.
If these distinctions are just, there Is good reason for
receiving the woid in question, and incorporating it into
the lanauaEe, even thoiieh it had not been adopted by
the respeciahle writer 1 have quoted.
Sulkiness, sul-ke-r es, s. Silent tullcnness, moroie-
ness, obstiuacv.
Sullen, sitl-lin, a. 99. Gloomy, discontented ;
mischievous, malignant; intractable, obstinate; dis-
mal ; heavy, dull.
Sullenly, sul-lin-li, ad. Gloomily, malignantly,
intraclably.
Sullenness, sul-lin-nes, *. Gloominess, morose-
■ ness, sluggish anger ; malignity.
SULLENS, sul'luiz, *. Morose temper, gloominess
of mind.
7b Sully, su1-14, v. a. To soil, to tamisli, to
dirt, lo spot.
Sully, sul-lc, S. Soil, tamish, spot.
Sulphur, sul-fur, S. Brimstone.
5, 314. /"•
Sulphurous, sul'-fur-us.
Made of brimstone, having the qualities of brimstone,
containirie; sulphur.
SuLPHUREOUSNEsS, sul-fu-re-us-nes, s. The
slate of being sulphurenus.
SULPHURWORT, sul-fup-wurt, s. The same witb
HcgyfeHnel.
Sulphury, sul-fur-^, a. Partaking of sulphur.
Sultan, sul-titn, 5. 88. The Turkish emperor.
Sultana, sul-ta-ni. — See Lumbago.^
SULTANF.SS, Sul-tA-nt'S, J
The queen of an Eastern emperor.
Sultriness, sul-tri-nes, *. The state of being
fuliry.
SUN
n?.r lo7, nJt 163— tube 17), tub 172, b&ll 173-
SULTRY, SuKtre, a. Hot without ventilation, hot
and else, liot and cloudy.
Sum, sum, S. The whole of any thing, many
particulars aggregated to a total; qiiantily of money j
compendium, abridgment, the whole abstracted ; the
amount, the result of reasoning or computation;
lieisht, comi)letwii.
To Sum, sum, v. a. To compute j to collect
particulars into a total ; to comprise, to comprehend,
to collect into a narrow compass; to have feathers
full grown.
SUMLESS, sumUes, a. Not to be computed.
Summarily, sum-mi-re-1^, nd. Briefly, the
shortest way.
Summary, sum^mi-r^, a. Short, brief, com-
pendious.
Summary, suni-m4-r^, s. Compendium, abridge-
ment.
Summer, sum^mur, s. 98. The season in which
the sun arrives at the hither Solstice; the principal
beam of a floor.
SUMMERHOUSE, Sum^mur-house, *. An apart-
ment in a garden used in the summer.
Summersault,! i , i i
c. ...,.„.,, >• sum-mur-set, *.
tsUMMERSET, J '
A high leap, in which the heels are thrown over the
head.
Summit, sum^mit, *. The top, the utmost height.
7b Summon, sum-mun, V. «. 166. To call with
authority, to admonish to appear, to cite; to excite,
to call up, to raise.
SUMMONER, sum-mun-ur, s. 98. One who cites.
Summons, sum-munz, s. a rail of authority,
admonition to appear, citation.
SUMPTER, sum-tur, *.' 412. A horse that carries
clothes or furniture.
Sumption, sum'-sbun, *. The act of taking.
Sumptuary, sum^tshu4-r^, a. 292. Relating to
expense, regulating the cost of life.
SuMI'TUOSITY, Sum-tshu-Ss-^-t4, *. Expensive-
nes«, costliness.
Sumptuous, si^tm'-tsbii-us, a. 292. Costly, ex-
pensive, splendid. — See Presnmpliwus.
Sumptuously, sum^tshu-us-1^, wrf. Expensively,
with great cost.
SUMPTUOUSNESS, sum-tshu-us-nes, s. Expen-
siveness, costliness.
Sun, sun, *. The luminary that makes the day ;
a sunny place, a place eminently warmed by the sun ;
any thing eminently splendid ; under the Sun, in this
world, a proverbial expression.
To Sun, sun, v. a. To expose to the sun.
Sunbeam, sun^b^me, s. Kay of the sun.
SUNBEAT, sun-b^te, part. a. Shone upon by the
sun.
SUNBRIGMT, sun^brlte, a. Resembling the sun in
brightness.
SuNBURNiNG, sun-bum-ing, S. The effect of the
sun upon the face.
Sunburnt, sun^burnt, part. a. Tanned, dis-
coloured by the sun.
SUNCLAD, sun^klid, part. a. Clothed tn radiance,
bright.
Sunday, sun^de, *. 223. The day anciently
dedicated to the sun, the Christian sabbath.
To Sunder, suu-dur, v. a. To part, to separate,
to divide.
Sundial, sunidl-Sl, s. a marked plate on which
the shadow points the hour.
SUND.RY, sunidr^, a. Several, more than one.
Sunklower, suil'flou-ur, s. A plant.
Sung, sung. The pret. and part. pass, of Sing.
Sunk, suilgk, 408. The pret. and part. pass, of Sink.
Sunless, sun-les, a. Wanting sun, wanting
varmth.
SUP
il 289— pSfind 313— ^*in 466, TiiU 46.9.
Sunlike, sun-like, a. Resembling the sun,
SUNN\, StUl^t)^, a. Resembling the sun, bright;
exposed to the sun, bright with ihe sun.- coloured b'v
the sun.
Sunrise, sun-rlze, ")
Sun RISING, sun-Hz-ing, 410.J *'
Morning, the appearance of the sun.
Sunset, sun-set, s. Close of the day, evening.
Sunshine, suii-sblne, *. Action of the sun, piac»
where the heat and lustre of the sun are powerful.
Sunshiny, sun'-shl-n^, a. Bright with the sun
bright like the sun.
To Sup, sup, v. a. To drink by mouthfuls, to
drink by little at a time.
To Sup, v. n. To eat the evening meal.
Sup, sup, s. A small draught, a mouthful of liquor.
Superable, su-per-^-bl, a. 405. Conquerable,
such as may be overcome.
B^- There is a corrupt pronunciation of this word,
arising from want of attention to the influence o( accent
on the sounds of the letters, which makes the first syl-
lable of this word snund like the noun sh'je. This pro-
nunciation Mr. Sheridan has adopted, not only in this
word, but in all those which commence with the inse-
parable preposition super. That this is contrary to the
most established rules of orthoepy, may be seen in
Principles, No. 464 and 402; and that it is contrary to
Mr. Sheridam himself, may be seen by his giving the
s in the words, insuperable, insuperableness, insuperably,
and insuperability, its simple sound only. — See Insuper-
able.
Superableness, su-per-H-bl-nes, s. Quality of
being conquerable.
To SuPERABOUND, su-per-^-boundJ v. n. To be
exuberant, to be stored with more than enough.
SUPERABUNDANCE, su-per-^-buii-d^iise, s.
More than enough, great quantity.
Superabundant, sA-per-i-bunid^nt, a. Being
more than enough.
Superabundantly, su-per-tl-buii-dilnt-1^, ad.
More than suHicieiitly.
To Superadd, sili-per-idj v. a. To add over and
above, to join to any thing so as to make it more.
SUPERADDITION, su-pei-ad-dish-un, s. The act
of adding to something else ; that which is added.
SupERADVENiE.NT, su-per-4d-viin^-ent, a.
Coming to the increase or assistance of something)
coming unexpectedly.
To Superannuate, s6-per-Jn-nu-Ate, v. a. To
iinpair or disqualify by age or length of lite.
Supeuannuation, si'i-per-iln-nu-A^shun, s. The
state of being disqualified by years.
Superb, su-perb{ a. Grand, pompous, lofty,
august, stately.
Supercargo, su-per-kar-gi, s. An officer in the
ship whose business is to manage the trade.
Supercelestial, su-per-s^-les-tsb4l, a. Placed
above the firmament.
Supercilious, si-per-siUyus, a. Haughty, dog-
matical, dictatorial, arbitrary.
Superciliously, su-ptr-sil-yus-1^, ad.
Haughtily, dogmatically, contemptuously.
Superciliousness, su-per-sil-yus-nes, s. 113.
Haughtiness, contemptuoiisncss.
SuPERCONCEPTiON, su-per-kin-sep-sbi'in, *.
a conception made after another conctpiion.
SuPERCONSEQUENCE, su-pcr-k6n-s6-kwense, s.
Remote consequence.
SuPERCRESCENCE, su-peF-kres-sense, *. That
v.hich grows upon another growin;; thing.
SuPEREMiNENCE, su-per-eni-me-iiense, "J
SUPEREMINENCY, sA-per-em-m^-r.e'v .e,/'*
Uncommon degree of eminer.ce.
SuperEjMinen T, su-pei%tm'-mo-ne..'., a. Eminent
in a high degree.
SUP
»• 559. Fite73, far77, f&ll8J, ^t 81— ml 93,
To Super EROG ATE, su-per-er-ro-ffite, v.M. 91.
To do move than (July recpiires.
SiPF.Rr.noGArioN, si-per-er-ri-ga-shun, s,
Peiionnance of more than duty rc(|uiies.
Supererogatory, su-per-i'r-ro-g:a-tur-e, a.
bVl. Performed beyond the strict demands of duty.
Super EXCELLENT, su-per-ekisel-lunt, a.
Excellent beyond common deerees of excellence.
SuPEREXCRESCENCE, su-pur-eks-krSs-sense, s.
Something superfluously growins.
T'o SUPERFE TATE, su-pei-feitAte, W. n. To con-
ceive after cimrcpiion.
Super FETATION, sii-per-fe-ta-sliun, s. One con-
ception following anotlier, so tli.tt both are in the
womb together.
SUPERI-ICE, su-per-lis, s. 142. Outside, surface.
Not used.
Superficial, su-per-f^sh-Sl, a. Lying on the
surface, not reaching below the surface ; shallow, con-
trived to cover sonieiliing; shallow, not profound;
smattering, not learned.
Superficiality, sii-per-fish-e-aKe-te, s. The
quality of being superficial.
Superficially, su-pcr-fisb-al-J, ad. On the
suiface, not below the surface; without penetration,
without close heed; without going deep; without
searching.
SUPERFICIAINESS, Sl\-per-t1shiil-ntS, .V. Shallow-
ness, position on tlie surfjce ; slight knowledge, false
appeiiraixe.
Superficies, sij-per-f1sh-ez, s. bO^. Outside,
surface, supertice.
Superfine, sii-per-finej a. 524. Eminently fine,
Superfluitance, su-per-flu-e-t4nse, s. The act
of filial ing above.
Supehflu:tant, su-per-flu-e-tint, a. Floating
above.
Superfluity, su-per-fli'i-i-te, s. More than
enough, plenty beyond use or necessity.
Superfluous, su-pei-flii-us, «. 518. Exuberant,
more than enough, unnecessary.
SupERFLUOUSNESS, su-per-flu-us-iies, s. The
state of being superfluous.
SUPERFLUX, su-pur-fluks, S. That which is more
than is wanted.
SuPERniPRECNATiON, su-yier-nii-preg-nil-shiin,
s. Siipercoiiception, superfetation.
Superincumbent, su-per-in-kumibent, s.
I.yiog on the top of something else.
To Superinduce, su-per-iii-diisej v. a. To bring
in as an addition to something else; to bring on as
a thing not originally belonging to that on which it is
brought.
Superinduction, su-per-in-dukishun, s. The
act of superinducing.
Super INJECTION, su-per-in-juk-shun, s. An in-
jection su:.;ee(Jing upon another.
Super INSTITUTION, su-per-in-stt-tu-shun, s.
In I, aw, one i»!>ti'.ution upon another
To Superintend, sia-per-in-tend,' v. a. To
oversee, to overlook, to take care of others with au-
thority.
Superintendence, sii-p2r-in-t?nd-ense, ")
Super iNTENDENCY, su-per-in-tend^eii-se, jT **
Supeiiour care, the act of overseeing with autliority.
Superintendent, sii-per-in-t?ii^dent, s. One
who overlooks others authoritatively.
Superiority, su-pe-ri-8i -e-t^, *. Pre-eminence,
the quality of be'.ng greater or higher than another in
any lespect.
Superior, Sll-pe^re-Sr, a. IGfi. Hlnher, greater
ill dignity or txcelleiicc, preferable or preferied to
another; upper, higher locally; free from emotion or
concern, unconqiiered.
Superior, su-pe-i<^-ur, *, One more excellent or
4Jignifit:d than iiiinthej-.
SUP
met 95— pine 105, pm 107— n6 162, move 164,
Superlative, si^-pt-r-U-tiv, «. implying or ex.
pressing the highest degree; rising to the highest
degree.
Superlatively, su-per-hl-tiv-]^,tt6?. inamanncr
of speech expressing the highest degree; in the highest
degree.
Superlativeness, su-per-lA-tiv-n?s, *. The
state of being in the highest degree.
Superlunar, SU-per-lu-nir, a. Not sublunary,
placed above the moon.
Supernal, su-pei-inill, a. 88. Having a higher
position, locally above us; relating to things above,
placed above, celestial.
Supernatant, su-per-na-tAut, a. Swimming
above.
Supernatation, su-per-na-taishun, *. The act
of swimming on the top of any thing.
Supernaiural, Sli-pei-nit-tshu-ril, a. Being
above the powers <>i nature.
SupERNATURALLY, stj-per-nlt-tshu-ifil-e, ad.
In a manner above the course or povcr of nature.
Supernumerary, su-per-nij-mer-i\r-^, a.
Ur ing above a staled, a necessary, a usual, or a round,
number.
7'oSuperponderate, su-per-p5n-der-ate, v. a.
To weigh over and above.
Superproportion, su-per-pro-ptjr-sliun, s.
Overplus of proportion.
SuPERPURGATioN, su-per-pur-giUsbuii, *. More
piiruation than enough.
SupERHEFLECTiON, sii-per-ie-flekishun, s.
Kellection of an imaae reflected.
SuPERSALiENCY, su-per-sa-le-eii-se, $. Tlio act
of leaping upon any thin^'.
To Superscribe, su-per-skrlbej v. a. To in-
scribe upon the top or outside.
Superscription, si'i-per-ski-ip-sliun, s. The act
of superscribing; that which is written on the top or
outside.
To Supersede, su-per-sedej v. a. To make void
or iiietticacious by superior power, to set aside.
Supersedeas, su-per-se-de-ils, s. in Law, the
name of a writ to slop or set aside some proceeding at
law.
SuPERSERVicEABLE, su-per-ser-v^-s<l-bl, a,
Over-otficious.
SUPERSTI riON, su-per-stish-un, s. Unnecessary
fear or scrnpU-s in religion, religion without im.raliiy ;
false religion, reverence of beings not proper objecti
of reverence ; over-nicety, exactness too scrupulous.
Superstitious, sij-per-stisb-us, a. Addicted to
superstition, full of idle fancies or scru|>les with re.
gaid to religion; over accurate, scrupulous beyond
need.
SuPERSTiTlouSLY, sii-pei'-stish-us-le, nd. In
a supeisiilious manner.
To SuPERSTRAiN, stlipeF-straneJ v. a. To straia
beyond ihe just stretch.
To SuPER.STRUC r, sili-per-struktj v. a. To build
upon any thing.
SuPERSTRUCTiON, stj-pur-struk-sbui), s. An
edifice raised on any lliiiig.
SUPERSTRUCTIVE, si!i-per-stiuk-tiv, a. Built
upon something else.
Superstructure, su-per-struk-tshure, s. Th*t
which is raised or built upon sonietliing else.
SuPERSUBSTANTiAL, si-per-sub-stan-sh4l, a.
More than substantial.
Supervacaneous, sa-pt'r-v;t-ka-ne-n.s, a.
Superfluous, needless, unnecessary, serving to no
purpose.
Sui'ERVACANEOUSLY, sdi-pu-vA-ka-iie-us-l^-, ad.
Needlessly.
Super VAC AN FousN ESS, su-pcr-va-ka-m'-us-iits,
s. Needlessni'ss.
To Supervene, si'i-pt-r-ytiifj v. w. To .-ome a»
ail extraneous <uUtitiou.
SUP
iiSr 167, ntt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bill 173
Added,
Tlie act ot
SUR
ill 299— pound 3\3—tftm 466, this 469.
SupKRVENiENT, su-per-vJinS-eat, a
additiDnal.
SuPKRVF.NTioN, su-per-venisliun, s.
supervening.
To Supervise, su-per-vlze{ v. a. To overlook, to
oversee.
Supervisor, si-per-vU^ur, 5. 166. An overseer,
an i!!S()Cclor.
To Supervive, su-per-vl\ej v, n. To overlive,
to outlive.
SUPINA'IION, su-pe-Iia-sbun, S. The act of lying
will) ilie face upward,
■Supine, su-piiu{ a. 140. Lying win-, tne face
upward; leaning backwards; negligent, careless, indo-
lent, driiwsy.
Supine, sti^jilne, s. 14u. 4.94. In Grammar,
a term signifying a particular kind of verbal nour..
Supinely, su-pliie-le, ad. WiiU the face upwards;
drowsily, tliouKliilessly, indolently.
SUPINENESS, SU-pine-nes, S. Posture with the
lace upward ; drowsiness, carclesness, indolence.
SUPINITV, SU-pill'e-te, S. 511. Posture of Ij :ng
will) the face upwards; carelesncss, indolence,
tliouglillesness.
SUPPEDANEOUS, sup-pe-da-iJe-us, a. Placed
under the feet.
Supper, siip-pur, S. 98. The last meal of the
day, the evening repast.
SupPERLESS, sup-pur-les, a. Wanting supper,
fasting at night.
To Supplant, sup-pl3ut( v, a. To trip up the
heels; to displace by siraiagem, to turn cut; to dis-
place, to overpower, to force away.
SUPPLANTER, 8up-pl4nt-ur, *. One who supplants,
one who displaces.
Supple, sup-pl, «. 405. Pliant, flexible ; yielding,
soft, not obstiuale; flattering, fawning, bending; tliat
makes supple.
To Supple, supipl, v. a. To make pliant, to make
soft, to make flexible ; to make coin|iliant.
To Supple, sitp-pl, v. n. To grow soft, or grow
pliant.
Supplement, sup-ple-ment, s. Addition to any
thing by which its defects are supplied.
Supplemental, sup-ple-mtnt^il, ")
Supplementary, sup-ple-meiit-i-re,/
Additional, such as may supply the place of what is
lost.
Suppleness, sup-pl-nes, .?. Piiantness, flexiiMiity,
readiness to take any form; readiness of compliance,
facility.
SUPPLETORY, Sup-ple-tur-i, 5. 512. That which
is to till up deflcien< ies.
Suppliant, supiple-Ant, a. Entreating, beseech-
ing, precatory.
Suppliant, sup'))le-3llt, s. A humble petitioner.
Supplicant, sup-ple-kAnt, *. One who entreats
or implores «■ itii great submission.
To Supplicate, supipl^-kate, v. n. To implore,
to entreat, to petition submissively.
Supplication, sup-ple-ka-sbun, s. Petition
humbly delivered, entreaty; petitionary worship, the
adoration of a suppliant or petitioner.
To Supply, sup-pllj v. a. To fiu up as any
deficiencies happen; to give something wanted, to
yield, to afford; to relieve; to serve instead ot ; to
give or bring, whether good or bad ; to till any room
made vacant ; to accommodate, to furnish.
Supply, sup-pllj s. Relief of want, cure of
deficiencies.
To Support, sup-port| i>. a. To sustain, to prop,
to bear up ; to endure any iliing painful vtithout being
overcome ; to endure.
Support, sup-pirtj s. Actor power of sustaining;
prop, sustaining power; necessaries of life; main-
tciiaiice, supply,
517
Supportable, sup-port-4-bl, a. Tolerable, to be
endured.
Supportableness, sup-pAitii-bl-nes, *. The
Slate of being tolerable.
SUPPORTANCE, Sup-p6rt-ilise, s. Maintenance,
support.
Supporter, sup-p6rt-fir, s. .08. One who
supports; prop, that by which any thing is borne up
froni falling; suslairier, comforter; niaintainer,
defender.
SUPPOSABLE, Sup-p6-zi-bl, O. 405. That may
be supposed.
SUPPOSAL, sup-po-zAl, S. 88. Position without
proof, iinaginHlion, belief.
To Suppose, sup-poze( v. a. To lay down with-
out proof, to advance by way of argument wiihout
maintaining the position ; to admit wiihnnt jiroof; to
imagine, to believe wiiliout examination ; to require
as previous to itself.
Suppose, sup-pozej s. Supposition, position with
out proof, unev idenced conceit.
Supposer, sup-po-zin', .V. f)8. One who supposes.
Supposition, sujj-pA-zish-iui, s. Position laid
down, hypothesis, imagination yet unproved.
SuPi^osititious, sup-pi*)z-^.tish-us, a. Not
genuine, put by a trick into the place or character
belonging lo another.
SupposrriTiousNESS, sup-pSz-^-tish'-us-nes, s.
State of being coun'i'rfeii.
SupposiTivELY, sup-pozize-tiv-1^, ad. Upon
supposiiion.
Suppository, sup-poz-ze-tur-J, s, A kind of
solid clyster.
To Suppress, sup-presj v. a. To crush, to over-
power, tosubdue, lo reduce from any slate of aciiviiy
or commotion ; to conceal, not to tell, not lo reveal j
to keep in, not to let out.
Suppression, sup-presh-un, s. The act of
suppressing; not publication.
Suppressor, snp-|)ies-sur, s. 166. One who
suppresses, crushes, or conceals.
To Suppurate, sup-pu-rAte, v. a. To generate
pus or matter.
7o Suppurate, sup-pu-rate, v. n. To grow to
Suppuration, sup-ptii-ra-sbun, *. The ripening
or change of the matter of a tumour into pus; the
matter suppurated.
Suppurative, sup-pu-r4-tiv, a. 512. Digestive,
generating matter.
SUPPUTATION, sup-pii-tAisbun, s. Reckoning,
account. Calculation, computation
To SUPPUTE, sup-piltej V. a To reckon, to
calculate.
SuPRALAPSARiAN, sii-pri-lAp-sA-r^-5n, s. One
who holds that God made choice of his people in the
pure mass, or witlnuit any re.-pect lo the fall.
Supralapsaky, Sti-piil-lAp-Sit-r^, a. Antecedent
to ihe fall of man.
SUPRAVULGAR, SU-ppA-Vul-gur, «. Above the
vulgar.
Supremacy, si-prem-A-s^, s. Sil. Highesj
place, highest authority, state of being supreme. — See
I'rimc oj.
Supreme, su-premej o. Highest in dignity;
highest in authority: highest, most excellent.
Supremely, su-preme-i^, ad. In the highest
degree.
Suraddition, sSr-Ad-dish'un, s. Something
added to the name.
Sural, siiirAl, a. 88. Being in the calf of the leg.
SuraNCE, sliu-raiise, s. 454. Warrant, security.
7'« Slrbate, sur-hatt'J v. a. To bruise and batter
Ihe feel Willi travel, to harass, lo fatigue.
J'o Surcease, sur-s^se{ v. n. To be at an end,
to stop, to ceate, to be no longer in use j to leave off,
lo practiiv uc longer.
SUR
SUR
'tySbS. Fite73, fir 77, M 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met95— pliie 105, pm 107— ni 162, move 164,
#«> ^ 7 I r ». . . . Phrifttinn namp! nn nnn^llatinn nHHpH tn f>ip nrifrinal
To Surcease, sur-s^se{ v. a. To stop, to put to
ail end.
SUKCEASE, sur-sese{ s. 227. Cessation, stop.
Sl'RC'HARGE, sur-tsharje{ *. Overburden, more
tiian can be well borne.
To Surcharge, sur-tsharjej v. a. To overload,
to overburden.
SlIRCHARGER, suF-tsLar-j ur, S. 98. One who
overburdens.
Smkcingle, 8ur-Sing-gl, S. 405, A girth with
wliicli the burden is bound upon a horse j the girdle of
a cassDck.
SuRCLE, surk-kl, s. 405. A shoot, a twig,
a sucker.
SuRCOAT, sur-kote, s. A short coat worn over the
rest ol the dress.
SUKU, suril, a. Deaf, wanting the sense of liearing;
unheard, not perceived by the ear; not expressed by
any term.
SURK, shure, «. 454, 455. Certain, unfailing,
in;::llibie; cnnHdent, undoubting, certain -, past doubt
or danger; firm, stable, not liable to failure; to be
. Sure, certainly,
Si. 'RE, sljiire, ad. Certainly, without doubt,
doubtless.
Surefooted, sliure-futied, a. Treading firmly,
■lot slumbliniE.
Surely, shureM^, ad. Certainly, undoubtedly,
without doubt ; firmly, without hazard.
Su HEN ESS, sliure-lies, S. Certainty.
Sl.Hl-.TIS HIP, shure^te-ship, *. The office of
a surety or bondsman, the act of being bound for
another.
Sl'RErv, sbAre-te, S. Certainty, indubitableness ;
fnuii'latinn of stability, support; evidence, ratifica-
lioii; coufinnalidn ; security against hiss or damage,
security fur payment ; hostage, bondsman, one that
gives security for aunther. — See A'icet^.
Sl,RF, surf, *. The swell of the sea that beats
against ihe shore or a rock.
Surface, sur-f^s, *. 91, Superficies, outside.
To Surfeit, sur'-flt, v. a. 255. To feed with
meat or drink to satiety and sickness.
To Surfeit, sui-fit, v. n. To be fed to satiety
aud sickness.
Surfeit, sur-fit, S, sickness or satiety caused by
over-fulness.
Surfeit ER, sur-f'it-ur, *. 98. One who riots,
a glutton.
SURFEITWATER, SUF-flt-wi-tlir, S. Water that
cures surfeits.
StJRGE, sitrje, *. A swelling sea, wave rolling above
the general surface of the water.
To Surge, surje, v. n. To swell, to rise high,
SUHOEON, siir-jun, S. 259. One who cures by
manual operations.
SuRGEONRY, sur-Jun-r^,
.?.„':2,
■V
Surgery, sur-jer-e.
The act of curing by manual operations.
SURGV, sur-je, a. Rising in billows.
Surlily, sur-le-1^, ad. In a surly manner.
Sl.'RI.INESS, sur-ld-lies, *. Gloomy, moroseness,
sour anger.
Surly, Sur-1^, a. Gloomily, morose, rough, un-
civil, sour.
To Surmise, stir-mlze{ v. a. To suspect, to
imagine imperfetily ; to imagine v»ithout certain
knowledge.
Surmise, sur-mize( *. imperfect notion, suspicion.
To SuK.UOUNT, sur-moiiiitj v. a. To rise above;
to conquer, to overcome ; to surpass, to exceed.
SUK.VIOUNTADLE, SUl-moijut-H-bl, «. Conquer-
able, superaUle.
$URNAMK, Sur-llime, S. 492. The name of the
ttimily, the name which one has over and above the
518
Christian name; an appellation added to the original
name.
To Surname, sur-name' v. a. To name by an
appellation added to the original name.
To Surpass, sur-p4s,' '»• «• To excel, to exceet^
to go beyond in excellence.
Surpassing, sur-p^sising, part. a. Excellent
in a high degree.
Surplice, sur-plis, 5. 140. The white garb which
the clergy wear in their acts of ministration.
Surplus, sur^plus, 1
Surplusage, sur-plus-idie, 90. J
A supernumerary part, overplus, what remains whe»
use is satisfied.
Surprisal, sur-prl-z4l, 88. \
Surprise, sur-prizej J
Tiie act of taking unawares, the state of being taken
unawares; sudden confusion or perplexity.
To Surprise, sur-piize{ v. a. To take unawares,
to fall upo<i unexpectedly; to astonish by something
wonderful; to confuse or perplex by somelliing
sudden.
Surprising, snr-^rV-zingjpart. a. 410, Wonder-
fill, raising sudden wonder or cmicern.
Surprisingly, sur-pri-zing-le, ad. To a degree
that raises wonder, in a manner thai raises wonder.
To Surrender, sur-ren-dur, v. a. To yield up,
to deliver up ; to deliver up to an enemy.
To Surrender, sur-ren-dur, v. n. To yield, to
give one's self up.
Surrende:<, sur-ren'-dur, 88. \
Surrendry, siii-reii^dre, J
The act of yielding ; the act of resigning or giving up
to another.
SURREPTION, sur-rep-shun, s. Surprise, sudden
and unperceived iiiVHsion.
Surreptitious, sur-rep-tish-us, a. Done by
stealth, gotten or produced fraudulently.
Surreptitiously, sur-rep-tish-us-le, ad. By
stealth, frauduli-ntlv.
To Surrogate, sur-ro-gate, v. a. To put in
the place of another.
Surrogate, sur-ro-gate, *. 91, A deputy,
a delegate, the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge.
To Surround, sur-roundj v. a. To environ, to
encompass, to enclose on all sides.
SURSOLID, 6ur-sSl-ld, «. In Algebra, the fourth
multiplication or power of any number whatever taken
as the root.
SURTOUT, Sur-toot{ *. A large coat v/oni over all
the rest.
To SuRVENE, sur-vine{ v. a. To supervene; to
•come as an addition.
To Survey, sur-vAj v. a. To overlook, to have
under the view; to oversee as one in authority; to
view as examining.
Survey, sur-vaj. or sur-va, s. View, prospect,
(i3- This substantive was, till within these fev/ years,
universally pronounced with the accent on the last !^ylla-
ble, like the verb: but since Johnson and I.owth led tlie
way, a very laudable desire of legulating and improving
cinr language lias given the substantive the accent on the
first syllable, according to a very general rule in the lan-
guage, 492 ; i)ut this has produced an anamoly in pronun-
ciation, forwhich, in my opinion, the accentual distinc-
tion of the noun and verb does not make amends : if we
place the accent on the first syllable of the noun, tliefy in
the last must necessarily be pronounced likerv in barley,
attorney, journey, &c. Notwithstanding therefore this
accentuation has numbers to sn|iport it; I think it bu.*
a shortsighted emendation, and not worth adopting. All
our orthoepists pronounce the verb with the accent
on the last, except Pennine, who accents the first.
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Nares, Dr, Ash, Perry,
and Entick, accent the first syllable of the noun . but
Dr. Johnson and Bailey, the original lexicographers,
accent the last. Dr. Ke'nriek does not accent the noun,
and Barclay has not inserted it.
Surveyor, siir-va-ur, s. IG'6. An overseer, one
placed to superintend others ; a measurer of land. .
sus
SWA
nSr 167, nSt 163— lube 171, tSb 172, bull IT — "il 299— pound 313— /Ain 466^ this 469
SuRVEYORSHiP, sur-viiur-ship, s. Tlie office of
a suivesDf.
To Survive, sur-vjvej v. n. To live after the
dearli iif aimilier ; to remain alive.
To Survive, sur-vJveJ v. a. To outlive.
SURVIVER, sur-vl-vur, s. One wlio outlives anotlier.
Survivorship, sur-vKvur-ship, s. The state of
outliving aui.thcr.
Susceptibility, sus-sep-t^-bil-e-tl, s. (Juality
of HiJiiiiuiiig, teiiHency In admit.
Susci'.PTiULE, sus-sep-t^-bl, a. Pipable of ad-
m tling. — See Incomiiaruhle.
0:7- Dr. Johnson says, Prior has accented this word
iiii(iroi)erly on llie first s>Ilal>le. To wliicli oliservati.m
Mr. Mason adds, " Peiliaps it is Jnhtisnn wlio has im-
pvnpcrly placed the accent on the second syllahle." If
M.". iMiison were asked why? perhaps he would be puzzled
to answer. If it be said that usage is on the side of Prior,
what shall we think of all our orlhoepists who have ac-
ceiiied 'his word like J.ihnson ? for thus we find the wiud
acienr'd by Sheridan, Kenrick, Scoit, Perry, W. John-
ston, Buchanan, and Barclay. Eiitick has, inilecd, the
acient on the first, but on the second of iuscf/itive; and
if usage alone is pleaded for the accent on the firs', it
may be answered, What can be a better proof of usage
than Ihe authors 1 have quoted? But Mr. Nnres, with
his upuhI good sense, reprobates this accentuation on the
first syllahle, and says it is high time to oppose it. The
only argument that can be alleged for it, is that which
Mr. Eh'hinsion has bMiight in fav(uir of comparable,
admirable, and acceptable, which is, that when the ac.
cent is on the second syllable of these words, iliey signifv
only a physical possibility of being compareil, admired,
&\\(i acccjilfd ; hut wtlcn the accent is on the fiist, they
tijinify a fitness or worthiness of being compared, ad-
mired, and accepted. "Thus," says he, "one thing is
literally coin/;«TaA<e with another, if it can be compared
Willi it, though not perhaps comparable, that is til to be
tontparedxn it ; so a thing mav be acceji' table hy a man,
that is far frotn being acceptable ti> him." — Principles of
the English Language, vol. i. pag. ifig. This is the best
reason I ever vet heard for this high accentuation; but
liow such a difference of pronunciation tetids to perplex
and obscure the tneaning, maybe seen under the wonl
Bowl; nor does the word in question seetn szjscepfifc/e of
»uch a difference in the sense from a different accentua-
tion. When Poets are on the rack for a word of a certain
length and a certain accent, it is charity to tnake allow-
ances for their necessities; but no quarter should be
given to Coxcombs in prose, who have no better plea for
a novelty of protiunciation, than a fop has for being the
first in the failiinn, however ridiculous and absurd.
SUSCEPTION, St'lS-Sep-shun, S. Act of taking.
Susceptive, sus-cep-tiv, a. 157. Capable to
admit.
SUSCIPIENCY, SUS-Sip-pJ-en-si, *. Reception,
eiduiission.
SusciPlENT, sus-si])-pe-i;nt, s One virho takes,
one who admits or receives.
To SusciTATE, sus-si-tAte, v.n. 9\. To rouse,
to excite.
SUSCITATION, SUS-s5-tA'shun, *. The act of
rousing or exciting.
To Suspect, sus-pektj v. a. To imagine with
a degree of fear and jealousy, what is not known; to
iiTiagine guilty without proof; to hold uncertain.
To Suspect, sus-pektjl>. n. To imagine guilt.
Suspect, sus-pektj part, a. Doubtful.
To Suspend, SUS-pellllJ v. a. To hanK, to make
to hang by any thing; to make to depend upon; to
interrupt, to make to stop for a time: to delay, to
hinder from proceeding; to debar for a time frorn the
execution of an office or enjoyment of a revenue.
SUSPENSE, SllS-peilSe; S, Uncertainty, delay of
certainty or determination ; act of withhoiring the
judgment ; privation for a time. Impediment for
a tiine ; slop in the midst of two opposites.
Suspense, sfis-pensej a. Held from prcceedingj
held in doubt, held in expectation.
Suspension, sus-pen-shun, s. Act of iriaking to
hang on any thing; act of making to depend on any
thing; act of delaying; act of withholding or ba-
lancing the judgment; interruption) temporary
ceMatiun.
SIQ
That may be
A man that sells pro-
SUSPKNSORY, sSs-penisSre, a. 512. Belonging
to thai by which a iliinii hangs.— .See DomeUick.
Suspicion, sus-pish'-un, s. The act of suspectingj
imaiiina'ion of oomfhiMir ill wii|i,,,,( proof.
Suspicious, sus-pish^'s, «. 314. inclined to
sus. ect. inclined lo imagine ill without proof; liable
to suspicion, giving reason lo imagine ill.
Suspiciously, su«-pish'us-le, at/. Withsuspicion)
so as to raise suspicion.
Suspiciousness, sus-pish-us-nes, s. Tending to
Suspicion.
SuspiRATiON, si's-sp^-raishfin, s, .Sigh, act of
felchuig ilie breath ileep.
To Suspire, sus-spiie{ v. a. To sigh, to fetch the
breath deep ; it seems in Shakespeare to mean only to
begi.) to breathe.
To Sustain, f^iis-tAiieJ v. a. To bear, to prop, to
hold up; to suppcui, to keep from sinking iiiifter evil j
to inaintiiin, to keep ; to help, to relitfve, in assist ; to
bear, to endure; lo bear without yielding ; to suffer,
to bear as inflicted.
Sustainable, sus-tA-nii-hl, a.
sustained.
SuSTAINER, SUS-ta^llur, H. 98. One who props
one who supports ; one who siifl'ers, a siiH'ercr.
Sustenance, sus-te-n4nse, *. Support, main-
tenance; necessaries of life, vii in ils.
SuSTENTATION, silS-ttMI-tAishun, .«. Support,
preservation from falling; iiiainienance ; support of
life ; use of vidiials.
Susurration, sij-sur-ra-shun, *. Whisper, soft
murmur. — See Mnculeut.
Sutler, sut'lur, s. 98.
visions.
Suture, su-tshure, *. 465. A manner of sewing
or stitching, particularly wounds; Suture is a parti-
cular artirulalioii.
Swab, swob, s. 85. A kind of mop to clean floura.
7i> Swab, Sw6b, v. a. To clean with a mop.
Swabber, swob-bur, *. 98. A sweeper of the
deck.
To Swaddle, swftdidl, v, a. 405. To swathe, to
bind in cloilies, generally used of binding new-born
childieii ; to beat, lo cudgel.
Swaddle, swSd-dl, *. 405. Clothes bound round
the body.
Swaddlingband, SYvSd-lniff-bilnil,
Swaddlingclout,
swapdlingclotii.
Cloth wrapped round a iiew-borii child.
To Swag, swAg, v. n. 85. To sink down by its
weitht, to lie heavy.
To Swagger, swA^i-gur, v. n. 98. To bluster,
to bully, to he turbuleiiilj and lumnltuously proud.
Swaggerer, switg'gur-ur, *. 38J. A blusterer;
a bully, a itirluileni noisy fellow.
SWAGGY, swag-jre, a. 383. Dependent by its
weight.
Swain, swine, s. 202. 383. A young man;
a country servant employed in husbandry; a pastoral
yoiiil).
7b Swale,
To SWEAI
To wasle or blaze away ; to melt.
Swallow, swol-lo, *. 327. A small bird of
paisage, or, as some say, a bird that lies hid and sleeps
in winier.
To Swallow, swul-ltV v. a. To take down tlje
throat; to receive without examination; to engross,
to appropriate; to absorb, to lake in, to sink in any
abyss, to ingulf; to devour, to destroy ; to engrMSs, ta
engage completely.
"^WALLOW, swftKli, 5. 85. The throat, voracity,
S«'AM, swam. The pret. of Sivini.
S'.VA.MP, swAmp S. A nnarsh, a bog, a fca.
Sw AMPY,sw('!in'(ie, a. Boggy, fenny.
, SwSd'-lnig-bilnil, "J
r, swi)d-liiig-kliHit, >jf.
I. swud'-liiig klA///, J
.E, swAle, \
IL, .swelj, 227. J
SWE SWl
559. File 73, far 77, fall 83, iit 81— m493, met95— pine 105, pin 107— ni I62,m8ve 164,
Swan, SwSn, s. 85. A large water fowl.
Swanskin, swin-skm, s, a kind of soft flannel.
Swap, swfip, ad. 85 Hastily, with hasty violence,
as, he did ii Swap.
S"-VAKD, sward, s. The skin of bacon ; the surface
of tlic ground.
SwaKk, sware. The pret. of Swear.
SwaRVi, swaim, S. 85. A great body or number
<i{ btts or oilier s-.iiall animals ; a niuliiliidc. a crnwd.
7b '^WAKM, swarm, v. n. To rise as bees in
a body, and quit llie hive; to appear in inullitudes, to
irowd, iiitbiong; to be crowded, to be over-run, to,
be thronged ; to l,reed multitudes.
Swart, svv.iit, ")
SvvAiiiH, s\vai7/i,j
Bliiik, daikly brown, tawny. In Milton, gloomy,
malignant.
SWARIUILY, SWarif/iiVlJ, ad. Biackly, dnskily,
tiuvriily.
SwARTlllNl'.SS, swai -<Ae-nes, s. Parkness of
coinpUxiiin, tawtiincss.
SWARTIIV, sviw'-tUh, a. Dark of complexion,
blai'k, ciusky, tawny.
To Swash, SWosh, v, n. To make a great clatter
or ni'ise.
Swash-buckler, swosh-buk-k-r, s. a furious
coiuliiilant.
Swasher, swi)!.h-ur, S. One who makes a show
of VHlniir or force.
To Swathe, swAths, v. a. 467. To bind as
a child n'nh bands and rollers.
To Sway, swa, v. a. To wave in the hand, to
move or wield with fariliiy ; to bias, to direct to
ei'.inr side; to govern, to rule, to overpower, to
influence.
7'i* Sway, SwA, v. n. To hang heavy, to be drawn
by weight; lo have weight, to liuve influence ; to bear
rule, to govern.
Sway, swA, S. The swing or sweep of a weapcm ;
any thing moving witii bulk imd power; power, rule,
dominion; influence, diieciiiui.
To Swear, sware, v. n. 240. Pret. Swore, or
Sif«re. Part. pass. Suorn. To obtest some superiuur
power, lo utter an oath ; to declare or promise upon
oath ; to itive evidence upon oath ; to obtest the great
name profanely.
To Sw EAR, sware, v. a. 240. To put to an oath;
to declare upon oath ; to obi est by an oatli.
Swearer, swA-rur, s. 98. A wretch who obtests
the great name wantonly and profanely.
Sweat, swet, *. 234. The matter evacuated at
the pores by heat or labour; labour, toil, drudgery;
evapiiration or moisture.
Tu Sweat, swet, v. n. Pret. Sicet, Sweated.
Part. pass. Sircaten. To be trmist on the biidyi^iUi
hei' or labour ; to toil, to labour, to drudge; to emit
moisture.
7'o Sweat, Swtt, v. a. To emit as sweat.
Sweater, swet-ur, s. 98. One who sweats.
Sweaty, swet-te, a. Covered with sweat, moist
withsweiu; consisting of sweat ; laborious, tnilsnmt.
To Sweep, sweep, U. a. 24C. To draw away
with a besom; to clean with a brsom ; to rany wiili
pomp; todrivc or tarry oH' wiih celerity and violence ;
to puss "ver wi'h celerity and force; to rub over; to
strike with a long stroke.
7b Sweep, sweep, v. n. To pass with violence,
tumult, or swifineiss ; to pass with pump, to pass with
an equal moiidu ; to move with a lung reat li.
Sweep, sweep, s. The act of sweeping ; the compass
of any violent or continued motion: viulenl destruc-
tion ; direction tif any moiion not rectilinear.
Sweepings, sw^ej/ingz, s, 410. That which is
swept away.
SwEEPNKT, swrdj/net, s. A net tUnt takes in
a great compass.
Sweepstake, sw^ep-stake, s. A man that wins
fcll J a prize at a race.
.'I'i'U
SWEEPY, sweep-e, a. Passing with great speed and
violence.
S»VEET, s^veet, a. 246. Pleasing to any sense;
luscious to the laste ; fragrant to the smell ; melodious
to the ear; pleasing to the eye; mild, soft, gentle;
gictef'ul, pleasing; nut stale, not stinking, as, that
meat is Sweet.
Sweet, sweet, *. Sweetness, somethiKg pleasing
a word of endearment ; a perfutne.
Sweetbread, sweet-breil, s. The pancreas of
the calf.
SWEETBRIAR, sweet-brl-UP, S. A fragrant shrub.
SWEETBROOM, sweet'bloom, S. An herb.
7b Sweeten, sweet-tii, v. a. 103 To make
sweet; to make mild or kind; to make less painful ;
to palliate, tf> reconcile; to make grateful or pleasing;
to soften, to make delicate.
Sweetener, sw<^et-tn-ur, *. One who palliates,
one who represents things tenderly; that which tem-
pers acrimony.
SWEEIIIEART, swt'et-bart, s. A lover or mistress.
Sweeting, sweet'mg', *. 410. A sweet l,;,scious
apple; a word of eiidearnient.
Sweetish, swed't-ish, a. Somewhat sweet.
Sweetly, swect-le, ad. In a sweet manner, with
sweetness.
Sweetmeat, sw'et-mete, s. Delicacies made of
fiuits preserved wiili suiar.
Sweetness, sweet-nes, s. The quality of being
sweet in any of its senses.
SWEETWILLIAM, sweet-wil-jum, *. A plant.
It IS a species of gilliflower.
SwEETWiLLOW, sweet-wil-li, s. Gale or Dutch
myrtle.
7b Swell, swell, v. n. Part. pass. Swollen.
To grow hiBger, to grow turgid, to extend Ihii parts;
to tumefy by obstrntnion ; m be exasperated ; to look
big: to priiiulierate ; to rise into arrogance, to be
elated ; to be inflated wit hanger ; to grow upon the view.
7b Swell, swell, v. a. To cause to rise or
increase, to make tumid; to aggravate, tu heighten |
lo raise to arrogance.
SwEI L, swell, s. Extension of bulk.
Swelling, swel-lmg, s. 410. Morbid tumou-j
protuberance; proniiut-nce; elfurt for a vent.
7*0 Swelter, swel'-tiir, v. n. 98. To be pained
with beat.
7b Swelter, swel-tur, v, a. To parch, or dry
up uiili Ileal.
SWELTRY, swel-tre, a. SnfTocating with heat.
Swept, swept. The part, and pret. of Sweep.
To Swerve, swerv, v. n. To wander, to rove; to-
• deviate, to depart from rule, custom, or duty; to ply,
to lieiid.
SwiPT, swift, a. Moving far in a short time, quick,
fleet, s|iee<lv. nimble; ready.
SwiKT, swift, s. A bird like a swallow, a martinet}
the I urreiu of a stream.
SwilTLV, swift-ie, ad. Fleetly, rapidly, nimbly.
Swiftness, swift-nes, s. Speed, i:imbleness,
rapiiliiy, quickness, velocity, celeriiy.
7b Swig, swig, /'. n. To drink bv large dranghtp,
7b Swill, swill, v. a. To drink luxuriously and
grossly; to wash, to drench; to inebriate.
Swill, swill, S. Drink luxuriously poured down.
SwiLLER, SWll-lur, S. 98. A luxurious drinker.
7b Swni, swim, v. n. Pret. Swam, Swotn, oi
Swum. 'I'll float on the water, nr.t to sink ; to movii
progressively in the water by the mo'ioii of the limbs
to he conveyed by the stream; to glide along with
a suiooib or dizzy "inoiioii ; to be dizzy, to be vertigi-
nou ; ; to be floated ; to Inive abundance uf any qualiiyj
to flow.
7b Swim, swim, v. a. To pass by swimming.
SwiJl, S'^mi, s. The bladder of fiiliet by nhlci
tlicy arc supported in the water.
swo
SYM
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bulll73— Sil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, this 4G9.
Swimmer, swimimur, s. 98. One who swims-,
the pxitxheiHiice in tne legs of a liorse resembling
a piece of liaril dry hum.
Swimmingly, swun-niing-l^, ad. Smoothly,
withiiMi iilisliuction.
To Swindle, swin-dl, v. a. 405. To cheat under
flic pretence of trading or traffidiing.
C^ This word has been in very general use for near
twenty years, and has not yet found its way into any of
our Uictiiinaries.
Friiin the recent introduction of this word, one should
be led to believe, Ihat this country was, till laiely,
a stranger to this species of fraud ; but that it sh'>uld be
impinted to ns by so honest a people as liie Germans, is
siill more surprising'. That a language is a r'^xpof the
science and manners of the people who speaij it, will
scarcely be iinesti'ined by those who consider the orijiiii
and progress of the human undersianclini^; and if so, it
is inipiis$ible that the manners should not iiiHuencr the
language, and that (he language should not correspond
to the manners. From this leasoning therefore we niav
conrhi'le, that the failli of Irafiick was more sacred in
England than in Germany, thmigh Germany might in
other respects be less vicious than England.
Swine, swine, s. A hog, a pig, a sow.
SWINKBKEAU, SWine-brt'tl, S. A kind of plant;
truffles.
SwiNEiiKHD, swlne-benl, s. A keeper of hogs.
C::7-'riiis word, in the north of England, is pronounced
siriimartl ; and show* the tendency of our lauguaee to
slmrien ilir simple in the compound. See Principles,
No. SIS.
SwiNErii'E, swlne'-pipe, s. A bird of the tlirush
kind.
J'o Swing, swing, v. n. 410. To wave to and
fro hanging loosely ; to fly backward and forward on
a roiM:.
To Swing, SNving, v a. Pret. Swung , Swung.
To mak<; to play loosely on a string j to whirl round in
the air, vo wave loosely.
Swing, swing, .«. Motion of any thing hanging
loosfly i a line on which any thing hangs loose; in-
fluence or power of a body put in motii>n ; course,
unrestrained liberty; unrestrained tendency.
To Swinge, swinje, v. a. To whip, to bastinade,
to punish ; to move as a lash.
Swingf.uuc.ki.er, swinje-buk-lur, s, A bully,
a mall who pretends to ieats of arms. An old cant
word.
Swinger, swing-ur, s. 98. He who swings,
a liurler.
Swinging, swin-ilng, «• Great, hu^c.
SwingiNGLY, swin-jing-le, ud. Vastly, greatly.
Swinish, swl-nish, a. Befitting swine, resembling
swine, gross.
To SWINK, SWingk, v. a. To overlabour. Obsolete.
Switch, SWltsh, S. A small flexible twig.
To Switch, switsb, v. a. To lash, to jerk.
Swivel, swiv^vl, *. 102. Something fixed in
another body so as to turn round in it.
SWODBER, SWub-bur, S. A sweeper of the deck.
Fiiur privileged axdi that are only incidentally used
in belling at the game of whist.— See Strabber.
Swollen, l^^^j^ 103. The part, pass, of 5M^f//.
SWOLN, J
SwOM, swftm. The pret. of Swim. Not in use,
Svam supplying its place.
To Swoon, swoon, v. n, 475. To suffer a suspen-
sion of thought and sensation, to faint.
(cy- This word should be carefully distinguished in the
j-roiiunciation from soon: the w, as Mr. Nares justly
observes, is tffeciive, and should lie heard. It wi>nlil
liave been beneath a Dictionary of the least credit to
take notice i-f a vulgar prmiunciation of this word as if
written sound, if it had not been adopted by one of nwr
ortlmeiiists. The same observaiion holds good of the
following word, wliich must not be pronounced exactly
iikesao;?.
Swoon, sw83n, *. A lipothymy, a fainting fit.
31
To Swoop, swoop, v. a. 306. To fall at once
as a ha«k uiion its prey ; to prey upon, to calch up.
Swoop, swoop, S, Fall of a bird of prey upon Ins
qu.oiy.
7o Swop, swop, v. a. To change, to e.\chaiige on«
thiitg fur aiiMther.
Sword, sord, S. 475. A weapon used either in
cutting or thrusting, the usual we.<pon of tights hand
to hand ; di'strnciion by war; vengeance uf justice;
emblem of aiitli'irity.
SWOKDED, si)rd't'd, a. Girt with a sword.
SWORDER, Sord-ur, S. 98. A cut-thruat, a soldier.
Not ill use.
SWORDKISH, S(ird-fish, .«, A fish with a long sharp
bone issuing from liis lirail.
SwoRDGRASS, sird-gras, a, A kind of sedge,
glailer.
SWORDKNOT, Sold-nol, S, Riband tied to tiie
hilt of aswoid.
SwORDLAW, sordMaw, s. Violence.
SWORDMAN, Soid-nian, *. Soldier, fighting man.
K?' 1 see U" good reason why we should imt write and
pronource sir»)v/.s»ia): and goinisniaii raihcr than suiird-
man and gowtiman, tlmugli Jolinson produces Ins auiluHi-
lies fur liie latter orthography from good authors. The
s seems lo have iniervened iiHiiirally between the mute
and the liquid to facilitate the pionunciaiioii, ns in
tiatesman, Kjxirtsman, hiivtxmnn, and smneiimes between
the two liquids, as tuynisman, snlesniav, &(-. But
Ur. Johnson's sense of the word swirritinan, meaning
a man of the profession of tlic sworit, or a soldier, is
now obsolete : we now never hear the word but as sig-
nifying a man expert in the use of the sword; and in
this sense lie is always called a stcoriisman,
SWORDPLAYER, sold-pla-UP, s. Gladiator, fencer.
SwoRE, swire. The pret. of Swear.
Sworn, swim. The part. pass, of Swear.
Swum, swum. Pret. and part. pass, of Swim,
Swung, SWUtig.410. Pret. and part. pass. of .Sm-'/m^.
Sybarite, sib-il-rite, s. 156. An inhabitant of
Sybaris, a once poweiful city of Calabna, wliose in-
hubiiants were proverbially efff minate and luxui iiuis ;
one of whom is said to have been unable lo sleep all
night, be<'ause the bed of roses on which he lay, had
one of its leaves doubled under him.
Sycamore, sik-i-niire, s. A tree.
Sycophant, sik-o-fant, s. A flatterer, a parasite.
SyCOI'IIANTICK, Slk-O-lail-tlk, a. Flattering,
parasitical.
SyLLABICAL, s1l-lAb-e-kAl, a. Relating to syl-
lalile>, consisting of svlbbles.
Syllabicallv, sil-lab-e-kill-e, ad. In a syl-
labical manner.
SYLLABICK,Sll-li\b'-lk,«. 509. Uclating to syllables.
SVLLAUI.E, sil'-lA-bl, «. 405. As much of a worn
as is uttered by the help of one vowel or one articula-
tion; any thing proverliiallj conci»c.
To Syllable, sll-li-bl, v. a. To utter, to pro-
noiiiice, to ariirulaip.
SyllaHUB, Sil'-li-bub, J. Milk and acid. Rightly
Sillabub, nU\' li sec.
Syllabus, Sll-lA-buS, .v. An abstract, a compenduun
contaiiiiug the heads of a discourse.
Syllogi/.M, sll-lo-jizin, s. An argument com-
posed of three piopositioiis.
Syllogistical, sil-ltj-iis-te-kAl, "I
Syli.ogistick, sil-ltj-jis-tik, 50.^. J
keUitiiig to a syllogism, cousisiiug of a s\ llogism.
Syllogisticai.ly, sil-lo-jis-tii-ki\l-e, ad. la
the form of a syllogism
To Syllogize, sil-li'i-jtze, v. n. To reason by
syllogism.
SvLVAN, s'll-van, a. 83. Woody, shady.
Sylvan, Sll-van, *. A wood god, a satyr.
Symbol, Sllu-bul, S. 166. An abstract, a com-
pendium, a comprehensive form ; a type, that whicli
SYN SYS
fc?-559. Fite73, far 77, ftU 83, Mt81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
comprehends in iu figure a representation of some-
tliing else.
Symbolical, sim-bSl-^-kil, a. 509. Represen-
tative, typical, expressing by signs.
Symbolically, sim-bol-i-kil-e, ad. Typically,
by represeniation.
Symbolization, sim-b5l-le-zsl-shun, s. The act
of symbolizing, representation, resemllance.
•"t Symbolize, sim-bo-llze, w. w. 170. To have
something in common with another by uepresentative
qualiiies.
7b Symbolize, Sim'bti-llze, v. a. To make re-
presentative ot someiliiiig.
Symmetrical, sim-met-tr^-k4l, a. Propor-
tionate, having paiis well atlapled to each other.
SyMMETRIST, sim-me-tnst, s. One very studious
or observant of pr(»porii<»n.
To Symmetrize, simime-trlze, v. a. To bring
to symmetry.
Symmetry, sim-me-tre, s. Adaptation of parts
to eaih other, proportion, harmony, agiceinent ofone
part to anotlier.
509.
Sympathetical, sim-p^-<//etie-k4l, \
Sympathetick, slm-pA-^/iet'-ik, /
Having mutual sensation, being atiected i)y what hap-
pens to the other.
Sympathetically, s1m-pi-///et-te-kil-i, ad.
509. With sympathy, in consequence of sympathy.
To Sympathize, sim-pi-ZAlze, v. n. To feel
with another. In feel in consequence of what another
fei'ls, to feel mntnallv.
Sympathy, Sl»l-pA-</(l, *. Fellow feeling, mutual
sensibility, tlie quality of being atfecled by the ali'ec-
tion of another.
Symphonious, Sim-fi-n4 us, a. Harmonious,
aRieeiiig ill sound.
Symphony, siiii-fi-ne,s. 170. Concert of instru-
ments, harmony of mingled sounds.
Symposiack, sim-po-zhe-4k, a. 451. Relating
to merry makiuig-.
Symptom, slm-tum, s. 166. 412. Something
that happens concurrently with something else, not
as tbe'original cause, nor as the necessary effect;
a sign, a token.
Symptomatical, sim-to-mAt-te-kAl, 509.1
Symptom.^tick, sini-to-mAt-tik, J
Ha|)pcning concurrently, or occa-'ionally.
Symptomatically, sim-tiJ-init-te-k4l-e, ad.
In the nature of a symptom.
Synagogue, sin-A-gig, s. 338. An assembly of
the Jews to worship.
Synalepha, sin-A-le-f4, s. 92. A contraction or
exiibiim «)f a syllable in a Latin verse, by joining toge-
ther two vowels in the scanwing, or cutting off the
ending vowel.
Synchronical, sin-krin-e-kil, a. Happening
together at the same lime.
Synchronism, sins'kri-nizm, *. 408. Con-
currence of events, happenina at the same time.
Synchronous, sing-kro-nus, a. Happening at
the same tune.
Syncope, sing-ko-})^, *. 96. 408. Faintingfit;
contraction of a woid by cutting off part.
Syncopist, sili^-ko-pist, s. Contractor of words.
Syncraiism, sinj-krA-tizm, s. A junction of
two apainst a third poivtr.
Syndrome, siii-dro-nie, s. d6. Concurrent
action, concurrenie.
Synecdoche, se-nek-di-kl, *. 352.96. A figure
by which part is taken for the whole, «r the whole
for part.
Synecpiionesis, sin-ek-fo-neisis, J. A contrac-
tion of two syllables into one.
Synod, Slll-mid, *. 16G. An assembly, particularly
of ecclesiasticks ; conjunction of the heavenly bodies.
Of^ A plain English speaker would always pronounce
the y in this word long; nor is it pronounced short by
522
iODAL, sin-ni-d4l, "1
JODiCAL, se-nftd'^-kAl, Va.
^ODiCK, s^-ii6d^ik, 509. J
.2 C i
the more informed speaker, because the y is nhort in
fytiottus, but because we always pronounce it so in the
Latin word. See Principles, No. 544.
Synodal, sin-ni-d4l.
Sync
Synoi
Relating to a synod, transacted in a synod; reckonet?
from one conjunction wirli the sun to another.
Synodically, s^-ri3d'-e-kJl-e, ad. By the
authority of a synod or piiblick assembly.
Synonyma, se-iiun-n^-ma, s. 92. Names whicb
signify the same thing.
Synonyme, SlIl-0-nlm, s. A word of the same
meaning as some other word.
To Synonym ISE, s^-noii-ni-mlze, v. a. To ex-
press the same thing in different words.
Synonymous, se-n()n-ne-nnis, «. Expressing the
same thing by different words.
Synonymy, se-non-ne-in^, .1. The quality of ex-
pressioK by different words the same thing — See
Metonymy.
Synopsls, se-nftpisis, *. A general view, all the
parts brought under one view.
Synoptical, s^-riop-te-kil, a. Affording a vicir
of many parts at once.
Syntactical, sin-tAk-te-kil, a. Conjoined,
fitted to each other; relating to the construction of
speech.
Syntax, sin-tAks,
Syntax IS, sin-tiks^
A system, a number of things joined together; that
pan of grammar which teaches the construction of
w<uds.
Synthesis, Sin-<//^-sis, y. The act of joining, op-
posed to analysis.
Synthetick, siii-^/<et-tik, a. 509. Conjoining,
coinpounduu', forming composition.
Syphon, si-fun, *. 166. A tube, a pipe.
Syringe, sir-iii.je, *. 184. A pipe through which
any liquor is squiited.
To Syringe, sir-inje, v, a. To spout by
a syringe ; to wash with a syringe.
Syringotomy, sir-ing-gS'.-ti-m^, *, The act or
practice of cutting fistulas or hollow sores.
SyrtiS, Ser-tis, s. 184. A quicksand, a bog.
System, SlS-tein, S. Any complexure or combina-
tion of many things acting together; a scheme wliicU
reduces many things to regular dependence or co-
operation; a scheme which unites matiy things in
order.
Systematical, sis-te-niit^t6-k4l, a. Methodical,
written or formed with regular subordination of one
part to another.
Systematically, sis-t^-m^t-te-kil-^, ad. 509.
In form of a system.
Systematize, sis-temii-tlze, v. a. To reduce to
a system.
(t7- 1 have met with this word no where but in Mason's
Supplement to Johnson, and there I find it accented in
a different way from what I have always heard it in con-
versation. In those circles which I have frequented,
the accent has been placed on the first syllable; and if
we .survey the words of this termination, we shall find
that tie is added to every woid without altering the
place of the accent; and that consequently syjifcmatize
ought to have the accent on the first syllable. This rea-
soning is specious; but when we consider that this word
is not formed from the English word system, but from
the Greek rCa-ntixa, or the latter Latin systema, we shall
find that the accent is very properly placed on the second
syllable according to the general rule. If we place the
accent on the first, we ought to spell the word syiteniize,
and then it would be analogically pronounced; hot a»
our best writers and speakers have formed the word o».
tlie Greek and Latin plan, it ought to he written and
pronounced as Mr. Mason has given it.
Systole, s1s-ti-le, s. 96. In Anatomy, the con-
traction of the Ireart ; in Grammar, the shortening of
a long syllable.
TAC TAK
nSr 167, uSt 162— tibs 171, tub 173, bull 173— 5il 299— poand 313— thin 466, this 469.
Tackle, t^k^kl, *, 405. Instruments of action
the ropes of a sliip.
Tackled, t^kikld, a. 359. Made of rope« tacktd
together.
Tackling, tak'-ling, s. 410. Furniture of tlie
mast ; iiistrtiments of action.
T.
1 ABBV, tkh-hk, s. A kind of waved silk.
Tabby, tib-b^, a. Brinded, brindled.
Tabefaction, t^b^-fjkishun, s. The itct of
wasting away.
To TabefY, tib-^-fl, V.n. To waste, to be ex-
tenuated by disease.
Tabernacle, tib^er-ni-kl,*. 405. A temporary
liahitatinn, a casual dwelling; a sacred place, a place
of worship.
Tabid, t4b-id, a. 544. Wa»ted by disease, con-
sumptive.
S^ Buchanan is the only orthiiepist that has this word
wlin pronounces the a long. Tills is indulging the
genius of our own pronunciation in dissyllables of this
form ; but as we pronounce the o short in tabidus, though
long in Latin, we carry this wrong pronunciation into
our own language.
Pabidness, tibiid-nes, S. Consumptiveness, state
of being wasted by Hisease.
Tablature, t4b-l^-tltre, *. 463. Painting on
walls or ceilings.
Table, tA-hl, s. 405. Any flat or level surface ;
a horizontal surface raised above the ground, used for
meals and other purposes j the persons silling at table;
the fare or entertainment itsi'lf, as, he keeps a good
Table ; a table, a surface on which any thing is written
or engraved; an index, a collection of heads; a sy-
nopsis, many particulars brought into one view;
draughts, small pieces of wood shifted on squares ; to
turn the Tables, to change the condition or fortune of
two contending parties.
To Table, ti-bl, v. a. To make into a catalogue,
to set down. Not in use.
Table-beer, ti-bl-beer{ s. Beer tised at victuals,
small beer.
TABLn-BOOK, t^^bl-book, S. A book on which
any thing is graved or written without ink.
Table-cloth, tk'-h\-k\tth, s. Linen spread on
a table.
Tabler, tA-bl-ur, S, 98. One who boards.
TaBLETALK, tA^bl-tawk, S. Conversation at
meals or entertainments.
Tablet, tJb-let, s. a small level surface ; a surface
written on or painted.
Tabour, tA'-bur, *. 314. A small drum, a drum
beaten with one slick to accompany a pipe,
Tabourer, tA'-bur-ur, *. 93. One who beats the
laboui.
Tabouret, tib^ui-et, *. A small drum or
tabmir.
Tabourine, tib-ur-een, s. 142. A tabour, a small
drum.
Tabret, tib-ret, *. A tabour.
Tabular, tib^ii-lir, a. Set down in the form of
tables or synopses, formed in laminae; set in squares.
To Tabulate, tib-u-lite, v. a. To reduce to
tables or synopses.
Tabulated, tib-u-lk-ted, a. Having a flat
surface.
Tache, tJtsh, *. Any thing taken hold of, a catcb,
a loop, a button.
Tacit, tis'-it, a. 544. Silent, implied, not ex-
pressed by words.
Tacitly, t^^it-lJ, ad. Silently, without oral ex-
pression.
Taciturnity, t^s-^-tur-ne-te, s. Habitual silence.
To Tack, tAk, v. a. To fasten to any thing; to
join, to write, to stitch together.
To Tack, tA.k, v. n. To turn a ship.
Tack, tak, s. A small nail; the act of turning
ships at sea; to hold Tack, to last, to hold out.
523
Tactical, tilk^te-kil, 1
Tactick, tAk'-tIk, /«-509.
Kelating to the art of ranging a battle.
Tacticks, tAk-tlks, s. The art of ranging men in
the field of battle.
Tactile, tik-til, a, 140, Susceptible of touch.
TacTILITY, tlk-tlU^-te, *. Perceptibility by the
toucii.
Taction, tik-shun, *. The act of touching.
Tadpole, tad-pole, *. A young shapeless frog or
toad, consisting only of a body and a tail,
Ta'eN, taiie. The poetical contraction of Taken.
Taffeta, xti'-ih-tk, s. A tnin silk.
Tag, tag, S, A point of metal put to the end o/
a string; any thing paltry and mean.
Tag-rag, tag-rig', f. Composed of tag and rag'
people of the lowest degree.
7'o Tag, t4g, v. a. To fit any thing with an end,
as, to Tag a lace ; to append one thing to another ; to
join, this is properly to tack.
Tagtail, tig-tille, s. A worm which has the tail
of another colour.
Tail, tAle, s. 202. That which terminates the
animal behind, the continuation of the veriebre of
the bark hanging loose behind; the lower part ; any
thing hanging long, a cat-kin ; the hinder part of any
thing; to turn Tail, to fly, to run away.
Tailed, tald, a. 359. Furnished with a tail.
TaILLB, tale, S. A limited estate, an entail.
Tailor, ta-lur, S. 166. One whose business is to
make clothes.
To Taint, tint, v. a. 202. To imbue or im-
j)rcgnate with any thing; to stain, to sully; to
infect; to corrupt ; a corrupt contraction of .4t(aiH(,
To Taint, tint, v. n. To be infected, to be
touched.
Taint, tint, S. a tincture, a stain; an infect;
infection; a spot, a soil, a blemish.
Taintless, tAllt-les, a. Free from infection.
Tainture, tine-tshire, s. 461. Taint, tinge,
defilement.
To Take, take, v. a, Pret. Took. Part, pass.
Taken, snmetinies Took. To receive what is offered ;
to seize what is not given ; to receive ; to receive witli
good or ill will; to lay hold on, to catch by snrpiise
or artifice; to snatch, to seize ; to make prisoner; to
captivate with pleasure, to delight, to engage; to un-
derstand in any |iarticular sense or manner: to use, to
employ; to admit any thing bad from without: to
turn to, to practise ; to close in with, to comply with ;
to form, to fix; to catch in tlie hand, to seize; to
receive into the mind ; to go into ; to swallow as a me-
dicine; to choose one or more; to copy ; to convey,
to carry, to transport ; to fasten on, to seize ; not to
refuse, to accept ; to admit ; to endure, to bear ; to
leap, to jump over; to assume; to allow, to admit;
to suppose, to receive in thought, to entertain in
opinion; to hire, to rent; to engage in, tu be active
in; to admit in copulation, to use as an oath or ex-
pression ; to seize as a disease ; to Take away, to de-
prive of ; to set aside, to remove; to Take care, lobe
careful, to be solicitous for, to superintend ; to Take
course, to have recourse tfi measures; to Take down,
to crush, to reduce, to suppress; to swallow, to take
by the mouth ; to Take from, to derogate, to detract;
to deprive of; to Take heed, to be cautions, to tte-
ware ; to Take heed to, to attend ; to Take in, to coin-
prise, to comprehend ; to admit; tovyin; to receive;
to receive mentally ; to Take oath, to swear; to Take
off', to invalidate, to destroy, to remove j to withhold,
to withdraw; to swallow; to purchase: to copy; to
find place for; toiemove; to Take order with, to
check, to take course with; to Takeout, to remove
from within any place; to Take part, to share; to
Take place, to prevail, to have effect ; to Take up, to
TAL TAR
»• 559 Fite73, fir 77, fall 83, fh Sl—mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nS 162, move 164,
Talon, tAUun, *. 166. 544. The daw of a bird
' of prey.
Tamarind, tim-m:\-nn(l, A\ a tree; the fruit.
Tamarisk, tStn-ini-risk, *. A tree.
Tambarine, tam-bi-ree:i,' s. 112. A labour,
a small drum.
Tame, tame, a. Not wild, domestick; crushed,
suliriued, depressed, spiritless, unaniniated.
7h Tame, tAme, v. n. To leduce from wildness,
to reirlaim, to mal<e gentle; to subdue, to crush ; to
depress, to onqiicr.
Tameable, ta-roa-bl, a. 405. SusceptiTc of
taming.
Tamely, tame^li, ad. Not wildly, meanly,
spiriile.isly.
Tamenf,SS, tAme-nes, s. The quality of beinp
tame, iiDt wildness ; want of spirits, timidity.
Tamer, tA'mur, s. .Q8. Conqueror, subduer.
To Tamper, tAtn-pur, v. n. 9H. To be busy
with physick; to meddle, to have to do without fitness
or necessity ; to deal, to practise with.
To Tan, tilii, v. a. To impregnate or imbue «iih
bark ; t<r imbrown hy tiie sun.
Tang, tiiljj, *. 4C8. A strong taste, a taste left in
the mouth; reli«li, taste-, simielliing that leaves a
stin^ or pain behind it ; sound, tone.
To Tang, t^njr. v. n. To ring with.
Tangent, tanijeut, s. is a right line perpen-
dicularly raised on the extremity of a radius, whicli
toni'hes a circle so as not to cut it.
Tangibility, tan-je-hil-e-te, s. The quality of
being perceived I'y the touch.
Tangible, tau-je-bl, a. 405. Perceptible by the
touch.
To '1'angle. tang's:!, v. n. 405- To implicate,
to knit toj^rther ; to ensnare, to entrap; to embroil,
to embarrass.
To Tangle, tanjj^l, v. n. To be entangled.
Tangle, taitg-gl, s. A knot of things mingled one
in another.
Tank, taugk, S. 408. A large cistern or bason.
Not in use.
Tankard, tangk-urrf, s. 88. A large vessel with
a cover, for strong drink.
Tanner, tan-uiir, s. 98. One whose trade is t»
tan leather.
Tansv, tAn-ze, s. 438. A plant.
Tani ALisM, tauita-lizm, s. A punishment like
that of Tantalus.
To Tantalize, tan^t^S-llze. v. a. To torment by
the shew of pleasures which cannot be leuched
TaNTLING, tant-lliijr, s. 410. One seized witVi
hiip«s of pleajure unattainable. Obiolete.
Tantamount, taut-a-inouiit, a. Equivalent.
To Tap, tap. v- a- To touch lightly, to strike
gently ; to pierce a vessel, to bumch a vessel.
Tap, tap, s- A gentle blow ; a pipe at which the
liquor of a vessel is Itt out
Tape, tApe, $. A narrow fillet.
'I'aper, ta'pur, S. 76 ,08. A wax candle, a light.
Taper, t;i-|iur, a. Regularly sarrowed from the
bottom to the lop, pyramidal, conical.
To Taper, ti-pur, v n To grow smaller.
Tapestry, tJpsitre, or tap^es-tre, *. Cloth
woven in regular figures.
(t^ Though the first is the more common, the last is
the more correct proniuiciaiion of this word. Accord-
ingly all cmr orthoEpists, who divide the words into
ryllables, but Mr. Sheridan, make this word a trisylla-
ble.
Taproot, tap-root, S. The principal stem of the
root. ■
Tapster, tiip-stur, s. One whose business is to
draw beer in an alehouse.
Tab, tHr, *. 77t 76, 81. Liquid pitch.
borrow upon credit or interest ; to be ready for, to en-
gage witli ; to apply to the use of; to l)egin ; to fasten
with a ligature passed under: to engross, to engage;
to have final recourse to ; to seize, to catch, to arrest;
!o admit ; to answer by reproving, to reprimand; to
begin « here the former left off: to lift ; to occupy ; to
accommodate, to adjust; to comprise; to adopt, to
assume; to collect, to exact a lax; to take upon, to
appropriate to; to assume, to admit, to be imp'ited
to; to assume, to claim authority ; to catch, to fix ; to
Take in, to enclose; to lessen, to contract, as, I.e
Took in his saite ; to cheat, to gull ; to Take in hand,
to undertake.
To Take, tAke, v. n. To direct the course; to
have a tendency to; to please, to (Cain reception ; to
have the intended or natural eifect ; to Take after, to
learn of, to resemble, toiuiitate: to Take in with, to
resort to; to Take on, to be violently affected; to
grieve, to pine; to Take to. to apply to, lo be fond
of, to betake to, to have recourse; to Take up, to
stop; to refi>nn ; to Take up with, to be contented
with; to lodge, to dwell; to Take with, to please.
Taken, ta'-kn, 103. The part. pass, of TliAf.
Taker, ta-kur, *. 98. He who takes.
Taking, ta-killg, *. 410. Seizure, distress of mind.
Tale, tale, S. A narratiye, a story ; oral relation ;
number reckontd : reckoning, numeral account; in-
formation, disclosure of anv tiling secret.
Talebearer, taleiba-rur, *. One who gives
ofiiiious or malignant intelligence.
Talebearing, tAle^ba-ring, s. The act of in-
fi.r.iiiug. ^
Talent, tal-tnt, s. 544. A Talent signified so
much weight, or a sum rf money, the value differing
accordint< to the different ages and countries; faculty,
power, gift of nature ; quality, nature.
Talisman, tAl-iz-min, S. 88. A magical character.
Talismanick, tAl-iz-mAniik, a. 509. Magical.
To Talk, tawk, ik n. 84. To sjieak in conversa-
tion, to speak fluently and familiarly; to prattle, to
speak impertinently; to give account; to speak, to
reason, to confer.
Talk, tawk, S. Oral conversation, fluent and
familiar speech; report, rumour; subject of dis-
course.
Talk, oj-TalC, tAlk, S. stones composed of plates
generally parallel, and flexible, and elastick.
Talkative, tAwk-i-tiv, a. Full of prate,
loquacious.
Talkativeness, tawk-1-tiv-nes, s. Loquacity,
garrulity.
Talker, tawk-ur, s. 98. One who talks ;
a lnqu<-.cious person, a prattler; a boaster, a bragging
fellow.
TalKV, tAl-ke, a. Consisting of talk.
Tall, tall, a. 84. High in stature ; lofty ; sturdy,
lusty.
Tallage, til-liclje, s. 90. impost, excise.
Tallow, tAl-li, S. 85. The grease or fat of an
animal, suet.
Tallow CHANDLER, tAl-lo-tshAiid-lur, s. One
who makes tallow candles.
Tally, tAl-le, S. A stick notched or cut in con-
formity to another stick; any thing made to suit
another.
To Tally, it\'-\h, v, a. To fit, to suit, to cut out
fur any thing.
To Tally, tAl-le, v. n. To be fitted, to conform,
to be suitable.
Talmud, l^^w^^,
_, > tal-mud, 5.
Ihalmud.J
The book iiintaining the Jewish traditions, the rabbi-
nical constitutions and explications of tlie law.
TalnesS, talUnes, s, 84. 406. Height of stature,
proceriiy.
(KT- This word, by losing an /, is, if we pronounce it
according to the orthozraphy, deprived of its sound;
the first syllable, according to this spelling, ought un-
doubtedly to be pronounced like the first of tal-low,
which sufiiciently shows the necessity of spelling it with
double L
S34
TAS
TAlJ
nSr 167, tAt 163— tibe 171, tfib 172, bull 173— o?l 299— pound 3\3~thm 466, THis 469.
Tab, tar, *. A tailor, a ludii rous term for a seaman.
