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Flowers of the field.

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FLOWERS
OF THE FIELD

BY THE

REV. €. A, JOHNS). BA, Fass.

REVISED THROUGHOUT AND EDITED BY

CLARENCE ELLIOTT

WITH 92 COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS BY E, N. GWATKIN
AND 245 CUTS IN THE TEXT

SECOND IMPRESSION

LONDON
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LIMITED
NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON AND CO,
1908

‘These to his memory since he held them dear.’

I dedicate the coloured illustrations in this work
to the loving and reverent memory of my father,

JAMES THOMAS GWATKIN,
for many years a member of the Brighton Natural
History Society, once its President, and for some

years its Honorary Librarian.
EON. G,

EDITOR'S PREFACE

In preparing the present edition of Johns’ Flowers of the Field, it
has been found necessary to make a good many additions and
alterations ; most of them, however, are of an unobtrusive nature.

To have made a thoroughly scientific work of it was deemed
undesirable, for it would have meant so much pulling to pieces and
putting together again, that the charming classic, the simple book
in which for so many years keen unscientific amateurs have been
wont to burrow, and find quite successfully the names of the plants
which they collected, would no longer have remained.

‘Johns,’ though founded on a scientific basis, is not a scientific
book, and it has been the aim of the editor to exclude from the
present edition all those bewildering technical terms which terrify
the uninitiated, and to retain that unscientific simplicity which
for so long has made ‘Johns’ the book of all others beloved of
amateurs.

Some plants not included in the older editions have been added,
and the descriptions of many individual species have been somewhat
elaborated, but the rearrangement of Orders and Genuses has been
comparatively slight. The greatest change will be found in the
illustrations. The majority of the old familiar cuts which give
so well what may best be called the ‘ expression’ of the plants they
represent are reproduced in the present edition, but in addition to
these some 268 other species are illustrated in the coloured plates,
which are reproduced from a collection of water-colour drawings
by Miss Gwatkin. These speak for themselves. Though ad-
vanced botanists are apt to think lightly of illustrations, the cry of
amateurs is always, ‘ Give us plates,’ and undoubtedly plates are a
great help to the beginner—+/ they are good.

The Introduction to British Botany is given practically as it stands
in the older editions, and bya careful study of this the beginner may
easily gather sufficient knowledge to enable him to make the best
use of the text of the book. The chapter of the Introduction de-
scribing the Linnean system of classification has been omitted as
unnecessary, and even likely to confuse the beginner, who would
be apt to laboriously study it, only to find that it is wot the system
used in the text of the book.

The Index, which has been prepared by another hand, is quite
exhaustive, and will doubtless appeal to the uninitiated, whilst the
Glossary of Terms will explain any words unfamiliar to beginners.

CLARENCE ELLIOTT

INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH BOTANY
AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS, ETC.

TuouGH the highest claim of this volume is to introduce the lover
of Nature to an acquaintance with the common British plants, the
author has given to his first chapter the somewhat presuming title
of an “ Introduction to British Botany,’ lest those into whose
hands the work may fall should pass over the earlier part of it as
a treatise or summary of contents so little connected with what
follows, that the perusal of it may be omitted or deferred with
safety. So far is this from being the case, that the reader who is
unacquainted with the elements of botany will find the body of
the work of little use, unless he carefully peruses the earlier pages,
and makes himself thoroughly acquainted with the general plan.

The limits of a work of this kind will not allow any account of
the internal structure of plants, or of the functions of their various
organs. Nor, indeed, is such description necessary in a work
which professes merely to teach the unscientific how to find out
the names of the flowers they may happen to fall in with in the
course of their country rambles. Such a knowledge of plants as
this, it may be said, and said with truth, is not Botany; never-
theless, it is a step towards Botany: for there can be no doubt
that scientific treatises on this subject would often be studied with
pleasure, if the reader were familiar with simply the outward appear-
ance of the examples quoted: just as we take greater interest in
accounts of astronomical discoveries, if we have seen and handled
a telescope, than if we had merely had one described to us, no
matter with what accuracy and minuteness. The reader, then, or,
inasmuch as even the elementary knowledge of a science can only
be attained by study, the student who wishes to make this volume
practically useful in enabling him to find out the names of our
common wild flowers, is recommended to read with care and atten-
tion the following pages, into which the author has introduced
nothing but what is essential to the proper understanding of the
body of the work, and so to the attainment of his object.

Before a novice can commence the study. of any science he must
make himself acquainted with the terms employed by writers on
that science; he must not be frightened if things new to him
should have strange names. Unmeaning and hard to be remem-
bered they must appear to him at first, but this will be only as long

Vv

vi INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH BOTANY

as they remain mere sounds. When he has gained a knowledge of
the things for which they stand, they will lose their formidable
appearance, and, hard as they may still be to pronounce, they will
very soon become familiar to the mind, if not to the tongue. In
a scientific treatise on Botany, taken in its widest sense, these
terms must of necessity be very numerous. Not so, however, with
a popular description of the plants growing wild in a single country
of limited extent ; the author, therefore, has endeavoured to keep
technical terms as much as possible out of sight, in the hope that
the lover of Nature may be beguiled into forming an acquaintance
with the outward appearance of the plants of his neighbourhood,
and eventually be induced to study their characters, or to extend
his researches beyond the limits of his own country. He has,
consequently, avoided the use of Latin words wherever English
ones would do as well, and has often preferred to express by several
words what might have been defined by one, because that one was
probably strange to the reader. With respect to the organs of
plants, he has not noticed the existence of any but those with which
it is necessary that the student should be familiar before he refers
to the body of the work for a description of any plant which he
may have found; these, with their principal peculiarities, may be
described at once. They are, Root, Stem, LEAF, STIPULES, BRACTS,
FLOWER, CaLyX, COROLLA, STAMENS, PistTILs, FRuIT, SEED, RE-
CEPTACLE, and NECTARY.

THE Root.—The most frequent form of the root is a tuft of
fibres, each of which ends in a porous substance serving to absorb
moisture from the soil. In many instances, however, the nourish-
ment thus obtained, instead of being transmitted at once to that
part of the plant which rises above the ground, is lodged in another
organ, which, though partaking in some measure the properties of
root and stem, is distinct from both. This, too, with the fibres
attached to it, is called a root, the fibres themselves being named
rootlets. The principal forms of the root are :—

The Creeping Root, familiar examples of which are afforded by
Couch-grass and Great Bindweed.

The Spindle-shaped Root ; examples, Carrot and Parsnep.

A spindle-shaped root which ends abruptly is termed premorse
(bitten off), as in Premorse Scabious, p. 146.

The Tuberous Root consists of one or more roundish solid masses,
having the power of producing rootlets and buds from several parts
of its surface, as the Potato.

The Bulbous Root is a solid roundish mass, producing rootlets at
the lower extremity, and a bud at the other; it consists either of
fleshy scales, as in the White Lily; concentric circles, as in the
Onion ; or is of one uniform substance throughout, as in the Crocus.
This last is sometimes called a corm.

INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH BOTANY vii

THE STEM.—The stem is said to be simple when it bears leaves,
or leaves and flowers only without branches, as in Grass of Par-
nassus, Plate 33.

A compound stem is repeatedly and irregularly branched, as in
Flax-seed, p. 49.

The term evect, when applied to the stem, has the same meaning
as perpendicular.

An ascending stem is one which is horizontal when first it leaves
the root, and then becomes erect. When several stems grow from
one root, the central one is often erect, the rest ascending, as in the
common Mallow.

A prostrate stem trails along the ground without ever becoming
erect.

A creeping stem differs trom the last by sending out roots from
its joints. Some plants have erect stems with creeping scions, or
shoots from the base, as the Creeping Buttercup, p. 6.

Tue Axit.—This name is given to the angle formed by a leaf
where it leaves the stem. A bud or flower which springs from this
angle is termed axillary.

Tue LEAF.—Leaves which spring directly from the root are called
vadical ; those which grow on the stem are
either alternate, as in Balsam, p. 60; op-
posite, as in the Pink, p. 39; or whorled :
the leaves of Bedstraw, Plate 37, grow in
whorls.

Leaves which have no stalks are termed
sessile (sitting), as in Eryngo, Plate 35.

A leaf which consists of but one piece is said to be simple, as in
Marsh Marigold, Plate 3; a ternate leaf consists of three leaflets on
a common stalk, as in Medick, p. 67: a quinate, of five, as in Marsh
Cinquefoil, Plate 27. Other forms of the compound leaf are the
pinnate (from pewna, a feather), where a number of leaflets are
ranged along the opposite sides of a common stalk, as in Saint-foin,

Qaee leaf is sometimes wavy at the edge, as in the Oak,
Plate 82; 3-, 5-, or 7-lobed, as in the Mallows, Plate 13; and these
lobes are often deeply cut, as in Geranium, Plates 15 and 16. A leaf
of five or more narrow lobes united near the main stalk is termed
palmate (from palma, the palm of the hand), as in Hellebore, p. 8.
The pedate leaf differs from the palmate, in having the two side
lobes divided a second time at the edge nearest the stalk. A leaf
which is lobed after the manner of a pinnate leaf is termed pinnatifid
(from penna, a feather, and jindo, to cleave).

If a stalk is attached to a lcaf at or near its centre, such a leaf is
termed feltate (from pelta, a buckler), as in Cotyledon, Plate 32.

vill INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH BOTANY

A leaf through which a stalk passes is termed perfoliate (from per,
through, and foliwm, a leaf), as in Hare’s-ear, p. 122.

_ Two leaves united by their bases, and allowing the stem to pass

through them, are termed connate (from con, together, and nascor,

to grow), as in Chlora, Plate 59.

The margin of the leaf is cither evtive, as in Soapwort, Plate Io ;
crenate, as in Marsh Pennywort, Plate 34; serrate (saw-edged), as
in Rose, Plate 29 ; toothed, as in Enchanter’s Nightshade, Plate 30 ;
or fringed, as in Rock-rose, Plate 8.

With respect to form, the varietics of leaves are very numerous,
and the terms employed to define them not less so. Those which
occur in this volume are :—

Hair-like, or capillary, as in Fennel, p. 124.

Linear, as in the Grasses and Pink, p. 39.

Strap-shaped, as in Corrigiola, p. 103.

Oblong, as in Rock-rose, Plate 8.

Elliptical, oval, with both ends alike, as in the leaflets of Rose,
Plate 29.

Egg-shaped, oval, with the base broader than the extremity, as
in Pear, p. go.

Inversely egg-shaped, oval, with the base
natrower than the extremity, as in Brook weed,
Pp. 239-

Rounded, as in Pyrola, p. 186.

Heart-shaped, as in Violet, Plate 9.

Inversely heart-shaped, as in the leaflets of

Medick, p. 67.

‘. Kidney-shaped, as in Ground Ivy, Plate 71.
Arrow-shaped, as in Tower Mustard, p. 25.
Halberi-shaped, arrow-shaped, but with the

barbs turned outwards.

Angilay, as in Danish Scurvy-Grass.

DANISH SOURVECES |S = Sword-shapen, as in Tris, Plate 68.

StipuLes.—The base of the leaf-stalk is not unfrequently fur-
nished with two sheathing wings; these are called
stipules. The leaf of the Rose has oblong stipules at
its base.

Bracts.—Beneath the flower are frequently situ-
ated small leaves called bracts. Sometimes they are
mere scales, as in the Broom-rape, Plate 67; but
more frequently they are only to be distinguished
from true leaves by their smaller size, as in Evening Primrose,

. 94.

In the Umbelliferous Tribe, p. 111, they often grow, several in a
whorl, at the base of the general and partial umbels ; and in Com-
pound Flowers, p. 146, they are yet more numerous at the base

INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH BOTANY ix

of the heads of flowers. When they grow in this form they are
termed an involucre (from involve, to wrap up, because they enclose
the flowers before expansion).

THE FLowErR.—This, as it is the most ornamental, so it is the
most important part of the plant, being rarely produced until the
juices fit for its nourishment have been selected by the roots and
matured by the leaves, and containing all the apparatus necessary
for perfecting seeds. In flowering plants, besides the parts which
are indispensable to the ripening of seeds, there are others which
‘evidently serve as a protection, and others, again, the use of which
is not known. The flower, however, generally being essential to
the continuance of the species, has been selected as the part .on
which to found every arrangement of plants which can lay claim
to accuracy or utility. A thorough knowledge of its structure is
therefore necessary, before the student can proceed to discover the
names of the commonest plants which are flung with so bountiful
a hand over our hills and fields.

THE CALyx.—This name is given to that part of the flower which
in the bud stage is outside all the rest, and which when the flower
is expanded encircles the more delicate parts. It is usually green,
and consists of several leaves, termed sepals ; but these sepals are
often united at the base and form a cup, (hence the name calyx,
a cup). ;

It is unnecessary here to describe the various forms of the calyx,
which are very numerous. It may be remarked, however, that
when the calyx is divided into two distinct lobes, one of which over-
hangs the other, it is termed gaping; in the Mallow Tribe it is
double ; and in Compound Flowers, the Valerian and Teazel Tribes,
it is at first a mere ring, but afterwards becomes a chaffy or feathery
appendage to the seed, termed a pappus.

THE COROLLA.—Within the calyx is the corolla (little crown), a
ting of delicate leaves called petals, usually coloured—that is, not

green—and often fragrant. The petals are either distinct, as in
the Rose, in which the expanded part is termed the /imb, the lower
the claw ; or’united below, when the expanded part is termed the
border, the lower the tube. The corolla more frequently has as
many petals or divisions as there are sepals; and if these are all
of the same size and shape, the corolla is said to be regular,

az

x INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH BOTANY

The most common forms of the regular corolla of one petal are ;—

Salver-shaped, as in Primrose, Plate 74.

Funnel-shaped, as in Cowslip, Plate 74. ;

Wheel-shaped, when the tube is no longer in proportion than the
axle of a wheel, as in Speedwell, Plate 69.

Bell-shaped, as in Campanula, p. 384.

Trumpet-shaped, as in Convolvulus, Plate 57.

When the irregular corolla of one petal is divided into two lobes,
one of which overhangs the other, it is termed Jabiate, or lipped, as
in the Natural Family Labiate ; if the lips are open, it is said to be
gaping, as in Yellow Dead Nettle; if closed, personate, (from
persona, a mask), as in Toadflax. In the Compound Flowers,
p. 146, there are frequently two kinds of florets in one flower ;
those of the disk, or centre, being tubular, without an evident
border ; those of the vay, or margin, strap-shaped, as in the Daisy.

Among vegulay flowers of many petals, the only form which it
will be necessary to mention here is the cruciform, consisting of four
petals placed cross-wise, as in the Cruciferous Tribe, p. 16.

The most remarkable among the irregular is the papilionaceous,
(from papilio, a butterfly), consisting of five petals, of which the
upper one, called the standard, is usually the largest ; the two side
ones are termed wings, and the two lower ones, which are often
combined, form the keel, p. 62.

Both calyx and corolla are not always found in the same flower,
and when one only is present, it is sometimes difficult to decide by
what name it should be called. In this case the term perianth
(from the Greek pert, around, and anthos, a flower) is a convenient
one, Some flowers have neither calyx nor corolla, as Water Star-
wort. When the ferianth is said to be double, it is to be understood
that calyx and corolla are both present.

THE STAMENS.— Within the perianth, and frequently attached to
it, is a row of delicate organs called stamens, of which the lower part
is termed the filament, the upper the anther. When

«, the filament is slender throughout, it is said to be

Ns thread-like ; but if it be thick at the base, and taper

to a point, it is said to be awl-shaped. The anther

" varies in shape, but is most frequently oblong, and
composed of two lobes and as many cells, which are

illed with a fine dust, called pollen. If there be no filament,
the anther is said to be sessile. In a majority of flowers the
number of stamens equals that of the petals: a few plants have
but one siamen: very often the number of stamens is some mul-
tiple of the petals—that is, there are twice or thrice, etc., as many
and not a few flowers have from twenty to several hundred. Some.
times the filaments are united at the base into one or more sets,
as in Hypericum, p. 52; sometimes they form a hollow tube, the

INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH BOTANY xi

anthers being distinct, or free, as in Mallow, p. 49; and sometimes
the filaments are free, and the anthers are united into a ring, as in
the Compound Flowers, p. 146.

THE Pistit.—This is the central part of the flower, and
in its commonest form is a delicate column composed of
three parts—the ovary, the style, and the stigma.

The ovary, (from ovum, an egg), sometimes called the

geymen, contains the rudiments of the future seed.

The style, (from stvlos, a column), is to the pistil what the shaft
is to a pillar, connecting the ovary with—

The stigma, which is sometimes a mere viscid point, but more
frequently an enlargement of the summit of the style, and is vari-
ously shaped, being globular, flat, lobed, etc. If there be no style,
the stigma is said to be sessile.

In the majority of flowers there is but one pistil; but very often
there is a single ovary, which bears several styles and stigmas. In
this case the ovary usually consists of several cells, each of which,
with its style and stigma, is termed a carpel ; and the same name
is given to each of the ovaries in such flowers as Marsh Marigold,
p. 7, where they are distinct ; and in Blackberry, p. 86, where they
are united.

Both calyx and corolla, it has been said above, may be absent.
Not so with respect to stamens and pistils; for, unless they are
present, no seed can be perfected. It is not, however, essential
that they should both be found in the same flower. Sometimes on
the same plant flowers are to be found, some of which bear stamens
only, others pistils only ; and not unfrequently these organs grow,
not only in separate flowers, but on different plants. In either
case, those flowers alone which contain pistils produce seeds, and
are therefore termed fertile ; while those containing stamens only,
are called barren. The external structure of barren and fertile
flowers is often very dissimilar, as in Willow, p. 264, and Oak,
p- 266. When the ovary is inserted above the base of the perianth,
it is said to be superior, as in Crowfoot, p. 6; when below, inferior,
as in Rose, p. 88. In like manner the perianth is said to be superior
or inferior, according as it is inserted above or below the ovary.

Tue Fruit.—As the flower withers, the ovary enlarges and be-
comes the fruit, that is, the seed, with its case or covering, also
called a pericarp, (from pert, around, and carpos, fruit). Among the
various forms of fruit, the principal are—

The capsule (from capsila, a little box), a dry case, either opening
by valves, as in Pink, p. 39; by #eeth, as in Lychnis, p. 42; by
pores, as in Poppy, p. 13; or by splitting all round, as in Pimpernel,
Pp. 237.

The silique and stlicle, described at p. 16.

The pod, or legume, a long seed-vessel, differing from the silique

xii INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH BOTANY

in having no partition, and bearing the seeds in a single row, as in
the Pea and Bean Tribe, p. 63.
The berry, a juicy or mealy fruit, bearing the seeds immersed in
pulp, as in Elder, Currant, etc.
The sat, a dry fruit, composed of a hard shell, containing a seed,
as in Hazel, p. 267; and Gromwell, p. 200.
The drupe, a nut enclosed in pulp, as the Plum and Cherry.
The cone, a collection of imbricated or overlapping scales, each of
which covers two seeds.

THE SEED.—A seed is said to be dicotyledonous when it is com-
posed of two lobes, or cotyledons, which enclose the
plumule, or embryo of the future plant. As the
seed germinates, the cotyledons either rise above
the ground, as in Mustard, or remain buried, as in
the garden Pea. Plants bearing seeds of this
structure compose the first Natural Class, Dico-
TYLEDONOUS PLANTS, or EXOGENS, p. I. When the seed is not
separable into two parts, it is termed monocotyledonous ; and plants
bearing such secds compose the Second Natural Class, Monocoty-
LEDONOUS PLants, or ENDOGENS, p. 269.

RECEPTACLE.—This name is given to that part of the flower on
which all the others rest. It is most conspicuous in the Compound
Flowers, p. 146, where it is sometimes conical, as in Daisy, p. 173 ;
chaffy, as in Cat’s-ear, p. 156; bristly, as in Thistle, p. 161; or
dotted, as in Dandelion, p. 160.

NeEcTary.—Any distinct organ in a flower which contains honey ;
for instance, the scale at the base of the petals in Crowfoot, p. 5;
the spurs of the Columbine, p. 8, etc.

INFLORESCENCE.—This term is used to denote the arrangement
of flowers on the stem.

A flower-stalk springing directly from the root, and bearing no
leaves, is termed a scape, as in Primrose, Plate 74.

When it is inserted in the angle between the main stem and a
leaf, it is termed axillary, as in Balsam, p. 60.

When it is at the extremity of the main stem, having no leaves
beyond it, it is said to be ¢erminal, as in Grass of Parnassus, Pelt,

A flower-stalk which bears but one flower, is said to he simple,
as in Grass of Parnassus.

A stalk bearing a number of sessile flowers, arranged one above
another, is termed a spike, as in Plantain, p. 241.

When, instead of being sessile, the flowers are supported on
simple stalks, the inflorescence is a cluster, as in Mclilot, p. 68.

A panicle differs from a cluster in being branched, as in Spurrey,
Pp: 45; .

A corymb differs from a cluster in bearing the lower flowers on

INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH BOTANY xili

long stalks, while the upper are sessile, or nearly so, as in Wall-
flower, p. 28.

In a cyme the stalks are irregularly branched, but the flowers
are nearly level, as in Elder, p. 135.

The wmbel is a mode of inflorescence in which the flower-stalks
spring from a common centre, and bear each a single flower, as in
Ivy, p. 131. When the stalks bear, instead of a single flower, a
second umbel, the inflorescence is a compound umbel, the primary
division being termed a general wmbel, the secondary a partial.
This mode of inflorescence is common in the Umbelliferous Tribe,
p. IIo.

A head resembles a simple umbel, except that the flowers are all
sessile, as in Scabious, p. 146.

A catkin resembles a spike, except that the flowers are enclosed
each within a scale-like bract. as in Hazel, Plate 81.

Other terms which are employed in the body of the work will be
explained as they occur, or in the description which precedes the
summary of each Natural Order. A glossary will also be found at
the end of the volume, containing definitions of most of the common
terms in use.

It is not necessary to give an account of the Linnean system of
classification, nor of the various others which have been proposed.
Suffice it to say, the one generally adopted in Britain is a modifica-
tion of those of Jussieu and De Candolle. Here the whole Vegetable
Kingdom is divided into three great CLASSES.

Ciass I. DICOTYLEDONS.

In this Class are placed such plants as produce seeds divisible
into two lobes, or cotyledons. It is subdivided into four Sud-classes,
THALAMIFLORZ&, CALYCIFLORE, COROLLIFLORZ, and Mownocu-
LAMYDE&.

Sub-class I. THALAMIFLORA:.

Flowers furnished with calyx and corolla; petals distinct, in-
serted into the receptacle, or thalamus ; stamens springing from
the base of the ovary.

Sub-class II. CALYCIFLORA.

Flowers furnished with calyx and corolla; sepals distinct, or
united ; petals distinct ; stamens inserted in the calyx, or close to
its base.

Sub-class II]. COROLLIFLORZ.

Flowers furnished with calyx and corolla; petals united, bearing
the stamens.

xiv INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH BOTANY
Sub-class 1V. MONOCHLAMYDEA.*

Crass II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
Perianth single, or none.

Seeds with a single cotyledon. It is subdivided into two Sudb-
classes, PETALOIDE and GLUMACE4.

Sub-class I, PETALOIDE.
Flowers with petals.

Sub-class I]. GLUMACE.

Flowers formed of chaffy scales, or glumes. This Sub-class con-
tains the Grasses and Sedges.

Crass III. ACOTYLEDONS.

Flowerless plants. Here are placed the Ferns, Mosses, Liver-
worts, Lichens, Sea-weeds, and Fungi, not included in the present
work.

Each of the Natural Orders, or Tribes, alluded to above, consists
of a number of plants which are more or less like one another in
various respects, especially in the organs. of fructification. The
plants comprised in each Tribe are again distributed into genera,
or families, each genus including all plants which resemble one
another yet more closely in the essential characters of fructifica-
tion. A species, or kind, 1s an assemblage of individual plants
agreeing with each other in all essential points; and individuals
which differ one from another in minor points, such as an irregular
formation of leaves or mode of growth, unusual colour of flowers,
extraordinary number of petals, etc., are termed vurteties. These
words are frequently used loosely in common conversation, but
the habit cannot be too carefully avoided in botanical descriptions,
as calculated to produce great confusion. Throughout these pages
they will be employed exclusively with the meanings above assigned,
which will be rendered clearer by the following examples: The
wild sweet-scented Violet is called by botanists Viola odorata ; the
former name, Viola, indicating that it belongs to the genus so called,
and being, therefore, termed its generic name. Besides the scented
Violet, we have in England the Dog-Violet, the Marsh-Violet, the
Pansy, and several others, all belonging to the same genus, and,
therefore, described under the name Viola. But the Dog-Violct
differs from the Swect-scented in having acute sepals, and leafy
stems, whereas the latter has blunt sepals, and the leaves spring

* From the Greek monos, one, and chlamys, a mantle or covering; the
: é ;
plants of this Sub-class never having both calyx and corolla.

INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH BOTANY xv

directly from the roots. The Dog-Violet is therefore a distinct
species, Viola canina. The Marsh-Violet and Pansy differ also in
important characters; they are, therefore, also considered distinct
species, the fact being indicated by the addition of the specific or
trivial names, palustris and tricolor, to the generic name Viola. The
flowers of the scented Violet are sometimes white and sometimes
blue ; garden specimens are often tinged with pink, and stil] more
frequently, double. These characters being either unimportant or
inconstant— for blue flowers generally have a great tendency to
sport to white, and double flowers are not perpetuated by seed—
the blue, white, pink, and double swect Violets are not considered
distinct species, but mere varieties. Now there are many plants
which bear a close resemblance to a Violet in the structure of their
flowers and seeds, but yet differ so far that they cannot be reduced
under the same genus; they are therefore placed with it in the
same Tribe, called VIOLACE#, all the genera in which, differ in essen-
tial points from the genera which compose other Tribes, but agree
with a vast number in having two-lobed seeds and leaves with netted
veins, two of the characters of DicoryLeponous Priants. In this
Class it is arranged with plants furnished with both calyx and
corolla, and having their petals distinct and inserted with the
stamens into the receptacle.
The plant of which we have been speaking belongs, then, to the

Ciass I. DICOTYLEDONS.
Sup-CLass I. THALAMIFLOR.
Order or Tribe 1X. VIOLACE®.
Genus I, Viola.

