THE JAMES D. PHELAN
CELTIC COLLECTION
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THE
CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
OF
IRELAND.
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'.'..•• IUI '• .
THE
CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
OF
IRELAND.
BY
JOHN P. PRENDERGAST, ESQ.
\VJLl'±l THEEE MAPS.
NEW YORK :
P. M. HAVERTY, 1 BARCLAY STREET,
(8 DOOE8 FROM BROADWAY.)
1868.
•p ft <\ 44
. SULLIVAN
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
PREFACE 7-23
INTRODUCTION 25-60
PAKT I.
CIRCUMSTANCES IMMEDIATELY LEADING TO THE OROMWELLIAN
SETTLEMENT OF IRELAND.
The Great Irish Rebellion of 23d October, 1641 61
The Difficulties of the Irish War, and the Terms offered to the
Irish 70
Schemes for the New Planting of Ireland 74
Departure of the Swordmen for Spain 77
Ireland assigned to the Adventurers and Soldiers 79
PAET H.
THE TRANSPLANTATION.
The First Trumpet 81
The Second and Last Trumpet, with the Doom of the Irish
Nation 83
The Remonstrances of the Irish 87
Applications for Dispensations from Transplantation 91
The Troubles of the Commissioners for Ireland 96
The First Aspect of Connaught. . , 97
The First Year of Transplantation 99
The Second and following Years of Transplantation 101
The Condition of the Transplanted in Connaught Ill
PART III.
THE ADVENTURERS AND SOLDIERS.
The Civil Survey 121
The Down Survey 123
Of the Boxing of the Army for Lands 125
Of the Equalizing of Counties and Baronies 128
The Counties as valued by the Army 129
The Baronies as valued by the Regiments of each Province. . . 130
302192
6 CONTENTg.
PAGK.
Of the Equalizing of the Lands in the Lot of a Troop or Com
pany 135
Sale of Debentures by the Common Soldiers to their Officers. . . 136
Common Soldiers cheated of their Lots of Land by their Officers 145
Attempts of the Officers to take unfair Advantages of one
another in the Setting out of Lands 147
Of the Distribution by the Adventurers of their Allotments . . . 148
The Replanting of Ireland 151
Of English Planters invited back by the Government from
America 154
Proceedings of the Adventurers in Replanting 156
Proceedings of the Officers in Replanting 160
Of the Five Counties 164
Of the reinhabitmg of the Towns by new English, by the
Orders of the Government 167
CONCLUSION.
THE THREE BTJBDENSOME BEASTS.
Desolation of Ireland 177
First Burdensome Beast, The Wolf 178
Second Burdensome Beast, a Priest 180
Third Burdensome Beast, a Tory 187
APPENDIX.
I. Of the Map of Coniiaught 203
II. Of the Map of the County of Tipperary as divided be
tween the Adventurers and Soldiers, with the List of
the Adventurers and their Localities therein 211
III. Sale of Debentures by the Common Soldiers to their
Officers 225
IV. Petitions for Dispensation from Transplantation 230
V. Mallow Commission, A. D. 1656 236
VI. Of the Seizing of Widows, Orphans, and the Destitute,
and Transporting them to the Barbadoes and the
English Plantations in America 244
VII. Petitions of Maurice Viscount Roche, Fermoy; and of
Jordan Roche's Children 247
VIII. Transplanters' Certificates 249
Index of Subjects 255
Index of Names , 279
P E E F A~C E .
OF all possessions in a country Land is the most desirable
It is the most fixed. It yields its returns in the form of rent
with the least amount of labour or forethought to the owner.
But, in addition to all these advantages, the possession of it
confers such power, that the balance of power in a state rests
with the class that has the balance of Land.
The laws of most of the states of Europe since the days of
the Northern invasions have been made by the landowners.
They have been enabled to prescribe to the mass of the peo
ple on what conditions they shall live on the land, or whether
indeed they shall live there at all.
The term " Settlement," of such great import in the history
of Ireland in the Seventeenth century, means nothing else than
the settlement of the balance of land according to the will of
the strongest ; for force, not reason, is the source of law. And
by the term Cromwellian Settlement is to be understood the
history of the dealings of the Commonwealth of England with
the lands and habitations of the people of Ireland after their
conquest of the country in the year 1652. As their object was
rather to extinguish a nation than to suppress a religion, they
seized the lands of the Irish, and transferred them (and with
them all the power of the state) to an overwhelming flood of
new English settlers, filled with the intensest national and re
ligious hatred of the Irish.
Two other settlements followed, which may be called the
Restoration Settlement and the Revolution Settlement. The
one was a counter-revolution, by which some of the Royalist
8 PREFACE.
English of Ireland and a few of the native Irish were restored
to their estates under the Acts of Settlement and Explanation.*
The other (or Revolution Settlement) followed the victory of
William III. at the battle of the Boyne. JBy it the lands
lately restored to the Royalist English and a few native Irish
were again seized by the Parliament of England and distributed
among the conquering nation. At the Court for the Sale of
Estates forfeited on account of the war of 1690, the lands could
be purchased only by Englishmen. No Irishman could pur
chase more than the site for a cabin ; for to the condition of
cottagers it was intended that the relics of the nation should
be reduced.f
The Penal Laws, which lasted nearly in full force till the
breaking out of the first American War, were nothing but the
complement of the Forfeited Estates Act. Their main pur
pose was, on the one hand, to prevent the Irish from ever en
larging their landed interest beyond the low state to which
it had been reduced after the sales by the Forfeited Estates
Court — for which reason they were forbid to purchase land ;
and, on the other hand, to contrive by all political ways, and
particularly by denying them the power to make settlements
of their property by deed or will, and by making their lands
divisible equally among their sons at their death, to crumble
and break in pieces the remnant that had escaped confiscation,
* Such was the nationnl hatred of the Royalists of England to the Irish
(who fought, and lost country and every thing for the King), that even in
their common exile abroad they rejoiced at Cromwell's proceedings in
stripping the Irish of their lands : —
" We are at a dead calm [writes Sir Edward Hyde, afterwards Earl of
Clarendon, from Paris, in 1654] for all manner of intelligence. Cromwell,
no doubt, is very busy. Nathaniel Fiennes is made Chancellor of Ireland ?
and they doubt not to plant that kingdom without opposition. And truly,
if we can get it again, we shall find difficulties removed which a virtuous
prince and more quiet times could never have compassed." Sir Edward
Hyde to Mr. Betius, Paris, 29th May, 1654.— Clarendon's " State Tracts,"
vol. iii., p. 244. Folio. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
t They could be purchased by Protestants (i. «., English) only. 1st
Anne, st. 1, c. 26, sec. 8, English Statute. Two acres was the utmost an
Irishman could take a lease of. — Ib., sec. 10.
PREFACE. 9
and thereby to deprive them of all power and consideration in
the state.* It will thus be seen that these three Settlements
are only parts of one whole, and that the Cromwellian Settle
ment is the foundation of the present settlement of Ireland.
The terra Settlement being understood in this sense, the
present sketch is conversant directly with the measures taken
by the Parliament of England in dealing with the land. The
history of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the personal character
of Cromwell and the chief actors, the account of the war from
1649 to 1653, are no further touched upon than has been
thought necessary to the main purpose of this sketch. But it
will be seen from the Introduction, and in treating the details
of the Cromwellian Settlement, how large a share of the his
tory of Ireland is involved in the Land question.
From the days of the first invasion, the King and Council of
England intended to make English landed proprietors in Ire
land the rulers of Ireland, as William the Conqueror had made
the French of Normandy landlords and rulers of the English.
Though the Government of England were interrupted in this
course by the wars of Edward I. for the subjection oif the
Scotch, by the wars of Edward III. and his successors for the
crown of France, and finally by the civil wars of England,
called the " Wars of the Roses," the design was never aban
doned. And when Henry VIII., disencumbered of any foreign
war or domestic treason, had time to destroy the house of Kil-
dare, he projected the clearing of Ireland to the Shannon, and
colonizing it with English. But the new conquest of Ireland
only really began in the reigns of his three children, Edward
* " As to the intention of the Act,* it is plain the legislature hn<l a
double view ; first, to disable Papists from enlarging their lauded interest,
so as they should soon moulder away in their hands : the second view
was to encourage them to become converts by throwing some temporal
invitation in their way." Vicars against Carrol, in the Exchequer, 10th
February, 1728. " Several Special Cases on the Laws against the further
Growth of Popery in Ireland. By Gorges Edward Howard, Esq." 8vo.
Dublin, 1775, p. 37.
* 8th Anne, c. 3, A. D. 1710.
10 PREFACE.
VI., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, when the conquest of
the lands of the Irish for the purpose of new colonizing or
planting them with English was resumed, after an interval of
more than three hundred years. During this interval the
English Pale, or that part of Ireland subject to the regular
jurisdiction of the King of England and his laws, had been
gradually contracting — partly by the English of Ireland throw
ing off the feudal system, and partly by reconquests effected
by the Irish, until in the reign of Henry VI. the Pale was nearly
limited by the line of the LifFey and the Boyne. Beyond the
Pale the English and the Irish dwelt intermixed. And in all
the plans for restoring the regular administration of the King's
laws in Ireland, previous to the reign of Edward VI., it was
always proposed that the English of Ireland should be brought
back to their ancient military discipline, and should conquer
from the Irish the lands in their possession, in order that they
might be given to English under grants on feudal conditions
by the King.
But the English of Ireland clearly foresaw that the effect
of the complete conquest of the Irish would be to give the Gov
ernment of Ireland to the English of England. Their armed
retainers, called Gallowglasses and Kerne, would be put down,
as there would no longer remain the pretence of defending the
land from the King's Irish enemies. With the regular admin
istration of English laws would come back wardships, marriages,
reliefs, escheats, and forfeitures, which they were only too hap
py to have thrown off in the days of Edward II. ; and the final
result would be to bring over new colonists from England, who
would be rivals to supplant them in the favour of the Govern
ment, and in all the offices of the State. The English of Ire
land, consequently, were secretly indisposed to effect the recon-
quest, and it was not until they were subdued that the second
conquest began.
The first blow to the English of Irish birth was the limiting
the power of Parliament. In the reign of Henry VII., Sir Ed
ward Poynings forced from the Irish Parliament a statute
PREFACE. 1 1
whereby the Privy Council of England were made virtually
part of the Parliament of Ireland ; for thenceforth it could ori
ginate no statutes, and could pass only such as had been first
approved by the Privy Council of England. The Parliament
had in fact long become devoted to the Earls of Kildare, who
had thereby become too powerful for the Kings of England.
The next and final blow to the power of the English of Ireland
was the fall of the House of Kildare, when Silken Thomas,
Earl of Kildare, and his five uncles, were executed at Tyburn
for treason, at the end of Henry VIII.'s reign. The head of
the ancient English of Ireland had now fallen ; their Parliament
had been already deprived of its power ; the main obstacles to
the designs of England were removed ; and in the following
reigns the recon quest of Ireland by plantation began.
At first it was the native Irish that were stripped, as the
O'Moores, the O'Connors, and the O'Neils. The Earl of Des
mond's great territories, extending over Limerick and Kerry,
Cork and Waterford, were next confiscated and planted. Fi
nally, in James I.'s reign, the native Irish, not only of Ulster,
but of Leitrim, and wherever else they continued possessed of
their original territories, were dispossessed of portions of their
lands, varying from one-third to three-fourths, to form planta
tions of new English. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth,
the old English of Ireland, though they agreed in point of re
ligion with the native Irish, always adhered to the English in
any rebellion of the Irish, as in a national quarrel. In James
I.'s reign, as all the planters were of the new religion, the old
English found themselves supplanted by them in all the offices
of the State, as the Irish found themselves supplanted by them
in their native homes.
It is needless here to recapitulate the long-continued injuries
and insults by which the ancient English of Ireland were forced
into the same ranks with the Irish in defence of the King's
cause in 1641. Chief among them were the attempts to seize
their estates under the plea of defective title, in order to plant
them with new English. It was thus Lord Strafford got Con-
1 2 PREFACE.
naught and parts of Tipperary and Limerick into his power,
with the intention of forming a new plantation at the expense
of the De Burgos and other old English. One of the old Eng
lish, in 1644, thus graphically expresses their feelings: —
" Was it not the usual taunt of the late Lord Straftbrd arid all
his fawning sycophants, in their private conversations with
those of the Pale, that they were the most refractory men of the
whole kingdom, and that it was more necessary (that is, for
their own crooked ends) that they should be planted and sup
planted than any others ;" and that " where plantations might
not reach, Defective Titles should extend." He had known
many an officer and gentleman, he adds, who had left a hand
at Kinsale in fighting in defence of the Crown of England, when
the Spaniards and the Earl of Tyrone were defeated by Lord
Mountjoy, to be afterwards deprived of his pension for having
refused to take the oath of supremacy and allegiance in the
Protestant form, though, as one of them answered, on being
questioned before the State for matter of recusancy (as they
termed it), " It was not asked of me the day of Kinsale what
religion I was of." *
The Scotch and English, however, having rebelled against
the King in 1639 (for the march of the Scottish rebels to the
Border in that year was on the invitation of the leaders of the
popular party in England, though they themselves did not
openly take the field till 1642),f the Irish rose in his favour.
They were finally subdued, in 1652, by Cromwell and the arms
of the Commonwealth ; and then took place a scene not wit
nessed in Europe since the conquest of Spain by the Vandals.
Indeed, it is injustice to the Vandals to equal them with the
* "Queries propounded by the Protestant Party concerning the Peace
now treated of in Ireland, and the Answers thereto made on behalf of the
Irish nation," pp. 11, 12. Small 4to. Paris: 1644.
t To obtain a clear account of the leading1 causes and principal events
of this era in England in a short compass, with all the evidence to support
his view, I know nothing equal to " The Britannic Constitution," by
Roger Acherley, Esq., of the Middle Temple, folio, London, 1727 (chap,
ix., " Breaches of the Constitution in the Reign of Charles I.").
PREFACE. 13
English of 1652 ; for the Vandals came as strangers and con
querors in an age of force and barbarism, nor did they ban
ish the people, though they seized and divided their lands
by lot;* but the English, in 1652, were of the same nation as
half of the chief families in Ireland, and had at that time had
the island under their sway for five hundred years.
The captains and men of war of the Irish, amounting to
40,000 men and upwards, they banished into Spain, where they
took service under that king; others of them, with a crowd of
orphan boys and girls, were transported to serve the English
planters in the West Indies ; and the remnant of the nation not
banished or transported, were to be transplanted into Con-
naught, while the conquering army divided the ancient inheri
tances of the Irish amongst them by lot.
This scene, never before described, is the subject of the pres
ent sketch. By what accident it became my study may de
serve mention.
I had for about ten years belonged to the Leinster Circuit,
travelling through the counties of Wicklow, Wexford, Water-
ford, Kilkenny, and Tipperary, when, in the year 1846, I re
ceived a commission from England to make some pedigree re
searches in the latter. county. Furnished with an old pedigree,
which had been given to an ancestor of the family by the Ul
ster King of Arms, when quitting Ireland, as an exile, after the
battle of the Boyne, I visited the place where the family had
been anciently seated.
Twelve miles south of Clonmel, on the right bank of the
Suir, under a range of hills that there bars the course of that
river from north to south, and sends it thirty miles eastward to
issue below Waterford, as one of " the Three Sisters," to the
sea, I found a ruined castle, and beside it a still more ruined
chapel, and desecrated graveyard. The castle had evidently
been built to guard the pass over the hills to Lismore. Among
many broken tombstones of the family of the pedigree, within
* See Eobertson's " History of the Emperor Charles V.," Appendix to
Introduction.
14 PREFACE.
the roofless walls, lay a large one, fractured across the centre,
recording the name and virtues of a captain in the array, who,
as far as could be deciphered, had received the public thanks ;
but the stone was gapped, and, the next word being " borough,"
it seemed as if he had been a Member of Parliament. One of
the crowd who watched the attempt to decipher the inscrip
tion sent a boy for the fragment, which marked a potato ridge
in the adjoining conacre field. It filled the gap, and the in
scription now showed that he had received the public thanks
[of the great Duke of Marl\ borough for his distinguished ser
vices at the siege of Aire, in Flanders, in 17 10.
The prospect of the mountain, the river, and the plain, to
gether with the scene of ruin all around, so characteristic of the
country, excited my interest ; and the pedigrees (for in the
neighbourhood I discovered another) were now studied with
care. The family, it seems, had come over from Pem
brokeshire with Strongbow, and by an alliance with the De
Berminghams had obtained large possessions both in Tippe-
rary and in Waterford (counties which the chain of hills here
divides) ; so large, indeed, that the country people, whose im
agination supplies a tradition for every thing, call the family,
whose memory they tenaciously preserve, the Clan a Gothag,
or Clan of the Smoke ; for they say that the founder of the
family, the first invader, halted on the summit of the pass,
from whence could be seen the Suir flowing north and south
on one side, and the Blackwater in the same direction on the
other ; and, lighting a fire, he said that he would follow and
conquer with the smoke. It was a calm summer day, and the
smoke rose, and spread both ways.
There they remained, possessed of lands in Tipperary and
Waterford, from the days of King John. In the year 1650,
Cromwell, leaving his winter-quarters in Youghal at an unusu
ally early season of the year for campaigning in Ireland (the
29th of January), crossed the Suir at Cahir, nine miles to the
north of this castle ; and sending a detachment towards it, it
was surrendered, but was yielded back on condition of the de-
PREFACE. 15
fences being taken down. A few soldiers were left to see this
done. The rest of the detachment had not proceeded far
before they heard confused noises behind ; and they hurried
back, thinking that the tenants of the castle were murdering
their comrades. But it was only the noise of a pack of buck-
hounds, kept in the bawn, or fortified curtilage. So they
brought off the owner and his hounds to Cromwell, then on
his march to the siege of Kilkenny, who was thus afforded some
good sport, whereby the gentleman so ingratiated himself with
Cromwell, according to the pedigree, that he afterwards inter
fered in his favour. And among the few letters of the Lord
Protector there remains one in favour of a gentleman of the
same name " of the County of Tipperary," requesting that he
might be spared from transplantation.
His estate, however, passed to the Adventurers. Whole
families of the name, as I afterwards found, were transplanted
into Connaught. Thence some of them petitioned to be allow
ed to come back, merely to get in their last harvest ; but they
were refused ; they were only suffered to send some servants.
Soon afterwards they sold their assignments in Connaught for
a trifle to the officers of transplantation, and fled in horror and
aversion from the scene, and embarked for Spain. At the
Restoration, the heir, who had served under the King's ensigns
abroad, returned ; and, expecting to be restored to his estate,
complained to the Council that he found the Adventurer who
was in possession of the family estate cutting down all the
timber, endeavouring, evidently, to make the most of his time,
in case he should lose the lands by this new revolution. As
the timber on all forfeited lands was, by Cromwell's Acts, re
served to the State, the Council had issued a proclamation, on
the Restoration, to prevent the cutting down of trees. The
affidavit of the heir still remains, informing the Council that,
when he showed the Adventurer the proclamation, he and his
men answered him, " that they did not value the said procla
mation, and that they would not leave standing a tree of all
the wood but one, whereon he, this deponent, should hang.'1
I 6 PHEFACE.
Deprived of their estates, which were never restored, differ
ent branches of the family became tenants under the Adven
turers of the lands they had once owned as lords. Some of
them, still adhering to the Crown, forfeited their leases after
the battle of the Boyne, and became exiles. Others held on.
One of the family — the grandfather of him whose pedigree I
was commissioned to investigate — happened to be conducting
agent for one of the candidates at the election at Clonmel for
the county of Tipperary caused by the accession of George III.
He tendered his vote. " You know you married a Papist,"
said the opposing agent, and thus denied his right. The other
challenged him for the insult. They retired at once to the
Green of Clonmel, behind the Court-house, where the man in
sulted on account of his wife's supposed religion was shot dead,
the other with difficulty escaping, on a horse, from the excited
crowd across the River Suir, which runs by the Green,. I did
not understand, until later, that a Protestant who married an
Irishwoman, if she did not conform to English religion within
one year of the marriage, sank to the harlot-like condition
of his wife's people ; he was deprived of all rights ; he became
" a constructive Papist ;" and " a Protestant of this class was, in
the eye of the law, a more odious Papist (to use the words of
the Court) than a real and actual Papist by profession and
principle." *
On my return to Dublin, I had recourse to the Records, to
trace the pedigree. The Rolls of Chancery begin only in the
reign of Edward II., almost all the earlier ones having been
burnt by a fire that destroyed St. Mary's Abbey, where they
were then deposited. Many early links, however, were ob
tained from the Tower of London, whither appeals in Writs of
Right by members of the family, and in one case of Wager of
Battle, carried from Ireland to Westminster in the reign
of Edward I., had been preserved. From Edward II. to the
* The case of Rives against Roderic, in the Exchequer, Hilary Term,
1729. Howard's " Cases on the Laws against the further Growth of
Popery in Ireland," p. 60. 8vo. Dublin: 1775.
PBEFACE. 1 7
34th of Henry VIII. comparatively little information was to be
obtained, as in that interval the regular administration of Eng
lish law was suspended, except in the Pale ; and the English
in the provinces ruled their differences by March Law, the
Irish by Brehon Law, and some of the towns (as, for instance,
Gal way) by the Civil Law.
But after the fall of the House of Kildare, the Feudal Law
was resumed, and Inquisitions taken upon the death of every
landowner " found," or recorded in Chancery, his death ; what
estates he died seized of; who was his heir, and whether under
age, and unmarried ; for in case the King became entitled to
the guardianship and marriage of the heir, and to the rents of
the estate during the minority, without account. Thus, from
1540 to 1640 nothing was easier than to trace the chain. But
here these documents ended, and a gap ensued, which it was
long difficult to bridge. The Statutes, after a similar gap,
began in 1662 with the Act of Settlement. After some study
it proved unintelligible. It was founded on transactions of
which there was no explanation. The histories of Ireland af
forded next to nothing.
The search for information had been for some time aban
doned as nearly hopeless, when I remembered that in the King's
Inns' Library there were pamphlets amounting to thousands,
but not catalogued. Each day, after court, a certain number
were gone through, until at length the whole was examined.
Between 1641 and 1650, there were plenty of pamphlets
about Ireland ; but they concerned the War ; and it was not
such I wanted. I had come to perceive the importance of
the history of the Landed Settlement of Ireland, and I desired
those that concerned the period from 1650 to 1659. I
only found the following, viz.: — ''The Great Case of Trans
plantation in Ireland Discussed," in the year 1655, with
an answer by Colonel Lawrence, and a reply by Vincent
Gookin (the author of the " Case") ; and Colonel Lawrence's
** Interest of England in the Well Planting of Ireland with
English People Discussed," in 1656.
18 PREFACE.
My interest was now redoubled, for I had formed some
conception of the Settlement. I went back to the Rolls' Office,
to ask Mr. Hatchell, so long Deputy-Keeper, if he knew any
thing of the history of the Settlement ; and if not, who did ?
He answered, he knew nothing of it, " but perhaps Groves
might." He was an old clergyman, who had been one of the
Record Commission of 1810. Mr. Groves knew nothing, but
said Mr. Shaw Mason might — he had been Secretary to the
Commission ; but Mr. Mason knew no more than Mr. Groves.
I now thought of searching the Record Commissioners' Re
ports, and found that there were several volumes of the very
date required, 1650-1659, in the custody of the Clerk of the
Privy Council, preserved in the heavily embattled Tower which
forms the most striking feature of the Castle of Dublin. They
were only accessible at that day through the order of the Lord
Lieutenant or Chief Secretary for Ireland. I obtained at length,
in the month of September, 1848, an order. It may be easily
imagined with what interest I followed the porter up the dark
winding stone staircase of this gloomy tower, once the prison
of the Castle, and was ushered into a small central space that
seemed dark, even after the dark stairs we had just left. As
the eye became accustomed to the spot, it appeared that the
doors of five cells made in the prodigious thickness of the
Tower walls opened on the central space. From one of them
Hugh Roe O'Donel is said to have escaped, by getting down
the privy of his cell to the Poddle River that runs round the
base of the Tower, i The place was covered with the dust of
twenty years ; but, opening a couple of volumes of the Stat
utes, — one as a clean spot to place my coat upon, the other to
sit on, — I took up my seat in the cell, exactly opposite to the
one just mentioned, as it looked to the south over the Castle
garden, and had better light. In this Tower, I found a series
of Order Books of the Commissioners of the Parliament of the
Commonwealth of England for the Affairs of Ireland, together
with Domestic Correspondence and Books of Establishments
from 1650 to 1659. They were marked on the back by the
PREFACE. 19
letter A over a number, as will be observed in the various ref
erences in the notes of the present sketch.* Here I found the J^
records of a nation's woes. The first page I happened to open
presented the following : —
" Forasmuch as the within Mrs. Mary Wolverston, by reason of
the bad weather that hath happened, was disabled to travel with her
provision and carriages into Connaught by the tyme limited in the
within passe, these are therefore to desire all whom it may concern
to permit the said Mary, and the within named persons her servants,
with such corne and other necessary provisions as she or they shall
have with them, quietly to pass into Connaught aforesaid to their
habitations, she and they behaving themselves as becometh.
" THOMAS HERBERT, Clerk of the Council.
"Dated the 14£7t October, 1654," f
I felt that I had at last reached the haven I had been so long
seeking. There I sat, extracting, for many weeks until I began
to know the voices of many of the corporals that came with the
guard to relieve the sentry in the Castle yard below, and every
drum and bugle call of the regiment quartered in the Ship-
street barracks. At length, between the labor of copying, and
excitement at the astonishing drama performing as it were be
fore my eyes, my heart by some strange movements warned me
it was necessary to retire for a time. But I again and again
returned at intervals, sometimes of months, sometimes of years.
Other depositories were ransacked. I got free range of the
Exchequer, full of interesting historical documents, and con
taining the Minute and Order Books of Cromwell's Court of
Claims. I had access to the Records of the late Auditor and '
* See the catalogue of these books, among the papers contained in the
Council Office, in the volume of reports from the Record Commissioners
from 1816 to 1828, Appendix, p. 227.
t A-5. The Wolverstons were at this time owners of the noble de
mesne called Stillorgan Park, three miles south of Dublin, derived through
the Cruise family, who were possessed of it in the beginning of the 13th
century. (" History of the County of Dublin, by John D' Alton, Esq.,
Barrister at Law," p. 840. 8vo. Dublin: 1838.) It subsequently got
the name of Carysfort Park, from becoming the property of the Earls of
Carysfort.
2 J PREFACE.
Surveyor-General's offices in the Custom House Buildings, in
the custody of W. H. Hardinge, Esq., whose works on the Of
ficial Maps and Surveys of the 1641 and 1688 Forfeitures, now
publishing in the " Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy,"
will become, for their extent and accuracy, the basis of much
authentic history. Some of the Order Books of the Council
are to be found here ; and the correspondence of the Revenue
Commissioners of the fifteen precincts into which Ireland was
divided by the Commissioners of the Commonwealth abound
in curious details. Every circuit I visited, through the kind
permission of the late Marquis of Ormond, the muniment
room of Kilkenny Castle, containing a series of private and pub
lic historical documents, some coeval with the first Conquest
— a pleasure enhanced by a friendship with their accomplished
keeper, the Rev. James Graves, Honorary Secretary to the
Kilkenny Archaeological Society.*
This depository is still surprisingly rich, though drayloads of
papers concerning the Cromwellian and Restoration eras were
carried away by Carte, to enable him to write the " History of
the Life of James Duke of Ormond," — papers which now form
the Great Carte Collection in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.
These were visited, as also the British Museum and State Paper
Office, which, however, did not yield much. I must add the
Library of Charles Haliday, Esq., at his Lucullan villa, Monks-
town Park, rich in all the rarest literature relating to Ireland,
with a collection of pamphlets and fugitive pieces from the
earliest time to the present, probably unequalled,! over the door
* Author, jointly with J. G. A. Prirn, of the " History of the Cathedral
of St. Cauice, Kilkenny." 4to. Dublin: Hodges and Smith, 1857. Mr.
Graves is now editing, under the sanction of the Master of the Rolls,
a Council Roll of 18th Kichard II., A. D. 1395, preserved in Kilkeuny
Castle.
t Plutarch, after describing the elegance of Lucullus's villas, praise*
him for the libraries he had collected, and the number ot volumes he had
caused to be copied for him in elegant hands. His libraries were open
to all. The Greeks repaired at pleasure to the galleries and porticos, as
to the retreat of the Musfis, and there spent whole days in conversation
on matters of learning, delighted to retire to such a scene from business
PREFACE. 21
of which might be written, " The Books of Charles Haliday and
his friends."* As the materials grew, so grew the difficulty of
selecting and framing an account. Other occupations also in
terfered.
It seemed as if I had now gone through every depository.
I had got a tolerably clear view of that great work, the Trans
plantation of a Nation, which the Commissioners of the Parlia
ment found it such a labor to execute. But to express the
despondency I felt at attempting to describe it, I might almost
use the language of the Commissioners themselves in effecting
it, — " The children were now come to the birth, and much was
expected and desired, but there was no strength to bring
forth." f
In the beginning of the year, 1864, however, the Earl of
Charlemont intrusted me with the care of the noble collection
of books, coins, and papers in Charlemont House, Dublin,
formed by his grandfather, James, first Earl of Charlemont, a
man no less distinguished in arts than for patriotism, — the
General in Chief of the Irish Volunteers. The library was a
rich one (particularly in early English and Italian literature) ;
but, as I had had constant access to so many fine Public libra
ries, it did not seem likely that I should meet with any thing in
print that had not come under my notice. What, then, was
my surprise to find twelve small quarto volumes, in old sheep
skin covers, comprising the London weekly newspapers between "
1641 and 1659, the same substantially in form as those of the
present day ! There is the leading article (those of the year
and from care. Lucullus often joined these learned men in their walks^
and gave them his advice about the affairs of their country ; so that his
house was in fact an asylum and senate house to all the Greeks that visited
Rome. " Life of Lucullus."
* Eabelais inscribed in all his books the following :— " Francisci Kabe-
laesi, medici, *ai rG>v abrov <f>i\wv." Notwithstanding his devotion to
commerce, there are to be found valuable papers from Mr. Haliday on the
early history of Dublin and its port, in the "Transactions of the Eoyal
Irish Academy." His researches into the history of the Danes of Ireland
would be a most important addition to the history of the kingdom.
t See at p. 85, post.
22 PEEFACE.
1650, for instance, hare " Young Tarquin" for their subject,
sometimes called " the Scotch King," nicknames for Charles
II., to render him odious to the English), proceedings in Par
liament and the Law Courts, and correspondence from Paris,
Sweden, Rome, &c., and Ireland — the letters from Ireland sup
plying some of those lively touches that such contemporary ac
counts alone can give.
It was plain that all the information that could be hoped for
had now been obtained ; and if not brought forth, the subject
might sleep for another period as long as the last — some of the
information might, perhaps, be buried forever with the pos
sessor.* Much of it had been collected with the view of being
able some time or other to treat the subject of the Settlement
of real property in Ireland, historically considered, before the
body of the Bar ; but as neither of the two chairs founded by
the Benchers had the law of real property allotted to it, and
still wishing to interest my own profession in a favorite pur
suit, a select audience of them was addressed, f The interest
* "When a learned man dies," said the Master of the Temple, in his
speech at the grave of the great jurisconsult, John Selden, in 1654, in
the Temple Church — " when a learned man dies, much learning dies with
him;" adding, " If learning could have kept a man alive, our brother had
not died." — Wood's "Athenae Oxonienses," vol. ii., "John Selden," p.
134. Folio. London: 1721.
t This lecture was delivered on the 9th of June, 1864, at the Four Courts,
Dublin. The following was the notice issued : —
" THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT OF IRELAND.
" A lecture, to be based on Acts and Ordinances of the Parliament of
the Commonwealth of England, on unpublished Orders and Declarations
of the Lord Deputy and Council for the Affairs of Ireland, and on other
original sources. To be illustrated by transcript maps of Strafford's Sur
vey, taken in 1637, on occasion of the confiscation of Connaught and part
of Tipperary ; also by transcripts of the Down Survey, for setting down
the regiments of the Army of the Parliament of England, by troops and
companies, in 1654 and 1655; by original certificates of Adventurers'
allotments, and by conveyances from the soldiers of whole troops and
companies of their debentures to their officers ; likewise by coloured maps,
showing, in different tints, the baronies assigned in Connaught for the
new settlements of the ancient nobility, gentry, and farmers of the Irisli
nation, corresponding in character to their old habitations in the three
PREFACE. 23
and appreciation shown by men so well qualified to judge gave
assurance that the subject could not be without interest to the
public.
JOHN P. PRENDERGAST.
3 TOWER TERRACE, SANDYMOUNT, DUBLIN, May 1, 1865.
other provinces from whence they were transplanted ; and showing the
division of those three provinces between the Adventurers, for their
advances towards putting down the rebellion, and between the officers
and soldiers for arrears of pay."
INTRODDCT40ftiJ"':
" THE Irish are one of the most ancient nations," says Spen
ser, " that I know of at this end of the world ;" and come of
" as mighty a race as the world ever brought forth." *
They belong to that great Gaelic or Celtic race that ages ago
inhabited Erin, Britain, Gaul, and the northern part of Spain.
Men of big hearts, and big bodies,f the Gauls were long the
terror of Rome. Bursting over the Alps, they sacked the city
(B. c. 388). Camillus paid a ransom for it, and they retired ;
and Camillus got the name of Second founder of Rome.
Others of them, following the course of the Danube, burst into
Greece, and attacked the Temple of Delphi for its treasures
(B. c. 279). Another body crossed over into Asia Minor.
Three of their tribes divided the country among them. Antio-
chus at length put a stop to their attacks on the Greek
cities,J and confined them to the central mountains of Asia
Minor ; for this he got the title of Soteer, or Saviour (B. c.
277). There they long dwelt, the only free people amid na
tions of slaves. The chiefs of the clans met yearly on a plain,
surrounded by ancient oaks. Here St. Jerome found them
* " View of the State of Ireland, written by Edmund Spenser, Esq., in
the yeare 1596," pp. 26 and 32. Folio. Printed at Dublin : 1633.
f " Ingentes animos ingenti corpore versant." — The men of Tipperary
are said to have hearts as big as bulls, and to their foes as fierce ; but to
woman or friend as tender as thrushes.
I See the touching song, in Greek, of three young Ionian ladies of
Miletus, who voluntarily quitted life rather than meet these Gauls : —
" Then let us hence, Miletus dear ! Sweet native land, farewell 1
The insulting wrongs of lawless Gauls we fear whilst here we dwell.'1
Bonn's " Greek Anthology," translated, 12mo., London, 1852, p. 446.
One might have presumed that these Gauls belonged to Gallia Celtica
(they did in fact come from Toulouse, in France) ; if they had been Irish,
these virgins need not have felt the least alarm— for
" No son of Erin would have offered them harm."
2
26 INTRODUCTION.
speaking their own language, six hundred years after their first
settlement. Of these were " the Galatians," or Celts, to whom
St. Paul addressed his Epistle.
About one hundred years before the birth of Christ, the
Cimbric Gauls again threatened Rome. Marius, fresh from his
conquest at Ganliftge:, defeated them. It bespeaks the great
ness of the peril that the Romans gave him for this victory
.tl.'G -tarjie; of Third ^founder of Rome. They were a warlike
'ruce. Whoever Wanted to buy headlong courage hired the
Gauls. They were in the pay of Carthage ; they were the
chosen soldiers of Pyrrhus, that king of blasted triumphs, who
loved fighting for fighting's sake. It was in going to the res
cue of his Gaulish troops, overmatched in the market-place of
Argos, that an old woman killed him in one of its narrow
streets, by a tile thrown from the roof. Vast in their hopes,
noisy, rhetorical, laughers, talkers, sympathetic, — such is the
character of the early race. " The Gauls march openly to their
end," says Strabo, lt and are thus easily circumvented."
Some people seem always disposed to side with the power
ful, but the Gauls, according to the same author, more readily
took part with the weak and injured.
Caesar, meditating schemes for the overthrow of the aristo-
cratical power in Rome, exercised his armies in subduing the
Gauls. Having desolated a country, the Romans set about
civilizing it. They established on the ruins of ancient Gaulish
freedom a Roman government and a bastard Roman civiliza
tion.
They gave the Gauls baths, circuses, and forums ; but they
took away from them their arms and the management of their
own affairs. Their best citizens were withdrawn from them,
to seek their fortunes at the capital of the world. Dearly
did they pay for their civilization. Large landed estates, which
had ruined Italy, now ruined Gaul.* Weighed down with
taxes, and the overpowering shadow of the empire, in their
wretchedness the Gauls of France actually welcomed the irrup
tion of the barbarians.f
The Britons, in the course of 400 years of Roman govern-
* " Latifundia perdidere Italiam ; ju,m vero et provincias." C. Plin.
Sccnndi, Nat. Hist., lib. xviii., 7.
t For an account of the Gauls, see Michelet, " Hiatoire de France,"
b. i., cc. 1-3; Amadee Thierry, " Histoire des Gaules." 2 vols. Svo,
Paris: 1857.
INTRODUCTION. 27
ment, were reduced to similar weakness. The descendants of
those warriors that startled Julius Caesar with their enthusias
tic bravery and contempt of death, were unable to strike in
their own defence, when the Roman armies withdrew to the
Continent to support the crumbling empire. When the Irish
of Caledonia invaded them, the Britons could do nothing but
"groan," and finally called in the Saxons to defend them. It
was the same with Spain — this country, that so long maintain
ed itself against the Romans, was overrun by the Vandals, and
partitioned in two years. It was the same wherever the
Roman power prevailed. Italy, and Rome itself, Gaul, Spain,
Britain, were overrun by hordes of barbarians,
Huns, Alans, Vandals, Burgundians, Goths, Ostrogoths,
Visigoths, Lombards, Saxons, Franks, poured over Western
Europe, like wave succeeding wave. Whole countries were
depopulated ; their names were changed, their laws and
languages lost ; the survivors became the farm slaves of the
conquerors, to be taxed, worked, and flogged at the will of
their masters. These conquerors began to fight amongst them
selves; the strong ones knew no law but their own will,
limited only by their power. They built themselves castles
on the heights, clad themselves in iron, and compelled each
man to be either of their band or -to be their victim. The
earlier invaders resigned to some later tyrant in the neighbour
hood the allotments they had carved out for themselves with
their own swords and held independent of any superior. They
took them back from him as his Tenants on the condition of
serving him with his followers either in robbing, or in defend
ing him from being robbed, he on his part yielding them pro
tection.* This was the feudal system, the foundation of the
law of real property in Europe, modified in the course of cen
turies, by the growth of towns, by the spread of intelligence,
by the Crusades ; happily extinguished utterly in France by
the Revolution of 1789, and wherever the French army carried
the Code Napoleon with its abolition of settlements or quasi-
entails, by deed or will, and its freer diffusion of property in
land, accompanied by general self-respect, and increase of
national well-being.
Britain from her remoteness, and by being an island, was
* Robertson, " History of the Emperor Charles V. ;" preliminary
chapter and appendix, ib.
28 INTRODUCTION.
not subject to so many invasions as the Continent of Europe.
She fell, however (A. D. 450) to one of the fiercest of the bar
barian nations, the Saxons. They were possessed in the high
est degree of the Land hunger that made the invasions of these
northern hordes so terrible beyond all former conquests. They
seized the houses and farms of the Romanized Britons, exter
minated them and their language, and the very names of their
towns and districts, and drove the survivors behind the River
Severn ; and there they shut them up among the mountains
of Cambria, surrounded by the Severn and the sea, and further
secured on the land side by the dike called Offa's Dike, just
as theif descendants, one thousand years later, penned up the
Irish in Connaught behind the Shannon.
Six hundred years after the settlement of the Saxons in
Britain, another race of pirates who had issued in their boats
from the fiords and bays of Norway and the Baltic, sailed up
the Seine. They made themselves masters of Neustria, took
wives of the native race, and became the French of Normandy.
Thence William the Conqueror led his French and Flemish fol
lowers into England. These French of Normandy reduced this
great English nation to such slavery, that they seized the en
tire lands and government of England, made the inhabitants
their serfs, taxable and floggable at their will, until it became a
disgrace to be called an Englishman.*
The English peasantry, deprived of the protection of their na
tive gentry and national Government, took the only means they
had to make themselves respected : they cut the throats of
the worst of their foreign landlords whenever they caught them
unawares in byways and thickets.f As no one would turn in
former (for national hatred is the firmest bond of association
and secrecy), the vill or townland was then fined where a
* " Ut Anglum vocari foret opprobrio." Matthew of Paris, b. 5., c. 12.
t " Black Book of the Exchequer," by Richard Fitz Nigel (or Lenoir),
afterwards Bishop of Ely, written in 24th of Henry II., A. D., 1172, in the
introduction to Madox's " History and Antiquities of the Exchequer,"
2 vols. 4to, London, 1769, vol. i., p. 390. It has been truly said —
" Qui de ses sujets est ha'i,
N'est pas seigneur de son pays.'
* The lord whose tenants cannot well endure him,
Finds no place in his country to secure him."
See Randall Cotgrave's French and English Dictionary, A. D. 1610, at the
word " Seigneur." Howell's edit. Folio. London : 1673.
INTRODUCTION. 29
Frenchman was found murdered. To escape this fine, the Eng
lish peasantry used to cut off the poor gentleman's nose, slit
his cheeks, and so disfigure the corpse, that no one could know
whether it was French or English. This practice is alluded to
in the ballad of " Robin Hood and Sir Guy of Gisborne,"
where, after Robin had slain Sir Guy, the ballad proceeds : —
" Then Robin pulled out an Irish knife,
And nicked Sir Guy in the face,
That he was never of woman born
Could know whose head it was.
It was then enacted that the corpse should be deemed
French, unless a jury found it was only an Englishman. This
was called the presentment of " Englischerie." The French
who ruled England charged the English peasantry with treach
ery and murder as characteristic of their race. They said
that abroad over the wide extent of Germany, inhabited by so
many races, whenever any very atrocious deed was committed,
it was common to hear people say, " Perfidious Saxon !"* But
the English peasantry had no natural taste for murder. They
sheltered and protected the man that avenged his own wrongs
with spirit, as in some degree the champion of their cause and
race ; feeling, perhaps, that if it was not for shooting a gentle
man now and then, there would be no living in the country for
a poor man. This law (and probably these insults and mur
ders) lasted till the reign of Edward III. Then, when the ser
vices of the English bowmen were wanted to bring back the
revolted French provinces under the hated rule of England,f
* " Who dare compare the English, the most degraded of all races un
der heaven [says Giraldus Cambrensis], with the Welsh ? In their own
country they are the serfs, the veriest slaves of the Normans. In ours, who
else have we for our herdsmen, shepherds, cobblers, skinners, cleaners
of our dog-kennels, ay, even of our privies, but Englishmen ? Not to
mention their original treachery to the Britons, that hired by them to
defend them ihey turned upon them in spite of their oaths and engage
ments, they are to this day given to treachery and murder, so that when
ever," &c. The concluding words in the Latin of Giraldus are — " Unde
et in Teutonico regno quotiens enormiter quis delinquere videtur, de
natione quacunque, quasi proverbialiter in suo vulgari diei solet Untrewe
Sax, hoc est, infidelis Saxo." Giraldi Cambrensis Opera, edited by J. S.
Brewer, M. A., vol. iii., p. 27. 8vo. London, Longman & Co. : 1863.
t " The English," saVs Carte (alluding to the brutal insolence displayed
in the debates in the Parliament of England upon the Live Irish Cattle
Importation Prohibition Bill, in 1666, which he says was urged out of
80 INTRODUCTION.
they ceased from these national insults, and no doubt found the
English peasantry possessed of bravery, truth, and all the vir
tues under the sun.
These French conquerors were settled one hundred years in
England before they invaded Ireland. A body of them, prin
cipally Flemings, had settled in the southern part of Wales
along the Bristol Channel, round by St. David's Head, from
whence Ireland was in view.
A party of these men, by way of private adventure, sailed
over to the aid of the King of Leinster, then at war with the
neighbouring Irish kings. The contingent they brought was
small in. number compared to the Irish army which they joined;
but better arms, and discipline acquired in foreign war and in
maintaining the rule of conquerors over the English they had
enslaved, gave the victory to the side they espoused. Their
leader married the King's daughter, and received as her dowry
the kingdom of Leinster ; his followers obtained estates in the
same district ; and, an opening being thus made, the French
prince then ruling in England followed, with an army of French
and Flemings, and established his rule in Ireland.
The country to which the invaders had now arrived struck
them as another world.* The rest of western Europe had
been for more than a thousand years enslaved, first to the Ro
mans, then to the northern hordes; so that the Feudal system,
which is founded on the conquest and colonization of the coun
try by an army of foreigners, had come to be considered as
the natural state.
Ireland, however, lying on the verge of the western world in
the Atlantic, separated from Britain by the unquiet Irish Sea,
wantonness, and a resolution taken to domineer over that distressed
kingdom), " never understood governing their provinces, and have put
them under a necessity of casting off their government whenever an op
portunity offered." ""Lite of James, Duke of Ormond," vol. ii., p. 317.
And he had seen the treaties which the provinces of Guienne, Poictou,
Anjou, &c., had made with the Kings of France, when by the intolerable
pride of the English they had been forced to throw off their yoke. In
these they expressly stipulated, " that in any distress of the affairs of
France they should never be delivered back into the power of the Eng
lish." Ib., ib. And the people thus injured and insulted by them in
Ireland, in 1666, were their own blood and nation, the Adventurers and
Soldiers not ten years settled in the country.
* " Thus separated from the rest of the known world, and in some sort
to be distinguished as another world." — Giraldus, " Topographia Hiber-
niae," b. i., chap. 2.
INTRODUCTION. 31
scarcely calm for three days in summer,* had escaped Roman
and feudal thraldom.
Tacitus had often heard Agricola, his father-in-law, comman
der of the Roman forces in Britain, say that the country could
be conquered and held by one legion, and that the conquest of
it much concerned the interests of the Romans in Britain ; for
the neighbourhood of a free country rendered the Britons more '"
difficult to govern. It would be well, therefore, that freedom
should be as it were taken out of sight, and the Roman armies
be seen everywhere.
To this end he kept a MacMurroughf in his camp, and
moved a legion to the coast of Wales, watching for some op
portunity ; but the exigencies of the empire called the Roman V"
forces home without having invaded Ireland.]; So that when
the companions of Strongbow landed, in the reign of King
Henry II., they found a country such as Caesar found in Gaul
1200 years before; the inhabitants divided into tribes on the
system of clansmen and chiefs, without common government,
suddenly confederating, suddenly dissolving, with Brehons,
Shannahs, Minstrels, Bards, and Harpers, in all unchanged, ex-
cept that for their ancient Druids they had got Christian
priests. Had the Irish only remained honest Pagans, Ireland
perhaps had been unconquered still. Round the coast stran
gers had built seaport towns, either traders from the Cartha
ginian settlements in Spain, or outcasts froai their own coun
try, like the Greeks that built Marsoilles.§ At the time of the
arrival of the French and Flemish Adventurers from Wales,
they were occupied by a mixed Danish and French population,
who, supplied the Irish with groceries, including the wines of
Poitou, — the latter in such abundance, that they had no need
of vineyards.||
Unlike England, then covered with castles on the heights,
where the French gentlemen secured themselves and their
* Ibid., b. ii., chap. 1.
-t " Agricola, expulsutn seditione domestica, unum ex regulis gentis,
exceperat, ac specie ainicitiae in occasionem retinebat." — Tacitus, •' Lite of
Airricola."
% " Life of Agricola."
§ Giraldus Cambrensis says the towns were built by the Ostmen, "To '/
pography of Ireland," Distinction iii., chap. 43. But, as Tacitus says the v
ports of Ireland were better known to merchants than those of England,
the account here given is the more probable one.
\ Giraldus Cambrensis, Distinction L, chap. 5.
32 INTRODUCTION.
families against the hatred of the churls and villeins, as the
English peasantry were called, the dwellings of the Irish chiefs
were of wattle or clay. It is for robbers and foreigners to take
to rocks and precipices for security ; for native rulers there is
no such fortress as justice and humanity.
The Irish, like the wealthiest and highest of the present day,
loved detached houses, surrounded by fields and woods. Towns
and their walls they looked upon as tombs or sepulchres,
where man's native vigor decays, as the fiercest animals lose
their courage by being caged.* They wore woollen garments
much in the present fashion, and disdained to case themselves
in iron, thinking it honorable to fight naked, as it was called,
with the mailed French of Normandy and their Flemish and
English followers, just as the Gauls fought naked with the well-
armed soldiers of Rome, f
They were fond of music, poetry, and genealogy, and the
professors of these arts in each tribe or clan had land heredi
tarily allotted to them. In the spirited character of the Irish
the new settlers found themselves in the presence of a people
of original sentiments and institutions, the native vigor of
whose mind had not been weakened by another mind. Noth
ing surprised the invaders more than the natural boldness and
readiness of the Irish in speaking and answering even in tl .
presence of their chieftains and princes, accustomed as the •
vaders were to the servile habits of the English, produced, as
Giraldus says, either by long slavery, or (more probably he
adds) by the innate dulness of men of Saxon and German
stock.|
They were equally astonished at the freedom and familiarity
of the Irish gentry with their poorer followers, so different
from the haughty reserve of an aristocracy of foreign descent to-
* This was the feeling of the ancient Germans. — Gibbon, chap. xix.
t Sentleger, Lord Deputy, giving Henry VIII. a description of such
troops as he might command out of Ireland to France, after describing the
gallowglasses, says:—" The other sort, called kerne, are naked men but
only their shirts and small coats, and many times when they came to the
bicker [tight] but bare naked saving their shirts to hide their privities,"
p. 444. State Papers (Ireland), H. VIII., vol. ii., Paper 385. In the battle
with Lucius JEmilius, the young chiefs of the Gesatae stripped themselves
naked, except only their collars and armlets of gold. — Polybius, b. ii.,
chap. 2.
I Giraldus Cambrensis, " Description of Wales," b. i., c. 15 ; but the
eame remarks are applicable to the Irish even in a greater degree.
INTRODUCTION. 33
wards the lower classes of a subject nation reduced by conquest
to the state of villeins and serfs. Free by nature, the Irish
were followers of nature and freedom in all things.
Unlike most other nations of the world, the Irish did not
bind up their infants in swaddling clothes.* It required the
lapse of ages, and the burning eloquence of Rousseau, to induce
the world to follow the practice of the Irish, who never went
wrong in this respect ; so true is the saying that he who fol
lows nature never goes out of the way. We learn from
Giraldus, that the Irish midwives did not raise the new-born
babe's nose, nor shape its face, nor stretch and swathe its little
legs. Nature, he says, was in that country allowed to adjust
the limbs she had given birth to ; and, as if to prove that
what she was able to form she does not cease to watch over,
it was found that she gave growth and proportion to the Irish
until they arrived at perfect vigor, tall and handsome.f And,
being never swathed in infancy, their limbs had a freer turn,
and their countenances a more liberal air.
The harp that had long been silent in Gaul, and was heard
in Britain only in the mountains of Wales, was universally
played in Ireland ; and the gayety of the airs, and the skill of
the artists, astonished and delighted those accustomed to the
slower airs of the Welsh .J
They amused themselves with hurling, the men of one dis
trict playing against those of another, the prize probably, as in
later times, being often some fair girl, arranged to be the bride
of the favourite youth of the winning side.§
* Such was the custom of the Jews : — " And when I was born, I drew
in the common air, and fell upon the earth . . . and the first voice which
I uttered was crying ... I was nursed in swaddling clothes." . . . Wis
dom of Solomon, chap. 7. And of the Romans : — " Horninem tantum nu-
dum, et in nuda. humo natali die [natura] abjicit ad vagitus statim et plora-
turn. Ab hoc lucis rudimento, . . . vincula excipiunt et omnium mem-
brorum nexus: itaque feliciter natus, jacet, manibus pedibusque devinctis,
flens animal cseteris imperaturum, et a suppliciis vitam auspicatur, unam
tantum ob culpam quia natum est." — C. Plinius, lib. vii., chap. 1. " Nature
flings down man alone naked on the bare ground on the day of his birth,
to begin life with cries and tears. On his entrance into light, every limb
is chained and bound; and there lies this little weeping animal that is
to command all others, born under these happy auspices, and begins its
life in chains and punishment, guilty only of being born."
t "Topography of Ireland," Distinction iii., chap. 10.
% Ibid., chap. 11.
§ " There is a very ancient custom here [county of Tipperary] for a
number of country neighbors among the poor people to fix upon some
2*
34 INTRODUCTION.
The great bcxly of the people were of pastoral habits. The
different families used the tribal lands in common, following
their herds from the winter feeding grounds to the summer
pastures in the mountains, shifting their quarters as the need
of fresh pasturage for their cows required, and building for
themselves light booths of boughs of trees, covered with long
strips of green turf. •"' "i
The tillage ground of each tribe, near which they seem to
have had dwellings a little more durable than their movable
summer huts in the mountains, was annually divided among
the families by the Caunfinny, according to their stock and re
quirements.
But, though the great body of the people had no separate
properties, the chief families had portions appropriated to them
in perpetuity. There were also lands appointed as well for
the elected chief, as others for the Tanist who was to succeed
him ; other portions were also enjoyed hereditarily by the Bre-
hons, and bards, and physicians of the tribe. The chief also
was entitled to tributes of victuals, and certain of his depend
ants were bound to entertain him and his company for stated
times in the year.
But the Irish knew no such thing as tenure, nor forfeiture,
nor fixed rent ; at this they repined, though willing to offer
such tribute of victuals as was required, and to let their chief
tains eat them almost out of house and home : hence the
saying, " Spend me, but Defend me." *
young woman that ought, as they think, to be married. They also agree
upon a young fellow as a proper husband for her. This determined, they
send to the f&ir one's cabin, to inform her that on the Sunday following
she is to be horsed, that is, carried in triumph on men's backs. She must
then provide whiskey and cider for a treat, as all will pay her a visit after
mass for a hurling match. As soon as she is horsed, the hurling beghis,
on which the young fellow appointed for her husband has the eyes of all
the company fixed on him ; if he comes off conqueror, he is certainly mar
ried to the girl ; but if another is victor, he as certainly loses her, for she
is the prize of the victor." — Vol. ii., p. 250, "A Tour in Ireland in the
years 1776, 1777, 1778," by Arthur Young. 8vo. Dublin: 1780. See
also his account of Irish dancing, ibid. ; but, with the advance of English
power and English religion,
" These healthful sports that graced the happy scene,
Lived in each look, and brightened all the green ;
These, fur departing, seek a kinder shore,
And rural mirth and manners are no more."
* Spenser says, "Coigny is in common use among landlords of the Irish
to have a common spending upon their tenants .... neither in this was
INTRODUCTION. 35
The treaty between Henry II. and Roderic, King of Con-
naught, entered into at Windsor, three years after the king's
return from his " Veni, vidi, vici," visit to Ireland, as Sir
John Davies styles it, justifies his ridicule of the nature of the
conquest attributed to him.
By that instrument, signed on O'Connor's behalf, as King
of Connanght, and Chief King of Ireland, by two of the Pope's
new archbishops of Ireland, O'Connor is made to become the
King's liegeman, and to be King of Connaught, and Chief
King of Ireland, under Henry II. He undertakes that the
Irish shall yield the King of England annually one merchant
able hide for every ten cows in Ireland, which O'Connor is to
collect for him through every part of Ireland, except that
which is in the possession of King Henry II. and his barons,
being Dublin, Meath, and Leinster, with Waterford as far as
Dungarvan. The* rest of the k^ngs and people of Ireland are
to enjoy all their lands and liberties as long as they shall con
tinue faithful to the King of England, and pay this tribute
through the hands of the King of Connaught.*
Two systems were thus established side by side in Ireland,
the Feudal and the Brehon systems ; for the Irish, as Sir John
Davies remarks, merely became tributaries to the King of Eng
land, preserving their ancient Brehon law, and electing their
chiefs and tanists, making war and peace with one another,
and ruling all things between themselves by this law, until the
reign of Queen Elizabeth ;f and this, as Spenser remarks, not
merely in districts entirely inhabited by Irish, but in the Eng
lish parts. He speaks as an eye-witness, having seen their
meetings on their ancient accustomed hills, where they deba
ted and settled matters between family and family, township
and township, assembling in large numbers, and going, accord
ing to their custom, all armed.J
There, surrounded by the Irish lords and gentlemen and
the tenant wronged, for it was an ordinary and known custom .... for
they were never wont (and yet are loath) to yield any certain rent but only
such spendings; for their common saying is, 'Spend me, but Defend
me.' " "A View of the State of Ireland," by Edmund Spenser, Esq., in
the year 1596.
* Kymer's " Foedera," vol. i., p. 31. Folio. London : 1816.
t " A Discovene of the State of Ireland, and the true Cause why that
Kingdom was never entirely subdued until the Beginning of His Majesties
[James I.] most happie Reign." London : 1613, p. 603.
% " View of Ireland," pp/421, 500.
36 INTRODUCTION.
commonalty, seated on the accustomed stone, or under some
ancient tree, the Brehon gave his judgment according to the
Brehon code, formed partly of Irish customs, and partly of
maxims culled from the Roman Digest.*
Campion, an English Jesuit, from Cambridge, who travelled
in Ireland in Queen Elizabeth's day, saw their schools of Bre
hon law ; the rising Brehons, stretched at full length, conning
their tasks, and learning by rote fragments of Roman and
Irish law, at which they continued for many years.f Spenser
admits that their decisions had a great show of equity. Stani-
hurst, a contemporary of Spenser's, had witnessed the breaking
up of their meetings, and seen the crowd in long lines coming
down the hills in the wake of each chieftain, he the proudest
that could bring the largest company home to his evening
supper.J
It was from a priest who had once been a Brehon that
Sir John Davies, in 1610, received the treatise on " Corbes
and Herenachs ;"§ and few who have read his account of the
first assizes held for the county of Fermanagh, in the ruins of
the abbey, in the island of Lough Erne, will forget the aged
Brehon of the Maguires drawing from his bosom with trem
bling hand the ancient roll, and refusing to part with it until
the Lord Deputy, Sir Arthur Chichester, had given him his
hand and faith that it should be restored to him.|| It was only
at this period of the reign of King James I. that the practice
of the Brehon law was forbidden in Ireland ;^ for the Statutes
of Kilkenny, passed in the 40th of Edward III., only prohib-
* Sir James Ware, " Antiquities of Ireland," chap. viii.
t " They speak Latin like a vulgar language, learned in their common
schools of leachcraft and law, whereat they begin children and hold on
sixteen or twenty years, conning by rote the aphorisms of Hippocrates
and the Civil Institutes, and a few other parings of these two faculties. I
have seen them where they kept school, ten in some one chamber, grov
elling upon couches of straw, their books at their noses, themselves lying
prostrate, and so to chant out their lessons by piecemeal, being the most
part lusty fellows of twenty-five years and upwards." — p. 18, Edmund
Campion's "Account of Ireland," written in May, 1571.
% Ricardus Stanihurst, "De Eebus in Hibernia Gestis," p. 37. 4to.
Antwerp: 1584.
§ "Letter to Robert, Earl of Salisbury, touching the State of Monaghan,
Fermanagh, and Cavan ; wherein is a Discourse concerning the Corbes and
Herenachs of Ireland," 1607, 8vo, Dublin, 1787, p. 246.
| Ib., ib., p. 253.
IF In Hilary Term, 3d James I. (A. D. 1605). See Sir J. Daviea, Re
ports, p. 40.
INTRODUCTION. 37
ited the use of it in ruling differences between the English.
The Irish had no other, as they were denied the use of the
English law. But after the subduing of Tyrone's rebellion,
the English judges, who had hitherto gone their circuits round
the Pale, were sent all round Ireland to administer English
law ; and the practice of the Irish code was superseded, and
declared to be no law, but a lewd custom.
At the date of the Treaty of Windsor the invaders had
planted themselves only on the east coast of Ireland ; and
King Henry II. by that treaty purported to guarantee their
lands to the rest of the Irish. Yet he did not hesitate, un
known probably to the Irish, to cantonize or divide Ireland
among ten of his followers, who received by these grants petty
kingdoms, to be divided among their comrades and followers,
in the expectation that they should bring over fresh Adventurers
from England, and that as they grew more numerous, they
should gradually supplant the Irish, and strip them of their
lands.*
These barons and their followers all held their lands on
feudal conditions, liable to homage and fealty, to aids and tal-
liages, to wardships and marriages, to fines for alienation, to
primer seizins, rents, reliefs, escheats, and forfeitures — contri
vances of the stronger for exacting money from the weaker.
They stood instead of legacy and succession duties and stamp
duties of modern times. No man could come into his estate
without paying a year's rent as a relief, or sell it or settle it
without a fine for alienation.
But beyond all other feudal burdens were wardships and
marriages. If a gentleman left his heir under age at his death,
he could appoint no guardian : the king or superior lord (for
each lord exacted from his tenants what the king exacted from
him) took possession of the heir and the estate, leaving the
widow to maintain the rest of the family out of her dower,
while the guardian spent the rents of the estate without lia
bility to account, often letting the castle go out of repair. As
incident to the wardship, he had the right to sell it, and with it
the right for the purchaser to dispose of the heir or heiress
in marriage to the highest bidder. Thus the Earl of Lincoln
gave King John 3000 marcs for the marriage of Richard de
* Sir John Davies' " Discoverie," etc., p. 652.
38 INTRODUCTION.
Clare in order to marry him to his eldest daughter, Matilda.*
Geoffry de Mandeville gave him 20,000 marcs, that he might
marry Isabella, Countess of Gloucester, and possess her lands.f
Sibella de Singera offers the king 200 marcs to marry as she
likes.J; Heiresses remained in wardship to the king or their
landlord until they married, no matter what their age, and
when they became widows became wards again, and to marry
a second time must have their landlord's consent.§ Thus
Alice, Countess of Warwick, gave the king £1000 for liberty
to remain a widow as long as she liked, and not to be forced
by the king to marry, and for the wardship of her sons.| One
of the great inducements to settle in towns was the privilege
conceded by almost every founder of a borough by his charter,
that the burghers or citizens might marry, themselves, their
sons, and daughters, and widows, without license from their
lords ;^f a license of late required on the estates of some land
lords managed in the English or feudal mode in Ireland.
No man could hunt or hawk on his own estate ; the game
was all reserved for the king ;** he could not even take the
young hawks in his own oaks — this was one of the liberties
won and consecrated by Magna Charta. So strict a game
preserver was King John, that the beasts and fowl of the forest
seemed to be aware that they were under his protection. In
England the country abounded with them ; they would not
fly from the traveller, but would only move to a short distance
and continue to fced.ff This slavery the Anglo-Saxons always
endured ; but the Irish never knew the Forest Law or Game
Law, nor could the English ever impose it on them. " If they
had," says Sir John Davies, " it might have been a means of
conquest ; for they might have turned the Irish out of the wild
places where they dwelt in freedom, and might have given
* Preface T>. xxx. "Oblate and Fine Rolls in the Tower of London, in
the Time 01 King Jchn," Record Publication. 8vo. By T. D. Hardy :
1835.
t Ib., ib. \ Ib., xxxii. § Ib., ib. \ Ib., ib.
IT See the charter of the City of Dublin and other charters, in " Cartsa
Privilegifi et Immunitates," Irish Record Commission. Folio.
** Walter de Riddlesford offers King John (A. D. 1200) twenty marcs
to have the King's confirmation of his lands, and for license to hunt the
hare and the wolf. " Oblate and Fine Rolls," preface, p. ix. n.
•ft See a curious account by one of the Flemish soldiers of King John's
expeditionary army to Ireland, in the year 1210, " Histoire des 1>UC3 de
Normandie," vol. i., p. 109. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris : 1840.
INTRODUCTION. 39
them up to the beasts of chase, less hurtful, and less wild than
they."*
The feudal system proceeded on the principle that the lands
were all derived from the king, as the captain of a conquering
army, and had been distributed by him amongst the members
of it on certain conditions (the main object of which was the
maintaining x>f the conquest), liable to be forfeited if they
were not observed.
The Irish, having never undergone a feudal conquest and
plantation like the rest of Europe, considered the territory as
the common property and patrimony of the clans or nations
— not held from any one, not liable to forfeiture, which indeed
was impossible, as it was owned and occupied by them jointly
or in common.
The chief families had contrived, contrary to the general
principle, to appropriate some portions to themselves, divisible
however at the death of the father among all the sons, legiti
mate and illegitimate alike. The inferior members of the tribe
yielded to the chiefs milk and honey, and even money for the
grazing of their cows, and were bound to maintain their lords,
with their wives, sons, and daughters, their horses, servants,
their dogs and dog boys, for a specified number of meals or
days in their houses when they went among their dependants
" coshering," as it was called. But they know no such thing
as rent or services in the feudal sense, as an acknowledgment
of holding their land from a landlord, liable to forfeiture if not
rendered.
The chief, like the baron, had his law court, but it assembled
under his Brehon on the hill.f He had his retainers, and
each of them had their kerne, or foot soldiers, ready to appear
on summons, quartered on the poorer families of the tribe.
The Irish custom of fosterage was in the nature of wardship;
but the object being to make the young chief the beloved of
his followers, he was brought up in the bosom of the family
of his foster parents, who paid largely for the honour of thus
* Sir John Davies' "Discoverie," etc., p. 664.
t u Other lawyers they have liable to certain families, which after the
custom of the country determine and judge causes. . . . the Breighoon
(as they call this kind of lawyer) sitteth him down on a bank, the lords
and gentlemen at variance around about him, and then they proceed,"
p. 19, Edward Campion (1571).
40 INTRODUCTION.
bringing him up from his earliest years in the midst of them.*
Nursed up in a sense of his own importance, he became the
proud and spirited head of the clan, their pride and joy, and
bound to his foster family and they to him by ties of affection
stronger than those of blood.
Though their lands were thus left with the Irish, it was the
design of the English Government that they should gradually
come into possession of the English, until all should be held
in feudal tenure, and the feudal system be spread throughout
the kingdom. With this intent, therefore, the Irish were
denied the right of bringing actions in any of the English
Courts in Ireland for trespasses to their lands, or for assaults
and batteries to their persons. Accordingly, it was answer
enough to the action in such a case to say that the plaintiff
was an Irishman,! unless he could produce a special charter
giving him the rights of an Englishman. If he sought dam
ages against an Englishman for turning him out of his land, for
the seduction of his daughter Nora, or for the beating of his
wife Devorgil, or for the driving off of his cattle, it was a good
defence to say he was a mere Irishman. And if an English
man was indicted for manslaughter, if the man slain was an
Irishman, he pleaded that the deceased was of the Irish nation,
and that it was no felony to kill an Irishman. For this, how
ever, there was a fine of five marcs, payable to the king ; but
mostly they killed us for nothing. If it happened that the
man killed was a servant of an Englishman, he added to the
plea of the deceased being an Irishman, that if the master should
ever demand damages, he would be ready to satisfy him.J
* " They love tenderly their foster children, and bequeath to them a
child's portion, whereby they nourish sure friendship, so beneficial in every
way, that commonly 500 kine and better are given to winne a nobleman's
child to foster." Ib., pp. 13-14. Gifts of the Irishry to foster with the
Earl of Kildare, pp. 70-71, " Earls of Kildare," vol. ii., by the Marquis of
Kildare. Dublin: 1860.
t Thus in 29th Edward I., before the justices in Eyre, at Drogheda,
Thomas le Boteler brought an action against Robert de Almain for certain
goods. The defendant pleaded that he was not bound to answer him, be
cause he was an Irishman, and not of free blood. A jury was summoned,
and found that the plaintiff was an Englishman, and thereupon he haa
judgment to recover his goods. Sir J. Davies' " Discoverie," p. 639.
I " Lastly, the mere Irish were not only accounted aliens, but enemies,
and altogether out of the protection of the law, so as it was no capital of
fence to kill them." And then Sir J. Davies gives a record of a jail
delivery at Waterford, where "Robert Walsh, indicted of the manslaugh
ter of John, son of Ivor Mac Gilmore, admits the slaying ; but says it was
INTRODUCTION. 41
Not unlike the story of those hot bloods of Charles II.'s day
who ran the waiter through at a tavern with their rapiers, and
threw the body out at the window, and then rang the bell for
the landlord, and bade him put him in the bill.
The Irish, too, were forbid to purchase land. Though the
English might take from the Irish, the Irish could not even
by way of gift or purchase take any from the English. la
every charter of English liberty, as it was called, granted to an
Irishman, besides the right to bring actions in the king's
courts, there was given an express power to him to purchase
lands to him and his heirs ;* without this he could not hold
any so acquired. The Exchequer officers constantly held
inquisitions for the purpose of obtaining a return that certain
lands had been aliened to an Irishman, in order thereupon to
seize them into the hands of the Crown as forfeited. Thus,
by inquisition taken at Dunboyne, in the first year of King
Henry VI., the lands of Moymet and Clonfine in the county of
Meath, were found forfeited ; and were seized by the king's
escheator, as having been aliened by Esmond Butler, son and
heir of James, Lord and Baron of Dunboyne, deceased, to
Connor O'Mulrooney and John Machan, chaplains, and their
heirs, they being Irish and of Irish nation.f Not that this
was any beneficial conveyance to these two Irishmen, but
simply a feoffment to them as trustees for the purpose of a
will or settlement. In 16th of Edward IV., lands near Swords,
in the county of Dublin, were seized on a like inquisition, find
ing them to have been conveyed by Catherine Dowdal to
John Belane, chaplain, an Irishman of Irish nation, that is to
say, of the O'Belanes, Irishmen, and enemies to our lord the
king ; although O'Belane was evidently only a trustee to
answer the uses of Mrs. Dowdal's will.]; The Parliament
Rolls are full of cases where the inquisitions are set aside, for
the finding having been malicious and untrue, the parties com
plained of not being Irish, but English. They prove, however,
that no Irishman could take lands by conveyance from an
no felony, because Mac Gilmore was a mere Irishman, and not of free blood.
Bat when the master of thesaid John shall ask damages for the slaying, he
will be ready to answer him as the law may require." " Discoverie,"
* Sir J. Davies' " Discoverie," p. 641.
t Fifth Edward IV., c. 24. Transcript of Statute Kolls, made by the
Record Commissioners (1810), in the Record Tower, Dublin Castle,
t Sixteenth Edward IV., c. 80. lb., ib.
42 INTRODUCTION.
Englishman ; and this continued to be the law until the year
1612, when Sir John Davies framed an act abolishing the
distinction of nations.* But the prohibition practically pre
vailed after the passing of the act ; for, by Plantation rule, the
English were forbidden, under pain of forfeiture, to convey
any of the lands taken from the Irish in the extensive planta
tions of English made in Munster, Ulster, and Leinster, to any
Irishman, and the Irish there could only aliene to English ; so
that the Irish must be always losing, and the English gaining,
by any change. The prohibition was again extended to the
whole nation by the Commonwealth Government ; and when
j the lands forfeited for the war of 1690 came to be sold at
v Chichester House in 1703, the Irish were declared by the
English Parliament incapable of purchasing at the auction or
of taking a lease of more than two acres. Shortly afterwards,
another act disqualified them forever from purchasing or
acquiring any lands in Ireland, and declared the purchase
void.f But, notwithstanding these prohibitions, the Irish
grew and increased upon the English, instead of the English
upon the Irish ; and the Irish customs overspread the feudal,
until at length the administration of the feudal law was con
fined to little more than the counties lying within the line of
the Liffey and the Boyne.
It may be asked how the Irish contrived to preserve their
lands? In the first place, then, it is to be remembered that
they kept their arms, and the whole tribe rose in war against
the English of that district whence their lands had been inva
ded, or by whom an Irishman had been killed. They ravaged
it, and made prisoner of the highest Englishman they could
take, and held him to ransom, and by this obtained a il health
saute," or satisfaction to the family of the deceased. J
Had the first English adventurers in Ireland been of the same
. * " Statutes of Ireland," llth, 12th, and 13th James I., c. v.
t But it was when the estate was made the property of the first Protes
tant discoverer, that animation was put into this law (Robinson, Justice,
in Lesste J/' Larty against Stanley, King's Bench, Hilary Term, 1771),
Howard's u Popery Cases," Dublin, 1775, p. 209. Discoverers then be
came like hounds upon the scent after lands secretly purchased by the
Irish. Gentlemen fearing to lose their lands found it now necessary to
conform. "Between 1703 and 1709 there were only 36 conformers in Ire
land. In the next ten years (i. e. after the Discovery Act), the conform
ists were 150." Ib., ib., pp. 211-12.
\ The payment of " Health Saute" by the English to the Irish, made
high treason, 11 and 12 Edward IV., c. 5. (Unpublished Statutes)
INTRODUCTION. 43
mind as the king and nobility in England the Irish might pos
sibly have been subdued, their lands taken from them, and the
nation reduced to serfdom, or exterminated. But the early set
tlers learned to love the Irish, and to prefer the freedom of
Irish life and manners to the burdensome feudal system. The
case of the leader of the first English adventurers in Ireland
may serve to explain the relations of the English in Ireland
with the Irish in early times.
Richard Strongbovv, Earl of Pembroke, was married to an
Irishwoman ; he had a large body of Irish kinsmen ; he had an
army composed largely of Irishmen, and he and they had been
comrades in war ; his territory was nearly sixty miles square,
inhabited almost entirely by Irish. His English captains and
men-at-arms, amongst whom he divided his territory in fiefs,
•were much in the same condition. They, many of them, took
Irish wives and mistresses — had Irish kinsmen and comrades.
As Strongbow left the Kavanaghs and M'Murroughs, relations
of his wife's, in possession of their lands, liable to serve him
with their followers in war, so did his captains other Irish ; no
difference of religion divided them ; they early learned the lan
guage of Ireland ; they gave out their sons to be fostered with
their Irish relations; the young English heir became the pride
of his foster father and his clan ; hurled with his Irish cousins ;*
'listened with delight to the harpers, bards, and minstrels,f and
became enamoured of Irish life, and probably of some Irish
girl also.| The young Englishman, however, remained of his
father's nation, an Englishman ; and held his estate on
English tenure, liable to the demands of the Exchequer for
aids, reliefs, and fines. How burdensome this tenure was, may
be judged from the complaints of the English of Ireland. In
1347 they complained to the king, that bad as were the Irish
enemies, the extortions and oppressions done by the king's offi-
* " It is ordained and established that the English do not hencefor'h
use the plays which men call hurlings with great sticks and a hall upon
the ground, and other plays called coitings ; but that they do apply them
selves to draw the bow and throw lances, and other gentlemanlike games
appertaining to arms, whereby the Irish enemies may be better checked,"
etc. — " Statutes of Kilkenny,'"' 40th Edward III. (A. D. 1367), s. 0.
t Ib., sect. 15.
\ " It is ordained that no alliance by marriage, gossipred, fostering
of children, concubinage, or by amour, be henceforth made between the
English and Irish . . 7 and if any shall do to the contrary, he shall have
judgment of life and member as a traitor to our Lord the King." Ib., s. 2.
44 INTRODUCTION.
cers were worse.* But, bad as these burdens were, the law of
forfeiture must have been a more constant source of disquiet.
Under convictions of high treason the king could enrich him
self and his courtiers with confiscated estates. The De Lacys,
t beggared by this law, and driven from their principalities of
Meath and Ulster, induced Edward Bruce to invade Ireland.
John Fitzthomas with an army of Irishmen recovered the king
dom for Edward II., but not until the greater part of it had
been in possession of the invading force, supported by some of
the English of Ireland, for more than a year, during which time
the sitting of the courts and the administration of the feudal
laws was suspended. The English of Ireland beyond the im
mediate neighbourhood of the metropolis took care, under va
rious pretences, to oppose its being resumed ; and thenceforth
the regular administration of the English law was confined to
the limits of the Pale. They represented the whole Irish na
tion as hostile to the English, and thereby had an excuse for
keeping up their forces. These forces of kernes and gallow-
glasses were maintained by coyne and livery, nearly equivalent
to free quarters on their tenants ; and their English tenants,
being unwilling to endure this infliction, retired to England, arid
the lands thus deserted were granted by these great lords to
Irish.f
"The Irish enemy" now became an excuse for feudal duties
neglected, and feudal payments withheld. The government of
Ireland became impossible to strangers from England. The
English lords of Ireland had always a means of moving the
Irish to rebellion by oppressing them, or to attacks on their
neighbours, or the king's officers, by secretly egging them on.
The judges, who from the days of the first Settlement had
regularly ridden their circuits in Munster to administer the feu
dal law, now ceased to hold assizes. The danger from the
', Irish enemy was alleged to be the cause, though there was no
reason why the Irish should object to the administration of the
law, as it was only administered betwen the King's English sub-
* " Petitions delivered to our Lord the King of France and England,
by Friar John L' Archer, Prior of St. John of Jerusalem, in Ireland, and
Master Thomas Wogan, sent in message by the Prelates, Earls, Barons,
and Commons of the land in Ireland." " Ked Book of the Exchequer of
Ireland."
t Preamble to 10 Henry VII.. c. 4. Sir J. Davies' " Discoverie "
p. 675.
INTRODUCTION. 45
jects. The journey to the South lay through Kildare and Car-
low, under the Dublin and Wicklow mountains, to the bridge
of Leighlin, for many ages the only passage over the Barrow.
These hills were inhabited by the three nations of the Tooles,
the Byrnes, and the Kavanaghs, and the opposite side of the
river towards Leighlin Bridge by the O'Moores, so that there
was a kind of gantelope to be run between these tribes. It is
alleged that the Tooles, the Byrnes, and Kavanaghs, exiled
the administration of the king's law from Minister, by prevent
ing the judges riding their circuits past Leighlin Bridge.* But
as the English of Minister had much greater reason to fear the
return of the king's officers than the Irish, there is good rea
son to suspect that they were egged on by them. In Henry
VIII.'s days, the Earl of Kildare was charged with having al
ways protected these three nations, the Tooles, the Byrnes, and
the Kavanaghs, whom he kept at his bidding, it was said, ready
to rise and " make war behind" when any of the king's forces
marched out of Dublin on any expedition which he secretly
wished to counteract. f Now " the Irish enemy" was no na
tion in the modern sense of the word, but a race divided into
many nations or tribes, separately defending their lands from
the English barons in their immediate neighbourhood. There
had been no ancient national government displaced, no national
dynasty overthrown ; the Irish had no national flag, nor any
capital city as the metropolis of their common country, nor any
common administration of law ; nor did they ever give a na
tional opposition to the English. All the notions of nationality
and independent empire are of a surprisingly modern date.
The English, coming in the name of the Pope, with the aid of
the clergy, and with a superior national organization, which
the Irish easily recognized, were accepted by the Irish. Neither
King Henry II. nor King John ever fought a battle in Ireland.
In the early days of English rule in Ireland, the Irish
generally lived as tributaries to the king. During the reign
of Henry III. and in the beginning of that of Edward I. the
kings and captains of nations received regular writs of sum
mons, in precisely the same terms and by the same cursitor
or courier as the De Burgos, the Butlers, the Le Poers, to
* State Papers. Henry VIII. (Ireland), vol. i., p. 411. Memorial, or
w A Note for the Wynning of Leynster," A. D. 1536
t Ib., ib., p. 410.