Jo Tar, tar, v. a. To cmear ovo .^ith tar; to
lease, to pii)Vo;'jc.
Tarantula, ti nlnitsbii-lJ, s. 461. An insect
wli.ise hitc li cm d iiiily Iv iiuibick.
TaRDATION, tat UUsllun, S. T..c act of hinder-
ing or dela) iiiii.
Tardily, tar-de-le, ad. Slowly, slnjs.jhiy.
Tardiness, tar-di'-nes, *. Slowness, sUiggijiiness,
iinwihiiigiiess to ac/mii or niotiun.
Tardity, tar-de-t/, *. Slowness, want of velocity.
Tardy, tar-de, a. Slow, not swift ; sUijigisli, un-
willing to action or n- Mioa; riilatoiy, late, tedious.
7b Tardy, lai-de, r. a. To delay, to hinder.
Tare, tare, s, A weed that grows among corn.
TaRK, tare, S. A mercantile word denoting the
weiplit of any thing containing a commodity, also the
allowKnre made for it.
Tare, tare, Prot. of Tear.
Targe, taije, *. a poetical word for Target.
Target, (av'-^I-X., .v. 331. A kind of buckler or
shield borne oil the left aim.
ttT^ Mr. Perry and Mr. Bnrclay, are the onlv orihng-
pisis who make the §■ in this wi'i'd soft; Mr, Sheridan,
Mr. Scott, Mr, Kates, Dr. Kenrick, W. Jnhnston,
Dyclip, and that profound searcher into Eii(>lisli sounds,
Mr. Elphinstun, make it hard, as iii^Mr>rr(; and if ety-
riology he any rule, the Erse word aniaarget: is decidedly
in favour of this pronuiiciaiion ; fcir almost all our
English words which have the g hard before e and i are
of Erse or Saxun oriijinal. See Principles, No. 3S0,
981.
Tarife, tiriif, s. 81. A cartel of commerce.
To TARNisri, tar^msb, v. n. To sully, to soil, to
make not bright.
To Tarnish, taiiinsh, v. n. To lose brightness.
Tarpawlino, tar-])awl-ing, s. Hempen cloth
smeared with tar: a saih.r in contempt.
Tarragon, tSu'-rk-gou, s. A plant called lierb-
diagon.
TaRRIANCE, t4r-re-4nse, S. Stay, delay, pi.rhsps
sojmini.
Taurier, tar^r^-ur , S. A sort of small dog thst
liuiits the fox or otter out of bis hole In this sense
H ought to he written and pronounced Terrier, which
sec. One that tarries or stays. — See Harier.
Tarry, tar-e, o. 82. Besmeaied witJi tar.
To Tarry, tir'-re, v. w. 8 1 . To stay, to continue
in a place : to delay, to be long in coming.
Tarsel, tar-S^l, *. 9.0. A kind of hawk.
Tart, tart, a. Sonr, acid, acidulated, sharp of
taste ; sharp, keen, severe.
Tart, tart, s. a small pie of fruit.
TaRTANE, tar-tAn, *. A vessel much used in the
Jleiliterranean, with one mast and a three cornered
sail.
Tartar, tar'tir, S. Hell. Obsolete. Tartar is
what sticks to wine casks, like a bard stone.
Tartarean, tar-ta^re-An, a. Hellish.
Tariareous, tar-ta-r(!:-us, a. Consisting of
tartar; hellish.
To TaRTARIZE, taritar-lze, v. a. To impregnate
with tartar.
Tartarous, tar-tir-US, a. Containing tartar,
consisting of tartar.
Tartly, tart-le, ad. sharply, sourly, wKh
acidiiyj sharply, with poignancy, with severity ; with
sourness of aspect.
Tartness, tart-lies, s. sharpness, sourness,
acidity; sourness of temper, poignancy of language.
Task, task, ,«. 7.9. Something to be dime imposed
by aiuiiher: cmploviTient, business; to laUe loTusk,
to reprove, to re|iriniaiid.
STo Task, tilsk, v. a. To burtlien witli soniuthing
iu> be doiie.
5SS
Tasker, tjlsk'-ur, ■)
Taskmaster, titskimas-tSr, / '*
One who impMsts tasks.
Tassel. tits-Stll, s. 102. An ornamental bunch of
filk, or glittering substances.
Tasselled, tas-selld, s. Adorned wi'h tassels.
Tas'iable, tast-i-bl, a. 405. That may be
tasicd, savoury.
To Taste, tAste, v. n. To perceive and distinguish
by the palate-, to try by the mouth, to eat at least in
a small quantity ; to essay fiist; to feel, to have per-
cepiiunof; to relish intellectually, to approve.
7" Taste, taste, v. n. To have a smack, to produce
on the palaie a particular seiisaiion ; to disiingnish
.ntellectnally ; to be vinctiired, or receive some ipialiiy
or character i to try the relish of any thing; to have
pericptinn of; to lakecnjnyment ; to enjoy sparingly.
Taste, ulste, S. The act of tasting, gustation ; the
sense by which the relish of any thing on the palate is
perccivtd; that sensation which all things taken into
the mouth give paniculaily to the tongue ; iiiiellec-
tiial relish or ilisceriimeut ; an essay, a trial, an
experimen.! ; a small portion given as a specimen.
Tasted, tAst-cd, a. Having a particular relish.
Taster, tast-ur, *. One who takes the first essay
of I'liod ; a dram cup.
Tasteful, tast-tul, a. High relished, savoury.
Tasteless, ttist'les, a. Having no power of per-
ceuing taste; having no relish or (ower of stimulating
the palate; having no power of giving pleasure; insi-
pid ; having no intellectual gust.
TaSTELESSNESS, taSt-leS-neS, S. Insipidity, want
ol relish; want of perception of taste; want of in-
tellectual relish.
To Taiter, tAtkur, v. a. To tear, to rend, to
make ra^gid.
TaTITIR, t;\t-tur, S. A rag, a fluttering rag.
Tatterdemalion, tat-tur-de-niAUyun, *.
A ragged tellow. A low word.
To Tattle, tAt-tl, v. n. 405. To prate, to talk
idly.
TaH LE, tat-tl, *. Prate, idle chat, trifling talk.
Ta TTLER, tatitl-ur, S. An idle talker, a prater.
Tattoo, tat-tooj S. The beat of drum by which
soldiers are warned to their quarters.
Tavern, tav-urn, s. A house wliere wine is sold,
and di inkers arc entertained.
Tavernkeeper, tAviurn-keep-ur, ")
Tavernman, tAv^urn-niAi), J '
One who keeps a tavern.
Taught, tawt, 213. 393. Piet. and part. pass.
of J each.
To Taunt, tant, or tawnt, v, a. To reproach, to
insult, to revile, to ridiiule.
(t3- I have every orthbepist in the Vanguage against me
in the preference I give to the first sound of this word,
except Mr. Elphmston; and bis authority as an ana-
lo^ist oiitweiiihs every other. I see no a.iunl leason that
this word should have the broad sound of a, and not
aunt, hauvt, Jlaunt, juiivt, and the proper name Saun-
ders; nor is my ear much accustomed to hear it so pro-
nounced.— Sce"i'a«»iter, /yaunr, and Principles, No Q14,
Taunt, tant, s. 214. Insult, scoff, reproach.
Taun TER, taiU-ur, s. One who taunts, reproaches,
or iiLsiilts.
Tauntingly, tant-ing:-l^, ad. With insult,
scolKiigly, with contumely.
Tautological, taw-ti-lSdijI-kAl, a. Kepeatiiij
the same thing.
TaUTOLOGIST, taW-till-lA-jlSt, S. One who
repeats the same thing over and over.
Tautology, taw-till-lo-je, s. 518. Repetition
of the same Words, or of the same sense in ditferent
words.
Tautophony, taw-ti^f-0-ne, s, A successive re-
l>etilioii of the same sound.
TEA TEM
99- 559. Fite 78, fir 77, fJll83, f^t 81— ml 93, mlt.95— pine 105, pm l07'-n4 162, move 164,
5:> I Iiave long wished to insert this word into my
vocabularv, from a ronviction of its utility in convers-
ing on the sounds of words, but was deterred for want of
an ;iutht)rity from any of our Dictionaries, when, upon
readine: tlie very learned and ingenious Essay on the
Prosodies of tlie'Grfel\ and Latin Languages, I found the
word used in exactly iliat manner, which shows the pro-
priety, and even necessity of adopting it. Tlie learned
author says, " The most extraordinary taKto;'/i"ni/ which
lie [Kustathius] mentions, is that of the vowels i and ij,
111 the proper names of the goddesses 'Ifif and Hpi." On
the Prosodies of the Greek and Latin Languages. Printed
for Robson, fgS.
To Taw, taw, v. a. 219. To dress white leather,
commonly called Alum leather, in contradistinction
from Tan leather, tliat which is dressed with bark.
Taw, taw, S. A marble to play with.
Tawdriness, taw-dr^-nes, s. Tinsel finery,
finery too ostentatious.
Tawdry, taw-dre, a. 219. Meanly showy,
splendid withnut cost.
Tawny, taw'-iie, a. 219. Yellow, like things
tanned.
Tax, tiiks, S. An impost, a tribute imposed, an
excise, a tallage; charge, censure.
To Tax, taks, v. a. To load with imposU; to
charge, to censure, to accuse.
Taxable, t^ks'-i-bl, a. 405. That may be
taxed.
Taxation, tiks-A'-sbun, *. The act of loading
with taxes, impost, tax; accusation, scandal.
TaXER, tiks-IJr, S. 98. He who taxes.
Tea, te, s. 227. A Chinese plant, of which the
inhision has lately been much drunk in Europe.
T'oTeACH, tetsh, W. a. .352. Pret. and part. pass.
Taught, sometimes Teached, which is now obsolete.
To instruct, to inform; to deliver any doctrine or art,
or w.irds to be learned ; to show, to exhibit so as
to impress upon the mind; to tell, to give intelli-
gence.
7b Teach, titsh, v. n. 227. To perform the
office of an instructor.
Teachable, tetsh-4-bl, a. 405. Docile, suscep-
tive of instruction.
Teachableness, tksh-;Vbl-nes, *. Docility,
willingness to learn, capacity to learn.
Teacher, tetsh'-ur, *. 98. One who teaches, an
instructor, preceptor; a preacher, onewho is todeliver
doctrine to the people.
Tead, tedf, *. A torch, a flambeau. Obsolete.
TeaGUE, t^eg:, 5. 227. 337. A name of contempt
used for an Irishman.
Teal, tele, s. 227. A wild fowl.
Team, teme, s. 227. A number of horses or oxen
drawing at once the same carriage; any number
passing in a line.
Tear, t^re, S, 227. Tlie water which violent
passion forces from the eyes; any moisture trickling
in drops.
Tear, tire, *. 73. 240. A rent, a fissure. — See
Gill.
ft:7»The inconvenience of having two words of different
lignifications. written alike, and pronounced differently,
is evident in this and the preceding word; and I'his in-
convenience is, perhaps, greater than that where the
orthography is different and the pronunciation the same.
See Bowl.
7'(> Tear, tire, u. o. Pret. T'ore; anciently 7<zre ;
part. pass. Torn. To pull in pieces, to lacerate, to
rend; to laniate, to wound with any sharp point
drawn along ; to break by violence ; to divide vio-
lently, to scatter; to pull with violence, to drive
violently ; to take away by sudden violence.
To Tear, tire, V, n. To fume, to rave, to rant
turbuleutly.
Tearer, ti-rur, S. 98. He who rends or tears.
Teak FALLING, tere-fal-ling, a. Tender, shedding
tears.
Tearful, t^re-ful, a. Weeping, full of tears.
526
To Tease, tize, v. a. 227. To comb or unrarel
wool or flax ; to scratch cloth in order to level the
nap; to torment with importunity.
Teaser, tc-zur, S. 98. Any thing that torments
liy incessant importunity.
Teat, tete, s. 227. 232. The dug of a beast.
Technical, tek-ne-kiil, a. 353. Belonging to
aris; not in common or popular use.
Techy, tetsh-i, a. 352. Peevish, fretful, irritable.
Tectonick, tek-t5n-ik, a. 509. Pertaining to
building.
To Ted, ted, v. a. To lay grass newly mown in
rows.
Tedder, ted'dur, *. A rope with which a horse
is tied in the field, that he may not pasture too wiuej
any thing by which one is restrained. — See Tether.
Te OEUM, te-de-um, *. A hymn of the Church,
so called from the first two words of the Latin.
Tedious, te^^de-us, or te'-je-us, a. 293, 294.
Wearisome by continuance, troublesome, iiksomej
wearisome by prolixity ; slow.
Tediously, teid^-us-1^, or tliji-us-lJ, ad. 294.
In such a manner as to weary.
Tediousness, te-de-us-nes, or teije-us-nes, *.
Wearisomeness by continuance; prolixity ; quality of
wearying.
To Teem, ti^m, v. n. 246. To bring young j to
be piegnant, to engender young; to be lull, to be
charged as a breeding animal.
To Teem, teem, v. a. To bring forth, to produce;
to pour.
TeeMER, t^em-ur, 5. 98. One that brings young.
TeEMFUL, t^^m-lul, a. Pregnant, prolifick.
TeemlESS, t^^m-les, a. Unfi^iitful, not proliflck.
Teen, tien, S. Sorrow, grief. Obsolete,
Teens, teenz, s. The years reckoned by the
termination Teen, as, Thirteen, Fourteen.
Teeth, t^e^A. The plural of Tooth.
Tegument, teg-U-meilt, S. Cover, the outward
part.
Teil tree, tele-tree, S. Linden or lime tree.
TfINT, tint, S. Colour, touch of the pencil.
Telegraph, tel-^-grif, S. An instrument that
answers the end of writing by conveying intelligence
to a distance through the means of signals.
Telescope, tel^le-skipie, s. A long glass by
which distant objects are viewed.
Telescopical, tel-le-skV-^-k^l, a. 518.
belonging to a telescope, seeing at a distance.
To Tell, tell, v. a. Pret. and part. pass. Told.
To utter, to express, to speak ; to relate; to teach, to
inform; to discover, to betray ; to count, to number;
to make excuses.
To Tell, tell, v. n. To give an account, to make
report.
Teller, tel'-li'r, S. 98. One who tells or relates ;
one who numbers; a Teller is an oftieer of the Ex-
chequer.
Telltale, tel'-tile, S. One who gives malicious
information, one who carries officious intelligence.
Temerarious, tem-er-i-r^-us, a. Rash, headyj
carele??, heedless.
Temerity, te-nier^^-te, *. Rashness, unreason-
able contempt of danger.
To Temper, tem-pttr, v. a. 98. To mix so as
that one part qualities the other; to comp:^und, to
form by mixture; to mingle; to mingle together to
a proper consistence ; to accommodate, to modify ; to
soften, to mollify, to assuage, to sooth; to form
metals to a proper degree of hardness.
Temper, tem-jmr, *. Due mixture of contrary
qualities; middle course, mean or medium ; conslifj,-
lion of body; dispoMtion of mind; constitutional
frame of mind ; moderation j stale to which metait
are reduced.
TEN
TEN
i8r 167, nftt 163— t»\be 171, tub 173, bull 173— Sil 299— pound 313— fAin 466, this 469.
Temperament, tem-per-i-iiient, J. Constitution,
state with rcspe':! to the predominaiict of any quality;
medium, tlie inixti-e of opposites.
Temper AM ENTAL, tem-per-i-mentiil, a.
Consiilutirmai.
Temperance, temiper-inse, *. 88. Moderation,
oppMsed to gluttony ami druiil<enne$s ; patience, calm-
ness, sedateness, inodciaiioii of passion.
Temperate, tem-per-ate, flf. 91. Not excessive,
niriderate in degree of any quality ; inoderate in meat
and diini;; free from ardent passion.
Temperately, tem-per-ate-le, ««?. Moderately,
not excessively ; calmlv, without violence of passion ;
without gluttony or luxury.
Temperateness, tenj-per-Ate-nes, *. Freedom
from excesses, mediocrity ; calmness, coolness of
mind.
Temperature, tem-per-i-ture, s. Constitution
of nature, decree of any qualities; mediocrity, due
balance of contrarieties ; moderation, freedom from
predominant passion.
Tempered, teni-purd, a, 359. Disposed with
regard to the passions.
Tempest, tem-pest, *. The utmost violence of
the wind ; any tumult, commotion, perturbation.
To Tempest, tem-pest, v. a. To disturb as by
a temjiest.
Tempest- beaten, tem-pest-be-tn, a. siiattered
with stcirms.
Tkmpest-tost, temipest-tost, a. Driven about
oy storms.
Tempestivity, tem-pes-tiv^^-t^, s. Seasonable-
iiess.
Tempestuous, teoi-pes-tshA-us, a. 461 . stormy,
turbulent.
Templar, tem-plir, *. 88. A student in tiieiaw.
Temple, temipl, «. 405. A place appropriated to
acts of religion ; buildings appr<priaied to the study of
the law; an ornamenial building in a garden; the
upper part cjf the sides of the head. ■
Temporal, teili-pi-rAl, n. 5.57. 170. Measured
by time, not eternal; secular, nut ecclesiastical; not
spiritual ; plated at the temples.
Temporality, tem-ptj-ril-e-te, ")
Temporals, temipo-r4lz, J
Secular possessions, not ecclesiastick rights.
Temporally, tem-p6-ril-e, ad. With respect
to tilis life.
Temporalty, teniipo-r4l-t^, *. 170. The laity,
secular people ; secular possessions.
TeMPORANEOUS, tem-pi-ra-n^-US, a. Temporary.
Temporariness, tem-pi-r^-ri-nes, *. The state
of being temporary.
Temporary, tem-pi-ri-rJ, a. 170. Lasting
only for a limited time.
T'o Temporize, tem-po-rlze, v. n. To delay, to
procrastinate; to comply with the times or occasions.
Temporizer, tem'-po-il-zur, s. 98. One who
Complies with times or occasions, a trimmer.
To Tempt, temt, v. a. 412. To solicit to ill, to
entice by presenting some pleasure or advantage to the
mind ; to provoke.
Temp TABLE, tem-ti-bl, a. Liable to temptation j
obnoxious to bad influence.
Tempter, tem^tur, s. 98. One who solicits to ill,
an enticer J the infernal solicitor lo evil.
Temptation, tem-tA-shun, s. The act of tempt-
•nf, solicitation to ill, enticement; the state of bi;in([
tempted ; tliat which is ofered to the mind as a mo-
tive to ill.
Temijlen T, temiu-lent, a, DrunKen. intoxicated
with strong liquor.
Ten, ten, a. The decimal number, twice five.
Tenable, teu'-A-bl, a. Such as may be maintained
Sgainst opposition, tuchas may be held against attacks.
£27
£3- The quantity of e in the first syllable of this word,
and its relatives teni't, tenor, and tenure, is one of the
most puzzling ditficnities of pri>niini!ation. Mow dif-
ferently this letter is pronounced by different speakers
may be gathered from a view of those orlhogpists who
have marked the quantity of the vowels :
Sheridan tenable, tenet, tenor,
Kenriciv tfiiahle, tfuel, ttnor,
N.ires, tenable, tenor.
Ash tenahie, tenet, tenor,
Scott tdniible, tend, tenor,
Kntitk, tenunle, tfnet, tfmr,
Perrv, tenahie, tenet, ttnor,
W.Johnston tenahie, tenet, tgnor,
Huchanan, tfnnhle, tftior,
Frv, tinable, tfnet, tenor,
Srriitli, tinet,
Elphinston, tenor,
From this survey of our Dictionaries we find them uni-
form only in the word Jf»ior. They are nearly eqtially
divided on the word fene( ; and if siinilitude were to de-
cide, it would he clearly in favour of the snort vowel, in
this word, as well as in tenor. They are both Latin
words, and both have the vowel short in the orininnl.
This, however, is no reason with those who nnderslaitd
the analogy of English pronunciation, (for tremor,
tninor. &i-. have the first vowel short in Liiin) bgi; but
it snrticiently shows the partiality of the ear to llu' short
vowel in words of this form, as is evident in the woid
lennnt. The word tenable seems rather derived from the
French tenahie than the Latin teneo, and, being of a rlif.
ferent fortn, comes under a different analogy. The
termination able, though derived from the Latin ahilis,
is frequently annexed to mere English words, an plea-
surable, pasiiirahle, See. and therefore makes no altera,
lion ill the accent or qnaiiiily of the word to which it is
suli)oincd, 501. But as tenable must he considered as
a simple in our language, the shortening power of the
anlei>enullimale accent alone seems to determine the
quantity of the first syllable of this word, which, like
^elable, probable, &c. lias the short quantity of the ori-
ginal Latin to plead : a plea which seems lo have some
weight in words of this termination, where the ante-
penultiiTiate accent appears to have less influence than
in most of the other classes of words. — See Phcahle.
The word tenure seems inclined to lengthen the first
vowel, in order to distinguish itself from tenor; and at
there are no good reasons for shortening it, this reason
seems siiHicietit to turn the balance in its favmir, even
if it had not an analogy and such a weight of usage ou
its side.
Tenacious, tJ-ni-shus, «. 357. Grasping hard,
inclined to hold fast, not willing to let go ; retentive;
having parts disposed to adhere to each other; colie-
sive.
Tenancy, ten-An-se, S. Temporary possession of
what belongs to another.
Tenant, ten-illt, «. One who holds of another, one
who on certain con'litions has lem Mmiry possession,
and uses the property of another. — See Tenable.
To Tenant, ten^int, v. a. 544. To hold ou
certain conditions.
Tenantaule, ten-.W-i-bl, a. 405. Such as
may he held by a tenant.
Tenantless, ten-4llt-les, a. Unoccupied, un-
possessed.
Tench, tensh, s. 352. A pond fish.
To Tend, tend, v. a. To watch, to guard, to ac-
company as an assistant or defender; to attend, to
accompany ; to be attentive to.
Th Tend, tend, v. n. To move towards a certain
point or place; to be directed to any end or purpose,
to contribute ; to attend, to wait as dependants.
Tendance, ten-danse, s. 88. Attendance, state
of expectation ; attendance, act of waiting; care, act
of lendi.ig.
Tendence, ten-dense, ") .„
„ ' -2 , .2 I >*. 88.
Tendency, ten-den-se. J
Direction or course towards any place or object
direction or course towards any inference or result
drift.
Tender, ten^dur, a. 98. Soft, easily impiessed or
injured; sensible, easily pained, soon sine; ell'eminaie .
emasculate, delicate; exciting kind cuiiccrn ; coin
passionate, anxious for another's goodj susceptible of
TEN
ts- 559. Fite 73, far 77, fill 83, fit 81— ml 93,
foft passions ; amorous; expressive of the sofief fias-
sions; gentle, mild, unwilling to pain ; young, weak,
as. Tender age.
To Tender, ten-dur, v. a. To offer, to exhil)it,
to propose to acceptance ; to hold, to esteem ; to regard
with kindness.
Tender, ten-dur, s. Offer, proposal to acceptance;
regard, kind concern. In this last sense not in use.
rENDER-HEAR TKD, teit-dur-hait-ed, a. Of a soft
compassionate disposition.
Tenderling, teii-dur-ling, j. 410. The first
horns of a deer ; a fondling.
Tenderly, ten-dur-le, nd. In a tender manner,
mildly, gently, solily, kindly.
Tenderness, ten-dur-nus, *. The state of being
tender; susceptibility of impression; state of being
easily hurt, soreness: susceptibility of the softer pas-
sions ; kind attention ; anxiety for the good of
another; scrupulousness, caution; soft pathos of
expression.
Tendinous, ten-de-nus, a. Sinewy, containing
tendons, consisting of tendons.
Tendon, ten-dun, *. 166. A sinew, a ligature by
which the joints are moved.
Fendrill, ten-dril, s. The clasp of a vine, or
other climbing plant.
Tenebricose, te-neb-r5-kose{ \ .„_.
~ It I,, I d >a. 42 1.
Tenebrious, te-ne-bre-us, J
Dark, gloomy.
Tenebrosi TY, ten-e-bros-^ tl, *. Darkness,
gloom.
Tenement, teni^-ment, s. Any thing held by
a tenant.
TeNERI TY, te-ner-e-te, s. Tenderness.
Tenesmus, te-nez-mus, s. a needing to go to stool.
Tenet, ten-nit, *. 9.9. It is sometimes written
Tencnt ; position, principle, opinion. — See Tenable,
Tennis, ten-nis, S. A play at which a ball is
driven with a racket.
Tenour, or Tenor, ten-nur, .*. Continuity of
state, constant mode, manner of continuity ; sense
containeit. general course or drift ; a sound in musick.
See Tenable.
Tense, tense, a. 431. stretched, stiff, not lax.
Tense, tense, S, A variation of the verb to signify
time.
Tenseness, tense-nes, s. Contraction, tension,
the contrary to laxiiy.
Tensible, ten-se-bl, a. 405. Capable of being
extended.
Tensile, ten^sil, rt. 140. Capable of extension.
Tension, ten^shun, s. The act of stretching, the
state of being stretched.
Tensive, ten-slv, a. 158. 428. Giving a sensa-
tion of stiffness or contraction.
Tensure, t?n-shure, s. 461. The act of stretch-
ing or Slate of being stretched, the contrary to taxation
or laxiiy.
Tent, tent, S. A soldier's moveable lodging place,
commonly jna'le of canvas extended upon poles ; any
temporary habitation, a p:ivilion ; a roll of lint put
into a sore: a species of wine deeply red, chiefly from
Gallicia in Spain.
To Tent, tent, v. n. To lodge as in a tent, to
talieruacle.
To Tent, tent, v. a. To search as with a medical
tent.
IentatiON, ten-ta^shun, *. Trial, temptation.
Tentative, tenitA-tiv, a. 512, Trying, essaying.
Tented, tellt-^d, a. Covered with tents.
TeNI ER, ten-tur, s. 98. A hook on which things
are sireiclied; to be on the Tenters, to be on the
stretch, to be in ditiiculiies.
To Tenter, ten-tiir, v. a. To stretch by hooks.
2'o Tenter, ten-tur, v. n. To admit extension.
528
■}«
TER
met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, m3ve 164,
Tenth, tenth, a. First after the ninth, ordinal of
ten.
Tenth, tenM. *. The tenth ; tithe.
Tenthly, telir/tMe, nd. In the tenth place.
Tentwort, tent-wiirt, s. A plant.
Tenuity, te-nu-e-te, s. Thinness, exility, small-
ness. minuteness.
Tenuous, ten-liu-us, a. Thin, small, minute.
Tenure, te-nure, s. Tenure is the manner whereby
•tenements are holden of their lords. — See Tenable.
TepefactiON, te|v6-fAkishun, S. Tlie act of
warming to a small degree.
Tepid, tep'-ld, a. 544. . Lukewarm, warm iu
a small decree.
Tepidity, te-pid-e-te, s. Lukcwarir.ne:.?.
Tepor, te-por, s. 166. 544. l.ukewarmnes»,
geuile heat.
TeRCE, terse, S. Properly Tiei-ce. A vessel con-
tuining forty-two gallons of wine, the third part of
a butt or pipe.
Terebinthinate, ter-re-bin-Me-nate, 91. '
Terebinth ine, ter-ie-bin'-//s'in, 140.
Consisting of turpentine, mixed »vitli turpentine.
To Terebrate, ter-re-brate, v. a. To bore, to
perforate, to pierce.
Terebration, ter-re-bra-shun, s. The act of
boring or piercing.
Tergeminous, ter-jemie-nus, a. Threefold.
Tergiversation, ter-je-»er-sa-shun, s. Shift,
subterfuge, evasion.
Term, term, S. Limit, boundary ; the word by
' whichaihiiig is expressed; words, Icmnuage ; condi-
tion, stipulation: lime for which any thing la!«:s ; in
Law, the time in which the tribunals, or places of
, judgment, are open.
To Term, term, v. a. To name, to call.
TeRMAGANCY, ter-ra^-giu-se, s. Turbulence,
lumultiiousness.
Termagant, ter-mit-jant, a. 88. Tumultuous,
turbulent; quarrelsome, scolding, furious.
Termagant, teriini-gint, s. A scold, a brawling
turbulent w<miaii.
Terminable, ter-m6-iia-bl, a. Limitabie, that
admits of hounds.
To. Terminate, ter-me-nate, v. a. To bound,
to limit ; to put an end to.
To Terminate, ter-me-nate, v. n. To b«
limited, to end, to have an end : In attain its end.
Termination, ter-me-na'-shun, s. The act of
limiting or boundinz; hound, limit; end, ctmtlusiun j
end of words as varied by their signitications.
Terminthus, ter-mlii-Mus, s. A tumour.
Termless, term-les, n. Unlimited, boundles*.
Termly, terni-le, ad. Term by term.
Ternary, tei-ini-re,")
>T> ..«»!« r*' The nuiTiber three.
Ternion, ter-ne-un, J
Terrace, ter-iis, s. 9\. A small mount of earth
Covered with grass; a raised walk.
Terraqueous, ter-rA-kwe-us, a. Composed at
land and water.
Terrene, ter-renej a. Earthly, terrestrial.
TeRREOUS, tcr-re-US, a. Earthly, consisting U
earth.
Terrestrial, ter-resitre-^1, a. Earthly, nu
celestial; consisting of earth, terreoiis.
To Terrestrify, ter-res-tre-fl, v. a. To rednct
to the state of earth.
Terrestrious, ter-re.s^tre-us, a. Te!-reou%
earthy, consisting of eartii.
Terrible, ter'-re-bl, a. 405. 160. Dreadf.il,
formidable, Ciuising fear; great, so as tu offend ■ a col-
loquial hyperbole.
Terriblfness, ter-re-bl-nes, s. FormidalUnew,
the 4u«lity of being terrible, dreadfulness.
TET THA
nor 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sil 299-p3und 313— fAin 466, this 469.
Terribly, ter^re-ble, orf. Dreadfully, formidably,
so as to raise fear; violently, very much.
Terrier, ter-re-ur, s. A dog that follows his
game under ground. — See Tarrier.
TeRRIFICK, ter-rif-llk, a. 509. Dreadful, causing
terrour
To Terrify, ter^r5-fl, v. a. To fright, to shock
with fear, to make afraid.
Territory, ter^r^-tur-^, *. 557. Land, country,
dominion, district. — See Vomestick.
Terror, ter-rur, *. 166.' Fear communicated)
fear received ; the cause of fear.
Terse, terse, a. Smooth j cleanly written, neat.
Tertian, ter-shun, S. 88. is an ague intermit-
ting but one day, so that there are two fits in three
days.
Tesselated, tes^sel-li-ted, a. Variegated by
?• squares.
Test, test, S. The cupel by which refiners try
their metals ; trial, examination, as by the cupel ;
means of trial ; that with which any thing is compared
in order to prove its genuineness ; discriminative
characteristick.
Testaceous, tes-ta-shus, a. 357. Consisting of
shells, composed of shells; having continuous, not
jointed shells, opposed to crustaceous.
Testament, tes^ti-ment, s, A win, any writing
directing the disposal of the possessions of z man
deceased ; the name of each of the volumes of tiie
Holy Scripture.
Testamentary, tes-t^-men-t4-r4, a. Given by
will, contained in wills.
Testate, tes-tAte, a. Having made a will.
Testator, tes-tA-tur, s, 166. One who leaves
a will.
Testatrix, tes-ti^triks, s. A woman who leaves
a will.
Tested, testied, a. Tried by a test.
Tester, test-ur, *. 98. A sixpence; the cover of
a bed.
Testicle, tes^ti-kl, *. 405. An organ of seed
in animals.
Testification, tes-t^-fe-kA-shun, *. The act of
witnessing.
Testificator, tes-te-f^-ka-tur, s. One who
witnesses.
Testifier, tes^tJ-fl-ur, s. 521. One who
testifies.
To Testify, tes-t4-fl, v. n. 183. To witness, to
prove, to give evidence.
To Testify, tes-te-fl, v. a. To witness, to give
evidence of any point.
Testily, tes-te-le, ad. Fretfully, peevishly,
morosely.
Testimonial, tes-tJ-rao-nJ-Al, s. a writing
produced by any one as an evidence for himself.
Testimony, tes-te-mun-^, s. 557. Evidence
given, proof; publick evidences; open attestation,
profession. — See Domestick.
TestiNESS, tes-t^-nes, s. Moroseness.
Testy, tes-te, a. Fretful, peevish, apt to be angry.
Tetchy, tetsh-^, a. Froward, peevish.
Tete-a-tete, tkte'-a.-th.e', ad. French, Cheek
by jowl.
Tether, teTH^ur, S. 469. A string by which
cattle are held from pasturing too wide.
03- All our lexicographers seem to prefer this word to
tedder, except Barclay and Junius, who refer us from
tether to tedder; and yet nothing can be clearer than its
derivation from the Belgic word tudder, which Junius
explains to be a rope by which horses or other cattle are
tied to keep them from straying ; and this, he says, un-
doubtedly comes from the Irish lead, a rope. While
SUinner, without his usual judgment, derives it from the
Latin tetitor, because it restrains cattle from straying.
But though tether is much more in use than teddur, it is
certainly not so legitimately formed, and ought not to
have the preference.
5S9
An epigram or
A scab, a scurf, a ring-
Tetragonal, te-tr^gig6-nSl, a. 518. Square.
Tetrarch, t^itrjrk, o?- tet^rark, s. A Roman
governor of the fourth part of a province.
K?" Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Perry, are for
the first pronunciation of this word, and Buchanan and
Entickfor the second. Let those who plead the Latin
quantity for the short sound of e, peruse Principles,
No. 544.
Tetrarchate, t^-trar-kAte, ")
Tetrarchy, tet'-trar-ke, 503./'*
a Roman government.
Tetrastick, t^-tris'-tik, s. 509.
stanza of four verses.
Tetter, tet'-tfir, s. 93.
worm.
Teutonic, tu-tSn^ik, a. Spoken by the Teutones,
or ancient Germans.
Text, tekst, S. That on which a comment is
written; sentence of scripture.
Textile, teks'-til, a. 140. Woven, capable of
being woven.
TeXTUARIST, teks'-tshu-a-rist, S. One ready in
the text of scripture, a Divine well versed in scrip-
ture.
Textuary, teksitshu-^-r6, a. 463. Contained
in the text J serving as a text, authoritative.
Texture, teks^tsliure,*. 461. The act of weaving;
a web, a thing woven ; manner of weaving with respect
either to form or matter; disposition of the parts of
bodies.
Than, TH^n, ad. 466. a particle placed in com-
parison after the comparative adjective.
Thane, thine, s. 466. An old title of honour,
perhaps equivalent to baron.
To Thank, thXngk, v. a. 408. 466. To return
acknowledgments for any favour or kindness; it i>
used often in a contrary or ironical sense.
Thanks, ^/tilngks, S. Acknowledgment paid for
favour or kindness, expression of gratitude.
Thankful, thXngk'-fnl, a. Full of gratitude,
ready to acknowledge good received.
Thankfully, thtngk'-fu\-^, ad. with lively
and grateful sense, or ready acknowledgment of good
received.
Thankless, <A4ngkMes, a. Unthankful, un-
grateful, making no acknowledgment; not deserving,
or not likely, to gain thanks.
Thanklessness, ^A>^ngk^les-nes, s. Ingratitude,
failure to acknowledge good received.
Thankoffering, </t^ngk-Jf-fur-ing, s. Offering
paid in acknowledgment of mercy.
Thanksgiving, <Aingks-giv-ing, s. Celebration
of mercy.
Thankworthy, thingk'-wur-THh, a. Deserving
gratitude.
That, TH^t, pron. dem. 50. Not this, but the
other; it sometimes serves to save the repetition of
a word or words foregoing ; opposed lo Tliis, as the
Other to One ; when This and That relate to foregoing
words, This is referred to the latter, and That to the
former; such as; that which, what; the thing; by
way of eminence.
K?- When this word is used as a pronoun demonstra-
tive, it has always an accent on it, and is heard distinctly
rliyming with hat, mat, &c. Thus in Pope's Essay on
Criticism, v. 5.
'* But of the two, less dang'rous is th' offence
*' To tire our patience, than mislead our sense,
*' Some few in that, l)ut numbers err in this;
** Ten censure wrong, for one who writes amiss."
Here the word that is as distinctly pronounced as any
other accented word in the language.
That, TH^t, pron. tel. Which, relating to an
antecedent thing; who, relating to an antecedent
person.
0:3" When this word is a relative pronoun, and is ar-
ranged in a sentence with other words, it never can have
an accent, and is therefore much less distinctly pro-
nounced than the foregoing word. In this case the
M M
IHE
THE
t^ 559. Fite73, far 77, fal'.SS, fJt 8 1— mi^ jia, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
a goes into that obscure sound it generally has when un-
accented, 88, as may be heard in pronouncing it in
the following passage from Pope's Essay on Criticism,
V. 297.
" True wit is uatarc to advantage dress'd,
" What oft was thought, but ne'er so well express'd;
" Something, whos? truth, convinc'd at sight, we find,
" That gives us back the image of our mind."
Hftre we find the a so obscured as to approach tjearly
to short u; and, without any perceptible diiTerence in
the sound, the word might be written that, gi.
That, TH^t, conj. 50. 466. Because 5 noting
a consequence ; noting indication j noting a final end,
in That, as being.
(t3- What has been observed of the pronunciation of
this word, when a relative pronoun, i» ptrfectly applica-
ble to it when a conjunction ; in either case it never has
the accent, and necessarily goes into an obscure sound
like short u. Thus in the following passage from Pope's
Essay on Criticism :
" The vulgar thus through imitation err ;
** As oft the learned, by being singular ;
** So much they scorn the crowd, that if the throng
" By chance go right, they purposely go wrong."
Here the conjunction that is pronounced with ex-
actly the same degree of obsurity as when a relative
prenoun.
The word that, by being sometimes a demonstrative
pronoun, sometimes a relative, and sometimes a con-
junction, may produce a quadruple repetition of the same
word, which, though not elegant, is strictly grammaii-
cal ; a repetition which is, perhaps, peculiar to the
English language. This is humorously exemplified by
Mr. Steele in the Spectator, No. 80, in the Just Re-
monstrance of affronted That, where he brings in this
word, declaring how useful it had been to a gr'-at orator,
who, in a speech to the lords, had said, "My Lords,
with humble submission, that that I say, is; thut that
that that gentleman has advanced is not that that he
should have proved to your Lordships." In the pronun-
ciation of this passage, it is plain that the word that,
which is not printed in italicks, is pronounced nearly as
if written thut. I am sensible of the delicacy of the ob-
scure sound of this a, and therefore do not offer u as
a perfect equivalent, but as the nearest approach to it,
and as the means of pointing out the power of the accent
and its importance in ascertaining tlie sense ; for if all
these words were pronounced equally distinct, it is plain
the sense would be obscured : and so liable are the rela-
tive, the conjunction, and the demonstrative, to be
confounded, that some writers have distinguished the
latter by printing it in italicks. Those who wish to see
the most profound and ingenious investigation of the
grammatical origin of these words, must consult Home
"Tooke's Diversions qf Parley.
Thatch, ^/titsh, *. 466. straw laid upon the top
of a house to keep out the weather.
To Thatch, ^A^tsh, v. a. to cover as with straw.
Thatcher, M^tsh-ur, *. One who covers houses
with straw.
To Thaw, thiw, v. n, 466. To grow liquid after
congelation, to melt; to remit the cold which had
caused frost.
To Thaw, tha.w, v. a. To melt what was
congealed.
Thaw, </iaW, S. Liquefaction of any thing con-
gealed ; warmth, such as liquefies congelation.
The, TH^, or THC, art, 466. The article noting
a particular thing; before a vowel, E is commonly cut
off in verse.
(K^ Mr. Sheridan has given us these two modes of
pronouncing this word, but has not told us when we are
to use one, and when the other. To supply this defi-
ciency, tlierefore, it may be observed, that when the is
prefixed to a word beginning with a consonant j it has
a short sound, little more tlian the sound of th without
the e; and when it precedes a word besinning with
a vowel, the e is sounded plainly and distinctly. This
difference will be perceptible by comparing (fte pen, the
hand, &c. with the oil, the air, &c. ; or the difference
of this word before ancients and moderns in the following
couplet of Pope:
" Some foreign nriters, some our own despise j
' V'f ancieuts only, or Ihe moderns prize."
530
A very imperfect way of pronouncing this word fre-
quently arises in verse, where the poet, for the pre-
servation of the metre, cuts off e by an apostrophe, and
unites the articles to the following word. Tliis pronun-
ciation depraves the sound of the verse without necessity,
as the syllable formed by e is so short as to admit of
being sounded with the "preceding syllable, so as not to
increase the number of syllables to the ear, or to hu.
the melody.
" Tis hard to say, if greater want of skill
" Appear In writing, or ni judging ill :
" But of the two, less dang'rous is th' offence
" To tire our patience, than mislead our tense."
Pope.
" Him, (V Almighty Power
" Hurl'd, headlong flaming, from Ih' ethereal sky,
" With hideous ruin and combustion, down
" To bottomless perdition, there to dwell
" In adamantine chains and penal fire,
" Who durst defy th' Omnipotent to arms."
Milton
In these examples we see the particle the may either
form a distinct syllable, or not. In the third line from
Pope the first the forms a distinct syllable, but the second
is sunk into the succeeding noun. The same may be
observed of this particle in the first, second, and sixth
lines of the passage from Milton : but what appears
strange is, that though the particle the before a vowel,
and shortened by an aposlmphe, does not augment the
number of syllables, it is really pronounced longer than
where it forms a syllable, and is not tluis shortened by
elision. This is apparent in the third line from Pope,
" But of the two, less dang'rous is th' offence."
The reason that the first the, though pronounced shortei
than tiie second, forms a syllable, and the second does
not, seems to arise from the coalescence of the vowels,
which, though lengthened in sound, may still be pro-
nounced with one impulse of the breath. Thus, when
a consonant follows the particle the, we find two distinct
impulses, though the e is dropped; but when a vowel
follows the, the impulse on the particle slides over, as it
were, to the consonant of the succeeding syllable, with-
out forming two distinct impulses, nearly as if a y were
interposed, and the words were written th'Yoffence,
th'Yomnipotcnt, &c.
I would not, however, be supposed t« disapprove of
the practice of eliding the e before a vowel to the eye
when the verse requires it ; this practice is founded on
good sense ; and the first line in the passage from Milton
shows the necessity of making the distinction, when it
is, and when it is not, to be elided ; what I wish to re-
form is, the practice of shoriening the e to the ear, and
thus mincing and impoverishing the sound of the verse
without necessity.
Theatral, the'-X-tr^\, a. Belonging to a theatre.
Theatre, thh'-k-tur, s. 416. 470. A place in
which shows are exhibited ; a playhouse; a place rising
by steps like a theaire.
Theatrick, th^-k'-trik, 409.") ^
Theatrical, </«e-:tt-tre-kil, /
Scenick, suiting a theatre, pertaining to a theatre.
Th EATR ic ally, </te-4t-tre-k4l-^, ad. In a manner
suiting the stage.
Thee, THee, 466. 36. The oblique singular of
Thou.
Theft, ^Aeft, s. 466. The act of stealing; the
thing stolen.
Their, TuAre, a. 466. Of them ; the pronoun
possessive from They ; Theirs is used when any thing
comes between the possessive and substantive.
ThEIST, the'-lSt, S, One who believes in God.
Theism, the-izm, s. Natural religion ; the mere
belief of a God ; deism.
Them, THem, S. 466. The oblique case of They,
Theme, theme, S. 406. a subject on which one
speaks or writes ; a short dissertation written by boys
on any topick ; the original word whence others are
derived.
Themselves, THem-selvz{ *. These very personj
the oblique case of Tl'ei/ and Selves.
Then, TH«n, ad. 466. At that time; afterward*,
immedialely afterwards, soon afterwards ; in that case,
in consequence; therefore, for this reason ; at another
time ; as, Now and Then ; at one time and au uiiomci
that time.
THE
tMt
lor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 29i)— pound 313— ^Ain 466, THis 46<).
1 settled truth.
lATicAL, thk-h-rh-m^t-l-k&\, "1
tATiCK, thLh-rh'tnit^lk, fa.
UCK, thh-h-rem'-lk, 509- J
■ in thci
Thence, THense, ««?• 466. From that place;
from that time ; for that reason.
Thenceforth, THense-for^A, ad. From that
time.
Thenceforward, xHense-for-ward, ad. On
from that time.
Theocracy, the-tk'-krLse, s. 4/0. 518.
Government immediately superintended by God.
TheocrAtical, the-o-kr^i'-tk-kK\, a. Relating
to a government administered by God.
Theogony, thk-ig'-go-ne, s. 518. The genera-
tion of the gods.
Theologian, the-h-lo'-jh-tn, s. A divine;
a professor of divinity.
Theological, the-h-ltd-ih-ki\, a. Relating to
the science of divinity.
Theologically, <A^-6-l6d-jl-kil-i, ad.
According to the principles of theology..
Theologist, ^Ae-Sl-lo-jist, s. A divine, one
studious in the science of divinity. "
THEOLOGUE, the'-h-ltg, S. 519. A divine, one
versed in divinity.
Theology, thh-tl-\o-\e, s. 518. Divinity,
Theomachy, thh-im'-^-kh, S. The fight against
the gods by the giants. — See Monomachy.
Theorbo, ^Ae-or-b6, s. A large lute for playing
a thorough bass.
Theorem, thh-o-ram, s. 170. A position laid
down as a settled truth.
Theorematical, thk-h-rh-m^t-l-k&\,
Theorematick
Theorem
Comprised in theorems, consisting in theorems
Theoretical, thh-b-ret'-th-kil,
Theoretic, Me-6-ret-ik,
Theorical, thh-tr-e-k.i.\,
Theorick, thh-i,T'-ik, 509.
Speculative, depending on theory or speculatiotli ter-
minating in theory or speculation.
Theoretically, thh-h-rtit-h-kh-h, ad.
Speculatively, not practically.
Theorick, thl-b-nk, s. 510. A speculatist, one
who knows only speculation, not practice.
Theorically, the-^r'-k-kkl-e, ad. SJjeculatlvely,
not practically.
Theorist, the-h-nst, s. A speculatist, one given
to speculation.
Theory, thk-b-rk, s. 170. Speculation, not
practice, scheme, plan or system yet subsisting only
in the mind.
Therapeutick, <^er-ll-pi-tlk, a. Curative,
teaching or endeavouring the cure of diseases.
There, Tnire, ad. 94. In that place ; it is
opposed to Here ; an exclamation directing to some-
thing at a distance.
Thereabout, THare-4-bout, \ ,
Thereabouts, TnAre^i-bouts, J
Near that place ; nearly, near that number, quantity,
or state; concerning that matter.
Thereafter, TH^re-if-tur, ad. According to
that, accordingly.
Thereat, TH^re-itJ ad. At that, on that account ;
at that place.
Thereby, Tnire-blJ ad. By that, by means of
that.
Therefore, THerifire, ad. 94. For that, for
this, for this reason ; in consequence ; in return for
this, in recompense for this or for that.
(K?" It is not a little strange that Johnson should not
have noticed that this word is seldom used as an adverb,
but almost always as a conjunction. ,
Therefrom, Tnire-frSmJ ad. From that, from
this.
Therein, Tnire-inJ ad. in that, in this.
Thereinto, THare-in-toJ ad, into that, into this.
531
Thereof, xnlre-SfJ ad. 377. Of that, of this.
Thereon, THare-5nJ ad. On that.
Thereout, THare-outJ ud. Out of that.
Thereto, THare-tof ")
Thereunto, THAre-?m-tS,' / "'^- '^'^ ^''^*-
Therelpon, THare-up-5nJ ad. Upon that, in
consequence of that; immediately.
Thereunder, THare-Sn-dur, ad. Under that.
Therewith, THare-wto{ ad. With that; im-
mediately.— See Forthwith,
Therewithal, Tnire-wiM-allJ ad. Over and
above; at the same time ; with that.
Theriacal, thk-rl-i-k&l, a, 506, Medicinal,
physical.
Thermometer, ther-m^m'-e-tur, s. 518. An
instrument for measuring the heat of the air, or of any
matter.
ThermometricAl, #Aer-m6-inet-tr^-k4l, a.
468. Relating to the measure of heat.
Thermoscope, iAer-m6-sk6pe, s. An instru-
ment by which the degrees of heat are discovered.
These, th^zb, pron. 466. The plural of This.
Opposed to Those ; These relates to the persons or
things last mentioned, and Those to Ihe first.
Thesis, the-sia, S. A position, something laid
dowrt affirmatively or negatively.
TheURGIC, thk-ur'-Tfik, a. Relating to theurgy,
THEURIGY, </j^-ur-je, *. The power of doing
suipernatural things by lawful means, as by prayer to
God.
ThRW, thUf S. Quality, manners : in Shakespeare it
seems to signify brawn or bulk.
They, ThA, s. In the oblique case Tliem, the
plural of He or She. The men, the women, the per-
sons ; those men, those women, opposed to some
others.
Thick, </nk, a. 466, Not thin ; dense, not rare,
gross; muddy, feculent ; great in circumference ; fre-
quent, in quick succession, with little intermission ;
close, not divided by much space, crowded ; not
easily pervious, set with things close to each other;
coarse, not thin ; without proper intervals of articu-
lation.
Thick, tlnk, S. 400, The thickest part, or time
when anything is thickest; through Thick and thin,
whatever is in the way.
Thick, thlk, ad. Frequently, fast; closely; to
a great depth; Thick and threefold, in quick succession,
in great numbers.
To Thicken, th\k'-kn, v. a. 103. To make
thick: to make close, to fill up interstices; to con-
dense, to concrete; to strengthen, to confirm; to
make frequent ; to make close or numerous.
To ThiCKEN, Mlk^kn, v. n. To grow thick ; to
grow dense or muddy ; to concrete, to be consolidated ;
to grow close or numerous ; to grow quick.
Thicket, ^Aik^et, s. 98. a close knot or tuft of
trees, a close wood.
Thickly, tJnk'-\h, ad. Deeply, to a great quantity.
Thickness, f/uk-nes, S. The state of being thick,
density: quantity of matter interposed; space taken
up by matter interposed ; quantity laid on quantity to
some considerable depth ; consistence, grossness ;
imperviousness, closeness ; want of sharpnes."!, want of
quickness.
ThICKSKULLED, ^Alk-skuld, a. Dull, stupid.
Thickset, </tik-set, a. Close planted.
ThickskiN, ^/ak-skin, S. A coarse gross man.
Old cunt word.
Thief, thkki, S. 275, 466, One who takes what
belongs to another ; an excrescence in the snuff of
a candle.
Thiefcatcher, thUii'-kh.s\i-ViV,
Thieftaker, ?Aeef^ta-kur,
One whose business is to detect thieves.
To Thieve, thlh, v. n. 275. To steal, to
practise theft.
.}..
THI
THO
63- 559. FAte73, f^rTT, fall 83, fdt81— m^93, met95— pliie 105, pin 107— no 163, move 164,
Thievery, tJi^iy-ur-e,S. The practice of stealing;
tliat wliich is stolen.
Thievish, <Ae^v-ish, 'a. Given to stealing;
praciising theft ; secret, sly.
Thievishly, <Aeev-ish-l^, ad. Like a thief.
ThiEVISHNESS, M^eviish-nes, S. Disposition to
steal, habit of stealing.
Thigh, </tl, 5. 466. The thigh includes all between
the buttocks and the knee.
Thill, thi\, s. 466. The shafts of a waggon.
Thill-horse, Mil-horse,")
Thiller, tJi\V-\ur, S
The last horse, the horse that goes between the
shafts.
Thimble, thim-h\, s. 405. 466. A metal cover
by which women secure their fingers from the needle.
ThIME, time, *. 471. Properly 77(.vme. A fragrant
herb fronn which the bees are supposed to draw honey.
Thin, thin, a. 466. Not thick ; rare, not dense;
not close, separate by large spaces ; not closely com-
pact or accumulated; small, not abounding; lean, slim,
slender.
Thin, thin, ad. Not thickly.
To Thin, thm, v. a. To make thin or rare, not to
thicken ; to make less close or numerous ; to atte-
nuate.
Thine, ThIhc, pron, 466. Belonging or relating
to thee.
Thing, <Aing, *. 466. Whatever is, not a person ;
it is used in contempt ; it is used of persons in con-
tempt, or sometimes with pity.
To Think, tJiingk, v. n. 408. Pret. Thought.
To have ideas, to compare terms or things, to reason ;
to judge, to conclude, to determine; to intend; to
imagine, to fancy ; to muse, to meditate ; to recollect,
to observe ; to judge, to conclude.
To Think, ^Aingk, v. a. 50. 466. To imagine,
to image in the mind; to conceive; to Think much,
to grudge.
Thinker, Mingk-iir, s. 98. One who thinks.
Thinking, <7nngk'ing, *. 410. Imagination,
cogitation, judgment.
Thinly, th\u-\h, ad. Not thickly; not closely,
not numerously.
Thinness, Min^nes, s. The contrary to thickness,
exility, tenuity; scarcity; rareness, not spissitude.
Third, </turd, a. 108. The first after the second.
Third, thwrA, S. The third part.
Thirdborough, Murd-biir-ro, s. An under-
constable.
Thirdly, Murd-lJ, ad. In the third place.
Thirst, Murst, S. 108. The pain suffered for
want of drink, want of drink; eagerness, vehement
desire.
7'o Thirst, </turst, V, n. To feel want of drink,
to be thirsty or athirst; to have a vehement desire for
any thing.
ThIRSTINESS, Murst-t^-neS, *. The state of being
thirsty.
Thirsty, th\ir%t'-i.h, a. Suffering want of drink ;
pained for want of drink ; possessed with any vehe-
ment desire, as. Blood-thirsty.
Thirteen, thur'-tetn, a. 108. Ten and three.
Thirteenth, thar-tehuh', a. The third after
the tenth. V
Thirtieth, thur'-te-efh, a. 279. The tenth
thrice told.
Thirty, thur'-tk, a. 108. Thrice ten.
This, this, pron. dem. That which is present,
what is now mentioned; the next future; This is used
fur This time; the last past; it is often opposed to
That ; when This and That respect a former sentence.
This relates to the latter. That to the former member;
sometimes it is opposed to the Other.
Thistle, thls'-sl, s. 466, 473, A prickly weed
growing in corn fields,
532
Thistly, MlS-le, a. Overgrown with thistles.
Thither, THiTH-i'r, ad. 466. To that place; it
Is opposed to Hither; to that end, to that point.
Thitherto, thii H-ur-to, ad. To that end, so
far.
Thitherward, thith- ur-wird. Towards that
place.
Tho', THo, conj. Contracted for Tliough.
C3> This contraction means nothing, and ought not
to be admitted, unless printers are at their last shift to
shorten a line in verse.
Thong, thtng, s. A strap or string of leather.
Thoracick, fAo-1'^S-lk, a. 509. Belonging to
the breast.
ThorAL, thh'-Y^\, a. Relating to the bed.
Thorn, Morn, S. A prickly tree of several kinds;
a prickle growing on the thorn-bush ; any thing trou-
blesome.
Thornapple, iAorn-Ap-pl, S. A plant,
Thornback, thom'-hkV.., s. A sea fish.
Thornbut, ^Aorn-but, s. A sort of sea fish.
Thorny, thor'-nh, a. Full of thorns, rough;
pricking, vexatious; difiicult, perplexing.
Thorough, thur'-vh, prep. 318, By way of
making passage or penetration ; by means of, com-
monly written Through, which see.
Thorough, ^/mr-ro, a. 390. 466. Complete,
full, perfect; passing through.
Thoroughfare, Mur-rdi-fare, s. A passage
through, a passage without any stop or let.
Thoroughly, thuv'-vh-\h, ad. Completely, fully.
Thoroughpaced, Mur-ro-p^te, a. Perfect in
what is undertaken, complete.
Thoroughsped, Mur-ri-sped, a. Finished in
principles, thoroughpaced.
THOROUGHSTITCH, Mur-ro-Stltsb, ad. Com-
pletely, fully.
Those, THoze, pron. 466. The plural of That.
Thou, thou, S. 466. In the oblique cases singular
These. In the plural Ye; in the oblique cases jWural
You. The second pronoun personal ; it is used enly in
very familiar or very solemn language.
To Thou, thou, v. a. To treat with familiarity.
Little used.
Though, tho, conj. 466. Notwithstanding that,
although; as Though, as if, like as if.
Thought, </tawt, 466. Tlie pret. and part. pass.
ot Think.
Thought, Mawt, s. 313. 466. The operation of
the mind; the act of thinking; idea. Image formed;
sentiment, fancy, imagery; reflection, particular con-
sideration ; conception, preconceived notion ; opinion, -
judgment; meditation, serious consideration; soli-
citude, care, concern; a small degree, a small
quantity.
Thoughtful, ^//awt-ful, a. Contemplative, full
of reflection, full of meditation ; attentive, careful;
promoting meditation, favourable to musing; anxious,
solicitous.
Thoughtfully, ^//awt-ful-e, ad. With thought
or consideration, with solicitude.
Thoughtfulness, <Aavvt-fiil-nes, s. Deep .
meditation ; anxiety, solicitude.
Thoughtless, Mawt-les, a. Airj', gay, dis-
sipated; negligent, careless ; stupid, dull.
Thoughtlessly, <Aawt-les-l^, ad. Without
thought, carelesly, stupidly.
Thoughtlessness, Mawt-les-nes, s. Want oj
thought, absence of thought.
ThOUGHTSICK, Mawt-Slk, a. Uneasy with reflec-
tion.
Thousand, Mou-zind, a. or s. The number ot
ten hundred ; proverbially, a great number.
Thousandth, thwi!-z^\\dth, a. 466. The
hundredth ten times told, the ordinal of a thousand.
THR
THR
nor l67/n6t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull' 173— 8il 299— pound 313— Min466, thLs 469.
r, ihrct, \ ■ ,„„
ui i^u fV- a. 103.
PEN, thrttv-tii,)
TnOWL, tlM\x\, S. The pin or piece of timber by
wliich the oar is kept steady in rowing.
Thrall, fArawl, *. 84. 466- A slave, one who is
in the power of another; bondage, state of slavery or
confinement.
To Thrall, ^Arawl, v. a. To enslave, to bring
into the power of anotlier.
Thraldom, Mrawl-dum, s. 166. slavery,
servitude.
TliRAPPhB, thrk^'-pl, s. 405.466. The windpipe
of any animal.
To Thrash, thresh, v. a. 466. To beat com to
free it from the straw : to beat, to drub.
To Thrash, thr^h, v. n. To labour, to drudge.
Thrasher, </tiash'-ur, s. 98. One who thrashes
corn.
Thrashing-floor, thr^h'-mg-^hve, s. An area
on which corn is beaten.
Thrasonical, ^/tri-s3n-ne-kil, a. 466. Boast-
ful, bragging.
Thread, </iretl, *. 234. A small line, a small
twist ; any thing continued in a course, uniform
tenour.
To Thread, ^Zired, v. a: 466. To pass through
with a thread ; to pass thniugh, to pierce through.
Threadbare, ^Ared-bare, a. Deprived of the
nap, worn to the naked threads; worn out, trite.
Threaden, Mred^dn, a. 103. Made of thread.
Threat, thve,t, s. 234. 466. Menace, denuncia-
tion of ill
To Threat
To Threaten.
To menace, to denounce evil ; to menace, to terrify, or
attempt to terrify ; to menace by action.
Threatener, iAret-tn-ur, *. 98. Menacer,
one who threatens.
Threateningly, #Aret-tn-ing-le, ad. With
menace, in a threatening manner.
Threatful, </iret'-ful, a. Full of threats.
Three, thrke, a. 246. 466. Two and one ; pro-
verbially, a small number.
Threefold, Mree-fold, a. Thrice repeated, con-
sisting of three.
Threepence, <Arep-ense, s. A smaH silver coin
valued at thrice a penny.
Threepenny, <Arep'en-i, a. Vulgar, mean.
Threepile, ^Arel-plle, S. An old name for good
velvet.
ThREEPILED, <Arei-pilJ, a. Set with a thick
pile; in another place it seems to mean piled one on
another.
Threescore, <Are^-skoie, a. Thrice twenty,
sixty.
Threnody, f/tren-i-de, s. 466. A song of
lamentation.
Thresher, ^/treshiur, s, 466.
Properly Thrasher.
Threshold, ^%resh-h6ld, s. The ground or step
under the door, entrance, gate, door.
Threw, //troo, 339. Pret. of Throw.
Thrice, ^Al'Ise, orf. 468.. Three times j a word of
amplification.
To Thrid, thrid, v. a. To slide through a narrow
passage.
Thrift, ^Anft, S. 466. Profit, gain, riches gotten;
parsimony, frugality, good husbandry ; a plant.
Thriftily, </trif^te-l^, ad. Frugally, parsimoniously.
TlIRlFTINESS, </jrif^t^-neS, J. Frugality, husbandry.
Thriftless, Mrift-les, a. Profuse, extravagant.
Thrifty, f/trlf-te, a. Frugal, sparing, not pro-
fuse; well husbanded.
To Thrill, ^Aril, v. a. 466. To pierce, to bore,
to penetrate.
2b Thrill, thn\, v. n. To have the quality of
533
piercing ; to pierce or wound the ear with a sViarp
sound ; to feel a sharp tingling sensation ; to pass with
a tingling sensation.
To Thrive, thrive, v. n. Pret. Throve, Thrived.
Part. Thriven. To prosper, to grow rich, to advance
in any thing desired.
Th RIVER, thTV-\uV, S. 466. One who prospers,
one who grows rich.
Thrivingly, <Arl-ving-le, ad. In a prosperous
way.
Throat, ^Arote, s. 295. 466. The forepart of
the neck ; the main road of any place ; to cut the
Throat, to murder, to kill by violence.
To Throb, thvih, v. n. 466. To heave, to beat,
to rise as the breast; to beat, to palpitate.
Throb, thrth, S. Heave, beat, stroke of palpitation.
Throe, thro, S. 296. 466. The pain of travail,
the anguish of bringing children ; any extreme agony,
the final and mortal struggle.
To Throe, tfirh, v. a. To put in agonies. Not
in use.
Throne, thrhne, s. 466. A royal seat, the seat
of a king ; the seat of a bishop in the church.
To Throne, throne, v. a. To enthrone, to set on
a royal seat.
Throng, thrtng, s. 466. a crowd, a multitude
pressing against each other.
To Throng, throng, v. n. To crowd, to come in
tumultuous multitudes.
7'o Throng, thrtng, v. a. To oppress or incom-
mode with crowds or tumults.
Throstle, thr^is'-s], s. 466. 472. The thrush,
a small singing bird.
Throttle, <Arot'-tl, s. 495. 466. The windpipe.
To Throttle, Mrfttitl, v. a. To choak, to
suffocate, to kill by stopping the breath.
Throve, thrhve. The pret. of Thrive.
Through, throo, prep. 3 IE. From end to end
of; noting passage; by transmission ; by means of.
Through, throo, ad. 466. From one snd oi side
to the other ; to the end of any thing.
Throughbred, f/troo-bred, a. Completely
educated, completely taught. Generally written
Thoroughbred.
Throughlighted, </jroo-lUted, a. Lighted on
both sides.
Throughly, throo-Xe, ad. Completely, fully,
entirely, wholly ; without reserve, sincerely. More
commonly written Thoroughly.
Throughout, throo-otit', prep. Quite through,
in every part of.
Throughout, </iroo-out{ ad. Every where, in
every part.
ThROUGHPACED, fZtroo-paste, a. Perfect, com-
plete. More commonly written and pronounced
Thoroughjiaced.
To Throw, thro, v. a. Pret. Threw. Part. pass.
Throvm. To fling, to cast ; to send to a distant place
by any projectile force ; to toss, to put with any vio-
lence or tumult; to lay carelesly, or in haste; to
venture at dice; to cast, to strip oflt; to emit in any
manner; to spread in haste; to overturn in wrestling;
to drive, to send by force ; to make to act at a distance ;
to change by any kind of violence; to Throw away;
to lose, to spend in vain; to reject; to Throw by, to
lay aside as of no use; to Throw down, to subvert, to
overturn; to Throw off, to expel; to reject; to re-
nounce; to Throw out, to exert ; to bring forth into
act ; to distance, to leave behind ; to eject, to expel ;
to eject, to exclude; to Throw up, to resign angrily;
to emit, to eject, to bring up.
7b Throw, thrh, v. n. 324. 466. To perform
the act of casting; to cast dice; to Throw about, to
cast about, to try expedients.
Throw, thro, s. A cast, the act of casting, or
throwing; a cart of dice, tliat manner in which tlie
dice fall when they are cast; the space to which any
thing is thrown; effort, violent sally; the agony oi
childbirth, in this sense it is written Throi:,
THW
THY
(»-'559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, Mt 81-r-mJ93, met 95— pine 1 05, pm 107— no 162, move 164,
Thrower, thro-uv, s. One who throws.
Throwster, thrh-stuv, s.
(fj^ This word is in none of our Dictionaries; but, if
1 mistake not, it is adopted to signify one wlio twists
silk, or throws it into a proper state for being woven.
Thrum, ^Ariltn, S. 466, The ends of weavers'
threads; any coarse yarn.
2b Thrum, thram, v. a. To grate, to play
coarsely.
Thrush, <7trush, S. 466, A small singing bird ;
small round, superficial ulcerations, which appear first
in the mouth ; they may affect every part of the ali-
mentary duct, except the thick guts.
Thrust, thrast, v. a. To push any thing into
matter, or between bodies; to push, to remove with
violence, to drive; to stab; to impel, to urge; to
obtrude, to intrude.
To Thrust, thrust, v. n. To make a hostile
push ; to squeeze in, to put himself into any place by
violence; to intrude; to push forwards, to come vio-
lently, to throng.
Thrust, ^Amst, s. 466. Hostile attack with any
pointed weapon ; assault, attack.
Thruster, fArust-ur, S. He who thrusts.
"Bhumb, thum, s. 347. The short strong flnger,
answering to the other four.
To Thumb, thmn, v. a, 466. To handle
awkwardly.
Thumbstall, ^7tum-stall, s, 406. A thimble.
Thump, ^Aump, *. 466. A hard heavy dead dull
blow, with something blunt.
7h Thump, Mump, v. a. To beat with dull heavy
blows.
2b Thump, tJmmy, v. n. To fall or strike with
a dull heavy blow.
Thumper, thump-ar, s. 98. The person or thing
that thumps.
Thunder, t?iun'-dur, s. 466. A loud ruiiibiing
noise, which usually follows lightning; any loud noise
or tumultuous vii)lence.
2b Thunder, ^Aun-dur, v, n. To make a loud,
sudden, and terrible noise.
To Thunder, Mun-dur, v. a. To emit with
noise and terrour; to publish any denunciation or
threat.
Thunderbolt, #Aun-dur-bolt, s. Lightning, the
arrows of Heaven; fulmination, denunciation pro-
perly ecclesiastical.
Thunderclap, </»un-dur-kl4p, s. Explosion of
thunder.
Thunderer, Mun-dur-ur, s. The power that
thunders.
Th UN DEROUS, f /mnidur-us, a. Producing thunder.
Thundershower, Mun-dur-shou-ur, s. 98.
A rain accompanied with thunder.
Thunderstone, Mun-dur-st&ne, s. A stone
fabulously supposed to be emitted by thunder,
a thunderbolt.
To Thunderstrike, </iun-dur-strike, v. a. To
blast or hurl with lightning.
Thuriferous, thh-rlP-f^r-us, 518. Bearing
frankincense.
Thurification, Mta-nf-f^-ki^shun, s. The act
of fuming ivith incense, the act of burning incense.
Thursday, thurz'-de, s. 223. The fifth day of
the week.
Thus, thus, ad. 466. In this manner, in this
wise ; to this degree, to this quantity.
2b Thwack, thv/^k, v. a. 466. To strike with
something blunt and heavy, to thrash, to bang.
Thwack, thvikk, s. 85. A iiaid blow.
Thwart, thwart, a. 85. 466. Transverse, cross
to something else; perverse, inconvenient, mis-
chievous.
2b Thwart, </twart, v. a. To cross, to lie or
come cross any things to cross, to oppose, to traverse.
534
To Thwart, thv/Avt, v. n. To be opposite.
Thwartingly, thv/ Ari-mg-\k, ad. Oppositely,
with opposition.
Thy, Tni, or thc, pron, 466. Of thee, belong-
ing to thee.
0:5" From what has been already observed under the
pronoun my, we are naturally led to suppose, that the
word thy, when not emphatical, ought to follow the
same analogy, and be pronounced V\kc the, as we fre-
quently hear it on the stage; but if we reflect, that
reading or reciting is a perfect picture of speaking, we
shall be induced to think that, in this paiticular, the
Stage is wrong. The second personal pronoun thy is not
like my, the common language of every subject; it is
used only where the subject is either raised above com-
mon life, or sunk below it into the mean and fainiliar.
When the subject is elevated above common life, it
adopts a language suitable to such an elevation, and the
pronunciation of this language ought to be as far re-
moved from the familiar as the language itself. Thus,
in prayer, pronouncing thy like the, even when uncm-
phatical, would be intolerable; while suH'ering thy,
when unemphatical, to slide into the in the pronuncia-
tion of slight and familiar composition, seeins to lower
the sound to the language, and form a proper distinction
between different subjects. If, therefore, it should be
asked why, in reciting epic or tragic composition, we
ought always to pronounce thy rhyming witli high, while
my, when unemphatical, sinks into the sound of me, it
may be answered, because my is the common language
of every subject, while thy is confined to subjects either
elevated above common life, or sunk below it into the
negligent and familiar. When, therefore, the language
is elevated, the uricommonness of the word thy, and its
full sound rhyming with high, is suitable to the dignity
of the subject : but the slender sound, like the, gives it
a familiarity only suitable to the language of endear-
ment or negligence, and for this very reason is unfit for
the dignity of epic or tragic composition. Thus in the
following passages from Milton :
** Say first, for heav'n hides nothing from thy view,
** Nor the deep tract of hell "
, Par Lost, I
** O thou, that with surpassing glory crown'd,
** Looks't from thy sole dominion like the God
** Of this new world ; at whose sight all the stars
*' Hide their diminished heads ; to thee I call,
*' But with no friendly voice ; and add tky name,
** O sun, to tell thee how I hate thy beams."
Ibid. IV
Here, pronouncing the pronoun thy, like the word the,
would familiarize and debase the language to prose. The
same may be observed of the following passage from the
tragedy of Cato :
** Now, Csesar, let thy troops beset our gates,
'* And bar each avenue ; thy gathering fleets
'* O'er spread the sea, and stop up every port j
" Cato shall open to himself a passage,
** And mock thy hopes,"
Here the impropriety of pronouncing thy like the is
palpable: nor would it be much more excusable in the
following speech of Fortius, in the first scene of the same
tragedy :
** Thou see*st not that thy brother is thy rival;
** But 1 must hide it, for 1 know thy temper,
*' Now, Marcus, now thy virtue's on the proof;
** Put forth thy utmost strength, work every nerve,
" And call up all thy father in thy soul."
As this pronoun is generally pronounced on the stage,
it would be difficult for the ear to distinguish whether
the words are,
" Thou know'st not that thy brother is th^/ rival,"
or.
Thou know'st not, that the brother is the rival." &c
And this may be one reason that the slender pro-
nunciation of thy ^llould be avoided as much at
possible.
Perhaps it will be urged, that though these passages
require thy to be pronounced so as to rhyme with high,
there are other instances in tragedy where the subject is
low and familiar, which would be better pronounced by
sounding thy like the: to which it may be answered,
that when tragedy lowers her voice, and descends into
tlie mean and familiar, as is frequently the case in the
tragedies of Shakespeare, the slender pronunciation of
thy may be adopted, because, thougn the piece ma} have
TID
TIM
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 1 71, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— <Ain 466, THis 46^.
the name of a tragedy, the scene may he really comedy
The only rule, therefore, that can be given, is a very
indefinite onej namely, that thy ought always to be
pronijunced so as to rhyme with high when the subject is
raised, and the personage dignified; liut when the snb-
ect is familiar, and the person we address without dig-
nity or importance, if thy be the personal pronoun
made use of; it ought to bcpronounced liketfte: thus,
if, in a familiar way, we say to a friend, Give me thy
hand, we never hear the pronoun thy sounded so as to
rhyme with /(ig'ft; and it is always pronounced like «Ae
when speaking to a child ; we say. Mind thy book, Hold
up thy head, or, Take off thy hat. The phraseology we
call theeing and thouing, is not in so common use with us
ss the tuloyant among the French : but as the second per-
sonal pronoun thou, and its possessive thy, are indispen-
sable in composition, it seems of some importance to
pronounce them properly. — See Rhetorical Grammar,
page 32.
Thyself, thI-scIH pron. rec. Tt is commonly
used in the oblique cases or following the verb; in
poetical or solemn language it is sometimes used in
the nominative.
Thyme, time, s. 471. A plant.
Thyine-wood, thh'-\ne-\v\xd,s, A precions wood.
TiAR, tl'-ar, ")
Tiara, tU'-rS, 1I6.J*V
A dress for the head, a diadem.
To TlCE, the, V. a. To draw, to allure. Used
seldom, for Entice.
Tick, tlk, *. Score, trust ; the louse of dogs or
sheep ; the case which holds the feathers of a bed.
ybTlCK, tlk, V. n. To run on score ; to trust, to
score ; to make a small quick Doise like that of
a watch.
Tic KEN, \ ,2, /, d ,no
„ >tik-kin, 5. 103.
Ticking, J
The same with Tick. A sort of strong linen for
bedding.
Ticket, tlk-lt, S. 99. A token of any right or
debt.upon the delivery of which admission is granted,
or a claim acknowlecfged.
To Tickle, tik-kl, v. a. 405. To affect with
a prurient sensation by slight touches; to please by
slight gratification.
To Tickle, tlk-kl, v. n. To feel titillation.
Tickle, tlk-kl, a. Tottering, unfixed, unstable.
Not in use.
Ticklish, tlk-kl-ish, a. Sensible to titillation,
easily tickled; tottering, uncertain, unfixed j diffi-
cult, nice.
Ticklishness, tik-kl-ish-nes, s. The state of
being ticklish.
Ticktack, tik-tik, s. A game at tables.
Tide, tide, S. Time, season. In this sense not
now in use. Alternate ebb and flow of the sea; flood ;
stream, course.
To Tide, tide, v. a. To drive with the stream.
To Tide, tide, v. n. To pour a flood, to be
agitated by the tide.
Tidegate, tlde-gite, s. A gate through which
the tide passes into a basin.
TiDESMAN, tldz-m^n, S, 88. A tidewaiter or
custom-house officer, who watches on board of mer-
chant ships till the duty of goods be paid.
Tidewaiter, tlde-wA-tur, s. An officer who
watches the landing of goods at the custom-house.
Tidily, tl-d^-1^, ad. Neatly, readily.
Tidiness, tl-d^-nes, S. Neatness, readiness.
Tidings, tl-din^Z, *. News, an account of some-
thing that has happened.
Tidy, tl-d^, a. Neat, ready,
(t5- If I do not mistake, Mr. Elphinston derives this
word from tide ; as a tidy person, is one who is as atten-
tive to dress and arrangement of things as if preparing
for the tidf , which, as the proverb says, " waits for n<i
man." But Skinner seems more properly to derive this
word from tight, as a tight fellow, one tied up or braced,
not loose.
535
To Tie, tl, v. a. 276. To bind, to fasten witlf
a knot ; to knit, to complicate ; to hold, lo fasten ; to
hinder, to obstruct; to oblige, to constrain, to restrain;
to confine.
Tie, tl, s. Knot, fastening; bond, obligation.
Tier, teer, s. 275. A row, a rank.
Tierce, terse, s. 277. A vessel holding the third
part of a pipe.
Tiff, tlf, s. Liquor, drink; a fit of peevishness or
suUenness, a pet.
To Tiff, tit", v. n. To be in a pet, to quarrel.
Tiffany, tif'-fi-n^, *. Very thin silk.
Tiger, tl-gur, «. 98. A fierce beast of the leonine
kind.
Tight, tlte, a, 393. Tense, close, not loose; free
from fluttering rags, less than neat. — See Tidy.
To Tighten, tl-tn, v. a. 103. To straiten, to
make close.
Tightly, tlteMe, ad. Closely, not loosely;
neatly, not idly.
Tightness, tlte-nes, s. Closeness, not looseness.