Spectes 2, odorata.

Variety, blue, white, or double.

VIII.

XVI.
XVIL.

XVIII.
XIX.

LIST OF COLOURED PLATES

Traveller’s Joy ; : : Frontispiece

FACING PAGE

Lesser Celandine, Water Crowfoot, Creeping Butter-
cup, Bulbous Buttercup, Wood Anemone,
Celery-leaved Buttercup .

Columbine, Marsh Marigold, Globe Hower,

Common Red Poppy, Opium Poppy, Pale Poppy

Greater Celandine, Welsh iii Yellow Horned
Poppy ;

Yellow Corydalis, Piciiae ee Caudal
Solida, Common Fumitory

Common Watercress, Garlic Mustard, ee Flower,
Charlock (Wild Mustard)

Wild Mignonette, Common Rock Rose

Heartsease, Heartsease (Variety), White Sweet Violet,
Dog Violet, Sweet Violet

Round-leaved Sundew, Common Seapwouk, Long-
leaved Sundew, Sea Campion

Ragged Robin, Bladder Campion

Greater Stitchwort, Chickweed, Campion, Piyaithen
Campion, Corn Cockle

Dwarf Mallow, Musk Mallow, Common Mallow

Marsh St. John’s Wort, Perforated St. John’s Wort,
Large-flowered St. John’s Wort, Hairy St. John’s
Wort, Trailing St. John’s Wort . : :

Bloody Crane’s-bill, Meadow Crane’s-bill, Dove’s-
foot Crane’s-bill, Dusky Crane’s-bill

Herb Robert, Mountain Crane’s-bill, Jagged-leaved
Crane’s-bill :

Long-stalked Crane’s-bill, fikeck Stork’ bill, Meufiaek
Stork’s-bill, Wood Sorrel, Shining Crane’s-bill .

Spindle-tree, Furze :

Broom, Dyer’s Greenweed, Black Medic :

xvii

Xviii

XX.

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.
XXIV,

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.

XXXI.
XXAIT.

XXXII.

XXXIV.
XXXV.

XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVI.
NXNXXIX.

XL.
XLI.

XLII.
XLII.
XLIV.

LIST OF COLOURED PLATES

FACING PAGE

Common Yellow Melilot, Common Rest Har-
row, Common Bird’s-foot Trefoil

Alsike Clover, Common Bird’s-foot,
ranean Trefoil, Hare’s-foot Clover

Bush Vetch, Slender Vetch, Spring Vetch

Meadow Vetchling, Tufted Vetch

Grass Vetchling, Tuberous Bitter Vetch

Blackberry, Stone Bramble, Water Avens,

Dewberry ;

Silverweed, Strawberry-leaved Ciiasstoll Wild
Strawberry, Shrubby Cinquefoil :

Marsh Cinquefoil, Creeping Cinquefoil .

Common Agrimony, Common Lady’s Mantle .

Dog Rose, Common May

Great Hairy Willow-Herb, Purple iwoseundie.
Hoary Willow-Herb, Common Enchan-
ter’s Nightshade, Rose Bay

White Bryony

Rock Stonecrop, Wall Demgrort Chstanie,
Orpine or Live-long

Rue-leaved Saxifrage, Grass of
White Meadow Saxifrage .

Wood Sanicle, Marsh Pennywort

Sea Holly, Wild Carrot, — — i
Nut ,

Moschatel, Honegeacitin

Crosswort, Lady’s Bedstraw, Water Batches

Red Spur Valerian, Small Valerian

Small Scabious Field Scabious. Sheep’s Shee.
bious ; F

Hemp Agrimony

Sea Aster, Flea-bane, Flea- fans Bien:
Golden-rod .

Bur-Marigold

Subter-

Parnassus,

Corn Feverfew F ‘ 5 ‘
Corn Marigold, Butter-bur, Corn Tansy,
Colt’s-foot F 5 s ‘

68

70
72
74
76

82

84
86
88

go

160

XLV.
XLVI.
XLVI.
XLVIII.
. XLIX.

LXNI.
LNII.

LXIII.
LXIV.
LXV.
LXVI.
LXVII.
LXVIII.
LXIX.

LXX.

LXXI.

LIST OF COLOURED PLATES

xix

FACING PAGE

Common Ragwort, Marsh Ragwort

Musk Thistle

Spear Thistle

Creeping Thistle ;

Common Carline, Meadow Thistle

Greater Centaurea, Knapweed .

Star-thistle, Mouse-ear Hawkweed

Yellow Goat’s-beard

Dandelion, Wall Lettuce ‘

Chicory. Corn Sow Thistle ‘ as :

Clustered Campanula, Nettle-leaved Campa-
nula, Water Lobelia, Rampion

Greater Campanula, Spreading Campanula

Hairbell, Hairbell (Variety)

Lesser Periwinkle, Bell Heather, Common
Ling, Cross-leaved Heath .

Field Gentian, Yellow-wort, Common Cen-
taury, Buck-bean

Great Bindweed, Sea Bindwedd

Lesser Bindweed, Lesser Dodder

Hound’s Tongue, Viper’s Bugloss, Common
Comfrey, Water Forget-me-not

Thorn Apple

Henbane

Woody Nightshade, Black ienihadie

Deadly Nightshade : : ‘

Dark Mullein, White Mullein, Toothwort,
Blue Broom-rape

Lesser Snapdragon, Ivy-leaved Petts, Toad-
flax, Pale Linaria, Figwort

Foxglove, Brooklime, Common Speedwell,

Yellow Mimulus, Germander Speedwell .
Red Bartsia, Red and White Lousewort, Penny-

royal, Yellow Rattle, Common Yellow Cow-

wheat

Ground Ivy, Water int. Ginaanige Nite.

Wild Basil, Greater Skull-cap

162
163
164
166
167
168
170
I7I
172
174

176

178
180

214

224

xX

LXXII.

LXXIII.

LXXIV.

LXXV.

LXXVI.
LXXVII.
LXXVIII.
LXXIX.

LXXX.
LXXXI.
LXXXII.
LXXXIII.

LXXXIV.

LXXXV.

LXXXVI.
LXXXVII.
LXXXVIII.
LXXXIX.

XC,
XCI.
XCII.

LIST OF COLOURED PLATES

FACING PAGE

Marsh Woundwort, Hedge Woundwort, Red
Hemp-nettle, Betony, Black Horehound .

White Dead-nettle, Red Dead-nettle, Common
Bugle, Wood Sage, Archangel

Common Verbena, Primrose, Common Butter-
wort, Bird’s-eye Primrose, Cowslip

Thrift, Loosestrife, Money-wort, Yellow Pim-
pernel

Good King Henry, Back Wheat, Snailes Weed

Sheep’s Sorrel, Spotted Persicaria

Spurge Laurel, Wood Spurge ;

Hop, Pellitory of the Wall, Stinging Nettle,
Lesser Stinging Nettle

Silver Birch, Elm, Common Alder, Syeat Gale

Hazel, Beech, Spanish Chestnut

Scotch Fir, Oak, Sallow r :

Early Purple Orchis, Broad-leaved Helle-
borine, White Helleborine, Marsh Helle-
borine

Common Twayblade, Lady's aes, Satie
Orchis

Man Orchis, Fly Grete, Bee Orbis, Butter
Orchis : . :

Yellow Flag

Snowdrop, Daffodil, Summer Sanigitke

Wild Hyacinth, Black Bryony .

Lily of the Valley, Round-headed Gatficte
Herb-Paris, Bog Asphodel, Fritillary

Flowering Rush

Great Water Plantain é : 7

Lords and Ladies : . . ‘

226

228

234

238
244
250
252

262
264
266
268

270
272

274
276
278
280

284
292
204
296

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT
OF PLANTS

Crass I
DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS

a Te characteristics by which plants belonging to this class
may be distinguished from members of the less extensive
class, Monocotyledons, are mainly as follows :—

The seeds are composed of two lobes or cotyledons, which enclose
the plumule, or embryo of the future plant. As germination com-
mences, the plumule lengthens downwards into a root, called in its
early stage a vadicle. At the same time the upper extremity
lengthens into a stem, which is composed of bark, woody fibre,
spival vessels, cellulay tissue, and a central column of pith.
The stem increases in diameter by deposits beneath the bark, but
outside the existing fibre. Hence the plants belonging to this
class are called EXOGENOUS (increasing by additions on the out-
side). In all trees and shrubs of this class the wood is arranged in
concentric layers, the hardest part being nearest the pith. The
leaves are netted-veined, as opposed to the parallel-veined leaves
of Monocotyledons. (Compare the leaves of a common primrose
with those of a lily of the valley.)

The parts of the flowers are usually arranged in fours, fives, or
some multiple of those numbers.

With a little observation the student will quickly come to be able
to recognize the essential characteristics of Dicotyledons and Mono-
cotyledons, whose general aspects are really very distinct.

Sus-Criass I
THALAMIFLOR/t

Flowers furnished with calyx and corolla ; petals distinct, inserted
into the receptacle or thalamus ; stamens inferior, 1.e. springing from
below the base of the ovary.

B

2 THALAMIFLORAl

NATURAL ORDER I
RANUNCULACEZ.—Tue RanuncuLus TRIBE

Sepals distinct, generally 5; petals distinct, generally 5, some-
times irregular in form, minute, or wanting; ovaries generally
numerous; fruit consisting of several one- or many-seeded carpels,
but in Acta a berry. An extensive tribe of plants, inhabiting for
the most part the temperate regions of the globe. All the British
species are herbaceous, with the exception of clematis, which is a
woody climber. The leaves are generally much divided, the flowers
showy, including as they do many garden favourites. Sepals
and petals often graduating into one another, sometimes extended
into spurs. Most of them possess acrid and poisonous properties
if taken into the stomach, and not a few produce wounds if ap-
plied to the skin. Some species were formerly used in medicine,
and the extract of monk’s-hood is still employed to relieve pain
in affections of the nerves. The Hellebore was held in high
repute among the ancients as a specific for madness; the beau-
tiful garden Christmas Rose belongs to this family. The Celery-
leaved Crowfoot, Ranunculus sceleritus, is one of the most widely
diffused plants, being as common in America, and on the banks
of the Ganges, as in our own marshes.

Carpels one-seeded

1. Crematis (Traveller’s Joy).—Sepals 4-6, resembling petals ;
petals wanting; carpels surmounted by a long feathery tail.
(Name from the Greek, clema, a vine-shoot.)

2. THALICTRUM (Meadow Rue).—Sepfals 4-5, resembling petals ;
petals wanting; carpels without tails. (Name from the Greek,
thallo, to flourish.)

3, ANEMONE (Wind-flower).—Sepals 5-15, resembling petals ;
petals wanting; involucre of 3 leaves distinct from the flower.
(Name from the Greek, anemos, the wind, from the exposed
place of growth.)

4. Aponis (Pheasant’s Eye).—Sepals 5; petals 5-10, usually
red, without a nectary at the base ; carpfels without tails. (Name
from Adonis, a youth who was killed by a wild boar, and whose
blood is fabled to have stained flowers.)

5. Ranuncutus (Crowfoot, Buttercup, Lesser Celandine, etc.).—
Sepals 5 (rarely 3); pelals 5 (rarely numerous), with a nectary
at the base. (Name from the Latin, rana, a frog, an animal
which frequents the kind of places where these plants grow.)

6. Myosurus (Mouse-tail).—Sepals 5, spurred; petals 5,

RANUNCULUS TRIBE 3

minute; cavpels numerous, forming a lengthened spike. (Name,
Greek for a mouse’s tail.)

Carpels many-seedea

7. TRoLiius (Globe-flower).—Sepals about 15, resembling
petals ; petals 5 or more, small, narrow, flat. (Name said to be
derived from an old German word, signifying a globe.)

8. CattHA (Marsh Marigold)—Sepals 5, resembling petals ;
no true petals. (Name from the Greek, calathus, a cup.)

9g. HetLteporus (Hellebore).—Sepals 5, petal-like, persistent ;
petals small, tubular; cavpels 3-10. (Name from the Greek,
helein, to injure, and bora, food.)

To. AguiILEcta (Columbine.)—Sepals 5, petal-like, soon falling
off ; petals 5, with curved, tubular spur. (Name from the Latin,
aquila, an eagle, to the claws of which its nectaries bear a fancied
resemblance.)

11. DELPHINIUM (Larkspur).—Sefals 5, petal-like, soon falling
off; the upper one helmet-shaped, with a long spur at the base ;
petals 2, concealed within the spur of the sepal; carpels I-5.
(Name from, delphin, a dolphin, to which animal the upper sepal
bears a fancied resemblance.)

rz. AconituM (Monk’s-hood).—Sepals 5, petal-like, the upper
one helmet-shaped, but not spurred; petals 2, forming a spur
which is concealed beneath the helmet-shaped sepal; carpels
3-5. (Name of uncertain origin.)

13. Acr#a (Bane-berry).—Sepals 4, petal-like, soon falling
off; petals 4; fruit a many-seeded berry. (Name from the
Greek, acte, the elder, from the similarity of the leaves of the two
plants.)

14. Pmonia (Peony).—Sepals 5, not falling off; petals 5-10;
carpels 2-5. (Name from Pon, a Greek physician, who is said
to have cured wounds with it.)

I. CLEMATIS

1. C. vitalba (Traveller’s Joy).—The only British species. A
hedge shrub, common where limestone or chalk enters largely
into the composition of the soil; climbing other shrubs by the
help of its twisting leaf-stalks, its stout woody stem and young
branches often carrying it to a height of several yards. Well
distinguished in summer by its loose panicles of greenish white,
fragrant flowers, and in winter by its tufts of feathery seed-
vessels, popularly known by the name of ‘‘ Old Man’s Beard.”
It received its name from ‘‘ decking and adorning waies and
hedges where people travel.’’-—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

4 THALAMIFLOR 4

2. THALICTRUM (Meadow Rue)

1. TI. Alpinum (Alpine Meadow Rue).
Stem unbranched; flowers in a simple ter-
minal cluster, drooping when fully expanded.
A graceful little alpine plant, 4-6 inches
high, common on the mountains of Scot-
land ; occasionally in the north of England
and North Wales.—Fl. June, July. Per-
ennial.

2. T. minus (Lesser Meadow Rue).—Stem
zigzag, branched; /eaves thrice pinnate ;
leaflets three-cleft, glaucous ; flowers in loose
panicle, drooping, pale greenish yellow ;
sepals tinged with pink; stamens con-
spicuously yellow. A very variable species,
usually found in limestone and chalky pas-
Tuaictrum Aprnum tures, where it grows from 1-2 feet high ;

(Alpine Meadow Rue) ON richer soils it grows more luxuriantly and

the foliage loses its glaucous appearance.
Great Britain and Ireland ; uncommon.—FI. June, July. Perennial.

3. T. flavum (Yellow Meadow Rue).—Slem erect, branched,
3-4 feet high; flowers crowded, not drooping, yellow; Jeaves
twice pinnate. Not uncommon about the banks of ditches
and streams in England, Ireland, and the south of Scotland.—
Fl. June, July. Perennial.

3. ANEMONE (Wood Anemone)

1. A. nemorosa ( Wood Anemone, Wind-flower).—Rootstock
creeping beneath the surface of the soil; flower drooping ; sepals
6; carpels without tails. Plant from 3-6 inches high. This
is one of our most beautiful spring flowers, adorning our wood-
lands at the season when primroses and violets are in perfection.
The sepals are generally white, but not unfrequently tinged with
pink externally ; more rarely they are of a delicate sky-blue,
both within and without.—Fl. March to May. Perennial.

2. A. pulsatilla (Pasque-flower).—Flower slightly drooping ;
sepals 6; carpels with feathery tails. The whole plant is clothed
with silky hairs. The large, solitary flowers are of a dull violet
hue, and are thickly covered with silky hairs on the outside.
High chalky pastures. Rare.—Fl. about Easter (Pigues), hence
the name. Perennial.

Two other species are described by British botanists—4.
apennina, with blue flowers of 12 or more sepals, and A. ranwun-
culoides, which has yellow flowers. They are not natives, but
have apparently become thoroughly established in many places.

PLATE II.

Lesser Celandine Bulbous Buttercup
Water Crowfoot Wood Anemone
Creeping Buttercup Celery-leaved Buttercup

Lae

a
1 .

RANUNCULUS TRIBE 5

4. Aponts (Pheasant's Eye)

1. A. autumnalis.—The only
British species. A pretty herba-
ceous plant, 8-12 inches high;
leaves finely cut; flowers resem-
bling buttercups in shape; sepals
5; petals 5-8, bright scarlet, dark
at. the base. It occurs as a weed
in cornfields, but is not very com-
mon, nor is it a real native of
Britain.—Fl. September to October.
Annual.

5. RANUNCULUS (Buttercup, etc.)
Flowers white

I. R. aquatilis (Water Crow-
foot).— Stem submerged; lower
leaves deeply cleft into hairlike
segments ; upper ones floating,
three-lobed, variously cut; flowers el
large, white, conspicuous, borne 1
singly on axillary flower stalks. (as co
A very variable plant. When BP
growing in swiftly running water Rs ae
the plant is wholly composed of
hairlike leaves ; but when growing Aponis (Pheasant’s Fye)
in stagnant water it produces flat-
tened leaves as well.—I'l. May to July. ‘Perennial.

2. R. hederaceus (Ivy-leaved Crowfoot).—Leaves all rounded
and lobed; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; stamens 5-10.
Smaller than the last, growing either in water or close to the
water’s edge.—FI. all the summer. Perennial.

Flowers yellow; leaves undivided

3. R. lingua (Great Spear-wort)—Leaves narrow, tapering to
a point, sessile ; stem erect, 2-3 feet high; flowers bright yellow,
more than an inch in diameter. The largest British species,
a handsome plant, but not common; found in watery places.
—Fl. summer. Perennial.

4. R. flammula (Lesser Spear-wort).—Leaves narrow, tapering
to a point, slightly stalked ; stem creeping at the base. Sides of
watery places; much smaller than the last; flowers about 3 inch
in diameter ; leaves sometimes clothed with silky hairs.

5. R. ficaria (Lesser Celandine).—Leaves heart- or kidney-

6 THALAMIFLORA

shaped, angular; sepals 3; petals about 9. One of our brightest
and earliest spring flowers, studding every bank with its glossy-
yellow, starlike flowers——Fl. March to May. Perennial.

Flowers yellow ; leaves divided ; carpels smooth

6. R. auricomus (Wood Crowfoot, or Goldilocks).—Radicle
leaves kidney-shaped, lobed, on longish stalks; stem leaves
deeply divided, without stalks. Whole plant about a foot high.
Flowers mostly irregular, owing to some of the petals being im-
perfectly developed. Common in woods.—Fl. April, May.
Perennial.

7. R. sceleratus (Celery-leaved Crowfoot)—Leaves smooth, cut
into oblong segments; stem hollow, juicy, erect, branched ;
carpels coMected into an oblong head. A highly acrid species,
from 6 inches to 2 feet high, growing in watery places in most
parts of the world. Leaves glossy; fetals small, pale yellow.
—Fl. June to August. Annual.

8. R. bulbosus (Bulbous Buttercup).—Calyx reflexed; flower-
stalks channelled ; root bulbous; whoie plant about a foot high.
A common British meadow plant.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

g. R. repens (Creeping Buttercup).—Calyx spreading ; flower-
stalks channelled ; root creeping. A common and most trouble-
some weed, increasing by creeping shoots, or sctomns, which take
root wherever a leaf is produced.—June to August. Perennial.

to. R. acris (Meadow Crowfoot).—Calyx spreading; flower-
stalks cylindrical, not furrowed; plant from 2-3 feet high; root
composed of long fibres. Meadows—very common throughout
Britain. Well distinguished from the preceding by the above
characters, as well as by its slender stem and by the narrower
segments of its upper leaves.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

A double variety is common in gardens, under the name of
Bachelor’s Buttons.

Flowers yellow ; leaves divided ; carpels not smooth

11. Rk. hirsutus (Pale Hairy Buttercup).—Calyx reflexed ;
voot fibrous: carpels margined, and rough with small tubercles ;
plant 6 inches to 1 foot high; flowers pale yellow. Meadows
and waste giound.—Fl. June to October. Annual.

12. R. arvensis (Corn Crowfoot).— Calyx spreading ; carpels
large and prickly; Jeaves deeply divided; flowers pale yellow;
plant about 18 inches high, nearly glabrous. One of the most
poisonous of the genus, yet its seeds are said to be a favourite
food of partridges. A common weed in cornfields, especially in
the south of England.—Fl. June to August. Annual.

RANUNCULUS TRIBE »

13. R. parviflorus (Small-flowered Crowfoot).—Stem prostrate,
hairy; seeds covered with small hooked prickles. Well distin-
guished by its hairiness, prostrate mode of
growth, and inconspicuous flowers which grow
opposite the leaves. Fields and waste places
—not common.—Fl. May to August. Annual.

Most of the plants of this genus are acrid,
and are said to be injurious to cattle if mixed
largely with their food. R. fammula and
sceleratus are used in the Hebrides to raise
blisters ; these are, however, of objectionable
use, being likely to produce sores difficult to
heal. R. aquatilis is by some botanists sepa-
rated into several species. Another species,
R. alpestris, which grows on the Clova moun-
tains, has divided leaves and white flowers.

6. Myosurus (Afouse-fail)

t. M. minimus (Common Mouse-tail).—A
small annual plant, 3-6 inches high: petals
yellow ; leaves narrow, fleshy; easily dis-
tinguished from every other British plant
by the arrangement of its ripe carpels into
the appearance of a mouse’s tail. Found in
gravelly or chalky cornfields, chiefly in the Myosurus (
south of England.—Fl. May. Annual.

ALouse-tail)

7. TROLLIUS (Globe Flower)

1. T. Europeus (Globe Flower).—A large and handsome plant,
common in gardens, and growing wild in upland woods and
pastures in Scotland, Wales, and the north of England; rare in
Ireland. The flowers are composed of about fifteen pale yellow
sepals, which converge into the form of a globe, enclosing the
petals and stamens.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

8. CaLTHA (Marsh Marigold)

I. C. palustris (Marsh Marigold, King Cup).—A large showy
plant, resembling a gigantic buttercup; leaves kidney-shaped,
large and glossy; flowers golden-yellow, often nearly four inches
across. Abundant in marshes or by the sides of streams. A
double variety is common in gardens.—Fl. Spring. Perennial.

8 THALAMIFLORE

9. HeLteporus (Hellebore)

1. H. viridis (Green Helle-
bore, Bear’s - foot). — Leaves
digitate; sepals spreading ;
petals tubular, shorter than
the calyx, containing honey
which is said to be poisonous.
A coarse, herbaceous plant, re-
markable for the light green
hue of its flowers. Height
2-18 inches.—Fl. March, April.
Perennial.

2. H: fetidus (Stinking Helle-
bore, Setter-wort).—-Leaves pe-
date; sepals converging. Best
distinguished from the preced-
ing by its evergreen leaves,
which are not divided to a com-
mon centre, and by the purple
hue of its sepals. Fl.—March,
April. Perennial.

These two species may possi-
bly be natives of one or two of
the southern counties of Eng-

HELLEBORUS VIRIDIS land; but they are generally

(Green Hellebore) considered naturalized garden

escapes. Both are found on cal-

careous soils, and both are remarkable for their large green sepals

and for the large tubular petals, in whose honey small flies may

sometimes be found caught. Closely allied with this genus 1s

the common garden flower, Evanthis hyemalis (Winter Aconite),

a pretty little plant, with yellow flowers and glossy leaves, appear-
ing very early in spring.

10. AQUILEGIA (Columbine)

1. A. vulgaris (Common Columbine).—The only British species,
common in gardens, to which it is in spring very ornamental,
with its delicate folded leaves, and no less so in summer, with its
gracefully borne flowers, of curious shape and many delicate
shades of colour. When growing wild its flowers are blue, white,
or dull purple. It may be distinguished from all other British
flowers by having each of its five petals terminated in an in-
curved hornlike spur. It derives its English name, Columbine,
from the fancied resemblance of its flowers to a nest of doves,
columba being the Latin for a dove. Open woods.—Fl. June,
July. Perennial.

PLATE Ill.

Columbine.

Marsh Marigold Globe Flower

RANUNCULUS TRIBE 9

rz. DeLpHinium (Larkspur)

1. D. ajacts (Common Larkspur).—Flowers blue, pink, or white,
in racemes, easily distinguished from other flowers by their spurred
calyx. A not uncommon weed in cornfields, but not a native.
Height 1-13 feet. Many very beautiful species are cultivated in
gardens.—Fl. June to August.

DELPHINIUM (Larkspur) Aconitum (Monk’s-hood)

Aconitum (Monhk’s-hood)

1. A. napellus (Common Monk’s-hood, Wolf's-bane).—A com-
mon garden plant, 1-2 feet high, with handsome
dark blue flowers. The whole plant, especially
the root, is very poisonous, and derives its name,
Woolf’s-bane, from being used to poison the
meat used as bait in wolf-traps. A doubtful
native in parts of England and Wales.—Fl. June,
July. Perennial.

13. Act#A (Bane-berry)

1. A. spicata (Bane-berry, Herb Christopher).
—The only British species. Stem triangular, 1-2
feet high; flowers white; fruit almost black.
Poisonous. A rare plant, found only in a few “
limestone localities in the north of England.
Fl. May. Perennial.