46 INTRODUCTION.
attend the war in Wales or Scotland, or yield the king an aid
in money.* The chief or royal tribe in each of the five prov
inces became allies of the English at the first invasion, as is
plain from their receiving the rights of Englishmen to bring
and defend actions. They were legally known as the Five
bloods, being the O'Neills of Ulster, the O'Connors of Con-
naught, the O'Melaghlins of Meath, the O'Briens of Munster,
and the M'Murroughs of Leinster.f Different encroachments
of English adventurers caused partial insurrections. In Bruce's
invasion the Northern Irish formed a more general confederacy,
and, owing to their situation, established their independence ;
but the Irish tenants and kerne of the Fitzge raids, the Butlers,
the De Burgos, the Roches, the Barrys, adhered to their
English chiefs in Leinster, Munster, and Connaught.
No soldiers came from England, and it was Irish troops that
recovered the dominion of Ireland for the English. J But from
thenceforth all the Irish were called in law the king's Irish
enemy. So that the very men who filled the troops levied by
the English Deputy for service against the Irish were known
as such. Thus O'Hanlon and O'Mulloy, who claimed to be
hereditary standard-bearers of Ulster, and bore the banner of
Queen Elizabeth's army as soon as it crossed the Boyne on al
ternate days, on its march against Hugh O'Neill, were Irish
enemy.§ It meant that they were excluded from claiming any
rights or privileges under English law; and was in fact a far
less injurious disqualification than that of Irish Papist in the
last century. The English of Ireland intermarried with them,
fostered with them, and made alliances with them, though the
Statutes of Kilkenny made it high treason so to do. But as
the English law was now confined within the limits of the Eng
lish Pale, and no judges went circuit beyond the Barrow, the
prohibition was nugatory. If it is only remembered that .from
the reign of King John no army ever came out of England ex
cept the expeditionary army of Richard II., and that the few
forces subsequently sent over, until the 29th of Queen Elizabeth,
were to subdue rebellions of the English, || it will be evident that
* See some of these writs, " Liber Mnnerum Publicorum," vol. i., part
iv., pp. 6, 12. 2 vols. Folio. London : 1826.
t Sir John Davies' " Discoverie," p. 639.
jib., p. 674.
§ Sir Richard Cox, " Hibernia Anglicana," vol. i., p. 407.
1 Sir J. Davies' " Discoverie," p. 617.
INTRODUCTION. 47
the term Irish enemy simply meant that the Irish had no legal
rights, and that sooner or later they should lose their lands to
the English.
The English in all the provinces beyond the Pale saw with
joy the regular administration of the English law confined
within the line of the Liffey and the Boyne. Many of them ;
had acquired lands not held from the Crown, which they feared ;
would be seized.* Others had large arrears of fines due by
them, for which their estates were liable to forfeiture. These
men boldly banished the king's sheriffs, escheators, and pur
suivants, by making it dangerous for them to approach. The
Burkes, or De Burgos, were in this class. They had lands
which the king claimed by title derived by the intermarriage
of Lionel, son of Edward III., with the heir female of William
De Burgo, Earl of Ulster. Lionel came over with a considera
ble force to seize these lands from the Burkes, but did not
march into Connaught. Thenceforth they employed every
effort to prevent the king's writ running in Connaught. In
this sense, and through fear of losing their lands, they became
the king's English rebels.f They allied themselves for this
purpose with the king's Irish enemies, but they had no inten
tion of rebelling to eject the English out of Ireland ; they
were too proud of their English blood. To the eye they
looked like Irish, for they dressed and spoke as Irishmen, yet
they are described as " tall men who boast themselves to be of
the king's blood, and berith hate to the Irishrie." J But be
sides English rebels, the king had his English lieges beyond
the Pale. The English lieges beyond the Pale acknowledged
themselves to be the king's subjects, on his peace and war,
and held their Irish tenants and forces ready to appear in the
field on the king's side. But they had for the most part ceased
to pay feudal dues, as there were no sheriffs or escheators to
enforce them ; though the Butlers of Kilkenny, and the Earls
of Kildare and Desmond, as they were about the king's
court, and aspired to be lord deputies and treasurers, seem to
have sued out livery, and paid some of the feudal charges.
The English of Ireland, however, of all classes except in the
* Sir J. Davies' " Discoverie," p. 676.
t Deputy and Council to the King. A. D. 1610. State Papers, Henry
VIII. (Ireland), vol. ii., p. 307.
J Ib., ib., vol. i., p. 327.
48 INTRODUCTION.
neighbourhood of Dublin, had adopted the Irish language, dress,
and manners, and never appeared in English apparel, except
when attending Parliament or the Lord Deputy's court ;* and
no sooner home thence (or from the Court of England), than
off with their English apparel, and on with their brogues and
saffron shirt, and kerne's coat, and other Irish attire.f
In their justice halls, they administered March law, a mix
ture of the English law and the Irish law of Kincogish, the
latter being a system of fines or satisfaction exacted from the
clan or nation of the party committing the injury, payable,
part to the party injured, and part to the lord who enforced
tej
The king and statesmen of England, indignant that the
feudal system had been nearly abandoned in Ireland, and that
the English settlers had adopted the freer mode of life of the
Irish, by an ordinance made in England in the year 1342 (15
Edw. III.), resumed — in other words, confiscated — the estates
of all the great English nobility and gentry of Ireland,§ in
tending plainly to send over colonists from England to plant
such parts of their lands as the king should judge convenient,
just as was done about 200 years later (in the year 1585),
when the estates of the descendant of the Earl of Desmond,
one of the noblemen now aimed at, were confiscated, and set
out to planters from Somersetshire and Devonshire, from
Cheshire and Lancashire. For this purpose the Deputy sum
moned the nobility and commons of Ireland to a Parliament
;it Dublin, largely filled with prelates and lords, and landed
proprietors of English birth, who were eager, no doubt, for a
* State Papers, Henry VIII. (Ireland), vol. i., p. 477.
t " That the Earl of Clanricarde's sons (not without manifest consent
of their father) had stolen across the Shannon, and there cast away their
English habit and apparel, and put on their wonted Irish weede." Sir
Henry Sidney to the Council in England (A. D. 1576), pp. 119, 120, Collins'
" Memorials of the Sidney Family." 2 vols. Folio.
Patrick, the Baron of Lixnaw's eldest son, " Notwithstanding he was
trained up in the court of England, sworn servant to her Majesty, in good
favour there, and apparelled according to his degree, yet he was no sooner
come home, put away with his English attires, and on with his brogs, his
shirt, and other Irish rags, being become as verie a traitor as the veriest
knave of them all."— A. D. 1586. Holinshed, " Chronicle of Ireland "
p. 477.
I " The Deputie's Boke," State Papers of Henry VIIL, vol. i., Paper
181, p. 447.
§ Sir J. Davies' " Discoverie," p. 660.
INTRODUCTION. 49
reformation and improvement of Ireland, founded on a redis
tribution of Irish lands to English capitalists. But the Earls
of Desmond and Kildare, and the rest of the English nobility
possessed of Irish estates, refused to attend, and, with the
citizens and burgesses of the principal towns, held a separate
Parliament or Convention at Kilkenny, and remonstrated
against the design. The Earl of Kildare was thereupon
arrested, and the Earl of Desmond and many others indicted,
their lands seized, and their titles called in, and cancelled.*
But about ten years afterwards (26th Edw. III.), their lands
and liberties were restored ; much, however, to the chagrin of
the Parliament of England, who made the king engage not to
restore them if he again got them into his hand.f
The expedition of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, the king's son,
to Ireland, a few years afterwards, was a partial renewal of
the same design. He claimed the greater part of Connauglit
from the 13urkes, and other lands in other parts of Ireland,
which he intended to take from the present possessors, and to
plant, of course, when recovered, with settlers out of England.
Preparatory to his invasion of Connauglit, he assembled a
Parliament at Kilkenny, where the mo.st rigorous laws wore
passed against those English that had adopted Irish customs,
or should adopt them for the future. Those who should take
Irishwomen for wives or mistresses, or should give out their
children to be fostered or reared up in Irish families — who
should maintain Irish harpers, bards, rhymers, or minstrels in
their halls — were to undergo various punishments. For
marrying an Irish wife, or for having an Irishwoman for a
mistress, the penalty was to be half hanged, disembowelled
alive, and to forfeit his estate.];
* Sir John Davies' " Discoverie," pp. 660, 680.
t Ib., p. 655.
% "The Statutes of Kilkenny, of the 40th year of King Edward ITT.,
enacted in a Parliament held at Kilkenny, A. D. 1367, before Lionel, Duke
of Clarence. Now first printed. Edited by James Hardimim, M. R. 1. A."
4to. Dublin. For the Irish Archaeological Society; 1843. The English
of Ireland became as fond of the harp as the Irish. In i.he inventories of
the household goods of the gentry confiscated at the Revolution of 1688,
the ancient English families of the Pale are found possessed of " one Irish
harpe." (W. Lynch, author of " Feudal Dignities in Ireland," Sub-Com
missioner of Irifrh Records, "Dublin Penny Journal," vol. i., p. 335.)
And the Irish " Hudibras," printed in London, 1698, to ridicule and vilify
the Irish, thus describes the gentlemen of the same class: —
50 INTRODUCTION.
" It was manifest from these laws," says Sir John Davies,
" that those who had the government of Ireland under the
Crown of England intended to make a perpetual separation and
enmity between the English settled in Ireland and the native
Irish, in the expectation that the English should in the end
root out the Irish." But the numerous English of Irish birth
possessed of lands to which the Crown laid claim, or which
were liable to forfeiture, had now nearly equal reason with the
native Irish to fear the designs of the Government of England.
The degenerate English, like the Burkes of the counties of
Mayo and Gal way, the Poers of Waterford, and others, be
came only more determined " English rebels." The other
English beyond the Pale, though they professed allegiance to
the king, were in secret equally disinclined to see the king's
escheators, sheriffs, and judges resume their duties among
them. They knew the value of being free from the feudal
burdens of wardships, marriages, fines for alienation, and all
the other taxes which it was the secondary aim of these re
forms to restore ; and they did not feel that hatred and con
tempt for their Irish tenants, neighbours, and kinsmen, required
by the Statute of Kilkenny. Nor did the English who came
over from England render themselves very agreeable to their
countrymen settled in Ireland, or make them very anxious for
any reformation that should bring a fresh accession of them
from the mother country ; for they were, of course, preferred
to all the chief offices of the State, and they despised the Eng
lish of the birth of Ireland. It appears from this very Statute
of Kilkenny (which forbids the use of the contemptuous term),
that the newly arrived English had no better name for them
than " Irish Dogg," — insolence which the English of Ireland
hurled back by calling them " English hobbe," or churls.*
" There was old Threicy [Tracy], and old Darcy,
Playing all weathers on the clarsey,
The Irish harp, — whose rusty metal
Sounds like the patching of a kettle."
Ten years afterwards it survived in Connaught, where the old Irish
gentry are described as careful to have their children taught to speak
Latin, write well, and play on the harp. " Discourse concerning Ireland,
and the different Interests thereof; in Answer to the Exoii and Barnstaple
Petition." Small 4to., London, 1697-3, p. 19.
* " Also . . that no difference of allegiance shall henceforth be mado
between the English born in Ireland and the English born in England by
calling them English hobbe or Irish dog: but that all be called by one
INTRODUCTION. 51
The Irish marked the coarser manners, the cold reserve of
the English by birth, by calling them <; Buddagh Sassenach,"
Saxon clowns;* for they conceive it to be the mark of a
gentleman to be free and affable with inferiors and equals :
clowns are cold, they thought, but gentlemen courteous. f
Thus, both the English of the birth of Ireland and the native
Irish had reason to dislike the reforms aimed at by the
Statute of Kilkenny ; but it was the English of Ireland that
became the main impediment to the reconquest of Ireland,
and more malicious to the English}; — moro mortal enemies
than the Irish themselves,§ as better knowing their power
and purposes. |
During the long wars in France, and afterwards during the
civil wars of the Roses, when the English, driven back from
their attempted conquests in France, turned in their lust for
land and power to rob each other, this reformation of Ireland
was suspended. But no sooner were these wars over, and the
Government firmly established in England, which was not until
Henry VIII.'s reign, than all these projects were renewed.
At the commencement of Henry VIII.'s reign, the regular
administration of the law was limited to the four counties adja
cent to the capital, called the English Pale. In these only
were there justices or sheriffs under the king. In the rest of
Ireland no judges had held assizes for more than 200 years.
No escheators or sheriffs had levied the reliefs payable to the
king for each succession ; no fines had been paid for aliena
tions. The estates of all the old English settlers beyond the
Pale were for this reason alone liable to forfeiture.
The native Irish were in a still worse case. From the days
of the first conquest, they were denied the protection and en
joyment of the English law, with the intent that the English
name, the English lieges of our Lord the King." 40th Edward III.
(Irish), c. 4.
* Stanihurst, in Holinshed's " Chronicle," vol. ii., chap. 8, p. 44. Folio.
London, 1586.
t " Les vilains s'entretiennent ; les nobles s'embrassent." Old French
proverb.
t Spenser's " View of Ireland."
§ Sir J. Davies " Discoverie."
"In Henry VIII.'s reign the Deputy and Council dissuade the king
from seeking to confiscate Connaught, as it was " the fearing to be expelled
from these their possessions," that kept M' William [the ancestor of the
g resent Marquis of Clanricarde] and his ancestors so long English rebels."
tate Papers of Henry VIII. (Ireland), vol. ii., p. 309.
52 INTRODUCTION.
should in the end root them out of their lands. Many of the
largest English proprietors were absentees, who possessed land
in both countries, and scorned to dwell in this remote and
backward island. In their absence, the Irish reoccupied their
ancient territories. During the civil war of the Roses whole
families had left Ireland for the battle-fields in England, and
been swept away. The Irish repossessed themselves of the
deserted land. But it was against the policy of England that
any Irish should ever possess any lands that had once belonged
to an Englishman. About this period much of the county of
Kildare was thus deserted of English, and reoccupied by Irish.
The Parliament offered it to any English who would come,
and inhabit it ; and as an inducement, they were to be tax-free
for six years.* In like manner, in the counties of Kilkenny
and Tipperary, many of the native proprietors had got back
into their ancient lands, abandoned by the English. This, if
not remedied, would be the destruction of these counties, which
(piously adds the Parliament) God forbid. For the English
seem to have thought God made a mistake in giving so fine a
country as Ireland to the Irish ; and for near seven hundred
years they have been trying to remedy it. Sir James of
Ormond was therefore commissioned to recover the lands for
himself.f The Earls of Kildare subsequently had grants of
all lands they could win from the Irish. £ The Irish were
therefore never deceived as to the purpose of the English.
And though the English Pale had not been extended for 240
years, their firm persuasion in the reign of Henry VIII. was,
that the original design was not abandoned. " Irishmen be of
opinion among themselves," says Justice Cusack, to the King,
" that Englishmen will one day banish them, and put them
from their lands forever." § How correctly they judged of
their purposes is now evident from the State Papers of that day.
Upon the subduing of Thomas Fitzgerald's rebellion there is
to be found project after project for clearing Ireland of Irish to
the Shannon. || Almost all concur in proposing that the
* 28th Henry VI. (Irish), c. 35 (Unpublished Statutes).
t 8th Henry VII. (Irish), c. 25.
I State Papers of Henry VIII. (Ireland), vol. i., p. 177.
§ Ibid., vol. ii., p. 326.
i See Cowley's " Treatise," ibid., vol. i., pp. 323-328. Another paper
thus concludes— " Consequently, the premises brought to pass, there
shall no Irishrie be on this side the water of Shennyn unprosecuted, un-
INTRODUCTION. 5 3
country south of Dublin, within the line of the Barrow, be in
habited exclusively by English. It was to be a base of opera
tions against the rest of Ireland. Some even contemplated the
entire extirpation of the Irish ; but, luckily for the Irish, there
was no precedent for it found in the chronicle of the conquest.*
Add to this the difficulty of finding people to reinhabit it, if
suddenly unpeopled. Accordingly, the chiefs and gentlemen
of the Irish only were to be driven from their properties, and
worn out in exile, while their lands should be given to English.
The towns were to be all cleared, their walls repaired, and
rendered defensible against the attacks of the exiled Irish.f
And the projectors of these improvements were, of course, to
be rewarded by lands thus recovered. The king, however,
seems to have been satisfied with confiscating the estates of the
Earl of Kildare and his family. Fierce and bloody though he
was, there was something lion-like in his nature. Notwith
standing all these promptings, he left to the Irish and old
English their possessions, and seemed anxious even to secure
them, but failed to do so for want of time. Swarms, however,
of English adventurers were hungering and thirsting after Irish
lands, and there was no difficulty in driving a high-spirited
people, full of well-grounded suspicions, into rebellion. The
O'Moores and O'Connors rebelled in Edward VI.'s reign.
Their territories were formed by Philip and Mary into the
King's and Queen's Counties, and their lands passed to English.
The JEarl of Desmond's great territories in Munster were for
feited in Queen Elizabeth's reign, and were set out to com
panies of planters oiit of Devonshire, Dorsetshire, and Somer
setshire — out of Lancashire, and Cheshire — organized for
subdued, and unexiled Then shall the English Pale be well
200 Iryshe miles in length, and more." Ibid., ib., p. 452.
* " The lande is very large, by estimation as large as Englande, so that
to enhabit the whole with new inhabiters, the number would be so great
that there is no prince christened that commodiously might spare so many
subjects to depart out of his regions But to enterprise the whole
extirpation and totall destruction of all the Irishmen of the lande, it would
be a marvaillous and sumptuous charge and great difficulty, considering
both the luck of enhabitors, and the great hardness and misery these Irish
men can endure, both of hunger, colde, and thirst, and evill lodging, more
than the inhabitauntes of any other lande. And by president of the con
quest of this lande we have not heard or redde in any cronycle that at such
conquestes the hole inhabitauntes of the landes have been utterly extirped
and banished. Wherefore," &c. Lord Deputy and Council to the King,
ibid., vol. ii., p. 176.
t Cowley's " Treatise," ibid., vol. L, p. 326.
54 INTRODUCTION.
defence, and to be supported by standing forces. Each new
plantation produced fresh rebellions, from the pride and
insolence of the new planters, the cupidity of standers-by, and
the fears and resistance of the neighbouring Irish ; till at
length, in Hugh Earl of Tyrone's rebellion, iu 1598, the most
of the native Irish were engaged, and great numbers of degen
erate or rebellious English.
This rebellion was subdued in the closing hours of Queen
Elizabeth's life ; and James I. ascended the throne with the
country at his disposal.
And here, before entering on his settlement of Ireland, it
may be worth inquiring what were the crimes of the Irish to
cause the English for so many ages to treat them as alien ene
mies, to refuse them the right to bring actions in the courts set
up by the English in Ireland, and to adhere to their cherished
scheme of depriving the nation of their lands. The Irish gave
no national resistance to the English; they had no dynasty to
set up ; no common government to restore ; no national capi
tal to recover. They never contemplated independence or
separation. The doctrine that allegiance and protection were
reciprocal was not yet established — the rights of man not yet
suspected. There was no inveterate repugnance between the
races ; on the contrary, they were too ready to intermarry, and
the heaviest penalties could not prevent these alliances. The
designs of extirpation were on the side of the English — the
fears of it on the side of the Irish. The Irish only too quickly
forgave the robbery of their lands. The Fitzgeralds and the
Butlers soon became to them as much their natural leaders and
captains as the O'Briens, the M'Carthys, and O'Neills.* No
one ever questioned their titles. Sir J. Davies has said that
the Irish, after a thousand conquests, pretended title still. This
was to transfer the feelings engendered by the Plantations of
the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and James I. to a period when
no such feelings were known. If they had entertained them,
they might easily have expelled or massacred the English when
the jurisdiction of the English Government was limited for 200
years to the line of the Liffey and the Boyne. No forces came
* Thus, in 1520, the Earl of Surrey urges that James, Lord Butler, be sent
over to Ireland, as the Earl of Orinond has gout, and cannot take the field;
" and his men will never go forth unless they may have the said Erl, or
ellys his sonne and heire with them, to be their capitaine." State Papers
of Henry VIII., vol. i. (Ireland), p. 49.
INTRODUCTION. 55
from England ; there was no standing army of English ; yet
the English lived unharmed among the Irish, as secure of their
castles and lands as native Irish. Campion, Spenser, .and
Davies have noted with no friendly hand the faults of the Irish ;
but the murdering of English landlords is not in the catalogue ;
on the contrary, their devotion to them was unbounded. Thou
sands sacrificed themselves to maintain the Kildares and the
Desmonds in their right. And the love of lord and tenant was
reciprocal. When the Earl of Kildare and his five uncles had
been cut off by a kind of Turkish butchery,* the Irish of Lein-
ster pined for the return of the heir ; they longed to see young
Gerald's banner displayed, and coveted more to see a Geral-
dine reign and triumph than to see God come among them ;f
and the last Earl of Desmond declared he had rather forsake
God than forsake his men.J
Their crime was to be possessed of lands the English coveted.
Moreover, the English could not endure that the Irish should
enjoy their lands in a freer manner than themselves ; and the
Irish could not submit to give them up, or to change their free
and independent title into feudal tenure. The English planted
in Ireland soon learned to prefer Irish freedom to feudal
thraldom. This became a fresh crime in the Irish — they cor
rupted the English, and both became odious, and the lands of
each were to be confiscated.
James I. ascended the throne at the very hour of Hugh
O'Neill Earl of Tyrone's submission. The country was a ruin
from the devastations of " the fifteen years' war." He recog
nized the insecurity of the properties of the Irish as the capital
error of all the former governments, from the days of the Con
quest. He saw also how largely the fears of the degenerate
English for their estates, held under defective title, had con
tributed to the disturbance of Ireland. His first act was to
* Hanged and disembowelled alive at Tyburn on 3d of February, 1538.
" Butchered to make a London holiday."
Some or all of the uncles were guiltless of their nephew's rebellion. But
the king was told there should never be peace and good order in Ireland
44 till the bludde of the Garroldes were wholly extinct." Lord Audley to
Thomas Cromwell, 13th Sept., 1535. «' Lives of the Earls of Kildare," by
the Marquis of Kildare, vol. i., p. 152. For details of the punishment for
treason, see^os^, p. 143, n.
t State Papers of Henry VIII. (Ireland), vol. ii., p. 147.
j Carleton" (Bishop of Chichester), " Thankful Remembrance of God's
Mercy to the Church of England," p. 43. 4to. London: 1624.
50 INTRODUCTION.
proclaim a general oblivion and indemnity. He restored the
Earl of Tyrone to his estates; he promised the Irish that they
should thenceforth hold their lands as English freeholds, in
stead of under the law of tanistry, and assured the degenerate
English that their estates should be confirmed to them for the
future against the claims of discoverers, on easy terms of com
position. By these measures the perpetual war which had
continued between the nations " for four hundred and odd
years," and was caused, says Sir John Davies, by the purpose
entertained by the English "to roote out" the Irish, was to be
brought to an end. But before many years were passed these
first good resolutions were abandoned. The right of the Irish
to their lands was derided, and we find Sir John himself shar
ing in the spoil.* In the mean time the king's design with re
gard to the Irish was to restore to the chiefs and principal gen
tlemen such demesnes as they kept in their own occupation, to
hold as tenants by knight's service under the king ; and to fix
the inferior members of the clan, hitherto living the wandering
life of the creaghts, in settled villages, paying certain money
rents to their lords, instead of their former uncertain spend-
ings, — the object being to break up the clan system, and to
destroy the power of the chiefs.
This plan seems to have been matured by the summer of
1G07. On the 17th of July in that year, Sir Arthur Chiches-
ter, Lord Deputy, accompanied by Sir John Davies and other
commissioners, proceeded to Ulster, with powers to inquire what
lands each man held. There appeared before them in each
county which they visited the chief lords and Irish gentlemen,
the heads of creaghts, and the common people, the Brehons
and Shannahs, a kind of Irish heralds or chroniclers, who
knew all the septs and families, and took upon themselves to
tell what quantity of land every man ought to have ; they thus
ascertained and booked their several lands, and the Lord
Deputy promised them estates in them.f " He thus," says
Sir John Davies, " made it a year of jubilee to the poor in-
* In the Plantation of Ulster he got, in the county of Fermanagh, 1300
acres; in the county of Tyrone, 2000 acres; in the county of Armagh, 500
acres. Pynnar's " Survey of Ulster by Commission under the Great Seal
of Ireland, A. D. 1618-1619." Harris's u Hibernica," 8vo, Dublin, 1717,
p. 131.
t Letter of Sir John Davies to the Earl of Salisbury, A. D. 1607. " His
torical Tracts," by Sir John Davies, 8vo, Dublin, 1787, p. 258.
INTRODUCTION. 57
habitants, because every man was to return to bis own bouse,
and be restored to his ancient possessions, and they all went
home rejoicing." *
Notwithstanding these promises, the king, in the following
year issued his scheme for the Plantation of Ulster, urged to
it, it would seem, by Sir Arthur Chichester, who so largely
profited by it, though the highest councillor in the kingdom
told him to his face, in the king's presence, that it was against
the honour of the king and the justice of the kingdom."!* It
could not be said that the flight of O'Neill and O'Donnell,
Earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnell, gave occasion to this change ;
for the king immediately issued a proclamation^ (which he
renewed on taking formal possession of the Earls' territories), §
assuring the inhabitants that they should be protected and
preserved in their estates, notwithstanding the flight of the
Earls : nor the outbreak of Sir Cahir O'Doherty in the month
of May, 1608, as it was confined to the neighbourhood of Lon
donderry, which he attacked, killing the governor, who had
dared to strike him. The truth would seem to be, that the
English, with their feudal prejudices, regard the land in a
higher light than man, and consider the improvement of the
country to consist in better tilled fields and straightened fences,
and not in the happiness of the countrymen ; the more espe
cially as they assume that the Irish cannot effect these works,
and that the lands must accordingly be assigned to themselves,
careful not to remember that the energies of the Irish are de
stroyed by their sense of impending exile. Manors of 1000,
1500, and 3000 acres were offered by this project to such
English and Scottish as should undertake to plant their lots
with British Protestants, and engage to allow no Irish to dwell
upon them. For the security of the Plantation, all Irish who
had been in arms were to be transplanted with their families,
cattle, and followers, to waste places in Munster and Con-
naught, and there set down at a distance from one another;
while those who should be suffered to remain were to remove
* Letter of Sir John Davies to the Earl of Salisbury, A. D. Ifi07. "His
torical Tracts," by Sir John Davies, 8vo, Dublin, 1787, p. 258.
t " Analeeta Sacra, Nova ct Mira tie Rebus Catholicorum in Hibernia
pro Fide et Religione Gestis. Collectore et Relatore T. N. Philudelpho-
Colonias," 1617, 12mo, p. 239.
\ Dated Rathfarnham, 7th Sept., fifth James I. " Printed Calendar of
Patent Rolls of James I.," p. 419.
§ Dated 9th November of same year. Ib., p. 420.
8*
58 INTRODUCTION.
from the lands allotted to the planters, to places where they
could be under the eye of the Government officers.
The Irish gentlemen who did not forfeit their estates re
ceived proportions (intended to be three-fourths of their
former lands, but often only one-half or one-third, as the
English " were their own carvers "), as immediate tenants of
the king. Their lands were liable to forfeiture if the chief
took from any of his former clansmen any of his ancient cus
tomary exactions or victuals ; if he went coshering on them
as of old ; if lie used gavelkind, or took the name of the great
O, whether O'Neill or O'Donnell, O'Oarroll or O'Connor. On
his death, his youthful heir was made ward to a Protestant,
to be brought up in Trinity College, Dublin, from his twelfth
to his eighteenth year in English habits and religion — often
after this enforced conformity, all the more embittered, like
Sir Phelim O'Neill, against English religion. The wandering
creaghts were now to become his tenants at fixed money rents.
He covenanted that they should build and dwell in villages,
and live on allotted portions of land, " to them as grievous as
to be made bond slaves." Unable to keep their cattle on the
small portions of land assigned to them, instead of ranging
at large, they sold away both corn and cattle.* Unused to
money rents, though of victuals they formerly made small
account because of their plenty, they were unable to pay their
rents; and their lords finding it impossible to exact them,
and being thus deprived of their living, numbers of them fled
to Spain. Similar Plantations followed in Leitrim, Longford,
King's County, and Wexford, except that in some (as in Leit
rim) one-half of the lands of the Irish were seized.
If the fair promises of James I. were of no value to the
native Irish, his commission to secure the defective titles of
the English availed them but little more. Notwithstanding-
large sums paid during his reign, as compositions to obtain
perfect titles, Discoverers with eagle eyes (to use the language
of a Committee of the House of Commons of Ireland to Lord
Strafford, in 1634), piercing into the grants made to them
under this commission, took advantage of the errors of the
persons employed in passing of patents and estates from the
Crown, and disheartened them from making their possessions
* Letter of Sir Arthur Chichester to the King, 30th October, 1610. Sir
Henry Ellis's " Original Letters." Third series.
INTEODUCTION. 59
beautiful or profitable.* And King Charles I., occupied in
devising means to raise moneys without the aid of Parliament,
connived at the Earl's proceedings in the confiscation of the
estates of the old English of Connaught, though they had
bought off the claim of the Crown, three hundred years old,
derived through the De Burgos, whose daughter and heir
Lionel, son of Edward III., had married. Lord Strafford found
flaws in the execution of the previous commissions, and got
the king's title found. More unscrupulous than James I., who
took one-fourth from the native Irish, Strafford resolved to
take one-half of the lands of the old English of Connaught,
with the intention of founding there " a noble English Planta
tion."! And when Lord Holland, in the Privy Council in
England, declared that taking so much might induce them to
call the Irish regiments out of Flanders, Lord Strafford an
swered that if taking one-half should move that country to
rebellion, the taking one-third or one-fourth would hardly
insure the Crown their allegiance ; and if they were so rotten
and unsound at heart, wisdom would counsel to weaken them,
and line them thoroughly with Protestants as guards upon
them.];
His despotic proceeding in the confiscation of Connaught
•was made one of the grounds of his impeachment ; but the
managers for the Parliament abandoned it.§ It had served
its purpose by swelling the train of the Earl's accusers ; and,
in their Declaration concerning the Rise and Progress of the
Irish Rebellion, the Commons of England made it a ground of
complaint against the king that he had allowed the Connaught
proprietors to compound with him for their estates.||
* " Stratford's Letters," vol. i., p. 310. For a good account of the va
rious technical errors for which the Patents were declared to be void, see
" Fiction Unmasked," by Walter Harris, Esq., 12mo, Dublin, 1752, pp.
60-83.
t Sir Eichard Cox, Secretary to King William 111., and afterwards Chan
cellor of Ireland, in his " Hibernia Anglicana," vol. ii., p. 56. Folio.
London: 1690.
I " Stafford's Letters," vol. ii., p. 33.
§ Knshworth's «' Historical Collections," vol. viii., p. 717.
| Ibid., vol. v., pp. 846-7.
OBSERVE.
The signs, A-5, A-85, A-90, etc., etc., so frequently used in the
foot notes to the following work, refer to the series of books of the
Lord Deputy and Council, otherwise called " The Commissioners of
the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England for the Affairs of
Ireland," preserved in the Record Tower, Dublin Castle, as de
scribed at page 18 of the Preface
THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
OP
IRELAND.
PART I,
CIRCUMSTANCES IMMEDIATELY LEADING TO THE
CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT OF IRELAND.
THE GREAT IRISH REBELLION OF 23D OCTOBER, 1641.
THE forty years between the defeat of the Irish at Kinsale,
on the 2d January, 1601-2, and the great War or Rebellion
which broke out on the 23d October, 1641, have been repre
sented as the period of the greatest peace, improvement, and
prosperity known in Ireland since the days of the first invasion.
And so it was in one sense ; but in another the period of the
greatest misery. The land was improved. Castles and bawns
sprang up among new-formed fields. The planters, happy and
energetic, thought all the world was happy too. Under the
labours of about twenty years, their lands began to smile.
Little they thought or cared how the ancient owner, dispos
sessed of his lands, must grieve as he turned from the sight of
the prosperous stranger to his pining family ; daughters with
out prospect of preferment in marriage ; sons, without fit com
panions, walking up and down the country with their horses
and greyhounds, coshering on the Irish, drinking and gaming,
62 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
and ready for any rebellion ;* most of his high-born friends
wandering in poverty in France or Spain, or enlisted in their
armies. There was prosperity, but it was among the supplant
ing strangers — misery among the displanted and transplanted
Irish. There was peace, but it was the peace of despair, be
cause there remained no hope except in arms, and their arms
were taken from them.
The case was little better among the old English gentry of
Leinster, Munster, and Connaugbt, once possessed of the finest
lands, and all the power and privileges of the kingdom. They
were now supplanted in all the offices of state by the later in
vaders of Queen Elizabeth's, and James the First's, and Charles
the First's reigns, all Protestants. The towns, always hitherto
the sure defence of the English power, were equally unhappy
in this prosperous time. The seaport towns were built by the
Danes, the inland ones raised and walled under charters from
the kings of England or of feudal lords. They were so strictly
English, that no Irish could originally by law dwell in them.
They were considered by Sir Henry Sydney the Queen's un
paid garrisons, which had ever stood stanch in all wars as well
of English rebels as of Irish enemies. The ancient burgher
families were now supplanted by English Protestants in the
office of mayors, sheriffs, and recorders ; and where these
could not he had, and Roman Catholics took the offices, the
members of the corporation were summoned before the Lord
Deputy, and fined £100 each, and imprisoned, for not taking
the oath of supremacy when tendered to them.f Churchwar
dens enumerated in lists the Irish of every parish that did not
attend the English service, and these were tendered to grand
juries at sessions of the peace and assizes to be presented for
fines. If the old English or Irish grand jurors outnumbered
* Act of 10th and llth Charles I., chap. 16 [Irish], A. D. 1636, "For the
Suppression of Cosherers and idle Wanderers." It speaks of " the many
young gentlemen of this kingdom that have little or nothing to live on of
their own. . . . but live coshering on the country and sessing themselves
and their followers, their horses and their greyhounds, sometimes exacting
money to spare them and their tenants, and to go elsewhere for their
eeaught and adraugh, viz., supper and breakefaste .... being commonly
active young men, and such as seek to have many followers apt
upon the least occasion of insurrection or disturbance .... to be heads
and leaders of outlaws and rebels, and in the mean time do support their
excessive drinking and gaming by several stealths."
t P. 325, "Analecta de Rebus Catholicis in Hibernia" (Collections re
lating to Catholic affairs in Ireland), 12mo. Dublin- 1617.
OF IRELAND. 63
the new English, there were no presentments made ; for they
made it a matter of conscience not to be accessory to fining
their fellow-worshippers for an act of duty. They were then
all "censured" by the Court of Castle Chamber by heavy
fines, and put in prison, till at times the jails were choked
with them.*
Suddenly, on the night of the 23d of October, 1641, the
Irish of Ulster, under the leading of Sir Phelim O'Neil, rose in
insurrection, seized the forts of Charlemont and Mountjoy, and
all the places of strength in the North except Derry and Car-
rickfergus, made prisoners of some of the planters, and caused
the rest to fly towards Derry or Dublin. The planters were
like criminals seized with the goods in their possession : the
owners had come to claim their properties. So terrified were
they, that for the first three days and nights no cock was
heard [by them] to crow, no dog to bark, nay, not even when
the rebels came in great multitudes.! The English power
was overthrown in three-fourths of Ireland in a night ; and
before Christmas, 1641, they only held Londonderry, Carrick-
fergus, and Drogheda, in the North; and Cork, Youghal,
Kinsale, and Bandon, in the South. Though the Irish were at
first a popular rout of unarmed clowns, the English durst
scarce peep out of the gates of their great garrisons of Dublin
and Drogheda.;);
It was not until the month of February, 1642, that Lord
Ormond marched out of Dublin with a large force, to relieve
the gentlemen in the neighbourhood of the capital confined to
their castles. It has been represented that there was a general
massacre, surpassing the horrors of the Sicilian Vespers, the
Parisian Nuptials, and Matins of the Valtelline, but nothing
is more false. The English, whose conscience made them
expect such retribution, had often foretold this outburst of
injured and outraged humanity. They themselves massacred
* "Last Michaelmas term the jurors who were imprisoned for refusing1
to find verdict against their fellow Catholics were packed in jail like her
rings in a barrel ; their fines reached to £16,000, which, instead of going
to the poor of the parishes, went to private favourites." Ibid., p. 49. Those
of the county of Cavan alone were fined £3000. Ibid., p. 59.
t Deposition of the Rev. Dr. Maxwell, Rector of Tynan, in the county
of Armagh. Borlase's " History of the Execrable Irish Rebellion," p. 418.
\ P. 11, "Queries propounded by the Protestant Party concerning the
Peace now treated of in Ireland, aud the Answers thereto made on behalf
of the Irish Nation." 4to. Paris : 1644.
64 THE CROMWELLIAX SETTLEMENT
the Danes ; bat the Irish, to use the words of an old divine, have
ever lacked gall to supply a wholesome animosity to the eternal
enemies and revilers of their name and nation.* They were
content to recover their ancient lands. While these designs,
therefore, were freely attributed to them, their very accusers
furnish proof of the falseness of the charge; for they show
that, when they had the opportunity to effect their alleged
purpose, they let their enemies go. Contemporaneous ac
counts, especially those that give results against the bias of
the writers, are mostly the true ones. All these prove there
was no massacre. Thus, a minister of God's Word, writing in
December, 1641, with the express object of rousing the indig
nation of the English by an account of the atrocities done by
the Irish, in order to draw forth charitable aid to their victims,
says, " It was the intention of the Irish to massacre all the
English. On Saturday they were to disarm them ; on Sunday,
to seize all their cattle and goods ; on Monday, at the watch
word ' Skeane,' they were to cut all the English throats. The
former they executed ; the third only [that is, the massacre]
they failed in." f
Against such intentions, provided only they were true,
there could of course be no cruelty too great. Accordingly,
the English of Dublin petitioned the Parliament of England,
* " Six hundred years ago we found the native Irish murdering and pil
laging, burning towns, carrying off heiresses and wives, too; and it cannot
be said that the leaven is quite out of them yet. A hundred years, more
or leas, are a trifle in the cure of so deep a disease . . . . So long as there
are s [naming the latest sacrifice on the scaffold to the maintenance
of the unendurable feudal land monopoly], there will be stout /Saxons, who,
by fair means or by foul, will, carry the day, or send them to work and be
honest across the ocean. We wish, of course, the animal could be tamed
[i. e., reduced to the serfish condition of the rural population of England],
and kept at home ; but it is no use wishing when a whole race has an innate
taste for conspiracy and manslaughter." — "Times," 10th May, 1859.
" The Lion of St. Jarlath's . . . surveys with an envious eye . . . the
Irish exodus, . . . and sighs over the departing demons of assassination and
murder. . . So complete is the rush of departing marauders, whose lives
were profitably occupied in shooting Protestants from behind a hedge, that
silence reigns over the vast solitude of Ireland. . . . Just as ... civiliza
tion gradually supersedes the wilder and fiercer creatures by men and
cities, so decivilization, such as is going on in Ireland, wipes out mankind
to make room for oxen."—" Saturday Review," Nov. 28th, 1863.
t " A Brief Declaration of the Barbarous and Inhuman Dealings of the
Northern Irish Rebels . . . ; written to excite the English Nation to relieve
our poor Wives and Children that have escaped the Rebels' savage Cruel-
tie. . . By G. S., Minister of God's Word, in Ireland." Small 4to. Lon
don: 1641.
OF IRELAND. 65
in December, 1641, that the towns should be cleared of Irish,
and forfeited, and given to English ; that all the cows, cattle,
and provisions of the country should be brought into them, or
driven under their guns, out of reach of the Irish, to starve
them ; and pardon and reward offered to any rebel that should
bring in the head of his fellow-rebel, and promotion to respect
and honour for the head of a chief ringleader, provided the
traitor would turn Protestant.*
That the massacre rested hitherto in intention only is fur
ther evident from the proclamation of the Lords Justices of
the 8th of February, 1642 ; for, while offering large sums for
the heads of the chief Northern gentlemen in arms (Sir
Phelim O'Neil's name heading the list, with a thousand
pounds), the Lords Justices state that the massacre had failed.
Many thousands had been robbed and spoiled, dispossessed
of house and lands, many murdered on the spot; but the chief
part of their plots (so the proclamation states) and amongst
them a universal massacre, had been disappointed.!
But after Lord Ormond and Sir Simon Harcourt, with the
English forces, in the month of April, 1642, had burned the
houses of the gentry in the Pale,| and committed slaughters
of unarmed men,§ and that the Scotch forces, in the same
month, after beating off Sir Phelim O'Neil's army at Newry,
drowned and shot men, women, and priests, in that town, who
had surrendered on condition of mercy, || then it was that some
* " Remonstrance from Ireland to the High Court of Parliament in
England for the speedy oppression of the Rebels without cost, and the
probable way of moving the Rebels to submit themselves, and to cut one
another's own Throats, and to bring in the Heads of the chief Actors,
thereby to get their pardon. Presented by a Member of the House of
Commons in Ireland." Small 4to. First printed at Dublin. Reprinted at
London: 1641.
t The proclamation is given at length in Borlase's " History of the
Execrable Irish Rebellion."
\ Page 117, "The humble Protestation of the Catholics of the English
Pale of Ireland against a Proclamation elated 8th February, 1641-2." —
"Desiderata Curiosa Hibernica, or Select State Papers," etc. Dublin:
1772.
§ " A full Relation of the good Success of Lord Ormond and his Army,
from their going out of Dublin on 2d April, 1642, till the 17th of the same,
when they returned thither again." Small 4to. London: 1642.
\ "Monday, May 5th [1642] : — The common soldiers, without direction
from the general-major, took some eighteen of the Irish women of the
town [Newry], and stript them naked, and threw them into the river, and
drowned them, shooting some in the water. More had suffered so, but
that some of the common soldiers were made examples of." . . . — "A True
66 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
of Sir Phelim O'Neil's wild followers, in revenge, and in fear
of the advancing army, massacred their prisoners in some of
the towns in Tyrone. The subsequent cruelties were not on
one side only, and were magnified to render the Irish detest
able, so as to make it impossible for the king to seek their
aid without ruining his cause utterly in England. The story
of the massacre, invented to serve the politics of the hour,
has been since kept up for the purposes of interest. No in
ventions could be too monstrous that served to strengthen
the possession of Irish confiscated lands.
The truth seems to be, that the English were to the full as
bloody as the Irish ; but, as regarded the acts of the English,
law,* which is nothing but the will of the strongest, made
killing no murder. Incited by those who hungered after Irish
estates, and therefore determined to render them desperate,
and drive all into rebellion, they proclaimed all of them rebels,
— old English of the Pale as well as the ancient natives; con
fiscated in advance 2,500,000 acres of their lands ; invented
crimes for them, thereby maddening the people of England,
until extermination was preached for gospel, and the sparing
of any of them was declared a crime. So that when the
Bishop of Meath, in a sermon in Christ Church, Dublin, in 1642,
pleaded for mercy for women and children, an English officer,
publicly by print in London, justified his quitting the army of
Ireland, inasmuch as the plea was made by the bishop in the
presence of the Lords Justices, and not reproved, and they
must, therefore, be traitors to the English interest.!
The Puritans heard of the Irish rebellion with feelings of
Relation of the Proceedings of the Scots and English Forces in the North
of Ireland." 4to. London : 1642.
"Mr. Griffin, Mr. Bartly, Mr. Starkey, all of Ardmagh, and murdered
by these bloudsuckers on the sixt of May. For, about the fourth of May,
as I take it, we put neare fourty of them to death upon the bridge of the
Newry, amongst which were two of the Pope's pedlers, two seminary
priests, in return of which they slaughtered many prisoners in their cus-
tody."— " The Levite's Lamentation," pp. 13, 14.
* "Amongst acts some produce great evils. The Strongest wished to
arrest the course of acts prejudicial [to themselves], and for that reason
turned those acts into crimes. The will of the strongest, clothed with out
ward forms, received the name of law." — "Bentham's Principles of Morals
and Legislation," edited by Dumont, vol. i., p. 153.
t "An Apology made by an English Officer of Quality for leaving the
Irish Wars, declaring the design now on foot to reconcile the Irish and
English, and expelling the Scotch, to bring their Popish Forces against the
Parliament.'''
OF IRELAND. 67
great anger ; for it gave the king an opportunity to demand
fresh forces to be employed into Ireland, which he might turn
against the Parliament, when he had subdued or made a treaty
with the Irish. The king was already suspected of such a
design. One of the charges against the Earl of Straiford, who
had been impeached {he previous year, was that he purposed
to bring an army from Ireland to England ; and it was believed
that his brother only spoke the Earl's sentiments when he said
that the English nation would never be well till they were con
quered over again.* They had also knowledge of the king's
design to supersede Borlase and Parsons, the Lords Justices,
who were in the interest of the Parliament, by Lord Ormond ;
and then Lord Ormond having command of the army, and a
majority in the Parliament of Ireland, formed by a junction
of the Protestant Royalist gentry with the old English gentry
of Ireland, all Catholic and Royalist, the king could raise taxes
there, dissolve the Parliament of England, and use all his pre
rogative uncontrolled against the English Puritans.
It was this secret coming to the knowledge of Sir Phelim
O'Neil that induced him to rise with the native Irish, that
they might anticipate the other parties, and have the credit
of greater zeal for the king.f But the Parliament defeated
the king's design : unwilling to trust him with an army for
Ireland, or with the funds to pay it, they offered 2,500,000
acres of Irish lands to be forfeited, as security to those who
should advance moneys towards raising and paying a private
army for subduing the rebels in Ireland.^ The moneys, instead
* Trial of the Earl of Strafford, "Kushworth's Collections," vol. viii.,
pp. 725, 728; and "Declaration of the Commons of 25th July, 1643»
concerning the Rise and Progress of the Rebellion in Ireland." Ibid.>
vol. v., p. 353.
t P. 22, " Case of Ireland Stated," by Hugh Reilly. The Marchioness
of Antrim [Lady Catherine Manners, heiress of Rutland, and widow of
G. Villiers, first 'Duke of Buckingham] said that Lord Ormond hated her
husband, believing lie had blabbed the plot to Sir Phelim O'Neil. Ibid.,
p. 23.
% "Petition of divers well affected to the House of Commons, offering
to raise and maintain forces on their own charge against the rebels of Ire
land, and afterwards to receive their recompense out of the rebells estates,"
Feb. 11, 1642, p. 553, 4th Rushworth's Collections; Act for the speedy re
ducing of the rebels in Ireland, 16 Charles I. [English], c. 33.
" The adventurers, with their moneys raised under the Act, were to have
carried over a brigade of 5000 foot and 500 horse into Minister against the
rebels, which business they were to have carried on by officers chosen by
themselves, whereby they had the oversight of that business, and laying
68 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
of being paid into the king's exchequer, were to be paid to a
committee, composed half of members of the House of Com
mons, and half of subscribers to this joint fund, who were to
nominate the general and the officers, the king having nothing
to say to the force but to sign the officers' commissions. All
the Irish saw that this army of adventurers were coming, like
the first invaders under Strongbow, to conquer estates for them
selves and their employers, and therefore could not but oppose
them for the sake of their wives and children, who must be
deprived of their homes. They must therefore fight against
England, thus represented, and the king be deprived of their
aid. The king objected to the Act : it took away from him
the power of pardoning the Irish, and he suggested that it
must only render them desperate, which in truth was the very
purpose of the Parliament, but he dared not refuse his assent.*
The measure was received in England as a triumph over the
king and the Irish. The subscribers, or adventurers as they
were called, were to have estates and manors of 1000 acres
given to them in Ireland at the following low rates : — In Ulster
for £200, in Connaught for £300, in Munster for £450, and
in Leinster for £600, and lands proportionably for less sums.
The rates by the acre were four shillings in Ulster, six shillings
in Connaught, eight shillings in Munster, and twelve shillings
in Leinster.
If this plan were carried out it was to put an end forever,
according to Sir John Bulstrode Whitelock, the Speaker of
the House of Commons, to that long and bloody conflict fore
told (with so much truth) by Giraldus Cambrensis.f Accord
ing to another, it would bring in such sums of money (which
are the sinews of war) as would bring the war to a speedy end ;
the more certainly as many of the officers of the force would
themselves become adventurers, and thus, in the language of
Tacitus describing the soldiers of Catiline, they would carry
fortune, honour, glory, and riches at their swords' points. The
work of Queen Elizabeth and James the First, it was said,
out their own money for the best advantage of the service." — Reasons of
the Committee of Adventurers for refusing to lend moneys on the Ordi
nance of 15th August, 1645.
* P. 557, ibid.
t "Speech at a Conference between the Lords and Commons on 13th
February, 1641-2, concerning the Proposition of divers Gentlemen, etc.,
for the speedy Eeducing," etc. Small 4to. London : 1642.
OF IRELAND. 69
would now be perfected. The Irish would be rooted out by
a new and overwhelming plantation of English : another Eng
land would speedily be found in Ireland, and that prophecy be
proved false that Ireland will not be reformed till the day of
judgment.*
The adventurers had their private army of 5000 foot and
500 horse at Bristol, under the orders of Lord Wharton, ready
for the invasion of Munster, in the summer of 1642. But the
conflict between the king and Parliament growing embittered,
he delayed the giving the commissions for the officers ;f and
the civil war having broken out, the Parliament directed
Lord Wharton and his force to march against the king ; and
on the 23d October, 1642 (the first anniversary of the Irish
rebellion), they were defeated at the battle of Edge Hill, with
the rest of the English rebels. The adventurers, finding that
the funds they had raised to conquer lands in Ireland were
thus misused by the Parliament, it was difficult to obtain
further subscriptions, though the measure of land was enlarged
to the Irish standard, and afterwards doubled for any adven
turer that would pay in a sum equal to a fourth of his original
subscription. But the conflict in England prevented any forces
from coming thence for seven years. It was not until they
had put a conclusion to their strife by cutting off the king's
head and dethroning the dynasty, that Cromwell, as Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, and general-in-chief of the Common
wealth armies, landed at Ringsend, near Dublin, on the 14th
August, 1649, in order to carry on the war in Ireland. He
remained here for nearly nine months, being called back to
England on the 29th May, 1650, just after the capture of
Clonmel.
The war lasted more than two years longer ; for it was not
until the 27th September, 1653, that the Parliament were
enabled to declare the rebellion subdued, and the war appeased
and ended.];
* "Fidelity, Valour, and Obedience, of the English declared by way of
Pacification of His Majesty, and a desire of reunion between His Majesty
and the Parliament, as also, that the present forces now ready to bicker
here in England, may be turned against the barbarous Irish rebels. By
"Walter Meredith, Ge'nt." Small 4to. London: 1642.
t 4th " Kushworth's Collections," p. 776.
% " Ordinance for the Satisfaction of the Adventurers for Lands in Ire
land, and the Arrears due to the Soldiery there, 27th September, 1653."—
Scobell, "Acts and Ordinances."
70 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
THE DIFFICULTIES OF THE IRISH WAR, AND THE TERMS
OFFERED TO THE IRISH.
The immediate cause of the settlement of the soldiery in
Ireland was the waste caused by the war, and the difficulty the
government were in about satisfying them their large arrears,
or finding them current pay.
Spenser has described the English method of war in Ire
land. He was an eye-witness of the measures pursued by his
master and patron, Lord Grey de Wilton, to subdue Munster,
in 1580. By this method a most populous and plentiful coun
try, he says, was suddenly left void of man and beast, so that
(to use the language of the Irish annalists) the lowing of a
cow nor the voice of a herdsman was not heard from Dunquin,
in Kerry, to Cashel, in Munster.* It consisted in so placing
garrisons as to confine the Irish to some narrow fastnesses.
The English then destroyed the cattle and growing crops in
the neighbourhood, and removed away or spoiled all those
that bordered on those parts, that the enemy might find no
succour ; and the Irish being closely penned up, and their
cattle prevented from running abroad, they were soon con
sumed and the people starved. f " In one year and a half," says
Spenser, " they were brought to such wretchedness, as any
stony heart would have rued the sight. Out of every corner
of the woods and glynns they came forth on their hands, for
their legs could not bear them, — they looked like anatomies
of death, and spoke like ghosts crying out of the grave ; they
flocked to a plot of water-cresses as to a feast, though it afford
ed them small nourishment, and ate dead carrion, happy when
they jcould find it, and soon after scraped the very carcases out
of the graves."| Yet this gentle poet only describes this war
fare, and all its horrors, in order to recommend it for adop
tion by the Earl of Essex in the war then on foot against
Hugh O'Neil, Earl of Tyrone. And though Essex did not
carry out this ruthless plan, Lord Mountjoy, who superseded
* "Annals of the Four Masters," at the year 1582.
f "View of the State of Ireland, written dialoguewise between Eudoxus
and Irenseus, by Edmund Spenser, Esq., in the Year 1596," p. 526, vol. i.
of "Collection of Tracts and Treatises illustrative of Ireland." 2 vols. 8vo,
Alexander Thorn. Dublin: 1860.
I Ibid., id.
OF IRELAND.
him, did, burning the houses and destroying the corn and
cattle, till the dead lay unburied in the fields in thousands.*
Carrion and corpses became the food of the survivors ; and,
more horrible still, children were killed and eaten, and the
rr wretches who killed them were tried and hanged for it
those that drove them to such horrors.f Archbishop
Ussher, who was ordained on the very day that Tyrone's war
was ended by the defeat of the Irish and Spaniards at Kinsale,
and therefore speaks of what was within his own knowledge,
relates how women were known to lie in wait, and to rush out,
like famished wolves, upon a rider, to drag him from his
saddle and to seize and devour the horse.| The war in Ire
land in 1650 was of the same nature ; but the resistance was
more general ; for the ancient English, and all the towns, who
were upon the Queen's side in Tyrone's, and all former wars,
were now united with the Irish. The process consequently
was longer, because the English forces were comparatively
fewer: the methods were the same. It may seem strange to
hear counted as military weapons issued from the store at
Waterford, among swords, pikes, powder, shot, bandaliers and
match, " eighteen dozen of scythes with handles and rings, forty
reape hooks, and whetstones and rubstones proportional ;"§
but with these the soldiers cut down the growing crop, in order
to starve the Irish into submission. ||
Not less strange is it to hear of the Bible being served out
of store, with their other ammunition, to the army; yet they
had no bloodier implement in all their arsenal of war.^f
* Fynes Morison's " Itinerary ;" and " The History of Hugh O'Neil,
Earl of Tyrone's, Rebellion, and its Suppression," p. 237. Folio. London :
1617.
t Idem, p. 271.
\ " Life of Primate Ussher, by Dean Barnard," p. 67. 12mo. London:
1656.
§ A-82, p. 281.
|| " Dublin, 1st July, 1650. — Last Monday, Colonel Hewson, with a con
siderable body from hence, marched into Wicklow. Colonel Hewson
doth now intend to make use of scythes and sickles that were sent over in
1649, with which they intend to cut down the corn growing in those parts
which the enemy is to live upon in the winter time, and thereby, for want
of bread and cattle, the Tories may be left destitute of provisions, and so
forced to submit and quit those places.— Dublin, 1st July, 1651."— Letter
of the Commissioners for Ireland to the Parliament, A-2, p. 7.
H '_' Dublin, 3d August, 1652.— Ordered, that the Governor of Dublin
do give warrant to the commissary of the stores in Dublin to issue the
JSibies now in the stores to the several companies offoote and troopes of h&rst
72 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
On the 1st January, 1651-2, the Parliament (so the Commis
sioners report) had in Ireland an army of 30,000 men, but they
had 350 garrisons and military posts to maintain, and 100 more
to plant ; while the Irish had an equal number of men, all of
them, except those in their towns and garrisons in Connaught,
in woods, bogs, and other fastnesses of the greatest advantao-e
to them, and from which there was no dislodging them. They
describe the country as almost everywhere interlaced with
great bogs, with firm woody grounds like islands in the middle,
approached by a narrow pass where only one horse could go
abreast, easily broken up, so as no horse could attack them ;
but in and out the Irish could pass over the wet and quak
ing bog by ways known only to themselves, whereby they
could attack or escape at pleasure. To place garrisons near
their fastnesses, to lay waste the adjacent country, allowing
none to inhabit there on pain of death, was the course taken to
subdue the Irish.* The consequence was, that the country
was reduced to a howling wilderness. Three-fourths of the
stock of cattle were destroyed. In 1653, cattle had to be im
ported from Wales into Dublin ; f it required a license to kill
lamb ; J tillage had ceased : the English themselves were near
within the said precinct of Dublin according to muster, that is to say, one
Bible to every file • and that the several commissaries of the musters with
in the said precinct have order every master to see the said Bibles ac
counted for by the officer so commanding the said troope or company ; and
when they find the said Bibles to be wanting upon musters as aforesaid,
to certify the same to the governor and commissioners of the revenue in
the respective precincts, that defalcation may be made of the said troopes
or companys pay for such Bibles as are wanting." A-2, p. 294.
" Drogheda, 17th August, 1652. — You are desired forthwith to deliver
out of the stores under your charge one hundred Bibles unto Mr. Robert
Clarke, or whom he shall appoint to receive the same, to be by him disposed
of for the use of the forces and others as may bee for the propagation of the
Gospell within the precinct of Galway as hee shall see cause.
" To the storekeeper at Limerick or Galway." A-2, p. 304.
* " Some particulars humbly offered to consideration, in order to the
breaking of the enemy's strength, and lessening the charge of England in
managing the affairs of Ireland. Commissioners for Ireland to the Coun
cil of State in England, dated 1 January, 1652." A-2, p. 288.
t Potty's "Political Anatomy of Ireland," 1672, vol. ii., p. 26, "Tracts
and Treatises on Ireland." Alexander Thorn, Dublin: 1860.
% u Upon the petition of Mrs. Alice Bulkeley, widow, and consideration
had of her ould age and weakness of body: It is thought fitt and ordered
that she be and she is hereby permitted and lycensed to kill and dresse so
much lam be as shall be necessary for her own use and eating, not exceed
ing tiiree lambes for this whole year, notwithstanding any declaration of
the said Commissioners of Parliament to the contrary. Dated at Dublin,
17 March, 1652." A-82, p. 721.
OF IRELAND. 73
starving. Soldiers and officers were encouraged, therefore,
to till the lands round their posts ;* and such of the Irish
not in arms as would comedown from their fastnesses and raise
crops within the line of a garrison, until the Parliament of Eng
land should declare their intentions towards the Irish nation,
were promised the benefit of their crop.f The revenue from
all sources, even in 1654, did not amount to £200,000 (exact,
£198,000). The cost of the army exceeded £500,000. J It
became important, therefore, to come to some terms with the
Irish. The Commissioners for Ireland reported that the natives
were of opinion that the Parliament intended them no mercy.
At length, on 12th May, 1652, the Leinster army of the Irish
surrendered on terms signed at Kilkenny,^ which were adopted
successively by the other principal armies between that time
and the September following, when the Ulster forces surren
dered. By these Kilkenny articles, all except those who were
guilty of the first blood were received into protection, on lay
ing down their arms ; those who should not be satisfied with
the conclusions the Parliament might come to concerning the
Irish nation, and should desire to transport themselves with
their men to serve any foreign state in amity with tiie Par
liament, should have liberty to treat with their agents for that
purpose. But the Commissioners undertook faithfully and
really to mediate with the Parliament to their utmost en
deavours, that they might enjoy such a remnant of their lands
as might make their lives comfortable who lived amongst them,
or for the maintenance of the families of such of them as
should go beyond seas.
* Waste and untermnted lands to be let to officers and soldiers of the
garrison for five years, from 25th. March, 1653, at reasonable rents, free of
contribution, OD condition that they till and manure, and sow one-third of
arable land with corn, and occupy. A-82, p. 601.
t " The stock of cattle in this country are almost spent, so that above
four parts in five of the best and most fertile lands in Ireland lye waste
and uninhabited, which threatens great scarcity here; for prevention
whereof, declarations have been issued forth for encouragement of the
Irish to till their lands, promising them the enjoyment of their crop, as
also for enforcing those that are removed to the mountains to return.
Dublin, 1 July, 1651. Commissioners for Ireland to the Council of State
in England." A-2, p. 12.
J " Memoir on the Mapped Surveys of Ireland from 1640 to 1688,
remaining in the late Auditor-General for Ireland's Office," by W. H»
Hardinge, " Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy," for 1862, p. 7.
§ A-90, p. 103.
4
74 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
SCHEMES FOR THE NEW PLANTING OF IRELAND.
Under this destructive system of war, the country was be
coming a waste, without cattle, and without inhabitants. The
taxation to support the army was continually increasing on
the parts of the country under protection, and amounted to
double the rent in the former times of peace. Soldiers who
had taken farms were throwing them up.* The Irish under
protection were quitting the English quarters with their cattle,
unable to endure the grinding taxation, and flying to the
mountains again ; and the charge to be supplied from Eng
land was continually increasing. There was only one remedy
for these evils — to plant and inhabit the country, and reduce
the army.
The officers of the army were eager to take Irish lands in
lieu of their arrears,f though it does not appear that the com
mon soldiers were, who had small debentures and no capital,
and no chance of founding families and leaving estates to their
posterity. But the adventurers must be first settled with, as
they had a claim to about one million of acres, to satisfy the
sums advanced for putting down the rebellion on the faith of
the Act of 17 Charles I. (A. D. 1642), and subsequent Acts
and Ordinances, commonly called " The Acts of Subscription."
By these, lands for the adventurers must ba first ascertained,
before the rest of the country could be free for disposal by
the Parliament to the army.
Pressed with these considerations, the Commissioners for
* 11 January, 1653. On reading the petition of the inhabitants of the
barony of Shilelogher, in the county of Kilkenny, complaining of the as
sessment, the Commissioners of Revenue were directed, if they found that
the persons who took waste lands in the said barony have deserted them,
they are to cotnpel such persons to stand to their agreements, and the rents
and contributions payable by such persons to be allowed to the petitioners
for the better enabling them to pay their monthly contribution [i. e. a like
amount to be deducted from the monthly assessment of the barony, as the
parties deserting their holdings ought to have paid]. A-82, p. 542.
7 January, 1653. On reading the petition of the inhabitants of the
barony of Cranagh, in the county of Kilkenny, ordered, if it be true as is
suggested that many have thrown up their farms which they had taken,
casting them as a burden upon the said barony, that such persons stand
to their bargains, and discharge the rents and duties falling on their
holdings. A-82, p. 523.
t *' Some proposals humbly offered by a General Council of Officers to
the General and Commissioners of Parliament. 22 October, 1652." Ib.,
p. 47.
OP IEELAND. 75
Ireland, on the 1st of January, 1652, proposed to the Council
of State in England, that the adventurers should cast lots for
their lands presently, notwithstanding the war was not over ;
and they suggested that four allotments, one in each province,
amply sufficient to pay the adventurers, should be made, and
that they should then cast lots to ascertain in which of them
their proportions should be fixed ; the first lot to consist of the
counties of Limerick, Kerry, and Clare in Munster, and Gal way
in Connaught ; the second, of the counties of Kilkenny, Wex-
ford, Wicklow, and Carlovv, in Leinster ; the third, of the coun
ties of Westmeath and Longford, in Leinster, and Cavan and
Monaghan, in Ulster ; the fourth of the counties of Fermanagh
and Donegal in Ulster, and Leitrim and Sligo in Connaught.*
By which it appears that they had not as yet determined on
the transplantation of the Irish to Connaught, but still adhered
to the plan of the Adventurers Act, that the lands should be
taken equally out of the four provinces. They also proposed
that the soldiers should have land in their quarters, as well for
their arrears as in lieu (for part at least) of their present pay.
They would thus be encouraged to follow husbandry, and to
maintain their own interest as well as that of the Common-
wealth.f The adventurers, therefore, were directed on 30th
January, 1652, to attend the Committee of Parliament sitting
in the Speaker's Chamber at Westminster, and propose a form
of speedy -plantation.
The adventurers had been very urgent during the whole
course of the war for lands to be set out to them. In 1645,
they demanded to be put in possession of the houses belonging
to the Irish in Cork, Kinsale, and Youghal, with lands adja
cent, and to be given other lands in Munster as they should
be conquered from the rebels.^ Now they declared, if the
Parliament insisted on a speedy plantation, they were undone.
The war was not over — people feared the Tories. No plan was
proposed for their security. The Irish were to be removed.
Men were hard to be got in England for tenants and labourers,
as they saw that the Government would have to give people
land in Ireland for nothing, as there must be many millions
* A-2, p. 290. t A-2, p. 289.
J P. 11, " JReasons offered by a Committee of Adventurers for refusing
to lend Moneys on the Ordinance of 15th August, 1645, for raising Moneys
for Ireland for six months from November, 1645." Small 4to : London.
76 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
of acres still left after satisfying the adventurers and soldiers,
which must be waste and untenanted, unless given away to
prevent them from being reoccupied by the Irish. That la
bourers were scarce, by reason of the many forests and chases
lately disafforested in England, and then under improvement.
They accordingly demanded to be paid in lands, in such parts
of Munster, Kilkenny, and (if need be) in other parts of Lein-
ster most contiguous, as they should choose ; that they should
have the city of Watertbrd, and such towns as they should
point out, preserved for them ; that they should be well
guarded.
But they refused to be put under conditions to plant in any
limited time, and demanded that they should be free of taxes
while planting. Unless they should be greatly favoured, they
must be forced to plant on such terms that the labourers would
grow rich, and the adventurers poor, as many did in New
England. And if the first adventurers should prove unsuc
cessful, it might cast such a damp upon the spirits of others,
like a dismal discomfit in the beginning of a battle, as they
would hardly be brought on again on any conditions.*
The government, however, still pressed for a speedy plan
tation. They wished to limit them to three years, and the
lands not then planted and inhabited to be forfeited. To which
the adventurers gave for final answer, that it would take 40,000
labourers and their families to execute such a work, for whom
no housing was provided, no guards against Tories, and that
to attempt it would be to destroy the plantation.^
The officers of the army were at the same time urging that
the army should have lands set out to them forthwith for their
arrears. There was no way of preventing a further increase
of the charge that weighed upon England, but by planting the
country, and reducing the forces by degrees, and with as much
speed as might be consistent with safety. And they proposed
that one or more counties should be allotted to the adven
turers, adequate to their demands, and others to the army,
that so the planting by the adventurers and by the gradually
disbanding army might go on together. As the utmost speed
* Proposals of the Adventurers, dated April 5, 1652. Carte, MSS.f
Bodleian Library, " Ireland," vol. x., pp. 230-236.
t u Adventurers' remarks upon the Proposals of the Committee of Par
liament for the Planting of Ireland, sitting in the Speaker's Chamber, 23 d
December, 1652." Ib., p. 257.
OF IRELAND. 77
was necessary for the relief of England, they proposed that the
army should have lands for their arrears at the same rates as
they were given by the Act of 1642 to the adventurers, called
the Act rates, namely, lands in Leinster at 12s. per acre; in
Munster, at 8s. ; in Connaught, at 6s. ; and in Ulster, at 45.
To value the several estates and farms in a convenient time,
would require more fit valuers than could be found, would cost
more than the revenue could bear, and the army and its pay
(drawn from England) must continue. Moreover, it would be
a very uncertain valuation, the lands being in many places
waste, the inhabitants destroyed or gone, so as there were
none to give evidence of the value when they were inhabited.
And, lastly, the Ordinance of the year 1643, allowing officers
of the army to become adventurers to the extent of their pay
on the same terms as the adventurers, was a precedent for pay
ing the whole army their arrears now at the Act rates.* All
very good reasoning to give them the lands at extraordinary
cheap rates.
DEPARTURE OF THE SWORDMEN FOR SPAIN.
Foreign nations were apprised by the Kilkenny Articles
that the Irish were to be allowed to engage in the service of
any state in amity with the Commonwealth. The valour of the
Irish soldier was well known abroad. From the time of the
Munster plantation by Queen Elizabeth, numerous exiles had
taken service in the Spanish army. There were Irish regi
ments serving in the Low Countries. The Princev of Orange
declared they were born soldiers ;f and Henry IV. of France
publicly called Hugh O'Neil the third soldier of the age,]; and
* A-82, p. 391.
j " There lives not a people more hardy, active, and painful
neither is there any will endure the miseries of wurre, as famine, watching,
heat, cold, wet, travel, and the like, so naturally, and with such facility
and courage that they do. The Prince of Orange's Excellency uses often
pnbliquely to deliver that the Irish are souldiers the first day of their birth.
The famous Henry IV., late king of France, said there would prove no
nation so resolute martial men as they, would they be ruly, ana not too
headstrong. And Sir John N orris was wont to ascribe this particular to
that nation above others, that he never beheld so few of any country as of
Irish that were idiots and cowards, which is very notable." P. 219,
"Advertisement for Ireland," MS., folio (A. D. 1615), Library of Trin.
Coll. Dublin, F. 3, 16.
% " Se ipsum primum esse significans," etc., " meaning himself to be
the first, and the illustrious Count de Fuentes the second ; as testified to
78 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
he said there was no nation made better troops than the Irish
when drilled. Sir John Norris, who had served in many coun
tries, said he knew no nation where there were so few fools or
cowards. Agents from the King of Spain, the King of Poland,
and the Prince de Conde, were now contending for the services
of Irish troops. Don Ricardo White, in May, 1652, shipped
7000 in batches from Waterford, Kinsale, Gal way, Limerick,
and Bantry, for the King of Spain.* Colonel Christopher
Mayo got liberty in September, 1652, to beat his drums to
raise 3000 for the same king.f Lord Muskerry took 5000 to
the King of Poland.]; In July, 1654, 3500, commanded by
Colonel Edmund Dwyer, went to serve the Prince de Conde. §
Sir Walter Dungan and others got liberty to beat their drums
in different garrisons to a rallying of their men that laid down
arms with them in order to a rendezvous, and to depart for
Spain. || They got permission to march their men together to
the different ports, their pipers perhaps playing " Ha til, Ha til,
Ha til, mi tulidh" — We return, we return no more ;T or more
probably, after their first burst of passionate grief at leaving
home and friends forever was over, marching gayly to the
lively strains of Garryowen. Between 1651 and 1654, thirty-
four thousand (of whom few ever saw their loved native land
again) were transported into foreign parts.**
tliis day by the most noble the Count D'Ossunia, late Viceroy of Naples
and Sicily, in whose presence he said so." Lynch's " Alithinilogia," vol.
ii., p. 50.
* A--82, p. 205. t Ib., p. 331.
% " On reading the within petition of .John Gould, in behalf of the Lord
Muskerry, who has license to transport 5000 men out of Ireland to the
service of any prince in amity with the Commonwealth, praying that while
his lord is now in treaty with the Polish ambassador for those men ....
they may not be transplanted : It is ordered, etc Dublin, 12
February, 1655." A-4, p. 426.
§ A-32, p. 112. I A-84, p. 342.
•ft The tune with which the departing Highlanders usually bid farewell
to their native shores. Preface to Sir Walter Scott's "Legend of Mon-
trose."
**Sir W. Petty's "Political Anatomy" (published A. D. 1672), p. 27.
" The chiefest and eminentest of the nobility and many of the gentry have
taken conditions from the King of Spain, and have transported 40,000 of
the most active spirited men, most acquainted with the dangers and dis
cipline of war." P. 20. " The Great Case of Transplantation in Ireland
discussed" [by Vincent Gookin]. Small 4to. London : 1655.
OF IRELAND. 79
IRELAND ASSIGNED TO THE ADVENTURERS AND
SOLDIERS.
These discussions occupied the whole of the year 1652; but
caused in point of fact no loss of time, for the war was still
raging, and there could be no planting.
Towards the close of the year 1653, the island seemed suf
ficiently desolated to allow the English to occupy it. On the
26th of September in that year, the Parliament passed an Act
for the new planting of Ireland with English.
The government reserved for themselves all the towns, all
the church lands and tithes; for they abolished all archbishops,
bishops, deans, and other officers, belonging to that hierarchy,
and in those days the Church of Christ sat in Chichester
House on College-green.* They reserved also for themselves
the four counties of Dublin, Kildare, Carlow, and Cork. Out
of the lands and tithes thus reserved, the government were to
satisfy public debts, private favourites, eminent friends of the
republican cause in Parliament, regicides, and the most active
of the English rebels, not being of the army.
The next made ample provision for the adventurers. The
amount due to the adventurers was £360,000. This they di
vided into three lots, of which £110,000 was to be satisfied in
Munster, £205,000 in Leinster, and £45,000 in Ulster, and the
moiety of ten counties was charged with their payment : —
Waterford, Limerick, and Tipperary, in Munster; Meath, West-
meath, King's and Queen's Counties, in Leinster: and Antrim,
Down, and Armagh, in Ulster. But, as all was required by the
Adventurers Act to be done by lot, a lottery was appointed to
be held in Grocers' Hall, London, for the 20th July, 1653, to
begin at 8 o'clock in the morning, when lots should be first
drawn in which province each adventurer was to be satisfied, not
exceeding the specified amounts in any province ; lots were to
be drawn, secondly, to ascertain in which of the ten counties
each adventurer was to receive his land — the lots not to exceed
* " Whereas Mr. Thomas Kicks is by the Church of Christ meeting1 at
Chichester House approved as one fully qualified to preach and dispense
the gospel .... he is appointed to preach the gospel at Still. >rgan, and
other places in the barony of Rathdown, in the county of Dublin, as often
as the Lord shall enable 'him, and in such places as tne Lord shall make
his ministry most effectual. Dated 12th September, 1659. THOMAS HER
BERT, Clerk of the Council." " Book of Establishments," p. lai.
80 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
in Westmeath £70,000, in Tipperary £60,000, in Meath
£55,000, in King's and Queen's Counties £40,000 each, in Lim
erick £30,000, in Waterford £20,000, in Antrim, Down, and
Armagh £15,000 each. And, as it was thought it would be a
great encouragement to the adventurers (who were for the most
part merchants and tradesmen), about to plant in so wild and
dangerous a country, not yet subdued, to have soldier planters
near them, these ten counties, when surveyed (which was di
rected to be done immediately, and returned to the committee
for the lottery at Grocers' Hall), were to be divided, each
county, by baronies, into two moieties, as equally as might be,
without dividing any barony. A lot was then to be drawn by
the adventurers, and by some officer appointed by the Lord
General Cromwell on behalf of the soldiery, to ascertain which
baronies in the ten counties should be for the adventurers, and
which for the soldiers.
The rest of Ireland, except Connaught, was to be set out
amongst the officers and soldiers, for their arrears, amounting
to £1,550,000, and to satisfy debts of money or provisions
due for supplies advanced to the army of the Commonwealth
amounting to £1,750,000. Connaught was by the Parliament
reserved and appointed for the habitation of the Irish nation ;
and all English and Protestants having lands there, who should
desire to remove out of Connaught into the provinces inhabited
by the English, were to receive estates in the English parts,
of equal value, in exchange.*
* " For the satisfaction of the Adventurers for Lands in Ireland, out of
the arrears due to the Souldiery here, and of other Publique Debts." Sco-
bell's " Acts and Ordinances," chap, xii.
OF IRELAND. 81
PART II.
THE TRANSPLANTATION.
THE FIRST TRUMPET.
WHEN the Irish forces laid down arms in 1650, they could
scarce have anticipated the measures adopted towards them,
two years later, by the Parliament of England. Many of the
Irish gentry embarked, in the years 1650 and 1651, for Spain.
Those who stayed behind had families, that prevented them
from following their example ; they returned to their former
neighbourhoods, took up their abode in the offices attached to
their mansions, or shared the dwellings of some of their late
tenants, — their mansions being occupied by some English offi
cer or soldier, — and employed themselves in tilling the lands
they had lately owned as lords. Let us conceive the dismay
of a poor nobleman, with his wife and daughters, thus employed
on the evening of the first market day, after the llth October,
1652, when some neighbour came to announce the news pro
claimed by beat of drum and sound of trumpet in the adjoin
ing town.* It was, in fact, the proscription of the nation. If
he had been a colonel or a superior officer in the army, as al-
* " The Parliament of the Commonwealth of England having by one Act
lately passed (entitled an Act for the Settling of Ireland) declared that it
is not their intention to extirpate this whole nation, but that mercy and par
don for life and estate be extended to all husbandmen, plowmen, labour
ers, artificers, and others of the inferior sort, in such manner as in and by
the said Act is set forth ; for the better execution of the said Act, and that
timely notice may be given to all persons therein concerned, it is ordered that
the Governor and Commissioners of Revenue or any two or more of them,
within every preijinct in this nation, do cause the said Act of Parliament
with this present declaration to be published and proclaimed in their re
spective precincts by beat of drumme and sound of trumpett, on some mar-
kett day, within tenn day's after the same shall come unto them within
their respective precincts.
" Dated at the Castle of Kilkenny, this llth October, 1652.
" EDMUND LUDLOW, MILKS CORBET,
" JOHN JONES, R. WEAVER."
A-82, p. 867.
4*
82 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
most all the highest were, it was a sentence of confiscation and
banishment; and a separation from his now beggared wife
and daughters, the partners of his miseries, unless he had the
means of bringing them abroad with him.
The Earl of Ormond, Primate Bramhall, and all the Catholic
nobility, and many of the gentry, were declared incapable of {
pardon of life or estate, and were banished. The rest of the
nation were to lose their lands, and take up their residence
wherever the Parliament of England should order.* On 26th
September, 1653, all the ancient estates and farms of the people
of Ireland were declared to belong to the adventurers and the
army of England ; and it was announced that the Parliament
had assigned Connaught (America was not then accessible),
for the habitation of the Irish nation, whither they must trans
plant with their wives, and daughters, and children, before the
1st of May following (1654), under penalty of death, if found
on this side of the Shannon after that day.
It might, perhaps, be imagined that this fearful sentence
was a penalty upon the supposed bloodthirstiness of the Irish.
But for blood, death, not banishment was the punishment ; and
the class most likely to be guilty of blood, — the ploughmen,
labourers, and others of the lower order of poor people, — were
excepted from transplantation. The nobility and gentry of
ancient descent, proprietors of landed estates, were incapable
of murder or massacre ; but it was they that were particularly
required to transplant. Their properties were wanted for the
new English planters. There is an anecdote told by an
Englishman of the order of the Friars Minors, who must have
dwelt, disguised probably (a not uncommon incident) as a
soldier or servant, in the household of Colonel Ingoldsby,
Governor of Limerick, that explains the reason why the com
mon people were to be allowed to stay, and the gentry re
quired to transplant. He heard the question asked of a great
Protestant statesman (" magnus hereticus consiliarius"), who
gave three reasons for it : — First, he said, the^ are useful to
the English as earth-tillers and herdsmen ; secondly, deprived
of their priests and gentry, and living among the English, it
is hoped they will become Protestants ; and, thirdly, the gentry
without their aid must work for themselves and their families,
* Act for the Settling of Ireland, passed 12th August, 1652. Scobell'a
*' Acts and Ordinances."