Tigress, tl-^res, *. The female of the tiger.
Tike, tike, *. A species of dog.
Tile, tile, *. Thin plates of baked clay used to
cover houses.
To Tile, tile, v. a. To cover with tiles; to cover
as tiles.
Tiler, tl-lur, s. 98. One whose trade is to cover
houses with tiles.
Tiling, tl-ling, S. 410. The roof covered with
tiles.
Till, till, S. A box in a desk or counter into
which money is dropped.
Till, till, prep. To the time of; Till now, to the
present time; Till then, to that time.
Till, till, conj. To the time ; to the degree that.
To Till, till, v. a. To cultivate, to husband,
commonly used of the husbandry of the plough.
Tillable, til-l^-bl, a. 405. Arable, fit for tin:
plough.
Tu LAGE, til-lldje, *. 90. Husbandry, the act or
practice of ploughing, or culture.
Tiller, tll-lur, «. 98. Husbandman, ploughman;
a till, a small drawer; the rudder of a boat.
Tilt, tilt, S. A tent, any covering over head ; the
cover of a boat ; a military game at which the comba-
tants run against each other with lances on horseback ;
a thrust.
To Tilt, tilt, v. a. To cover like a tilt of a boat;
to carry as in tilts or tournaments; to point as in tilts;
to turn up so as to run out.
To Tilt, tilt, v. n. To run in tilts ; to fight with
rapiers; to rush as in combat; to play unsteadily ; to
fall on one side.
TiLTER, tllt-ur, S. 98. One who tilts, one who
fights.
Tilth, til^/t, s. Husbandry, culture.
Timber, tmiibur, *. 98. Wood fit for building ;
the main trunk of a tree; the main beams of a fabrick.
Timbered, tinaiburd, a. 559. Built, formed,
contrived.
Timbrel, tim-bril, S. d9. A kind of musical in-
strument played by pulsation.
TiMH, time, S, The measure of duration ; space of
time; interval; season, proper time; a considerable
space of duration, continuance, process of time ; age,
particular part of time; hour of childbirth; musical
measure.
To Time, time, v. a. To adapt to the time, to
bring or do at a proper time; to regulate as to timCj
t.j n!?asure harmonically.
TiMFFIJL, tlme-fiil, a. Seasonable, timely, early.
Timeless, tlme-les, a. Unseasonable, done at an
improper time; untimely, immature, done before the
proper time.
TIP
TIT
ft5~659. FAte73, far 77, fall 83, fitSl— mJ 93,'mlt95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164
Timely, tIme-1^, a. Seasonably, sufficiently early
TiMESERVER, tlmc-serv-ur, s. One who com-
plies with prevailing notions whatever they be.
Timeserving, ti-me-serv-ing, a. Meanly, com-
plying with present power.
Timid, tim-ld, a. Fearful, timorous, wanting
courage.
Timidity, tJ-mid-e-te, s. Tearfulness, timorous-
ness, habitual cowardice.
Timorous, tim-ur-us, a. 314. Fearful, full of
fear and scruple.
Timorously, timiur-us-l^, ad. Fearfully, with
much fear.
TiMOROUSNESS, tim'ur-us-nes, s. Fearfulness,
TimoUS, tl-mus, a. 314. Early, timely. Not in
use.
Tin, tin, s. One of the primitive metals, called by
the chymists Jupiter; thin plates of iron covered with
tin.
To Tin, tin, v. a. To cover with tin.
To TiNCT, tin^kt, V, a. To stain, to colour, to
spot, to die ; to imbue with a taste.
TiNCT, tingkt, S. 408. Colour, stain, spot.
Tincture, tingk-tshure, s. 461 . Colour or taste
superadded by something; extract of seme drug made
in spirits, an infusion.
yo Tincture, tingk'-tsliure, v. a. To imbue or
impregnate with some colour or taste j to imbue the
mind.
TiND, tiud, V. a. To kindle, to set on fire.
Tinder, tin-dur, s. 98. Any thing eminently in-
flammable placed to catch fire.
To Tinge, tinje, v. a. To impregnate or imbue
with a colour or taste,
Tingent, tin-jent, a. Having the power to tinge.
To Tingle, ting-gl, v. n. 405. To feel a sound,
or the continuance of a sound; to feel a sharp quick
pain with a sensation of motion ; to feel either pain or
pleasure with a sensation of motion.
To TiNK, tingk, V. n. 408. To make a sharp
shrill noise.
Tinker, tingk-ur, S. A mender of old brass.
To Tinkle, tingk^kl, v. n, 405. To make
a sharp quick noise, to clink ; to hear a low quick
noise.
Tinman, tin-man, s. 88. A manufacturer of tin,
or iron tinned over.
Tinner, tin-nur,^ s. 98. One who works in the
tin mines.
Tinsel, tin-Sll, S, 99. A kind o<' shining cloth ;
any tliinfc shining with false lustre, any thing showy
and of little value.
To Tinsel, tin^sil, v. a. To decorate with cheap
ornaments, to adorn with lustre that has no value.
Tint, tint, S. A die, a colour.
Tiny, tl^ni, or. Little, small, puny.
Tip, tip, *. Top, end, point, extremity.
To Tip, tip, v. a. To top, to end, to cover on the
end; to strike slightly, to tap; to give an innuendo,
to give secretly.
Tippet, tip-pit, *. 99. Something worn about the
neck.
ST? Tipple, tip^pl, v. n. 405. To drink luxuriously,
to waste life over the cup.
To Tipple, tip-pl, v, a. To drink in luxury or
exces.s.
Tipple, tap-pl, s. Drink, liquor.
Tippled, tip^pld, a. 359. Tipsy, drunk.
Tippler, tip-pl-ur, s. 98. a sottish drunkard.
Tipstaff, tip'-stjf, S. An officer with a staff
tipped with metal ; the staff itself so tipped. ,
Tipsy, tip^s^, a. Drunk.
Tiptce, tip'-t^, *. The end of the toe.
Tipe, thh, s. Rank, row.— See Tier,
53G
(KJ- As this word, when it signifies a rank or row, ii
universally pronounced like tear, a drop from the eye
it ought always to be written tier; which would prevent
a gross irregularity. This is the more to be wished, not
only as its derivation from the old French tiere seems to
require this spelling, but to distinguish it from the word
tire, a headdress; which, probably, being a corrup-
tion eitlier of the word tiara, an ornament (or the head,
or of the English word attire, ouglit to be written and
pronounced like the word tire, to fatigue. Dr. Kenrict
is the only orthoepist who has attended to this distinc-
tion.— See Bowl,
Tire, tire, S. A headdress ; furniture; apparatus.
To Tire, tire, v. a. To fatigue, to make weary, to
harass ; to dress the head.
To Tire, tire, v. n. To fail with weariness.
Tiredness, tird^nes, *. State of being tired,
weariness.
Tiresome, tire-sum, a. 165. Wearisome, fatiguing,
tedious.
Tiresomeness, tire-sum-nes, s. Act or quality
of being tiresome.
Tirewoman, tlre^wum-un, s. 88. A womaa
whose business is to make dresses for the liead.
Tiringhouse, tl'-ring-liouse, "1
Tiringroom, ti-ring-room, j"
The room in which players dress for the stage.
'TiS, tiz. Contracted for It is. This contraction
is allowable only in poetry.
TiSiCK, tiz^ik, s. Properly Phthisich. Con- '
sumption.
TiSICAL, tiz^^-kil, a. 509. Consumptive.
Tissue, tish^u, S. 452. Cloth interwoven with
gold and silver.
To Tissue, tish-i, V, a. To interweave, to variegate.
Tit, tit, s. A small horse, gentrally in contempt ;
a woman, in contempt; a titmouse or tomtit,
a bird.
Titbit, tit^bit, s. Nice bit, nice food.
Titheaule, tiTH-st-bl, a. Subject to the payment
of titlies.
Tithe, tlTHe, s, 467. The tenth part, the part
assigned to the maintenance of the ministry ; the
tenth part of any thing; a small part, a small por-
tion.
To Tithe, tiTIie, v. a. To tax, to levy to pay the
tenth part.
To Tithe, tlrne, v. n. To pay tithe.
TiTHER, ti-THur, s. 98. One who gathers tithes.
Tithing, tl'-THing, *. 410. Tithing is the number
or company of ten men witli their families knit toge-
ther in a society, all of them being bound to the king
for the peaceable and good behaviour of each of their
society; tithe, tenth part due to the priest,
TiTHiNGMAN, tl'-THing-mJn, s. A petty peace
officer.
To TiTILATE, tIt'-tll-lAte, V. a. To tickle.
Titillation, tit-til-la-shun, S. The act of
tickling; the state of being tickled; any slight or petty
pleasure.
Titlark, tit-lark, s. A bird.
Title, ti-tl, s. 405. A general head comprising
particulars; any appellation of honour; a name, an
appellation ; the first page of a book, telling its name
and generally its subject; a claim of right.
To Title, tl-tl, v. a. To entitle, to name, to call.
Titleless, tl-tKles, a. Wanting a name or ap-
pellation.
TiTLEPAGE, tUtl-pidje, S. The page containing
the title of a book.
Titmouse, tit-mouse, s. a small species of birds.
To Titter, tit-tur, v. n. 98. To laugh with
restraint.
Titter, tit-tur, S. A restrained laugh.
Tittle, tit-tl, s, 405. A small particle, a yois';^
TOl ION
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, buUnS— oil 299— pound 313— ^/tin 466, Tins 469.
TiTTLETATTLE, tlt^tl-t^t-tl, S. Idle talk, prattle,
empty gabble.
TiTUBATiON, tit-tshu-b^-shun, s: The act of
stumbling.
Titular, tlt-tshu-lur, a. 88. Nominal, having
only the title.
Titular ITY, tit-tsbu-Urie-t6, s. The state of
being titular.
Titulary, tit-tshu-li-ri, a. Consisting in
a title ; relating to a title.
Titulary, tit-tshu-l4-re, s. One who has a title
or right.
TiVY, tiv-e, a. A word expressing speed, from
Tantwy, the note of a hunting horn.
To, too, ad, A particle coining between two verbs,
and noting the second as the object of the first; it
notes the intention, as she raised a war To call me
back ; after an adjective it notes its object, as born
To beg; noting futurity, as, we are still To seek;
To and again, To and fro, backward and forward.
(t5- What has been observed of the word The, respect-
ins the length of the e before a vowel, and its shortness
before a consonant, is perfectly applicable to the prepo-
sition, and the adverb To. This will be palpable in the
pronunciation of the verbs totegin and to end, and in the
phrases, Iwent to London, he went to Eaton. It may be
observed too, that this word, though deprived of its o to
the eye, always preserves it to the car. Whether we see
it elided, as in Pope's Essay on Man :
" S«y what the use were finer optics giv'n,
** T* inspect a mite, not comprehend th« heav'n."
Or preserved with an apostrophe after it, as in Milton :
" For still they knew, and ought to' havr still remember'd,
" The high injunction not to taste that fruit,
** Whoever tempted."
In both these instances the word to ought to be pro-
nounced in exactly the same manner; that is, like the
number two.
To, too, prep. Noting motion toward, opposed to
From ; noting accord or adaptation ; noting address or
coiTipellation, as, here's To you all ; noting a state or
place whither any one goes, as, away To horse; not-
ing opposition, as, foot To foot; noting amount, as,
To the number of three hundred; noting proportion,
as. Three to nine ; noting perception, as, sharp To the
taste; in comparison of, as, no fool To the sinner; as
far as; toward. — See the Adverb.
Toad, tode, s. 295. An animal resembling a frog ;
but the frog leaps, the toad crawls ; the toad is accounted
venomous.
TOADFISH, tide-fisb, s. A sea fish.
Toadflax, tide^fl^ks, s. A plant.
ToADSTONE, tfide-stone, s. A concretion supposed
to be found in the head of a toad.
Toadstool, tode-Stool, s, A plant like a mush-
room, not esculent.
To Toast, toste, v. a. 295. To dry or heat at
the fire ; to name when a health is drunk.
Toast, toste, s. Uread dried before the fire ; bread
dried and put into liquor ; a celebrated woman whose
health is often drunk.
Toaster, tost'-ur, s. 98. He who toasts.
Tobacco, to-bik-k&, s. An American plant much
used in smoking, chewing, and snuffing.
Tobacconist, to-b^kUio-iust, s. A preparer
and vender of tobacco.
Tod, tod, s. A bush, a thick shrub j a certain
weight of wool, twenty-eight pounds.
Toe, to, *. 296. The divided extremities of the
feet, the fingers of the feet.
TOFORE, to-forej ad. Before. Obsolete.
Toged, toiged, a. 381, Gowned, dressed in
:i g<iwn.
Together, to-geTH^ur, «rf. 381. in company;
in the same place ; in the same time; without inter-
mission: in concert; in continuity; Together with,
in union with.
To Toil, toil, v. n. 999- To labour.
537
To Toil, toil, v. a. To labour, to work at; to
weary, to overlabour.
Toil, toil, s. Labour, fatigue; any net or snare
woven or meshed.
Toilet, toil-et, s. A dressing table.
Toilsome, toil-sum, a. Laborious,
Toilsomeness, toil-s?im-nes, s. Wearisomeness,
laboriousness.
Token, to-kn, S. 103, A sign ; a mark ;
a memorial of friendship ; an evidence of remembrance
Told, tild. Pret. and part, pass, of Teli
Mentioned, related. — See Mould.
To TolE, tile, v. a. To train, to draw by degrees.
Tolerable, tSl^ur-^-bl, a. 88. Supportable,
that may be endured or supported; not excellent, not
contemptible, passable.
Tolerableness, t3l-ur-i-bl-nes, s. The state
of being tolerable.
Tolerably, tftl-ur-i-bl^, ad. Supportably, in
a manner that may be endured ; passably, neither well
nor ill, moderately well.
Tolerance, tSl'-ur-anse, s. 557, Power of
enduring, act of enduring.
To Tolerate, t5l-ur-ite, v, a. 555, To allow
so as not to hinder, to suffer.
Toleration, t6l-ur-A-sbun, s. Allowance given
to that which is not approved.
Toll, tole, s. 406. An excise of goods.
To Toll, tile, v. n. To pay toll or tollage ; to
take toll or tollage ; to soutid as a single bell.
To Toll, tole, v. a. To ring a bell ; to take away,
to vacate, to annul. In this sense sounded Tol.
TOLLBOOTH, tol-booTH, S. A prison,
ToLLGATHERER, tole-g^TH-uF-ur, *, The officer
that takes toll.
TOLSEY, toKzi, s. 438. A kind of market;
a place where people meet to buy and sell ; a tollbooth.
The place near the exchange at Bristol is called the
ll'lsey.
Tomb, toom, *, 164.347. A monument in which
the dead are enclosed.
To Tomb, toom, v. a. 347. To bury, to entomb.
TOMBLESS, todm-les, a. Wanting a tomb, wanting
a sepulchral monument.
Tomboy, tSm-bSe, s. A mean fellow, sometimes
a wild coai'se girl.
Tome, tome, *. One volume of many ; a book.
Tomtit, t3m-tlt{ S. A titmouse, a small bird.
Ton, tun, s. 165. A measure or weight.
Tone, tone, S. Note, sound; accent, sound of the
voice ; a whine, a mournful cry ; a particular or
affected sound in sjieaking; elasticity, power of ex-
tension and contraction.
TONG, tung, s. 165. 406. The catch of the buckle,
TONGS, tSngZ, S. An instrument by which hold is
taken of any thing.
Tongue, tung, s. 165. 337. The instrument of
speech in human beings ; the organ by which animals
lick ; speech, fluency of words ; speech as well or ill
used; a language: speech as opposed to thoughts;
a nation distinguished by their language; a small
point, as the Tongue of a balance ; to hold the Tongue,
to be silent.
To Tongue, ti'ing, v. a. 337. To chide, to scold.
To Tongue, tung, v. n. To talk, to prate,
TONGOED, tungd, a. 359. Haying a tongue.
Tongueless, tung-les, a. Wanting a tongue,
speechless; unnamed, not spoken of.
Tonguepad, tung-p^d, *. A great talker.
ToNGUETIED, tung^tlde, a. 282, Having an im-
pediment of speech
ToNicK, tSn'-ik, 509.1
Tonical, tSni!k-4l, S*^'
Being extended, being elastick; relating to (ones of
sounds.
TOP
TOR
t>
559. Fite73, f^r 77, fall 83, f^t 81— mi 93,"met 95— pine 105, p'n 107— n4 162, move 164,
Tonnage, tun-nidje, s. 90. 165. A custom or
impost due for merchandise after a certain rate in
ewery ton.
Tonsil, tftn-Sll, *. Tonsils or almonds are two
, round glands placed on the sides of the basis of the
tongue.
ToNSILE, tSn-sil, a. Patient of being clipped.
Tonsure, tftn-shure, 5. 452. The act of clipping
the hair.
Too, too, ad. 10. Over and above, overmuch,
more than enough ; likewise, also.
Took, took. The pret. and sometimes the part. pass,
of Take.
Tool, tool, s. 306. Any instrument of manual
operation; a hireling, a wretch who acts at the com-
mand of another.
Tooth, tooth, s. 467. Plural Teeth. One of the
bones of the mouth with which the act of mastication
is performed; taste, palate; a tine, prong, a blade;
the prominent part of wheels ; Tooth and nail, with
one's utmost violence; to the Teeth, in open opposi-
tion ; to cast in the Teeth, to insult by open expro-
bration ; in spite of the Teeth, notwithstanding any
power of injury or defence.
To Tooth, tooth, v. a. 306. To furnish with
teeth, to indent; to lock in each other.
Toothache, too<A-ake, s. 355. Pain in the teeth.
ToOTHDRAWER, too^/t-dravv-ur, s. One whose
business is to extract painful teeth.
Toothed, tootht, a. 359. 467. Having teeth.
Toothless, tooth-\es, a. Wanting teeth, deprived
of teeth.
Toothpick, too^/t-pik, \
TooTHPicKER, tooM-pik-ur, J
An instrument by which the teeth are cleansed.
Toothsome, too^A-sum, a. 165. Palatable,
pleasing to the taste.
Tooth SOMENESS, tOO^A-Sum-nes, S. Pleasantness
to the taste.
TOOTHWORT, tooth'-WVXt, S. 165. A plant.
Top, top, S. The highest part of any thing ; the
surface, the superficies ; the highest place ; the highest
person ; the utmost degree ; the highest rank ; the
crown »f the head ; the hair on the crown of the head,
the forelock; the head of a plant; a plaything for
boys ; Top is somethimes used as an adjective, to ex-
press lyirg on the top, or being at the top.
To Top, tftp, v. n. To rise aloft, to be eminent ;
to predominate j to do his best.
To Top, tSp, v. a. To cover on the top, to tip ; to
rise above; to outgo, to surpass; to crop; to rise to
the top of; to oerform eminently; as, he Tops his
part.
TOPARCH, toipark, S. The chief man of a place,
the lord or governor of a small country.
Topaz, to-piz, s, A yellow gem.
TOPFOL, t6p-ful, a. Full to the top, full to the
brim.
Topgallant, tSp-gll-lint, s. The highest sail ;
it is proverbially applied to any thing elevated.
TOPHEAVY, tfip-hev-i, a. Having the upper part
too weighty for the lower.
ToPiARY, to'-pi-i-ri, a. Shaped by tonsure.
Topknot, tip-not, S. A knot worn by women on
the top of the head.
TOPMAN, tSp^mJn, S. 88. The sawyer at the top.
Topmost, top-m6st, a. Uppermost, highest.
ToPPROUD, tSp-proud, a. Proud in the highest
degree.
Topsail, tftp'-sile, s. The highest sail.
To Tope, tope, V, n. To drink hard, to drink to
excess.
Toper, tu-pur, S. 98. A drunkard.
Tophaceous, t6-fi-shus, a. 357. Gritty, stony.
Tophet, t6'-fet, s. Hell, a scriptural name.
538
Topical, tSpi^-k^l, a. 509. Relating to some
general head; local, confined to some particulaf
place ; applied medicinally to a particular part.
Topically, t5p-e-kll-e, arf. With application to
some particular part.
TOPICK, t6p-lk, S. 508. 544. A general head,
something lo which other things are referred; things
as externally applied lo any particular part.
Topless, tSp-les, a. Having no top.
Topographer, to-pSsj-gr^f-ur, s. 518. One
who writes descriptions of pailicular places.
Topography, to-p5g-gr4f-e, *. 518. Description
of particular places.
Topping, tSp-piIlg, a. 410. Fine, noble, gallant.
A low word.
Toppingly, tSp-ping-le, ad. Finely, gayiy,
gallantly.
To Topple, tSp'-pl, v. n. 405. To fall forward,
to tumble down.
Topsyturvy, tJp-si-tur-vi, ad. With the
bottom upward.
Torch, tortsb, S, 352. A wax-light bigger than
a candle.
Torchbearer, t5rtshibi-rur, *. One whose
office is to carry a torch.
Torchlight, tortshMlte, s. Light kindled to
supply the want of the sun.
ToRCHER, tortsh^ur, *. 98. One that gives light.
Tore, tore. Fret, and sometimes part. pass, of
Tear.
To Torment, tor-ment| v. a. To put to pain, to
harass with anguish, to excruciate; to tease, to vex
with imporlunity ; to put into great agitation.
Torment, tor^-ment, s. 492. Anj thing that
gives pain; pain, misery, anguish; penal anguish,
torture.
Tormentor, tor-ment'-ur, *. 166. One who
torments, one who gives pain ; one who inflicts penal
tortures.
Tormentil, tor-menitil, S. Septfoil. A plant.
Torn, tSrn. The part. pass, of Tear. — See Thorn.
Tornado, tor-ni-d6, s. A Imrricane. — See
Lumbago.
Torpedo, tor-p^-d6, S. A fish which, while alive,
if toucnc'd even with a long stick, benumbs the hand
that so touches it, but when dead is eaten safely. — See
Drama, Flamen, and Phalanx.
Torpent, tor-pent, a. Benumbed ; struck motion-
less, not active.
TORPESCENT, tbr-pes-sent, a. Growing torpid.
Torpid, tor-pid, a. Numbed, motionless, not
active.
TorPIDNESS, tor-pid-nes, S. The state of being
torpid.
Torpitude, tor-p^-tude, S. State of being
motionless.
Torpor, tor-por, *. 166. Dulness, numbness,
Torrefactiqn, tftr-re-flk^shun, s. The act of
drying by the fire.
T'o Torrefy, tftr^ri-fl, v. a. 183. To dry by
the fire.
Torrent, tor-rent, *. A sudden stream raised by
summer showers ; a violent and rapid stream, tumul-
tuous current.
Torrent, tSr-rent, a. Rolling in a rapid stream.
Torrid, tSr-rid, a. 1.68. Parched, dried with
heat; burning, violently hot; it is particularly
applied to the regions or zone between the tropicks.
ToRSEL, tor-Sll, S. 99. Any thing in a twisted
form.
Torsion, tor-shun, s. The act oi turning or
twisting.
Tortile, tor-til, a. 140. Twisted, wreathed.
TORTION, tor-sbun, S. Torment, pain.
TORTIVE, tor-tiv, a. 158. Twisted, wreathaU.
TOU
TOW
nor 167, nit 163— tube 171, tuo 172, bull 173— oil 299|— pound 313— <Ain 466, this 469.
Tortoise, tor-tiz, S. 301. An animal covered
with a hard shell ; there are tortoises both of land and
water.
Tortuosity, tor-tshu-Ss-i-tl, J. Wreath, flexure.
Tortuous, tor^tshu-us, a. 463. Twisted, wreathed,
winding; mischievous.
Torture, tor-tshire, «. 461. Torments judicially
inflicted, pain by which guilt is punished, or con-
fession extorted; pain, anguish, pang.
To Torture, tor-tslmre, v. a. To punish with
tortures ; to vex, to excruciate, to torment.
Torturer, tor-tshu-rur, s. 557. He who
tortures, a tormentor.
ToRVITY, tor^V^-t^, *. Sourness, severity of
countenance.
ToRVOUS, toi-ivus, a. 314. Sour of aspect, stern,
severe of countenance.
Tory, to-re, *. A cant term, from an Irish word
signifying a savage; the name of a party opposed to
that of a Whig.
To Toss, tJjs, V, a. To throw with the hand, as
a ball at play; to throw with violence; to lift with
a sudden and violent motion ; to make restless, to dis-
quiet; to keep in play, to tumble over.
To Toss, tSs, V. n. To fling, to wince, to be in
violent commotion; to be tossed; to Toss up, to throw
a coin into the air, and wager on what side it shall
fall.
Toss, t6s, S. The act of tossing; an affected
manner of raising the head.
TosSER, tfts-sur, s. 98. One who throws, one who
flings and writhes.
Tosspot, t8s-p6t, s. A toper and drunkard.
Tost, tSst, 360. 367. Pret. and part. pass, of
'loss; properly Tossed, 360. 367.
Total, to^dl, a. 88. Whole, complete, full;
whole, not divided.
Totality, th-th'-h-tk, S. Complete sum, whole
quantity.
Totally, to^til-l, ad. Wholly, fully, completely.
T'other, tuTH-ur. Contraction for the other.
To Totter, tSt-tur, v. n. 98. To shake so as to
threaten a fall.
Touch, tutsh, v. a. 314. To reach so as to be in
contact ; to come to, to attain ; to try as gold with
a stone; to affect, to relate to; to move, to strike
mentally, to melt; to delineate or mark out; to in-
fect, to seize slightly ; to wear, to have an effect on ;
to strike a musical instrument; to Touch up, to repair
or improve by slight strokes.
To Touch, tutsh, v. n. To be in a state of
junction so that no space is between them ; to fasten
on, to take effect on ; to Touch at, to come to without
stay; to Touch on, to mention slightly ; to Touch on
or upon, to go for a very short time.
Touch, tutsh, s. Reach of any thing so that there
is no space between the things reaching and reached ;
the sense of feeling; the act of touching; examina-
tion as by a stone; test, that by which anything is
examined; |>roof, tried qualities ; single act of a pen-
cil upon the picture ; feature, lineament ; act of the
hand upon a musical instrument; power of exciting
the affections; something of passion or affection;
a stroke ; exact performance of agreement ; a small
quantity intermingled; a hint, slig.ht notice given;
a cant word fi>r a slight essay.
Touchable, tutsh^i-bl, a. 405. Tangible, that
may be touched.
1'oucH-HOLE, tutsh'-hile, *. The hole through
which the fire is conveyed to the powder in a gun.
Touchiness, tutshi^-nes, s. Peevishness, irasci-
bility.
TovcHlSG, tutsh'-mg, prep. 410. With respect,
regard, or relation to.
Touching, tutsh-ing, a. Pathetick, affecting,
moving.
TouchiNGLY, tutsb^ing-1^, ad. With feeling
emotion, in a pathetick manner.
TouchmENOT, tutsh-me-n6t, *. An herb.
539
Toutchstone, tutsh^stone, S. stone by which
metals are examined ; any test or criterion.
Touchwood, tutsh-wud, s. Rotten wood used to
catch the fire struck from the flint.
Touchy, tutsh-e, a. Peevish, irritable, irascible,
apt 10 take fire. A low word.
Tough, tuf, a. 314. 391. Yielding without
fracture; not brittle; stiff, not easily flexible; not
easily injured or broken ; viscous, clammy, ropy.
To Toughen, tuf^fn, v. n. 103. To grow tough-
Toughness, tuf-nes, *. Not bnttleness, flexibility;
viscosity, tenacity, clamminess, glutinousness; firm-
ness against injury.
TOUPET, too-petj *. 315. A curl, an artificial lock
of hair. This word is generally written and pronounced
Toopee.
Tour, toor, 5. 315. Ramble, roving journey ; turn,
revolution.
0:5~ My experience fails me if this word is not slowly
conforming to the true English sound of the vowels heard
in thou. The smart traveller to France and Italy would
fear we should never suppose he had been out of England,
were he not to pronounce it so as co rhyme with poor ;
and the sober English critick sees .nflnite advantage in
this pronunciation, as it prevents our mistaking taking
a tour for takivg a tower. But plausible as this latter
reason may be, it is far from being sufficient to induce
a philosophical grammarian to approve it. Coincidence
in the sound of words signifying different things, is the
case in all languages; but while these words are differ-
ently written, their different meanings will be suffi-
ciently preserved without departing from the general
analogy of pronunciation. — See the word Bowl.
Tournament, toor'n^-ment, or turini-ment, "I
Tourney, toor^ni, or tur-n^, /
s. Tilt, military sport, mock encounter; Milton uses
it simply for encounter.
(fcj» I am much mistaken if general usage does not in-
cline to the short sound of the diphthong in these words ;
and that this sound ought to be indulged, is palpable to
every English ear; which finds a repugnance at giving
the French sound to any word that is not newly adopted.
Journey, nourish, courage, and many other words from
the French, have long been anglicised ; and there is no
good reason that this word should not fall into the same
class. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, and
Mr. Perry, give the first sound of this word ; and
Buchanan and W. Johnston, the second. Junius and
Skinner spell the word Tumament.
To Tourney, toor-ne, or tur-ni, v. n. To tilt
in the lists.
Tourniquet, tur^n^-kwet, s. A bandage used in
amputations, straitened or relaxed by the turn ot
a handle.
03- The general pronunciation of this word ought to
induce us to the second pronunciation of Tournament.
To TOUSE, tSuze, v. a. 313. To pull, to tear, to
haul, to drag ; whence Touser, or Towser, the name oi
a mastiff.
Tow, to, S. Flax or hemp beaten and combed into
a filamentous substance.
To Tow, ti, V. a. To draw by a rope particularly
through the water.
Toward, ti'-urd, 324. \
Towards, th-nrdz, j
In a direction to; near to, as the danger now comes
Towards him; with respect to, touching, regarding;
with tendency to; nearly, little less than.
{gy- Notwithstanding our poets almost universally
accent this word on the first syllable, and the poets are
pretty generally followed by good speakers, there are
some, and those not of the lowest order, who still place
the accent on the second. These should be reminded,
that as inwards, outwards, backwards, forwards, and
every other word of the same form, have the accent on
the first syllable, there is not the least reason for pro-
nouncing totiic/cds with the accent on the last. All our
orthoepists place the accent upon the first syllable ot
toward when an adjective. Towards, being always
a preposition, has the accent on the first syllable by
Mr. Scott ; but Mr. Peny, Barclay, and Penning, place
it on the second. From the coalescence of the o with
the w, this word is pronounced generally in one syllable,
TRA
TRA
559. Flte73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93,'met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
though Dr. Kenrick says otherwise. Mr. Sheridan so
pronounces it ; Mr. Nares and Mr. Smith rhyme it with
bjards : Bailey accents the first syllable of toward, and
Entick the same syllable on the same word, and on to-
uards as a preposition.
Toward, ti-wurd, a. 88. Ready to do or learn,
not fioward.
TowARDLlNESS, ti^wurd-le-nes, s. Docility,
compliance, readiness to door to learn.
TowARDLY, to-wurd-le, a. Ready to do or learn;
docile, compliant with duty.
ToWARDNESS, to-wurd-nes, s. Docility.
Towel, toii'-il, *. 99. 323. A cloth on which the
hands are wiped.
Tower, tou'-ur, s. 99. 323. A high building,
a building raised above the main edifice; a fertress,
a citadel ; a high headdress ; high flight, elevation.
To Tower, toa'-ur, v. n. 98. To soar, to fly or
rise high.
Towered, touiurd, a. 359. Adorned or defended
by towers.
Towery, tou-ur-e, a. Adorned or guarded with
towers.
Town, toun, S. 323. Any walled collection of
houses"; any collection of houses larger than a village ;
in England, any number of houses to wliicli belongs
a regular market, and which is not a city, or see of
a bibliop ; the court end of London ; the people who
live in the capital.
Townclerk, toun-klark, s. An officer who
manages the publick business of a place.
Townhouse, toun-house, s. The hall where
publick business is transacted.
Township, toun'-ship, s. The corporation of
a town.
Townsman, tounz^min, s. 88. An inhabitant
of a place ; one of the same town.
TowntalK, toiin-tawk, S. Common prattle of
a place.
Toy, tbh, S. 329. a petty commodity, a trifle,
a thing of no value ; a plaything, a bauble; matter of
no importance; folly, trifling practice; silly opinion ;
play, sport, amorous dalliance; frolick; humour, odd
fancy.
7'o Toy, to^, v. n. To trifle, to dally amorously,
to play.
ToYISH, toe-ish, a. Trifling, wanton,
TOYISHNESS, toe-ish-nes, S. Nugacity, wantonness.
Toyshop, toe-shSp, S. A shop where playthings
and little nice manufactures are sold.
To ToZE, toze, v. a. To pull by violence or im-
petuosity. Obsolete. — See Touse and Tease.
Trace, trase, S, Mark left by any thing passing,
footsteps; remain, appearance of what has been ; har-
ness for beasts of draught.
To Trace, trase, v. a. To follow by the footsteps,
or remaining marks; to follow with exactness; to
mark out.
Tracer, trA-sur, s, 98. One who traces.
Track, trik, S, Mark left upon the way by the
foot or otherwise; a road, a beaten path.
To Track, trik, v. a. To follow by the footsteps
or marks left in the way.
Trackless, trik^les, a. Untrodden, marked with
no footsteps.
Tract, tr^kt, S. A region, a quantity of land ;
continuity, any thing protracted or drawn out to
length; course, manner of process; it seems to be
used by Shakespeare for Track; a treatise, a small
book.
Tractable, trik't^-bl, a. 405. Manageable,
docile, compliant; palpable, such as may be handled.
Tracta-BLENESS, trik-ti-bl-nes, s. The state of
beiug tractable, compliance, obsequiousness.
Tractate, trikitite, *. 9 1 • a treatise, a tract,
a small book.
Traction, tr^k-shun, s. The act of drawing, the
state of being drawn.
540
Tractile, tr^k^til, a. 140. Capable to be drawn
out or extended in length, ductile.
TrACTILITY, trak-tll^e-t^, S. The quality o,
being tractile.
Trade, trade, S. 73. Traffick, commerce, ex-
change ; occupation, particular employment whether
manual or mercantile.
To Trade, trAde, v. n. To traffick, to deal, t«
hold commerce ; to act merely for money ; to go
with a trade-wind.
Trade-wind, trAde-wind, s. The monsoon, the
periodical wind between the tropicks. — See Wind.
Traded, tra-ded, a. Versed, practised.
Trader, trA-dur, 5. 98.' One engaged in mercltan-
dise or commerce ; one long used in the methods of
money-getting, a practitioner.
Tradesfolk, trAdz-foke, s. People employed in
trades. — See Folk.
Tradesman, tradz-mAn, *. 88. A shopkeeper.
TrADEFUL, trAde-ful, «. Commercial, busy in
traffick.
Tradition, tri-dish-un, s. The act or practice of
delivering accounts from mouth to mouth without
written memorials; any thing delivered orally from
age to age.
Traditional, tri-dish^un-sll, a. Deiivertd by
tradition, descending by oral communication; obser-
vant of traditions, or idle rites.
Traditionally, tri-dishifin-il-^, ad. By trans-
mission from age to age; from tradition without
evidence of written memorials.
Traditionary, trA-dish-un-ir-J, a. Delivered by
tradition.
Traditive, trid^i-tiv, a. 512. Transmitted or
transmissible from age to age.
To Traduce, tri-dusej v. a. To censure, to con-
demn, to represent as blamable, to calumniate; to
propagate, to increase by deriving one from another.
Traducement, trl-duse-ment, s. Censure,
obloquy.
Traducer, tri-du-sur, s, 98. A false censurer,
a calumniator.
Traducible, tri-du-s^-bl, a. 405. Such as
may be derived.
Traduction, tri-dttk-shun, s. Derivation from
one of the same kind, propagation; tradition, trans-
mission from one to another; conveyance; trans-
ition.
Traffick, trif-nk, s. Commerce, merchandising,
large trade; commodities, subject of traffick.
To Traffick, trif-flk, v. n. To practise com-
merce; to merchandise; to trade meanly or mer-
' cenarily.
Trafficker, tr4f'fik-kur, s. Trader, merchant.
Tragedian, tri-j^-d^-^n, s. A writer of tragedy ;
an actor of tragedy.
(tj> In this word we have a striking instance of the
aversion of the language to what may be called a Tauto-
phony, or a successive repetition of the same sound.
We find no repugnance at aspirating the d in comedian,
and pronouncing it as if written come-jc-an ; but there is
no ear that would not be hurt at pronouncing tragedian
as if written tra-je-je-an. The reason is evident. Thi
ge that immediately precedes being exactly the same
sound as di when aspirated into je, the ear will not suffer
the repetition, and therefore dispenses with the laws ol
aspiration, rather than offend against those of harmony.
To the same reason we must attribute giving the sound
of zh to the double s in abscission, and to the ti in trans-
ition. The same aversion to the repetition of similar
sounds makes us drop the first aspiration ini_diphthong, .
triphthong, ophthalmy, &c. — See Ophthalmick.
Tragedy, trid-j^-de, S, A dramatick representa*
tion of a serious action ; any mournful or dreadfu.
event.
Tragical, trAdije-kii,
Tragick, trid-jik.
Relating to tragedy ; mournful, calamitous, sorrowful
dreadful.
}„.
509.
TRA TRA
nor 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173--oil 299-«p3und 313— f^in 466, this 469.
Quiet, peaceful, un
Tragically, trld-j5-k4l-e, ad. In a tragical
manner, in a manner befitting tragedy; mournfully,
sorrowfully, calamitously.
Tragicalness, tr^d-j^-k^l-nes, s. Moumful-
ness, calamitousness.
Tragicomedy, tr^d-je-kSm-e-de, *. A drama
compounded of merry and serious events.
Tragicomical, trid-je-kSm-e-kil, a. Relating
to tragicomedy; consisting of a mixture of mirth and
sorrow.
Tragicomically, tr^d-je-k6m-i-k4l-e, ad.
In a tragicomic manner.
To Traject, tr^-jekt{ v. a. To cast through, to
throw.
Traject, tr^d-Jekt, s. 493. A ferry, a passage
for a water-carriage.
TraJECTION, tri-jek-shun, S. The act of darting
tlirougli ; emission.
To Trail, trile, v. a. 202. To hunt by the
tracl\ ; to draw along the ground ; to draw after in
a long floating or waving body ; to draw, to drag.
To Trail, trale, v. n. To be drawn out in length.
Trail, trAle, *. Track followed by the hunter;
any thing drawn to length ; any thing drawn behind
in long imdulations; bowel of a woodcock.
To Train, trane, v. a. 202. To draw along; to
draw, to entice, to invite; to draw by artifice or stra-
tagem ; to draw from act to act by persuasion or pro-
mise; to educate, to bring up, commonly with Up;
to breed, or form to any thing.
Train, trane, *. Artifice, stratagem of enticement ;
the tail of a bird ; part of a gown that falls behind upon
the ground; a series, a consecution ; process, method,
state of procedure ; a retinue, a nuinber of followers ;
an orderly company, a procession ; a line of powder
reaching to the mine; train of artillery, cannons ac-
companying an army.
Trainbands, trAne-b^ndz, s. The militia, the
part ofa community trained to martial exercise.
TrAINOIL, trine-oil, S. Oil drawn by coction from
the fat of the whale.
Trainy, tri-n^, a. Belonging to trainoil.
To Traipse, tripes, v. n. 202. To walk in
a careless or sluttish manner.
Trait, trA, o»" trite, s. 472. A stroke, a touch.
Traitor, tri'-tur, s. 166. 202. One who, being
trusted, betrays.
Traitorly, tri-tur-le, 1
Traitorous, tra^tur-us, 314./
Treacherous, perfidious.
Traitorously, tra-tSr-us-lJ, ad. In a manner
suiting traitors, perfidiously.
Traitress, tri^tres, s. A woman who betrays.
See Tutoress.
To Tralineate, tri-liniyite, v. n. 113. To
deviate from any direction.
Trammel, tr^m-mel, s. 99. a net >n which
birds or fish are caught; any kind of net ; a kind of
shackles in which horses are taught to pace.
To Trammel, tr4m-mel, v. a. To catch, to in-
tercept.
T'o Trample, trim^pl, v. a. 405. To tread under
foot with pride, contempt, or elevation.
To Trample, tr^m-pl, v. n. To tread in con-
tempt; to tread quick and loudly.
Tram pler, trim-pl-ur, s. 98. One who tramples.
TraNATION, tri-na-shun, S. The act of swimming
over.
Trance, trJnse, s. 78, 79. An ecstasy, a state
in which the soul is rapt into visions of future or dis-
tant things.
Tranced, trJnst, a. 359. Lying in a trance or
ecstasy.
Trangram, tr^n-^rAm, *. A cant word. An odd
intricately-contrived thing.
TrANNEL, tr^ll-nii, S. 99. A sharp pin,
541
Tranquil, tr^ngikwil, a.
disturbed.
Tranquillity, trin-kwil'e-te, s. 408. Quiet,
peace of mind, peace of condition, freedom from per-
turbation.
To Transact, trins-akt{ v. a. To manage, to
negotiate, to conduct a treaty or affairs ; to perform,
to do, to carry on.
Transaction, tr^ns-ik-shun, *. Negotiation,
dealing between man and man, management. ■
Transanimation, trins-in-n^-mA^shun, s.
Conveyance of the soul from one body to another.
To Transcend, trin-sendj v. a. To pass, to
overpass ; to surpass, to outgo, to exceed, to excel j to
surmount, to rise above.
Transcendence, tran-sen^dense, \
Transcendency, trAn-senidense, /
Excellence, unusual excellence, supereminence ; ex-
aggeration, elevation beyond tru;li.
Transcendent, trin-seiiident, a. Excellent,
supremely excellent, passing others.
Transcendental, trAn-sen-den-t4l, a. General,
pervading many particulars; superemiuent, passing
others.
Transcendently, trin-sen-dent-li, ad.
Excellently, supereminently.
To Transcolate, trins-ko-lite, v. a. To strain
through a sieve or colander.
To Transcribe, trin-skrlbe{ v. a. To copy, to
write from an exemplar.
Transcriber, trin-skrl-bur, s. A copier, one
who writes from a copy.
Transcript, tiin^skript, s. A copy, any thing
written from an original.
Transcription, trin-sknp-shun, s. The act of
Transcriptively, tran-skrip-tiv-le, ad. In
manner of a copy.
To Transcur, trins-kurj v. n. To run or move
to and fro.
Transcursion, trAns-kur^shun, *. Ramble,
passage through, passage beyond certain limits.
TraNSE, traiise, S. A temporary absence of the
soul, an ecstasy.
Transelementation, trAns-el-^-men-ta-shun,
J. Change of one element into another.
To Transfer, trins-ferj v. a. To convey, or
make over from one to another; to remove, to trans-
port.
Transfer, trins^fer, s. 492. Tlie act of conveying
from one person to another.
Transferable, trins-fer-4-bl, ")
Transferrable, trins-fer-A-bl, /
Capable of being transferred.
(ty- I have met with this very common and useful
word in no Dictionary but Entick's, where the accent
is very properly placed on the second syllable; as all
words of this form ought as much as possible to re-
tain the accent of the verb from which they are derived.
Transfiguration, trAns-fig-u-ra-shun, *.
Change of form ; the miraculous change of our blessed
Saviour's appearance on the mount.
To Transfigure, tiAns-fig-yure, v. a. To trans-
form, to change with respect to outward appearance.
To Transfix, trins-fiksl v. a. To pierce through,
To Transform, trAns-formJ v. a. To metamor-
phose, to chaivge with regard to external form.
To Transform, trins-formj v. n. To be meta-
morphosed.
Transformation, trAns-for-miishun, s. State
of being changed with regard to fnrm.
Transfretation, trins-fr^-ti-shun, s. Passage
over the sea.
7b Transfuse, trins-fiize| v. a. To pour ont of
one into another.
Transfusion, trSns-fuizhun, *, The act o,
pouring out of one into another.
TliA
TRA
559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, l^t 81— m^93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
s. 113.
To Transgress, trins-gresj v. a. To pass over,
to pass beyond ; to violate.
To Transgress, trlns-gresj v. n. To offend by
violating a law.
Transgression, tr^ns-gresh-un, s. violation of
a law, breach of a command ; offence, crime, fault.
Transgressive, tr^ns-gres-siv, a. Faulty,
culpable, apt to break laws.
Transgressor, tr^ns-gres-sur, s, 166. Law-
breaker, violator of command ; offender.
Transient, tr^n-she-ent, a. 542. Soon passed,
soon passing, short, momentary.
Transiently, trin-shl-ent-1^, ad. In passage,
with a short passage, not extensively.
Transientness, trln-sh4-ent-nes, s. Shortness
of continuance, speedy passage.
Transilience, tr^n-sil-yense, "l
Transiliency, tr^n-sil'yen-se, J
Leap from thing to thin;.
Transit, tr^nisit, S, In Astronomy, the passing
of any planet just by or under any other planet or fixed
star.
Transition, tr4n-sizh'un,ortran-sish-un, 5. 29.
Removal, passage; change; passing in writing or
conversation from one subject to another. — See Tra-
gedian.
([3> I prefer the first mode of pronouncing this word to
the second, though, at first sight, it appears not so re-
gular. My reason is, the aversion our language has to
a repetition of exactly similar sounds. The s in the
prefix trans is always sharp and hissing, and that inclines
us to vary the succeeding aspiration, by givirig it the flat
instead of the sharp sound. This is the" best reason I can
give for the very prevailing custom of pronouncing this
termination in this word contrary to analogy. When
1 asked Mr. Garrick to pronounce this word, he, with-
out premeditation, gave it in the first manner ; but when
1 desired him to repeat his pronunciation, he gave it in
the second :
" As one who in hi« jonrney bates at noon,
" Though bent on speed, so here th' Archangel paus'd,
" Betwixt the world destroy'd and world restor'd,
" If Adam ought perhaps might interpose,
" Then with (ransition sweet new speech resumes."
iWiKon.
I think, however, it may be classed among those
varieties where we shall neither bie much applauded for
being right, nor blamed for being wrong.
Transitive, tr4iis-5-tiv, a. Having the power of
passing; in Grammar, a verb Transitive is that wliich
signifies an action, conceived as having an eft'ect upon
some object, as, I strike the earth.
Transitorily, trinis^-t?ir-e-l^, ad. With
speedy evanescence, with short continuance.
Transitoriness, tr^n-se-tur-e-nes, s. Speedy
evanescence.
Transitory, trin-se-tur-^, a. 557. Continuing
but a short time, speedily vanishing. — See Domestick.
To Translate, trin-slAteJ v. n. To transport,
to remove ; it is particularly used of the removal of
a bishop from one see to another; to transfer from
one to another, to convey; to change; to interpret in
another language ; to explain.
Translation, tr^n-sU-shun, s. Removal, act of
removing ; tlie removal of a bishop to another see ; the
act of turning'into another language; something made
by translation, version.
Translator, trin-sli-tur, *. 166. One wiio
turns any thing into another language.
Translatory, tr4ns-lA-tur-e, a. 512.
Transferring.
Translocation, tijtns-lo-ki-shun, *. Removal
of things reciprocally to each other's places.
Translucency, trins-lu-sen-si, s. Diaphaneity,
transparency.
Translucent, trins-lu-sent, "I
Tbanslucid, trins-lu-sid, J
Transparent, diaphanous, clear.
Transmarine, ti4ns-m4-reen5 a. 112. Lying
en the other side of the sea, found beyond sea.
542
Transmigrant, trins-ml-grJnt, a. Passing into
another country or slate.
To Transmigrate, tr^ns'-me-grate, v, n. To
pass from one place or country into another.
Transmigration, tr^ns-me-gra'-shun, s. Passage
from one place or state into another.
Transmission, trJns-mish-un, s. The act o
sending from one place to another.
Transmissive, ti4ns-mis-siv, a. Transmitted,
derived from one to another.
Transmitpal, trins-mit-tJl, s. The act of
transmitting, transmission.
Transmutable, trilns-mu-ta-bl, a. Capable of
change, possible to be changed into another nature or
substance.
Transmutably, trAns-mu-tS-ble, ad. With
capacity of being changed into another substance or
nature.
Transmutation, tr^ns-mu-ti-shun, *. Change
into another nature or substance; the great aim of
alchymy is the transmutation of base metals into
gold.
To Transmute, trans-mutej v. n. To change
from one nature or substance to another.
TrANSMUTER, trins-mil-tur, *. One that trans-
mutes.
Transparency, trins-pa-ren-s^, s. Clearness,
diaphaneity, translucency, power of transmitting
light.
Transparent, trAns-pa-rent, a. Pervious to th«
sight, clear, pellucid, diaphanous, translucent.
Transpicuous, tr4ns-pik-u-us, a. Transparent,
pervious to the sight.
To Transpierce, tr^ns-pjjrsej or tt4ns-persej
V. a. To penetrate, to make way through, to per-
meate.— See Pierce and Fierce.
Transpiration, trlii-spe-ra-shun, s. Emission
in vapour.
To Transpire, trin-splrej v. a. To emit in
vapour.
To Transpire, trJn-spIre' v. n. To be emitted
by insensible vapour; to escape from secrecy to
notice.
To Transplace, trins-plAse{ v. a. To remove;,
to put into a new place.
To Transplant, tr^ns-pl^nt( v. a. To remove
and plant in a new place; to remove.
Transplantation, tr^ns-pl^n-ta^shun, s. The
act of transplanting or removing to another soil ; con-
veyance from one to another ; removal of men from
one country to another.
Transplanter, tr^ns-pl4nt'-ur, s. One who
tra,nsplants.
7b Transport, trSiis-port,' v. a. 492. To convey
by carriage from place to place ; to carry into banish-
ment, as a felon ; to sentence as a felon to banish-
ment; to hurry by violence of passion; to put into
ecstasy, to ravish with pleasure.
Transport, tr^ns-port, s. 492. Transportation,
carriage, conveyance; a vessel of carriage, particu-
larly a vessel in which soldiers are conveyed ; rapture,
ecstasy.
TRANSPORTANCEjtrans-por-tanse, s. Conveyance,
carriage, removal.
Transportation, tr^ns-p6r-ta^shun, s.
Removal, conveyance, carriage ; banishment for
felony; ecstatick violence of passion.
Transporter, tr^ns-port-ur, «. One who trans-
ports.
Transposal, tr^ns-p6-zil, *. The act of putting
things in each oflier's place.
To Transpose, trins-pozej v. a. To put each in
the place of other; to put out of place.
Transposition, trins-p6-zish-un, s. The act of
putting one thing in the place o." another; the state of
being put out of one place into another.
To Transshape, trins-shApeJ v, a. To traiu-
form, to bring into another shape,'
TRA IRE
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299- pound 313— Min 466, th's 469.
To Transubstantiate, trin-s?ib-stln-sh4-Ate,
V. a. To change to another substance.
TRANSUBSTANTiATiON,tr4n-sub-st^n-she-i-shun,
s. A miraculous operation believed in Ihe Romish
church, in which the elements of the eucharist are
supposed to be changed into the real body and blood of
Christ.
Transudation, trin-sbu-da^shun, s. The act
of passing in sweat, or perspirable vapour, through any
integument.
To Transude, triu-sudej v. n. To pass through
in vapour. — See Futurity.
Transversal, tr4ns-ver-s4l, a. Running cross-
wise.
Transversally, trins-ver-s4l-l5, ad. In a cross
direction.
Transverse, trins-versej a. Being in a cross
direction.
Transversely, trins-versil^, ad. In a cross
direction.
Transumption, tr^ns-sum-shun, s. The act of
taking from one place to another.
Trap, tr^p, S. a snare set for thieves or vermin ;
an ambush, a stratagem to betray or catch unawares;
a play, at which a ball is driven with a slick.
To Trap, trip, v. a. To ensnare, to catch by
a snare or ambush ; to adorn, to decorate.
Trapdoor, trap-doi'ej *. A door opening and
shutting unexpectedly.
To Trape, trape, v. a. To run idly and sluttishly
about. Commonly written and pronounced Traipse.
TTrapes, trapes, *. a slatternly woman.
TrAPSTICK, trip-.stik, s. A stick with which
boys drive a wooden ball.
Trapezium, tr4-pe-zh^-um, s. A quadrilateral
figure, whose four sides are not equal, and none of its
sides parallel.
Trapezoid, tri-p^^zold, s. a figure, whose four
sides are not parallel.
Trappings, trSp-pingZ, S. 410. Ornaments ap-
pendant to the sacldle; ornatinents, dress, embellish-
ments.
Trash, ttash, S. Any thing worthless, dross,
dregs; a worthless person; matter improper for
food.
To Trash, trisb, v. a. To lop, to crop ; to
crush, to humble.
Trashy, trish-^, a. Worthless, vile, useless.
To Travail, trslv^il, v. n. 2w8. To labour, to
toil ; to be in labour, to suffer the pains of childbirth.
To TRAVAIL,'triv^ll, V. a. 208. To harass, to
tire.
Travail, triv^ll, S. Labour, toil, fatigue ; labour
in cnildbirth.
To Travel, triv-ll, v. n. 99- To make journeys;
to pass, to go, to move; to make journeys of curiosity ;
to labour.
To Travel, trivill, v. a. To pass, to journey
over; to force to journey.
Travel, trav-il, S. Journey, act of passing from
filace to place; journey of curiosity or instruction;
abour, toil ; labour in childbirth ; Travels, account of
occurrences and observations of a journey.
Traveller, tr4viil-ur, *. 406. One who goes
a journey, a wayfarer; one who visits foreign coun-
tries.
Traveltainted, trlv^il-tint-ed, a. Harrassed,
fatigued with travel.
Traverse, tr4-verse{ ad. Crosswise, athwart.
0^" In the folio edition of Johnson the word traverse,
when an adverb or a preposition is accented on the last
pliable as I have marked it ; but in the quarto, it is
every where accented on the first. Mr. Sheridan accents
only the preposition on the last. Dr. Ash says the verb
was formerly accented on the last ; anri Buihanan has
given it so accented : all the rest of our orthoBpists ac-
cent the word every where on the first; but the diistinc-
/4?
tjon in which I have followed Dr. John.son's folio, T must
think the most accurate.
" He through the armed files
** Darts his experiene^d eye, and soon trnversCf
" 'ITle whole battalioa views."
Milton.
Traverse, trS-verseJ prep. Through, crosswise.
Traverse, triv-erse, a. Lying across, lying
athwart.
Traverse, tritvierse, s. Any thing laid or built
across.
To Traverse, triv-erse, v. a. To cross, to lay
athwart; to cross by way of opposition, to thwart
with obstacles ; to oppose so as to annul; to wander
over, to cross ; to survey, to examine thoroughly.
To Traverse, triv^erse, v. n. To use a posture
of opposition in fencing.
Travesty, triv^es-ti, a. Dressed so as to be
made ridiculous.
TraumaticKj traw-mltilk, a. 509. Vulnerary.
Tray, tra, s. 220. A shallow trough in which
meat is carried.
TraYTRIP, tri^trip, S. A kind of play.
Treacherous, tretsb-er-us, a. 234. Faithless,
perfidious, guilty of betraying.
Treacherously, tretsh^er-us-l^, ad. Faith-
lessly, perfidiously, by treason, by stratagem.
Treacherousness, tretsh-er-us-nes, *. 314.
The quality of being treacherous.
Treachery, tretsb-er-^, s, 555. Perfidy, breach
of faith.
Treacle, tre-kl, s. 227. 405. A medicine made
up of many ingredients ; molasses, the spume of sugar.
7'oTread, tred, w. w. 234. Fret. Trod. Part. pass.
Trodden. To set the foot; to trample, to set the feet
in scorn or malice; to walk with form or state; to
couple as birds.
To Tread, tred, v. a. To walk on, to feel under
the foot; to press under the foot; to beat, to track;
to walk on in a formal or stately manner; to crush
under foot, to trample in contempt or hatred; to put
inaction by the feet; to love as the male bird the
female.
Tread, tred,*. 234. Footing, step with the foot;
way, track, path ; the cock's part in the egg.
TreADER, tred-ur, s. He who treads.
Treadle, tred'dl, s. 405. A part of an engine
on which the feet act to put it in motion; the sperm
of the cock.
Treason, tre'-zn, s. 103. 227- 170. An offence
committed against the person of majesty, or against
the dignity of the commonwealth.
Treasonable,
Treasonous,
Having the nature or guilt of treason.
Treasure, trezh-iare, s. 452. Wealth hoarded,
riches accumulated.
To Treasure, trezh-ure, v. a. To hoard, to
reposit, to lay up.
Treasurehouse, trezb^ire-house, s. Place
where hoarded riches are kept.
Treasurer, trezh-ii-rur, s. One who has care
of money, one who has charge of treasure.
Treasurership, trezh-u-rur-sbip, s. Office oi
dignity of treasurer.
Treasury, trezb^u-r^, s. A place in which
riches are accimiulated.
To Treat, trite, v. a. 227. To negotiate, to
settle; to discourse on; to use in any manner, good
or bad ; to handle, to manage, to carry on ; to entertain.
To Treat, trete, v. n. To discourst', to make
discussions; to practise negotiation ; to come to terms
of accommodation; to make gratuitous entertain-
ments.
Treat, trete, s. An entertainment given j some-
thing given at an entertainment.
Treatable, tr^-ti-bl, a. 405. Moderate, iiol
violent,
>i int; LoiiiinonwtraiLii.
.E, tre-zn-a-bl, ~I
3, tre-zn-us, J
TRE
TRl
(»• 559. FkelS, far 77, f^lUS, fStSl— ml93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Discourse, written
Treatise, tre^tiz, s. 140. 227
tractate.
Treatment, trJte-ment, s. Usage, manner of
using, good or bad.
Treaty, tr^te, S. 227. Negotiation, act of
treating; a compact of accommodation relating to
publick affairs; for Entreaty, supplication, petition.
In tills last sense not in use.
Treble, treb'-bl, a. 405. Threefold, triple;
sharp of sound See Codle,
To Treble, treb-bl, v. a. To multiply by three,
to make thrice as much.
To Treble, treb-bl, v. n. To become threefold.
Treble, treb-bl, *. A sharp sound ; the upper
part in musick.
Trebleness, treb-bl-nes, S. The state of being
treble.
Trebly, treb-bl^, ad. Thrice told, in threefold
number or quantity.
Tree, tree, S. A large vegetable rising with one
woody stem to a considerable height j any thing
branched out.
Trefoil, tri-foil, s. A plant.
Trellis, trel-lis, *. A structure of iron, wood,
or osier, the parts crossing each other like a lattice.
7b Tremble, trem-bl, v. n. 405. To shake as
with fear or cold, to shiver, to quake, to shudder;
to quiver, to totter; to quaver, to shake as a sound.
Tremblingly, trem-blin^-l^, ad. So as to
shake or quiver.
Tremendous, ti4-men-dus, a. Dreadful, horrible,
astonishingly terrible. — See Stupendous.
Tremour, tre-mur, s. 314. The state of
trembling; quivering or vibratory motion. Now
generally written Tremor.
Tremulous, trein-u-lus, a. 314. Trembling,
fearful ; quivering, vibratory.
Tremulousnf,6s, trem-u-lus-nes, s. The state
of quivering.
To Trench, Irensh, v. a. To cut; to cut or dig
into pits or ditches.
Trench, trensh, 5. A pit or ditch; earth thrown
up to defend soldiers in their approach to a town, or
to guard a camp.
Trenchant, tren-sliSnt, a. Cutting, sharp.
Trencher, tren-sbur, *. 98. a piece of wood on
which meat is cut at table; the table ; food, pleasures
of the table.
Trencherfly, tren-shur-fll, S. One that haunts
tables, a parasite.
Trencherman, tren-shur-man, s. 88. A feeder,
an eater.
Trenchermate, tren-shur-mate, $. A table
companion, a parasite.
To Trend, trend, v. n. To tend, to lie in any
particular direction. Not in use.
Trendle, tren-dl, s. 405. Any thing turned
round.
Trepan, trJ-pSll{ S. An instrument by which
chirurgeons cut out round pieces of the scull ; a snare,
a stratagem.
To Trepan, trJ-p^n{ v. a. To perforate with the
trepan ; to catch, to ensnare.
Trepidation, trep-e-dA-shun, *. The state of
trembling; state of terrour.
To Trespass, tres-p;ts, v. n. To transgress, to
offend ; to enter unlawfully on another's groiHid.
Trespass, tres-p^s, S. Transgression, offence;
unlawful entrance on another's ground.
TrANSPASSER, tres-p^s-sur, S. An offender,
a transgressor; one who enters unlawfully on another's
ground.
Tressed, tres'sed, a. 104. 366. Knotted or
curled.
Tresses, tres'-slz, s. 99. (Withoirt a singular.)
A knot or curl of hair.
544
Trestle, tres-sl, S. 472. The frame of a table/
a moveable form by which any thing is supported.
Tret, tret, S. An allowance made by merchants!?
retailers, which is four pound in every hundrej,
weight, and four pounds for waste or refuse of a coirv.
modity.
Trevet, trev-it, s, 99- Any thing that stand* on
three legs.
Trey, tra, s. A three at cards.
Triable, trl^^-bl, a. 405. Possible to be ex-
perimented, capable of trial ; such as may be judicially
examined.
Triad, tri-^d, S. 88. Three united.
Trial, trl-4l, S. 88. Test, examination ; ex-
perience, act of examining by experience ; exiieri-
ment, experimental knowledge ; judicial examination}
temptation, test of virtue ; state of being tried.
Trialogue, tri-A-l6g, s. 519. A colloquy of
three persons.
Triangle, trl'^ng-gl, s. 405. A figure of three
angles.
Triangular, trl-^ng'-gu-lJr, a. Having tliree
angles.
Tribe, tribe, S. A distinct body of the people as
divided by family or fortune, or any other characleris-
tick ; it is often used in contempt.
Tribrach, tri'-brik, s. A Latin word consisting
of three short syllables, as, Dominus.
Tribulation, trib-ta-lA'-shun, s. Persecution,
distress, vexation, disturbance of life.
Tribunal, trl-bu^n^l, s, 119. The seat of
a judge; a court of justice.
Tribune,' trib-une, s. An officer of Rome chosen
by the people; the commander of a Roman legion.
Tribunitial, trib-u-nish^Al, \
Tribunitious, trib-ij-nish-us, /
Suiting a tribune, relating to a tribune.
Tributary, trib^u-ta-r^, a. Paying tribute as an
acknowledgment of submission to a master; subject,
subordinate; paid in tribute.
Tributary, trib-u-t4-r^, s. One who payt
a stated sum in acknowledgment of subjection.
Tribute, tnb-ute, *. Payment made in acknow-
ledgment of subjection.
Trice, trise, s. A short time, an instant, a stroke.
Trichotomy, trl-kot^to-me, s. 518. 119. 353.
Division into three parts.
Trick, trik, S. A sly fraud; a dexterous artifice;
a vicious practice; a juggle, an antick, any thing
done to cheat jocosely ; an unexpected effect ; a prac-
tice, a manner, a habit; a number of cards laid
regularly up in play.
To Trick, tnk, v. a. To cheat, to impose on, to
defraud ; to dress, to decorate, to adorn ; to perform
by slight of hand, or with a light touch.
To Trick, trik, v. n. To live by fraud.
Thicker, trik-ur, s. 98. The catch which being
pulled disengages the cock of the gun, that it may give
fire.
TRICKINGi trik-ing, S. 410. Dress, ornam&nt.
TrICKISH, tnk-ish, a. Knavishly artful, fraudulently
cunning, mischievously subtle.
To Trickle, trik'-kl, v. n. 405. To fall in
drops, to rill in a slender stream.
Tricksy, trik^se, a. 438. Pretty, Obsolete.
Tricorforal, trl-korip6-r^l, «. 119. Having
three bodies.
Tribent, tri-dent, s. 503. A tluee-forked
sceptre of Neptune.
Trident, trI-dent, a. 544. Having three teeth,
Triduan, trid'-ju-an, a. 293. 376. Lasting
three days; happening every third day.
Triennial, tri-en-j4l, a. 113. 119. lasting
three years ; happening every third year.
TRI
TRl
nor 167, n6t 163— t&be 171, tub 172, bull 173—811 299— pound 313— fAin 466, Tuis 469.
Trier, trl-ur,s. 98. One who tries experimentally,
one who examines judicially ; test; one who brings to
the test.
To TrIFALLOW, tri-fil-l6, v. a. To plough land
the third time before sowing.
Trifid, trl'fld, a, 119. Cut or divided into tliree
parts.
Trifistularv, trI-i?s-tshu-lS-ri, a. Having
three pipes.
To Trifle, trUfl, v. n. 405. To act or talk
without weight or dignity, to act with levity; to mock,
to play the fool ; to indulge light amusement ; to be
of no importance.
To Trifle, til-fl, v. a. To make of no im-
portance.
Trifle, trl^fl, i. 405. A thing of no moment.
Trifler, tri-fl-ur, *. One who acts with levity,
one who talks wiih folly.
Trifling, trl-fl-ing:, a. 410. Wanting wortli,
unimportant, wanting weight.
Triflingly, tri'-fl-ing-le, ad. Without weight,
without dignity, without importance.
Triform, tn-fbrm, «. Having a triple shape.
Trigger, tng'gur, s. 98. A catch to hold the
wheel on steep ground ; the catch that being pulled
looses the cock of the gun.
Trigintals, trl-jin-talz, s. 119. A number of
masses to the tale of thirty.
TriGLYPH, trl-glif, «. 119. A member of the
frieze of the Dorick order set directly over every pillar,
and in cert^n spaces in the intercolumniatlons.
TrIGON, tli-g^n, S. A triangle.
Trigonal, trls^-O-nil, a. Triangular, having
three corners.
G3" I have made the first syllable of this word short,
as I am convinced it is agreeable to the genius of
English pronunciation to shorten every antepenultimate
vowel except u, when not followed by a diphthong, 533.
This is evident in tripartite, triplicate, and a thousand
other words, notwithstanding the specific meaning of
the first syllable, which, in words of two syllables when
the accent is on the first, and in polysyllables, when the
accent is on the second, ought, according to analogy, to
have the i long. See Principles, No. 530. 635.
Trigonometry, trig-6-nftm^^-tre, s. The art of
measuring triangles.
Trigonometrical, trig-i-ni-metitr^-k4l, a.
Pertaining to trigonometry.
Trilateral, trl-l^t-eral, a. 119. Having three
sides.
Trill, trill, S. Quaver, trcmulousness of musick.
To Trill, trill, v. a. To utter quavering.
To Trill, trill, v. n. To trickle, to fail in drops or
slender streams; to play in tremulous vibrations of
sound.
Trillion, tnl-yun, s. 113. A million of millions
of millions.
Triluminar, til-lu^min-ir,
Triluminous, trl-lu^mm-
Having three lights.
Trim, trim, a, Nice, snug, dressed up.
To Trim, trim, v. a. To fit out ; to dress, to
decorate; to shave, to clip; to make neat, to adjust:
to balance a vessel ; it has often Up emphatical.
To Trim, trim, v. n. To balance, to fluctuate
between two parties.
Trim, trim, s. Dress, gear, ornament.
Trimeter, tiim-e-ter, a. Consisting of three
measures. — See Trigonal.
Trimly, triiu-l^, ad. Nicely, neatly.
Trimmer, trnn-miir, s. 98. One who changes sides
to balance parties, a turncoat ; a pieceof woud inserted.
Trimming, trim-mlng, J. 410. Ornamental ap-
pendages to a coat or gown.
Trinal, trUnil, a. 88. Threefold.
Trine, trine, S. An aspect of planets placed in
545
-if, -)
i-us,J
119.
three angles of a trigon, in which they are supposed by
astrologers to Le eminently benign,
7b Trine, trine, v. a. To put in a trine aspect.
Trinitarian, trin4-taire4n, s. One wh«
believes in the doctrine of the Trinity.
Trinity, trin-e-t^, *. The incomprehensible union
of the three persons in the Godhead.
Trinket, tring^klt, S. 99. Toys, ornaments of
dress ; things of no great value, tackle, tools.
To Trip, trip, v. a. To supplant, to throw by
striking the feet from the ground by a sudden motion;
to catch, to detect.
To Trip, trip, v. n. To fall by losing the hold of
the feet ; to fail, to err, to be deficient; to stumble,
to titubate; to run lightly ; to take a short voyage.
Trip, trip, S, A stroke or catch by nhich the
wrestler suppHInts his anta^onist ; a stumble by which
the foothold is lost; a failure, a mistake; a short
voyage or journey.
Tripartite, tripip;tr-tite, a. 155. Divided
into three parts, having three correspondent copies.
See Trigonal and Bipartite.
Tripe, tripe, s. The instestines, the guts ; it Is
used in ludicrous language for the human belly.
Tripedal, trip-e-d4l, a. Having three feet. — Se«
Trigonal.
Tripetalous, tri-peti^-lus, a. 119. Having
a flower consisting of three leaves.
Triphthong, tny'-thung, s. 413. A coalition
of three vowels to form one sound. — See Ophthalmick
and Tragedian.
Triple, trip-pl, a. 405. Threefold, consisting of
three conjoined; treble, three times repeated. — See
Coille.
To Triple, trip-pl, v. a. To treble, to make
thrice as much, or as many ; to make threefold.
Triplet, trip^lit, *. 99. Three of a kind ; three
veises rhyming together.
Triplicate, trip'-l^-kAte, a. Made thrice as
much.
Triplication, trip-l^-ki-sh5n, s. The act of
trebling or adding three together.
Triplicity, tri-plis-e-t^, s. Trebleness, slate o
being threefold.
Tripmadam, trip^mad4m, *. An herb.
Tripod, trl-pSd, o>'trip'-6d, s. 544. A seat with
three feet, such as that from which the priestess of
Apollo delivered oracles.
(t3- The first mode of pronouncing this word is that
which is adopted by Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Bailey,
Buchanan, and Perry ; and the second, by Dr. Ash,
Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Entick, and Fry. I do not hesi-
tate to pronounce the former the most agreeable to
English analogy ; not only because the prefixes, hi and
Iri, when no other law forbids, ought to l)e made as dis-
tinct as possible, but because all words of two syllables
wiih the accent on the first, and having one consonant
between two vowels, ought, if custom does not absohilely
forbid, to have the vowel in the first syllable long. This
is the genuine Eoglish analogy; the mode in which we
pronounce all Latin words of this form, let the quantity
be what it will, 544; and the mode in which we should
have pronounced all English words of this form, if an
atfectation of Latinity had not often prevented us. For
the same reason, therefore, that we pronounce \n;ied,
trigon, and trident, with the i lonf, we ought to adopt
the first pronunciaiion of the word in question, and not
the second.— See Drama.
TrIPOLY, trip-po-le, S. A sharp cutting sand.
Tripos, trl-pos, *. A tripod. — See Tripod.
Tripper, trip-pur, s. 93. One who trips.
Tripping, tnp-ping, a. 410. Quick, nimble.
Tripping, trip-ping, s. Light dance.
Triptote, tnp-tote, s, Triptote is a noun ustd
hut in three cases.
Trippingly, tripiping-1^, ad. With agility, witli
swift motion.
Trireme, trl-rlme, s, A galley with tUr '
benches of oars on a side.
IRO
TRU
:i-j. Fate 73, f^rT7, fa.il 83, fh 8i— m^93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
TriSECTION, trl-sek^shun, S. Division into three
equal pans.
Tristful, trist-ful, a. Sad, melancholy, gloomy.
Not in use.
Trisulc, til-sulk, *. A thing of three points.
See Tripod.
Trisyllabical, tris-sil-lib'-4-kil, a. 533.
Consisting of three syllables.
Trisyllable, tris-sil-l4-bl, 5. 535. A word
consisting of three syllables.
Trite, trite, a. Worn out, stale, common, not
new.
Triteness, trlte-lies, S. Staleness, commonness.
Trituration, tnt-tshu-ra-shun, s. Reduction
of any substance to powder upon a stonewitlia niuUer,
as colours are ground.
Trivet, triv^it, *. 99- Any tWng supportec". by
lliree feet.
Trivial, triv-yil, a. 113. Vile, worthless,
vulgar; light, tiifling, unimportant, inconsiderable.
Trivially, triv-ydl-^, ad. Commonly, vulgarly;
lightly, inconsideiiibly.
Trivialness, tnv^y^l-nes, *. Commonness,
viilgariiy ; lightness, unimportance.
Triumph, trUiimf, *. 1 16. Pomp with which
a victory is publickly celebrated; state of being vic-
torious; victory, ciinquest; joy for success; a con-
quering car^, now called Trump.
To Triumph, trl-umf, v. n. To celebrate
a victory witli pomp, to rejoice for victory ; to obtain
victory ; to insult upon an advantage gained.
5:^ This verb, says Mr. Nares, was, even till Dryden's
time, pronounced with the accent either on the first or
last syllable. Accenting the last, was according to the
general rule. See Principles, No. 503, n. But it is now,
as Mr. Nares observes, invariably accented on the first,
notwithstanding the analogy 1 have remarked, and the
general propensity to give a dissyllable noun and verb
a, different accentuation. 492.
Triumphal, trl-umf-4l, a. 88. Used in celebrating
victory.
Triumphant, trl-iimf-Ant, a. Celebratii-s: a vic-
tory ; rejoicing as for victory ; victoriou-i, graced with
conquest.
Triumphantly, trl-unif^^nt-le, ad. In a trium-
phant manner in toktn of victory, joyfully as for
victory; victoriously, with success; witli "insolent
exultation.
Triumpher, trUum-fur, s. 98. One who
triumphs.
Triumvirate, trl-um-v^-rit, "J
Triumviri, trl-uni-v^-ri, /
A coalilion or concurrence of three men.
Triune, tll-ianej a. At once three and one.
Trocar, tro-kar, S. A chirurgical instrument
used in tapping for a dropsy.
TrocHAICAL, tri-ka-t-kal, a. 353. Consisting of
trocliecs.
Trochee, tro-k^, *. 353. a fbot used in Latin
pnetr>, consisting of a long and short syllable.
Trode, trftd. The pret. of Tread.
Trcd, trSd, \ „ , /TT .
IT' ^ 4 J/ ] r Part. pass, of I read.
Trodden, trSdidn, J ^
Troglodyte, trftg-li-dlte, s. 155. One who
inhabits the caves of the earth.
To Troll, troll, v. a. 406. To move circularly,
to drive about.
To Troll, trtill, ?>. n. 318. To roll, to run
round ; to fish for a pike with a rod which has a pulley
towards the boitfun.
Trollop, tril-lup, *. 166. A slatternly, loose
woman.
Troop, troop, .<l. 306. A company, a number of
people collected together; a body of soldiers; as«all
body of cavalry.
To Troop, troop, v. n. To march in a body j to
march in haste ; to march in a company.
546
Trooper, troop-ur, s. 98. A, horse soldier.
Trope, trope, s. A change of a word from iti
original signirtcaiion.
TrOPHIED, tro-fid, a. 283. Adorned with
trophies.
Trophy, tro-f^, *. 413. Something taken from
an enemy, and shown or treasured up in proof o.
victory.
Tropical, tr6p-e-kal, a. 509. Rhetorically
changed from the original meaning; placed near the
tropick, belonging to tlie tropick.
TrOPICK, trftpilk, *. 544. The line at which tli«
sun turns back, of which the North has the tropick o
Cancer, and the South the tropick of Capricorn.
Trossers, trSs-Surz, S. Breeches, hose. Not in
use. — See Trousers.
To Trot, trSt, v. n. To move with a high jolting
pace; to walk fast, in a ludicrous or conteniptuou*
sense.
Trot, trot, S. The jolting high pace of a horse ; an
old woman.
Troth, trilh, S. Truth, faith, fidelity.
TrotHLESS, trfi/A-leS, «. Faithless, treacherous.
TroTHPLIGHT, trftf/j-plUe,a. Betrothed, affianced.
Troubadour, trdo'-ba-dior, s. A general appella-
tion for any of the early poets of Provence, in France.
To Trouble, tiub^bl, v. a. 314. To disturb,
to perplex; to afflict, to grieve; to distress, to make
uneasy; to busy, to engage overmuch; to give <icca-
si(m of labour to ; to lease, to vex j to disorder, to put
into agitati<m or commotion ; to mind with anxiety;
to sue for a debt.
Trouble, trub-bl, s. 405. Disturbance, per-
plexity ; affliction, calamity; molestation, obstruc-
tion, inconvenience; uneasiness, vexation.