Acta (Bane-berry)

14. Ponta (Peomy)

1. P. corallina (Entire-leaved Peony).—A
handsome, herbaceous plant, 1-2 feet high.
Flowers deep red; seed-vessels downy. Not a
native of Britain, but naturalized on the slopes
of the Steep Holmes, an island in the Severn.
Many beautiful species and varieties are culti-
vated in gardens.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

Ponta (Peony)

10 THALAMIFLORA

NATURAL ORDER II
BERBERIDE.—THE BarBerry FAMILY

Sepals 3, 4, or 6, in a double row, often coloured, soon falling
off, surruunded by petal-like scales ; petals cither equal in number
to the sepals, or opposite to them, or twice as many, often with
2 gland at the base; sfamens equal in number to the petals,
and opposite to them ; anthers opening by a valve from the base
upwards; ovary solitary, I-celled, 1- to 3-seeded, generally turning
to a berry. Shrubs, growing principally in mount%inous parts
of the temperate zones, especially in the north of India. Several
species have thorny stems and astringent bark, and furnish a
yellow dye; the berries are acid—those of our species. Berberis
Astatica, are dried in the sun like raisins. Several handsome
species are cultivated in gardens under the name of Mahonia.

‘I. BERBERIS (Barberry).—Sepals 6; petals 6, with 2 glands at
the base of each; frit, a berry with I-3 seeds. (Name said to
be of Arabic origin.)

2. EPIMEDIUM (Barrenwort).—Sepals 4; petals 4,
with a scale at the base of each ; pod many-seeded.
_ (Name of uncertain origin.)

I. BERBERIS (Barberry)

1. B. vulgarts (Common Barberry).—A pretty
shrub, not uncommon in woods and hedges, remark-
able for the light colour of its bark, which is
yellow within, and for its 3-forked spines. The
flowers are yellow, and grow in drooping clusters ;
the filaments are elastic and irritable, so that
when touched ever so lightly by the legs of an
BERBERS insect they spring forward and close on the pistil,
(Barberry) scattering the pollen from the anthers as they do
so; after some time they recover their original posi-
tion. The berries are oblong, red when ripe and
gratefully acid, and may be made into an agreeable
preserve. Probably not a true native.—Fl. June.
Perennial.

2. Epmmepium (Barrenwort)

1. &. Alpinum (Alpine Barrenwort)—The only
species found in Britain, occurring here and there in
mountainous woods in somie parts of Scotland and
the north of England, but not really indigenous.
Never growing more than a foot high; each stem

E-PIMEDIUM é . ‘ 2
Avernum (Alpine bears a single. leaf, which 1s: composed of 3 delicate
Barvenwovt) heart-shaped leaflets.—F]. May. Perennial.

WATER LILY TRIBE II

NATURAL ORDER ant
NYMPH-EACH.—WateER Lity Tribe

Sepals 3-6, gradually passing into petals, and these into
stamens, all being inserted on a fleshy disk, which surrounds the
ovary; stigma sessile, rayed; fruit many-celled, many-seeded.
Herbaceous, aquatic plants, with
peltate, floating leaves, and large,
often fragrant flowers. The roots
of some species are roasted and
eaten; the seeds contain a con-
siderable quantity of starch, and
in seasons of scarcity are used as
food. The East Indian Nelum-
bium spectosum is said to have
been the sacred bean of Pytha-
goras. Its curious seed-vessels,
filled with vegetating seeds, are
thought to have originated the
form of the cornucopia of the ancients. One plant of this order,
Victoria regia, the largest and most beautiful of aquatic plants, pro-
duces blossoms 15 inches, and leaves more than 6 feet in diameter.
The seeds are eatable, and are called in South America, Water Maize.

Nympirta ALBA (White Water Lily)

I. NympH#A (Water Lily).—Sepals green on the outside;
petals white, inserted on a fleshy disk. (Name from its growing
in places which nymphs were supposed to haunt.)

2. NUPHAR (Yellow Water Lily).—Sepals yellow ; petals small,
yellow, inserted on the receptacle. (Name of Greek origin.)

1. NyMPHEA (Water Lily)

1. N. alba (White Water Lily).—Leaves 6-8 inches in diameter,
cordate, floating on the surface of the water; flowers about 5
inches in diameter and without scent. The only British species,
and perhaps the most magnificent of our native flowers, inhabit-
ing clear pools and slow rivers. The flowers rise above the
water under the influence of light, and expand only during sun-
shine, in the middle of the day. Towards evening they close and
sink beneath the surface.—Fl. July. Perennial.

2. NupHaR (Yellow Water Lily)

1. N. lutea (Common Yellow Water Lily).—Stigma with 14-20
rays, which do not extend to the margin. Rivers and ditches, fre-
quent. Much smaller than the last in allits parts. Flower yellow,

12 THALAMIFLORA

and nearly globose, raised some
three inches out of the water,
smelling like brandy, whence, in
Norfolk and other parts of England,
it is called Brandy-bottle. The
Turks prepare a cooling drink from
the flowers, which they call Putfer,
a corruption of the ancient name
Nouphar.—Fl. July. Perennial.

2. N. pumila (Least Yellow Water
Lily).—Stigma of 8-10 rays, which
extend beyond the margin. Much
smaller than the preceding, from
which it differs principally in the
toothed edge of the stigma. It

grows in several of the smaller a7
Highland lakes.—Fl. July, August. er ea
Perennial. (Common Yellow Water Lily)

NATURAL ORDER IV
PAPAVERACEA!.—TueE Poppy TRIBE

Sepals 2, soon falling off; petals 4; stigma rayed, or lobed;
capsule I-celled, many-seeded; seeds inserted on incomplete
partitions, which radiate from the sides of the capsule, but do
not meet at the centre. Herbaceous plants, and, under the
names of Opium, Laudanum, and Morphia, ranks among the
most valuable of medicines. That produced from Papaver
somniferum is alone used. The seeds of all contain a considerable
quantity of oil, which is mild and wholesome.

I. PAPAVER (Poppy).—Stigma sessile, rayed ; capsule opening by
pores beneath the stigma. ‘“‘ Named, because it is administered
with pap (papa in Celtic) to induce sleep.”—Sir W. J. Hooker.

2. Meconorsis (Welsh Poppy)—Sityle short; stigma of few
rays; capsule opening by pores beneath the top. (Name in
Greek signifying, bearing resemblance to a poppy.)

3. GLaucium (Horned Poppy).—Stgma 2-lobed; capsule pod-like,
2-celled, 2-valved. (Name from the glaucous hue of the foliage.)

4. CHELIDONIUM (Celandine).— Stigma 2-lobed; capsule, pod-
like, x-celled, 2-valved; seeds crested. (Named from chelidon,
a swallow, because, Pliny tells us, that bird discovered that its
juice was efficacious in restoring sight to its young when blinded.)

5. Ra@MmeErtA (Roemeria).—Stigma sessile, rayed; capsule 3-4
valves ; flowers violet.

PLATE Iv.
Common Red Poppy

Opium Poppy Pale Poppy

POPPY TRIBE 13

I. Papaver (Poppy)
Capsules bristly

1. P. Argemone (Long Rough-headed Poppy, Pale Poppy).—
Capsule club-shaped; bristles erect; leaves twice pinnatifid.
A small species, with light scarlet petals, black at the base,
occurring sparingly in cornfields. (The name Argemone, from
argos, slothful, was formerly given to Poppies, from their narcotic
effects.)—Fl. June, July. Annual.

2. P. hybridum (Round Rough-headed Poppy).—Capsule
nearly globular; bristles spreading; leaves twice pinnatifid.
Sandy or chalky cornfields—uncommon. Flowers deep scarlet.
—Fl. June, July. Annual.

Capsules smooth

3. P. dubium (Long Smooth-headed Poppy).—Capsule oblong,
often twice as long as broad; bristles on the flower-stalks close
pressed ; leaves twice pinnatifid; flowers scarlet.—Fl. June,
July. Annual.

4. P.rheas (Common Red Poppy).—Capsiles nearly globular ;
bristles spreading; /eaves pinnatifid, cut; jlowers large, rich
scarlet, often black at the base. The common poppy of corn-
fields. From this species the well-known garden Shirley Poppies
were raised, ranging through many beautiful and delicate shades
of crimson, pink, and white.—Fl. June, July. Annual.

5. P. somniferum (Opium Poppy).—Capsule globular, smooth;
whole plant glaucous, and smooth, with the exception of a few
hairs on the flower-stalk, about 2 feet high. Flowers usually
white with a purple stain at the base of the petals; but the
colours of the garden varieties are endless. Common in gardens,
and sometimes found apparently wild in waste ground, but its
native country is unknown. Opium is procured by puncturing
the un.-pe capsules of this plant, and collecting the juice which
exudes and hardens. The seeds are destitute of narcotic proper-
ties, and afford a wholesome oil, which is said to be used in
adulterating olive oil.—Fl. July, August. Annual.

2. Meconopsis (Welsh Poppy)

1. M. Cambrica (Yellow Welsh Poppy).—The only British
species, easily distinguished from any of the foregoing by its
golden-yellow flowers, and juice of the same colour; and from
the Horned Poppy by its slender growth, and green, not glaucous
foliage. Rocky places in Wales, Devonshire, and Westmoreland,
etc.—Fl. June, July. Perennial. A pretty variety with orange-
coloured double flowers has recently been introduced into
gardens.

14 THALAMIFLOR

3. GLaucium (Horned Poppy)

t. G. luteum (Yellow Horned Poppy).—Pod roughish ; leaves
embracing the stem, wavy, very rough and glaucous. A hand-
some plant, conspicuous on the sandy seashore, with its hoary
foliage and large yellow flowers. The pods are cylindrical,
6-10 inches long, and might at first sight be mistaken for flower-
stems bare of leaves; juice yellow.—Fl. June to August. Bi-

ennial. : ‘
ne 4. CHELIDONIUM (Celandine)

r. C. majus (Common or Greater Celandine)—The only
British species ; not uncommon in waste places and among ruins,
bearing its yellow flowers, which are much smaller than those
of any others of the Poppy tribe, in stalked wmbels ; the leaves
are irregularly pinnate, slightly hairy, and abound, as well as
the rest of the plant, in an orange-coloured juice, which is a violent
acrid poison. It is a popular remedy for warts, and has been
employed successfully in removing films from the cornea of the
eye—a property which, Pliny tells us, was discovered by swal-
lows; and hence it derived its name from chelidon, a swallow.
According to the same author it comes into flower at the time
when those birds arrive, and fades at their departure.—Per-
ennial. The Lesser Celandine is a species of Ranunculus, and
bears little resemblance, either in appearance or properties, to
the present plant.

5. ROMERIA (Violet Horned Poppy)

1. R. hybrida (Common Reemeria, Violet Horned Poppy).—
Distinguished by its purple-red flowers, and its capswules, which
are 3-valved and 2-3 inches long, with a few hairs. Not indi-
genous, but naturalized in cornfields in Norfolk and Cambridge-
shire.—Annual.

NATURAL ORDER V
FUMARIACE.—Tue Fumirory TriBeE

Sepals 2, deciduous, minute ; petals 4, irregular, the outer two
more or less united, and swollen or spurred at the base, the inner
two smaller and crested ; stamens 6, in two sets; ovary I-celled ;
style threadlike ; stigma lobed; sced-vessels 1 or 2-seeded; seeds
shining, crested. Herbaceous plants, with brittle stems, and
watery juice, growing mostly in temperate climates. Closely
allied to the Poppies, from which they may well be distinguished
by their irregular corollas, and watery (not milky) juice. .

1. CoRYDALIS (Fumitory).—Petals 4, of which one is spurred

PLATE V.

Greater Celandine
Welsh Poppy Yellow Horned Poppy

FUMITORY TRIBE 15

at the base; seed-vessel a many-seeded pod. (Name from the
Greek name of Fusmiitory.)

2. Fumarta (Fumitory).—Petals 4, of which one is swollen at
the base; seed-vesse] 1-seeded. (Name from Jumus, smoke; the
smoke of this plant being said by the ancient exorcists to have the
power of expelling evil spirits.)

I. CORYDALIS (Fumitory)

1. C. claviculata (Climbing Corydalis).
—Stem climbing ; eaves pinnate, ending
in branched tendrils. Bushy places, in
many parts of Great Britain. A long
and slender plant, with delicate green
stems and foliage, rising to the height of
several feet by the help of the bushes
among which it grows. Flowers in small
clusters, yellowish white——Il. June to
August. Annual.

Two other species are naturalized iu.
Britain—C. solida, distinguished by its
unbranched stem and purple flowers,
and C. lutea (Yellow Corydalis), not
uncommon on old walls; it is, like the Corvparis CLAVvICULATA
last, destitute of tendrils, and bears (Climbing Corydalis)
bright yellow flowers.

2. Fumaria (Fudmutory)

1. F. capreolata (Ramping Fumitory).—Sepals as broad as the
corolla and half as long; fruit globose, notched; plant generally
climbing by the help of its twisted leaf-stalks ; foliage of a delicate
green ; flowers pale pink, or cream-coloured, tipped with purple.
Hedges and cornfields, common.—Fl. May to August. Annual.

2. F. officinalis (Common Fumitory).—Sepals narrower than the
corolla ; frit nearly globose, terminating abruptly. Distinguished
from the last by its smaller sepals and petals, which are rose-
coloured, tipped with purple; it generally grows erect. In fields
and waste places, common.—FI. nearly all the year round. Annual.

Several smaller varieties of Fumitory are not unfrequently met
with, which some botanists consider distinct species, and name as
such. In these the fruit is more or less pointed, and there are
other minute differences which cannot be detected without accurate
examination. They are described by Hooker and Arnott, under
the names of Ff. parviflora, vaillantit, and micrantha,

16 THALAMIFLORE

Natural ORDER VI
CRUCIFERA.—THE CRUCIFEROUS TRIBE

Avery largeand important Ordcr, well described by the namecruct-
jerous, or cruciform, there being invariably 4 petals, which are placed

cross-wise ; stamens 6, of which two opposite ones are
\ shorter than the rest; seed-vessel either a long pod,
# a siligue, composed of two valves and a central par-

> tition, or a shorter pod called s:/icle, or pouch, which
is for the most part, but not always, similarly con-
structed. At the base of the stamens are generally
two green glands, which secrete honey. Most of the
plants of this Order possess, in their wild state,
stimulant properties, and an acrid flavour, though
none of them are poisonous ; in medicine they afford
a valuable remedy for scurvy. Under cultivation
many of them assume a succulent habit of growth,
and hold the first rank among esculent vegetables. The various
kinds of cabbage, kale, broccoli, turnip, radish, and cress are the
most remarkable examples. They contain a great deal of nitrogen
gas, to the presence of which is to be attributed their unpleasant
odour when rotting. Some contain a large portion of sulphur.
Oil is contained in the seeds of many, in such quantities as to be
a valuable article of commerce. There are some twelve hundred
species, distributed chiefly over the northern hemisphere, par-
ticularly in the cold and temperate regions. Upward of two hundred
grow in the frigid zone, where they form a large proportion of the
vegetation. In the tropics they are uncommon, and in certain
districts the Order is quite unrepresented. This Order contains all
the plants which were placed by Linnzus in the class Tetradynamia,
that is, all such as are distinguished by having 6 stamens, 4 long and
2 short. Modern botanists found the main distinctions of the
genera on the position of the radicle or embryo root, with relation
to the cotyledons, or seed-lobes ; but as this arrangement presents
difficulties to the young student in botany, it is not considered
advisable to adopt it here.

CRUCIFORM
FLOWER

Seed-vessel, a pouch (silicle) or short pod. Pouch 2-valved,
with a central vertical partition.

1. Turaspr (Penny Cress).—Pouch rounded, flat, notched ;
valves boat-shaped, winged at the back ; seeds numerous. (Name
from the Greek, thao, to flatten.)

2. CAPSELLA (Shepherd’s Purse).—Pouch inversely heart-shaped,
flat ; valves boat-shaped, keeled, but not winged ; seeds numerous.
(Name, a little capsa, or seed case.)

PLATE VI,

Yellow Corydalis

Corydalis Solida
Ram ping Fumitory

Common Fumitory

CRUCIFEROUS TRIBE 17

3. Hutcuinsta.—Pouch elliptical, entire; valves boat-shaped,
keeled, not winged; cells 2-seeded. (Named in honour of Miss
Hutchins, of Bantry, an eminent botanist.)

4. TEESDALIA.—Pouch rounded, notched; valves boat-shaped,
keeled ; cells 2-seeded ; stamens having a little scale at the base of
each, within. (Named in honour of Mr. Teesdale, a Yorkshire
botanist.)

5. Iperis (Candytuft)—Two outer petals larger than the inner
two; pod oval, notched; valves boat-shaped, with winged keel ;
two r-seeded cells. (Name from Iberia, Spain, where this genus
is largely represented.)

6, Leprpium (Pepper-wort).—Pouch roundish ; valves keeled ;
cells 1-seeded ; petals equal. (Name from the Greek, /eps, a scale,
from the shape of the pouches.)

7. COCHLEARIA (Scurvy Grass).—Pouch globose, or nearly so;
seeds in 2 rows. (Name from cochlear, a spoon, from the shape of
the leaves.)

8. SuBuLARIA (Awl-wort).—Pouch oval; valves flattened, boat-
shaped ; seeds numerous ; leaves awl-shaped. (Name from subida,
an awl, from the shape of the leaves.)

g. ALyssum (Alyssum).—Pod oval, flattened ; seeds few.

ro. DraBA (Whitlow Grass)—Pod oval or oblong; valves
slightly convex ; seeds many, in two rows. (Name from the Greek,
drabe, acrid.)

Pod without a central partition

Ir. CAKILE (Sea Rocket).—Pouch angular, with a horizontal
joint ; lower division containing a pendant seed, the wpper one an
erect seed, and soon falling off. (Name of Arabic origin.)

12. CRAMBE (Sea Kale).—Pouch 2-jointed ; upper cell containing
one pendant seed, lower joint seedless. (Name from the Greek,
crambe, cabbage.)

13. SENEBIERA (Wart Cress).—Pouch 2-lobed, rough, not burst-
ing; cells r-seeded. (Name in honour of M. Senebier, an eminent
Genevese naturalist.)

Seed vessel, a silique or long pod. Pod opening by two valves.

I4. CARDAMINE (Bitter Cress).—Pod narrow ; valves flat, nerve-
less, separating with an elastic spring ; seedsinasinglerow. (Name
from the Greek, cardia, the heart, and damao, to fortify, from its
supposed strengthening properties.)

15. ArABIS (Rock Cress).—Pod linear; valves flat, with one
nerve or several veins. (Name from being originally an Arabian
§€neis.)

18 THALAMIFLORE

16. BARBAREA (Winter Cress).—Pod linear, 4-angled; valves
with prominent nerve ; seeds in a single row ; calyx erect. (Name
from St. Barbara, to whom it was anciently dedicated.)

17. Nasturtium (Cress).—Pod nearly cylindrical, short ; valves
convex, nerveless; seeds irregularly placed in two rows; calyx
spreading. (Name from nasus tortus, a distorted nose, on account
of the pungent properties of the plant.)

18. SisymMerium (Hedge Mustard)—Pod rounded or angular ;
valves convex, with 3 (or rarely I) nerves; stigma entire; seeds in
a single row; seed-stalks slender. (Name, the Greek name of the
plant.)

Ig. ALLIARIA (Garlic Mustard).—Pod long, linear, rounded ;
valves slightly 3-nerved; seeds striated; seed-stalks flat. (Name
from the Latin, allium, garlic.)

20. Erysimum (Treacle Mustard).—Pod 4-sided ; valves keeled ;
stigma obtuse, entire or notched; seeds in a single row, smooth,
not margined. (Name from the Greek, erwo, to cure, on account
of the supposed virtues of the plant.)

21. CHEIRANTHUS (Wall-flower).—Pod flattened ; valves with a
prominent nerve; stigma of two spreading lobes. (Name of
Arabic origin.)

22. MATTHIOLA (Stock).—Pod nearly cylindrical, or flattened ;
stigma of two erect parallel lobes; seeds generally with a mem-
branous border. (Named in honour of Dr. Maitthiolus, an Italian
botanist.)

23. Brassica (Cabbage).—Pod nearly cylin-
drical, beaked ; seeds globose. (Name from the
Cellic, brestc a cabbage.)

Pod without valves

24. RAPHANUS (Radish).—Pods swollen, im-
perfectly jointed, tapering; szeds globular ; calyx
spreading. (Name in Greek, denoting early ap-
pearance or quick growth.)

1. Turaspi (Penny Cress)

I. I. arvense (Mithridate Mustard, or Penny
Cress).—Pouch round, flat, with very broad wings
and a deep notch; Jeaves oblong, arrow-shaped
at the base, toothed, smooth. Height about a
XS foot. In cultivated or waste ground, but not
a common. Penny Cress derives its name from the
TuLasri ARvensE resemblance which its seed-vessels in size and

(Penny Cress) shape bear to silver pennies; its longer name is

CRUCIFEROUS TRIBE 19

received from having been “ formerly used in the Mithridate confec-
tion, an elaborate hodge-podge now laid aside.’’—Sir E. J. Smith.
The flowers are white, and very small in comparison with the
pouches.—FI. all the summer. Annual.

2. T. perfoliatum (Perfoliate Penny Cress).—Pouch inversely
heart-shaped, not so large as in the last, and with smaller wings ;
style shorter than the notch of the pouch; seeds 3-4 in a cell,
smooth ; stem-leaves oblong, heart-shaped at the base, clasping
the stem; height up to 6 inches. Limestone pastures in Oxford-
shire and Gloucestershire, but rare. Flower
white.—FI. April, May. Annual.

3. IT. alpestre (Alpine Penny Cress).—Pouch
inversely heart-shaped; style longer than the
broad notch of the pouch; seeds numerous ;
stem-leaves narrow and clasping the stem ; stem
simple, about 6 inches high; flowers white,
rather larger than in the two foregoing. Moun-
tainous limestone pastures in the north of Eng-
land, rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

2. CAPSELLA (Shepherd's Purse)

CaPSELLA Bursa 1. C. bursa Pastoris (Common Shepherd’s
Pasroris (Common Pyrse)—The only species. A common weed,
Shepherd's Purse) +4 be found in almost every part of the world,

varying considerably in luxuriance, according
to soil and situation. In stony ground it :
grows only a few inches high, but in rich soil
as much as 2 feet. The whole plant is more
or less rough with hairs; the root-leaves are
pinnatifid, those on the stem oblong, toothed,
and arrow-shaped at the base.—Fl. nearly the
whole year round. Annual.

3. HUTCHINSIA

1. H. petyea (Rock Hutchinsia)—The only
British species. A pretty little plant, 2-3
inches high, growing on limestone rocks in
several parts of England and Wales. The
leaves are pinnate; flowers minute, fefals Hurcuinsta PETREA
white, scarcely longer than the calyx; the (Rock Hutchinsia)
seeds 2 in each cell.—F]. March, April. Annual.

20 THALAMIFLOR 4

4. TEESDALIA

1. T. nudicaulis (Naked-stalked Teesdalia).—The
only British species. A minute and not inclegant
plant, bearing several stems, which terminate in
small racemes of white flowers, the central stem
being always bare of leaves. The /eaves are pin-
nate, about half an inch long, and lie closely
pressed to the ground. Though widely spread
over England, it is not a common plant. Dry

TTEESDALIA
NUDICAULIS
(Naked-stalked banks.—Fl. May. Annual.
Teesdalia)

5. IBerts (Candytu/t)

1. I. amara (Bitter Candytuft).—Plant 6 or
8 inches high, bearing its white or pink flowers
in a flat head or corymb. Petals unequal, the
two outer larger than the two inner. An
occasional cornfield weed on calcareous soils.
—Fl. July. Annual. (Candytuft is a common
garden plant, and is particularly effective in
the rock garden.)

6. Leprpium (Pepper-wort)

1. L. latifolium (Broad-leaved Pepper-wort,
Dittander).—The largest British species, re-
markable for its dull glaucous hue; plant
2-4 feet high; Jeaves egg-shaped, pointed,
simple, smooth ; pouch oval, entire; flowers
numerous, small, white, in leafy clusters.
In salt marshes and on the sea-coast; rare.

—Fl. July. Perennial. LepipiuM LATIFOLIUM
(Broad-leaved Pepper-
2. L. yvuderale (Narrow-leaved Pepper- wort)

wort).—Smaller than the preceding, 6-12

inches high; leaves smooth, lower ones pinnatifid,
toothed, wpper ones linear, entire ; petals wanting :
stamens 2. Waste places near the sea.—Fl. June.
Annual.

3. L. campestre (Field Pepper-wort).—Séem erect,
branched above, about a foot high; leaves downy,
upper ones arrow-shaped at the base; pod rough
with minute scales ; style scarcely longer than the
notch in the pod; flowers very small; anthers
yellow. Common.—Fl. July, August. Annual or
biennal.

Lerrpium CaM- oe :
PESTRE (Field 4. L. Smithii (Hairy Pepper-wort).— Leaves

Pepper-wort) Cowny, upper ones arrow-shaped at the base;

CRUCIFEROUS TRIBE 21

pouch not scaly ; stvle much longer than the notch ; anthers violet.
(These last two are common hedge plants, of erect growth and
downy habit, made more conspicuous by their hoary foliage and
numerous pouches than by their minute flowers. L. campestre is
an annual, and sends up a single stem. L. Smuthit is perennial,
and sends up several stems, which are
woody near the base. The latter is the less
common of the two.)—FIl. June to August.
Perennial.