OF IRELAND. 83
or, if they don't, must die, and if they do, will in time turn
into common peasants.*
The truth is, that, having engaged to take 2,500,000 acres
from the gentry of Ireland, the Parliament feared they might
seek to recover their own again, unless they went through
with the business, and swept the nation beyond the Shannon.
The Parliament made one exception. Those Irish who
could show by active proof that they had borne a constant
good affection to the Parliament of England during the ten
years' contest, were to be exempt from transplantation. To
render it more difficult, however, the claim was barred if it
was shown the claimant had dwelt on an estate in the Irish
quarters, or that the rents were remitted to him though dwell
ing in the English quarters. The exception, too, of husband
men, ploughmen, and others of the lower ranks, did not save
them for the use of the English, as was intended ; for all sword-
men were to transplant, and in this term were included all who
had attended muster, though compelled by their landlords, and
any who kept watch and ward, which comprised almost every
one. For their share in the war, or not proving a constant
good affection to the Parliament of England, the proprietors
of lands were to suffer a loss of the greater part of their estates,
and to receive an equivalent for the residue in Connaught for
the support of themselves and their families.
THE SECOND AND LAST TRUMPET, WITH THE DOOM OF
THE IRISH NATION.
Connaught was selected for the habitation of all the Irish
nation by reason of its being surrounded by the sea and the
Shannon, all but ten miles, and the whole easily made into
one line by a few forts.f To further secure the imprisonment
* " Threnodia Hiherno-Catholica, sive Planctus universalis totius Cleri
et Populi Kegni Hiberniae," etc. ["The Wail of the Irish Catholics; or
Groans of the whole Clergy and People of the Kingdom of Ireland, in which
is truly set forth an Epitome of the unheard of and transcendental Cruelty
by winch the Catholics of the Kingdom of Ireland are oppressed under tha
Urns of
of the
witness of
. _._. dedicated to
his worthy patron, Don Guidobald, Archbishop of Salzburg, and to the
dean and canons there,
t yih March, 1634-5. Order. Passes over the Shannon betweea
84 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
of the nation, and cut them off from relief by sea, a belt four
miles wide, commencing one mile to the west of Sligo, and so
winging along the cost and Shannon, was reserved by the
Act of 27th September, 1653, from being set out to the Irish,
and was to be given to the soldiery to plant. Thither all the
Irish were to remove at latest by the first day of May, 1654,
except Irishwomen married to English Protestants before the
2d December, 1650, provided they became Protestants; ex
cept also boys under fourteen, and girls under twelve, in Prot
estant service and to be brought up Protestants ; and, lastly,
those who had shown during the ten years' war in Ireland
their constant good affection to the Parliament of England in
preference to the king. There they were to dwell without
entering a walled town or coming within five miles of some,
on pain of death. All were to remove thither by the 1st of
May, 1654, at latest, under pain of being put to death by sen
tence of a court of military officers, if found after that date on
the English side of the Shannon.*
Connaught was at this time the most wasted province in
the kingdom. Sir Charles Coote the younger, disregarding
the truce or cessation made by order of the king with the
Irish in 1644, had continued to ravage it, like another Attila,
with fire and sword. t The order was for the flight of the
Irish nation thither in winter-time, their nobles, their gentry,
and their commons, with their wives and little children, their
young maidens and old men, their cattle, and their household
goods.
The officers of the army were themselves struck with the
difficulties of executing the orders of the Parliament of Eng
land. The gentry and farmers were then engaged in getting
in the harvest they had been encouraged to plant on account
of the scarcity. The whole nation, panic-struck at having to
Jamestown and Sligo to be closed, so as to make one entire line between
Connaught and the adjacent parts of Leinster and Ulster. A--S5.
* "The further Instructions confirmed by this Act." Act for the Satis
faction of the Adventurers for Lands in Ireland and Arrears due to the
Souldiery there. 26 September, 1653. Scobell's " Acts and Ordinances,"
Anno 1653, chap. xii.
t P. 58, vol. 1st, " Alithinologia; sive Veridica Responsio, etc. [in Eng
lish] A true Answer to the Attack of R. F. [Richard Farrel], Capuchin,
full of Lies, Fallacies, and Calumnies against a large body of the Clergy,
Nobility, and Irish of every rank, presented to the Propaganda in the year
1659. By Eudoxius Alithinologus [John Lynch, Priest, Archdeacon of
Tuam]." PriutH. at St. Malos, 1064. * v0U. 4to.
OF IRELAXD. 85
travel during the winter to Connaught, and to abandon the
lands they were still in occupation of, were deprived of all
motive to go on with their tillage. The country must next
year be a waste, for the soldiers could not be put in possession
in time to sow. Then there was the possibility that the Irish
generally might decline to remove, and incur all penalties, and
prefer death itself to transplanting under such difficulties.
The officers communicated their thoughts to the commis
sioners for the Government of Ireland, who communicated
them to the Council of State in England.
The Commissioners for Ireland, to use their own expressions,
were overwhelmed with a sense of their difficulties, and of
their own unworthiness and weakness for so great a service.
They felt they had neither wisdom nor strength for such mat
ters ; and that they might truly say, " The children are now
come to the birth, and much is desired and expected, but there
is no strength to bring forth."
They therefore fasted, and enjoined the same thing on all
Christian friends in Ireland, and invited the commanders and
officers of the army to join them in lifting up prayers with
strong crying and tears to Him to whom nothing is too hard,
that His servants, whom He had called forth in this day to act
in these great transactions, might be made faithful, and carried
on by His own outstretched arm against all opposition and
difficulty, to do what was pleasing in His sight.*
Meantime they proceeded, as in duty bound, to carry out
the law. They issued their orders, dated the loth October,
1653, for the better carrying on the great work. Fathers and
heads of families were to proceed before 30th January, 1054,
to Loughrea, to commissioners appointed to set them out
lands competent to the stock possessed by them and by the
tenants and friends who were to transplant with them. They
were there to build huts against the arrival of their wives and
families, who were to follow before the first of May. The commis
sioners were to be guided by a statement, or Particular, which
each proprietor, before leaving home, was to present to the
revenue officer of the precinct for his certificate. It set forth
the abode, names, ages, stature, colour of the hair, and other
* Letter, dated 9th November, 1653, from the Commissioners for Ire
land "to the commanders of the respective precincts, to be communicated
to the rest of our Christian friends there." A-yO, p. 555.
8fi THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
marks of distinction, of the transplanter and his family, and ol
ail his tenants and friends who were to accompany him into
Connaught, together with the number of their cattle, quantity
and quality of tillage, and other substance.* From the gray-
haired sire to the blue-eyed daughter of four years old, the
family portraiture is given in these transplanters' certificates.
Sometimes there is a long list of tenants and friends, and sheep
and cattle, accompanying the chief proprietor of the district into
exile, like the pictures of the descent of the Israelites into
Egypt. In others, a landlord, who perhaps had rendered him
self distasteful to his tenants, has none to accompany him ;
for tenants were not required to adhere to their landlord ;
they might sit down in Connaught as tenants under the
state. Occasionally in these certificates is described a gen
tleman, like Sir Nicholas Comyn, of Limerick precinct,
" numb at one side of his body of a dead palsy, accompanied
only by his Lady, Catherine Comyn, aged thirty-five years,
flaxen-haired, middle stature ; and one maid servant, Honor
ny McNamara, aged twenty years, brown hair, middle stature ;
having no substance, but expecting the benefit of his qualifica
tion." Or orphans ; as, " Ignatius Stacpoole, of Limerick,
orphant, aged eleven years, flaxen haire, full face, low stature ;
Katherine Stacpoole, orphant, sister to the said Ignatius, aged
eight years, flaxen haire, full face ; having no substance to re
lieve themselves, but desireth the benefit of his claim before
the Commissioners of the Revenue."!
James, Lord Dunboyne, in the county of Tipperary, describes
himself as likely to be accompanied by twenty-one followers,
and as having four cows, ten garrans, and two swine.}; Dame
Katherine Morris, of Lathragh, in the same county : thirty-five
followers, one and a half acre of summer corne, ten cows, six
teen garrans, nineteen goats, two swine. Lady Mary Hamer-
ton, of Roscrea : forty-five persons, three and a half acres of
summer corn, forty cows, thirty garrans, forty-six sheepe, two
goats.§ Pierce, Lord Viscount Ikerrin : seventeen persons,
* From a printed copy (original), preserved in the muniment room,
Kilkenny Castle.
t Pp. 12, 13, Book of Transplanters' Certificates, in the Kecord Tower,
Dublin Castle.
\ Ib. Among the records of the late Auditor-General's Office in the
custody of W. H. Hardirige, Esq., Custom House Buildings.
§ Ib., ib.
OF IKELAND. 8*1
i
sixteen acres of winter corne, four cows, five garrans, twenty-
four sheep, two swine. For each acre of winter corn, three
acres of land were to be assigned, summer corn and fallow be
ing included ; for each cow or bullock (of two years old and
upwards), three acres; for each yearling, one acre ; for each gar-
ran, nag, or mare (of three years old and upwards), four acres ;
for every three sheep, one acre *, and for goats and swine pro-
portionably.* These assignments were only conditional ; for
at a future day other commissioners were to arrive and sit at
Athlone, to determine the claims, i. e. the extent of lands the
transplanter had left behind him. and to distinguish the quali
fications, i. e. the extent of disaffection to the Parliament, by
which the proportion to be confiscated was to be regulated, and
an equivalent, called a Final Settlement was to be given in
Connaught. These first assignments were technically called
Assignments de Bene Esse.
REMONSTRANCES OF THE IRISH.
And now there went forth petitions from every quarter of
the kingdom, praying that the petitioners' flight might not be
in the winter-time ; or alleging that their wives or children
were sick, their cattle unfit to drive, — that they had crops to
get in. Some were still collecting men for transport to Spain.
Others had claims to exemption under articles of war. All
sought a dispensation.
The petitioners were the noble and the wealthy, men of an
cient English blood, descendants of the invaders — the Fitz-
geralds, the Butlers, the Plunkets, the Barnwalls, Dillons,
Cheevers, Cusacks, names found appended to various schemes
for extirpating or transplanting the Irish after the subduing of
Lord Thomas Fitzgerald's rebellion in 1535, — who were now
to transplant as Irish. The native Irish were too poor to pay
scriveners and messengers to the Council, and their sorrows
were unheard, though under their rough coats beat hearts
that felt pangs as great at being driven from their native
homes as the highest in the land. The first dispensations
were limited within the 1st of May, the Commissioners for the
Affairs of Ireland not being empowered to dispense from com
pliance with the Act of Parliament. But they represented to
* A-90, p. 629.
88 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
•
the Council of State in London that all tillage would cease un
less people were encouraged to put in a crop with the pros
pect of reaping it. Powers were according!}7 given to them
to grant dispensations for the wives and children and neces
sary servants of those who should crop their land, who were
to be permitted, in case the father or head of the family should
have complied with the orders of the state, and have removed
into Connaught, to stay behind with not more than one or
two servants to watch the corn in the ground, and to attend to
the threshing and " inning" of it.* But from the 1st of May,
1654, their estates would be either taken possession of by the
soldiers, or let by the state to other tenants, to whom they
must pay for the standing of their crop from that date till re
moved, an eighth or a fifth sheaf, according to the custom of
the country.
The estate now called Woodlands, the seat of Lord An-
naly, adjoining the Phrenix Park, Dublin, formerly known as
Luttrelstown, was the seat of the Luttrels, from the days of
King John until sold, about seventy years ago, by Luttrel,
Lord Carhampton, to the ancestor of Lord Annaly.
Thomas Luttrel, the owner, though strongly attached to
the English interest, as appeared by his getting a decree at
Athlone, in 1658, of good, though not constant good, affection, f
was obliged, as an Irish Papist, to make way, when Lord Or-
mond handed over Dublin and the sword of state, in 1647,
to the Parliament, for Lord Broghill, who was afterwards suc
ceeded as tenant to the state by Colonel Hewson, Governor
* " Commissioners for Ireland to Colonel Foulk, Governor of Tredagh, and
the Commissioners of Revenue there.
•"GENTLEMEN, — The Commissioners of the Commonwealth of England
for the Affairs of Ireland have read your letter of the 25th instant, declar
ing that several persons removing from your parts into Connaught desire
some time to stay for their wives, children, and stock, for the better
enabling them to travel, and that it is your judgment that by their short
stay the contribution will be the better secured. They have commanded
me to signify that you may suspend the transplantation of such wives and
children (whose husbands and parents are to go into Connaught) for such
time as you shall judge fit, not exceeding the 1st July next, and may per
mit the stay of their cattle until they be in a condition to drive, allowing
but one servant to look alter the respective herds or flocks, and such
servants to be neither proprietors nor such as have been in arms against
the Commonwealth.
" THOS. HERBERT, Clerk of the Council.
" Cork House, tfth, April, 1654." A-90, p. 668.
t A-22, p. 149.
OF IRELAND. 89
of Dublin. In 1652, Luttrel got permission to occupy the
stables and till the land.*
On the 30th of September, 1654, he was dispensed from
being transplanted until the 1st of December following, in
" regard his whole livelihood and his family's depended on
improving the crop of corn that was then in taking off the
ground."f On the 15th of March, 1655, upon his inability,
through his weakness by sickness, to travel into Connaught,
he was further dispensed till the 1st June.J Before this time,
however, he had departed, leaving his wife behind ; for on the
18th of May she was dispensed until the 1st of June following,,
on her representation that her husband was already trans
planted, and that she had a great charge of children and stock
which were not yet in a condition to drive.§
But often the owners were transplanted, and got liberty to
return to reap their crop, or to send back their servants.
Thus, John Talbot, ancestor of Lord Talbot de Malahide, had
to yield his castle to Chief Baron Corbet, and transplant, and
in April, 1655, got a pass for safe travelling from Connaught
to the county of Dublin to dispose of his corn and other
goods, giving security to return within the time limited. ||
Considerable difficulties arose about these allowances be
tween the families of the transplanted left behind to watch the
crop, and the soldiers. On the 1st of May, 1654, the first
considerable disbanding took place ; and from the moment any
district was assigned to the soldiers, they became uncontrolled
masters of it. Thus, the officers and soldiers whose lots had
fallen in the district called the Rower, in the county of Kil
kenny, were declared entitled to have an allowance for the
standing of the corn on the lands fallen to them for their
arrears, from the 1st of May last (1654) till December follow
ing, according to the custom of the country, not exceeding a
fifth sheaf ;^f and the transplanted inhabitants of the county of
Waterford, finding that their wives and children were inter
rupted in the securing of their crops, petitioned the govern
ment from Connaught for protection.** The government
thereupon ordered that the Commissioners of Revenue of the
precinct where the respective crops of corn were should per-
* A-82, p. 515 ; ib., p. 534. t A-4, p. 17. \ A-6, p. 134.
§ Ib., p. 217. | Ib., p. 173. H A-4, p. 6.
** Ib.; p. 50.
90 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
mit the wives, and such servants of theirs as were permitted
to stay, to receive the benefit of their crop, having discharged
the contribution due thereout, and allowing the new proprie
tors an eighth sheaf, or such proportion as is usually made in
those parts, according to the custom of the country. But the
cruelest act of these rough soldiers was that they and the
state tenants entered, and proceeded without mercy to turn
out the wives and children of these transplanted proprietors
and their servants engaged in watching their last crop, with
out giving them even a cabin to shelter in, or allowing them
grass for their cows on lands so lately their own.* The
ancient owners became, in fact, strict tenants at will to the
state from the time that the Parliament declared the forfeited
lands to belong to the soldiers and adventurers, though, as
would appear from Sir John Burke's complaint, they had
been promised, or understood they were entitled to, a six
months' notice to quit.f
In the case of Thomas Luttrel, of Luttrelstown, in the
county of Dublin, we have a proprietor reduced, with his
* " To the Commissioners of the Revenue of the respective precincts.
"Dublin, 26 May, 1654.
" GENTLEMEN, — Whereas we have been informed that several persons
that have taken leases of lands from the Commonwealth belonging to Irish
inhabitants that are to be transplanted into Connaught from the 1st of
May, instant, and upon orders of possession for the same, have entered
by virtue of their said leases, and turned out the former Irish possessors
and their servants, without allowing them any cabbins or other habitacons
for such necessary servants as they leave behind them for looking after
their corn in the ground, and inning and thrashing of the same, contrary
to the provisions made in the order for transplantation, we therefore here
by order that you take care that in cases where the said Irish are denied
such liberty as abovesaid, you cause convenience of room to be allowed
for servants dwelling and thrashing the said corn now in the ground, with
grazing on the said lands fit for euch sort of cattle as will be needful for
carrying in the corn in harvest.
" We remain your loving friends,
CHAS. FLEETWOOD, MILES CORBET, JOHN JONES."
A-90, p. 702.
t " Upon consideration had of the agreement made by the Commission
ers of Revenue with the petitioner, Sir John Bourke, and others in like
condition with him, that he should, upon six months' notice, remove out
of the possession of the lands in the petition mentioned, and the peti
tioner having been required to remove into Connaught upon the general
declaration for transplanting, the Council! do not think fit to do anything
in his case, but do expect that the petitioner should conform himself to
former orders for removing into Connaught.
" 16th Oct., 1654. " Tuos. HERBERT, Clerk of the Council."
A-4, p. 67.
OF IRELAND. 91
family, to occupy the stables while taking the last crop, and
thence transplanted to Connaught.
APPLICATIONS FOR DISPENSATIONS FROM TRANSPLAN
TATION.
The applications for dispensations were innumerable, and
the Commissioners were overwhelmed with them.
Margaret Barnwall had long been troubled with a shaking
palsy.* Mary Archer had an aged father, who would be sud
denly brought to his grave wanting his accustomed accommo-
dation.f Lady Margaret Atkinson was of great age, and no
one to support her but her son, Sir George Atkinson, a Protes
tant.;); Lady Culme prayed not to be deprived of her servant.§
Elinor Butler, widow, had a charge of helpless children. ||
Dowager Lady Lowth was of great age and impotency.^j"
John, Lord Baron Power, of Curraghmore, had for twenty
years past been distracted, and destitute of all judgment.**
Piers Creagh, of Limerick, was hated by his countrymen for his
* A-6, p. 266.
t A-12, p. 65.
I " Upon consideration of the petition of Sir G. Atkinson on the behalf
of his mother, the Lady Margaret Atkinson, desiring that his said mother
might be dispensed with from transplantation, and remain in the province
of Ulster ; and consideration being had of the report of Colonel Markham,
Captain Shaw, and Thomas Richardson, Esq., unto whom it was referred,
who have certified that in regard of the said Lady's great age, as also that
she hath no friend to support her save only her said son, a Protestant,
and for that it appears by Sir Charles Coote's certificate that she hath
always lived inoffensively in said quarters, they are of opinion she should
not be removed into Connaught or Clare without special direction ; and
that she may in the mean time continue to reside with her said son. It is
therefore ordered .that she be dispensed with from transplantation until
1st May, and that she be permitted to enjoy that proportion of her estate
according to her qualification.
" T. HERBERT, Clerk of the Council.
" Dublin, BQtk October, 1654." A-4, p. 116.
§ A-12, p. 214. '"£
| " Upon the consideration of the petition of Ellinor Butler, widow, and
the order of the Commissioners of the Revenue of Waterford, and the
report of Colonel Lawrence, etc., etc., and it being his opinion that the
petitioner's own person and her helpless children should be dispensed
with as to her present transplantation ; and that she be permitted to bring
back her cattle from Connaught towards the maintenance of herself and
children; We, 'the said Deputy and Council, agree, etc., that she be per
mitted to bring back her said cattle without "molestation, etc. Dublin^
IMh October, 1654." A-4, p. 64.
Tf A-4,. p. 211. ** Ib.~p. 366.
92 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
former known inclination to the English Government.* Robert
Plunket had given information against several prisoners now
in the Marshalsea, who are of great alliance to the Irish, and
his safety would be risked in Connaughtf (a common state
ment). Lord Viscount Ikerrin had great weakness and infirm
ity of body.J; Dominic Bodkin, Nicholas oge French, and
Richard Kerroan (Kirwan), inhabitants of Galway, pleaded
their singular good services, whereby they had prejudiced
their private interests, and contracted malice from those of
their own nation, amongst whom they were now to live,
which might prove dangerous to them ;§ Major Charles
Cavanagh and his brother James, — their inoffensive demeanour
to the English.] Anne White, widow, of the town of Wex-
ford, sought to spend the remnant of her days there on the
certificate of Colonel Lawrence, Governor of Waterford,
who had observed her charity for four or five years past,
her good affection to English officers and others quartered
in her house — a very useful person to that town ; and if
any of her religion might live in any garrison, none more
deserving than she.^f Cicely Plunket, — that her husband
was a schoolboy at the breaking out of the rebellion, and had
since lived inoffensively ; that her husband was upon his
transplanting, but 'that his whole substance depends upon her
corn in her haggard, and prayed time for making benefit of her
corn and provision for herself and her children.** Margaret
Cusack, that she was seventy-eight years of age, and dropsical.ff
Mary Butler, widow of Mr. Richard Butler, of Ballinakill, in
the county of Tipperary, her affection to the English forces,
and having discovered an ambushment of the Irish to cut off
the English. JJ John Rose, of Warrenstown, in the barony of
Dunboyne, his having suffered much in the beginning of the
rebellion for his affection to the English interest, and served
as a trooper under Captain Bland against the rebels, and was
wounded, and also that he was of English -parents.§§ Henry
Burnell, for his tedious and languishing sickness, sought time
till 1st of June next, by which time it was probable he might
recover his strength, and be able to travel on foot to Connaught.
* A-4, p. 112. t A-85, p. 581. ' % Ib., p. 384.
§ A-30, p. 160. I A-6, p. 9. 1 Ib., p. 170.
** Ib., p. 248. tt Ib., p. 188. ft Ib., p. 219.
§§ Ib., p. 235.
OF IRELAND. 93
Nicholas Barnwall, of Turvey, and Bridget, his wife, Countess
of Tirconnel, in regard of their great age and infirmity of
body.
The transplantation of the Kilkenny submittees, as those of
the Leinster army were called, that laid down their arms under
the terms of the articles entered into on 12th May, 1652, had
some features of peculiar hardship. The officers of the Parlia
ment army engaged to really and truly mediate for them with the
Parliament, that they might enjoy such moderate parts of their
estates as should make the lives of those who should not retire
in voluntary banishment to Spain, but live amongst the Eng
lish, comfortable, and undertook that in the mean time they
should enjoy such part of their estates as had not been dis
posed of; and under this latter clause the Commissioners for
Ireland ordered them possession of their undisposed-of estates
till 1st April, 1653.
Part of Lord Trimleston's manor had been given in custo-
dium to Mrs. Penelope Bayley, the widow of Colonel Bayley,
by a special order of Lord Deputy Ireton, in 1650 ; but in May
of 1652, for her greater security, she took a lease of them for
one year from the state, which she let for the time to one
<Cusack, who assigned them to his brother-in-law, Lord Trim-
leston. When this lease expired, she renewed it tor three
years, but Lord Trimleston, being in possession at the expira
tion of the first lease, contended he was entitled to hold them
under the Kilkenny Articles, and bribed Mr. Bryan Darley,
the surveyor, who was to put Mrs. Bayley in possession, by
£4, Mrs. Bayley having given Mr. Darley £6. Lord Trim
leston being thus in possession, Mrs. Bayley had to get an
order to put him forth, and to have the surveyor arrested for
the fraud.* When the order for transplantation issued in Octo
ber, 1653, and Lord Trimleston and the other Kilkenny submit
tees were called on to transplant, Lord Trimleston on his own
behalf and theirs pleaded that by the 6th article they expected
the enjoyment of such remnant of their real estate as should
make their lives comfortable amongst the English, and that this
was not performed ; and that they were exempt from trans
plantation. But the Commissioners for Ireland answered that
the Act of Parliament overrode the articles, and that they
must transplant to Connaught, where they would have one-
* A-84, p. 408.
94 THE CROMVTELLIA.N SETTLEMENT
third set out to them by the Loughrea Commissioners in some
convenient place, with such houses and accommodation as
might make their lives comfortable, and with due regard to the
nature and goodness of the soil from whence they should re
move.* They then appealed to the Committee of Articles, at
Westminster, who were of opinion that it would be a breach
of faith to transplant them ; but the Commissioners enforced
their view. On 12th of April, 1655, they made their last
effort, and got liberty to stay in their respective dwellings
until the 1st of May, and their wives and children until the
20th.f
These Kilkenny submittees were the lords and gentlemen
of the Pale, the Barn walls, the Nettervilles, Bellews, Plunkets,
and others. They complained that the officers in possession of
their estates were sheltering their tenants, and prayed that
they might be ordered to assist them in driving their cattle,
and removing of their carriages to Connaught. But this was
refused : all relation between landlord and tenant had ceased
between them, but the transplantable tenants were ordered to
be arrested.J
How strict was the imprisonment of the transplanted in
Connaught may be judged, when it required a special order
for Lord Trimleston, Sir Richard Barn wall, Mr. Patrick Net-
terville, and others, then dwelling in the suburbs of Athlone
on the Connaught side, to pass and repass the bridge into the
part of the town on the Leinster side on their business, and
only on giving security not to pass without the line of the town
without special leave of the governor.§
It has already been remarked that the descendants of those
statesmen of Henry VIIL's day, who were so full of schemes
for confiscating the lands of the Irish, and transplanting or
extirpating them, had to abandon their estates, and to trans
plant to Connaught. In Queen Elizabeth's reign there was no
more deadly enemy to Ireland than Edmund Spenser; he
was secretary to Lord Grey de Wilton, all whose cruelties he
justified. He deals with transplantation as if the Irish were
beasts of the field, that might be driven from one province to
another for the convenience of the English. One can scarce
pity his lot, which was to see his castle of Kilcolman, late
* A-8, D. 177. t A-6, p. 205.
t Ib., p'. 205. § ib., p. 346.
OF IRELAND.
95
the abode of one of the Fitzgeralds, burned before his eyes
with all it contained, including one of his infant children.
The robber was thus robbed, the spoiler spoiled ; and he went
down to his grave in darkness, in lodgings in London, banished
by the Irish, who retook their former lands. By a retribution
so common in Ireland, the grandson of this English settler had
become Irish, and the very woes his ancestor had contrived
for the Irish came to be inflicted on his descendant. Among
those seeking to be dispensed from transplantation to Con-
naught was William Spenser, whose grandfather was that Spen
ser who by his writings touching the reduction of the Irish to
civility brought upon him the odium of that nation. That
very estate near Fermoy which was confiscated from the Fitz
geralds, and conferred on him about seventy years before, is
now confiscated anew, and set out among the soldiers of the
Commonwealth army, and his grandson is ordered to trans
plant to Connaught as an Irishman. William Spenser ap
pealed to Cromwell ; and Cromwell, out of regard for the works
of Edmund Spenser, his grandfather, endeavoured, but in vain,
to save his lands for him.*
* " Lord Protector to Commissioners for Affairs in Ireland.
" Whitehall, 27th March, 1657.
" RIGHT TBUSTY AND -WELL BELOVED,
" A petition hath been exhibited unto us by William
Spenser, setting forth that being but seaven years old att the beginning of
the rebellion in Ireland, hee repaired with his mother to the Citty of Corke,
and during the rebellion continued in the English quarters ; that hee
never bore arms, or acted against ye Commonwealth of England ; that
his grandfather, Edmund Spenser, and his father, were both Protestants,
from whom an estate in lands in the barony of Fermoy, and county of
Corke, descended to him, which during the rebellion yielded nothing to
wards his reliefe ; that ye estate hath been lately given to the souldiers in
satisfaction of their arrears, upon accompt of his professing the Popish
religion, which since his coming to years of discretion hee hath, as hee
professes, utterly renounced ; that his grandfather was that Edmund
Spenser, who by his writings touching the reduction of ye Irish to civilty
brought on him the odium of that nation, and for those works and his
other good services Queen Elizabeth conferred on him yt estate which the
said William Spenser now claims. Wee have also been informed that ye
gentleman is of a civill conversation, and that the extremitie his wants
have brought him unto have not prevailed over him to put him upon in
discreet or evil practices for a livelihood. And if upon enquiry you shall
find his case to be such, wee judge it just and reasonable, and do therefore
desire and authorise yon yt hee bee forthwith restored to his estate, and
that reprisall lands bee given to the souldiers elsewhere. In ye doing
whereof our satisfaction will be the greater by the continuation of that
90 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
THE TROUBLES OP THE COMMISSIONERS FOR IRELAND.
Besides the complaints of the transplanting Irish, the Com
missioners of Ireland had to meet and answer the petitions of
their own officers. The Commissioners of Revenue found their
returns affected by the transplantation, " it had so distracted
and discomposed the people." Irish intrusted by their neigh
bours with collecting the assessment payable by the different
baronies were escaping into Connaught with the balances,
without passing their accounts.* Officers and Protestants
prayed that they might not be deprived of their tenants and
servants. Officers intrusted with clearing the towns of Irish,
unwilling to be answerable for the consequences of literally exe
cuting the order, required categorical answers from the gov
ernment to their queries. Colonel Sadleir asks whether any
Irish Papist shall be permitted to live in the town of Wexford ?
If any, whether all the seamen, boatmen, and fishermen, or
how many? How many packers and gillers of herrings?
How many coopers ? How many masons and carpenters ?
What shall be done with the Irishwomen which are Papists,
who are married to Englishmen and Protestants ? What shall
be done with the Irishmen who are turned Protestants, and
come to hear the word of God ? f The Commissioners at
Loughrea troubled them even more. They asked whether by
Popish recusants of the Irish nation, and therefore transplant-
estate to ye issue of his grandfather for whose eminent deserts and ser
vices to ye Commonwealth yt estate was first given to him.
" We rest, your loving friend,
" OLIVER P."
Book of " Letters from the Lord Protector," p. 118, Kecord Tower,
Dublin Castle.
* " The time for transplanting the Irish being at hand, and the ablest
of the Irish inhabitants to remove thereupon, amongst which it is probable
that the most of those persons who have been entrusted as commissioners,
agents, or trustees for baronies will be included, who will some of them
doubtless take the advantage to avoid accompting with the country for
their receipts and collections before departure We therefore desire
you will take care to call all such of the Irish or others who have been en
trusted with the receipt of publique moneys in your precinct, to account
in convenient time before their transplanting
" Your affectionate friends,
" EDWARD KOBEKTS. BENJAMIN WORSLEY.
" Coi'lce House, March 2d, 1654.
" To the Commissioners of the Precinct of Limerick."
Records of late Auditor-General's Office, Custom House Buildings.
t A-8o, p. 178.
5
OF IRELAND. 97
able, might be understood those whose fathers or mothers, or
both, were English, only themselves born in Ireland ? Whether
persons enlisted by their landlords, being officers, though they
were never in the field, nor marched out of their country ?
Whether Papists that first served in the rebel army, but then
took service under the Commonwealth, if still on muster?
Whether when marrying transplantable widows become them
selves transplantable ? Whether the wives and children of
those gone to Spain be transplantable, as well as those remain
ing behind in like condition with themselves ? What do the
Commissioners for Ireland mean by Irish widows of English
extract ? What course shall be taken with those transplanted
that set themselves down where they choose, refusing to come
to their assignments, contrary to the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th in
structions, which hinder the Commissioners from giving any
account either of the number or quality of the transplanted
persons, and also from dispersing the septs according to instruc
tions ? *
THE FIRST ASPECT OF CONNAUGHT.
The difficulties of the government were increased by the
reports arriving from Connaught from the earliest transplanters,
to the families they left behind preparing to follow, who were
thereby discouraged. They found the country a waste. The
county of Clare was totally ruined, and deserted of inhabitants.
Out of nine baronies, comprising 1300 ploughlands, not above
40 ploughlands at the most, lying in the barony of Bunratty,
were inhabited in the month of June, 1653, except some few
persons living for safety in garrisons, f Scarce a place to
shelter in. The castles either sleighted by gunpowder, as
dangerous to be left in the hands of the Irish ;J or occupied
by the English soldiery, or by the ancient Irish proprietors,
who looked upon the transplanters as enemies liable to sup
plant them, and, therefore, encouraged their followers to give
* A-85, p. 544. t A-84, p. 205.
\ " Upon reading the petition of Edmund Dogherty, mason, and the
certificates of the Commissioners at Loughrea, setting forth that the said
Edmond Dogherty is to receive the sum of £82 10«. Qd., for demolishing
thirteene castles in ye county of Clare, at £2 10s. Od. each castle :
ordered, etc.
" CHARLES FLEETWOOD, BOBERT GOODWIN.
" Dublin, 1st January, 1655."
Late Auditor-General's Eecords, vol. x., p. 188.
5
98 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
them rough reception.* Besides this, the Loughrea Commis
sioners gave some of the earliest transplanters assignments in
the barony of Burren, in the county of Clare, one of the
barrenest, where it was commonly saidf there was not wood
enough to hang a man, water enough to drown him, or earth
enough to bury him.J They were therefore scared, like the
first beasts too suddenly driven at a slaughter-yard, communi
cating their terrors to the herd behind. The English officers,
too, were not assisting to put them in possession of their
assignments.§ Ferrymen and toll-keepers were exacting tolls
contrary to the orders of government.!
* " Whereas information hath been given unto this Board, that many of
the Irish nation of the province of Connaught have offered several affronts
and abuses to divers of the transplanted persons it is hereby or
dered, that Sir C. Coote, Knt. and Bart., Lord President of Con naught,
Colonel Ingoldsby, etc., or any two or more of them, be empowered upon
proof made before them . . . forthwith to transplant such Irish proprietors
or others from their present habitations into some remote part of Con-
naught, that shall so menace or assault, etc., there to live.
44 Dated at Athlone, 18th June, 1655." A-6, p. 346.
t " Whitelock's Memorials," at the year 1651, p. 521.
" Council of Ireland to Loughrea Commissioners.
" Dublin Castle, 18th July, 1655.
" Being informed that you beginn to sett down persons in the baronies
of Burren and Inehiqueen, which places being generally reputed and
known to be sterill, wee fear it may much hinder the business of the trans
plantation, by disheartening those which shall come after, when they shall
see such assignations made in the entrance of this work, etc." A-30, p. 82.
Grievances of the Transplanted in Clare.
" 2dly. In regard it was the misfortune of your suppliants to be as
signed on that part of ye county of Clare that is most barren, unfertill, and
waste, which yields no corn but oats (and that itself with much labour and
husbandry), your suppliants pray that no sheaf or tax be exacted from
them whence they remove.
"Sclly. Whereas the several transplanted persons thither have with-
drawne themselves with their cattle, as well back [across the Shannon] as
into Connaught, and that have returned of late their substance in the book
of the fourth part of the said county, may be forthwith forced to return
back to the said county with their stocks, otherwise the remaining trans
planted to be eased of their proportion of the charge for the future." 5th
September, 1654. " Grievances of the transplanted inhabitants now in the
county of Clare."
Order Book of the Council, Late Auditor-General's Office, Custom
House Buildings, vol. vii.
§ A-90, p. 745. | A-5, p. 144.
OF IRELAND. 99
FIRST YEAR OF THE TRANSPLANTATION.
But the progress of the transplantation during the first year
was not rapid enough for the officers possessed by that land-
hunger characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race. They com
plained of any delay being granted to the Irish as displeasing
to God :—
" Letter from Dublin, May 31, 1654.
" We are somewhat in a confused posture yet with our trans
plantation : many are gone, but many others play * loath to
depart.' And many are dispensed with : as particularly one
whole town, Cashel, towards which we had no great obligation
upon us. But the Lord, who is a jealous God, and more
knowing of, as well as jealous against their iniquity than we
are, by a fire on the 23d inst. hath burnt down the whole
town in little more than a quarter of an hour, except some
few houses that a few English lived in [having probably taken
the best stone and slated ones], which were wonderfully pre
served, being in the midst of the town, and the houses round
each burnt to the ground, yet they preserved.
" The persons that got their dispensations from the trans
plantation died the day before the fire, of the plague, and
none else long before nor since dead of the disease there."*
Six weeks later comes the following intelligence to Lon
don : —
" From Dublin, 12 th July, 1654.
" The transplanting work moves on but slowly ; not above
six score [families] from all provinces are yet removed into
Connaught. The flood-gates being shut from transporting [to
Spain], and one vent stopt for sending away the souldiery,
part of them Irish, they begin to break out into Torying, and
the waters begin to rise again upon us."f
" From Dublin, August 24^A, 1654.
" The work of transplanting is at a stand. The Tories flie
out and increase. It is the nature of this people to be rebel-
* P. 3538, "Mercurius Politicns, comprising the summe of all Intel
ligence, with the Affairs and Designs now on foot in the three Nations of
.England, Ireland, and Scotland ; in Defence of the Commonwealth and tho
Information of the people. [Published weekly.] Licensed to be printed "
t P. 3636, " Mercurius Politico," etc.
100 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
lious ; and they have been so much the more disposed to it,
having been highly exasperated by the transplanting work."*
The year closes, however, more satisfactorily : —
" From Dublin, December 21s£, 1654.
" The transplantation is now far advanced, the men being
gone for to prepare their new habitations in Connaught.
Their wives and children and dependents have been and are
packing away after them apace, and all are to be gone by the
1st of March next."f
* P. 3732, " Mercurius Politicus," etc.
t P. 5048, ibid. They got a further short reprieve : —
" Mth February, 1654-5.
" Whereas, by an order of 30th November last, it is declared that all
persons in Ireland who are declared to be persons that ought to transplant
themselves, their wives, children, and families into Connaught, at or be
fore the 1st of March next, and should wilfully refuse or neglect to do so,
should incur the penalties declared in and by the several acts, orders, in
structions, and declarations in that behalf, more particularly in that of the
30th November above mentioned : the Lord Deputy and Council, taking
into their serious consideration the immoderate and unusual fall of rain at
this season of the year, and how much the deepness of the waies and
•weakness of cattle occasioned thereby may make their journeys more dif
ficult and hazardous, especially to their wives and young children, with
their breeding and young cattle : therefore, that all persons concerned
may know (as it hath hitherto been in the hearts of those in authority over
them, as hath been expressed in their proceedings towards them in this
matter, to exercise all tenderness therein that is consistent with carrying
on the work, withal to leave such as shall prove refractorie thereto with
out excuse), they do declare that the persons transplantable as above said
and not dispensed with, as in and by that declaration of 30th November
is held forth, do transplant themselves before the 1st day of March next,
into the province of Connaught, according to former declarations, and
address themselves to such as are there empowered for that purpose to
take out their respective assignments of lands, and proceed to build and
settle themselves there, and make provision for their families respectively.
And it is further ordered, that such persons [i. e. husbands and heads of
families] so transplanting themselves as aforesaid, their wives, children, and
necessary servants, with their cattle, shall be permitted to continue at their
present dwellings and holdings for such time as the Commander-in-Chief,
with the Justices of Peace of each precinct, shall think fit to give lycenso
for under their hands and seals respectively, provided that the said persons
themselves so to transplant as aforesaid do procure a certificate of the
Commissioners in Connaught appointed to set them out lands there, that
they have appeared before them, and are preparing for their families in
Connaught, for want of which certificate, their wives, children, and servants
remaining in the other three provinces, after the last day of March now
next ensuing, are hereby declared out of protection. Provided also that
not any lycense given by the Commander-in-Chief and Justices as aforesaid,
to any of the wives, children, servants, or cattle belonging to any such
persons shall extend for longer than the 20th May next at furthest, but are
to be limited for less or more time within that space as they in their judg-
OF IRELAND. 101
SECOND AND FOLLOWING YEARS OF TRANSPLANTATION.
By the 1st March, 1654-5, the last of the Irish gentry and
farmers were to be withdrawn across the Shannon. The tem
per of the officers and soldiers and other expectant planters
may be judged by the following intelligence, all of which^iikp
the foregoing, was written for publicati6n!iri Ijc/nckm,: — *." :
, March 4-, '1
" I have only to acquaint you, thaVtbfe Jtitae :
the transplantation of the Irish proprietors, and those that have
been in arms and abettors of the rebellion, being near at hand,
the officers are resolved to fill the gaols and to seize them : by
which this bloody people will know that they [the officers] are
not degenerated from English principles ; though I presume
we shall be very tender of hanging any except leading men ;
yet we shall make no scruple of sending them to the West In
dies, where they will serve for planters, and help to plant the
plantation that General Venables, it is hoped, hath reduced."*
The government, accordingly, pressed on the great work.
They proceeded to seize and sell the crops of those families
that delayed to transplant, and to apply the moneys arising
from the sale for buying stores to relieve those that transplanted
themselves according to the law.f
They issued the most threatening orders. They then or
dered the general arrest of all transplantable persons untrans-
planted by a certain day,J under which men and women, all
ments (considering the conditions of the several persons so lycensed) shall
think fitt.
"Dated at Dublin (as above),
" THOMAS HERBERT, Clerk of the Council."
" Ordered by the Lord Deputy and Council that this declaration be
forthwith printed."
British Museum, 806, i. 14.
* P. 4530, " Mercurius Politicus," etc.
t Ibid., p. 4569. "Monday, April 2d, 1655.
' The Lord Deputy and Council in Ireland have published a Declara
tion for making sale of the corn of such Irish proprietors and others that
did not transplant themselves into Connaught according to the Declara
tion of 80th November last, for buying stores to relieve those that do
transplant themselves according to the said Declaration."
"Perfect Proceedings of State Affairs, etc. (during the week between
29th March and Sd April, 1655)."
% 19th March, 1654-5. General search for and arrest of all transplant-
able persons nntranaplanted, ordered, and courts-martial appointed to
try them. A-26, p. 75.
102 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
over the kingdom, were hauled out of their beds in the dead of
night to prison, till the jails were choked,* and the Commis
sioners of Parliament for the affairs of Ireland were obliged
to devise excuses to relieve them. But the aspect of Con-
naught was so terrible, that the wretched hunted nobility and
geutry of irei#ml, still lingered. Death was necessary to make
til em mo-re: ' ^ ^ « V^
"March 25th, 1655.
> — Daniel ffitopafirick at>d another in Ireland [this was pub
lished in London for the satisfaction of the adventurers and
other capitalists and speculators there] are condemned by the
Commissioners in Kilkenny for refusing to transport themselves
into Connaught, which makes the rest to hasten."
In the same month, with a view of making their movements
quicker, a court-martial, sitting in St. Patrick's Cathedral,
Dublin, sentenced Mr. Edward Hetherington, of Kilnemanagh,
to death. The Commissioners confirmed the sentence, and
he was duly hanged on the 3d of April, with placards on his
breast and back, " For not transplanting."!
* "That pursuant to the said pretended act (27th September, 1653),
some were put to death with inscriptions on their breasts and backs for
non-transplantation. And for the more strict and effectual executing of
the said pretended act, it was a frequent practice to make general restraint
of all the Irish generally that were found out of the said province of Con-
naught, which were put in execution at one and the same time through all
the other provinces, by troopers and souldiers dragging the poor people
out of their beds in the dead time of the night, and bringing them in such
troopes as there were not gaol room enough to contain them. Therefore
some were put to death as aforesaid, others sold as slaves into America,
others detained in prison till they were not able to put bread into their
mouths, others (as partakers of the greatest favour that could be expected)
sent to Connaught."
" The Roman Catholics of Ireland, their Answer to Proposals offered
[to the Privy Council of England] in order to the Settlement of Ireland by
the Commissioners from the Convention of Ireland in 1660." Carte M.SS.,
Ireland, vol. vii., p. 6. Bodleian Library.
t " Upon reading the report of the court martial sitting in St. Patrick's
Church, Dublin, touching one Elward Hetherington of Kilnemana, whom
the said court found guilty of the breach of the Declaration concerning
transplantation of 30th November last, whereby it appears that for the
breach aforesaid, as also for that his disobedience to several declarations
for transplantation, he was found guilty by the court martial in July last
(he being a person that had borne arms against the Common wealth). And
likewise it did appear by an original examination had from the High Court
of Justice, by the positive oath of two Englishmen, that in the year 1643
he was a Tory, and (with others) had taken them prisoners near the Naas,
and had confessed to them that he had that day killed seven Englishmen,
with many other circumstances likening the truth thereof. And that tho
OP IRELAND. 103
Still the unfortunate gentry of Ireland would not obey the
law : —
"Letter from Dublin, Wth July, 1655.
" The business of transplanting is not yet finished. The
Irish, in many places, chuse death rather than remove from
their wonted habitations. But the state is resolved to see it
done."
But the spectacle of universal misery of the Irish nation,
and the evil consequences to the English planters themselves,
now called forth the book called " The Great Case of Transplan
tation in Ireland Discussed."* It was anonymous. But the
• author was Vincent Gookin, son of a planter of King James
I.'s reign, then and long before resident in the county of Cork.
He was one of the six members for Ireland returned to the first
Commonwealth Parliament in 1653, called the Little Parlia
ment.! He was elected by the people of Kinsale, and repre
sented a large district in Munster.
Living among the Irish, he had as usual learned to love
them. He had appreciated that hearty, affectionately loyal
race of men, who seemed to be fresh from nature's hand, and
to belong to an earlier and uncorrupted world. His land hun
ger]; had been appeased. He was possessed of considerable
said court have unanimously sentenced him to die as a spy, according to
tiie penalties of the said declaration of the 30th November last. Upon con
sideration had thereof, it is thought litt and ordered by this board, that
the court martial do consider their former proceedings ; and they are here
by empowered either to pnt their former sentence of death against the said
Hetherington into execution, or to reprieve him, as they shall judge most
agreeable to justice.
" T. HERBERT, Clerk of the Council.
" Dublin Castle, 2d April, 1655."
A-5, p. 114.
* " The Great Case of Transplantation in Ireland Discussed ; or, certain
Considerations, wherein the, many great Inconveniences in transplanting
the Natives of Ireland generally out of the three Provinces of Leinster,
Ulster, and Munster, into the Province of Connaught are shown, humbly
tendered to every individual Member of Parliament, by a Wellwisher to
the good of the Commonwealth of England." 4to. London : for J. C.,
1655.
t He also sat as one of the twenty-nine members for Ireland in the Par
liament, of 1654.
% "The land hunger of the Anglo-Saxon race." — " The Times" news
paper. In another article of 29tlf November, 1861, on the Governor-Gen
eral's throwing open the soil of India to English settlers, it says, " that
the resolution of 17th October, 1861, appeals to one of the strongest pas-
Bions in the human breast, the love of land. In most nations this feeling
is strong, but in the British population the love of land [of other peopled
104 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
estates. He bad tasted the free gayety of a country that had
escaped the feudal yoke.
Over the rest of Europe a thousand years of Roman and
feudal slavery had divided society into conquerors and con
quered, into gentlemen and serfs ; so that the lower classes are
in many countries but emancipated villeins, exhibiting traces
of their former serfish condition, in their brutal manners. Ire
land escaped the feudal yoke ; and hence perhaps it is, that
the commonest Irishman has something in him of a gentleman.
Our author is an instance of the peculiar power possessed by
Ireland, observed even by Giraldus, of enchanting strangers,
who, he says, are scarce arrived before they are contaminated
by the vices of the Irish.* These Circsean charmsf are noth
ing else than the graces of a people not bowed or broken by
the feudal yoke. Unless, indeed, it be the contrast presented
between the life and gayety of the Welsh, French, and Irish, and
that dumbness, the characteristic, as the same Giraldus has ob
served, of men of Saxon and German stock.J
His father, Sir Vincent Gookiu, in 1634 published a pam
phlet in Ireland, in the form of a letter to the Lord Deputy,
being a bitter invective against the whole nation, Natives, Old
English, New English, Papists, Protestants, and all, which so
enraged all people against him, as they Would have hanged
him if they could. § In his " Great Case of Transplantation Dis-
land] is powerful in the extreme. Our colonial wars are simply wars for
land. We light for land in New Zealand, at the Cape, and wherever we
settle." Denied it at home, they are led or driven like buccaneers to make
prey of it abroad.
* "Topographia," chapter xxiv. — "How new-comers are stained with
the same vices." Such are the only terms each Englishman employs, from
tiie very first to the latest, to describe the habits of the Irish.
t " These were the Irish customs which the English colonies did embrace
and use ; whereby they became degenerate, like those who had drunk of
Circe's cup, and were turned into very beasts, and yet took such pleasure
in their beastly manner of life, as they would not returne to their shape of
men again." Sir John Davies, '* Discovery why Ireland was never thor
oughly subdued until the Reign of King James I.," p. 672.
\ "'Description of Wales," by Giraldus, chapter xv., "Their freedom
and confidence in speaking."
§ Pp. 34-39, " Earl of Stafford's Letters," vol. i., folio.
Strange to find even Henry Cromwell, who had warred here as Colonel,
and became afterwards Lieutenant-General and Lord Lieutenant, enchant
ed with the country : —
" Henry Cromwell to the Duke of Ormond.
" March 8, 1661-2.
" MAY IT PLEASE YOUK GnACE — The time of my protection expires apace.
Nor is the expense of this towne [London] very suitable to my condition.
OF IRELAND. 105
cussed," he objected that the soldiers lately disbanded (espe
cially the private soldiers) had need of the Irish. They had
neither stock, nor money to buy stock, nor, for the most part,
skill in husbandry. But by the labours of the Irish on their
land, together with their own industry, they might maintain
themselves, improve their lands, and by degrees inure them
selves suitably to their new course of life.* Moreover, there
were few of the Irish peasantry but were skilful in husbandry,
and more exact than any English in the husbandry proper to
the country ; few of the women but were skilful in dressing
hemp and flax, and making woollen cloth. In every hundred
men there were five or six masons and carpenters at least, and
those more handy and ready in building ordinary houses, and
much more skilful in supplying the defects of instruments and
materials than English artificers.f They have always been
known as uncommon masters of the art of overcoming difficul
ties by contrivances.
The transplantation would injure the revenue. It was paid
out of corn which the Irish raised, living themselves on the
roots and fruits of their gardens, and on the milk of their cows,
goats, and sheep, and by selling their corn to the English they
provided money for the " contribution.''^
A considerable number of English had by this time already
come over and scattered themselves over the country, purchas
ing farms, and buying stock. This early hope must be nipped
in the bud. For, if the transplanting went forward, it would so
multiply Tories, they could not live in the country, — and their
It would be of great concernment to mee to knowe my doome [he was
seeking to hold his Irish land], before I return into ye country, and I sup
pose my businesse is now as ripe as ever it can 'be for a determination.
Wherefore I humbly beg leave of your Grace to bee importnnatt, that a
period may bee putt to my langtiishings, and the great unsettlement of my
relations. I neither expect nor desire to hold a foot of any restoruble land,
nor a foote more than what by the mercy of his Majesty's declaration is
afforded mee. I onely entreat your Grace to save mee the vexation and
hazard of solliciting and attendaunces in Ireland, and of contests with any
person whatsoever there, where I wish above all other places to live though
never so obscurely under your Grace's protection, to show how much your
Grace's patience about my business hath obleiged. May it please your
Grace, your Grace's most humble, most faithfull, and most obedient* ser
vant,
" HENRY CROMWELL."
Carte MSS. FF., p. 265, Bodleian Library.
* P. 16, " Great Case of Transplantation Discussed."
t P. 17, ibid. J P. 15, ibid.
106 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT '
stock could not live in towns, — and their improvements and
buildings must be utterly lost, and themselves, when they least
expected it, undone.* For many of the inhabitants of Ire
land, who were then able to subsist on their gardens, unable
to find subsistence in travelling to Connaught, or any imme
diate support when they reached that wasted province, would
rather choose the hazard of Torying, than the danger of starv-
ing.f " The chiefest and eminenest of the nobility, and many
of the gentry, had taken conditions from the King of Spain,
and had transported forty thousand of the most active spirited
men, most acquainted with the dangers and discipline of war.J
The priests were all banished. The remaining part of the whole
nation was scarce one-sixth part of what they were at the be
ginning of the war, so great a devastation had God and man
brought upon that land ; and that handful of natives left were
poor labourers, simple creatures, whose sole design was to live
and maintain their families, the manner of which was so low
that their design was rather to be pitied, than by any body
feared or hindered. § Then there was the danger that in Con-
naught they would be under their chiefs, seated in a country
furthest distant from England, with its coast most remote from
the course of the English fleet, ready to receive aid from any
foreign country. It was by these advantages the English in the
late rebellion first lost Connaught, and last regained it."|
The taxation to maintain the array was so insupportable
upon the people under protection, as to amount to a monthly
diminution of their capital substance, and drove many husband
men to such poverty that they had only the hard choice left
of starving or turning Tories.^]" Their bands had been thus
lately much increased ; and the rigour of the Parliament in ex
cepting them from mercy made them resist to the uttermost.**
To all these objections was to be added the difficulty of enfor
cing the transplantation. "The Irish would say they could but
find want and ruin at the worst if they stay, and why should
they travel so far for that which will come home to them ?
Against transplantation the Irish have ('tis strange) as great a
resentment as against loss of estate, yea, even death itself.
But, supposing they should have a dram of rebellious blood in
* P. 17, "Great Case of Transplantation Discussed."
+ P. 20, ibid. \ Ibid., ibid. § P. 22, ibid.
| P. 26, ibid. 1 P. 13, ibid. ** P. 25, ibid.
OF IRELAND. 107
them, or be sullen and not go ? can it be imagined that
a whole nation will drive like geese at the wagging of
a hat upon a stick?"* And in conclusion it was asked,
" When will this wild war be finished ; Ireland planted ; in
habitants disburdened ; souldiers settled ? The unsettling of
a nation is easy work ; the settling is not. The opportunity for
it will not last always; it is now. The souldiers, exhausted
with indefatigable labours, hope now for rest. It had been bet
ter if Ireland had been thrown into the sea before the first en
gagement on it, if it is never to be settled."f
The publication of this work roused all the fury of the offi
cers of the English army. It was just at the moment when
one of the three great disbandings was about to take place, and
lots to be cast and possession of their lands to be taken by the
soldiery. They sent in petitions from various quarters. "The
Council of War at headquarters in Ireland" addressed His
Highness the Lord Protector, stating that the Parliament had
provided for their satisfaction in land and for the transplan
tation of the Irish, and that without such transplantation " your
petitioners' lands cannot long be safely enjoyed by them and
their posterity." And they fell upon the author of the book,
including him amongst "some persons belonging to Ireland,"
who endeavoured to obstruct them in their settlement upon
the lands provided for them by Parliament, and with plainly
injuring the army, and unsettling the work of English planta
tion in Ireland. J But, besides the odious charge of being an
Irishman, or of having " degendred" as Spenser calls it, from
being a " right Englishman," hating and despising the Irish and
every thing belonging to them but their lands, they insinuated
that he was bribed by them : —
"Dublin, February 16th, 1654-5.
" The Irish are troubled to hear of the dissolution of the late
Parliament, in whom they had great hopes ; but, blessed be
God ! their hopes are prevented. There is a letter carrying on
* P. 26, " Great Case of Transplantation Discussed." t Ibid.
Numb. 26.
P. 4530, " Perfect Proceedings of State Affairs in England, Scotland, and
Ireland, with the Transactions qf other Nations, from Thursday, March
15th, to Thursday, March 224, 1654-5. Entered into the Register's Book
according to the Act for Printing. 4to. Printed at London for Robert
Ibbetspn, duelling in Smithfield, near Holier-lane : 1654."
108 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
for maintaining of agents, of which I presume the gentleman
that lately wrote the Case of Transplantation (thereby abusing
rulers) is to have a considerable share. The Irish are much
given that way, the sweetness of which makes some of those
that have lived long among them so much desire their com
pany ; but assure yourself, that if they were in Connaught,
Ireland would be a very good land, and soon all planted."*
The Council of War sitting at Dublin plainly stated the real
purpose of the transplantation.
From the officers in the country (as provincials are natu
rally more stupidly religious than people at headquarters),
came the following petition, in which is strongly mixed the
Bible stuff they had crammed their heads and hardened their
hearts with, and the true end in view, — the possession undis
turbed of the lands they had seized from the gentry of Ire
land : —
" The humble Petition of the Officers within the Precincts of
Dublin, Catherlough, Wexford, and Kilkenny, in the behalf
of themselves, their Souldiers, and other faithful English Prot
estants, to the Lord Deputy and Council of Ireland "
They pray that the original order of the Council of
State in England, confirmed by Parliament, September 27th,
1653, requiring the removal of all the Irish nation into Con-
naught, except boys of 14 and girls of 12, might be enforced :
" For we humbly conceive [say they], that the proclamation for
transplanting only the proprietors and such as have bin in arms
will neither answer the end of safety nor what else is aimed at
thereby. For the first purpose of the transplantation is to pre
vent those of natural principles [i. e., of natural affections]
becoming one with these Irish, as well in affinity as idolatry,
as many thousands did, who came over in Queen Elizabeth's
time, many of which have had a deep hand in all the late rnur-
thers and massacres. And shall we join in affinity [they ask]
with the people of these abominations ? Would not the Lord
be angry with us till he consumes us, having said, ' The land
which ye go to possess is an unclean land, because of the
filthiness of the people that dwell therein. Ye shall not
therefore give your sons to their daughters, nor take their
» P. 5136, " Mercuriu* Politicus," etc.
OF IRELAND. 109
daughters to your sons,' as it is in Ezra, ix. 11, 12, 14. ' Nay,
ye shall surely root them out before you, lest they cause you
to forsake the Lord your God,' Deut. vii., 2, 3, 4, 16, 18." . .
" 3d. Thereby honest men will be encouraged to come
and live amongst us, in reguard the other three provinces
will be free of Tories when there is none left to harbour or
relieve them . . .
" 4th. That malice or exasperation of spirit may be pre
vented that will arise in them against us when they see us
enjoy their estates.
" 6th. You may thereby free many from being murthered
by those whose relations were killed by their means [i. e., by
the English] as instruments in the hand of the Lord, they
being a people of such inveterate malice as to continue and
labour to revenge themselves twenty or thirty years after an
injury received which they cannot do when separated.
" 10th. You will thereby enlarge the liberties of the poor
English who are confined within walls and garrisons, to their
great impoverishment, in reguard that they are fain to house
or barn their cattle, and to make use of barren land, whilst the
Irish enjoy the benefit of the best land, orchards, and gardens
in the country, and keep their cattle abroad both day and
night, where they can and do conceal their cattle, which the
English cannot do, who by that means will be liable to bear a
greater proportion of contribution than the Irish ; all of which
arguments and reasons we humbly submit to your honours'
most serious consideration, desiring the Lord to direct and
guide you therein, and what else may tend to the honour of
God and comfort of this poor nation."*
Colonel Richard Lawrence, who seems to have been the
leading member of the Committee of Transplantation formed
on the 21st of November, 1653, published an answer, f He
said the true reason of the dislike of the Irish to transplant
was that they looked to their national interest, and discerned
that the transplantation laid the axe at the root of the tree of
their future hopes of their recovering their lost ground ;J
* P. 5236, "Mercuriua Politicus," etc.
t "The Interest of England in the Irish Transplantation stated ; chiefly
intended as an Answer to a scandalous, seditious Pamphlet, entitled, ' The
Great Case of Transplantation in Ireland Discussed.' By a faithful Ser
vant of the Commonwealth, Richard Lawrence." 4to. London: 1655.
$ Ibid, p. 19.
110 THE CROMWELLIAX SETTLEMENT
and besides their unwillingness to quit the possession of their
ancient inheritances, and to be settled npon other men's in
heritances in Connaught, they foresaw, perhaps, that the Con-
naught proprietor might bid them such welcome as they would
bid the soldier and adventurer upon their lands.*
Not only had Protestant statesmen of Ireland who were
advised with on the matter, both at Westminster and in Ire
land, recommended it, and several solemn meetings been held
upon the business, but several godly ministers and other pious
Christians* had been desired to attend to seek the Lord to
gether with them for direction in this work ; and Colonel Law
rence did not remember that any of them had manifested
dissatisfaction, or offered reasons against the work, though
very many godly and judicious persons complained of its
limitations and slow pace ;f and he added, in conclusion, " If
any rebellious consequences follow from the mooting of these
objections by any Protestant friends of the Irish in such a nick
of settlement, I doubt not but God would enable that authority
yet in being to let out that dram of rebellious bloud, and
cure that fit of sullenness their advocate speaks of." J
Accordingly, the state pressed on the great work. "They
were resolved to see it done." Again and again they filled
the jails, threatening to execute the criminals.
Wholesale executions, however, for this crime, seem to
have been thought inexpedient; but the government had no
scruple, we see, to sending them to the West Indies. At the
summer assizes of 1658 the numbers condemned to death in
the several counties for not transplanting were very great,
but they were by the judges reprieved, and by his Excellency
and the Council pardoned, but were, nevertheless, ordered
to be transported into the Barbadoes, or some of the Eng
lish plantations in America ; and on the 26th of October,
1658, Sir Charles Coote, Knight and Baronet, President of
Connaught, and Colonel Thomas Stubbers, Governor of Gal-
way, were ordered to have a ship properly victualled to carry
from 80 to 100 of these criminals,! and ready to sail with the
* P. 19, " The Interest of England in the Irish Transplantation ," etc.
t P. 9, ibid. t P. 25, ibid.
§ " To the Rt. Hon. Sir Chas. Coote, Kniyht and Bart., Lord President
of Connaught, and Coll. Tkos. Sadleir, Governor of Galway, or either
of them.
" Council Chamber, Dublin Castle, mh Oct., 1658.
" His Excellency and the Council having been pleased to pardon sun?
OF IRELAND. Ill
first fair wind direct for the Indian Bridges in the Barbadoes.
This was only the first batch of those sentenced at these as
sizes. By these means they continued to clear out the ancient
gentry and farmers, and fix them in Connaught, where their
condition is now to be considered.
THE CONDITION OF THE TRANSPLANTERS IN
CONNAUGHT.
The cruelty of transplanting a nobleman like Lord Trimles-
ton, for instance, with his stock of heavy cattle, from his rich
dry persona who have been condemned at the assizes and general gaol
delivery in the respective counties, and by the judges reprieved, have
nevertheless thought fitt to order their transplantation into the' Barbadoes,
or some other of the English plantations in America, as also divers whose
banishment hath been adjudged at the late assizes (pursuant to the Act
of Attaiuder) for not transplanting, and conceiving Galway to be the
fittest port, they request Sir C. Coote and Colonel Slubbers to deal with
some merchant there about receiving them on board, and what may con
cern the fees expended in removing them from the prisons where they
now are to Galway, the clothing them where needed, and having ready a
properly victualled ship for such a number (which may be towards eighty
or a hundred), and to set saile with the first faire wind directly for the
Indian Bridges, the usual landing place in the Barbadoes, or other English
plantation thereabouts in America, where he is within two days after
arrival to set them ashore, to deliver them to the said merchant 'or mer
chants (who are to be at the charge and to have the disposal of them)
shall direct, except the number of ten, who will be speedily designed to
a person inhabiting in the Barbadoes ; and by the time they have made
arrangements with a merchant or merchants you will have a more par
ticular account both as to the certain numbers to be sent from the gaols,
and concerning a proper convoy for conveying them from garrison to gar
rison until they arrive at Gal way." A-30, p. 838.
" 26th January, 1R5S-9.
Nathaniel Marks, High Sheriff of the Queen's County, is answered
" that the convicts at the late assizes for not transplanting be secured in
Marlboro' Castle until the gaol be made capable, pending the general re
turns of late convictions from all the judges of assize." A--30, p. 355.
The following explains a passage in the letter of his Excellency and tho
Council given above : —
" Council Chamber, Dublin Castle, IMh Nov., 1653.
"To Mr. Edward Smyth.
" SIR,— I have, by means of a friend of yours, the tenne men and two
women hereunder named, ordered to be delivered to yourself or your as
signs at the Indian Bridges or other port in the Barbadoes.
"These are only to signify to you the same, and that it is agreed with
the merchant that you make discharge and payment for their passage,
your friend here having taken care to defray their charge out of prison and
conveyance on shippboard.
" THOMAS HERBERT, Clerk of the Council,"
Ib., p. 343.
112 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
grazing and fattening grounds in the county of Meath, to a
fine sheep-walk in the county of Galway — or John Talbot, of
Malahide, from his castle in the best part of the county of
Dublin to the wilds of Erris, in the county of Mayo, fit only for
goats — induced the government to appoint a committee, of
which Sir Charles Coote the younger, President of Connaught,
was a member, to lay out certain baronies in Connaught, to
receive the inhabitants from certain counties in the three other
provinces, so that the transplanted might receive suitable lands
as near as might be in quantity and quality to the places from
whence they were removed. Accordingly, Sir Charles Coote
furnished a scheme by which, for instance, all the inhabitants
of Ulster, except the Down and Antrim Irish, were to be set
down in various baronies in Mayo and Galway. They lay
west of a line drawn due north from the town of Galway, in
which were comprised Erris and Connamara, two of the wildest
and barrenest districts in Ireland. The committee probably
thought it best suited the wild and fierce nature of the Ulster-
men, not reflecting nor caring, probably, that in the counties
of Armagh, Tyrone, Monaghan, and Cavan, there are some
fine lands, the owners of which must suffer great hardship in
being set down amongst the heath and rocks of Erris. But
these niceties could not, of course, be attended to. The Down
and Antrim men, being of ancient Scottish descent, originally
from the Hebrides and adjacent coast of Scotland, with some
antagonism to the rest of Ulster, were to be set down in the
baronies of Clanmorris, Carra, and Kilmaine, keeping them
still divided from the other Ulstermen.
To the Kildare, Meath, Queen's County, and Dublin Irish,
coming from the finest feeding and fattening lands in Ireland,
were assigned the barony of Boyle, comprising the famous
plains of Boyle, that fatten a bullock and a sheep to the acre;
and the baronies of Roscornmon and Ballintubber, and the
half barony of Bellamo, in the county of Roscommon ; and so
of the rest.*
But the transplanter's trials had only begun when he
reached Connaught. The officers employed had to be bribed
by money if the poor transplanter had any money left, or by
a secret promise that he would give him part of the lands al-
* 12th Feb., 1655-6, " Proposal for effecting the better setting down of
the Irish transplanted into Connaught." A-24, p. 189.
OF IRELAND. 113
lotted, if he got a good allotment, or speedy dispatch.* Some
of great rank, whose wives got longer dispensation or passes
to return from Connaught, besieged the Council Board with
their attendances, praying for special orders to the Loughrea
Commissioners to give them and their families good assign
ments either of planted lands, i. e., having tenants yielding
rents, or with a house upon it, or near a garrison. Thus Lady
Margaret Talbot, who had already interested them by her suf
ferings and by being an Englishwoman, obtained from them
an order that the Loughrea Commissioners should admit Sir
Henry Talbot as tenant to 300 acres lying as contiguous as
might be to the lands already allotted to him, in consideration
of his many good services done to the English interest, and
the great estate he lost in Leinster.f Having thus sped in her
suit, they gave her twenty pounds in consideration of her dis
tressed condition, to enable her to return to her husband and
children in Connaught.J
Walter Cheevers, of Monkstown, descended from a family
that came in with the Conquest of Henry !!.,§ was possessed
in 1641 of a large estate between Dublin and Kingstown.
* "May 19, 1666. Sir James Cuffe claims as a Connanght purchaser.
Brawn Byrne had a final settlement of 2000 acres. He contracted with
Major Byrne for a certain sum of money, to let him have 200 acres, who
afterwards conveyed to the claimant. 'Sir James Cuffe being one of the
commissioners for setting out lands to the transplanted persons, the said
Brawn Byrne alleged that the said contract was chiefly in consideration of
obtaining his assistance to the procuring of the remainder of his 2000
acres to be set out to him, which was not done, he having never had more
than these 200 acres." " Minute Book of the Court of Claims," p. 9,
Office of the Crown and Hanaper.
t A-12, p. 154.
\ " Ordered that James Standish, Esq., Receiver-General, etc., do out
of the first public moneys that shall come into his hands issue forth and
puy unto the Lady Margaret Talbot, the wife of Sir Henry Talbot, the sum
of £-20, to enable her to returne to her husband and children in Connaught,
and for the better reliefe of their distressed condition; for payment where
of this (with the Lady Talbot's receipt) shall be a warrant.
" HF.NKT CKOMWELL, WM. STEELE, Chancellor;
" ROBKRT GOODWIN, MILES THOMLINSON.
" W. BOKY.
" Council Chamber in Dublin, 20th March, 1657."
Treasury Warrants, p. 142.
§ John Cheevers, of Mayston, in the county of Meath, in his petition to
the Lords Justices, sets forth that his ancestors have until the usurper's
time enjoyed the lands granted unto them by King Henry II. on the Con-
ouest. Vol. ii., p. 439, papers relating to the Act of Settlement; Record
Tower, Dublin Castle.
114 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
The ruins of his castle are still to be seen not far from the Salt-
hill station of the Dublin and Kingstown railway. The Mar
quis of Ormond and Sir Maurice Eustace, by their report made
to the King after the Restoration, certified that of their own
knowledge he was very innocent of the rebellion.*. But he
was a Catholic and an Irishman (as that term was understood
in England), and had not shown that constant good affection
to the Parliament of England that alone exempted the Irish
from transplantation. He was, moreover, guilty of another
crime (like the bear, who is often killed, not for what he has
done, but for his skin) — he had a fine house and estate. This
was granted by Cromwell to General Ludlow, one of the Com
missioners of Parliament for the affairs of Ireland ; and Mr.
Cheevers was ordered to transplant, with his family, to Con-
naught. On the 16th December, 1653, he sent "in to the
Commissioners of Revenue of the precinct of Dublin the par
ticulars required by government from all transplanters, by
which may be seen the number of his family, and the extent
of his stock and crop, and what tenants or friends proposed to
accompany him to Connaught. The certificate is as follows :
viz. — " Walter Cheevers, of sanguine complexion, brown hair,
and indifferent stature; his wife, Alson Netterville, otherwise
Cheevers, with five children, the eldest not above seven years
old; four women servants, and seven men servants, viz. Daniel
Barry, tall stature, red beard, bald pate; Thady Cullen, of
small stature, browne haire, no haire on his face ; Morgan
Cullen, of small stature, blind of one eye, with black haire ;
Philip Birne, aged a,bout forty years, black haire, low stature ;
William Birne, tall stature, aged thirty-five years; Patrick
Corbally, aged forty years, red hair, middle stature. The said
Walter doth manure twenty colpe of corn, and hath twenty
* " And very faithfull to our royal father of blessed memory ; and they
saw no cause or reason why he should be evicted, as he hath long been,
from the possession of his estate, more than that Colonel Edmund Lud-
lowe had obtained a grant of the same or most parte thereof from Oliver
Cromwell. And therefore, etc.
"Given at White Hall, 22d November, 1660, the 12th year of our reign.
By His Majesty's command.
" EDWABD NICHOLAS.
u To the Chief Baron, to the Sheriff of the County of Dublin,
and all other our loving subjects whom it may concern."
' Book of King's Letters, Chief Remembrancer's Office, Court of Ex
chequer of Ireland.
OF IEELAND. 115
cows, sixty sheep, thirty hoggs, two ploughs of garrans. The
tenants willing to remove with him are Arthur Birne, of little
stature, brown haire, aged thirty years ; Dudley Birne, middle
stature, brown haire, aged twenty-five years^-which tenants
have a plough of garrans, twelve cows, forty sheep ; Martin
McGuire, tall of stature, and redd haire, aged thirty years,
hath six cows, four garrans, twenty sheepe ; Thos. Eustace,
lowe stature, browne haire. twenty-five years, hath ten cows,
forty sheep, a plough of garrans, and ten hoggs. The substance
whereof we conceive to be true.
" In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and
seals, the 19th day of December, 1653.
" II. MARKHAM, R. DOYLY,
"Tnos. HOOKER, ISAAC DOBSON."*
When proceeding to Connanght, to obtain a Final Settle
ment there from the Commissioners sitting at Athlone, he took
a letter to them from the state, directing them to assign him
lands with a good house upon them, so as to enable him and
his family to subsist and render his being there comfortable,
in consideration thathe had parted with a fair house and a con
siderable estate near Dublin,} of which they all probably had
personal knowledge, as it is only natural to suppose they must
have often dined at Monkstown Castle with their brother
commissioner, General Edmund Ludlow. But the Athlone
Commissioners were either unable or unwilling to comply
with the order ; for Mr. Cheevers had recourse again to gov
ernment, complaining that he had not obtained the favour the
government intended for him.J The truth was, it was found
in July, 1657, that the lands in Connaught had fallen short to
satisfy the decrees of the Athlone Commissioners, " except
what was so remote and waste as to be useless ; and many Irish
who (like Cheevers) had parted with considerable estates and
convenient habitations, were thereby reduced to little better
than a starving condition." And, notwithstanding the Com
missioners had contracted the three-mile line along the sea
* Book of Transplanters' Certificates, returned from the several precincts
in the Province of Leinster, viz., Dublin, Wexford, Kilkenny, Czirlow,
Athy, Athlone, and Drogrheda. Records of the late Auditor-General's
Office, Custom House Buildings.
t Letter from the Council, dated 27th August. 1656. A-80, p. 179.
t Ib., ib.
116 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
coast to one mile, and had given up to transplanters the lands
about different garrisons, reserving only 500 acres around
Clare Castle, 100 acres round Cahir na Mart (or Westport),
700 acres about Athlone, and lands of a mile compass about
Carrigaholt, the government were informed there would still
not be sufficient to satisfy the decrees given to the trans
planted.*
Pierce Butler, Viscount Ikerrin, was the ancestor of the
Earls of Carrick, a younger branch of the house of Ormond.
He dwelt at Lismalin Park, in the barony of Ikerrin, in the
county of Tipperary, contiguous to the county of Kilkenny,
where the ruins of his ancient castle may still be seen on a
hill side, overlooking a pleasant valley. Like the rest of his
house, with the exception of the Earl of Ormond (who, being
a king's ward, had been brought up, by order of the Court of
Wards, a branch of the Court of Chancery, a Protestant), he
was a Roman Catholic ; and having, with the rest of his coun
trymen of that persuasion, taken the King's side against the
Parliament, and been Lieutenant-General of the Leinster army,
under Lord Mountgarret, he was included in the Decree of
Confiscation pronounced by the Parliament of England, on the
12th August, 1650, against all who had not manifested their
constant good affection to their interest. After the surrender
of the Lemster Irish to the Parliament forces under the articles
signed at Kilkenny on 12th May, 1650, he returned to the
neighbourhood of Lismalin Park, and was there employed as
tenant at will to the state, farming those lands that were so
soon to pass to the conquerors, when the order of 14th Octo
ber, 1653, was proclaimed, directing the Irish nation to trans
plant themselves into Connaught before the 1st of May follow
ing. On the 25th of January, 1654, he proceeded to Clonmel,
and presented to the Commissioners of Revenue there the par
ticulars of his family and establishment, their names, ages, and
descriptions, the extent of his stock and tillage, and the names
of those of his tenants and friends who were disposed to go
down with him into captivity in Connaught. By an abstract
of this certificate it appears that between his family and tenants
he had seventeen persons to accompany him. He had already
tilled and cropped sixteen acres of winter corn ; he had four
cows, five garrans (or cart horses), twenty-four sheep, and two
* A-30. Letter of 27th July, 1657.
OF IRELAND. 11
swine ;* which he was to leave behind him in charge of Lady
Ikerrin, while he was to go forward into Connaught to build
a hut to shelter her and her daughters, who were to follow in
autumn with the cows, sheep, swine, and household furniture.
For on a general complaint that transplanters would be
great sufferers in their corn in ground, and other substance, if
they were not permitted to look after their harvest, they ob
tained license for their wives and families to continue upon
their holdings until harvest came in (with a general provision
for all aged, decrepit, and sickly persons, that they might not
be put on hard things), which gave the government, accord
ing to the usual practice of rulers, cause to praise themselves
for their great mercy and kindness, because of this modifica
tion of their cruelty. f Lord Ikerrin, having fallen sick, as the
1st of May, the time for transplanting, approached, got license
on account of his distemper to repair to the Bath in England
for six months, necessary, according to his physician's advice,
for the recovery of his health ; and Lady Ikerrin was dispensed
with from transplantation for two months from the 1st of May,
and her servants till the harvest was gathered in.J On his
return- to Ireland some judgment may be formed of his poverty
by an order of the Council of 27th November, 1654, by which
Sergeant Mortimer (Sergeant at Arms attending the Council)
was to pay the Lord Ikerrin £20 in consideration of his neces
sitous condition ; after which the said Lord Ikerrin was to
acquiesce in the late order of this board for prosecuting his
claim at Athlone, and not to expect any more money by order
of this Council.§ Lord Ikerrin, however, still evaded trans
plantation ; for in 1656 he went over to London, and in
London found means to approach the Lord Protector, who
finding him in an extremely poor and miserable condition,
without means to subsist in London, or to return back to Ire
land, bestowed upon him some relief, and wrote to the Lord
Deputy and Council of Ireland to allow him some proportion
of his estate without transplanting him, or to provide some re-
* Book of Transplanters' Certificates of the precinct of Waterford.
Records of the late Auditor-General's Office, Custom House Buildings.
t Lawrence, " Interest of England in the Irish Transplantation Stated,'
p. 7. London : 1655.
% Order of 24th April, 1654. A-85, p. 304.
§ Volume of Treasury Warrants (No. 14). Late Auditor-General's
Office, Custom House Buildings.
118 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
lief out of the revenue for him and his family : "For indeed,"
adds the Lord Protector, " he is a miserable object of pity ;
and we desire that care be taken of him, and that he be not
suffered to perish for want of subsistence."* How this poor
nobleman fared after Cromwell's interference does not appear.
But Lismalin had passed irrevocably to the soldiery, for it gave
Sir William Petty opportunity of retorting upon his adversary
Colonel Hierome Sankey, " his unhandsome dealings with his
soldiers in the matter of Lismalin Park." No further pay
ments appear made to Lord Ikerrin, and he probably soon
sank under his misfortunes, for at the Restoration his grandson
claimed the estate before the Commissioners of Claims.f
But even after getting an assignment the poor transplanter
was not secure ; the Commissioners by mistake or fraud might
have given it to another : such was the case of Maurice
Viscount Roche, of Fermoy. His whole case well illustrates
the misery of Ireland. Viscountess Roche, it appears, had been
hanged by the sentence of one of those High Courts of Justice
(or injustice) set up immediately after the surrender of the
Irish in 1652, when victims were required to justify the former
fury of the English, who had denounced all the Irish as mur
derers. She was condemned on the evidence of a strumpet
* " To the Eight Hon. ye Lord Deputy and Councell in Ireland.
' " MY LOHD AND GENTLEMKN, — We being informed by several persons,
and also by certificates from several officers under our command in Ireland,
that the Lord Viscount Ikerrin hath been of later times serviceable to
suppress the Tories ; and we being very sensible of the extreame poor
and miserable condition in which his lordship now is, even to the want
of sustenance to support his life ; we could not but commisserate his sad
and distressed condition by helping him to a little reliefe, without which
he could neither subsist here nor returne back to Ireland ; and therefore
do earnestly desire you to take him into speedy consideration, by allowing
him some reasonable proportion of his estate without transplanting him,
or otherwise to make some provision for him and his family elsewhere,
and to allow him some competent pension or money out of the revenue.