Troueler, trub-bl-ur, s. 98. Disturber, con
fuunder.
Troublesome, trub'-bl-sum, a. Full of molesta-
tion, vexaiinus, uneasy, afHictive; burdensome,
tiresome, wearisome; full of leasing business ; slightly
harrassing; unseasonably engaging, improperly im-
portuning; importunate, teasing.
Troublesomely, trub-bl-sum-le, ad.
Vexatiously, wearisomely, unseasonably, impor-
tunately.
Troublesomeness, trub^bl-sum-nes, s.
Vexationsness, une.isiness; importunity, unseasona-
bleness.
Troublous, trub^bl-us, a. 314. Tamuituous,
confused, disordered, put into commotion.
Trover, trA-vur, *. 98. in the common law, is
an action which a man hath against one that, liaving
found any of his goods, refuseth to deliver them.
Trough, trSf, *. 321. 391. Any thing hollowed
and open longitudinally, on the upper side.
To TrouL, trAle, v. n. 318. To move volubly;
to utttr volubly.
To Trounce, trounse, v. a. 313. To punish by
an indictment or information.
Trouse, trouze. 313.1
Trousers, trou'surz,/'
Trout, troiat, .t. 313. A delicate spotted fish in-
habiting brooks and quick streams; a familiar phrase
for an honest, or, perhaps, tor a silly fellow.
To Trow, tro, v. n. 324. To think, to imagine,
to conceive.
Trow, tro, interj. An exclamation of inqv;iry.
Obsolete.
Trowel, trou^il, s. 99. 322. A tool to take up
the moriar wiih, and spread it on tlie bricks.
Troy weight, troe-wAte,
Troy, troe. 329.
A Kind of weielit by which gold and bread are weighed.
Truant, troo'^nt, *. 339. An idler, one who
wanders idly about, neglecting his duty or employ-
ment. To play the Truant is, in schools, to stay from
school without leave.
Breeches, hose.
'■•}'
TRU
TUB
nor 16T, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull nS—Ml 299— pound 313— ^/iin 466, THis 469.
Idle, wandering from
Truant, troS'-int, a. 8S
business, lazy, loiteiing.
To Truant, troo-flnt, v. n. To idle at a distance
from duty, to loiter, to be lazy.
Truantship, troo'-Ant-shjj), s. Idleness, negli-
gence, neglect of study or busiuess.
Truce, troose, s, 339. A temporary peace,
a cessation of hostilities; cessation, intermission,
short quiet.
Trucidation, troo-se-daishun, s. The act of
killing.
To Truck, truk, v. n. To traffick by exchange.
To Truck, truk, v. a. To give in exchange, to
exchange.
Truck, truk, S. Exchange, traffick by exchanje j
wooden wheels for carriage of cannon.
Trucklebed, tn'k^kl-b^d, s. A bed that run»
on whet- Is under a higher bed.
To Truckle, truk-kl, v. n. 405. To be in
a slate of subjection or inferiority.
TrucULENCE, troo-ku-lense, S. Savageness of
manners ; terriblcncss of aspect.
Truculent, troo-ku-lent, «. Savage, barbarous;
terrible of aspect J dest.iictivc, cruel. — Sec Muculent.
T'o Trudge, trudje, v. n. To travel laboriously,
to jog on, to march heavily on.
True, troo, a. 339. Not false, agreeing with fact;
agreeing with oar own thoughts ; pure from the crime
af falsehood, veracious; genuine, not counterfeit;
faithful, not perfidious, steady; honest, not fraudu-
lent; exact, truly conformable to a rule; rightful.
TrUEBORN, troo-born, a. Having a right by
birth.
Truebred, troo-brt'd, a. Of a right breed,
TrUEHEARTED, trdo-hart-ed, a. Honest, faithful.
Truelove, troo-luv, s. An herb, called Herba
Paris.
Trueloversknot, troo-luv-urz-n6t( *. Lines
drawn through each other with many involutions, con-
sidered as the emblem of interwoven affection.
TrUENESS, troo-nes, S. Sincerity, faithfulness.
Truepenny, troo-pen-ne, *. A familiar phrase
for an honest fellow.
Truffle, troo'-fl, *. {Tniffe, French.) A kind
of subterraneous mushroom.
03- This word ought either to have the u short, or be
written with only one/. The latter of these alterations
is, perhaps, the most practicable, as we seem inclined
rather to part with a hundred letters than give up the
smallest tendency to a foieign pronunciation.
Truism, troo-izm, S. An identical proposition ;
a self-evident, but unimportant truth.
Trull, trull, S. A low whore, a vagrant strumpet.
Truly, troo-le, ad. According to truth, not
falsely, faithfully; really, without fallacy; exactly,
justly; indeed.
Trump, trump, *. A trumpet, an instrument of
warlike musick ; a winning card, a card that has parti-
cular privileges in a game; to put to ar upon the
Trumps, to put to the last expediuiit.
To Trump, trump, v. a. To win with a trump
card; to Trump up, to devise, to forge.
Trumpery, trump-er-^, *. 555. Something
fallaciously splendid; falsehood, empty talk; some-
thing of no value, tritles.
Trumpet, trump-it, s. 9.9. An instvument of
martial musick sounded by the breath ; in military
style, a trumpeter; one who celebrates, one who
praises.
To Trumpet, trump-it, v. a. To publish by
sound of trumpet, to proclaim.
Trumpeter, trump'-it-ur, i. 98. One who sounds
a trumpet; one who proclaims, publishes, or de-
nounces ; a fish.
Xrumpet-tonguf.u, t?umpiit-tungd, a, 359.
Having tongues vociferous as a iruiniivu
547
T'o Truncate, trun^^kate, w. a. 91. 408. To
maim, to lop, to cut siiort.
Truncation, trun-l4'-shun, *. 408. The act of
loppinj); or maiming.
Truncheon, trun-snun, s. 295. a short staff,
a club, a cudgel ; a statf of command.
Truncheoneer, trun-shun-eer{ *. One armed
with a truncheon.
To Trundle, trun-dl, v. a. 405. To roll, or
bowl along.
Trundle-tail, trun-dl-tale, s. Round tail.
Trunk, trun^k, *. 408. The body of a tree ; the
body of an animal without the limbs; the main body
of any thing; a chest for clothes, a small chest com-
monly lined with paper; the proboscis of an elephant
or other animal ; a long tube.
Trunk-hose, trungk-hize, *. Large breechet
formerly worn.
Trunnions, trun-yunz, *. 113. The knobs or
bunchings of a gun that bear it on the cheeks of
a carriage.
Trusion, trooizhun;, s. 451. The act of thrust-
ing or pushing.
Truss, trus, .9. A bandage by which mptures are
restrained from lapsing; bundle, any thing thrust
close together.
To Truss, trus, v. a. To pack up close togetb«r
Trust, trust, *. Confidence, reliance on another ;
charge received in confidence; confident opinion of
any event ; credit given without examination ; some-
thing committed to one's faith ; deposit, something
committed to charge, rf which an account must be
giien; fidelity, supposed honesty; state of him to
whom something is entrusted.
To Trust, trust, v. a. To place confidence in, to
confide in; to believe, to credit; to admit in confi-
dence to the power over any thing; to commit with
confidence; to venture confidently; to sell upon
credit.
To Trust, trust, V, n. To be confident of some-
thing future; to have confidence, to rely, to depend
without doubt; to be credulous, to be w?n to confi-
dence; to expect.
Trustee, trus-tJ^J *. One Jntmsled wita any
thing; one to whom something is committed fur the
use and behoof of another.
Truster, trust-ur, s. One who trusts.
Trustiness, trust-^-nes, s. Honesty, fidelity,
faithfulness.
Trustless, trSst-les, a. Unfaithful, unconstant,
not to be trusted.
Trusty, trust-^, a. Honest, faithful, true, fit to
be trusted; strong, stout, sucl. as will not fail.
ThUTII, trooth, s. 339. 467. The contrary to
falsehood, conformity of notions to things ; confor-
mity of words to thoughts; purity from falsehood;
fidelity, constancy; exactness, conformity to rule;
reality; of a Truth, or in Truth, in reality.
Trutination, troo-t^-na-shun, *. The act of
weiuhing, examination by the scale.
To Try, trl, v. a. 39. To examine, to make ex-
periment of; to experience, to essay, to have know,
ledge or experience of; to examine as a judge; to
bring before a judicial tribunal ; to bring to a decision,
with Out empl'iatical ; to act on M a test ; to bring as
to a test; to essay, to attempt ; to purify, to refine.
To Try, tri, v, n. To endeavour, to attempt. ,
Tub, tub, S. A large open vessel of wood; a state
of saliimiion.
TUBF,, tube, S. A pipe, a siphon, a long body.
Tubercle, tu-ber-kl, s. 405. A small swelling
or excrescence on the body, a pimple.
Tuberose, tvibe-roze, *. a flower.
Tuberous, tu-ber-ils, a, 314. Having prominent
knots or excrescences.
Tubular, tu-bu-l^r, a. Resembling a pipe ot
trunk, consisiing of a pipe, long and hollow, fistular.
TUBUI.E, ttV-bltle, S, 50.'i. A small pipe, or fisf.ilat
body
TUN
TUR
K^ 559. F^te 73, far 77, ft- 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164,
Tubulated, tu'-bu-la-ted, "1
TuBULOUs, li^bu-lus, 314./ "
Fisiular. longitudinally hollow
Tuck, tuk, .?. a lung narrow sword ; a kind of net.
To Tuck, tuk, V, a. To crush together, to hinder
from spreading; to enclose, by tucking clothes
round.
Tucker, tuk-ur, s. 98. A small piece of linen
that shades the breasts of women.
Tuesday, tuse'-d^, *. 223. 335. The third day
of the week.
fUFT, tuft, S, A number of threads or ribands,
flowery leaves, or any small bodies joined together;
a cluster, a clump.
7V> Tuft, tuft, v. a. To adorn with a tuft.
Tufted, tuf-ted, a. Growing in tufts or clusters.
Tufty, tuf-te, a. Adorned wah tufts.
To Tug, tug, v. a. To pull witli strength long
continued in the utmost exertion ; to pull, to pluck.
To Tug, tug, v. n. To pull, to draw ; to labour,
to contend, lo struggle.
Tug, tug, *. A pull performed with the utmost
effort.
TugGER, tilg'gur, s. 93. One that tugs or pulls
hard.
Tuition, tu-ish-un, S. 462. Guardianship, super-
intendence.
TuLir, tiiMip, s. A flower.
Tl'Lli'THEE, tu-lip-tre^, s. A tree.
To Tumble, tiim'-bl, v. n. 405. To fall, to come
suddetily to the ground; to fall in great quantities
tuniultuously ; to roll about; to play tricks by various
librations of the body.
To Tumble, tum-bl, v. a. To turn over, to throw
about by way examination; to throw by chance or
violence; to throw down.
Tumble, tum'-bl, s. 405. A fail.
Tumbler, tum-bl-Sr, s. 98. One who shows
po'iturcs or feats of activity.
Tumbrel, tumibrll, s. 99- A dung cart.
Tumefaction, tti-me-fik-shun, *. Swelling.
To Tumefy, tu-me-fi, v. a. 462. To swell, to
make to swell.
Tumid, tu-mid, a. 462. Swelling, puffed up;
protuberant, raised above the level; pompous, boast-
ful, putfy, falsely sublime.
Tumour, tu-inur, 5. 314.462. A morbid swelling;
affected pomp, false magnificence, puff'y grandeur.
TuMOUROUS, tu-mur-us, a. 462. Swelling,
protuberant; fastuous, vainly pompous, falsely mag-
nificent.
To Tumulate, tia-mu-late, v. n. 462. To swell.
Tu-MULOSE, tu-mu-l6sej a. 462. Full of hills.
Tumult, tu-mult, S. 462. A promiscuous com-
motion in a multitude; a multitude put into wild
commotion; astir, an irregular violence, a wild com-
motion.
Tumultuarily, tu-mul-tshu-il-re-1^, ad. 462.
In a tumultuary manner.
TuMULTUARiNESs,tu-mul-tshii-A-re-nes, 5.462.
Turbulence, inclination or disposition to tumults or
commotions.
Tumultuary, tia-mul-tshu-i-r^, a. Disorderly,
promiscuous, confused; restless, put into irregular
commotion.
Tumultuous, tiVmul-tshu-us, a. Put into
violent comtiiotion, irregularly and confusedly agi-
tated ; violently carried on by disorderly multitudes;
turbulent, violent; full of tumults.
Tumultuously, tu-mul-tsbti-tis-lA, ad. By act
of the multitude, with confusion and violence.
Tun, tun, s. A large cask; two pipes, the measure
of four hogsheads; any large quantitv proverbially;
a drunkard, in burlesque; the weight of two thousand
pounds; a cubic space ill a ship, supposed to contain
K tun
548
To Tun, tun, v. a. To put into casks, to barrel.
Tunable, ti\-n^-bl, a. 405. 463. Harmoniojf,
musical.
TuNABLENESS, tu^nt-bl-nes, S. Harmony, melo.
diousness.
Tunably, tu-ni-ble, ad. Harmoniously, melD^
diously.
Tune, tune, s. 462. Tune is a diversity of notej
put together: sound, note; harmony, order, concert
of parts, state of giving the due sounds, as, the fiddle
is in Time; proper state for use or application, right
disposition, fit temper, proper humour; slate of any
thing with respect to order.
To Tune, tune, v. a. 462. To put into such
a state as that the proper sound may be produced; to
sing harmoniously.
To Tune, tune, v. 7l. To form one sound tn
another; to utterwith the voice inarticulate harmony
Tuneful, tune-fill, a. Musical, harmonious.
Tuneless, tune-les, a. 462- Unharmonious, urk
musical.
Tuner, tu^nur, s. 98. One who tunes.
TuNICK, tu-nik, s. Part of the Roman dress ;
covering, integument, tunicle. — See Druma.
TUNICLE, tu-ne-kl, S. 405. Cover, integument.
TUNNAGE, tun-nidje, *. 90. Content of a vessa
measured by the tun; tax laid on a tun, as to levy
Tunnage and poundage.
Tunnel, tun'nil, *. 99. The shaft of a chimney,
the passage for the smoke ; a funnel, a pipe by whicb
liquor is poured into vessels; a net wide at the mouth,
and ending in a point.
Tunny, tun-ne, *. A sea fish.
Tup, tup, *. A ram.
7'o Tup, tup, v. n. To butt like a ram.
Ti
Ti
"■urban, tur^bun, "j
^UUBANT, tur-bunt, >s, 88.
ruRBAND, tur-bund, J
Tu
The cover worn by the Turks on their heads.
TuRBANED, tur-bund, ff, 359. Wearing a turban.
Turbary, tur-bi-re, s. The right of digging turf.
Turbid, tur-bld, a. Thick, muddy, not clear.
Turbidness, tur-bid-nes, *. Mudditiess, thickness.
Turbinated, tur-be-na-ted, a. Twisted, spiral.
TuRBITH, tuv'-hlth, S. Yellow precipitate.
TuRBOT, tur-but, S. 166. A delicate fish.
Turbulence, tur-bij-lense, \
Turbulency, tur-bu-len-se, J
Tumult, confusion ; tumultuousness, liableness to
confusion.
TORBULENT, tur-bfi-lent, a. Raising agitation,
producing commotion ; exposed to commotion, liable
to agitation ; tunuiItuou«, violent.
TureulenTLY, tur-bu-lent-le,arf. Tumultuously,
violently.
TuRCISM, tiir-Sizm, s. The religion of the Turks.
{f5" Mr. Sheridan has most unaccountably pronounced
this word as if wiitten Tiirkism; and with just as much
reason we might say Greelcism instead of Grcecism : the
latter is, indeed, a formation from the ancient Latin,
and the former from the modern ; but the analogy of
formation in both is the same, and the pronunciation
ought to be the same likewise.
Turd, turd, s. A vulgar word for excrement.
Turf, turf, S. A clod covered with grass, a part of
the surface of the ground ; a kind of fuel.
To Turf, tut f, v. a. To cover with turf.
TuRFINESS, turf-^-nes, s. The state of abonndim.
with turfs.
Turfv, turf^i, a. Full of turfs,
rURGENT,lur-jent,fl. Swelling, protuberant, tumid.
Turgescence, tur-ifs-seiise, 1 ...^
... 1 .1 , 1 I >-s. 510.
I urgescency, tuTries-sen-se, J
The act of swelling, the state of being swollen
TUR
TWE
n8r 167, nSl 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, this 4C9.
Turgid, tur-jld, a Swelling, bloated, filling more
room than before ; pcmpous, tumid, fastuous, vainly
magnificent.
TuRGiurry, tur-jid'-e-t^, *. State of being
swiillcn.
Tl'UKKY, tur-k^, s. 270 A large domestic fowl
briiuglit from Turkey.
TuRKOlS, tur-ke^ze' . 301. A blue stone
numbered arntrng the meaner precious stones.
TuRKSCAP, turks-kr\pj s. An herb.
TURM, turm, S. A troop.
TuRiMERlCK, tur-mer-ik, s. An Indian root
which make ' a yellow die.
Turmoil, turimoil, J. 492. Trouble, disturbance,
harassing uneasiness.
7b Turmoil, tur-moilj v. a. To harass with
commotiiin; to weary, to keep in unquietness.
To Turn, turn, v. a. To put into a circular or
vertiginous motion ; to put the upper side dnwnwards;
to change with respect to position ; to change the state
of the balance ; to bring the inside out ; to change as
to the posture of the body j to form, to shape; to
transform, to metamorphose, to transmute ; to change,
to alter; to translate; to change to another opinion
or party worse or better, to convert, to pervert ; to
make to nauseate ; to make giddy; to direct to a cer-
tain purpose or piopension ; to rtuuble in ; to revolve,
to agitate in the mind ; to drive from a perpendicular
edge, to blunt; to apply; to reverse, to repeal; to
keep passing in a course of exchange or traffick; to
retort, to throw back; to Turn away, to dismiss from
service, to discard ; to Turn back, to return to the
hand from wliich it was received; to Turn otf, to dis-
miss contemptuously; to deflect; to Turn over, to
transfer ; to Turn to, to have recourse to ; to be Turned
of, to advance to an age beyond ; to Turn over, to re-
fer; to examine one leaf of the book after another ; to
throw offtlie ladder.
To Turn, turn, v. n. To move round, to have
a circular or vertiginous motion; to show regard or
anger, by directing the look towards any thing; to
move the body round; to change posture; to depart
from the way, to deviate; to alter, to be changed, to
be transformed; to become by a change; tn change
sides ; to change the mind, conduct, or determination ;
to change to acid; to depend on, as the chief point;
to grow giddy ; to have an imexpected consequence or
tendency; to Turn 'away, to deviate from a proper
course ; to Turn off, to divert one's course.
Turn, turn, *. The act of turning ; meander, wind-
ing way; a walk to and fro; change, vicissitude,
alteration ; change from the original intention or first
ai)pearance ; actum of kindness or malice; reigning
inclination; convenience; the form, cast, shape,
manner ; the manner of adjusting the words of a sen-
tence ; by Turns, one after another.
Turncoat, turn-kite, *. One who forsakes his
party or principles, a renegade.
Turner, tiirn-ur, s, 98. One whose trade is to
turn.
Turnkey, turn-ke^, s. One who opens and locks
the doors and keeps the keys of a prison.
Turning, tSrn-in^, S. 410. Flexure, winding,
meander.
Turnip, turn-ip, s. A white esculect root.
Turnpike, turn-pike, *. A cross of two bars
armed w-lli pikes at the end, and turning on a pin,
fixed to hinder horses from entering; a gate erected
on the road to collect tolls to defray the expense of
repairing ro^'ds.
Turnsol, turn-sole, s. A plant.
Turnspit, turn-spit, S, He who anciently turned
a spit, instead of which jacks are now generally used.
A dog used for this purpose.
Turnstile, turn-stlle, s. A turnpike ; a cross-bar
turned on a pin to let foot passengers through, and
prevent horses.
luiiPENTiNE, tur'-pen-tlne, s, 149. The gum
exuded by the pine, the juniper, and other trees of
that kind.
TuRguoiSE, tur-k^^zej s. 301. — See Turkois.
549
s'-ked, 366.\
s'-ke, 270. S"'
Turpitude, turip^-tude, s. 463. Essential de,
formity of words, thoughts, or actions; inherent
vileness, badness.
Turret, tur^-ret, s. 99. A small eminenc*
raised above the rest of the building, a little tower.
TURREPED, tur-ret-ed, a. Formed like a tower,
rising like a tower.
Turtle, tur-tl, s. 405. A species of dove j the
sea tortoise.
Tuscan, tuS-kSn, a. Denoting the rudest of the
five o.ders of Architecture.
Tush, tush, interj. An expression of contempt.
Tusk, tusk, *. The long tooth of a fighting animal,
the fang, the holdmg tooth.
Tusked, tus-
TU?KEY, tus-
Furnished with tusks.
Tut, tut, interj. A particle noting contempt.
Tutelage, tu-te-l4je, s. 90. Gu«\rdianship,
state of being under a guardian.
Tutelar, tu'-te-lAr, 88. "l
Tutelary, tu'-te-lA-re, /""
Having the charge or guardianship of any person or
thing, protecting, defensive, guardian.
Tutor, tu-tur, s. 166. One who has the care cf
another'! learning and morals.
To Tutor, tu-tur, v. a. To instruct, to teach, to
docmnent ; to treat with superiority or severity.
Tutorage, tu-tur-ije, s. 90. The authority or
siilemriity of a tutor.
Tutoress, or Tu tress, ti^tur-^s, or tij^tres, s.
Directress, initructress, governess.
(fc:j- The geneial way of writing this word is the
former, but the more analogical is certainly the latter;
the termination or has a masculine import, and there
fore ought to be dropped in the feminine, as it is iii
actress, traitress, suitress, &c.
TUTTY, tut-te, s. A sublimate of zink or calamine
collected in the furnace.
Tuz, tuz, s. A lock or tuft of hair. Not in use.
Twain, twine, a. Two.
To Twang, twing, v. n. To sound with a quick
sharp noise.
Twang, tw^ng, *. 85. A sharp quick sound; an
affected modulation of the voice.
TwangliNG, twing'-ling, a. Contemptibly noisy.
To TWANK, tWitngk, v. a. 85. To make to sound,
'TWAS, tw6z. Poetically contracted from It Was.
To TwaTTLE, twSt^tl, V. n. To prate, to gabble^
to chatter.
To Tweag, or Tweague, twJg, v. a. Tiie
same as to tweak, but not so authorised a spelling.
Tweag, or Tweague, tweg, s. A pinch,
a squeeze betwixt tlie fingers. The same as tweak, but
a different spelling.
To Tweak, tweke, v. a. 227. To pinch, to
squeeze betwixt the fingers.
To Tweedle, twei'-dl, v. a. 246. To handle
lightly.
53- This word seems formed from the sound of certain
soft leuRthened notes upon the fiddle, and therefore very
properly used by Addison, in the sense of wheedle, but
with additional propriety and humour; where he says,
" A fiddler had brought in with him a body of lusty
young fellows, whom he had tweedled into the service."
The sarcastic couplet of Swift,
** Tis strange there should such differonce be,
" Twixt tweedle dnm and ticeedle dt'e."
seems to confirm the opinion 1 have ventured to give of
the original formation of this whimsical word.
Tweezers, twei-zurz, s. 246. Nippars, or small
pincers, to pluck off hairs.
Twi:lfth, tweUt/t, a. Second a ter the tenth, the
ordinal of twelve.
Twelfthtide, twelft/t-tld, 5, ij]. The twelfth
day after Christmas.
TWI
ft>559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93>
TWEtVE, twelv, a. Two and t^n.
Twelvemonth, twel-muii^A, s. 473. A year,
as consisting of twelve moiulis.
TwELVEPENCE, twelv-)>ense, S. A shilling.
TWELVEPENNY, twelv-pen-^, a. Sold for a shil-
ling.
TWELVESCORE, twelv-skorc, *. Twelve times
twenty.
Twentieth, twen-tJ-eM, a. 279. Twice tenth.
Twenty, twen-ti, a. Twice ten.
Twice, twlse, ad. Two times j doubly j it is
often used in composition.
To Twidle, twl-dl, V. a. To touch lightly. — See
Tweedle.
Twig, twig, s. A small shoot of a branch, a switch
tough and long.
TWIGGEN, tWlg-gin, C(. 383. Made of twigs.
Twiggy, twig'-^e, a. 383. Full of twigs.
Twilight, twl-llte, S. The dubious or faint light
before sunrise and after sunset, obscure light, unler-
tain view.
Twilight, twl-llte, o. Not clearly or brightly
illuminated, obscure, deeply shaded; seen by twi-
light. ^
Twin, twin, s. One of two children born at a birth j
Gemini, the sign of the zodiack.
To Twin, twin, v. n To be bom at the same
birth, to bring two at once j to be paired, to be
suited.
TwiNBORN, twin-born, a. Born at the same
birtli.
To Twine, twine, v. a. To twist or complicate so
as to unite or form one body or substance out of two
or more; to unite itself.
To Twine, twine, v, n. To convolve itself, to
wrap itself closely about ; to unite by interposition of
parts; to wind, to make flexures.
Twine, twine, S. A twisted thread; twist, con-
volution; embrace, act of convolving itself round.
To Twinge, twinje, v. a. To torment with
sudden and short pain ; to pinch, to tweak.
Twinge, twinje, s. short, sudden, sharp pain;
a tweak, a pinch.
TwiNK, twing^k, S. The motion of an eye,
a moment. — See Twinkle.
To Twinkle, twingk-kl, v. n. 405. To sparkle,
to flash irregularly, to quiver; to open and shut the
eye by turns ; to play irregularly.
Twinkle, twingk^kl, 405. \
Twinkling, twmgk-ling, 410. /
A sparkling interniiiting light ; a motion of the eye ;
a short space, such as is taken up by a motion of the
eye.
TwiNLINO, twin-ling, *. 410. A twin lamb,
a lamb of two brouiilit at a birth.
TwiNNER, twin'-liur, 5. 98. A breeder of twins.
To Twirl, twerl, v. a. 108. To turn round, or
move by a quick rotation.
Twirl, twerl, S, Rotation, circular motion; twist,
convolution.
To Twist, twist, v. a. To form by complication,
to form by convolution; to contort, to writhe; to
wreathe, to wind, to encircle by something round
about ; to unite by intertexture of parts; to unite, to
insinuate.
To Twist, twist, v. n. To be contorted, to be
convolved.
TWJST, twist, S. Any thing made by •onvolution,
or winding two bodies together; a single string of
a curd; a cord, a string; contortion, writhej the
manner of twisting.
Twister, twist-ur, s. 98. One who twists;
a ropemaker.
TTj Twit, twit, » a. To sneer, to flout, to reprcuch.
To Twitch, twitsh, v. a. To pluck with a quick
motion, to snatch.
S50
TYR
met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 163, move 164^
Twitch, twitsh, *, A quick pull j a painful con-
traction of tlie fibres.
Twitchgrass, twitsli-gr^s, S. A plant.
To Twitter, twit-tur, v. n. To make a sharp
tremulous intermitted noise; to be suddenly moved
with any inclination.
Twitter, twit-tur, S. 98. Any motion or dis-
order of passion.
TWITTLETWATTLE, tWlt-tl-tw6t-tI, S. Tattle,
gabble. A cant word.
'TwiXT, twikst. A poetical contraction o( JBeflvixt.
Two, too, a. 10. One and one.
TwoEDGED, too-edjd, a, 359. Having an edge
on either side.
Twofold, too-fold, a. Double.
TWOHANDED, too-hilnd-ed, a. Large, bulky,
enormous of P'agnitude.
Twopence, tiip-pense, s. a small coin. — See
Halfpenny.
To TyE, tl, V. a. To bind.— See Tie.
Tye, tl, s. A knot, a bond or obligation. — See Tie.
Tyger, tUgur, *. 98. — See Tiger.
TVKE, tike, s. A dog, or one as contemptible as
a dog.
TyMBAL, tim-b4l, S. 88. A kind of kettledrum.
Tympanum, tim-p^num, s. A drum, a part of
the ear.
Tympany, timipJ-ne, *. A kind of obstructed
flatulence that swells the body like a drum.
Tyny, tl-n^, a. Very small.
Type, tlpe, S. Emblem, mark of something; that
by whicli something future is prefigured; a stamp,
a mark ; a printing letter.
Typick, tip'-ik, 508. \
Typical, tip'-^-k^l, 509./""
Emblematical, figurative of something else.
Typically, tip-^-k^l-e, aa. In a typical manner.
Typicalness, tip'e-k^l-nes, ». The state of
being typical.
To Typify, tip'-^-fl, v. a. 183. To figure, to
show in emblem.
Typographer, tl-p8g-grif-ur, s. 187.
A printer.
Typographical, tip-6-gr4f-e-kil, a. 533.
Emblematical, figurative; belonging to the printer's
art.
Typographically, tip-i-gr^f-^-k4l-^, ad.
Emblematically, figuratively; after the manner of
printers.
Typography, tl-pftgi^grif-A, s. 187. 518.
•Emblematical, figurative, or hieroglypical representa-
tion; the art of printing.
Tyranness, tir-r^-nes, s. 535. A she tyrant.
Tyrannical, tl-r^n^ne-k^l, \
Tyrannick, tl-r^n^nik, 187./"'
Suiting a tyrant, acting like a tyrant, cruel, despotick,
imperious.
Tyrannically, tl-r^n^n^-k^l-i, ad. In manner
of a tyrant.
Tyrannicide, tl-r^n!^n^-slde, *. 143. The act of
killing a tyrant.
To Tyrannise, tir^r^n-lze, v. n. To play the
tyrant, to act with rigour and imperiousness.
Tyrannous, tiririn-us, a. 503. Tyrannical,
despotick, arbitrary, severe.
Tyranny, tir-rill-e, S. 503. Absolute monarchy
imperiously administered; unresisted and cruel
power; cruel government, rigorous command; seve-
rity, rigour, inclemency.
Tyrant, tl-r^nt, s. 544. An absolute monarck
governing imperiously ; a cruel, despotick, and severs
master.
Tyre, tire, s. — See Tire.
Tyro, tl-ri, *. 544. One yet not master of his ar^,
one in his rndiments.
VAl
VAM
nSr 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 3l3—t?im 466, this 469.
V,
V.
ACANCY, vAik4n-S^, S. Empty space, vacuity ;
chasin, space unfilled ; slate of a post or employment
when it is unsupplied; relaxation, intermission, time
unengaged; listlessness, emptiness of thought.
Vacant, vA^killt, a. Empty, unfilled, void ; fl-ee,
unencumbered, uncrowded ; not filled by an incum.
bent, nr possessor; being at leisure, disengaged;
thoughtless, empty of though!, not busy.
To Vacate, vaikAte, k a. 91. To anmii, to
make void, to make of no anthcriiy ; to make vacant,
to quit possession of; to defeat, to put an end to.
Vacation, V^-kA-shun, *. Intermission of juridical
proceedings, r)r any other stated employments, recess
of courts or senates ; leisure, freedom Jiom trouble or
perplexity.
Vaccine, v^k-slne, a. Belonging to a cow.
)fy This word has been lately introduced to express
that species of inoculation which infects the patient with
what is called the Cow Pox. It is said that this operation
eradicates the seeds of the Small Pox, and frees the
patient from being liable to that dangerous malady.
Vacillancy, v^-sil-^n-S^, S, A state of wavering,
fluctuation, inconstancy.
(13" My ear tells me the accent ought to be on the first
syllable of this word, as it is in excellevcy ; and till good
reasons can be given for placing the accent on the
second syllable with Dr. Johnson, Mr. Slieridan, and
Entick, i shall cnncur with Dr. Ash in accenting the
first, as in Vacillate. — See Misctllany.
Vacillate, vJs^sil-Ate, v. n. 91. To reel, to
stagger.
Vacillation, v^s-sil-li-shfm, s. The act or
state of reeling or staggering.
Vacuist, vik-u-ist, s. A philosopher that holds
a vacuu;n.
Vacuation, vdk-fi-i-sbun, s. The act of
emptying.
Vacuity, vi-kfi^^-ti, *. Emptiness, state ofbeing
unfilled; space unfilled, space unoccupied; inanity,
want of reality.
Vacuous, v^k^iVus, a. Empty, wnfilled.
Vacuum, vAk-lJ-um, S. 314. Space unoccupied by
matter.
Vagabond, vig-a-b3nd, a. Wandering without
any settled habitation, wanting a home; wandering,
vagrant.
Vagabond, vAg-a-bond, s. A vagrant, a wanderer.
Commonly in a sense of reproach; one that wanders
illegally, without a settled habitation.
Vagary, v^-gA^r^, s. A wild freak, a capricious
frolick.
Vagrancy, vi-grin-s4, s. A state of wandering,
unsettled condition.
Vagrant, vA^grint, a. 88. Wandering, unsettled,
vagabond.
Vagrant, vA-grJnt, S. Vagabond, man unsettled
in habitation.
Vague, vag, a. 337. W.indering, vagrant, vaga-
bond; unfixed, unsettled, undetermined.
Vail, vale, s. 202. A curtain, a cover tlvrown over
any thing to be concealed ; a part of female dress by
which the face is concealed; money given to servants.
See Fale.
To Vail, vale, v. a. To cover.
7'o Vail, vile, v. a. To let fall, to suffer to
descend; to let fall in token of refpect; to fall, to let
sink in fi ai, or for any other interest.
To Vail, vAle, v. n. To yield, to give place.
Vain, \ai.e, a. 202. Fruitless, Inetfectual ; empty,
unn.al, shadowy; meanly proud, proud of petty
things; showy, ostentatious; idle, worthless, unim-
portant; false, not true; in vain, to no purpose, to
no end, ^effectually.
551
Vainglorious, vAiie-gloire-us, a. Boasting with
out iierformunces, proud in disproportion to desert.
Vainglory, vkne-g\o'-d, s. Pride above merit,
empty pride.
Vainly, vaneMe, ad. Without effect, to no pur-
pose, -n vain; proudly, arrogantly; idly, foolishly.
Vainness, vineines, s. The state of being vain.
VaivoDE, vA^vftd, S. A prince of the Dacian
provinces.
Valance, viKlAnse, S. The fringes or drapery
hanging round the tester and head of a bed.
7'o Valance, viKlinse, v. a. To decorate with
drapery.
V ALE, vale, S. A valley ; money given to servants.
Valediction, vil-e-d?k-sbun, *. A farewell.
Valedictory, val-e-dikkur-^, a. 557. Bidding
farewell. — See Domestick.
Valentine, viil'-en-tin, s. 150. A sweetheart
chosen on St. Valentine's day.
Valerian, v^-le're4n, *. A plant.
Valet, val-et, or vA-letJ s. A waiting servant*
Valetudinarian, vil-le-ttj-d^-nAiii-in, s, and
adj. A person uncommonly careful of his health.
Valetudinary, v^i-le-tu-d^-na-re, used only
as an adjective. Weakly, sickly, infirm of health.
Valiant, vAKyant, a. 113.535. Stout, personally
puissant, brave.
Valiantly, vaKy^nt-1^, ad. Stoutly, with per-
sonal strength, with puissance.
Valiantness, vAKy4nt-nes, S. Valour, personal
bravery puissance.
Valid, v4l-ld, a. 544. strong, powerful ; efficacious,
prevalent; having force, weighty, conclusive.
Validity, vA-lid-e-td", *. Force to convince,
certainty ; value.
Vallancy, villMAn-se, s. A large wig that shade*
the face. Not in use. It ought to be written Valancy.
Valley, vil-le, s. a low ground between hills.
Valorous, vAl-ur-Ss, a. 166. Brave, stout,
valiant. — See Dnmeslick.
Valour, vil-ur, *. 314. Personal bravery,
strength, prowess, puissance, stoutness.
Valuable, vAl-u-A-bl, a. 405. Precious, being
of great price ; woriliy, deserving regard.
Valuation, v^l-u-A-shun, *. Value set upon any
thing; the act of setting a value, appraisement.
Valuator, vil-ii-aitur, s. 521. An appraiser,
one who sets upon any thing its price.
Value, v^I-ij, s. 335. Price, worth; high ratej
rate, price equal to the worth of the thing bought.
To Value, v^l-u, v. a. To rate at a certain price |
to rate hiRhly, to have an hiKli esteem for; to ap-
praise, to estimate ; to be worth, to be equal in worth
to; to reckon at; to consider with respect to import-
ance, to hold important; to equal in value, to
couhtervail ; to raise to estimation.
Valueless, vil-u-les, a. Being of no value.
Valuer, vAl-u-ur, s. 98. He who values.
Valve, vA.1v, S. a folding door; any thing that
opens over the mouth of a vessel ; in Anatomy, a kind
of membrane which opens in certain vessels to admi*
the blood, and shuts to prevent its regress.
VALVULEtvil-vule, S. A small valve.
Vamp, vamp, s. The upper leather of a shoe.
To Vamp, vArhp, V, a. To piece an old thing witli
some new part.
VAMPEh, v4mp-ur, s. 98. One who pieces out an
old thing with something new.
Va.MPYRE, vAm-plre, *. Vampyres were imiginary
beings, supposed to be the souls of guilty persons, who
tormented the living by sucking their blood when
asleep. The belief of these beings was very common
about a century ago in Poland and tome parts of
Germany. — See Umpire.
VAR
VAU
83- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6
Van, vSn, S. The front of an army, tlie first line ;
any thing spread wide by wliicli a wind is raised, a fan ;
a wing Willi wliich the wind is beaten.
Vancourier, v?in-koor-yire{ s, A harbinger,
a precursor.
Vane, vane, S. A plate hung on a pin to turn with
the wind.
Vanguard, v^n-gyardj *. The front, or first line
of tlie army.
Vanilla, vi-ml-1^, s. A plant. The fruit of
those plants is used to scent chocolate.
To Vanish, v^n-isb, v, n. To lose perceptible
existence ; to pass away from the sight, to disappear ;
to pass away, to be lost.
Vanity, v4ll-e-te, S. Emptiness, uncertainty,
inanity; fruitless desire, fruitless endeavour ; trifling
labour; falsehood, untruth; empty pleasure, vain
pursuit, idle show; ostentation, arrogance; petty pride,
pride exerted upon slight grounds.
To Vanquish, v^ngkivvish, v. a. To conquer, to
overcome ; to confute.
Vanquisher, vangk-wish-ur, s. Conqueror,
sui.duer.
Vantage, vlln-t<i(lie, s. 90. Gain, profit;
superiority; opportunity, convenience.
VantbrASS, v^nt-brSs, s. Armour for the arm.
Vapid, vip-id, a. 544. Dead, having the spirit
evaporated, spiritless.
Vapidity, vH-pid'e-tJ, s. The state of being
vapid.
Vapidness, vjp^ul-nes, s. The state of being
spiritless or mawkish.
Vaporer, va-pur-ur, s. 98. 166. A boaster,
a bragi^art.
CC?" Tliough Dr. Johnson, and those who have come
after him, have omitted the n in this and the following
word, yet as they are both formatives of our own, they
ought undoubtedly to be written Fu/jottrerand Vapourhk.
Vaporish, va-pur-ish, a. 166. Spienetick,
humoursome.
Vaporous, vi-pur-us, a. Full of vapours or ex-
halations, fumy ; windy, flatulent.
Vapour, va-pur, S. .314. Any thing cxbalable,
any thing that mingles with the air ; wind, flatulence ;
(uiiie, steam; mental fume, vain imagination; dis-
eases caused by flatulence, or by diseased nerves;
melancholy, spleen.
To Vapour, va-pur, v. n. To pass in a vapour or
fume, to emit fumes, to fly off in evaporation; to
bully, to brag.
To Vapour, va-pur, v. a. To effuse, to scatter in
fume or vapour.
Variable, va-ri-i-bl, a. 405. Changeable,
mutable, inconstant.
Variableness, va-rl-4-bl-nes, s. Changeable-
ness, mutability ; levity, inconstancy.
Variably, va-re-i-bli, ad. Changeabiy, mutably,
inconstantly, uncertainly.
Variance, vi-r^-slnse, s. Discord, disagreement,
dissenstion.
Variation, va-re-A-sh?in, s. Change, mutation,
difference from itself; difference, change from one to
another; successive change j in Grammar, cliange of
tenninaiion of nouns; deviation; Variation of the
compass, deviation of the magnetick needle from
parallel with the meridian.
(J3> The a in the first syllable of this word, from the
lengtheniiiig power of the succeeding vowels, continues
'ong and slender, as in tarlous. The same may be ob-
served o{ variegat'uin. Mr. Sheridan has given a in these
two words the short sound of the Italian a, but contrnry
to the analogy of English pronunciation. See Prin-
ciples, No. 534.
To Variegate, va-re-i-gate, v. a. To diversify;
to stain with different colours.
(t:?- All our orthoepists are uniform in placing the
accent on the first syllable of this word, and all sound
the a as in vartj, except Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Perry, and
Duclianan, who give it the snort sound as in carry.
552
That so great a master of Enj^lish analogy as Mr. El pliin
ston should here overlook the lengthening power of the
vocal assemblage ie, is not a little surprising. See Prin-
ciples, No. 196.
Variegation, vA-re-e-giishun, s. Diversity of
colours.
Variety, vi-ri-e-te, S. Change, succession of one
thing to another, intermixture ; one thing of many by
which variety is made; difference, dissimilitude;
variation, deviation, change from a former state. ^
Various, vA-re-us, a. 314. Difi"erent, several,
manifold; changeable, uncertain, unfixed; unlike
each other; variegated, diversified.
Variously, va-ri-us-li, ad. in a various manner.
Varlet, var-let, *. Anciently a servant or foot-
man ; a scoundrel, a rascal.
Varletry, var^let-tre, *. Rabble, crowd, populace.
Varnish, var-nish, s. A matter laid upon wood,
metal, or other bodies, to make them shine ; cover,
palliation.
To Varnish, var-nisb, v. a. To cover with
something shining; to cover, to conceal with some-
thing ornamental; to palliate, to hide with colour of
rhetoritk.
Varnisher, var-nish-ur, s. One whose trade is
to varnish ; adisguiser, an adorner.
To Vary, va-re, v. a. To change, to make unlike
itself; to change to something else; to make of dif-
ferent kinds ; to diversify, to variegate.
To Vary, vk'-rh, v. n. To be changeable, to appear
in dirt'erent forms, to be unlike each other ; to alter,
to become unlike itself ; to deviate, to depart -. to suc-
ceed each other; to disagree, tu be at variance; to
shift colours.
Vary, vk-re, s. Change, alteration. Obsolete,
Vascular, v^s-ku-lir, a. 88. Consisting of
vessels, full of vessels.
Vase, vaze, S, A vessel rather for ornament than
use.
53" Mr. Sheridan has pronounced this word so as to
rhyme with 6ase, case, ice. I have uniformly heard it
pronounced with the s like z, and sometimes, by (leople
of refinement, with the o likcatr; but this, being too
refined for the general ear, is now but seldom heard.
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, W.Johnston,
Mr. Smitli, Mr. Perry, and Buchanan, pronounce the
0 long and slender as 1 have done, but with the s as in
case; Mr. Smith and W. Johnston give the a the same
sound, and the s the sound of r; and Mr. Elphinston
sounds it as if written ravz : but this, as Mr. Nares justly
observes, is an affected pronunciation.
Vassal, V^S^sA.1, S. 88. One who holds by the will
of a supericur lord ; a subject, a dependent ; a ser-
vant, one who acts by the will of another; a slave,
a low v/ retch.
Vassallage, vas^s^l-aje, s. 90. The state of
a vassal, tenure at will, servitude, slavery.
Vast, v^st, a. 79. Large, great; vitiously great,
enormously extensive.
Vast, vist, s. An empty waste.
VaSTATION, Vl^S-ti-shun, *. Waste, depopulation.
Vastidity, vis-tid-e-ti, S. Wideness, immensity.
Vastly, vitst-le, ad. Greatly, to a great degree.
Vastness, v^st-nes, s. Immensity, enormou*
greatness.
Vasty, vist-l, a. Large.
Vat, vat, .*. A vessel in which liquors are kept \a
an immature state.
Vaticide, v^t-e-slde, s. 143. A murderer of
poets.
To Vaticinate, v^-tis-siVnite, v. n. To pro-
phesy, to practise prediction.
Vault, vawit, or vavvt, s, 405. A continued
arch; a cellar; a cave, a cavern ; a repository for the
dead.
Cr*» Mr. Sheridan leaves out the I in this word, in the
word vault, to leap, and all their compounds ; but my
ear grossly deceives me if this I is ever suppressed, ex-
cept in the sense of a cellar fvr wine, &.C. In this 1 aw
VEG
VEN
nor 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— </an46G, this 469.
supported by all our orthoSpists. from whom the sounds
of the letter can be gathered; and Mr. Scott and
Mr. Perry preserve tlie I in every word of this form.
This, I think, is not agreeable to general usage witli
respect to tlie exception I have given ; though 1 think it
might be dispensed with for the sake of uniformity, es-
pecially as the old French voulte, the Italian Koim, and
the lower Latin valuta, from which the word is derived,
have all of them the C; nor do I think the preservation
of it in the word in question would incur the least im-
putation of pedantry.
To Vault, vawlt, v. a. To arch, to shape as
a vault; to cover with an arch.
To Vault, vawlt, v. n. To leap, to jump j to
play the tumbler or posturemaster.
Vault, vawlt, s. A leap, or jump.
Vaultage, vawlt-idj*, s, .90. Arched cellar.
Vaulted, vkwlt-ed, a. Arched, concave.
Vaulter, vawlt-ur, *. 98. A leaper, a jumper,
a tumbler.
Vaulty, vawl-tJ, a. Arched, concave.
To Vaunt, vawnt, v. a. 216. To boast, to dis-
play with ostentation.
CTr- Mr. Nares is the only orthoepist who gives the
diphthong in this word and avaimt the same sound as in
aunl; but a few more such respectable judges, by setting
the example, would reduce these words to tlieir proper
class ; till then the whole army of lexicographers and
speakers, particularly on the stage, must be submitted
to, 214.
To Vaunt, viwnt, V, n. To play the braggart, to
talk with ostentation.
Vaunt, vawnt, s. Brag, boast, vain ostentation.
Vaunt, vawnt, *. 214. The first part. Not in use.
VaUNTER, vawnt-ur, *. Boaster, braggart.
VaUNTFUL, vawntifill, a. Boastful, ostentatious.
Vauntinc^ly, vawnt-ing-le, ad. Boastfully,
ostentatiously.
VaWARU, va-ward, s. 88. Fore part.
Uberty, yu-ber-te, s. Abundance, fruitfulness.
Ubiety, yit-bl-^-te, s Local relation, whereness.
Ubiquitary, yu-bik^W^-tit-r^, a. Existing every
wiiere.
Ubiquity, yu-bik-we-tJ, s. Omnipresence, ex-
istence at the same time in all places.
Udder, ud-dur, *. 98. The breast or dugs of
a cow, or other large animal.
Veal, vele, s. The flesh of a calf killed for the
table.
Vection, vek-shSn, \
Vectitation, vek-t^ ti-sbun, J
The act of carrying, or being carried.
Vecture, vek-tsbure, s. 461. Carriage.
To Veer, v^re, v. n. To turn about.
To Veer, v^re, v. a. To let out; to turn, to
change.
Vegetability, ved-je-tl-bilij-t^, s. Vegetable
nature.
Vegetable, ved-je-ta-bl, s. Any thing that has
growth without sensation, as plants.
I^EGETABLE, v2d-j^-t4-bl, a. Belonging to
a plant ; having the nature of plants.
7b Vegetate, ved-j^-tite, v. n. To grow, as
plants, to shoot out, to grow without sensation.
Vegetation, ved-j^-ta-shun, *. The power of
producing the growtli of plants ; the power of growth
without sensation.
Vegetative, ved-je-til-tiv, a. 512. Having the
quality of growing without life; having the power to
produce growth in plants.
Vegetativeness, vedi^^)5-ti-tiv-nes, s. The
quality of producing growtli.
VeGETE, ve-jetej a. Vigorous, active, sprightly.
VegetIVE, ved-je-tiv, a. Vegetable.
Vegetive, ved-je-tiv, s. A vegetable.
553
Vehemence, ve^h^-mense, ")
VehEiMency, ve-he-men-se, J
Violence, force; ardour, mental violence, fervour.
Vehement, veihe-ment, a. Violent, forcible
ardent, eager, fervent.
Vehemently, ve-he-ment-1^, ad. Forcibly,
pathetically, urgently.
Vehicle, ve-hc-kl, s. 405. That in which anj
thing is carried ; that part of a medicine which serves
to make (he principal ingredient potable; that by
means of which any thing is conveyed.
To Veil, vale, v. n. 249. To cover with a veil, or
any thing which conceals the faccj to cover, investj
to hide, to conceal.
Veil, vale, s. A cover to conceal the face)
a cover, a disguise.
Vein, vane, s. 249. The veins are only a continu-
ation of the extreme capillary arteries reflected back
again towards the heart, and uniting their channels as
they approach it; liollow, cavity ; course of metal in
themiire; tendency or turn of the mind or genius;
favourable moment ; humour, temper ; continued dis-
position ; current, continued production; strain,
quality f streak, variegation.
Veined, vind, 359. \
Veiny, va-ne, J
Full of veins; streaked, variegated.
Velleity, vel-le-e-te, s. The lowest degree of
desire.
To Vellicate, vel-lJ-kate, v, a. To twitch, to
pluck, to act by stimulation.
Velli CATION, vel-l^-ki-shun, s. Twitching,
stimulation.
Vellum, vel-lum, S. The skin of a calf dressed
for the writer.
Velocity, v^-l5s-5-te, 5. Sptcd, swiftness, quick
motion.
Velvet, veKvit, s, 99. Silk with a short fur of
pile upon it.
Velvet, veKvit, a. Made of velvet j soft;
delicate.
Velure, v^.lure{ s. Velvet. An old word.
Venal, ve-nil, a. 88. Mercenary, prostitute;
cimtained in the veins.
Venality, vJ-nill-^-tl, S. Mercenariness, prostitu-
tion.
VeNATICK, ve-n4t-ik, a. 509. Used in hunting.
Venation, v^-ni-sbun, s. The act or practice of
hunting.
To Vend, vend, v. a. To sell, to offer to sale.
Vendee, ven-deej s. One to whom any thing U
sold.
Vender, vend-ur, s. 98. A seller.
Vendible, vend-i-bl, a. 405. Saleable, market-
able.
Vendibleness, vend-J-bl-nes, s. The state of
being saleable.
VeNDITATION, ven-de-ta-sbun, S. Boastful dis-
play.
Vendition, ven-disb^un, *. Sale, the act of
selling.
To Veneer, vi-n^er{ v. a. To make a kind of
marquetry or inlaid work.
(t5» This word is, by cabinet-makers, pronounced
feneer ; but here, as in similar cases, the scholar will
lose no credit by pronouncing the word as it is written.
See Boatswain.
Venefice, ven-^-fis, s. 1.42. The practice of
poisoning.
Veneficial, veii-5-f1sb-il, a. Acting by poison,
bewitching.
Veneficiously, ven-^-iish-us-lf, «<?. By poison,
VENEMOUS,'ven-e-nius, a. Poisonous.
To Venenate, ven-i-nate, v. a. To poison, t«
infect with poison.
VEN
83-559. Fite 73, far 77, f^H 83, fit 81— m^ 93,
K?" In the first edition of tliis Dictionary I accented
tliis word on tlie first syllable, contrary to tlie example
of Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, and Mr. Sheridan; but, upon
rcvisal of tkz various analogies of accentuation, was
inclined to thinli this accentuation somewhat doubtful.
Vlie word veneno, from which this is formed, has the
penultimate long; and in verbs of tliis termination,
derived from the Latin, and preserving the same number
of syllables, we often preserve the same accent, as in
arittate, coacenate, denigrate, &c. ; but this is so often
neglected in favour of the antepenultimate accent, as in
decorate, defaligale, delegate, desolate, &c. that general
usage seems evidently leaning to this side; and as in
■perpetrate and emigrate, from perpelro and emigro, wliere
the peiuiltimate vowel is doubtful, we always place the
accent on tlie antepenultimate; so in this and similar
words, wliere custom does not decide, 1 would always
recommend a similar accentuation. See Principles,
No. 503, n.
Venenation, ven-^-ni-shun, S. Poison, venom.
Vp.nene, ve-ni'nej \
Venenose, ven-e-n6se{ 427./
Poisonous, venemous.
Venerable, veii-t-r-i-bl, a. 405. 555. To be
regarded with awe, to be treated with reverence.
Venerably, ven-er-i-bli, a</. In a manner that
excites reverence.
Th Venerate, ven-er-ate, v. a. To reverence, to
treat with veneration, to regard with awe.
Veneration, veii-er-A-shun, *. Reverent regard,
awful respect.
Venerator, ven-er-a-tur, «. 521. Reverencer.
Venereal, ve-iie-re-al, a. Relating to love ; to
a certain disorder J consisting of copper, called Venus
by chymists.
VeneREOUS, vi-ne'-ri-us, a. Libidinous, lustful.
Venery, ven-er-^, S. 555. The sport of hunting.
Little used in this sense. The commerce of the
sexes.
Veney, ve-ne, *. A bout, a turn. Out of use.
Venesection, v^-n^-sekishun, s. .Blood-letting,
the act of opening a vein, phlebotomy.
Th VeNGE, venje, v. a. To avenge, to punish.
Vengeance, ven-jinse, s. 244. Punishment,
penal retribution, avengement; it is used in familiar
language, to do with a Vengeance, is to do with vehe-
mence ; what a Vengeance, emphatically What ?
Vengeful, venje-flil, a. Vindictive, revengeful
Veniable, ve-ne-A-bl,
Venial, ve'-n^4l, 88
Pardonable, susceptive of pardon, excusable; per-
mitted, allowed.
VeNIALNESS, vi'n^-ll-nes, S. state of being
excusable.
Venison, ven-zn, or ven-^-zn, s. Game, beast
of chase, the flesh of deer.
(f:?. A shameful corruption of this word by entirely
inking the i, has reduced it to two syllables. Mr. Sheri-
dan pronounces it in three ; Dr. Kenrick gives it in three,
but tells us it is usually heard in two. Mr. Scott gives it
both ways; Mr. Perry only as it is contracted; and
Mr. Elpliinston supposes thei in this word, as much lost
as in business.
It is highly probable this corruption is of long stand,
ing; for though Sliakespeare, in As You Like It,
^ys,
*' Come, sball we go and kill us veniton!'*
Yet Chapman pronounces this word in tvfo sylliibles,
** To our venison's store
" We added wiue till we could wish no more."
And Dryden after him,
" He for the feast prepar'd
" la equal portions with the ven'son shared."
To these instances we may add an excellent poet of
our own time ;
" Gorgonius sits abdominous and wan,
** Like a fat squah upon a Chinese fan ;
" He inuffg far olf th' anticipated joy ;
" Turtle and vm'joii all his thoug-hu en-, ploy."
554
:}«•
VER
met 95— pine 105, p!n 107— ni 162, move 164,
Poetry will ever consider this word, like many others
cither as of two or three syllables; but solemn prose'
such as the language of Scripture, will always give the
word its due length. For however we may be accustomed
to hear ven'son in common conversation, what disgust
would it not give us to hear this word in the pulpit, when
Isaac says to his son :
" Now therefore take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver,
and thy bow, and go out to the Held, aud take me some
'* tren'jon .'"
In short, my opinion is, that this word, in spite of
the general corruption, ought always to be pronounced
in three syllables by cirrect speakers, and that the con-
traction should be left to the poets.
Venom, ven-um, s. 166. Poison.
Venomous, ven-um-US, a. Poisonous, malignant,
mischievous.
Venomously, ven-um-us-l^, ad. Poisonousiy,
mischievously, malignantly.
Venomousness, ven-um-us-nes, s. Poisonous-
ness, malignity.
Vent, vent, S. A small aperture, a hole j
a spiracle; passage out from secrecy to piiblick notice ;
the act of opening; emission, passage; discharge,
means of discharge; sale.
To Vent, vent, v. a. To let out at a smsll
aperture ; to let out, to give way to ; to utter, to re-
port; to emit, to pour out; to publish; to sell, to
carry to sale.
Ventage, ven-tidje, s, 90. One of the small
holes of a flute.
Venter, ven^tur, *. 98. Any cavity of the body j
the abdomen; womb, a mother.
Ventiduct, ven-te-dukt, s. A passage fur the
wind.
To Ventilate, ven-te-lAte, v. a. To fan with
wind; to winnow, to fan ; to examine, to discuss.
Ventilation, ven-te-la-shun, *. The act of
fanning; the stale of being fanned; vent, utterance}
refrigeration.
Ventilator, ven^te-lA-tur, 5, 521. An instru-
ment contrived by Dr. Hale to supply clokc places
with fresh air.
VentoSITY, ven-tfts-e-te, *. "^indiness.
Ventricle, ven-tre-kl, s, 405. The stomach j
any small cavity in an animal body, particularly those
of the heart.
Ventriloquist, ven-tnl'-li-kwist, s. 518. One
who speaks in such a manner as that the sound seems
to issue from his beily.
Ventriloquy, ven-tril'-5-kw^, s. 548. Speaking
inwardly as from the belly.
Venture, ven-tshure, *. 461. A hazard, an un-
dertaking of chance and danger; chance, liap ; the
thing put to hazard, a stake ; at a Venture, at hazard,
without much consideration, without any thing more
than the hope of a lucky cliance.
To Venture, ven^tshure, v. n. Todare; to run
hazard ; to Venture at, to Venture on or upon, to
engage in, or make attempt without any security of
success.
To Venture, ven-tsliure, v. a. To expose to
hazard ; to put or send on a venture.
Venturer, ven-tshiir-ur, s. 555. He who
ventures.
Venturous, ven-tshur-us, a. 314. Daring, bold,
fearless, ready to run hazards.
Venturously, ven-tshir-us-1^, ud. Daringly,
fearlessly, boldly.
Venturousness, ven-tshur-us-nes, s. Boldnesi
willingness to hazard.
Veracity, v^-r4s-5-te, S. Moral truth, honesty
of report; physical truth, consistency of report with
fact.
Veracious, ve-ra-shus, a. 357. Observant of
truth.
Verb, verb, S. A part of speech signifying existence
or some modification thereof, as action, oHssiont
VER
VER
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tSb 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— </tin 466, this 46*9.
Verbal, v»rrb-il, a. 88. Spoken, not written ;
oral, iitte.cd by mouth; consisting in mere words;
literal, liavng word answering to word; a Verbal noun
is a niiiin used as a verb.
To Verbalize, ver-bSl-lze, v. n. To use many
words, to jrotract a discourse.
([3» This word is certainly useful in this sense, as we
have no other active or neuter verb to express being
verbose: bu; there is another sense in which ii may be
no less useful, and that is, when we want to express
the forming of a noun into a verb, as from arm, to
arm, &c.
VerbalitY, ver-b^U^-t^, S. Mere bare words.
Verbally, ver-b^l-e, ad. In words, orally 5
word for word.
Verbatim, ver-bi-tim, ad. Word for word.
To Verberate, ver-ber-^te, v. a. 94. To beat,
to strike.
Verberation, ver-ber-i-shun, s. Blows, beating.
Verbose, ver-bosej a. 427. Exuberant in words,
prolix, tedious by multiplicity of words.
Verbosity, ver-bSs-e-t4, s. Exuberance of
words, much empty talk.
Verdant, ver-d^nt, a. Green.
Verderer, verider-ur, *. 555. An officer in the
forest.
Verdict, ver-dlkt, S. The determination of the
jury declared to the judge; declaration, decision,
judgment, opinion.
Verdigris, ver-de-gi4^s, s, 112. The rust of
brass.
03- I have in this word corrected Dr. Johnson, by
comparing him with himself. If Ambergris is spelt
' without the final e, this letter certainly ought not to be
in f^erdegris, as both words derive their last syllable from
exactly the same origin.
Verditure, ver-d^-ture, s. The faintest and
paltst green.
Verdure, ver^jtire, s, 461. 376. Green, green
colcAir.
Verdurous, ver^ju-rus, a. 314. Green, covered
with green.
Verecund, ver-^-kund, a. Modest, bashful.
See Fucund.
Verge, verje, s, A rod, or something in form of
a rod, carried as an emblem of authority; the mace
of a dean; the brink, the edge, the utmost border;
in Law, verge is the compass about the king's court,
bounding the jurisdiction of the lord steward of the
kmg's household.
To Verge, verje, v. n. To tend, to bend down-
ward.
Vrrger, ver-jur, s, 98. He who carries the mace
before the dean.
Veridical, v^-nd'-^-k4l, a. Telling tntth.
Verification, ver-^-fe-kiishun, s. Conflrma-
tion by argument, evidence.
To Verify, ver^^-fi, v. a. To justify against the
charge of falsehood, to confirm, to prove ti-ue.
Verily, ver'-i-l^, ad. In truth, certainly; with
great confidence.
Verisimilar, ver-^-sim^-lur, a. 88. Probable,
likely.
Verisimilitude, ver-l-sim-miKe-tude,
Verisimility, ver-^-sim-imUe-te,
Probability, likelihood, resemblance of truth.
Veritable, ver-i-ti-bl, a. 405. True, agreeable
to fact.
Verity, ver-^-t^, s. Truth, consonance to the
reality of things; a true assertion; a true tenet;
moral truth, agreement of the words with the thoughts.
Verjuice, Verijus, *. Acid liquor expressed from
crab-apples.
Vermicelli, ver-me-tshel'-^, *. A paste rolled
and broken in the form of worms.
IK?" This word is perfectly Italian, and may be par-
doned in irregularity, because, like beveral other foreign
555
■}'■
Any med'cine
Producing
Native, of one's
words, being confined to a small circle, they are like so
many exciescenres on the surface of the language, whicl"
disfigure without corrupting it. See Principles, No. 338.
Vermicular, ver-mlk^ia-lir, a. 88. Acting
like a worm, c<>ntinued from one part to another.
T'oVermiculate, ver-m1kiii-lite,».a. To inlay
to work in chequer work.
Vermiculation, ver-mik-u-la-shun, s. Con-
tinuation of motion from one part to another,
Vermicule, ver-me-kule, s. A little grub.
Vermiculous, ver-mik-u-lus, a. Full of grubs.
Vermiform, ver-me-form, a. Having the shape
of a worm.
Vermifuge, verim^-fudje, s,
that destroys or expels worms.
Vermil, ver-mil, \ ^
Vermilion, ver-mil-jtin, 113./*'
Theinchineal, a grub of a particular plant ; factitious
or native cinnabar, sulphur mixed with mercury ; any
beautiful red colour.
To Vermilion, ver-mil-yiin, v. a. To die red.
Vermin, ver-mm, *. 140. Any noxious animal.
Verminous, ver'-min-us, a. Tending to vermin,
disposed to breed vermin.
Vermiparous, ver-mip-pi-rus, a.
worms.
Vernacular, ver-nilk-A-lir, a.
own country.
Vernal, ver-n4l, a. 88. Belonging to the spring.
VernaNT, ver-n^nt, s. Flourishing as in the
spring.
Versability, ver-s:t-bili^-t^,
Versableness, ver-Sit-bl-nes,
Aptness to be turned or wound any way.
Versal, ver-slll, a. 88. A cant word for
Universal ; total, whole.
Versatile, ver^si-til, a. 145. That may b«
turned round; changeable, variable; easily applied
to a new task.
Versatileness, ver-si
Versatility, ver-si-til
The quality of being versatile.
Verse, verse, s. A line consisting of a certain
succession of sounds, and number of feet ; a section
or paragraph of a book; poetry, lays, metrical lan-
guage ; a piece of poetry.
To be Versed, verst, v. n. 359. To be skilled in,
to be acquainted with.
Verseman, vers-m^n, s. 88. A poet, a writer in
verse.
Versification, ver-se-fe-kA-shun, *. The art
or practice of making verses.
Versificator, ver-s^-fe-kA-tur, ^
Versifier, ver-se-fi-ur, 183. /
A versifier, a maker of verses with or without the
' spirit of poetry.
To Versify, ver-s^-fi, v. n. To make verses.
To Versify, ver^se-fl, v. a. 183. To relate in
verse.
Version, ver-shun, S. Change, transformation }
change of direction ; translation; the act of trans-
lating.
Vert, vert, *. Every thing that grows and bears
a green leaf within the forest.
Vertebral, ver^te-bral, «. 88. Relating to the
joints of the spine.
Vertebre, ver-t6-bur, S. A joint of the back.
{t3- This word is perfectly anglicised, and therefore
ought to have its last syllable pronounced according to
English analogy, like centre, sceptre, mitre, &c. See
Principles, No. 416. There is a common mistake in the
use of the Latin word from which this is derived, wliich
it may not be improper to rectify. Vertebra is not un
frequently used to signify the whole collection of joints
■}'
til-nes, 1
fcj-
VES
559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, lAt 81— ml
VIC
93, met. 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
wliich form the back bone, while in reality it ineans
only one of titose joints; the plural is rerlehrce, ani\ this
ouijht to be used for the whole spine, if we denominate
it iiy a Laiin word ; but if we speak English, it ought
to be vertebres, and pronounced as if written verulurs.
Vertex, ver-teks, S. Zenitli, the point overhead;
the top of a hill.
Vertical, ver^t^-k^l, a. 88. Placed in the
zenith ; placed in a direction perpendicular to the
horiz'in.
Verticality, ver-tl-k^l-e-tl, s. The state of
being in the zenith.
Vertically, ver-tl-k4l-l, ad. In the zenith.
Verticity, ver-tis'e-tl, S. The power of turnift ,
circumvolution, rotation.
Vertiginous, ver-tid-jin-us, a. Turning round,
rotary ; giddy.
Vertigo, ver-tUgo, ver-t^-go, or ver-t^-go, s,
112. A giddiness, a sense of turning in the head.
(tT- This word is exactly under the same predicament
as serpigo and lentigo. If we pronounce it learnedly, we
must pface the accent in the first manner. 503. If we
pronounce it niodishly, and wish to smack of the French
or Italian, we must adopt the second ; but if we follow
the genuine English analogy, we must pronounce it in
the last manner. See Principles, No. 112.
The authorities for the first pronunciation are,
Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Sheridan, Bailey, and Entick ;
for tilt sec<md. Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, and
W. Johnston ; and for the third, Ur. .lolinson, Dr. Ash,
Mr. Perry, Buchanan, Barclay, and Penning. This too
was SwiA's pronunciation, as wc see by Dr. Johnson's
quotation :
'' And ihnt old vertif^ in's head,
" Will never leave him till he's dead.*
In this word we see the tendency of the accent to its
true centre in its own language. Vertigo with the ac-
cent on the t, and that pronounced long as in title, has
so Latin a sound that we scarcely think we are speaking
English: this makes us the more readily give into the
foreign sound of «, as in/u4ig-Hc. This sound a correct
English ear is soon weary of, and settles at last with the
accent on the first syllable, with the i sounded as in
indigo, p(/rtico, &c.
VERVAIN;
Vervi
Very, ver-i, a. True, real j having any qualities,
couniioiily had, in an eminent degree, to note things
emphatically, or eminently ; same.
Very, ver-e, ad. In a great degree, in an eminent
degree.
7o Vesicate, ves^s^-kite, v. a. 91. To blister.
Vesication, ves-^-ka-shun, s. Blistering, separa-
tion of the cuticle.
Vesicatory, vJ-sik-i-tur-l, s. 512. A blister-
ing medicine. — See Domestick.
Vesicle, vts-e-kl, s. 405. A small cuticle,
filled or inflated.
Vescsltlar, ve-sikii-lir, a. 88. Hollow, full of
small interstices.
Vesper, ves-pur, s. 98. The evening star, the
evening.
Vespers, ves-purz, s. The evening service.
Vespertine, ves-pur-tlne, a. 149. Happening
or coming in the evening.
Vessel, vSs'sil, *. 99. Any thing in which
liquids or other things are put ; the containing parts
of an animal body; any vehicle in which men or
goods are carried on the water; any capacity, any
thing containing.
Vest, vest, *. An outer garment.
To Vest, vest, v. a. To dress, to deck, to enrobe ;
to dress in a long garment; to make possessor of, to
invest with ; to place in possession.
Vestal, ves-tAl, s. A pure virgin.
Vestal, ves-til, a. 88. Denoting pure virginitv.
55G
AiN, 208. \ t , 1 „, ^
i.NE, HO./'''^"-^^"''' ^•'"'-
Vestibule, ves-tl-bule, s. The porch or first
entrance of a house.
** This is the bud of being, the dim dawn,
" The twilight of our day, the vestibtUc."
Vestige, ves-tidje, s. Footstep, mark left
behind in passing.
Vestment, vest-ment, S. Garment, part of dress.
Vestry, ves'tr^, *. A room appendant to the
church, ill which the sacerdotal garments and conse-
crated things are reposited ; a parochial assembly
commonly convened in the vestry.
Vesture, ves-tshure, s. 461. Garment, robej
dress, haliit, external form.
Vetch, vetsh, s. A plant.
Vetchy, vetsh-l, a. Made of vetches, abounding
in vetches.
Veteran, vet-ur-^n, s, 88. An old soldier, a man
long practised.
Veteran, vetifir-iln, a. Long practised in war,
long experienced.
Veterinary, vet-er-i-ni-re, a. Belonging to
cattle, particularly horses; from the Latin t'eterinuriKs,
a farrier, or horse-doctor.
(£3- I have adopted this word from a prospjjft of its
becoming a part of the language. As acoileae is founded
in London for studying the diseases to which that useful
animal, the horse', is liable, the name of Veterinary
College must come into general use, and ought therefore
to have place in our dictionaries. - Ash is the only lexico-
grapher who has it.
To Vex, veks, v. a. To plague, to torment, to
harass; to disturb, to disquiet; to trouble with slight
provocations.
Vexation, vek-si-shun, s. The act of troubling j
the state of being troubled, uneasiness, sorrow ; the
cause of trouble or uneasiness ; an act of harassing by
law ; a slight teasing trouble.
Vexatious, vek-sa-shus, a. 314. Afflictive,
troublesome, causing trouble ; full of trouble, full of
uneasiness, teasing, slightly, troublesome.
Vexatiously, vek-sa-shus-ll, ad, . Trouble-
soinely, uneasily,
Vexatiousness, vek-s5,-shus-nes, s. Trouble-
someness, uneasiness.
Vexer, veks-iir, s. 98. He who vexes.
Uglily, ug-le-1^, ad. Filthily, with deformity.
Ugliness, ug-ie-nes, S. Deformity, contrariety
to beauty ; turpitude, loathsomeness, moral depr-a-
vity.
Ugly, ug-1^, a. Deformed, offensive to the sight,
contrary to beautiful.
Vjal, vl'-ul, *. 88. A small bottle.
Viand, Vl-und, S. 88. Food, meat dressed.
Viaticum, vl-^t-^-kum, s. 116. Provision for
a journey; the last rites used to prepare the passing
sou! for its departure.
To Vibrate, vl-brate, v, a. 91. To brandish, to
move to and fro with quick motion ; to make to
quiver.
To Vibrate, vl-brAte, v. n. To play up and
down, or to and fro; to quiver.
Vibration, vl-bra'shun, s, 138. The act of
moving, or being moved with quick reciprocations,
or returns.
Vibratory, vl-bri-tur-J, *. Vibrating continually,
do- For the sound of thf o, see Domestick; and for the
accent, see Principles, No. 512.
Vicar, vik^ur, s. 88. 138. The incumbent of an
appropriated or impropriated benefice; one who per-
forms the functions of another, a substitute.
Vicarage, vik'-ur-idje, s. 90. The benefice of
a vicar.
Vicarial, vl-ka-re-4l, a. Belonging to a vicar.
Vicarious, vl-ka^re-us, a. J38. Dcputct",
delegated, acting in the place of another.
VIC VIL
n5r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299-- found 313— <Ain 466, Tins 469.
ViCARSHiP, vik-iir-sbip, *. The office of a vicar.
Vice, vise, *. The course of action opposite to
virtue; a fault, an offence; the fool, or puncliinello
of old shows; a kind of small iron press with screws,
used by workmen ; gripe, grasp.
Vice, vise, s. This word is the ablative case of the
Latin word ricis, and is used in composition for one
who performs, in his stead, the office of a superiour,
or who lias the second rank in command ; as, a Viceroy,
a Vicechancellor.
C:?- This word is somewhat similar to the prefix mate,
in vialecontent, malepractice, &c. and seems to strengthen
the reasons Riven under those words for pronouncing the
first vowel long.
To Vice, vise, v. a. To draw. Obsolete.
ViCEADMlRAL, vlse-il(l-me-ral, S. The second
commander of a fleet; a naval officer of the second
rank.
VicEADMiRALTY, vlse-4dim5-r4l-t5, S, The
office of a viceadmiral.
ViCEAGENT, vlse-A-jent, s. One who acts in the
place of another.
Viced, vlst, a. 359. Vicious, corrupt.
Vicegerent, vise-je-rent, s. A lieutenant, one
who is entrusted with the power of the superiour.
Vicegerencv, vlse-je-ren-se, s. The office of
a vicegerent, lieutenancy, deputed power.
Vicechancellor, vlse-tsbilti-sel-lur, s. The
second magistrate of the universities.
Viceroy, vise-roe, s. He who governs in place of
the king with regal authority.
Viceroyalty, vlse-roe-il-te, s. Dignity of
a viceroy.
Vicinity, ve-sin-e-t^, or vi-sin-e-te, s. 138.
Nearness, state of being near; neighbourhood.
Vicinage, vis'-in-ldje, s, 90. Neighbourhood,
place adjoining.
Vicinal, vis-e-nJl, 138
ViciNE, vis'-iiie.
Near, neighbouring.
or?- For the propriety of placing the accent on the first
syllable r,{ vicinal, see Medicinal.
Vicious, visb-us, a. Devoted to vice, not addicted
to virtue. — See Vilioins.
Vicissitude, v^-sis-e-tude, or vi-s?s-e-tude, s.
138. Rcfjiilar change, return of the same things in the
same succession ; revolution, change.
Victim, vik-tim, s. A sacrifice, something slain
for a sacrifice ; something destroyed.
Victor, vik-tur, *. 166. Conqueror, vanquisher,
he who gains the advantage in any contest.
Victorious, vik-to-re-us, a. Conquering, having
obtained conquest, superior in contest; producing
conquest ; betokening conquest.
Victoriously, vjk-to-re-us-le, ad. w^ith con-
quest, successfully, triumiihantly.
ViCTORiousNESS, vik-t6iri-us-nes, s. The state
or quality of being victorious.
Victory, VI k-tlir-e, 5. 557. Conquest, success in
contest, triumph.
Victress, vlk-tres, s. A female that conquers.
See Tutoress.
ViCTU
Vict
Provision of food, stores for the support of life,
meat.
0:5- Tills corruption, like most others, has terminated
in the generation of a new word ; for no solemnity will
allow of pronouncing this word as it is written, yictuals
appeared to Swift so contrary to the real sound, that in
ioine of his manuscript remarks which I have seen, he
spells the word rittles. This compliance with sound,
however, is full of mischief to language, and ought not
to be indulged. — See Skeptick, and Principles, No. 350.
■h
c i iiiui cm.
TUAL, Vlt-tl, "J .„.
2,,/, Ys. 40c
TUALS, Vlt-tlz, J
To Victual, vit^tl, v. a.
for food.
Victualler, vit-tl-ur, s.
victuuls.
r>57
To store with provision
One who provides
Videlicet, ve-deKe-set, ad. To wit, that ii
generally written Vii.
(!:> This is a long-winded word for a snort expTana.
tion.and its contraction. Viz. afrightful anomaly, which
ought never to be pronounced as it is written ■. the aHverli
vamely ought to be used instead of both ; and where it
is not, ought in reading always to be substituted for
them.
To Vie, vI, v, a, 276. To show or practise in
competition.
To Vie, \\, V, n. To contest, to contend.
To View, vu, v. a. 286. To survey ; to look on
by way of examination; to see, to perceive by the
eye. >
View, vu, *. Prospect; sight, power of beholding;
act of seeing; sight, eye; survey, examination by
the eye ; intellectual survey ; space that may be taken
in by the eye, reach of sight ; appearance, show; dis-
play, exhibition to sight or mind; prospect of interest j
intention, design.