7. COCHLEARIA (Scurvy Grass)

Pouch nearly globose; root-leaves heart-
shaped or kidney-shaped, stalked; stem-
leaves oblong, sessile, slightly lobed, toothed
at the base, all fleshy and glabrous; stem
often much branched; flowers in rather
large corymbs, white. On the muddy sea-
shore, common.—Fl. May. Annual.

2. C. Anglica (English Scurvy Grass).—
Pouch elliptical, inflated ; root-leaves oblong,
entire, stalked, not heart-shaped; sfem-
leaves oblong, toothed at the base, sessile.
Leaves more entire and pouches and flowers
larger than in the last. Seashores, common. COCHLEARIA OFFICINALIS
FI. “May to August. Annual. (Common Scurvy Grass)

3. C. Danica (Danish Scurvy Grass).
—Smaller than either of the preceding ;
leaves all stalked, lobed, and nearly

triangular. Cliffs and hedges near the
: ic sea, very common.—F 1. March to June.

» e? Annual.

Two other forms are—C. Alpina, not
so large as C. officinalis, pods narrowing
at the ends: and C. Grenlandtca.
Mountains, Northern Scotland.

4. C. aymoracia (Horse-radish).—Root-
leaves stalked, toothed, often a foot long. Stem as much as 3 feet
high, séem-leaves almost stalkless ; flowers yellow, small. Remark-
able for its long, stringy roots, which have a pungent taste and are
used in cooking. Really a garden plant, but has become established
in some places. Waste ground.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

The plants of this genus derive their English name from the relief
they afford to persons suffering from scurvy, a disease to which
sailors are particularly liable, in consequence of their being debarred

COCHLEARTIA DANICA
(Danish Scurvy Grass)

22 THALAMIFLORE

° from the use of fresh vegetables. Many other
plants of the same tribe possess antiscorbutic pro-
perties to an equal degree, but these are particu-
larly available from always growing near the sea.
The use of lime-juice in the navy and merchant
service has rendered the attacks of this disease less
frequent than they used to be.

8. SUBULARIA (Awil-wort)

1. S. aquatica (Water Awl-wort).—The only
species. The roots are composed of long white
fibres; the leaves all grow from the roots, and

if are awl-shaped; the flowers are small and few;
SUR UAT petals white. The plant often grows entirely
Aguatica (Water under water; common on the banks of Alpine

Awil-wort) lakes.—Fl. July. Annual.

g. ALyssum (Alyssum)

t. A. calveinum (Small Alyssum).—A small annual, 3-6 inches
high. Flowers pale yellow; sepals persistent, or remaining on the
pods. Waste places, rare —FI. April to June.

2. A. maritimum (Sweet Alyssum).—A pretty garden plant, with
trailing ascending stems and white, sweet-scented flowers; sepals
falling off. In many places it has become established as a garden
escape.—F]. all summer. Annual or perennial.

to. DrABa (Whitlow Grass)

1. D. aizoides (Yellow Alpine Whitlow Grass).—Flower-stalk
leafless, smooth ; pefals notched, twice as long as the calyx ; style
much longer than the stamens; Jeaves narrow, pointed, rigid,
glossy, keeled, and fringed. On rocks and walls at Pannard Castle,
near Swansea, where it forms dense tufts, conspicuous with bright
yellow flowers.—Fl. March, April. Perennial.

2. D. rupestris (Rock Whitlow Grass).—A very rare species
growing in the crevices of the rocks and among moss, on the summits
of some of the Highland mountains. It seldom exceeds 2 inches
in height; the flower-stems are usually leafless, several growing
from the same root; the /eaves grow in tufts and are slightly
hairy.—Fl. July. Perennial.

3. D. incana (Twisted Whitlow Grass).—Stems 4-12 inches high,
bearing small white flowers ; slem-leaves narrow, toothed, hoary ;
petals entire; pouch twisted. Remarkable for the down on its
leaves, which is forked in a starlike manner. Mountains and
sand dunes on the coast, scarce.—Fl. June, July. Biennial.

CRUCIFEROUS TRIBE 23

4. D, muralis (Speedwell-leaved Whitlow Grass),—
Stem leafy, branched ; leaves rough, egg-shaped, blunt,
toothed, embracing the stem; fedicles spreading hori-
zontally ; stem 6-12 inches high ; flowers white. Lime-
stone mountains, rare—Fl]. May. Annual.

5. D. verna (Vernal Whitlow Grass).—Flower-stalk
leafless ; petals deeply cleft ; eaves all radicle, forming
a rosette, somewhat toothed, hairy. Common on walls
and dry banks.—Fl. February to May. Annual.

VERNA
This species is classed by some botanists as a distinct Resta

: Q : Whitlow
genus—Lyophila ; the following forms occur: FE. vul- Grass)
garis, pods twice as long as broad, common form ;
E. brachycarpa, pods rounded, not
common; E. inflata, pods inflated,
found on Ben Lewers, in Scotland.

II. CAKILE (Sea Rocket)

I. C. maritima (Purple Sea Rocket).
—The only British species. Common on
the sandy seashore, where it grows in
a bushy manner, with zigzag branched
stems ; bearing fleshy, variously cut,
glaucous leaves ; and corymbs of lilac
flowers. The seed-vessels are of very
curious construction, each containing
2 seeds, of which the lower is erect,
CGE MARTEINA the upper pendant.—Fl. June to Sep-
(Purple Sea Rocket) tember. Annual.

IZ. CRAMBE (Sea Ixale)

1. C. maritima (Sea Kale).—Plant about
2 feet high; glabrous, glaucous; leaves
thick, waved and toothed; yvoot hard,
almost woody. This is the plant which
is so well known in gardens as an esculent
vegetable. The part which is eaten is
the leaf-stalk, blanched by being kept
from the action of the light. It is found
on various parts of the sea-coast, and
differs in no respect from garden speci-
mens, as they appear when the forcing is :
over.—fl. June. Perennial. CRawiEE MARiiins

(Sea Iale)

24 THALAMIFLORE

13. SENEBIERA (Wart Cress)

1. S. coronopus (Wart Cress or Swine Cress).
—Pouch undivided, rough, with little sharp
points ; style prominent. A common roadside
weed, with trailing leafy stems, and clusters of
, very small whitish flowers.—FI. all the summer.
Annual.

2. S. didyma (Lesser Wart Cress).—Pouch
notched, of two wrinkled lobes; style very
short. A common roadside weed in the south
and west of England. It differs from the last
in having a more slender stem, and more finely
cut leaves. It emits a very powerful smell, like
SENEBIERA that of Pepper-cress, especially when trodden
Sonp agers on, or in hot weather, and is particularly nauseous
iiaer G7ass) to the taste.—Fl. all the summer. Annual.

14. CARDAMINE (Bitter Cress)

1. C. amava (Large-flowered Bitter Cress).—Leaves pinnate,
without stipules ; voot-leaflets roundish, those of the stem toothed
and angular; stem ascending, about a foot high; séyle oblique.
By the banks of rivers and canals, not common. The flowers are
large and handsome, white, with purple anthers.—Fl. April, May.
Perennial.

2. C. pratensis (Cuckoo-flower or Lady’s Smock).
—Leaves pinnate, without stipules; roof-leaves
roundish, slightly angular, those of the stem entire ;
style straight. A common and very pretty meadow
plant, with large lilac flowers. A double variety
is sometimes found wild, which is remarkably pro-
liferous, the leaflets producing new plants when
they come in contact with the ground, and the
flowers as they wither sending up a stalked flower-
bud from their centres.—Fl. May. Perennial.

3. C. impaitens (Narrow-leaved Bitter Cress).—
Stem erect, leafy, about 18 inches high; Jeaves
pinnate; auricles fringed. Moist rocks in some
parts of Scotland and the north of England, rare.
—Fl. May, June. Annual.

4. C. hirsuta (Hairy Bitter Cress).—Leaves pin-
nate, without stipules; Jeaflets stalked, toothed ;
pods erect. A common weed everywhere, varying
in size according to soil and situation, from 6-18 * C :
inches in height. In dry localities it ripens its ne
seed in March or April, and withers away ; but in (Hairy Bitter Cress)

Got

PLATE VII.

Cuckoo Flower
Garlic Mustard Charlock (Wild Mustard)

Common Watercress

CRUCIFEROUS TRIBE 25

damper places continues in flower all the
summer. The leaves and young flower-
stems afford an agreeable salad. The
flowers are white, very small, and often
imperfect, and are soon overtopped by the
lengthening pods, the valves of which,
when ripe, curl up with an elastic spring.
if touched, and fly off, scattering the seeds
to a considerable distance.—Fl. all the
summer. Annual.

5. C. bulbtfera (Bulbiferous Bitter Cress,
Coral-root),—Stem erect, about 18 inches
high, unbranched. Well distinguished from.
any other British plant in the order, by its
purple flowers, its whitish toothed roots,
and dark purple, scaly bulbs, which grow
in the axils of the upper leaves, and falling
off when mature produce new plants.
seeds are seldom produced, the plant.

CARDAMINE BULBIFERA

: : 2 Builbi, Bitter Cress,
depending for propagation upon the axil- ee Bs a at a

15. ARABIS (Rock Cress)

I. A. perfoliata (Glabrous Rock Cress,
Tower Mustard).—Stem erect, about
2 feet high; stem-leaves glabrous;
clasping the stem; voot-leaves slightly
hairy ; flowers pale yellow, small. It
grows on banks and open places, widely
distributed in England, but never very
common.

2. A. turrita (Tower Cress).—Stem
about 1 foot high; plant rough with
forked hairs; stem-leaves clasping the
stem; flowers whitish yellow; pods
curved downwards as they ripen.
Naturalized on old walls at Oxford and
Cambridge, but not a true native of
Britain.—Fl. May to July. Biennial.

3. A. Jursuta (Hairy Rock Cress).—A
stiff, erect plant, about a foot high.
Leaves rough with hairs, those of the
stem numerous, clasping the stem;
flowers small, white. Frequent in many
(Glabrcus Rock Cress; Tower parts of Great Britain on walls and

MENTE banks.—Fl. June, July. Biennial.

26 THALAMIFLORE

4. A. alpina (Alpine Rock Cress).—Flowers larger
than in the last; stem-leaves toothed, downy. A rare
species only found in the Isle of Skye.—Perennial.

3. A. ciliata (Fringed Rock Cress).—Stem ahout
6 inches high, smooth ; leaves smooth on both sides,
fringed with hairs at the edges ; flowers white. Con-
fined to a few localities in South Wales and the west
of Ireland.—Peyennial.

6. A. thaliana (Thale Rock Cress).—Stem 6-12
inches high; sfem-leaves few; roat-leaves spreading,
oblong, toothed; plant covered with short hairs ;
flowers small, white; seed-pods twice as long as the
stalks which bear them. Walls and banks, common.
—FIl. all the summer. Annual.

7. A. stricta (Bristol Kock Cress).—Plant about
wont 6 inches high; stem-leaves few; root-leaves forming
3 a tuft, hairy, pinnate; flowers yellowish white.
. Limestone rocks near Bristol—Fl. spring. Perennial.

8. A. petyvea (Northern Rock Cress).—Stems about
6 inches, branched below ; root-leaves usually smooth,
pinnate ; flowers white with a purplish tinge. Moun-
tains in Scotland and Wales._-Fl.summer. Perennial.

ARABIS

THALIANA
(Thale Rock

me 16. BARBAREA (Winter Cress)

1. B. vulgaris (Common Winter Cress).—
Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe
roundish ; upper obovate, toothed. Common
in moist waste ground, where it may beg
readily detected by its smooth, shining, "4 f
dark green /Jeaves, and its erect angular SN
stem, bearing numerous bright yellow flowers. (3
A variety with double flowers is frequent in
gardens under the name of Yellow Rocket.
Fl. May to August. Perennial.

2. B. precox (American Cress).—Distin-
guished by its slender habit and narrow ~ / Wd
leaves, but it is only an escape from gardens, ae ‘
and is used for salad.—Biennial. e i

Botanists have distinguished several forms pByprpapea VurcaRIs
of B. vulgaris ; some of them are of rare (Common Winter Cross)
occurrence, and the differences by which
they are distinguished are so slight that it is unnecessary to give
them here.

CRUCIFEROUS TRIBE 27

17. Nasturtium (Cress)

1. N. officinale (Common Water-cress).—. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets
roundish or oblong, toothed ; flowers white. Abundant in rivulets
and ponds, and extensively cultivated as a salad. The only plant
for which it can be mistaken by water-cress gatherers is the Procum-
bent apium, which may be distinguished by its hollow leaf-stalks
and serrated leaflets, which water-cress has not.—Fl. June to
August. Perennial.

2. N. sylvestre (Creeping Yellow Cress).—Leaves pinnate; root
creeping ; stems ascending ; flowers small, yellow; petals longer
than sepals. Watery places, not common.—Fl. June to Sep-
tember. Perennial.

3. N. palustre (Marsh Yellow Cress).—Not so large as the last,
and fefals smaller. Found in similar places, but more frequent.
—Fl. June to November.

4. N. amphibium. Larger than any of the foregoing. Flowers
yellow ; petals longer than the sepals. Banks of streams and wet
places, not common.,—FI. June to August. Perennial.

18. SISYMBRIUM (Hedge Mustard)

I. S. officinale (Common Hedge Mustard).—
Pods downy, close pressed to the stem; leaves
hairy, deeply lobed, with the points turned
backward, the terminal lobe large ; stem rough,
with erect branches, 1-2 feet high; flowers __
small, yellow. Common in waste places and by Ca
roadsides, where it seems to have a peculiarg
aptitude for collecting and retaining dust. '
—Fl. June, July. Annual.

2. S. Ivio (London Rocket).—Leaves pinnately pecan
lobed, with the points turned backward, toothed, — (Common Hedge
smooth; stem also smooth, erect, branched, about Mustard)

2 feet high; flowers small, yellow. A local plant,
growing in waste ground, chiefly about London, where, in the
spring following the Great Fire of 1666, it sprang up very plenti-
fully among the ruins, whence its English name.

3. S. Sophia (Flixweed).—Leaves twice pinnatifid, downy ;
petals shorter than the calyx. More slender than either of the pre-
ceding, with an erect branched stem about 1 foot high; and small
greenish yellow petals, which are almost hidden by the calyx ; and
numerous erect pods, which when ripe have-the appearance of being
bearded, from the numerous projecting seeds. Waste places and
roadsides, not uncommon.—Fl. summer. Annual. It was called
by the old herbalists Sophia chirurgorum, “the Wisdom of Sur-
geons,” from its supposed virtue in curing wounds.

28 THALAMIFLORA

Ig. ALLIARIA (Garlic Mustard)

1. A. officinalis (Garlic Mustard, Jack-by-the-Hedge, or Sauce.
alone).—Leaves broadly heart-shaped, stalked, heavily veined.
An early flowering hedge-plant, 1-3 feet high, with delicate green
leaves and snow-white flowers. The whole plant emits when
bruised a nauseous scent of garlic, from which it derives its Latin
and English names.—Fl. April to June. Annual or biennial.

20. Erysimum (Tveacle Mustard)

1. E. cheiranthoides (Treacle Mustard, Worm Seed).—Leaves
narrow, slightly toothed, roughish with three-forked bristles, dull
green; pods erect on spreading stalks; sfem branched, 1-3 feet
high ; flowers small, yellow, with whitish. sepals. Fields, gardens,
and waste places, not common.—Fl. June to August. Annual.

2. E. orientale (Hare’s-ear Treacle Mustard).— With smooth
entire /eaves clasping the stem, which is about 1 foot high; flowers
cream-coloured. Grows on some parts of the coast of Essex,
Suffolk, and Sussex, but is an escape.—Early summer. Annual.

21. CHEIRANTHUS (Wall-flower)

1. C. Cheirt (Wall-flower).—The only British
species, flourishing best on the walls of old
buildings, and producing its sweet-scented
yellow flowers nearly all the summer, although
scantily supplied with water. Not a true native,
but has become thoroughly established in many
situations of the kind described above. Many
beautiful varieties are cultivated in gardens,
some with blood-red flowers, some double.
Perennial.

22. MATTHIOLA (Stock)

I. M. incana (Hoary Shrubby Stock, Gilli-
flower).—Stem shrubby, 1-2 feet high; Jeaves
hoary with down, entire; flowers large, light
purple. The origin of the garden Stock. On
CuEIrantuus Curirt the southern seashore of the Isle of Wight.

(Wall-flower) —Fl. May, June. Perennial.

2. M. sinuata (Great Sea Stock).—Stem herbaceous, spreading ;
leaves oblong, downy, the lower ones imperfectly lobed; pods
rough with prickles ; flowers dull purple, very fragrant by night.
—Fl. August. Biennial. Sandy sea-coasts of Wales and Cornwall.

CRUCIFEROUS TRIBE 29

23. Brassica (Cabbage)

1. B, tenuifolia (Wall Rocket)—Stem erect, slender, smooth,
leafy ; leaves narrow, smooth, deeply divided into narrow segments ;
pods lined, slightly beaked, erect. A slender, branched plant,
from 1-2 feet high, with a tough stem, woody below, scattered
foliage, and large light yellow flowers ; it grows on old walls,
quarries, and waste places, principally in the neighbourhood of
large towns.—FI. all the summer. Perennial.

2. B. muralis (Sand Rocket).—An annual, with a bristly stem,
is very like the last, but smaller, and grows in barren places near
the sea, but is not considered indigenous.

3. B. Monensts (Isle of Man Cabbage).—Leaves glaucous, pinna-
tifid ; sfem neariy leafless, and 6-12 inches high; fods 4-angled ;
flowers bright lemon-coloured, veined with purple. Sandy sea-
shores on the western coast of Britain, rare.—Fl. summer. Per-
ennial.

4. B. oleracea (Sea Cabbage).— Root stem-like, fleshy; stem
branched, 1-2 feet high ; leaves perfectly smooth, glaucous, waved,
lobed ; stem-leaves oblong, obtuse; flowers lemon-coloured and
large. The original of all the varieties of garden cabbage
growing on several parts of the sea-coast.—Fl. May to August.
Biennial.

5. B. campestris (Common Wild Navew).—Root-leaves pinnate,
with rounded terminal lobe, toothed, roughish ;
stem-leaves smooth, heart- shaped, tapering
to a point; all somewhat glaucous ; stem
about 2 feet high, usually unbranched.
Borders of fields, common. Often con-
founded with Charlock, from which, how-
ever, it may readily be distinguished by
the smoothness and glaucous hue of its
upper leaves.—Fl. June, July. Annual.

B. vapa, Rape or Colza; B. rutabaga,
the Swedish turnip, commonly known as
Swede; .and B. napus, the Turnip, are all
varieties in cultivation.

6. B. alba (White Mustard).—Pods bristly,
rugged, spreading, shorter than the flat two-
edged beak; leaves pinnatifid; flowers rather
large, yellow. The young leaves of this
plant are used as salad. Waste ground.— prascica CAMPESTRIS
Fl. June, July. Annual. (Common Wild Navew)

30 THALAMIFLORZE

7. B. sinapis (Charlock, Wild Mustard).—Pods with many angles,
rugged, longer than the awl-shaped beak, spreading ; leaves rough,
toothed ; plant 1-2 feet high; flowers bright yellow. A common
and most pernicious weed in cornfields, sometimes springing up
profusely from ground which has recently been disturbed, though
unknown there before —FI. all the summer. Annual. F

8. B. nigra (Black Mustard).—Pods quadrangular, smooth,
slightly beaked, close pressed to the stalk; /Jower leaves pinnate,
with rounded terminal lobe; wpper leaves narrow, pointed, un-
divided, smooth. Taller than either of the preceding, but bearing
smaller flowers. The seeds yield the well-known table condiment.
—Fl. June, July. Annual.

g. B. adpressa.—Resembling the last, but the folsage is hoary,
the fods short, beaked. Found in the Channel Jslands.—Biennial.

24. RapHanus (Radish)

1. R. Raphanistrum (Wild Radish).—
A bristly or almost prickly plant ; Jeaves
horizontal, pinnate, with rounded ter-
minal lobe; flowers rather large, straw-
coloured, veined with purple; well dis-
tinguished when in seed by its jointed
1-celled pods.—FI. all the summer. Annual.
Cornfields.

A variety named R. marttimus, which
" grows on sea-cliffs, has its leaves com-
posed of large and small leaflets arranged
alternately. In both varieties the flowers
f i are sometimes almost white.
RaPHAnus Rapuanistrum An interesting cruciferous plant, rare
(Wild Radish) in England and not indigenous, is Isatis
tinctoria : erect, smooth, glaucous, I-3
feet high. Tt was with this plant—Woad—that the Ancient Britons
stained their bodies blue, and it is still in use as a dye.

NATURAL ORDER VII
RESEDACE.—THE MIGNONETTE TRIBE

Sepals 4-6, narrow; petals unequal, ragged, or fringed at the
back ; stamens 10-24, inserted as well as the petals on an irregular
disc, which is placed on one side of the flower ; stigmas 3, sessile ;
ovary 3-lobed, 1-celled, many-seeded, open at the summit; seeds
in 3 rows. Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants, with alter-
nate leaves and minute stipules, having their flowers in racemes or

PLATE VIII.

Wild Mignonette Common Rock Rose

ROCK-ROSE TRIBE 31

spikes. Most of the plants of this Order inhabit Europe and the
neighbouring parts of Africa and Asia. Reseda odorata, mignon-
ette, is a native of Egypt, and on account of the delicious perfume
of its flowers is a universal garden favourite.

1. ResepA (Mignonette).—Calyx many-parted; petals entire,
or variously cut, unequal; stamens numerous; capsile I-celled,
opening at the top. (Name from the Latin, vesedo, to calm, from
the supposed sedative qualities of some species.)

T. RESEDA (Af¢gnonette)

i. R. luteola (Dyer’s Rocket, Yellow-weed, or Weld).—Leaves
narrow, undivided; calyx 4-parted. An erect herbaceous plant,
1-2 feet high, with long blunt shining leaves, and terminal spikes
of yellowish flowers, with conspicuous stamens, and short flattened
capsules. It was used to dye wool yellow, or, with indigo, green ;
the whole plant when in flower being boiled for that purpose.
Waste places, especially on chalk or limestone soils-—Fl. summer.
Annual or biennial.

2. R. lutea (Wild Mignonette).—Leaves 3-cleft, lower ones pinna-
tifid ; calyx 6-parted ; pefals 6, very unequal. More bushy than the
last, and not so tall, and may be distinguished by the above charac-
ters, as well as by the shorter and broader flower spikes. On chalky
hills and waste places.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.

3. R. alba (White Mignonette or Shrubby Rocket).—Leaves
pinnate, glaucous; sepals usually 5; petals the same; lowers
whitish. A garden plant, sometimes found as an escape in waste
places.—Fl. summer. Biennial.

NATURAL ORDER VIII
CISTACE/Z.—TuHE Rock-RosE TRIBE

Sepals either 3 equal, or 5 with 2 smaller than the rest twisted
in the bud; #etals 5, twisted when in bud in a direction contrary
to the sepals, soon falling off; stamens numerous ; ovary single ;
style and stigma simple ; capsule 3-5, or, rarely, 10-valved ; seeds
numerous. Mostly shrubby, but sometimes herbaceous plants,
often with sticky branches; leaves entire; flowers white, red, or
yellow, lasting a very short time. The plants of this Order are
almost confined to the south of Europe and north of America ;
the only species which possesses any remarkable properties is Cistus
Creticus, which affords the balsam called Gum Ladanwm.

1. HELIANTHEMUM (Rock-Rose).—Sepals 5, the two outer either
smaller or wanting; petals 5; stamens numerous; capsule 3-
valved. (Name from the Greek, helios, the sun, and anthos, a
flower, because the flowers expand when the sun shines.)

32 THALAMIFLORE

xr. HerrantuEmMum (Rock-Rose)

1. H. vulgare (Common Rock-Rose).—Stem shrubby, prostrate ;
leaves with {ringed stipules, oblong, green above, hoary bencath ;
calyx of 5 sepals, the two outer very small, fringed. A beautiful
little branching shrub, with loose racemes of large bright yellow
flowers, frequent in hilly pastures on a chalky or gravelly soil,
where its flowers only expand during sunshine; the stamens if
lightly touched spread out and lie down on the petals.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

2. H. canum (Hoary Rock-Rose).—Grows on Alpine rocks in
Wales and the north of England; the whole plant is smaller than
the above. The /eaves are without stipules and very hoary beneath ;
flowers small, yellow. kare.

3. H. guttatum (Spotted Rock-Rose).—A herbaceous species,
the flowers of which are yellow, with a blood-red spot at the base
of each petal. Rare—Channel Islands, Cork in Ireland, and in
Anglesea.—Annual.

4. H. poltfolium (White Rock-Rose).—A small shrubby species
with white flowers, and leaves downy on both sides. Grows on
Brent Downs in Somersetshire, and on a few parts of the Devon-
shire coast,

NATURAL ORDER IX
VIOLACEA).—THE VIOLET TRIBE

Sepals 5; petals 5, sometimes unequal; stamens 53; anthers
lengthened into a flat membrane; style with a swollen stigma ;
ovary I-celled; seeds numerous, in 3 rows. A beautiful and im-
portant Order of herbaceous plants or shrubs, strongly marked by
the above characters, inhabiting most regions of the world, except
those parts of Asia which are within the tropics. Those which
grow in temperate regions are mostly herbaceous ; but in South
America, where they are abundant, most of the species are shrubs.
The roots of some species are highly valuable in medicine, furnish-
ing Ipecacuanha, well known for its sudorific and emetic properties.
The British species also possess medicinal properties, though they
are rarely used.

I. VIOLA (Violet).—Sepals 5, extended at the base; petals 5,
unequal, the lower one forming a spur ; anthers united into a tube,
two lower ones furnished with spurs, which are enclosed within
the spur of the corolla; capsule with 3 valves. (Viola was the
Latin name of some fragrant flower.)