Indeed he is a miserable object of pity, and therefore we desire that
care be taken of him, and that he be not suffered to perish for want of a
subsistence :
" And rest, your loving friend,
«OLIVEB,P.
A-23. " Whitehall, Nth February, 1657.
Book of Letters from the Lord Protector, Kecord Tower, Dublin Castle.
t " 7th June, 1666, Viscount Ikerrin claims as an innocent Protestant ;
was born in 1639; was a student at Maudlin, Oxford, where he went to
church ; at Athlone went to church ; Dean Blood administered the sacra
ment to him at St. Owen's Church, Dublin. Decree adjourned." Minute
Book of Court of Claims, Hanaper Office, p. 43. *
OF IRELAND. 119
for shooting a man with a pistol, whose name even was un
known to the witness ; and though it was ready to be proved
that Lady Roche was twenty miles distant from the spot, and
that the sight of ' a pistol was enough to fright her from the
room.* Lord Roche was in 1654 dispossessed of his whole es
tate, having (as his petition sets forth) the charge of four young
daughters unpreferred, to whose misery was added the loss of
their mother by an unjust and illegal proceeding, for whose
innocence he appealed to the best Protestant gentry and nobility
of the county of Cork. Thenceforth Lord Roche and his chil
dren lived in a most disconsolate condition, destitute of all
kind of subsistence (except what alms some good Christians
in charity gave them), the consequence of which was, that one
of his daughters fell sick and died for want of requisite accom
modation either for her cure or diet. After ten months' atten
dance on those in authority at Dublin, all the succour he got
was an order to the Loughrea Commissioners to set him out
some lands there De Bene Esse.f With this order he was ne
cessitated to travel on foot to Connaught, where he spent six
months in attendance on the Commissioners at Athlone and
Loughrea, and in these attendances and the prosecution ran
himself £100 in debt. Yet at the last he had but an assign
ment of 2500 acres in the Owles in Connaught, and part in the
remotest parts of Thomond, all waste and unprofitable ; and
from these he was evicted before he could receive any manner
of profit, by others to whom the Commissioners had disposed
of the same by Final Settlements, both before and after.J
With such spectacles daily and hourly before their eyes, it
is no wonder that the transplanted who could find means to fly,
or were not tied by large families of children, sold their assign
ments for a mere trifle to the officers of government, and fled
in horror and aversion from the scene, and embarked for
* " A Continuation of the Brief Narrative, and the Sufferings of the
Irish under Cromwell," p. 7. Small 4to. London : 1660. [By Father
Peter Walsh.]
t That is, temporarily, conditionally, for his present habitation and sup
port, and to maintain his cows and other cattle, until he could prove at
Athlone the extent of his estate confiscated, and his qualification, i. e., the
class of his demerit or delinquency, or amount of want of affection for the
Parliament of England.
I " The humble petition of Maurice Lord Viscount Roche, of Fermoy,
to the Right Honourable the Lords Justices, March, 1661." Records of
the late Auditor-General's Office, Custom House Buildings, vol. xvii.,
p. 112.
120 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
Spain. Some went mad ; others killed themselves ;* others
lived on, and founded families there in their Final Settlements
which subsist to this day, like some of the Talbots and the Chee-
vers ; and some laid their bones in Connaught, whose heirs got
restored after the restoration of the monarchy, — as Lord Trim-
leston, on whose gravestone, within the ruins of the Abbey of
Kilconnel that overlooks the fatal fields of Aughrim, mav be
still read the epitaph : " Here lies Mathew, Twelfth Lord
Baron of Trimleston, one of the Transplanted."!
* P. 19, " Threnodia Hiberno-Catholica, etc., etc. The Wail of the
Irish Catholics : or, the Groans of the whole Clergy and People of the
Kingdom of Ireland, in which is truly set forth an Epitome of the unheard
of and transcendental Cruelties by which the Catholics of the Kingdom
of Ireland are oppressed by the godless English under the Arch-tyrant
Cromwell, the Usurper and Destroyer of the Three Realms of England,
Ireland, and Scotland. By Friar Maurice Morison, of the Minors of Strict
Observance; Lecturer in Theology ; an Eye-witness of those Cruelties."
Innsbruck. Printed by Michael Wagner: A. D., 1659. 12mo.
In the month of January, 1852, I went to see the lands of Kilsallaghan,
lying near Saint Margaret's, seven miles north of Dublin, preparatory to
bringing them to sale in the Incumbered Estates Court for the arrears of
jointure of a kinswoman. It was church-time when I got there ; and
while waiting in a farmer's house till the service was over, as the church
was on the lands attached to the ruined castle of Kilsallaghan, I asked the
farmer's daughter if she knew who dwelt in the castle in old times, know
ing very well that it had belonged to the Hores. She was quite aware of
it ; and on my asking if there was any thing bearing the name of the
family in the neighbourhood, she said there was Molly Hore's Cross up the
road a bit. I was getting ready my note book to copy the inscription,
when she informed me that it wasn't a stone cross, but a cross of the
rouds so named. I asked how it got the name. She said, " When the
orders came from Cromwell to put the people out, Molly Hore couldn't
stand it, and she went into a stable they had down there, and hanged her
self;" and they buried her, of course, by the crowner's 'quest law, as a
suicide, at the cross roads.
t Died at Monivea, in the county of Galway, 17th September, 1667.
" Tour in Connaught," A. D., 1839, by Rev. Caesar Otway, p. 145. 12mo.
Dublin: Curry & Co.
OF IRELAND. 121
PART III.
THE ADVENTURERS AND SOLDIERS.
THE CIVIL SURVEY.
THE officers of the army (for the common soldiers had no
voice in the matter) had now obtained their desires. The army,
consisting of about 35,000 men, were to have their arrears satis
fied in land at the Act rates, that is, to have 1000 acres planta
tion measure (equal to 1600 English measure) in Leinster, for
every £600 of arrears — a like quantity in Munster for £450 of
arrears, — a like quantity in Ulster for £300 arrears ; being at
the rate of twelve shillings for the acre, plantation measure, in
Leinster, eight shillings in Munster, and four shillings in
Ulster.
The next step of the government was to take an account of
what lands were forfeited, their extent and value. It was
about Michaelmas Day, 1653, that the Commissioners for the
affairs of Ireland received the instructions of the Parliament
for the survey of the lands forfeited on account of the rebel
lion. Commissioners were immediately sent into every county
in the three provinces, to take an account of the lands in the
disposal of the government, which included not merely the
lands forfeited by the Irish, but the Church and Crown lands.*
They were to hold courts of survey, and to summon juries, and
charge them, if necessary, to view and tread the metes and
bounds of the premises ; and the Commissioners were to sum
mon and examine on oath all persons who could give evidence
of the names of the late proprietor, of his conduct, and of the
extent and value of his estate. Agents, were to produce the
rentals, and bailiffs to show the bonds ; aud where they should
find it impossible through the wastedness and depopulation of
the county to inform themselves of the metes and bounds, and
* A-90, p. 544.
122 THE CROMWELLIAX SETTLEMENT
other certainties directed, they were to discover it as best they
could.* It must have been painful to the owners of these es
tates and their families to see them valued before they had
actually passed out of their hands, being only a preparation
for their banishment, and for others to occupy their ancient
hereditary seats, endeared to them by a thousand tender memo
ries. But the Commissioners were enabled, by taking this in
quiry before the proprietors were removed to Connaught, to
obtain evidence not forthcoming two years later, when the Down
Survey was executed, there being then in many places no per
sons remaining that knew the bounds, and families were
obliged to be sent back from Connaught to show them to the
surveyors.!
The purpose was to ascertain by the report of these Commis
sioners what was the amount of the fund applicable to the pay
ment of the debt due to the adventurers, and to the army, and
of the extent and value of the tithes and lands reserved to the
state ; so that the government might afterwards be enabled to
contract with skilled surveyors for an exact admeasurement
and maps of the lands, in order to a proper allotment of the
army's land amongst the officers and soldiers, and that grants
and leases might be made with greater ease and security by
the government of the lands reserved to them, and that the as
sessments might be equally levied. This report was duly re
turned for all Ireland, and was called the Civil- Survey /f
* See a commission at full length in " Petty's History of the Down Sur
vey," by Major T. A. Larcom, K. E., pp. 383-386. 4to. Dublin : 1851.
Published for the Irish Archaeological Society.
f " Whereas Mr. Henry Paris, late one of the Commissioners of Rev
enue of Clontnel, hath informed us that the transplantation hath been so
effectually carried on in the county of Tipperary, and especially in the
barony of Eliogarty, that no inhabitant of the Irish nation that knows the
country is left in that barony, which may be a great prejudice to the Com
monwealth, for want of information of the bounds of the respective ter
ritories and lands therein upon admeasurement; it is therefore ordered,
that it be referred to the Commissioners at Loughrea to consider of four
ntt and knowing persons of the Irish nation lately removed out of that
barony into Connaught, and to return them with their families to reside
in or near their old habitations, for the due information of the surveyors
appointed of the respective bounds of each parcel of land admeasurable,
and to continue there till further order.
"THOMAS HEBBEBT, Clerk of the Council.
" Dublin, 20t/i December, 1654." A-5, p. 54.
\ For a specimen, see "A Survey of the Half Barony of Eathdown, in
the County of Dublin, containing the parishes following, viz., Donnebrook,
Tannee, Kill, Monkstown, Killiny, Tully, White Church, Killternan, Kill-
OF IRELAND. 123
Having thus ascertained, by as near a computation as could
be made without actual admeasurement, the extent and value
of the lands seized from the former proprietors in each of the
three provinces on this side of the Shannon, a general council
of officers next apportioned the amount of arrears to be satis
fied in each province. They then proceeded, like the adven
turers, to draw the first or grand lot, to ascertain in which
province each regiment of horse, foot, and dragoons was to be
satisfied its arrears. For on debate of the matter whether they
should take their lands by lot, or have them assigned to them
respectively by some competent authority, they resolved for
the former mode, declaring that they had rather take a lot
upon a barren mountain as a portion from the Lord, than a
portion in the most fruitful valley upon their own choice.*
But when the officers in the Munster lot found that all the
coarse mountain land in the baronies of Iveragh and Dunker-
rin, in the county of Kerry (the neighbourhood of the Lakes
of Killarney), considered by them '• the refuse county" of Ire
land, which they expected to have thrown in to them gratis as
unprofitable, was counted as profitable (though ten, twenty,
and thirty acres of it were sometimes counted for one),f they
called the General Council of the Army together, and proposed
to get rid of them. The Council, however, with a spice of
humour, fixed them with these two coarse baronies, by remind
ing them of the pious intent upon which they had agreed to
the lottery.J
THE DOWN SURVEY.
The officers of the army next agreed with the government
to join them in contracting with Dr. William Petty, Physician
to the Forces, to make accurate maps of the forfeited lands be
longing respectively to the government and to the army, in
the three several provinces of Leinster, Munster, and Ulster.
Connaught was assigned to the Irish ; and good maps of most
of the lands in that province had been made about fifteen years
before, by orders of Lord Strafford, when he intended the Eng-
gobbin, Rathmichael, and Connagh. By order of Charles Fieetwood,
Lord Deputy, October 4th, 1654." P. 523. " 2d Desiderata Curiosa
Hibernica; or, a Select Collection of State Papers," etc. 8vo. Dublin:
2 vols. 1772.
* "Petty's Down Survey," bv Larcom, p. 91.
t Ibid., p. 96. t Ibid., p. 91.
124 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
lish plantation there, by which the government were enabled
to set down the transplanted Irish there the more readily. It
was characteristic of the period, that this great step in perfect
ing the scheme of plantation was consecrated with all the forms
of religion, the articles being signed by Dr. Petty in the Coun
cil Chamber of Dublin Castle, on the llth of December, 1654,
in the presence of many of the chief officers of the army, after
a solemn seeking of God, performed by Colonel Thomlinson,
for a blessing upon the conclusion of so great a business.*
Such is the account given by Dr. Petty, this able man being
himself all the while a freethinker, who laughed at the many
different sects of that day, considering sects to be like worms
and maggots in the guts of a commonwealth.! He was also
of opinion that the gathering of churches might be termed
"listing of soldiers." J
By his contract, Dr. Petty engaged to mark out upon the
map the subdivision of the lands into so many parcels as might
satisfy each man his particular arrears, thus showing each offi
cer's and soldier's particular lot,§ with an index of their names
and position on the map. But this provision was afterwards
dispensed with, as the army were not ready to subdivide at the
time of the survey being taken, and the subdivisions were only
returned by the officers in descriptive lists to the Chancery.
These being sent at the Restoration to the Commissioners for
executing the Act of Settlement, they remained amongst the
documents they had had recourse to, and were destroyed in a
great fire that burned down the Council Office, where they
were then deposited, in the year 1711 — an irreparable loss.
Had they been marked in the Down Survey, there would have
been seen regiment by regiment, troop by troop, and company
by company, encamping almost on the lands they had conquer
ed ; for they were thus set down without intervals, and with
out picking or choosing, the lot of the first regiment ending
where the lot of the second regiment began.
The field work of the survey was carried on by foot soldiers
* " Petty's Down Survey," by Larcorn, p. 22.
t "Reflections ori some Persons and Things in Ireland," p. 119. .12tno.
London : 1(560.
J Ibid., p. 92.
§ "Articles of agreement between the .Surveyor-General and Dr. W.
Petty," dated llth December, 1654, Article 8. " Petty's Down Survey,"
by Larcoin, p. 25.
OF IRELAND. 125
instructed by Dr. Petty, and selected by him as being hardy
men, to whom such hardships as to wade through bogs and
water, climb rocks, and fare and lodge hard, were familiar.*
They were fittest, too, "to ruffle with" the rude spirits they
were like to encounter, who might not see without a grudge
their ancient inheritances, the only support of their wives and
children, measured out before their eyes for strangers to oc
cupy ; and they must often when at work be in danger of a
surprise by Tories. Some of the surveyors were captured by
these bold and desperate outlaws, when the sending away of
the forces for England and Scotland, about the beginning of
the work, left him naked of the guards he had been promised.*
OF THE BOXING OF THE AEMY FOR LANDS.
Sir William Petty says, that as for the blood shed in the
contest for these lands, God best knows who did occasion it ;
but upon the playing of the game or match the English won,
and had, among other pretences, a gamester's right at least to
their estates ;| and like gamesters they proceeded to divide
the spoil. The lands they had won were to be set out to the
army by lot, and were to be so assigned to the different regi
ments in the several provinces, that the lands might be set out
together without intervals, and without picking and choosing.
Accordingly, it was ordered that the several regiments whose
lots had fallen in any of the three provinces should be put
into possession of their lands successively one after another,
each regiment beginning to take their possession from the
bounds of such places where the lots of the respective regi
ments preceding respectively ended. § The regiments in each
provincial lot cast lots to ascertain in what county and
baronies each regiment should be satisfied. A lot or ticket
was then made for every troop or company, containing the
names of the several officers and soldiers of the troop or
company, the arrears due to each, and the number of acres
* " Petty's Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 17.
t "Articles of Agreement," ibid., pp. 123, 125.
% " The Political Anatomy of Ireland," 1672, by Sir W. Petty, p. 28,
1st vol. " Tracts and Treatises relating to Ireland," by Alexander Thorn
and Sons. 2 vols. Svo. Dublin: 1861.
§ Pp. 64, 65, " Petty's Down Survey," by Major Thomas A. Larcom,
Irish Archaeological Society's Publication. 4to. Dublin : 1851.
126 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
due to the entire troop or company.* These lots or tickets
were prepared on papers of equal size, and sealed with wax
wafers or glue, so as one might not be distinguished from the
other without opening them. They were then to be put in a
box, out of which they were to be drawn as lots, to distinguish
in which of the baronies the proportion of land due to each
company was to fall.f
The lands in the several baronies having been already ar
ranged by the Surveyor-General in a fixed sequence, called a
file or string of contiguity,]; the Commissioners for setting out
the lands to the particular regiment proceeded on the day ap
pointed to the place of drawing, generally some town nearest
to the chief baronies, and there in the presence of the officers
and soldiers of the regiment drew the lots for the first barony.
They were directed to draw out only one lot at once, and, open
ing it, to read it aloud in the hearing of all persons present,
and then to file the lot on the file of that barony, entering the
* " Ordered, that the officers of the army now at the head quarters do
consider how the lotts of the party now to be disbanded may be drawn
most equally. 20tA August, 1655." A-5, p. 223.
" Ordered, that the Surveyor-General do prepare lotts for each regiment,
and for each company and troope of each regiment, inserting the name of
each regiment, troope, and company in the lotts, that the troopes and
companies may know who are to begin, and in what manner they are to
proceed successively to take their satisfaction." Ib., p. 224.
t Boxing was a term in common use in that day : thus, " Waste lands
and undisposed of may be lett to any English well affected, not exceeding
three years, without putting ye same to ye box, rendering such reasonable
rent, etc. Dated at Cork, 1th. of July,\652.
" MILES CORBETT. JOHN JONES."
Order Book of Council, vol. vii., Landed Estates Eecord Office.
Again — " Or, if they [discovered forfeitures] may bee sett out at un-
equall rates, whether there shall bee a free and open boxing for them in-
diiferently, as whereby one that has received his clear satisfaction in
Munster may box for the dubiouse lands of Ulster ? " " Petty's Down
Survey," by Larcom, p. 200.
J u Your petitioners propound that every barony may be reduced, as to
the several denominations comprehended therein, into one continued tile
or string of contiguity." "Petty's Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 239.
" Monday, 10th December, 1666.
u The three regiments claym for lands in the county of Kerry, sett out
to them in satisfaction for their arrears The claymants produce a
string whereby the lands were sett out Mr. Petty swears that the
paper signed was the original, written by himself and Sir W. Petty, —
that these strings had as much force as injunctions, — that they took pos
session under them." Minute Book of Court of Claims, p. 3. Hanaper
Office.
OF IRELAND. 127
same in their record, fairly and distinctly, before another lot
was drawn ; and so to proceed, lot by lot, until as many lots
were drawn as contained all the number of acres in the barony
in the disposal of the Commonwealth, according to the survey,*
with a copy of which they came provided. As soon as the lot
was drawn, all persons into whose shares the barony fell were
to deliver up their debentures upon the spot, in order that they
might be cancelled ; but each man received in exchange a cer
tificate, stating the fact of the debenture having been delivered
up, and declaring the amount of arrears in the debenture, and
the number of acres to be set out in the barony to satisfy it.f
Thus Lord Broghill, Colonel Phaire, and others, were ap
pointed Commissioners, on 10th January, 1654, to set out lands
in the baronies of Fermoy, Duhallo, Condon, Orrery, and other
baronies in the county of Cork, to satisfy arrears due to the
officers and soldiers of the regiments, troops, and companies
named in a schedule annexed to the commission, amounting to
£60,011, 8s. Qd., which required 75,735 acres, 2 roods, to sat
isfy them, — lands in the county of Cork being rated by the
.army, as between themselves, at £800 per thousand acres. The
Commissioners were to fix a time and place for drawing lots, of
which they were to give seven days' previous notice at least, in
Cork, Mallow, Youghal, and Bandon. They were directed by
the commission to begin to draw out the lots for the barony of
Fermoy, and so lot by lot, until all the land in the barony was
exhausted ; and if the number of acres in the lots drawn for
any barony should exceed the amount of land in the barony,
the defect was to be supplied out of the adjacent barony, — the
particular parish or townland where to begin the supply hav
ing been appointed before drawing the first lots, in order to
avoid controversy or imputation. The officers and soldiers
who fell to be satisfied in any one barony or allotment were
immediately to take possession ; and, having subdivided it be
tween them, were to send up the subdivision, with each man's
lot described by such bounds and other certainties as it could
be known to the Commissioners of Revenue of the precinct.J
* The Civil Survey.
t The proceedings thus described are set out in "A Commission for ye
Setting out Lands in ye County of'Corke to ye Disbanded Forces in lieu
of their Arrears. Dated at Dublin, ye Wtk day of January, 1653-4."
A-81, p. 81.
$ "A Commission for ye setting out Lands in yc County of Corke to the
Disbanded Forces in lieu of their Arrears." A-81, p. 31.
128 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
Upon getting possession, the half-pay of the officers and sol
diers ceased. But in addition to the original list of those to
be satisfied by the Commissioners, additional lists were con
stantly sent down of soldiers whom they were to admit to re
ceive their satisfaction as if they had been in the originr.'
lists.*
OF THE EQUALIZING OF COUNTIES AND BARONIES.
The state gave all the forfeited lands to the army at the Ad
venturers' or Act Rates ; but the several regiments composing
each provincial lot were unwilling to cast the regimental lots,
or lots to ascertain in what counties and baronies within the
province the several regiments were to be satisfied their arrears,
without some regard to the value of lands. They thought it
too desperate a hazard for a regiment to cast a lot and find
itself paid off with 10,000 acres of land in the mountains of
Kerry, while the next regiment received 10,000 acres in the
rich pastures of Tipperary or Limerick as of equal value,
though the army received all the Munster lands from the state
at £450 per 1,000 acres. Accordingly, they equalized or set
au approximate or more real value on the lands in the several
counties and baronies, when casting lots for lands in discharge
of their pay. Thus the regiments in the Munster lot valued
the barony of Glaneroughty, containing the mountain land of
* "A list of several persons of Captain Lewis Jones's troop of horse that
desire satisfaction for their arrears in the county of Sleigo : —
Corporal John Jones . .
£.
43
s
19
d.
0
A.
97
B.
^
P.
04
22
14
4
45
1
?4
Christopher Jone^ •
21
T>
s
43
0
o
Richard Jones
20
8
0
40
B
B
21
8
5
42
1
8
Quarter-Master Nicholas Goulding, . .
232
14
9
465
1
24
Pence excluded, total is £367 13 0 735 1 8
" These are to certify that the arrears of the above persons are stated,
and amounts to the several sums according to their names respectively an
nexed, for which proportions of land are required at the rate of £500 for
1000 acres ; ns is likewise to their sums affixed, which amounts in the
whole for the said £367 13s. Qd. to the sum of 735A. IK. SP. 30^ March^
1055. " WILLIAM DIGGES.
41 To Major W. Shepherd, Major John King, and the other Commis
sioners/or setting out lands in the county of Sleigo, that they be
added to the list of those to be satisfied there, and be permitted to
draw lots as if they had been named in the original list" A-85, p. 220.
OF IRELAND.
129
Kerry, at £250 per thousand acres ; but the barony of Clan-
william, containing the Golden Vale of Tipperary, at £1100
per thousand acres.*
THE COUNTIES AS VALUED BY THE ARMY.
In the following list will be seen the valuation of the several
counties by the army, to make them more equal among them
selves, preparatory to casting the first " Grand" or " Provin
cial Lot," to determine in what province each regiment was to
be satisfied its arrears.
"Dublin, the 21st November, 1653.
" A Particular of the Hates of the severall Counties in the Provinces of
Leinster, Munster, and Ulster, as they were agreed to by the Generall
Councel of Officers to be settled upon each of the said Counties respec
tively, in order to the setting out of Lands for the satisfaction of the
Arrears of them that are disbanded, until the pleasure of the Parlia
ment shall be further known therin, or a more exact account had of
the quantity of Forfeited Lands in Ireland ; viz. :
FOB EVERY THOUSAND ACRES IN THE PROVINCE OF LEINSTER.
Rates in
the Act
Counties.
New Rates.
£
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
Wicklow. Six hundred pounds.
Longford. . Six hundred pounds.
Kings County. Six hundred pounds.
Waxford. Nine hundred pounds.
Catherlo. Eleven hundred pounds.
Kildare. Thirteen hundred pounds.
Kilkenny. Eleven hundred pounds.
Queen's County. Nine hundred pounds.
West Meath. Nine hundred pounds.
Meath. Thirteen hundred pounds.
Dublin. Fifteen hundred pounds.
The barony of Athirdee in the county of Louth,
twelve hundred pounds ; the rest of the county
being reserved wholly for the Adventurers.
* A-84, p. 354. Order dated 28th July, 1653.
130
THE CROMWELLIAX SETTLEMENT
FOB EVERY THOUSAND ACRES IN THE PROVINCE OF MUNSTER.
Rates in
the Act.
Counties.
New Kates.
£
450
Cork.
Eight hundred pounds.
450
450
450
Waterford.
Tipperary.
Limerick.
Eight hundred pounds.
One thousand pounds.
Eleven hundred pounds.
450
Kerry.
Four hundred and fifty pounds.
FOR EVERY THOUSAND ACRES IN THE PROVINCE OF ULSTER.*
Kates in
the Act
Counties.
New Rates.
£
200
Antrim.
Five hundred and twenty pounds.
200
Armagh.
Four hundred and sixty pounds.
200
Tirone.
Four hundred pounds.
200
Fermanagh.
Four hundred and twenty pounds.
200
Donegal.
Four hundred pounds.
200
Londonderry.
Four hundred and fifty pounds.
200
Cavan.
Four hundred pounds.
200
Monaghan.
Four hundred and twenty pounds.
200
Down.
Five hundred and twenty pounds.
For every thousand acres in the baronies of Sligo,
Five hundred pounds.
VALUATION OF THE BAKONIES.
The lots for provinces having been cast, the officers of the
several regiments in each provincial lot, before lotting for coun
ties, valued the different baronies in their lot.
In the following list, which only concerns some one of the
three general assignments of lands made to the army in Sep
tember, 1655, and July and November, 1656,f and is unfor
tunately incomplete, will be found not only the equalization
of the several baronies, but the names of the different captains,
troops, and companies, to whom they were to be set out in
succession.
* From an original printed Declaration, small folio of six pages, in the
library of Charles Haliday, Esq., of Monkstown Park, Monkstown. " Dub-
lin : by William Bladen : A. D. 1653."
t "Petty's Down Survey," by Larcom, p.
174.
OF IRELAND.
131
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132
THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
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OF IRELAND.
133
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134
THE CBOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
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a
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u
-§5
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OF IRELAND.
135
PROVINCE OF ULSTER.*
Names of the
Counties where
the Disbanded
are to be satis
fied.
The Names of the Regiments
out of which the Disbanded
are reduced.
Names of the particular
Troopes and Companies
that arc Disbanded.
Tirone.
Lord Deputy's Regiment.
Captain Morris.
Supernumeraries of
the Lord Deputy's
Regiment of Horse.
[The rest is want
ing.]
OF THE EQUALIZING OF THE LANDS IN THE LOT OF
A TROOP OR COMPANY.
Thus the different regiments provided for some degree of
equality in value as between themselves. But as the lands to
satisfy each troop or company were set out by lot in a gross
sum to the troop or company after the rate set upon the county
or barony, without regard being had to the different and unequal
value of the lands in themselves, it would necessarily follow
that if a subdivision were not made in proportion to the real
difference, some would have lands of a much greater value
than others. It was therefore provided that the different re
giments, troops, and companies, should nominate out of them
selves persons to subdivide and set out the lands fallen to the
regiment, troop, or company, according to their true and real
value.f Accordingly, after the troops or companies were as
signed a barony, the officers of the troop or company proceeded
to rate the lands at their exact value, before casting lots or
proceeding to divide them by agreement amongst the troop
or company. Thus the generals of the army, the gentlemen
of the life guard, and officers of the train (the artillery of that
day), having received the Liberties of Limerick, as a supply, in
case their lot of the barony of Clanwilliam in the county of
Limerick should prove insufficient to satisfy their arrears, the
Liberties being valued at the rate of £1500 per thousand acres,
they particularly and distinctly equalized the several towns
* A-81, p. 136.
t " Petty's Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 278.
136 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
and seats belonging to the Liberties, according to the respect
ive goodness, quality, and condition of the land, and according
to the nature of the improvements in each of them, and set a
value upon the particular places, in order to make the lots
then about to be cast equal among themselves.*
SALE OF DEBENTURES BY THE COMMON SOLDIERS TO
THEIR OFFICERS.
In the interval between the surrender of the principal Irish
armies, in 1652, and the perfecting of the scheme for setting
out the lands in Ireland, which was not published till Michael
mas, 1653, the distresses of the men, and even officers, for
want of payment of their arrears, became very great. To
raise moneys for their subsistence, they were found to be sell
ing their debentures, the poor soldiers' dearly earned wages, at
inconsiderable sums, thus depriving themselves of a future
comfortable subsistence intended for them by those in author
ity, who would never have given out the lands at such low
rates, but in tenderness to the soldiery, and in order to plant
the country with those poor creatures whom the Lord had pre
served in hardships and dangers, that they might enjoy the
fruits of their Jabour.f Debentures were accordingly forbidden
by the act to be sold until the soldiers were actually in posses
sion of their several allotments.]; But the prohibition seems
to have been unheeded, and practically void, because of the
general desire of the men to sell, and of the officers to pur
chase ; for it appears by the claims sent in at the Restoration
to the Commissioners for executing the Act of Settlement
(still subsisting)§ as well as the many deeds of assignment in
private custody, signed by all or nearly all the privates of
different troops and companies, that the men conveyed their
rights to their officers. || The government themselves were
* A-Sl, p. 168. t " Order, dated 28th July, 1653." A-84, p. 354.
\ Act for the Satisfaction of the Adventurers for Lands in Ireland and
Arrears due to the Soldiery there, etc. Section 3, Scobell's "Acts and
Ordinances."
§ " Lists of Claims," among the Eecords of the late Auditor-General
and Surveyor-General's Offices, in the custody of William Henry Har-
dinge, Esq., Landed Estates Record Office, Custom House Buildings.
U SOLDIERS' ASSIGNMENT or THEIR DEBENTURES TO THEIR OFFICER.
" KNOW ALL MEN by these presents, that wee, John Kingfoot, Thomas
Etherett, Thomas Goodg, Ambrose Bayley, John Thomas, Lawrence Scott,
OF IRELAND. 137
obliged to license the sale of them. Thus Lieutenant Goul-
burn got liberty, on 23d of November, 1653, for him and his
three servants to make sale of their debentures for their pres
ent necessities, notwithstanding the late printed declaration in
hibiting the sale.* Often the government were obliged to
advance money from the treasury on security of the debenture
as in the case of distressed widows of men or officers whose
husbands had been killed in the service, often " slaine by the
Toryes," leaving them a great charge of small children be
hind, and their distress increased by the great cost of coming
to Dublin in hopes of possession of their lands, and long atten
dance there about taking out their husbands' debentures. In
Kichard Gumbleton, Henry Frampton, Richard Boxley, Benjamin Fox,
Thomas Right, John Finer, John Samon, Willinm Yelding, Tobias Burt,
John Lewis, Thomas Smith, Thomas Padlc, John Jones, John Cads, John
Davis, James Blow, William Hill, Evan ap Lewis, Thomas Dalton, William
Johnson, Henry Fidey, Vincent Watkins, Gregory Bolton, Robert Ratter,
William Weaver, Robert ap Richard, George Symes, and Robert Davis,
Souldicra in Licutenant-Colonell Richard Steephens's Company, of the late
regiment of foote belonging to Colonell Daniell Axtell, in consideration of
one hundred and thirty-six pounds to us and every of us, respectively and
proportionably in hand paid by Arnold Thomas, Ensigne to the said com
pany, by these presents do grant, assign, bavgaine and sell to the said
Arnold Thomas, his heirs, and assigns, ALL our right, interest, and estate
in anie parcels of land, of what nature and qualitie it shall happen, and of
what number of acres they shall happen to be and amount unto, lying and
being within the dominion of Ireland, which are to be assigned and ascer
tained unto us in recompense of our services under the Parliament and
Commonwealth of England in our service heare in Ireland, together with
our severnll debentures with the sums therein mentioned to be due unto
us, and to be satisfied out of the forfeited lands of delinquents by the Com
missioners appointed for stating accornpts, To HAVE AND To HOLD to the
said Arnold Thomas, his heirs, and assigns, to be held of the chief lords
of the fee by services thereupon due and of right accustomed for ever.
And wee have constituted and in our places severally put our well beloved
friend, Richard Woods, late Marshall to the said Colouell Richard Axtell's
regiment, our true and lawfull atturney, to enter and take possession for
us and in our names of all such parcells of land wherever they shall fall,
happen, or be assigned by lott or otherwise, within the dominion of Ire
land ; and after such possession so taken, them and everie of them for us
and in our names peaceable possession thereof to the aforesaid Arnold
Thomas to deliver, according to the tenor of these presents. In witness
whereof, wee have hereunto put our hands and seals, this 26th day of
June, 1656." Copied from the original, in the possession of Joseph Ha'nly
Esq., 25 Lower Gardiner Street.
The deed is above a yard in length, though little more than six inches
in width ; and the thirty-six seals, being attached by parchment labels,
give it something of the appearance of a fringed window vallance. Threa
only of the soldiers sign their names; all the rest, as well as the attesting
witnesses, are marksmen.
* Dated 28th July, 1653. A-84, p. 354.
138 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
such cases small sums were ordered to be paid to enable them
to return to their children, the advance to be indorsed on the
debenture, so that it might be defalked thereout when lands
should be given in satisfaction of the debenture.* At last de
bentures were freely and openly sold ;f and there were regular
debenture brokers, and a market rate, and prohibitions (of
course eluded) against buying under eight shillings in the
pound. And Dr. Petty prides himself upon always buying
from the regular debenture brokers, and never at first hand
from the necessitous soldier (though trepanners were sent to
entrap him into purchasing) ; while officers were notoriously
guilty of buying of their own poor soldiers remaining under
their command, " whom we may well conceive frightable into
* " Upon consideration had of the low and necessitous condition of
Dorothy Arthur, widow, ordered that Mr. Standish, Receiver-General, do
out of the first publique moneys, etc., pay unto the said Dorothy Arthur
£4 Os. Od., ye same to be on accompt of ye moneys due upon ye said Wid-
dow Arthur's debenter, and to be endorsed on ye same, that it may be
defalked thereout when lands shall be given in satisfaction thereof. lO^A
January, 1654.
" CHAS. FLEETWOOD, MILES CORBET, MATTH. THOMLINSON."
Order Book of Council, p. 209. Late Auditor-General's Records,
Custom House Buildings, vol. x.
To Jane Weare, widow of Lieutenant Arthur Weare, "who has a de
benter for £190, the arrears of her husband accrued before 1648, and has
been at great cost coming to Dublin in hopes of possession of her lands, to
enable her to return to her children, to be defalked out of her debentur
£rt 13s. id., Oct. 29, 1654." Ib., p. 41.
"Upon reading the peticon of Elice Morton, and consideracon had
thereupon, and of her present necessitous condicon by reason of her hus
band's death, who was in ye Parliament's service, and slaine by ye Toryes,
leaving her a greate charge of small children behinde, as also by reason of
her long attendance att this place about taking out her husband's de-
benters whereby she hath suffered much poverty and want;" ordered
Twenty Shillings. January 8, 1654-5.
" CHARLES FLEETWOOD, MILES CORBET, ROBERT GOODWIN."
Ibid., p. 208.
" Upon consideration had of the petition of Jane Platt, widdow, it ap
pearing that her husband, Ensign George Platt, deed., was about two years
since slaine in the Commonwealth's service, leaving the petitioner in a
poor distressed and helpless condition, with three small children depend
ing on her for maintenance ; it is ordered that J. Standish, Esq., do, etc.,
pay unto Mr. T. Edwards, in trust for the said Jane Platt, the sum of £32,
tiie same to Ue in full satisfaction of her debenture, which is to be deliver
ed up to be cancelled. Dublin, June 11, 1655." Ibid., p. 92.
t "Anno 1653, debentures were freely and openly sold for 4*. and 5*.
per pound." Petty's " Political Anatomy of Ireland," p. 26.
OF IRELAND. 139
any bargain, by what aweings or other means may be left to
consideration."*
In this manner a considerable part of the debentures were
sold before the assignments of lands ; and when the disband
ing and assignment of lands took place, the common soldiers
who had not parted with their debentures, refused in many
instances to plant.
On the 1st of September, 1655, was to take place the first
and largest of the three great disbandings of the army, and
the assignment of lands to them for their arrears of pay,f the
two years which had elapsed since the passing of the act of
27th September, 1653, for their satisfaction in land, having
been consumed by surveys, and the contest of the officers with
the government as to the quantity of land applicable to their
immediate payment. The different regiments of the army,
which had been for three years garrisoning towns or posts of
strength, tilling fields in the neighbourhood of their garrisons
as part of their payj were now to march under command of
their officers to the different counties in which each regiment
was to be satisfied its arrears, there to cast lots, to determine
in what baronies the several troops and companies should sit
down.
In 1649 the English army were mutinous at being ordered
on service into Ireland, denying the right of the government
to send them out of England ; § and in 1653 the common
* Petty's " Reflections upon some Persons and Things in Ireland," etc.,
pp. 34-86. 12tno., London : 1660.
t Petty's " History of the Down Survey." by Major T. A. Larcom,
p. 174.
% " Petition of the officers within the precincts of Dublin, Catherloneh,
Wexford, and Kilkenny on behalf of themselves and other faithful English
Protestants, Feb., 1654-5." P. 62, supra, and p. 16.
§ It was in April, 1649, that four regiments of horse, and four of foot,
out of fourteen regiments of the army of England, were ordered by the
Parliament for service in Ireland. The officers, knowing the temper of the
men, called a council of the army ; and the council, after a solemn seeking
of God by prayer, casts lots which regiments of the old army should go.
Fourteen paper lots were prepared, ten of the papers being blank, and four
of them with "Ireland" written on them; and all being put into a hat,
and shuffled together, they were drawn out by a child, who gave to an
officer of each regiment in the lot the lot of that regiment ; and being drawn
in this inoffensive way, it was pretended that no regiment could take ex
ception to it.* The army, however, was mutinous ; and it required the
presence of old Colonel Skippen, then in the House of Commons, and
• " Whitelock's Memorials," p. 397, b.
140 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
soldiers do not seem to have been too well satisfied with the
plan, originating with the officers, that the arrears of the army
should be satisfied in Irish lands. The state in Ireland were fully
aware of the temper of the common men ; and the anxiety of
the Lord Deputy is evident in the tone of his circular letter,
addressed to each commanding officer of the several troops
and companies to be disbanded on the 1st September, 1655 : —
" Dublin Castle, 20 Aug., 1655.
" SIR, — In pursuance of his Highness's command, the coun
cil here with myself and chief officers of the army having con
cluded about disbanding part of the army in order to lessening
the present charge, it is fit that your troope be one. And ac
cordingly I desire you would march such as are willing to
plant of them, into the barony of Shelmaliere in the county
of Wexford, at or before the 1st day of September, where
you shall be put into possession of your lands for your arrears,
according to the rates agreed on by the committee and agents.
As also you shall have upon the place wherein you are so much
money as shall answer the present three months arrear due to
you and your men, but to continue no longer the pay of the
army than upon the muster of this August. The sooner you
march your men the better; thereby you will be enabled to
make provision for the winter." After some sweetening hints
that they will be perhaps paid hereafter as a militia, he con
cludes : —
" And great is your mercy, that after all your hardships
and difficulties you may sit down, and, if the Lord give his
blessing, may reape some fruits of your past services. Do not
think it a blemish or underrating of your past services that
you are now disbanded ; but look upon it as of the Lord's
appointing, and with cheerfulness submit thereunto ; and the
blessing of the Lord be upon you all, and keep you in His
fear, and give you hearts to observe your past experience of
signal appearances. And that this fear may be seen in your
hearts, and that you may be kept from the sins and pollutions
many other influences, to appease it. Once embarked, however, others
easily followed, and Cromwell's successes brought numbers to his stand
ards. In December, 1649, " we hear by letters from York of a rendez-vous
of Colonel Lilburn's party that are marching1 for Ireland, about a hundred,
old blades, stout men, and well horsed, ready for the service."*
• Ib., p. 434.
OF IRELAND. 141
which God hath so eminently witnessed against in those whose
possessions you are to take up, is the desire of him who is
" Your very affectionate friend to love and serve you,*
"CHARLES FLEETWOOD."
The newswriters for the state, who always represent the dis
position of people actually to be what the government wishes
it should be, described the soldiers as quite content with being
disbanded : —
"Dublin, September 5th, 1655.
" I have little to add to my last besides the enclosed. My
Lord Deputy f takes shipping for England to-morrow, and the
officers and souldiers are all marcht (that were disbanded) to
their lots in the counties of Wexford, Lymerick, Eastmeatb,
Westmeatb, etc. They are generally fully content; I never
saw a business of the kiud go on with less repining, so great
have our blessings been under the government of him who is
departing from us. Our loss will be .your gain ; it will be
your mercy to make better use of such a mercy as he is than
we have done. We doubt not but God will furnish him that
shall succeed, viz., the Lord Henry Cromwell, with a spirit fit
to his work, which in this nation is much, and requires much
of the Lord's assistance, as he hath found to his comfort that
is now leaving us. The several Commissioners for setting out
land to the disbanded officers and souldiers are hasted out of
town, that the souldiers may be speedily settled, and com
fortably lie down on their portions, which is so much the
more to be accepted, in that they are not at the will of their
cruel enemies to seek their bread at their hands ; but having
by the blessing of God obtained their peace, they may sit
down in the enjoyment of their enemies fields and houses
which they planted not, nor built not ; they have no reason to
repent their services, considering how great an issue God hath
given."J
The Commissioners, however, gave a different account
from the spot. They informed the government that divers offi
cers and soldiers of the regiments and companies of foot ap-
* " Mercurius Politicus," p. 5582.
t Fleetwood, who had married Bridget, Oliver's eldest daughter, widow
of Major-General Ireton.
J P. 5620, " Mercurius Politicus."
142 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
pointed to be disbanded, when they appeared before them,
would not sit down upon their lands, notwithstanding the en
couragement offered by a new suit of clothes,* and one month's
half-pay ;f and notwithstanding the government promised to
consider of their demand that a sufficient number of Irish la
bourers, husbandmen, and servants might be allowed to stay
amongst them until they should be better enabled to plant
without them.];
It was the officers only, in point of fact, that promoted the
design of taking land for their arrears; and some even of them
seem to have shared the discontent of the common men, as
Lieutenant-Colonel Scott was arrested for agitating the dis
banded companies sitting down in the county of Wexford, in
September, 1655, by treasonable words against his Highness,
tending to mutiny and distemper.§ In Ireland the common men
found no beer, no cheese ; they had no ploughs nor horses, nor
money to buy them. The Irish were for the most part trans
planted, or had betaken themselves to the woods and moun
tains as Tories.
"Upon consideration had of the petition of John Fforsett for self and
other disbanded soldiers, praying satisfaction of cloth allowed to others
disbanded at the same time, which thay have not yet received ; ordered
that it be referred to the Auditor-General of His Highness's Court of
Exchequer to examine the truth of what is suggested in the within peti
tion: and if they find the same to be true, and within the rule, to prepare
orders for the same, as formerly for others in like cases.
" THOMAS HERBERT, Clerk of the Council."
t "At the Castle of Kilkenny, this 2lst September, .1655.
" The Lord Deputy and Council to the Commissioners appointed to set out
Lands to the Disbanded in the County of Cork.
"GENTLEMEN, — We hope that before this time you have proceeded in
the setting out of lands to the disbanded officers and souldiers according
to your instructions. And whereas upon the petition of several of the said
disbanded, with the advice of the cheif officers and soldiers, one month's
half pay was ordered for their subsistence till they should be actually
settled in possession of lands for their arrears ; and having had considera
tion how the said half pay should be regularly issued to the disbanded ;
it is thought fit and ordered that you do forthwith send to the Auditor-
General of the Army a particular and distinct list of the non-commissioned
officers and souldiers to whom you have set out lands, taking care that none
be in the lists but such as were lately actually disbanded, and included in
the muster of August last, because the benefits of the said half pay is only
to extend to such, and is to issue on your certificate aforesaid.
" THOMAS HERBERT, Clerk of the Council."
A-80, p. 94.
" The like letter, verbatim, was sent to Waterford, Wexford, Kilkenny,
East and West Meath, Limerick, and Kerry." Ibid.
I A-5, p. 245. § Ibid., p. 243.
OF IRELAND. 143
But beyond all other wants was felt that imperious want, the
want of women. They were forbidden under heavy penalties
to take Irish girls for wives. For any amours with them during
their service in the army they were severely flogged ;* and as
" June 15, 1655.
* » By the Court Marshall.
" Whereas, by a court marsliall this day held at Whitehall, Hugh
Powell, souldier in Captain Lieutenant Hoare's Company, of Collonel
Huson's regiment, was convicted and found guilty of fornication, within
the third article of warre, and for the same was adjudged to be whipped
on the bare back with a whipcord lash, and have forty stripes while he is
led through the four companies of the Irish forces before Whitehall, at the
time of the parade on Munday next, and twenty stripes more after that at
Putney, while hee is led through those of the Irish party that quarter there,
near the Widow Nashe's house there; You are hereby required to cause
the said sentence of the court marshall to bee put in execution with effect;
and the chief officers present with the said Irish company s at the time of
the parade at Whitehall, on the said Munday, as also the chief officers
§ resent with those of the Irish party quartering at Putney, are hereby
esired to draw the said companies into two single files, to the end the said
Hugh Powell may bee led through and receive his punishment accord-
Signed in the name and by the order of the said Court,
u THOS. MARQETS, Advocate.
" To the Marshall General of the Army, or his Deputies."
P. 4795, " Mercurius Politicus."
" Dublin Castle, 17 March, 1653-4.
"Upon the information of Colonel Solomon Richards, that Captain
William Williamson is now prisoner in Dublin upon suspicion of commit
ting fornication with a woman in the County of Tipperary, during the time
of his service there ; and that the said Colonel has entered into a recogni
zance to prosecute the said Captain for the misdemeanour and offence
aforesaid ; and forsomuch as the said offence is alleged to have been
committed within the precinct of Clonmel as aforesaid ; it is ordered that
the said Captain Williamson be sent forthwith in safe custody from Dublin
to Clonmel, there to be secured by the said Colonel Richards, and the rest
of the Commissioners for administration of justice there in order to hia
tryal ; and that the recognizances be delivered to the said Colonel Richards
to be cancelled : whereof all whom it may concern are to take notice.
" CHARLES FLEETWOOD, MILES CORBET, JOHN JONES."
A-85, p. 187.
July 16, 1655: William Sword, a foot soldier in Lieutenant-Colonel
Venable's own company, belonging to Ireland, for like offence was adjudg
ed " to be whippt at the limbers of a piece of ordnance in Windsor, from
the Castle gate to the Churchyard gate, in the High Street, and back again,
with a whipcord lash." " Mercurius Politicus," p. 4797.
But what were these to the punishment of high treason denounced by
the Statute of Kilkenny (40 Ed. III., sec. 2, A. p. 1367) against any English
man who should make alliance with an Irishwoman by marriage, con
cubinage, or amour ? '• The court doth award that thou shalt be had from
hence to the place from whence thou diddest come, and so drawne upon
an hurdle [or sledge] to the place of execution ; and there to be hanged,
and let down alive, and thy privie parts cut off, and thy entrala taken out
144 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
the soldiers always pretended that the Irish girls they married
were converts to English religion, Ireton forbade all inter
marriages, unless the girls first passed an examination into the
real state of their hearts before a board of military saints,
under penalty, if the soldiers marrying were dragoons, of being
reduced to foot soldiers — if foot soldiers, to pioneers — without
hope in either case of promotion.* After being disbanded, if
and burned in thy sight ; then thy head to be cut offe, and thy body
devided in foure parts, and to be disposed of at Her Majestic' s pleasure."
(Sentence on William Parry, LL.D., at Westminster, 25th February,
1584-5, for High Treason. " State Trials," vol. i., p. 128.) See similar
sentences upon fifteen regicides on 16th October, 1660 (ibid., vol. ii., p.
401). Nor was the disembowelling alive a mere form of words. " When
the executioner began his tremendous office on Babington, one of the
Gunpowder Treason conspirators, the spirit of this haughty and heroic
man cried out amidst the agony, ' Parce mllii Domine Jesa!"1 Spare me,
Lord Jesus" (D'lsraeli's "Curiosities of Literature," vol. iii., p. 102).
At the execution of Mr. Green, in 1(342, a lady knelt and held the poor
gentleman's head fast beneath her hands ; and while the executioner rip
ped up his belly, and laid the flaps on both sides, the poor sufferer was so
present to himself that he made the sign of the cross with one hand.
Meanwhile his face sweated, blood issued from his mouth, ears, and eyes;
and his forehead burned with so much heat, that she could scarce endure
her hand upon it (note, ibid.).
And the Irish are to be called barbarous for not having had punish
ments like those of the " just and honorable law of England ! " (Sir J.
Davies' " Discoverie," p. 665). By which law also women in England
were to be stripped and flogged in public by men, till the year 1817, and
privately in prison till 1820.
* " By the Deputy Generall of Ireland.
" Whereas divers officers and souldiers of the army doe daily intermarry
with the women of this nation who are Papists, or who onely for some cor
rupt or carnall ends (as it is to be feared) pretend to bee otherwise, and
who, while remaining in, or not being really brought off from those false
ways in which they have or doe walk, are declared by the Lord to be a
people of his wrath. And though a reall change in the blinde deluded
people of this nation were to be wished and ought to be endeavoured by all
good people (it being the joy and delight of any that God hath brought
home to himselfe to see the like worke upon others hearts also, which
frame of spirit I trust all Christians in this army have towardes that
people); yet that none be left to their own misguided judgments in things
where usually blinded affection makes them take any pretence for a reall
worke of God on the heart, I think fitt to let all know that if any officer
or souldier of this army shall marry with any women of this nation that
are Papists, or have lately been such, and whose change of religion is not,
or cannot be judged (by fitt persons, such as shall be appointed for that
end) to flow from a reall worke of God upon their hearts, convincing them
of the falsehood of their owne ways, and goodness and truth of that way
they turn to, or that of any circumstance accompanying that action it
shall be judged to be but from carnall ends that they have made this
change, 1 say that any officer who marries any such shall hereby be held
uiicapabie of command or trust in this army, and for any soldier, eto. [as
OF IRELAND. 145
they married any of these attractive but " idolatrous" daughters
of Erin, they were liable to have them taken from them, or
to march after them to Connaught if they could not do without
them.
COMMON SOLDIERS CHEATED OP THEIR LOTS OF LAND
BY THEIR OFFICERS.
But even if the soldier had not sold his debenture to his
officer, and was willing to plant, he was sometimes cheated by
him of his lot, For on coming down to look for possession,
the poor soldier would be shown a bog or other piece of coarse
land, and the officer would tell him that was the lot set out to
him, and by that means bought the good land which really
was the poor man's at the price of the bog.* In such cases
one can easily conceive how the man might be willing to take
a horse in exchange, and a -few shillings in his pocket to ride
home with ; and that thus the traditions, so common in Ireland,
like that of the White Horse of the Peppers, that the price of
such and such an estate was a white horse, have their founda
tions in fact. A barrel of beer is said to have been the considera
tion paid to the soldiers of his troop by Captain Basse tt, for
their lands, which formed part of those set out to the Lord
Deputy Fleetwood's own troop, described in the map now
exhibited-! Thus the scheme of an extensive plantation of
above], unlease God doe by a change wrought upon them with whom
they have married take off this reproach. Given at, Waterford, 1st May,
1651.
" IRETON."
"Severall Proceedings in Parliament from 17th to 24th July, 1651,"
p. 1458.
* " Reflections upon some Persons and Things in Ireland, by Letters to
and from Dr. Petty, with Sir Hierome Sankey's Speech in Parliament,"
p. 114. 12mo. London: 1660.
t The map, copied from one in possession of Major Waring, of Warings-
town, is entitled u Part of the Barony of Lower Evagh, in the County of
Down, and Purt of Toome Barony, in the County of Antrim ; fallen by
Lott to Captain Bassett's [ ]." The map is a transcript of the
Down Survey; but it gives particulars not found in that Survey, inas
much as there are in the several parishes of Magheralin, Donaghcloney,
and Tullylish, in the county of Down, the following entries on the map: —
"Part of ye parish set .forth to ye Lord Deputy Fleetwood, his own
Troope." It is evidently one of those maps which Dr. Petty was bound
by the ninth article of his contract to furnish to every officer and soldier,
to demonstrate his several proportion ; provided that no map be required
of any proportion less than one thousand acres. Petty's " Down Survey,"
by Major T. A. Larcoin, p. 26.
7
]46 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
English yeomanry in Ireland, ready at all times to furnish a
stout military population to recruit the forces in England, or to
turn out in arms to defend their own interest against the Irish
or any foreign force coming to their aid, so often attempted
before in the course of the century, again failed. The former
schemes, however, were better contrived, being plans for regu
lar colonization ; but the Cromwellian design was wild in the
extreme, for of all bodies an army is the worst to colonize
•with. What chance would there be of a colony, if at this day
a regiment of cavalry or infantry were marched into the wilds
of Ireland and there disbanded, and told to plant?*
* Harington, author of " Oceana," is said to have by his writings in
fluenced Cromwell to this step. " That empire follows the balance of
property in land, whether lodged in one, in a few, or in many hands, he
was the first that ever made out. Some despised his discovery, alledging
it was plain to every man's capacity : as if his highest merit did not con
sist in making it so. But a third sort sought to rob him of the glory of this
invention ; for, our author having lent one of them a part of his papers,
he published a small piece to the same purpose, entitled, 'A Letter from
an Officer of the Army in Ireland,' etc. Major Wildman was reputed the
author by some, and Henry Nevill by others." " Oceana, and other Works
of James Harington, Esq.," by J. Toland. Folio, p. xviii. Third Edition.
London: 1747.
" We have a memorable instance of foresight in Harington, who, born
nearly two centuries before 1789, foretold the French Revolution. His
words are: — 'Look you to it; where there is tumbling and tossing upon
the bed of sickness, it must end in death or recovery. Though the people
of the world, in the dregs of the Gothic Etnpire, "be yet tumbling upon
the bed of sickness, they cannot die ; nor is there any recovery for them
but by Ancient Prudence,* whence of necessity it must come to pass that
this drug be better known. If France, Italy, and Spain, were not all sick,
all corrupted together, there would be none of them so: for the sick would
not be able to withstand the sound, nor the sound to preserve their health
without curing of the sick. The first of these nations (which if you stay
her leisure in my mind will be France) that recovers the health of Ancient
Prudence shall certainly govern the world. For what did Italy when she
had it? And as you were under her sway, so shall you in like case be re
duced to a province. I do not speak at random. Italy in the consulship
of Lucius Emilius Papus, and Caius Attilius Regulus, armed upon the
Gallic tumult that then happened, of herself, and without the aid of foreign
auxiliaries, 70,000 horse, and 700,000 foot. But as Italy is the least of
those countries in extent, so is France now the most populous." P. 353,
vol. iii.
» " Haringtou in all his works employs the words Ancient Prudence to express the de
struction of the Gothic feudal law of primogeniture, and the replacing of it by the ancient
prudence of equality. What he says of Great Hritain being a province of France if she doesj
not adopt the Ancient Prudence, is a powerful reason for her to destroy the feudal law of
primogeniture, and to cease to weaken herself by persisting to keep her distant possessions.
Note by General Arthur C. O'Connor.
" Monopoly the Cause of all Evil," by Arthur Condorcet O'Connor. 3 volumes, imperia.
8vo. Firmiu Didot. Paris and London : 1848.
OF IRELAND. 147
ATTEMPTS OF THE OFFICERS TO TAKE UNFAIR AD
VANTAGES OF ONE ANOTHER IN THE SETTING OUT OF
LANDS.
The opportunity for the officers to obtain unfair advantages
seems to have been principally in the setting out of the lands.
The surveyors either left out lands from the lot, — sometimes in
favour of an influential officer, not of the troop or company, who
had got possession of land under a lease in custodium from the
state, and who hoped by holding longer possession to get a
frant of it in fee — or, if an officer got a lot he did not relish,
e endeavoured to throw out the coarse land, and encroach at
the expense of his neighbours.
Colonel Le Hunte was captain of Cromwell's life or body
guard of horse, a most influential person. He was in possession
by lease from the state of some of the rich lands in the suburbs
of New Ross, at the time when Major Samuel Shepherd's com
pany was to be set down with the disbanded party in the coun
ty of Wexford, the lot of the Major's company falling near the
town and liberties of Ross.
The lots ought in due course to be set out without interval ;
but the surveyors left out 1500 acres of this fine land, pretend
ing partly that it was on lease to Colonel Le Hunte, and partly
that some of it was burgess land belonging to the town. Major
Shepherd had influence enough to get Colonel Le Hunte's
lease suspended ; and by an inquisition from the Exchequer got
it found that the land was not corporation land, but forfeited
land, and he recovered it for his company.*
Colonel Warden having obtained an order of the Council
Board to be satisfied his arrears in the barony of Gowran, in
the county of Kilkenny, the lands of Jackstovvn, Kilbeg, and
Kilmarry were assigned to him by the Commissioners for set
ting out lands ; but by leaving out all the coarse lands m his
lot, he encroached into Columkill, and made up his pretended
want out of the best part of Columkill, in the lot of Quarter
master Hugh Farr.f
Similar to this was one of the charges against Dr. Petty,
that he reserved or withheld out of the strings of lands, when
handing them to the Commissioners to be set out to different
regiments, several choice places, under pretence that they were
* A-12, p. 75. f Ibid., p. 71.
148 THE CIIOM'-VKLLIAN SETTLEMENT
encumbered or doubtful, for the benefit either of himself or
friends. Sir Jerome Sankey imputed to him some underhand
dealing in this way with the Liberties of Limerick. The Lib
erties of Limerick would appear to have been considered the
very choicest lands for disposal among the army, and to have
been reserved for the gentlemen of the life guard, and officers
of the train, evidently two of the most influential corps in the
army. Captain Winkworth, having obtained an order for this
coveted district, presented it to Dr. Petty, who simply told him
that the lands were reserved, and that he could not have his
debenture satisfied. Out of this incident, Sir Jerome Sankey
founded the charge in Parliament, of which Sir W. Petty gives
a graphic sketch, that well illustrates the picture of these con
querors quarrelling among themselves over their prey. After
a whole string of other charges, " Why then, Mr. Speaker
(said Sir Jerome), there's Captain Winkworth : Captain Wink-
worth came with an order for the Liberties of Limerick ; but
the Doctor said, 'Captain, will you sell ? will you sell ? ' ' No,'
said the Captain, 'it is the price of my blood.' Then said the
Doctor, ' ' Tis bravely said : why then, my noble Captain, the
Liberties of Limerick are meat for your master,' meaning the
Lord Deputy ;" * Sankey's cause of quarrel with Dr. Petty
being that he stopped Sankey's unrighteous order for rejecting
three thousand acres fallen to him by lot, and enabling him
arbitrarily to elect the same quantity in its stead,f thus reject
ing at his pleasure what God had predetermined for his lot J
OF THE DISTRIBUTION BY THE ADVENTURERS OF THEIR
ALLOTMENTS.
Matters are usually badly managed from a distance ; and as
the Committee of Adventurers directed their affairs in Ireland
from Grocers' Hall in London, the business could scarce fail to
become entangled.
Their mode of proceeding was to quarter and sub quarter
baronies (without regard to the quantity of forfeited land in
each barony), sometimes by a north and south line crossed by
an east and west line, sometimes by parallel lines running east
and west, or north and south, sometimes by diagonal lines, the
* Petty's " Down Survey,'' by Larcom, p. 299.
t Petty'h " Inflections on some Persons and Things in Ireland," etc.,
p. -69. ' J Ibid., p. 85.
OP IRELAND. 149
rule being (in order to preserve denominations entire) that on
whatever side of the quartering line the greatest part of a
denomination fell, the whole was to be reputed to lie entirely
on that side ; which rule was also applicable to sub quarter-
ings.* But, instead of first reducing the townlands into one
continued file or string of contiguity of " neat " lands, setting
aside for a time enciimbered or " dubiose " lands, that so it
might be known with certainty from the first to the last dis
posable denomination in what order of priority each should be
disposed of, the managers in London gave assignments on the
different quarters and subquarters without proper oversight.f
* Petty's " Down Survey, by Larcom," p. 238.
t ADVENTURER'S CERTIFICATE.
" To ALL TO WHOM THESE PKKSENTS SHALL COME, GREETING, — Whereas,
by an ordinance made by His Highness the Lord Protector by iind with the
advice and consent of his Con noil, bearing date the 6th August, 1654,
entitled an Ordinance appointing a Committee of Adventurers for Lands
in Ireland, for determining differences among the said Adventurers, Wee,
Sir Thomas Dacres, Sir John Clotworthy, Alderman Thomas Andrews,
Alderman John Fowke, Alderman Samuel Avery, Thomas Ayera, John
Blackett, Senior, William Webb, William Hawking, Charles Lloyd, George
Almery, Thomas Barnardiston, John Greensmith, Lawrence Bromeswold,
Thomas Brightwell, Deputie Hutchinson [with many others], or anie
eleven or more of us, are authorised to settle a method for determining by
lott how many and which of the adventurers proportions falling within
one and the same particular barony wherein the escheated lands slu.ll fall
short of the allotment shall be continued and laid out in such barony, or
how much thereof; and which of the said adventurers shall take his pro
portion or how much thereof elsewhere, according to the Act of Parlia
ment made on that behalf. And also to settle a method by lott for ascer
taining the subdivisions of adventurers proportions that shall continue in
all and everie the severall baronies according to the respective allotments.
Now WEE DO HKREBY CERTIFY that the barcriy of Eliogarty, in the county
of Tipperary, in the province of Munster in Ireland, being equally and in
differently divided into four quarters, that is to say, North East, No. 1 ;
South East, No. 2; South West, No. 3; and North West, No. 4; Ellen
Milborne, wife of John Milborne, of the parish of St. Clement Danes, in
the county Middlesex, Bitt Maker, upon a lott made according to the
method by us sett down, by virtue of the said ordinance, and duly drawne
in her behalfe, is to have to her and her heirs and assigns for ever two
hundred and twenty-two acres, three roods, and thirty perches of meadow,
arrable land, and profitable pasture, Irish measure, which amounts to 359
acres. 3 roods, 31 perches, English measure ; and all the woods, boggs,
loughs, waters, fishings, and barren mountains, cast in over and above,
together with the houses and edifices thereon, and in her said lott con
tained in the North West quarter, No. 4, of the same baronie, if the samo
be there to be had, the numbers one, two, and three, being first satisfied,
beginning her said measure for the same with the rest of the adventurers
for the said quarter of such forfeited and profitable lands as aforesaid,
where No. 3 shall end, in what part of the said four quarters soever of the
said baronie the same shall happen to be ; and soe measuring from thence-
150 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
Not knowing accurately what quantities of forfeited land were
in each quarter and subquarter, they overloaded some, which
thereby became deficient to answer the claims. Some baronies,
for like want of information (or perhaps misdealing) were re
dundant. In some, lands set down as forfeited were found to
be not forfeited, or were restored to delinquent Protestants.
The consequences were painful : some^had too much ; others,
too little, or none at all. Some were found to have satisfac
tions consisting of several townlands in length from one ex
tremity to another, more than three times the breadth. Others
had townlands not contiguous.* They had, in fact, skipped
over coarse townlands, instead of proceeding regularly in the
line of progression. Others had taken bites as it were out of
several townlands, whereas, in making satisfaction, more than
two denominations should never be cut ;f for as the next pre
ceding satisfaction might not exactly have exhausted the last
denomination, the following satisfaction might of course have
to begin with a broken one, and for the same reason end with
one ; so much cutting might be necessary, but not more.
The deficient adventurers looked to the county of Louth, al
lotted by the act for a supply in case of deficiency of the ten
half counties, and even threatened to come upon the four re
served counties, the government reserve ; while the army,
which had only received lands to the amount of twelve shil
lings and three pence per pound of their arrears and were eager
for more, were also looking for Louth, and insisted that, if
Dr. Petty were employed to overhaul the adventurers' pro
ceedings, they would be found to have had lands sufficient.
Petty was accordingly, with the assent of the adventurers, di
rected to arrange the whole ; and some light is thrown on the
mode of distributing the lands to the army by his proceedings
forward until she and they shall have her and their full proportion of
lands lying most contiguously together in that quarter of the same haronie
if the same be there to be had; and in case of deficiency of forfeited and
profitable lands for satisfaction of the said Ellen Mil borne and the rest of
the adventurers in the said quarter in the residue of the said barony, the
Nos. 1, 2, and 3, being first satisfied, then she and they are to have satis
faction for the same, or so much thereof as shall be so wanting elsewhere:
in witness whereof, wee have hereunto sett our hands and seals, this 20th
day of March, H>54."
Attached are eleven seals. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Joseph
Hanly for the use of this instrument.
*Petty's " Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 241.
t Ibid., ib.
OF IRELAND. 151
in this business. He formed two parallel lists of deficient and
redundant baronies, the first deficient barony to be repaired
out of the first redundant, and so downward, till all were satis
fied, and at the end it would be found if Louth were free for
the army.
The several denominations in each barony were to be made
into one continued file or string of contiguity, and so be set
out, and these strings to be arranged by three several artists,
from whom the priority of the lots of the adventurers were care
fully withheld ; and, when made, one of the strings was to be
chosen by lot, as the only rule in the matter of succession, —
provisions to prevent any charges of partiality..
And these same artists were to determine by what line every
townland should be cut in cases where there might be occasion
for cutting, for making up a just number of acres answering to
each lot or debt* — a very necessary provision for Dr. Petty's
safety ; for he had found in the case of the soldiers, that when
the surveyor did not lay the house and orchard on the right
side of the line, the party disappointed was sure to say Dr.
Petty employed incompetent surveyors.
The priority of the certificates or order of succession in which
they should be satisfied, like as the succession of the deben
tures, was also fixed beforehand — in spite of which, in the sol
diers' case, if they fell upon coarse land, better land being be
hind, it was said Dr. Petty had overcharged the lot, and stuffed
in his own friends :f if better lands were before, then deben
tures were not equally and impartially
THE REPLANTING OF IRELAND.
IRELAND being now divided between the adventurers, the
English army, and the government, who may all be considered
as new purchasers of their several portions, the great opportu
nity so long looked for had arrived for improving the country,
and rendering it as fruitful, prosperous, and flourishing, as the
mother country of England.
* Petty's " Down Survey " by Larcom, where, in chapter xvi., pp. 227-
256, these proceedings are set forth.
t Petty's " Reflections on some Persons and Things in Ireland," p. 113.
Jlbid., ib., p. 115.
152 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
The original design of the Parliament was to leave untrans-
planted of the Irish, besides boys and girls entertained as
servants in English families, only a few who had never been in
arms, to serve as husbandmen and herdsmen to the English,
and thus to impose upon the new planters the necessity to
bring tenants from England. However, having regard to the
difficulty of this perfect and absolute English plantation, the
Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland resolved to divide
Ireland into three districts or divisions, — one of them to be a
pure Irish plantation ; another, a pure English plantation, to
consist wholly of English (not excluding, however, Dutch,
Swiss, and Germans, or other foreigners, provided they were
opposed to the Irish) ; the third, a mixed plantation of Eng
lish landlords and masters, with a permission to take Irish
tenants and servants, but only such as were without the rule
of transplantation.*
Connaught, as bounded by the River Shannon, including
the county of Clare, had been already appointed by Parliament
for the habitation of the Irish nation. The reason of this se
lection was, its peculiar suitableness for the purpose of im
prisonment. It is, in fact, an island surrounded (all but ten
miles) by the Shannon and the sea, and the whole river easily
made into one line with the sea by the erection of three or
four forts between Jamestown, at the head waters of the Shan
non, and Sligo, the northern port of Connaught. On the
eastern side of the kingdom was to be found, it was observed,
a similar scope of land rendered nearly an island by theBoyne,
the Barrow, and the sea. These two rivers, rising within four
or five miles of one another in the Bog of Allen, and flowing
respectively north and south, make their issue to the sea, —
the one at Drogheda, and the other at Waterford, — the dis
tance between the head waters being, at the period of the
Commonwealth settlement of Ireland, an impassable bog, or
continued fastness, and no passage but through such passes as
could be easily secured ; and the two rivers in winter over
flowed, and in summer the few fords upon them, readily
spoiled or guarded/)" In Henry VIII. 's day, this pass between
tkiiir head waters was considered the door of the English Pale
* " The Great Interest of England in the well Planting of Ireland with
English People Discussed," p. 21. By Colonel Richard Lawrence,
t Ibid., p. '20.
OF IBELAND. 153
(of which O'Connor, as dwelling next to it, was by the Irish
called their key),* and was closed by building the four castles
of Kinnefad, Castlejordan, Ballinure, and Kishavann.f It
was now proposed that this well-secured district should become
a pure English plantation, or what might more properly per
haps have been called an anti-Irish plantation, to consist alto
gether of English (or foreigners who were Protestants), with
out a single Irish tenant or servant permitted.^ It was only
the revival of a scheme of Richard II.'s day, who made all the
Irish engage to transplant from it, and find new homes for them
selves by plundering their own countrymen west of the River
Barrow.§ It was also among the projects for the new plant
ing of Ireland in Henry VIII.'s day after Thomas Fitzgerald's
rebellion. The Earl of Surrey, when Lord Lieutenant of Ire
land, discussed with Henry VIII. the plan of planting it with
foreigners, as English in sufficient numbers were not then to
be had. He suggested, however, the danger, if Spaniards,
Flemings, Almains, or any other nation save the king's natu
ral subjects were planted there, that they might retain their
allegiance to their foreign sovereign. || Religion had not in
1520 created a difference between the Irish and other nations ;
but now, in 1653, there were foreign nations to be found, who,
agreeing with the English in religion, might always be trusted
to continue enemies of the Irish, and might be invited to form
part of this plantation.^" Being nearest to the succour of Eng-
* " State Papers of Henry VIII. (Ireland)," vol. i., p. 325.
t Ibid., vol. ii., p. 241. '
j " Great Interest of England in the well Planting of Ireland with Eng
lish People Discussed," p. 21.
§ Sir John Davies, " Discovery why Ireland was never thoroughly sub
dued until the Reigu of King James I.," p. 615.
|| " State Papers of Henry VJII. (Ireland)," vol. i., p. 79.
*| " The expectation of this day is the hope of Israel .... I look also
somewhat upon the hopeful appearance of replanting Ireland shortly, not
only by the adventurers, but haply by the calling in of exiled Bohemians
and other Protestants also, and haply by the invitation of some well-
affected out of the Low Countries."
" Ireland's Natural History, written by Gerard Boate, and now pub
lished by Samuel Hartlib, Esq., dedicated to his Excellency Oliver Crom
well, Captain Generall, and to the Right Ilou'ble Charles Fleetwood, Com
mander in Chief (under him) of all the Forces in Ireland." Dedication,
p. 6. 4to. London : 1652.
By the Act of 27th September, 1653, all foreign Protestants were made
as free of Ireland as the natives of England. "Act for Satisfaction of Ad
venturers and Soldiers," p. 366, Petty'* u Down Survey," by Larcoin.
7*
154 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
land, being coasted on the east by the soa, and to be rendered
defensible on the land side by a few forts upon the banks of
the rivers, the plantation might easily secure itself in case of
any rising of the Irish inhabitants of the two other districts.*
The third, or mixed plantation, was to be in the territories ly
ing in the middle of Ireland, between the Irish plantation of
Connanght and the pure English plantation inclosed by the
Barrow and the Boyne. In this mixed plantation no trans-
plantable persons were to be taken as tenants or servants, and
only such Irish as should be in each case specially authorized
by the state. The landlords were to be bound to make them
speak English within a limited time, and their children were
to be taught no Irish ; they were to observe the manners of the
English in their habit and deportment wherein the English ex
ceeded them. Their children were to be brought up under
English Protestant schoolmasters ; they were to attend the
public preaching of Protestant ministers; they were to aban
don their Irish names of Teig, and Dermot, and the like, and
to call themselves by the significance of such names in English ;
and for the future were to name their children with English
names, especially omitting the (O') and (M') ; and, lastly,
should build their houses with chimneys as English in like ca
pacity do, and demean themselves in their lodgings and other
deportments accordingly.!
OF ENGLISH PLANTERS INVITED BACK BY THE GOVERN
MENT FROM AMERICA.
Ireland was now like an empty hive, prepared to receive its
new swarm.]; One of the earliest efforts of the government
towards replanting the parts reserved to themselves was, to
turn towards the lately expatriated English in America. In
the early part of the year 1651, when the country, by their
own description to the Council of State, was a scene of un
paralleled waste and ruin, the Commissioners for Ireland affec
tionately urged Mr. Harrison, then a minister of the Gospel in
New England, to come over to Ireland, which he would find
experimentally was a comfortable seed plot (so they said) for
* "The Great Interest of England in the well Planting of Ireland with
English People," p. 2t>.
t Ibid., p. 39. t Ibid., p. 8.
OF IRELAND. 155
his labours. On his return to New England, it was hoped he
might encourage those whose hearts the Lord should stir up
to look back again towards their native country, to return and
plant in Ireland. There they should have freedom of wor
ship, and the [mundane] advantages of convenient lands, fit
for husbandry, in healthful air, near to maritime towns or se
cure places, with such encouragement from the state as should
demonstrate that it was their chief care to plant Ireland with a
godly seed and generation.* Mr. Harrison was unable to come ;
but some movement appears to have been made towards a
plantation from America, as proposals were received in January,
1655, for the planting of the town of Sligo and lands there
abouts, with families from New England ; and lands on the Mile
line, together with the two little islands called Oyster Island
and Coney Island (containing 200 acres), were leased for one
year, from 10th of April, 1655, for the use of such English
families as should come from New England in America, in
order to their transplantation. f
In 1656, several families, arriving from New England at
Limerick, had the excise of tobacco brought with them for the
use of themselves and families remitted ;J and other families
in May and July of that year, who had come over from New
England to plant, were received as tenants of state lands near
Garristown, in the county of Dublin, about fifteen miles north
of the capital. §
And who knows but the time may yet come for the govern
ment of England to turn to the lately expatriated nation of
Irish which peoples the northern, southern, and western States
of America, and the more distant territories of Australia, and
invite them " to look back again towards their native coun
try," by changing the policy of near seven hundred years,
* " Letter of the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland," dated from
Dnl.lin, September ISth, 1651. A-2.
t A-5, p. 78; p. 125, ib. % A-10, p. 227.
§ " Order on the petition of John Stone to become tenant to the state
for 40 or 50 acres at Garrist»wn, he .being desirous to settle himself with
the families that came over from New England to plant in this country,
5th May. 1656." A-12, p. 9.
"Order to let to John Barker (late come from New England, and now
desirous to plant here) 30 acres of the lands of Garristown, for the term of
one year, paying only contribution for the same, in case they find the said
Barker is willing to inhabit the same, and not to assign it to another.
Council Chamber, Dublin, 8Qth July, 1656." Ibid., p. 187.
156 THE CROAIWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
and framing laws to promote the acquisition of Irish lands, not
by English capitalists, but by the sons of Ireland ?
Were some court to be again erected for the sale of lands
in Ireland, offering as many millions of acres as were set up
for sale by the late Encumbered Estates Court, and were due
security given to the Irish, the Irish would probably be seen
hastening in fleets over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans,
armed with American and Australian gold, to purchase back
the land of their fathers. For there be many who (like Doctor
Petty) had rather live on their ancient patrimonies near home,
enjoy their old tried friends, and breathe their native air, than
to cross oceans and pass to new climates, and have a partner
ship in the rich mines of Potosi.*
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ADVENTURERS IN REPLANTING.
The adventurers, if their presence and activity may be
judged of by their proceedings against the Irish, came over
after their delays, — so much complained of by the Commis
sioners for the Affairs of Ireland — in 1656, and 1659. It is
probable they found great difficulties interposed by the officers
of the army, their rivals as planters, who had been for some
years in possession of the country, and had familiarized them
selves with its ways and inhabitants. And there is reason to
think that many of the Irish proprietors, who had been hitherto
left in possession of their lands in the adventurers' baronies, or
lingered there during the adventurers' delay in coming over,
got countenance from the officers. The latter had some reason
to wish them to stay ; for they bore part of the assessment on
account of their tillage and their cattle, and it fell heavier as
the numbers to share the burden grew fewer. Even the poor
wandering Ulster creaghts became objects to entice into a
neighbourhood on this account ; and in the orders of the Coun
cil for forcing them to give up that barbarous mode of life,
wandering up and down with their families and herds of cattle,
in order to fix them to tillage, inquiries were often directed to
know by whose encouragement they came to the other prov-
inces.f Consequently the officers may not have been very
willing to drive off the Irish proprietors occupying the adven-
* " Reflections on some Persons and Things in Ireland," preface, p. 8;
and ibid., p. 183. 12mo. London : 1660.
t A-10, p. 161.
OP IRELAND. 157
turers' lands in their neighbourhood. Thus William Wallace,
agent for the adventurers entitled to the barony of Duleek, in
the county of Meath, adjoining the town of Drogheda, in April,
1657, complained that there were Popish proprietors still re
maining in the barony, and prayed that they might be trans
planted into Connaught according to the proclamation. It was
referred by the Council to two justices of the peace of the
county of Meath to examine the allegations, and, if true, to
put the declaration into due and speedy execution for remov
ing them into Connaught* The M'Coughlan's Country, formed
in the reign of James I. into the barony of Garrycastle, in the
King's County, was in the neighbourhood of Banagher, the
navel of Ireland. The agent of one of the adventurers, whose
lot had fallen in the barony of Garry castle,f complained to the
Council, that this adventurer, Gregory Clements by name, had
• been kept out of possession for two years by Mrs. Mary Cough-
Ian. J She had delivered the possession toothers, officers prob
ably, who connived at her attempt. She had evidently created
a powerful interest, which she was able still to exert; for even
after this complaint made, instead of being ordered instantly to
transplant, the case was referred for perusal of papers and rec
ords to the Commissioners sitting at Athlone ; and she subse
quently got dispensed for six months, under the suggestion the
* A-12, p. 335.
t The barony of Garrycasth
Leinster [as divided among th
North Quarter, No. 1.
The Lord Wentnnn, ....
Mr. Srtinuel Roles, . . . •
Mr John Roles, .
, in th
e advei
ACRES.
600
1000
450
600
100
100
100
100
3050
ACRES.
3000
50
8050
e King's County, in the province of
iturers, A. D. 1655 : — ]
North Middk, No. 2.
ACRES.
Mr. John Sweetinge, . . . 400
Mr. Humphry Markworth, . 1700
Mr. John Marriott, .... 225
Mr. Hevingham ... - fifio
Mr. Parker,
John Sadler, ... .
Mr. James Cocks, . .
Mr. John Bleukhorne, .
South, No. 4.
Mr Pye . . .
. . 100
50
3075
ACRES.
1000
Benjamin Banister, . . . .
Henry Hanwell, ....
South Middle Quarter, No. 3.
Mr. Gregory Clements, . . .
Mr. Botterill, .....
Mr. Gregory Clements, .
Mrs. Mary Fountaine, .
2000
. . 2210
8210
From Joseph Hanly, Esq., 27 Lower Gardiner Street.
A-12, p. 835.