Viewless, vu-les, a. Unseen.
Vigil, vid-jll, S. Watch, devotion performed in the
customary hours of rest ; a fast kept before a holiday ;
service used on the night before a holiday; watch,
forbearance of sleep. — See Drama.
Vigilance, vid^jil-Anse, \
Vioilancy, vid-iil-an-se, J
Forbearance of sleep ; watchfulness, circumspection,
incessant care ; guard, watch.
Vigilant, vid-jll-Ant, a. 88. Watchful, circum.
spect, diligent, attentive.
Vigilantly, vidijll-^nt-le, ad. Watchfully,
attentively, circumspectly.
ViGNElTE, vjtl-yet, S. Ornamental flowers or
figures placed by printers at the beginning or end of
chapters, sometimes emblematical of the subject.
Vigorous, vig-tir-us, a. 314. Forcible, not
weakened, full of streneth and life. — See Vaporer.
Vigorously, vig-ur-us-le, ad. With force,
forcibly.
ViGOROUSNESS, Vjg-ur-us-neS, s. Force, strength.
Vigour, vig-ur, J. 314. Force, strength ; mental
force, intellectual ability ; energy, efficacy.
Vile, vile, a. Base, mean, worthless, sordid,
despicable; morally impure, wicked.
Vilely, vlle-le, ad. Basely, meanly, shamefully.
ViLENESS, vile-ue.s, s. Baseness, meanness, dis-
picableness ; moral or intellectual baseness.
To Vilify, viK^-fl, v. a. 183. To debase, to de-
fame, to make contemptible.
Villa, v'll'-lit, *. 92. A country scat.
Village, vilMidje, s. 90.
houses, less than a town.
Villager, vil-lid-jur, *. 9f
a village.
Villagery, vil'-lid-jiir-^, s.
Villain, vil'-lin, s. 208.
a base tenure ; a wicked wretch.
Villanage, vll-lan-idje, s. 90. The state of
a villain, base servitude ; tiaseness, infamy.
To ViLLANIZE, ViUlAll-Ize, V. a. To debase, to
degrade.
VillaNOUS, Vil-l^n-US, a. Base, vile, wicked;
sorry.
Vu.LAN0USLY,vili-l4n-US-l6, ud. Wickedly, basely,
ViLLANOUSNESS, Vll-liu-US-neS, S. Baseness,
wickedness.
Villany, vil-lin-i, S, Wickedness, baseness,
depravity; a wicked action, a crime.
C:^ In this tribe of wurds we find a manifest difference
between the simple villain end the compounds rAHavy,
villanons, &c. Dr. Johnson tells us, these words are
derived from the French villain, or the low Latin vil-
laiiiis. Sometimes we find the word in question written
villann;/; and it is certain, that it either ought to he
wrilleti so from the old French vi'Jomiie, with double
/ and double v, or from the modern French with these
letters single; or if we must form it from cur own word
A small collection of
An inhabitant of
District of villages.
One who held by
VIP
YIR
ts- 659. Fate 73, fir 77, fill 63, fit 81— i»4 9$, met 95— pine 105, p!n 107— ni 162, move 164,
villain, (wliich we seldom choose to do if we can dis-
cover the most remote relation to other language!,) in
this c^se, I say, we ou^ht, according to our own ana-
logy, to spell the word villainy.
TlLLATICK, v!l-l4t-tik, a. 509. Belonging to
villages.
Villi, vil-ll, j. In Anatomy, are the same as
fibres ; and in Botany, small hairs like the grains of
plush or shag.
Villous, villus, a. 314. Shaggy, rough.
ViMiNEOus, vl-min-^-us, or vi-min-^-us, a. 138.
Made of twigs.
Vincible, vin-S^-bl, a. 405. Conquerable, super-
able.
ViNCIBLENESS, Vlllfsl-bl-nes, S. Liableness to be
overcome.
ViNDEMiAL, vln-dl-ml-4l, a. 88. Belonging to
a vintage.
To Vindicate, vin-de-kAte, i;. a. 91. To justify,
to support, to maintain; to revenge, to avenge; to
assert, to claim with efficacy ; to clear, to protect.
Vindication, vin-d^-ki-shun, *. Defence, asser-
tion, justification.
Vindicative, vin-dl-kl-tiv, a. 512. Revengeful,
given to revenge.
ViND.CATOR, vin-d4-k^-tur, s. 521. One who
vindicates, an assertor.
Vindicatory, vin^de-ki-tur-^, a. 512. Punitory,
performing the office of vengeance; defensory, justi-
ficatory.
Vindictive, vm-dik-tiv, a. Given to revenge,
revengeful.
Vine, vine, S. The plant that bears the grape.
Vinegar, vin-n^-gur, *. 88. Wine grown sour ;
any thing really or metaphorically sour.
ViNEYAhD, vin-yerd, s. 91. 515. A ground
planted with vines.
Vinous, vl-nns, «. 314. Having the qualities of
wine, consisting of wine.
Vintage, vin-tidje, s 90. The produce of the
vine for the year, the time in which grapes are ga-
thered.
Vintager, vin-tl-jur, s. He who gathers the
vintage.
ViNTNEF , vint-nur, S, 98. One who sells wine.
Viol, vl-ul. S, 166. A stringed instrument of
musick,
ViolABLE, vPi-ll-bl, a. 405. Such as may be
violated or hurt.
T'o Violate, \\-h-\kte, v. a. 91. To injure, to
hurt; to infringe, to break any thing venerable; to
injure by irreverence; to ravish, to deflower.
Violation, /l-6-la-sbun, s. 170. Infringement
or injury of something sacred; rape, the act of de-
flowering.
Violator, vUi-la-tfir, s. 521. One who injures
or infringes something sacred ; a ravisher.
Violence, vl-o-lense, S. 170. Force, strength
applied to any purpose; an attack, an assault, a mur-
der ; outrage, unjust force; eagerness, vehemence;
injury, infringement; forcible defloration.
Violent, vUi-lent, a. 287. Forcible, acting
Willi strength; produced or continued by f(jrce ; not
natural, but brought by force; unjustly assailant,
murderous; unseasonably vehement; extorted, not
voluntary.
Violently, vI-6-lent-l^, ad. With force,
forcibly, vehemently.
Violet, vi'-6-let, s. 170. 287. A flower.
Violin, vi-i-linj S. 528. A fiddle, a stringed in-
strument of musick.
ViOLIST, vl-o-list, *. A player on the viol.
Violoncello, v^-6-l6n-tsbel-6, s. 388.
A stringed instrument of musick.
Viper, vi-pur, S. 98. A serpent of that species
which bringsits young alive; any thing mischievous.
VlPERINB^ vl-pur-lne, a. .49. Belonging to
a viper.
Viperous, vUpur-us, a. 314. Having the
qualities of a viper.
Virago, ve-ra-go, oi- v\-rk'-g9, s. 1 38. A female
warrior, a woman with the qualities of a man. — See
Lumbago,
ViRELAY, Vir-e-li, *. A sort of little ancient
French poem, that consisted only of tv/o rhymes and
short verses.
ViRENT, vUrent, a. Green, not faded.
ViRGE, verje, s. i08. A dean's mace.
Virgin, ver-jin, *. 108. A maid, a woman un-
acquainted with man; a woman not a mother; any
thing untouched or unmingled; the sign of the zodiacU
in which the sun is in August.
O See the delicate sound of the first i in this word
illustrated. Principles, No. 101.
Virgin, ver-jin, a. 237. Befitting a virgin, suit-
able to a virgin, maidenly.
Virginal, ver-jin-ll, a. 88. Maiden, maidenly,
pertaining to a virgin.
Virginal, ver-jm-il, s. More usually Virginah.
A musical instrument so called because used by young
ladies.
Virginity, ver-jin-e-t^, s. Maidenhead, un-
acqiiaintance with man.
Virile, vl-ril, S. 140. Belonging to a man.
Virility, vl-ril'4-t^, or v^-ril^^-t^, *. 138.
Manhood, character of a man ; power of procreation.
Virtu, ver-too( *. a taste for the elegant arts, and
curiosities of nature.
Virtual, ver-tshu-Sl, a. 88. Having the. efficacy
without the sensible part.
ViRTUALITY, Ver-lshu-Al-5tJ, S. Efficacy.
Virtually, ver'-tshu-il-i, ad. In effect, though
not formally.
Virtue, ver-tsliu, J. 108.461. Moral goodness j
a particular moral excellence ; medicinal quality ; me-
dicinul efficacy; efficacy, power; acting power; secret
agency, efficacy: bravery, valour; excellence, that
which gives excellence; one of the orders of the celes-
tial hierarchy.
fcj^ Dr. Hill published in a pamphlet a petition from
the letters / and U to David Garrick, esq. both com-
plaining of terrible grievances imposed upon them by
that great actor, who frequently banished them from
their proper stations : as in the word virtue, which they
said he converted into vurtue ; and in the word ungrate-
ful he displace!" the u, and made it ingratefid, to th«
great prejudice . f the said letters. To this complaint,
Garrick replied in the following epigram.
** If it is, as you say, that I've ilijur'd a Utter,
** I'll change my nute souu, and 1 hope for ihe better:
** May the right use of letters, as well as of men,
** Hereafter be fix'd by the tongue and the pen.
" Most devoutly i wish they may both have their due,
** And that i may be never mistaken for U."
Murphy's Life of Garrick.
ViRTUELESS, ver-tshu-les, a. Wanting virtue,
dep. ived of virtue; not having efficacy, without
operating qualities.
Virtuoso, ver-too-6-si, s. A man skilled in
antique or natural curiosities ; a man studious of paint-
ing, statuary, or architecture. The plural of this
word is written virtuosi, and pronounced virtoo-6-se.
Virtuous, v?r-tshu-us, «. 463. Morally good;
chaste; done in consequence of moral goutiness;
efficacious, powerful ; having wonderful or eminent
properties; having medicinal qualities.
Virtuously, ver-tshu-iis-le, ad. In a virtuoui
manner.
ViRTUOUSNESS, ver-tsliu-us-nes, *. The state or
character of being virtuous.
Virulence, vir-i'i-lense, ") -,.
,, 1 ,\ ,i I fs. 110.
Viuulency, vir-u-len-se, j
Mental poison, malignity, acrimony of temper, bitter-
ness.
Virulent, vu-^u-lent, a. 110. Poisonoui,
venomous; poisoned in the mind, bitter, malignanti
VII ULC
n8r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— p6uiid 313— ^Ain 466, THis 469.
Malignantly
Virulently, vir-u-lent-lJ, ad.
with bitterness.
Visage, viz-ldje, *. 90. Face, countenance, look.
To Viscerate, vis-s4-rite, v. a. To embowel, to
exenterate.
Viscid, vis-sId, a. Glutinous, tenacious.
Viscidity, ve-sid^J-ti, *. 138. Glutinousness,
tenacity, ropiness; glutinous concretion.
Viscosity, vis-k5s-^-t^, S. Glutinousness, tenacity,
a glutinous substance.
Viscount, vKkount, s. 458. A nobleman next
in degree to an earl.
Viscountess, vUkount-es, s. The lady of
a viscount.
Viscous, vis-kus, a. 314. Glutinous, sticky,
tenacious.
Visibility, \\z-h-h\\'-h-th, s. The state or quality
of being perceptible by the eyej state of being ap-
parent, or openly discoverable.
Visible, viz^^-bl, a. 405. Perceptible by the
pye; discovered to the eye; apparent, open, conspi-
cuous.
ViSIBLRNESS, VlZ-^-bl-neS, S. State or quality of
being visible.
Visibly, viz-5-bll, ad. In a manner perceptible
by the eye.
Vision, vizh-un, s. 451. Sight, the faculty of
seeing ; tlie act of seeing ; a supernatural appearance,
a spectre, a phantom } a dream, something shown in
a dream.
Visionary, vizh-un-i-r^,rt. Affected by phantoms,
disposed to receive impressions on the imagination;
imaginary, not real, seen in adieam.
Visionary, vizh-un-J-ri, s. One whose imagina-
tion is disturbed
To Visit, viz^it, v. a. To go to see ; to send good
or evil judicially J to salute with a present; to come
to survey with judicial authority.
To Visit, viz-it, v. n. To keep up the intercourse
of reremouial salutations at the houses of each other.
Visit, viz-lt, S. The act of going to see another.
Visitable, viz^l-ti-bl, a. 405. Liable to be
visited,
Visitant, viz-e-t^nt, s. 88. One who goes to
sec anotheri
Visitation, vlz-^-ta-sbun, *. The act of visiting ;
objects of visits ; judicial visit or perambulation ; judi-
cial evil sent by God ; communication of divine
love.
Visitatorial, \iz-h-ti-th-th-K\, a. Belonging
to a judicial visitor.
Visiter, viz-it-tur, s. 98. One who comes to
another; an ncca^ional judge.
ViSIVE, vl^siv, «. 140. 457. 428. Formed in the
act of seeing.
Visor, viz-ur, S. 166. A mask used to disfigure
and disguise.
Visored, viz-urd, a. 359. Masked.
Vista, vis'-ti, s. 92,
avenue.
Visual, vizh-u-il, or. 451
ercising the power of sight.
Vital, vl'-t^l, a. 88. Contributing to life,
necessary to life; rclatini; to life; containing life;
being the seat of life ; so disposed as to live; essen-
tial, chiefly necessary.
Vitality, vl-til-4-t5, S. Power of subsisting in
life.
Vitally, vl-til-4, ad. In such a manner as to
give life.
Vitals, vUtilz, *. Parts essential to life.
To Vitiate, visb-^-Ate, v. a. To deprave, to
spoil, to make less pure.
VniATION, vish-4-A-shun, S. Eepravation, cor-
ruption.
ViTIOUS, Vish'-fis, a. 461. Corrupt, wicked,
559
View, prospect through an
Used in sight, ex-
opposite to virtuous; corrupt, having physical Ml
qualities.
ViTiousLY, vish-us-le, ad. Not virtuously
corruptly.
VlTiousNESS, vish-us-nes, 5. Corruptness, .state rf
being villous.
Vitreous, vit-tre-US, a. Glassy; consisting of
glass, resembling glass.
VitreousneSS, vit-tr^-us-nes, s. Resemblance
of glass.
VlTRlFlCABLE, ve-trif^fe-ki-bl, «. Convertible
into glass.
To ViTRiFiCATE, ve-tnt-fe-kAte, v. a. To change
into glass.
Vitrification, vit-tr^-f^-kais'nun, s. Produe-
tion of glass, act of changing, or slate uf being changea
into glass.
To Vitrify, vit!^trl-fi, v. a. 183. To change
into glass.
To Vitrify, vit-tr^-fl, v. n. To become glass.
Vitriol, vit-tr^-ul, s. 166. Vitriol is produced
by addition of a metallick matter with the fossil acid
salt.
Vitriolate, vit'-tre-o-lite, "1
Vitriolated, vit-rW-lA-ted,/
Impregnated with vitriol, consisting of vitriol.
Vitriolick, vit-re-ol-ik, \
VlTRIOLOUS, v^-tri-0-lus, S
Resembling vitriol, containing vitriol.
Vituline, vit-tshu-llne, a. 149. Belonging to
a calf.
Vituperable, v^-tu-per-i-bl, or vl-tu-per-4-bl,
a. 138. 405. Blame-wnrthy. ^
To Vituperate, ve-tu'-per-ite, or vl-tu-per-
Ate, V. a. 138. To blame, to censure.
Vituperation, v^-tij-per-A-shun, or vi-tu-per-
4-sbun, s. Blame, censure.
Vivacious, v^-vA-shils, or vl-va-shus, a. 138.
Long-lived; sprightly, gay, active, lively.
V'VAciousNESS, ve-vi-shus-nes, or vl-va-
shas-nes, 138.
Vivacity, v^-vis^^-t^, or vl-vts^5-ti,
Liveliness, sprightlincss; longevity, length of lifej
power of living.
Vivid, viv-id, a. 544. Lively, quick, striking;
spiightly, active.
Vividly, viv-id-le, ad. With life, with quickness,
with strength.
Vividness, viv'id-ne.s, s. Life, vigour, quickness.
To ViviFlCATE, vl-\if'-fe-kAte, v. a. 138. To
make alive, to inform with life, to animate; to re-
cover from such a change of form as seems to destroy
the properties.
ViviKiCATioN, viv4-fe-ki-shun, s. The act of
giving life.
VlVIFlCK, vl-vif^lk, a. 138. 509. Giving life,
making alive.
To Vivify, viv^e-fl, v. a. 183. To make alive,
to animate, to endue with life.
Viviparous, vl-vip-p4-rus, a. 138. Bringing
the young alive, opposed to Oviparous.
Vixen, Vlk-sn, S. 103. vixen is the name of
a she-fox, and applied to a woman, whose nature is
thereby compared to a she-fox.
Vizard, viz-urd, s. 88. A mask used for disguise.
Vizier, viz-yere, *. The prime minister of the
Turkish empire.
Ulcer, iil-sur, *. 98. A sore of continuance, not
a new wound.
To Ulcerate, ul-sur-Ate, v. a. To disease with
sores.
Ulceration, ul-sur-fl-shun, i . TJie act of
breaking into ulcers; ulcer, sore.
Ulcerous, ul-sur-us, a. 555. Afflicted with
sttcv.
}■■
UN
UNA
C3-'559. Fite 73, fir 77, fill 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 93— pine 105, piii 107— n6 162, move 164,
Ulcerousness, ul-sur-u3-nes, s. The state of
being ulcerniis.
Ulcered, ul-surd, a. 359. Grown by time from
a hurt to an ulcer.
Uliginous, u-lid-jin-us, a. Slimy, muddy.
Ultimate, ul-te-m3.t, a. 91. Intended in the
last resort.
Ultimately, ul-te-mllt-le, ad. In the last con-
sequence.
Ultimity, ul-tim^e-t^, S. The last stage, the last
consequence.
Ultramarine, ul-tr^-ma-reen{ 5. 112. One of
the noblest blue colours used in painting, produced by
calcination from the stone called lapis lazuli.
Ultramarine, ul-tr^-m^-reeiij a. 112. Being
beyond the sea, foreign.
Ultramontane, ul-tr^-mfinitine, a. Being
beyond the mountains.
Ultramundane, ul-tr3.-raun-dane, a. Being
beyond the world.
Umbel, um-bel, s. In Botany, the extremity of
a stalk or branch divided into several pediments or
rays, beginning from the same point, and opening so
as to form an inverted cone.
UmbellATED, um-bel-lA-ted, a. In Botany, is
said of flowers when many of them grow together in
umbels.
Umbelliferous, um-bel-liWer-us, a. 518. Used
of plants that bear many flowers, growing upon many
footstalks.
Umber, um^bur, s. 98. A colour; a fish. The
umber and grayling differ in nothing but their names.
Umbered, um'-burd, a. 359. Shaded, clouded.
Umbilical, um-bil-^-k^l, a. Belonging to the
navel.
Umbles, um'-blz, S. 405. A deer's entrails.
Umbo, um-b&, S, Tlie point or prominent part of
a buckler.
Umbrage, um-bridje, s. 90. Shade, screen of
trees; shadow, appearance; resentment, olfence, sus-
picion of injury.
Umbrageous, um-braye-us, a. Shady, yielding
shade.
Umbrageousness, fim-braye-us-nes, s.
Shadiness.
Umbratile, um-br^-til, a. 145. Being in the
shade.
Umbrel, um'-brel, \
Umbrella, um-breKli, J
A screen used in hot countries to keep off the sun, and
in others to bear off the rain.
Umbrosity, um-brSs-e-te, s, Shadiness, exclusion
of light.
Umpirage, um-p^-ridje, s. 90. Arbitration,
friendly decision of a controversy.
Umpire, um-plre, s. 140. An arbitrator, one
who, as a common friend, decides disputes.
0:?- This word, says Johnson, MiTishew, with great ap-
plause from Skinner, derives from «n ])ere, in Frencli,
a father. But whatever may belts derivation, one should
think, in pronunciation, it ought to class with empire . •
and yet we find our otthbepists considerably divided in
the sound of the last syllable of both these words.
rDr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, and
Fmn.V/.J ^^''' Perry, rhyme it with fre; but
M,mpiTe.< j^,|. s|,gridan and Buchanan, with the first
I of pyr-a-mid.
rMr. Sheridan and W. Johnston rhyme it
,T . I with Jire ; but Mr. Perry, Mr. Scott, and
umjnre.< Bi,c|ianan, „Hh Jeari and Dr. Kenrick
V with the first of pyr-a-mid.
Amidst this variety and inconsistency we find a pre-
ponderancy to the long sound of i, as in fire : and this,
in my opinion, is the most eligible.
Knmpire and vampire follow the same analogy; and
$atirc and savtphire may be looked on as irregular.
Un, an. A negative particle much used in composi-
tion. It U placed almost at will before adjectives and
Adverbs.
S60
Cc5" Mr. Mason has very justly observed, that " one
uniform effect is not always created by tin prefixed. Thus
the word unexiiressive (as used by both Shakespeare and
Milton) is not barely made negative by the composition,
but is also changed from active to passive." To tbes<
observations we may add, that Shakespeare and Milton's
use of livexpressive for imexpresiible or inexpressible, is
very licentious, and ought not to be followed. The
Latin preposition in, and the English un, are sufficiently
ambiguous without such unmeaning licenses, which
were introduced when the language was less studied, and
perhaps merely to help out a Ix.bbling line in poetry.
The Latin preposition in is negative in insensible, arid,
what is directly opposite to it, is intensive in inflamma-
tory. The English preposition un is privative in un-
tried; and, if I may be allowed the word, retroactive in to
undo : a stick which has been bent, may, when made
straight, be said to be unbent ; but if it was previously
straight, we cannot so properly say it is unbent, as that
it is not bent, — See Unprincipled.
Unabashed, un-^-b;tsht{ a. 359. Not shamed,
not confused by modestj'.
Unable, Sn-a^bl, a. 405. Not having ability ;
weak, impotent.
Unabolished, un-^-bftUisht, a. Not repealed,
remaining in force.
Unacceptable, un-^k-sep-t^-bl, a. Not pleas.
ing, not such as is well received.
Unacceptableness, Sn-^k'-sep-ti-bl-nes, s.
State of not pleasing. — See Acceptable.
Unaccessibleness, un-^k-ses-se-bl-nes, *.
State of not being to be attained or approached,
Unaccommodated, un-ik-kom^nio-da-ted, a.
Unfurnished with external convenience.
Unaccompanied, un4k-kum-pi-nid, a. 283.
Not attended.
Unaccomplished, un-^k-kftm-plisht, a. 359.
Unfinished, incomplete.
Unaccountable, un-4k-k3unk^-bl, a. 405.
Not explicable, not to he solved by reason; not re-
ducible to rule ; not subject, not controlled.
Unaccountably, un-ak-koun'-ti-ble, ad.
Strangely.
Unaccurate, un-ik-ki-rit, «. 91. Not exact;
properly Inaccurate.
Unaccustomed, un-^k-kus^tumd, «. Not
used, not habituated ; new, not usual.
Unacknowledged, un4k-n3l-lidjd, a. 328.
359. Not owned.
Unacquaintance, un-ak-kwan-tdnse, s. Want
of familiarity.
Unacquainted, un-;1k-kwan-ted, a. Not known,
unusual, not familiarly known; not having familiar
knowledge.
Unactive, un-l^k-tiv, a. Not brisk, not lively j
having no employment ; not busy, not diligent; hav-
• ing no efficacy : more properly Inactive.
Un ADM I RED, un-ftd-mlrdj rt. 359. Not regarded
with honour.
Unadored, un-^-dord{ a. 359. Not worshipped.
Unadvised, un-^d-vlzdj n. 359. imprudetit,
indiscreet; done without due ihnught, rash.
Unadulterated, un-;\.-dui-tur-il-ted, a. 359.
Genuine; not counterfeit ; having no base mixture.
Unaffected, un-^f-fekit'"d, a. Keai, not
hypocrit'.cal ; free from affectation ; open, candid, sin-
cere; not formed by too rigid observation of rules j
not moved ; not touched.
Unaffecting, un-^f-fek-ting, a. 410.
Not pathetick, not moving the passions.
Unaided, un-A-ded, a. Not assisted, not helped.
Unalienable, un-ale-yen-4-bl, a. 113. Not
alienable, not transfeirable.
Unallied, un-al-lid( a. 283. Having no power-
ful relation; having no common nature, not conge-
nial.
Unalterable, un-al-tur-^-bl, a. Incapable o,
being altered.
Unanimous, yu-nan-e-nius, a. Being of on«
mind, agreeing in design or opinion.
UNB
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173-
UnANOINTED, un-S-noin-ted, a. Not anointed ;
not prepared for death by extreme unction.
Unanswerable, un-^n-sur-i-bl, «. Not to be
refuted.
Unanswered, un-^iiisiird, a. Not opposed by
a reply ; not confuted; not suitably returned.
Unappalled, un-Sp-pawld{ a. Not daunted, not
impressed by fear.
Unappeasable, un-ip-pe-z3.-bl, a. Not to be
pacified, implacable.
Unappremensive, un-ip-pre-ben-siv, a. Not
intelligent, not ready of conception ; not suspecting.
Unapproached, un-^p-piotsh-ed, a. 35.9.
Inaccessible.
Unapproved, un-5p-proovdi a. 359. Not ap-
proved,
Unapt, im-^ptj a. Dull, not apprehensive ; not
ready, not prope-nse ; unfit, nat qualified; improper,
unfit, unsuitable.
UnaptnesS, un-Aptines, *. Unfitness, unsuitable-
ness; dulness, want of apprehension ; unreadiness,
disqualification, want of propension.
Unargued, un-ar-gudcy a. 359. Not disputed;
not censured.
Unarmed, un-armd{ a. 359. Having no armour,
having no weapons.
Unartful, un-art-ful, a. Having no art or cun-
ning; wanting slvill.
Unasked, un-^sktj a, 359. Not tought by
solicitation.
Unaspiring, un-is-pUnng, a. Not ambitious.
UnaSSAILED, un-Js-sAld| a. Not attacked, not
assaulted.
Unassisted, un-^s-s^s-ted, a. Not helped.
UnASSISTING, un-is-SlS-tUlg, a. Giving no help.
Unassured, un-ash-iardj a. 359. Not confidtntj
not to be trusted.
Unattainable, un-it-tA-n^-bl, a. Not to be
gained or obtained, being out of reach.
Unattainableness, un-^t-ta-nl-bl-iies, s.
State of being out of reach.
Unattempted, un-it-temp-ted, a. Untried, not
essayed.
Unattended, un-it-ten-ded, a. Having no
retinue or attendants.
Unavailable, un-^-vi-li-bl, a. Useless, vain
with respect to any purpose.
Unavailing, un-^-vA-ling, a. 410. Useless,
vain.
Unavoidabie, un-it-void-^-bl, a. Inevitable,
not to be shunned.
Unavoided, un-i-void-ed, a. Inevitable.
Unauthorised, un-aw-i/mr-izd, a. Not sup-
ported, by authority, not properly commissioned.
Unaware, un-i-ware{ 524. \
Unawares, un-i-wArzJ J
Without previous meditation ; unexpectedly, when it
is not thought of, suddenly.
03- These words, like some others, are sometimes
accented on tlve first syllable, and sometimes on the
last, as the rhythm of'the sentence seems to require.
See Commodore.
Unawed, un-iwd{ a. 359. Unrestrained by fear
or reverence.
Unbacked, un-b4kt{ a. 359. Not tamed, not
taught to bear the rider; not countenanced, not
aided.
To Unbar, un-barj v. a. To open by removing the
bars ; to unbolt,
UnBARBED, un-barbd( a. Not shaven.
Un BATTERED, un-bit-turd, a. Not injured by
blows.
Unbeaten, un-be-tn, a. Not treated with blows ;
not trodden.
561
ad.
UNB
^11299— pound 313— </iin 466, thIs 409.
Indecent, un.
Unbecoming, un-bt'-kumiing, a.
suitable, indtcnrous.
To Unbed, un-bedj v. a. To raise from a bed.
Unbefitting, un-be-fititing, a. Not becoming,
not suitable.
Unbegot, un-b^-g8tj \
Uneegotten, un-be-gSt^tn, J ^'
Eternal, without generation ; not yet generated.
Unbelief, un-be-leef{ s. Incredulity; infidelity,
irreligion.
To Unbelieve, un-bi-lievj v. a. To discredit,
not to trust; not to think real oi true.
Unbeliever, un-be-leev-ur, *. An infidel, one
who believes not the scripture of God,
Unbending, un-beii^djn^, a. 410. Not suffering
flexure; devoted to relaxation.
Unbenevolent, un-be-nev^v6-lent, a. Not kind.
Unbeneficed, un-ben-ne-fist, a. Not preferred
to a benefice.
Unbenigiited, un-b5-nlteied, a. Never visited
by darkness.
UnbenIGN, un-bJ-nlneJ a. Malignant, malevolent.
Unbent, un-bentj a. Not strained by the string;
having the bow unstrung ; not crushed, not subdued;
relaxed, not intent.
Unbeseeming, un-be-s^em-ing, a. Unbecoming.
UnbeSOUGHT, uil-be-sawt{ a. Not entreated.
Unbewailed, un-be-wAldJ a. Not lamented.
To Unbias, un-bl-ils, v. a. To free from any
external motive, to disentangle from prejudice.
Uneid, un-bid{ 1
Unbidden, uii-b'didn, J '
Lininvited; uncnmmanded, spontaneous.
Unbigotted, un-big-ut-dd, a. Free from bigotry,
tT- Dr. Johnson and Mr. Sheridan spell this wurd
with double t, though the simple bigoted has Inil one.
This certainly is an inconsistency which no authority
can justify.— See Bigoted.
To Unbind, un-blndj v. a. To loose, to untie.
To UnBISHOP, un-bishiup, v. a. To deprive of
episcopal orders.
Unbitted. un-bit'ted, a. Unbridled, unrestrained.
Unblamable, un-blA-nia-bl, a. Not culpable.
Unblemished, un-bletn-isht, a. Free from
turpiiude, free from reproach.
UnBLENCHED, un-blenshtj a. Not disgraced, not
injured by 'vny soil.
Unblest, un-bl2st' a. Accused, excluded from
benediction; wietcltJ, 'ihappy.
Unbloodied, un-bludiJd, a. 282. 104. Not
stained with blood.
Unblown, un-blinej a. H<>ing the bud yet un-
expanded.
Unblunted, un-blunt-ed, t. Not made
obtuse.
Unbodied, un-b6d-id, a. 282. Incorporeal, im-
material ; freed from the body.
To Unbolt, un-bolt( v. a. To set open, to unbar.
Unbolted, un-bolt-ed, a. Coarse, gross, no»
refined.
Unbonneted, un-bftn-net-ed, a. Wanting a hat
or bonnet.
Unbookish, un-book-ish, a. Not studious of
books; not cultivated by erudition.
Unborn, un-bornj a. Not yet brought into life,
future.
Unborrowed, un-bSr-rode, a. Genuine, native,
one's own.
Uneottomed, un-bot-tutnd, a. Without bottom,
bottomless; having no solid foundation.
To Unbosom, un-buz-um, v. a. 169. To reveal
in confidence; to open, to disclose. — See Bosom,
Oo
UNC UNC
(». 559. Fite 73, fir 77, fill 83, fit 81— m* 93, mlt95— pine 105, pm 107— ni 163,m3ve 164,
Unsought, un-bawtC a. Obtained without
money -, not finding any puicliaser.
Unbound, un-bound,' a. Loose, not tied ; wanting
a cover ; preterit of Unbind.
Unbounded, un-bound-ed, a. Unlimited, un-
restrained.
Unboundedly, un-bound'-ed-le, ad. Without
bounds, witliout limits.
Unboundedness, un-bound'-ed-nes, s. Exemp-
tion from limits.
Unbowed, un-bt)de| a. Not bent.
To Unbowel, fin-bou^el, v. a. To e«enteraie,
to eviscerate.
To Unbrace, unbrisej v. a. To loose, to relax j
to make the clothes loose.
UnBHEATHED, un-br^THd; v. a. Not exercised.
Unbred, un-bredj a. Not instructed in civHity,
ill educated, not taught.
Unbreecheo, un-britshtj a. 359. Having no
breeches.
UnbribkD, un-brlbd{ a. Not influenced by monty
or gifts.
Unbridled, un-bri-dld, a. 359. Licentious, not
restrained.
Unbroke, un-br6kej 1^
Unbroken, Sn-bri-kn, J
Not violated; not subdued, not weakened; not
tamed. q a l
Unbrotherlike, un-bruTH'-ur-ltke, ^ ^
Unbrotherly, uii-bruTH'-ur-l4, S , '
•111 suiting with the character of a brother.
To Unbuckle, un-buk'-kl, v. a. To loose from
buckles.
To Unbuild, un-bild,' v. a. To raze, to destroy.
Unbuilt, un-bllt( a. Not yet erected.
Unburied, un-btr'-iid, a. 2b2. Not interred, not
honoured with the rites of funeral
Unburned, un-bunid
Un burnt, un-buriit, ^ ^ , -
Not consumed, not wasted, not injured by fire, not
heated with fire.
UnBURNING, un-burn-ing, a. Not consuming by
heat.
To Unburthen, un-bur'-THen, v. a. To rid of
a load ; to throw off, to disclose what lies heavy on the
mind.
To Unbutton, un-but-tn, v. a. To loose any
thing buttoned.
UncALCINED, fin-k4Uslnd, a. Free from calcina-
tion.
Uncalled, un-kiwld{ a. Not summoned, not
sent for, not demanded.
Uncancelled, un-kin-sild, a. 99- Not erased,
not abrogated.
UncaNONICAL, un-kJ-non-^-k^l, a. Not agree-
able to the canons.
UnCAPABLE, uil-kA-p^-bl, a. Not capable, not
susceptible; mure properly Incapable.
Uncarnate, un-kar-n^t, a. 91. Not fleshly j
more properly Incarnate.
To Uncase, un-kAse{ v. a. To disengage from
any covering; to flay.
UnC AUGHT, un-kawtj a. Not yet caught.
Uncaused, un-kiwzdj a. Having no precedent
cause.
UncaUTIOUS, Ull-kaw-shus, a. Not wary, heed-
less.
Uncertain, un-ser-tm, a. 2)8. Doubtful, not
certainly Known ; doubtful, not having reitain know-
ledge; not sure in the consequence; unsettled, un-
regular.
UNCEKTAI.'JTy, UP. •3«r-tlll-t^, S. Dubiousness,
nam of knowledge ; contingency, want oi certainty ;
(unicihiug un'tQow-.
aC3
nd;\
t; r-
359.
To Unchain, un-tshAne{ v. a. To free from
chains.
Unchangeable, un-tsbAn-jl-bl, a. Immutable.
Unchanged, un-tshanjd,' a. 359. Not altered;
not alterable.
Unchangeableness, un-tshJnyl-bl-nes, s.
Immutability.
Unchangeably, un-tshin-j^-ble, ad. Immuta-
bly, without chinge.
Unchanging, un-tshAn-jing, a. Suflfering no
alteration.
To Uncharge, un-tsbarje,' v. a. To retract an
accusation.
Uncharitable, un-tshir^J-ta-bl, a. Contiary
to charity, contiary to the universal love prescribed by
Christianity. _^ 414 3
Uncharitableness, un-tsharf-6-ti-bl-res, s,
Wanlof chaiity.
Uncharitably, un-tshjr-e-ta-ble, ad. in
a manner contrary to charity.
UnchABY, Utt-tshiifi, a. Not wary, not cautioui.
Unchaste, un-t8hAste{ a. Lewd, libidinous, not
continent.
Unchastity, un tsbis-t^-ti, s. 530. Lewdness,
incontinence.
Uncheerfulness, un-tshei-ful-nes, s. Melan*
choly, gloominess of temper. — See Cheerfal.
Unchecked, un-tshektj a. 359. Unrestrained.
UNCHEWED, un-tshide| a. 359« Not masticated.
To UncHILD, un-tshlld, v. a. To deprive of
children.
Unchristian, un-krlsttsh^ii, a. 464. Contrary
to the laws of Christianity ; unconverted, infidel.
Unchristianness, un-kiis-tshin-nes, *. Con-
trariety to Christianity.
Uncial, uu^sh^l, a. Belonging to letters of
a larger size anciently used in inscriptions ; capital
letters. ,
UnCIRCUMCISED, un-ser-kSm-Slzd, a. Not cir-
cumcised, not a Jew. i a a
Uncircumcision, un-ser-kum-sizh'-un, s.
Omission of circumcision.
Uncircumscribed, un-ser-kum-skrlbd,' a.
Unbounded, unlimited.
Uncircumspect, un-ser'-kum-spekt, a. Not
cautious, not vigilant. „ - „ 44
Uncircumstantial, uh-ser-kum-stJnisbal, a.
Unimportant.
Uncivil, Sn-Siv'-il, a. Unpolite, not agreeable to
rules of elegance or complaisance.
Uncivilly, un-siv-il-^, ad, Unpolitely, not
, complaisantly.
Uncivilized, un-siviil-Izd, a. Not reclaimed
from barbarity ; coarse, indecent.
Unclarified, un-kllr'-^-flde, a. 282. Not
purged, not purified.
To Unclasp, un-kllspj v. a. To open what is
shut with clasps.
Unclassick, im-klis'-sik, a. Not classick.
Uncle, ung'-kl, *. 405. 408. The father or
mother's brother.
Unclean, un-kllnej a. Foul, dirty; filthy; not
purified by ritual practices; foul with sin ; lewd, un-
chaste. Ill
Uncleanliness, un-klen'-l^-n6s, s. Want of
cleanliness.
Uncleanly, un-klen'-l^, a. Foul, filthy, nasty;
iHidecent, unchaste.
UncLEANNESS, un-kl^ne^nuS, S. Lewdness, in-
continence; want of cleanliness, nastiness ; sin,
wickedness; want of ritual purity.
UnCLEANSED, un-klenzd{ a. Not cleansed.
7'o Unclew, uii-kliij V. a. To undo.
To Unclench, un-leiishj v. a. To open ti
closed hand.
UNC
UNC
nor 167, nh 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, tiiis 469
Unclipped, un-klipt; a. 359. Whole, not cut.
To Uncloath, un-kloTHeJ v. a. To strip, to
make naked.
{[:> As Dr. Johnson has written the positive of this
word clothe, he ought certainly to have written the nega-
ti\e V7iclothe.
To Uncloo, un-kl3g,' v. a. To disencumber, to
exonerate; to set at liberty.
To Uncloister, un-kltns-tur, v. n. To set at
large.
To Unclose, un-kl6zej v. a. To open.
Unclosed, un-kl^zdj a. Not separated by en-
closures,
Unclouded, un-klou-ded, a. Free from clouds,
clear from oliscurity, not darkened.
Unclouuedness, iin-klou-ded-nes, s. Openness,
freedom from gloum.
Unclouj Y, un-klou-de, a. Free from a cloud.
To Unclutch, un klutshj v. a. To open.
To Uncoif, un-kwoifj v. a. To pull the cap off.
See To Quoit.
To Uncoil, un-koilj t. a. To open from being
ccjiled or wrapped one part upon anotlier.
Uncoined, un-koindj a. 359. Not coined.
Uncollected, un-kol-lek'-ted, a. Not collected,
not recollected.
Uncoloured, un-kul-lurd, a. Not stained with
any colour, or die.
Uncombed, uii-komd5 a. 359. Not parted or
adjusted by the comb.
Uncom EATABLE, un-kum4t-^-bl,a. Inaccessible,
unattainable.
Uncomeliness, un-kum-l^-iics, *. Want of
giace, want of beauty.
Uncomely, un-kum-li, a. Not comely, wanting
grace.
UnCOMFORTADLE, un-kum-fur-t4-bl, a. Afford-
ing n<> comfort, gloomy, dismal, miserable; receiving
no comfort, melancholy.
Uncomfortableness, un-kum^fur-t4-bl-nes,
s. Want of cheerfulness.
Uncomfortably, uu-kum-fur-tl-bl^, ad.
Without cheerfulness.
Uncommanded, un-kSm-miu^ded, a. 79.
Not commanded.
Uncommon, un-k6m-m3n, a. Not frequent,
not often found or known.
Uncommonness, un-kftm-mun-nes, s. Infre-
quency.
Uncompact, un-k^ni-p^kt{ a. Not compact,
not closely cohering.
Uncommunicated, un-kim-mu-ne-kA-ted, a.
Not communicated.
Uncompanied, un-kum-pi-nid, a. 104. Having
no companion.
Uncompelled, un-kSm-pelld{ a. Free from
com|)ulsi(m.
Uncomplete, un-kSm-plete{ a. Not finished ;
properly ^complete.
Uncompounded, un-kSm-pound-ed, a. Simple,
not mixed; simple, not intricate.
Uncompressed, un-k5m-prest{ a. 104. Free
from compression.
Uncomprehensive, un-kftm-pre-henisiv, a.
Unable to Comprehend i in Shakespeare it seems to
signify Incomprehensilile.
Unconceivable, t'ln-kSn-se^vfl-bl, a. Not to
be understood, not to be comprehended by the mind.
Unconceivableness, un-kin-se^v^-bl-nt-s, s.
Incomprehensibility.
UNC0NCEiVED,un-k6n-sevd|a. 140. Not thought,
not imagined.
Unconcern, un-kSn-sernJ s. Negligence, want
of interest in, freedom from anxiety, freedom from
perturbation.
563
lu-dent, \
lix'-dhsJ'*'
Unconcerned, un-k6n-sernd{ a. 104. Having
no interest in ; not anxious, not disturbed, not
affected.
Unconcernedly, un-kSn-serined-le, ad. 354
Without interest or affection.
Unconceknedness, un-k3n-serndines, *.
Freedom from anxiety.
Unconcerning, un-kSn-ser-ning', a. Not in
teresting, not affecting.
Unconcernment, un-k6n-sern-ment, s. The
state of having no share.
Unconcludent, un-kSn-klii^dent,
Unconcludlng, uii-k5n-klil
Not decisive, inferring no plain or certain conclusion.
Unconcludingness, un-kSn-kliMing-nes, s.
Quality of being unconcludlng.
Unconquerable, un-k5ng^kur4-bl, a. 415.
Incapable of being conquered.
Uncounsellable, un-koun-sel-l4-bl, a. Not to
he advised.
Uncountable, un-koun^t4-bl, a. innumerable.
Uncounterfeit, un-kouii-ter-fit, a. Genuine,
not spurious.
To Uncouple, un-kup-pl, v. a. To loose dogs
from their couples.
Uncourteous, un-kur-tsh^-us, a. Uncivil, un-
polite.
Uncourtliness, un-k6rt-l^-nes, s. Unsultable-
ness of manners to a court.
Uncourtlv, un-k6rt-l4, a. Inelegant of manners,
uncivil.
Uncouth, un-koo^Aj a. 315. Odd, strange,
unusual.
To Uncreate, un-krJ-ateJ v. a. To annihilate,
to reduce to nothing, to deprive of existence.
Uncreated, un-kre-A-ted, a. Not yet created}
not produced by creation.
Uncreditableness, un-kred-^-ti-bl-nes, s.
Want of reputation.
Uncropped, un-kr6pt{ o. 359. Not cropped,
not gathered.
Uncrossed, un-kr8st{ a. 359, Uncancelled.
Uncrowded, fin-krou-ded, a. Not straitened by
want of room.
To Uncrown, &n-krouii( v. a. To dejjrive of
a crown; to deprive of sovereignty.
Unction, ungk-shuii, *. 408. The act of anoint-
ingi unguent, ointment; the act of anointing medi-
cally; any thing sfiftening or lenitive; the rite of
anointing in the last hours; any thing that excites
piety and devotion..
UnctUOSITY, ungk-tshu-6s-i-te, *. Fatness, oil i-
ness.
Unctuous, ungk-tshu-us, a. 408. Fat, clammy,
oily.
(f^» This word is as frequently mispronounced as sump-
tiious and presumptucus, and for the same reason. VVe
are apt to confound this termination with eniis and ioics,
and to pronounce the word as if written ungk'shus, with-
out attending to the u after the t, which makes so
great a difference in the sound of this word and its
compounds.
Unctuousness, ungk-tsbu-iis-nts, s. Fatness,
oiliness, clamminess, greasiness.
Unculled, un-kiildj «. Not gathered.
UncuLPABL6, un-kul'-pA-bl, a. Not blameable.
Uncultivated, uii-kul'te-vi-ted, a. Not culti-
vated, not improved by tillage; not instructed, rtot
civilized.
Uncumbered, uh-kSm-burd, a
not embarrassed.
Uncurbable, un-kur-bA-bl, a,
curbed or checked.
Uncurbed, un-kuibd' a 359.
restrained.
Not burdened.
That cannot be
Licentious, E4
UNt)
UND
tts- 559. F^te 73, far 77, ^U 83, fitSl— m^ 93, m?t9S— p^ne 103, p'n 107— ni 1G2, move 164,
To Uncurl, un-kurlj v. a. To loose from ringlets
or convolutioiis.
To Uncuul, un-kurl{ v. n. To fall from the
rinnlets.
Jncurrent, un-kur-rent, a. Not current, not
passing in common payment.
To Un CURSE, un-kurse{ v. a. To free from any
execratinn.
Uncut, un-kut{ a. Not cut.
To Undam, unHdimJ v. a. To open, to free from
the restraint of ninunds.
Undamaged, un-dAm'idjd, a. 90. Not made
worse, not impaired.
Undaunted, fin-danited, «. 2i4. Unsubdued
^y fear, not depressed.— See Daunted.
Undauntedly, un-dan-ted-le, ad. Boldly,
intrepidly, without fear.
Undazzled, un-d4z-zld, a. 359. Not dimmed,
or confused by splendour.
To Undeaf, uii-def; v. a. To free from deafness.
Undebauched, un-de-bawtsht5 a. Not corrupted
by deliaucliery.
UndecagoN, un-dek-iVgun, S. A figure of eleven
angles or sides.
Undecayinr, un-de-ka-ing, a. Not suffering
diminution or declension.
Undecayed, un-d^-kadej a. Not liable to be
diminished.
To Undeceive, un-dl-s^vej v, a. To set free
fram the influence of a fallacy.
Undeceivable, un-de-s^-v4-bl, a. Not liable
to deceive, or be deceived.
Undeceived, un-d^-sevdj a. Not cheated, not
imposed on.
Undecided, un-d^-sl-ded, a. Not determined,
not settled.
Undecisive, un-d^-sl-siv, a. Not decisive, not
conclusive.
To UndecK, un-dek{ v. a. To deprive of oma-
nients.
Undecked, un-d2kt{ a. 359. Not adorned, not
embellished.
UnDECLINED, un-de-klind; a. Not grammatically
varied by termination ; not deviating, not turned from
the riglit way.
UnDEDICATED, un-ded-4-ki-ted, a. Not con-
secrated, not devoted: not inscribed to a patron.
Undekded, lui-deed-ed, a. Net signaiized by
action.
Undefaced, un-de-fAste| a. Not deprived of its
form, not disfigured.
Undefeasible, un-de-fe^zJ-bl, a. Not defea-
silile, not to be vacated or annulled.
Undefiled, un-d^-llldj a. Not polluted, not
vitiated, not corrupted.
Undefined, un-d^-fli>d( a. Not circumscribed,
or explained by a definition.
Undefinable, un-dfc-fi-ni-bl, a. Not to be
marked out, or cirruniscribed by a definition.
Undefied, uTi-dH-fldeJ a. 282. Not set at
deiianc-e, not challenged.
UnDEVORMED, un-de-formd{ a. Not deformed,
not disfigured.
Undelibkrated, un-dJ-lib'-er-i-ted, a. Not
carefully considered.
Undelighted, un-de-lUted, a. Not pleased, not
touched with pleasure.
Undelightful, un-d5-llteiful, a. Not giving
pleasure.
Undemolished, im-de-mftl-isht, a. Not rased,
not thrown down.
Undemonstrable, un-de-m5n'-stri-bl, a.
Incapable of fuller evidence.
Undeniable, un-d^-nl-^-bl, a. Such as cannot
be gainsaid,
Undeniably, un-d^-ni-^-bl^, ad. So plainly ai
to admit no contradiction.
Undeplored, uil-de-plordj a. Not lamented.
Undepraved, uil-de-pravdj a. Not corrupted.
UndePRIVED, un-de-pi'lvdl a. Not divested by
authority, not stripped of any possession.
Under, un-dur, prep. 98. in a state of subject
lion ; in the state of pupillage to ; beneath, so as to be
covered or hidden; below in place; in a less degree
than; for less than, less than, below; by the appear-
ance of; with less than ; in the state of inftriorily to,
noting rank or order of precedence; tn a state of being
loaded with ; in a state of oppression by, or subjection
to; in a state of lieing liable to, or limited by; iti
a state of depression, or dejection by ; in the state ot
bearing; in the state of; "not having reached or ar-
rived to, noting time; represented by; in a state of
protection ; with respect to ; attested by ; subjected
to, being the subject of; in a state of relation that
claims protection.
Under, un-dur, arf. 418. In a state of subjection ;
less; opposed to Over or More; it has a signification
resembling that of an adjective, interior, subject,
subordinate.
Underaction, fin-dur-ak'shun, s. Subordinate
action, action not essential to the main story.
To Underbear, un-dur-barej v. a. To support,
to endure ; to line, to guard. In this last sense out of
use.
Underbearer, uii-dur-ba-rur, s. In funerals,
those that sustain theweigbt of the body, distinct from
those who are bearers of ceremony.
To Underbid, un-dur-bid{ v. a. To offer for
any thing less than its worth.
Underclerk, un-dur-klark,"*. "A clerk subor
dinate to the principal clerk.
To Underdo, iin-dur-doo| v. n. To act below
one's abilities ; to do less than is requisite.
UnDERFACTION, UU-dui-fSk-shun, *. Subor-
dinate faction, subdivision of a faction.
Underfellow, ua-dur-fel-lo, *. A mean man,
a sorry wretch.
Unnerfilling, un-dur-fil-ling, S. Lower part
of an edifice.
To Underfurnish, un-dur-fur^nish, v. a. To
supply with less than emui^h.
To Undergird, un-dur-g2rd| v. a. To bind
round the bottom.
To Undergo, un-dur-gi5 v. a. To suffer, to
sustain, to endure evil ; to support, to nazard. Not in
use. To sustain, to be the bearer of, to possess; to
sustain, to endure without fainting ; to pass through.
Underground, un-der-groundj s. Subterraneous
space.
Undergrowth, un-dur-gr6</(J s. Tiiat which
grows under the tall wood.
Underhand, un-dur-h^nd( ad. By means not
apparent, secretly ; clandestinely, with fraudulent
secrecy.
Underlabourer, un-dur-li-bur-ur, s. A subor-
dinate workman.
UnOERIVED, un-de-rivdl a. 104. Not borrowed.
To Underlay, un-dur-lA,' v. a. To strengthen by
something laid under.
To Underline, uii-dur-line{ v. a. To mark
with liufs below the words.
Underling, un-d?u-ling, s. 410. An inferior
agent, a sorry mean fellow.
To Undermine, un-dur-mlne{ v. a. To dig
cavities under any thing, so that it may fall or be
blown up, to sai>; to excavate under; to injure by
clandestine means.
Underminer, un-diir-nil-nur, s. He that saps,
he that digs away the supports; a clandestine enemy.
Undermost, un-dur-m6st, a. Lowest in place ;
lowest in state or condition.
Underneath, un-dur-ii^THj ad. In the lower
place, below, under, beneath.
UND
UND
nSr 167, nut 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, this 469.
Undertaking, un-dur-ta-king', s. Attempt,
Underneath, un-dur-neTHj^re;?. 467. Under.
UnderofficeR, uil-dur-of^is-ur, s. An inferior
otHcer, fine in subordinate aiiilmiity.
Underogatory, un-d^-r5g-g4-tur-^, a. Not
derogatory, whicli see.
Underpart, un-dur-part, S. Subordinate, or un-
e^jsential part.
Underpetticoat, un-dur-petiti-kote, s. Tliat
worn next the body.
To Underpin, un-dur-pin{ v. a. To prop, to
support.
Underplot, unidur-plot, s. A series of events
proceeding collatfrally with the main story of a play,
and subservient to it ; a clandestine scheme.
To Undehpraise, un-dur-prizej v, a. To praise
below desert.
To Underprize, un-dur-prize{ v. a. To value
at less than the worth.
To Underprop, un-dur-pr8p{ v. a. To support,
to sustain.
Underproportioned, un-dur-pri-p6r-shund,
0. Having too little proportion.
To Underrate, un-dur-rate{ v. a. To rate too
low.
Underrate, un-dur-rate, s, 498. A price less
than is usual.
Undersecretary, un-dur-sek-kre-ti-r^, s,
A subordinate secretary.
To Undersell, un-dur-sel( v. a. To defeat, by
selling for less ; to sell cheaper than another.
Underservant, un-dur-ser-vint, s. A servant
of the lower class.
To Underset, un-dur-set{ v. a. To prop, to
support.
Undersetter, un-dur-set-tur, s. Prop, pedestal,
support.
Undersetting, un-dur-set^ting, s. 410.
Lower pari, pedestal.
Undersheriff, un-dur-sher^if, s. The deputy
of the sheritr.— See Sherif.
Undersheriffry, un-dur-shei-if-r5, s. The
office of an under-shc-rilf.
Undershot, un-dur-sh5tj part. a. Moved by
water passing under if.
Undersong, un-diir-sftng, s. Chorus, burden of
a song.
To Understand, un-dur-s(^nd{ v.n. To com-
prehend fully, to have knowledge of; to conceive.
To Understand, un-dur-stilndj v. a. To have
use of the intellectual faculiies; to be an intelligent
or conscioiis being ; to be informed.
Understanding, un-dur-stSn-din^, s. Intel-
lectual powers, faculties of the mind, especially those
of knowledge and judgment ; skill ; intelligence, terms
of communication.
Understanding, un-dSr-stJn-dnig, a. Know-
ing, skilful.
Understandingly, un-dur-st5n-ding-l^, ad.
IVilh knowledge.
Understood, un-dur-stud! Pret. and part. pass.
of UiHlerstand.
Understrapper, un-dur-strip-pur, *. A petty
fellow, an inferior agent.
To Uniiertake, un-dur-tikej v. a. Pret.
Undertook. Part. pass, llmlertakcn. To aUempt, to
engage in ; to assume i> character j to engage with, to
attack ; to have the charge of.
To Undertake, un-dur-take{ v. n. To assume
any business or pri>viiice ; to venture, to haitard ; to
promise, to stand bound to some condition.
Undertaken, un-dur-ta-kn. Part. pass, of
Vnclerlake.
Undertaker, un-diir-tA'-kur, s. 98. One who
build for another at a certain price < ons
fuiirrai:
Undertenant, un-dur-ten-Ant, s. A secondary
tenant, one who holds from him that holds from the
owner.
Undertook, un-dur-tookf Part. pass, of Under-
take.
Undervaluation, un-dur-v5l-u-a-shun, s.
Riite not equal to the worth.
To Undervalue, uti-dur-vAl'-'i, v. a. To rate
low, to esteem lightly, to treat as of little worth; to
depress, to make li>w in esti nation, to despise.
Undervalue, uii-dur-vil-u, *. 493. Low rate,
vile price.
Undervaluer, un-dur-v4l-u-ur, s. One who
esteems lighily.
Underwent, un-dur-weiitJ Pret. of Undergo.
Underwood, un'diir-wud, s. The low trees that
grow among the tiniher.
Underwork, uti-dur-wurk, s. 498. .Subordinate
business, petty affairs.
To Underwork, un-diir-wurk{ v. a. Pret.
Unihrworked, or Underwrounht. Part. pass. Umler-
worked, or Underwrovght. To destiny by clandestine
measures; to h.bour less than enough.
Underworkman, un-dur-wurk-mSn, s. An
inferiiir labourer.
To Underwrite, un-dur-rlte{ v. a. To write
under something else.
Underwriter, un-dur-rl-tur, *. An ensurer,
so called from writing his name under the conditiims.
UnDESCRIBED, un-de-skrlbdj a. Not described.
Undescried, un-de-skrlde| a. 382. Not seen,
unseen, undiscovered.
Undeserved, un-de-zervdj a. Not merited, or
obtained by merit; not incurred by fault.
Undeservedly, un-d^-zer-ved-le, ad. 364.
VVithdut desert, whether of good or ill.
Undeserver, un-de-zer-vur, s. One of no
merit.
Undeserving, un-de-zer-ving, a. Not having
merit, not having any worth ; not meriting any parti-
cular advantage or hurt.
Undesigned, un-di-slndj a. 359. Not intended,
not purposed.
Undesigning, un-d^'-sl-ning, a. Not acting with
any set purpose; having no artful or fraudulent
schemes, sincere.
Undesirable, un-de-zl-ri-bl, a. Not to be
wished, not pleasing.
Undesired, un-de-zlrd{ a. 359. Not wished, not
solicited.
UnDESIRING, fin-di-zUring, a. Negligent, not
wishing.
UnDESTROYABLE, un-d^-Strof-i-bl, a. Indestruc-
tible, not susceptive of destruction.
Undestroyed, un-de-stroid{ a. 332. Not
destroyed.
Undeterminable, un-di-ter-mm-i-bl, a. Im-
possible to he decided.
Undeterminate, un-de-ter-min-^t, a. 91.
Not settled, not decided, contingent ; not fixed.
UNDETERMiNATENESS,un-ile-ter-mm-it-iies, 1
Undetermination, un-de-ter-imii-a-shun, J
s. Uncertainty, indecision; the slate of not beiii&
fixed, or invincibly directed.
Undetermined, un-di-ter-mind, a. UnsettletJ,
undecided ; hot Jimited, not regulated.
UndevoTED, un-de-v6-ted, a. Not devoted,
Undiaphanous, un-dl-if-f4-nus, a. 116. No.
pellucid, not transparent.
Undid, un-didf The pret. of Undo.
Undigested, un-de-jes-ted, a. Not concocted.
enpages in projects and affaiis; one who engages to a ,i i /'J„ui. _ », ^ • • -j
- • - ' ■ «•!::, manages UNDIMINISHED, un-de-min-isht, a. NotimpaireA
not lessened.
UND
UNE
ft> 559. Flte73, far 77, 1^1183, Mt 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Undinted, un-dint-ed, a. Not 'aipressed by
a bliiw.
Undipped, un-cl1pt, a. 359. Not dip))ed, not
plunged.
Undirected, un-d^-rek-ted, a. Not directed.
Undiscerned, un-diz-zernd| a. Not observed,
not discovered, not descried.
Undiscernedly, uii-diz-zer-ned-1^, ad. 364.
So as robe undiscovered.
Undisceunidle, uii-diz-zein-^-bl, a. Not to
be discerned, invisible.
Unki.scernibly, ua-diz-zern-e-bl^, ad. Invisi-
bly, imperceptibly.
Undiscerning, un-diz-zeril-ing', a. Injudicious,
incapable of inakiuK due distinction.
Undisciplined, un-dlS-Sip-plind, O. Not sub-
dued to regularity and order; untaURht, uniiistructed.
Un DISCOVERABLE, uii-dis-kuv-ur-H-bl, a. Not
to be found out.
Undiscovered un-dls-kuv-urd, a. Not seen,
not descried.
UndISCREET, un-dls-kreetj a. Not wise, im-
prudent.
Undisguised, un-diz-gylzdj a. Open, artless,
plain.
Undishonoured, un-diz-Jn-nurd, a. Nor dis-
lionourod.
Undismayed, un-diz-mAde{ a. Not discouraged,
not depressed with fear.
Undisobliging, un-dis-i-bl^e-jing, a. 111.
Inoffensive.
UndISPERSED, un-dlS-perst5 a. Not scattered.
Undisposed, nn-dis-pozd( a. Not bestowed.
Undisputed, uH-dis-pu-ted, a. incontrovertible,
evident.
Undissemeled, iin-dis-sem-bld, a. Openly
declarc-il; honest; not leieiied.
UnDISSIPATED, un-dis-se-pd-ted,a. Not scattered ;
not dispersed.
Undissolving, un-diz-zSl-ving, a. Never melt-
ing.
Undistempered, un-dis-tem'-purd, a. Free
f'"om disease ; free from perturliation.
UNDiSTiNGUisHABLE,un-dis-ting-gwisb-.4-bl,a.
Not to be distinctly seen ; not to be known by any
peculiar property.
Undistinguished, un-dis-ting-gwisbt, a, 35s.
Not marked out by objects or intervals ; not seen, or
not to lie seen otherwise than confusedly; not se-
parately and plainly descried; admitting nothing
between, having no intervenient space; not marked
by any particular property; not treated with any
particular respect.
Undistinguisjiing, un-dis-tin^-gwish-ing, a.
Making no dirterence ; not discerning plainly.
Undistracted, Ull-dis-tl4k-ted, a. Notpemlexed
by contrariety of thoughts or desires.
Undistractedly, un-dis-tr4k^ted-l^, a. With-
out disturbance from contrariety of sentiments.
Undisthactedness, un-dis-trAk-ted-nes, s.
Free from interruption by different thoughts.
Undisturbed, un-dis-turbdj a. Free from
perturbation; ca'm; tranquil; not interrupted by any
hinderance or in<ilestation ; not agitated.
Undisturbedly, un-dis-turbd-le, ad. Calmly,
peacefully.
Undividable, un-d^-vUd4-bl, a. Not separable ;
not susceptive of division.
Undivided, un-d^-vl-ded, a> Unbroken, whole
not parted.
UndivULGED, un-dj-vuljdj a. Secret; not pro-
mulgated.
To Undo, un-dooj v. a. Prei. Undid. Part. pass.
Undone; from Do. To ruin ; to bring to destruction ;
to loose ; to open what is shut or fastened, to unravel ;
to change anything to its foriner state; to recall or
annul any action.
566
Undoing, un-doo-ing, a. Ruining, destructive.
Undoing, un-dob-ing, s. Ruin, destruction,
fatal mischief.
Undone, un-dun| a. Not done, not performed j
ruined, brouj;lit to destruction.
Undoubted, un-dout-ed, a. Indubitable, indis-
pulable, unquestionable.
Undoubtedly, un-dout-ed-le, ati. Indubitably,
without question, without doubt.
Undoubting, un-dout-ing, a. Admitting no
doubt.
Undrawn, im-drawii| a. . Not pulled by any
external force.
Undreaded, un-dred-ed, a. Not feared.
Undreamed, un-dremdj a. 369. Not thought on.
To Undress, un-dresj v. a. To divest of clothes,
to strip; to divest of ornaments, or the attire of osten-
tation.
Undress, un-dres, s. 498. A loose or negligent
diess.
Undressed, un-drestj a. Not regulated ; not
prepared for use.
Undried, un-dride{ a. Not dried.
Undriven, un-dnv-vn, a. 103. Not impelled
either way.
Undrossy, un-drSs-se, a. Free from recrement.
UnDUBITABLE, Ull-dlJ-b^-t^-bl, a. Not admitting
doubt, unquestionable: more properly /ndu6i«u6/e.
Undue, uil-dijj a. Not right, not legal; not
agreeable to duty.
Undulary, un-Jtj-l^-r^, a. 376. Playing like
waves ; playing with intermissions.
To Undulate, iin-ju-lAte, v. a. To drive back-
ward and forward ; to make to play as waves. See
Principles, No. 376.
To Undulate, iin-ju-lAte, v. n. To play as
waves in curls.
Undulation, un-jii-li-shun, 5. Waving motion.
Undulatory, uu-ju-la-t6-re, a. 512. Moving
in the manner of waves.
Unduly, uil-du-li, ad. Not properly, not accord,
ing to duty.
UnduteouS, uil-dia-t^-us, a. 376. Not perform-
ing duty, irreverent, disobedient. — See DM^eous.
Undutiful, un-du-te-fiil, a. Not obedient, not
reverent.
UnDUTIFULLY, un-du-t^-ful-1^, ad. Not accord-
ing to duty.
Undutifulness, un-dti-t^-ful-nes, s. Want of
respect, irreverence, disobedience.
Undying, un-dl-in^, a. Not destroyed, not
perishing.
Unearned, un-erndj a. 359. Not obtained by
labour or merit.
Unearthed, xxn-arthi', a. 359. Driven from the
ground.
Unearthly, un-er<A-l^, a. Not terrestrial.
Uneasily, un-e-ze-1^, ad. Not without pain.
Uneasiness, un-^-zi-nes, s. Trouble, perplexity,
state of disquiet.
Uneasy, un-e-ze, a. Painful, giving disturbance;
disturbed, not at ease ; constraining, cramping;
peevish, difficult to please.
Uneaten, un-^itn, a. 103. Not devoured.
UnEATH, \xi\-hth', ad. Not easily. Not in use.
Unedifying, un-ed-^-fl-ing, a. Not improving
in good life.
Unelected, un-^-lek-ted, a. Not chosen.
Uneligible, un-el-e-je-bl, a. Not worthy to be
chosen.
Unemployed, un-em-ploidj a. Not busy, at
leisure, idle ; not cngaaed in any particular work.
Unemptiable, un-emp-te-i-bl, a. Not to be
emptied, inexhaustible.
UNE UNE
n3r 167, n6t les— tibe 171. iub 173, bull 173— Sil 399— poSnd 313— ^Ain 466, this 469
Unexpanded, fin-eks-pSn'ded, a. Not ppread
out.
Unexpected, un-ek-spek-ted, a. Not thought
(,11, sudden, nut provided against.
Unexpectedly, un-ek-spek-ted-ll, ad.
Suddenly, at a time untlinugiit of
Unexpectedness, un-ek-spek-ted-n?s, s.
Suddenness.
Unexperienced, un-eks-pi-r^-enst, a. 359.
Nut versed, not acquainted by trial or practice.
UnEXPEDIENT, Un-eks-pe-d^-ent, a. Incon-
venient, not fit. — See Expedient.
Unexpert, 5n-eks-pert{ a. Wanting skill or
knowledge.
Unexplored, un-eks-pl6rd' a. Not searched
out; not tried, not known.
Unexposed, un-eks-pizd{ a. Not laid open to
censure.
Unexpressible, un-eks-pres-si-bl, a. Ineffable,
not to be uttered.
Unexpressive, un-eks-pres-siv, a. Not iiaving
tbe power of ottering or expressing; not expressive,
unutterable, ineffable. — See the negative paiticle t/n.
Unextended, un-eks-teii-ded, a. Occupying no
assignable space, having nu dimensions.
Unextinguishable, un-eks-tin°:-gwisb-i-bl, a.
Unquenchable.
Unextinguished, un-eks-ting-gwisht, a. 359.
Not quenched, not put out; not extinguished.
UnfADED, Ull-faided, a. Not withered.
Unfading, un-fa-ding^, a. 410. Not liable to
wither.
Unfailing, un-fd-ling, a. 410. Certain, not
missing.
Unfair, un-fare{ a. singenuous, subdolous, not
honest.
Unfaithful, un-fkth-M, a. Perfidious, trea-
cherous ; impious, infidel.
Unfaithfully, un-fdth'-inl-e, ad. Treacherously,
perfidiously.
Unfaithfulness, un-fa^/t-ful-nes, s. Treachery,
perfidiousness.
UnFALLOWED, un-fil-lide, a. Not fallowed.
Unfamiliar, un-fi-rnil-y^r, a. Unaccustomed,
such as is not common.
Unfashionable, un-f^sh-un-A.-bl,a. Not modish,
not according to the reigning inslom.
Unfashionableness, un-f^sb-un-i-bl-nes, s,
Deviation from the mode.
UnfashioNED, un-f4sh-und, a. Notnuodified by
art; having no regular form.
Unfashionably, un-f3sh-?in-a-bl^, ad. Not ac-
cording to the fashion; unartfuUy.
To Unfasten, un-f^-sn, v. a. 473. To loose,
to unlix.
Unfathered, un-fa-THurd, a. Fatherless, having
no father.
Unfathomable, un-f^TH-uin-A-bl, a. Not to
be sounded by a line; that of which the end or extent
cannot be found.
Unfathomably, un-f^TH-um-a-ble, a</. So as
not to be sounded.
Unfathomed, un-flTH-umd, a. Not to be
sounded.
Un FATIGUED, un-fi-teegd{ a. Unwearied, untired.
Unfavourable, un-f'a-vur-A.-bl, a. Unpropitious.
Unfavourably, un-fa-vur-4-ble, ad. Unkindly,
unpropitiously ; so as not to countenance or sup\)oit.
UnFEARED, Ull-ferdJ a. Not affrighted, intrepid,
not leirifieil ; not dreaded, not regarded with tenour.
Unfeasible, un-fe-ze-bl, a. 405. imprjcticabie.
UnfEATHERED, Ull-feTH-urd, a. Implumous,
naked of feathers.
UnfeATURED, un-fe-tshurd, a. Deformed, vant-
ing regularity of features.
[ NENDOWEP, 5n-en-doud5 «• Not invested, not
graced.
Unengaged, un engadjdj a. Not engaged, not
appiopiialfd.
Unenjoved, unen-joid{ a. Not obtaitied, not
possessed.
Unenjoying, un-en-jo^-Hlg, a. Not using,
having no fruition.
Unenlightened, un-enlUtnd, a. 359. Not
illuminated.
Unenlarged, un-?n-ljlrjd{ a. Not enlarged,
nairow. contracted.
Unenslaveu, uii-en-slivdja. Free, not enthralled.
Unentertaining, uii-eii-tui-tiimug, a. Giving
no delight.
Unenvied, uii-eii-vid, a. 282. Exempt from
envy.
Unequable, uii-4'kwi-bl, a. Different from
iiselt, diverse.
Unequal, un MkwJl, a. Not evenj not equal,
inferii>r; partial, not bestowing on both the same
advaniafies; disproportionate, ill matched ; not regu-
lar, not uniform.
Unequalablb, un-^-kwll-4 bl, a. Not to be
eqnalk'd, not to paralleled.
Unequalled, un-Mkwlld,a. 406. Unparalleled,
unrivalled in excellence.
Unf.qually, un-i-kwil 4, a. 406. In different
dcgiees, in disproiiortion one to the other.
Unequalness, un-^-kw^l-nes, s. Inequality,
state of being unequal.
Unequitable, ua-ekikwi-ti-bl,a. Not impartial,
IKll just.
Unequivocal, uii-i-kwiv-6-k^l, a. Not equivocal.
Unerrableness, &n-er-r4-bl-iies, s. Incapacity
of en our.
Unerring, un-er^iing, a. 410 Committing no
mistake; inrapable of failure, certain.
Unerringly, uii-eiiriiig-l^,ad. Without mistake.
Unespied, un-^-spideJ a. 282. Not seen, undis-
covere<l, undescried.
Unessential, un-es-sen'-sb^l, a. Not being of
the least importance, not constituting essence; void
of real being.
Unestablised, un-^-stib^lisbt, a.
Not established.
Uneven, un e-vn, a. 103. Not even, not level}
not soiling each other, not equal.
Unevenness, un-i-vn-Des, *. Surface not level,
inequality of surface; turbulence, changeable state;
not smoothness.
Unevitable, un-ev^^-ti-bl, a. Inevitable, not
to be escaped,
Unexacted, un-eg-z4kited, a. Not exacted,
not taken by force.
Unexamined, un-eg-z3.m-ind, «. Not inquired,
niit tried, not discussed.
Unexampled, un-eg-zimipld, a. Not known by
any precedent or example.
Unexceptionable, un-ek-sep-shun-4-bl, a.
Not liable to objection.
Unexcogitable, ui»-eks-k6d-ji-tl-bl, a. No
to be found out.
Unexecuted, un-ek-s4-ki-ted, a. Not per-
formed, not done.
Unexcised, un-ek-slzd^ a. Not subject to the
payment of excise.
Unexemplified, un-eg-zemipl^-flde, a. Not
made known by example.
Unexercised, un-ek-ser-slzd, a. Not practised,
not experienced.
Unexempt, un-eg-zeirpt{ a. Not free by peculiar
privilege.
Unexhausted, un-eks hiwsited, a. Not spent,
ned to the bottom.
•67
UNF
ty M9. The 73, f^rTT, fall 83, lltSi— m593.
Unfed, un-fed5 a. Not supplied with food.
UnfeeD, un-feedj a. Unpaid.
Unfeeling, un-f^e-ling;, a. Insensible, void of
mental sensibility.
Unfeigned, uii-fandj a. Not counterfeited, not
hypociitical, real, sincere.
Unfeignedly, un-fa-ned-le, ad. 364. Really,
sincerely, without liypocrisy.
UnfeLT, un-felt( a. Not felt, not perceived.
UnfeNCEP, un-fenstj a. 35.9. Naked of fortifica-
tion ; not surrounded by any encl<isure.
UnfeRMENTED, un-fer-ment-ed. a. Not fermented.
Unfertile, un-fer-til, a. Not fruitful, not proiifick.
Th Unfetper, iill-fet-tur, v. a. To unchain, to
free from shacklis.
UnfigureD, un-flg-yurd, a. Keprcsenting no
animal form.
Unfilled, un-fild{ a. Not filled, not supplied.
UnfIRM, un-fermj a. Weak, feeble; not stable.
Unfilial, un-f^l-yal, a. Unsuitable to a son.
Unfinished, un-fin-isht, a. Incomplete, not
brought to an end, not brought to perfection, imper-
fect, wanting the last hand.
Unfit, un-fltj a. Improper, unsuitable ; unqualified.
To Unfit, un-fltj v. a. To disqualify.
Unfitly, un-flt-1^, ad. Not properly, not suit-
ably.
Unfitness, un-flt-nes, s. Want of qur.iifications ;
want of propriety.
UNFiniNG, un-rtt-ting, a. 410. Not proper.
To Unfix, uil-flksj v. a. To loosen, to make less
fast J to make fluid,
Unfixed, ua-fikstj a. Wandering, erratick, in-
constant, vagrant; not determined.
Unfledged, un-fled)d{ a. 359. That has not
yet the full furniture of feathers, young.
Unfleshed, un-fltsht{ a. 359. Not fleshed, not
seasoned to blood.
Unfoiled, un-foildj a. Unsubdued, not put to
the worst.
To Unfold, un-fold| v. a. To expand, to spread,
to open ; to tell ; to declare; to discover, to reveal, to
display, to set to view.
Unfolding, un-fold-ing", a. 410. Directing to
unfold.
To Unfool, un-fool{ v. a. To restore from
folly.
Unforeid, un-for-bidj
Unforbidden, un-for-bid
Not prohibited.
Unforuiddenness, un-for-bid-dn-nes, s. State
of being unforhidden.
Unforced, un-forst{ a. 99. 359. Not compelled,
not constrained ; not impelled; not feigned; not vio-
lent ; not contrary to ease.
Unforcidi.E, un-for-se-bl, a. Wanting strength.
Unforeboding, un-fire-bo-ding, a. Giving no
omens.
Unforeknown, un-f6re-nine,' a. Not foreseen
by prescience.
Unforeseen, un-rtre-seen( a. Not known before
it happened.,
Unforfeited, un-tor^fit-ed, a. Not forfeited.
Unfor gotten, un-for-gSt^tn, a. Not lost to
memory.
Unforgiving, un-for-gW-ing, a. Relentless,
implacable.
Unformed, un-formd{ a. Not modified into
regular shape.
Unforsaken, un-for-sa-kn, a. Not deserted.
Unfortified, un-for'-te-flde, a. 282. Not
secured by walls or bulwarks ; not strengthened, in-
firm, weak, feeble; wanting sccuritiei
sas
i'-d„,}«-
UNG
met95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
Unfortunate, un-for^tshia-nit, a. 91. Not
successful, unprosuerous, wanting luck.
Unfortunately, un-for-tshu-n^t-l^, ad.
Unhappily, without good luck.
Unfortunateness, un-for-tshu-n^t-nes, s. 11.
luck.
UnFOUGHT, un-fawtj a. Not fought.
Unfouled, un-fo\lldJ a. Unpolluted, uncorrupted,
not soiled.
UnfOUND, un-found( a. Not found, not met with.
Unframable, un-fraima-bl, a. Not to be
moulded.
Unframed, un-framd{ a. Not formed, not
fashioned.
UnfkeqUENT, un-fre-kwent, a. Uncommon, not
happening often. — See Frequent.
To Unfrequent, un-fre-kwent5 v. a. To leave,
to erase to frequent.
Unfrequented, un-fre-kwent-ed, a. Rarely
visited, rarely entered.