The handsome flowers of the different British species appear to
be for ornament rather than use, for they seldom produce any
seeds. In the autumn, however, very small flowers are produced,

PLATE IX.

Heartsease ’ Go eee Violet
ay iety e
FE PBT ESSE Sater Sweet Violet

VIOLET TRIBE 33

almost without petals, and borne on short stalks. These insignifi-
cant flowers are prolific seed bearers. The Heartsease is an excep-
tion to this phenomenon.

I. Vota (Viole)

1. V. lurvta (Hairy Violet).—Leaves heart-shaped, rough, as well
as their stalks, with hairs; bracts below the middle of the flower-
stalks; sepals obtuse; lateral petals with a hairy central line.
Flowers various shades of blue, rarely white, scentless. Best dis-
tinguished from the sweet violet (to which it is nearly allied) by its
very hairy leaves and capsules, by the position of the bracts, and
by the absence of creeping scions.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.

2. V. odorata (Sweet Violet).—Leaves heart-shaped, slightly
downy, especially beneath; bracts above the middle of the flower
stalk; sepals obtuse; lateral petals with a hairy central line;
scions creeping. One of the most highly prized of all our wild
flowers, unrivalled in fragrance, and doubly welcome from its ap-
pearing so early in spring. The flowers are deep purple, lilac,
pale rose-coloured, or white, and all these tints may sometimes be
discovered on the same bank. The roots possess the medicinal
properties of Ipecacuanha, and the flowers are used as a laxative
for children. An infusion of the petals is employed as a chemical
test, being changed to red by acids, and by alkalies to green. The
flowers are said to communicate their flavour to vinegar in which
they have been steeped, and it is also said that they are used in
the preparation of the Grand Seignor’s sherbets——Fl. March,
April. Perennial.

3. V. palustris (Marsh Violet).—Leaves heart- or kidney-shaped,
quite smooth; sepals obtuse, spur very short; voot creeping ;
scions none. Bogs and marshy ground; common, more particularly
in the north. Flowers delicate lilac, with darker veins; leaves
light green, often purplish beneath.—Fl. April to June. Perennial.

4. V. cantina (Dog Violet).—Stem channelled, leafy, ascending ;
leaves heart-shaped, acute; stipules long, toothed, fringed; bracts
awl-shaped, entire; sepals acute. Hedges, heaths, and rocky
ground; the most common species. Flowers light blue, purple,
or white ; more abundant and lasting longer than any of the pre-
ceding, but less beautiful and scentless. This species appears to
have received its specific name as a reproach for its want of per-
fume. There are several varieties classed by some as distinct
species; of these the more important are, V. pumila, which is
small, not more than 3 inches high; V. staguina—taller than the
type, with very pale blue flowers.

5. V. tricolor (Pansy or Heartsease).—Stem angular, branched ;
leaves oblong, crenate; stipules deeply cut, terminal lobe broad,
erenate. Cultivated fields. Very different in habit from any of

D

34 THALAMIFLORAE

the preceding, and varying considerably in the size and colour of
its flowers, which are, however, most frequently light yellow, either
pure or tinged with purple. The cultivated varieties are countless.
—TIl. all the summer. Generally annual.

6. V. lutea (Yellow Mountain Violet or Mountain Pansy).—Stem
angular, branched principally at the base ; leaves oblong, crenate ;
stipules deeply cut, terminal lobe narrow, entire. Mountain
pastures, north of England, and Scotland. Nearly allied to the
preceding, and as variable in the size and colour of its flowers.
—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER X
DROSERACEA®.—SUNDEWS

Sepals 5, equal; petals 5; stamens distinct 5; ovary single ;
styles 3-4, often 2-cleft or branched ; capsule 1-cclled with 3 or 4
valves, which bear the seeds at the middle or at the base.

DRosERE# (Sundew).—Séyles elongated; /eaves clothed with
glandular hairs. Delicate, herbaceous marsh plants, often covered
with glands ; /eaves alternate, rolled in at the edges before expan-
sion ; flower-stalks curled when in bud. The leaves of the Droseras
are covered with irritable hairs, from the ends of which exudes a
sticky acid substance which takes the form of minute drops, and
which in the sunshine has the appearance of dew. These glandular
hairs are longer towards the edges of the leaves than at the centres.
Any small insect which settles on a leaf at once becomes caught by
the sticky drops, and in a short time the longer outer hairs bend
inward and on to the captive. The juices of the insect are actually
absorbed by, and go to nourish the plant. The incurved hairs
resume their former position. The leaves of Dionea (Venus’ Fly-
trap) are furnished with a two-lobed appendage, each half of which
is armed with three sharp spines in the middle and a fringe of
bristles at the edge. When touched by an insect these two lobes
instantaneously close on the ill-fated intruder and crush it to death.
After a short time they open again, in readiness for another victim.
In this case also the bodies of the trapped insects go to nourish the
plant.

1. Drosera (Sundew).— Sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 5; styles
3-5, deeply cleft ; capsule r-celled, 3-5-valved. (Name from the
Greek, drosys, dew, the leaves being covered with red hairs, which
exude drops of viscid fluid, especially when the sun is shining, and
appear as if tipped with dew.)

1. DRosERA (Sundew)

1. D. rotundifolia (Round-leaved Sundew).—Leaves all from the
root, spreading horizontally, round; /caf-stalks hairy; seeds

PLATE X.

Round-leaved Sundew Long-leaved Sundew
Common Soapwort Sea Campion

MILKWORT TRIBE 35

chaffy. An exceedingly curious little plant, 2-6 inches high,
gtowing in bos. The root is small and fibrous, and takes a very
slight hold on the ground; the leaves are densely covered with
red hairs, each of which is tipped with a drop of viscid fluid; from
the centre of the tuft of leaves rises a wiry leafless stalk, bearing
several small whitish flowers, which only expand in sunny weather ;
the flowers are all on the same side of the stalk, which in its early
stage is curled up, and gradually uncoils itself as the flowers sever-
ally expand.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

2. D. longifolia (Long-leaved Sundew).—Leaves all from the root,
erect, elongated, broad at the extremity, and tapering towards the
base; Jeaf-stalks smooth; seeds with a rough, not chaffy coat.
Smaller than the last, and, like it, growing in boggy places, but
not so frequent.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3. D. Anglica (Great Sundew).—Leaves all from the roots, erect,
long and narrow, on very long smooth stalks ; seeds with a loose
chaffy coat. Much like the last, and growing in similar situations,
but is stonter and taller and has longer leaves. Rare.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

NatuRAL Orver XI
POLYGALACEA?.—Tue MitKwort TRIBE

Sepals 5, the two inner larger, generally petal-like ; petals 3-5,
unequal, more or less combined with the filaments; stamens 8,
in two equal sets ; anthers 1-celled, opening by pores at the summit ;
pisttl 1; capsule 1-3-celled ; seeds pendulous. An extensive tribe
of herbaceous or shrubby plants, with clustered, often showy flowers.
Many are bitter, and their roots are milky. Medicinally they are
said to be useful in affections of the lungs, and to excite perspiration.
The most celebrated is a North American herb, Polvgala senega
(Snake-root), to which extraordinary virtues are ascribed. Several
species are said to cure snake bites. Avrameria (Rhatany-root) is
astringent, and furnishes a red infusion, used to adulterate port
wine. Some of the above properties, but in a less degree, reside
in the only British genus, Polygala.

I. Porycara (Milkwort).—Sepals 5, the two inner coloured,
wing-shaped ; petals combined with the filaments, the lower one
keeled ; capsule flattened, 2-celled, 2-valved ; seeds downy, crested
at the base. (Name from the Greek, signifying much milk, the juice
of the root being milky ; or perhaps from the belief that it increased
the milk-yield of cows which ate it.)

I. PoLyGALA (Milhwort)

1. P. vulgaris (Common Milkwort).—Lower fetal crested in a
starlike manner ; calyx-wings about equal in length to the corolla ;

36 THALAMIFLORA

bracts 3, at the base of each flower ; sfems
ascending, herbaceous; J/eaves narrow.
Common on heaths and dry pastures,
where it is highly ornamental during the
later summer months, with its starlike,
blue, pink, or white flowers——FI. June to
August. Perennial.

Besides the common form, P. vulgarts,
several more or less distinct varieties
have been distinguished, and classed as
species. Of these the more important
are as follows: P. oxyplera, with narrow
leaves ; flowers small, far apart; «nner

PoLyGaLa VULGARIS sepals narrow ; local. P. depressa—inner

[cnnmant Mmaedes) sepals broader than in the type ; common.

P. calcavea—lower leaves tufted; calyx-
wings blunt, with the veins scarcely netted ; has ceased to flower
almost before the common milkwort has commenced. P. amara—-
plant small; wings narrow; flowers pink; confined to Cronkley
Fell, Yorkshire. P. Austriaca—flowers larger, blue; confined to
Kent.

NaTurRAL ORDER XIT
FRANKENIACE.—Sta HEATHS

Sepals 4-6, united into a furrowed tube, not falling off; petals
equal in numbcr to the sepals, furnished with long claws, and
usually having scales at the junction of
the claw and limb; stamens cqual in
number to the petals; ovary 1; style
threadlike, 2, 3, or 4-cleft; capsile
t-celled, 2, 3, or 4-valved; seeds very
minute, attached to the edges of the
valves. Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby
plants, with branched stems, opposite
leaves without stipules, but a membranous
sheathing base, and numerous small sessile
flowers in the axils of the upper leaves.
An Order of only one genus, the species of
which are pretty widely distributed over the
temperate and warm sea-coasts of the world.

I. FRANKENIA (Sea Heath).—Style cleft
into 3 lobes, with the stigma on the inner
side ; capsule 3 to 4-valved. (Name from
John Franken, a Swedish botanist.) FRANKENIA (Sea Heath)

WATER-WORT TRIBE $7

I. FRANKENIA (Sea Heath)

1. F. levis (Smooth Sea Heath).—Leaves narrow, rolled back at
the edges, smooth, fringed at the base; flowers terminal, or from
the forks of the stem. <A small procumbent plant, with wiry stems,
crowded leaves, and pale rose-coloured flowers, growing in muddy
salt marshes on the south-eastern coasts of England.—Fl. July.
Perennial.

Another species, I. pulverulenta (Powdery Sea Heath), formerly
grew on the sea-coast of Sussex, but is now extinct.

NATURAL ORDER XIII
ELATINACEZ.—WaTER-WORT TRIBE

Sepals 3-5, distinct, or growing together at the base; petals
equal in number to the sepals ; stamens equalling or twice as many
as the petals ; ovary 3-5-celled, and with as many styles and globu-
lar stigmas; capsule with 3-5 cells and valves; seeds wrinkled,
springing from the centre of the capsule. Minute, annual, aquatic
herbs, with rooting stems and opposite leaves. Found in most
parts of the world.

I. ELATINE (Water-wort).— Sepals 3-4, growing together at
the. base; petals 3-4; stamens 3-4 or 6-8; seeds cylindrical,
furrowed, and transversely striated. (Name of doubtful origin.)

I. ELATINE (Water-wort)

I. E. hexandra (Six-stamened Water-
wort),—Flowers stalked; petals 3; sta-
mens 6; capsule 3-celled; seeds straight.
A minute plant, forming matted, turfy
beds on the margin of lakes, or growing
entirely submersed. When left by the
subsiding water it assumes a bright red
hue, but the pink flowers are at all times

% : . ELaATINE HEXANDRA
inconspicuous, Rare—Fl. July to Sep- (Ste-stamend Watee-woil)

tember. Annual.

2. E. Hydropiper (Eight-stamened Water-wort).—Flowers sessile ;
petals 4; stamens 8; capsule 4-celled; seeds curved. Yet rarer
than the preceding, and growing in similar situations.—Fl. July
to September. Annual.

38 THALAMIFLORA

NATURAL ORDER XIV
CARYOPHYLLACEZ.—TuHE Pink TRIBE

Sepals 5 or 4, distinct, or connected into a tube; petals equal in
number to the sepals ; stamens usually twice as many as, sometimes
equalling, the petals, and like them inserted on the stalk or ring of
the ovary; ovary I, raised on a short stalk, or inserted in a ring ;
styles 2-5, each with a sf?gma running along its inner side; cupsule
I or imperfectly 2-5-celled, opening by as many or twice as many
teeth, or valves, as there are styles; seeds inserted on a central
column. An extensive and well-marked order of herbaceous
plants, habitating the temperate and frigid regions of the globe,
particularly the northern hemisphere. The stems are swollen at
the joints; the leaves always opposite and undivided, and fre-
quently of a glaucous hue. Among garden flowers, the Pink,
Carnation, Sweet William, and Scarlet Lychnis, all belonging to
this order, are well known; and our hedges are much indebted
for their showy appearance in spring to the great White Stitchwort,
and in summer to the Red and White Robin. Botanists have
distributed the plants of this Order into two groups or sub-orders.

Sub-order I, SILENEE.—Pink Tribe

Sepals connected into a tube.

1. DiAntHus (Pink).—Calyx with 2 or more opposite scales at
the base outside; sévles 2; capsule I-celled, opening at the top
with 4 valves; seeds flattened. (Name in Greek signifying
the flower of Jupiter, from its beauty and fragrance.)

2. SAPONARIA (Soapwort).—Calyx without scales at the base;
styles 2; capsule I-celled, opening at the top with 4 valves ; seeds
rounded. (Name from sapo, soap, the plant abounding in soapy
juice.)

3. SILENE (Catchfly).—-Pefals generally crowned at the top of
the claw; styles 3; capsule imperfectly 3-celled, opening at the
top with 6 valves. (Name of doubtful origin. The English name
was given in consequence of flies being often caught in the viscid
fluid which, in some species, surrounds parts of the stem, a pro-
vision against insects crawling up to the flowers for the honey,
without effecting the cross fertilization which is essential for the
formation of seeds. The pollen is carried by a winged insect.)

4. Lycunis (Campion).—Sfrles 5, occasionally 4; capsule
1-celled, imperfectly divided into 5 cells, opening at the top with
5 or ro teeth. (Name from the Greek, lychnos, a lamp; ‘‘the
thick cottony substance on the leaves of some species, or some
similar plant, having been employed as wicks to lamps.’’—Hooker.)

PINK TRIBE 39

Sub-ordey 11. ALSINEZ.—Chickweed Tribe

Sepals distinct or very nearly so.

5. Sactna (Pearl-wort).—Sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, minute or
sometimes wanting; stamens 4-10; styles 4-5; capsule 4-
5-valved ; seeds numerous. (The name in Latin signifies fattening
meal, but is totally inapplicable to the minute plants of this genus.)

6. Mancuta.—Sepals 4, erect; pelals 4; slamens 4 or 8; styles
4; capsule opening at the top with 8 teeth. (Name in honour of
Conrad Mench, Professor of Botany at Hesse-Cassel.)

7. HoLosteum (Jagged Chickweed).—Sepals 5 ; petals 5, toothed
at the margin ; stamens 3-5; styles 3; capsule opening at the top
with 6 teeth. (The name signifies in Greek all bone, but why it
was given is uncertain.)

8. STELLARIA (Stitchwort).—Sepals 5; petals 5, deeply 2-cleft ;
stamens 10 or sometimes 5; styles 3 or 53 capsule opening with
6 valves, or teeth. (Name from séella, a star, which the expanded
flowers resemble in shape.)

9. SPERGULARIA (Sand Spurrey).—Sepals 5, flat; petals 5,
ovate, entire, as large as the sepals; stamens Io, sometimes less ;
styles ‘usually 3. (Name from the resemblance to the next genus.)

10. SPERGULA (Spurrey).—Sepals 5; petals 5, ovate, entire, as
large as the sepals, styles 5, alternate with the sepals. (Name
from the Latin, spargo, to scatter, the genus being
widely diffused.)

II. POLYCARPON (All Seed).—Sepals 5, keeled at the
back; petals 5, small, notched; stamens 3-5; stigmas 3,
on very short styles ; fru t-celled, 3-valved. (Name
from the Greek, polys, many, and carpos, fruit.)

12. ARENARIA (Sandwort).—Sepals 5; petals 5, en-
lire ; stamens 10 ; styles 3, occasionally 4; capsule open-
ing with 3 or 6 valves. (Name from the Latin, arena,
sand, many species growing in sandy ground.)

13. CeRAsTIUM (Mouse-ear Chickweed).—Sepals 5,
occasionally 4; petals 5, 2-clett, occasionally very small,
or absent ; stamens 10 or 5; styles 5, seldom less ; cap-
sule tubular, opening at the end with usually ro small
teeth. (Name from the Greek, keras, a horn, from the \
shape of the capsule in some species.)

1. Diantuus (Pink)
1. D. armeria (Deptford Pink).—Stem from 1-2 feet
high ; leaves downy ; flowers in close tufts, rose-coloured,
dotted with white, and scentless; calyx-scales very

DIANTHUS
ARMERIA
narrow, downy, as long as the tube. Waste places, (pepifora

rare.—Fl. July, August. Annual. Pink)

40 THALAMIFLORA

2. D. prolifer (Proliferous Pink).—Stem smooth ; leaves roughish
at the edge; flowers in heads ; calyx-scales membranous, pellucid.
An erect wiry plant, 6-12 inches high, with narrow leaves ; readily
distinguished by its heads of rose-coloured flowers, only one of
which opens at a time, and by the brown dry scales in which the
heads of flowers are enclosed. Gravelly pastures, rare, but not a
native.—Fl. June to September. Annual.

3. D. cesius (Cheddar Pink).—Flowers mostly solitary; calyx-
scales 4, blunt, one-fourth as long as the calyx; petals jagged ;
leaves linear, glaucous, with rough edges; flowers rose-coloured,
fragrant. Limestone cliffs at Cheddar, Somersetshire —Fl. July.
Perennial.

4. D. deltoides (Maiden Pink).
—Flowers solitary, or 2 on a
stalk ; calyx-scales 2-4, tapering
to a point, half as long as the
calyx; petals notched; stem
and leaves roughish. A much
branched plant, with ascending
stems 6-12 inches high, and rose-
coloured flowers with white spots,
and a dark ring in the centre,
scentless, Gravelly banks and
pastures, but not common.—Fl.
July, August. Perennial. A white
variety sometimes found.

2. SAPONARIA (Soapwort)

1. S. officinalis (Common Soap-
wort).—A robust plant, 2-4 feet
high, with broad, pointed, smooth
leaves, and corymbs or heads
of large handsome pink flowers
which are often double, sometimes
‘ white. It is generally found in
the neighbourhood of cultivated ground, and is not considered a
native.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.

SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS (Common
Soapwort)

3. SILENE (Catchfly)

1. S. acaulis (Moss Campion).—Stem much branched, tufted ;
leaves narrow, fringed at the base ; petals crowned, slightly notched.
Confined to the loftiest British mountains, where it forms a densely
matted turf, copiously decorated with bright purple flowers.—
Fl. June, July. Perennial.

PLATE XI.

Ragged Robin Bladder Campion

PINK TRIBE 4l

2. S. inflata (Bladder Campion).—Stem ascending or erect ;
leaves oblong, tapering ; flowers in loose panicles, white; calyx
inflated, bladder-like, with a network of veins; petals deeply
cloven, rarely crowned. A common weed in cornfields and pas-
tures, growing I-2 feet high, and well marked by its numerous
white flowers and veined calyces,
often tinged with purple. The
foliage and stem are glaucous,
and generally smooth; but a
variety which is downy all over
is occasionally found.—Fl. June
to August. Perennial. Also called
S. Cucubalus.

3. S. maritima (Sea Campion),
—Stems numerous from the same
root, spreading; J/eaves oblong,
tapering ; flowers few on each
stem, or solitary ; petals slightly
cloven, crowned. Resembling the
last, but of humbler stature,
though bearing larger flowers. .
Common near the seashore, Ooc- SILENE Maritima (Sea Campion)
casionally by the sides of moun-
tain streams.—Fl. all the summer. Perennial.

4. S. Otites (Spanish Catchfly)—Stems erect, with opposite,
tufted branches; stamens and frsiils on separate plants; petals
narrow, not cloven, nor crowned. The stems are about a foot high,
viscid at the middle; flowers small, yellowish. Sandy fields in the
east of England.—Fl. July. Perennial.

5. S. Anglica (English Catchfly).—Whole plant hairy and viscid ;
leaves narrow; flowers lateral, alternate, erect, the lower ones
when in fruit reflexed; fetals crowned, slightly cloven. From
6-12 inches high or more, according to soil. The flowers are in-
conspicuous and of a pinkish white hue. Not uncommon in many
parts of England.—Fl. all the summer. Annual.

6. S. nutans (Nottingham Catchfly)—Flowers all drooping one
way; branches opposite, 3-forked; calyx swollen; petals deeply
cloven, crowned. Flowers large, white or pink, expanding in the
evening, when they are fragrant; height 1-2 feet. On limestone
and chalk rocks, not common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

7. S. conica (Striated Corn Catchfly).—Stem erect, forked ; leaves
narrow, downy; fetals cloven, crowned; calyx conical, with 30
furrows; height 6-12 inches; flowers small, pinkish. In sandy
fields, very rare.—Fl. July. Annual.

42 THALAMIFLOR

8. S. noctiflora (Night-flowering Catchfly).— Stem erect, 1-2 feet
high, repeatedly forked; calyx with long teeth, oblong when in
fruit, ro-ribbed ; plant hairy, viscid. The flowers are larger than
the last, pale pink, and expand about sunset; they close early in
the morning, and are very fragrant during the night. Sandy,
gravelly fields, not common.—Fl. July. Annual.

4. Lycunis (Campion)

i. L. Flos-Cuculi (Ragged Robin).—-Petals deeply 4-cleft, the
two centre lobes of each longer than the outer, crowned; capsule
5-toothed ; leaves narrow; flowers in a loose panicle. A pretty
and well-known plant, with a purplish green, angular stem, the lower
part of which is roughish with short bristly hairs, the upper parts
slightly viscid ; flowers rose-coloured, with deeply-cut, narrow seg-
ments. Common in moist meadows and marshy places.—Fl. when
the cuckoo is in full song, hence its Latin name, Flos-Cucult.
Perennial.

2. L. vespertina (Evening Campion). Height 1-2 feet; stems
-branched ; plant slightly hairy and viscid ; Jeaves oblong, tapering ;
stamens and pistils on different plants; feéals 2-cleft half-way
down, crowned; capsule conical, 10-toothed, the teeth erect ;
flowers large, white, or sometimes pink, loosely panicled, opening
in the evening, when they are fragrant. Waste places, common.
—FI. all the summer. Perennial.

3. L. diurna (Red Robin or Campion).—Stamens and pistils on
different plants; Pedals 2-cleft half-way down, crowned; capsule
nearly globose, r0-toothed, the teeth spreading or recurved ; leaves
oblong, tapering, downy, as well as the stem. An ornamental
hedge plant, 2-3 feet high, with rose-coloured flowers. Common.
—Fl. all the summer. Perennial.

4. L. Githago or Agrostemma Githago (Corn Cockle).—Calyx much
longer than the corolla ; sepals undivided, destitute of a crown. A
common cornfield weed, with an upright downy stem, and large,
handsome, purple-red flowers: seeds large, and therefore troublesome
when they become mixed with the corn during threshing.—Fl. June,
July. Annual.

5. L. Viscaria (Red German Catchfly)—Stems 6-12 inches high,
glabrous, viscid above; flowers in compact heads, red; petals
slightly notched ; capsules 5-celled. Very tare, confined toa few
places in Scotland and North Wales—Fl. summer. Perennial.

6. L. Alpina (Red Alpine Campion).—A much smaller species,
stems not more than 6 inches high, not viscid; flowers red. Confined
to a few mountain summits in Scotland and the north of England.
—Fl. summer.

PLATE XIi.

Greater Stitchwort Campion

Evening Campion
Chickweed

Corn Cockle

PINK TRIBE 43

5. SAGINA (Peurl-worl)
Sepals, stamens, and styles 4

I. S. procumbens (Procumbent Pearl-wort).—Stems prostrate,
smooth ; /eaves awl-shaped ; fefals much shorter than the sepals ;
capsiles curved downwards before ripening.

Well known to gardeners as a troublesome weed
infesting the paths, and so prolific as to require
repeated eradication. The flowers are at all
times inconspicuous; the stems are from I-3 ‘a
inches high.—Fl. all the summer. Annual or AC Nel \
perennial. UE Ay

Three other British species occur, which are 50° e,cnr, Paocommens
nearly allied to the above as to be considered = (Procumbent Pearl-
by some botanists mere varieties: S. apetala is wort)
small and slight, not branched, or only slightly
so; the petals very small or entirely wanting. S. ciliata is downy,
the sepals lying close to the capsule. S. maritima (Sea Pearl-wort)
has blunt fleshy leaves, and flowers destitute of petals.

Stamens 10; sepals, peluls, and styles 5

2. S. nodosa (Knotted Pearl-wort).—Leaves opposite, growing to-
gether at the base, upper ones very short. growing in knots ; flower-
stalks always erect; fefals longer than the calyx. A pretty little
plant 2~4 inches high, with conspicuous white flowers 2 or 3 together,
and tufted leaves. Wet sandy places, not uncommon.—Fl. sum-
mer. Perennial.

3. S. Linnet (Alpine Pearl-wort)—In habit very nearly allied to
S. procumbens, but it is perennial, and the corolla more conspicuous.
Three forms occur :—

S. saxatalis, which is the common type, stems prostrate, fruiting-
stems erect. A native of the Scotch mountains.

S. wivalis. A tufted variety with erect flowir-
stalks. Very rare ; found only on some mountain-
tops in Scotland.

S. subulata (Awl-shaped Pearl-wort). Common
in gravelly pastures.

6. MaincHIA

1. M. erecta (Upright Mcenchia).—A small up-
right plant 2-6 inches high, with narrow, rigid
glaucous leaves, and white flowers, which are large
in proportion to the rest of the plant; the sepals
are sharp-pointed, with a membranous edge; the
petals expand only in the sunshine.—F1. May and

MceNcHIA ERECTA
(Upright Menchia) June. Annual.