158 THE CJROAIWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
better to provide a settlement for herself and family in Con-
naught.*
But women are always hard to deal with in cases of
ejectment, and two others gave the adventurers equal trouble
as Mrs. Coughlan — the one Lady Thurles, the other Lady
Dunsany. The Viscountess Thuries was the Earl of Ormond's
mother. The castle and town of Thurles, with 4000 acres ad
jacent, was her dower land. There she had dwelt since the
breaking out of the war of 1641, and had given her powerful
protection to many English who fled to her friendly shelter.
From 1643 to 1646 she had advanced considerable sums to
the relief of the English army — £300 at one time, and £500
at another, and many other sums. When Major Peisley was
forced to yield his neighbouring garrison of Archerstown to
the Irish forces, and he and others of his company were
wounded and much spent out and weakened, she invited him
and his whole company to her house, and entertained them for
many weeks, and sent them to the English garrison of Done-
raile, well cured, and refreshed with supplies of moneys and
provisions. But all this could not save her. She was an Irish
Papist ; for Lord Ormond was the only Protestant of his family,
by the accident of being made a king's ward on his father's
death, and brought up in the family of Doctor Abbott, Arch
bishop of Canterbury ; and, though she had shown much good
affection, she had dwelt in the enemy's quarters. She there
fore fell short of a constant good affection ; and forfeit her
dower lands she must, and by rule transplant to Connaught.f
The barony of Eliogarty had fallen to the adventurers ; and
Mr. John Gunn, their agent, claimed the lands in the posses
sion of the Lady Thurles, " a Popish recusant and transplant-
able," and urged her removal.]; The lands the adventurers
obtained. It was not in the power of the Commissioners to
refuse them ; but Lady Thurles7 personal transplantation was
dispensed with from time to time; and she probably dwelt
with the Countess of Ormond (who continued possessed of
her property, though her husband's the Earl's was confiscated),
* A-12, p. 69.
t " Book of the Proceedings at the Mallow Commission, 18th July,
1656." Record Tower, Dublin Castle.
% A-12, p. 45.
OF IRELAND. 159
till her son returned with increased honours and power at the
Restoration.
Other adventurers, whose lots had fallen in the barony of
Skreen, in the county of Meath, were anxious to plant and
commence the improvement of that neighbourhood. In their
lot lay the castle and lands late the estate of Lord Dunsany.
In 1655 they had sent their agents over to Ireland, and on the
13th July in that year proceeded to the castle of Dunsany,
accompanied by the high constable and sheriff of the county,
bearing the order of the Council, and demanded entrance and
possession of the place for the adventurers. But the Lord of
Dunsany 's lady denied the possession unless she were forcibly
carried thence. There was a pause ; probably the sheriff was
friendly, and advised a delay — a report to the principals, per
haps, in London or Bristol. Next year they came themselves,
Hans Graham and others ; and on the 4th July, 1656, the high
constable with his force was ordered peremptorily to put the
adventurers into the quiet possession of the castle ; and Major
Stanley, justice of the peace, was ordered to keep the peace
there, whilst poor Lady Dunsany should be removed by main
force from her home by the high constable and his men.*
But if rank and title and English blood could not save
high-born ladies from being thrust from their homes by the
adventurers, they were not likely to treat the Irish with much
consideration. John Pitts, of Devonshire, adventurer, cast a
lot in London, which fell to be satisfied in the county of Tip-
perary. Mr. Pitts came over in February, 1656, with his cer
tificates ; and having presented them to the registrars of
forfeited lands, got an order to the being put into possession
of a parcel of land in the barony of Itfa and Offa, in the
neighbourhood of Clonmel. Under this order he made a formal
entry upon his fine rich lands of Tipperary, and then returned
into England for the bringing over his family, for the planting
and setting down upon his lot. On the 12th June, 1656, he
came over in order to the taking up his abode in Tipperary ;
but was kept out of his lot by *' the insolency of that Irish
rebel [so he reported to the Commissioners for Ireland] that
formerly held the lands," who showed some delay in turning
out with his wife and" daughters, to make way for him, Mr.
* A-12, p. 124.
160 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
Pitts and nis establishment, from Devonshire. Mr. Pitts had
recourse to the Council Board ; and Richard Le Hunte, high
sheriff of Tipperary, was thereupon directed to call all parties
before him, and if it should appear that the said rebel, Philip
O'Neale, one of the sons of Hugh O'Neale,* was a proprietor
of that or other parcel of land, that he should take care to
secure the body of the said Philip, for his not transplanting
according to the rule in the Act of Parliament, in order that
such proceedings might be had as should be agreeable to jus
tice, and that the adventurer be put into possession of the
lands according to law.f
That the law in this case meant the will of the strongest,
and the administering of justice meant the enforcing of that
will, was probably the reflection of Philip O'Neale in his prison
hours, and afterwards as he took his way \vith his weeping wife
and daughters to Connaught : his love for English law was
probably not much increased. What protection it afforded to
Mr. Pitts is not recorded ; his safety (if safety he enjoyed)
must have been secured by some other sanction than respect
for the law and constitution of England.
THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE OFFICERS IN REPLANTING.
It might at first be supposed that the officers would prove
harder masters than the adventurers. But the officers had
been in Ireland near six years before the adventurers began
to come over in any numbers to take possession of their lots,
and had by that time contracted ties with the Irish in many
ways. After the surrender of the Irish armies, the gentry, who
had almost all been officers, returned to their former neighbour
hood, pending the final resolutions of the Parliament concerning
their fate, and took to the tillage of their ancient inheritances for
their support. Between the English officers who occupied their
mansions as military posts or under custodiums (i. e. orders for
temporary possession by the state), and the families of the
former owners, many friendships must have been formed. The
late proprietor and the officer had probably been often en-
* It need scarcely he mentioned that this was not the historical Hugh
O'Neil, who warred against Queen Elizabeth. He was simply some pro
prietor of land dwelling near Clonmel, and his sou Philip a rebel like the
Earl of Ormoud and Lord Dunsany.
t A-12, p. 108.
OF IRELAND. 161
gaged in conflict ; but now that the war was over, it would
only the more dispose them to intercourse. Many of the
officers were single men ; they must have invited the family
from the offices to the house, and the officer would scarce
fail to become a conquest to some of his fair captives. Just as
Strongbow and his followers, captivated by Irishwomen, took
wives of the native race, so did the captains and lieutenants
of Cromwell's army intermarry with the Irish, and that too
long before peace had been proclaimed between the armies.
Ireton, Lord Deputy and Commander-in-Chief in 1651, had to
forbid the banns; his officers and soldiers were taking Irish
wives ; he forbade any such marriage to any of them, under
pain of being cashiered.* In 1652, among the first plans for
paying the army their arrears in land, it was suggested there
should be a law that any officers or soldiers marrying Irishwomen
should lose their commands, forfeit their arrears, and be made
incapable to inherit lands in Ireland. f No such provision, how
ever, was introduced into the Act, because it provided against
this danger more effectually by ordering the women to trans
plant, together with the whole nation, to Conuaught. Those
in authority, however, ought never to have let the English offi
cers and soldiers come in contact with the Irishwomen, or have
ordered another army of young Englishwomen over, if they
did not intend this provision to be nugatory.
Planted in a wasted country amongst the former owners and
their families, with little to do but to make love, and no lips to
to make love to but Irish, Jove or marriage must follow between
them as necessarily as a geometrical conclusion follows from the
premises. For there are but few who (in the language of a
Cromwellian patriot),
" rather than turne
From English principles, would sooner burne ;
And rather than marrie an Irish wife,
Would batchellers remain for tearme of life." \
The strongest proof of the frequency of these intermarriages
are the various orders putting in force the provisions of Ire-
* A-84, p. 341 ; and p. 144, n., ante. t A-2, p. 286.
% " The Moderate Cavalier ; or, the Soldier's Description of Ireland. A
Book fitt for all Protestants Houses in Ireland." 4to. Printed [at Cork,
apparently], 1675.
162 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
ton's proclamation over officers still in the service.* Over
those who were disbanded and set down on their lots they had
no control, and these formed a very large proportion of the
army. Thus connected with the Irish, they began to protect
them — the surest way of learning to like them ; for as we hate
those we have injured, so we love those we have benefited.
Accordingly it has been remarked of English statesmen who
have been placed over the Irish, that they are ever afterwards
found to be their defenders. The officers, too, seem to have
quickly relished the freedom and easy animation of Irish life
that forms so great a contrast to the character of those coun
tries where the feudal system has prevailed, — a charm which
* Commissioners of the Revenue of the precinct of Galway to examine
what civil or other officers within that precinct are married to Irish
Papists, and to certify tiieir names and employments, respectively, forth
with to the Commissioners of the Commonwealth. January. 1654. A-85,
p. 28.
" Whereas we are informed that William Moreton, now clerk to r,he
Commissioners of Revenue at Wexford hath married a Pupist (contrary to
the tenor of the declaration in that behalf), whereby he hath made lam-
self incapable of continuing in his said employment; and forasmuch as
there is recommended to us one Rowland Samuell, that hath a charge of
wife and family, that is a person able and faithful to officiate in his stead;
it is ordered that the said William Moreton be dismissed his said employ
ment from the date hereof, and that the said Rowland Samuell do serve
the said place in his room. Dublin, \Uh July, 1654.
"CHARLES FLEETWOOD, MILES GOBBET."
A-82, p. 499.
About forty years after the Cromwellian Settlement, and just seven
years after the Battle of the Boyne, the following was written : " We can
not so much wonder at this [the quick ' degenerating ' of the English of
Ireland], when we consider how many there are of the children of Oliver's
soldiers in Ireland who cannot speak one word of English. And (which
is strange) the same may be said of some of the children of King William's
soldiers who came but t'other day into the country. This misfortune is
owing to the marrying Irishwomen for want of English, who come not
over in so great numbers as are requisite. 'Tis sure that no Englishman
in Ireland knows what his children may be as things are now ; they can
not well Jive in the country without growing Irish; for none take such
care as Sir Jerome Alexander [second Justice of the Common Pleas in
Ireland from 1661 to his death in 1670], who left his estate to his daughter,
but made the gift void if she married any Irishman ;" Sir Jerome including
in this term "any lord of Ireland, any archbishop, bishop, prelate, any
baronet, knight, esquire, or gentleman of an Irish extraction or descent,
born and bred in Ireland, or having his relations and means of subsistence
there," and expressly, of course, any u Papist." " True way to render
Ireland Happy and Secure ; or, a Discourse wherein 'tis shown that 'tia
the Interest both of England and Ireland to encourage Foreign Protestants
to plant in Ireland ; in a Letter to the Hon. Robert Molesworth." 4to.
Dublin. Andrew Crook : 1697.
OF IRELAND. 163
enchants men with Ireland, converting strangers, as Giraldus
had remarked, to the ways of the Irish almost as soon as they
are planted here.* k :i-
They also we may be sure, soon learned to prefer the hearty
courtesy of their Irish tenants and labourers to the churlish
manners of the Anglo-Saxon 'clowns. But the adventurers dif
fered much from the officers ; they were merchants and traders,
full of all the ignorant prejudices of the English against the
Irish, knowing no tie between man and man but interest or
necessity, and unaccustomed to the management of land and
tenants, which is a kind of statesmanship.
The officers immediately upon obtaining a lease or custodium
from the state (pending the preparation of the law that gave
them land for their arrears), took the Irish as tenants for want
of English ; for in a country where lands were to be had for
the asking, no one would come from a better country to a
worse, to labour as a servant or tenant on another man's lands
when he might till or pasture his own. As the impossibility of
getting English tenants grew more evident, and the urgent want
of tillage increased, the officers in Limerick, Cork, Kerry, and
various counties, got general orders, giving dispensations from
the necessity of planting with English tenants, and liberty to
take Irish, provided they were not proprietors or swordmen.
But the proprietors who had established friendships with their
conquerors secretly became tenants under them to parts of
their former estates, insuring thereby the connivance of their
new landlords against their transplantation.
* It is not a little curious to find Irish harpers in their houses within
five years of their planting. In 1663 the army lately planted in Ireland
formed a plot to seize the Castle of Dublin, and to overthrow the govern
ment, being discontented at the proceedings of the Court of Claims.
Amongst the vast mass of intelligence furnished to the Duke of Ormond,
then Lord Lieutenant, is the following conversation between Colonel
Edward Warren and an Irish harper : —
44 Colonel Edward Warren, being at Rathmolyon in the barony of Moy-
fenragh, in the county of Meath, discoursing with Ki chard Maloue,( a blind
harper, aged thirty-six years, asked h^ how many governments he re
membered in histyme?' Malone answered that ho remembered several,
naming the several alterations during these twenty-one years. Whereunto
the said Warren answered, that before it were long 'he might add one
more government to the rest." Carte MSS., Bodleian Library, vol. G. G.,
p. 389. Indorsed in the Duke's hand : " Concerning Colonel Edward
Warren." Warren was executed with Major Alexander Jephson, 15th
July, 1663. Their dying speeches are given, ibid., vol. vii., Ireland,
164 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
On the 1st June, 1655, the Commissioners for the Affairs of
Ireland (Fleetwoocl, Lord Deputy, one of them), being then at
Limerick, discovered this fraud, and issued a peremptory order
revoking all former dispensations for English proprietors to
plant with Irish tenants ; and they enjoined upon the Govern
or of Limerick and all other officers the removing of the pro
prietors thus sheltered and their families into Connaught, on or
before that day three weeks.* But, happily, all penal laws
against a nation are difficult of execution. The officers still con
nived with many of the poor Irish gentry, and sheltered them,
which caused Fleetwood, then Commander of the Parliament
forces in Ireland, upon his return to Dublin, and within a fort
night after the prescribed limit for their removal was expired, to
thunder forth from Dublin Castle a severe reprimand to all officers
thus offending. Their neglect to search for and apprehend the
transplantable proprietors was denounced as a great dishonour
and breach of discipline of the army ; and their entertaining
any of them as tenants was declared a hinderance to the plant
ing of Ireland with English Protestants. "I do therefore [the
order continued] hereby order and declare, that if any officer
or soldier under my command shall offend by neglect of his
duty in searching for and apprehending all such persons
as by the declaration of 30th November, 1654, are to trans
plant themselves into Connaught ; or by entertaining them as
tenants on his lands, or as servants under him, he shall be
punished by the articles of war as negligent of his duty, ac
cording to the demerit of such his neglect."f
OF THE FIVE COUNTIES.
But, to turn to that district included within the Boyne and
the Barrow, on the east coast of Ireland, which was to be a
pure English plantation, to counterbalance the Irish one on
the west, encircled by the Shannon and the sea, and to become
a new English pale — here, if anywhere, would be established
that model of English life and manners, the great object of all
the inhuman laws enacted for so many ages by the govern
ment. But first a word upon the extent of the district. It
* A-6, p. 173.
t " Book of Printed Declinations of the Commissioners for the Affairs
of Ireland " (formerly belonging to General Fleetwood). British Museum,
(806 h. H)-24.
OF IRELAND. 165
•was contracted to narrower limits. Upon consideration that
the land lying north of Dublin, between the Liffey and the
Boyne, was the ancient residence of the English, — the best
tillage and grazing land in the kingdom, and one level pljjin
from Dublin to Dundalk, without any fastnesses for Irish to
harbour in, — it was not thought necessary to keep that part
within the scheme, and so much of the original plan was aban
doned. It was now confined to that part of the county of
Dublin lying south of the River Liffey, with the counties of
Wicklow, Wexford, Kildare, and Carlow. Thenceforth the
territory was known as the Five Counties south of the Liffey and
within the Barrow, or (shortly) the Five Counties. On 17th
July, 1654, it was ordered that all this territory should be wholly
transplanted of Irish Papists by the 1st of May, 1655, on pain of
being taken as spies, and proceeded with before a court-martial.
The English proprietors, many of them officers who had received
lands in the counties of Wicklow and Wexford for their arrears,
fearing to be deprived of their tenants and servants, and left
without means to till their lands or save their crops, presented
petitions to the government against the measure, as the time
for carrying out the order approached. Mr. Annesly, who
brought up the petitions, was directed to be present at a meet
ing of the Council on 19th February, 1655, to offer what he
conceived to be material in their support.* He urged that
the English and Protestant proprietors and planters in tho
Five Counties were necessitated to employ Irish in their tillage
and husbandry, to make some profit of their lands, which had
long lain waste by the rebellion. After several debates be
obtained an order of reference to Sir Hardress Waller, Colonel
Axtell, Colonel Lawrence, and others, to consider what parts
should be totally cleared of Irish ; in what parts should be al
lowed such Irish tenants as, being neither proprietors nor sword-
men, might be dispensed from transplantation ; and how
the rest might be laid waste ; and how the towns and villages
where such Irish should be suffered to inhabit might be dis:
posed of with most security and least offence to the neighbour
ing English. f The order, however, was not wilhdrawn; for on
the 2 1st May, 1655, the clearing was suspended until 1st August
following, in order that the proprietors might have time to pro
vide themselves with English and Protestant tenants, and in the
* A-5, p. 37. t Ibid., p. 95.
166 THE CROilWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
mean time might have tenants and servants to reap their harvest.
But English tenants aud servants were not to be had, and the
officers and the other planters were loth to lose their Irish ones :
they connived at their stay beyond the 1st of August, and
finally got liberty to keep a selection of them approved by Com
missioners specially appointed by the State, on some very strin
gent conditions. The proprietor was to engage that such
tenants and servants as he should be permitted to retain should
become Protestants (and Protestants of whose real conversion
the government could be satisfied) in six months ; and as
evidence of their candid and genuine compliance with being
instructed in the true Protestant religion, they were to come
to the meeting-house to hear the Word every Lord's Day, if
within four miles ; upon every other Lord's Day, if within
six miles ; if further, once a month. Their children were to
learn the catechism in the English tongue, without book,
which the minister' should teach.* But the government seem
to have forgotten the naming of the children with English
names, instead of Dermot and Teig ; and the chimneys, and
the English deportment in houses, lodging, and manners,
wherein the English exceeded them.f But probably there
was about as much use in the one as the other. The land
lords wanted their labour, and not English piety or Anglo-
Saxon elegance. For though the letter of one of the officers
remains, requesting the prayers of their friends, that now they
had come to possess houses they had not built, and vineyards
they had not planted, they might not forget the Lord and his
goodness to them in the day of their distress,]; one that knew
them well a few years later said, he had hunted with -them,
diced with them, drunk with them, and fought with them, but
had never prayed with them ; § and another, that an Irish
Protestant was a man who never went to church, and hated a
Papist.
* "Book of Printed Declarations by the Commissioners for the Affairs
of Ireland." British Museum, (80G h. 14)-24. f P. 154, supra.
% Letter of Colonel William Allen, Adjutant-General of the Army,
and Commissioner of Cromwell's Court of Claims in Ireland, in the year
1653. " History of the King's Inns, by Bartholomew Duhigg," p. 179.
8vo : Dublin.
§ •• Civil Wars of Ireland." By W. Cooke Taylor, LL.D., vol. ii., p. 64,
n. 3. Two vols. 12mo. London : 1830.
OF IRELAND. 167
OF THE RE-INHABITING OF THE TOWNS BY NEW
ENGLISH, BY THE ORDERS OF THE GOVERNMENT.
The government, by the Act of 26th September, 1653, for
satisfying the adventurers, the army, and the public creditors,
reserved all the forfeited property in cities and boroughs for
themselves. In the early part of the war, in hopes to induce
merchants and traders, English and foreign (provided they
were Protestant), to whom houses in seaport towns were
more useful than lands, to advance funds, the Parliament of
England offered the principal seaport towns in Ireland for
sale: Limerick, with 12,000 acres contiguous, for £30,000,
and a rent of £625 payable to the State ; Waterford, with
1500 acres contiguous, at the same rate ; Gal way, with 10,000
acres, for £7,500, and a rent of £520 ; Wexford, with 6,000
acres, for £5000, and a rent of £156 4s. 4d.* But this offer,
though tempting, found no bidders ; all these towns were still
in the possession of the Irish, and merchants of all others are
least inclined to buy the bear's skin before the bear be dead.
The .cities and towns, accordingly, fell into the hands of the
Parliament of England, with all their inhabitants, the popula
tion being almost entirely of English descent.f
The Parliament, having them at its mercy, on the surrender
of the Irish forces in 1652, determined to clear all the cities and
towns of Ireland of their ancient population, and to repeople
them from England. Orders had at various times been issued,
between 1652 and 1656, to clear the towns. In 1654, by order
of the Committee of Transplantation, no Irish or Papists were
to be allowed in the city of Kilkenny after the 1st of May,
except necessary labourers and artificers, not exceeding forty,
and these to be persons not within the rule of transplanta
tion.];
On the 8th of July in the same year the Governor of Clon-
mel was authorized to grant dispensations to forty-three per
sons, in a list annexed, or as many of them as he should think
fit, being artificers and workmen, to stay for such time as he
* Ordinance of 14th July, 1643. " Scobell's Act and Ordinances,"
p. 47.
t Take Waterford:—" This sea-town hath no naturall Irish in it, nor
would admit any in during these troubles." "News from Dublin," 9th
June, 1647, "Perfect Diurnall of Passages in Parliament," p. 1629.
J A-85, p. 157.
168 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
might judge convenient, the whole time not to^xceed the 25th
March, 1655.* On the 5th June, 1654, the Governor of Dub
lin was authorized to grant licenses to such inhabitants to con
tinue in the city (notwithstanding the declaration for all Irish
to quit) as he should judge convenient, the licenses to contain
the name, age, colour of hair, countenance, and stature of
every such person ; and the license not to exceed twenty days,
and the cause of their stay to be inserted in each license.f
Petitions went up from the old native inhabitants of Limerick,J
from the fishermen of Limerick ;§ from the Mayor and inhab
itants of Cashel,|| who were all ordered to transplant ; but,
notwithstanding these orders, many of them still clung about
the towns, sheltered by the English, who found the benefit of
their services.
Whilst the gentry were hurried off from their mansions and
demesnes, which the officers and soldiers were in haste to en
joy, and were obliged to transplant to such pittance of land as
should be assigned to them in Connaught, the population of
the towns who lived by trade or labour, such as apothecaries,
basket-makers, butchers, bakers, carpenters, chandlers, coopers,
harness-makers, masons, shoemakers, and tailors, continued to
reside upon their holdings and make themselves useful to their
new masters. Applications were frequently made in favour of
some who were found particularly useful. Thus on the 20th
March, 1654, on the certificate of Colonel W. Leigh and other
officers within the precinct of Waterford, Dr. Richard Madden
was dispensed with from transplantation into Connaught; but
as to his desire of residing in Waterford, it was referred to
Colonel Lawrence, the governor there, to consider if he con
ceived it fit his request should be granted.^ On the 12th
September, 1656, application was made to the Commissioners
for the Affairs of Ireland on behalf of Dr. Anthony Mulshinogue,
whose good affection to the English by his faithful advice and
assistance in his profession was proved on the trial ofthe quali
fications of the ancient natives of Cork, by the certificate of Sir
W. Fenton and Major-General Jephson, and several other per
sons of quality in the county of Cork, who prayed for his dis
pensation from transplantation, desiring that his residence
among them might be permitted, being destitute of physicians
* A-S5, p. 479. t Ib.. p. 430. \ Ib., p. 244.
§ Ib., p. 363. \ Ib., p. 247. 1 Ib., p. 184.
OF IRELAND. 169
of his ability. Dr. Mulshinogue was spared from transplanta
tion, and was permitted to follow his practice in those parts,
but not to dwell in any garrison there.*
Yet the officers, when they first arrived, vented their calum
nies (according to the national custom) against the Irish
physicians, — writing to their friends in England in 1651, that
for want of a sufficient number of English doctors for the
army, they were obliged to put themselves in the hands of
Irish, " which was more [so they maliciously said] than the ad
ventures in the field." f Testimony to the worth and integrity
of this profession, however, came at the very same time, as if
to confute these calumnies, from Colonel Hewson, Governor
of Dublin, one of the most religious men in the army (as appears
by the amount of Bible quotations in his letters), and therefore
fullest of hatred against the Irish. The last Papist that dared
to meet his eye in Dublin was a chirurgeon, a peaceable naan/j;
Similar calumnies followed the poor Irish midwives : im
putations against their want of skill are mixed with sugges
tions of danger to Englishwomen in labour, and children in
the birth, '; from the evil disposition and disaffection, as might
be presumed," of the Irish midwives. And Dr. Petty and
others were ordered to consider of the evil, and propose a
remedy. § And when an English midwife arrived in Dublin,
all officers, civil and military, were ordered for her encourage
ment to be aiding and assisting her in the performance of her
duty.||
* A-12, p. 223. t " Whitelock's Memorials," January, 1650-1, p. 436.
t "ISJune, 1651.
" Mr. Winter, a godly man, came with the Commissioners, and they
flock to hear him with great desire; besides, there is in Dublin, since
January last, about 750 Papists forsaken their priests and the masse, and
attends the public ordinances, I having appointed Mr. Chambers, a min
ister, to instruct them at his own house once a week. They all repaire to
him with much affection, and desireth satisfaction. And though Dublin
hath formerly swarmed with Papists, I know none (now) there, but one
who is a chirurgeon, and a peaceable man. It is much hoped the glad
tidings of salvation will be acceptable in Ireland, and that this savage
people may see the salvation of God ; which that the Lord may accomplish
shall be the desire of " Your loving friend,
" JOHN HEWSON."
"Several! Proceedings in Parliament, from 26th of June to 3d day of
July, 1651," p. 1412.
§ A-5. p. 317.
| " By the Gommissiomrs of Parliament, for the Affairs of Ireland.
" Whereas we are informed by divers persons of repute and godliness,
3
1VO THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
But, whilst private interest protected some, it effected the
banishment of others. Thus on the 10th October, 1656, on
the petition of William Hartley, and others, all Popish shoe
makers were to be searched for by the mayor and sheriffs of
Dublin, and none allowed to inhabit in Dublin or the suburbs,
but to be ordered to withdraw and conform to the proclamation
made in the case.* And on 3d of April, 1657, on the peti
tion of the Protestant coopers of Dublin, it was referred to the
mayor and sheriffs as to the truth of the allegations, and they
were to report to the Council Board why the Irish coopers
therein mentioned had not been removed, according to the
former orders and declarations of their board for that pur-
pose.f
General orders for the arrest of .all transplantables untrans-
planted were also made from time to time, and crowds of in
habitants were arrested, — and others fled, some to creep back
that Mrs. Jane Preswiok hath through the blessing? of God been very suc
cessful within Dublin and parts about, through the carefull and skillfull
discharge of her midwife's duty, and instrumental to helpe sundry poore
women "who needed her helpe/which hathe abounded to the comfourte
and preservation of many English women, who (being come into a strange
country) had otherwise been destitute of due helpe, and necessitated to
expose their lives to the mercy of Irish midwives, ignorant in the pro
fession, and bearing little good will to any of the English nation, which
being duly considered, we thought fitt to evidence this our acceptance
thereof, and willingness that a person so eminently qualified for publique
good and so well reported of for piety and knowledge in her art should
receive encouragement and protection suitable to her well deserving; and
knowing that works of this nature contract envy from some and discour
agement from others, either for publique prejudice or for lucre's sake ; and
taking notice through divers examinations and. depositions extant, that
this Mrs. Preswick hath of late received divers publique affronts, and that
violence hath been used by some evil disposed persons, to her great horror
and discouragement, whereby she hath lost opportunities of giving desired
helpe to women in labour of child birth, and through those affrights is
become timorous, and consequently less able to exercise the midwife's
function, much to the dissatisfaction of divers; these are therefore to
signify our abhorrence of such evill, and to declare that in case any person
(of what degree or relation so ever) shall contrary to law and good con
science offer any affront or violence for the future to the said Mrs. Pres
wick, alias Beere, in her daily going up and down to perform her publique
trust and office of midwife as aforesaid, such persons are to expect a
severe proceeding with according to law. Arid all justices of the peace,
officers civil and military, and others concerned, are to take notice, and
be ayding and assisting to her in the performance of her duty as afore
said. Dublin, 23d May, 1655.
" THOMAS HERBERT, Clerk of the Council."
A-5, p. 16(5.
* A-12, p 227. t Ibid., p. 837.
OF IRELAND. 171
again when the storm had blown over. In the year 1656
there was a printed declaration published, ordering all the
Irish and Papists to withdraw to a distance of two miles from
all walled towns or garrisons before the 26th of May in that
year, which seems to have been executed with more rigour
than usual ; for on the 2d of August the Mayor of Dublin
was directed to report the progress made, probably because
many transplantable persons, owners of houses in the* city, still
lingering in Dublin, were found on the 18th July to have re
fused to give up their houses to the new English lessees of
the State. On 24th October the Mayor was directed to take
effectual means to remove all that might be then dwelling in
the city, and all places within the line, within forty-eight hours
after publication of the order.* And on 19th November a
list of the names of all not removing was returned to the
Council, with the view of ordering them for trial by court-
martial.
About this time, probably, the English began to come over
in greater numbers, with a view to trade. On 15th May, 1655,
it was ordered, on the petition of the Protestant inhabitants of
the city of Kilkenny, that "for the better encouragement of
an English plantation in the city and liberties," all the houses
and lands lately belonging to the Irish, and now in the posses
sion of the State, should be thenceforth demised to English and
Protestants, and none others; that no English merchants or
traders should drive any trade or merchandise in the city or
liberties by Irish agents or servants ; and that all Irish should
quit Kilkenny within twenty days, except such artificers as any
four justices of the peace should for the convenience of that
corporation license to stay for any period not exceeding one
year.f Private interest, however, still interfered with the exe
cution of the law. The officers sheltered merchants who acted
as their factors in trade. Public creditors who got an order
to be satisfied a large debt by confiscated houses, extending
down whole streets,]; were only too willing to keep the poor
Irish occupants ; or they let them secretly to others, as there
were no English ones to be had.
The government, however, though baffled, still kept the
great work in view. On 31st December, 1656, finding that
divers Irish transplantable into Connaught had not only neg-
* A-5, p. 2C4. f A-6, p. 367. J A-S1, p. 292.
172 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
lected to remove, but had continued to reside, or had in
truded themselves into sundry cities, walled towns, and garri
sons throughout this nation, they issued several special orders,
directed to the governors of the several cities, towns, and
garrisons in the three provinces, to send up lists of the names
of all such persons, in order probably to the arrest and trial
of some of them at the assizes, where numbers were often
found guilty of not transplanting, and transported to the Bar-
badoes.
After the summer assizes of 1658, Sir Charles Coote, Lord
President of Connaught, and Colonel Sad leir, Governor of Gal-
way, were directed to treat with Colonel Stubbers or other
merchants, about having a properly victualled ship for eighty
or one hundred prisoners ready to sail with the first fair wind
to the Indian Bridges, the usual landing place in the Barbadoes,
or other English plantations thereabouts in America.* These
were proprietors who had been sentenced to death for not
transplanting, but had been pardoned by his Excel lency.f At
Barbadoes the prisoners were to be delivered to certain mer
chants (who were to pay the cost of their transportation), all
except ten, who were to be consigned to a person to be speedily
named.]; This was a Mr. Edward Smyth, a merchant resident
at the Barbadoes. His lot, however, was afterwards increased
to twelve, ten men and two women ; and upon receiving them
at the Indian Bridges, or elsewhere in that island, he was to
pay Colonel Stubbers four pounds per man for transportation
and victuals.§
The consequence of clearing the towns of their inhabitants
was to leave them ruinous : the few English were not enough
to occupy them, and the deserted houses fell down, or were
pulled down to use the timber for firing. Lord Inchiquin,
President of Munster, was charged in 1647 with having given
houses in the city of Cork, and farms in the suburbs, to his
own menial servants, as barbers, grooms, and others. His
answer was, that upon the expelling of the Irish out of Cork,
it was to the benefit of the State that he should place any
persons in the houses on the sole condition of upholding them,
which otherwise, being waste and uninhabited, would have
fallen to the ground; and though by this means many of the
houses were preserved, yet for want of inhabitants about three
* A-10, p. 244. t A-30, p. 338. \ Ibid., ib. § Ibid., p. 348.
OF IRELAND. 173
thousand good houses in Cork, and as many in Yonghal, had
been destroyed by the soldiers, finding them empty, and for
want of firing in their guards.*
For such a scene of desolation as the cities and towns of
Ireland presented at this period, recourse must be had to the
records of antiquity ; and there, in the ruined state of the towns
of Sicily, when rescued by Timoleon from the tyranny of the
Carthaginians, there is to be found a parallel. Syracuse, when
taken, was found comparatively destitute of inhabitants. So
little frequented was the market-place, that it produced grass
enough for the horses to pasture on, and for the grooms to lie
in by them as they grazed. The other cities were deserts, full
of deer and wild boars; and such as had this use for it hunted
them in the suburbs round the walls, f And such was the case
in Ireland. On the 20th December, 1652, a public hunt by
the assembled inhabitants of the barony of Castleknock was
ordered by the State of the numerous wolves lying in the
wood of the ward, only six miles north of Dublin.|
But this desolation was, as usual, only preparatory to the
improvement of Ireland. On the 4th of March, 1657, the
Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland pressed upon the
government in England the improved condition of affairs, and
that the towns were now ready for the English, and urging
them to make it public in that country that they had been
cleared of Irish, as appears by the following letter : —
" To Secretary Thurloe.
" Dublin Castle, 4th March, 1656-7.
" RIGHT HONOURABLE, — The Council, having lately taken
into their most serious consideration what may be most for the
security of this country, and the encouragement of the English
to come over and plant here, did think fitt that all Popish
recusants, as wel proprietors as others, whose habitations is in
any port-towns, walled-towns, or garrisons, and who did not
before the 15th September, 1643 (being the time mentioned
in the act of 1653 for the encouragement of adventurers and
* Pp. 5, 6, " Articles humbly presented to the House of Commons
against Murrough O'Brien, Lord Baron of Inchiquin, and Lord President
of Munster, subscribed by Lord Broghill and Sir Arthur Loftus; with a
clear Answer thereto made. By Richard Gething, Secretary to the Lord
President." Small 4to. London : 1647.
t Plutarch, Life of Timoleon. J A-82, p. 492.
174 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
soldiers), and ever since profess the Protestant religion, should
remove themselves and their families out of all such places,
and two miles at the least distant therefrom, before 20th May
next ; and being desirous that the English people may take
notice, that by this means there will be both security and
conveniency of habitation for such as shall be willing to come
over as planters, they have commanded me to send you the
enclosed declaration, and to desire you that you will take some
course, whereby it may be made known unto the people for
their encouragement to come over and plant in this country.
" Your humble servant,
" THOMAS HERBERT, Clerk of the Council."*
But the government took other measures to inhabit the
towns. By the act for satisfying the adventurers and soldiers,
any of them were at liberty to purchase any of the houses
lately belonging to the Irish in any cities or walled towns, at
the rate of six years' purchase, and to get a free grant of any
vacant places and waste grounds within them on condition of
building. It was in house property in towns that the Parlia
ment paid off many public debts. Thus a debt of £3697 10.9.
of moneys disbursed by Captain John Arthur was satisfied in
forfeited houses in the town of Wexford. And just as in set
ting out lands to the disbanded soldiery the lands were to be
set out without intervals, and without picking and choosing,
so Captain Arthur was bound to make his choice at which
end or other part of the town to begin his satisfaction, taking
the houses and proceeding orderly on both sides of the street,
until his due proportion should be reached. Commencing
with the house of Robert Wilkinson, in the parish of Selsker,
returned in the Civil Survey as lately belonging to one James
Stafford, an Irish Papist, a list of 200 houses in long enume
ration, with the names of their late Irish possessors, and their
annual value, was set out to him in satisfaction of his debt.f
The town of Galway, the last fortress of the Irish, surrender
ed to Lndlow on the 20th March, 1652, on articles securing the
inhabitants their residence within the town, and the enjoy
ment of their houses and estates. The taxation was soon so
great, that many of the townspeople quitted their habitations,
and removed their cattle, unable to endure it.J Consequently
* A-30, p. 246. t A-81, p. 292. } A-82, p. 704.
OF IRELAND. 175
the contribution fell the heavier on the remaining inhabitants.
This tax was collected from them every Saturday by sound of
trumpet; and if not instantly paid, the soldiery rushed into
the house, and seized what they could lay hands on. The
sound of this trumpet, every returning Saturday, shook their
souls with terror, like the trumpet of the day of judgment.*
On the loth ^arch, 1653, the Commissioners for Ireland, re
marking upon the disaffection thus exhibited, confiscated the
houses of those that had deserted the town. Those that fled
were wise in time. On 23d July, 1655, all the Irish were di
rected to quit the town by the 1st of November following,
the owners of houses, however, to receive compensation at
eight years' purchase; in default, the soldiers were to drive
them out.f On 30th October this order was executed. All
the inhabitants, except the sick and bedrid, were at once
banished, to provide accommodation for such English Prot
estants whose integrity to the State should entitle them to be
trusted in a place of such importance; and Sir Charles Coote
on the 7th November received the thanks of the government
for clearing the town, with a request that he would remove
the sick arid bedrid as soon as the season might permit, and
take care that the houses while empty were not spoiled by the
soldiery.]; The town was thus made ready for the English.
There was a large debt of £10,000 due to Liverpool for
their loss and suffering for the good cause. The eminent de-
servings and losses of the city of Gloucester also had induced
the Parliament to order them £10,000, to be satisfied in for
feited lands in Ireland. The Commissioners of Ireland now
offered forfeited houses in Gal way, rated at ten years' pur
chase, to the inhabitants of Liverpool and Gloucester, to satisfy
their respective debts, and they were both to arrange about the
planting of it with English Protestants. To induce them to
accept the proposal, the Commissioners enlarged upon the ad
vantages of Galway. It lay open for trade with Spain, the
Straits, the West Indies, and oiher places; no town or port in
the three nations, London excepted, was more considerable.
It had many noble uniform buildings of marble, though many
of the houses had become ruinous by reason of the war, and
* Contemporary account in Hurdirmm's " History of Galway," p. 134.
t Ibid., p. 136.
j Hardiinau's " History of Galway," p. 137, n.
176 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
the waste done by the impoverished English dwelling there.
No Irish were permitted to live in the city, nor within three
miles of it. If it were only properly inhabited by English, it
might have a more hopeful gain by trade, than when it was in
the hands of the Irish that lived there.* There was never a
better opportunity of undertaking a plantation and settling
manufacturers there than the present, and they., suggested that
it might become another Derry.
But it is a comparatively easy thing to unsettle a nation or
ruin a town, but not so easy to resettle either when ruined. f
And Galway, once frequented by ships with cargoes of French
and Spanish wines, to supply the wassailings of the O'Neils
and O'Donels, the O'Garas and the O'Kanes, her marble pal
aces handed over to strangers, and her gallant sons and dark-
eyed daughters banished, remains for 200 years a ruin ; her
splendid port empty, while her " hungry air " in 1862 becomes
the mock of the official stranger.
* A-30, p. 255 ; ibid., p. 315.
t " The Great Case of Transplantation Discussed," p. 26. 4to. Lon
don : 1655.
OF IRELAND.
CONCLUSION.
THE THREE BURDENSOME BEASTS.
DESOLATION OF IRELAND.
IRELAND, in the language of Scripture, now lay void as a wil
derness. Five-sixths of her people had perished. Women
and children were found daily perishing in ditches, starved.
The bodies of many wandering orphans,* whose fathers had
embarked for Spain, and whose mothers had died of famine,
were preyed upon by wolves. In the years 1652 and 1653,
the plague and famine had swept away whole countries, that a
man might travel twenty or thirty miles and not see a living
creature. Man, beast, and bird were all dead, or had quit
those desolate places. The troopers would tell stories of the
place where they saw a smoke, it was so rare to see either
smoke by day, or fire or candle by night. If two or three
cabins were met with, there were found there none but aged
men, with women and children ; and they, in the words of the
prophet, "become as a bottle in the smoke ; their skins black
like an oven, because of the terrible famine." They were seen
to pluck stinking carrion out of a ditch, black and rotten ; and
were said to have even taken corpses out of the grave to eat.
A party of horse, hunting for Tories on a dark, night discovered
a light ; they thought it was a fire which the Tories usually
made in those waste counties to dress their food and warm
themselves ; drawing near, they found it a ruined cabin, and,
besetting it round, some alighted and peeped in at the window.
There they saw a great fire of wood, and sitting round about
* " Upon serious consideration had of the great multitudes of poore
swarming in all parts of this nacion, occasioned by the devastation of the
country, and by the habits of licentiousness and idleness which the gen
erality of the people have acquired in the time of this rebellion ; insomuch
that frequently some are found feeding on carrion and weeds, — some
starved in the highways, and many times poor children who lost their
parents, or have been deserted by them, are found exposed to, and somo
of them fed upon, by ravening wolves and other beasts and birds of prey."
" Printed Declaration of the Council, 12th of May, 1653." A-S4, p. 138.
178 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
it a company of miserable old women and children, and betwixt
them and the fire a dead corpse lay broiling, which as the fire
roasted, they cut off collops and ate.* Such was the depopu
lation of Ireland, that great part of it, it was believed, must lie
waste many years, — much of it for many ages.f But these
great wastes were haunted by three burdensome beasts, that
troubled the comfort of the English. In the first united Par
liament of the Three Kingdoms, at Westminster, in 1657, Ma
jor Morgan, member for the county of Wicklow, deprecated the
taxation proposed for Ireland, by showing that the country
was in ruins ; and, besides the cost of rebuilding the churches,
court-houses, and market-houses, they were under a very heavy
charge for public rewards, paid for the destruction of three
beasts. " We have three beasts to destroy (said Major Mor
gan), that lay burthens upon us. The first is the wolf, on whom
we lay five pounds a head if a dog, and ten pounds if a bitch.
The second beast is a priest, on whose head we lay ten pounds,
— if he be eminent, more. The third beast is a Tory, on whose
head, if he be a public Tory, we lay twenty pounds ; and forty
shillings on a private Tory. Your army cannot catch them :
the Irish bring them in ; brothers and cousins cut one another's
throats."!
FIRST BURDENSOME BEAST, THE WOLF
When the Great Jehovah in his inscrutable wisdom directed
the sons of Israel to return to the land of Canaan, where they
had been humbly and hospitably entertained for many years,
and charged them to kill all the inhabitants without mercy,
and divide their ancient inheritances by lot, he warned them
against destroying them too suddenly. "Thou shalt smite
them, and utterly destroy them ; but thou must not consume
them at once, lest the beasts of the field increase upon thee." §
In Ireland, from too rapidly exterminating the people, the
wolves multiplied in the great scopes of land lying waste and
deserted in all parts of the country, and increased till they be-
c^me so serious a public nuisance, by destroying the sheep and
* The description of an eve-witness — " The Interest of Ireland in its Trade
and Wealth stated," Part"2d, p. 86. 12mo. Dublin: 1682. By Colonel
Kichard Lawrence.
t " The Interest of England in the well Planting of Ireland with Eng
lish," p. 81. Small 4to. Dublin: 1656. By Colonel Kichard Lawrence.
\ " Burton's Parliamentary Diary," 10th June, 1657.
$ Deuteronomy, chapter 7th.
OP IRELAND. 179
cattle of the English, that \rarious measures had to be taken
against them. Ireland had of old been celebrated for her wolf
dogs, which, with her equally celebrated hawks, were consid
ered fit presents for kings. The officers quitting for Spain in
]652, proud of their dogs, were found to be taking them with
them ; but the tide-waiters at the different ports, now crowded
with these departing exiles, were directed to seize the dogs, on
account of the increasing number of the wolves, and send
them to the public huntsman of the precinct.*
Public hunts were regularly organized, and deer tail brought
ov.er from England, and kept in the public store for setting
up while driving the woods with hounds and horn for these
destructive beasts of prey.f Irishmen were occasionally em
ployed, and furnished with passes to go with guns to kill them
in particular districts, as in the county of Wieklow.J This
curse, one of the consequences of the great desolation, the
government charged upon the priests. For if the priests had
not been in Ireland, the troubles would not have arisen, nor
the English have come, nor have made the country almost a
ruinous heap, nor would the wolves have so increased. § By a
similar process of reasoning it is proved that it is the Irish
that have caused the ruin, the plundering, and desolation of
the country from the days of the first invasion for so many
jes.
By a printed declaration of 29th June, 1653, republished
* A-62, p. 202.
t " Whereas some money hath been issued on account to Colonel Daniel
Abbott and others, for providing of toyles for taking of wolves, which have
been brought over for puhlique use ; and understanding that part thereof
is at present at Greenhill, near Kilcullen ; ordered that Captain Tomlins
Comptroller of the Traine, do forthwith take care that the said toyles and
other materials thereto belonging be brought from Greenhill, or any other
place, and laid into the puhlique stores, and there kept until further direc
tion shall be given concerning the same. Dated at Dublin, 29£/t August,
1659. - THOS. HERBERT. Clerk of the Council."
A-17, p. 45.
\ " Ordered that Richard Toole, with Morris M'William his servant,
with their two fowling: pieces, and half a pound of powder and bullet pro
portionable, be permitted to pass quietly from Dublin into the counties of
Kildure, Wieklow, and Dublin, for the killing of wolves. To continue for
the sp:icc of two months from the date of the order. Dublin. 1 November.
1652.-' A-82, p. 454.
§ " Declaration of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (Cromwell) in answer
to the Declaration of the Irisli Prelates and Clergy in a Conventicle at
Clonmacnoise. Printed at Corke, and now reprinted at London. Ed,
Griffin, at the Old Bayley, March 21, 1650."
180 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
on 1st July, 1656, the commanders of the various districts
were to appoint days and times for hunting the wolf; and per
sons destroying wolves and bringing their heads to the Commis
sioners of the Revenue of the precinct were to receive for the
head of a bitch wolf, £6 ; of a dog wolf, £o ; for the head of
every cub that preyed by himself, 40*'. ; and for the head of
every sucking cub, 10s.* The assessments on several counties
to reimburse the treasury for these advances became, as ap
pears from Major Morgan's speech, a serious charge. In cor-
roboration it appears that in March, 1655, there was due from
the precinct of Galway £243 5s. 4d. for rewards paid on this
account.f But the most curious evidence of their numbers is
that lands lying only nine miles north of Dublin were leased
by the State in the year 1653, under conditions of keeping a
hunting establishment with a pack of wolf hounds for killing
the wolves, part of the rent to be discounted in wolves' heads,
at the rate in the declaration of 29th June, 1653. Under this
lease Captain Edward Piers was to have all the State lands in
the barony of Dunboyne in the county of Meath, valued at
£543 8s. 8of., at a rent greater by £100 a year than they then
yielded in rent and contribution, for five years from 1st of
May following, on the terms of maintaining at Dublin and
Dunboyne three wolf dogs, two English mastiffs, a pack of
hounds of sixteen couple (three whereof to hunt the wolf
only), a knowing huntsman and two men, and one boy.
Captain Piers was to bring to the Commissioners of Revenue
at Dublin a stipulated number of wolf heads in the first year,
and a diminishing number every year ; but for every wolf head
whereby he fell short of the stipulated number £5 was to be
defalked from his salary .J
SECOND BURDENSOME BEAST, A PRIEST.
On the 8th December, 1641, both Houses of Parliament in
England passed a joint declaration, in answer to the demand of
the Irish for the free exercise of their religion, that they
never would give their assent to any toleration of the Popish
religion in Ireland, or in any other of his Majesty's dominions.§
* A-84, p. 255. Kepublished 7th July, 1656.—" Book of Printed Dec
larations of the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland." British
Museum.
t A-80.jp. 80. J A-32, p. 686.
§ 4th " KuBhworth'g Collections," p. 455.
OF IRELAND. 181
Cromwell's manifesto, too, cannot be forgotten, that where the
Parliament of England had power the mass should not be
allowed of.* Pym had previously boasted that they would not
leave a priest in Ireland.f Such a measure was the proper
complement of the Declaration ; for what could priests be about
but spreading their religion if they staid ? For them, during
the war, there was no mercy ; when any forces surrendered
upon terms, priests were always excepted ; priests were thence
forth out of protection, to be treated as enemies that had not
surrendered. Twenty pounds was offered for their discovery,
and to harbour them was death.J This obliged them to fly,
and to hide until they heard of some body of swordmen being
ready to sail for Spain. Thereupon it was their custom to
get the officers commanding to apply for leave to transport
them together with his troops.§ Occasionally they would
apply for protection, while waiting to transport themselves of
their own accord. ||
* " Declaration of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in answer to the Acts
of the Popish Clergy at Clonmacnoise. Printed at Cork, and reprinted
in London. March, 1650." 4to.
f " Nalson's Historical Collections."
% " INTELLIGENCE FROM IRELAND.
" Dublin, 11 November, 1650.
" SIB, — You will hear from Waterford more certain news, and from
Minister, than from hence. The Toryes are very busye in these parts,
and it is probable they will increase ; for all the Papists are to be turned
out of this city; and for the Jesuits, priests, fryers, niunks, and nunnes,
ZQlj, will be given to any that c:tn bring certain intelligence where any of
them are. And whosoever doth harbour or conceal any one of them fs to
forfeit life and estate. Your humble servant, EVANS VAUGHAN."
" Several Proceedings in Parliament from 21st to 28th November,
1650," p. 912.
§ Colonel Teelin, who has license to transport one thousand Irish for the
service of the King of Spain, to have liberty to take away all priests in
Ireland that send in their names. 26 January, 1654. A-83, p. 85.
Colonel Edmund O'Dwyer being licensed to transport 3500 Irish, for
the service of the Prince de Conde; ordered that he be permitted to enlist
and transport such priests, Jesuits, and other persons in Popish orders,
who are *till in Ireland, and shall give in their names. Uk November. 1653.
A-84, p. 112.
|| " Whereas John Barnewall, priest, is desirous, in conformity with the
late Declaration of the said Commissioners of Parliament, to depart this
nation into some of the parts beyond the seas in America; and in order
thereto has desired some time to be granted to him for making provision
for his voyage ; ordered that he be permitted to reside in this nation till
the 7th of April next, he acting nothing to the prejudice of the Common
wealth, nor exercising his priestly function in the interim : provided the
Baid John Barnewall do at the expiration of the term above.«aid depart
182 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
To be proscribed, however, was nothing but what they
were used to from the days of Queen Elizabeth. There were
statutes in force making the exercise of their religion death.*
Yet, as Spenser remarked, they faced all penalties in per
formance of their duties. They spared not to come out of
Spain, from Rome, and from Rheims, by long toil and danger
ous travelling to Ireland, where they knew the peril of death
awaited them, and no reward but to draw the people unto the
Church of Rome.f These laws occasionally slept ; but were
revived by proclamation when the fears or anger of the
government or people of England were aroused, as by the
Powder Plot, though the Irish had no part in it. And then
the priests had to fly to the woods or mountains, or to disguise
themselves as gentlemen, soldiers, carters, or labourers. They
had no fear that any of the Irish would betray them for all
the large rewards offered. But pregnant women, and others,
hastening on foot out of the Protestant parts towards those
places where priests were known to be harboured, was fre
quently the cause of their being apprehended. In this way
Connor O'Dovan, Bishop of Down, was tracked, taken, and
committed prisoner to the Castle of Dublin, in 161 l.J Bar-
naby Rich at this very time represents a student of Trinity
College as meeting a priest, his acquaintance, in the streets of
Waterford : he asks the priest what means his ruffling suit of
apparel, his gilt rapier, and dagger hanging by his side, more
gentleman-like than priest-like ? He accounts for his disguise
by the proclamation of 1605, forbidding a priest to remain in
the realm.§
this nation, according to the intention of the said proclamation. Dated at
Dublin, the 7 February, 1653." A-82, p. 585.
" Ordered that the Mayor of Dublin be desired forthwith to press a fitt
and able vessel in this port for the transportation of such a number of
the Popish clergy as are to go with Lieutenant-General Farrell for Spain.
Dublin, \Uh February, 1052-3." A-82, p. 639.
* Ibid., p. 585. f " Spenser's View of Ireland," p. 584. _
J P. 340, "Analecta sacra nova et tnira de Rebus Catholieorum in Hi-
bernia, pro Fide et Religiono G-cstis, divisa in tres Partes Collectore
et Relatore T. N. Philadelpho, Colonise, 1617." 12mo, p. 581. (By
Rothe, R. C. Bishop of Ossory.)
§ P. 1, "A Catholic Conference between Sir Tady Mac Marall, a Popish
Prie.st of Waterford, and Patrick Plaine, a Young Student of Trinity
College, by Dublin. Wherein is delivered the manner of Execution that
was used'upon a Popish Bishop and a Popish Priest that for several
matters of Treason were executed at Dublin the 1st of February last, A. D.
1611. By Barnabie Rych, Gent., Servant to the King's Most Excellent
Majesty." 12mo. London: 1612.
OF IRELAND. 183
There were many parts of the country, however, where it
was no easy thing to drag a priest from his hiding-place. The
government, therefore, on the 6th January, 1653, issued orders
that all priests and friars who should be willing to transport
themselves, and should give due notice of their intention, should
have liberty, within twenty days from the date of the order, to
proceed to the waterside without molestation, and sail tfcence
with the first ship; but after that time every priest remaining
in Ireland should be arrested and dealt with as the govern
ment should think fit; and five pounds would be paid to any
person lodging a priest in jail.* It was under this provision
that the heavy burdens complained of by Major Morgan were
incurred. The numbers of priests lodged in jail, and the fre
quency of the rewards, attest the activity of the pursuit. Such
orders as the following are abundant: — 10th August, 1657 —
Five pounds, on the certificate of Major Thomas Stanley, to
Thomas Gregson, Evan Powel, and Samuel Ally (being three
soldiers of Colonel Abbot's regiment of Dragoons), for the ar
rest of Donogh Hagerty, a Popish priest, by them taken and
now secured in the county jail of Clonmel ;f to be equally dis
tributed between them. To Arthur Spunner, Robert Pierce,
and John Bruen, five pounds, to be divided equally among
them, for the good service by them performed in apprehend
ing and bringing before the Right Honourable the Lord Chief
Justice Pepys, the 21st of January last (1657), one Edmund
Duin, a Popish priest. J To Lieut. Edward Wood, on the cer
tificate of William St. George, Esq., J. P., of the county of
Cavan, dated 6th November, 1658, twenty-five pounds, for five
priests and friars by him apprehended, viz. : Thomas McKer-
nan, Turlongh O'Gowan, Hugh McGeown,Turlough Fitzsymons,
who upon examination confessed themselves to be both priests
and friars.§ 13th April, 1657. To Sergeant Humphry Gibbs
and Corporal Thomas Hill (of Colonel Leigh's company), ten
pounds, for apprehending two Popish priests (viz., Maurice
Prendergast and Edmund Fahy), who were secured in the
jail of Waterford ; and being afterward arraigned, were both
of them adjudged to be and accordingly were transported into
foreign parts.]]
In prison their condition may be realized by such orders as
* A-82, p. 635; A-90. p. 396. t Treasury Orders, p. 9.
\ Ibid., p. 120. § Ibid., p. 800. | Ibid.
184 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
the following : — "4th August, 1654. Ordered, on the petition of
Roger Begs, priest, now prisoner in Dublin, setting forth his
miserable condition by being nine months in prison, and desir
ing liberty to go among his friends into the country for some
relief: that he be released upon giving sufficient security that
within four months he do transport himself to foreign parts,
beyond the seas, never to return, and that during that time he
do not exercise any part of his priestly functions, nor move
from where he shall choose to reside in, above five miles, with
out permission.* Ordered, same date, on the petition of
William Shiel, priest, that the said William Shiel being old,
lame, and weak, and not able to travel without crutches, he be
permitted to reside in Connaught where the Governor of Ath-
Jone shall see fitting, provided, however, he do not remove one
mile beyond the appointed place without license, nor use his
priestly function."!
At first the place of transportation was Spain. Thus : — " 1st
of February, 1653. Ordered that the Governor of Dublin take
effectual course whereby the priests now in the several prisons
of Dublin be forthwith shipped with the party going for Spain ;
and that they be delivered to the officers on shipboard for
that purpose : care to be taken that under the colour of ex
portation they be not permitted to go into the country ."J
" 29th May, 1654. Upon reading the petition of the Popish
priests now in the jails of Dublin; ordered, that the Governor
of Dublin take security of such persons as shall undertake the
transportation of them, that they shall with the first opportu
nity be shipped for some parts in amity with the Common
wealth, provided the five pounds for each of the said priests
due to the persons that took them, pursuant to the tenor
of a declaration dated 6th January, 1653, be first paid or se
cured.'^
But no orders could keep them from ministering to their
flocks. Of this there are many instances. 4th January, 1655,
there was paid to Captain Thomas Shepherd the sum of five
pounds, pursuant to the declaration of 6th May, 1653, for a
party of his company that on 27th November last took a
priest, with his appurtenances, in the house of one Owen
Birne, of Cool-ne-Kishin, near Old Leighlin, in the county of
* A-4, p. 864. t A-82, p. 518.
I A-82, p. 629. § 85, p. 418.
OF IRELAND. 185
Catherlogh, which said priest, together with Birne, the man
of the house, were brought prisoners to Dublin.* On the 8th
of the same month, Richard and Thomas Tuite, Edmund and
George Barnwell, and William Fitzsimons, all names belong
ing to what would now be called the Catholic gentry, main
tained the castle of Baltrasna, in the county of Meath, in
defence and rescue of a priest supposed to have repaired
thither to say mass. For this they were arrested, and their
goods seized. To these Cornet Greatrex and his soldiers laid
claim, on the ground of a forcible entry of the said castle,
kept against them with arms and ammunition by such who
maintained a priest in his idolatrous worship, in opposition to
the declaration of the State in that behalf, f
As it had now been manifest from many years' experience
(to use the language of the Commissioners of Parliament for
the Affairs of Ireland), that Popish priests held it to be their
duty to estrange the minds and affections of the people from
the authority and government of the English Commonwealth J
(which it must therefore be supposed would otherwise have
been so warmly bestowed upon it by the Irish), and that
no ordinary admonition could withhold them, though they
thus exposed their lives to danger, and threatened to ruin this
miserable nation, the Commissioners for Ireland began to
transport them to Barbadoes, to prevent them from returning
to their own and their people's destruction. § On 8th Decem
ber, 1655, in a letter from the Commissioners to the Governor
of Barbadoes, advising him of the approach of a ship with a
cargo of proprietors deprived of their lands, and then seized
for not transplanting, or banished for having no visible means
of support (though the charity of the Irish never yet failed
such victims of the law, whether of high or low degree), they
add that amongst them were three priests ; and the Commis
sioners particularly desire they may be so employed as they
may not return again where that sort of people are able to do
* A-10, p. 7. Orders of Council, Late Auditor-General's Eecords, Cus
tom House Buildings, vol. x., p. 204.
t A-6, p. 45; ibid., pp. 65, 67.
j Order of 6 January, 1653. " History of the Rise, Decline, and Fall of
the Family of the Geraldines, Earls of Desmond ; to which is added the
Persecution of the Irish by the English, by Friar Dominic de Rosario
O'Daly, Head of the Dominicans in Portugal. Printed at Lisbon, 1655.
Translated by Rev. C. P. Meehan, and republished at Dublin. Jamea
Duffy, Wellington-quay. 1847." § A-5, p. 67.
186 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
much mischief, having so great an influence over the Popish
Irish, and of alienating their affections from the present Gov
ernment.* Yet these penalties did not daunt them, or pre
vent their recourse to Ireland. In consequence of the great
increase of priests towards the close of the year 1655, a gen
eral arrest by the justices of peace was ordered, under which,
in April, 1656, the prisons in every part of Ireland seem to
have been filled to overflowing. On 3d of May the gover
nors of the respective precincts were ordered to send them with
sufficient guards from garrison to garrison to Carrickfergus,
to be there put on board such ship as should sail with the first
opportunity for the Barbadoes.f One may imagine the pains
of this toilsome journey by the petition of one of them.4 Paul
Cash in, an aged priest, apprehended at Maryborough, and
sent to Philipstown on the way to Carrickfergus, there fell
desperately sick, and, being also extremely aged, was in dan
ger of perishing in restraint for want of friends and means of
relief. On 27th of August, 1656, the Commissioners having
ascertained the truth of his petition, they ordered him sixpence
a day during his sickness; and (in answer probably to this poor
prisoner's prayer to be spared from transportation) their or
der directed that it should be continued to him in his travel
thence (after his recovery) to Carrickfergus, in order to his
transportation to the Barbadoes.£
At Carrickfergus the horrors of approaching exile seem to
have shaken the firmness of some of them ; for on 23d Sep
tember, 1656, Colonel Cooper, who had the charge of the
prison, reporting that several would under their hands renounce
the .Pope's supremacy, and frequent the Protestant meetings
and no other, he was directed to dispense with the transporta
tion of such of them as he could satisfy himself would do so
without fraud or design, on their obtaining Protestant security
for their future good conduct.§
But even in Barbadoes the Government did not seem to
consider them secure, or perhaps the cost of transporting them
may have been too heavy. For on 27th February, 1657, they
referred it to His Excellency to consider where the priests
then in prison in Dublin might be most safely disposed of; and
thenceforth the Isles of Arran, lying out thirty miles in the
Atlantic, opposite the entrance to the Bay of Galway, and the
* A-30, p. 115. t A-10, p. 102. % A-12, p. 217. § A-10, p. 179.
OF IEELAND. 187
Isle of Innisboffin, off the coast of Connemara, became their
prisons.* In these storm-beaten islands they dwelt in colo
nies during the three concluding years of the Commonwealth
rule in Ireland, in cabins built for them by the Government,
and maintained on an allowance of sixpence a day.f Yet still
in all parts of the nation there was found a succession of these
intrepid soldiers of religion to perform their sworn duties,
meeting the relics of their flocks in old raths, under trees, and
in ruined chapels,^ or secretly administering to individuals in
the very houses of their oppressors, and in the ranks of their
armies.
THIRD BURDENSOME BEAST, A TORY.
The great aim of the transplantation was to give security
to the English planters.§ For this forty thousand of the most
active of the old English and Irish nobility and gentry and
commons, who had borne arms in the ten years' war, were
forced to abandon wife and children, home and country, and
embark for Spain ; for this their deserted wives and chil
dren, and all the remaining landed proprietors, their families
and next heirs,|| their tenants, with their wives, sons, and
* A-10, p. 277.
t " To Col. Thos. Sadleir, Governor of Galway, the sum of £100 upon
account, to be by him issued as he shall conceive meet for the mainten
ance of sncli Popisli priests as are or shall be confined in the island of
Baffin, after the allowance of sixpence per diem each. And for building
of cabbins and other necessary accommodation for them. Dated 3d July,
1657." Treasury Warrants, p. 352.
J In the bishops' returns appended to Primate Boulter's Eeport to the
Lords' Committee on the present state of Popery in Ireland (A. B. 1732),
it is common to find masses said in huts, in old forts, and at movable
altars in the fields. An English tourist writes in 1746: — "The poorer
sort of Irish natives are Roman Catholics, who made no scruple [toleration
was advancing at this time] to assemble in the open fields. As we passed
yesterday in a by-road, we saw a priest under a tree, with a large assem
bly about him, celebrating mass in his proper habit ; and though at a
great distance from him, we heard him distinctly." Chetwood's "Tour
throueh Ireland," p. 163. 12mo. London: 1746.
§ " To the end, therefore, that the country of Ireland may be planted
and settled with security unto such as shall plant and inhabit the same."
Preamble to the Act for the Satisfaction of Adventurers and Souldiers,
passed 27th September, 1653.
I " And whereas the children, grandchildren, brothers, nephews, uncles,
and next pretended heirs of the persons attainted, do remain in the prov
inces of Leinster, Ulster, and Munster, having little or no visible estates
or subsistence, but living only and coshering upon the common sort of
people who were tenants to or followers of the respective ancestors of
such persons, waiting an opportunity, as may justly be supposed, to mas
sacre and destroy the English who as adventurers or souldiers, or their
188 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
daughters, were forced into Connaught. With this view, the
country was laid waste, wherever the crops or cattle were
liable to afford support to the Irish who had not submitted to
be transplanted or transported : and whole districts were put
out of protection, so that men or women found there were to
be shot as spies and enemies, unless they had a pass or ticket
of protection.*
But the kind of agrarian law under which the lands were
distributed amongst the adventurers, and officers and soldiers
of the Commonwealth army, took from property its sanctity,
which depends much on antiquity of possession, and gave rise
to agrarian crimes.f
The old English of Ireland, though themselves descended
of an invading nation, whose title to their lands was anciently
conquest, must have felt deeply their present wrongs, inflicted
by men of their own blood and race. But deeper still must
have been the sense of wrong amongst the native Irish. By
them "property" (in the hands of the English in Ireland) must
have been long looked upon as " plunder." Open force had been
the means of extending the possessions of the English in early
times, — force and fraud combined, in the century just elapsed.
The English looked upon force and law (the will of the stran-
tenants, are set down to plant upon the several lands and estates of the
persons so attainted," they are to transplant or be transported to the
English plantations in America. Act for Attainder of the Kebels in Ire
land, passed 1656. Scobell's "Acts and Ordinances."
*" Their custom was, by their proclamation, to draw some imaginary
line about a large tract of some depopulated country, inhibiting the natives
to come within that circle ; and whensoever some ignorant or unwary
person chanced (either for taking a short way to the place he intended to
go to, or in pursuit of his cattle strayed or stolen) to pass those enchanted
limits, he was knocked on the head by any officer or souldier that first
met him, as Colonel Axtell did, having killed six women on the high
road betwixt Athy and Kilkenny." " A continuation of the Brief Narra
tive, and the Sufferings of the Irish under Cromwell." Small 4to. Printed
in the year 1660. [By Father Peter Walsh, author of the " Loyal Remon
strance."] Amongst the MSS. in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin,
are notes taken on the trial of Colonel Axtell by court-martial for this act.
F. 3. 18.
t " The proclamation of Lord Canning for the confiscation of Oude was
supposed to be a great stroke of policy. But no Mahometan conqueror,
no British conqueror, had ever attempted to perform the dangerous oper
ation which it projected. The design of confiscation was the most dan
gerous design which a conqueror could entertain ; and a shrewd observer
had said, that it was never safe to confiscate a man's property unless you
were prepared also to take his life." Sir James Graham, Bart., Parlia
mentary debate, May 21, 1858. He might have added, " Or to transplant
him, or make him emigrate."
OF IRELAND. 189
ger) as the proper title to land and empire ; the Irish, to an
enjoyment of it as the right of all the families of the country,
as sons and descendants of the earliest occupants of the soil.
The old English of Ireland had one reflection that moderated
their bitter thoughts. Their turn was come. " What you do
to another, another will do to you." And they still hated the
Irish. The Irish, the most forgiving race under the sun, re
spected the old English, who had long suffered with them for
their faith, but hated the English of the new plantations, who
drove them from their lands, insulted their religion and coun
try, and now tyrannized over the old English, whom the Irish
had learned to respect and pity.
What, if Lord Roche of Fermoy had had a son, would have
been his feelings at seeing his father and his sisters reduced to
beggary, and forced to walk on foot to Connaught,* to end
their days there in some cabin, while their ancient inheritance
was divided between the cornet of some English regiment of
horse and his troop? What the feelings of John, the brother
of Christian, Anstace, and Kate Roche, daughters of Jordan
Roche of Limerick, to behold his sisters reduced from the af
fluence of a landed estate of £2000 a year to nothing to live
on but what they could earn by their needles, and by washing
and wringing — their father's lands in the Liberties of Limerick
being divided amongst the gentlemen of Cromwell's Life
Guard ?f
Or of John Luttrell, transplanted with his wife and children
from the ancient family estate of Luttrellstown, near Dublin,
* See above, p. 118.
t " To the Right Honourable ye. Commissioners of ye Commonwealth of
England for ye affairs of Ireland,
" The humble peticon of Christian Roche, Anstnce Roche, Gate Roche,
and John Roche, ye children of Alderman Jordan Roche, deceased, shew-
eth yt Alderman Jordan Roche deed, dyed seized of a vast reall estate to
ye value of £2000 a year, and likewise of a considerable personal estate,
all which devolved and came to ye publique : That your poore petitioners
are in a sadd and deplorable condition for want of sustenance or maynte-
nance, and have nothing to live on but what they erne by their needles
and by washing and wringinge."
They pray a competent provision out of their father's estate, — " an
acte very charitable and suitable to ye civility of ye English govern
ment."
" Petition referred to the Commissioners of Limerick Precinct, to en
quire and report in what qualification of the Act of Settlement this falls.
Dated April, 1654." Records of the late Auditor-General's Office.
l&O THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
worth £2500 a year in 1640,* where for four hundred years
his ancestors had fixed their affections and their name, into the
barony of Clare in Galway, and there to hear of his four sisters
begging the Council Board for some relief, and given ten
pounds a piece, and bidden for the future not to expect any
further gratuity or allowance from that Board ? f
But how must the feelings of national hatred have been
heightened, by seeing everywhere crowds of such unfortunates,
their brothers, cousins, kinsmen, and by beholding the whole
country given up a prey to hungry insolent soldiers and adven
turers from England, mocking their wrongs, and triumphing in
their own irresistible power !
Inspired by such sights, bands "of desperate men formed
themselves into bodies, under the leadership of some dispos
sessed gentleman, who had retired into the wilds when the
rest of the army he belonged to laid down arms, or had '' run
out" again after submitting, and resumed them rather than trans
plant to Connaught.J He soon found associates, for the coun
try was full of swordmen, though 40,000 took conditions from
the King of Spain. Others came back from Spain.§ These
were the Tories. The great regions left waste and desolate by
the wars and transplantations gave them scopes for harbour
ing in ; and the inadequate numbers of the forces of the Com
monwealth to fully control so extensive a country as Ireland
left them at liberty to plan their surprises.
These outlaws were so daring and desperate, that they
attacked the new English tenants and purchasers within hail
of the garrisons. In the month of March, 1655, a sad case
occurred in the neighbourhood of the garrison of Timolin, in
the county of Kildare : John Symonds and his family, who
* A-12, p. 147. t Treasury Warrants, p. 194 ; 6th April, 1657.
% '• 27th August, 1656. Notwithstanding the several orders wherein
several days and times have been prefixed by which Papist proprietors of
lands were to remove themselves, as also their wives and children, to Con-
naught, whereto some have yielded obedience, and many others in several
parts do refuse, and from thence have taken occasion to run out again
into the boggs, woods, and other the fastnesses and desert places of the
land, to commit murders and robberies upon the well affected." A-10,
| "Zttk January, 1656. That Irish Papists who had been licensed to
depart this nation, and of late years have been transplanted into Spain,
Flanders, and other foreign parts, have nevertheless secretly returned into
Ireland, occasioning the increase of Tories and other lawless persons."
A-5, p. 349.
OP IRELAND. 191
had lately come out of England with all their substance to
plant in Ireland, by advice of friends settled at Kilnemarne,.
and had engaged twenty more families very suddenly to come
and plant there, being encouraged by hopes of receiving pro
tection from the garrison of Timolin, adjacent thereto ; soon
after his arrival, he and his two sons, being about repairing
of houses upon the premises, in the daytime (the deserted
abodes, of course, of Irish gentlemen and their families, lately
transplanted to Connaught), were waylaid and set upon by
three Irishmen, being bloodthirsty and wicked persons, who
fell upon him and his two sons, and cruelly murdered one of
them, and dangerously wounded the other. Both these sons
had faithfully served the Commonwealth in England as sol
diers since the beginning of the war, and the one murdered
left behind him a poor distressed widow, an honest sober per
son, in an extraordinary poor condition, with very small chil
dren, for whom a charitable subscription was encouraged in the
parish churches, by order of the Commissioners for the Affairs
of Ireland.* Rigorous orders were immediately issued and
enforced for transplanting all the Irish inhabitants of the town
and neighbourhood of Timolin to Connaught, as a consequence
of this murder.f
Six months afterwards, notwithstanding this signal chas
tisement, another murder took place, in the townland of
Lackagh, in the same county. On 22d October, 1655, Dennis
Brennan, and Murtagh Turner, Protestants (persons lately in
the service of the State and in the pay of the army), were bar
barously murdered. All the Irish in the townland of Lackagh
were seized ;| four of them by sentence of court-martial were
hanged for the murder, or for not preventing it ; and all the
rest, thirty- seven in number, including two priests, were on the
27th November delivered to the captain of the " Wexford"
frigate, to take to Waterford, there to be handed over to Mr.
Norton, a Bristol merchant, to be sold as bond slaves to the
sugar planters at the Barbadoes.§ Among these were Mrs.
Margery Fitzgerald, of the age of fourscore years, and her
husband, Mr. Henry Fitzgerald of Lackagh; although (as it
afterwards appeared) the Tories had by their frequent rob
beries much infested that gentleman and his tenants — a dis-
* A-6, p. 148. f A-30, p. 42. \ A-5, p. 260. § Ib., p. 303.
192 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
covery that seems to have been made only after the King's
restoration.*
But the main objects of the Tories were the cows and cattle
of the Englishmen, to support them in their fastnesses. If a
band of those outlaws came down from the hills, and drove off
the horses, cows, and cattle of the stranger to their retreats
\vhere none dare follow them, satisfaction was to be made by
the kindred of the Tories living under protection. These levies
were called Kincogues,f or kindred moneys. But as it was
often difficult to find out who the Tories were, and as it hap
pened that when found out the kindred were too poor to make
satisfaction, all the Irish of a barony where any murder, rob
bery, or other outrage was committed upon an Englishman,
whether they were of kin or not of kin to the Tories, were to
contribute equally with the kindred; and not they only, but
any Irish of any barony through which the Tories had passed
or repassed on their way to or from the outrage, unless they
had resisted them, or followed them with hue and cry, or given
immediate notice to the nearest garrison.^ These latter levies
were called " prey moneys."
But even in these measures of war which the newness of
their conquest was their excuse for, the purpose was compensa
tion, not vengeance, and they observed a kind of justice even
in their injustice; for the inhabitants were allowed to appoint
an advocate or agent, to appear and plead any just defence
* Pp. 7, 8, " Continuation of the Brief Narrative; and the Sufferings of
Ireland under Cromwell." London : 1660.
t " Kincogues," from " tin" (crime, debt, and liability), and " com-
rogus" (kindred, relations). By the Brehon law, unless the tribe out
lawed an offender, one of their kindred, they were collectively liable for
his crime. (The statement of the late John O'Donovan, LL.D.) Among
the statutes objected to by Spenser was the llth Edwd. IV., c. 4, whereby
the custom of Kin-cogish (as he calls it) was made law. By that statute
every head of every sept, and every head of every kindred, should be
bound to bring forth every one of that sept or kindred charged with any
crime. Spenser's " View of Ireland," p. 451.
% Proclamation of Colonel Jones, Governor of Dublin, for robberies
committed by the Tories . . . within the English quarters, to be answered
by the kindred of such as commit them. Dated 2d November, 1647.
Proclamation of Colonel Hewson, Governor of Dublin, making the in
habitants, whether of kin or not of kin, and the inhabitants of the baronies
through which the Tories passed, responsible. 25th Februarv, 1650.
MSS. Trin. Coll. Dub., F. 3, 18.
Instructions fur putting the above in execution by the Commissioners
for the Administration of "Justice, and Commissioners of Revenue. A-82,
p. 72.
OF IRELAND. 193
for them before the court-martial. The whole system was the
Jurisprudence of conquerors. The conquerors, though pos
sessed of all the power, and bound to provide for the security
of the Irish no less than the English within their protection,
laid the whole burden on the native race, and let all the Eng
lish go free.
The effect of these laws was to increase the numbers of
Tories. For though the Irish were bound to discover and re
sist the Tories under pain of death, they were not allowed
arms to enable them to resist, nor could the English protect
them, so that in either way they suffered death, either by the
English or the Irish.*
The grinding taxation, the consequence of this law upon
the families under protection, together with the chance of
being slain by the Tories if they resisted them, or by the Eng
lish if they did not, drove numbers out of protection to take
part with the Tories.f At length it was found that the Irish
inhabitants became so impoverished by paying for preys and
losses done by their kindred in arms, that the contribution was
in many places destroyed. This, and not the injustice of this
monstrous law, which punished the innocent and the guilty
together, and oftenest none but the innocent, and that too for
the crimes of the Government, which made men desperate by
wrongs, caused it to be repealed or limited. J But it was re-
enacted in penal laws after the Revolution, and was only abol
ished about the time of the commencement of the American
war, to be re-enacted in a new form in the Crime and Outrage
Act of 1853.
The penalties against the Tories themselves were to allow
them no quarter when caught, and .to set a price upon their
heads.g The ordinary price for the head of a Tory was 40s. ;
but for leaders of Tories, or distinguished men, it varied from
£5 to £30.
In a proclamation of 3d October, 1655, there was offered
to any that should bring in the persons hereafter named, or
their heads, to the governors of any of the counties where the
said Tories should be taken, the following sums, viz. : — for
Donnogh O'Derrick, commonly called " Blind Donnogh," the
sum of £30 ; for Dermot Ryan, the sum of £20 ; for James
* "The Great Case of Transplantation in Ireland Discussed," p. 28.
t Ibid. { A-84, p. 752. § A-26, p. 27.
194 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
Leigh, the sum of £o ; for Laughlin Kelly, the sum of £5 ; or
for any other Tory, thief, or robber that should be hereafter
taken by any countryman, and brought dead or alive to any of
the chief governors of any county or precinct, 40s. ; and if
taken and brought by any soldier, 20s.* Under a similar pro
clamation, there appears paid, by a Treasury Warrant, to
Captain Adam Loftus, on the 12th May, 1657, the sum of £20,
for taking Daniel Kennedy, an Irish Tory,— his head being sent
to Catherlough, to set up on the castle walls, to the terror of
other malefactors.f And in April of the same year, to Lieu
tenant Francis Rowlestone, the sum of £6 13s. 4rf., the same
being in consideration of the good services by him performed in
December last, in killing two Tories, viz. : Henry Archer, for
merly a lieutenant in the Irish army, then a chief leading Tory ;
and William Shaffe, brogue-maker, then under his command;
whose heads were brought to the town of Kilkenny, unto Major
Redmond there, as appears by his certificate, dated 9th of
April, inst.J
But there were other modes of dealing for the suppression
of Tories. The English, whether as soldiers or planters, were
inadequate to cope with these wild and lightfooted outlaws,
who knew each togher (or footpath) through the quaking
bogs, and every pass among the hills and woods. They were
therefore under the necessity of calling in the aid of some of
the countrymen of the Tories, who were equally skilled in the
knowledge of the country, and were familiar with the habits
and secrets of these outlaws. They either dealt with some
Irish gentleman for the guarding of some district, and pur
suing of the Tories within it, on the terms of his being spared
from transplantation for his services ; or they found means to
agree with any Tory not guilty of any actual murder, to kill
by treachery any two of his comrades as the price of his own
pardon.
Life at. this time had become of little value ; there was no
public cause to maintain ; the armies had surrendered. Men
were like wolves lying out in the woods and bogs of this
desolated island, their friends and families dead or banished.
It is no wonder that, between threats and rewards, men should
be tempted to betray and murder one another. Major Mor
gan's boast, however, that brothers and cousins cut one
* A-5, p. 241. t Treasury Warrants, p. 240. % Ibid., p. 224.
OF IRELAND. 195
another's throats, is only one of those calumnies of which this
ill-fated country has for ages been the victim. On the con
trary, their inviolable fidelity throughout all ages to those that
defend their cause has oftener afforded matter of reproach to
their revilers.