Un FREQUENTLY, un-fre-kwent-U, ad. Not
commonly.
Unfriended, un-fiend-ed, a. 277. Wanting
friends, uncountenanced.
Unfriendliness, un-frend-ii-nes, *. Want of
kindness, want of favour.
Unfriendly, uii-frend-le, a. Not benevolent,
not kind.
Unfrozen, un-fro-zn, a. 103. Not congealed to
ice.
Unfruitful, un-froot-ful, a. Not proiifick ; not
fructiferous ; not fertile; not producing good eflTects.
Unfulfilled, un-ful-fild{ a. Not fulfilled.
To Unfurl, un-furlj v. a. To expand, to unfold,
to open.
To Unfurni.sh, un-fur-nisli, v. a. To deprivej
to strip, to divest ; lo leave naked.
Unfurnished, un-fur-nisht, a. Not accom-
modated with utensils, or decorated with ornaments
unsupplied.
Ungain, un-£fAnc' 1 . , ,
-, 1 t ,,x rO,. Awkward, uncouth.
Ungainly, uii-gane-le, J
Ungalled, un-g'awldj a. Unhurt, unwounded.
Ungartered, un-gar-turd, a. Being without
garters.
Ungathered, un-gaTH-urd, a. Not cropped,
not picked.
Ungenerated, un-jcn-er-a-ted, «. Unbegotten,
having no beginning.
Ungenerative, un-jln-er-i-tlv, a. Begetting
nothing.
Ungenerous, un-ien-er-us, a. Not noble, not
ingenuous, not liberal; ignominious.
Ungenial, un-je-ni-al, a. Not kind or favourable
to nature.
Ungentle, un-jen-tl, a. Harsh, rude, rugged.
Ungentlemanly, un-jen-tl-mSn-le, a.
Illiberal, not becoming a gentleman.
UngentleneSS, un-jeii-tl-lies, s. Harshnesj,
rudeness, severity; unKindness, incivility.
UnGENTLY, un-jent-le, ad. Harshly, rudely.
Ungeometrical, un-je-o-met-tre-k^l, a. Not
agreeable to the laws of Geometry.
UnGILDED, un-gll-ded, a. Not overlaid with goli.
To Ungird, iin-gerdj v. a. To loose any thing
bound with a girdle.
UnGIRT, un-gertj a. Loosely dressed.
Unglorified, un-glo-re-fide, a. 982. Not
honoured, not exalted with praise and adoration.
Ungloved, un-gliivdj a. Having the hand naked.
UnGIVING, Un-glV-'ing, a. Not bringing gifts.
To Unglue, 6n-gli| v. a. To loose any thing
UNH UNI
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, THis 469.
Th UngOD, lin-g6dj v. a. To divest of divinity.
UNG0DLILY,un-g8d-l^'-le,«(f. Inpiously, wicliedly.
Ungodliness, un-g5d-le-nes, s. Impiety, wicked-
ness, neglect of God.
Ungodly, un-g5d-le, a. Wicked, negligent of
God and his laws ; polluted by wickedness.
UnGORED, un-gordj a. Unwounded, unhurt.
Ungorged, un-gorjdj a. Not filled, not sated.
Ungovernable, un-guv^ur-r.A.-bl, a. Not to be
ruled, not to be reslrained ; licentious, wild, un-
bridled.
Ungoverned, un-guv-urnd, a. Being without
any government ; not regulated, unbridled, licentious.
Ungot, un-got( a. Not gained, not acquired j
not begotten.
Ungraceful, iin-grJse-ful, a. Wanting elegance,
wanting beauty,
Ungracefulness, un-grAse'-ful-nes, s.
Inelegance, awkwardness.
Ungracious, uii-graishus, a. Offensive, upleas-
ingj unacceptable, not favoured.
Unoranted, un-grAnt-ed, a. Not given, not
yielded, not bestowed.
Ungrateful, uii-grite-ful, a. Making no
returns, or making ill returns; making no returns for
culture; uiipleasing.
Ungratefully, un-griteiful-i, ad. With in-
gratitude; unacceptalily, unplea^ingly.
Ungratefulness, un-grAte-ful-nes, s.
Ingratitude, ill return for Rood ; uiiacceptableness.
UngravelY, un-grive-1^, ad. Without serious-
iiess.
Ungrounded, un-groun-ded, a. Having no
foundation.
Ungrudgingly, un-grud-jing-le, ad. Without
ill will, willingly, heaitily, cheerfully.
Unguarded, un-gyar-ded, a. Careless, negligent.
See Guard,
Unhandsome, un-hSn-sum, a. Ungraceful, not
beautiful ; illiberal, disingenuous.
Unhandy, lin-bitnd-^, a. Awkward, not dexterous.
Unhappy, un-hip-p^, a. Wretched, miserable,
unfortunate, calamitous, distressed.
Unharmed, un-ha.rmd( a. Unhurt, not injured.
UnhARMFUL, un-harm-ful, a. innoxious, in-
nocent.
UnHARMONIOUS, un-liar-mo-n^-US, a. Not sym-
metrical, disproportionate; unmusical, ill sounding.
To Unharness, un-har-nes, r. a. To loose from
the traces; to disarm, to divest of armour.
UnhaZARDED, un-biz-urd-ed, a. Not adventured,
not put in daneer.
Unhatched, i^in-bitshtj a. Not disclosed from
the eggs; not brought to light.
UnhEALTHFUL, un-heUAiful, a. Morbid, un-
wholesome.
Unhealthy, un-hel<A-e, a. sickly, wanting
health.
To Unheart, un-hartj v. a. To discourage, to
depress.
Unheard, un-berdj a. Not perceived by the ear;
not vouchsafed an audience; unknown in celebration ;
unheard of, obscure, not known by fame; unprece-
dented.—See Heard.
UnhEATED, un-be-ted, a. Not made hot.
Unheeded, un-beed-ed, a. Disregarded, not
thought worthy of notice.
Unheeding, uu-he^-ing, a. 410. Negligent
careless.
Unheedy, un-beed-e, a. Precipitate, sudden.
UnHELPED, un-belptj a. 539. Unassisted, having
no auxilia.y, unsupported.
Unhelpful, un-belp-ful, a. Giving no assistance.
Unhewn, im-hine,' part. a. Not hewn.
569
Unhidebound, un-bide-bound, a. Lax of maw,
capacious.
To Unhinge, un-bmje{ v. a. To throw frum
the hinges; to displace by violence; to discover, to
confuse.
Unholiness, un-b5-le-nes, s. Impiety, profane-
ness, wickedness.
Unholy, un-bi-le, a. Profane, not hallowed j
impious, wicked.
UnhoNOURED, un-8n-nurd, a. Not regarded with
veneration, not celebrated ; not treated with respect.
To UnHOOP, un-boopj v. a. To divest of hoops,
Unhoped, uii-b6pt{ a. 359. Not expected,
greater than hope had promised.
Unhopeful, un-h6peiful, a. Such as leaves no
room to hope.
To Unhorse, un-borsej v. a. To beat from
a horse, to throw from the saddle.
UnhOSPITABLE, un-bSs-p^-t^-bl, a. Affording
no kindness or entertainment to strangers.
UnhOSTILE, un-hSs-tll, a. 140. Not belonging
to an enemy.
To UnhousE, un-bouze{ v. a. To drive from the
habitation.
Unhoused, un-bouzdj a. Homeless, wanting
a house ; having no settled habitation ,
Unhouselled, un-hou-zld, a. Not having received
the sacrament.
Unhumbled, un-um-bld, a. 359. Not humbled,
not touched with shame or confusion.
Unhurt, uii-burtj a. Free from harm.
Unhurtful, un-burt-ful, a. Innoxious, harm-
less, doing no harm.
Unhurtfully, un-burt-ful-^, ad. Without
harm, innoxiously.
Unicorn, yu-ne-korn, s. A beast that has only
one horn ; a bird.
Uniform, yii-ne-form, a. Keeping its tenour,
similar to itself; conformint; to one rule.
Uniformity, yti-ni-for-me-te, s. Resemblance
to itself, even tenour; conformity to one pattern, re-
semblance of one to another.
Uniformly, yu-ne-form-le, arf. Without varia-
tion, in an even tenour; without diversity of one from
another.
Unimaginable, fin-im-m^d-jin-i-bl, a. Not to
lie imagined by the fancy.
Unimaginably, un-ira-mid-jiii-^-ble, crtf. Not
to be imagined.
Unimitable, un-im-e-t3,-bl, a. Not to be
iniiiated.
Un immortal, un-im-mor-til, a. Not immortal,
mortal.
Unimpairable, un-im-pi-rll-bl, a. Not liable to
waste or diminution.
Unimpeached, un-im-p^e.tsbt| a. 359. Not
accused.
Uni.MPORTANT, un-im-por-tint, a. Assuming no
airs of dignity.
Unimportuned, un-im-por-tundj a. Not
solicited, not teased to compliance.
Unimprovable, un-im-proov-a-bl, a. Incapable
of melioration.
Unimprovableness, un-im-proov-i-bl-nes, s
Quality of not being improvable.
Unimproved, un-im-proovdj a. Not made more
knowing; not taught, not meliorated by instruction.
Unincreasable, un-in-kre-s^-bl, a. Admitting
no increase.
Unindifferent, un-in-dif-fer-eiit, a. Partial,
leaning to a side.
Unindustrious, un-in-dus-tre-us, a. Not
diligent, not laborious.
Uninflammable, un-in-flim-mi-bl, a. Not
capable of being set on Arc.
UNI
UNK
t^ 559. TLe 73, far 77, f^U 83, fit 81— mi 93, met S5— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164
Uninflamed, un-in-flAmdJ a. Not set on fire.
Uninformed, un-in-formd( a. Untaught, un-
instructed; unanimated, not enlivened.
UnINGENUOUS, un-in-jen'u-US, a. Illiberal, dis-
ingenuous.
Uninhabitable, un-in-hib'-it-A-bl, a. Unfit to
be iiiliabited,
Uninhabitableness, un-in-hib'it-i-bl-nes, *.
Incapacity of being inhabited.
Uninhabited, un-in-hib-it-ed, a. Having no
dwellers.
Uninjured, un-in-jurd, a. Unhurt, suffering no
harm.
Uninscribed, un-in-skrlbd{ a. Having no
inscription.
UniNSPHIED, un-in-splrdj a. Not having re-
ceived any supernatural instruction or illumination.
Uninstructed, un-in-struk^ted, «. Not taught,
not helped by instruction.
UnINSTRUCTIVE, un-in-Struk-tlV, a. Not con-
ferring any improvement.
Unintelligent, un-in-tel-le-jent, a. Not
knowing, not skilful.
Unintelligibility, un-in-tel-le-ji-bil^5-te, s.
Quality of not being intelligible.
Unintelligible, un-ni-tel-le-ji-bl, a. Not
such as can be understnoM.
Unintelligibly, un-in-tel-le-ji-bli, ad. Not
to be understood.
Unintentional, un-in-ten-shuii-il, a. Not
designed, happening without design.
Uninterested, iin-in-ter-es-ted, a. Not having
interest.
UniNTERMITTED, un-in-ter-mit-ted, a. Con-
tinued, not interrupted.
Unintermixed, un-in-ter-raikst,' a.
Not mingled.
Uninterrl'pted, un-in-ter-rup-ted, a. Not
broken, nor interrupted.
Uninterruptedly, un-in-ttr-rup-ted-li, ad.
Without interruption.
Unintrenched, un-in-trenshtj a. 359. Not
intrenched.
Uninvestigacle, un-iii-ves-te-gJ-bl, a. Not to
be searched out.
Uninvited, un-in-vi-ted, a. Not asked.
Unjointed, un-joinited, a. Disjointed, separated ;
having no articulation.
Union, yu-Il^-un, *. 8. The act of joining two or
more; concord, conjunction of mind or interests.
Uniparous, ju-mp-p^-rus, a. 518. Bringing one
at a birth.
Unison, yu-ne-sun, a. Sounding alone.
Unison, yn-n^-sun, S. A string that has the same
sound with another ; a single unvaried note.
Unit, yii-nit, *. 8. 39. 492. One, the least
number, or the root of numbers.
To Unite, yu-nltej v. a. To join two or more
into one; to make to agree; to make to adhere; to
join ; to join in interests.
To Unite, ytj-nltej v. n. To join in an act, to
concur, to act in concert ; to coalesce, to be cemented,
to be consolidated; to gr/iw into one.
Unitedly, yia-ni-ted-le, ad. With union so as
to join.
Uniter, yi-nl-tur, s. 98. The person or thing
that unites.
Unition, yu-nish-un, s. Tlte act or power of
uniting, conjunciion.
Usitive, yu-ni-tiv, a. Having the power of
uniting.
Unity, yii-n^-te, S. 8. The state of being one ;
conccirH, conjunction; agreement, uniformity; prin-
ciple of dramatick writing, by which the tenonr of the
story, and propriety of representation, aie preserved.
Univalve, yu^ni-v^lv, a. Having one shell
570
Unjudged, un-judjd; a. 359. Not judicially
determined.
Universal, yu-ni-veKs^l, a. 8. General, exten*
ing to all: to'al, whole; not narticular, comprising
all particulars.
Universal, yi-nl-ver-sil, 4-. The whole, the
general system.
Universality, yi-ne-ver-sAl-^-ti, s. Not par-
ticularity, generality, extension to the whole.
Universally, yia-ne-ver-sal-e, ad. Throughout
the whole, without exception.
Universe, yu-ni-verse, *. 8. The general system
of things.
University, yi-ni-ver^se-te, .«. A school were
all the aits and faculties are taught and studied.
UnIVOCAL, yu-niv-o-kil, a. Having one meaning;
certain, regular, pursuing always one tenour.
Univocally, yu-niv^v6-k4l-i, ad. In one term,
in one sense ; in one tenour.
UnjOYOUS, uil-joe-US, a. Not gay, not cheerful.
Unjust, un-;just{ a. Iniquitous, contrary to equity,
contrary injustice.
Unjustifiable, un-jus^te-fl-S-bl, a. Not to be
dcfendrd, not to be justified.
Unjustifiableness, un-)us-ti-fl-a-bl-nes, s.
The quality of not beine justifiable.
Unjustifiably, un-jus'-te-fl-^-bl4, ad.
In a manner not to be justified.
Unjustly, un-jusf-li, ad. In a manner contrary
to right.
Unked, ung-ked, a. Uncouth, irksome, agalnt^
the grain.
53- This word is not in Johnson, but by its having
a place in Junius, Skinner, Philips, Ash, and Barclay, it
seems to have been once a living part of the language.
It is at present, however, only heard in the mouths of
the vulgar, from which state few words ever return into
good usage. Junius explains it by solitary, and with
great probability supposes it is a corruption of uncouth;
but Skinner spells it uvkward, and says it is a slight
alteration of sense from the Teutonic uiigehnwer, which
signifies a monster, a terrible or horrible thing, as soli,
tude is supposed to be. Whatever its etymology may
be, its utility can scarcely be disputed ; for it has a sliadt
of meaning' peculiar to itself, which expresses a dis-
agreeable passive stale, arising from a concurrence of
jarring circumstances. Thus we sometimes hear the
common people say, I found myself very vnked ; it was
very unked to do so. Now though irksome is the nearest
word, and might supply the seccmd phrase, it is quite
incompatible with the first: nor is it a perfect equivalent
to unked in the second : for ir/csome implies a much more
disagreeable state than unked, which seems to mean
a disagreeable state arising from obstacle, and therefore
seems to form a middle sense between uncouth and irk-
some. In this sense the word appears to have been used
by Charles Butler, of Magdalen College, Oxford, in his
English Grammar, l')34, where, speaking of the neces-
sity of altering the orthography, he says, " Neverthe-
less, so powerful is the tyrant custom, opposing and
overswaying right and reason, that I do easily believe
this little change, (though never so right, reasonable
and profitable) will seem to some harsh and unked at the
first : but, after a while, being inured thereunto, I sup-
pose they will rather wonder, how our ancient, eloquent,
noble laneuage, in other respects equalizing the best,
could so long endure these gross and disgraceful bar-
barisms."— Preface to the Reader.
To Unkennel, un-keiiiml, r. fl, 99. To drive
from its hole; to rouse from its secrecy or retreat.
UnKEPT, un-keptj a. Not kept, not retained ; un-
observed, unobeyed.
Unkind, un-kyindj a. I60. Not favourable, not
benevolent. —See Guide.
Unkindly, un-kyliid-le, a. Unnatural, contrary
to nature ; malignant, unfavourable.
Unkindly, iiii-kyliid-le, ad. Without kindness,
without affection.
Unkinuness, uii-kylnd-nes, s. Malignity, W'l
will, want of atfVctiou.
To Unking, iiii-kingj v. a. To deprive of royaltj.
Unkissed, illl-kist{ rt. Not kissed.
UNL
(JNM
nor 167, nf,t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, this 469.
Unknightly, un-nlte^l^, a. Unbecoming
a knight.
To Unknit, un-nlt{ v. a. To unweave, to
separate; to open.
Unkle, ung-kl, s. 408. Properly Uncle. The
brother of a father or motlier.
To UnknoW, uri-noj v. a. To cease to know.
Unknowable, uu-noi^-bl, a. Not to be known.
Unknowing, un-ni-ing^, n. ignorant, not know-
ing; not practised, not qualified.
Unknowingly, un-ni-ing-1^, ad. Ignorantiy,
without knowledge.
Unknown, un-nonej a. Not known, greater than
is imagined; not having cohabitation; without com-
munication.
Unlaboured, un-lA-burd, a. Not produced by
labour; not cultivated by labour; spontaneous, vo-
luntary.
To UNLACe, "un-UseJ v. a. To loose any thing
fastened with strings.
To Unlade, un-lidej v. a. To remove from the
vessel which carries ; to exonerate that which carries;
to put out.
Unlaid, un-lidej a. Not placed, not fixed; not
pacified, not stilled.
Unlamented, un-ll-ment-ed, a. Not deplored.
To Unlatch, un-lAtsh{ v. a. To open by lifting
up the latch.
Unlawful, un-law^ful, a. Contrary to lavr, not
permitted by the law.
Unlawfully, 5n-l^wiful-J, ad. in a manner
contrary to law or right; illegitimately, not by mar-
riage.
Unlawfulness, un-law-ful-nes, s. Contrariety
to law.
To Unlearn, un-lern{ v, a. To forget, or disuse
what has been learned.
Unlearned, fln-ler-ned, a. Ignorant, not
informed, not instructed; not gained by study, not
known; not suitable to a learned man. — See Learned.
Unlearnedly, un-ler^ned-l^, ad. 362.
Ignorantiy, grossly.
Unleavened, un-levivend, a. 104. Not fer-
mented, not mixed with fermenting matter.
Unless, un-les{ conj. Except, if not, supposing
that not.
Unlessoned, un-lesisnd, a. 103. 359. Not
taught.
Unlettered, un-let-turd, a. Unlearned, un-
taught.
Unlevelled, un-levield, a. 406. Notlaideven,
Unlibidinous, un-le-bidi^-nus, a. Not lustful.
Unlicensed, un-ll-senst, a. Having no regular
permission.
Unlicked, un-liktj a. 359. Shapeless, not
formed.
Unlighted, un-ll-ted, a. Not kindled, not set
on fire.
Unlike, un-hkej a. Dissimilar, having no re-
semblance; improbable, unlikely, not likely.
Unlikelihood, un-likeMe-hud,\
Unlikeliness, un-llke^e-nes, /*'
Improbabilitv.
Unlikely, un-llke^i^, a. Improbable, not such
as can be reasonably expected; not promising any
particular event.
UnlikeNESS, un-llkeines, S.' Dissimilitude, vFant
of resemblance.
Unlimitable, un-limiit4-bl, a. Admitting no
bciunds.
Unlimited, un-limiit-ed, a. Having no bounds,
having no limits ; undeHned ; not bounded by proper
exceptions, unconfined, nut restrained.
Unlimitedly, un-lim'-it-cd-lJ, ad. Boundlessly,
without bounds.
571
a. 113. Not coming in
Unlineal, un-lin-e-4l
the order of succession.
To Unlink, un-linsk,' v. a. To untwist, to open.
Unliquified, un-llk-w^-fide, a. Unmelted, un-
dissolved.
To Unload, un-l6dej v. a. To disburden, to
exonerate; to put off any thing burdensome.
To Unlock, Ull-l6k{ v. a. To open what is shut
with a lock.
Unlooked-for, un-lookt'for, a. Unexpected,
not foreseen.
To Unloose, un-loosej v. a. To loose.
(K?- As our inseparable preposition un is always nega-
tive and never intensive, like the Latin in; this word,
though supported by good authorities, is like a bar-
barous redundancy, two negatives.
Unloved, un-luvdj a. 359. Not loved.
Unloveliness, un-luv-l^-n^S, s. Unamiableness,
inability to create love.
Unlovely, un-luv-1^, ct. That cannot excite
love.
Unluckily, un-luk-^-le, ad. Unfortunately, bv
ill luck.
Unlucky, fin-luk^^, a. Unfortunate, producing
nnhappiness j unhappy, miserable, subject to frequent
misfortunes ; slightly mischievous, mischievously
waggish; ill-omened, inauspicious.
Unlustrous, un-lus^trus, a. Wanting splendour,
wanting lustre.
To Unlute, un-lutej v. a. To separate vessels
closed with chymical cement.
Unmade, un-madcj a. Not yet formed, not
created; deprived of form or qualities; omitted to
be made.
Unmaimed, un-mAradi a.
essential part.
Unmakable, un-ma-ki-bl, a. Not possible to
be made.
To Unmake, un-mAkeJ v.
qualities before possessed.
To Unman, un-min{ v. a. To deprive of the
constituent qualities of a human being, as reason;
to emasculate ; to break into irresolution, to deject.
Unmanageable, un-min-^-ji-bl, a. Not man-
ageable, not easily governed.
Unmanaged, un-inan^idjd, a. 90. Not broken
by horsemanship ; not tutored, not educated.
Unmanlike, un-m^n-like, \
Unmanly, un-minQe, j"'
Unbecoming a man, effeminate.
Unmannered, un-mSn-nurd, a. Rude, brutal,
uncivil.
Unmannerliness, un-m4n-nur-l6-nes, s.
Breach of civility.
Unmannerly, un-inin-nur-le, a. Iii-bred, not
civil.
Unmanured, un-mi-nurdj a. Not cultivated.
Unmarked, un-markt{ a. 359- Not observed,
not regarded.
Unmarried, un-mlr-nd, a. 282. Having no
husband, or no wife.
To Unmask, un-misk{ v. a. To strip off a mask ;
to strip off any disguise.
Unmasked, un-mfckt{ a. 359. Naked, open to
the view.
UnmASTERABLE, un-mas-tur-i-bl, a. Uncon-
querable, not to be subdued.
Unmastered, un-mas-turd, a. Not subdued j
not conquerable.
UnMATCHABLE, im-mitsli-4-bl, a. Unparalleled,
unequalled.
Unmatched, un-m^tshtj a. Matchless, having
no matcli or equal.
Unmeaning, un-m^-nfng, a. 410. Expressing
no meaning.
Not deprived of any
To deprive of
UNM
UNO
t3- 559. F3te73, far 77, fall 8J, f^tSl— m^93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— ni ItJ2, move lb4,
Unmeant, un-mentj «. Not intended.
Unmeasurable, un-mezh-ur-^-bl, a. Bound-
less, uniKinnUed.
Unmeasured, un-mezh-urd, a. Immense, in-
finite; not measured, plentiful.
Unmeditated, un-med^^-ti-ted, a. Not formed
by previous tlinuglit.
Unmedled, un-med'dld, a, 359. Not touched,
not altered.
(t?- This word it improperly spelt both 1)v Johnson
and Sheridan. It ought to be written unmeddled. — See
Codle.
Unmeet, un-me^tj a. Not fit, not proper, not
worthy.
UnMELLOWED, un-mel-l6de, a. Not fully ripened.
UnMELTED, un-melt-ed, a. Undissolved by heat.
Unmentioned, un-men-shund, a. Not told, not
named.
Unmerchantable, un-meritsh4n-t^-bl, a.
Unsaleable, not vendible.
Unmerciful, un-mer-s^-ful, «. Cruel, severe,
inclement; unconscionable, exorbitant.
Unmercifully, un-iner-se-ful-e, ad. Without
mercy, wiihout tenderness.
Unmercifulness, un-mer-se-ful-nes, s.
Inclemency, cruelty.
Unmerited, un-mer-it-ed, a. Not deserved, not
obtained otiierwise than by favour.
UnMEHITABLE, un-IUerilt-ft-bl, a. Having no
desert.
Unmeritedness, un-mer'it-ed-nes, s. State of
being undeserved.
Unmilked, un-iiiilktj a. Not milked.
Unminded, un-mlnd-ed, a. Not heeded, not
regarded.
Unmindful, un-mlnd-ful, a. Not heedful, not
regardful, negligent, inattentive.
To Unmingle, un-ming-gl, v. a, 505.
To separate things mixed.
Un MING LED, un-ming-gld, a. 359. Pure, not
vitiated by any thing mingled.
UnMIRY, un-ml-re, «. Not fouled with dirt.
Unmitigated, un-mit'-e-gA-ted, a. Not softened.
Unmixed,") a 2, ., __„
,, ' >• un-mikst; «. 359.
Unmixt, J
Not mingled with any thing, pure.
Unwoaned, un-m')nd{ a. Not lamented.
Unmoist, un-moistj a. Not wet.
Unmoistened, &n-moe-snd, a, 359. Not made
wet.
Unmolested, un-m5-lest^ed, a. Free from dis-
turbance.
To Unmoor, uii-moorj v. a. To loose from land,
by taking up the anchors.
UnmORALIZED, un-mSr-^-lIzd, a. Untutored by
morality.
U.VMORTGAGED, un-moi-gddjd a. 90. 359.
Not mortgaged.
Unmortified, un-mor-ti-fide, a. Not subdued
by soriow and severities.
Unmoveable, un-moov-il-bl, a. Such as cannot
be removed or altered.
Unmoved, un-moovd( a. Not put out of one
place into another; not changed in resolution; not
atfccted, not touched with any passion ; unaltered by
passion .
UnMOVING, un-Tnoo-ving, a. 410. Having no
motion; having no power to raise the passions, un-
affecting.
To UnmollD. un-mold| v. a. To change as to
the form. — See Mould-
Unmourned, fui-mirnd,' a. Not lamented, not
deplored.
7'o Unmuffle, uii-mufifl, v. a. To put off
a covering from the face.
To Unmuzzle, un-muz'-zl, j*. a. To loose from
a muzzle.
Unmusical, un-mu-ze-k4l, a. Not harmonious,
not pleasing by sound.
Unnamed, un-nAnidJ a. Not mentioned.
Unnatural, un-nit-tshii-r4l, a. Contrary to
the laws of nature ; contrary to the common instincts ;
acting without the affections implanted by nature;
forced, not agreeable to the real state.
Unnaturalness, un-nit-tshi!i-r4l-nes, s.
Contrariety to nature.
Unnaturally, un-n^t-tshu-r^l-^, ad. In opposi-
tion to nature.
Unnavigable, un-nJv-^-gA-bl, a. Not to be
passed by vessels, not to be navigated.
Unnecessarily, un-nus-ses-sA-re-lJ, vd. With-
out necessity, without need.
Unnecessariness, un-nes-ses-si-r^-nes, s,
Needlessness.
Unnecessary, un-nes'-ses-s4-re, a. Needless,
not wanted, useless.
Unneighbourly, un-nA^bur-le, a. 249. Not
kind, not suitable to the duties of a neighbour.
Unnervate, ?in-nei-v^t, a. 91. Weak, feeble.
To Unnerve, un-nerv{ v. a. To weaken, to
enfeeble.
Unnerved, un-nervd,' a. Weak, feeble.
UnnoblE, un-n6-bl, a. Mean, ignominious,
ignoble.
Unnoted, un-n&ited, a. Not observed, not
regarded.
Unnumbered, Sn-num-burd, a. Innumerable.
Unobsequiousness, un-&b-se-kw4-us-nes, a.
incompliance, disobedience.
Unobeyed, un-i-bAdeJ a. 359. Not obeyed.
Unobjected, un-6b-jek-ted, a. Not charged a»
a fault.
Unobnoxious, un-6b-n6k^shus, a. Not liable,
not exposed to any hurt.
Unobservable, un-Sb-zeriy^-bl, a. Not to be
observed.
Unobservant, un-Sb-zerivSnt, a. Not ob-
sequious; not attentive.
Unobserved, un-ob-zervdj a. Not regarded, not
attended to.
Unobserving, un-6b-zei-ving, a. Inattentive,
not heedful.
Unobstructed, un-8b-struk-ted, a.
Not hindered, not stopi>ed.
Unobstructive, un-6b-stiuk-tiv, a. Not rais-
ing any obstacle.
Unobtained, un-6b-tandj a. Not gained, not
acquired.
UnOBVIOUS, un-6b-v^-us, a. Not readily occurring
Unoccupied, un-uk-kii-plde, a. Unpossessed.
UnOFFEHED, un-&f-furd, a. Not proposed to
acceptance.
Unoffending, un-5f-fend-ing, a. Harmless, in-
nocent; sinless, viure from fault.
To Unoil, un-oii; v. a. To free from oil.
UnOPENING, lin-6-pn-ins:, a. Not opening.
UnopeRATIVE, un-6p-er-i-tlV, a. Producing no
effects.
Unnopposed, un-op-pozdj a. Not encountered
by any hostility or obstnietioii.
UnoRDERLY, iin-or-dui'-le, a. Disordered, irre.
gular.
Unordinary, un-or-d6-n;t-ie, a. Uncommon,
unusual.
Unorganized, un-orig4n-Izd, a. Having no
parts instrumental to the nourishment of the rest.
UNP UNP
nSr 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull'lTS— 8il 299— pound 3\3—th\n 466 THis"469.
-ria'-i^-n4l, \
llNORlGtNAL, un-i
Unoriginated, un
Hdving no birtli, ungenerated.
Unorthodox, un-or-/Ai-d5ks, a. Not holding
pure doctrine.
Unowed, un-odej a. Having no owner. Out of
use.
Unowned, un-und' a. Having no owner; not
aclcnnwledied.
To Unpack, un-pikj v. a. To disburden, to ex-
onerate; to open any thing bound together.
Unpacked, un-pilkt| a. 359. Not collected by
unlawful artiliccs.
Unpaid, un-pAdeJ a. Not discharged; not receiv-
ing dues ci debts; Unpaid for, that for which the price
is not yet given.
UnPAINED, un-pind{ a. Suffering no pain.
UnPAINFUL, un-pAlie-ful, a. Giving no pain.
Unpalatable, un-pil-i-ti-bl, a. Nauseous,
disgusting,
UnpARAGONEO, un-p^r-4-gond, a. Unequalled,
unmatched.
Unparallbled, un-p5r-ltl-leld, a. Not matched,
not to lie matched ; having no equal,
Uni'aruonable, un-par-dn-i-bl, a. Irremissible.
Unpardonably, un-pai-dn-4-ble, ad. Beyond
forgiveness.
Unpardoned, un-par-dnd, a. 359. Not for-
given ; not discharged, not cancelled by a legal pardon.
Unpardoning, un-paridn-ing^, a. 410. Not
forgiving.
Unparliamentariness, uii-par-.i-ment-4-r£'-
lies, s. Contrariety to the usage or constitution of
parliament.
Unparliamentary, un-pSr-l^-ment^i-rl, a.
Contrary to the rules of parliament.
UnparteD, un-par-ted,a. Undivided, not separated.
UnPARTIAL, un-par-sbil, a. Equal, honest.
Unpartially, un-par-shil-^, ad. Equally, in-
ditfereiiily.
UnPASSABLE, un-p^-st-bl, a. Admitting no
passage. -4-14
Unpassionate, un-piish-un-at, a. 91. Free
from passion, calm, iinpartial.
Unpassionately, un-pisb^un-it-ll, ad. With-
out passifin.
Unpathed, un-piTHd{ a. Untracked, unmaiked
by passage.
Unpawned, un-pawndj a. Not given to pledge.
UnpEACEABLE, un-p^-.si-bl, a. Quarrelsome,
inclined to disturb the tranquillity of others.
To Unpeg, iin-pegj v. a. To open any tiling
closed with a peg.
Unpensioned, un-penisbSnd, a. Without
a persion.
To Unpeople, un-p^^-pl, v. a. To depopulate,
to deprive of inhabitants.
Unperceived, un-per-s^vdj a. Not observed,
not heeded, not sensibly discovered, not known.
Unperceivedly, uii-per-s^-ved-1^, ad. 364,
So as not to be perceiveil.
Unperfect, un-per-fekt, a. Incomplete.
Unperfectness, un-per-fekt-nes, *. Imperfec-
tion, incompleteness.
Unperformed, uii-per-f3rmd{ a. Undone, not
done. — .See Perform.
Unperishable, un-per-isb-i-bl, a. Lasting to
perpetuity.
Unperjured, un-per'jurd, a. Free from perjury.
UnPERPLEXED, un-per-plekstj a. Disentangled,
not einhairitsscd,
Unperspirable, un-per-spUri-bl, a. Not to
be emitted through the pores of the ikiii.
673
Inex-
Having no place
Not tormented.
Not planted.
Not plausible,
Unpersuadable, un-per-swA-d^-bl, a.
orable, not to be persuaded.
Unpetrified, un-pet-tre-flde, a. Not turned to
stone.
Unphilosophical, fill fll-lo-z&f-i-kil, a.
Unsuitable to the rules of philosophy or ri^ht reason,
Unphilosophically, un-fil-lo-ziif'-^-kdl-e, ad.
In a manner contrary to the rules uf right reason.
Unphilosophic ALNESS, un-fil-l6-zuf^e-k^l-nes,
s. Incongrnity with philosophy.
To Unphilosophize, un-fil-lfis-s6-fize, v. a.
To degrade from the rharai<er of a philosopher.
Unpierced, un-p^rstj a. 359. Not penetrated,
not pierced. — See Pierce.
Unpiliared, un-pil-lSrd, a. Divested of pill.-irs.
UnPILLOWED, un-pil-Iode, O. Wanting a pillow.
To Unpin, un-pinj v. a. To open what is shut or
fastened with a pin.
Unpinked, un-pillgktj a. 359. Not marked with
eyelet holes.
UnPITIED, un-pit^tld, a. 282. Not com-
passionated, not regarded with sympathetical sorrow.
Unpitifully, un-pit-e-fiil-e, ad. Unmercifully
without mercy.
Unpitving, uii-pit-te-ing, a. 410. Having no
compassion.
Unplaced, uii-pUst{ a. 359.
of dependence.
Unplagued, uii-pUgdJ a. 359.
Unplanted, un-plin-tt;d, a.
spontaneous.
Unplausible, un-plaw^ze-bl, a.
not such as has a fair appearance.
UnPLAUSIVE, un-plavv-Siv, a. Not approving.
Unpleasant, uii-plez^iit, a. Not delighting,
troublesome, unei^sy.
Unpleasantly, un-plez-^nt-1^, ad. Not delight-
fully, uneasily.
Unpleasantness, un-plez-4nt-nes, s. Want of
qualities to give delieht.
Unpleased, un-plezdj a. 359. Not pleased, not
deligiited.
UnpLEASING, un-pl^-Zing, a. 410. Offensive,
disgusting, giving no delight.
Unpliant, un-pli-Ant, a. Not easily bent, not
conforming to the will.
UnPLOUGHED, un-ploud' a. Not ploughed.
To Unplume, uii-pli!ime{ v. a. To strip of
plumes, to degrade.
Unpoetical, iin-po-et^te-kil, \
Unpoetick, un-pi-et-ik, 509. J
Not such as becomes a poet.
Unpolishsd, un-pSl-isht, a. 359. Not smoothed,
not brightened by attrition ; not civilized, not relined.
UnPOLITE, un-pi-lltej a. Not elegant, not
relined, not civil.
Unpolluted, un-pSl-lit-ted, a,
not defiled.
Unpopular, un-pt^-i-lir, a. i
please the people.
Unportable, uii-pirt-i-bl, a.
Unpossessed, un-p6z-zestj a
obtained.
Unpossessing, un-p6z-zesising, a
possession.
Unpracticable, un-prik't4-kJ-bl, a. No»
feasible.
Unpractised, un-pi ik-tist, a. Not skilled by
use and exp<!rience.
UnpraiskD, un-prAzdJ a. Not celebrated, no
praised.
Unprecarious, uii-pri-kiiri-us, a. Not de
pendent on another.
Not corrupted,
3. Not fitted to
Not to be carried.
Not had, net
Having no
UNP
UNR
559. Fhe 73, fir 77, fall 83, itt 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni l62,mov6 164,
Unprecedented, un-pres-s^-den-ted, a. Not
justifialile hy any example.
To UnpREDICT, un-pre-dlkt{ v. a. To retract
predictiim.
Unpreferred, un-pre-ferdj a. Not advanced.
Unpregnant, un-preg-nilnt, a. Not proiifick.
Unprejudicate, un-pre-j u-de-kAte, a. Not
prepossessed by any settled notions.
Unprejudiced, un-pred-ju-dist, a. Free from
prejudice.
UnPRELATICAL, un-pr4-l4t-e-k4l, a. Unsuitable
to a prelate.
Unpremeditated, un-pr^-med-i-tA-ted, a.
Not prepared in the mind liefoieliand.
Unprepared, un-pr^-pirdj a. Not fitted by
previous measures ; not made fit for the dreadful mo-
ment of departure.
UNPREPARED^ESS, un-pr^-pa-red-nes, s. 3G5.
State of being unprepared.
Unprepossessed, un-pre-pSz-zestJ a. Not pre-
possessed, not pre-ocdipied by notions.
Unpressed, un-prest{ a. Not pressed, not
enforced.
Unpretending, un-pri-ten-ding, a. Not claim-
ing any distinctions.
Unprevailing, un-pri-va-ling, a. Being of no
force.
Unprevented, un-pr^-vent-ed, a. Not previously
hindered; not preceded by any thing.
Unprincely, un-jJlins-l^, a. Unsuitable to
a prince.
Unprincipled, un-prin^sJ-pld, a. 359, Not
settled in tenets or opinions.
03" This word does not mean merely being unsettled
in principles or opinions, but not having, or being void
of good principles or opinions. It was in this sense that
Dr. Goldsmith called Mr. Wilkes, of seditious and in-
fidel memoiy, The uirprincipled Impostor.
Unprinted, un-pnnt-ed, a. Not printed.
Unprisadle, un-prl-zi-bl, «. Not valued, not of
estimation.
Unprisoned, un-priz^znd, a. 359. Set free
from confinement.
Unprized, un-prlzd{ a. Not valued.
Unproclaimed, un-pr6-klamdj a. Not notified
by a publick declaration.
Unprofaned, un-pro-fand| a. Not violated.
Unprofitable, un-prSf-4-t^-bl, a. Useless,
serving no purpose.
Unprofitableness, un-pr&f^^-ti-bl-nes, s,
Uselessness.
UnpROFITABLY, un-prSf^J-ti-blJ, ad. Uselessly,
without advantage.
UnPROFITED, un-prSf^lt-ed, a. Having no gain.
UnPROLIFICK, un-pri-llf-lk, a. Barren, not
productive.
Unpronounced, un-pr5-nounst5 a. Not uttered,
not spoken.
Unproper, un-prSp-ur, a, 98. Not peculiar.
Unproperly, un-prSp'-ur-le, ad. Contrary to
propriety, improperly.
UnPROPITIOUS, tin-pr6-pish-US, a. Not favour-
able, inauspicious.
Unproporiioned, un-pro-por'shund, a. Not
suited to something else.
Unproposed, un-pr6-p6zd{ a. Not proposed.
Unpropped, un-pr6ptj a. 359. Not supported,
not upheld.
Unprosperous, iin-prfts-pur-us, a. Unfortunate,
not (prosperous.
Unprospekously, un-prfts^pur-us-ll, ad.
Unsuccessfully.
Unprotecied, pn-pri-tek-ted> a. Not protected,
not supported.
574
Unproved, un-proovd, a. Not evinced by ar.gu.
ments.
To Unprovide, un-pro-vldej v. a. T» divest of
resolution or qualifications.
Unprovided, un-pro-vi-ded, a. Not secured ot
qualified by previous measures ; not furnished.
Unprovoked, un-pro-v6kt5 a. Not provoked.
UnprunED, un-pri'indj a. Not cut, not lopped.
Unpublick, un-pub-llk, a. Private, not generally
known.
Unpublished, un-pub-lisht, a. Secret, unknown}
not given to the piihlick.
Unpunished, un-pun-isht, a. Not punished,
suffered to continue in impunity.
Unpurchased, un-pur-tshist, a. Unbought.
Unpurged, un-purjdj a. Not purged.
Unpurified, un-pu-re-flde, a. 282. Not freed
from recrement ; not cleansed from sin.
Unpursued, un-pur-sudej a. Not pursued.
Unputrified, un-pu-tr^-flde, a. Not corrupted
by rottenness.
Unqualified, un-kw6l-e-f1de, a. 282. Not fit.
7'o Unqualify, un-kwSl'^-fl, v. a. To disqualify,
to divest of qualification.
Unquarrrlable, iin-kwSr-ril-^-bl, a. Such ai
cannot be impugned.
To Unqueen, un-kween{ v. a. To divest of the
dignity of queen.
Unquenchable, un-kwensh^i-bl, a.
Unextinguishable.
Unquenched, un-kwensht{ a. Not extinguished j
not extinguishable.
Unquenchableness, un-kwensh-4-bl-nes, s.
Unexlinguisliableness.
Unquestionable, un-kwes-tsl)un-i-bl, a. 405.
Indubitable, not to be doubted j such as cannot bear
to be questioned without impatience.
Unquestionably, un-kwts-tshun-i-bl^, ad.
Indubitably, without doubt.
Unquestioned, un-kwes-tshund, a. Not doubted,
passed without doubt ; indisputable, not to be op-
posed; not interrogated, not examined.
UnqUICK, un-kwikj a. Motionless.
Unquiet, un-kwi-et, a. Moved with perpetual
agitation, not calm, not still; disturbed, full of per-
turbation, not at peace; restless, unsatisfied.
Unquietly, un-kwl-et-1^, ad. Without rest.
Unquietness, un-kwl-et-nes, s. Want of
tranquillity; wantofpeacej restlessness, turbulence j
perturbation, uneasiness.
UnRACKED, un-riktj a. Not poured from the lees.
UnRAKED, un-riktj a. Not thrown together and
"covered.
Unransacked, un-r^n^Sjlkt, a. Not pillaged.
To Unravel, un-riv^vl, v. a. 103. To dis-
entangle, to extricate, to clear ; to disorder, to throW
out of the present order; to clear up the intrifr.e of
a play.
Unrazored, un-rsl-zurd, a. Unshaven.
Unreached, un-retsht{ a. 359. Not attained.
Unread, un-redj a. Not read, not publickly pro-
nounced ; untaught, not learned in books.
Unreadiness, un-red-e-nes, «. Want of readinessi
want of promptness; want of preparation.
Unready, un-red-e, a. Not prepared, not fltj
not prompt, not quick ; awkward, ungain.
Unreal, un-re-^1, a. Unsubstantial.
Unreasonable, un-re-zn-i-bl, a. Exorbitant}
claiming or insisting on more than is fit; not agree-
able to reason ; greater than is fit, immoderate.
Unreasonableness, un-re-zn-i-bl-nes, s. Ex-
orbitance, excessive demand ; inccnsistency wilft
reason
UNR
UNR
n8r 167, iiftt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299- pound 313— Min 466, this 469.
Unreasonably, iin-re-zn4-ble, ad. In a manner
cnnlraiv tn reason ; more than enough.
To Unreave, un-revej v. a. To unravel.
Unrebated, un-r^-bA-ted, a. Not blunted.
Unrebukablr, un-re-bu'-ki-bl, a. Obnoxious
to no censure.
Unreceived, un-r^-sevd( a. Not received.
Unreclaimed, iin-r^-klamdj a. Not tamed ;
not reformed.
Unreconcileable, un-rek-6n-sUli-bl, a. Not
to be appeased, implacable; not to be made consistent
with. — See Reconcileahle.
Unreconciled, un-rek-6n-slld, a. Not recon-
ciled.
Unrecorded, un-r^-kor-ded, a. Not kept in
remembrance by pnbliclc monuments.
Unrecounted, un-r^-kount-ed, a. Not told,
not related.
UnrECRUITABLE, un-r^-kroot^^-bl, a. Incapable
of repairmg ihe deficiencies <if an army.
UnrecuRING, un-r^-k'r^in^, a. Irremediable.
Unreduced, Sn-re-dustJ a. Not reduced.
Unreformable, un-r^-foriini-bl, a. Not to be
put into a new form.
UnREFORMED, un-ri-futmdj a. Not amended,
not corrected ; not brought to newness of life.
Unrefracted, un-re-fr;tkited, a. Not refracted.
Unkefreshed, un-ri-fresht{ a. Not cheered,
not relieved.
Unrf.garded, un-re-gyar-ded, a. Not heeded,
not respected.
Unregenerate, un-ri-jeiiier-^te, a. Not
brought to a new life.
Unreined, un-rAndJ a. 359. Not restrained by
the bridle.
Unrelenting, un-ri-lent-ing;, a. Hard, cruel,
feeling no pity.
Unkelievable, un-rJ-leiv4-bl, a. Admitting no
succour.
Unrelieved, un-r^-leevdj a. Not succoured}
not eased.
Unremarkable, un-re-mark^i-bl, a. Not
capable of being observed; not worthy of notice.
Unremediable, un-r4-me-di-4-bl, a. Admit-
ting iHi remedy.
Unremembering, uii-r^-mem^bur-in», a.
H.n ing no memory.
Unremembrance, un-r^-inem'-branse, s.
Forfjet fulness.
Unremovable, un-r^-nioov-^-bl, a. Not to be
taken away.
Unremovably, un-rJ-moov^i-bl5, ad.
In a manner that admits no removal.
UnREMOVED, un-re-moovdj a. Not taken away;
not capable of being removed.
Unrepaid, un-re-pAdeJ a. Not recompensed, not
com|)eiisated.
Unrepealed, un-rJ-p^ldJ a. Not revoked, not
abrogated.
Unrepented, uii-r/^-pent-ed, a. Not regarded
with peniieniial sorrow.
Unrepenting, lui-re-pent^in^, \
Unrepentant, un-n'-peut-int, J
Not repenting, not penitent.
UnREPINING, Utl-r^-pl-Iling, a. Not peevishly
complaining.
Unreplenished, un-re-plen-isht, a. Not filled.
Unueprievable, un-ie-preev'-i-bl, «. Not to be
respited from penal death.
UnRKPROACHF.D, iin-re-protshtj a. Not up-
braided, not censured.
Unreprovable, un-r^-proovi-4-bl, a. Not liable
to blame.
575
Unreproved, un-re-proovd,' a. Notcensurea;
not liable to censure.
Unrepugnant, un-re-pug^nint, a. Not opposite.
Unrefutable, un-rep'-ia-ta-bl, a. Not creditable.
Unrequested, uii-rt-kwest^ed, a. Not asked.
Unreouitable, un-re-kwi^t^-bl, a. Not to be
retaliated.
Unrequited, un-rl-kwlited,a. Not compensated
for. ^
Unresented, un-re-zent-ed, a. Not regarded
with anger.
Unreserved, un-re-zervd{ a. Not limited by
any private convenience; open, frank, concealing
nothing.
Unreservedly, un-re-zer-vtd-l^, ad. 364.
Without limitation ; without concealment, openly.
Unreservedness, un-re-zer^ved-nes, s. 364.
Openness, frankness.
Unresisted, un-r^-zis-ted, a. Not opposed;
resistless, such as cannot be opposed.
Unresisting, un-re-zis-ting, a. Not opposing,
not inakiiig resistance.
Unresolvable, un-re-zSKvi-bl, a. Not to be
solved, insoluble.
Unresolved, un-re-zSlvd' a. Not determined,
having made no resolution ; not solved, not cleared.
Unresolving, un-r^-z6l-vingf, a. Not resolvng.
Unrespective, un-ri-spek-tiv, a. Inattentive,
taking little notice.
Unrest, un-restj S. Disquiet, want of tranquillity,
unquieiness.
Unrestored, un-ri-stordj a. Not restored; not
cleared from an attainder.
Unrestrained, im-re-strindj a. Not confined;
not himlered; licentious, loose, not limited.
Un RETRACTED, un-re-trik^ted, a. Not revoked,
not recalled.
Unrevealed, un-re-veldj a. Not told, not dis-
covered.
Unrevenged, un-rl-veujdj a. Not revenged,
Un REVEREND, un-rev-er-eiid, a. Irreverent,
disrespectful.
Unreverently, un-rev-er-ent-l5, ad, Pisre-
spectfully.
Unke\ ERSED, un-r^-verstj a. Not revoked, not
repealed.
Unrevoked, un-r^-v6ktj a. 359. Not recalled.
Unrewarded, un-re-ward-ed, a. Not rewarded,
not recompensed.
To Unriddlf., un-rid-dl, v. a. To solve an
enigma, to explain a problem.
Unridiculous, un-r^-dik-u-lus, a.
Not ridiculous.
To Unrig, un-ngcJ v. a. To strip off the tackle.
Unrighteous, un-rl-tsh^-us, a. Unjust, wicked,
sinful, bad.
Unrighteously, un-ri-tshe-us-li, ad. Unjustly,
wickedly, sinfully.
Unrighteousness, un-rl-tsh^-us-nes, s.
Wickedness, injustice.
Unrightful, un-riteiful, a. Not rightful, not
just.
To Unring, un-ringj v. a. To deprive of a ring.
To Unrip, ttn-npj v. a. To cut open,
or?- Dr. Johnson very justly censures this word as im-
proper, tliongh authorised by Shakespeare, Bacon,
Taylor, and Collier; for, says he, there is no difference
between rip and unrip; therefore the negative panicle is
of no force. But to this it may observed, that the nega-
tive particle is not merely redundant; it iinplies smne-
tliing in opposition to what it is prefixed to ; so that to
unrip must signify joining together something that has
been ripped : the inseparable preposition jjn is not like
in used intensively ; for when we want to enfoTe the
verb to rip, we say to ri/j up, or to rip open. — See UntooiM
UNS UNS
«a- 559. Fite73, far 77, ^'.83, fdt 81— m6 93, met95— pfne 105, pin 107— ni 163, move 164,
Unsealed, un-seld( a. 359, Wanting a seal j
having the seal broken.
To Unseam, un-s^mej v. a. To rip, to cut open.
Unsf.archable, un-sertsh-^-bl, a. inscrutable,
ni)t to be explored.
Unsearchableness, un-sertsh-i-bl-nes, *.
Impossibility to be explored.
Unseasonable, un-se-2!n-it-bl, a. Not suitaU
to time or occasion, unfit, untimely, ill-limed ; no
agreeable to the t"-me of the year; late, as, an Unsea.
sonable time of night.
Unseasonableness, un-si-zn-i-bl-nes, s.
Unsuitableness.
Unseasonably, un-s5-zn-il-blJ, ad. Not season-
sonably, not agreeably to time or occasion.
Unseasoned, un-seiznd, a. 359. Unseasonable,
untimely, ill-timed. Out of use. Unformed, not
qualified by use; irregular; inordinate; not kept till
fit for use ; n»t salted, as. Unseasoned meat.
Unseconded, un-sek'un-ded, a. Not supported j
not exemplified a second time.
Unsecret, un-s^-knt, a. 99- Not close, not
trusty.
Unsecure, un-s^-kfirej a. Not safe.
UnSEDOCED, un-S^-dustJ a. Not drawn to ill.
Unseeing, un-se4-ing, a, 410. Wanting the
power of vision.
To Unseem, un-slemj v. n. Not to seem.
Unseemliness, un-s^^m-l^-nes, s. Indecency,
indecorum, uncomelincss.
Unseemly, un-s^em-l5, a. Indecent, uncomely.
unbecoming. «
Unseen, un-s^^nj a. Not seen, not discovered ;
invisible, undiscoverahle ; unskilled, unexperienced.
Unselfish, un-self^ish, a. Not addicted to private
interest.
Unsent, un-sentj a. Hot sent ; Unsent for, not
callod by letter or messenger.
Unseparable, un-sep-ir-i-bl, a. Not to be
parted, not to be divided.
UnsePARATED, un-Sep-ir-A-ted, a. Not parted.
Unserviceable, un-s^r-vis-i-bl, a. Useless,
bringing no advaiitap;e.
Unserviceably, un-ser^vis-a-b ^, ad. With-
out use, without advantage.
Unset, un-set{ a. Not set, not placed.
To Unsettle, un-set-tl, v. a. To make un-
certain J to move from a place; to overthrow.
Unsettled, un-set-tld, a. 359. Not fixed in
resoluiion, not determined, not steady; unequable,
not regular, changeable; not established; not fixed
in a place of abode.
UnseTTLEDNESS, un-set-tld-nes, *. Irresolution,
undetermined state of mind ; uncertainty, fluctuation.
Unsevered, un-sev-urd, a. Not parted, not
divided.
To Unsex, un-seks5 V, a. To make otherwise than
the sex commonly is.
To Unshackle, fin-shlk-kl, v. a. To loose from
bonds.
Unshadowed, un-sh^d-6de, o. Not clouded,
not darkened.
Unshakeable, un-sha-kJ-bl, a. Not subject to
concussion. — See Reconciteable.
Unshared, un-sb<ikt( a. Not shaken.
Unshaken, uii-sba-kn, a. 103. Not agitated,
not moved ; not subject to concussion ; not weakened
in resolution, not moved.
Unshamed, un-shAmdJ a. Not shamed.
Unshapen, un-sLa-pn, a. 103. Misshapen^
deformed.
Unshared, un-shirdj a. Not partaken, not had
Unripe, un-ripe{ a. Immature, not fully con-
cocted ; too early.
UnriPENKO, un-rl-pnd, a. 359. Not matured.
Unripeness, un-ripe-nes, *. Immaturity, want
of ripeness.
Unrivalled, un-rl-v4ld, a. Having no com-
petition ; having no peel or equal.
To UnROL, un-rolej v. a. 406. To open what is
rolled or C(mvolved.
UnrOMANTICK, un-ro-mW-tlk, a. Contrary to
romance.
7'o Unroof, uii-roofj v. a. To strip off the roof
or covering of houses.
UnrooSTED, un-roSst-ed, a. Driven from the
roost.
To Unroot, iin-rootj i', a. To tear from the
roots, to extirpate.
Unrough, un-rufj a. 314. Smooth.
Unrounded, uri-round-ed, a. Not shaped, not
cut to a round.
Unroval, un-roe-il, a. Unprincely, not royal.
To UnruffLE, un-ruf^fl, v. a. To cease from
commotion, or agitation.
Unruffled, un-ruf-fld, a. 359. Calm, tranquil,
not tumultuous.
Unruled, un-roold{ a. Not directed by any
superior power.
UnruliNESS, un-rool-lJ-nes, *. Turbulence,
tumultuousness.
Unruly, un-roo-1^, a. Turbulent, ungovernable,
licentious.
Unsafe, un-S^feJ a. Not secure, hazardous,
dangerous.
Unsafely, uii-safe-1^, ad. noi securely,
dangerously.
Unsaid, un-sed{ a. 203. Not uttered, noi
mentioned.
Unsalted, un-saltied, a. Not pickled or seasoned
with salt.
Unsanctified, un-singk-te-fide, a. Cnholy, not
consecrated.
Unsatiable, un-si-shl-i-bl, a. Not to be
satisfied.
Un s a t I sf a ctor in ess , un-sSt-tis-f 4k-tur-5-nes,
s. Want of satisfaction.
Unsatisfactory, un-sit-tis-f^k-tur-^, a. Not
giving satisfaction.
Unsatisfiedness, un-sat-tis-lide-nes, s. The
state of not being satisfied.
Unsatisfied, un-s3.t-tis-flde, a. Not contented,
not pleased.
Unsatisfying, un-sit-tis-fl-ing, a. Unable to
gratify to the full.
Unsavouriness, un-si-vur-^-ntJs, s. Bad taste;
bad smell.
Unsavoury, un-si-vur-^, a. Tasteless ; having
a bad taste; having an ill smell, fetid; unpleaslng,
disgusting.
To Unsay, un-si{ v. a. To retract, to recant.
UNSCALY, un-skA-1^, a. Having no scales.
UnSCARRED, un-skard| a. Not marked with
wounds.
Unscolastick, un-sko-lis-tik, a. Not bred to
literature.
Unschooled, un-skoold{ a. Uneducated, not
learned.
Unscorched, un-skortshtj a. 359. Not touched
by fire.
Unscreened, un-skreend{ «. Not covered, not
protected.
UnSCRIPTURAL, un-skrip'-tshu-ril, a. Not de-
fensible by scripture.
To Unseal, un-s^le{ v. a. To open any thing
•ealed.
576
in common.
To Unsheath, un-sh^THj v. a. 437. To draw
from the scabbard.
UNS
UNS
nor 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— S!l 299— pound 313— thin 466, this 469
Unshed, un-shed{ a. Not spilt.
Unsheltered, un-shel-turd, a. Wanting pro-
tection.
7\> Unship, un-shipj v. a. To take out of a ship.
Unshocked, un-shftkt{ a. 359. Not disgusted,
not offended.
Unshod, un-sh3d{ a. Having so shoes.
Unshook, un-shook{ part. a. Not shaken.
Unshorn, un-sh6rn{ a. Not dipped. — See Shorn.
Unshot, un-shStJ part. a. Not hit by shot.
To Unshout, un-shoutj v, a. To retract
a shout.
IJnSHOWERED, un-shourd{ a. Not watered by
showers.
Unshrinking, un-shring:kiins:, a. Not recoiling.
UnSHUNNABLE, un-shlin-ni-bl, a. Inevitable.
Unsifted, un-sift-ed, a. Not parted by a sieve j
not tried.
Unsight, un-skej a. Not seeing.
Unsighted, un-sl'-ted, a. Invisible.
UnSIGHTLINESS, un-slte-l^-nes, S. Deformity,
disagreeableness to the eye.
Unsightly, un-slte-1^, a. Disagreeable to the
Unsincere, un-sin-serej a. Not liearty, not
faithful ; not genuine, impure, adulterated; not sound,
not solid.
UnSINCERITY, un-Sin-Ser-^-te, a. Adulteration,
cheat.
To Unsinew, un-sin^i, v. a. To deprive of
strength.
Unsinged, un-sinjdj a. 359. Not scorched, not
touched by fire.
Unsinking, un-singk-ing, a. 410. Not sinking.
Unsinewed, un-sin-ude, a. Nerveless, weak.
Unsinning, un-sin-ning, a. 410. Impeccable.
Unscanned, un-skltndj a. Not measured, not
computed.
Unskilled, un-skild{ a. Wanting skill, wanting
knowledge.
Unskilful, un-skiUful, a. Wanting art, wanting
knowledge.
Unskilfully, un-skiUful-l, ad.
knowledge, without art.
Unskilfulness, un-skil-ful-nes, s.
art, want of knowledge.
UnSLAIN, un-sUueJ a. Not killed.
Unslaked, un-sUktJ a. 359. Not quenched.
See To Slake.
Unsleeping, un-sl^^p'-ing, a. Ever wakeful.
Unslipping, un-slip-ing, a. 410. Not liable to
slip, fast.
Unsmirched, un-smei-tsht{ a.
stained.
Unsmoked, un-smoktj a. 359.
Unsociable, un-so'-sh^-4-bl, a.
communicative of good.
Unsociably, un-s6-sh^-i-bli, ad. Not kindly.
Unsoiled, un-SOild{ a. Not polluted, not tainted,
not stained.
Unsold, un-s5ldj a. Not changed for money.
"JNSOLDIERLIKE, un-s6l-jer-like, a. Unbecom-
ing a soldier.
UnsoliD, un-sftl-ld, a. Fluid, not coherent.
Jnsolved, un-s6lvdj a. Not solved.
Jnsophisticated, un-so-fis^te-kA-ted, a. Not
adulterated.
Unsorted, un-sort'-ed, a. Not distributed by
proper separation.
Unsought, un-sawt,' a.
not searched,
Without
Want of
Unpolluted, not
Not smoked.
Not kind, not
Unsound, un-Sound| a. Sickly, wanting health
not free from cracks; rotten, corrupted; not ortho»
dox ; not honest, not upright; not sincere, not
faithful ; erroneous, wrong ; not fast under foot.
Unsounded, un-'s3und-ed, a. Not tried by the
plummet.
Unsoundness, un-sound-nes, s. Erroneousness of
belief, want of orthodoxy; corruptness of any kind
want of strength, want of solidity.
Unsoured, un-sourdj a, 359. Not made sour,
not made morose.
Unsown, un-s6ne5 a. Not propagated by scattering
seed.
Unspared, un-spird{ a. 359. Not spared.
Unsparing, un-spA-nng, a. 410. Not sparing,
not parsimonious.
To Unspeak, un-speke{ v. a. To retract, to
recant.
Unspeakable, un- sp^iki-bl, a. Not to be
expressed. -
Unspeakably, un-sp^^ki-ble, ad. Inexpressibly,
ineffably.
Unspecified, un-spes^s^-flde, a. Not particularly
mentioned.
Unspeculative, un-spek^i-li-tiv, a. Not the^
oretical.
Unsped, un-spedj a. Not despatched, not pari
formed. — See Mistaken.
Unspent, un-spentj a. Not wasted, not diminished,
not weakened.
To Unsphere, un-sf^re{ v. a. To move from its
orb.
Unspied, un-splde{ a. Not discovered, not seen.
Unspilt, un-spiltj a. 369. Not shed; not
spoiled.
To Unspirit, un-spir-it, v. a. To dispirit, to
depress, to deject.
Unspoiled, 6n-spoild{ a. Not plundered, not
pillaged; not marred.
Unspotted, un-spftt^ted, a. Not marked with
any stain; immaculate, not tainted with guilt.
Unsquared, un-skwArd{ a. 359. Not formed,
irregular.
Unstable, un-sta-W, a. Not fixed, not fast j in-
constant, irresolute.
Unstaid, un-stadej a. Not cool, not prudent, not
settled into discretion, not steady, mutable.
Unstaidness, un-stadeines, *. Indiscretion,
volatile mind.
Unstained, un-stind{ a. Not stained, not died,
not discoloured.
To Unstate, un-stitej v. a. To put out of state.
Unstatutable, un-st4t-tshii-t^-bl, a. Contrary
to statute.
Unstaunched, un-st4nsht{ a. 215. Not stopped,
not stayed.
0:7' Dr. Johnson has spelt the simple of this word
stanch, and the compound unstaunched. Mr. Slieridan
has followed him in this oversiglit; but it ought to be
observed, that as the word comes from the French
estancher, neither of these words should be written
with K.
Unsteadily, un-sted-de-l5, ad. Without any
certainty; inconstantly, not consistently.
Unsteadiness, un-sted-de-nes, s. Want oi
constancy, irresolution, mutability.
Unsteady, un-.=ited-de, a. Inconstant, irresolute,
mutable, variable, changeable; not fixed, not settled.
UnstedfAST, un-sted-fast, a. Not fixed, not fart.
UnSTEEPED, un-st^eptj a. 359. Not soaked.
To Unstino. un-stinj
a sting.
To disarm of
„ , . ^ , , . Unstinted, un-stint-ud, a. Not limited.
Had without seeking; I __ i ,-2 ,, . . .. ^ i
\ Unstirred, un-sturd; rt. Not stirred, not agitated.
Pp
UNS UNT
(t3- 559. Fite 73, far77, fall 83, f^tSl— m493, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
To Unstitch, un-stitsl){ v. a. To open by pick-
ing the stitches.
Unstooping, un-stoo-ping, a. Not bending, not
yielding.
To Unstop, un-st5p{ v. a. To free from stop or
obstruclion.
Unstopped, un-stSpt{ a. Meeting no resistance.
Unstrained, un-strind{ a. Easy, not forced.
Unstraitened, un-stri-tnd, a. 359. Not con-
tracted.
ITnstrengthened, un-streng-fAnd, a. 359.
Not supported, not assisted.
To Unstring, un-string{ v. a. To relax any
thing strung, to deprive of strings; to loose, to unite.
Unstruck, un-StrukJ a. Not moved, not affected.
Unstudied, un-stud-id, a. 282. Not pre-
meditated, not laboured.
Unstufked, un-Stuft{ a. 359. Unfilled, un-
furnished.
Unsubstantial, un-sub-stin-sh4l, a. Not solid,
not palpable; not real.
UnSUCCEEDED, un-suk-si^-ded, a. Not succeeded.
Unsuccessful, ?in-suk-ses-ful, a. Not liaving
the wished event.
Unsuccessfully, un-suk-ses'ful-e, ad.
Unfortunately, without success.
Unsuccesstulness, un-suk-ses^ful-nes, s.
Want of success.
Unsuccessive, un-suk-ses-siv, a. Not proceed-
ing by flux of parts.
Unsuckeo, un-suktj a. 359. Not having the
breasts drawn,
Unsufferable, un-sufifur-i-bl, a. Not sup-
portable, intolerable.
UnSUFPICIENCE, un-suf-fish-ense, S. Inability
to answer the end proposed.
UnsufficienT, un-suf-fish-ent, a. Unable, in-
adequate.
Unsugared, un-shug-urd, a. 359. Not sweetened
with sugar.
Unsuitable, un-su-t4-bl, a. Not congruous,
not equal, not proportionate.
UnSUITABLENESS, un-SU-ti-bl-neS, S. Incon-
gruity, unfitness.
Unsuiting, un-si^ting, a. 410. Not fitting,
not becoming.
Unsullied, un-suUlid, a. 282. Not fouled, not
disgraced, pure.
Unsung, un-sung{ a. Not celebrated in verse,
not recited in verse.
Unsunned, un-s5nd{ a, 359. Not exposed to
the sun.
Unsuperfluous, un-sii-per-flu-us, a. Not
more than enough.
Unsupplanted, un-sup-pl5nt^ed, a. Not forced,
or thrown from under Itliat which supports it; not
defeated by stratagem,
Unsupportable, un-sup-port-^-bl, a. Intoler-
able, such as cannot be endured.
Unsupported, un-sup-p8rt-ed, a. Not sustained,
not held up ; not assisted.
^Insure, un-shirej a. Not certain.
Unsurmountable, un-sur-mount^Lbl, a. Not
to be overcome.
Unsusceptible, un-sus-sepit5-bl, a. Incapable,
not liable to admit.
Unsuspect, un-sus-pektj ")
Unsuspected, un-sus-pekited, /"'
Not considered as likely to do or mean ill.
Unsuspecting, un-sus-pek^ting, a. Not imagin-
ing that any ill is designed.
Unsuspicious, fln-sus-pish^i^is, a. Having no
uiipicion.
67e
Unsustained, un-sus-tand,' a. Not supported,
not held. up.
Unswayable, un-sw^-i-bl, a. Not to be
governed or influenced by another.
Unswayed, un-swadej a. Not wielded.
To Unswear, im-sware{ v, a. Not to swear, to
recant any thing sworn.
To Unsweat, un-swetj v. a. To ease after
fatigue.
Unsworn, un-sw6rnj a. Not bound by an oatii.
Untainted, un-tAnt'ed, a. Not sullied, not
polluted; not charged with any crime; not corrupted
by mixture.
Untaken, un-ti^kn, a. Not taken.
Untalked-OF, un-tawkt-5v, a. Not mentioned
in the world.
UntameABLE, un-tA^mi-bl, a. Not to be tamed,
not to be subdued.
(t::?- Dr. Johnson inserts the silent c after to both in
this word and its simple tanteoft/e; but in blamable and
unblamable, omits it. Mr. Sheridan has followed him in
the two first words; but though he inserts the e in
blamable, he leaves it out in unblamable. In my opinion
tlie silent e ought to be omitted in all these words. For
the reasons, see Preliminary Observations to the Rhyming
Dictionary, page 13. See also the word Reconcileable,
Untamed, un-timd{ a. 359. Not subdued, not
suppressed.
To Untangle, un-t4ngigl, v. a. 405. To loose
from intricacy or convolution.
Untasted, un-t^^ted, a. Not tasted, not tried
by the palate.
Untasting, un-t^^ting, a. 410. Not perceive.
ing any taste ; not trying by the palate.
Untaught, un-tiwt{ a. Uninstructed, un-
educated, ignorant, unlettered ; debarred from instruc-
tion ; unskilled, new, not having use or practice.
To Unteach, un-t^tsh,' v. a. To make to quit,
or forget what has been inculcated.
UntemperED, un-tem-purd, a. Not tempered.
UnteMPTED, un-temt-ed, a. Not embarrased by-
temptation ; not invited by any thing alluring.
Untenable, un-ten-^-bl, a. Not to be held in
possession ; not capable of defence. — See Tenable.
Untenanted, un-ten^^nt-ed, a. Having no
tenant.
Untended, un-tendied, a. Not having any at-
tendance.
Untender, un-ten-dur, a. 98. Wanting soft-
ness, wanting affection.
Untendered, un-tend^urd, a. Not offered.
To Untent, un-t^ntj v. a. To bring out of
a tent.
UntenteD, Sn-teilt-ed, a. Having no medica-
ments applied.
Unterrified, un-ter-re-fide, a. 359. Not
aflrighted, not struck with fear.
Unthanked, un-th^ngkt', a. Not repaired with
acknowledgment of a kindness ; not received witli
thankfulness.
Unthankful, Sn-^/jtlngk-ful, a. Ungrateful,
returning no acknowledgment.
Unthankfully, un-^/iingk-ful-5, ad. Without
thanks.
Unth ankfulness, un-^/i4ngk-ful-nes, s. Want
of thankfulness.
Unthawed, un-^AawdJ a. Not dissolved aftet
frost.
To Unthink, un-^Aiiigk,' v. a. To recall, or dU-
miss a thought.
Unthinking, un-thingk-lng, a. Thoughtless, not
given to reflection.
Unthorny, un-^Aor-na, a. Not obstructed by
prickles.
Unthougmt-of, un-</t^wt'-Sv, a. Not ucgaded,
not heeded.
UNT UNU
nor 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, this 469.
To Unthread, un-<Ared{ v. a. To loose.
Unthreatened, un-^Aret-tnd, a. 359. Not
menaced.
Unthrift, uVi-thnh', S. An extravagant, a prodigal.
Unthriftily, un-^Arif^ti-l^, ad. Without
frugality.
Unthriftv, un-^Anf^t^, a. Prodigal, profuse,
lavish, wasteful; not easily made to thrive or fatten.
UnTH RIVING, un-fArl-ving, a. Not thriving, not
prospering.
To Unthrone, xin-thvhne', v. a. To pull down
from the throne.
Untidy, un-tl^de, a. Reverse of Tidy. A col-
loquial word. — See Tidy.
To Untie, un-tlj v. a. To unbind, to free from
bonds; to loosen from convolution or knot; tosetfree
from any olyection ; to resolve, to clear.
Untied, un-tlde{ a. 282. Not bound, not
gathered in a knot; not fastened by any binding or
knot.
Until, un-tllj ad. To the time that j to the
place that.
UntILLED, un-tllld,' a. 359. Not cultivated.
UntIMBERE», un-tim-burd, a. Not furnished
with tiniber, weak.
Untimely, un-tlme-le, a. Happening before the
natural time.
Untimely, un-tlme^le, ad. Before the natural
time.
UnTINGED, un-tinjd{ a. Not stained, not dis-
coloured; not infected.
Untirable, un-tl'-ri-bl, a. Indefatigable, un-
wearied.
Untired, lui-tird; a. 282. Not made weary.
Untitled, un-tUtld, a. 359. Having no title.
Unto, uil-too, prep. To. It was the old word
for To, now obsnfete.
Untold, un-t6ldj a. Not related ; not revealed.
Untouched, un-tStshtJ a. 359. Not touched,
not reached; not moved, not affected; not meddled
with.
Untoward, fin-ti-wurd, a. Froward, perverse,
vexatious, not easily guided or taught; awkward, un-
graceful.
UnTOWARDLY, un-ti^Wurd-l^, a. Awkward,
perverse, froward.
Untraceable, un-tr^-sl-bl, a. Not to be
traced.
Untraced, un-trast{ a. Not marked by any
footsteps.
Untractable, un-tr^k.!^ti-bl, a. Not yielding
to common measures and management; rough, diffi-
cult.
Untractableness, un-trik^t^-bl-nes, s. state
of being untractable.
Unirading, un-tr4iding, a. 410. Not engaged
in commerce.
Untrained, un-tr^nd( a. Not educated, not in-
structed, not disciplined ; irregular, ungovernable.
Untransferrable, un-trins-fer'^-bl, a.
Incapable of being transferred.
Untransparent, un-tr4ns-pa-rent, a. Not
diaphanous, opaque.
UnTRAVELLED, un-tr^v^lld, a. Never trodden by
passengers ; having never seen foreign countries.
To Untread, un-tredj v. a. To tread back, to
go back in the same steps.
Untreasured, un-trlzh-urd, a. Not laid up,
not reposited. .
Untreatable, 3n-trJ'-tl-bl, a. Not treatable,
not practicable.
Untried, un-trldej a. 282. Not yet attempted ;
not yet experienced; not having passed trial.
Untriumpiiable, un-tr{'-un;f- it-bl, a. Which
allows no triumph.
579
Untrod, un-tr3d{ ")
Untrodden, un-tr6d^dn, lOS./*"*
Not trodden, not marked by the foot.
Untrolled, un-troldj a. Not bowled, not rolled
along.
Untroubled, un-trub^bld, a. 405. Not dis-
turbed by care, sorrow, or guilt; not agitated, not
confused; not interrupted in the natural course;
transparent, clear.
Untrue, un-trooj a. 339. False; contrary to
reality; false, not faithful.
Untruly, un-troo-le, ad. Falsely, not according
to truth.
UntrustiNESS, un-tr.usiti-nes, S. Unfaithfulness.
Untruth, un-troo^Aj s. Falsehood, contrariety
to reality; moral falsehood, not veracity; treachery,
want of fidelity ; false assertion.
Untunable, un-tu-n^-bl, a. Unharmonious,
not musical.
To Untune, un-tune{ v, a. To make incapabl*
of harmnny ; to disorder.
Unturned, un-turndj a. Not turned.
Untutored, un-tu^turd, a. 359. Cninstructed,
untaught.
To Untwine, un-twlnej v. a. To open what ii
held together by convolution ; to open what is wrapped
on itself; to separate that which clasps round any
thing.
To Untwist, un-twistj v. a. To separate any
things involved in each other, or wrapped up on them-
selves.
To Unty, un-tl{ V. a. — See Untie.
To Unvail, un-vAleJ v. a. To uncover, to strip
of a veil.
UnvALUABLE, un-vil'-u4-bl, a. Inestimable,
being above price.
Unvalued, lin-v^Kiade, a. Not prized, neglected;
inestimable, above price.
Unvanquished, un-v^ng^kwisht, a. Kot con-
quered, not overcome.
Unvariable, un-vAire-^-bl, a. Not changeable,
not mutable.
Unvaried, un-vi^rid, a. 282. Not changed, not
diversified.
Unvarnished, un-varinisht, a. Not overlaid
with varnish; not adorned, not decorated.
Unvarying, un-vi-ri-ing, a. 410. Not liable
to change.
To Unveil, un-vilej v. a. To disclose, to show.
Unveiledly, un-vi^led-l^, ad. 104. Plainly,
without disguise.
Unventilated, un-ven-t^-la-ted, a. Not fanned
by the wind.
Unveritable, un-ver-^-t4-bl, a. Not true.
Unversed, un-verst{ a. 359. Unacquainted, un-
skilled.
Unvexed, un-vekst{ a. 359. Untroubled, undis-
tuibed.
Unviolated, un-vl-i-li-ted, a. Not injured, not
broken.
Unvirtuous, un-ver-tsbu-us,a. Wanting virtue.
Unvisited, un-viz-it-ed, a. Not resorted to.
Ununiform, un-yu-ni-form, a. Wanting uni-
formity.
Unvoyageable, un-vS^ii-j^-bl, a. Not to be
passed over or voyaged.
Unurged, un-urjd{ a. 359. Not incited, not
pressed.
Unused, un-uzdj «. 359. Not put to use, unem-
ployed ; not accustomed.