44 THALAMIFLORA

7. HoLostEuM (Jagged Chickweed)

1. A. wmbellatum (Umbelliferous Jagged Chick-
weed).—A singular little plant, 4-5 inches high,
with leafy stems, which are smooth below and
hairy and viscid between the joints above. The
flowers grow in terminal umbrels about 5 together,
and are bent back after flowering, rising again
when the capsule ripens. Petals white. Very
rare; found only on old walls, etc., in Norfolk
pies and Suffolk—Fl. April. Annual.

8. STELLARIA (Stitchwort)

I. S. aquatica (Water Stellaria or Water Mouse-
ear Chickweed).—Lower leaves stalked; upper
sessile, heart-shaped, tapering to a point, all
hairy at the margin; capsule opening with 5
2-cleft teeth. A much-branched, straggling
plant, with white flowers in the angles of the
stems, and in habit approaching Stellaria
Ho.ostrum nemorum. Wet places, but not general—FI. July,

UMBELLATUM August. Perennial.
(Umbelliferous 8 ;
Jagged Chickweed) 2. S. nemorum (Wood Starwort).—Stems as-

cending, 6-12 inches high ; leaves heart-shaped.
Flowers white, in loose cymes; fetals deeply cloven. Damp
woods, chiefly in the north.— Fl. summer. Perennial.

3. S. media (Chickweed).——Leaves egg-shaped, with a short point ;
stems with a hairy line alternating from side to side ; petals deeply
2-c.eft, not longer than the sepals ; stamens usually 10, sometimes 5.
Leaves succulent ; flowers small, white. Well distinguished by a
hairy line which runs up one side of the stem, and when it reaches
a pair of leaves is continued on the opposite side. Abundant as a
garden weed, in waste places and by roadsides.—FI. all the year
round. Annual.

4. S. uliginosa (Bog Stitchwort).—Stems spreading, angular ;
leaves broadly lanceolate, with a stiff tip, smooth ; flowers panicled ;
petals deeply 2-cleft, shorter than the 3-nerved sepals, which are
united at the base. A slender plant 6-12 inches long, with very
small white flowers —Fl. May, June. Annual.

5. S. graminea (Lesser Stitchwort).—Stem nearly erect, angular,
smooth; Jeaves very narrow, acute, smooth-edged ; flowers in forked
panicles ; petals very deeply cleft, scarcely longer than the 3-nerved '
sepals. Much smaller than the preceding in all its parts, and dis-
tinguished at once by the very deeply divided petals, which are
white but not so showy. Dry heathy places, roadsides, etc., com-
mon.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

PINK TRIBE 45

6. S. palustris (Glaucous Marsh Stitchwort).—Sten: nearly erect,
angular, smooth ; leaves narrow, tapering, entire, glaucous ; flowers
solitary, on long axillary stalks; petals very deeply 2-cleft, much
longer than the 3-nerved sepals. Resembling the preceding in
habit, 6-12 inches high, but with larger flowers. Marshy places.
—F]. June to August. Perennial.

4. S. Holostea (Greater Stitchwort, Satin-flower, or Adder’s Meat).
—Sitem nearly erect, angular, rough-edged ; Jeaves narrow, tapering
to a long point, minutely fringed; petals deeply 2-cleft, twice as
long as the sepals. Among the most ornamental of our early sum-
mer flowers, scarcely less conspicuous with its delicate green leaves
than with its snow-white petals. The stems do not die down to
the ground in winter, as is the case with most other herbaceous
perennials ; but though dead to all appearance, they send out delli-
cate green tufts very early in the year, so that the flowering stems,
especially in bushy places, seem to have made unusually rapid
growth.—Fl. April to June. Perennial.

Q. SPERGULARIA (Sand Spurrey)

t. S. rubya (Common Spurrey).—Leaves linear, somewhat fleshy,
pointed with a minute bristle; st¢pules :
chaffy ; stems prostrate, branching, 3-6 in- AY
ches. A small branching annual or biennial, +. °
with purple or sometimes almost white
flowers, which vary much in size. Common
in san ly fields —F]. June to August.

A variety called S. maritima occurs with
fleshy semi-cylindrical leaves without points ;
stipules chaffy ; stems prostrate. A stouter,
larger plant, with larger flowers. Common
on the seashore.—Fl. June to August.

Io. SPERGULA (Spurrey)

I. S. arvensis (Corn Spurrey).—Leaves
cylindrical, in whorls, with minute chaffy
stipules at the base; flowers panicled, bent

down when in fruit. A common weed in if
gravelly cornfields, 6-12 inches high. flowers SprerGuta ARVENSIS
white.—Fl. all the summer. Annual. (Corn Spurrey)

Ir. POLYCARPON (All Seed)
1. P. tetraphyllum (Four-leaved All Seed).—A small plant, with
prostrate, branched stems, 3-4 inches long, and many minute
greenish white flowers with 3 stamens. ‘The ovate leaves are oppo-

46 THALAMIFLORAt

site, but the pairs are placed so close (ogether as to give the appear-
ance of 4-leaved whorls. Channel Isles and the south-west coast
of England, but far from common.—Fl. May to August. Annual.

12, ARENARIA (Sandwort)

1. A. Cherlert (Cyphel).—A mountain plant
with long roots and numerous densely tufted
stems, which scarcely rise above the ground,
bearing crowded narrow leaves and solitary
greenish flowers, which are generally without
petals. Highland mountains.—Fl. June to
August. Perennial. —

2. A. verna (Vernal Sandwort).—A small

ARENARIA CHERLERI

tphel - \
eet) tufted plant with awl-shaped J/eaves ; stems

2-4 inches high, bearing four or five com-
paratively large white flowers in loose cymes. Found in Scotland,
the north of England, and in Cornwall, but uncommon.—FI. early
summer. Perennial.

3. A. aliginosa (Bog Sandworc).—A very rare form, resembling
A. verna, but rather taller and with the /eaves farther apart and
thicker. Found only in a single locality in Durham.—F]. summer.
Perennial. ;

4. A. tenutfolia (Fine-leaved Sandwort).—A slender plant 3-4
inches high, with smooth, much-forked sfems and finely awl-shaped
leaves. Petals half the length or less of the calyx. Found in sandy
fields in Eastern England.—Fl. summer. Annual.

5. A. peploides (Sea Purslane).—Leaves sessile, egg-
shaped, acute, fleshy, smooth; sepals obtuse. A
low, succulent, marine plant, with creeping roots
and forked stems. The flowers are small and white,
and grow from the forks of the stem. The plant =
forms tangled masses on the seashore, and ap-
proaches in habit the Sea Milkwort. Not un-
common.—Fl. July. Perennial.

6. A. serpyllijolia (Thyme-leaved Sandwort).—
Leaves broadly egg-shaped, pointed, roughish,
sessile; sfem repeatedly forked, downy; sepals
tapering, hairy. A small shrublike herb 2-6 inches
high, with inconspicuous white flowers, common on Agenapra
dry banks and walls. Varies much according to Pertoiwes
locality. Growing near the sea, the stems are less (Sea Purslane)
branched, and the leaves somewhat larger and
more decidedly {fringed.—Fl. June to August. Tanaak

7. A. ciliata (Fringed Sandwort).—A small species 2-3 inches

FLAN TRIBE 47

high. The ovate leaves are fringed and slightly stalked ; flowers
larger and with more conspicuous fefals than in A. serpyllifolia.
Rare, limestone district of Sligo, Ireland.—Fl. July. Perennial.

8. A. trinervis (Three-nerved Sandwort).—Leaves egg-shaped,
acute, the lower ones stalked, 3-5 nerved, fringed ; flowers solitary
from the forks of the stem and anils; sepals 3-nerved, the central
nerve rough. A weak, straggling plant, about a foot long, ap-
proaching the chickweed (Stelarta media) in habit, from which,
however, it may at once be distinguished by its undivided petals.
—Fl. May, June. Annual.

13. CERAsTIUM (Mouse-ear Chickweei)

1. C. vulgatim (Mouse-ear Chickweed).—A com-
mon annual weed, downy and generally viscid, gX
with straggling br anched stems 1-2 feet long, and ‘
inconspicuous flowers, of which ‘the petals are
usually shorter than the calyx, or occasionally
wanting. The seed-vessels when ripening lengthen
beyond the calyx and become curved. An in-
definite number of very confusing varieties occur,
which it is unnecessary to describe here.—F. all
the summer.

2. C. arvense (Field Mouse-ear Chickweed).—

CERASTIUM

An uncommon species, smaller than the fore- Meh ATONE
going, less downy and viscid ; /eaves narrower, and (AZouse-car Chick-
with conspicuous white flowers, with petals twice weed)

as long as the sepals.—FI. June, July. Perennial.

3. C. Alpinum (Alpine Mouse-ear Chickweed). —A short plant
with ascending stents ; leaves broader than in the foregoing, and
white with silky down ; flowers large and white. More or less
frequent in the Highlands of Scotland, and occasional in the north
of England.—Fl. summer. Perennial.

4. C. trigynum (Starwort Mouse-ear Chickweed)—A rare form
found on the Breadalbane and other mountains in Scotland. Stems
slender, ascending, about 6 inches long, with a line of hairs on
alternate sides between cach pair of leaves ; otherwise the plant is
usually glabrous ; leaves narrow; teeth of the seed-vessel twice as
many as the styles; sfyles usually 3, occasionally 4-6.—F]. July,
August.

NATURAL ORDER XV

LINACEZ.—THE FLAx TRIBE

Sepals 3-5, overlapping when in bud, persistent ; peta/s equal in
number to the sepals, twisted when in bud, falling off very soon

48 THALAMIFLORE

after expansion ; stamens equal in number to the petals, and alter-
nate with them, united at the base into a ring with smail teeth
between them; ovary of about as many cells as there are sepals,
and as many styles ; capsule approaching a globular form, tipped
with the hardened base of the styles, each cell incompletely divided
by a partition extending from the back inwards; seeds one in each
imperfect cell, pendulous. Herbaceous, rarely shrubby, plants,
with undivided leaves and remarkably fugacious petals, principally,
but not exclusively, confined to Europe and the north of Africa.
The flowers are in many cases highly ornamental; but the most
striking feature of the Flax tribe is the toughness of the fibre con-
tained in their stems, and the mucilaginous qualities of their seeds,
which also yield considerable quantities of oil. One species, Linum
usilalissimum, has for ages supplied the valuable article of clothing
which takes its name “ Linen ”’ from the plant which produces it ;
linseed oil is obtained from the seeds of the same plant, and the
meal of the plant is valuable for poultices.

t Linum (Flax).—Sepals 5; petals 5; capsule 10-valved and
to-seeded. (Name from the Celtic, Lin, a thread.)

2. RADIOLA (Flax Seed).—Sepals 4, connected below, 3-cleft ;
petals 4; capsule 8-valved, 8-celled. (“ Named from radius, a ray,
I presume, in consequence of the raylike segments of the calyx.’’—
Sir W. J. Hooker.)

ri. Linum (Flax)

Leaves alternate

1. L. perenne (Perennial Flax).—Leaves very narrow, tapering to
a point ; sepals inversely heart-shaped, obtuse, obscurely 5-ribbed.
A slender plant with wiry stems, which are
often procumbent ; very narrow sessile
leaves, and very elegant sky-blue flowers,
which are so fugacious as scarcely to bear
being gathered. The plant varies greatly
in different localities. Chalky fields—
Fl. June, July. Perennial.

2. L. angustifolium (Narrow-leaved Flax.
Pale F.).—Leaves very narrow, tapering to
a point ; sepals elliptical, pointed, 3-ribbed, &%
Like the last, but distinctly marked by its !
sharp-pointed sepals and smaller, lighter
blue flowers. Sandy pastures in the
southern and western counties, common.— :
Fl. June, July. Annual or Perennial. Linun ANeuSrimaniui

3. L. usitatissimum (Common Flax).— (Narrow-leaved Flax)
This is the flax of commerce, and, though
a native plant, is not unfrequently found in cultivated ground. It

MALLOW TRIBE 49

is distinguished from the preceding by its somewhat broader and
more distant leaves, by its stems being mostly solitary, instead of
several from the same root, by its notched petals, and by its larger
size.—Fl, Summer. Annual.

Leaves opposite

4. L. Catharticum (Cathartic Flax).—Leaves oblong, lower ones
broader; sepals pointed. Very different in habit and size from
any of the preceding ; stems slender, usually erect, rarely exceeding
6 inches in height, and bearing numerous small white flowers, which
grow in loose panicles and droop before expansion. Dry pastures,
abundant.—Fl. June, July. Annual. ;

2. RapioLa (Flax Seed)

1. R. millegrana (All Seed, Thyme-
leaved Flax Seed).—-Petals 4, same
length as sepals ; leaves minute, oppo-
site. The only British species. One of
the most minute of British flowering
plants, never exceeding 3 inches in
height. Stems repeatedly forked, and
bearing a large number of small white
flowers, which, as the plants generally
grow many together, often prevent its RaADIOLA MILLEGRANA
being overlooked. Damp heaths, not (4// Seed, Thyme-leaved
uncommon.—F1. July, August. Annual. aes)

NATURAL ORDER XVI
MALVACEA.—THE MALLOW TRIBE

Sepals 5, more or less united at the base, valvate in bud, often
enclosed in an involucre of tracts which have the appearance of an
outer calyx; petals equalling in number the sepals, twisted when
in bud; stamens numerous, united by their filaments into a tube ;
ovary formed of several carpels united in a radiate manner ; styles
equal in number to the carpels, either distinct or united ; capsules
(in all the British species) one-seeded, arranged in a whorl round the
styles. A large and important family of herbaceous plants, shrubs,
and trees, with divided alternate leaves, which are furnished with
stipules and axillary flowers. They are most abundant in the tro-
pical regions, where they form a large proportion of the vegetation,
and gradually decrease towards the poles. According to Lindley,
the number of species hitherto discovered amounts to about a thou-
sand, all of which agree in containing a large quantity of mucilage,
and being totally destitute of unwholesome qualities. In some

E

59 THALAMIFLORAE

species this mucilage, extracted by boiling the plant, especially the
root, is employed medicinally in allaying irritation, both external
and internal. Some few are used as food. The bark of others
affords an excellent substitute for hemp. The cotton of commerce
is obtained from the appendage of the seeds of several species of
Gossypium, a family belonging to this Order. As ornamental gar-
den flowers, Malope, several species of Hibiscus, and the Hollyhock
are well known. The number of stove species in cultivation is very

great.

1. Marva (Mallow).—Styles numerous; bracts of involucre en-
closing calyx 3; the true calyx 5-cleft. (Name from the Greek,
malaché, soft, from the emollient properties of the mucilage which
it contains.)

2. LAVATERA (Tree Mallow).—Séyles numerous ; bracts of involucre
3, joined at the base; the true calyx 5-cleft. (Named in honour of
the two Lavaters, friends of Tournefort.)

3. ALtTHZA (Marsh Mallow).—Styles numerous; ¢volucre with
6-9 bracts. (Name from the Greek, altho, to cure, from its healing
properties.)

I, Marva (Mallow)

1. M. rotundifolia (Dwarf Mallow).—Stem prostrate; leaves
roundish, heart-shaped, with 5 shallow lobes; /rwzt-stalks bent
down; fruit downy; distinguished by its prostrate stems and
clusters of small, pale lilac axillary flowers. Waste places, not
uncommon.—Fl. June to September. Annual.

2. M. sylvestyis (Common Mallow).—Stem ascending or erect ;
root-leaves kidney-shaped with 7 acute lobes; frwutt-stalks erect ;
fruit not downy, wrinkled. A robust herbaceous plant 1-3 feet high,
with large downy, lobed, but not deeply divided leaves, branched
stems, and clusters of showy purple axillary flowers. When the
flowers first expand the plant 1s handsome, but as the season ad-
vances the leaves lose their deep green hue and the stems put on a
ragged appearance. Roadsides and waste ground, common.—
Fl. June to August. Biennial.

3. M. moschata (Musk Mallow).—Stem erect, 12-18 inches high ;
root-leaves kidney-shaped, deeply 5 or 7-lobed, and cut; stem-leaves
deeply 5-lobed, and variously cut into numerous narrow segments ;
bracts of the involucre very narrow; fruit hairy. Whole plant
hairy, light green, with large handsome rose-coloured flowers, which
are crowded towards the summit of the stem; the foliage einits a
faint musky odour, especially in hot weather ; a white variety is
not uncommon in gardens. Hedges and borders of fields, not very
common.—F]. July, August. Perennial.

PLATE XIII.

Dwart Mallow

Musk Mallow

Common Mallow

LIME TRIBE 51

2. LavaTera (Tree Mallow)

1. L. arborea (Tree Mallow).—A
tall, handsome plant 2 or 3-12 feet
high, with a thick, almost woody
stem ; soft, downy, angular leaves,
and abundance of purple flowers,
resembling those of the Common
Mallow, but somewhat smaller and
of a deeper colour towards the
centre. On sea-chiffs and insulated
rocks on several parts of the south g
and west coast.—F]. July to Octo-
ber. Biennial.

3. ALTHEA (Marsh Mallow)

1. A. officinalis (Common Marsh
Mallow).—Le:ves 3-5-lobed, soft
and downy on both sides. Readily nas:
distinguished from any others of Lavatera Arborea (Tree Mallow)
the Mallow Tribe growing in Britain
by the numerous narrow bracts of the in-
volucre, by the hoary down which thickly
clothes the stems and foliage, and by the
numerous, somewhat small, bluish-coloured

r

ee

e NANA «flowers. Marshes, especially near the sea.
\ ay, AA —Fl. August, September. Perennial.

~—— ud a 2. A. hirsuta (Hispid Marsh Mallow).—A

rare species found near Cobham, Kent, and
one or two other places, but not considered
a native. Stems erect, slender, about a foot
_’ high, covered, like the leaves, with long
hairs; the mauve-pink flowers solitary, in
the axils of the upper leaves.—Fl. summer.
Annual.

ALTHEA OFFICINALIS
(Common Marsh Mallow)

NATURAL ORDER XVII
TILIACEA..—TueE Lime TRIBE
Sepals 4 or 5, valvate when in bud; pelals equalling the sepals
in number, often with a little pit at the base, sometimes wanting ;
stamens numerous; ovary of 2--10 united, rarely distinct carpels ;

style I, with as many stigmas as carpels ; capsile with one or more
seeds in each cell.

The plants belonging to this Natural Order are mostly trees or

52 THALAMIFLOR.EZ

shrubs. They all have a mucilaginous, wholesome juice, and many
of them are remarkable for the toughness of the fibres of the inner
bark. The East Indian genus Corchorits supplies jute ; whilst the
Lime or Linden tree furnishes the material of which, in Russia,
bast mats are made.

t. T111A (Lime).—Sepals 5, soon falling off; petals 5, with or
without a scale at the base outside ; ovary 5-celled ; style 1; capsule
I-celled, not opening by valves, 2-seeded. (Name of uncertain
origin.)

i. Titia (The Lime or Linden tree)

1. T. Euvopaa (Common Lime).—Leaves obliquely heart-shaped,
smooth except for small tufts of downy hair beneath; peduncles
springing from a aia bract ; flowers very fragrant, of a grayish
white colour; capsules smooth.
This is the common Lime of avenues
and parks, and is a_ doubtful
native. A more probable native
is T. parvifolia (Small-leaved Lime),
_. Whose small leaves are glaucous on

the under side, and the fruit
downy and slightly ribbed. Another
\ variety much planted, though pro-
* bably not indigenous, is T. grand?-
folia (Large-leaved Lime). The
leaves, which are much larger than
in either of the foregoing, are downy
beneath; the young twigs are
Tinta Parvirotta (Small-leaved hairy, and the fruit downy and

Lime-tvee) prominently ribbed.

Natura Orper XVIII
HYPERICACEA!.—Tue St. JoHN’s Wort TRIBE

Sepals 4 or 5, not falling off, unequal ; petals of the same number
as the sepals, unequal-sided, twisted when in bud ; stamens numer-
ous, united at the base into 3 0r 5 sets; ovary single ; styles 3-5 3
jruit a capsule or berry, of 3 or 5 valves and cells, the valves curved
inwards; seeds minute, numerous. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with
opposite leaves, generally marked with pellucid dots, and yellow
flowers, inhabiting most parts of the world. Most of the species
are aromatic and resinous, and some contain a yellow juice, which
has been medicinally used for its astringent and tonic qualities.
The only British genus is that which gives the Order its name—
Hypericum.

i. Hypericum (St. John’s Wort).—Sepals 5; petals 5; stamens

PLATE XIV.
Marsh St John's Wort

Hairy St John's Wort

Large-flowered St John's Wort
Perforated St John’s Wort Trailing St John's Wort

A ees Ae ae — a va ee ee Se See ee eee ee ee ee ee

ST. JOHN’S WORT TRIBE §3

numerous ; filaments united into 3 or 5 sets; styles 3 or rarely 5;
capsule 3 or 5-celled. (Name from the Greek, /ypericon, the name
of the plant.)

1. Hypericum (St. John’s Wort)

1. H. calycinum (Large-flowered St. John’s Wort).—A low shrub
about a foot high, with oblong, blunt /eaves, and handsome yellow
flowers 3-4 inches across; sfamens in 5 sets and very numerous ;
stems usually not branched, but sometimes once branched low
down. Common in gardens and shrubberies, and naturalized in
several places.—F]. July to September. Perennial.

2. H. androsemum (Common Tutsan).— Stem shrubby, two-
edged ; Jeaves egg-shaped, sessile ; sepals broad, unequal ; styles 3 ;
capsule berry-hke. A handsome shrubby plant, 2-3 feet high,
conspicuous with clusters of largish yellow flowers, and afterwards
with glossy, berry-like capsules. The leaves have a strong resinous
smell, which they retain for some time after drying. Woods and
hedges in the south and west of Great Britain, but not very common.
—Fl. July. Perennial.

3. H. perforatum (Perforated St. John’s Wort).—Stem herba-
ceous, erect, 2-edged, about 18 inches high; leaves elliptic-oblong,
copiously perforated with pellucid dots; sepals erect, lanceolate,
acute, with glandular dots; petals marked with black dots ; styles
3. The yellow flowers in a terminal corymb. Woods and hedges,
common.—F]l. July, August. Perennial.

4. H. dubtum (Imperforate St. John’s Wort).—Stem herbaceous,
erect, 4-sided, with rounded angles ; Jeaves destitute of dots ; sepals
reflexed, elliptical, blunt. Mountainous places; very like the last,
but not so common, and well distinguished by the above charac-
ters.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

5. H. guadrangulum (Square-stalked St. John’s Wort).—Best
distinguished from the last two, which it much resembles, by the
prominently 4-angled stems. Leaves oblong, egg-shaped, with
pellucid dots; sepals erect, lanceolate; stem 1-2 feet high, erect,
herbaceous, with flat panicles of pale yellow flowers. Wet places,
common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

6. A. humifusum (Trailing St. John’s Wort).—Stems prostrate ;
leaves oblong, obtuse, perforated with pellucid dots ; flowers some-
what cymose, small, pale yellow ; stamens not numerous; petals
and sepals with a few black dots; stems 3-9 inches long. Walls
and gravelly banks, common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

9. H. linarifolium (Flax-leaved St. John’s Wort).—A rare species,
with slender erect s/ems g or 10 inches high; very narrow /eaves,
marked with a few black dots beneath; and corymbs of bright
yellow flowers, larger than in H. humifusum ; stamens about 30.

$4 THALAMIFLORA

Found only on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall.—Fl. summer.
Perennial.

8. H. pulchrum (Slender St. John’s Wort).—Stem erect, round
smooth, slender, 1-2 feet high; leaves heart-shaped, embracing
the stem, marked with pellucid dots; sepals obtuse, fringed with
black sessile glands. A slender plant, with scanty foliage, and
golden yellow flowers, which, when in bud, are stained externally
with red.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

9. H. hirsutum (Hairy St. John’s Wort).—Stem erect, nearly
round, downy ; Jeaves shortly stalked and downy beneath ; flowers
like H. pulchrum, but a lighter yellow, and the plant rather
taller. Woods, especially in chalky or limestone soil, common.
—Fl. July. Perennial.

10. H. montanwm (Mountain St. John’s Wort).—Stem erect,
round, smooth; Jeaves oblong, sessile, smooth, with black dots
near the margin on the under side; sepals acute, fringed with
shortly-stalked glands; growing about 2 feet high, and at once
distinguished from any of the preceding species by the black
fringe of its sepals. Limestone hills, not common.—Fl. July.
Perennial.

11. H. Elodes (Marsh St. John’s Wort).—Stem creeping, 6-12
inches long; branches erect; leaves roundish, and, like the stems
which they clasp, densely clothed with shaggy down ; flowers few,
pale yellow, remaining open but a short time. Spongy bogs ;
not uncommon in Western England.—FI. July, August. Perennial.

NaturaL OrDER XIX
ACERACEA.—THE Map Let TRIBE

Really a tribe of the Natural Order, Sapindacee, in another
tribe of which occur the Horse-chestnut (Hippocastanee) and the
Litchi. The Acers are trees with opposite, stalked leaves, which
are veined in a palmate manner. Calyx divided into 5 parts
(occasionally 4-9); petals of the same number; stamens about 8,
inserted on a flattened ring beneath the ovary; ovary 2-lobed; style
1; stigmas 2; fruit 2-lobed, 2-celled, not bursting; lobes winged
on the outside; cells 1-2-seeded. Found only in the temperate
regions of the northern hemisphere; several species abound in
a sweet juice, which in North America is manufactured into maple
sugar.

rt. ACER (Maple).—Calyx 5-cleft; petals 5; capsules 2, each
furnished with a long wing. (Name from the Celtic, ac, a point,
on account of the hardness of the wood, which was used for making
spears and other sharp-pointed instruments.)