Arms and ammunition were occasionally intrusted to Irish
men to hunt and kill Tories,* just as they were employed oc-
casionly to kill wolves. It is possible they may have some
times killed others than Tories, but they could scarce go wrong
in killing an Irishman.
As an instance of a gentleman obtaining his dispensation
from transplantation to Connaught by engaging to keep a dis
trict against Tories, there is the case of Major Charles Kava-
nagh, one of the McMurrough family, — a family which long
retained great possessions in the county of Carlow, in consid
eration of their being of those Irishmen that first brought
Englishmen into Ireland,f but which they were now to forfeit.
To reduce the Tories of the county of Carlow, the Government
in the year 1656 came to an agreement with Major Charles
Kavanagh to dispense with his transplantation to Connaught,
and with that of thirteen Irishmen, of his own selection as his
assistants, for the purpose of prosecuting and destroying Tories
in that county, and in the adjoining counties of Wicklow,
Wexford, and Kilkenny.]; Major Kavanagh selected the stump
of the old castle of Archagh (otherwise Agha), a waste place
lying in the barony of Idrone, as the post for him and his
band to inhabit, as being situate in the centre of the three
counties of Wexford, Carlow, and Kilkenny ; and a lease was
made of it by the State to Major Boulton (who seems to have
been the medium of communication with Major Kavanagh), in
order that he might assign it over to him for his residence and
habitation.§ This place lay four miles due east of Leighlin
Bridge, and in some degree may have watched the approaches
against the advance of any Tories from the Wicklow hills.
Major Kavanagh was no Tory, but, having laid down arms,
was quietly awaiting his transplantation.
*"14M October, 1659. Order empowering Colonel Henry Prettie to
employ twenty Irish with guns and ammunition into the counties of
Carlow and Kilkenny, for three months, to find and destroy the Tories in
the said counties." A-17, p. 74.
Similar order for Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson in King's and Queen'i
Counties. Ibid., ib.
t " State Papers of Henry VIII." (Ireland). Vol. ii., p. 571.
j A-12, p. 5*. § A-12, p. 55.
'190 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
But others, wilder and more desperate, "ran out ;" amongst
these was Gerald Kinsellagh, who appears in the survey of
1653 as forfeiting a large estate of 1420 acres, consisting of the
lands of Kynogh, Kiledmond, Kilcoursey, and other lands in
the county of Carlow. He became " a leading Tory," and
with him the Government entered into terms for pursuing and
destroying his fellow-Tories. The same Lieutenant Francis
Rowlestone who was paid for the heads of two Tories killed
by him, and who probably, in his frequent conflicts with them,
had earned their respect and confidence (for the brave respect
the brave), had a warrant from the State in 1659 to treat with
this Gerald (or Garrett) Kinsellagh and two other Tories of
the neighbourhood, " then abroad and on their keeping," and
to promise them their security and liberty on condition of their
hunting down other Tories who were abroad disturbing the
public peace.*
But national hatred, as has been remarked, is the firmest
bond of association and secrecy.f The Irish, who had seen
their country desolated, and their ancient gentry driven off to
Connaught to make way for strangers of a new creed and new
manners, would give no assistance to the law. Those that
would not themselves deal a blow against the new proprietors
and their tenants, yet saw them with silent satisfaction terri
fied and bewildered at the sudden and secret attacks upon
their neighbours. They gave private intelligence to the Tories
to aid them to escape, or were simply passive ; and no penal
ties could force them to betray those whom they looked on
as avengers of the wrongs of gentry and people alike. There
remains a very graphic account of the constant danger in
which the new settlers lived. So sudden and so frequent
were the murders of the English planters, that it was stated
that no person was able to assure himself of one night's safety,
except such as lived in strong castles, and these well guarded,
and they (adds the reporter) very liable to surprise too. And
after referring to the instances of the several horrid murders
lately committed in the counties of Wexford, Kildare, and
Carlow, and elsewhere, he continues, — " Of which number one
* A-17, p. 57.
t " The conspiracy [of the Greeks against the Latins, then in possession
of Constantinople, A. D. 1205] was propagated by national hatred, the
firmest bond of association and secrecy." Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of
the Koman Empire," vol. x., ch. 61.
OF IRELAND. 197
gentleman living in a strong castle, and sitting by the fire
with his wife and family in the evening, heard some persons,
whose voice he knew, call him by name to come to his gate
to speak with him ; the poor gentleman, supposing no danger in
a country where no enemy was heard of, presently went to the
door, and was there murthered, where he was taken up dead
off the place. Another of them, walking in his grounds in the
day time, about his business, was there found murthered, and
to this day it could never be learned who committed either of
them. And when these horrid murthers are done, the poor
English that doe escape know not what means to use. As for
his Irish neighbours, it's like he <may not have one near him
that can speak English ; and if he have an hue and cry (or
hullaloo as they call it) to be set up, they will be sure to send
it the wrong way, or at least deferr it until the offender be far
enough out of reach ; and not unlike but the persons that
seem busiest in the pursuit may be them that did the mis
chief." *
But a more effective way of suppressing Tories seems to
have been to induce them, as already mentioned, to betray or
murder one another, — a measure continued after the Restora
tion, during the absence of Parliaments, by Acts and Orders
of State, and re-enacted by the first Parliament summoned
after the Revolution, when in that and the following reigns
almost every provision of the rule of the Parliament of Eng
land in Ireland was re-enacted by the Parliaments of Ireland,
composed of the soldiers and adventurers of Cromwell's day,
' or new English and Scotch capitalists. In 1695 any Tory
killing two other Tories proclaimed and on their keeping was
entitled to pardon,f — a measure which put such distrust and
alarm among their bands on finding one of-their number so
killed, that it became difficult to kill a second. Therefore, in
17 18, it was declared sufficient qualification for pardon for a
Tory to kill one of his fellow-Tories.]; This law was continued
in 1755 for twenty-one years, and only expired in 1776. Tory
hunting and Tory murdering thus became common pursuits.
No wonder, therefore, after so lengthened an existence, to find
traces of the Tories in our household words. Few, however,
* " England's Great Interest in the Well Planting of Ireland with Eng
lish People," p. 7. By Colonel Richard Lawrence. 4to. Dublin: 1656:
f 7 Will. III. (Irish), c. 21. J 9 Will. III. (Irish), c. 9.
198 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
are now aware that the well-known Irish nursery rhymes have
so truly historical a foundation : —
" Ho ! brother Teig, what is your story ? "
" I went to the wood and shot a Tory ; "
" I went to the wood, and shot another ; "
" Was it the same, OT was it his brother ? "
" I hunted him in, and T hunted him out,
Three times through the bog, and about and about ;
Till out of a bush I spied his head,
So I levelled my gun, and shot him dead." *
At the Restoration, some of the gentry of old English de
scent, who had good interest at court, got back their estates.
Others, of equal loyalty, obtained decrees of the Court of Claims
to have back their ancient inheritances; but as the adventurers
and soldiers in possession were not to be removed without
being first reprised, that is, provided with other lands of equal
value, which the Commissioners were in no hurry to do, even
if there had been lands enough to supply them, the dispos
sessed owners, especially the ancient Irish, were never restored,
but wandered many of them about their ancient inheritances,
living upon the bounty of their former tenants, or joined some
band of Tories.f The poor Irish peasantry, with a generosity
characteristic of their race and country, never refused them
hospitality, but maintained them as gentlemen, allowing them
to cosher upon them, as the Irish called the giving their lord
a certain number of days' board and lodging. Archbishop
King complains of the numbers thus supported, or by steal
ing and Torying. These pretended gentlemen, together with
the numerous coshering Popish clergy that lived much after
* Crofton Croker's " Sketches in the South of Ireland," p. 54. 4to.
London : 1824.
t In a manuscript account of the state of the county of Kildare, A. D.
Ifi84, is the following: — " In the open or plain coun treys the peasants are
content to live on their labour; the woods, boggs, and fastnesses foster
ing and sheltering the robbers, Tories, and woodkernes, who are usually
the offspring of gentlemen that have either misspent or forfeited their
estates, who, though having no subsistence, yet contemn trade as being too
mean and base for a gentleman reduced never so low, being nuskd up by
their priests and followers in an opinion that they may yet recover their
lands to live on in their predecessors splendour: yet the robberies, and
burglaries, and other crimes usually committed in this kingdom, are not
so numerous, but there are commonly sentenced to die in a monthly ses
sions att the Old Bailey more than in half a year's circuit in Ireland."
Folio volume, indorsed " Detached Papers relating to the Natural History
of Ireland." Press I., tab. L, vol. ii., p. 296, M.SS. I'rin. Coll., Dublin.
OF IRELAND. 199
the same manner, were the two greatest grievances of the
kingdom in this Archbishop's view, and more especially hin
dered its settlement and happiness.* The Archbishop and the
possessors of the lands of these gentlemen complained much
of their pride and idleness in not becoming their labourers.
But the sense of injustice, and their use of arms, were against
it. Their sons or nephews, brought up in poverty, and
matched with peasant girls, will become the tenants of the
English officers and soldiers ; and thence reduced to labourers,
will beYound the turf-cutters and potato-diggers of the next
generation, — yet keeping, even in the low social rank they
have fallen to, their ancient spirit and courage, and their in
tolerance of injury and insult. These dispossessed proprie
tors were the pretended Irish gentlemen that would not work,
but wandered about demanding victuals, and coshering from
house to house among their fosterers, followers, and others,
described in the Act of 1707 "for the more effectual Sup
pressing of Tories," and who were (on presentment of any
grand jury of the counties they frequented) to be seized and
sent on board the Queen's fleet, or to some of the plantations
in America.f The granfathers of men now alive have seen
the heir or representative of the old forfeiting proprietor of
1688 wandering about with his ancient title-deeds tied up in
an old handkerchief, — these and the respect paid him by the
peasantry being the only signs left to show the world he was
a gentleman.
The Tories, however, notwithstanding all these provisions
and precautions, continued to infest the ne\v Scotch and Eng
lish settlers during the whole of the Commonwealth period ;
they survived the Restoration ; they received new accessions
by the war of the Revolution and the forfeitures of 1688 ; and
they can be traced through the Statute Book to the reign of
George III., during the whole of which period there were re
wards set upon their heads; and all their murders, mannings,
and dismemberments, their robberies and spoils, were satisfied
by levies on the ancient native inhabitants of the different dis
tricts.
* King's "State of the Protestants of Ireland under the Government of
King James the Second," p. 87. 8vo. Dublin : 1730. See also "A Tour
through Ireland." Dublin : 1748, p. U7,
t 6 Anne (Irish), c. 2. .
200 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
After the Restoration, Colonel Poer in Munster, and Colonel
Coughlan in Leinster, dispossessed of their hereditary prop
erties, headed bands that gave infinite trouble. Redmond
O'Hanlon, a dispossessed proprietor of Ulster, during the
whole of the Duke of Ormond's and the Earl of Essex's Lord
Lieutenancies, kept the counties of Tyrone and Armagh in
terror, the farmers paying him regular contributions to be pro
tected from pillage by other Tories. His history is character
istic of Ireland. The O'Hanlons and Magennises were the
only friends of Queen Elizabeth in Ulster.* O'Hanlon was
the chief of Orier in the county of Armagh, and claimed to be
hereditary royal standard-bearer north of the Boyne. In
1595, in the war against Hugh O'Neil, in the march of the
Deputy Sir W. Russel from Dundalk, the royal standard was
borne the first day by O'Mulloy, and the next by O'Hanlon. f
On the 17th November, 1600, he was slain at the pass of Car-
lingford, fighting on the English side, under the orders of
Lord Mountjoy. For his loyalty and his services in this war
against the Earl of Tyrone, King James I. bestowed upon his
family seven townlands. These were, of course, taken from
them by the orders of the English Parliament in 1653 ; and
they were transplanted to Connaught, where the mother re- .
ceived some pittance of land for her support. At the Restora
tion Hugh O'Hanlon petitioned to have their lands restored,!
but in vain. Redmond O'Hanlon, who was probably a brother
of Hugh's, took to the hills. He principally haunted the Fews
Mountains, near Dundalk. He thought more than once of
withdrawing to France, where he was known to fame as Count
O'Hanlon, but was still kept back by rumours of a war, and
hopes of a French invasion. § Various attempts were made to
surprise him, and large bribes offered for his capture. But all
was of no avail. At last, the Duke of Ormond drawing
secret instructions for two gentlemen with his own hand
* " Brief Declaration of the Government of Ireland, discovering tho
Discontents of the Irishry." By Captain Thomas Lee, A. D. 1594. "De
siderata Curiosa Hibernica," vol. i., p. 140.
t Sir Kichard Cox's " Hibernia Anglicana, p. 407.
j Petition of Hugh O'Hanlon, A. D. 1663, claiming as an "innocent
Papist," MS., folio (series of twelve volumes relating to Acts of Settlement
and Explanation), vol ii., B., p. 835. Kecord Tower, Dublin Castle.
§ "Present State of Ireland, but more particularly of Ulster," by Ed
mund Murphy, Secular Priest, and titular Chanter of Armagh, and one of
the first discoverers of the Irish Plot. Folio. London : 1681.
OF IRELAND. 201
(else this outlaw would be sure to get intelligence of the plan
formed against him), he was shot through the heart, while he
lay asleep, on the 25th of April, 1681 ; nor would the
Duke ever disclose by whose information he was enabled to
accomplish his destruction.* "Thus fell this Irish Scancler-
beg," says Sir Francis Brewster, who had the relation of his
death from the mouth of one of the gentlemen employed by
the Duke, " who did things, considering his means, more to
be admired than Scanderbeg himself."t
After the war of 1688, the Tories received fresh accessions,
and, a great part of the kingdom being left waste and desolate,
they betook themselves to these wilds, and greatly discouraged
the replanting of the kingdom by their frequent murders of
the new Scotch and English planters ; the Irish " choosing
rather" (so runs the language of the Act) " to suffer strangers
to be robbed and despoiled, than to apprehend or convict
the offenders." In order, therefore, for the better encourage
ment of strangers to plant and inhabit the kingdom, any per
sons presented as Tories by the gentlemen of a county, and
proclaimed as such by the Lord Lieutenant, might be shot as
outlaws and traitors ; and any persons harbouring them were
to be guilty of high treason.}; Rewards were offered for the
taking or killing of them ; and the inhabitants of the barony,
of the ancient native race, were to make satisfaction for all
robberies and spoils.§ If persons were maimed or dismem
bered by Tories, they were to be compensated by ten pounds ;
* Betrayed, perhaps, by his mistress, as Daniel O'Keeffe, a similar out
law in the county of Cork, by Mary O'KeMy, whose treachery, however,
O'Keeffe avenged by plunging his dagger into her heart before taking to
flight, as in the following lines : —
" No more shall mine ear drink " The moss couch I brought thee
Thy melody swelling; To-day from the mountain
Nor thy beaming eye brighten Has drunk the last drop [tain.
The outlaw's dark dwelling ; Of thy young heart's red foun-
Or thy soft heaving bosom For this good skeane beside me
My destiny hallow, Struck deep, and rung hollow
When thy arms twine around me, In thy bosom of treason,
Young Mauriade ny Kallagh. Young Mauriade ny Kallagh."
"Dublin Penny Journal," vol. iv., No. 165 (August 29, 1835), p. 71. •
Mauriade ny Kallagh is the Irish for Mary O'Kelly. " O " is " son of."
Women used the prefix "ny," instead— as, " Honora ny Brien," " Kathe-
riue ny Donohue," " Sara ny Donnel."
t Carte's "Life of James, Duke of Ormond," vol. ii., p. 512.
}9 Will. III. (Irish), 0.9. | Ibid.
202 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT
and the families of persons murdered were to receive thirty
pounds*
As their leaders of gentle birth or blood died off, or were
killed, they were not replaced ; but the ranks of these outlaws
were still recruited from the lower and the poorer class.
In this state they presented, at the end of thirty years, to
the historian of the war of the revolution,! under the name of
Rapparees, an aspect so fierce, so wan, and wild, that his com
mentator is appalled at the spectacle. He starts at the
" hideous ferocity" of these Irish, " remaining untamable
after so many ages, since British civilization was first planted
in Ireland ; exhibiting man, like the solitary hyena that could
neither be domesticated nor extirpated, prowling about the
grave of society rather than its habitation^ — Ireland thereby
realizing the fate foretold for another nation — ' I will bring
your sanctuaries and your land into desolation .... and your
enemies who dwell therein shall be astonished at it.'"§
Like the same nation, too, the Irish of the seventeenth cen
tury were " scattered among all people, from one end of the
earth unto the other," carrying with them into foreign lands
their enduring hostility, — entering the armies of the enemies
of their country, or (like the la<4 of those accomplished
gentlemen, the Moors of Spain, who driven from their native
Andalusia in 1610, became the first of those pirates called
Sallee Rovers, in hatred of the injustice of the Christians), ||
manning French privateers, and robbing and insulting the
coasts of the land of their birth, from which they had been
cast out.^[
* 9 Will. III. (Irish), c. 9.
t " History of the late War " (1690-92), by Rev. W. Story. 4to. London.
% " Res Gestse Anglorum in Hibernia ab anno 1150 usque ad 1800 ; or,
a Supplement to the History of England," prefixed to " the Liber Mune-
rurn Publicorum; or, the Establishments of Ireland during l>75 years;"
being the Report of Rowley Lascelles, of the Middle Temple. Ordered
by the House of Commons to be printed, 1814. Vol. i., p. 93.
§ Leviticus, xxvi. 31, 32.
U "Mohammedan Dynasties of Spain," by an African author of tho
year 1620, vol. ii., p. 392. 4to. Printed for the Oriental Society
T 9 Will. III. (Irish), c. 9, s. 5.
MAP OF CONNAUGHT
TO K-XHfUJT TiLfc: TI*AXJ?l*lu\JfTATIOX. AO.1654.
&L Ml Maud
™/W,Y,I/«V/M-, :•/, I,-,,.*..! ""•••. f. ''s u R R f*f'\_^,LT*RTAyvNL ' "*. £g°>-'"»"\
J,,/ '-y v^
^^•^t-- >
U 1. L A-*/"0
^t^^ffr/
nflR' miiatoe
s^Qr^
\? OF TIPPERARY
'A^RLJC
*» I
\
i
I
C°CF LIMERICK j
*
APPENDIX,
i.
MAP OF CONNATJGHT.
THE first orders to the Irish nation, which were dated the 14th
of October, 1653, directed the strongest and ablest of them to
proceed immediately after Christmas, 1653, to Gal way, and to
present to the Commissioners of Revenue their inventories set
ting forth the names and number of persons in their families, the
quantity of tillage on the lands they were leaving, and stating
whether they were freeholders or leaseholders, in order that the
Commissioners of Revenue might set them out lands competent
to the stock that they had to bring into Connaught, and set them
down on them as proprietors or tenants.*
Their families were to follow before the first of May ; meantime
they were to prepare housing for their reception. But before
the time for moving arrived, Special Commissioners were ap
pointed to perform this duty, as being too much for the Commis
sioners of Revenue. They were directed to sit at Loughrea in
stead of Galway, and thenceforth were known always as the
Loughrea Commissioners.
On the 6th of January, 1 654, they received their first instruc-
tions,t which seems to have been prepared by a standing Com
mittee, consisting of Roger Lord Broghill, Colonel Hierome San-
key, Colonel Richard Lawrence, and ten others, who were ap
pointed to sit in the long gallery at Cork House, which then ad
joined the Castle of Dublin, every Monday, Wednesday, and Fri
day, to consider all matters referred to them, and amongst others,
How the Great Worke of Transplantation might be managed and
carried on with most advantage to the Commonwealth.]:
* Order of Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland-, 14th October, 1658,
in Kilkenny Castle.
t " Instructions tor Wm. Edwards, Edw. Doyly, Chas. Holcroft, and
Hy. Greehoway, Esqrs., Commissioners appointed tor the Setting out
Lands in Connaught to the Transplanted Irish, who are to remove thither
before the 1st of May next. A-85, p. 47.
J Order appointing the Committee, 1st Aug., 1653. A-84, p. 364.
204 APPENDIX.
These instructions directed that none of the inhabitants of
Kerry, Cork, or Limerick were to be placed in Clare (as they
might thence perhaps behold their native hills and plains, and be
tempted to return, though the width of the Shannon would seem
to have been enough to secure the Cork and Kerry inhabitants in
their new abodes).
None of the inhabitants of Cavan, Fermanagh, Tyrone, or
Donegal, were to be placed in Leitrim, as being too near Ulster,
besides being a country full of fastnesses ; and, as a general rule,
none of those inhabiting within ten miles of the Shannon on this
side should be settled near, or have lands assigned to them within
ten miles of the other side.
Care was also to be taken that the whole inhabitants of no
one county, when transplanted, should have lands assigned to
them in any one county in part of Connaught, but should be
dispersed ; and that the several septs, clans, or families of one
name removing should be, as far as possible, dispersed into several
places.
Some thoughtful persons, indeed, went so far as to propose to
keep the transplanted Irish of English descent separate from the
Irish. It was observed that the transplanted in Connaught were
a disjointed people, both as to their principles and interest. "For
though all of them," said Colonel Lawrence, "be equally Papist,
they are not all equally Irish, but a considerable part of them (if
not the most considerable) are of ancient English extract (alluding
to the Butlers, Talbots, Barnewalls, Plunkets, etc.), who had beer,
of old, and until the late plantation of new English, determined
enemies of the Irish." * And he proposed that the Irish should
be kept still divided by being settled entirely, one of them at the
one end, and the other at the other end of the province of Con-
naught. He proposed, also, that favors might be extended to the
one, viz., the English-descended Irish (as by being planted near
towns, etc.), that should not be to the other, by which means
their joint agreement against the English interest would be much
obstructed.! But plans of this nicety could scarce be carried out,
considering the numbers passing into Connaught, and the 'con
stant taking away of lands by the Government for one cause or
the other, so that in the end not a twentieth freeholder had any
land assigned to him.}
By the Act of Parliament which assigned Connaught for the
habitation of the Irish nation, the only parts reserved from them
were the towns, and a belt of ground four miles wide beginning
* " Interest of England in the Well Planting of Ireland with English
People Discussed," 4to, Dublin, 1656, p. 40.
tlbid., p. 41.
J " A Continuation of the Brief Narrative and the Sufferings of the Irish
tinder Cromwell," 4to, London, 16GO, p. 9.
APPENDIX. 205
at one statute mile round the town of Sligo, and so winging
along the sea coast, to be planted with soldiers, in order to shut
out relief by sea from abroad.* This belt, however, wns after
wards carried along the Shannon side, to prevent escape back to
the other provinces.t Its breadth, as land became scarce, was
reduced first to three miles, and finally contracted to one mile ;
and the circle of three miles drawn round Portumna, Athlone,
Jamestown, Limerick, and the Pass of Killaloe, on the Connaught
side, and of 100 acres round Schrule, Gort, and other garrisons
given up, the five miles round the town of Galway alone being
still reserved.
The baronies of Tirrera, and Carbury in Sligo, then Tirrerrill,
Oorran, and Leyney were first taken away, and set out to satisfy
the disbanded.J And the transplanters who had received assign
ments there had to gather up their flocks and herds, and with
their weary and heart-broken wives and children to begin their
wandering again. § The ancient proprietors, too, who had prob
ably been comparing their happier lot with the poor trans
planted, to lose only part of their lands to afford the exiles a
maintenance, while they still kept their old mansions, had now
to transplant to make way for the English soldiery .|j
It will be observed that the barony of Tirrera is bounded on
the west by the fine estuary which leads up to Ballina, in Mayo.
Opposite is the barony of Tyrawley, with a belt of fine, rich, feed
ing and grazing land along the estuary, commencing about Killala,
near the mouth, and extending to Ballina. The rest, westwards
to Erris, partakes of the nature of that barony, and is a waste of
heath and bog. The officers now took a good part of Tyrawley,
on the ground that by such an English plantation the sea coast
would be greatly secured; they left the bad half for the trans-
planters.TT The barony of Burren, and the district of Oonnemara,
were for a time reserved from the Irish, as being near the sea **
and great fastnesses, but were finally set out to the transplanted.
Leitrim, which had before been suspended from being set out
on account of its being such a strong country, became filled in
spite of the order with the Ulster Creaghts.ft It was the first
land they met with on entering Connaught, and they drove theiv
herds of multitudinous small cows into its mountains and valleys
and depastured them, suffering less, probably, from the transplan-
* Act for Satisfaction of the Adventurers for Lands in Ireland, and of
Arrears due to the Souldiery, 26th Sept., 1653. Scobell's " Acts and
Ordinances," ch. xii.
t Additional Instructions to Commissioners at Loughrea, 16th June,
1655, A-26, p. 132. Colonel Ingoldsby and others to ifiake the line, 8th
April, 1656. A-10, p. 58.
JA-90, p. 701. § Ibid., p. 704. J A-5, p. 60. 1 A-90, p. 61.
** Propositions of Loughrea Commissioners Answered. A-8o, p. 544.
tt Ibid., ib.
206 APPENDIX.
tation than others, being accustomed to a wandering life, and to
pitch their frail booths, erected of boughs, covered with long
strips of green turf, where the pasture suited their herds. They
received various summonses to retire. The county was at length
taken for the soldiery, to answer arrears before 5th June, 1649,
and the ancient proprietors were ordered to remove to the baronies
of Murrisk and Borrishool, in Mayo, most resembling Leitrim in
the opinion of the Loughrea Commissioners ; * but in the opinion
of the proprietors it probably only resembled it in its wildest and
worst parts.
These, however, were only the first rude essays in the great
work of transplantation during the first year. They were of less
consequence, as the assignments of land were De Bene Esse, or
conditional, and were only preliminary to the final settlements,
which were to be made by the court to sit at Athlone for dis
criminating the qualifications of the Irish.
These Commissioners, commonly called the Athlone Commis
sioners, or Court of Claims and Qualifications of the Irish, were
appointed (as appears by their commission and instructions) on
28th December, 1 654. t
Their business was twofold ; first, to discriminate the guilt of
every proprietor ; and, second, to ascertain the size and value of
the lands he lately held on the English side of the Shannon.
In the Act for Settling Ireland, passed 12th August, 1652,f
there were eight different qualifications. By the first six, death or
banishment and forfeiture were declared against all the chief no
bility (some of them Protestant Royalists, as the Earl of Ormond,
Primate Hramhall, and others), and all the gentlemen of Ireland
who had borne arms for the King. Swordmen under that rank
fell under the 7th qualification, and forfeited two-thirds. Gentle
men and others, who had borne no part in the war, but remained
quiet, fell under the 8th qualification, as not having manifested a
constant good affection by some outward acts in favour of the
Parliament and against the King. They forfeited one-third ; Pro
testants in like condition forfeited one-fifth. By the Act for
Settling Ireland, all within these qualifications were to transplant,
and receive their proportions of land in Connaught ; but by an
ordinance of the Protector and Council, Protestants were allowed
to compound § for their one-fifth, and were dispensed with from
transplantation. This was equal to two years' annual value, lands
being then valued at ten years their annual profits.))
* A-30, p. Irtl. t A-2tf, p. 53. % Seobell's " Acts and Ordinances."
§ Dated 2 I September, 1654. Scobeli's u Acts and Ordinances."
| Order of Council made on report of the Commissioners of Revenue on
Lord Viscount Moore of Drogheda's 'Case, Kecords of the late Auditor-
General, Custom House, vol. xviii., p. 9 ; on Teig O'Hara's case, ib,,
p. 19.
APPENDIX. 207
As the whole nation was declared guilty of rebellion, it lay on
each claimant to prove both the quantity of his lands, and " the
series of his carriages," or his course of conduct during the ten
years' war. To check the claimants the Commissioners were fur
nished with the Civil Survey, which set forth the names and estates
of all the proprietors in 1641, — with the Depositions, taken in
1642, of Protestants complaining of goods taken from them in the
first year of the war, in which were entered every idle hearsay
they chose to offer, the more monstrous the better. These were
duly alphabeted and indexed, and were called the Crimination
Books. They were also supplied with the books of the late Govern
ment of Confederate Catholics. According to the evidence thus
afforded, and the testimony of witnesses, the Commissioners de
creed that the claimant either had no claim, or fell under the 7th
or 8th qualification, and so forfeited either two-thirds or one-third ;
or the claimant got a decree of Constant Good Affection, entitling
him to be restored to his estate.
It now became the duty of the Loughrea Commissioners to set
ont lands to the transplanted in quantity according to the Athlone
Decrees. The assignments thus made were called Final Settle
ments, to distinguish them from those which the transplanters
first received for the support of their stock of cattle. The business
having become more important, Sir Charles Coote, President of
Connaught, and others, were joined to the other Commissioners
at Loughrea.*
The Government early in this year directed the Loughrea Com
missioners to give the first comers assignments, with houses arid
other accommodation, to encourage the nation to come on t In
stead of which (strange to say), they began with the baronies of
Burren and Inchiquin, in the county of Clare, ''generally known
and reputed to be sterile," to the hindrance of the transplantation.
Transplanters also were set down in counties totally different in
character from those which they and their families had been
accustomed to.J
To remedy these inconveniences a committee was appointed on
the 1st of February, 1656, in Dublin, consisting of Sir Hardress
Waller, Sir Robert King, Major-General Jephson, and Colonel
Hewson, and Colonel Sankey, to consider of the nature and quality
of the soil of the respective baronies in the three provinces of
Leinster, Munster, and Ulster, and what counties and baronies
there, were beyond the Shannon to which the transplanted Irish
were to remove, that might bear a resemblance in proportion
and quality of the lands they left in the other provinces, that they
might be set down in lands of like quality and quantity in Con-
naught.§ And Sir Charles Coote, one of the Loughrea Commis-
* 16th June, 1655, A-26, p.99. t A-30, p.42. J Ib., p. 82. § A-5, p.851.
208 APPENDIX.
sioners, was joined to the Committee on account of his experi
ence acquired in Connaught in the business of setting down the
transplanted.
On the 12th of February, 1656, this committee submitted their
proposals in the form exhibited in the map. Besides resemblance,
they took into consideration the distance from whence the pro
prietors were to remove, so that the inhabitants of one county
should not be removed to a greater distance from their former
estates than others.* These proposals follow : —
" Proposals in order to assigning certain Baronies in Connaught
and Clare to certain Counties in the other Provinces.
" The inhabitants of the Province of Ulster (except the Counties
of Down and Antrim) to be transplanted into the Baronies of
Muckullen, Rosse, and Ballinihinsey, in the territory of Ere Con-
naught, and County of Gal way (except what is reserved by the
Lyne on the Sea), and into the Baronies of Moyrisk, Burryshoule,
and the half Barony of Irish [Erris], parte of Tyrawley Barony
(parte of it being given to the soldiers), and Costello Barony (ex
cept what is on the line aforesaid), and into Tyaquin Barony, in
the Co. of Galway.
" The inhabitants of the Counties of Corke and Wexford to be
transplanted into the Baronies of Dunkellyn and Kiltartan, in the
County of Galway (except what is on the lyne on the sea), and
into Athlone Barony and the half Barony of Moycarnane (except
what is on the lyne of the Shannon), in the County" of Roscom-
mon.
" The inhabitants of the County of Kerry to be transplanted
into Inchiquin and Burren Baronies, in the County of Clare, and
into the territories of Artagh, in the Barony of Boyle, in the
County of Roscommon.
" The inhabitants of the Counties of Down and Antrim to be
transplanted into the Baronies of Clanmorris, Carra, and Kil-
maine, in the County of Mayo.
"The inhabitants of the Counties of Kilkenny, Westmeath,
Longford, King's County, and Tipperary, to be transplanted into
the Baronies of Tullagh, Bunratty, Islands, Corcomroe, Clonder-
lau, Moyfartagh, and Ibrican, in the County of Clare, and into
the half barony of Bellamo, in the County of Galway.
uThe inhabitants of the Counties of Catherlagh, Waterford,
and Limerick, into the half Baronies of Loughrea and Leitrim,
and the Baronies of Dunmore and Kilconnell, and the half Ba
rony of Longford (except what is in the lyne), in the County of
Galway.
** And the inhabitants of East Meath, Kildare, Queen's County,
* A-26, p. 180.
APPENDIX. 209
and Dublin, into the Baronies of Roscommon and Ballintobber,
in the half Barony of Bellamo and the Barony of Boyle (except
the territory of Artagh), in the County of Roscommon.
"• Memorandum — That Louth is reputed much better land than
Wicklow, and to be accordingly estimated.
" Dated at Dublin, 12th February, 1655-6.
' HAEDRESS WALLER. CHARLES COOTE. ROBERT KING.
JOHN HEWSON. WM. JEPHSON. HIEROME SANZEY."*
The plan of consigning to the four baronies of Ballintober in
Roscommon, and Athlone in Galway, and Tullay and Bunratty in
Clare, " Irish widows of English extraction" (by which are to be
understood the widows of the nobility and ancient English gentry
— ladies such as Viscountess Mayo, Lady Loiith, Lady Grace
Talbot, Lady Dunboyne, etc.), was the suggestion of the Commit
tee of Transplantation, as early as 5th of May, 1654.f In the
following year it was conceived that three would be enough, and
Ballintober was cut off.J
Notwithstanding the vast amount of Connaught already with
drawn from Transplanters, the Commissioners had orders to
reserve one choice barony in Clare, and one in Galway, for the
disposal of the Government.§
For the Lord Henry Cromwell, also, was reserved Portnmna
Castle, park, and gardens, the ancient seat of *he Earls of Clan-
rickard, with 6000 acres next adjoining.!
Sir Charles Coote, Colonel Sadleir, Major Ormsby, and others
did not think it beneath them to still further diminish the fund
of landlf for the support of the exiled Irish nation, and got grants
in Connaught. Two-thirds of Mayo was taken to answer soldiers'
arrears of Cromwell's army of Ireland, incurred in England before
the 5th of June, 1649; and as the remaining third was moun
tainous and maritime, the Commissioners of Parliament thought
they might as well make a clean sweep of Mayo ; the Loughrea
Commissioners were therefore ordered to take care that nourish
should set down within that county either as proprietors or
tenants, to the end it should be planted with English, — that im
porting most of public safety and advantage.** This, however,
would seem to have been given back when they found that all
disposable lands had been set out, except the two reserve
baronies, and except what was waste and remote; ft and that
many Irish proprietors and their families, who had left fine
* A-26, p. 189.
t Order Book of Council, Custom House Buildings, vol. vii.
JA-5, p. 111. §A-10, p. 55.
I A-10, p. 277 ; and sec Letter of Henry Cromwell, supra, p. 104, n. ib.
1 A-10, p. 266. »*Ibid.f p. 128. if A-26 p. 238.
210 APPENDIX.
estates, were still unaccommodated, and reduced to little better
than a starving condition.
The rule of Settlement now became impracticable. Mr. Thomas
Shortal* and Mr. Richard Nugent, t and others, complained that
their Athlone decrees were not satisfied in the baronies appointed
for those in their capacity. Maurice Lord Viscount Roche, of
Fermoy, was sent off on his wearisome and fruitless journey on
foot to the Owles, in the wildest and remotest part of Connaught|
(and had nothing but his labour for his pains), instead of being
set down with the inhabitants of the county of Cork, in the
baronies of Kiltartan and Dunkellin in the county of Galway, or
of Athlone or Moycarnon, in Roscommon.
It remains to observe that the present baronies of Frenchpark
and Castlerea were not then known. They formed part of the ba
rony of Boyle, in the county of Roscommon. The territory of
Artagh was part of the same barony.
The barony of Galway was not then known. It has been
formed out of parts of Moycullen and Dunkellin. The baronies
of Clare, Athenry, Kilconnel, and Clonmacnowen, in the county
of Galway, are not mentioned in the scheme of 12th February,
1656. Clare was excepted by an almost contemporaneous order, §
and was perhaps one of the two choice baronies reserved for
Government disposal.
"THE OWLES."
This territory is thus marked on the present map in the baronies
of Borrishool and Erris, after an ancient map among the MSS. of
Trinity College Library, Dublin, of the time probably of Queen
Elizabeth or James I., snowing the division made of Connaught
into baronies by Sir Henry Sydney.
The Irish name of this territory was Umhall, and it was divided
into two — Umhall ioghtragh, i. e. Lower Umhall, the ancient name
of the barony of Borrishool ; and Umhall uaghtragh, i. e. Upper
Umhall, the ancient name of the barony of Murrisk.
These latter divisions are marked on an ancient map, from the
Book of Lecan, prefixed to the "Tribes and Customs of Hy
Fiachrach."fl This was the country of CTMailleys. Grace O'Mail-
ley, that famous Amazonian sea rover of Queen Elizabeth's day, is
commonly known as Granuaille, or Grace of Umhall. The Eng
lish called the territory "The Owles," another name for the "The
Umhalls."
* A-12, p. 230. t Ibid., ib. J Supra, p. 119. § A-10, p. 55.
| Translated and annotated by John O'Donovan, Irish Archaeological
Society's Publications, 4to, Dublin, 1844.
APPENDIX. 211
II.
MAP OF THE COUNTY OF TIPPERARY, AS DIVIDED BETWEEN
THE ADVENTURERS AND SOLDIERS.
(See pp. 79 and 80, and 150.)
AN account having been taken of the lands forfeited in the several
baronies of the ten counties, and the counties divided by baronies
into two equal parts,* a lot was drawn for the Adventurers by
Alderman Avery, and for the Soldiers by Colonel Hewson (ap
pointed to that office by the Lord General Crowwell) ; and the
several baronies in the county of Tipperary forming the two parts
of the county fell to the Adventurers and Soldiers, respectively,
as exhibited in the map.t
The Adventurers' baronies in the county of.Tipperary were to
be charged with not more than £60,000. Bodies of Adventurers
who might wish to plant together might join in a lot, no one lot
to exceed £5000.f
The Committee were then directed to subdivide the several
baronies appropriated to the Adventurers equally by lot, accord
ing to the proportions due to each of them ; and if any barony
should prove deficient to answer the sum which was apportioned
to it, a supply was to be made out of some redundant barony in the
same- county. § In consequence of disputes, the Lord Protector and
his Council of State, on the 6th of August, 1 654, appointed the com
mittee mentioned in the Adventurers' certificate (atp, 149), em
powered, when many lots were upon one barony, to settle a way
by lot who should remain, and who should remove ; and to settle
a way by lot for ascertaining the subdivision of Adventurers' pro
portions that should continue in the several baronies.
The committee arranged a settled method, and made a declara
tion for their explanation of it,|| which unfortunately has not yet
been found. Enough, however, remains in Dr. Petty's account of
the Down Survey, and the certificates of the Committee, to show
that they quartered the baronies in the manner exhibited on the
Map of Tipperary. IT
The following list of Adventurers in that county is evidently
compiled from the certificates furnished to each Adventurer by the
* P. 80, supra.
t Analysis of the Act for Satisfaction of Adventurers and Soldiers of
26th April, 1653, MSS. in Library of Trinity College, Dublin, F. 3, 16.
I Act of Parliament of 26th Sept. 1653. § Ibid.
| Analysis of Act of 26th Sept., 1653, MSS. T. C. D., F. 3. 16.
TT And see supra, p. 148.
212 APPENDIX.
Committee at Grocers' Hall, pursuant to the Act of 26th of Sep
tember, 1653.
It will be observed that in many instances the same amount of
money gives a different amount of land. The conditions varied.
Adventurers under the first of the Acts of Subscription, passed in
1642, commonly called the Adventurers Act, were to be satisfied
in lands by English measure. By the doubling ordinance, as it was
called, made on the 14th of July, 1043,* sums advanced were to bo
satisfied in double the quantity in the first Act, that is to say, the
lands were to be rated at four shillings the acre instead of eight in
Munster, and at two shillings instead of four in Ulster, and the
measure was enlarged to Irish measure. And any original Adven
turer who should within three months pay in a further sum, equal
to a fourth part of the sum he had first subscribed, was to have
the old and new adventures counted together at one sum, to be
repaid at the new rates.
The entire sums charged on the county, according to the accom
panying list, amount to £68,858 6s, Ot/., thus exceeding (it would
seem) the amount permitted by the Act by £8858. However un
satisfactory it be not to have the means of explaining this difficulty,
it yet leads to the conclusion that the list is a complete one, and
contains the names of "all the Adventurers for the county of Tip-
perary.
It does not appear how the Adventurers equalized or rated the
different counties and baronies between one another. The rates
set by the officers upon those which they subdivided are already
given at page 128, and the following pages.
The Quarterings and Subquarterings of the Adventurers' Baro
nies, as expressed upon the Map, have been made according to the
description given by Dr. Petty of their proceedings,! and will serve
to explain the references to the Divisions and Subdivisions into
which each Adventurer's lot is described to fall in the following
Table. The authentic Maps have been, it is feared, lost ; for all
the documents relative to the Adventurers preserved in Gold
smiths' Hall, London, were, on the 23d of September, 1671, or
dered to be delivered by Sir Joseph Williamson to Sir James
Shaen,! who was Keeper of the Papers connected with the execu
tion of the Acts of Settlement,§ and they were probably burnt
among so many others in the fire that destroyed the Council Office
in Dublin in 1711.
* Soobell'a " Acts and Ordinances." t Supra, p. 148.
% Letter of Mr. Kingston, of the Record Office, London, July, 1862.
§ Patent of 13 Charles II., 80th March, 1661-2. Lib. D. p. 63, Kecord
Tower, Dublin Castle.
10*
APPENDIX.
213
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216
APPENDIX.
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APPENDIX.
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APPENDIX.
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223
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224
APPENDIX.
K3 00
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rnelius Burg
d late Vicar
nty of Hartfo
COUNTY OF TIPPERARY
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XTrRKUS X- SOJJJIIittS
to Act of '2'J '.'ff, V<yit. /ti;>3
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225
III.
SALE OF DEBENTURES BY THE COMMON SOLDIERS TO THEIR
OFFICERS.
(See p. 186.)
BY the Act for the settlement of Ireland, passed at the King's
Restoration, innocent Papists were to be restored forthwith, and
the soldier who was dispossessed to he reprised. But the soldiers
looked upon reprisals as mere notional or moonshine, and to retain
their possession was what they looked to. Innocency or nocency
was not their concern, but " shall I lose my lands ?"*
This produced a conspiracy, commonly called the "Phanatio
Plot of 1663," to seize the Castle and overturn the Government.
The temper of the times appears by such instances as the follow
ing, which are taken from depositions sworn after the plot had
been defeated, and the Duke of Ormond was seeking for evi
dence : —
One swore that upon St. Luke's Day, in the year 1662. he did
come into a house in Kilbeggan, where one Sergeant Beverly and
some others were in company, and one of them did say unto the
said sergeant, that he was called "One of Cromwell's doggs;"
whereupon Beverly answered, u they should let Cromwell alone, for
he was the best man that ever reigned in the three nations, or that
ever would, either of King, Prince, or any other ; and if the King
thinks to take away our lands that we gained by Cromwell and
our swords, and to give it to those that are now come into the
land, he shall be deceived ; for we will join our heads together
again, and have one knock for it first, my life for it."t
Of the same mind were the officers. Major Alexander Jeph-
son, and Colonel Edward Warren, died in defence of the same
cause. Major Jephson, in his dying speech upon the gibbet,
declared that they rose because of the corrupt acting (as he
called it) of the Court of Claims, "turning poor Englishmen un
justly out of their lands ; — out of that which they have been a-get-
ting and keeping by Englishmen's blood and purses this fice
hundred years." I
The officers now began to regret that they had not kept their
former comrades in the war as fellow-planters and neighbours, in-
* Michael, Bishop of Cork, to the Duke of Ormond, 29th of May, and
5th of June, 1663. Carte MSS., G. G., pp. 296, 322, Bodleian Library,
Oxford.
t Examination of John Flinn, of Rahan, taken by John Hallam, Esq.,
J. P. for King's County, 3d Nov., 1663. Ib., B. 4to " Letters," p. 261.
t Major Alexander Jephson's last speech upon the gibbet, July 15, 1663.
Carte MSS., Ireland, viC, p. 258.
226
APPENDIX.
stead of purchasing up debentures to make themselves large pro
prietors. One was heard to say, he had rather than his estate
that the soldiers that served Oliver Cromwell in Ireland had not
sold their lands to the officers ; and that, if they had kept them,
neither the King nor the Duke of Ormond durst try their qualifi
cations.*
By the Act of Settlement every one who had received lands
under the Usurper's rule was obliged to send in his claim. The
following is one out of many hundreds that escaped the great fire
of 1711.
It shows how largely the officers bought up the soldiers' deben
tures. Conveyances from the soldiers similar to the one given
above, page 136, n., were, of course, produced to the court. It is
the report of the officer to whom the claim was referred, probably
John Petty, Surveyor-General, on the claim of Captain Tandy.
" To the Horible. His Majesty's Commissioners appointed for put
ting in Execution the Act of Settlement and the Act of Explan
ation of ye same.
" MAY IT PLEASE YE. HOKNOURS,
"Pursuant to your Honnours' instructions we have compared
and examined the Peticon and Schedule of Captain Thomas Tandy,
who claymes in right of a Souldier, and doe report thereupon as
followeth : —
"Vizt.
Souldiers' Names in Sni
Collonell Clarke's Regt.
Capt. Thomas Tandy . .
Id
Capt. Ed. Allen ....
Ensign Js. Ashley . .
Sergt. Wm. Stephens . .
Sergt. Symon Peckham .
Captn. Edwd. Peratt . .
Captn. W. Robinson .
Corporal Thos. Smyth .
Wm. Keveson, Drummer
Robt. Dawson, Drummer
John Armstronge. . .
Rd. Brawshawe ....
Thos. Margott ....
Thomas Browne . . .
Francis Bradley . . .
Thos. Ball, alias Bull . .
* " Edmond Morres, of Kerryhill, in the county of Kilkenny, being in
company with Charles Minchin, of Knockagh, in the county of Tipperary,
on the 18th of August, 1662, he said, Charles Miuchin did say," etc.
Carte MSS., F. F., p. 281, Bodleian Library.
is of Money.
£ 8. d.
29 9 1
858
193 3 8
65 7 11
Souldiers' Names in
Collonell Clarke's Regt.
Stephen Bastard .
Jas. Hayward . .
Anthony Downton
Philip Doyle . . .
Sums of Money.
£ 8. d.
579
..579
526
. . 3 17 11
15 18 4
671
15 13 4
23 9 7
7 13 7
Js. Dermond . .
Chas. Caprett . .
Wm Evans
. . 9 14 7
579
579
7 18 7
7 13 7
7 13 7
579
Thos. Evans . .
Hugh Edwards . .
David Edwards .
John Freese .
. . 18 11 3
. . 7 18 9
7 15 9
579
5 14 10
7 13 7
579
579
John Ffenne . .
Rd. Ffarmerly . .
John Gilbert . .
Wm. Golde . . .
579
..579
4 16 5
. . 579
5 7 9
Hugh Griffith . .
671
APPENDIX.
227
Rouldiers' Names in
Collonell Clarke's Regt.
Win. Grantham . . .
Sums of Money.
£ g.d.
. 6 7 1
579
Souldiers' Names in
Collonell Clarke's Regt.
Chr. Palmer . . .
Robt Pidle . . .
Sums of Money.
£ S. d.
579
4 16 5
697
10 13 0
Thos. Grey ....
Danl. Hull . . . .
4 16 5
579
Thos. Shinkins . . .
John Summers. . .
579
579
John Hutchins. . .
Arthur Mannyfold . .
Robt. Maurice . . .
Griffin Morgan . . .
Thos. Mason . . .
Wm. Moncke . . .
John Mosse . . .
579
. 15 5 1
756
. 579
579
.579
579
Thos. Skelton . . .
Henry Toler . . .
Philip Thomas . . .
John Turner . . .
Peter Thornton . . .
Ethelberte Unite . .
George Woodburnes .
. 579
579
.579
579
. 11 11 5
579
. 579
George Howell . . .
John Newmana . .
. 4 16 5
579
. 579
Anthony Whalley .
Robert Whyte . . .
. 15 5 7
. 6 7 1
Souldiers' Names in
Captu. Sandy's Company.
John Browne . . .
John Browne . . .
John Benson . . .
Wm. Pettily . . .
Sums of Money.
£ s. d.
. 579
579
. 6 7 1
671
Souldiers' Names in
Captn. Sandy's Company.
Edwd Hackyn . . .
Rd. Hewson . .
Wm. Hewson . . .
John Hill ....
Sums of Money.
£ s. d.
. 6 7
6 7
. 6 7
6 7
Thos. Bate . . . .
671
Wm. Hill
6 7
Edw. Bryan . . .
Svmon Beslin . . .
6 7 1
579
Mereda Jones . . .
John Kelly ....
6 7
671
Thos. Crofts . . .
Riehd. Croutche . .
John Coll
586
579
579
Robt. Longe . . .
Walter Halley . . .
J. Leuningstown . .
4 16 1
. 8 10 1
57 9
John Cleane . . .
579
Thos Lowe .
677
Henry Cooke . , .
Thos. Clayton . . .
. 579
579
Roger Large . . .
Ralph Lee ....
579
671
Ralph Capper . . .
. 5 14 10
441
John Lickgoe . . .
526
671
Thorns. Clement . .
Rd. Cooke ....
. 671
671
Rd. Lead beater . .
Ricd Mollineux
671
671
579
John Wardle
671
Robert Haywood .
Anthony Huddlestone
Rich. Hill . . .
579
. 5 14 10
579
J. Hutchinson . , .
Patk. Wingfield . .
Patk Sinyth
. 15 6 1
9 14 7
IK 17 A
Edwd. Kearne . . .
, 5 7 9
MEATH COUNTY.— KELLS BARRONY.
£ s. d.
Thos. Day 16 12 8
Robt. Cooper ,
Patk. Helton
Hugh Gill .
Win. A very
924
16 12 8
9 14 7
5 7 10
Total of the said Com
pany's Debt . . .
The 12*. 3d. whereof are
£649 4s,
£ *. d.
1059 19 2
228
APPENDIX.
A.
185
189
Claimant in possession.
f Great Drewstowne . .
I Littie Drewstowne . .
TV*? n I Part of Gorly, the whole
Tat'rath. [ being . f'. . . . 10o 0 0
ROBT. BLAKE, ESQ., a Nominee.*
A.
70
152
A.
70
which, at 11s. per acre,
pays £342 lot. 9d.
f Gilbertstown
Moore of Gren-1
anstown, <| Tot
I
A re-survey of this town by order of the Commissioners ts
the Surveyor-General, and upon the return found to be but
VOX OR. 6p., and so allowed.
WESTMEATH COUNTY.— DEL VIN BARONY.
A. B. P.
George Nugent. — The town and lands of Ballinlough-bevil,
alias Ballinlogh bemoyle 197 1 0
194 1 20
John Nugent, 8th May, 35th yeare of His Majesties reign, was left to
law for recovery of this parcell. Entered. J[OHN] P[ETTY].
Confirmed : placed to account by order of the 6th July, 1666.
Deficiency since placed to account by Paul Brazier, Esq., and in his
certificate.
A. B. P.
Earl of Westmeath.— Part of Martenstown, the whole 205 181 0 0
Which, at 12s. per acre, pays £306 5s.
Total
487 3 0
Souldiers' Names in
Collonnell Clarke's Regt.
Stephen Combes . .
Hy. Roberts . . .
Thos Miller ....
Sums of Money.
£ 8. d.
. 37 14 10
5 7 10
. 14 18 11
Souldiers' Fames in
Collonell Clarke's Regt.
Sums of Money.
£ 8. d.
5 7 10
Henry Morgan . . .
Rich. Collington . .
Anth. Tongue . . .
Dan. Suillevane . .
Ben]n. Harvey . .
John Pally . . . .
5 7 10
. 16 12 8
7 11 8
274
5 7 10
5 7 10
Robt. Massey . . . .
Thos Evuns .
16 6 5
5 7 10
Thos. Baker . . .
Ro^er Baker ....
5 7 10
129
Symon Northcot . .
Paule Reynolds . .
Philip Grinster . .
Souldiers' Names in
Capt. Hardiar's Company.
Thos. Rendall . . .
Martin Keffard . .
John Scott . . . .
Rd. Singley .
6 18 4
. 18 0 6
5 7 10
Sums of Money.
£ S. d.
. 5 7 10
4 15 5
. 12 9 10
15 13 3
Henry Martin . . .
Jno Bastone .
5 7 10
5 7 10
Souldiers' Names in
Capt. Hardiar's Company.
Wm. Stephens . . .
Sam. Seward . . .
Rd Hicke . .
Sums of Money.
£ s. d.
. 5 7 10
5 7 10
5 7 10
Thos. Selby. . .
5 7 10
* Elect 18A. per estimation.
APPENDIX.
229
P. Merritt 5
Totall
£293
WESTMEATH COUNTY.— FFARB ILL BARONY.
£ *. d.
T. Wilkes 16 12 8
J. Pierce 14 12 9
T. Duke 5 7 10
Edward Hayden ... 16 12 9
J. Patterson .... 5 14 10
To George Fitzgerald, 22d June.
Sir Luke Fitzgerald, of Ticroghan— Part of Joristown, 240A. 3R. OP., at
16s. per acre, acquires [£192 Os. Od.]
In possession '59. Died January, 166[ ].
The 12s. 3d.
£185 5 4
Sells to ye Claimant.*
As illustrative of the dealings of the army with the lands, there
is appended a statement of the arrears due to Colonel Phaer's
Regiment. It was found among the papers of the Phaer family
by Wm. J. O'Donnovan, Esq., of The Cloisters, Temple, a
descendant of Colonel Phaer's, who has furnished it as explana
tory of the subject.
the amount of forfeited land not extending, according to com
putation made in 1655, to satisfy the whole, the officers agreed to
take lands for 12*. 3d. in the pound, on the 22d May, 1654, and
to have them admeasured and set out to them by Dr. Petty to
that extent, hoping still, as further lands might be discovered to
be applicable to their debt, to obtain two-thirds, or 13s. 4d. in the
pound, t
Collonel Phaer's JRegiment. The whole Debt of each Company. \.
The Money Satisfied. The Acres Satisfying.
Total of the Debt.
The 12s. 3d satisfied
Acres satisfying
His owne Company . .
Captain Radford . . .
Colonel Robert Saunders
Lt.-Col. Wheeler . . .
Major Dennison . . .
Capt. Oakley . .
£ 8. d.
6643 19 8i
1879 14 9£
2935 12 11£
2755 5 9
3016 11 6*
2492 7 11
£ S. d.
4069 8 9*
1151 6 9?
1798 1 8|
1687 12 3
1847 13 04
1526 11 9$
A. K. P.
6782 1 24
1918 3 24
2996 3 10
2832 12 30
3079 1 20
2544 1 10
Capt. Alex. Barrington .
Capt. Jervoise ....
Capt. Gale
2434 6 6
2455 0 102
2489 11 2*
1491 0 51
1503 14 8*
1524 17 H
2485 0 7
2506 0 20
2541 1 28
Cant. Wakeham . . .
Added Debentors . . .
2109'12 7*
249 3 2+
1292 2 10+
152 12 2+
2153 2 11
254 1 16
Totall . . .
£29,461 6 11 I
£18,045 1 4
30,075 0 0
* Indorsed " Report of Captain Tandy, Westmeath." From the volumes
entitled " Claims in the Office of the late Surveyor-General," Custom
House Buildings, Dublin.
t Petty's "Down Survey, by Larcom," ch. ix., p. 63.
I Captain Cartrett's company of Colonel Phaer's Regiment was satisfied
in the oarony of Bantry, county of Wextbrd. Supra, p. 188
230 APPENDIX.
IV.
PETITIONS FOE DISPENSATION FROM TRANSPLANTATION
INTO CONNAUGHT.
As the documents in full often convey a better notion than any
abstract, a few orders made on the petitions for Dispensation
from Transplantation are here given. It would require to inspect
the many volumes full of them to realize the amount and variety
of misery suffered by the inhabitants of Ireland during the
government of the people of England.
The Lord Baron Brittas.
" Upon reading the petition of Theobald Lord Baron of Brittas,
touching his transplantation into Connaughi, and the report of
the Commissioners of Beveuue of Dublin thereupon, whereby it
appears that the petitioner hath in the year 1645 taken the oath
of association with 'the Confederate Rebells (alias Catholics) : It
is therefore ordered that the Governor and Commissioners of
Revenue of Limerick do proceed in the Petitioner's case accord
ing to the printed instructions and declarations given for direc
tion in this and cases of like nature.
"Dublin, 29th May, 1654.
" THOMAS HEEBEET, Clerk of the Council." *
Idem.
" Upon consideration had of the further petition of the Baron
of Brittas, it is ordered that the petitioner be allowed what sheafe
is ^due unto him according to the rule, and as by the Com
missioners of Revenue upon the place is given to others in like
cases. And the Commissioners at Loughrea are to take care that
the petitioner be provided for in Connaught answerable to his age
and other qualifications.
"Dublin, October 13th, 1654.
" THOS. HEEBEET, Clerk of the Council." t
Piers Creagh, of Limerick.
" Upon consideration had of the petition of Piers Creagh, of
Limerick, desiring a dispensation from being transplanted into Con-
naught, and a liberty to enjoy his estate where it lies, and of the
report of the Committee of Officers thereupon, whereby it appears,
that upon serious reflection they have had of the petitioner's harm
less carriages, and of his manifold affection to the present Govern
ment, which was heretofore more fully certified to the Commis
sioners of the Commonwealth from the officers of the army : They
offer it as their opinion that the petitioner be allowed to remain in
* A-85, p. 410. t A-4, p. 51.
APPENDIX. 231
any part of the county of Limerick (except the city) till the 1st of
May next. And for those lands the petitioner desired a fourth
sheafe, if the said lands be in the Commonwealth's possession he
be allowed the said fourth sheafe. And it was further certified by
the said officers, that in regard they were persuaded that for his
former known inclination to the English Government the peti
tioner is hated by his countrymen, and that therefore he might be
permitted to reside in such secure place in the county of Clare (not
being within a garrison), neare the English quarters as the peti
tioner should make choice of in the disposal of the State ; unto
which said report the Lord Deputy and Council do agree, and there
fore do hereby order, that the petitioner be dispensed with from
transplantation till the 1st of May next, and that he do receive the
fourth sheafe of and from those lands claymed by him in his petition,
if in the possession of the State : and that he likewise be permitted
to make choice of a convenient place to reside in from the 1st of
May forward, neare the English quarters, in the county of Clare,
provided it be not in any garrison. And hereof the Commander
in Chief of Limerick and the county of Clare, and Commissioners
of Assessments, and all others concerned are to take notice.
"Dated at Dublin, the 28th of October, 1654.
" THOS. HEEBEKT, Clerk of the Council." *
Lady Dowager of Louth.
" Upon considering the petition of the Lady Dowager of Louth,
and consideration had thereof, and of the petitioner's great age and
impotency ; It is ordered, that it be referred to the Officer Com
manding in Chief and Commissioners of Assessments for the pre
cinct of Tredagh, to consider of the allegations thereof, and to dis
pense with the petitioner's transplantation into Connaught till the
] st of May, next. And that towards her present mairitenance they
do allow her two-third parts of the profits that arise to her out of
the thirds of her estate till the 1st of May aforesaid. And that in
case the said estate be already disposed of, they are to certify the
same, to the end she may be otherwise provided for during the time
the petitioner is dispensed with from transplantation ; and then
further care shall be taken of her with others of her condition,
according to such rules as shall be held forth for that purpose.
"Dublin, 25th October, 1654
4i THOMAS HEUBEKT, Clerk of the Council." t
Minor Sutler.
"Upon consideration had of the petition of Elinor Butler,
widow, and the order of the Commissioners of Revenue at Water-
* A-4, p. 122. t Ibid., p. 96.
232 APPENDIX.
ford touching her and the report of Colonel Lawrence thereupon
(unto whom it was referred), it being thereby set forth that the
petitioner's allegations are confirmed by a certificate of a person of
good credit ; and it being the said Colonel Lawrence's opinion upon
the whole that the petitioner's own person and her helpless chil
dren should be dispensed with as to their present transplantation,
and that she be permitted to bring back her cattle from Connaught
towards the maintenance of herself and children ; we, the said
Deputy and Council, do therefore agree and consent unto the said
report, and do hereby order that the petitioner be accordingly per
mitted to bring back her said cattle without molestation. Whereof
the said Commissioners of Revenue at Waterford, the Commis
sioners sitting at Loughrea, and all others concerned, are to take
notice.
"Dated at Dublin, the 16th of October, 1654.
" THOMAS HERBERT, Clerk of the Council." *
Mary Thorpe, otherwise Dillon.
" Upon consideration had of the within petition of Mary Thorpe,
otherwise Dillon, a Protestant ; and forasmuch as by her husband's
recusancy comprising him within the order made that proprietors,
etc., do transplant themselves into Connaught, he is to remove ac
cordingly, to have lands set out to him there by the^Commission-
ers sitting at Loughrea, according to his qualification. Further
considering the merits of the petitioner, and that she is reputed to
be a person fearing God and affecting His worship and ordinances,
It is therefore ordered, that the Commissioners ;it Loughrea do
forthwith sett out to the petitioner's husband lands as near Ath-
lone or other place in Connaught, where she shall desire (not re
pugnant to former general orders), to the end that it may afford
the petitioner the better conveniency of repairing neare to such
places where the Gospel is preached.
"Dublin, Qth October, 1654.
" THOMAS HERBERT, Clerk of the Council." t
The Lady Trimleston.l
"Ordered, that it be referred to the Commissioners at Lough-
reagh to consider of the within petition, and upon examination of
the allegations, and finding them to be true as therein is set
forth, they are to permit the petitioner's husband, the Lord Trim-
leston, to return into some place in the province of Leinster, for
such time as shall be thought necessary for the recovery of his
health, and so continue at the said place without removal above a
mile from the same, without -license from the Commander in Chief
* A-4, p. 62. t Ibid., p. 29. \ See pages 93 and 120, supra.
APPENDIX. 233
of the said precinct where he shall reside as aforesaid ; provided
he return into Connaught within three months.
" Dublin, 8th of August, 1654.
" Signed in the name of the Lord Deputy and Council,
" MILES COEBETT."*
Mary Archer.
" Upon consideration had of a petition presented unto this Board
by Mary Archer, in behalf of her aged father, Thomas Archer,
and of the certificate thereunto annexed, deposed upon oath be
fore Dudley LoftuB, Esq., one of His Highness's Justices of the
Peace for this county, that the said Thomas Archer is above 60
years of age, and that his transplantation into Connaught will in
fallibly endanger his life, if not suddenly bring him to his grave,
wanting his former accustomed accommodations ; It is therefore
ordered, that he, the said Thomas Archer, be, and he is hereby
dispensed with from transplantation into Connaught for the space
of two months from the date hereof, to the end that at present
he may not want the accommodations aforesaid, and thereby en
able himself to travel into the transplantation quarter, according
to rule.
"Dublin Castle, 19th of May, 1654.
" THOMAS HERBERT, Clerk of the Council." t
" The Lord of Ikerrin.\
" Upon reading the petition of the Lord of Ikerrin, and consid
eration had thereof, and the report of the Standing Committee of
Officers thereupon ; It is thought fit and ordered, that the peti
tioner (in regard of his weakness and infirmity of body) be per
mitted to repair to the Bath in England (according to his physi
cian's advice), in order to the recovery of his health, for the space
of six weeks. And it is further ordered, that the said Lord of
Ikerrin's lady be dispensed with from her transplantation into
Connaught for the space of two months from the 1st day of May
next ; and that her servants be also dispensed with from their
transplantation until they have gathered in their next harvest.
"Dublin. theZkth of April, 1654.
" CHARLES FLEETWOOD, MILES COEBETT, JOHN JONES."§
Edmund Magrath.\
" Upon consideration had of the within petition of Edmund
Magrath, complaining that the woods upon the lands set out unto
* A-85, p. 522. f A-12, p. 71. % See p. 116, supra. § A-85, p. 304.
1 This Edmund Magrath, of Ballymore, Barony of Kilnemanagh, county
of Tipperary, acted as a spy from the beginning of the Rebellion, and for
234 APPENDIX.
him in the county of Clare (pursuant to his qualification), are daily
cut and destroyed by the Irish there, who bear him malice for
his good services to the English, and by others, to his great damage
and discouragement, and therefore praying relief in the premises ;
It is ordered that it be referred to the next Justices of the Peace
in that county, or any two of them, who are to consider of the
allegations, and to examine the matter of fact, and to take such
care for the petitioner's relief in the premises as shall be agreeable
to law.
Dublin Castle, 20th May, 1656.
"THOMAS HERBERT, Clerk of the Council."*
" Old Native Inhabitants o
"Upon reading the petition and papers of the old native in
habitants of Limerick, .it being alledged by the petitioners that
they have laboured as much as in them lay to preserve the Eng
lish interests in that city, and to surrender to the English, whereby
they became odious to the Irish, and therefore desire some place
upon the River Shannon to be assigned unto them for their resi
dence. And upon consideration had thereof, and of the report of
the Committee of Transplantation, It is ordered that the petition
ers as to their merits and qualifications be referred unto the officers
commanding in chief and the Commissioners of Revenue within
the precinct of Limerick, who are to proceed therein, according
to the tenor of the late printed declaration of 27th of March last ;
and as to their place of residence, it is further referred to the
Commissionors sitting at Loughreagh, who are to consider thereof,
and to do therein as shall be agreable to the rules and instructions
given them in that behalf.
"Dublin, ±th of April, 1654.
" CHARLES FLEETWOOD, MILES CORBETT, JOHN JONES." t
Richard Christmas, of Bristol, Merchant.
" Upon consideration had of the petition of Richard Christmas,
of Bristol, merchant, desiring that one Edward Browne, an Irish
Papist, who hath been hitherto entrusted with the management of
all his affairs in and about Waterford, hath been faithful unto him,
and best understands and is acquainted with the petitioner's debts
and credits, may be permitted to continue in Waterford, and follow
his occupations as formerly ; it is hereby ordered, that the said
Edward Browne be permitted to reside in Waterford for and during
his good services obtained Cromwell's special Letter of Dispensation from
Transplantation, and had order to have his estate, not exceeding 800 acres,
plantation measure, restored to him. Letter dated Whitehall, March
llth, 1657-8. "Letters of the Lord Protector," p. 121, Kecord Tower,
Dublin Castle. * A-12, p. 64. t A-83, p. 244.
APPENDIX. 235
the space of six months from the date hereof, and no longer, he
giving good security to the Governor of Waterford that he will
not act anything to the prejudice of His Highness and the State :
And hereof all whom it may concern are to take notice.
" Dublin, 18th August, 1656.
" THOMAS HEEBEET, Clerk of the Council." *
Dame Mary Culme.
" Upon reading the within petition of Dame Mary Culme,
setting forth that her servant, Cornelius Brady, is upon some infor
mation transplanted into Connaught, heing not liable thereunto,
and that the said Cornelius is her agent to sell and let her lands,
and manage her necessary suits at law, etc., and thereupon pray
ing that his transplantation might be dispensed with. And for
asmuch as the respective Governors of Limerick, Gal way, and
Athlone, have power to give licenses in the case, the Council
think not fitt to do anything thereon, hut leave the petitioner to
make her application to the said Governors, who are to proceed
in the case as shall be thought fitt.
"Dated at the Council Chamber, Dublin, 2$th of August, 1656.
" THOMAS HEEBEET, Clerk of the Council." t
Lady Grace Talbot.
" Upon reading the petition of Lady Grace Talbot, wife of Sir
Robert Talbot, of Malahide, desiring a subsistence for her and her
five children out of her estate in the county of Wicklow (alledged
to be 1700 acres), or otherwise out of her husband's estate in
Meath, and consideration had thereof, and of the report of Sir
Hardress Waller, Sir Charles Coote, Commissary-General Reyn
olds, and Colonel Lawrence, whereby it appears that they humbly
otfer it as their opinion that, in regard of the petitioner's husband
Sir Robert Talbot's civil carriage during the late rebellion, and
his great charge, with the considerableness of his estate in the
Province of Leinster, from whence he is to be transplanted ; and
likewise the petitioner's incapability of receiving lands in Con-
naught, according to the rule of stock given out, that there be
settled 500 acres of land in some convenient place in Connaught
upon the iaid Lady Talbot and her children. And in case that
her said husband's claim be ah1 owed, and of right ascertained to a
greater proportion, that then the said 500 acres be part thereof.
And they farther offer, that in regard the petitioner is an English
woman, and reduced to a poor condition, being without relief,
and likely so to continue until the lands in Connaught shall yield
her subsistence, that for six months yet to come the petitioner
may receive the contribution falling due thereon. It is further
* A-12, p. 184. f Ibid., p. 214.
236 APPENDIX.
thought fitt and ordered, that the said Lady Grace Talbot dv
receive the quantity of 500 acres of land in Connaught ; and that
the petitioner do enjoy one moiety of the present profits arising
nut of her said husband's estate in Leinster (paying contribution)
for the space of six months from the date hereof.
" Dublin, YWi November, 1654.
"THOMAS HEKBEET, Clerk of the Council."*
V.
THE MALLOW COMMISSION— A. D. 1656.
IT was before a court at Athlone that the Irish nation had tc
appear to receive each man his doom. An exception, however,
was made in favor of "the Ancient inhabitants of Cork, Kinsale,
and Youghal," * for whose trial a court was held at Mallow by
the same judges as sat at Athlone, and these Aacient inhabitants
were granted the peculiar privilege, that they were not in the
mean time forced to transplant like the rest of the nation, but
were permitted to reside in the county of Cork until the sitting of
the court.
The conduct which entitled them to this signal distinction was
their loyalty to the English interest, as it was called ; for though
they were all Roman Catholics, they united themselves to the
English and Protestant forces, shut the gates, manned the walls,
and kept watch and ward with them against their own country
men and religionists.
One would expect that the judgment of the Commissioners, if
it did not mark them out for further favor, would at least have
declared that they were not to be included in the dreadful doom
pronounced on the rest of the nation.
But by the proceedings of the Court, of which there remains a
full account under the hands of the Commissioners themselves,
it will be seen that it was easier for a camel to go through the eye
of a needle than for an Irish adversary of the English rebels,
dwelling in Ireland, to escape transplantation to Connaught.
When the rebels of England, at the end of the year 1643, in
duced the rebels of Scotland by a gift of £100,000 to invade Eng
land a second time to help them against the King, the King
* A-4, p. 438.
t The case of the ancient natives of Youghal is not given in the Mallo\f
Commissioners' report ; but it would seem that they were turned out of
iiat town at the same time as the natives of Cork — p. 173, supra.
APPENDIX. 237
turned to Ireland to obtain forces, and Lord Ormond, at his com
mand, sent him over considerable bodies of troops.
But the King placed his chief hopes in the aid he expected to
derive from the Confederate Catholics upon the conclusion of a
treaty for a peace; preliminary to which he directed Lord
Ormond to enter into a cessation of arms with them. The new
English of Ireland, composed chiefly of planters since Queen
Elizabeth's time, whose hatred and fear of the Irish, on account
of the injuries they had inflicted on them, far exceeded their
loyalty to the King, could not endure the idea of the King's
vanquishing the rebels of England by such aid. " Where would
the Protestant religion be," they asked, " if the King conquered
by the aid of the Irish ?" * Or, rather (for this was the religion
they thirsted after), where would the lands of the ancient
nobility, gentry, and people of Ireland be in that case, winch, to
the extent of 2,500,000 acres, the Parliament had already confis
cated by anticipation, while the Puritan rebels and their followers
had still in view the swallowing up of the rest? The Earl
of Inchiquin, who commanded large forces in Munster for the
King, and had his headquarters at Cork, now turned over for this
cause to the Parliament side. He wrote to his brother Henry,
who held Wareham with his (Inchiquin's) regiment, for the
King to deliver that town to the Parliament, and bring the
regiment to Ireland ; and wrote letters to Colonel Mynn,
Colonel Poulet, and Colonel St. Leger, urging them also to
bring their forces over to Munster.t He impressed upon
them his conviction that "deserving men would have the estates
of their enemies conferred upon them by the Parliament
at the end of this war, as it was at the end of the last war, i. e.
Tyrone's wars." J This could not be expected ig ihe King were
to put down the rebellion of England by the*1itd of the Irish.
Meantime he drove out all the Old English inhabitants of Irish
birth, pretending he could not be safe with them because they
were "Irish" and Catholic, though they had shut the gates against
the Irish in 1641, and had ever since joined with the King's forces,
defending the town against them. At the same time he wrote
over to England, suggesting that the Parliament should give the
houses and lands of the expulsed inhabitants to the English re
maining in the City of Cork.§
As Irish evidence is not to be believed unless it be to the preju-
* " A Letter from the Right Hon. the Lord Inchiquin and the other
Commanders in Munster to His Majestic, expressing the reasons for not
holding the Cessation any longer with the Rebells, etc. ; with several
other Letters to Friends here in England, advising them to return to their
former Charges in Ireland, etc. Published by authority." 4to. London*
1644.
tlbid. \ "A Letter," etc., as before, p. 228, supra. • § Ibid
238 APPENDIX.
dice of the nation (according to the maxim that an Irishman's oath
is of no value except to hang another), the loyalty of the Ancient
natives of Cork would prohably not be credited unless upon English
testimony. Against the calumnious and interested charges of
Lord Inchiquin, therefore, there is to be set the solemn report of
the Duke of Ormond, the Earl of Anglesey, and Sir George
Hamilton (no friends of the. Irish), made at the order of the King,
on the petition of these expelled inhabitants, who prayed at tho
Restoration to be restored to their lands and former habitations.
By this report it was certified that the ancient natives of Cork
had at all times from the breaking out of the troubles and disturb
ances acted with and for the English interest equally with the
English Protestants ; that when they were put out of their houses
and from their habitations, they, to hold still firm to their loyalty,
had immediate recourse, and only refuge, by their mayor, Robert
Coppinger, to the Lord Marquis of Ormond, as the proper centre,
in whose hands they deposited the badges of their privileges,
namely, the sword, mace, and cap of maintenance ; and his Lord
ship, in acknowledgment of such faithful and loyal deportment,
knighted the said Robert Coppinger; and then promised, in the
behalf of his late Majesty, to render unto them in seasonable time
the said sword, and mace, and cap of maintenance, and to testify
to their advantage how properly they had deposited the same in
due time.*
They further reported that it appeared by two several letters,
from his late Majesty of ever-blessed memory, in the years 1643
and 1644, directed to the mayor, aldermen, and commons of that
city, that they had, towards the maintenance of His Majesty's army,
issued in loans and otherwise the sum of £30,000, besides their
other sufferings mentioned in their former petition, amounting to
£60,000; and when their stock in corn was totally exhausted,
they willingly gave up their plate, household stuff, and movables,
to advance his late Majesty's service, which the said late King
declared himself so sensible of, that he said the same should be in
due time remembered to their great advantage, and returned to
their loyal bosoms.t
The case of the ancient inhabitants of Kinsale is to be found in
the report of Cromwell's Commissioners. The Court was opened on
the 22d of July, 1656. On the 29th, the case of Thomas Toomey
(otherwise Thomas) was heard. Most of the claims depended upon
it. The judges heard it at great length. They adjourned to the
following morning, to allow the counsel at the bar to speak to it.
The claimant owned a house in Kinsale, under a lease made in
. * Report, dated 13th February, 1661, Liber D., of a series of twelve
volumes, folio, relating to the Act of Settlement, in the Eecord Tower,
Dublin Castle. t Ibid.
APPENDIX. 239
1635. He was a shipwright, and worked in the Zing's dockyard
there. It was proved that he shut the gates against the Irish in
1641 ; that he served as a corporal under Captain John Farlo ; that
he kept watch and ward when the rebels hesieged the town. It came
out, however, that after Inchiquin revolted from the Parliament,
in 1649, and returned to the King's side, contribution was collected .
by the magistrates, and paid by Toomey* (as by all the other inhab
itants) to his receivers ; that distresses were taken on everybody ;
none durst refuse payment of contribution to Inchiquin. This, how
ever, was the claimant's ruin. It deprived him of the plea of Con
stant good affection, which but for this he might have maintained.
He had resided in the enemies' quarters, and this brought him
within the Eighth qualification. The consequences appear from
the following special report of these proceedings made by the
Commissioners to the Government : —
*' OOUET AT MALLOW FOE THE QUALIFICATIONS OF THE IRISH THAT
FORMERLY INHABITED THE TOWNS OF COBKE, YOUGHAL, AND
KINSALE.
" 29th of August, 1656.
" This day the claimants' counsel demanded the judgment of the
Court upon the point of Constant good affection ; and first in the
case of Thomas Toomey of Kinsale, whether upon proof he hath
manifested Constant good affection.
"ME. JUSTICE COOKE.— Negative.
" ME. JUSTICE HALSEY. — Negative.
" It is adjudged that Thomas Toomey hath not inanifesled Con
stant good affection; but falls within the eighth qualification, to
have two parts of his estate in Connaught.
" COURT. — The counsel for Thomas Toomey is to proceed upon
his title.t
" ME. SILVER. — He is resolved not to go into Connaught.
" ME. HOARE. — And so they are all.
" ME. SILVER. — My clients do further demand the judgment of
the Court, whether they, and how many of them, have proved
their Constant good affections ?
" COUET. — We have seriously considered of the several cases
and several claimants named, as George Gold Fitz- William, Dom-
inick Sarsfield, David Terry, Patrick Galway, James Gough,
Patrick Meagh, Stephen Coppinger, Patrick Roth, John Coppin-
ger, James Murro, John Levallyn, James Levallyn [and so all the
claymants were named particularly].
* It would seem from this that the ancient inhabitants of Kinsale con-
tinued to dwell there during the whole war.
t That is, to prove what lands he was formerly possessed of, in order to
regulate the quantity to be now set out to him in Connaught.
•'
240 APPENDIX.
" JUSTICE HALSET. — If you demand of us any further judgment
in any particular client's case, you shall have it ; though you see
we have run over them all.
" CLAIMANTS' COUNSEL. — We humbly demand the judgment of
the Court upon the whole, whether any claimant hath proved
Constant good affection ?
"JUSTICE COOKE. — Negative.
" JUSTICE HALSEY. — Negative.
" Resolved by the Court, that not any one of a Popish claimant
hath proved Constant good affection.
" JUSTICE COOKE. — Now proceed upon the title distinctly.
" CLAIMANTS' COUNSEL. — Not one of our clients will proceed.
" COURT. — You had best to advise your clients what to do. "We
shall stay your leisure. Therefore adjourn till the afternoon.
" Saturday Afternoon.
" JUSTICE COOKE, present ; JUSTICE HALSEY, present
" COURT. — Will the counsel, or any of the attorneys for any of
the claimants, proceed to their titles ?
"MR. SILVER. — James Gough, Patrick Meagh, Stephen Cop-
pinger, Patrick Roth, John Coppinger, James Murro, John Lev-
allyn [and so all the claimants were named particularly].
" COURT. — We have considered of the several causes of every
claimant in Court, and have singled out about thirty which may
come nearest to Constant good affection. And we cannot find that
any of them hath manifested Constant good affection according
to the strict rule of law, but all fall short in some point or other.