UnuSEFUL, un-use-ful, a. Useless, serving n«
purpose.
Unusual, un-u^zliu-^1, a, 456. Not common,
not fre<]^uent, rare.
UNW
voc
559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Heaviness,
fcS*
Unusualness, un-i-zhu-il-nes, s. Uncommon-
ness, infrequency.
Unutterable, un-ut^tur-i-bl, a. Ineffable, in-
expressible.
Unvulnerable, un-vuKnur-J-bl, a. Exempt
from wound, not vulnerable.
Unwakened, un-wa-knd, a, 103. 359. Not
roused from sleep.
Unwalled, un-wawldj a. Having no walls.
UnWARES, un-warzj ad. Unexpectedly, before any
caution.
Unwarily, un-w^-r^-1^, ad. Without caution,
carelessly.
Unwariness, un-wa-r^-nes, s. Want of caution,
carelessness.
Unwarlike, un-warQike, a. Not fit for war, not
used to war.
Unwarned, un-warndj a. 359. Not cautioned,
not made wary.
Unwarrantable, un-wSr-i4n-ti-bl, a. Not
to be justified.
Unwarrantably, un-wSr-i4n-t4-ble, ad.
Unjustifiably.
Unwarranted, un-w6r^r4n-ted, a.
Not ascertained, uncertain.
Unwary, un-wA-re, a. Wanting caution, inr<-
prudent, hasty, precipitate; unexpected.
Unwashed, un-w&sht5 a. Not washed, not
cleansed by washing.
Unwasted, un-wi-sted, a. Not consumed, not
diminislied.
UnWASTING, un-wi-Sting, «. 410. Not growing
less.
Unwaved, un-wadej a. Not used to travel.
Unweakened, un-w^-knd, a. 103. 359. Not
weakened.
Unweaponed, un-wep-pnd, a. 103. 359. Not
furnished with offensive aims,
Unweariable, un-we-re-tl-bl, a. Not to be tired.
Unwearied, un-we-rid, a. 282. Not tired, not
fatigued; indefatigable, continual, not to be spent.
To Unweary, un-wi-re, v. a. To refresh after
weariness.
Unwed, un-wedj a. Unmarried.
Unwedgeable, un-wed-ji-bl, a. Not to be
cloven.
Unweeded, un-weed-ed, a. Not cleared from
weeds.
UnweefED, un-W^ept{ a. 370. Not lamented.
Now Unwept.
Unweeting, un-w^i-tin^, a. 410. Ignorant,
unknowing.
UnwEIGHED, un-wade{ a. Not examined by the
balance; not considerate, negligent.
Unweighing, un-wa-ing, a. 410. Inconsiderate
thoughtless.
Unwelcome, un-wel-kum, a. Not pleasiny
not grateful.
Unwell, un-wel| a. Not in perfect healtb.
(t^ This word ha.s very properly been added to Joh'json
by Mr. Mason, who quotes for it the authority of Lord
Chesterfield. Its real use, however, is a sufficient au-
thority, for it expresses a state of body but too common,
that of being neither well nor ill, hut between both. If
1 rememl>er"rightly, the first time I heard this word was
when I was in Ireland; and I have ever since admired
the propriety of it.
Unwept, un-wept| a. Not lamented, not bemoaned.
Unwet, un-wetj a. Not moist.
Unwhipt, un-hwipt{ a. 359. Not punished, not
corrected.
Unwholesome, un-hwile-suna, a. Insalubrious,
mischievous to health ; corrupt, tainted.
Unwieldily, un-w^^l-de-l^, ad. Heavily, with
Uifhcult motion,
580
Unwieldiness, un-weel-d4-nes, a.
difficulty to move, or be moved.
Unwieldy, un-weel-de, a. Unmanageable, nol
easily moving or moved, bulky, weighty, ponderous.
Unwilling, un-wil-ling, a. 410. Loath, not
contented, not inclined, not complying by inclination.
Unwillingly, un-wil-hng-le, ad. Not with
good will, not without loathness.
Unwillingness, un-wil-ling-ues, s. Loathness,
disinclination.
To Unwind, un-wind{ v. a. Pret. and part. pass.
Unwound. To separate any thing convolved, to un-
twist, to untwine; to disentangle, to loose from
entanglement.
To Unwind, un-wlndj v. n. To admit evolution.
Unwiped, un-Wipt| a. 359. Not cleaned
Unwise, uu-wizej a. Weak, defective in wisdom.
Unwisely, ■un-wlze-le, ad. Weakly, not
prudently, not wisely.
To Unwish, un-wish{ v. a. To wish that which
is not to be.
Unwished,] un-wishtj a. 359. Not sought, not
desired.
To UnwIT, un-WltJ v. a. To deprive of under-
standing.
Unwithdrawing, un-wiTH-draw-ing, a.
Continually liberal.
UN WITHSTOOD, Un-WITH-Studj OS. Not opposed.
Unwitnessed, un-wit-nest, a. Wanting evidence,
wanting notice.
Unwittingly, un-wit-ting-lJ, ad. Withou*
knowledge, without consciousness.
Unwonted, un-wun-ted, a. Uncommon, un-
usual, rare, infrequent; unaccustomed, unused.
Unworking, un-wurk-ing, a. Living without
labour.
UnWORSHIPPED, un-wur-shipt, a. Not adored.
C.-J" This word oi.ght to be written with one p only. See
Dr. Lowth's Grammar at Participle.
Unworthily, un-wur-TH^-le, ad. Not accord-
ing to desert.
Unworthiness, un-wur-THe-nes, s. Want of
worth, want of merit.
Unworthy, uh-wuf-th^, a. Not deserving;
wanting merit; mean; not suitable, not adequate;
unbecoming, vile.
Unwound, un-woundj Part. pass, and pret. of
Unwind. Untwisted.
TJnwounded, un-woon-ded, a. Not wounded,
not hurt.
To Un wreath, un-reTH{ v. a. To untwine.
Unwriting, un-rl-ting, a. 410. Not assuming
the character of an author.
Unwritten, un-nt-tn, a. 103. Not conveyed by
writing, oral, traditional.
UnWROUGHT, un-ra.Wt{ a. Not laboured, not
manufactured.
UnWRUNG, un-rungj a. Not pinched.
UnYIELDED, fin-yteld-ed, a. Not given u]).
To Unyoke, un-yokej v. a. To loose from the
yoke J to part, to disjoin.
Unyoked, un-y6kt{ a. 359. Having never worn
a yoke; licentious, unrestrained.
Unzoned, un-z6nd{ a. 359. Not bound with
a girdle.
Vocable, vJ'-ki-bl, s. 405. A word.
Vocabulary, v6-kJtb-ii-li-r^, s. A dictionary,
a lexicon, a word book.
Vocal, v6-k4l, O. Having a voire, uttered by the
voice.
VocaliTY, vS-k;V.-e-te, s. Power of utterance,
quality of being utterable by the voice.
VOL
VOU
nSr 167, not 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— f/tin 466, Tuis 469.
To make vocal j
To Vocalize, vi^k^l-lze, v. a
to form into voice.
Vocally, vi-kil-1^, ad. In words, articulately,
Vocation, vo-kA-shun, s. Calling by the win of
God; summons; trade, employment.
Vocative, v8k-4-tiv, s. 157. The grammatical
case used in calling or speaking to.
Vociferation, vA-sif-tr-dishun, s. Clamour,
outcry.
Vociferous, vi-sif^er-us, a. Clamorous, noisy.
Vogue, vAg', s. 337. Fashion, mode.
Voice, VOIS,*. 299. Sound emitted by the mouth ;
sound of the mouth, as distinguished from that uttered
by another mouth ; any sound made by breath; vote,
suffrage, opinion expressed.
Voiced, voist, a. 359. Furnished with a voice.
Void, void, a. 299. Empty, vacant ; vain, in-
effectual, null; unsupplied, unoccupied; wanting,
unfurnished, empty; unsubstantial, unreal.
Void, void, *. An empty space, vacuum, vacancy.
7^0 Void, void, V, a. To quit, to leave empty; to
emit, to pour out ; to emit as excrement ; to vacate,
to nullify, to annul.
Voidable, void-i-bl, a. 405. Such as may be
annulled.
Voider, void-ur, s. 98. A basket, in which
broken meat is carried from the table.
VoidnesS, void-nes, s. E-mptiness, vacuity 5
nullity, ineflicacy ; want of substantiality.
^^oiture, vo^-ture{ s, French, A carriage with
horses ; a chaise.
Volant, vi-lint, «. Flying, passing through the
air ; act.ve.
Volatile, vSK^-til, a. 145. Flying through the
air ; having tne power to pass off by spontaneous eva-
poration ; lively, fickle, changeable of mind.
Volatileness, vjl^it-til-nes, \
Volatility, vSl-i-tiUA-t^, J*'
The quality of flying away by evaporation, not Axity;
mutability of mind.
Volatilization, vftl-i-til-^-zA^shun, s. The
act of making volatile.
To Volatilize, v6l-i-til-Ize, v. a. To make
volatile, to subtilize to the highest degree.
Vole, vole, S. A deal at cards that draws the
whole tricks.
Volcano, vfil-ka-ni, s A burning mountain.
See Lumbago.
VOLERY, vOl-er-J, *. 555. A flight of birds.
VOLITATION, vfil-i-ta-shun, 5. The act or power
of flying.
Volition, vtVlish'-un, s. The act of willing, the
power of choice exerted.
Volitive, vftl-^-tiv, a. 158. Having the power
to will.
Volley, v8K1^, S. a flight of shot ; an emission
of many at once.
To Volley, vfil-lJ, v. n. To throw out.
VoLLIED, vul-lld, «. 282. Disploded, discharged
with a volley.
Volt, volt, S, a round or a circular tread 5 a gait
of two treads made by a horse going sideways round
a centre.
Volubility, v6l-i-bil-^-t^, s. Tiie act or power
of rolling; activity of tongue, fluency of speech;
mutability ; liableness to revolution.
Voluble, v6l-ii-bl, a. 405. Formed so as to
roll easily, formed so as to he easily put in motion;
rolling, having quick motion; nimble, active j fluent
of words.
Volume, vSKyume, S. 113. Something rolled,
or convolved ; as much as seems convolved at once;
a book.
Voluminous, vo-lu-m^-nfis, a. Consisting of
many complications; consisting in many volumes or
books; copious, diffusive.
581
Voluminously, v5-lfiiml-nus-l^, ad. In manj
volumes or books.
Voluntarily, vftl-un-ti-r^-l6,«rf. Spontaneously
of one's own accord, without compulsion.
Voluntary, v8l-un-t4-re, a. Acting without
compulsion, acting by choice; willing, acting with
willingness; done without compulsion; acting of its
own accord.
Voluntary, v5l-un-ti-re, s. A piece of musick
played at will.
Volunteer, vftl-un-t^^rj s. A soldier who
enters into the service of his own accord.
To Volunteer, vSl-un-t^^r{ v. n. To go for
a soldier.
Voluptuary, v5-lup-tsliu-^-r^, s. A man given
up to pleasure and luxury.
Voluptuous, v6-lup-tshu-us, a. Given to excess
of pleasure, luxurious.
G3"This word is frequently mispronounced, as if writ-
ten volupshus. — See Presumpluous.
Voluptuously, vo-lup-tslm-us-l^, ad.
Luxuriously, with indulgence of excessive pleasure.
Voluptuousness, v6-lup-tshu-us-nes, *. The
state of being luxurious.
Volute, vo-lutej s. A member of a column.
Vomica, vom-e-kJ, S. An encysted humour in the
lungs.
Vomick-NUT, v5m'-ik-nut, S. Poison that kills by
excessive vomiting.
To Vomit, vSm-it, v. n. To cast up the contents
of the stomach.
To Vomit, v6m-it, v. a. To throw up from the
stomach ; to throw up with violence from any hollow.
Vomit, v6m-it, S. The matter thrown up from the
stomach ; an emctick medicine,
VOMITION, vo-mJsh^un, s. The act or power of
vomiting.
Vomitive, v5m-e-tiv, a. 158. Emetick, causing
vomits.
Vomitory, v5m-^-tur-^, a. 512. Procuring
vomits, emetick. — For the last 0, see Domestick.
Voracious, vi-ri-shus, a. 357. Greedy to eat,
ravenous.
Voraciously, vo-ri-shus-li, ad. Greedily,
ravenously.
Voraciousness, vo-ra-shus-nes.
Voracity, v6-ris-si-ti.
Greediness, ravenousness.
Vortex, vor-ttks, s. In the plural Cortices,
Any thing whirled round.
Vortical, vor-t^-kil, a. 83. Having a whirling
motion.
VOTARIST, vi^tJ-rist, S. One devoted to any
person or thing.
Votary, vo-tJ-re, S. One devoted, as by a vow,
to any particular service, worship, study, or state of
life.
Votaress, vo-ti-res, *, A woman devoted to any
worship or state.
Vote, v6te, s, SuflTrage, voice given and numbered.
To V©TE, vite, V, a. To choose by sufi'rage, to
determine by suffrage ; to give by vote.
Voter, v6-tur, s, 98. One who has the right of
giving his voice or suffrage.
Votive, vo-tiv, a, 157. Given by vow.
T'o Vouch, voutsh, t;. a, 313. To call to witness
to obtest; to attest, to warrant, to maintain
To Vouch, voutsh, v. n. To bear witness, to
appear as a witness.
Vouch, voutsh, S, Warrant, attestation. Not in
use.
VouCHBR, v3utsl)-ur, S. 98. One who gives
witness to any thing; a writing by which any thing
is vouched; a receipt for money paid on accoun' of
another.
■V
UPM
URG
(&. 559. Fhe 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— m5 9S,~met 95— pine 105, p!n 107— n5 162, move 164,
To Vouchsafe, votitsh-sifej v. a. To permit
any tiling to be done without danger; to condescend,
to grant.
Vow, vou, S. 323. Any promise made to a divine
power, an act of devotion j a solemn promise, com-
monly used for a promise of love and matrimony.
Tb Vow, vou, V. a. To consecrate by a solemn
dedication, to give to a divine power.
To Vow, vou, V. n. To make vows or solemn
promises.
Vowel, vou'-il, *. 99. 333. A letter which can
oe uttered by itself.
VoWFELLOW, vou-feI-l5, S, One bound by the
same vow.
Voyage, voe^dje, S. 90. A passage by sea.
To Voyage, voe-idje, v. n. To travel by sea.
To Voyage, vSe-ldje, v. a. To travel, to pass
over.
Voyager, vS^^i-jur, S. 98. One who travels by
sea.
Up, up, ad. Aloft, on high, not down ; out of bed,
in the state of being risen from rest; in the state of
being risen from a seat; from a state of decumbiture
or concealment ; in a state of being built j above the
horizon ; to a state of advancement ; in a state of
climbing: in a state of insurrection; in a state of
being increased or raised ; from a remoter place, com-
ing to any person or place ; from younger to elder
years; Up and down, dispersedly, here and there;
backvfard and forward: Up to, loan equal height with ;
adequately to ; Up wiih, a phrase that signifies the act
of raising any thing to give a blow.
Up, up, inter), A word exhorting to rise from
bed J a word of exhortation exciting or rousing to
action.
Up, up, prep. From a lower to a higher part, not
down.
To UpnEAR, up-birej v. a. Pret. Upbore.
Part. pass. Upborne. To sustain aloft, to^support in
elevation ; to raise aloft ; to support from frilling.
To Upbraid, up-brade{ v. a. 202. To charge
contemptuously with any thing disgraceful ; to object
as a matter of reproach ; to urge with reproach ; to re-
proach on account of a benefit received from the
reproacher; to treat with contempt.
Upbraidingly, up-bri'-ding-ll, ad. By way of
reproach.
Upbrought, up-brawtl Part. pass, of Upbring.
Educated, nurtured.
Upcast, up-klstj part, a, 492. Thrown
upwards.
Upcast, up-kJst, s. 497. A term of bowling,
a throw, a cast.
Upheld, up-held( Pret. and part. pass, of
Uphold. Maintained, sustained.
Uphill, upfhill, a. Difficulty, like the labour of
climbing a hill.
To UphoARD, up-h5rdj v. a. 295. To treasure,
to store, to accumulate in private places.
To Uphold, up-b6ld| w. a. 497. Pret. Upheld;
and part. pass. Upheld and Upholden. To lift on high; to
support, to sustain, to keep from falling ; to keep from
declension; to support in any state of life; to con-
tinue, to keep from defeat; to continue without
failing.
Upholder, up-h&ldi?ir, s, 98. A supporter; an
undertaker, one who provides for funerals.
Upholsterer, up-hols'-tur-ur, s. One who
furnishes houses, one who fits up apartments with beds
and furniture.
Upland, up-l^nd, s. Higher ground.
Upland, up-l^nd, a. Higher in situation.
UplandJSH, up-lAnd^lsb, a. Mountainous, in-
habiting mountains.
To Uplay, up-laj v. a. To hoard, to lay up.
To Uplift, up-liftj v. a, 497. To raise aloft.
Upmost, up'm&st, a. Highest, topmost.
583
UP0N,up-p6nJ/>rep. Not under, noting being on the
top or outside; thrown over the body, as clothes ; by
way of imprecation or infliction, it expresses obtesta-
tion, or protestation ; in immediate consequence of;
with respect to ; noting a particular day ; noting re-
liance of trust; near to, noting situation; on pain
of; by inference from; exactly, according to; by
noting the means of support.
Upper, up-pur, a. 98. Superior in place,
higher; higher in power.
Uppermost, up-pur-m&st, a. Highest in place j
highest in power or authority; predominant, most
powerful.
Uppish, up-pisb, a. Proud, arrogant.
To Upraise, up-rAze{ v, a. 202. To raise up
to exalt.
To Uprear, up-rlre{ v. a. 227. To rear on
high.
Upright, up-rlte, a. 393. straight up, per-
pendicularly erect; erected, pricked up; honest, not
declining from the right.
Uprightly, up-rlte-le, ad. Perpendicularly to
the horizon ; honestly, without deviaton from the
right.
Uprightness, up-rlte-nes, s. Perpendicular
erection ; honesty, integrity.
To Uprise, up-rlzej v. n. 492. To rise from
decumbiture; to rise from below the horizon; to rise
with acclivity.
Uprise, up-rlze, S, 497. Appearance above the
horizon.
Uproar, up^rSre, S. 295. Tumult, bustle, dis-
turbance, confusion.
To Uproar, up-r6re{ v, a. 497. To throw into
confusion.
To Uproot, up-rodt{ v. a. 306. To tear up by
the root.
To Uprouse, up-rouze{ v. a. To waken from
sleep, to excite to action.
Upshot, up'sbSt, *. 497. Conclusion, end, last
amount, final event.
Upside-down, up-slde-dounj An adverbial form
of speech. With a total reversement, in complete
disorder.
To Upstand, up-stind; v. n. 497. To be erect.
7'o Upstay, up-stij V. a. To sustain, to support.
To Upstart, up-startj v. n, 497. To spring up
suddenly.
Upstart, up-start, s. One suddenly raised to
wealth or power.
To Upswarm, up-swarm{ v. a. To raise in
a swarm.
To Upturn, up-turn{ v. a. 497- To throw up,
- to furrow.
Upward, up-wurd, a, 497. Directed to a higher
part.
Upwards, iip-vvurdz, ad. 88. Towards a higher
place ; towards Heaven and God ; with respect to the
higher part ; more than, with tendency to a higher or
greater number; towards the source.
Urbanity, ur-b^n^^-te, s. Civility, elegance,
politeness; facetioi'sness.
Urchin, ur-tshin, s. 353. A hedge-hog ; name
of slight anger to a child.
Ureter, yu-rJ-tur, S. 98. Ureters are two long
and small canals from the basin of the kidneys, one on
each side. Their use is to carry the urine from the
kidneys to the bladder.
Urethra, yu-vl.'-thv\, s. 503. The passage of
the urine.
To Urge, urje, v. a. To incite, to push ; to
provoke, to exasperate; to follow close so as to impel j
to press, to enforce; to importune ; to solicit.
Urgency, ur-jtn-se, S. Pressure of difficulty.
Urgent, ur-jent, a. Cogent, pressing, violent}
importunate, vehement in solicitation.
Urgently, ur-jeut-le, ad. Cogently, violently,
vehemently, importunately.
UTE VUL
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 3\3—ihm 466, this 469.
UrGER, fir'jur, s. 98. One who presses.
Ukinal, yu-re-n^l, s. 8. A bottle, in which
water is kept for inspection.
Urinary, yu-re-ni-re, a. Relating to the urine.
Urine, yu-rin, s. 140. Animal water.
Urinous, yu-rin-us, a. Partaking of urine.
Urn, urn, *. Any vessel, of which the mouth is
narrower tlian the body; a water-pot; the vessel in
wliicli the remains of burnt bodies were put.
Us, us. The oblique case of Ifl;.
Usage, yiVzidje, s. 90. 442. Treatment;
custom, practice long continued; manners, behaviour.
Usance, yu-zlnse, s. 442. Use, proper employ-
inert; usury; interest paid for money.
Use, yuse, *. 8. 437. The act of employing any
thing to any purpose; qualities that make a thing pro-
per for any purpose ; need of, occasion on which
a thing can be employed ; advantage received, power
of receiving advantage ; convenience, help; practice,
habit ; custom, common occurrence; interest, money
paid for the use of money.
To Use, yuze^ v. a. 437. To employ to any
purpose; to accustom, to habituate; to treat; to
practise ; to behave.
To Use, yuze, v. n. To be accustomed, to practise
customarily; to be customarily in any manner, to be
wont.
Useful, yuse-ful, a. Convenient, profitable to any
end, conducive or helpful to any purpose.
Usefully, yuse-ful-e, ad. In such a manner as
to help forward some end.
Usefulness, yuse-ful-nes, s. Conduciveness, or
helpfulness to some end.
Uselessly, yuse-les-1^, ad. In a useless manner.
Uselessness, yuse-les-nes, S. Unfitness to any
end.
Useless, yuse-les, a. Answering no purpose,
having no end.
User, yu-zur, s. 98. One who uses.
Usher, ush-ur, *. 98. One whose businers is to
introduce strangers, or walk beforit u person of high
rank ; an under-teacher.
To Usher, ush-ur, v. a. To introduce as a fore-
runner or harbinger, to forerun.
UsqUEUAUGH, us-kwi-ba{ s. 390. A compound-
ed distilled spirit, being drawn on aromaticks.
Usuai., yu-zbi-il, a. 452. Common, frequent,
customary.
Usually, yu-zhu-4l-l, ad. Commonly, fre-
quently, customarily.
Usualness, yu-zhu-il-nes, S. Commonness,
frequency.
To Usure, yu-zhure^ v, n. To practise usury,
to take interest for money.
Usurer," yu-zhu-rur, s. 456. One who puts
money out at interest.
Usurious, yu-zu-r^-us, a. 456. Given to the
practice of usury, exorbit-antly greedy of profit.
To Usurp, yu-zurpj v. a. To possess by force or
intrusion, to seize or possess without right.
Usurpation, yi-zur-pA-shun, s. Forcible, unjust,
illegal seizure or possession.
Usurper, yu-zurp-ur, *. 98. One who seizes or
possesses that to which he has no right.
Usurpingly^ y&-zurp-ing-l4, ad. Without
just claim.
Usury, yu-zhu-ri, S. 456. Money paid for the
use of money, interest; the practice of taking interest.
8j» This word and its relatives, with respect to the
aspiration of the s, are exactly under the same predica-
ment as the words luxury and anxiety are with respect
to the X. — See Principles, No. 479, 480, 481.
Utensil, yu-ten-sil, *. 8. An instrument for any
use, such as the vessels of a kitchen, or tools of
a trade.
Uterine, yiitlr-lne a, 149. Belonging to the
womb..
383
Uterus, yuite-rus, s. 503. The womb.
Utile, yu^t^-li, *. Something useful, as opposid
to something only ornamental.
C::^ When this word is pronounced in three syllables,
being the neuter gender of utHis, it becomes like simile,
a substantive, and like a pure latin word has the same
number of syllables as the original, (S03, b) and thusws
sometimes hear of a work that unites the utile and the
duke.
Utile, yi-til, a. Profitable, useful.
03" When this word is used as an adjective it is pro-
nounced in two syllables, with the last short. In this
form, however, it is but seldom seen or heard.
Utility, yu-tiU^-te, s. Useful profit, con-
venience, advantageousness.
Utmost, ut-most, a. Extreme, placed at the
extremity ; being in the highest degree.
Utmost, ut-ra6st, s. The most that can be, the
greatest power.
Utopian, yu-t6-pe-An, «. (From Sir Thomas
More's Utopia.) Ideal.
Utter, ut^tur, a. 98. Situate on the outside, or
remote from the centre; placed without any compass,
out of any p. ace i extreme, excessive, utmost; com-
plete, irrevocable.
To Utter, St-tur, v. a. To speak, to pronounce,
to express ; to disclose, to discover, to publish ; to sell,
to vend ; to disperse, to emit at large.
Utterable, iit-tur-J-bl, a. 555. Expressible,
such as may be uttered.
Utterance, ut-tur-4nse, s. Pronunciation,
manner of speaking; extremity, terms of extreme
hostility; vocal expression, emission from the mouth.
Utterer, ut-tui'-ur,- S. One who pronounces ;
a divulgcr, a discloser; a seller, a vender.
Utterly, ut-tur-l^, ad. Fully, completely,
perfectly.
Uttermost, ut-tur-m6st, a. Extreme, being
in the highest degree; most remote.
Uttermost, ut-tur-mAst, s. The greatest degree.
Vulcano, vul-ka-no, s. A burning mountain i
properly yolcano. — See Lumbago.
Vulgar, vul-gur, a. 88. Plebeian, suiting the
common'peoplci practised among the common people;
mean, low, being of the common rate ; publick, com-
monly bruited.
Vulgar, vul-gur, S. The common people.
Vulgarity, vul-g^r-^-t^, s. Meanness, state of
the lowest people; particular instance or specimen of
meanness.
Vulgarism, vul-gl-nzm, *. An expression used
only by the vulgar or common people.
^3- This word Is in no Dictionary that I have met
with, but seems sufficiently authorised both in writing
and conversation to entitle it to a place in a repository
of the English language.
Vulgarly, vfil-gur-lJ, ad. Commonly, in the
ordinary manner, among the common people.
Vulgate, vul-gat, *. A noted Latin version of
the Old and New Testament ; so called, as it should
seem, according to Ash, rather from the Latin vulgo,
to publish ; than from vulgus, common, or popular.
Vulnerable, vul-nur-3.-bl, a. Susceptive of
wounds, liable to external injuries.
Vulnerary, vul-nur-i-r^, a. 555. Useful in
the cure of wounds.
To Vulnerate, vuKnur-ite, v. a. 91.
To wound, to hurt.
Vulpine, vul-pln, or vul-pine, a. Belor.ging ^o
a fox.
8::^ Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott mark the i in the last
syllable long, as in pine. I am inclined to shorten it
v^ith Mr. Perry, like pin; and my reason is, that the
accent immediately precedes it. See Principles, No. 140.
Vulture, vul-tshure, s. A large bird of prey re-
markable for voracity.
Vulturine, vul'tshu-rUie, a. \49. Belonging
to a vulture.
WAG WAK
ts- 559. Tkte 73, far 77, fall 83, fSt 81— m5 93, met 95— .pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
(t:^" Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Buchanan, and
Mr. Nares, make the i in the last syllahle of this word
long, as in^ne. I join them in this pronunciation, be-
cause the accent is two syllables higher. See Principles,
No. 147.
Uvula, yu-vu-lct, S. 8. In Anatomy, a round
soft spongeous body, suspended from the "palate near
the foramina of the nostrils over the glottis.
Uxorious, ug-zo^r^-us, a. 479. Submissively
fond of a wife, infected with connubial dotage.
UxoRiousLY, ug-zo^r^-us-le, ad. With fond
submission to a wife.
UxOHiouSNESS, ug-z6^re-us-nes, s. Connubial
dotage, fond submission to a wife.
w.
-/ 0 Wabble, wftb-bl, v. n. 405. To shake, to
move from side to side. A low barbarous word.
Wad, wftd, S. A bundle of straw thrust close
together. Wadd, or black lead, is a mineral of great
use and value.
Wadding, w&d^ding:, *. 410. A kind of soft stuff
loosely woven, with which the skirts of coats are stuffed
out
To Waddle, w6dMl, v. n. 405. To shake in
walking from side to side, to deviate in motion from
a right line.
To Wade, wide, v. . n. To walk through the
waters, tu pass water without swimming; to pass diffi-
cultly and laboriously.
Wafek, wA-fur, s. 98. A thin cake ; the bread
givftn in the Eucharist by the Roman Catholicks ; paste
made to close letters.
To Waft, wift, v. a. To carry through the air,
or on the water; to beckon, to inform by a sign of any
thing moving.
(t::^ Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Scott, pro-
nounce the a in this word as I have marked it ; Mr. Perry
adopts the« mfather; andthough Mr. Smith thinks this
the true sound, confesses the short a is daily gaining
ground ; but W. Johnston, for want of attending to the
rule laid down in Principles, No. a5, makes waft rhyme
wilh.w/e; Mr. Nares has not got the word; butbyomit-
ting it in classes where the o is pronounced as in father
and water, shows he is of opinion it ought to have the
sound I have given it.
To Waft, wift, v. n. To float.
Waft, wlft, s. A floating body; motion of
a streamer.
Waftage, wift-ldje s. 90, Carriage by water or
air.
Wafture, w^fitshure, *. 461. The act of
waving.
To Wag, w%, v. a. 86. To move lightly, to
sliake slightly.
To Wag, W%, v. n. To be in quick or ludicrous
motion; to go; to be moved.
Wag, wag, s. One ludicrously mischievous, a merry
droll
To Wage, wadje, v, a. To attempt, to venture;
to make, to carry on.
Wager, wA-jSr, s. 98. A bet, any thing pledged
upon a chance or performance.
To Wager, wiijur, v. a. To lay, to pledge as
a bet.
Wages, wA'-jiZ, s. 99. Pay given for service.
Waggery, wig;^ur-e, .?. 555. ' Mischievous merri-
ment, roguish trick, sarcastical gayety.
Waggish, w^^ish, a. 383. knavishly merry,
merrily mischievous, frolicksoiiie.
Waggishness, W%-Ish-nes, S. Merry mischief.
To Waggle, w^g^gl, v, n. 405. To waddle, to
move rrom side to side.
584
Wagon, W%-un, *. 166. A heavy carriage for
burthens; a chariot.
Wagoner, w4g-un-ur, s, 98. One who drives
a wagon.
Wagtail, w%-tAle, 5. A bird. Generally called
a Water-wagtaii.
Waid, wAde, a. 202. Crushed. Obsolete.
Waif, wafe, S, Goods found and claimed by nobody.
That of which every one waives the claim. Some-
times written weif or weft. This, says Mr. Mason, is
a legal word, but not legally explained; since Black-
stone says waifs arc goods stolen and waived, or thrown
away by the thief in his flight.
To Wail, wale, v. a. To moan, to lament, to
bewail.
To Wail, wile, v, n. 202. To grieve audibly, to
express sorrow.
Wail, wile, s. Audible sorrow.
Wailing, wi-ling, s, 410. Lamentation, moan,
audible sorrow.
Wailful, wale-ful, a. Sorrowful, mournful.
Wain, wane, S. A carriage.
Wainrope, wilne-r6pe, s. A large cord, with
which the load is tied on the wagon.
Wainscot, wen-skut, s. The inner wooden
covering of a wall.
To Wainscot, wen-skiit, v. a. To line walls
with boards; to line in general.
Ccj* I have given the common sound of this word ; and
as it is marked by Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott,
and adopted in Steele's Grammar. Mr. Perry pronounces
the first syllable so as to rhyme with man; but W.John-
ston, who pronounces both this word and waistcoat with
the ai short, is, in my opinion, the most correct.
Waist, wiste, S. The smallest part of the body,
the part below the ribs ; the middle deck of a ship.
Waistcoat, wes-kftt, S. a garment worn about
the waist ; the garment worn by men under the coat.
(tP- This word has fallen into the general contraction
observable in similar compounds, but, in my opinion,
not so irrecoverably as some have done. It would
scarcely sound pedantick if both parts of the word were
pronounced with equal distinctness ; though Mr. Sheridan
and Mr. Scott pronounce the diphthong as I have marked
it.
To Wait, wate, v. a. To expect, to stay for; to
attend, to accompany with submission or respect ; to
attend as a consequence of something.
To Wait, wate, v. n. To expect, to stay in ex-
pectation ; to pay servile or submissive attendance ; to
attend ; to stay, not to depart from ; to follow as
a consequence.
Wait, wdte, s. Ambush, secret attempt.
Waiter, wa'tur, s. 98. An attendant, one who
attends for the accommodation of others.
To Waive, wave, v, a. To put oir, to quit, to
relinquish.
53- I have inserted this word on the authority of
Blackstone, quottd by Mr. Mason, as may be seen under
the word JVaif, and I remember to have seen it spelled
in this manner, though I cannot recollect by whom. Its
etymology is uncertain ; but, distinguishing it from the
word wave, from which it can scarcely be derived, is of
real utility to the language, which, as much as possible,
ought to adopt a different orthography to express a dif-
ferent sense, or a different pronunciation See Bowl,
To Wake, wike, v. n. To watch, not to sleep.
to be roused from sleep, to cease to sleep ; to be put ii\
action, to be excited.
To Wake, wake, v. a. To rouse from sleep ; to
excite, to put in motion or action; to bring to life
again, as if from the sleep of death.
Wake, wike, s. The feast of the Dedication of
the Church, formerly kept by watching all night;
vigils, state of forbearing sleep.
Wakeful, wake^fitl, a. Not sleeping, vigilant.
Wakefulness, wAke-ful-nes, s. Wantof slecj?
forbearance of sleep.
WAN
WAR
nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, t&b 173, bull 173--8il 299— p8und 313—thki 466, this 469.
To Waken, w5.-kn, v. n. 103. To wake, to cease
from sleep, to be roused from sleep.
To Waken, wa-kn, v. a. To rouse from sleep j
to excite to actio i; to produce, to bring forth.
Wale, wile, S. A rising part in cloth.
To Walk, wawk, v. n. 84. To move by leisurely
steps, so that one foot is set down before the other is
taken up; it is used in the ceremonious language of
invitation for Come or Go; to move for exercise or
amusement) to move the slowest pace, not to trot,
gallop, or amble; to appear as a spectre; to act in
sleep; to act in any particular manner.
To Walk, wawk, v. a. To pass through.
Walk, wawk, s. 84. Act of walking for air or ex-
ercise; gait, step, manner of moving; a length of
space, or circuit through which one walks ; an avenue
set with trees; way, road, range, place of wandering;
a fisli : Walk is the slowest or least raised pace, or
going of a horse.
Walker, wiwl-iur, s. 98. One who walks j
a fuller.
Walkingstaff, wawk^ing-sdflF, s. A stick
which a man holds to support himself in walking.
Wall, wall, s. 33. 77. 84. A series of brick or
stone carried upwards and cemented with mortar, the
sides of a building; fortification, works built for de-
fence ; to take the Wall, to take the upper place, not
to give place.
To Wall, wall, v. a. To enclose with walls ; to
defend by walls.
Wallcreeper, wulKkri^p-ur, S. A bird.
Wallet, w6l-llt, S. 85. 99. A bag in which the
necessaries of a traveller are put, a knapsack; any
thing protuberant and swagging.
Walleyed, wall-lde, a. Having white eyes.
Wallflower, will-flou-ur, s. — see StockgilU-
flower.
WallfruiT, wilKfroot, s. Fruit which, to be
ripened, must be planted against a wall.
To Wallop, wSl'-lup, v. n. 166. To boil.
Walloose, wall-louse, s. An insect.
To Wallow, woUlA, v. n. 85. To move heavily
and clumsily; to roll himself in mire or any thing
filthy ; to live in any state of filth or gross vice.
Wallow, w8U16, s. 85. A kind of rolling or
groveling motion.
Wallrue, wall-roo, s. An herb.
AVallwort, walKwurt, s. A plant, the same
with dwarf-elder, or danewort, — See Elder.
Walnut, wall-nut, S. The name of a tree ; the
fruit and wood of the tree.
Wallpepper, wall-pep-pur, s. Houseleek.
Waltron, wall-trun, s. 166. The seahorse.
To Wamble, wftm-bl, v. n. 405. To roll with
nausea and sickness. It is used of the stomach.
Wan, wSn, a. 85. Pale as with sickness, languid
of look.
(tS- Mr. Sheridan has given the a in this word and its
compounds, the same sound as in man. Mr. Scotland
Dr. Kenrick have given both the sound I have given and
Mr. Sheridan's, but seem to prefer the former by placing
it first. I have always heard it pronounced like the first
syllable of tcan-ton; and find Mr. Nares, W.Johnston,
and Mr. Perry, have so marked it. I have, indeed, heard
wan, the old preterit of the verb to win, pronounced so
as to rhyme with ran: but as this form of the verb is
obsolete, the pronunciation is so too, — See Wuap.
Wand, wSnd, s. A small stick or twig, a long
rod; any staflT of authority or use; a charming rod.
To Wander, wftn-dur, v. n. 98. To rove, to
ramble here and there, to go without any certain
course; to deviate, to go astray.
T'o Wander, wSn'-dur, v. a. To travel over
without a certain course.
Wanderer, win-dur-ur, *. 555. Rover, rambler.
IVaNDERING, wSn-dur-ingf, s. 410. Uncertain
peregrination ; aberration, mistaken way ; uncertainty ;
want of being fixed.
585
To Wane, v/kne, v, n. To grow less, to decrease/
to decline, to sink.
Wane, wine, *. Decrease of the moon ; decline,
diminution, declension.
Wanned, w6nd, a. 85. 359. Turned pale and
faint coloured.
Wanness, w8n-nes, S. Paleness, languor. — See
Wan.
To Want, w6nt, v. a. To be without something
fit or necessary ; to be defective in something; to fall
short of, not to contain ; to need, to have need of, to
lack ; to wish for, to long for.
To Want, w6nt, v. n. 85. To be wanted, to be
improperly absent; to fail, to be deficient.
Want, wSnt, *. Need ; deficiency ; the state of
not having; poverty, penury, indigence.
Wanton, W&n^tun, a. 166. Lascivious, libidinous ;
licentious, dissolute; frolicksome, gay, sportive, airy ;
loose, unrestrained; quick and irregular of motion;
luxuriant, superfluous; not regular, turned fortui-
tously.
Wanton, won-tun, S. A lascivious person, a strumpet,
a whoremonger; a trifler, an insignificant flatterer;
a word of slight endearment.
To Wanton, wSriitun, v. n. To play lasciviously;
to revel, to play ; to move nimbly and irregularly.
Wantonly, won-tun-le, ad. Lasciviously, frolick-
somely, gayly, sportively.
Wantonness, w6n-tun-nes, s. Lasciviousness,
lechery; sportiveness, frolick, humour; licentious-
ness, negligence of restraint.
Wantwit, wSnt-wit, s. A fool.
Wapeu, wi-ped, a. Dejected, crushed by misery.
Obsolete.
War, war, *. 85. The exercise of violence under
sovereign command'; the instruments of war, in poe-
tical language ; forces, army ; the profession of arms ;
hostility, state of opposition, act of opposition.
To War, war, v. n. To make war, to be in
a slate of hostility.
To Warble, war-bl, v. a. 405. To quaver any
sound; to cause to quaver ; to utter musically.
To Warble, war-bl, v. n. To be quavered ; to be
uttered melodiously ; losing.
Warbler, war-bl-ur, 5. 98. A singer, a songster.
To Ward, ward, v. a. To guard, to watch ; to
defend, to protect ; to fence oflF, to obstruct, or turn
aside any tiling mischievous.
To Ward, ward, v. n. To be vigilant, to keep
guard ; to act upon the defensive with a weapon.
Ward, ward, S. 85. Watch, act of guarding ;
guard made by a weapon in fencing; fortress, strong
hold; district of a town; custody, confinement; the
part of a lock which corresponding to the proper key,
hinders any other; one in the hands of a guardian;
the state of a child under a guardian ; guardianship,
right over orplians.
Warden, war-dn, *. 103. A keeper, a guardian;
a head officer ; a large pear.
Warder, ward-ur, s. 98. A keeper, a guard ;
a truncheon by which an officer of arms forbade fight.
Wardmote, ward-mote, s. A meeting, a court
hsld in each ward or district in London for the direc-
tion of their affairs.
Wardrobe, ward^robe, s. A room where clothes
are kept.
Wardship, wRrd-ship, J. Guardianship; pupilage,
state of being under ward.
Ware, wire. The pret. of Wear, more frequently
IVore.
Ware, ware, U. For this we commonly say Aware;
being in expectation of, being provided against ; cau-
tious, wary.
To Ware, wire, v. n. To take heed of, to beware.
Ware, ware, s. Commonly something to be sold.
Warehouse, wire-house, s, A storehouse of
merchandise.
Wakeless, wire-Ies, a, Uncautious, unwary.
WAS
WAT
^559. Fite73, fir 77, M 83, fStSl— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Warfare, w3.r-fire, s. Military service, military
life.
Warily, wi-rJ-1^, ad. Cautiously, with timorous
prudence, witli wise forethought.
IVariness, WcL-re-nes, S. Caution, prudent fore-
thought, timorous scrupulousness.
Warlike, war-like, a. Fit for war, disposed to
war; military, relating to war.
WaRLOCK,\ 3 ,,2, a «• 1.
vy >war-luk, *. Scottish.
A witch, a wizard.
Warm, warm, a. 85. Not cold, though not hot j
heated to a small degree; zealous, ardent; violent,
furious, vehement; busy in action; farciful, enthu-
siastick.
To Warm, warm, v. a. To free Irom cold, to
heat in a gentle degree; to heat mentally, to make
vehement.
Warm.ingpan, wir-min^-p^n, s. A covered
brass pan for warming a bed by means of hot coals.
Warmingstone, war-ming-st6ne, s. The warm-
ing-stone is dug in Cornwall, which, being once well
heated at the fire, retains its warmth a great while.
Warmly, wlrm-ll, ad. With gentle heat;
eagerly, ardently.
Warmness, warm-nes,\
Warmth, v/Krmth, j
Gentle heat; zeal, passion, fervour of mind j fanciful-
ness, enthusiasm.
To Warn, warn, v. a. 85. To caution against
any fault or danger, to give previous notice of ill ; to
admonish to any duty to be performed, or practice or
place to be avoided or forsaken ; to notify previously
good or bad.
Warning, war-ning, s. 410. Caution against
faults or dangers, previous notice of ill.
Warp, wirp, s. 85. That order of thread in
a thing woven that crosses the woof.
To Warp, warp, v. n. To change from the true
situation by intestine motion j to contract; to lose its
priiper col rse or direction.
To Warp, warp, v. a. To contract, to »hriTel ; to
turn aside from the true direction.
To Warrant, wSr^rint, v. a. To support oi
maintain, to attest: to give authority j to justify; to
exempt, to privilege, to secure j to declare upon
surety.
Warrant, w8rir4nt, s. 168. A writ conferring
some right or authority; a writ giving the officer of
justice the power of caption ; a justificatory commis-
sion of testimony ; right, legality.
Warrantable, w6rir4nt-l-bl, a. Justifiable,
defensible.
Warrantableness, w8rtr4nt-J-bl-nes, *.
Justifiableness.
WarRANTABLY, wSr-rint-t-blJ, ad. Justifiably.
Warranter, w8r-rint-ur, s. One who gives
authority ; one who gives security.
WarranTISE, wSr-rin-tlze, S, Authority, security.
Not used.
Warranty, w6r-rlnt-i, s. Authority, justificatory
mandate ; security.
Warren, wSr-rin, s. 99. A kind of park for
rabbits.
Warrener, w5r'nn-ur, s. 98. The keeper of
a warren.
WarriOUR, war^yur, «. 314. A soldier, a military
man.
Wart, wart, s. 85. A corneous excrescence,
a small protuberance on the flesh.
Wartwort, wart-wurt, s. Spurge.
Warty, war-te, a. Grown over with warts,
Warworn, war-w6rn, a. Worn with war
Wary, wi^rl, a. Cautious, scrupulous, timorously
prudent.
Was, w&z. The pret. of To Be,
586
To WASHjwSsh, V. a. 85. Ts cleanse by ablution}
to ciilour by washing.
To Wash, w6sh, v. n. To perform the act ol
ablution ; to cleanse clothes.
Wash, wSsh, *. 85. Alluvion, any thing collected
by water; a bog, a marsh, a fen, a quagmire; a medi-
cal or cosmetick lotion ; a superficial stain or colour ;
the feed of hogs gathered from washed dislies ; tlie act
of washing the clothes of a family; the linen washed
ht once.
WaSHBALL, wSsh-ball, S. Ball made of soap.
Washer, wfish-ur, *. 98. One who washes.
Washy, wSsb-^, a. Watery, damp ; weak, not
solid.
Wasp, w8sp, s. 85. A brisk stinging insect, in
form resembling a bee.
(!:> Mr. Sheridan has pronounced this word so as to
rhyme with ftasp, clasp, &c. This sound is so perfectly
new to me, that I should have supposed it to have been
an errour of the press, if Mr. Scott and Dr. Kenrick had
not marked it in the same manner: Mr. Smith and
Mr. Perry approach somewhat nearer to the true sound
of a, by giving it the same sound as ]i\ father} but
Mr. Nares and W. Johnston give it the sound a{ short
o, like the a in was, wash, &c. : and that this is the true
sound, see Principles, No. 85.
Waspish, w3sp-ish, a. Peevish, malignant,
irritable.
Waspish ly, w6sp-isb-ll, ad. Peevishly.
WasPISHNESS, wSsp-ish-nes, S. Peevishness,
irritability.
Wassail, w8s-si1, *. 208. A liquor made of
apples, sugar, and ale, anciently much used by English
good-fellows; a drunken bout.
WaSSAILER, wSs-Sll-lir, *. A toper, a drunkard.
Wast, w8st. The second person of Was, from
To lie.
To Waste, wiste, v. a. 74. To diminish; to
destroy wantonly and luxuriously ; to destroy, to deso-
late ; to wear out ; to spend, to consume.
To Waste, wiste, v. n. To dwindle, to be in
a state of consumption.
Waste, wiste, a. Destroyed, ruined ; desolate,
uncultivated ; superfluous, exuberant, lost for want of
occupiers; worthless, that of which none but vile uses
can be made; that of which no account is taken or
value found.
Waste, waste, *. Wanton or luxurious destruction,
consumption, loss ; useless expense ; desolate or un-
cultivated ground ; ground, place, or space unoc-
cupied ; region ruined and deserted ; mischief,
destruction.
Wasteful, wiste-ful, a. Destructive, ruinous }
wantonly or dissolutely consumptive; lavish, prodigal,
luxuriantly liberal.
WastEFULLY, wAsteiful-l, ad. With vain and
dissolute consumption.
WaSTFOLNESS, wAste-fill-neS, S. Prodigality.
Waster, wist-ur, *. 98. One that consumes
dissolutely and extravagantly, a squanderer, vain
consumer.
Watch, w6tsh, S. 85. Forbearance of sleep;
attendance without sleep; attention, close observa-
tion ; guard, vigilant keep ; watchmen, men set to
guard; place where a guard is set; a period of the
night; a pocket clock, a small clock moved by
a spring.
To Watch, wStsh, v. n. Not to sleep, to wakej
to keep guard ; to look with expectation > to be atten-
tive, to be vigilant; to be cautiously observant ; to be
insidiously attentive.
To Watch, wfttsb, v. a. To guard, to have in
keep; to observe in ambush; to tend; to observe in
order to detect or prevent.
Watcher, wfttsh-ur, *. 98. One who watches >
diligent overlooker or observer.
Watch et, wotsh^it, a. 99 Pale blue.
Watchful, wStsh-ful, «. Vigilant, atteniWe,
cautious, nicely observant.
WAT WEA
nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pSund 313— Min 466, this 469.
Watchfully, wfttsb-ful-^, ad. Vigilantly,
cautiously, attentively, with cautious observation.
Watchfulness, wStsh-ful-nes, s. Vigilance,
heed, suspicious attention, cautious regard j inability
to sleep.
WaTCHHOUSE, Wotsh-house, S, Place wliere the
watch is set.
Watching, w6tsh-ing, s. 410. Inability to
sleep.
Watchmaker, wStsh^mA-kur, s. One whose
trade it is to make watches, or pocket clocks.
Watchman, wStsh^man, *. 88. Guard, sentinel,
one set to keep ward.
WaTCHTOWER, wfttsh-tou-ur, *. Tower on which
a sentinel was placed for the sake of prospect.
Watchword, wStshiwurd, *. The word given
to the sentinels to know their friends.
Water, wi'-ttxr, *. 38. 85, 76. 86. One of the
four elements ; the sea ; urine : to hold Water, to he
sound, to be tight : it is used for the lustre of a dia-
mond.
To Water, wa-tur, v. a. 64. To irrigate, to
supply with moisture ; to supply with water fur drink ;
to fertilize or accommodate with streams; to diver-
sify, as with waves.
T'o Water, wa-tur, f.'w. 93. To shed moisture;
to get or take in water, to be used in supplying water:
the mouth Waters, the man longs.
Watercolours, wa^tur-ku!-urz, *. Painters
make colours into a soft consistence with water, those
they call Water-colours.
Watercresses, wa^tur-kres-siz, s. 99- A plant.
There are five species.
Waterer, wa-tur-Uf, s. 555. One who waters.
Waterfall, wa-tSl-fall, s. Cataract, cascade.
Waterfowl, wa-tur-fSul, *. Fowl that live or
get their food in water.
Watergruel, wa'tur-groo-il, *. Food made
with oatmeal and water.
WaterinesS, wi-tur-e-nes,*. Humidity, moisture.
Waterish, wa-tur-ish, a. Resembling water;
moist, insipid.
Waterishness, wa^tur-ish-nes, s. Thinness,
resemblance of water.
Watehleaf, wa^tur-l^fe,
Waterlily, wi^tur-l
Waterman, wa-tur-m^n, *. 88. A ferryman,
a boatman.
Watermark, wi-tur-mark, s. The utmost limit
of the rise of the flood.
Waterme-lon, waitur-mel-un, *. A plant.
Watermill, wa-tur-miU, s. Mill turned by
water.
Watermint, wiitur-mint, s. A plant.
Water-ordeal, wa-tur-or-de^il, s. An old
mode of trial by water. ,
Cj- IVater-ordeal was performed, either by plunging
the bare arm up to the elbow in boiling water, and
escaping unhurt thereby ; or by casting the suspected
person into a river or pond ; and if he floated therein
without swimming, it was deemed an evidence of his
guilt.
Waterradish, wa'-tur-rJd-isb, s. A species of
watercresses, which see.
Waterrat, waitur-rJt, s. A rat that makes
holes in banks.
Waterrocket, waitur-r6k-it, s. A species of
watercresses.
Waterviolet, wa^tur-vi-A-let, s. A plant.
Watersapphire, wa'-tur-sHf-ilr, *. A sort of
stone. The occidental sapphire is neither so bright
nor so hard as the oriental.
Watekwith, v/Utur-with, s. A plant of Jamaica
growing on dry hills where nowater is to be met with ;
Us trunk, if cut into pieces two or three yards long,
and held by either end to the mouth, affords, plenti-
fully, water or sap to the thirsty traveller.
587
l^fe, \
Waterwork, wi^tur-wurk, *. Play of fountain*
any hydraulic performance.
Watery, wa-tur-^, a. Thin, liquid, like water I
tasteless, insipid, vapid, spiritless; wet, abounding
with water; relating to the water; consisting of water
Wattle, wSt-tl, S. 405. The barbs, or loose red
flesh that hangs below the cock's bill ; a hurdle.
To Wattle, wSt^tl, v. a. To bind with twigs, t«
form, by plaiting twigs.
Wave, wive, S. Water raised above the level o!
the surface, billow; unevenness, inequality.
To Wave, Wcive, v. n. To play loosely, to float i
to be moved as a signal.
To Wave, v. a. To raise into inequalities of
surface ; to move loosely ; to waft, to remove any
thing floating ; to beckon, to direct by a waft or mo-
tion of any thing; to put off; to put aside for the
present.
To Waver, wi-vur, v. n. 98. To play to and
fro, to move loosely; to be unsettled, to be uncer-
tain or inconstant, to fluctuate, not to be determined.
Waverer, wi-vur-ur, S. One unsettled and ir-
resolute.
Wavy, wA-v4, a. Rising in waves ; playing to and
fro, as in undulations.
To Wawl, wiwl, V. n. To cry, to howl.
Wax, W^ks, s. The thick tenacious matter gathered
by the bees ; any tenacious mass, such as is used to
fasten letters; the substance that exudes from the ear.
03" The a in this word being followed by x, which is
no more than A;«, the preceding w loses its deepening
power, and the word comes under the rule in the Prin-
ciples, No. 85.
To Wax, w4ks, v. a. To smear, to join with wax.
To Wax, w^ks, v. n. Pret. Waxed. Part. pass.
Waxed, Waxen. To grow, to increase, to become
to pass into any state, to become, to grow.
Waxen, wik^sn, a. 103. Made of wax.
Way, wi, s. 220. The road in which one travels j
a length of journey ; course, direction of motion j ad-
vance in life; passage, power of progression made or
given; local tendency; course, regular progression;
situation where a thing may probably be found ; a situa-
tion or course obstructed or hindered ; tendency to
any meaning or act; access, means of admittance;
sphere of observation; means, mediate instrument,
intermediate step; method, means of management;
private determination; manner, mode; method or
plan of life, conduct, or action ; right method to act
or know ; general scheme of acting ; by the Way,
without any necessary connexion with the main de-
sign ; to go or come one's Way or Ways, to come
along, or depart.
Wayfarer, wi^fi-rur, S. 98. Passenger, traveller.
Wayfaring, wA'-fi-ring, a. 410. Travelling,
passing, being on a journey.
To Waylay, wi-Uj v. a. To watch insidiously in
the way ; to beset by ambush.
Waylayer, wa-li^ur, S. 98. One who waits in
ambush for another.
Wayless, wA-les, a. Pathless, untracked.
WayMARK, wA-mark, S. Mark to guide in travel-
ling.
Wayward, wi^wurd, a. 88. Froward, peevish,
morose, vexatious.
WaYWARDLy', wi-WUrd-ll, ad. Frowardly, per-
versely.
Waywardness, wi-wurd-nes, *. Frowardness,
perverseness.
We, w^4, pron. 96. 246. The plural of /. — See I.
Weak, w^ke, a. 227. Feeble, not strong ; infirm,
not healthy; soft, pliant, not stiff; low of sound j
feeble of mind; wanting spirit; not much impreg-
nated with any ingredient ; not powerful, not potent*
not well supported by argument j unfortified.
To Weaken, w^-kn, v. a. 103. To debilitate,
to enfeeble.
Weakling, wSkeiling, *. 410. A feeble creature.
WEA WEE
t9- 659. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, ^t81— ml93, met95— pliie 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Weakly, W^ke^l^, ad. Feebly, with want of
strength.
Weakly, w^ke-1^, a. Not strong, not healthy.
Weakness, weke-nes, s. Want of strength, want
offeree, feebleness; infirmity, unhealthiness ; want
of cogency ; want of judgment, want of resolution,
foolishness of mind; defect, failing.
WeAKSIDE, W^ke-slde{ S, Foible, deficiency,
infirmity.
Weal, W^le, S. 227. Happiness, prosperity,
flourishing state; rcpublick, state, publick interest.
Weald, welde, S. A wood, a grove. Old Saxon.
Wealth, v/e]th, s. 234. 515. Riches, money,
or precious goods.
Wealthily, weU/t-e-le, ad. Richly.
Wealth INESS, weUA-^-nes, S. Richness.
Wealthy, weUA-e, a. Rich, opulent.
To Wean, w^ne, v. a. 227. To put from the
breast ; to withdraw from any habit or desire.
Weanling, wene-hng, S. 410. An animal newly
weaned ; a child newly weaned.
Weapon, wep-pn, .y. 234. Instrument of offence.
53» This word is not unfreqiiently pronounced with the
ea long, as in heap, reap; but Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, and Mr. Perry, pronounce it
with the diphthong short; Mr. Barclay gives it both
ways, and the long sound first; but W. Johnston marks
it with the short sound only.
Weaponed, wep-pnd, a. 359. Armed for defence,
furnished with arms.
Weaponless, wep-pn-les, a. Having no weapon,
unarmed.
To Wear, ware, v. a. 240. To waste with use or
time; to consume tediously; to carry appendant to
the body, to use as clothes ; to exhibit in appearance ;
to effect by degrees; to Wear out, to harass; to waste
or destroy by use.
To Wear, wire, v. n. To be wasted with use or
time; to be tediously spent; to pass by degrees.
Wear, wire, *. The act of wearing ; the thing
worn; a dam to shut up and raise the water; often
written Weir or IVier,
Wearer, wA-rur, s. 98. One who has any tWng
appendant to his person.
Wearing, warring, s. 410. Clothes.
Weariness, w^-ri-nes, s. Lassitude, state of
being spent with labour; fatigue, cause of lassitude ;
impatience of any thing ; tediousness.
Wearsiome, we-r^-sum, a. 165. Troublesome,
tedious, causing weariness.
Wearisomely, w^-rl-suin-lJ, ad.' Tediously,
so as to cause weariness.
Wearisomeness, we^r^-stim-nes, *. The quality
of tiring ; the state of being easily tired.
To Weary, we-r^, v. a. To tire, to fatigue, to
harass, to subdue by labour; to make impatient of
continuance; to subdue or harass by any thing irk-
some.
Weary, W^-re, a. 227. Subdued by fatigue, tired
witli labour; impatient of the continuance of any
thing painful; desirous to discontinue; causing weari-
ness, tiresome.
Weasel, w^'-zl, S. 102. 227. A small animal
that eats corn and kills mice.
WeasaND, we-zn,*. 227. The windpipe, the passage
through which the breath is drawn and emitted.
Weather, weTH-ur, s. 234. state of the «ir,
respecting either cold or heat, wet or dryness; the
change of the state of the air ; tempest, storm.
To Weather, weTH-ur, v. a. To expose to the
air; to pass with difficulty; to Weather a point, to
gain a point against the wind; to Weather out, to
endure. 469.
Weatherbeaten, weTH-ur-bJ-tn, a. Harassed
and seasoned by hard weather.
Weathercock, weTH-ur-k&k, s. An artificial
cock set on the top of the 5p"«, which, by turning
588
shows the point from which the wind blows; any
thing fickle and inconstant.
Weatherdriven, weTH-ur-driv-vn, part.
Forced by storms.
Weathergage, weTH-ur-gadje, s. Any thing
tliat shows the weather.
Weatherglass, weTH'-ur-glis, s. A barometer.
WeATHERSPY, WeTH-ur-Spl, *. A stargazer, at
astrologer.
Weaiherwise, weTH-ur-wlze, a. Skilful \a
foretelling the weather.
To Weave, weve, v. a. Pret. Wove, TFeaved,
Part. pass. Woveit, fVeaved. To form by texture; to
unite by intermixture; to interpose, to insert.
To Weave, w^ve, v. n. 227. To work with
a loom.
Weaver, w^-vur, S. 98. One who makes threads
into cloth.
Web, web, S, Texture, any thing woven ; a kind
of dusky film that hinders the sight.
Webbed, webd, a. 359. Joined by a film.
WebfoOTED, web-fut-ed, a. Having films between
the toes.
To Wed, wed, v. a. To marry, to tase for husband
or wife; to join in marriage; to unite for ever; to
take for ever ; to unite by love or fondness.
To Wed, wed, v. n. To contract matrimony.
Wedding, w2d-ding, *. 419. Marriage, nuptials,
the nuptial ceremony.
Wedge, wedje, *. A body, which having a sharp
edge, continually growing thicker, is used to cleave
tirnber; a mass of metal; any thing in the form of
a wedge.
To Wedge, wedje, v. a. To fasten with wedges^
to straiten with wedges, to cleave with wedges.
Wedlock, wed-lSk, s. Marriage.
Wednesday, wenz-di, s. 223. The fourth day
of the week, so named by the Gothick nations from
Woden or Odin.
Wee, wi, a. Little, small.
WeechelM, we^tsh-elm, S. A species of elm,
often written Witchclm.
Weed, w^^d, s. An herb noxious or useless ;
a garment, clothes, habit.
To Weed, we^d, v. a. 246. To rid of noxious
plants ; to take away noxious plants ; to free from any
thing hurtful ; to root out vice.
Weeder, w^^d-ur, S. 98. One who lakes away
any thing noxious.
Weedhook, weed-hook, s. A hook by which
weeds are cut away or extirpated.
Weedless, weed-les, a. Free from weeds, free
from any thing useless or noxious.
Weedy, WeM-^, a. Consisting of weeds ; abound*
ing with weeds.
Week, we^k, S. 246. . The space of seven days.
Weekday, wiek-da, S. Any day except Sunday.
Weekly, we^k-1^, a. Happening, produced, or
done once a week, hebdomadary.
Weekly, w^ek'-l^, ad. Once a week, by heh-
domadal periods.
To Ween, wi^n, v. n. 246. To imagine, to form
a notion, to fancy.
To Weep, W^ep, v. n, Pret. and part, pass.
Wept, Weeped. To shew sorrow by tears ; to shed
tears fiom any passion; to lament, to complain.
To Weep, W^^p, v. a. 246. To lament with
tears, to bewail, to bemoan; to shed moisture; to
abound with wet.
Weeper, W^^p-ur, S. 98. One who sheds tears;
a mourner; a wnite border on the sleeve of a mourc
ing coat.
Tn Weet, weet, v. n. Pret. Wot, or Wota
To know, to be informed, to have knowledge.
WeETLESS, AVeet-leS, a. 246. Unknowing.
WEL WHA
n3r 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— </*in46o, this 469.
Weevil, w^-vl, *. 159. A grub.
Weezel, v/h-z\, s. — See fVeuseL
Weft, weft, s. The woof of doth.
Weftage, wef^tidje, *. 90. Texture.
To Weigh, wa, v. a. 249. 290. To examine by
the balance ; to be equivalent to in weight ; to pay,
allot, or take by weiglit ; to raise, or take up the an-
chor; to examine, to balance in the mind ; to Weigh
down, to overbalance; to overburden, to oppress with
weight.
To Weigh, wA, v. n. To have weight ; to be
considered as important ; to raise the anchor; to bear
heavily, to press hard.
Weighed, wade, a. 359. Experienced.
Weigher, wa-ur, s. One who weighs.
Weight, wAte, S. Quantity measured by the
balance; a mass by which, as the standard, other
bodies are.exatnined ; ponderous mass ; gravity, heavi-
ness, tendency to the centre ; pressure, burden, over-
whelming power; importance, power, influence,
efficacy. — See Eight.
Weightily, wA-te-le, ad. Heavily, ponderously;
solidly, importantly.
WeIGHTINESS, wA-tJ-neS, *. Ponderosity, gravity,
heaviness ; solidity, force ; importance.
Weightless, wate^les, a. Light, having no
gravity.
Weighty, wa-te, a. 249. Heavy, ponderous;
important, momentous, efficacious ; rigorous, severe.
Welcome, wel-kum, a. 165. Received witli
gladness, admitted willingly, grateful, pleasing; to
bid Welcome, to receive with professions of kindness.
Welcome, weKkum, interj. a form of salutation
used to a new comer.
Welcome, wel-kum, s. Salutation of a new
comer; kind reception of a new comer.
To Welcome, weKkum, v. a. To salute a new
comer with kindness.
Welcomeness, wel'-k?im-nes, *. Gratefulness.
Welcomer, weKkum-ur, s. 98. The salulcr or
receiver of a new comer.
Weld, weld, s. Yellow weed, or dyer's weed.
Welfare, Wtl'-fare, *. Happiness, success, pros-
perity.
Welk, welk, *. A wrinkle.
Welked, welkt, a. 359. Wrinkled, wreathed.
Welkin, wel-kin, s. The visible regions of the air.
Well, well, S. A spring, a fountain, a source;
a deep narrow pit of water ; tlie cavity in which stairs
are placed.
To Well, well, v, n. To spring, to issue as from
a spring.
Well, well, a. Not sick, not unhappy ; con-
venient; happy ; being in favour; recovered from any
sickness or misfortune.
Well, well, ad. Not ill, not unhappily ; not ill,
not wickedly; skilfully, properly; not amiss, not
unsuccessfully; with praise, favourably: as Well as,
together with, not less than : Well is him, he is
happy: Well nigh, nearly, almost: It is used much
in Composition, to express any thing right, laudable,
or not defective.
WellAday, weK^-dA, interj. Alas I
Wellbeing, wel-bc^ing, s. 410. Happiness,
prosperity.
Wellborn, Wel-born( «. Not meanly descended.
IVelldred, wel-bredj a. Elegant of manners, polite.
Wellnatured, wel-na^tshurd, a. Good-natured,
kind.
Welldone, wel-dun, interj. A word of praise.
Wellfavoured, wel-f;V-vurd, a. Beautiful,
pleasing to the eye.
Wellmet, wel-metj interj. A term of salutation.
Wellnigh, wel-nlj ad. Almost.
Wellspent, wel-spent, a. Passed with virtue.
589
WellSPRING, wel-spring, s. Fountain, source.
Wellwiller, wel-Wll-lur, s. One who meani
kindly.
Wellwish, wel-wishj s. A wish of happiness.
Wellwisher, well-wish-ur, S. One who wishes
the good of anotlier.
Welt, welt, S. A border, a guard, an edging. «
To Welter, welt^ur, v. n. 98. To roll in water
or mire ; to roll voluntarily, to wallow.
Wen, wen, s. A fleshy or callous excrescence.
Wench, wensh, *. A young woman; a young
woman in contempt; a strumpet.
Wencher, wensh-ur, *. 98. A fornicator.
To Wend, wend, v. n. Obsolete. To go, to past
to or from ; to turn round.
WeNNY, wen-n^, a. Having the nature of a wen
Went, went. Pret. of the obsolete verb Tf^end, to
go.
Wept, wept. Pret. and part, of Weep,
Were, wer, 94. The plural of the imperfect indica-
tive of the verb To Be, which see; see likewise the
pnrticiple Been.
Wert, wert. The second person singular of the im-
perfect subjunctive of To Be.
West, west, s. The region where the sun sets
below the horizon at the equinoxes.
West, west, a. Being towards, or coming from,
the region of the setting sun.
West, west, ad. To the west of any place.
Westering, west-ur-ing', a. 410. Passing to the
west.
Westerly, west-ur-1^, a. Tending or being
towards the west.
Western, west-urn, a. Being in the west, or
toward the part where the sun sets.
Westward, west-wurd, ad. 88. Towards the
west.
Westwardly, west^wurd-l5, ad. With tendency
to the west.
Wet, wet, a. Humid, having some moisture
adhering ;• rainy, watery.
Wet, wet, .1. Water, humidity, moisture.
To Wet, wet, v. a. To moisten ; to drench with
drink.
Wether, weTH^ur, s. 98. 469. A ram castrated.
Wetness, wet-nes, s. The state of being wet,
moisture.
To WeX, weks, v. n. To grow, to increase.
{f3> This word, says Johnson, was corrupted from wax
by Spenser, for a rhyme, and imitated by Dryden : and
I make no doubt that many of our corruptions in pro-
nunciation are owing to the same cause.
WeZAND, we-zn, S. The windpipe.
Whale, hwale, s. 397. The largest of fish, the
largest of the animals that inhabit this globe.
WhALY, hwA-1^, a. Marked in streaks.
Wharf, hworf, *. A perpendicular bank or mole,
raised for the convenience of lading or emptying
vessels.
Wharfage, hworf-idje, s. 90. Dues for landing
at a wharf.
Wharfinger, hwor-fin-jiir, *. One who attends
a wharf.
What, hw5t, pron. 397. That which ; which
part; something that is in one's mind indefinitely
which of several ; an interjection by way of surprise
or question ; What though, What imports it though?
notwithstanding; What time. What day, at the time
when, on the day when ; which of many ) interroga.
lively; to how great a degree; it is used adverbially
for partly, in part ; What ho I an interjection of
calling.
Whatever, hw8t-eviur, 98. \
Whatsoever, hwSt-so-ev^ur,/'^
Having one nature or another, being oiie oranothw
■ad. To which.
WHE MHl
W- 659. Fite73, f^r77, fill 83, th^l—mh9S, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164,
either generical'.y, specifically, or numerically; any
thing, be it what it will ; the same, be it this or that ;
all that, the whole that, all particulars that.
WHEAi, hw^le, s. 227. A pustule, a small swell-
ing filled with matter.
Wheat, hwke, S. 227. The griain of which bread
is chiefly made.
WheateN, hwe^tn, a. 103. Made of wheat.
WheateAR, hwitiy^re, s. A small bird very
delicate.
To Wherdle, hwkl'-d], V. a. 405. To entice by
soft words, to flatter, to persuade by liind words.
Wheel, hw^el, 5. 397- a circular body that turns
round upon an axis; a circular body, a carriage that
runs upon wheels ; an instrument on which criminals
are tortured; the instrument of spinning; rotation,
revolution; a compass about, a track approaching to
circularity.
To Wheel, hw^^l, v. n. To move on wheels ; to
turn on an axis ; to revolve, to have a rotatory motion ;
to turn, to have vicissitudes; to fetch a compass ; to
roll forward.
To Wheel, hwi^l, v. a. To pu> into a rotatory
motion, to make to whirl round.
Wheeluarrow, hwe^Ub^r-ri, s. A carriage
driven forward on one wheel.
Wheeler, hw^^l-iir, s. A maker of wheels.
Wheelwright, hw^^lirlte, s. A maker of
wheel carriages.
Wheely, hw^^l-e, a. Circular, suitable to rotation.
To Wheeze, hw^eze, v. n. To breathe with noise.
Whelk, hwelk, s. An inequality, a protuberance i
a pustule. — See JVelk.
To Whelm, hwelm, v. a. To cover with some-
thing not to be thrown off, to bury; to throw upon
something so as to cover or bury it.
Whelp, whtlp, *. The young of s dog, a puppy ;
the young of any beast of prey ; a son ; a young man.
7b Whelp, v, n. To bring young.
When, hwen, ad. 397. At the time that; at
what time; what time ; at which time; after the time
that ; at what particular time; When as, at the time
when, wliat time.
Whence, hwense, ad. From what place; from
what person ; from what premises ; from which place
or person ; for which cause; from what source ; from
Whence, a vicious mode of speech j of Whence,
another barbarism.
Whencesoever, hwense-s6-ev^ur, ad. From
what place soever.
Whenever, hwen-ev^ur, \ ,
Whensoever, hwen-s&-eviur, J
At whatsoever time.
Where, hwire, ad. 73. 94. At which place or
places; at what place; at the place in which; any
Where, at any place ; Where, like Here, has in com-
position a kind of pronominal signification.
Whereabout, hwrirei|-bout, ad. Near what
place; near which place; concerning which.
Whereas, hwAre-4z| ad. When on the contrary;
at which place ; the thing being so that.
WhhreAT, hwire-4tj ad. At which.
Whereby, hwAre-blJ ad. By which.
Wherever, hwAre-ev-ur, ad. At whatsoever
place.
Wherefore, hwAre-f6re, ad. For which
reason ; for what reason.
Wherein, hware-in5 ad. In whiph.
WiiEREiNTO, hwire-in-too{ ad. Into which.
Whereness, hwAre-nes, s. Ubiety.
Whereof, hware-ftfj ad. Of which — See Forth-
vntfi.
Whereon, hwire-SnJ ad. On which.
Whereso, hwire^si, 1
Wheresoever, hware-si-Sv-ur, J
In what place toever.
590
Whereto, Viware-tooJ 1
Whereunto, hvvAre-un-tooJ J
Whereupon, hw;lre-up-t1nj ad. Upon wiiith.
Wherewith, hwkre-wlth', \ , .,,,
Wherewithal, hware-wiTH-all; J
With which.
63" For the different sounds of th in these words, lee
Forthwith.
To Wherret, hwer'-nt, v. a. 99- To hurry, to
trouMe, to tease ; to give a box on the ear.
Wherry, hwer-re, s, a light boat used on
rivers.
To Whet, hwet, v. a. To sharpen by attrition, to
edge, to make angry or acrimonious, to give appetite.
Whet, hwet, S. The act of sharpening; any
thing that makes hungry, as a dram.
Whether, hweiH-ur, ad. 469. A particle ex-
pressing one part of a disjunctive question in opposi-
tion to the other.
Whether, hweTH-ur, pron. Which of two.
Whetstone, hwet-stone, s. Stone on which any
thing is whetted or rubbed to make it sharp.
Whetter, hwetkur, s, 98. One who whets or
sharpens.
Whey, hwi, *. 269. The thin or serous part of
milk, from which the oleose or grumous part is se-
parated ; it is used of any thing white and thin.
Wheyey, hwA-^, \
Wheyish, hwA-ish, J
Partaking of whey, resembling whey.
Which, hwitsli. The pronoun relative, relating
to things ; it formerly was used for Who, and related
likewise to persons, as in the first words of the Lord's
prayer.
Whichsoever, bwitsh-si-iviur,/)row. Whether
one or the other.
Whiff, hwif, s. A blast, a puff of wind.
To Whiffle, hwif'-fl, V, n. 405. To move in-
constantly, as if driven by a puff of wind.
WhiffleR, hwif-fl-ur, S. 98. One that blows
strongly ; one of no consequence, one moved with
a whiff or puff.
Whig, hwig, S. Whey; the name of a party in
politicks.
Whiggish, hwig-gish, a. 382. Relating to the
Whigs.
WlIIGGISMjhwig-glzni, S. The notions of a Whig.
While, hwlle, *. Time, space of time.
While, hwlle.
Whilst, hwllst,_
, During the time that; as long as ; at the same time
' that.
To While, hwlle, v, n. To loiter.
Whilom, hwl-lum, «<?. 166. Formerly, once, of
old.
Whim, hwim, S. A freak, an odd fancy, a caprice.
To Whimper, hwim-pur, v, n. To cry without
any loud noise.
Whimpled, hwim-pld, a. 359. This word seemi
to mean distorted with crying.
Whimsey, hwim-z^, *. 438. A freak, a caprice,
an odd fancy.
Whimsical, hwim-z^-kil, a. Freakish, capricious,
oddly fanciful.
Whin, hwin, S. Gorse, furze.
To Whine, hwlne, v. n. To lament In low
murmurs, to make a plaintive noise, to moan meanly
and effeminately.
Whine, hwlne, s. Plaintive noise, mean or affected
complaint.
To Whinny, hwin^ni, v. n. To make a noise
like a horse or colt.
Whinyard, hwin-yurd, s. 88t A eword, In con«
tempt.
J
ad.
WHI WHO
n8r 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 8il 299— pound 313— </tin 466, this 469.
To Whip, hwip, v. a. To strike with any thing
tough and flexible; to sew slightly; to drive with
Jasl>es ; to correct with lashes; to lash with sarcasm;
to inwrap ; to take any thing nimbly.
To Whip, hwip, v, n. To move nimbly.
Whip, hwtp, s. An instrument of correction tough
and pliant.
Whipcord, hwip-kord, s. Cord of which lashes
are made.
Whipgrafting, hwip-gr^f-ting, *. The method
of grafting in which the graft is bound on to the stock.
Whiphand, hwip-h^nd, S. Advantage over.
Whiplash, hwip-l^sh, s. The lash or small end
of a whip.
Whipper, hwip^pur, s. 98. One who punishes
with whipping.
Whippingpost, liwip-ping-pJst, s. A pillar to
which criminals are bound when they are lashed.
WhiPSAW, hwipisiw, S, The whipsaw is used
byjoiners tosaw such great pieces of stuff as the hand-
saw will not easily reach through.
Whipstaff, hwip^StSf, *. A piece of wood
fastened to the helm, which the steersman holds in his
hand to move the helm and turn the ship.
Whipster, hwip-stur, ff. 98. A nimble fellow in
contempt.
Whipt, hwipt, a. 359.
To Whirl, hwerl, v. a.
To Whirl, hwerl, v. n.
Whirl, bwerl, s. 108.
For Whipped.
To turn round rapidly.
To turn round rapidly.