GERANIUM TRIBE 55

rt. Acer (Maple)

I. A. campestre (Common Maple).—Leaves
5-lobed ; fobes bluntish, scarcely cut; clis-
ters of flowers erect. Woods and. hedges ;
a small tree, with very rugged corky fark,
full of deep cracks.—Fl. May, June. Tree.

2. A. pseudo-platanus (Greater Maple or
Sycamore). —Leaves 5-lobed + lobes unequally
serrated ; clusters of flowers drooping. A
large and handsome tree, introduced into¥
England betore the fourteenth century, and 4
now completely naturalized, The name Syca-
more was given to it by the older botanists,
who erroneously beheved it to be identical
with the Sycamore or Mulberry-fig of Palestine, Acer Camprstre
which it somewhat resembles in the size and = (Common Maple)
form of its leaves—F]. May. Tree.

NATURAL ORDER XX

GERANIACEA.—GERANIUM
TRIBE

Flowers regular in all the
British genera “except Impatiens ;
sepals 5, overlapping when in
p bud; petals 5, twisted when

in bud: stamens 5-10, generally
united by their filaments ; ovary
of 5 carpels placed round a long
awl-shaped beak ; sitgmas 5; fruit
beaked, tapering into 5 capsules,
each of which is I or more
seeded, and terminates in the
hardened style, which finally
separates at the base and curls
up, carrying the capsule with it.
For characteristics of the irregular
flowers, see Impatiens. An ex-
tensive Grder of annual or per-

3 ennial herbs and shrubs, in which

Acer PsEuDO-PLATANUS (Great Maple some botanists have included the
ov Sycamore) nearly allied Balsams, Oxalis, and
Tropeolums. Tothe genus Pelar-

gontum belong the innumerable varieties of handsome flowering
plants, which, under the name of Geraniums, are so ornamental as
greenhouse or window flowers. Thcse greenhouse Geraniums were

56 THALAMIFLORZ

chiefly derived from South Africa, but have mostly been cultivated
out of all recognition of the original forms. There are very many
species of the Oxalis tribe in South Africa, which are chiefly notice-
able for the great beauty of their flowers and the oxalic acid con-
tained in their leaves. A few of them are cultivated as greenhouse
and window plants, the most popular being that known as the
Bermuda Buttercup, which has yellow flowers. The tubers of some
of them are edible.

I. GERANIUM (Crane’s-bill).—Stamens I0, 5 of which are alter-
nately larger, and have glands at the base; frit beaked, separat-
ing into 5 carpels, each with a long awn, which is naked (not bearded
on the inside). (Name from the Greek, geranos, a crane, to the
beak of which bird the fruit bears a fancied resemblance.)

2. Eroprum (Stork’s-bill)—Stamens 10, 5 of which are imper-
fect ; glands 5, at the base of the perfect stamens ; /rmit beaked,
separating into 5 carpels, each with a long spiral awn, which is
bearded on the inside. (Name from the Greek, evédion, a heron,
to the beak of which bird the fruit bears a fancied resemblance.)

3. OxALIs (Wood Sorrel).—Sepals 5, united below; fetals 5,
often united below ; stamens united by the base of their filaments ;
styles 5; capsules 5-celled, angular. (Name from the Greek, oxys,
sharp or acid, from the acidity of the leaves.)

4. IMPATIENS (Balsam).—The flowers of this genus are so irregu-
lar that it is almost impossible to define the characters without
employing terms which would be out of place in a work which pro-
fesses to give merely a popular description of British wild flowers.
The following description, however, of the only species really indi-
genous to Britain will serve to identify any others which are likely
to fall in the reader’s way. An annual succulent plant, much
swollen at the joints, with a solitary branched stem, and egg-shaped,
deeply serrated leaves. From the axil of each of the upper leaves
proceeds a flower-stalk, taking a horizontal direction, and hiding
itself beneath the leaf. Each flower-stalk bears about four droop-
ing flowers, which expand one at a time, and last a very little while.
The calyx consists of two coloured, nearly round, concave sepals,
with an oblique point; within these, on the side of the flower
nearest the stem, is inserted a horn-like petal or sepal—for botanists
are undecided which to call it—wide at the mouth, and curved down-
wards at the extremity; on each side of this is a large wavy petal,
unequally lobed, the largest lobe next the spur, the smaller being
easily separable, and having the appearance of a distinct petal.
Opposite the stem is a very broad, wavy petal, and at its base are
five stamens with short filaments united just beneath the anthers
into a ring, and enclosing a 5-celled ovary. The sepals and petals
soon fall off, when the ovary enlarges to a 5-celled, 5-valved capsule,
externally resembling a cylindrical, strongly ribbed pod. As the

PLATE Xv.

Bloody Crane’s-bill

Dove's-foot Crane’s-bill
Meadow Crane’s-bill

Dusky Crane’s-bill

hinictlladinial head

ts chia a a pees

a a dtc alate al

: 7 OB 1 i ” > oa :
: a, | .
re : “<7 : yy ra)
7 Oe : — - f Ai i ceed ani
' — * 7 -
7 ~~ + ‘is 7 a
j f - _; OS =
a =
- 4 =% ee eee
7 ¥ y ts i
e Bn i - ji Ta

‘eee e? 7 a3 pS
ns ©
—

' a ¥ § \ « Ay

a - -

ee
*

GERANIUM TRIBE 57

seeds approach maturity the valves of the capsule acquire an
extraordinary elastic power, and if touched, instantaneously curl
into a spiral form, and spring with considerable force many feet
trom the plant, dropping the seeds by the way.

I. GERANIUM (Crane’s-bill)

I. G. sanguineum (Bloody Crane’s-bill). — Rool-leaves nearly
round, with 7 deeply cut Jobes, each of which is 3-cleft; stem-
leaves 5 or 3-lobed. An exceedingly handsome plant, with hairy
stems about a foot high, abundant foliage, and large bright purple
flowers, borne singly on slender peduncles. Limestone and mag-
nesian rocks, not common.—FI. July to September. Perennial.

2. G. pheum (Dusky Crane’s-bill).—Stem erect ; flowers panicled ;
sepals slightly pointed ; petals not notched as they arc in the fore-
going species, very spreading; capsules keeled, hairy below,
wrinkled above. In woods and thickets, rare, and said to be only
really wild in Yorkshire and Westmoreland, but not an uncommon
garden plant; remarkable for the dingy, almost black hue of its
flowers.—F]. May, June. Perennial.

3. G. sylvaticum (Wood Crane’s-bill)—Stem erect, I-2 feet or
more high, forked, with a corymbose panicle of purple flowers ;
2 flowers on each peduncle ; leaves palmate, 7-lobed ; Jobes cut and
serrated ; stamens awl-shaped, fringed ; /ruit-stalks erect. Woods
and pastures, chiefly in the north, rare—Fl. June, July. Per-
ennial.

4. G. pratense (Meadow Crane’s-bill).—Stem erect ; leaves pal-
mate, 7-lobed ; Jobes cut and serrated ; stamens smooth, tapering
from a broad base ; capsules hairy all over; fruzt-stalks bent down.
The largest British species, growing in moist pastures; about
2 feet high, with large and handsome purplish blue flowers.—
Fl. June to August. Perennial.

5. G. pyrenaicum (Mountain Crane’s-bill).—Stem spreading,
downy ; voot-leaves kidney-shaped, 5 to 7-lobed; lobes oblong,
obtuse, 3-cleft, and toothed at the end; fetals notched, twice as
long as the pointed sepals; 2-3 feet high. Well distinguished by
the thick down on its stems and leaves, and by its numerous, rather
small, purple flowers, with cleft petals. Roadsides and meadows,
not common.—FI. June, July. Perennial.

6. G. Robertianum (Herb-Robert).—Stem spreading, 6-12 inches
high ; Jeaves ternate or quinate ; leaflets deeply cut, the segments
with minute points; sepals angular, hairy, pointed; capsules
wrinkled and hairy. One of the most generally diffused and best
known species, well distinguished by its red, hairy, succulent stems,
and leaves which towards autumn acquire the same hue, and by
its small, elegantly veined, bright reddish purple flowers. The scent

58 THALAMIFLORE

of the whole plant is strong and unpleasant. Road-sides and hedges,
very common.—Fi. all the summer. Annual.

9. G. Lucidum (Shining Crane’s-bill).—Smooth and _ glossy.
Leaves nearly round, 5-lobed; sepals angular and wrinkled. A
béautiful little species, a few inches high, with small rose-coloured
flowers, and shining stems and leaves which are generally tinged
with bright red. Old walls and stony places, common.—F. all
the summer. Annual.

8. G. molle (Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill).—Downy with soft hair.
Leaves roundish, lobed, and cut; fetals notched, little longer than
the obtuse sepals ; flowers 2 on each peduncle ; capsules wrinkled ;
seeds smooth; stems spreading, and seldom a foot long. Easily
distinguished from any of the preceding by its prostrate habit,
downy herbage, and small light purple flowers. Fields and waste
places, common.—F/. all the summer. Annual.

g. G. pusillum (Small-flowered Crane’s-bill)—Downy with soft
hair. Leaves roundish, lobed, but not so deeply as in G. moile, the
lobes cut; pefals notched; stamens 10, 5 of which are usually
without anthers; capsules keeled, downy, not wrinkled; seeds
smooth. Resembling G. molle in habit, but smaller. Waste ground,
common.—Fl. all the summer. Annual.

to. G. rotundtfolium (Round-leaved Crane’s-bill)—Downy with
soft hair. Leaves roundish, lobed, but not so deeply as in G. molle,
and cut; petals entire ; capsules hairy, not wrinkled ; seeds dotted.
Fields and waste places, not common, but perhaps often confounded
with the last, which it much resembles in size and habit.—Fl. June
to August. Annual.

11. G. dissectum (Jagged-leaved Crane’s-bill)—Stems spreading,
hairy ; l/eaves roundish, more or less hairy ; variously divided into
numerous jagged, narrow segments; sepals with long points ;
petals notched ; capsules scarcely wrinkled; hairy; seeds dotted ;
flowers purple. Distinguished by its deeply cut, hairy, not downy
leaves, and the exceedingly short pedicles. Fields and waste
ground.—Fl. all the summer. Annual.

12. G. columbinum (Long-stalked Crane’s-bill)—Stems decum-
bent, roughish, with short hairs; leaves deeply 5-lobed, the lobes
cut into many long, narrow, acute segments; flower-stalks very
long; sepals with long points; capsules smooth. Distinguished
from the last by its larger bluish rose-coloured flowers, which grow
on very long and slender stalks, and by its smooth capsules. Waste
ground, not so common as the last.—Fl. June to August. Annual.

N.B.—Particular care should be taken when comparing specimens
with the above descriptions to examine the voot-leaves; for the
stem-leaves vary, even on the same plant, to such a degree as to
defy description.

“ PLATE XVI,

Herb Robert

Mountain Crane’s-bill

Jagged-leaved Crane’s-bill

GERANIUM TRIBE 59

2. ERopium (Séork’s-bill)

I.E. ctcutarium (Hemlock Stork’s-bill). — Stems prostrate,
hairy; staiks many-flowered; Jeaves pinnate; Jeaffets sessile,
pinnatifid, cut. A straggling plant, with much the habit of the
preceding genus, but distinguished at first sight by its pinnate
leaves and wibels of lilac (sometimes white) flowers, the petals
of which soon fall off. Waste places, especially near the sea ;
common.—Fl. all the summer. Annual, though occasionally
biennial.

2. EF. moschatum (Musk Stork’s-bill).—Stems prostrate, hairy ;
stalks many flowered ; leaves pinnate; leaflets nearly sessile, un-
equally cut; perfect stamens, toothed at the base. The whole
plant much shorter than the last, of a deeper green, somewhat
clammy to the touch, and emitting, when handled, a strong scent
of musk. Flowers bright magenta. Waste places, especially near
the sea.—F. all the summer. Annual.

3. E. maritimum (Sea Stork’s-bill).—Stems prostrate, hairy ;
stalks I to 3-flowered; Jeaves oblong, heart-shaped, variously
lobed and notched; fetals minute or wanting. Whole plant
roughish with minute hairs, and sending out several leafy stems,
which lie remarkably close to the ground ; the leaves are not pinnate
as in the other British species, and the flowers are rarely found with
petals. Warm places near the sea, not uncommon in the west of
England. Like many other seaside plants it is not unfrequently
met with in inland mountainous districts, occurring plentifully on
Dartmoor, in Devonshire, many miles from the sea.—Fl. all the
summer. Perennial.

The beaks attached to the capsules of the stork’s-bills become
spirally twisted when ripe, often springing to a considerable distance
from the parent plant. They are furnished on the inner side with
long elastic bristles, and, being hygrometric, uncurl when moist-
ened. The combined action of the beak and bristles thus gives to
the seed the power of locomotion at every change in the moisture
of the atmosphere. A twisted capsule, if moistened and laid on
a sheet of paper, will, in its effort to straighten itself, soon crawl an
inch or more away from the spot on which it was laid.

3. OXALIS (Vood Sorrel)

1. O. Acetosella (Common Wood Sorrel).—Leaves radicle, ternate,
hairy; scape with two bracts about the middle, single flowered ;
voot creeping, scaly. An elegant little plant, with delicate drooping
ciover-like Jeaves, and white or lilac-veined flowers, growing abun-
dantly in woods and shady places. The leaves, though not so
sensitive as some foreign species, fold together at night. This
plant is supposed by many to be the true shamrock which was used

60 CALYCIFLORZ

by St. Patrick to illustrate familiarly the doctrine of the Trinity,
though at the present day Trifolium repens is generally used for
that purpose.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

2. O. corniculata (Yellow Wood Sorrel).—Stem prostrate ; flowers
yellow, smaller than O. Acetosella, and borne in an umbel of 2-5
on a slender axillary peduncle. Perhaps truly wild in some parts of
the south of England, and not un-
frequent as a garden escape elsewhere.
—FI. all the summer. Annual.

4. IMpATIENS (Balsam)

1. I. noli-me-tangere (Yellow Balsam,
Touch-me-not).—-Characters described
above. The name, signifying impa-
tient, was given from the sudden curling
of the valves of the capsule when
touched. It is an elegant plant, 1-2
feet high, with large flowers of a delicate
yellow, beautifully spotted with orange
colour. It grows in moist, shady woods,
and on the stony banks of rivers in
Yorkshire and Westmoreland.—Fi. July,
August. Annual.

A variety with orange-coloured

Impatizns Noxi-mME-Tancere flowers, spotted with red-brown, has
(Yellow Balsam, Touch-me-not) been called J. fulva.

Sus-Crass Il]
CALYCIFLORZ

Sepals distinct or united; petals distinct ; stamens inserted on
the calyx, or close to its base.

NATURAL ORDER XXI
CELASTRACE/E.—SPINDLE-TREE TRIBE

Sepals 4-5, imbricated when in bud, inserted on a fleshy disk;
petals and stamens equal in number to the sepals ; stamens alternate
with the petals ; ovary sunk in the disk, 2-5-celled ; fruit either a
capsule of 2-5 cells opening with valves, or berry-like; seeds often
wrapped in a covering distinct from the capsule (called an avillus.)
A rather large number of plants are included in this Order, but
not many of great interest. They are natives of the warmer parts
of Europe, North America, and Asia, and a great number inhabit

PLATE XVII.

Long-stalked Crane’s-bill
Mosk Stork's-bill Heinlock Stork's-bill
Wood Sorrel
Shining Crane’s-bill.

BUCKTHORN TRIBE 61

the Cape of Good Hope. A few also occur in Chili, Peru, and New
Holland. Many of them possess an acrid, stimulant principle. The
green leaves of one species are said to be eaten by the Arabs to
produce watchfulness, and a sprig of it is believed to be, to the per-
son who carries it, a protection from the plague. The only British
species, the Spindle Tree, is most remarkable for its pink-lobed
seed-vessels, which in autumn render the tree a conspicuous object.
The English name, Spindle Tree, is derived from the use made of its
very compact wood.

I. Euonymus (Spindle Tree). — Capsule.
3-5-angled, with 3-5 cells and valves ; sceds
solitary in each cell, coated with a fleshy
arillus. (Name from Euonyme, the mother
of the Furies, in allusion to the injurious:
properties.)

1. Evonymus (Spindle Tree)

1. E. Europeus (Common Spindle Tree).—
Petals usually 4, oblong, acute; stamens
usually 4; branches angular, smooth ; leaves
broadly lanceolate, minutely serrated. A
hedge and wood shrub, well marked by its
clusters of small greenish flowers, glossy
leaves, green bark, and above all by its deeply
lobed seed-vessels, which when ripe are rose-
coloured, and on opening disclose the seeds
curiously wrapped in the scarlet arillus. The
wood, like that of the wild cornel and guel- J
der rose, is much used for making skewers. Evonymus Europ#us
—Fl. May. Shrub. (Common Spindle Tree)

NATURAL ORDER XXII
RHAMNACEZ.—BUuCcKTHORN TRIBE

Calyx 4-5-cleft, valvate when in bud; petals minute, inserted into
the throat of the calyx ; stamens 4-5, opposite the petals; ovary
superior, or half superior, 2 to 4-celled, surrounded by a fleshy disk ;
fruit either fleshy and not bursting, or dry, and separating into 3
divisions ; seeds several. Trees or shrubs, with simple alternate
leaves, minute stipules, and small greenish flowers. Some species of
Zizyphus produce the jujube, well known in this country as a sweet-
meat. Z. lotus is famous for being the plant which afforded food
to the ancient Lotophagi, or Lotus-eaters. Homer states that it
was so delicious, that whatever stranger once tasted it immediately
forgot his friends and native country and desired only to dwell
within reach of it.

62 CALYCIFLORZ

Only two plants of this tribe are indigenous to Britain, and
belong to the genus Rhamnus ; their berries are medicinal, but
too violent in their effects to be used
with safety.

i. Ruamnus (Buckthorn). — Calyx
vase-like, 4 to 5-cleft ; petals 4-5 (some-
times wanting); stamens 4-5, inserted
with the petals into the throat of the
calyx ; berry 2 to 4-celled. (Name from
the Greek, rhammnos, a branch.)

r. Ruamnus (Buckthorn)

1. R. cathayticus (Common Buck-
thorn).— Branches terminating in thorns;
flowers 4-cleft, dicecious (stamens and
pistils on separate plants) ; Jeaves egg-
shaped, sharply serrated; berry 4-
seeded. A spreading shrub with dense
clusters of small green flowers in the
axils of the leaves. Berries black.
These are powerfully cathartic. If
gathered before they are ripe they yield
a yellow dye; when ripe they form, if
mixed with gum arabic and lime-water, the
ereen colour known under the name of
Bladder-green. Woods and thickets, not
uncommon.—Fl. May. Shrub.

2. R. Frangula (Alder Buckthorn), —
Branches without thorns; flowers 5-cleft ;
stamens and prstils on the same flower ;
leaves entire, smooth; berry 2-seeded. A
rather slender shrub, 6-10 feet high, with
s nooth, blackish branches, deep green leaves,
and small greenish flowers, which are not
so densely tufted as in the last. Woods reat
and thickets, commoner than the last. Ruamnus Francuta (Alder
—Fl. May. Shrub. Buckthorn)

(Common Buckthorn)

NATURAL ORDER XXIII
LEGUMINOSZE.— PEA AND BEAN TRIBE

Calyx 5-cleft, with the odd lobe in front ; petals 5, the upper one
called the standard enclosing the other four when in bud; the two
side ones called the wings enclose the two lowest ones of all, which
are joined along their lower margin, and form what is called the

PLATE XVIII,

Spindle-tree

PEA AND BEAN TRIBE 63

keel ; stamens to, their filaments either united into a tube or form-
ing two sets of 9 and 1; ovary, style, and stigma single ; seed-vessel
a 2-valved, sometimes imperfectly jointed pod, or legume; seeds
on the upper seam of the pod-valves. A highly interesting order
of plants, containing as many as 6500 species, which vary in size
from minute herbs to vast trees with trunks upwards of 80 feet
in circumference. In structure, properties, colour of flowers, and
range of growth they vary scarcely less than in dimensions ;_ they
are found i in all parts of the known world, except St. Helena and
another remote island. Many species, under the general name of
pulse, afford most nutritious food—for example, Peas, Beans, and
Lentils ; others supply valuable fodder for cattle, as Clover, Vetches,
and Lucerne; Rosewood, Logwood, and Acacia offer examples of
timber ; Gum Arabic, Catechu, Senna, Kino, Liquorice, Balsam of
Tolu, and Tamarinds are the products of other species; Tonka,
Bean, and Balsam of Peru are well-known perfumes; several
species of Indigofera afford the valuable article of commerce Indigo ;
and in Persia and Bokhara a tree called Camel’s Thorn produces
abundance of Manna, which in those countries is an important
article of food. Other species possess medicinal properties of
various kinds; not a few are poisonous; and it is worthy of re-
mark that some, the seeds of which are eminently nutritious, have
properties of an opposite nature residing in other parts of the plant.
The roots of the Kidney Bean, for instance, are dangerously nar-
cotic. Many plants belonging to the Mimosa group display peculiar
irritability in their pinnate Ieaves. This is particularly the case
with M. sensitiva and M. pudica, which are commonly called sen-
sitive plants. Almost all the plants of the Order which have com-
pound leaves fold them together at night. In some foreign species
of Leguminosz the legume loses its characteristic form and assumes
the appearance of a drupe, the papilionaceous form of the flower re-
maining ; in others the petals lose the papilionaceous arrangement,
but the seed-vessel retains the form of a legume. All the British
species, however, are decidedly papilionaceous, and the principal
varieties of form in the pod are those of the Bird’s-foot and others,
where it is imperfectly jointed ; and in Medick, where it is often
spirally twisted, so as to resemble a snail-shell. The number of
British species amounts to nearly seventy, of which two species of
Furze, three of Gentsta, and one of Broom are shrubs; the rest
are herbaceous.

1. ULEX (Furze).—Calvx of 2 sepals, with 2 minute bracts at the
base ; legume swollen, few-seeded, scarcely longer than the calyx.
(Name from the Celtic, ec or ac, a prickle.)

2. GENISTA (Green-weed).—Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip
2-cleft, the lower with 3 teeth; sfandard oblong; style awl-
shaped ; degume swollen or flat. (Name from the Celtic, gen, a

64 CALYCIFLORA

shrub; Planta Genista originated the distinctive name of the
Plantagenet family.’

3. SAROTHAMNUS (Broom).—Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip with 2,
the lower with 3 teeth; standard broadly ovate; style thickened
upwards ; legume flat, many-seeded. (Name, the Greek name of
the plant.)

4. ONONIS (Rest-harrow).—Calyx 5-cleft, its segments very
narrow; keel beaked; style threadlike; Jeguwme swollen, few-
seeded. (Name from the Greek, onos, an ass, by which animal the
plant is eaten.)

5. Mepicaco (Medick).—Legume sickle-shaped, or spirally
twisted. (Name of Greek origin, and denoting that some plant of
the family was introduced from Media.)

6. Meritotus (Melilot).—Calyx with 5 nearly equal teeth;
petals distinct, soon falling off; legume of few seeds longer than the
calyx. (Name from Mel, honey, and /ofus, the plant so called.)

7. TRIGONELLA (Fenugreek).—Calyx with 5 nearly equal teeth ;
petals distinct ; keel obtuse ; legume straight or nearly so, many-
seeded. (Name in Greek denoting three-angled, from the form of
the corolla.)

8. TriFoLIUM (Trefoil).—Calyx with 5 unequal teeth; fetals
combined by their claws, and persistent ; legume of few seeds, con-
cealed in the calyx. (Name from ¢rfa, three, and foliwm, a leaf,
each leaf being composed of 3 leaflets.)

g. Lotus (Bird’s-foot Trefoil) —Calyx with 5 nearly eq .al teeth ;
keel beaked ; legume cylindrical, many-sceded, and imperfectly
many-celled. (Name from the Greek, lotos.)

Io. ANTHYLTIS (Lady’s Fingers).—Stamens all united by their
filaments ; calyx inflated, 5-toothed ; /egume enclosed in the calyx.
(Name from the Greek, anthos, a flower, and toulos, down, from the
downy calyx.)

II. OXYTROPIS.—Sfamens in two sets, g and 1; keel of the corolla
pointed ; legime more or less perfectly 2-celled. (Name from the
Greek, oxys, sharp, and éropis, a keel.)

12. ASTRAGALUS (Milk Vetch).—S#amens in 2 sets, 9 and 1; keel
of the corolla blunt ; legume more or less perfectly 2-celled. (Name
from the Greek, astragalos, a pastern bone, from the knotted form
of. the root of the plant to which the name was originally given.)

‘13. Victa (Vetch).—Calyx 5-cleft ; style thread-like, or angular,
with a small ring of down near the extremity, or a tuft on the
under side, or glabrous.

14. Latuyrus (Vetchling).—Calyx 5-cleft ; style flattened on the
upper side, downy beneath the stigma. (Name from the Greek,
lathyros, a plant so called.)

PEA AND BEAN TRIBE 65

15. OrnitHOPuS (Bird’s-foot)—Legume curved, divided into
many equal-sided joints, cach of which contains a seed ; heel small,
obtuse. (Name from the Greek, ornis, a bird, and pous, a foot, to
which the tufts of seed-vessels bear a singular resemblance.)

16. Hrppocrepts (Horse-shoe Vetch).—Legame composed of nu-
merous crescent-shaped joints, so that each legume has many deep
notches on one side; eel narrowed into a beak. (Name from the
Greck, juppos, a horse, and crepis, a shoe, from the form of the
joints of the seed-vessels.)