" CLAIMANTS' COUNSEL. — We hope in equity our clients shall
not be sent into Connaught among their enemies.
" COURT. — We must proceed, as our Commission requires, ac
cording to law ; and we cannot find how the Irish can be in a better
condition than the English, who are to forfeit a fifth for their delin
quency had it not been for His Highness' Ordinance of Indemnity.*
" CLAIMANT'S COUNSEL. — Our clients would willingly lose a great
deal more.
" COUKT. — We cannot alter the law, but must judge according
to law.
"ME. SILVER. — Our clients will not take any lands in Con-
naught. We have demanded the judgment of the Court concern
ing the several estates of our clients that are Protestants; as
namely, Mr. Robert Southwell, William Chidley, William Howell,
* Protestants who had not shown a Constant good affection to the cause
of the rebels of England were liable to forfeit one-fifth. But by an ordi
nance of 2d September, 1654, they were allowed to compound for two years'
annual value of their real and personal estates, which was equal to one-
fifth as lands were then rated, viz., at ten years' purchase.
APPENDIX. 241
Christopher Sugar, and others, who were Protestants and proprie
tors at the time of the Act of Settlement.
u COURT. — We shall consider of the several cases of the Protest
ant claimants who had fiona fide purchased from Papists before
the Act of Settlement, as to that point only, whether they can he
in a better position than those from whom they claim.
"JUSTICE COOKE. — Proceed, therefore, to the titles of your
Irish clients.
"CLAIMANT'S COUNSEL; — We have advised with our clients,
and they are resolved not to take any lands in Connaught.
" The first proclamation was made.
" COURT. — Crier, make proclamation again that all persons who
have any business here to do may come in and be heard.
" Second proclamation was made.
"COURT. — Will you proceed before the last proclamation be
made, or else it will be too late?
" CLAIMANT'S COUNSEL. — We humbly pray the Court to adjourn
till Munday, that we may better advise with our clients.
"COURT. — Adjourn till Munday, at 8 of the clock.
"Munday, Sept. 1, 1656.
" COOKE, present ; HALSET, present.
" COURT. — Will any of the claimants proceed upon their titles,
that they may have their proportions in Connaught ?
" CLAIMANT'S COUNSEL. — There being only present Mr. Hoare
and Mr. Silver, Attorneys (Mr. Fisher, Mr. Jones, Mr. Barber, and
all the other Protestant practizers having left the Court),
Mr. SILVER. — The claimants will not a man of them proceed un
less they may enjoy their own estates ; they will not go into Con-
naught.
"• COURT. — They must transplant according to law.
"The Court urged them several times to proceed, but they
would not.
" COURT. — Make proclamation, requiring all that have any busi
ness at this Court to come in and proceed.
" Third proclamation made.
" Nothing moved.
" The claimants made a noise, some of them saying they had
rather go to the Barbadoes than into Connaught amongst the
rebels.
" COURT.— We shall consider of the claims of the Protestants,
and they shall know our judgment thereon.
" The Court arose, and day to *
* Blank in the Keport.
11
242 APPENDIX.
"MAY IT PLEASE TOUE LoKDSHIPS,
"Upon mature and deliberate consideration (so far as the Lord
hath enabled us) we have proceeded to judgment in the causes de
pending before us, and have not adjudged Constant good affection
to any one of the claimants ; but the law will be clear for most of
them to have two parts in Connaught. There remains only one
question concerning the interests of Protestants, which they pur
chased from Papists since 1641, and before the Act of Settlement
[of 12th August, 1652], wherein we humbly crave the opinions of
the Lords the Judges as to the matter of law before we give judg
ments.
" The matter of fact being as followeth : —
"A., a Papist, upon the trial of his Qualifications is found to be
neither aider, abettor, countenancer, nor promotor of the rebellion
within the Act of September ;* but fails to make out Constant
good affection, by reason of the general defection of Inchiquin,
etc. ; so forfeits a third part, as a Papist within the Eighth quali
fication, having conveyed the land to a Protestant.
" The question i% whether B. is to lose a third part of the estate,
and take the other two parts in Oonnaught ?"
On the part of the Commonwealth it was contended, that the
purchasers must lose one-third, and take two-thirds in value in
Connaught, because they could be in no better condition than him
from whom they purchased. The Protestant purchasers insisted
that, as the persons whose lands they purchased had never aided
nor countenanced the rebellion, and had constantly dwelt amongst
the English, they must be deemed to have shown a Constant good
affection, and therefore should suffer no forfeiture. But the
Mallow Commissioners submitted that the proof that was offered
" was only in the negative, doing nothing, neither good nor bad,
and was not sufficient to prove Constant good affection, which
must appear by outward signal demonstration of the affection of
the heart, and not in sitting still," and accordingly referred it to
the judgments of their Lordships.
The Report concludes thus : — .
" If we could have foreseen the tenth part of the difficulties
which we have met with in this business, we should have been
earnest and humble suitors to your lordships for more assistance,
our brother Santhy being gone into Kerry, Limerick, and Clare,
that the counties . might not be disappointed ; wee have en
deavoured to the utmost of our apprehensions to convince and
satisfy the claimants and standers by of the legality and justice of
our proceedings ; and because in so great an expectation we feared
* Properly of August 12th, 1652.
APPENDIX. 243
that, if all should he transplanted it might seem to carry some
face of rigour, we spared no pains to distinguish the merits of each
case ; and as we were selecting ten or twenty that might best
pretend to be legally restored to their own estates, the next
claimants had instantly as much to say for themselves ; and when
we had named and weighed about eighty-six cases, which possibly
might come nearest to the mark of Constant good affection, pres
ently the claimant's counsel named others to us, which we in our
reason could not deny but that they did equally merit with the
rest ; so as we found an absolute necessity to deny Constant good
affection to all or none (some very few exceptions that will fall
within 1st or 7th qualification); and that which turned the scale
was their residence with Inchiquin after his revolt
"We have called upon them to proceed to their titles, and ad
judged the 8th qualification to many of them, which for the present
they decline and refuse, and will not proceed upon their titles, so
as we can proceed no further therein.
" They made great asseverations that they dare not go into Con-
naught for fear of their lives, and that they had rather be sent to
the Barbadoes, which we tell them are vain and frivolous allega
tions, and that by law they are transplantable. So most of them
have left us. We have caused several proclamations to be made
that if any person have anything to do he may come in and be
heard ; and shall stay so long as any of them will proceed. Having
done according to our Commission, to the best of our skill and
knowledge, and so we humbly remain,
" Your Lordships' most humble,
"And faithful Servants,
" JOHN COOKE, WM.
"P. S. — If your Lordships shall be pleased to enlarge our Com
mission until the 29th inst., my brother Santhy and myself will
have ended the circuit (God willing), by the 16th instant and be
at Moyallo by the 18th inst., where we have ordered the clerk to
stay for us.
"J. COOKE.
" To the Honourable the Lord Deputy and Council
for the Affairs of Ireland." *
* From a quarto volume in limp sheepskin cover, in the Eecord Tower,
Dublin Castle, endorsed, "Mallow Proceedings."
244 APPENDIX.
YI.
OF THE SEIZING OF WIDOWS AND ORPHANS, AND THE DES
TITUTE, AND TRANSPORTING THEM TO BARBADOES, AND
THE ENGLISH PLANTATIONS.
WHILE the Government were employed in clearing the ground
for the Adventurers and Soldiers (the English capitalists of that
day), by making the nobility and gentry yield up their ancient
inheritances, and withdraw to Oonnaught, ''where they could
wish the whole nation,"* they had agents actively employed
through Ireland, seizing women, orphans, and the destitute to be
transported to Barbadoes and the English Plantations in America.
It was a measure beneficial to Ireland, which was thus relieved of
a population that might trouble the planters; it was a benefit to
the people removed, who might thus be made English arid Chris
tians; t and a great benefit to the West India sugar planters, who
desired the men and boys for their bondmen, and the women and
Irish girls in a country where they had only Maroon women and
Negresses to solace them. The thirteen years' war, from 1641 to
1654, followed by the departure of 40,000 Irish soldiers, with the
chief nobility and gentry, to Spain, had left behind a vast mass of
widows and deserted wives with destitute families. There were
plenty of other persons, too, who, as their ancient properties had
been confiscated, "had no visible means of livelihood." Just as
the King of Spain sent over his agents to treat with the Govern
ment for the Irish swordmen, the merchants of Bristol had agents
treating with it for men, women, and girls, to be sent to the sugar
plantations in the West Indies. The Commissioners for Ireland
gave them orders upon the governors of garrisons, to deliver to
them prisoners of war; upon the keepers of goals, for offenders in
custody ; upon masters of workhouses, for the destitute in their
care, "who were of an age to labour, or if women were mar
riageable and not past breeding;" and gave directions to all in
authority to seize those who had no visible means of livelihood,
and deliver them to these agents of the Bristol sugar merchants,
in execution of which latter direction Ireland must have exhibited
"scenes in every part like the slave hunts in Africa. How many
girls of gentle birth must have been caught and hurried to the
* " The garrison of Roscommon Castle yielded upon that which we
adjudged moderate terms amongst us, which is, for the Government to
transport a regiment for Spain, where we could wish the whole nation"
Letter from Athlone, 12th April, 1652. " Severall Proceedings in Parlia
ment," etc., p. 2148.
t Letter of Henry Cromwell, 4th Thurloe's " State Papers."
APPENDIX. 245
private prisons of these men -catchers none can tell.* But at last
the evil became too shocking and notorious, particularly when
these dealers in Irish flesh began to seize the daughters and
children of the English themselves, and to force them on board
their slave ships; then, indeed, the orders, at the end of four
years, were revoked.
Messrs. Sellick and Leader, Mr. Robert Yeomans, Mr. Joseph
Lawrence, and others, all of Bristol were active agents As one
instance out of many : — Captain John Vernon was employed by the
Commissioners for Ireland into England, and contracted in their
behalf with Mr. David Sellick and Mr. Leader, under his hand,
bearing date of 14th September, 1653, to supply them with two
hundred and fifty women of the Irish nation above twelve years,
and under the age of forty-five, also three hundred men above
twelve years of age and under fifty, to be found in the country
within twenty miles of Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale, Waterford,
and "Wexford, to transport them into New England.! Messrs. Sel
lick and Leader appointed their shipping to repair to Kinsale;
but Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill (afterwards Earl of Orrery), whose
name, like that of Sir C. Coote, seems ever the prelude of woe to
the Irish, suggested that the required number of men and women
might be had from among the wanderers and persons who had
no means to get their livelihood in the county of Cork alone.
Accordingly, on the 23d of October, 1653, he was empowered to
search for them and arrest them, and to deliver them to Messrs.
Sellick and Leader, who were to be at all the charge of conduct
ing them to the water side, and maintaining them from the time
they received them ; and no person, being once apprehended was
to be released but by special order in writing uncjer the hand of
Lord Broghill.t
Again, in January, 1654, the Governors of Carlow, Kilkenny,
Clonmel, Wexford, Ross, and Waterford, had orders to arrest
and deliver to Captain Thomas Morgan, Dudley North, and John
Johnson, English merchants, all wanderers, men and women, and
such other Irish within their precincts as should not prove they
had such a settled course of industry as yielded them a means of
their own to maintain them, all such children as were in hospitals
or workhouses, all prisoners, men and women, to be transported
to the West Indies. The governors were to guard the prisoners
* Daniel Connery, a gentleman of Clare, was sentenced, in Morison's
presence, to banishment, in 1657, by Colonel Henry Ingoldsby, for har
boring a priest. " This gentleman had a wife and twelve children. His
wife fell sick, and died in poverty. Three of his daughters, most beauti
ful girls, were transported to the West Indies, to an island called the
Barbadoes; and there, if they are alive, they are in miserable slavery."
P. 287. Morison's " Threnodia Hiberno-Catholica," Innsbruck: 1659.
t A-84, p. 663. \ Ibid..
246 APPENDIX.
to the ports of shipping ; but the prisoners were to be provided
for and maintained by the said contractors, and none to be dis
charged except by order under the hand and seal of the governor
ordering the arrest.* It is easy to imagine the deeds done under
such a power ! On the 22d December, of the same year, orders
were issued prohibiting all the shipping in any harbour in Ireland
bound for Barbadoes, and other English plantations, from weigh
ing anchor until searched, in order that any persons found to
have been seized without warrant should be delivered.
All measures, however, were vain to prevent the most cruel
captures as long as these English slave dealers had recourse to
Ireland. In the course of four years they had seized and shipped
about 6400 Irish, men and women, boys and maidens, when on
the 4th of March, 1655, all orders were revoked. These men-
catchers employed persons (so runs the order) "to delude poor
people by false pretences into by-places, and thence they forced
them on board their ships. The persons employed had so much
a piece for all they so deluded, and for the money sake they were
found to have enticed and forced women from their children and
husbands, — children from their parents, who maintained them at
school ; and they had not only dealt so with the Irish, but also with
the English," — which last was the true cause, probably, of the
Commissioners for Ireland putting an end to these proceedings.!
• Yet not quite at end.
In 1655 Admiral Penn added Jamaica to the empire of Eng
land ; and, colonists being wanted, the Lord Protector applied to
the Lord Henry Cromwell, then Major-General of the forces in
Ireland, to engage 1500 of the soldiers of the army in Ireland to
go thither as planters, and to secure a thousand young Irish girls
("Irish wenches" is Secretary Thurloe's term), to be sent there
also.}: Henry Cromwell answered that there would be no diffi
culty, only that force must be used in taking them;§ and he
suggested the addition of from 1500 to 2000 boys of from twelve
to fourteen years of age. " We could well spare them," he adds,
" and they might be of use to you ; and who knows but it might
be a means to make them Englishmen — I mean, Christians ?" ||
The numbers finally fixed were 1000 boys and 1000 girls, to sail
from Galway in October, 1655,^ — the boys as bondmen, probably,
and the girls to be bound by other ties to these English soldiers
in Jamaica.**
* A 85, p. 66. t A-10, p. 283.
\ 4th vol. Thurloe's " State Papers," p. 75.
§ Ibid., p. 23. I Ibid., p. 40. 1 Ibid., p. 100.
** Muller, the painter at Berlin, was stated to be engaged in 1859 on a
picture representing the seizing and transporting of these Irish girls to
the West Indies. See the newspapers of the 21st Feb., 1859.
APPENDIX. 247
VII.
PETITIONS OF MAURICE VISCOUNT ROCHE, OF FERMOY, AND
OF JORDAN ROCHE'S CHILDREN.
(Page 118, supra.)
To the Right Ron. the Lords Justice? of Ireland, the humble Peti
tion of Maurice Lord Viscount Roche, of Fermoy,*
MOST HUMBLY ^PEWETH, — That your Petitioner hath been seaven
yeares agoe dispossessed of his wholl estate, havinge the chardge of
Foure young daughters, unpreferred, to whose misery was added
the losse of their mother, your Petitioners wife, by an unjust
illegal proceeding, as is knowne and may be attested by the best
Protestant Nobility and Gentry of the Oountie of Corke. who have
heard and seen it, and whose charitable compassion it moved ;
That your said Petitioner and his said children ever since have
lived in a most disconsolate condition, destituted of all kind of sub
sistence (except what Almes some good Christians did in charity
afford them), by occasion whereof one of your Petitioners daugh
ters, fallingjiick about three years ago, died, for want of requisite
accommodacon, either for her cure or diett; That your Petitioner
hath often supplicated those in authority in the late Government
for releefe, who after ten months attendance in Dublin gave him
no other succor but an order to the Commissioners in Connaught
to set outt some lands for him, De bene etse, there or in the -county
of Clare; That your Petitioner being necessitated to goe from
Dublin afoote to attende on them in Athlone and Loughreagh for
six moneths more (in which prosecution and attendance, he ran
himself £100 in debt), yet at last had but 2500 acres, part in the
Owles, in Connaught, and part in the remotest parts of Thomond,
all wast and unprofitable, at that time assigned him, both which,
before and after, were by the sayd Commissioners disposed of by
Finall settlements to others, who evicted your Petitioner thereout
before he could receive .any maner of profitt, soe as that colour of
succor and reliefe proved rather an increase and addition of misery
to your said Petitioner, "who is now in that very low condition
that he cannot in person attend on your Lordships, much less
make a jorney to his sacred Majesty to sett forth his sufferings
and to implore releefe :
The premises tenderly considered, and for that it hath beene
unheard of in all former ages that a Peere of the Realm of English
extraction, though never so criminous, should be reduced to such
* Order Book of the Commissioners for Executing the King's Declara
tion, late Auditor-General's Office, Custom House Buildings, vol. xvii..
p. 112.
248 APPENDIX.
extrernitie of misery, his cause not heard, and without conviction
or attainder by his Peeres or otherwise, contrary to the known
lawes of the land, and the rights and privileges of the Nobilitie
and Peerage ; and for that your Petitioner is in that forlorne con
dition that he cannot any longer hould out unless speedily releaved,
your Lordships may be pleased to afford your said Petitioner some
present succour and releife, and to enable him to discharge the
said £100 debt.
And hee will pray, etc.
TO THE EIGHT HONOURABLE THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE COMMON
WEALTH OF ENGLAND FOB THE AFFAIRS OF IRELAND.
The humble Petition of Christian Roche, Anstace Roche, Gate
Roche, and John Roche, the Children of Alderman Jordan Roche,
deceased,
SHEWETH — That Alderman Jordan Roche, deceased, dyed seized
of a reall estate to the value of £2000 a year, and likewise of a
considerable personal estate, all which devolved and came to the
p'ublique ; That your poore Petitioners are in a sadd and deplorable
condition for want of sustenance or mayntenance, and have noth
ing to live upon but what they erne by their needles, and by wash
ing and wringing. The humble request of your petitioners is that
your Honnours may be pleased to cast a favourable eye of com
passion on the starving condition of your poore Petitioners ; and
accordingly to be pleased to graunte unto them such a competent
alimony out of their father's estate, or otherwise, as to your
Honnours in your approved judgments shall be thought most fitt,
being an act very charitable, and suitable to the civilitie of the
English Government.
And your poore Petitioners, as in duty bound, shall pray.*
The Commissioners for Ireland referred it to the Commissioners
for Setting out Lands to the Transplanted sitting at Lougreagh,
to inquire in what Qualification of the Act of Settlement they
fell, and to grant them such relief as should be agreeable to the
said Act and to their instructions : in other words, they refused
them relief, and "left them to the rules." Order dated April,
1654.
* Council Book, in the Records of the late Auditor-General's Office,
Custom House Buildings, vol. vii.
APPENDIX. 249
VIII.
TRANSPLANTERS' CERTIFICATE.
(See page 85, supra.)
By the Commissioners within the Precincts of Clonmell.
No. of Certificate, and Tyme of Presenting.
No. 1, folio 1.
WEE, the said Commissioners, do hereby certifye that John Hore,
of Ballyrnacmaag, and Mathew Hore, of Shandon, in the county
of Waterford, hath, upon the 23d day of January, 1653, in pur
suance of a Declaration of the Commissioners of the Parliament
of England for the Affairs of Ireland, hearing date the 14th day
of October. 1653, delivered unto us in writing a particular, con
taining therein the names of himself and such other persons as are
to remove with him, with the quantities and qualities of their re
spective stocks and tillage, the contents whereof are as folio weth : —
viz. — 1. John Hore, of Ballymacrnaag, adged seventy : gray haired,
tall stature; freeholder; ten cows, five garrans. 2. Edmund
Hore, son to the said John, adged ten years, brown haire. 3. Owen
Crumpon, of the same, adged thirty ; black ; middle stature :
servant. 4. James Daton, of the same, adged sixteen ; flaxen
haire, servant. 5. Morish Caffon, of Ballidonnack, adged thirty-
foure ; browne: low, servant. 6. Mathew Hore, of Shandon,
adged thirty-one ; browne ; middle ; freeholder ; eight cows, two
hundred sheepe, seventy-nine garrans, five cows ; forty-two
acres of wheate and beare, seven of pease. 7. Mary Hore, wife of
the said Mathew, aged twenty-five ; white, tall. 8. Mary Hore,
daughter of the said Mathew, adged nine ; flaxen ; three cows,
two heifers. 9. Margaret Hore, daughter to the said Mathew,
foure; flaxen; low; three cows, two bullocks. 10. Bridget
Hore, daughter to the said Mathew, adged two ; white ;
two cows and two bullocks. 11. John Hore, son to the said Ma
thew, adged seaven; white ; lowe; three cows, and two yearlings.
12. Patrick Hore, son to the said Mathew, adged five , white ; lowe ;
five cows and one yearling. 13. Martin Hore, adged three ; flaxen ;
ten cows, and one yearling, and thirty-six sheepe. 14. Murtagh
Morrochoe, of Grage, aged thirty-seaven ; browne ; middle ; tenant ;
two cows, and one yearling, fifteene sheepe, one garran. 15. Nicho
las Power, of Shandon, sixtie ; graye; middle; servant. 16. Ed
mund Kelly, of the same, thirty; black; middle; servant. 18.
Thomas Kelly, of the same, thirty-nine ; black ; lowe ; servant.
19. Thomas Fitzgerald, of the same, nineteen; white; tall; ser-
250 APPENDIX.
vant. 20. "William Roch, of the same, servant. 21. Henry Tobin,
of the same, thirtie ; browne ; low ; servant. 22. Thomas Donnell,
of the same, fortie-foure ; browne; low; servant. 23. Morris Of-
felahan, of the same, fiftie; grave; middle; servant. 25. John
O'Morrissee, of the same, seventeen; brown; low; servant. 26.
Morish O'Morrissee, of the same, fifteen ; dark ; low ; servant. 27.
William OTuscan, of Ikart, thirtie; dark; middle; servant; two
cows, ten sheepe, one garran ; five acres of wheate [ ] beare. 28.
Nicholas White, of the same, sixteene; white; low; servant. 29.
James Murphy, of the same, thirtie-four ; brown ; low ; tenant ;
seaven sheepe, one garran. 30. Michael Conry, of Ballinacourty,
thirtie-seaven ; middle; tenant; three cows, sixteen sheepe, nine
garrans ; six acres of wheate, and two of pease and beans. 31. John
O'Kelly, of the same, twentie; white; low; servant. 32. Richard
[ ], of Ballyduff, thirtie-nine ; black; middle; tenant; one
cow, seven sheepe, three garrans ; two acres of wheate and beare,
and two of pease and beans. 33. Morish Ffallon, of Killdagan, fortie ;
graye; low; tenant; four cows, fifteene sheepe, eleven garrans,
seaven acres of wheate and beare. 34. Patrick Ffallon, of the same,
twentie; brown; middle; tenant. 35. Walter Power, of Ballin-
rode, twentie-five; brown; tall; tenant; five cows, fortie-three
sheepe, eight garrans ; ten acres of wheate and beare. 36. Darby
Ffollowe, of Ballyhannick, fortie-four; black; tall; tenant; two
cows, four sheepe, six garrans; five acres of wheate and beare. 37.
Darby Powsye, of the same, thirtie-two; brown; tall; tenant; one
cow, eleven sheepe, ten garrans ; two acres of wheate and beare. 38.
Mary Russell, the relict of Patrick Russell, of Dungarvan, burgess,
fiftie-three; yellow; middle; three cows, fiftie sheepe, one garran.
39. John Fitzgerald, of the same, fortie; black; low; tenant; three
cows, ten sheepe, one garran; one acre of wheate and beare. 40.
Morish Roch, of the same, twenty -five; brown, middle; tenant;
two cows, ten sheepe, two garrans ; two acres of wheate, beare, and
beans. 41. Morish Fitzgerald, of Grenane, twenty-five; white;
middle ; servant. 42. Patrick Ffollowe, of Ballyhormock, thirteen ;
brown ; servant. 43. William Wray, of the same, fourteen ; brown ;
servant. 44. Morish Oowden, of Inchindrislye, thirty-six ; black ;
middle; tenant; one cow, ten sheepe, two garrans; one acre of
wheate and beare. 45. Robert Pirquett, of the same, fiftie; brown ;
low; tenant; one cow, one garran, one acre of wheate and beare.
46. John Pirquett, of the same, twentie ; browne ; low ; servant.
48. John Nagle, of Donnemainstragh, thirty-two; brown; tall;
freeholder; two cows, ten sheepe, three garrans; three acres of
wheat and beare, and one of pease. 49. James How fitz Thomas,
of Dungarvan, ten ; blacke ; low ; burgess. 50. John Lea, of Dun
garvan, sixteen ; tall; white; freeholder. 51. John Coppinger the
elder, of the same, fiftie-five ; graye ; tall ; freeholder. 52. Philip
APPENDIX. 251
Power, of Ballinrode, thirtie-five ; brown; low; tenant;' one cow,
ten sheepe, two garrans; two acres of wheate and beare. 53. John
O'Morrissee, of Ballinkelly, twenty-six ; brown ; middle ; tenant ;
eight cows, twentie sheepe, ten garrans; five acres of wheat, two
of pease. 54. Margaret, his wife, twenty four ; white; middle. 55.
Philip Flyn, of the same, fifteen ; brown ; servant. 56. Donagh
Corbane, of the same, thirtie ; blacke ; low ; servant. 57. Thomas
Power, of Kildagan, adged twenty-seven ; blacke ; low ; three
cows, twelve sheep, three garrans ; two acres of wheate and
beare. 58. Connor Gambon, of Inchindrisley, thirtie-two ; brown ;
middle ; tenant ; three cows, twelve sheepe, three garrans; ten acres
of wheate and beare. 59. John McPhilip, of Kildagan, thirtie;
browne; middle; tenant. 60. William Morrissee, of Inchindrisley,
eighteen ; white ; middle ; servant. 61. David McDonagh, of Knock-
an power, sixtie three; graye; middle; freeholder; ten cows,
twenty-seaven sheepe, fifteen garrans ; thirteen acres of wheate and
beare. 62. Giles Mulcahy, fifty-three; brown; low. 03. Mar
garet Mulcahy, his daughter, eighteen; brown; middle; spin
ster. 64. Ellen Mulcahy, his daughter, seventeen ; brown ; mid
dle ; spinster. 65. Ellinor Mulcahy, his daughter, ten ; brown ;
spinster. 66. Thomas Shane, of the same, eighteen; brown; mid
dle ; servant. 67. John Offernon, of the same, sixteen ; brown ;
servant. 68. Daniell Henery, of the same, thirtie; browne; mid
dle; servant. 69. Richard Breenagh, of the same, twelve; brown;
servant. 70. Thomas fitz John, of Ballinlea, forty-three ; brown ;
tall ; tenant ; three cows, twenty sheepe, eight garrans ; eight
acres of wheate and beare. 71. James Forde, of Ballydutfmore,
fifty -three ; brown ; low ; mortgagee ; two cows, two garrans ;
two acres of wheate and beare. 72. John O'Kelly, of Knock-an-
power, thirty ; black ; middle : tenant ; two cows ; two acres of
wheate and beare. 73. James Ronayne, of the same, sixty ; graye ;
middle ; tenant ; one cow. 74. Morish Ronayne, of the same,
twenty; brown; middle. 75. John O'Glassine, of the same,
twenty ; black ; middle ; tenant two cows, one garran. 76.
Donagh Muloahy, of the same, twenfy-foure ; black ; servant. 77.
Connor O'Keirnane, of the same, thirty-five ; black ; middle ;
servant. 78. Dernan O'Keirnane, of the same, twenty; black;
middle; servant. 79. Ellen Prendergast, of the same, thirty-
five; brown; tall; widdowe ; two cows, two garran.?. 80. Onora
Flanagan, of the same, forty ; black; middle; widdowe; three
cows, twelve sheepe, three garrans; two acres of wheate and
beare. 81 . Thomas Kernane, of the same, twenty ; black ; servant.
82. Thomas Prendergast, of the same, twelve ; white ; servant.
83. Donagh O'Hutterie, of Ba'lymartie, thirtie; black; middle;
tenant ; four cows, ten sheepe, three garrans ; four acres of wheate
and beare. 84. Morish Mulrery, of the same, twenty ; dark ; mid-
252 APPENDIX.
die; servant. 85. Derby O'Brien, of Inchindrisly, thirty ; brown;
low ; four cows, thirty sheepe, seaven garrans ; seaven acres of
wheate and beare. 86. William Brennagh, of the same, twenty ;
white ; low ; servant. 87. John Kennedy, twenty ; brown ; ser
vant. 88. William Kenny, of Kilknockane, fifty-four; graye;
low ; burgess ; six cows, twenty sheepe, nine garrans ; fifteen
acres of wheate, beare, and pease. 89. Anne Kenny, wife of the
oaid William, sixtie ; brown ; low. 91. James Meregage, of the
same, thirtie ; black; middle; servant. 92. Donagh O'Brien, of
the same, thirty; dark; low; tenant; three cows, five garrans;
twelve acres of wheate and beare. 94. Richard Butler, of Gar-
rinlowe, thirty; flaxen; tall; tenant; six cows, twenty sheepe;
twelve garrans; three acres of wheate and beare. 95. Giles But
ler, his wife, twenty-four; brown; low. 96. Meaghlin Hogan, of
the same, twenty ; dark ; middle ; servant. 97. Morish Dower,
of the same, twenty; yellow; middle; servant. 98. Daniel
O'Phelane, of the same, eighteen ; black ; low ; servant. 99.
Donogh O'Kerwick, of the same, sixteene ; dark ; low ; servant.
100. Ellen Magner, of Donnemainstragh, fifty-seaven ; black ; mid
dle ; three cows, twenty-six sheepe, two garrans ; four acres of
wheate, beare, and pease. 101. Thomas Butler, of Knockneag-
carah, twenty-eight; yellow; middle; tenant; thirty-one cows,
one hundred sheepe, twenty-four garrans, six oxen; twenty-eight
acres of wheate and beare, and four of pease. 102. Katherine,
his wife, twenty-five; black; tall. 103. Piers Butler, of the
same, fiftie; graye; middle; servant. 104. Edmund Butler, of
the same, eighteen ; low ; servant. 105. Walter Fanning, of the
same, twenty-three; black; low; servant. 106. Daniel Mourye,
of the same, fifteen; yellow; low; servant. 107. William Hod-
nett, of Grange, thirty-two; black; middle; tenant; three cows,
five sheepe, three garrans; seventeene acres of wheate and beare.
108. James Power, of Inchindrisly, twenty-three ; dark; middle;
tenant ; three cows, five sheepe, three garrans ; seventeene acres
of wheate and beare. 109. Thomas Gough, of Dungarvan, forty;
black; tall; burgess; one cow, ten sheepe, two garrans. 110.
James Fitzmorresh-Gerald, of Crushea, forty ; flaxen brown ; mid
dle ; tenant ; five cows, twenty -five sheepe, eight garrans ; ten
acres of wheate and beare. 111. John Coppinger of Dungar
van, the younger, thirty-sea ven ; brown; middle; burgess. 112.
Michael Hore, of the same, thirty; black; low; burgess. 113.
John McCreagh, of Inchindrisly, twenty ; brown ; middle ; ser
vant. 1 1 4. John Butler, son to Thomas Butler, of Knockneagcarah,
abovementioned ; flaxen. 115. Margaret II odnett, wife to Wil
liam Hodnett, abovementioned, thirty ; flaxen; tall. IK). Gari-ett
Hodnett, his son, four; flaxen. 117. Teige O'Meane, thirty-six;
black; middle; servant. 117. Bryan Moane, his «on, four;
APPENDIX. 253
browne. 117. Murtagh O'Boghan, forty- three; black; tall; ser
vant. 118. John O'Boghan, fourteen; flaxen; servant. 118.
Connor Carty, twenty; black; low; servant. 119. Morish
]; black: low; servant. 120. Walter Grange, twenty;
black; tall. 121. William Brennaugh, thirty five; red; servant;
middle. 122. Connor O'Farrelly, forty; brown; middle; ser
vant. 123. Morish fitz John, twenty-five ; brown; servant. 124.
John Power, fifteen; brown; servant. 125. Murtagh Kenagh,
forty ; brown ; middle ; servant. 129. Thomas Gorman, thirtie ;
black ; middle ; servant. 130. David Roch, of Dungarvan, twenty-
two ; brown; low; servant. 131. Thomas Wyse, of Ballinavarie,
forty ; brown ; middle ; freeholder.
The substance whereof we believe to be true. In witness
whereof, we have hereunto sett our hands and seals, the 26th day
of January, 1653-4.
CHAELES BLOUNT, SOLOMON RICHARDS, HENEY PARIS.*
Ireland. — By the Commissioners of the Revenue within the Pre
cinct of Limerick.
We, the said Commissioners, do hereby certify that James Bon-
field, of the city of Limerick, burgess, hath upon the 20th day of
December, 1653, in pursuance of a Declaration of the Commis
sioners of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England for
the Affairs of Ireland, bearing date the 14th day of October, 1653,
delivered unto us in writing the names of himself and of such
other persons as are to remove with him, with the quantities and
qualities of their stocks and tillage, the contents whereof are as fol-
loweth : viz. — The said James Bonfield, of the city aforesaid, aged
thirty-eight years ; tall stature ; browne flaxen hair. Catherine
Bonfield, his wife, aged thirty-eight years ; red haire. John
Hyname, aged twenty years; middle stature ; black haire. Gabriel,
Creagh, Gennett Creagh, Anthony Creagh, and James Creagh,
small children, under the age of eight years. Bridget Bonfield,
daughter to the said James, aged eight years; brown haired,
Ellen ny Cahill, maid servant, aged forty years ; black haire ;
middle stature. His substance — foure cows, foure -garrans ; and
desires the benefit of his claim. The substance whereof we
believe to be true. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our
hands and seals the 20th day of December, 1653.t
Connollagh Barony.
We, the said Commissioners, do hereby certify, that John Fitz
gerald of Finntanstown, in the county and barony aforesaid, hath
* Book of Transplanters' Certificates, Records of the late And itor-General,
Custom House Building*.
t Book of Transplanters' Certificates, Record Tower, Dublin Castle.
254 APPENDIX.
upon the 10th day of January, 1653, in pursuance of a declaration
of the Commissioners of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of
England for the affairs of Ireland, bearing date the 14th day of Oc
tober, 1653, delivered unto us in writing the names of himself, and
of such other persons as are to remove with him, with the quanti
ties and qualities of their stocks and tillage, the contents whereof
are as followeth : viz. — The said John Fitzgerald, aged thirtie-five
years ; middle stature ; black hair. Sarah, his wife, aged twenty-
six years ; brown hair ; tall stature. David Fitzgerald, aged four
years ; black hair. His two daughters, called Joan and Mary, under
the age of two years, flaxen hair. Edmund Fitzgerald, tenant,
aged thirty years ; tall stature ; flaxen hair. Ellen his wife, aged
forty years; tall stature; brown hair. Elleanor Margaret, and
Eliza, three daughters of the said Edmund, all under the age of
four years. David Wolfe, gentleman, aged twenty-four years ;
black hair ; middle stature. Mauria 'Manning, aged twenty-six
years ; middle stature ; black hair. Dermod Halpin, aged twenty-four
years ; tall stature ; flaxen hair. Donough McCarty, aged thirty-six
years ; middle stature ; black hair. Ann ny McNarnara, servant, aged
forty years; black hair; tall stature. His substance— twenty-
four garrans, three cows, two sows ; four acres of winter corn.
The substan.oejBph.ereof we believe to be true. In witness whereof
we have hereunto set our hands and seals, the 10th day of Janu
ary, 1653.*
Citty of Limerick.
We, the said Commissioners, doe hereby certify that Margaret
Heally, alias Creagh, the relict of John Heally, Esq.. dead, of the
county of Limerick, hath upon the 19th day of December, 1653,
in pursuance of a Declaration of the Commissioners of the Parlia
ment of the Commonwealth of England for the Affairs of
Ireland, bearing date the 14th day of October, 1653, delivered
unto us in writing the names of herself and of such other persons
as are to remove with her, with the quantities and qualities of
their stocks and tillage, the contents whereof are as followeth :
viz. — The said Margaret, adged thirty years; flaxen hair; full
face ; middle size. In substance, two cows, three ploughs of
garrans, and two acres of barley and wheate sowen John Neal,
iier servant, adged twenty -eight years ; red haire ; middle
stature; full face. Gennet Cornyn, one of her servants, adged
twenty-four years; brown haire; slender face; of middle
stature. Joan Keane, servant, adged thirtie-six years; brown
haire ; middle seize ; full face ; and her little daughter,^ adged six
yeares. Out of the above substance she payeth contribution. In
witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and seals, the
19th day of December, 1653.
f
* Book of Transplanters' Certificates, Record Tower, Dublin Castle, p. 8.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
"ADVENTURERS OF 1641," to raise a private army to conquer
lands for themselves in Ireland, G7 ; lands to be given them at twelve
shillings per acre in Leinster, and proportionately less in other prov
inces, 68 ; their army, when ready to sail from Bristol, is drawn
off by the English rebels to fight against the king at Edge Hill, 69 ;
first proposals for their Settlement, dated 1st January, 1652, show
that the Transplantation was not yet resolved on. 75 ; pressed by
Parliament in January, 1652, to propose a form of speedy Plantation,
75 ; pressed to undertake to plant in three years, 76 ; decline, as it
would require 40,000 families, for whom no housing was prepared,
ib. ; assigned the half of ten counties to satisfy J^JjftpO, 79 ; and
army divide ten counties between them by lot, 80 j^TOSHel Hewson
draws for the Army, and Alderman A vary for the Adventurers, 211 ;
distribution of their lots by the, 148 ; their Quartering and Sub-
quartering of their baronies, ib. ; Adventurers' Certificate, 149, n. ;
names of, and quantities of land respectively, in barony of Garry-
castle, in King's County, 157; bein^ "merchants, unaccustomed to
management of tenants, which is a kind of statesmanship, not such
good masters as the officers, 163 ; cause Lady Dunsany to be dragged
by force out of her castle like a common Irishwoman, 159 ; Mr. John
Pitts, Adventurer, refused possession of his lot in Tipperary by the
old proprietor, 159 ; the papers of the Adventurers at Goldsmiths'
Hall, London, handed by the King's order in 1662 to Sir J. Shean,
keeper of the papers of the Commissioners for executing the King's
Declaration, 212 ; probability that their papers were burned in the
great fire of 4711,21 2 ; lists of the Adventurers in the county of Tip
perary, 213 ; in Barony of Middle Third, ib. ; of Iffa and Ofta, 215; of
Clan William, 218 ; of Eliogartie, 220 ; of Ileagh, 222 ; of Ikerrin,
223.
AGRARIAN CRIME IN IRELAND, the consequence of the Agrarian
Laws, under which landed property has been so repeatedly parcelled
out among English and Foreign adventurers, 188, n.
ALEXANDER, Siii JEROME, his will (A. D. 1672), forbidding his
daughter to marry an Irishman, or any one born and bred there,
162, n.
ALLEN, COL. WILLIAM, ADJUTANT-GENERAL, prays that now they
had gotten into houses they had not built, and vineyards they had
not planted, they might not forget the Lord and His goodness, 106
256 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
AMERICA, the breaking out of the American war caused the first
relaxation of the Penal Laws, 8 ; lately expatriated English in, in
vited back in 1651 to plant in Ireland, 154 ; perhaps the now expa
triated Irish will be invited back by England, 155.
ANGLO-SAXON RACE, the Land-hunger characteristic of, 99, 103;
denied land at home, they make prey of it, like Buccaneers, abroad,
103, n.
ARCHER, MARY, prays to be dispensed with, 91 ; " has an aged
father, who would be suddenly brought to his grave," ib.
ARMY, in 1649 mutinous at being ordered to Ireland, 139, n. ;
setting out of lands to the Army : equalizing counties and baronies,
128 ; counties as valued by the army, 129 ; baronies, ditto, 130 ;
they " box " for their lands, 125 ; the regiments of, draw lots for
provinces, 123 ; and the regiments of each province for counties and
baronies, 125 ; Commission to Lord Broghill and others for setting
out lands in the county of Cork, for arrears, 127 ; list of officers set
down in Munster, Leinster, and Ulster, 131-135.
ASSESSMENT, in 1653, double the amount of rent in time of peace,
74 ; soldiers throw up their farms, unable to bear the weight of it, ib.
ASSIGNMENT OF DEBENTURES BY COMMON SOLDIERS TO THEIR
OFFICERS, See DEBENTURES, 136.
ASSIGNMENTS OF LANDS TO TRANSPLANTERS De bene esse, 87.
ATHLONE COMMISSIONERS, appointed on 28th December, 1654, 206 ;
their court called " The Court of Claims and Qualifications of the
Irish," ib. ; the Eight Qualifications, ib. ; their " Crimination Books,"
207 ; the Athlone Decrees called Final Settlements, as compared with
the Assignments of Lands De bene esse of the Loughrea Commis
sioners, ib. ; the Loughrea Commissioners commissioned to set out
lands according to the Athlone Decrees, ib.
ATKINSON, LADY MARGARET, prays to be dispensed with from
transplantation, 91 ; " of great age, and no one to support her but her
son, Sir G. A., a Protestant," ib.
AXTELL, COLONEL RICHARD, shoots six women on the high road
betwixt Athy and Kilkenny, 188, n.
BARBADOES, gentlemen transported to, in numbers, for not trans
planting, 172.
BARNEWALL, NICHOLAS, OF TURVEY, COUNTY OF DUBLIN, and
Bridget, Countess of Tyrconnell, his wife, plead (against being trans
planted) their great age and infirmities, 93.
BARNEWALL, MARGARET, applies to be dispensed with from trans
plantation, as " long troubled with a shaking palsy," 91.
BENTHAM, JEREMY, defines Law as the will of the Strongest, 66, n.
BIBLE, no bloodier implement in the arsenal of the English in the
war of 1641, 71 ; served out with ammunition to the troops, for the
propagation of the Gospel, 71, n.
BIBLE STUFF, with which the English and the Soldiery had cram
med their heads, and hardened their hearts, 108.
BODKIN, DOMINIC, and others, inhabitants of Galway, pray to be
dispensed, because by their good services to the English they would
not be safe among the Irish in Connaught, 92.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 257
" BOXING" OF THE ARMY FOR LANDS, described, 125.
BREHON SYSTEM, established side by side with the Feudal system
in Ireland, 35 ; continued to the reign of James I., 36 ; their sessions
described by Spenser and Champion (1571-1590), eye-witness, ib. ;
the Brehon of the M'Guires and Sir John Davies, 36.
BRITONS, civilized by the Romans into cowardice, 27.
BORKES OF GAL WAY* AND MAYO, are " Irish Rebels," 47 ; " tall men
that boast themselves to be of the King's blood, and berith hate to
the Irishrie," 47 ; fear of confiscation kept them in the class of Irish
rebels, ib., and 51, n.
BURNELL, HENRY, pleads (against being transplanted) his languish
ing sickness, and a respite till 1st June, when probably he will have
strength to travel on foot to Connaught, 92.
BURREN, barony of, in Clare, had not wood enough to hang a man,
water enough to drown him, or earth enough to bury him, 98.
BUTLER, MARY, widow, of Co. Tipperary, pleads (against being
transplanted) that she discovered an ambushment of the Irish to cut
off the English, 92 ; Ellinor, widow, prays to be dispensed, " for her
charge of helpless children," 91.
CARTHAGINIANS, the desolation of Ireland by the English in 1652
likened to the state of Sicily under the Carthaginians, 173.
CASHEL, to be cleared of Irish, 168 ; citizens of, dispensed from
Transplantation : but God, better knowing their wickedness, burnt
down the town, 23d May, 1654, sparing only the English, 99.
CHEEVERS, WALTER, of Monkstown Castle, near Dublin, is trans
planted, and Ludlow is given his castle, 113 ; his transplanter's
certificate, 114 ; the Council order him in vain a good house in Con-
naught, 115.
CHURCH OF CHRIST, "sitting, at Chichester House, in College-
green, Dublin," in 1659, 79.
CLONMEL, ordered to be cleared of Irish by 25th March, 1655, 167.
COMYN, SIR NICHOLAS, of Limerick, his certificate on transplant
ing, 86 ; " numb at one side of his body of a dead palsy," ib.
CONNAUGHT, Strafford confiscates it, in order to found a noble
English Plantation, 59 ; intends to take half of each man's estate,
ib. ; the Parliament of England angry with Charles I. for not carry
ing out the plan, ib. ; by Act of 26th Sept., 1653, reserved " for the
habitation of the Irish nation," 80 ; selected because it is an island
all but ten miles, 83 ; a four-mile belt of English military planters
round Connaught, 83, 187 ; transplanters have to bribe the officers
and the Commissioners at Loughrea if they would get a good allot
ment, or speedy dispatch, 112 ; in 1654 a waste, 97; the first transplant
ers scared at the sight, 98, 191 ; Sligo county taken from the trans
planted, and given to the soldiers, 205 ; the best part of the barony
of Tyrawley, in the county of Mayo, given to the soldiery, ib. ;
Lei trim taken for arrears before 5th June, 1649, 206 ; certain ba
ronies in, appointed to receive the inhabitants from the different
counties in the other three provinces, 112, 208 ; proprietors insult
the transplanters, 97 ; supply of land for the transplanted exhaus ed
long before half of them are provided for, 115, 205, 209.
258 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
COOPERS, IRISH, driven out of Dublin (1657), on the petition of the
English coopers, 170.
COOTE, SIR CHARLES, THE YOUNGER, ravages Connaught like an
other Attila, in spite of the King's orders, 84.
CORK, the loyal ancient English, when turned out by Inchiquin in
1644, send the sword, mace, and cap of Maintenance by Robert Cop-
pinger, the Mayor, to Lord Ormond, the King's representative, who
knights him, 288.
"COSHERERS AND WANDERERS," proprietors dispossessed by
James I. and Charles I. become, 61 ; Stat. of 10th and llth Charles
I. against, 62, n. ; the brothers, nephews, uncles, etc., of the trans
planted proprietors are found coshering (1656), on the tenants of the
estate, and are therefore transplanted, 187, n. ; outlawed priests and
dispossessed gentlemen cosher on, that is, are supported by, the
the peasantry (1660-1688), 198 ; Archbishop King's remarks upon
this great evil, ib.
CRIME AND OUTRAGE ACT OF 1853, a revival in the 694th year of
English rule in Ireland of the law of Kincogues, but more unjust,
and for which there is not Cromwell's excuse, 193.
CROMWELL, OLIVER, lands at Ringsend, near Dublin, on 14th
August, 1649, 69 ; is called home immediately after the taking of
Clonmel, 24th May, 1650, ib. ; his letter to the Deputy and Council
that Lord Ikerrin be not transplanted, nor suffered to perish for
want of subsistence, 113.
CROMWELL, THE LORD HENRY, succeeds his brother-in-law, Fleet-
wood, as Lord Deputy, in September, 1655, 141 ; gets Portumna
Castle, the scat of the Earls of Clanricard, with 6000 acres adjoining,
209 ; enchanted with Ireland, 104 n. ; his letter (March 8, 1662), to
the Duke of Ormond, ib., ib. ; wishes to live there, above all other
places, ib., ib.
" CROMWELL'S DOGGS," answer of Sergeant Beverley when called
so in 1663, 225.
CULME, LADY, prays that her Irish servant may be dispensed with
from transplantation, 91.
CUSACK, MARGARET, pleads (against being transplanted) that
she is seventy-eight, and dropsical, 92.
DEBENTURES, given up on lands being assigned, and certificates
given in their stead, 127 ; sale of, by the common soldiers to their
officers, frequent, through distress, consequent upon delay in assign
ing lands, 136 ; though forbidden by Act of Parliament, ib. ; sale of,
by common soldiers to their officers ; deed of assignment by thirty-
four soldiers to their ensign, ib. n. ; advances made by Government
on, to starving widows of soldiers, 137 ; various instances, 138 n. ;
sold tor the greater part by the common soldiers to their officers
before the assignment of lands to the army, 138, 226, 227.
DEBENTURE BROKERS, 138.
DESOLATION, such, that (in 1652) wolves were hunted in the
suburbs of Dublin, 173 ; Ireland in ruins, like Sicily from the tyranny
of the Carthaginians, ib. ; wandering orphans (1653) preyed upon by
-volves, 177; twenty and thirty miles (1652-53) without a living
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 259
thing— man, beast, and bird, all dead or fled, ib. ; such was the de
population that great part of it, it was believed, must lie waste
many years — much of it for many ages, 178 ; whole districts laid
waste, and put out of protection (1650-59), so that any found within
the limits were liable to be shot on the spot, 188, n.
DISPENSATIONS FROM TRANSPLANTATION, various applications for,
91 ; orders of Council on petitions for, 230-236 ; on the petition of
Lord Brittas, 230 ; of Pears Creagh, ib. ; of Dowager Lady Louth,
231 ; of Mary Thorpe, 232 ; of Lady Trimleston, ib. ; of Mary Archer,
233 ; of Lord Ikerrin, ib. ; of Edmund Magrath, ib. ; of Old Native
inhabitants of Limerick, 234 ; of Richard Christmas, ib. ; Dame Mary
Culme, 235 ; Lady Grace Talbot, ib.
DOWN SURVEY, soldiers' allotments intended to have been marked
on the maps, 124 ; field work done by soldiers instructed by Dr.
Petty, ib. ; some of them captured by Tories, 125.
DUNSANY, THE LADY, dragged out of her castle like any common
Irishwoman by the Adventurers ^158.
ENGLISH, " many thousands t>r, who came over in Queen Eliza
beth's day, had become one with the Irish in 1641"; the serf-like
state of the farmers and agricultural clases in England at present,
64, n.
ENGLISH, THE, the eternal enemies and revilers of the Irish name
and nation, 64.
ENGLISH REBEL, a term in law for those, like the Burkes (the
descendants of the De Burgos, in Connaught), that feared confisca
tion, 47.
EXTERMINATION OF THE IRISH, preached for gospel in 1642, 66 ;
women and infants not to be spared, ib.
EXTERMINATION, projected in Henry VIII.'s reign, 51 ; but aban
doned because no precedent found for it in the crony cle of the Con
quest, ib. ; to be confined at that time to the Irish gentry, ib.
FAMINE, carrion and corpses eaten, 1652-53, 177 ; old women and
children found (1652) in a ruined cabin eating collops from a roast
ing corpse, ib.
FEUDAL SYSTEM, framed in an era of darkness and violence, 27 ;
the basis of the law of real property in Europe, ib.; overthrown hap
pily in France, ib.; its burdens, 37-39 ; the King sells the wardships
and marriages of his tenants' orphan heirs and heiresses, 38 ; one
of the inducements to settle in towns was to enjoy freedom of mar
riage, ib.; divided society in England, and in rest of Europe, except
Ireland, into conquerors and conquered, gentlemen and serfs, 104 ;
the common people of Europe are mostly but emancipated villeins,
ib.; Ireland escaped the thousand years of Roman and Feudal slavery
suffered by the Western World, ib.; meaning of wardships, mar
riages, fines for alienation, primer seizins, etc., 37 ; Countess of
Warwick pays £1000 for liberty to remain a widow, ib.; could not sub
sist beside the free Brehon system* of Ireland, 42, 43 ; the English of
Ireland declare that the Exchequer officers exacting the Feudal dues
are worse than the Irish enemy, 43.
FEUDAL LAW, vain attempts of the King and Council of England
260 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
to restore it in Ireland, 48, 50 ; Statute of Kilkenny had this for its
object, 49.
FEUDAL SLAVERY, in all Europe (except Ireland) gentlemen and
common people represent conquerors and conquered, lords and
serfs, 104.
FIVE COUNTIES, THE, south of Dublin, to form a new English Pale,
164 ; to be cleared of Irish because of the fastnesses, 165 ; the Eng
lish planters get liberty to keep a few on condition of their adopting
English manners and religion, 165, 166.
FLEET WOOD, his angry proclamation, 1st June, 1655, against offi
cers taking Irish gentry as tenants, 164 ; his Circular Letter of 20th
August, 1655, to the disbanded officers, to march their men to take
possession of lands for their arrears, 140.
FLOGGING OF WOMEN, Englishwomen stripped and flogged pub
licly by men in England till 1817, and privately in prison till
1820, n. 144.
FORNICATION, Cromwell's soldiers in Ireland flogged for, 143 ;
Captain Williamson to be tried for, 143, n.
FRENCH PRIVATEERS, manned by exiled Irish, made descents on
the coast of Ireland, A. D. 1690-1699, 202.
GARRYCASTLE, BARONY OF, in King's County, the ancient terri
tory of the M'Coughlans, 157 ; falls to the Adventurers, ib.; the offi
cers connive with Mrs. Mary M'Coughlan in her attempt to keep pos
session, ib.
GALWAY, TOWN OF, offered for sale by the Parliament of England,
July, 1643, with 10,000 acres contiguous, for £7500 fine, and £520
rent, payable to the State, 167 ; described by the Council as the
most considerable port of trade in the three kingdoms before the
war, London only excepted, 176; cleared of Irish, 30th October, 1655,
and given to the Corporations of Liverpool and Gloucester, for their
debts of £10,000 each, to plant with English, ib.; its noble, uniform,
marble buildings before 1652, ib.; it is a comparatively easy thing to
unsettle a nation or ruin a town, but not so easy to resettle either
when ruined,, ib.; its " hungry air" becomes, in 1862, the mock of
the Official stranger, ib.
GAME LAW, Irish never knew it, 38 ; one of the mistakes (accord
ing to Sir John Davies) in the Conquest of Ireland, ib.; might have
been a means of enslaving them like the English, ib.; one of King
John's Flemish soldiers is shocked at the tameness of the game in
England, ib.
GAULS, one of the mightiest races the world ever brought forth,
25, 26 ; serve in the armies of Pyrrhus and of Carthage, 26 ; take
the side of the injured, ib.; march openly to their end, and are thus
easily circumvented, ib.; Camillus called Second founder of Rome,
for ransoming Rome from them, 25 ; Marius called Third founder,
for defeating them, 26 ; Antiochus called Soteer, or Saviour, for
rescuing Asia Minor from them, 25 ; song of three Ionian young
ladies, who quit life for fear of them, ib.; the chosen soldiers of
Pyrrhus, ib.; Gauls of France, weighed down with Roman taxes and
ruined by large landed estates, welcome the barbarian invaders, 26.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 261
GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS, on the liveliness and freedom of the
Irish, 104 ; on the coldness of men of Saxon and German stock, ib. ;
how strangers are immediately enchanted by the country, ib. ; calls
the English the most degraded of all races under heaven, 29, n. ; the
most treacherous and murderous, ib. ; doubts whether their servile
habits arise from long slavery, or the natural dulness of the Saxon
race, 32.
GOOKIN, Sm VINCENT, in 1634 published an invective against all
the inhabitants of Ireland, who would have hanged him if they
could, 104.
GOOKIN, VINCENT, son of Sir Vincent, returned as representative
of Kinsale and the adjoining towns to the Little Parliament in
1653, 103 ; his national land hunger satisfied, he learns to love the
Irish, ib. ; opposes Transplantation by his book, " The Great Case
of Transplantation Discussed," 103-107 ; fury of the officers of the
army at his book, 107.
GRAHAM, SIR JAMES, BART., declares confiscation to be the most
dangerous design a conqueror can undertake, he had better take
their lives if he would take their lands, 188, n.
HANGING, DEATH BY, FOR NOT TRANSPLANTING, the officers
tender of, but had no scruple of sending the offending Irish proprie
tors to West Indies, 101 ; Daniel Fitzpatrick and another condemned
to death at Kilkenny, 102 ; Mr. Edward Hetherington hanged at
Dublin with placards on back and breast, ib. ; Irish gentry choose to
be hanged rather than remove from their wonted habitations, 103.
HARP, the old English families of the Pale had each their Irish
harp in 1688, 49, n. ; silenced in Britain by the Saxons, 33 ; heard
only in Wales, ib. ; it retires with the advance of English power in
Ireland, and after the Battle of the Boyne is heard only in Con-
naught, 49, n. ; the fondness for it of the English of Ireland, 34, n.,
43, 49, n. ; they are forbidden to keep their Irish harpers, 34, n.
HENRY II. not resisted by the Irish, as the English came recom
mended by the Pope, with the aid of the clergy, 45 ; neither Henry
II. nor King John ever struck stroke against the Irish in Ireland^
ib. ; the ruling tribes in each of the five provinces became allies of
the English, 46 ; known in Law as " The Five bloods," ib. ; engages
by the Treaty of Windsor that the Irish kings and people shall
enjoy all their lands, except the parts of Leinster and Meath in pos
session of him and his barons. 35 ; unknown to the Irish, divides
Ireland between ten of his barons, 37.
HETHERINGTON, MR. EDWARD, hanged (April, 1655) at Dublin,
with placards on breast and back " for not transplanting," 102.
HORE, MRS., of Kilsallahan, near Dublin, driven mad at the order
to transplant, and hangs herself, 120, n. ; " Molly Hore's cross," ib.
HUE AND CRY (or Hullaloo, as the Irish call it), on occasion of
the killing of a Cromwellian planter (A. D. 1656) sure to be sent by
the Irish the wrong way, 197.
IKERRIN, Lord Viscount, prays to be dispensed for his weakness of
body, 92 ; his transplanter's certificate, 86, 116 ; ancestor of the pres
ent Earl of Carrick, dwelt at Lismalin Park, barony of Ikerrin, Co.
262 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Tipperary, adjacent to Co. Kilkenny, 116 ; is transplanted, ib. ; Vis
countess falls sick, and is unable to follow her husband, with her
daughters and cattle, to Connaught at the time appointed, 117 ;
Pierce Butler, Viscount, his grandson and heir, claims at the Resto
ration as an innocent Protestant, 118 ; Pierce Butler, Viscount of,
" For indeed [writes the Lord Protector] he is a miserable object
of pity, and we desire that he be not permitted to perish for want
of subsistence," 118.
INCHIQUIN, EARL OP, gives houses in Cork to his grooms and ser
vants to occupy, to save them (on the expelling of the Irish thence
in 1644) from being torn down for firing in guard-houses, 172 ; turns
all the old English natives out of Cork, because of the King's treaty
with the Irish, 237 ; expects that deserving men will have their
enemies' estates after this war as after Tyrone's wars, ib.
INTERMARRIAGES — (See MARRIAGES).
IRELAND, described by Giraldus as another world, 30 ; never en
slaved by the Romans, or brought under feudal serfdom, ib.; was, at
Henry II.'s arrival, like Gaul at Julius Caesar's invasion, 31 ; not
covered in 1172, like England, with castles on heights, where foreign
tyrants secured themselves, 31 ; if the Irish were all in Connaughr,
would be a very good land and soon all planted, 108.
IRETON, DEPUTY-GENERAL, his proclamation of 1st May, 1651,
against intermarriages of English officers or soldiers with Irish
women, 144, n.
IRISH, THE, " the most ancient nation in Western Europe, and
come of as mighty a race as the world ever brought forth," 25 ; be
long to the Gaulish race, ib.; never swaddled their infants, 33 ;
delighted in the harp, ib.; in hurling, ib.; loved detached houses, and
hated towns, 32 ; their freedom of speech in presence of their chiefs,
ib.; the freedom of the chiefs with their followers, ib.; a hearty race
of men, who belonged to an earlier, uncorrupted world, 103 ; the
commonest Irishman has something about him of the gentleman,
104 ; never knew game law or forest law, 38 ; Sir John Da vies re
grets it, as it might have been a means of enslaving them like the
English, ib.; fosterage a kind of wardship with the Irish, but volun
tary, 39 ; give large gifts to the Earl of Kildare to have his sons to
foster, ib., n.; their land system, 34 ; knew no such thing as tenure,
rent, or forfeiture, ib.; denied the use of English law to defend their
bodies or lands, 40 ; killing an Irishman no murder, ib.; a fine of five
marks payable, but mostly they killed us for nothing, ib.; unable to pur
chase land, 41 ; lands seized by the king and confiscated because
purchased by Irishmen, ib.jthis law prevailed practically till the first
American war, 8 ; how they preserved any lands in early times from
the English, 42 ; there were no Arms Acts, ib.; loved the descendants
of the early invaders as their natural leaders, 54 ; untruly charged
with questioning their titles in times before the Plantations of
Elizabeth, ib.; had rather see Kildare's banner displayed than to see
God reign upon earth, 55 ; were loved by their English leaders of
the birth of Ireland, ib.; the great Earl of Desmond (A. D. 1580) de
clared that he had rather forsake God than forsake his men, ib.;
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 263
reoccupy their native lands deserted by the English, 52 ; much of
Kildare, and Tipperary, and Kilkenny thus reoccupied, ib ; the Par
liament offer the lands to any English that will recover them, ib.;
Earls of Ormond and Kildare have grants of all lands they could win
from the Irish, ib.; of opinion among themselves, in Henry VIII.'s
reign, that Englishmen will one day put them from their lands for
ever, ib.; guiltless of the general massacre in 1641, imputed to them,
64 ; have ever lacked gall to supply a wholesome animosity to the
eternal enemies and revilers of their name and nation, ib.; " the
nature of, to be rebellious ; the more disposed to it (August, 1654),
being highly exasperated by the transplanting work." 99.
IRISH ENEMY, all Irish, from time of Edward HI., that had not
charters of English freedom, 46 ; a less injurious term than " Irish
Papist," in 17th and 18th centuries, ib.
IRISH GENTRY, become tenants to the Cromwellian officers, under
the permission given to them to take Irish tenants, as none others
were to be had, 163 ; Fleetwood's angry Proclamation against Irish
gentry being taken as tenants by the officers, 164 ; it interrupted
their Transplantation, ib.
IRISH PEASANTS (A. D. 1655), skilled in the husbandry proper to
the country, 105 ; in every hundred of them five or six masons and
carpenters at the least, ib. ; few of the women but skilful in dressing
flax and hemp, and making woollen cloth, ib.
IRISH PAPISTS, a " disjointed people ; though all equally Papist,
they are not all equally Irish," 204.
IRISH TENANTS, their hearty courtesy preferable to the brutal
manners of English clowns, 163 ; none but Irish to be had by Crom-
wellian officers, because English would not become tenants where
they could get land in fee- simple for asking, ib.
JEPHSON, COLONEL ALEXANDER, plots with other Cromwellian
officers, discontented with the proceedings of the Court of Claims, in
1633, to overthrow the Government, 225 ; his dying speech at the
gallows, ib.
JURORS, fined £16,000 in Michaelmas Term, 1616, in Dublin, for
refusing to find verdicts of recusancy against their fellow-Catholics,
63, n. ; fined in county of Cavan alone £8000, ib., ib. ; packed, in pris
on like herrings in a barrel, ib., ib.
KERRY, COUNTY OF, the officers of, the Munster lot, endeavour to
get rid of it, notwithstanding it had come to them " as a lot from
the Lord," 123.
KILKENNY, (among other towns) ordered to be cleared of Irish by
1st May, 1654, 167 ; to be cleared of all Irish (1656), and no English
merchants or traders to drive any trade there by Irish agents, 171.
KILKENNY (OR LEINSTER) ARTICLES, the Leinster army surren
ders on 12th May, 1650, 73 ; such regiments as choose to do so may
go to Spain, ib. ; are led by Gen. Ludlow (on submitting) to hope
for such remnant of their estate as may make their lives comfortable
among the English, 93 ; 1st of May, 1655, are transplanted, 94 ; sub-
mittees, who, ib.
KINCOGUES, or kindred moneys, 192.
264 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
LAMB, license to kill lamb required in 1652, on account of destruc
tion of cattle by war, 72 ; order for Mrs. Alice Bulkely to kill some,
because of weakness ; but not more than three in the whole year,
ib., n.
LAND, balance of power in a state rests with that class which has
the balance of land, 7, 146, n. ; schemes to divest the Irish of land,
and with it of power, 7, 8 ; large landed estates, after destroying
Italy, destroyed the Provinces, 26 ; the present unendurable feudal
land monopoly in Ireland, 64, n. ; the many Irish sacrificed on the
scaffold to its maintenance, ib.
LAND-HUNGER OF THE ENGLISH, greater than that of all other
people, 103, n. ; they " fight for land wherever they settle," ib., ib. ;
denied it at home, they sail off to make prey of it like land pirates
beyond the shores of England, ib., ib.
LAW, the will of the strongest ; practically learned by those who
were thrust out of house and land for the Soldiers and Adventurers,
160 ; " administering of justice " is but the enforcing of the will of
the strongest, ib.
LAWRENCE, COLONEL RICHARD, his " Interest of England in the
Irish Transplantation Stated," etc., in answer to Vincent Gookin's
" Case of Transplantation in Ireland Discussed," 109.
LIMERICK, (among other towns) to be cleared of Irish, 168 ;
offered for sale by the Parliament in July, 1643, with 12,000 acres
contiguous to English and foreign merchants for £30,000 fine, and
£625 rent, payable to the State, 167.
LE HUNTE, COLONEL, Captain of Cromwell's Life Guard, 147 ;
seeks to appropriate 1500 acres in Liberties of New Ross, applicable
to Major Shepherd's company, ib.
LIMERICK, LIBERTIES OF, the several towns and seats in the Lib
erties of Limerick equalized by the gentlemen of Cromwell's Life
Guard before casting lots, 125.
LOTS, officers resolve that they had rather take a lot upon a barren
mountain as coming from the Lord, than a portion in the most fruit
ful valley upon their own choice, 123 ; casting of lots for provinces,
ib. ; for counties, 128 ; for estates and mansions, 135 ; common sol
diers cheated of their lots by their officers, 107; soldier shown a bog
as his lot, and loses the good land at the price of the bog, ib. ;
September 1st, 1655, the first and largest of the three great disband-
ings ; the disbanded regiments march to the different counties, to
cast lots upon the spot for the order of their setting down, 139 ; the
officers and soldiers (September 5th, 1655) are all marched (that were
disbanded), to their lots in the counties of Wexford, Limerick, Meath,
and Westmeath, 141 ; "to sit down in the enjoyment of their ene
mies' fields and houses, which they planted not nor built not," ib. ;
divers officers and soldiers refuse (September, 1655), to sit down upon
their lots, 142 ; though offered a new suit of clothes to set up in, like
gentlemen, ib. ; and to keep some Irish till they can do without
them, ib.
LOUGHREA COMMISSIONERS, appointed instead of the Commis
sioners of Revenue of Precinct of Galway, 203 ; their office was to
INDEX OF SUBJECT?. 265
assign to the transplanters lands competent for the live stock they
brought, 85 ; the rule for stock, 87 ; Sir Charles Coote's scheme,
assigning certain baronies in Conuaught to the inhabitants remov
ing from certain counties in the other provinces, 65, 192.
LEITRIM, filled by the transplanting Ulster creaghts, 205 ; taken
for the soldiery, though assigned by the Act to the Irish, as being
too fast a country, 206.
LOUGHREA COMMISSIONERS, directed to set out lands to the trans
planted according to the Athlone Decrees, 207 ; they dishearten the
transplanters by setting them down in places totally unlike the
places they came from, 98, 207.
LOUTH, DOWAGER LADY OF, prays to be dispensed with from
transplantation, for her " great age and impotency," 91, 231.
LOUTH, THE COUNTY OF, laid aside for a supply for the Adven
turers in case of a deficiency in the ten half counties, 150 ; the
officers claim it, insisting that the Adventurers are overpaid by the
ten half counties, ib. ; Dr. Petty appointed to examine the Adven
turers' proceedings, ib.
LUTTREL, THOMAS, OF LUTTRELSTOWN, NEAR DUBLIN, his wife
dispensed for six weeks, for her great charge of children, and stock
not in a condition to drive, 89 ; proves much good, but not " Con
stant good affection," 88 ; turned out in 1649 for Lord Broghill, ib. ;
is transplanted, 89.
LUTTRELL, JOHN, being transplanted from Luttrellstown, near
Dublin, worth £2500 a year, his four sisters are given ten pounds a
piece, and bidden like common Irishwomen no further to trouble
the Council, 189.
LYNCH, JOHN, his " Alithinologia cited," 77, n. ; 84, n.
MAD, driven mad at the order to transplant, 120.
MALLOW COMMISSION, to try the claims and qualifications of the
Ancient native inhabitants of Cork, Kinsale and Youghal, 236 ;
notwithstanding their loyalty to the English interest, they are
turned out by orders of the Earl of Inchiquin, in 1644, 237 ; the
Commissioners report to the Council that they had granted to none
of the Ancient inhabitants of Cork, Kinsale, or Youghal a decree of
Constant good affection, 238 ; their graphic account of the scene,
239 ; the claimants declare they had rather go to'Barbadoes than
amongst the Irish, their enemies, in Connanght, 241.
MAP, one such as Dr. Petty was bound to furnish every officer
with, is now in possession of Major Waring, of Waringstown, Co.
Down, 145, n.
MARCH LAW, the mixture of English law and the Irish law of
Kincogish, administered by the barons of English descent dwelling
beyond the Pale, 48.
MARRIAGE, every feudal landlord claimed the right of marrying
to whom he would his tenant's orphan heir, or heiress, 37 ; an heiress
once a king's ward was always a ward, and must marry again, or
remain a widow, at his orders, 38 ; people become burghers to havo
freedom of marriage, ib.
MARRIAGES, any Englishmen of the birth of Ireland taking au
266 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Irish girl for wife or mistress to be (by Statute 40th Ed. III.), half
strangled, disembowelled while yet alive, and to undergo horrors
unmentionable, 143, n.
MARRIAGES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND IRISH, caused the English
planters of Queen Elizabeth's day to have become Irish in 1641, 108 ;
"the land is an unclean land," — "ye shall not therefore give your
sons to their daughters, nor take their daughters to your sons"
(Officer's petition), ib. ; the officers and soldiers of Ireton's army take
Irish wives even before peace proclaimed, 161 ; Major-General
Ireton's proclamation of 1st May, 1651, against intermarriages of
English officers and soldiers with Irishwomen, 144, n. ; the soldiers
always pretend that the girls are converts to English religion, ib. ;
Ireton orders that the girls pass an examination into the true state
of their hearts before a board of military saints, ib. ; the board to
ascertain whether the change be a real work of God upon the heart,
or (as is to be feared), for some carnal ends, ib., n. ; Commisioners
of Revenue of the Precinct of Galway to enquire after intermarriages,
162, n. ; W. Moreton, Clerk of Revenue Commissioners, dismissed
his office by order of Council of 14th July, 1654, for marrying an
Irishwoman, ib. ; " the children of Oliver's soldiers in Ireland, many
of them (in 1697), their fathers having married Irishwomen, cannot
speak a word of English," ib., ib. ; the children of King William's
soldiers ,in the same case, ib., ib. ; Sir Jerome Alexander's care by
his will that his daughter should not marry any Irish Lord, Arch
bishop, or Bishop, etc., nor any Knight, Squire, or Gentleman born
and bred in Ireland, or having his relations and means of subsistence
there, ib., ib.
MASSACRE OF 1641, an historical falsehood, 64 ; the guilty conscience
of the English made them expect one, ib. ; the Irish have ever lacked
gall to supply a wholesome animosity against the eternal enemies
and revilers of their name and nation, ib. ; proved false by contem
poraneous English accounts, ib. ; by the proclamation of the Lords
Justices, 8th February, 1642, 65 ; of some English in 1642, by Sir
Phelim O'Neil's followers in a few towns in Ulster, in revenge for
arson and massacre by English, 65, and n., ib. ; English propose to
massacre the Irish, and not to spare infants, 66 ; how and why in
vented, and why kept up, ib.
MIDWIVES, IRISH, malicious calumnies of the English (1651)
against the poor Irish midwives, 169 ; an English one imported, and
all officers, civil and military, ordered to be aiding her in the per
formance of her duty, ib.
" MILE LINE, THE," a belt of land four miles wide (afterwards
reduced to one), winging along the sea coast of Connaught and Shan
non, 83, 204; reserved for English military planters, to shut out
foreign relief or escape, 205.
MURDER, killing by law (which is the will of the strongest) no
murder, 66, and n., ib. ; English, being the strongest, make killing
the Irish no murder, ib. and 40.
MURDERS, by the English of their French landlords, 28 ; fines
imposed on district for, ib. ; of Cromwellian settlers frequent (A. D.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 267
1654), even though dwelling in strong castles, 196 ; the Lackagh
murder, Co. Kildare, 22d October, 1655, 191 ; all the inhabitants
transported for it, to the Barbadoes, ib. ; including H. Fitzgerald,
Esq., and his wife, near eighty years of age, ib. ; the consequence of
the kind of agrarian laws by which the lands of Ireland have been
dealt with by the English, 188, n.
NAPOLEON CODE, the blessings of it, with its abolition of primo
geniture and entail, and equal partibility of landed inheritances, 27.
O'CONNOR FAILEY'S COUNTRY, called by the Irish " the Door of
the Pale," and O'Connor " their key," 152.
OFFICERS OF CROMWELL'S ARMY, suggest that arrears be paid in
land, 142 ; some dissatisfied, ib. ; Lieut.-Col. Scott arrested for agi
tating the disbanded companies sitting down in the county of Wex-
ford, by treasonable words against His Highness, ib. ; in January,
1652, propose that they be set down together with the Adventurers,
and have lands for their arrears, 76 ; and at " the Act," or Adven
turers' rates, because of the difficulty and cost of surveying, 77 ; the
lands being waste, the inhabitants destroyed, and none to give evi
dence of value, ib. ; their attempts to take advantage of one another
in their setting out of the lots, 147 ; Colonel Warren seeks to leave
out all the coarse land in his lot, and encroach on the good land in
Quartermaster Farr's lot, ib. ; Colonel Le Hunt seeks to appropriate
1500 acres in Liberties of Wexford, applicable to Major Sam. Shep
herd's company, ib. ; list of these set down in different baronies in
Leinster, Ulster, and Munster, 131-135 ; kinder masters than the
Adventurers, 160 ; were six years settled in Ireland before the Ad
venturers came over, ib. ; captivated by Irishwomen, they take them
to wife, even before peace proclaimed, 161 ; Ireton's order in 1651
against intermarriages, ib. ; quickly relished the ease and animation
of Irish life, and learned to prefer the cordial courtesy of their Irish
tenants to the coarse Anglo-Saxon churls, 163 ; planted in a wasted
country, with no women but Irish, they must love them as
necessarily as a geometrical conclusion follows from the premises,
161 ; their patriotism not proof against the imperious demands of
love, ib.
OWLES, THE, part of Murrish and Burrishool baronies, in Co.
Mayo, so called, 210 ; the Irish name is Umhal ioghtragh and
Umhal uaghtragh (lower and upper Umhal), ib. ; pronounced
" Owles," ib.
O'HANLON, REDMOND, history of this Tory, the Irish Scanderbeg,
200-201.
O'KEEFE, DANIEL, a distinguished outlaw and Tory of the county
of Cork, kills his mistress, who attempted to betray him, 201, n.
O'NEIL, SIR PHELIM, rises in rebellion in the King's interest, 63,
67 ; learns that a royal plot is on foot through the Duchess of Buck
ingham, 67, n. ; anticipates the design to show superior zeal, 67.
O'NEIL, PHILIP, his house and lands in Co. Tipperary fall to Mr.
Pitts, Adventurer, from Devonshire, 159 ; he is driven with wife and
children to Connaught, ib. ; his probable respect for English law,
160.
268 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
PAGANS, if the Irish had only continued honest Pagans, Ireland,
had perhaps been owned by Irishmen now, 31.
THE PALE, THE ENGLISH, closed against attacks from O'Connor's
Country by the four castles of Kinnefad, Castlejordan, Ballinure, and
Kishavann, (A. D. 1520), 153.
PENAL LAWS, forbade property in land to the Irish, 8 ; because
influence follows property, ib. ; their estates made to crumble to
pieces, ib.
PETTY, DR. WILLIAM, employed by the Army and State to sur
vey the lands, 123 ; joins Colonel Tomlinson in a solemn seeking of
God for a blessing on the Down "Survey, 124 ; " individually " is a
freethinker, ib. ; considers sects to be maggots in the guts of a Com
monwealth, ib. ; considers the gathering of churches to be the list
ing of soldiers, ib. ; appointed to examine into Adventurers' proceed
ings in setting out their lands, 150 ; his mode of compensating
deficient Adventurers, 151 ; forms two parallel lists of deficient and
redundant baronies, the first deficient to be repaired out of the first
redundant, ib.
PHYSICIANS, IRISH, the English, according to their national cus
tom of reviling other nations (i. e., weak ones), vent their calumnies
(A. D. 1650) against the Irish physicians, 169 ; yet obliged to testify
to their great skill and fidelity, ib. ; Dr. Richard Madden, of Water-
ford, and Dr. Anthony Mulshinogue, of Cork, 168 ; the latter to re
main near, not in, the city of Cork, for his ability, 169.
PLANTATION, THE NEW, OF IRELAND, proposal that Ireland be
formed into three separate Plantations or Pales— an Irish, an Eng
lish, and a Mixed, 152 ; a pure Irish Plantation or Pale in Con-
naught, a pure English within the line of the Boyne and the Bar
row, and a Mixed in the intermediate and central parts of Ireland,
suggested, ib. ; Connaught selected for a pure Irish Plantation or
Pale as being an island all but ten miles, ib. ; a pure English Planta
tion or Pale proposed within the line of the Rivers Barrow and
Boyne, ib. ; whose head waters rise within five miles of each other,
and the whole easily made into one line, ib. ; similar project in
Richard II.'s day, 153 ; in Henry VIII.'s time, ib. ; in the mixed
Plantation, lying between the pure Irish and English Plantations
or Pales, the Irish to give up their names of Teig or Dermot, to
speak no Irish, to send their children to learn English religion, to
build chimneys, 154.
PLOT, " THE PHANATICK," in 1663 the Cromwellian officers con
spire to overthrow the Government, because of the proceedings of
the Court of Claims, 225 ; " turning poor Englishmen out of their
lands, out of that which they have been a-getting and keeping by
Englishmen's blood and purses this 500 years," ib.
PLTJNKET, ROBERT, dispensed with from Transplantation, as his
safety would be risked in Connaught, as he was an informer, 92.
POWER, JOHN, LORD BARON OF CURRAGHMORE, dispensed with
from Transplantation, because " for twenty years last past distracted
and destitute of all judgment," 91.