Gyration, quick rotation,
;rl-podl, J
circular motion, rapid circumvolution ; any thing
moved with rapid rotation.
t3- There appears to me to be a delicate difference, by
far too nice for foreigners'to perceive, between the sound
of i in this word and the short sound of u, as if it were
written whurl, which is the pronunciation Dr. Kenrick,
Mr. Scott, and W. Johnston, have adopted, I have
rather adhered, wilh Mr. Sheridan, to the genuine sound
of t in virgin, virtue, &c, tlioiieh I would recommend
the other sound to foreigners ana provincials as the more
easily conceived, and sufficiently near the truth.
Whirlbat, hwerl-bit, S. Any thing moved
rapidly round to give a blow.
Whirligig, hwer-l^-gig, s. A toy which children
spin rou^d.
Whirlpit, hwerl-
Whirlpool, hwerl
A place where the water moves circularly, and draws
whatever comes within the circle towards its centre,
a vortex.
Whirlwind, hwerl-wind, s. A stormy wind
moving circularly.
Whirring, hwer-nng, a. A word formed in
imitation of the sound expressed by it, as, the Whirring
pheasant.
Whisk, hwisk, *. A small besom, or brush.
To Whisk, hwisk, v. a. To sweep with a small
besom; to move nimbly, as when one sweeps.
Whisker, hwis-kur, s. 98. The hair growing on
the upper lip unshaven, the mustachio.
To Whisper, hwis-pur, v, n. To speak with
a low voice.
To Whisper, hwis-pur, o.a. To address in a low
voice ; to utter in a low voice ; to prompt secretly.
Whisper, hwls^pur, *. 98. a low soft voice.
Whisperer, hwis^pur-ur, s. One who speaks
low ; a private talker.
Whist, hwist. A verb, an adjective, and an inter-
jection. Are silent; still, silent; be still.
Whist, hwist, s. a game at cards, requiring close
attention and silence ; vulgarly pronounced IVhisk.
To Whistle, hwis'-sl, v. n. 472. To form
a kind of musical sound by an inarticulate modulation
of the breath ; to make a sound with a small wind in-
strument; to sound shrill.
To Whistle, hwis^sl, v. a. To call by a whistle.
591
Whistle, hwiS-sl, S. 405. Sound made by the
modulation of the breath in the mouth ; a sound m-ifie
by a small wind instrument; the mouth, the orf;an of
whistling; a small wind instrument; the noise a
winds ; a call, such as sportsmen use to their dogs.
Whistler, hwis-sl-ur, *. 98. 397. One wh*
whistles.
Whit, hwit, s. 397' A point, a jot.
White, hwlte, a. 397. Having such an appearanc.
as arises from the mixture of all colours, snowy ; hav-
ing the colour of fear, pale ; having the colour appro-
priated to happiness and innocence; gray with agej
pure, unblemished.
White, hwite, s. Whiteness, any thing white,
white colour ; the mark at which an arrow is shot;
the albugineous part of eggs; the white part of the
eye.
To White, hwlte, V, a. To make white.
Whitelead, hwite-led| S. The ceruse, a kind of
substance much used in house-painting.
Whitely, hwiteile, a. Coming near to white.
Whitemeat, hwitei^m^te, s. Food m^de of
milk; the flesh of chickens, veal, rabbits, &c.
To Whiten, hwUtii, v. a. 103. To make white.
To Whiten, hwl-tn, v. n. To grow white.
Whitener, hwUtn-ur, *. 98. One who makes
any thing white.
Whiteness, hwiteines, s. The state of being
white, freedom from colour; paleness; purity, clean
ness.
Whitepot, hwite^pSt, s. A kind of custard.
Whitethorn, hwIteifAorn, s. A species of
thorn.
Whitewash, hwite^wSsh, s. A wash to make
the skin seem fair; the wash put on walls to whiten
them.
To Whitewash, hwite^wSsh, v. a. To make
white by applying a wash to the surface ; to give a fair
representation of a bad character.
Whitewine, hwlteiwine, *. A speciei of wine
produced from the white grapes.
Whither, hwiTH-ur, ad. 469. To what place,
interrogatively; to what place, absolutely; to which
place, relatively ; to what degree.
Whithersoever, hwiTH-ur-s6-ev-ur, ad. To
whatsoever place.
Whiting, hwl-ting, *. 410. A small sea flshj
a soft chalk.
Whitish, hwUtlsh, a. Somewhat white.
WhITISHNESS, hwUt!sh-neS, *, The quality of
being somewhat white.
Whiteleather, hwit^leTH-ur, *. 515. Leather
dressed with alum, remarkable for toughness.
Whitlow, hwit'lo, s. A swelling between the
cuticle and cutis, called the mild whitlow ; or between
the periosteum and the bone, called the malignant
whitlow.
Whitster, hwit-stur, s. 515. A whitener.
Whitsuntide, hwit^sun-tlde, *. So called
because the converts newly baptized appeared from
Easter to Whitsuntide in white; the feast of Pentecost.
Whittle, hwit-tl, s. 515. A white dress for
a woman ; a knife.
To Whittle, hwit-tl, v. a. 405. To make
white by cutting ; as boys are said to whittle a stick
when they cut off the bark and make it white.
To Whiz, hwiz, v. n. To make a loud hissing
noise.
Who, hoc, pi'on. 474. A pronoun relative appliei
to persons ; as Who should say, elliptically for as one
who should say.
Whoever, hoo-ev'ur, pron. Any one, without
limitation, or exception.
Whole, hAle, a. 474. All, total, containing all|
uninjured, unimpaired; well of any hurt or sickness.
Whole, hole, S, The totality, no part omitted.
WID
WIL
(t> 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, 'met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164,
Wholesale, hole-sile, s. Sale in the lump, not
in separate small parcels.
Wholesome, hole-sum, a. 165. Sound, con-
tributing to health J preserving, salutary; kindly,
pleasing.
Wholesomely, li5le-sum-le, ad. Salubriously,
salutiferously.
Wholesomeness, h6le^sum-nes, s. Quality of
conducing to health, salubrity j salutariness, con-
duciveness to good.
Wholly, hole-i, arf. 474. Completely, perfectly}
totally, in all the parts or kinds.
Cry- From an ill-judged omission of the silent e in this
word, its sound has been corrupted as if written hully :
but it ought undoubtedly to be written wholely, and pro-
nounced like the adjective 7to/y, and so as to correspond
and rhyme with solely.
Whom, ho3m. The Accusative of ffho, singular
and plural.
Whomsoever, hoom-s5-ev-ur,joj'o?i. Any with-
out exception.
WhOOBUB, hub-bub, S. Hubbub.
Whoop, hoop, s, A shout of pursuit j a bird.
To Whoop, hoop, v. n. To shout with scorn J to
shout insultingly ; to shout in the chase.
WBORE, hoor, or hore, S, A woman who con-
verses unlawfully with men, a fornicatress, an adul-
teress, a strumpet; a prostitute, awomnnwho receives
men for money.
03^ If there can be a polite pronunciation of this vul-
gar word, it is the first of these, rhyming with poor.
The Stage has followed this pronunciation ; Mr. Sheridan
has aaopted it; but Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Scott give the
preference to the last ; and W. Johnston, Mr. Elphin-
ston, Mr. Perry, and Barclay, adopt only the last,
rhyming with more. This, it must be confessed, is the
most analogical ; but as it is used by the vulgar, the
polite world think they depart a little (rom the vulgarity
of the word, by departing fro.in its genuine pronuncia-
tion.
To Whore, hoor, v. n. To converse unlawfully
with the other sex.
7'o W HORE, hoor, V, a. To corrupt with regard to
chastity.
Whoredom, hoor-dum, s. Fornication.
Whore MASTER, hoor-miU-tur, \
Whoremonger, hoor-mung-gur, /
One who keeps whores, or converses with a fornicatress.
Whoreson, hoor-sun, s. A bastard.
WnORISH, hoor-ish, a. Unchaste, incontinent.
Whortleberry, hwuritl-ber-r4, s. Bilberry.
Whose, h oz. Genitive of ff^ho; genitive of
Which.
Whoso, hoo'-sX, \„~„„
Whosoever, hoo-so-ev-ur, J '
Any, without restriction.
Whurt, hwurt, S, A whortleberry, a bilberry.
Why, hnl, ad. 397. 475. For what reason?
interrogatively; for which reason, relatively; for
what reas n, relatively; it is sometimes used empha-
tically.
Whynot, hwl-nSt, s. A cant word for violent or
peremptory procedure.
Wick, vrik, S. The substance round which is
applied the wax or tallow of a torch or candle.
Wicked, Wlk-ld, a. 99- Given to vice, flagitious,
morally bad ; it is a word of ludicrous or slight blame ;
cursed, baneful, pernicious, bad in effect.
Wickedly, Wik-id-le, ad. Criminally, corruptly.
Wickedness, wik-ld-nes, s. Corruption of
manners, guilt, moral ill.
Wicker, wik-ur, a. 98. Made of small sticks.
Wicket, wik-it, s. 99. A small gate.
Wide, wide, a. Broad, extended far each way;
broad to a certain degree, as, three inches Wide; de-
viating, remote.
Wide, wide, ad. At a distance j with great extent.
593
One who
One who
Widely, wldeMe, ad. With great extent each
way ; remotely, far.
To Widen, wi-dn, v. a. 103. To make wide, to
extend.
To Widen, wi-dn, v. n. To grow wide, to extend
itself.
WiDENESS, wide-nes, s. Breadth, large extent
each way ; comparative breadth.
Widgeon, wid-jin, s. 259. A water fowl no
unlike a wild-duck, but not so large.
Widow, Wld-o, S. 327. A woman whose husband
is dead.
To Widow, wid-6, v. a. To deprive of a husband;
to endow with a widow-right; to strip of anything
good.
Widower, wid-o-ur, s. 98. One who has lost
his wife.
Widowhood, wid'-o-hud, s. The state of
£ widow; estate settled on a widow.
Widowhunter, wid'-6-hunt-ur, *
courts widows for a jointure.
WiDOwMAKER, wid-0-mu-kur, s.
deprives women of their husbands.
Width, yvidlk, S. Breadth, widcness.
To Wield, weeld, v. a. 275. To use with full
command, as a thing not too heavy.
WiELDY, W^4l-de, a. Manageable.
WiERY, wi-re, a.
0::?- When this word signifies made of trire, or drawn
into wire, Dr. Johnson says it were better written wiry ;
but ought not fiery, for the same reason, to be written
fry? When it signifies wet, wearish, or moist, perhaps
it should be pronounced like weary, fatigued.
Wife, wife, .S, Plural ff^ves, A woman that has
a husband ; it is used for a woman of low employment.
Wig, wig, s. False hair worn on the head ; a sort
of cake.
Wight, wite, s. 393. A person, a being, now
used only in irony or contempt.
Wild, wild, a. Not tame, not doroestick ; pro-
pagated by nature, not cultivated ; desert, uninha-
bited ; savage, uncivilized; turbulent, tempestuous,
irregular; licentious, ungovernedj inconstant, mu-
table, fickle; inordinate, loose; uncouth, strange ;
done or made without any consistent order or plan ;
merely imaginary.
Wild, wild, S, A desert, a tract uncultivated and
uninhabited.
To Wilder, wiKdur, v. a. 515. To lose or
puzzle in an unknown or pathless tract.
Wilderness, wil-dur-nes, s. A desert, a tract
of solitude and savagcness; the state of being wild or
disorderly.
Wildfire, wlld-fire, s. A composition of inflam-
mable materials, easy to take fire, and hard to be
extinguished.
Wildgoosechase, wild-goos-tshase, s.
A pursuit of something unlikely to be caught.
Wilding, wlld-ing, s. 410. A wild sour apple.
Wildly, wlld-le, ad. Without cultivation ; with
disorder, with perturbation or distraction; without
attention, without judgment ; irregularly.
WiLDNESS, wlld-nes, S. Rudeness, disorder like
that of uncultivated ground ; inordinate vivacity, irre-
gularity of manners; savagcness, brutality; unculti-
vated state ; deviation from a settled course, irregu-
larity; alienation of mind.
WiLDSERViCE, wlld-ser-vis, S. A plant.
WiLE, wile, S. A deceit, a fraud, a triclj
a stratagem, a practice artful and sly.
Wilful, AVll-fill, a. stubborn, contumacious
perverse, inflexible; done or suffered by design.
Wilfully, wil-fiil-e, ad. Obstinately, stubbomlyj
by design, on purpose.
Wilfulness, wil-ful-nes, s. Obstinacy, stub.
bornness, perverseness.
WlULY, wl-li-le, arf. By stratagem, fraudulently.
WIN
WIN
lor 167, u5t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull l73—31l 299— pound 313— ?7tin 466, this 469.
WiLINESS, wl-l^-neS, S, Cunning, guile.
AViLL, Will, S. Choice, arbitrary determination j
discretion ; command, direction ; disposition, inclina-
tion, desire; power, government; divine determina-
tion ; testament, disposition of a dyin^ man's effects;
Good-Will, favour, kindnessj rignt intention; III-
Will, malice, malignity.
To Will, will, v. a. To desire that any thing
should be, or be done ; to be inclined or resolved to
have ; to command, to direct.
Willing, Wll-ling, a. 410, Inclination to any
thing; pleased, desirous; favourable, well disposed
to any thing; ready, complying; spontaneous; con-
senting.
Willingly, wiUling-le, ad. With one's own
consent, without dislike, without reluctance; by one's
own desire.
Willingness, wilMing-nes, s. Consent, freedom
from reluctance, ready compliance.
Willow, wil-lo, *. 327. A tree worn by forlorn
lovers.
WiLLOWlSH, wil-l6-ish, a. Resembling the colour
of willow.
WiLLOWWORT, wil-l5-wurt, s. A plant.
Wily, wl-le, a. Cunning, sly, full of stratagem.
Wimble, wim-bl, s. 405. An instrument with
which holes are bored.
Wimple, wim-pl, s. 405. A hood, a veil.
To Win, win, v. a. Pret. fPTin m^ Won. Part,
Won. To gain by conquest; to gain the victory in
a contest; to gain something withheld ; to obtain ; to
gain by play; to gain by persuasion; to gain by couit-
ship.
To Win, win, v. n. To gain the victory ; to gain
influence or favour; to g.ain ground; to be conqueror
or gainer at play. •
To Wince, wlnse, V, a. To kick as impatient of
a rider, or of pain.
To Winch, winsh, v. a. 352. To kick with
impatience, to shrink from any uneasiness.
Wind, wind, or wind, S. A strong motion of the
air; direction of the blast from a particular point;
breath, power or act of respiration ; breath modulated
by an instrument ; air impregnated with scent; flatu-
lence, windiness; anything insignlflcant or light, as
wind; down the Wind, to decay ; to take or have the
Wind, to have the upper hand. — .See Gold.
03- These two modes of pronunciation have been long
contending for superiority, till at last the former seems
to have gained a cornplete victory, except in the terri-
tories of rhyme. Here the poets claim a privilege, and
readers seem willing to grant it them, by pronouncing
this word, when it ends a verse, so as to rhyme with the
word it is coupled with :
'* For as in bodies, thus in soul we find,
^' What wants in blood aud spirits, filPd with tctiui.*'
But in prose this regular and analogical pronunciation
borders on the antiquated and pedantic.
What could have been the cause of thi deviatior from
the general rule in this word and gold, it is not easy to
euess ; they were both bound to their true sound in the
fetters of rhyme ; but these fetters, which are supposed
to alter the pronunciation of some words by linking dis-
similar sounds, have not been strong enough to restrain
these from a capricious irregularity, It is not improba-
ble that the first deviation began in the compounds, such
as goldsmith, goldfinch, windmill, windward, &c. (as it is
a prevailing idiom of pronunciation to shorten simples
in their compounds, see Principles, No. 515, and tha
word Knowledge,) and these at last corrupted the simples.
But whatever may have been the cause, the effect is now
become so general, that reducing tnem to their true
sound seems almost impracticable. Mr. Sheridan tells
us, that Swift used to jeer those who pronounced wind
with the i short, by saying, " I have a great mtnd to
f^Tid why you pronounce it irjnd." A very illiberal c;itic
retorted this upon Mr. Sheridan, by saying, " If Imay
be so boold, I should be glad to be toold why you pro-
nounce it goold." The truth is, every child j^nows how
these words ought to be pronounced according to ana-
logy ; Init it requires some judgment, and an extensive
acquaintance with polite and literary circles, to know
which is the most current pronuncia ion. Where ana-
/ogy is not so evident, and yet as real u in these words,
593
it is some credit to a speaker to depart a little from cilta
tom in favour of analogy ; but where every one knows
as well as ourselves what ought to be the pronunciation,
and yet where every one pronounces in opposition to it,
we shall get nothing but contempt by departing from the
general voice. With respect to the words in question,
my observation fails me, if tiiinrf, as a single word, is not
more fixed in the sound of short t, than gold in the
socnd of oo; the true sound of this last word seems not
quite irrecoverable, except in the compound goldsmith;
but the compounds of wind, such as windy, windmill,
windward, SiC. must, in my opinion, be given up; nor
till some superior spirit, uniting the politeness of a Ches-
terfield with the genius of a Swift, descends to vindicate
the rights of an injured word, do I think that wind will,
in prose and familiar language, ever be a fashionable
pronunciation. The language of Scripture seems to have
native dignity and solemnity sufficient to authorize the
long sound, but no other. Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott
give the same preference to the first sound of this word
that I have done. Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Barclay give
only the short sound. Mr. Perry joins them in this
sound ; but says, in dramatick scenes it has the long one.
Mr. Nares says, it has certainly the short sound in com-
mon usage, but that all our best poets rhyme it with
mi7id, kind, &c. ; and Mr. Smith observes, that it is
now the polite pronunciation, though against analogy.
To Wind, wind, v. a. To blow, to sound by
inflation; to turn round, to twist; to regulate ^n
action; to nose, to follow by scent.
To Wind, wind, v. a. To turn by shifts or ex-
pedients ; to introduce by insinuation ; to change ; to
intwist, to infold, to encircle : to Wind out, to ex-
tricate: to Wind up, to bring to a small compass, as
a bottom of thread; to convolve the spring; to raise
by degrees; to straiten a-string by turning that on
which is rolled, to put in tune.
To Wind, wind, v. n. To turn, to change; to
turn, to be convolved ; to move round ; to proceed in
flexures ; to be extricated, to be disentangled.
WiNDBOUND, Wind-bound, a. Confined by
contrary winds.
Winder, wlnd^fir, s. 98. An instrument or
person by which any thing is turned round; a plant
that twists itself round others.
Windfall, wind^fall, s.'. Fruit blown down from
the tree.
Windflower, wind-flou-ur, s. The anemone,
a flower.
Windgall, Wind^gall, S. Windgalls are ooft,
yielding, flatulent tumouis or bladders, full of corrupt
jelly, which grow upon each side of the fetlock joints,
and are so painful in hot weather and hard ways, that
they make a horse to halt.
WiNDGUN, Wind-gun, s. A gun which discharges
a bullet by means of wind convpressed.
Windiness, win-d^-nes, *. Fulness of wind,
flatulence ; tendency to generate wind ; tumour,
puffiness.
Winding, wlnd^ing, *. 410. Flexure, meander.
Windingsheet, wlnd^ing-shcet, s. A sheet in
which the dead are inwrapped.
Windlass, wind'-lls, 5. 515. A handle by which
a rope or lace is wrapped round a cylinder; a handle
by which any thing is turned.
Windmill, wind^mill, s. a mill turned by the
wind.
Window, Win-d6, S. 327. An aperture i«
a building by which air and light are introniitted ; tlie
frame of glass, or any other material that covers the
aperture; lines crossing each other; an aperture ra
scmbling a window.
To Window, win-di, v. a. To furnish witli
windows; to place at a window ; to break into opet>
ings.
Windpipe, wind^plpe, or wind-pipe, s. The
passage for the breath.
Windward, wind^wurd, a. 88. On the weather
side, on the side from which the wind blows, the
reverse of leeward.
Windy, Win-d^, a. Consisting of wind ; next the
wind; empty, airy; tempestuous, molested with windj
puffy, flatulent) . q
WIS
WIT
559. Fite 73, fir 77, fall 8i-, (AtSl— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 162, move 164.
Wine, wine, S. The fermented juice of the grape 5
preparations of vegetables by fermentation, called by
the general name of Wines.
Wing, wing', s. 410. The limb of a bird by -which
it flies; a fan to winnow; flight, passage by tlie
■wing; the side bodies of an army; any side piece.
To Wing, Winj, v. a. To furnish with wings, to
enable to fly, to maim a bird by hitting the wing; to
supply with side bodies.
To Wing, wing, v. n. To pass by flight.
Winged, Wing-ed, a. 362. Furnished with
wings, flying ; swift, rapid; hurt in the wing.
WiNGEDPEA, wing-ed-pe, s. A plant.
Wingshell, wing-shel, S. The shell that covers
the wings nf insects.
WiNGY, wing-l, a. Having wings.
To Wink, Wingk, v. n. 408. To shut the eyesj
to hint, to direct by the motion of the eyelids j to close
and exclude the light; to connive, to seem not to see,
to tolerate; to be dim.
Wink, wingk, S. Act of closing the eye ; a hint
given by motion of the eye.
Winker, wingk-Sr, s. One who winks.
Winkingly, wiugkJ-ing-ll, ad. With the eye
aTmost closed.
Winner, win-nur, s. 98. One who wins.
Winning, win'-ning, part. a. 410. Attractive,
charming.'
Winning, win-ning, s. The sum won.
To Winnow, win'-n6, v. a. 327. To separate by
means of the wind ; to part the grain from tlie chaflF;
to fan, to beat as with wings 5 to sift, to examine j to
separate, to part.
To WiNNt)W, wm-ni, v. n. To part corn from
chaff.
Winnower, wm^ni-ur, s. 98. He who winnows.
Winter, win-tur, s. 98. The cold season of the
year.
To Winter, win-tur, v. n. To pass the winter.
Winterbeaten, win-tur-bl-tn, a. Harassed by
severe weather.
Wintercherry, win-tur-tsher-re, s. A plant.
Wintehcitron, win-tur-cit-turn, s. 417.
A sort of pear.
Wintergreen, win^tur-grlln, s. A plant.
Winterly, win-tur-l^, a. Such as is suitable to
winter, of a wintry kind.
Wintry, win'-trl, a. Belonging to winter, properly
fVintery.
Winy, wl-nl, a. Having the taste or qualities of
wine.
To Wipe, wipe, V, a. To cleanse by rubbing with
sonieting soft ; to take away by tersion ; to strike off
gently; to clear away; to Wipe out, to efface.
Wipe, wipe, S. An act of cleansing; a blow,
a stroke, a jeer, a gibe, a sarcasm ; a bird.
Wiper, wl'-pur, s. 98. An instrument or person
by which any thing is wiped.
Wire, wl-ur, S. Metal drawn into slender threads.
To Wiredraw, wl-ur-draw, v. a. To spin into
wire; to draw out into length; to draw by art or
violence.
Wiredrawer, wUur-drlw-ur, s. One who
spins wire.
To Wis, wis, v. a. Pret. and part. pass. ^ist.
To know.
Wisdom, wiz-dum, 5. 166. 515. Sapience, the
power of judging rightly.
Wise, wlze, «. Sapient, judging riglitly, particularly
of matters of life; having practical knowledge; skil-
ful, dexterous ; skilled in hidden arts J grave, becom-
ing a wisp man.
Wise, wlze, s. Manner, way of being or acting.
This word, inihe modern dialect, is often corrupted
into tyaya,
f94
Wiseacre, wize-^-kSr, *. 417. A wise or
sententious man. Obsolete. A fool, a dunce.
Wisely, Wize-le, ad. Judiciously, prutleiUly,
WlSENESS, wlze-nes, s. Wisdom.
To Wish, wish, v. n. To have strong desire, '.o
long ; to be disposed, or inclined.
To Wish, wish, v. a. To desire, to long for ; to
recommend by wishing; to imprecate j to ask.
Wish, wish, S. Longing desire; thing desired;
desire expressed.
Wisher, wish-ur, s. 98. One who longs ; one
who expresses wishes.
Wishful, wish-ful, a. Longing, showing desire.
Wishfully, wish-ful-l, ad. Earnestly, with
longing.
Wisp, w1?p, *. A small bundle, as of hay or straw,
C3> This word is sometimes written and pronounced
improperly Whisp.
Wist, wist, Pret. and part, of TVts.
Wistful, wist-ful, a. Attentive, earnest, full of
thought.
Wistfully, wist^ful-ll, "I ^^
WiSTLY, WlSt^l^, /
Attentively, earnestly.
Wit, wit, s. The powers of the mind, the mental
faculties, the intellect; imagination, quickness oJ
fancy; sentiments produced by quickness of fancy;
a man of fancy; a man of genius; sense, judgment;
in the plural, sound mind; contrivance, stratagem,
power of expedients.
Witch, Wltsh, S. A woman given to unlawful arts.
To Witch, Witsh, v. a. To bewitch, to enchant.
Witchcraft, witsh^krift, s. The practices ol
witches.
Witchery, witshiur-l, s. Enchantment.
WitcRAFT, Wlt-krlft, S, Contrivance, invention.
Witcracker, wit-kr4k-ur, *. A joker, one who
breaks a jest.
With, with and Wl^A, prep. 467. By, noUng
the cause; noting the means ; noting the instrument ;
on the side of, for; in opposition to, in competition or
contest; noting comparison; in society ; in company
of; in appendage, noting consequence, or con-
comitance; in mutual dealing, noting connection;
immediately after; amongst; upon; in concert.— See
TorthvAth.
Withal, with-IUJ a^- 406. Along with the
rest, likewise at the same time ; it is sometimes used
by writers where we now use With.
To Withdraw, wiTH-drawJ v. a. To take back,
to deprive of; to call away, to make to retire.
To Withdraw, wiTH-driw,' v. n. To retreat.
Withdrawingroom, wiTH-draw^ing-room, s.
Room behind another room for retirement.
WiTHE, vnth, S. A willow twig ; a band, properly
a band of twigs.
rK5- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Smith, and W. John-
ston, give the sharp sound of «A in this word, as .leard in
frith; but Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Perry the flat one, heard
in bathe: The same distinction is observed in uithy by
those who have the word, as this must depend entirely
on its simple.
To Wither, wiTH^ur, v. n. To fade, to grow
sapless, to dry up ; to waste, to pine away ; to lose ot
want animal moisture.
To Wither, with-uf, v. a. To make to fade;
to make to shrink, decay, or wrinkle.
Witheredness, wiTH-urd-nes, s. The state ot
being withered, marcidity.
Withers, with^ui-z, s. Is the joining of tJie
shoulder-bones at the bottom of the neck and mane,
WlTHERWRUNG, wh H-iir-l UUg, *. An injury
caused by a bite of a horse, or by a saddle being unfit(
fsi>ecially when Hie bows are too wide.
WOF
WOO
n6r 107, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— thin 466, thIs 469.
To Withhold, wiTH-hild| v. a. Pret. and
part. IVtthheld or JVithholden. To restrain, to keep
from action, to hold back ; to keep back, to refuse.
WlTHHOLDEN, WlTH-hol-dll. Part. pass, of
mtlihold.
With HOLDER, wiTH-hold-ur, s. He who with-
holds.
Within, WiTH-in| prep. In the inner part of; in
the compass of; not beyond, used both of place and
time; not longer ago than ; into the reach o^"; in the
reach of ; into the heart or confidence of ; not exceed-
ing ; in the enclosure of.
Within, with-iiiJ ad. In the upper parts,
inwardly, internally ; in the mind.
With INSIDE, wiTH-in-sIde, ad. In the interiour
parts.
Without, wiTH-o^itJ prep. Not with ; in a state
of absence from ; in the state of not having ; beyond,
not within the compass of; in the negation, or omission
of; not bv, not by the use of, not by the help of; on
the outside of; not within ; with exemption from.
Without, wiTH-outJ ad. Not in tlie inside j out
of doors ; externally, not in the mind.
Without, wiTH-outJ conj. Unless, if not,
except.
To Withstand, wiTH-stSnd{ v. a. To gainstand,
to oppose, to resist.
WiTHS TANDER, WlTH-St4nd-ur, S. An opponent,
resisting power.
WiTHY, wi/A-e, s. Willow. — See TVithe.
Witless, wit-les, a. Wanting understanding.
Witling, wit-ling, *. 410. A pretender to wit,
a man of petty smartness.
Witness, Wlt-nes, S. Testimony, attestation ; one
who gives testimony, with a Witness, effectually, to
a great degree.
To Witness, wit-nes, v. a. To attest.
To Witness, wit-nes, v. n. To bear testimony.
Witness, wit-nes, interj. An exclamation
signifying that person or thing may attest it.
WiTSNAPPER, Wlt-snJp-pur, S. One who affects
repartee.
Witted, witited, a. Having wit, as, a quick
Witted boy.
WlTFlCISM, wit-t^-sizm, S, A mean attempt at
wit.
Wittily, wit-tJ-l^, ad. Ingeniously, cunningly,
artfully; with flight of imagination.
WiTTINESS, Wlt-t^-nes, S. The quality of being
witty.
Wittingly, wit-ting-lJ, ad, 410. Knowingly,
not iguorant'.y, with knowledge, by design.
WiTTOL, Wlt-t^l, s. 166. A man who knows the
falsehoods of his wife, and seems contented.
WiTTOLLY, wlt-tftl-^, a. Cuckoldly.
Witty, Wlt-te, a. Judicious, ingenious j full of
imagination; sarcastick, full of taunts.
WiTWORM, wit-wurm, S. One that feed* on wit.
To Wive, wive, v. n. To marry, to take a wife.
To Wive, wive, v. a. To match to a wife j to
take fur a wife.
Wively, wive-le, a. Belonging to a wif«.
Wives, wlvz, *. The plural of JVife.
Wizard, wiz-urd, *, 88. A conjurer, an
enchanter.
Wo, WO, S. Grief, sorrow, misery, calamity ;
a denuMciatinii of calamity; a curse; Wo is used for
a stop or cessation.
WoAD, wode, s. A plant cultivated in England for
the use of dicrs, wlio use it for laying the foundation
of many colour?.
WoBEGONK, w6-bi-gSn, ad. Lost in wo.
WoFUL, wi-fi*!!, a. Sorrowful, afflicted, mourning;
calamitous, afflictive; wretched, paltry, sorry.
5S5.
WOFULLY, wi-ful-^, ad. Sorrowfully, mournfully
wretchedly, in a sense of contempt.
Wold, wold, *. Wold, whether singly or jointly,
in the names of places, signifies a plain open country.
Wolf, wulf, S. 169. A kind of wild dog that
devours sheep ; an eating ulcer.
WOLFDOG, W?ilf^d8g, s. A dog of a very large
breed, kept to guard sheep ; a dog bred between a dog
and a wolf.
Wolfish, wulf-isli, a. Resembling a wolf in
qualities or form.
WoLFSUANE, wulfs-bine, s. A poisonous plant,
aconite.
WoLFSMiLK, wulfs-milk, s. An herb.
WOLVISH, wul-vish, a. Like a wolf.
Woman, wum-un, s. 88. 169. The female of
the human race ; a female attendant on a person of
rank.
WoMANED, wunj-und, a, 359. Accompanied or
united with a woman.
WoMANHATER, wum-un-hi-tuF, *. One who has
an aversion for the female sex.
Womanhood, wum-un-bud, s. The character
and collecitve qualities of a woman.
Womanish, wum-un-ish, a. Suitable to a woman.
To WoMANISE, WUm^un-lze, v. a. To emas-
culate, to effeminate, to soften. Proper, but not used.
Womankind, wum^un kylnd, s. The female
sex, the race of women.
Womanly, wum-un-le, a. Becoming a woman,
suiting a woman, feminine ; not childish, not girlish.
Womb, woom, *. 164. 347. The place of the
foetus in the mother; the place whence anything is
produced.
To Womb, woom, v. a. To enclose, to breed in
secret.
WOMBY, woom-^, a. Capacious.
Women, wun-min, *. Plural of fi^oman.
Won, wun. The pret. and part. pass, of Tfin.
To Won, wun, v. n. To dwell, to live, to havs
abode.
To Wonder, wun-dur, v. n. 98. To be struck
with admiration, to be pleased or surprised so as to be
astonished.
Wonder, wun-dur, *. 98. Admiration, astonifh«
ment, amnzement; cause of wonder, a strange thing j
any thing mentioned with wonder.
Wonderful, wun-dur-ful, a. Admirable, strange^
astonishing.
Wonderfully, wun-dur-ful-e, ad. In a wonder-
ful manner, to a wonderful degree.
Wonderstrock, wun-dur-struk, a. Amazed.
Wondrous, wiin-drus, a. 314. (Contracted,
and, 1 think, improperly, from wonderous.) Admirable,
marvellous, strange, surprising.
WondrOUSLY, wun-drus-l^, ad. To a strange
degree.
To Wont, ") ^
To be Wont, / '
Pret. and part. Wont. To be accustomed, to use, to
be used.
Wont, wunt, S. Custom, habit, use.
Wont, wont. A contraction of ff^ill IVot.
Wonted, wunt-ed, part. a. Accustomed, used,
usual.
Wontedness, wunt-ed-nes, s. State of being
accustomed to.
To Woo, woo, v. a. 10. To court, to sue to for
love ; to court solicitously, to invite with infportiinity.
To Woo, woo, V. n. To court, to make love.
Wood, wud, s. 307. A large and thick plantation
of trees ; the substance of trees, timber.
Woodbine, wud-blne, s. Honeysuckle,
■ wunt, V. n.
WOR
WOR
ft3?-'559. Fite73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, p!n 107— n6 163, move 164,
Woodcock, wud^kSk, s. A bird of passage witli
a long bill ; liis food is not known.
Wooded, wud-ed, «. Supplied witli wood.
WoODDRINK, wud-dnnk, s. Decoction or infusion
of medical woods, as sassafras.
Wooden, wudidn, a. 103. Ligneous, full of
wood, timber; clutiisy. awkward.
WooUHOLE, wud-hole, s. Place where wood is
laid up.
Woodland, wud-llnd, s. Woods, grounds
covered with wood.
Woodlark, wud-lark, s. A melodious sort of
wild lark.
Woodlouse, wud^louse, s. The name of an
insect, the millepes.
Woodman, wud-m^n, s. 88. A sportsman,
a hunter.
WooDMONGER, wud-mung-guF, *. A woodseller.
Woodnote, wud^note, s. Wild musick.
WooDNYMPH, wud^mmf, S. A dryad.
WooDOFFERiNG, wud-6f-fur-ing^, s. Wood burnt
on the altar.
Woodpecker, wudipek-kur, s. A bird.
WOODPIGEON, wudipid-jin, s. A wild pigeon.
WooD'ROOF, wud-roof, s. An herb.
Woodsorrel, wud-sSr-nl, s. A plant.
Woodward, wud-ward, s. A forester.
Woody, wud-e, a. Abounding with wood;
ligneous, consisting of wood; relating to woods.
Wooer, woo-ur, S. 98. One who courts a woman.
Woof, woof, s. The set of threads that crosses the
warp, the weft ; texture, cloth.
WooiNGLY, woo-ing-ll, ad, 410. Pleasingly, so
as to invite stay.
Wool, wul, *. 307. The fleece of sheep, that
which is woven into cloth; any short thick hair.
Woollen, wul^lin, «. 99, 102. Made of wool.
Woolpack, wul-p4k, \
Woolsack, wul-sik, J
A hag of wool, a bundle of wool ; the seat of the Judges
in the House of Lords ; any thing bulky without
weight.
WoolsTAPLER, •\vul-sti-plur, s. One who deals
largely in wool ; one who buys wool, and sorts it, and
then sells it to the clothiers.
03> I have inserted this word, though not in Johnson,
at the instance of a worthy friend of the society called
Quakers, (to whom I am undergreat obligations for many
valuable remarks,) who observes of the IVoolstuplers, —
" I suppose, if they were asked, would think themselves
as deserving of a place in the Dictionary as the_Mole-
catchers."
Woolly, wul-ll, a. Consisting of wool } clothed
with wool ; resembling wool.
Word, wurd, S. A single part of speech ; a short
discourse; talk, discourse: dispute, verbal conten-
tion; promise; signal, token; account, tidings,
message; declaration; affirmation; scripture; word
of God ; the second person of the ever-adorable Trinity.
A scripture term.
T'o Word, wurd, v. a. To express in proper words.
Wordy, wurd-^, a. Verbose, full of words.
Wore, wore. The pret. of IVear.
To Work, wurk, v. n. Pret. ff^orked, or
Wrought. To labour, to travail, to toil ; to be in
action, to be in motion ; to act, to carry on operations;
to act as a manufacturer; to ferment'; to operate, to
liave effect ; to obtain by diligence; to act internally,
to operate as a purge or other physick ; to act as on an
object; to make way.
To Work, wurk, v. a. To make by degrees ; to
labour, to manufacture; to bring by action into any
state; to influence by successive impulses; to produce,
to effect ; to manage ; to put. to labour, to exert ; to
embroider with a needle : to Work out, to effect by
toil i to erase.^ to efface : to Work up, to laisCu
696
e.}'
Work, Wiark, S. Toil, labour, employment; a state
of labour; bungling attempt; flowers or emhroide-y
of the needle; any fabrick orcompagesof art ; actiolj
feat, deed ; any thing made ; management, treatment^
to set on Worij, to employ, to engage.
Worker, wurk-ur, s. One that works.
Workfellow, vvurk-fel-l5, s. One engaged in
the same work with another.
Workhouse, wurk^house,
Workinghouse, wurk-ins^-himse,
A place in which any manufacture is carried on ; a place
where idlers and vagabonds are condemned to labour,
Workingday, wurk-inj-dA.. s. Day on which
labour is permitted, not the sabbath.
Workman, wurk^m^n, s. 88. An artificer,
a maker of any thing.
Workmanlike, wurk-man-llke, a. Well per-
formed, like a good workman.
WORKMANLY, wuik-mjln-l^, a. Skilful, well
performed, workmanlike.
Workmanship, wurk-mitn-ship, *. Manufacture,
something made by any one; the skill of a worker j
the art of working.
WoRKMASTER, wurk-ma-stiir, s. The performer
of any work.
Workwoman, wurk-wum-un, s, A woman
skilled in needle-work ; a woman that works for hire.
WoRKYDAY, wurk^e-da, S. A day not the sabbath.
(j:y- This is a gross corruption of JVorkingday, and so
gross that the use of it is a sure mark of vulgarity.
World, wurld, s. 165. World is the great
collective idea of all bodies whatever; system of
beings ; the earth, the terraqueous globe ; present state
of existence; a secular life; public life; great mul-
titude; mankind, an hyperbolical expression for
many; course of life; the manners of men; in the
World, in possibility ; for all the World, exactly.
WoRLDLiNESS, wurld-ll-ncs, s. Covetousness,
addictedness to gain.
Worldling, wurld^ling, s. 410. A mortal set
upon profit.
Worldly, wurld-ll, a. "' Secular, relating to this
life, in contradistinction to the life to come; bent
upon this world, not attentive to a future state j
human, common, belonging to the world.
Worldly, wurld-1^, ad. With relation to the
present life.
Worm, wurm, S. 165. A small harmless serpent
that lives in the earth; a poisonous serpent; animai
bred in the body; the animal that spins silk; grubs
that gnaw wood and furniture; something tormenting;
any thing vermiculated or turned round, any thing
spiral.
To Worm, wurm, v. n. To work slowly, secretly,
and gradually.
To Worm, wurm, v. a. To drive by slow and
secret means.
Worm EATEN, wurmii-tn, a. Gnawed by worms <
old, worthless.
Wormwood, wurm-wud, s. A plant.
Wormy, wurm-^, a. Full of worms.
Worn, worn. Part. pass, of Wear,
To Worry, wur-rl, v. a 165. To tear or
mangle as a beast tears its prey; tohartss, or persecute
brutally.
Worse, wSrse, a. 165. The comparative of Bad;
more bad, more ill.
Worse, wurse, ad. In a manner more bad.
The Worse, wurse, s. The loss, not the ad-
vantage, not the better ; something less good.
To Worse, wurse, v. a. To put to disadvantage.
Not in use.
Worship, wur^ship, S. 165. Dignity, eminence,
excellence, a character of honour ; a term of ironica.
respect ; adoration, religious act of reverence ; honour,
respect, civil deference ; idolatry of lovers.
wou
WRE
nSr ler, nSt 163— tdbe 171, tub 172, bill 173—611 299— pSund 313— thin 466, thIs 469.
To Worship, wurisliip, v. a. To adore, to honour
or venerate with religious rites ; to respect, to honour,
to treat wjtli civil reverence.
To Worship, wuriship, v. n. To perform acts
of adoration.
Worshipful, wur^ship-ful/a. Claiming respect
by any characteror dignity ; a term of ironical respect.
WoRSHirFULLY,Wur-ship-ful-l,arf, Respectfully,
Worshipper, wur-ship-pur, *. Adorer, one who
worships.
Worst, wurst, a. 165. The superlative of ^ae?;
most bad, most ill.
Worst, wurst, S. The most calamitous or wicked
state.
To Worst, wurst, v. a. To defeat, to overthrow.
Worsted, wursitid, 5. 99. 169. Woollen yam,
wool spun.
Wort, wurt, S. 165. Originally a general name
for an herb ; a plant of the cabbage kind ; new beer,
either unfermented, or in the act of fermentation.
WoRTU, wurth, s. 165. 467. Price, value; ex-
cellence, virtue ; importance, valuable qual'ty.
Worth, v/urth, a. Equal in price to, equal in
value to; deserving of; equal in possessions to.
Worthily, wur-TH^-l^, ad, suitably, not below
the rate of; deservedly ; justly, not without cause.
Worthiness, Wur^TH^-nes, s. Desert, excellence,
dignity, virtue; state of being worthy, quality of
deserving.
Worthless, wur/A-les, a. Having no virtue,
dignity, or excellence j having no value.
Worthlessness, wurMMes-iies, *. Want of
excellence, want of dignity, want of value.
Worthy, Wur-XH^, a. Deserving, such as merits;
valuable, noble, illustrious; having worth, having
virtue ; suitable for any quality good or bad, equal in
value; suitable to any thing bad; deserving of ill.
Worthy, wur^TH^, S. a man laudable for any
eminent quality, particularly for valour.
To Wot, wftt, v. n. To know, to be aware.
G:3"Mr. Elphinston is singular in pronouncing this word
so as to rhyme it with hut; Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Smith, rliyme it with
not.
Wove, wAve. Pret. and part. pass, of Weave.
Woven, wi-vn, 103. The part. pass, of Weave.
Would, wud, 320. The pret. of Will; it is
generally used as an auxiliary verb with an infinitive,
to which it gives the force of the subjunctive mood;
was or am resolved, wish or wished to ; it is a familiar
term for wish to do, or to have. — See Been.
Would-be, wud-bJ, a. Foolishly pretended to be.
Wound, woond, or wound, s. 315. A hurt
given by violence.
(!:3- The first pronunciation of this word," though
generally received among the polite world, is certainly
a capricious novelty : a novelty either generated by false
criticism to distinguish it from the preterit of the verb to
icinrf, of which there was not the least danger of inter-
ference, see Bowl; or more probably from an affectation
of the French sound of this diphthong, which, as in pour,
and some other words, we find of late to have prevailed.
The Stage is in possession of this sound, and what Swift
observes of newspapers with respect to the introduction
of new and fantastical words, may be applied to the
Stage, with respect to new and fantastical modes of
pronunciation, see Sigh.' That the other pronunciation
was the established sound of this word, appears from the
poets, who rhyme it with bound, found, ground, and
around, and is still so among the great bulk of speakers,
who learn this sound at school, and are obliged to unlearn
it again when they come into the conversation of the
polite world. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Eiphin-
slon, adopt the first sound of this word ; but Dr. Kenrick
and W. Johnston the second: Mr. Perry gives both,
but prefers the first; and though Mr. Smith, in Ins
Vocabulary, has classed it "/ith sound and found, he says
fi>oon.< is the common pronunciation. 1 am, however, of
Mr. Nare's opinion, whosaysthis pronunciation ought to
be entirely banished. But where is the man bold enough
10 risk the imputation of vulgarity by such an expulsion ( .
To Wound, woond, or wound, v. a. To hurt
by violence.
Wound, wound. The pret. and part. pass, of
To Wind,
Woundless, woond-les, a. Exempt from wounds.
Woundwort, woond-wurt, s. A plant.
Wrack, r^k, s. Properly Wreck. Destruction
of a ship; ruin, destruction.— See SAi/)U)recfc.
To Wrack, rik, v. a. 474. To destroy in the
water, to wreck ; it seems in Milton to mean, to rock,
to shake; to torture, to torment.
To Wrangle, r^ng-gl, v. n. 405. To dispute
peevishly, to quarrel perversely.
Wrangle, r^ng^gl, s. A quanel, a perverse dis.
pute.
Wrangler, ringigl-ur, s, A perverse, peeviih,
disputative maa.
To Wrap, tK^, v. a. 474. To roll together, to
complicate; to involve; to cover with something
rolled or thrown round; to comprise, to contain; to
Wrap up, to involve totally; to transport, to put in
ecstasy.
Oj' This word is often pronounced rop, rhyming with
top, even by speakers mucli above the vulgar. Tliey have
a confusea laea, ihat a prccadint; w makes the a broad,
and do not attend to tlie intervening r, which bears the
power of the w, and necessarily preserves tlie o in its
short Italian sound. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W.John-
ston, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Smith, pronounce
it as 1 have done.
Wrapper, rJp^pur, s, 98. One who wraps j that
in which any thing is wrapped.
Wrath, rSf A, or r^tti, s, 474. Anger, fury, rage*
K5- The first pronunciation of this word is bv fsr tin
moie usual, but the last is more analogical. The w hat
no power over the a, for the same reason as in the pre-
ceeding word. A want of attending to this, and, perhaps,
confounding this word with the obsolete adjective wroth,
are the reasons of the present currency of this erroneous
pronunciation. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston,
Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Narcs, and Mr. Smith, adopt the first
sound ; and Mr. Perry alone the last ; but in a case where
analogy is so clear, his authority ought, in my opinion,
to outweigh thena ill.
Wrathful, rS^A-ful, or rlf/tiful, a. Angry,
furrous, raging.
Wrath fully, r6iA-ful-J, or vKth-i\x\-\h, ad.
Furiously, passionately.
Wrathless, vUh'-\h, or vhh'-\h, a. Free from
anger.
To Wreak, r^ke, V, a. Old pret. and part. pass.
IVroke. To revenge; to execute any violent design.
53- The diphthong in this word has the sound I have
given it, in Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, Dr. Kenrick,
Perry, Smith, and Barclay.
Wreak, reke, s, 474. Revenge, vengeance}
passion, furious fit.
WrEAKFUL, r^ke-ful, a. Revengeful, angry.
Wreath, xhh, or reTHe, *. 467 Any thing
curled or twisted; a garland, a chaplet.
(K>- 1 have placed what I think the best usual mode
of pronouncing this word first, because I think it so
much more agreeable to analogy than the second. Nouns
and verbs spelled alike, and ending with a hissing con-
sonant, seem throughout the whole language to be dis-
tinguished from each otiier by the former giving the
sharp, and the latter the flat sound to the consonant.
See Principles, No. 437. 467. 499.
To Wreath, reTHe, v, a. Pret. Wreathed.
Part. pass. Wreathed, Wreathen. To curl, to twist, to
convolve: to interweave, to entwine one in another
to encircle as a garland ; to encircle as with a garland.
WrEATHY, re-TH^, a. Spiral, curled, twisted.
Wreck, rek, S. 474. Destruction by being driven
on rocks or shallows at sea; dissolution by violence
ruin, destruction. — See Shipwreck.
CTy- Mr. Sheridan alone has given the sound of a to
the eiii this word ; Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Dr. Kenrick,
Mr. Perry, and Mr. Smith, pronounce it as I have done*
WRI
XYS
(O.559. Fite 73, fir 77, fSll83, ^t81— mJ93, metgS— pine 105, pin 107— ni l63,mSve 164,
WRiTiNfiMASTER, rUting-nils-tur, s. One who
teaches to write.
Written, nt-tn, a. 103. The part. pass, ol
JVrite.
Wrong, rong, *. An injury, a designed or known
detriment; errour, not riglit.
Wrong, r&ng, a. 474. Not morally right, not
agreeable to propriety or truth; not physically right,
unfit, unsuitable.
Wrong, rSng, ad. Not rightly, amiss.
To Wrong, r&ng, v. a. To injure, to use un-
justly.
Wrongdoer, r8ng-doo-ur, s. An injurioui
person.
Wronger, rSng-ur,*," gg. 409, He that injures j
he that does wrong.
Wrongful, r&n^-ful, a. Injurious, unjust.
Wrongfully, rong-ful-4, ad. Unjustly.
7h Wreck, rek, t>. a. To destroy by dashing on
rocks or sands ; to ruin.
To Wreck, rek, v. n. To suffer wreck.
Wren, ren, s. 474. A small bird.
To Wrench, reiish, v. a. To pull by violence ;
to wrs^l, to force; to sprain, to distort.
Wrench, rensh, s, 474. A violent pull or twist ;
a sprain.
To Wrest, rest, v. a. To twist by violence, to
extort by writhing or force j to distort, to writhe, to
force.
Wrest, rest, S. 474.' Distortion, violence,
Wrester, res-tur, s. He who wrests.
To Wrestle, res-sl, v, n. 472. To contend
who shall throw the other down j to struggle, to con-
tend.
Wrestler, res'lur, s. 98. One who wrestles, one
who professes the athletick art ; one who contends in
wrestling.
Wretch, retsh, s, a miserable mortal 5 a worth-
less sorry creature; it is used by way of slight ironical
pity or contempt.
Wretched, retsh^ed, a. 366. Miserable, un-
happy; calamitous, afflictive; sorry, pitiful, polirj,
worthless; despicable, iiaicrully contemptible.
W^RETCHEDLY, retsli-eil-1^, ad. Miserably, un-
happily; meanly, despicably.
Wretchedness, retsh-ed-nes, s. Misery, un-
happiness, afflicted stale; pitifulness, despicableness.
To Wriggle, ng-gl, v. n. 405. To move to
and fro with short motions.
To Wriggle, ng'gl, v. a. 474. To put in
a quick reciprocating motion.
Wright, rite, s. 293. 474. A workman, an
artificer, a maker, a manufacturer.
To Wring, ring, v. a. Pret. and part. pass.
IVrivged and IViang. To twist, to turn round hy vio-
lence; to force out of any body by contortion ; to
squeeze, to press ; to writhe, to pinch ; to force by
Violence, to extort ; to harass, to distress, to torture;
to distort, to turn to a wrong purpose j to persecute
with extortion.
To Wring, ring, v. n. ATA. To writhe vrith
anguish.
Wringer, ring^ur, s. 98. One vrho »quecre» the
water out of clothes.
Wrinkle, ringk-kl, s. 405. Corrugation or furrow
of the skin in the face ; any roughness.
To Wrinkle, ringk-kl, v. a. To corrugate, to
contract into furrows ; to make rough or uneven.
Wrist, rist, s. 474. The joint by which the hand
is joined to the arm.
Wristband, rist-btlnd, *. The fastening of the
shirt at the hand.
Writ, nt, S. 474. Any thing written. Scripture.
This sense is now chiefly used in speaking of the Bible.
A judicial process; a legal instrument.
Writ, rit. The pret. of IVrite.
To Write, rite, v. a. Pret. fFrit or Wrote.
Par*, pass. JVritten, Writ, or Wrote. To express by
means of letters; to engrave, to impress; to produce
as an author; to tell by letter.
To Wr! TE, rite, v. n. 474. To perform the act
of writing; to play the author; to tell in books; to
send letters; to call ime's self, to be entitled, louse
the style of; to compose, to form compositions.
Writer, rl-tur, *. 93. One who practises the art
of writing; an author.
To Writhe, tIthc, v. a. 467. To distort, to
deform with distortion; to twist with violence; to
wrest, to force by violence; to twist.
To Writhe, fIthc, v. n. To be convolved with
agony or torture.
Writing, rl-ting, *. 410. A legal instrument;
« composure, a book ; a written paper of any kind.
.598
Wrong head, rSng-hed, "I
Wrongheaded, r3ng-lied-ed, j
Having a perverse understanding.
Wrongly, rSng-le, ad. Unjustly, amisi.
Wkonglessly, rSng-les-l^, ad. Without ii^avy
to any.
Wrote, rote. Pret. and part, of Write.
Wroth, rS<A, a. Angry. Out of use. — See
Wrath.
Wrought, rawt, 319. 393. The pret. and part.
pass, as it seems, of Work. Effected, perfurinedj
influenced, prevailed on; produced, caused; worked,
laboured; gained, attained; operated; worked; ac-
tuated; manufactured; formed; excited by degrees ;
guided, managed; agitated, disturbed.
Wrung, rung. The pret. and part. pass, of
Wring.
Wry, rl, a. 474. Crooked, deviating from th«
right direction ; distorted; wrung, perverted, wrested.
To Wry, rl, v. n. To be contorted and writhe^
to deviate from the right direction.
X.
-A., says Johnson, is a letter which, though
found in Saxon words, begins no word in the English
language.
(53- It may be observed, that in words from the Greek,
where it is initial, it is always pronounced like Z. For
the true pronunciation of this letter, when medial or
final in English words, See Principles, No. 467.
Xerocollyrium, z^-ri-kftl-lir-re-um, s. A dry
plaster for sore eyes.
XeRODES, z^-rA-dez, s. Any tumour attended
with dryness.
Xeromirum, zer-i-ml-rfim, s. 503. A drying
ointment.
XeROPHAGY, z5-rftf-i-jJ, *. 518. The eating of
dry meats, a sort of fast among tne primitive Chris-
tians.
Xerophthalmy, zk-\t^'-th^\-mh, s. A dry red
soreness or itching in the eyes, without any dropping
or swelling.
Xerotes, z^-ro-tiz,*. 503. A dry habit or dis-
position of body.
XiPHiAS, zif^e-its, s. The sword fish ; also a comet
shaped like a sword.
Xiphoides, z^-foe-dez, s. The pointed iword<
like cartilage or gristle of the breast bone.
XvLOBALSAMUM, zl-li-b^-si-mum, *. Th»
wood of the balsam tree.
Xyster, zis'tSr, s. A surgeon'* instrument to
scrape and shave bones with..
YEL YES
n3r 167, nit 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— o?l 299— pS&nd 3l3—t7dn 466, this 469.
Y.
jL ACHT, y$t, S, 356. A small ship for carrying
passengers.
(K?> Tills word is pronounced as I have mar1<ed it, by
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry,
Mr. Nares, and Mr. Smith ; Dr. KenricI; pronounces it
yat, rhyming It with &a(; and Mr. Barclay ^at, rhym-
ing with nought.
Yam, yam, s, A -cot that grows in America and
the South-Sea Islands.
Yard, S. 78. Enclosed ground adjoumingto a house j
a measure of three feet; the supports of the s^ils of
a ship.
Yare, yire, a. Ready, dexterous, eager.
YareLY, yireil^, ad. Dexterously, skilfully.
Yarn, yarn, s. 78. Spun wool, woollen thread.
Yarrow, y^Kr6, J. 81. A plant which grows
wild on dry banks, and is used in medicine.
Yawl, yiwl, *. 219- a little vessel belonging to
a ship, lor convenience of passing to and from it.
To Yawn, yawn, v. n. 219. To gape, to have the
mouth opened involuntarily; to open wide; to ex-
press desire by yawning.
Yawn, yawn, 5. Oscitationj gape, hiatus.
Yawning, yawn-mg, a. 410. Sleeping, slumbering.
YcLAD, i-kl4d! Part, for Clad. Clothed.
YCLEPED, ^-kleptr Called, termed, named.
Ye, ye. The solemn nominative plural of Thou.
Yea, y^, ad. 227. Yes.
63- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W.Johnston, Mr. Smith,
and Mr. Fry, pronounce this word so as to rhyme with
nay, pay, Sic. But Steele or Brightland, Dr. Jones who
wrote The new Art 0/ Spelling in Queen Anne's time.
Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Perry, pronounce it like the pro-
noun ye. Though so many are against me, I ilo not
hesitate to pronounce the latter mode the best ; first, as
it is more agreeable to the general sound of the diph-
thong; next, as it is more related to its familiar substi-
tute yes; and lastly, unless my memory greatly fails
me, because it is always so pronounced when contrasted
with nay; as in that precept of the Gospel, " Let your
communication be jea, yea, and nay, nay."
To Yean, y^ne, v. n. 227. To bring young.
Used of sheep.
Yeanling, yine-ling, s. 410. The young of
sheep.
Year, yire, a. 111. Twelve months ; it is often
used pfurally, without a plural termination; in the
plural, old age.
Yearling, yereMing, a. 410. Being a year old.
Yearly, y^re-l4, a. Annual, happening every
year, lasting a year.
Yearly, y^re-le, ad. Annually,
7*0 Yearn, yern,v. n. 234. To feel great internal
uneasiness.
To Yearn, yern, v. a. To grieve, to vex.
Yelk, yelk, «. iGealkewe,yenovf, Saxon.") The
yellow part of the egg.
Q:y- It is commonly pronounced, says Johnson, and
often written Yolk. To which we may add, that when
the word is so written, the I is silent, and the word pro-
nounced t/ofce. But Johnson seems justly to have pre-
ferred the former mode of writing and pronouncing this
word, as mote agreeable both to etymology and the best
usage.
To Yell, yell, v, n. To cry out with horrour and
agony.
Yell, yell, *. A cry of liorrour.
Yellow, yel'-li, m Being of a bright glaring
colour, as gold.
599
(»• Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Dr. Jones,
and Mr. Fry, pronounce this word as if written yallowi
rhyming with tallow. But Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston,
Mr. Smith, and Mr. Perry, preserve tlie e in its pure
sound, and rhyme the word with mellow. The latter
mode is, in my opinion, clearly the best, both as more
agreeable to analogy, and the best usage ; for I am niucU
deceived if the former pronunciation do not border
closely on the vulgar.
Yellowboy, yel'-l6-boe, s. A gold coin. A very
low word.
Yellowhammer, yelil6-b4m-mur, *. A bird.
Yellowish, yelMo-ish, a. Approaching to yellow.
Yellowishness, yel-l6-ish-nes, s. The quality
of approaching to yellow.
Yellowness, yeKl6-nes, s. The quality of being
yellow : it is used in Shakespeare for jealousy.
Yellows, yeKloze, s. A disease in horses.
To Yelp, yelp, v. n. To bark as a beagle hound
after his prey.
Yeoman, yo-mSn, s. 260. a man of a small
estate in land, a farmer, a gentleman farmer; it seems
to have been anciently a kind of ceremonious title
given to soldiers, whence we have Yeomen of the
guard ; it was probably a freeholder not advanced to
the rank of a gentleman.
K?- Jnnms gives U3 a great variety of derivations of
this word, but seems most to approve of that from gas-
man in the old Frisick, signifying a countryman or
villager; and this word is derived farther by Junius from
the Greek youa, yatii, yij, which he tells us does not
only signify the earth in general, but any great portion
of land. Skinner says it may be derived from the Anglo-
Saxon gemcrne, or the Teutonic gemein, a common man,
or one of the commonalty; or from eoweman, a shep.
herd; from goodman, an appellation given to inferior
people; from gemana, a companion; from georrgman,
a young man ; from jeman, an ordinary man, or any
body, like the Spanish Aida/g'o; hut he prefers its deri-
vation from the Anglo-Saxon guma, a painful or laborious
man.
But however widely etymologists are divided in the
derivation of this word, ortliogpists are not Ics different
in their pronunciation of it. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
Mr. Coote, (author of the Elements of Grammar,) Steele's
Grammar, (published in Queen Anne's time,) Mr. Bar-
clay. Mr. Smith, and Buchanan, pronounce it with the
diplithong short, as if written ygmman ; Dr. Kenrick
pronounces it as if written yOmmun; Mr. Elphinston,
(who quotes Langham, the famous reformer of ortlio>
grapliy in Queen Elizabeth's time, for the same pro-
nunrii^tion.) sounds the co like ee : and Dr. Jones, the
author of the New Art of Spelling in Queen Anne's time
pronouiiit^ it if, the same manner. To which we may
add Ben Jonson, wu.. »..,._ ,i,j„ ygoman. people, and jeo-
pardy, were truer written vemifn, ,.- v/„ i^uardu But
VV. Johnston, Mr. Perry, Entick, and t'ly, i.i.^'..m.>c«^
the eo like long open 0, as if written yoinun : and this
last appears to me to be the most received pronuncia-
tion. It is that whicit we constantly hear applied to the
King's body guard, and it is that which has always been
the pronunciation on the Stage; an authority which, in
this case, may not, perhaps, improperly be called the
besl echo of the public voice. I well remember hearing
Mr, Garrick pronounce the word in this manner, in
a speech in King Lear: "Tell me, fellow, is a madman
a gentleman, or a yomanf
Yeomanry, yi-inin-rl, s. 260. The collective
boily of yeomen.
To Yerk, yerk, v. a. To throw out or move with
a spring.
Yerk, yerk, S. A quick motion.
To Yehn, yern, v. a. — See Yearn,
Yes, yis, ad. 101. A term of affirmation} th»
affirmative particle opposed to No,
(OThis word is worn into a somewhat slenderer sound
than what ia authorised by the orthography ; but e and
are frequently interchangeable, and few changes can be
better established than this. W.Johnston and Mr. Perry
are theonlyorthoSpists who give the sound .t the vowels,
that do not mark this change; but Mr- Sheridan,
Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, Mr. Smith, and
Dr. Jones, in liis New Art of Spelling, confirm this
change, and rhyme it with hiss, miss, bliss, &c —See
Heen and Btspaich.
YOU
YOU
1
»-559. Fke73, far 77, fall 83, f^t81— ml 93,"met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164,
Vest, yest, S. The foam, spume, or flower of beer
in fermentation, barm ; the spume on a troubled sea.
(ty- Dr. Johnson has very properly spelled this word
yest, from the Saxon gest, and not yeast as we sometimes
see it; and this spelling decides its pronunciation.
Dr. Jones spells it yeast, and gives the diphthong Us
long sound ; Mr. Nares pronounces the word in the same
manner, but spells it yest; Dr. Kenrick spells it yest, but
rhymes it with mist; Mr. Barclay pronounces it yeest;
Mr. Perry writes it yeast and yist; but Mr. Sheridan,
Mr. Scott, and Mr. Smith, write it as Dr. Johnson has
done, and pronounce it as I have done; and 1 think not
only more agreeaWe to analogy, which forbids us to pro-
nounce e long, when followed by st in the same syllable,
see Lest, but, if I mistake not, more consonant to polite
usage. The vulgar do notonly pronounce the diphthong
long, but sink the y, and reduce the word to east,
Yesty, yes-t^, a. Frothy, spumy.
Yester, yes-tur, a. Being next before the present
day.
Yesterday, yes-tur-d^, *,, The day last past
the next day before to-day.
(t5- Though yes, from its continual use, is allowably
worn into the somewhat easier sound of yis, there is no
reason that yesterday should adopt the same change ; and
though I cannot pronounce this cliange vulgar, since
Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, and Mr. Scott
have adopted it, I do not hesitate to pronounce the
regular sound given by W. joUnoiv/n ao tue more Correct,
and agreeable to the best usage.
Yesternight, yes-tur-nlte, s. The night before
this night.
Yet, yet, conj. Nevertheless, notwithstanding,
however.
(t5- The e in this word is frequently cha-nged by in-
correct speakers into t ; but though this change is agree-
able to the best and most established usage in the word
yes ; in yet it is the mark of incorrectness, and vulgarity.
Dr. Kenrick is the only orthoepist who gives any
countenance to this incorrectness, by admitting it as
a second pronunciation; but Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott,
W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Smith, give the
regular sound only.
Yet, yet, ad. Beside, over and above ; still, the
state still remaining the same ; once again ; at this
time, so soon, hitherto, with a negative before it ; at
least ; it notes increase or extension of the sense of the
words to which it is joined; still, in a new degree;
even, after all ; hitherto.
Yew, yoo, S. A tree of tough wood.
7*0 Yield, yeeld, v. a. 275. 'lo produce, to give
in return for cultivation or labour; to prortnr'' :■■
general ; to afford, to exhibit; t" t^-.-;- "= claimed ot
Fight; to allow, to ro..---, lo emit, to expire; to
rfiicrn t«.s— "I'i to surrender.
To Yield, yeeld, v. n. To give up the contest,
to submit; to comply with any person ; to comply
with things; to concede, to admit, to allow, not to
deny ; to give place as inferior in excellence or any
other quality.
YiELDER, ye^ld-ur, *. One who yields.
Yoke, yoke, *. The bandage placed on the neck of
draught oxen ; a mark of servitude, slavery; a chain,
a link, a bond ; a couple, two, a pair.
To Yoke, yoke, v. a. To bind by a yoke or
carriage ; to join or couple with another; to enslave,
to subdue ; to restrain, to confine.
Yoke-elm, yoke^elin, s. A tree.
Yokefellow, yoke-fel-lo, 1
Yokemate, yike^mite, J
Companion in labour; mate, fellow.
Yolk, yh\is,s. The yellow part of an egg.— See
Yelk.
Yon,
Yo: .
Being at a distance within view.
CcT- There is a vulgar pronunciation of this word in
London, as if written yaruler. This cannot be too care-
fiilly avoided.
Yoke, yore, ad. Long; of old time, long ago.
4 OU, yoo, pron. 8. 315. The oblique case of
Ye; it is used in the no.ni.i.tive it is the cercin'^nial
f rt/t.
)N, yon, ")
>nder, yftn'-dur, .98. /
word for the second person singular, and is alwayi
used, except in solemn language.
53" A very common errour in reading and speakingi
arises from pronouncing the personal pronoun you in the
manner, whether it is in the nominative or in an oblique
case. It is certain that you and my when they are con-
tradistinguished from other pronouns, and consequently
emphatical, are always pronounced with their full open
sound, rhyming with view and high; but it is as certain,
if we observe correct pronunciation, that when they are
not emphatical by being opposed to other words, and do
not take the lead in a sentence, they are sounded like ye
and me; rhyming with «ea. Thus, for example, " Yot^
told him all the truth." Here the word you is a nomi-
native case, that is, it goes before the word denoting
action, and must therefore be pronounced full and open
so as to rhyme with riett'. In this sentence also, " He
told you before he told any one else." The word you is
in the oblique case, or comes after the word denoting
action ; but as it is emphatical by being contradis-
tinguished from any one else, it preserves its full open
sound as before. But in the sentence, "Though he told
you, he had no right to tell you." Here the pronoun you
is in the oblique case, or follows the word denoting
action, and having no distinctive emphasis invariably
falls into the sound of the antiquated form of this
pronoun, ye, and as if written, " Though he told ye, he
had no right to tell i/e."— See the word My.
Perhaps it was this pronunciation of the pronoun yov,
when in an oblique case, which induced Shakespeare and
Milton, Gomctimes to write it ye, though, as Dr. Lowth
observes, very ungrammatically :
" The more shame for ye, holy men I thongbt ye."
Henry VIII.
" His wrath, which one day will destroy ye both."
MiUon's Par. Lott, U. y. 784.
Young, yung, a. Being in the first part of life, not
old; ignorant, weak; it is sometimes applied to
vegetable life.
Young, yung, S, 314. The offspring of animals
collectively.
Youngish, yung'ish, a. 381. Somewhat young.
Youngling, yuiig-ling, s. 410. Any creature in
the first part of life.
YOUNGLY, yung-li, ad. 381. Early in lifej
ignorantly, weakly.
Youngster, yung-stur, "I
Younker, yungk^ur, 98./
Ludicrously", a young person.
Yot/n, jS3i, pTiin, Belonging to you. Yours is
used when the substantive goes before or is understood,
as, this is Your book, this book is Yours.
(t:^This word is nearly under the same predicamentas
the pronoun my. When the cmpliasis is upon this word,
it is always pronounced full and open, like tlie noun
ewer; as, " The moment 1 had read Your letter I sat
down to write Aline;" but when it is not emphatical, it
generally sinks into yjir, exactly like the last syllable ot
law-yer ; as, " I had just answered i/t/r first letter as yjir
last arrived." Here, if we were to say, " I had just
answered your first letter as vour last arrived," with your
sounded ifull and open like ewer, as in the former
sentence, every delicate ear would be offended. This
obscure sound of the possessive pronoun your always
takes place when it is used to signify any species of
persons or things in an indeterminate sense. Thus
Addison, speaking of those metaphors which professional
men most cominonly fall into, says, " Your men of
business usually have recourse tc such instances as are
too mean and familiar." Spectator, No. 421.
Yourself, yur-selfj s. You, even you j ye, not
otiieis.
OCx- The pronunciation of your in this word is a con-
firmation of the observations.on the foregoing word.
Youth, yooth, S. The part of life succeeding t«
childhood and adolescence; a young man; young
men.
Youthful, ytio^/i^ftil, «. Young; suitable to the
first part of life ; vigorous as in youth.
Youthfully, yooth'-ful-^, ad. In a youthful
manner.
Youthy, yoith'-h, a 381, Young, youthful.
ZKN
ZOO
z.
nor 167, n6t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bill 173— oil 299— pound 313— </«in 466, THis 4L9i
majority were not so preat and so respectable, llie analogy
of words of this form oiisht to ilecide. See Principles,
No. 644. See Clef and Construe.
Zephyr, zef^fer, 543.")
Zephyrus, zeWer-us,/*'
The west wind, and poetically any calm soft wind.
Zest, zest, s. The peel of an orange squeezed into
wine ; a relish, a tastt addea.
To Zest, zest, v. a. To heighten by an
additional relish.
Zetetick, Z^-tet-lk, a. 509. Proceeding by
inquiry. ^
Zeugma, zug'-mh, s. 92. a figure in grammar,
when a verb agreeing with divers nouns, or an adjec-
tive with divers substantives, is referred to one ex»
pressly, and to the other by snpplemeat, as, Lust over-
came shame, Boldness fear, and Madness reason.
Zigzag, zig'-zk^, S. Any thing composed of short
turns.
(KJ- This is a wttfd Of ludicrous formation, but, like
others of the same liind, very expressive, and frequently
used by the best authors. Pope has very happily ex-
emplified the use of it in his Dunciad, where he says:
** Kouud him much embryo, much abortion lay,
** Much future ode and abdicated play ;
** Nonseuse precipitate like running lead,
" lliat slippM through cracks and sig-zags of the head."
Dundud, I. r. 131.
Zigzag, Zlg-za^, a. Having many short turnings)
turninj; this way and that.
Zinc, zingk, *. 408. A semi-metal of a brilliant
wliite colour approaching to blue.
ZoDiACK, zb'-dk-^k, or zb-^k-kk, s. 293, 294.
870. The track of tlie sun through the twelve signs,
a great circle of the sphere, containing the twelve sijjns.
Zone, zone, *. A girdle; a division of the earth.
ZooGRAPHER, z6-%^gr4-fur, S. One who
describes the nature, properties, and forms of animals -
ZooaRAPHY,z6-6g-gra-f^, *. 518. A description
of the forms, natures, and properties of animals.
Zoology, zi-6l-Ii')-j^, *. 518. A treatise concern-
ing living creatures.
Zoophyte, Z(V-6-flte, *. 156. Certain vegetables
or substances which partake of the nature both of
vegetables and animals.
ZoopiiORiCK, zo-o-f6r-ik,a. 509. In Architecture,
having ilie figure of some animal.
ZOOPHOROUS, zo-Sf-6-rus, *. 557. The member
between the architrave and the cornice, so called
beiHuse it had sometimes the figuies of animals carved
on it.
Zootomist, zJ-5t-t6-nnst *. A dissector of the
liudica of brute beasts.
Zootomy, zo-6t-ti-mJ, s, 518. Dissection of
the bodies of beasts.
For the true, Name of this Letter, see Principles, No. 4-24.
^ANY, za-ne, *. One employed to raise laughter
by his gestures, actions, and speeches, a merry-
andrew, a buffoon.
Zeal, zele, s. Passionate ardour for any person or
cause.
Zealot, zel'-St, or ze^lut, s. 235. One
passionately ardent iti any cause. Generally used in
dispraise.
^^- There are few words better confirmed by authority
in their departure from the sound of their simple than
this and the following word. l)r. Ash and Bailey are the
only lexicographers who (if we may judge by the position
of the accent) give the long sound to this word, as in
zeal; and even these give the short sound to zealous.
Dr. Kenrick (^ives both sounds to both words, but prefers
the short sound by placing it first : but Mr. Elphinston,
Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Mr. Nares,
Mr. Smith, Mr. Perry, Barclay, and Entick, give both
these words the short sound. As the word zealous may
either come from the Latin zelus, (or rather xelosus,) or be
a formative of our own from zeul, as villanous, libellous,
&c. from villain, libel, &c. analogy might very allowably
be pleaded for the long sound of the diphthong; and if
custom were less decided, I should certainly give my
vote for it j but as propriety of pronunciation may be
called a compound ratio of usage and analogy, the short
sound must in this case be called the proper one. — See
Knowledge, and Principles, No. 515.
Zealous, zel-us, or ze-lus, a. Ardently passionate
in any cause.
Zealously, zel-us-l4, or zi-lus-l^, ad. With
pas'iiouate ardour.
Zealousness, zel^us-nes, or ziUus-nes, s. The
quality of being zealous.
Zechin, tsh^-keeii{ s. A gold coin worth about
nine shillings sterling.
Zed, zed, or iz-zurd, s. The name of the letter Z,
the last of the English alphabet.
03- For the proper nsimeof this letter, see Principles,
No. 463.
Zenith, zl-mth, S. The point overhead opposite
to the nadir.
(i3- I 1. ever onct called in doubt the pronunciation of
this word, till I was told that mathematicians generally
made the first syllable short. Upon consulting our
orthoCpists, I find all who have the word, and who pive
the quantity of the vowels, make the e long, except
Entick. Thus Sheridan, Kenrick, Scott, Buchanan,
W. Johhston, and Perry, pronounce it long; and if this
601
(t r
APPENDIX.
The Appendixin the fourth Edition being incorporated into the present, no place could be
found for the following; class of words of the termination in ose, which are so variously accented
by our Lexicographers ; but which, from their form and derivation, ought certainly to be pi-o-
nounced alike. This will evidently appear from the following sketch :
Ash.
An'helose,
Silic'nlnse,
Cal'culose,
Tu'mulose,
An'imose,
Vetic'itoae,
Arefvose,
Silig'inose,
Cri'nose,
Op'erose,
Moru'se,
Edem'alose,
Com'atose,
Acc'tusc,
A'quose,
Si'lii/uose,
Ac' I uuse,
Fu'licose,
Johnson.
AnheMse,
Silit^ulose,
Cal'culose,
Tmnulo'se,
Animo'se,
Feneno'se,
Aretto'se,
Silig'inose.
Cri'nose,
Opeio'se,
MoTo'se,
Kilemaln'se,
Comato'se,
Acetn'se,
Aquo'se,
Sil'it/uose,
Actno'se,
P-Jlicose,
Shendan.
Anhelo'se.
Calciilo'se,
Tu'mulose,
Animo'se.
Vene'nose,
Areno'se,
Perry.
Sl-oh. Buchanan.
Tu'mulose, Tu'mulose.
Opero'se,
Mortise,
Acelo'sf,
Aquo'se,
Siliquo'se,
Pulico'se.
Veve'nose,
Arefnose,
Cri'nose.
Op'erose,
Moro'se,
Edem'alose,
Com'atose,
Wee' (ose,
A'qtiose,
Si'Hqitose,
»-»■»■ Venencfse,
Opero'se, ^j-.,^^^^^
Moro'se, Moro'se,
Edem'utose.
Cvmulu'se,
^^^^^^^^^ Ace'tose,
iii'liquose, Sil'iqitose.
Opero'se, Opero'se, Operc'se.
^^^..^^^.^ Moro'se, Moro'se.
Aquo'se.
Acetoie,
The variety of accentuation which this sketch exhibits, suflRciently shows how uncertain are
our Dictionaries where usage is obscure. From the decided prevalence of the accent on the
last syllable of these words, we may easily guess at the analogy of pronunciation, and, with very
little hpsitation, determine that the accent ought to be placed on the last syllable of them all.
£ureuly|>cil and printed by A. Wilsoo,
Camdeu Town, St. Tancrai
KBTUBN TO D^K^ p^^
UVMl-* T' „ 445.3M5
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