PREY MONIES, what, 193.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 269
PRIESTS, the English come into Ireland recommended hy the
Pope and priests, 45 ; Spencer's admiration at the zeal of the Irish
priests in Queen Elizabeth's reign, coming from Rome and Rheims
to Ireland to run the risk of death, only to bring the people to the
Church of Rome, 182 ; Pym boasted they would not leave a priest
in Ireland, 181; both Houses of Parliament (llth December, 1641)
declare they will suffer no toleratian of the Roman Catholic religion,
1.80 ; in 1650 to harbour them was death, 181 ; Barnaby Rych's de
scription of Sir Tady Mac Marr-all, a priest in the streets of Water-
ford (1611), in rufling apparel with gilt rapier and dagger, for dis
guise, 182 ; d*ress themselves as gentlemen, soldiers, carters, etc., for
concealment, ib. ; occasionally discovered by the hastening of preg
nant women to them out of the Protestant parts of Ireland, ib. ;
Connor O 'Do van, Bishop of Down, thus tracked and taken (1611),
- ib. ; reward for discovering a priest (1650), if eminent, £20, 178,
181, n. ; harbouring a priest, a monk, or a nun, death, and forfeiture
of estate, 181, n. ; conceal themselves to avoid arrest, and get the
Irish officers, in 1650, 1653, shipping their troops for Spain, to apply
for liberty to transport them thither with their men, 181 ; Roger
Beggs, priest, after nine months in prison, is allowed (1654) to trans
port himself to Spain, 184 ; five pounds to Captain Thomas Shepherd
for taking a priest with his appurtenances (1653), in the house of
Owen Birne, Cool-ne-Kishin, near Old Leighlin, ib. ; twenty -five
pounds to Lieutenant Wood for five priests by him apprehended
(1658), in the county of Cavan, 183 ; ten pounds to two soldiers of
Colonel Leigh's company, for two priests by them taken (1657), and
lodged in Waterford jail, ib. ; five pounds (1657) to three of Colonel
Abbot's dragoons, for arrest of Donogh Hagerty, priest, and lodging
him in Clonmel jail, ib. ; ditto to three others for bringing one
Edmund Dunn, priest, before Chief Justice Pepys, ib. ; gentlemen
of the Tuites and Barnewalls maintain the Castle of Balstrasna, Co.
Meath (1653), in defence of a priest come thither to say mass, 185 ;
general arrest of, in 1655 ; jails full ; all sent to Carrickfergus jail for
transportation to Barbadoes, 186; W. Shiel, priest, old, lame, and
weak, not able to travel without crutches ; allowed (1651) to reside
in Connaught, where the Governor of Athlone shall direct, 184 ; of
the many priests waiting in Carrickfergus jail (1656), to be trans
ported to Barbadoes, some offer to renounce the Pope, and to fre
quent Protestant meetings, 186 ; Spain, their place of transportation
at first, 184 ; Barbadoes next, 185 ; Isles of Arran, in Bay of Galway,
last, 186 ; though banned by the English rulers of Ireland (1660,
1690), cosher, i. e., are supported by the poor Irish farmers, 198;
according to Primate Boulter's return to the House of Lords (1732),
priests celebrate mass in huts, old forts, and at movable altars in
the fields, 187, n. ; English traveller (1746) sees one saying mass
under a tree, ibid, ib.
PRIESTS, WOLVES, AND TORIES, " the three burdensome beasts,"
on whose heads were laid rewards, 178.
PRIMOGENITURE AND ENTAIL, the enactment of an age of dark
ness and violence, part of the dregs of the Gothic rule, 27, 146, n. ;
270 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
unknown to ancient prudence, ib. ; its abolition in France foretold
by Harington 200 years before, ib.
RAPPAIIEES, their hideous ferocity [to the English] who are
appalled at their remaining [A. D. 1688] untamable by them for so
many ages since (what is called) British civilization was planted
amongst them, 202.
RATES OF LAND, by the Acts of Subscription, called the Act Rates,
1000 acres plantation measure (equal to 1600 English measure), in
Leinster for £600, adventure or arrears : in Munster, for £450, ditto ;
in Ulster for £300, ditto, 121 ; set upon the several counties in
Leinster, Munster, and Ulster, by the army, 129 ; of certain baronies
in Leinster and Munster, ib. ; set by the officers of a troop or com
pany, on the several seats, estates, and holdings within the lot of
the troop or company, 125.
REAPE-HOOKS AND RuBSTONES, implements of war (with the
Bible) amongst the English forces in Ireland, 71.
REBELLION OF 23o OCTOBER, 1641, breaks out under Sir Phelim
O'Neal in Ulster, 63 ; terror of the planters, ib. ; no cock heard to
crow, nor dog to bark for the first three nights, ib.
RECUSANTS, fined in January, 1616, for "refusing" to attend the
Protestant service, 63 ; fines in county of Cavan alone amounted to
£8000 in 1616, ib., n. ; penalties on obstinate juries for refusing to
" present" their coreligionists for fines in one term in 1616, amounted
to £16,000, ib.
RELIGION, provincials always more stupidly religious than people
at headquarters, 108.
RELIGION OF THE PURITANS, hatred of bodies and principles of
Papists, 'passim; but love to their souls 144, n. ; and to their lands,
237.
RICHARDS, COLONEL SOLOMON, persecutes Captain Williamson for
suspicion of fornication committed with a woman of the county of
Tipperary during the time of service there, 144, n.
ROCHE, JORDAN, his three daughters reduced fronra landed estate
of £2000 a year to nothing to live on but what they could earn by
their needles and washing and wringing, 189.
ROCHE, VISCOUNT MAURICE, OF FERMOY, has to travel on foot to
Connaught, and is sent to the Owles, 118, 210, 247; his wife cruelly
and unjustly hanged, and one of his four daughters dies of want, 119.
SALLEE ROVERS, originate amongst the Moors expelled from
Andalusia in 1610, in hatred of the injustice of the Christians, 202.
SANKEY, SIR HIEROME, charges Dr. Petty with withdrawing the
Liberties of Limerick from the officers, 148: his unhandsome deal
ings with his soldiers in the matter of Lismalin Park (late Lord
Ikerrin's), 118.
SAXONS, the Land hunger, peculiar to their race, 28 ; pen up the
relics of the Britons behind the Severn, ib. ; as their descendants did
the Irish behind the Shannon, ib.
SECTS, " maggots," in Dr. Petty's opinion, " in the guts of the
Commonwealth," and " the gathering of churches the listing of
soldiers, 124.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 27 1
SETTLEMENT, meaning of the term, 7 ; Cromwellian, Restoration,
and Revolution Settlements explained, ib. ; the Cromwellian Settle
ment the foundation of the present Landed Settlement, 9 ; Act of
Settlement of 1662 unintelligible without a knowledge of the Crom
wellian Acts of Settlement and Confiscation, 17.
SETTLEMENT OF ULSTER, King James I. attempts to introduce
the Feudal system, 55, 56 ; promises (1607) each man his land, 56 ;
next year confiscates all, 57 ; details of the Settlement, ib.
SLIGO, THE TOWN OF, proposals in 1655 for planting it with
families from New England, 155 ; Oyster Island and Coney Island,
adjacent to, reserved for their use, ib.
SOLDIERS OF THE BIRTH OF IRELAND, Prince of Orange declared
the Irish were born soldiers, 77 ; Sir John Norris, a General of
Queen Elizabeth's, and who had served in many armies and coun
tries, was wont to say, that there were fewer fools and cowards there
than in any other kingdom, 78.
SOLDIERS OF CROMWELL'S ARMY, not so anxious to be paid their
arrears in land as the officers, 139 ; it was with the officers that the
scheme originated, ib., and 142 ; cheated by their officers, 145 ; a
whole troop sell their lots to Capt. Bassett for a barrel of beer, ib. ;
in 1649 fourteen regiments, after a solemn seeking of God by prayer,
try which should go to Ireland by lots drawn from a hat by a child,
139, n ; found in Ireland no beer, no cheese ; had no ploughs, nor
horses, nor money to buy them, which renders them loth to become
planters, 142 ; for any amours with Irish girls, they are severely
flogged. 143 ; sentences of courts martial on different soldiers for
fornication, ib., n. ; if, after being disbanded, they married any of
these attractive but "idolatrous" daughters of Erin, they must
inarch after them to Connaught, 145 ; are forbidden to take Irish
girls to wife, even though they be " converts," unless the girls pass
an examination before a board of military saints into the state of
their hearts, to try if their conversion be a real work of God upon
their hearts, or that they only so pretend (as is to be feared) for
carnal ends, 144, n. ; taking Irish girls to wife are to be reduced, — if
dragoons, to foot soldiers ; if foot soldiers, to pioneers, without hope
in either case of promotion, 144 ; whole troops and companies
assign their debentures to their officers, 136 ; deed of assignment of
their debentures by 36 soldiers of Colonel Daniel Axtell's regiment
to Arnold Thomas, their ensign, 136, n. ; the many traditionary
stories in Ireland, like that of " The White Horse of the Peppers,'"
that such and such an estate was given for a white horse, are founded
on fact, and are sometimes probably true, 145 ; the design of form
ing a yeomanry of them in Ireland suggested to Cromwell by Major
Wildman's " Letter from an Officer of the Army in Ireland," 146, n.;
the idea stolen from Harington, author of " Oceana," ib. ; Serjeant
Beverley, on being called, in 1663, " One of Cromwell's doggs,"
says " Cromwell was the best man that ever reigned in the three
nations," 225; adding, " If the King intends to take away our lands,
gained by our swords, we will have one knock for it first/' ib. ; in
1663, Charles Minchin, of Knockagh, in Co. Tipperary, says, " He
272 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
had rather than his estate that the soldiers of Cromwell had not
sold their lands to their officers ; if they had kept them, neither
king nor duke durst try their qualifications," 226.
SPENSER, EDMUND, Secretary to Lord Grey de Wilton, Lord
Deputy of Ireland, 70 ; approved of his mode of war, which reduced
the Irish to eat dead corpses out of the graves, ib. ; recommends this
warfare to Lord Essex, ib. ; is hated by the Irish for his deadly
enmity to them, 94 ; his castle (confiscated from the Fitzgeralds)
burned, with his infant son, 95 ; driven out, and dies in darkness in
lodgings in London, ib.
SPENSER, WILLIAM, GRANDSON OF EDMUND, his grandfather is
for transplanting the Irish, and his grandson is now ordered to
transplant as " Irish," 95 ; his petition against being transplanted,
ib., n.
STRAFFORD, EARL OF, his confiscation of Connaught was with a
view to a noble English Plantation there, 59 ; intends to take one-
half of the lands of the Old English, ib. ; proposes to line the Old
English " thoroughly " with Protestants, ib.
STRINGS OF CONTIGUITY, lands arranged in a fixed sequence, called
a file or string of contiguity, and the sequence of setting down
ascertained by lot, 126.
SURVEY, THE CIVIL, was the report of commissioners upon evi
dence taken in the country of the quantity and value of the lands
forfeited or in the disposal of the Government, 121 ; Commission
for, 122, n. ; specimen of, to be found printed in " Desiderata Curiosa
Hibernica " (vol. ii., p. 528), 122, n.
SURVEY, LORD STRAFFORD'S, OF CONNAUGHT, maps made by his
order, in 1637, when an Englishman Plantation was intended there,
123 ; enabled the Government, in 1654, to set down the transplanted
more easily, ib.
SURVEY, THE DOWN, articles of agreement for, with Dr. W. Petty,
signed on llth December, 1654, after a solemn seeking of God by
Col. Tomlinson for a blessing upon* conclusion of so great a business,
123.
SWORDMEN, departure of 40,000, 78 ; for King of Spain, ib. ; for
King of Poland, ib. ; for Prince de Conde, ib.
TALBOT, JOHN, OF MATHILDE CASTLE, ancestor of Lord Talbot de
Malahide, turned out for Chief Baron Corbet, and transplanted, 89 ;
gets liberty to return to Leinster to make sale of his crop, on con
dition to return to Connaught, ib.
TALBOT, THE LADY MARGARET, " being Englishwoman," obtains
an order from the Council for additional lands in Connaught, and is
given £20 to enable her to return to her husband and children
there, 113.
THURLES, VISCOUNTESS, the mother of the Earl of Ormond, thrust
out of her dower lands by the Adventurers, as being an Irish Papist,
158; ordered to transplant to Connaught, ib. ; establishes much
good affection, but fails to prove Constant good affection to the
Parliament of England, ib.; notwithstanding that she was an English-
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 273
woman, and gave relief and shelter to Major Peisley and his officers
and men, ib.
TILLAGE, officers and soldiers encouraged to till round the posts
because of scarcity in 1651, 73 ; Irish promised their crop if they
will come down from the mountains, and till in 1651-1653, ib.
TIMOLIN, COUNTY OF KILDARE, sad case of a republican soldier
and his son murdered there by bloodthirsty Tories while repairing
for themselves the deserted house of some transplanted gentleman,
191.
TIPPERARY, COUNTY OF, hurling in, in 1778, 33 ; some fair girl,
the prize of the winner, ib. ; left desolate by the Transplantation,
and four fit and knowing persons of the Irish nation sent back to
show the bounds of estates to Dr. Petty's surveyors, 122, n.
TIPPERARY MAN, " has a heart as big as a bull's, and to foes as
fierce ; but to woman or friend, tender as a thrush's," 25, n.
TORIES, PRIESTS, AND WOLVES, " the three burdensome beasts,
on whose heads wee lay rewards," 178.
TORIES, bands of men who retired to the wilds rather than trans
plant, and, headed by some dispossessed gentlemen, attacked the
new English purchasers, 190 ; Captain Adam Loft us receives £20
(1657), for taking Daniel Kennedy, an Irish Tory, whose head is set
up on Carlow Castle, 194 ; kindred of Tories in a barony bound to
repair losses of English by the Tories under the law of Kincogish,
192 ; if the kindred were too poor, or undiscoverable, then all the
Irish of the barony, or of any barony through which the robbers
passed, ib.; arms and ammunition occasionally intrusted to Irishmen
to hunt and kill Tories, 195 ; may have often shot innocent Irish,
but they could not shoot amiss so as they shot somebody, ib.; twenty
Irish employed (1659), with guns and ammunition, into the counties
of Carlow and Kilkenny for three months to kill Tories, 195, n.; Major
Charles Kavenagh (1656) dispensed from Transplantation, and placed
with thirteen chosen Irish in a ruined castle in the county of Carlow
to kill Tories, 195 ; murders by, at Lackagh, in county of Kildare,
191 ; at Timolin, in same county, 190 ; Lieutenant Francis Rowle-
stone receives £6 13s. 4d. for killing Lieutenant Henry Archer, a
chief or leading Tory, whose head is brought to Kilkenny, 194 ; re
wards (in 1655), for the heads of Donnogh O'Derrick, called " Blind
Donnogh," £30; of Dermot Ryan, £20; of James Leigh, £5; of
Laughlin Kelly, £5, 193 ; Lieutenant Francis Rowlestone employed
to deal with Gerald Kinshelagh, " a leading Tory," to murder his
fellow-Tories, 196 ; kindred of Tories in a barony bound to make sat
isfaction for any robbery or outrage committed by Tories on Eng
lish, 192 ; this called l< Kincogues," ib.; the grinding taxation conse
quent on the law of Kincogish, and Prey moneys, increased the num
ber of Tories, 193; dispossessed Irish gentlemen dwelling in the
woods, wilds, and bogs, and supporting themselves (A. D. 1660-1710)
by torying, and " coshering" on their tenants and followers, 198 ;
Col. Poer, in Munster ; Col. Coughlan, in Leinster ; and Redmond
O'Hanlon, in Ulster, distinguished tories (1660-80), 200 ; any Tory
murdering two brother Tories, entitled (by 7 Will. III., c. 21) to his
274 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
own pardon. 197 ; this law only expired A. D. 1776, ib.; ballad about
Tory hunting, beginning, — " Ho ! brother Teig, what is your
story ?" 198.
TORYING, many would rather choose the hazard of Torying than
the danger of starving in the wasted province of Connaught, 106.
TOWNS, of Ireland built by Danes and English, 62 ; Irish original
ly forbidden to inhabit them, ib.; called by Sir Henry Sidney " The
Queen's unpaid garrisons," ib.; all in Ireland ordered to be cleared
of Irish, 167 ; Galway cleared of Irish 30th October, 1655, of all but
sick and bedrid, and Sir Charles Coote thanked for his care therein,
175 ; the sick and bedrid to be removed in spring, ib.; the officers
connive at the stay of many of the trading inhabitants for their
utility, 168 ; Colonel Sadleir being engaged in clearing Wexford in
1654, according to the Proclamation, desires to know How many
packers and gillers of herrings are to be allowed to stay ? How
many coopers ? What shall be done with Irishwomen married to
English ? 96 ; Proclamation for clearing the towns of Irish, sent by
the Council to England, as an encouragement to the English to come
over, 173 ; general arrest (31st December, 1656) of all transplantables
in towns, in order to their being tried and transported, 171 ; ship
ping for them secured at Galway to carry them to Barbadoes, 172 ;
public debts satisfied by houses of the Irish in towns, 174 ; debt of
£8697 thus satisfied in Wexford, the houses being taken up one side
of the street and down the other, without picking or choosing, ib.;
wolves hunted (1652) in the suburbs of Dublin, 173.
TOWNS AND CITIES, the Irish being driven out, some of the towns
in 1644 fall into ruins, 172 ; 3000 good houses in Cork, and as many
in Youghal, for want of inhabitants fall down (1647), ib.
TOWNS, SEAPORT, Limerick, with 12,000 acres, offered for sale 14th
July, 1643, by the Parliament to English and foreign merchants, for
£30,000 fine, and rent of £625 ; Waterford, with 1500 acres, at same
fine and rent ; Galway, with 10,000 acres, for £7500 fine, and £520
rent ; Wexford, with 6000 acres, for £5000 fine, and £156 4s. 4d.
rent, 167 ; of Limerick, Waterford, Galway, and Wexford offered for
sale by the Parliament of England to English and foreign Protestant
merchants on 14th July, 1643, while still in possession of the Irish,
ib.; the Parliament of England, in 1652, resolves to banish the
ancient inhabitants, and to re-people them from England, ib.
TRANSPLANTATION, proclaimed by sound of trumpet and " beate
of drumme," 81 ; the nobility and gentry especially required to trans
plant, 82 ; the common people spared, and why, ib. ; husbandmen
and laborers not posessed of ten pounds' value excepted from, ib. ;
in order that the transplanted nobility and genty, without them,
shall descend into the working class or be starved, ib. ; order of 15th
October, 1653, for heads of families to proceed to Connaught to pre
pare huts for their wives and children, 85.
TRANSPLANTER'S CERTIFICATES, to describe their families, friends,
and tenants who intend to bear them company to Connaught, 85 ; their
stock and crop in ground, ib. ; remonstrances of the inhabitants of
Ireland against being transplanted, 87 ; the petitioners are the
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 275
highest in the land, ib. ; the Irish ordered to transplant in the win
ter time, 84 ; the nation, panic-struck, are about to abandon the til
lage of the land, ib.
TRANSPLANTATION, DIFFICULTY OF, Commissioners of the Parlia
ment of England in Ireland feel they have not strength nor wisdom
for so great a work, 85 ; "the children are now come to the birth,
but there is no strength to bring forth," ib. ; because of difficulty of.
officers of the army are to lift up prayers with strong crying and
tears to Him to whom nothing is too hard, that His servants, whom
He has called forth in this day to act in these great transactions,
might be carried on by His own outstretched arm, ib.
TRANSPLANTERS, " The men gone to prepare new habitations in
Connaught (Dec. 1654) ; wives and children are packing away after
them apace. All will be gone by 1st March, 1655," 100 ; the earliest
of the transplanters set down in the barony of Burren, where there
is " not wood enough to hang a man, water enough to drown him, or
earth enough to bury him," 98 ; the coming transplanters scared,
like beasts driven too suddenly to a slaughter-yard, 98.
TRANSPLANTATION, the descendants of those who urged the Trans
plantation in Henry VIII.'s time are now to transplant, 87 ; Irish
who are collectors of assessment to be watched lest they take advan
tage of, and escape accompting, 98 ; Gookin objects to it that the
soldiers have need of the Irish. 105 ; the Irish women skilled in dress
ing hemp and flax, and in making woollen cloth ; the men good
masons, ib. ; " Irish have ('tis strange) as great resentment against it
as even against death itself," (Gookin), 10(5 ; " supposing they should
have a dram of rebellious blood in them, or be sullen and not go," ib ;
" will a whole nation drive like geese at the wagging of a hat upon
a stick? " (Gookin), 107 ; reasons for. given in the petition of the offi
cers of the precincts of Dublin, Carlow, Wexford, and Kilkenny, in
behalf of themselves, their soldiers, etc., 108 ; Saints seek the Lord
together (by order of Commissioners of Parliament) for direction in
this work (Lawrence), 110 ; they never objected to it, though very
many godly and judicious persons complained of its slow pace, (id.),
ib. ; hated by the Irish, because it destroyed their national interest,
and cut off their hope of ever recovering their lost ground (Law
rence), ib. ; and because they foresaw, periiaps, that the Connaught
proprietors might bid them such welcome as they would bid the Sol
dier or Adventurer on their lands, ib. ; had left the county of Tippe-
rary so desolate, that no inhabitant of the Irish nation that knew the
country was left to show the bounds of estates to Dr. Petty's survey
ors, 122 ; four fit persons sent back from Connaught for this pur
pose, ib. ; it is found to require a little hanging to make the gentry
transplant, 101 ; the officers " are tender of hanging any of the Irish
proprietors but leading men ; .but they are resolved to seize and
till the gaols with them, by which this bloody people will know that
they (the officers) are not degenerated from English principles," ib. ;
" We shall have no scruple in sending them to the West Indies, to
help to plant the plantations that General Venables it is hoped hath
reduced," ib. ; Daniel Fkzpatrick and another hanged (A. D. 1655)
276 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
for not transplanting, 102 ; Mr. Edward Hetherington, of Kilnema-
nagh, hanged (in Stephen's-green ?) with placard on his breast and
back inscribed, — " For not transplanting, ib. ; children, grandchildren,
brothers, nephews, uncles, and next heirs, transplanted to ease the
fears of the Adventurers and Soldiers, 187, n. ; Standing Committee
appointed 1st August, 1653, consisting of Roger Lord Broghill, Hie-
rome Sankey, Colonel Richard Lawrence, and others, 203 ; trans
planters inhabiting within ten miles of the Shannon on this side not
to be set down within ten miles of the other, 204 ; Sir C. Coote, Ma
jor Ormsby, and others, take lands in Connaught, diminishing the
fund for transplanters, 209 ; the whole inhabitants of no one coun
ty to be set down together in Connaught, 204 ; the several septs or
clans to be set down dispersed, ib. ; transplanted Irish of English de
scent to be kept separate from the Irish, ib. ; Sir Charles Coote's
scheme for assigning certain baronies in Connaught for the abode of
the inhabitants of certain counties, respectively, the selection being
made on the ground of the supposed resemblance of the baronies to
the counties whence the families removed, 208.
TRANSPLANTABLES UNTRANSPLANTED, ordered to be searched for
in Dublin (1656), and arrested, in order that their houses may be
given to new-arrived English, 171 ; general arrest in towns and
transportation of them to Barbadoes, 172.
TRANSPLANTERS, rule for setting out land to, for stock of cattle,
85 ; their wives and children watching their crop, during their ab
sence in Connaught, turned out of their houses by the disbanded
soldiery, 90.
TRANSPLANTABLE PERSONS, general arrest of all not transplanted,
order of 19th March, 1655, 101, and n. ib., and 102, n.
TRANSPLANTERS' CERTIFICATES, Lord Viscount Ikerrin's, 86 ;
Walter Cheever's, 114; John Hoare's, 249; James Bonfield's, 253;
John Fitzgerald's, 254; Sir Nicholas Comyn's, 86; Ignatius Stac-
pooleis, ib. ; James Lord Dunboyne's, ib. ; Dame Katherine Morris's,
ib. ; Lady Mary Hamerton's, ib.
TREASON PUNISHMENT, the man to be half hanged, let down
alive, certain parts to be cut off and burned with his bowels before
his face, 144, n. ; instances of men speaking during the latter opera
tion, ib. ; the Irish to be called " barbarous" by Sir John Davies for
not punishing theft and robbery by hanging, and treason by forfeit
ure, and disembowelling alive, " like the just and honorable law of
England," ib.
TRIMLESTON, Lord Baron of, Sir Richard Barnewell, Mr. Patrick
Netterville, and others (Kilkenny submittees), require a pass from
the suburbs of Athlone over the bridge to attend their business in
the town, 94 ; Cusack, Lord Trimleston's brother-in-law, tenant of
Lis manor under Mrs. Bayley, betrays the possession to him, 93 ;
his grave in the ruined Abbey of Kilconnell, with the epitaph
" Here lies Mathew, Lord Baron of Trimleston, one of the trans
planted," 120.
TRUMPET, the first trumpet on llth October, 1652, commands the
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 277
Irish nation to get ready to take up their residence wherever the
Parliament of England should direct, 81.
TRUMPET, THE SECOND, with the doom of the Irish nation, on
26th September, 1653, 83 ; Irish to transplant to Connaught before
1st May, 1654, 84
TYRCONNEL, BRIDGET COUNTESS OF, See BARNEWALL, NICHOLAS.
USSHER, ARCHBISHOP, knew of women to lie in wait for a rider,
and drag him down, to eat his horse, like famished wolves, 71.
VANDALS, injustice to them to equal them with the English of
1652, 12.
WAR, ENGLISH METHOD OF, in Ireland, 70 ; Spenser's description
of, in Munster, in 1580, ib. ; country wasted till man and beast die,
ib. ; children killed for food, 171 ; Archbishop Ussher knew women
to drag a rider from his horse to devour it, ib. ; difficulties of, in
Ireland ; islands in bogs, secure fortresses to Irish, nearly inaccess
ible, and whence they could escape at pleasure, 72.
WARING, MAJOR W., OF WARINGSTOWN, Co. DOWN, possessed
of one of the estate maps which Dr. Petty was bound to furnish to
every officer, 145, n.
WATERFORD, (among other seaports), with 1500 acres contiguous,
offered for sale by Parliament in July, 1643, to English and foreign
merchants, for £30,000 fine and £625 rent payable to the State, 167.
WEXFORD, debt of £3697 satisfied by houses in, the English State
creditor taking them orderly up one side of the street, and down
the other, without picking and choosing, till satisfied, 174 ; (among
other seaports) with 6000 acres contiguous, offered for sale by Parlia
ment to English and foreign merchants for £5000 fine and £156
4.8. 4d., rent payable to the State, 167.
WHITE, ANNE, of the town of Wexford, pleads (against being
transplanted), her charity and good affection to English officers
quartered in her house, 92.
WIDOWS AND ORPHANS, AND THE DESTITUTE, seized and sent to
the Barbadoes, 244 ; the men and boys for bondmen, ib. ; the girls
for companions for the planters, instead of Maroon women and
Negresses, ib. ; Bristol merchants deal with the Government for
.supplies of them, 245 ; names of some of the contractors, ib. ; Brog-
hill, afterwards Earl of Orrery, undertakes to find crowds in the
county of Cork alone, ib. ; 1000'boys and 1000 girls, " Irish wenches "
(the latter seized by force by order of H. Cromwell), sent from Galway
for the use of 1500 soldier planters, 246.
WIDOWS, IRISH, whether men* marrying transplantable widows
become themselves transplantable ? 97.
WIDOWS, IRISH, OF ENGLISH EXTRACT, Commissioners are asked
to define what they mean by ? 97 ; are to be set down in the four
baronies of Ballintobber, Athlone, Tulla, and Bunratty, 209 ; Ball-
intobber afterwards withdrawn from them, ib.
WILLIAMSON, CAPTAIN WILLIAM, tried for fornication with a
woman in the county of Tipperary during his service there, 143, n.
WIVES AND YOUNG CHILDREN OF TRANSPLANTERS, in the ab
sence of their protectors away in Connaught building huts for them,
278 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
spared by the tenderness of those in authority (27th February, 1655),
from transplanting till 1st May, on account of the immoderate rains,
order for, 100, n.
WOLVES, PRIESTS, AND TORIES, " the three burdensome beasts on
whose heads were laid rewards," 178.
WOLF DOGS, and hawks of Ireland, of old, fit presents for kings,
179 ; taken from the officers departing (1G54), for Spain, on account
of the plague of wolves, ib.
WOLVES, public hunt for, ordered in the suburbs of Dublin, 1652,
1 73 ; increase upon the English, from exterminating the Irish too
rapidly, contrary to the wise injunction of Jehovah in the case of
the killing of all the Canaanites by the Jews, 178 ; public hunts
organized, and deer toil brought from England, 179 ; increase of,
charged by Cromwell (conqueror's logic), on the priests, ib. ; rewards
for head of a bitch wolf, £6 ; of a dog wolf, £5 ; of every cub that
preyeth by himself, 40 shillings ; of every sucking cub, 10 shillings,
180 ; lands near Dublin (1653), leased by the State on condition of
lessee's keeping two packs of wolf hounds — one at Dublin, the other
at Dunboyne, and yielding a certain number of wolf heads, ib.
WOMAN FLOGGING, Englishwomen stripped and flogged in public
by men in England, until 1817, and privately in prison, until 1820,
144, n. ; Irish to be called " barbarous" by Sir John Davies, for not
having such punishments, ib.
YOUGHAL, ancient (English) inhabitants driven out by the English
rebels in 1644, 172 ; 3000 deserted houses there pulled down by the
English soldiery for firing, 173.
INDEX OF NAMES.
Explanation of Conventional Marks.
A name in Italics signifies that the person is an author whose work is cited from. But where
the man is both actor and author, as in the case of Colonel Richard Lawrence, Doctor
William Petty, and other such, who were as much (or indeed considerably more) actors than
writers, the former character is preferred, and the name is not distinguished.
A. signifies English, Scotch, and Foreign " Adventurer for Lands in Ireland," confined only,
however, to the class encouraged by the " Acts of Subscription," between 1642 and 1646.
O. means " Officer of Cromwell's Array" entitled to be satisfied in Irish land according to the
amount of his Arrears stated in his Debenture, and in those of his men, which he had
bought up '• by what aweings we leave to consideration." It might perhaps appear need
less to put " O." after Colonel Prettie or Colonel I.ehunte ; but as there are cases where
Officers were Royalists (of English and Irish birth and religion, respectively), it its not
altogether superfluous.
S. means Common Soldier of Cromwell's Army, in which it is not necessary to look for ances
tors, because they are mostly those that assigned their Debentures, and took themselves
back to the place from whencejthey came, and this without impeachment of any ; for Bas
tards and Common Soldiers have been the Progenitors of some of the best and oldest lines
of Kings in Kurope, the first of whom was but a fortunate soldier, or Soldier of Fortune.
P. means Irish Proprietor. Among every Irish Proprietor (as the term " Irish" was then un
derstood in England) had to transplant with his sons and his daughters, his men servants
and his maid servants, 'his cattle, and his little flaxen-haired children, intoConnaught ; and
this class might therefore, without any logical impropriety, have been included in the
next, of " Transplanters." It has been thought more convenient, however, lo separate
the gentry from the lower orders, in order to enable the reader consulting the Index to
pass the latter by. Under the term "Proprietors" he will find the Lord Trimleston, the
Lord Fingall, the Lord and Lady Dunsany, the Marquis of Westmeath,— people that one
is naturally interested about.
Tr. means " Transplanter ;" but transplanter of the lower class, such as Farmers, Burgesses,
Peasants, etc. ; in fact they were common Irish, that one can take no more interest about
than about the thousands of the same kind of people that are transplanting under "the
Law of Level" everyday before our eyes, without inspiring us with any other care than
a wish that they should take themselves off as quickly as possible, and leave the country
to persons of skill, and capital, and true religion.
Pr. means Priest (not Protestant), but of the Irish Roman Catholic Religion.
To. means Tory, with whom the Priests in those days kept company (necessarily), and without
betraying them.
ABBOTT, Col. Daniel (0.), 131, 179, 183.
Dr., Archbishop of Canterbury, 158.
Acherley, Roger, 33, n.
Addys, Thomas (A.), 21T.
^Einiliiis, Lucius, 32, n.
Agricola, 31, n.
Alexander, Sir Jerome, 162, n.
Alcock, Charles (A.), 216.
Alland, Captain (O.) 134.
Ahnain, Robert de, 40, n.
Alrnery, George (S.), 149, n.
Almond, William (A.), 216, 218.
Alien, Captain Ed. (O.), 226.
Francis (A.), 213.
Richard (A.), 21S
Colonel William, 166, n.
. William (A.), 221
Ally, Samuel (S.) 183.
Amyos, John (A.), 216.
Annaly, Lord, 88.
Anglesey, Earl of, 238.
Andrews, Alderman Thomas (A.), 149, n.
Annesly, M., 165.
Antrim, Marchioness of, 67, n.
Archer, Henry (To.), 194.
Thomas (P.), 233.
Mary, 91, 233.
Armstronge, John (8 ), 226.
Arthur, Captain John (A.), 174.
Dorothy, 138, n.
Ashley, Ensign James (O.), 226.
Ashe, Simon (A.), 217.
Ash, John (A.), 219.
Edward (A.), ib.
Atkinson, Sir George. 91.
Dame Margaret (P.), ib.
Atkins, Peter (A.), 220.
Benjamin (A.), ib.
Audley, Lord, 55, n.
Austin, Edward (A.), 221.
Avery, William (A.), 227.
Samuel (A.), 149, n.
Axteli, Colonel Daniel), 136, n. ; 165.
Colonel Thomas, 188, n.
Ayers, Thomas (S.), 149, n.
Baker, Roger (S.), 228.
Thomas (S.), ib.
Ball, Samuel (A.), 221.
280
INDEX OP NAMES.
Ball, alias Bull, Thomas (S.), 226.
Banister, Benjamin (A.), 157, n.
Barker. Edward (A.), 220.
John, 155, n.
Thomas (A.), 221.
Barnahye, Abraham (A.), 215.
Barnard^ Dean, 71, n.
Barnardiston, Thomas (8.), 149, n.
Thomas, (A.), 217.
Barnwali, Nicholas (P.), 93.
Sir Richard (P.), 94.
• Margaret (P.), 91.
Barnewail, John, 181, n.
Barnwel), Edmund, 185.
George, ib.
Barrys, 46.
Barry, Daniel (Tr.), 114.
Barrington, Captain (O.), 181.
Capt, Alexander (0.), 229.
Bartly, Rev. Mr., 65, n.
Bassett, Captain (O.), 145.
Bastone, John (S.), 228.
Bastard, Stephen (S.), 226.
Bate, Thomas (S.), 227.
Bayley, Penelope, 93.
Thomas (A.), 223.
Benson, John (S.), 227.
Benco, Abraham Alexander (A.), 217.
Belane, John, 41.
Begs, Roger (Pr.), 181
Beere, Mrs., alias Preswick, 169, n.
Bedingfleld, Humphrey (A.), 215.
Bentkam, Jeremy, 66, n.
Bereton, William ^A.), 215.
Beslin, Sytnon (S.), 227.
Betius, Mr., 8, n.
Beverly, Sergeant (S.), 225.
Blddolph, Tneophilus (A.), 218.
Bigg, Thomas (A.), 217.
Birkenhcad.Theophilus (A.), 218.
Birne, Arthur (Tr.), 115.
Dudley (Tr.), ib.
Owen, 184.
Philip, 114
William (Tr.), ib.
Bishop, Ephraim (A.), 216.
Blaekwell, Joseph (A.), 222.
John (A.), 223
Samuel (A.), 219.
Blackett, John, sen. (S.), 149, n.
Blake. Robert (S.), 228.
Bland, Captain, 92.
Blande, Jane (A.), 219.
Blatt, James (A.), 216.
Blenkhorne, John (A.), 157, n.
Blount. Charles, 253.
Boate. Gerrard (A.), 153, n. ; 228.
Katharine (A), 223.
Bodkin, Dominic (P.), 92.
Bolton, Captain William (O.), 184.
Major, 195.
Bonfleld, James (Tr.), 253.
Catherine (Tr.), ib.
Bridget (Tr.), ib.
Bend, Nicholas (A.), 213.
Borlase, Lord Justice, 67.
Borlase, 63, n. ; 65, n.
Bosfield, Anthony (A ), 216.
Bosville, Col. William (A), 215.
Boteler, Thomas, 40, n.
Botterill, M. (A.), 157, n.
Bough ton, Richard (A.), 222.
Boulter, Primate, 187, n.
Box, Henry (A.), 218.
Boyle. Roger, Lord Broghill, 245
Boyse, John (A.), '216.
Bradshawe, R. (S.) 226.
Brady, Cornelius (Tr.), 235.
Bradley, Francis (S.), 226.
Brarnhall, Primate, 82.
Brazier, Paul (A.), 228.
Breenagh, Richard (Tr.), 251.
Brennan, Dennis, 191.
Brennagh, William (Tr.), 252, 253.
Brereton, Major (O ), 134.
Sir William (A.), 217.
Brewer, J. S., 29, n.
Brewster, Sir Francis, 201.
Samuel and Daniel (A.), 218.
Brightwell, Thomas, (S), 149, n.
Briscoe, Thomas (A,), 218.
Brittas, Lord Baron (P.), 230.
Broghill, Lord, 88, 127, 133, 178, n.
Bromeswold, Lawrence (S.), 149, n.
Broinwell, Captain (O.), 132.
Browne, Edward (Tr.), 234»
Browne, John (S.), 227.
Thomas (S.), 226.
Bruce, Edward, 44.
Brunskell, Oliver (A.), 223.
Bryan, Edward (S ), 227
Bruen, John (S.), 183.
Bulkeley, Alice, 72, n.
Bull, alias Ball, Thomas (S.), 226.
Burgess, Cornelius (A.), 214, 224.
Burkes. The, 47, 49, 60.
Burke, Sir John (P.), 90.
Burrell, Captain (O.), 132.
Burnell, Henry (P.), 92.
Burton, 178, n.
Butler, Esmond, 41.
Lord James, 54, n.
Elinor (P ), 91.
Mary, widow (P.), 92.
Elinor, (P.), 231.
Edmund (P.), 252.
Giles (P.), ib.
John (Tr.), ib.
Piers, (Tr.). ib.
Richard (Tr.), ib.
Thomas (Tr.), ib.
Butlers, The, 45, 47, 54.
Buckingham, Duchess of, 67 n.
Byrnes, 45.
Byrne, Major, 113, n.
Brawn (P.), ib
Caesar, 26, 31.
Caffon, Morish (Tr.), 249.
Cahill, Ellen ny (Tr.), 253.
Cambell, Captain (0.), 132.
Camillus, 25.
INDEX OF NAMES.
281
Campion, 86, 55.
Candler, Captain (O.), 181.
Capper, Ralph (3.), 227.
Caprett Charles (S.), 226.
Carhampton, Luttrel, Lord, 88.
Carleton, Bisliop of Chichester, 55 n.
Carte, 20, 80, 225, 226, n.
Cartrutt, Captain (O.), 131, 229, n.
Carvsfort, Earls of, 19, n.
Cash in, Paul (P.), 186.
Carty, Connor (Tr.), 253.
Cutiline, 68.
Uavanagh, Major Charles (P.), 92.
- - James (P.), 92.
Chambers, Mr., 169, n.
Cbnrlemont, James, first Earl of, General-
in-Chief of the Irish Volunteers, 21.
Earl of, 21.
Charles I., 59.
II., 22, 41.
Chaveney, Peter (A.), 215.
Cheevers, John (P.), 113, u.
Walter (P.), 118, 114, 115.
Chetwood, 187, n.
Chewning, Thomas (A.), 216.
Chichester, Sir Arthur, 36, 57, 58.
Chidley, William, 240.
Clanricarde, Earl of, 48, n.
Clapham, Rawleigh
Clarence, Duke of, 4
Clarke, Robert, 72, n.
Colonel (0.), 132, 226, 228.
George (A.), 214, 217, 219, 224.
Samuel (A.), 216.
Clay, John (A.), 215.
Claydon, Thomas (S.), 227.
Claypoc, Captain (0.), 131.
Cleane. John (S.), 227.
Clifton, Joseph (A.), 215.
Clements, Gregory (A.), 157, n.
Clement, Thomas (S.), 227.
Clotworthy, Sir John (A.), 149, n.
Clutterbuck, Richard (A.), 213.
Coakley, Captain (O.), 229.
Cocks, John (A.), 157, n.
Coll, John (S.), 227,
Collington, Richard (S.), 228
Collins, 48, n.
Col Ms, Captain (0.), 131.
Combe, Thomas (A.), 215.
Combes, Stephen (S.), 228.
Comyn, Dame Catherine (P.), 86.
Gen net (Tr.), 254.
Sir Nicholas (P.), 86.
Comlti, Prince de, 78, 181, n.
Connery, Daniel (P.). 245, n.
Conry, Michael (Tr.), 250.
Cooke., Elizabeth (A.), 216.
- — Henry (S.), 227
John, Mr. Justice, 227, 239, 240, 241
243.
James (S.), 228.
Richard (S.), 227.
Cooper, Colonel, 186.
Robert (S.), 227.
Coote, Colonel Chidley (0.), 138.
Coote, Sir Charles, tbo younger, 84, 91, n. ;
110, 112, 172, 175, 235, 245.
Colonel Richard (O.), ib.
Copplnger, John (P.), 232, 239, 240, 250.
John, 252.
Sir Robert (P.), 238.
Stephen (P.), 239, 240.
Corbally, Patrick (Tr.), 114.
Corbane. Donagh (Tr.), 251.
Corbet, Miles, Chief Baron, 89, 233, 234,
Cornock, Captain (O.), 132.
Cotgrave, Randle, 29, n.
Coughlan, Mary (P.), 157.
Colonel (To.), 200.
Covvden, Morish (Tr.), 250.
Cowley, 52, n ; 53, n.
Cox, Sir Richard, 46, 59, n.; 200.
Christmas, R., of Bristol, merchant, 234.
Crawley, Robert (A.), 222.
Creagh, Anthony (Tr.), 253.
Gabriel (Tr.), ib.
Gennett (Tr.), ib.
James (Tr.), ib
Piers (P.), 91, 230.
Cressy, Symou (A.), 223.
Crofts, Thomas (S.), 227.
Croker, Crofton, 198, n.
Cromwell, the Lord Henry, 104, n. ; 113,
n. ; 181, 141, 244, 246.
Cromwell, 8, n ; 9, 12, 14, 69, 80, 83, n. ;
95, n. ; 117, 139, n. ; 146, n. ; 147, 153, n. ;
161, 162, n. ; 179, n. ; 181, 188, n.; 225, 226,
233, n.
Cromwell, Thomas, 55, n.
Croutche, Richard, 227
Crooke, Charles, 215.
Cruise, 19. n.
Crampon, Owen, 249.
Cuffe, Sir James, 113, n.
Cullen, Thady, 114
Morgan, ib.
Culme, Lady, 91.
Mary, 235.
Cuppage, Captain (0.), 181.
Curtise, John (A.), 218.
Cusack, Justice, 52.
Margaret (P.), 92.
Dacres, Sir Thomas (A.), 149, n.
Daire, Mary (A.), 214.
D' Alton, John, 19, n.
Daniel, Susan and Thomas (A.), 222
Daton, James (Tr.), 249.
Darley, Mr., 93.
Dames, Sir John, 35, 36, n. ; 37, n. ; 89, n. ;
40, n. ; 41, n. ; 42, 44, n. ; 46, n. ; 48, n. ;
49, n. ; 50, 51, n. ; 54, 56, 57, 104, n. ;
144, n. ; 153, n.
Davis, John (S.), 226.
Dawson, John (A.), 216, 219.
Robert, Drummer (S.), 226.
Day, Henry, (A.), 223, 224
Thomas (S.), 227.
De Berrninghauis, 14.
De Burgos, 12, 45, 47, 59.
Earl of Ulster, 47.
De Clare, liichard, 37.
282
INDEX OF NAMES.
De Lacy?, 44
De Mandeville, Geoffry, 88.
Dennis, Thomas (A.), 214.
Dennison, Major (O.), 229,
Dermond, James (S.), 226.
De Sinsjera, Sibella, 88.
Desmond, Earl of, 47, 49, 53, 56.
Devorgil, 40.
Dteges, William, 128, n.
Dillon, Mary, otherwise Thorpe (P.), 282.
Disney, Captain (0.), 182.
I? Israeli, 144, n.
Dobson, Isaac, 115.
Donnell, Thomas (Tr ), 250.
Donnogh, " 6lind" (To.), 193.
D'Ossunia, Count, 77. n.
Dowdall. Catherine, 41.
Dower, Morish (Tr.), 252
Dowleing, John (A.), 222.
Downton, Anthony (S.), 226.
Doyle, Philip (S.), 226.
Doyly, R., 115.
Drake, Dr. Roger (A.), 223.
Druitt, Hersy (S.), 227.
Dnhigg, Bartholomew, 166, n.
Dnin, Edmund, (Pr), 183.
Duke. T. (S.), 229.
Dimboyne, Lord James, 41, 86.
Dun«:aii, Sir Walter (P.), 78.
Dunsany. the Lady, (P.), 158.
the Lord, 159, 160.
Dutton, Captain (O.), 134
Dwyer, Colonel Edmund (P.), 78.
Edward I., 9, 16, 40, n; 45.
II., 10, 16, 44.
III., 9, 29. 36, 43, n ; 47, 49, 50, n.
IV., 41, 42, n.
VI., 9, 53.
Edwards Hugh (S.), 226.
Eldred, Robert (A.), 213.
Edwards, David (S.), 226.
Elinston, Henry (A.), 213.
Elizabeth, Queen, 10, 35, 46, 53, 54, 182.
Essex, Earl of, 70.
Eudes, Captain (O.), 133.
Eustace, Sir Maurice, 114
Thomas (Tr.), 115.
Eudoxius Alithinologus [Rev. John
Lynch], 84. n.
Evans. Thomas (S.), 226, 228.
William (S.), 226.
Exeter, Corporation of (A.), 218.
Eyres, Thomas (A.), ib.
Fahy, Edmund, 183.
Fanning, Walter (Tr.), 252.
Farlo, Captain John, 239.
Farr. Quartermaster Hush (S.), 147.
Farrel. Lieutenant-General, 181, n.
Richard. Capuchin, 84, 11.
Fenton. Sir William, 168.
Fermoy, M. Roche, Viscount (P.), 189.
Ffallon, Morish (Tr.), i.'50.
Patrick (Tr.), ib.
Ffarmerly, Richard (S.), 226.
Ffenne, John (S.), ib.
Fienton, John (A), 224.
Ffollowe, Darby (Tr.), 250.
Patrick (Tr.), ib.
Fforset, John (S.), 142, n.
Ffoulkes, Alderman John (A.), 228.
Ffrancis, Anne and Elizabeth (Tr.X 218.
Fiennes, Nathaniel, 8, n.
Finch, Francis (A.), 215.
Fisher, John (A.), 215.
Fitzgeralds, The, 46, 52, 54.
Fitzgerald, Lord Thomas, 87, 153.
Mr. and Mrs. Henry, of Lackagh, 191.
George. 229.
Luke, ib.
Thomas (Tr.), 249.
John (Tr.), 250, 254.
Morish (Tr.), 250.
Edmund (Tr.), 254.
David (Tr.). ib.
Fitzjohn, Thomas (Tr.), 251.
Morish (Tr.), 253.
Fitzmorresh-Gerald, James (Tr.), 252.
Fitz Nigel, 28, n.
Fitzpatrick, Daniel (P.), 102.
Fitzsimons, William, 185.
Tur lough (P.), 183.
Fitzthomas, John, 44.
Fitz Thomas, Hon. James (Tr.), 250.
Fitzwilliam, George Gold (P.), 239.
Fleetwood, Charles, 141, 145, 153, n. ; 164,
233, 234.
Fleetwood, Mrs. Bridget, otherwise Crom
well, 141, n.
Flanagan, Onora (Tr.). 251.
Fletcher, James (A.), 222.
Flinn, John, 225, n.
Flyn. Philip (Tr.). 251.
Forde, James (Tr.), ib.
Foster, Christopher (A.), 218.
Foulk, Colonel, 88, n.
Fountaine, Mary (A.), 157, n.
Fowke, Alderman John (A), 149, n.
French, Nicholas ose, 92.
Freese, John (S.), 226.
Fuentes, Count de, 77, n.
Gale, Captain (O.), 229.
Galway, Patrick (P.), 239.
Gambon, Connor (Tr.), 251.
Gardiner, Captain (O.), 131.
William (S.), 227.
Garland, Mary or Robert (A.), 218.
Garrett, Captain (O.), 131.
Gething, Richard, 173, n.
Gibbs, Sergeant Humphrey, 188.
Gloucester, Countess of, 38.
Gibbon, 32, n. ; 196, n.
Gibbons, Captain (O.), 13J
Gill, Hush (S.), 227.
Gilbert, John (S.), 226.
Gillmcr, John (S.), 227.
Giraldus,, 29, 30, 31, 32, 83, 104 163.
Gisborne, Sir Guy, 29.
Goddesden, Henry (A,), 228.
Golde, William (S.), 226.
Goodwin, Robert, 188, n.
Gookin, Vincent, 17, 78, n.; 108, 106, 107.
Sir Vincent, 104
INDEX OF NAMES.
283
Gorman, Thomas (Tr.), 253.
Gough, James (P.), 239, 240.
^Thomas (Tr.), 252.
Gouldburn, Lieutenant (O.), 137.
Gould, John, 78, n.
Goulding, Quartermaster Nicholas (S.),
128, nT
Gower, Thomas (A.), 218.
Graham, Hans (A.), 159.
Sir James, Bart, 188, n.
Grange. Walter (Tr.), 253.
Grantham, William (S.), 227.
Graves, Rev. James, 20.
Greensmlt.il, John (S ), 149, n.
Gregson, Thomas, 183.
Greatrex, Cornet, 185.
Grey, Lord de Wilton, 70, 94.
Grey. Thomas (S ), 227.
Griffith, Hugh (S.), 226.
Griffin, Rev. Mr.. 65, n.
Grinster, Philip (S.), 228.
Groves. Rev. Edward, 18.
Gunn, John (A.), 158.
Guy, Thomas (A), 222.
Hackyn, Edward (S.), 227.
Haddilove. Riebard (Pr ), 216.
Haeerty, Donogh (P.), 183.
Haliday, Charles. 20, «1. 130, n.
Hall. John (A), 213.
Hallarn, John, 225. n.
Halpin, Dermod (Tr.), 254.
Hal ley, Walter (S.), 227.
Halsey, Mr. Justice William, 239-241, fc4&
Hamerton. Lady Mary (P.), 86.
Hamilton. Sir George, 238.
Hamon. Robert (A.), 217, 224.
Hanly, Joseph. 138, n. ; 150, n.; 157, n.
Hanwell, Henry (A.). 157, n.
Harcourt. Sir Simon, 65.
Hardiar. Captain (0.) 228.
Hardiman, James, 49, n. : 175.
Hardinge, W. H., 20, 73, i\. ; 86, n.
Hardy, Thomas Duffus, 38, n.
Harington, James, 146, n.
Harris, Walter, 56, 59, n.
Harrison, Rev. Mr., 154.
Hart, John (A.), 218.
Hartley, William, 170.
Ifartlib. Samuel, 153. n.
Harvey, Benjamin (S.), 228.
Hatchell. Mr. George, 18.
Hawes, John (AA 221.
Hawkins. William (S.), 149, n.
Haydenr Richard (A.), 214.
Edward (S.). 229.
Hayes. James (A.), 221.
Hay ward, James (8.). 226.
Hay wood, Robert (S.), 227.
Heally, John (Tr), 254.
Margaret (P.), ib.
Heath cott. Grace (A.), 220.
Heather, William (A.), 223.
Helsham, Captain (O.), 132.
Helton, Patrick (S ), 227.
Henery, Daniell (Tr.), 251.
Henry II., 28, n. ; 31, 35, 37, 45.
Henry VI., 10, 41, 52, n.
VII., 10, 44, 52, n.
VIII., 9, 11, 17, 82, n. ; 45, 48, 51, 52,
n. ; 54, 152. 153.
IV. of France, 77.
Herbert, Colonel Thomas, Clerk of the
Council, 19, 230-236.
Herring, Nicholas (A.), 220.
Hewson, Colonel John, 71, n. ; 134, 143, n. ;
169. n. ; 192, n.
Richard (S.), 227.
Hewson, William (S.), ib.
Hevingham, Mr. A., 157, n.
Hetherington, Edward (P.), 102.
Hicke, Richard (S.). 228.
Hicks, Rev. Thomas, 79. n.
Highgate, Captain (O.), 131.
Hill, Corporal Thomas (S.), 183.
Rowland (A.), 213, 214.
Richard (A.), 218, 227.
William (S.), 227.
John (S.). ib.
Hindirnan, Captain (0.), 134.
Hippocrates, 36. n.
Hoare, Captain Lieut., 143, n.
Mr. (P), 239.
Hodnett, William (Tr.), 252.
Garrett (Tr.). ib.
Wiiliam (Tr.), ib.
Margaret (Tr.), ib.
Holinshed, 48, n. ; 51.
Hogan, Meaghiin (Tr.), 252.
Holland, Lord, 59.
Holmes, Captain (O.), 131.
Hood, Robin, 29.
Hooker, Thomas, 115.
Hore, Molly (P.), 120, n.
Bridget (P.), 148.
Edmund (P.), ib.
John (P.), ib.
Mary (P.). ib.
Margaret (P.), ib.'
Martin (P.), ib.
Mathew, Ib.
Patrick (P.), ib.
Michael (P.), 252.
Howard, Gorges Edmund, 9, n. ; 42, n.
Nicholas (A.), 221.
Howell, George (S.), 227.
Willinm,~240.
Hubbert, Mary (A.), 223.
Huddleston, Anthony (S.), 227.
Hudibras, the Irish, 49, n.
Hugh, James (S.), 128, n.
Hull, Daniel (S.), 227.
Hunter, John (A.), 221.
Hutchinson. Deputy (A.), 149, n.
Richard (A.), 217.
J. (S.). 227.
Hutchins, John (S.). 227.
Hyde, Sir Edward, Earl of Clarendon, 8, n.
Hynane, John (Tr.), 253.
Ikerrin, Pierce, Viscount (P.), 86, 92, 116-
118.
Inchiquin, Murrough O'Brien, Lord, 172,
237, 242.
284
INDEX OF NAMES.
Inpram, the Lady, 217.
Ireton. Lord Deputy, 93, 144, n. ; 161.
Mrs. Bridget, otherwise Cromwell,
141, n.
Ivorie, Captain (O.), 181:
Irwin, Alexander (8.), 128, n.
Jackson, Thomas (A.), 216.
Jacques, Joseph (A.), 219.
James I., 11, 85, n. ; 36, n. ; 54, 55, 57, n. ; 59.
Jephson, Major-General, 168.
Major Alexander, 163, n. ; 225, n.
Jerome, St., 25.
Jervoise, Captain (0.), 229.
John, King, 14, 38, n. : 45.
Johnson, John, 245.
Jones, Christopher (S.), 128, n.
Corporal John (8 ), ib.
Captain Lewis (0.), ib.
Richard (8.), ib.
Lieut-Colonel (0.), 133.
Mereda (S.), 227.
John, 233, 234.
Colonel Michael, 192, n.
Jordan, Captain (O.), 184.
Kavanaghs, 43, 45.
Kavana<rh, Major Charles (P.), 195.
Kearne, Edward (S.), 227.
Keffard, Martin (S.), 228.
Kelly, Mary ny, 201, n.
Kenagh, Murtagh (Tr.), 253.
Kendricke, Alderman John (A.) 217.
Keane, Joan (P.), 254.
Kelly. John (8.), 227.
Laughlin (To.), 194.
Edmund (Jr.), 249.
Thomas (Tr.). ib.
Kennedy, Daniel (To.), 194.
John (Tr.), 252.
Kenny, William (Tr.), ib.
Anne (Tr.), ib.
Kernane, Thomas (Tr.), 251.
Kildare, Earls of, 11.
Earl of, 40, n. ; 45, 47, 49, 52, 53, 55.
King, John (S.), 128, n.
Major (O.), 133.
King, Archbishop, 198.
Kinnaye, Thomas (A.), 220.
Kircombe, Robert (A.), 221.
Kinsellagh, Gerald (To.), 196.
Kirwan (Kerroan), Richard (P.), 92.
Kittlebutler, Richard (A.), 217, 224.
Lacev, Nathaniel (A.), 224.
'Richard (A.), ib.
Luke, John (A.), 220.
Lambert, William (A.), 221.
Roger (A.), ib.
Lmnbelle, Gilbert (A.), 217.
Langham, Henry (A.), 216.
L'Archer, Friar John, 44, n.
Larcom, Major Thomas, 79, n. ; 217.
Large, Roger (S.), 227.
Lascelles, Rowley, 202, n.
Lawrence, Colonel Richard, 17, 92, 109,
183, 152, n. ; 165, 178. n. ; 197, n. ; 232,
Lawrence, Joseph, 245.
Lazingbye, Roger (A.), 219.
Lea, John (P.), 250.
Lcadbeater, Richard (S.), 227.
Lee, Ralph (S.), ib.
Leigh, Colonel William, 168, 188.
James (To.), 193.
Leinster, Kim; of, 30.
Le Hunte, Colonel (O.), 147, 160.
Lcnningstown, J. (S.), 227.
Le Poers, 45.
Levallyn, John (P.), 239, 240
James (P.), 239.
Lickgoe, John (S.), 227.
Liddy, Mary ny (Tr.), 253.
Lilburn, Colonel, 139, n.
Lincoln. Earl of, 37.
Ling, Joseph (A.), 218.
Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 47, 58.
Lixnaw, Baron of, 48, n.
Lloyd, Charles (8.), 149, n.
Abigail (A.), 213.
Loftus, Captain Adam, 194.
Sir Arthur, 173, n.
Dudley, 233.
Lord Protector, 233, n.
Longe, Robert (S.), 227.
Lound, John and Anne (A.), 222.
Louth, Lady Dowager of (P.), 91, 281.
Lownd, James (S.). 227.
Lowe, Thomas (8.), ib.
Lucullus, 20, n.
Ludlow, Colonel Edmund, 114, n.; 115.
Edmund, 131, 174.
Lnnnery, Simon (A.), 215.
Luttrel, Thomas (P.), 88, 90.
Lynch, W.. 49^ n.
Rev. John, 77, n.; 84, n.
Lynocks, Captain (O.), 132.
Machan, John, 41.
M'Carty, 42, n.
Donough (Tr.), 254.
M'Carthys, 54.
M'Coughlan, 157.
M'Creagh, John (TrA 252.
M'Donagh, David (Tr.), 251.
M'Gennis, 200.
M'Geown, Hugh (Pr.), 183.
M'Gilmore, Ivor, 40, n.
M'Guire, Martin (TrA 115.
M'Kernan, Thomas (Pr.), 183.
MacMurrogh, 31.
M'Murroughs, 43, 46.
M'Namara, Ann ny (Tr.), 254.
Honor ny (Tr.), 86.
M'Philip, John (Tr.), 251.
M'William, 51, n.
Madden, Dr. Richard (P.), 168.
Madox, 28, n.
Magner, Ellen (Tr.), 252.
Magrath, Edmund (P.), 233, and n., ib.
MacMarall, Sir Tady (Pr.), 182, n.
Maguires, 36.
Malone, Richard, 163, n.
Mathies, Robert (A.), 223.
INDEX OF NAMES.
285
Man, John (A ), 219.
Manning. Mauria (Tr.), 254
Mannyfold, Arthur (S.), 227.
Man ton, Nathaniel (A.), 224.
Margetts, Thomas (S.), 143, n.
Margott. Thomas (S.), 226.
Markharn, Colonel, 91, n.
H., 115.
Captain (0.), 134.
Marks, Nathaniel, 111, n.
Markwortli, Humphry (A.), 157, n.
Mai-ius, 26.
Mnrlborough, Duke of, 1*4.
Martin, Henry, 22S.
Marriott, John (A ), 157, n.
Mary, Queen, 10, 53.
Mason, Mr. William Shaw, 18.
Thomas (S.), 227.
Massey, Robert (S.), 228.
Matthew, of Pat-is, 28, n.
Mathews, Captain (0.), 132.
Mathew, James (A.), 220.
Thomas (A.), ib.
Matilda, 38.
Maurice, Robert (S.), 227.
Maxwell, Rev. Dr., 63, n.
Mayo, Colonel Christopher (P.), 78.
Meagh, Patrick (P.), 239, 240.
Meehan, Rev. G. Patrick, 185, n.
Meredith, Waller, 69, n.
Meregagh, James (Tr.), 252.
Merritt, T. (8.), 229.
Michael, Bishop of Cork, 225, n.
Michelet, 26, n.
Middleton, Simon (A.), 223.
Milborne, Ellen (A.), 149, n.
John (A.), ib.
Miller, Thomas (S.), 228.
Abraham (A.), 218. .
Minchin, Charles (0.), 226, n.
Moane, Bryan (Tr.), 252.
Moleswortli, Hon. Robert, 162. n.
Mollineux, Richard (S.), 227.
Moncke, William (S.), ib.
Moore, Thomas (AA 213.-214.
Giles (A.), 215.
Moreton, William, 162, n.
Morgan, Captain (O.), 181.
— •— Major, 178, 180, 183, 194.
Henry (S.), 228.
Griffin (S.), 227.
Captain Thomas, 245.
Morres, Edmond (A ), 226, n.
Dame Katharine (P.), 86.
Captain (0.) 135.
Morifion, Fynes, 71, n.
Maurice, 83, n. ; 120, n. ; 245, n.
Morri-see, William (Tr.), 251.
Morroclioe, Murtagh (Tr.), 249.
Mortimer. Mr., Sergeant-at-Arms, 117.
Morton, Elice (S.), 138, n
Mosse, John (S.), 227.
Mosyer. John (A.), 222.
Mould, Captain (0.), 133.
Mouutjoy, Lord, 12, 70.
Mountgarret, Lord, 116.
Mountjoy, Earl of, 200.
Mourye, Daniel (Tr.), 252.
Mulcahy, Donasrh (Tr.), 251.
Ellen and Ellinor (Tr.), ib.
Giles (Tr.), ib.
Margaret (Tr.), ib.
Mutter, 246, n.
Mulrery, Morish, 251.
Mulshinoiiue, Dr. Anthony (P.), 168.
Murphy, Edmund (Pr.), 200, n.
James (Tr.), 250.
Murro, James (Tr.), 239, 24C.
Musgrave, Philip (A.), 215.
William (A.), ib.
Muskerry, Lord (P.), 78.
Mynn, Colonel, 237.
Na-le, John (Tr.), 250.
Napper, Captain (O.), 132.
Nasho, Widow, 143, n.
Neal, John (Tr.). 254.
Nelson, Lieutenant-Colonel, 195, n.
Netterville, Alsou, otherwise Cheevers
(P.), 114.
Patrick (P.), 94
Nevill, Henry, 146, n.
Newmans, John (S.), 227.
Newtovvne, Richard (A.), 216.
Nicholls, Captain (0.), 134.
Nora, 40.
Norris, Sir John, 78.
Northcott, Joshua (A.), 221.
Samuel (A.), 214.
Symon (S.), 228.
North, Dudley, 245.
Martin (A.), 221.
Norton, Mr., 191.
Nugent, George
John, ib.
Nunn, Captain (0.), 181.
Oakford, James (S.), 227.
O'Boghan, Murtagh (Tr.), 253.
— John (Tr.), ib.
O'Briens, 46, 54.
O'Brien, Donagh (Tr.), 252.
Derby (Tr.), ib.
Murnmgh, Lord Inctitonin, 173, n.
O'Carroll, 58."
O'Connors, The, 11, 46, 53.
O'Connor, King, 35.
- Faily, 153.
O'Connor, General Arthur Condor cet,
146, n.
O'Daly, Dominic, 185, n.
O'Derrick Donogh, or ''Blind Donogh"
(Tr.), 193.
J'Doherty,
O'Doherty, Sir Cahir, 57.
O'Donel, Hugh Roe, 13.
O'Donnel, 57, 58.
O'Donovan, John, LL. D., 192, n.
O'Donnavan, W. J., 229.
O'Dovan,Connor,Bi»hopofDown(Pr.),182,
O'Dwyer, Colonel Edmund (see Dwyer
P.), 181, n.
O'Farrelly, Connor (Tr.), 258f
OTfeild, John (A.), 218.
Offelahan, Morris (Tr.), 250.
286
INDEX OF NAMES.
Offer nan, John (Tr.), 251.
O'GMassine, John (Tr.), ib.
O'Gowan, Turlogh (Pr.), 1S3.
O Hanlon, 46.
-- Redmond (To.), 200.
- Hugh (P.), 200.
O'Hutterie, Donagh (Tr.), 251.
O'Keeffe, Daniel (To.), 201, n.
O'Keirnane, Dermod (Tr.), 251.
- Connor (Tr.), ib.
O'Kelly, Mary, 201, n,
- John(Tr.), 250, 251.
O'Kerwick, Donagh (Tr.), 252.
O'Melaghlins, 46.
O'Moane, Teige (Tr.), 252.
O'Moores, 11, 45, 53.
O'Morrissee, John (Tr.), 250, 251.
- Moriah (Tr.), 250.
- Margaret, 251.
O'Mulloy, 50, 200.
O'Mulrooney, Connor, 41.
O'Neils, 11, 46, 54, 57, 58.
-)Neill, II ugh, Earl of Tyrone, 55, 70,
O'Nenle/Phifip (P.), 160.
- Hugh, ib.
O'Neil, Sir Phelim, 63, 65, 66, 67.
Onsl.nve, Sir Richard (A.), 219.
O'Piielane, Daniel (Tr.) 2.2
Orange, Prince of, 77.
Oriuoncl, James, Earl, Marquis, and Duke
of, 20, 30, n.; 54, 63, 65, 67, 82, 88,
104, n.; 114, 116, 158, 160, n. ; 163 n.
200,225,226,237,238.
Oruiond, late Marquis of, 20.
- Sir James of, 52.
Otway, Rev. Ocesar, 120, n.
Orrnsby, Major (O.), 133.
Orrnond, Countess of, 158.
^O\ven, Colonel John (A.), 213.
1FO Tuscan, William (Tr.), 250.
Packenham, Captain (0.), 131.
Page, Mary (A.). 214.
Pally, John (S.), 223.
1 aimer, Christopher (S.), 227:
Paris, Henry, 79, n. ; 253.
Parker, Mr. (A.), 157, n.
Parry, William, LL. D., 144, n.
Parsons, Lord Justice, 67.
Patterson, J. (S.), 229.
Paul, St., 26
Peacock, Laurence (A.), 217
Pearce, Caleb (A.), 214.
-- Joshua (A.), ib.
Peisley, Major, 158.
Penn, Admiral, 246.
Penny father, Captain (0.), 132
Peppers, The, 145.
Pepys, Chief Justice, 183.
Pt-ratt, Captain Edward (0) 226.
Pettily, William (8.), 227
Petty, Doctor William, 78, n. • 118 122
n.; 123-125, 126, n. ; 138, 145 n. ;' 147
148, 150, 151, 156, 169, 229.
Petty, John, 186, 228.
Philip, 53.
Phillips, James (A.), 221.
Phaer, Colonel (O.), 127, 131, 229
Pidle, Robert (S.), 227.
Pierce, Robert, 1S3.
J. (S.), 229.
Piers, Captain Edward (0.), 180.
Pinchion, Lieutenant-Colonel (O ), 132
Pirquett, Robert (Tr.), 250.
John (Tr.), ib.
Pitts, John (A.), 159, 160, 216.
Platt, Ensign Gectoje (O.), 138, n.
Jane(0.),ib.,1b.
Player, John (A.), 218.
Plinius, Caius Seoundus. 33, n.
Plunket, Robert (P.), 92.
Cicely, (P.), ib.
Plutarch, 20, ri. ; 173, n.
Poer, Colonel (To.), 200.
Poers, The, 50.
Poland, King of, 78.
Polybius, 32. n.
Popahain, Alexander (A.). 218.
Poulet, Colonel, 237.
Powel, Evan, 183.
Jowell, Hugh, 143, n.
Power, John Lord, Baron (P.), 91.
Jarnes (Tr.), 252.
Philip (Tr.), 250.
Walter (Tr.), ib.
Thomas (Tr.), 250, 251.
Nicholas (Tr.), 249.
John (Tr.), 253.
Powsye, Darby (Tr.), 250.
'oynings, Sir Edward, 10.
Prendergast. Maurice (Pr.), 188.
Ellen (TrA 251
Thomas (Tr.), ib.
Preswick, Mrs. Jane, 169 n
Prettie, Colonel (O.), 134.
— Peregrine (A.), 218.
Prim, J. G. A., 20, n.
Price, Robert (A.), 216.
Pyrrhus, 26.
Pym, Mr., 181.
Pye, Mr. (A.), 157, n.
Pynnar, 56, n.
Quiney, Richard (A.), 157, n.
Jtabetais, 21, n.
Radcliffe, Peter (A.), 216.
Hugh (A.), ib.
Anthony (A.), 223.
Radford, Captain (0.), 229.
Raymoun, John (O.), 219.
Redmond, Major (O.), 194.
Regiment, Ahasuerus (AA 214.
ReiUy, Hugh, 67, n.
Rendall, Thomas (S.), 228.
Reveson, William, Drummer (S.), 226.
Reynolds, Commissary-Gen. (OA 134. 235.
Paule (S.), 228.
fiich, Harnaby, 182.
Richard II. 20, n. ; 46, 158.
Richards, Col. Solomon (0.), 143, n.: 258.
Captain (0.), 132.
INDEX OF NAMES.
287
Richardson, Thomas, 91, n.
Major (0.), 134.
William (A.), 217.
Blddlesford, Walter de. 38, n.
Ridges, Alderman William (A..), 214, 223.
Hives against Roderic, 16, n.
Roberts^ Charles (A.), 213.
Elias (A.), 2*4.
Henry (S.), 228.
Robertson, 13, n. ; 27, n.
Robinson, Mr. Justice, 42, n.
Captain W. (0.), 226.
Roch, David, 253.
William (Tr.), 250.
Morisli (Tr.), ib.
Roches. The, 46.
Roche, Maurice, Viscount, of Fermoy (P.),
US, 24T.
Viscountess (P.), 118.
Christian (P.), 189, 248.
Kate (P.), ib., ib.
Jordan, Alderman (P.), ib., ib.
Anstace (P.), ib., ib.
John, 248.
Roderic, Hires against, 16, n.
King of Connaught, 35.
Rogers, William (A.), 217.
Richard (A.), 221.
John (S.), 227.
Roles, Samuel (A.), 157, n.
John (A.), ib.
Ronayne, James (Tr.), 251.
Morish (Tr.), ib.
Rose, John, 92.
Roth, Patrick (P.), 239, 240.
Rathe, R. C. Bishop of Ossory, 182, n.
Rousseau, 33.
Rowland, Samuel, 162, n.
Rovvlestone, Lieutenant Francis, 194, 196.
Rushworth, 67. n. ; 69, n. : 180, n.
Russell, Sir William, 200.
Mary (P.), 250.
Patrick (P.), rt>.
Ruthorne, Joseph (A.), 218.
Rutton, Matthew (A.), 214
Rymer, 35, n.
Ryan, Dermot (To ), 193.
Sadleir, Colonel Thomas (O.), 96, 111, 134,
172, 187, n
Sadler, John (A.), 149, n.
Salisbury, Earl of, 36, n. ; 56, n.
Sallway, Richard (A.), 224.
Sandys, Captain (0.), 227.
Sanki-y, Colonol Sir Hierome (O.), 134,
148,216,217.
Sitnthy, Mr. Justice, 243.
Sarsfield, Dominick (P.), 239.
Saunders, Colonel Robert (0.), 229.
Scanderbeg, the Irish, 201.
SoobeU, 80, n. ; 82, n. ; 84, n.; 187, n.
Scott, Lieutenant-Colonel (O.), 142.
Richard (A), 214.
John (S.), 228.
Seed, John (A.), 217.
8eager,John(A.), 215.
Seagrave, Captain (O.), 134.
Sear, Roger (A.), 216.
Sel by, Thomas (S.), 223.
Selden, John, 22, n.
Sellick and Leader, Messrs., 245.
Sentleger, Lord Deputy, 32, r..
Seward, Samuel (S.), 223.
Shaffe, William (To.). 194.
Slrakspeare. Margaret (A.), 220.
Shane, Thomas (Tr.), 251.
Shaw. Captain (0.). 91, n.
Shepherd, Major William (O.), 128, n.
Major Samuel (O ), 181, 147.
Captain Thomas (O ), 184.
Sheares, William (A.), 220.
Shepcott, Anne (A.), 214.
Shiel, William (Pr.), 1S4.
Shinkins, Thomas (S.), 227.
Shortt, John (A.), 214.
Sarah (A.), ib.
Sidney, Sir Henry, 48, n.
Silver, Mr., Councillor, 239-241.
Singley, Richard (S.), 223.
Skinner, Captain (O.), 131.
Skelton, Thomas (S.), 227.
Skippen, Colonel, 139, n.
Skrimshawe, William (A.), 221.
Smith, Erasmus (A.), 219.
Smyth, Mr. Edw. (Merchant), 111, n. ; 1T2.
Corporal Thomas (S.), 226.
Patrick (S.), 227.
Snell, George (A.) 213.
Soame, John (A.), 220.
Solomon, 33, n.
Southwell, Robert (P.), 240.
Spain, King of, 78, n. ; 181, n. ; 190.
Spenser Edmund, 25, 34, n. ; 35, 36, 51,
n.; 55,70,94,95, 182, 192, n.
Spunner, Arthur (S.), 183.
Squire, William (A.). 214.
Stacpoole, Ignatius (P.), 86.
Katharine (P.), ib.
Standish, Mr. James, Receiver-General,
113, n.; 138, n.
Stan i hurst, 36, n. ; 51, n.
Stanley, 42, n.
Major Thomas (O.), 159, 183.
Starkey, Rev. Mr., 65, n.
Stephens. Sergeant William (3.), 226.
William (S.),228.
Steephens, Colonel Richard (O.), 136, n.
St. George, Captain (O.1, 133.
William, Esq., J. P., 183.
St. Leger, Colonel, 237.
Stone, John (Returned Emigrant), 155, n.
Story, Rev. William, 202, n.
Stock, Thomas (A ), 218.
Strabo, 26. ...
Strafford, Earl of, 12, 22, n. ; 59, 67, 123.
Stafford, James (P.), 174.
Starrshiers, George (A.), 222.
Strongbjw, 14, 31, 43, 161.
Sturmy, Joshua (A.), 216.
Slubbers, Col. Thomas (O.), 110, 132, 172.
Sugar, Christopher, 241.
Suillevane, Dan. (S.), 228.
Summers, John (S.), 227.
288
INDEX OF NAMES.
Surrey, Earl of, 153.
Swinnock. Elizabeth and Sarah (A.), 222.
Sweetinge, John (A.). 157, n.
Sword, William, 143, n.
Sydney, Sir Henry, 62.
Symoa*, Richard (A.), 219.
Syrnonds, John, 190.
Tacitus, 31.
Talbof, John (P.), 89, 112.
Lord, de Malahide, 89.
Lady Manraret (P.), 113.
Sir Henry"(P.), ib.
Lady Grace (P ), 235, 236.
Talbott, Captain ((I), 132.
Talbot, Sir Robert (P.), 235.
Tandy, Captain (O.), 226, 229, n.
" Tarquin. Young,'' 22.
Taylor, William Cooke, LL. D., 166, n.
Teelin, Colonel Edward, 181, n.
Temple, John (A.), 220.
Terry, David (P.), 239.
Thierry, Amadee, 26, n.
Thomas, " Silken," 11.
Captain (O.), 134.
Ens gn Arnold (0.), 136, n.
Philip (SA 227.
Thornburia, William (A.), 223.
Thomlinson, Colonel Mathew, 124, 138, n.
Thornton, Peter (S.), 227.
Thorpe, Mary (P.), 232.
Thrale, Ru-hard (A.). 218.
Thnrles, Viscountess (P.), 158
Tliurloe, SfaJfrfy. 173. 244, n.; 246, n.
Tibbs, William (A.), 217
Tillaslye, William (A.), 221.
Timoleon, 173.
Tobin, Henry (Tr.), 250.
Toland, J., 146, n.
Toler, Henry (S.), 227.
Tongue, Anthony (S.), 228.
Tooles, The, 45.
Toole, Richard, 179, n.
Toomey, Thomas (P.), 238, 239.
Towne, Humphrey (A.), 215, 217.
Towse, Christopher (A.), 214.
Trelawney, John and Robert (A.), 220.
Trimleston, Lord (P.), 93. 94, 111, 129, 232.
Tuite, Richard and Thomas, 185.
Turbington, John, 221.
Turner, Captain, 134
Murtagh, 191.
John, 227.
Tyler, Richard, 222.
Tyrconnel, Bridget, Countess of, (P.), 93.
Tyrone, Earl of, 12, 37, 54.
Underwood, Alderman William (A.), 221.
Benjamin (A.), ib
"8 George, children (A.), ib.
Unite, Ethelbert (A.), 227.
Ussher, Archbishop, 71.
Valentine, Thomas (A.), 216.
Vaughan, Evans (Postmaster), 181, n.
Venables, General, 101, 132.
Vernon, Captain John, 245.
Waldoe, Daniel (A.), 219.
Waller, Sir Hardress, 131, 165, 235.
"Wakeham, Captain (O.), 229.
Wallace, William (A.), 157.
Wallis, Robert (A.), 223.
Thomas (A.), 214.
Walsh, Father Peter, 119, n. ; 188.
Walsh, Robert, 40, n.
Walters, Major (0.), 134.
Walthaui, Captain (O.), 132
Warden, Colonel (O.), 147.
Wardle, John (S.), 227.
Ware, Sir Jamex, 36, n.
Waring, Major, 145, n.
Warren, Colonel Edward, 163, n. ; 225.
Warwick, Countess of, 38.
Watts, William (A.), 213.
Webb, William (A.), 149, n.
Webster, William (A.), 213.
James (A.), 219.
Wen man, the Lord (A.), 157, n.
Westmeath, Earl of, 228.
Whalley, Anthony (S.), 227.
Wheatie.y, John (A.), 216.
Wharton, Lord, 69.
Wheeler, Lieutenant-Colonel (0.), 229.
White, Bartholomew (A.), 215.
Don Ricardo, 78.
Anne, Widow (Tr.), 92.
Nicholas (Tr.), 250.
Thomas (A.), 222.
Whitehall, Roser (A.), 215.
Whitelock, Sir John JBulstrode, 68, 98, n.;
139, n. ; 169, n.
Whyte, Robert (S.), 227.
Weare, Lieutenant Arthur (O.), 138, n.
Jane (O.), ib., ib.
Wildman, Major (0.), 146, n,
Wilkes, T. (S.), 229.
Wilkinson, Captain (0.), 131.
Robert (A.), 174.
William 111., 8, 59, n. ; 162, n.
the Conqueror, 9, 28.
Williamson, Captain William (tried for
fornication). 143, n.
Winkworth. Captain (0.), 148.
Wingfield, Patrick (S.), 227.
Winspeare, John (A.), 220.
Winter, M., " a godly man," 169, n.
Witham, Nathaniel (A.), 214.
Withern, Alderman George (A.), 217.
Wogan, Master Thomas, 44, n.
Wolfe, David (P.), 254.
Wood, Lieutenant Edward, 183.
A- Wood, Anthony, 22, n.
Woodburnes, George (S.), 227.
Woodcock, Thomas (A.), 223.
Woodley, Thomas (A ), 217.
Wolverston, Mrs. Mary (P.), 19.
Woodward, Hezekiah (A.), 219.
Worth, Zachariah (A.), 218.
Wray, William (Ti.), 250.
Wrenn, Captain (OA 132.
Wyse, Thomas (P.), 253.
Yarmouth, Corporation of (A,), 216.
Yeates, James (A.), 213.
Yeomans, Robert, 245.
Young, Arthur, 83.
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