17. ONOBRYCHIS (Saint-foin).—Legume straight, rI-celled, I-
seeded, not opening, the lower edge fringed or winged. (Name
from the Greek, onos, an ass, and brycho, to bray, it being supposed
that the smell excites braying.)

1. ULEX (Furze)

1. U. Eurvopenus (Common Furze, Gorse, or Whin).—Bracts ovate,
not adhering closely to the calyx; branches copiously beset with
branched thorns. A much-branched, spreading shrub, almost leaf-
less, except in its seedling state, when the leaves are composed of
3 narrow, soft leaflets. It attains maturity in about four years,
but in sheltered places continues to grow until it reaches a height
of from 12 to 18 feet. Its natural habit is, however, to grow on
dry, exposed commons, which, in its flowcring season, it covers with
a gorgeous sheet of golden blossoms, entirely concealing its some-
what unsightly branches. Perhaps no plant is so broadly charac-
teristic of English scenery and the English climate as ‘‘ Yellow
Whin.” It does not thrive in hot countries, and if removed to a
much colder climate pines and dies ; it is rare even in the Highlands
of Scotland. The seed-vessels burst elastically in hot weather with
a crackling noise, scattering the seeds on all sides. The calyx-teeth
of this species are so closely united as to be scarcely visible.—
Fl. February to June. Shrub.

A variety has been found in Ireland which does not flower freely,
and also differs from the commén form in having a soft and succu-
lent instead of a rigid habit. This variety has been cultivated with
success as fodder for sheep and oxen. A double-flowered variety is
common in gardens.

2. U. nanus (Dwarf Furze).—Calyx-teeth spreading ; bracts very
minute, closely pressed to the calyx. A very distinct species from
the last, with which, however, it is sometimes confounded. It may
readily be distinguished by the above characters, by its being
smaller in all its parts, by the spreading wings of its orange-golden
flowers, which, moreover, usually appear at the same season with
the heath, a plant with which it loves to intertwine its branches.
—Fl. August to November. Shrub.

K

66 CALYCIFLORAL

. GENISTA (Green-weed)

1. G. Anglica Neale Green-weed, or Petty Whin).—Siems
thorny and leafless below ; Jeaves narrow, smooth ; legumes smooth,
inflated. A low shrub, about a foot high, with reclining tough
stems, which are armed at intervals with groups of slender, very
sharp thorns. The upper branches are destitute of thorns, and
produce leafy clusters of yellow flowers, which are remarkable for
turning green in drying.—Fl. May, June. Shrub.

2. G. tinctorva (Dyer’s Green-weed, Woad-waxen).—Thornless ;
leaves narrow, acute, nearly smooth ; flowers forming short racemes,
each springing from the axil of a bract ; legwmes flattened, smooth.
A low shrub about a foot high, with tough stems, bright green
foliage, and yellow flowers on short stalks. It grows in heathy
places and fields, varying considerably in luxuriance according to
situation, and is used to dye yarn a yellow colour.—Fl. July, August.
Shrub.

3. G. pilosa (Hairy Green-weed).—Thornless ; /eaves narrow, ob-
tuse, the lower ones often inversely heart-shaped, silky beneath ;
flowers axillary, on short stalks; legumes downy. A low shrub,
with prostrate stems, which are gnarled and much branched, and
small yellow flowers. Heathy places, rare—Fl. May, and again in
the autumn. Shrub.

3. SAROTHAMNUS (Broom)

1. S. scoparius (Common Broom).—The only British species, well
distinguished by its slender, erect, angled branches, with small,
scattered leaves, the lower ones stalked and. occurring in threes, the
upper ones sessile and usually single. Flowers large, yellow, 1 or 2
together in the leaf axils. Legumes when ripe nearly black, and
hairy at the margin.—Fl. June. Shrub. Also known as Cyttsus
scoparius.

4. Ononis (Rest-harrow)

1. O. arvensis (Common Rest-harrow).—Stem shrubby, hairy ;
leaflets oblong; flowers axillary; calyx much shorter than the
corolla. A very variable plant, sometimes spreading on the ground
and rooting at the joints ; at other times forming a small leafy bush.
The roots are tough and very long, hence the English name. The
branches often terminate in thorns; the leaves are viscid; the
flowers of a bright rose-colour, and handsome. Barren, sandy
places, common, especially near the sea.—Fl. all the summer.
Perennial.

Several more or less distinct forms occur which have been vari-
ously. classed as species and varieties, but they scarcely come
within the scope of the present work,

PLATE XIX

Dyer's Greenweed Black Medick

PEA AND BEAN TRIBE 67

2. O. reclinata (Small Spreading Rest-harrow).—A small herba-
ceous species, with pendulous, pale pink flowers, found only on the
coast of Devonshire, near Tarbert, Galloway, and on the south-west
coast of Scotland.—Fl. early summer. Annual.

5. Mepicaco (Medick)

1. M. falcata (Sickle Medick).—A rare species found only in the
eastern counties of England. Stem prostrate, 1-2 feet long;
leaflets oblong and toothed ; flowers large, yellow ; legumes sickle-
shaped.—Fl. June, July.

2. M. sativa (Lucerne).—Like the above, but more upright ;
flowers usually blue or violet ; legumes spirally twisted. Largely
cultivated as a fodder plant, and frequently found as an escape.
—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

3. M. lupulina (Black Medick, or Nonsuch).—Leaflets inversely
egg-shaped, finely toothed; stipules scarcely notched; flowers
small, yellow, in dense oblong heads; legumes rugged, 1-sceded,
kidney-shaped. A herbaceous plant with branching stems 12-18
inches long, sparsely covered with soft hairs ; resembling in habit
some of the smaller clovers, but distinguished from them by its
legumes not being enclosed within the calyx. Legumes black, not
spirally curved.—Fl. June to August. Annual.

4. M. denticulata (Toothed Medick).—Stems spreading ; leaflets
inversely heart-shaped, smooth; stipules jagged; flowers small,
yellow, 2-5 in a head; legumes loosely
spiral, edged with hooked prickles. Very
rare.—F]. April to June. Annual.

5. M. maculata (Spotted Medick).—
Much like the last ; leaflets inversely heart-
shaped, with a purple spot in the centre
of each; stipules toothed; flowers small,
yellow, 2-4 together ; legumes with hooked
prickles, and twisted spirally into a ball.
In Cornwall this plant, under the name of
Spotted Clover, is considered very injurious
to pasturage—Fl. June to September.
Annual. MepicaGo MACULATA

(Spotted Medick)
6. M. minima (Little Bur-Medick),—
Leaflets inversely heart-shaped, downy ;
stipules scarcely toothed ; flowers 2-4 together ; legumes spirally
twisted into a prickly ball; prickles hooked. Sandy places, rare.
—Fl. June, July. Annual.

68 CALYCIFLORZ

6. MELILoTUS (Melilot)

1. M. officinalis (Common Yellow Melilot).—Stem erect ; leaflets
narrow, egg-shaped, serrated ; flowers in one-sided clusters ; petals
equal in length ; Jegwmes 2-seeded, wrinkled. A branched herba-
ceous plant, 2-3 feet high, with light green foliage and small yellow
flowers; not uncommon in waste places.—Fl. June to August.
Annual or biennial.

2. M. alba (White Melilot).—A much less common plant than the
last, probably not truly indigenous, and differs from the last in
being usually taller and having white flowers, in which the standard
is longer than the wings and keel.

47. TRIGONELLA (Fenugreek)

1. T. ornithopodioides (Bird’s-foot Fenugreek).—A small plant
with spreading, prostrate branches 2 or 3 inches long and small
flowers of a whitish colour, growing 1-3 together in the axils of
the leaves ; legumes 6 to 8-seeded, curved; glabrous, twice as long
as the calyx. Dry sandy places, not common.—F1. June to August.
Annual.

8. TriFoLium (Trefotl)

1. T. incarnatum (Crimson Clover).—Erect, 1-2 feet high, downy ;
flower-heads oblong or cylindrical, crimson ; s¢ipules membranous ;
leaves composed of three obovate or inversely heart-shaped leaflets ;
calyx with soft hairs, toothed. Much cultivated for fodder, and
occurs as an escape. There is also a variety with pale yellow
flowers. Fl. early summer. Annual.

2. T. arvense (Hare’s-foot Clover)—Flowers in terminal oblong
heads, which are soft with downy hair; calyx-teeth hairy, much
longer than the corolla; sfen: branched, erect. A very distinct
species, common in sandy places, especially near the sea. The
peculiarly soft heads, which are nearly cylindrical, and in which
the pale pink flowers are nearly concealed, at once distinguish
this from any other British species.—Fl. July to September.
Annual.

3. I. stellatium (Starry Clover). —A low, softly hairy form,
with globular heads of pale yellow flowers. It occurs only on the
coast near Shoreham, in Sussex, and is probably only a chance
introduction. It is distinguished by the remarkably large calyx
of the fruit, which spreads in a star-lhke manner.—FI. early summer.
Annual.

4. IT. ochroleucum (Sulphur-coloured Trefoil).—Flowers in dense,
stalked, terminal heads, which are at first hemispherical, afterwards
egg-shaped ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, the lower one much the longest ;
lower leaflets heart-shaped, upper oblong. The whole plant is

PLATE XxX.

Common Yellow Melilot
Common Rest Harrow Common Bird's-foot Trefoil

a
*

ae

PEA AND BEAN TRIBE 69

downy; the flowers are cream-coloured, turning brown as they
fade. Found only in some of the eastern counties of England ;
rare, dry pastures.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

5. I. pratense (Purple Clover).—Stem decumbent or erect, I-2
feet high ; flowers in dense, roundish oblong heads, purplish red,
sweet scented ; calyx hairy, its bristle-like divisions half as long as
the corolla; stipules broad, terminating abruptly in a bristle
point ; leaflets broad, obovate, or inversely heart-shaped, notched
or entire. The common Clover of meadows, where it forms a valu-
able part of the hay crop. The long tubes of the corolla abound in
honey, on which account they are often called by children Honey-
suckles.—Fl. all the summer. Perennial.

6. T. medium (Zigzag Clover).—Not unlike the last, but dis-
tinguished by its slenderer and more erect habit, the zigzag growth
of its stems, and especially by its narrower /eaffets, and tapering,
not abrupt stipules. Dry pastures and bushy places, common.
It thrives better than the preceding in dry soils—FI. July, August.
Perennial.

7. I. maritimum (Teazel-headed Trefoil).— Stem spreading,
slender, pubescent ; flowers in terminal roundish heads ; calyx-teeth
broad, pointed, and rigid, shorter than the corolla, finally becoming
enlarged and spreading; stzpiles awl-shaped, very long; flowers
small, pink. Salt marshes, not common.—Fl. June, July.
Annual.

8. ZT. striatum (Soft Knotted Tretoil).—Stems spreading ; the
whole plant covered more or less with silky hairs; flowers light
purple, in downy, terminal heads ; calyw rigid, furrowed with straight,
unequal, awl-shaped teeth, and swollen when in fruit. Barren
places, especially near the sea.—FI. June, July. Annual.

g. I. Bocconi (Boccone’s Clover).—A small, erect species, 2-6
inches high, with roundish heads of small pale pink flowers, the
heads usually growing in pairs. Found only near the Lizard in
Cornwall; dry places—Fl. July. Annual.

to. T. scabrum (Rigid Trefoil).—Flowers in dense prickly heads,
which are both terminal and axillary; calyx-teeth unequal, very
rigid, finally spreading ; stems prostrate. A small plant, with in-
conspicuous whitish flowers, and remarkable only for its prickly
calyces, especially when in fruit. Barren places, especially near
the sea.— Fl. June, July. Annual.

ui. T. strictum (Upright Clover).—Stems upright, about 6 inches
high ; flower-heads globular, I-3 on a stem ; flowers small, whitish ;
leaflets narrow, toothed; legume 1 or 2-seeded, bulged near the
summit, longer than the calyx. Found only in the Channel Islands
and at the Lizard in Cornwall.—Fl. May and June. Annual.

12. IT. glomeratum (Smooth Round-headed Trefoil).—Flowers in

70 CALYCIFLORE

round prickly heads, which are both terminal and axillary ; calyx-
teeth broad, very acute, reflexed ; corollas small, bright pink ; stems
prostrate. Gravelly places near the sea, in the south and east
of England; not common.—Fl. June. Annual.

13. T. suffocatum (Suffocated Clover).—A minute, procumbent
plant, with tiny ovid heads of whitish flowers, which are sessile.
Leaves stalked; Jeaflets obovate, glabrous; calyx-teeth narrow
and recurved. Sandy places near the sea; rare.—Fl. June, July.
Annual.

14. T. vesupinatum (Reversed Clover)—Stems branched, leafy
below, about a foot long; flower-heads small, axillary, on short
stalks ; the corollas are small and pink, with the standards curving
outwards instead of inwards. Not anative,:but is sometimes found
in the south of England.—F1. June, July. Annual.

15. IT. subterraneum (Subterranean Trefoil)—Flowers 3-5 to-
gether, in axillary heads, at first erect, in fruit abruptly bent
down, and sending out branched fibres, which penetrate into the
ground. A curious little plant, a few inches long, with prostrate,
branched stems and white or pink flowers, which are remarkable
for the above-named character of bending down and, by the help
of the altered calyx, burying the seed in the ground while yet
attached to the plant. Dry banks: not uncommon.—Fl. May,
June. Annual.

16. T. fragiferum (Strawberry-headed Trefoil).—Stem creeping ;
flower-heads globose, on long stalks ; calyx, after flowering, mem-
branaceous and remarkably inflated. This plant has somewhat
of the habit of ZT. repens, but the flowers are light purple, and the
heads of inflated calyces, which are often tinged with pink, are
not unlike the fruit from which the plant receives its name. Dry
meadows and pastures, not uncommon.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

17. T. repens (White or Dutch Clover).—Stem creeping, taking
root at the nodes; fowers in roundish heads, stalked, finally bent
back; legumes 2 to 4-seeded; the flowers are white, sometimes
tinged with pink, and fragrant ; leaflets toothed, frequently having
a mark in the centre. Abundant in meadows, where it forms
excellent pasture.—Fl. through the summer. Perennial.

In a variety commonly cultivated in gardens under the name
of Shamrock, nearly the whole of the centre of each leaflet is tinged
with dark purple. The real Shamrock is this species, and, perhaps,
any other “ 3-leaved grass” which grows in similar situations.
Much discussion about the identity of Shamrock might have been
saved byrecollecting that St. Patrick’s day falls at a season (17 March)
when the botanical characters of the trefoils are scarcely developed
and that the devotees of that saint can hardly be expected

PLATE XxXI.

i Alsike Clover
Common Bird's-foot Hare's-fvot Clover
Subterranean trefoil.

Soe =

PEA AND BEAN TRIBE et

to have possessed much botanical knowledge. Some antiquarians
contend that, as Ireland was a well-wooded country in St. Patrick’s
time, the saint very probably selected a leaf of Wood Sorrel (Oxalis
acetosella) to illustrate the doctrine of the Trinity.

18. T. hybridum (Alsike Clover).—Much like T. repens ; stems
usually ascending, 1-2 feet high, never rooting at the nodes;
flowers like T. repens, and bending back with age in the same
manner, but the corollas are of a decided pink colour. Established
as a cultivated pasture plant, but not a native—Fl. summer.
Perennial.

19. T. procumbens (Hop Clover).—Stems slender, procumbent,
6-12 inches long ; fower-stalks rather long, axillary, bearing globular
heads of small ycllow flowers; leaves stalked; legume 1-seeded.
Not unlike Medicago lupulina in habit, but at once distinguished
when in fruit by the hop-like heads of withered flowers. Specimens
occur near the sea, with scanty foliage and comparatively large
flowers.—F], June, July. Annual.

20. T. minus (Lesser Clover)—A small variety of T. procum-
bens ; stems more procumbent ; flowers smaller, 4-20 on a head,
pale yellow. Both this and T. procumbens are common in dry
pastures.—Fl. summer. Annual.

a1. LT. filiforma (Slender Clover).—Smaller than T. minus ;
stems slender, prostrate; flowers yellow, very small, 2-6 or 7 in
a head. Rare.—Fl. June, July. Annual.

g. Lotus (Bird’s-foot Trefow)

1. L. corniculatus (Bird’s-foot Trefoil).—Stems prostrate or
ascending ; flowers in umbels, 4 or 5-12 together ; calyx-teeth straight
in the bud. A pretty flower, known among children by the name
of “ Shoes-and-Stockings.” The foliage is usually smooth, with
a few scattered hairs, or more rarely covered with long soft hairs.
The flowers on the same plant, and even in the same umbel, vary
from bright yellow to deep brownish orange.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial. A most variable species, some of its forms are so
distinct and constant that they have been classed as species, and
of these the most important are—

(i) L. uliginosus (Greater Bird’s-foot Trefoil)—Flowers 5-12 in
an umbel, rich yellow; calyx-teeth while in bud spreading like a
star ; stems nearly erect, tubular, 1-3 feet high, weak, and usually
supported by the plants among which it grows; whole plant more
or less covered with soft hair. In damp bushy places ; common.
—Fil. July, August. Perenmial.

(ii) L. crasstfolius.—A low-growing form with large flowers,
4-6 in an umbel, and glabrous, sometimes glaucous, leaves. Dry
pastures.

92 CALYCIFLORE

(iil) L. vellosus—A form resembling the common type, but
covered with spreading hairs and confined to Kent and Devon-
shire.

(iv) L. tenmis.—Distinguished by its very slender, branched
stems, narrow leaflets, and smaller flowers. Rare.

2. L. angustissimus (Slender Bird’s-foot Trefoil).—Stems slender
and branched ; /eaffets small; whole plant clothed with soft hairs ;
flowers small, I or 2 or occasionally 3 or 4 in an umbel; calyx-
teeth very long ; legume about an inch long. South coast of Eng-
land; rare.—Annual.

to. ANTHYLLIS (Lady’s Fingers)

I. A. vulnerarva (Common Lady’s
Fingers, or Kidney Vetch).—The
_ only British species. A handsome,
herbaceous plant, with pinnate
leaves clothed with silky hairs (the
3 lerminal leaflet largest) and yellow
gi flowers, with pale inflated calyces.
+ The dense heads of flowers grow
two together at the end of each
stalk. Varieties with crimson,
purple, cream-coloured, and white
flowers occur.—Fl. June to August.
Perennial.

II. OXYTROPIS

I. O. Uralensis (Purple or Hairy
Mountain Oxytropis)—Leaves and
flowers vising directly from the
roots ; flower-stalks longer than the

ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA leaves, silky like the rest of the
(Common Lady's Fingers) plant ; legume 2-celled ; flowers in
heads, bright purple. Dry moun-

tain pastures in Scotland. —Fl. June, July. Perennial.

2. O. campestris (Yellow Oxytropis).—Leaves and flower-stalks
about equal in length; flowers yellowish, tinged with purple ;
legume imperfectly 2-cclled. Found only among the Clova hills
in Scotland.—F1. June, July. Perennial.

12. AstraGaLus (Milk Vetch)

1. A. glycyphyllus (Sweet Milk Vetch).—Stem prostrate, 2-3 feet
long ; legumes erect, curved, smooth, 2-celled; flowers dull yellow,
in short dense racemes ; /eaves consisting of 5 or 6 pairs of leaflets.

PLATE XXII.

Bush Vetch

Slender Vetch Spring Vetch

PEA AND BEAN TRIBE 73

Thickets, or on gravelly or chalky soil; uncommon.—Fl. June,
July. Perennial.

_ 2. A. danicus (Purple Milk Vetch).—Stem prostrate, only a few
inches long ; flower-stalks longer than the leaves; legumes erect,
hairy; flowers purplish (sometimes white), in short spikes. Chalky
and gravelly places.—F]. June, July. Perennial.

3. A. Alpinus (Alpine Milk Vetch).—Stems branching, prostrate ;
leaflets 8-12 pairs, with a terminal odd one; flowers drooping,
bluish or white, tipped with purple ; legames pendulous, clothed
with black hairs. Mountainous pastures, Perthshire, Braemar,
and Clova in Scotland ; rare—Fl. July. Perennial.

13. Vicia (Vetch)

1. V’. hirsuta (Hairy Vetch, or Tare).—
A slender, much-branched plant, forming
tangled masses of stems and _ leaves;
leaves consisting of 6-8 pairs of leaflets ;
flowers about 6 together, minute and
bluish white; legumes hairy, 2-seeded.
This, though a mischievous weed, is not
the Tare of the Holy Scriptures, which is
supposed to be the Darnel (Lolium temu- = Vicia Hirsuta (Hairy
lentum). Fields and hedges; very com- Pee Ia)
mon.—Fl. all summer. Annual.

2. V. letrasperma (Slender Vetch).—Flowers 1-7 together, on a
slender stalk, light purple; Jegwmes smooth, usually 4-seeded ;
whole plant much slenderer and less branched than the last. Found
in similar situations, but less common.—FIl. all summer. Annual.

3. V. gracilis (Slender Vetch), is by some botanists considered a
distinct species, others make it a variety of the last. The flowers
grow 1-4 together, and are larger than in I’. telrasperma ; legumes
6-8-seeded. Found in the south of England.—Fl. all summer.
Annual.

4. V. cracca (Tufted Vetch).—Leaflets in about Io pairs, narrow,
pointed, silky, with tendrils; stipules half arrow-shaped, scarcely
toothed ; flowers crowded in one-sided spikes. One of the most
ornamental of British plants, climbing along the tops of hedges,
and adorning them with its slender spikes of blue and purple flowers.
Bushy places; frequent.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

5. V. sylvatica (Wood Vetch).—Leaflets in about 8 pairs, ellip-
tical, abrupt, with a short point; stipules crescent-shaped, deeply
toothed at the base; /egwme an inch long, smooth, 4-6-seeded.
A large and beautiful species, with a long stem 3-6 feet high,
climbing by means of its branched tendrils. /owers numerous, in

74 CALYCIFLORE

drooping racemes, cream-coloured, with bluish veins. Moun-
tainous woods ; not common.—FIl. June to August. Perennial.

6. V. orobus (Wood-bitter Vetch).—Leaflets in 7-10 pairs, oblong,
acute, without tendrils ; stipules half arrow-shaped, slightly toothed.
A. branched, herbaceous plant, with many prostrate stems and
one-sided racemes of large purplish white flowers. Rocky woods
in the north.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

9. V. sepium (Bush Vetch).—Flowers in axillary clusters of from
4-6; legumes smooth; leaflets egg-shaped, obtuse, in 4-6 pairs,
gradually decreasing in size towards the end of the leaf-stalk.
Very common in woods and shady hedges, and distinguished by
its clusters of bluish purple flowers, which grow on short stalks in
the axils of leaves.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

8. V. lutea (Yellow Vetch).—Stems prostrate or ascending,
about 2 feet long ; flowers solitary, sessile, rather large, pale yellow ;
legumes hairy. Sea coast; rare—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

g. V. sativa (Common Vetch).—Flowers solitary or in pairs,
with very short stalks; leaflets from obcordate to narrow in 5-7
pairs ; st¢pules half arrow-shaped, toothed at the base, marked with
a dark spot; éendvils usually branched. This species being ex-
tensively cultivated for fodder for cattle varies considerably in
luxuriance according to soil. It usually grows about 2 feet high,
and bears blue and purple or red flowers.—Fl. June, July. Annual.

A small variety, V. angustifolia (Narrow-leaved Vetch).—By
some botanists considered a distinct species, has very narrow
leaves and crimson flowers.

to. V. lathyroides (Spring Vetch).—Nearly allied to the last,
but very much smaller ; sfems low and spreading, rarely exceeding
6 inches; flowers solitary, sessile, rich purple; legumes smooth ;
leaflets in 2-3 pairs; stzpules entire, not marked with a dark spot ;
seeds nearly cubical, roughish. Dry places, but not very common.
—Fl. April, May. Annual.

ur. V. Bithynica (Bithynian Vetch).—Stems angular, 1-2 feet
long; leaflets 2 or 4 together with branched tendrils ; flowers
rather large, purple, with whitish wings, I or 2 together on a stalk.
Bushy places on a gravelly soil near the sca; not common.
—Fl. May to August. Annual.

14. LatHyrus (Vetchling)

1. L. nissolia (Crimson Vetchling).—Leaves simple, very narrow,
destitute of tendrils ; flower-stalks long, bearing I or 2 small bright
crimson flowers ; whole plant about x foot high. Grassy places ;
rare.—Fl. June, July. Annual.

2. L. aphaca (Yellow Vetchling) —A pretty little plant with

PEA AND BEAN TRIBE 75

small yellow flowers, 1 or 2 on a stalk, and remarkable for being
entirely destitute of leaves, the place of which is supplied by a pair
of stipules at the base of each tendril; stipules large, leaflike,
half arrow-shaped ; plant smooth, branching, about a foot long.
A rare cornfield weed.—Fl]. June to August. Annual.

3. L. hirsutus (Rough-podded Vetchling).—Stems weak, branched,
about a foot long; flowers borne singly or in pairs on long stalks,
the standards crimson, the rest pale blue; degumes hairy. A rare
species, found in Yorkshire, Essex, Kent, Surrey, and Somerset-
shire.—Fl. June, July. Annual.

4. L. pratensis (Meadow Pea).—A weak climbing plant 2-3 feet
long; leaf of 2 narrow leaflets; stipules arrow-shaped, as large
as the leaflets; flowers yellow, all turning one way. Grassy places ;
comimon.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

5. L. tuberosus (Earth-nut Pea).—Root tuberous; stems weak,
angled, branched ; Jeaf-tendrils branched ; leaflets ovate; stepules
half arrow-shaped ; flower-stalks 3-6 inches in length, bearing
a number of red flowers. Very rare; found only as a cornfield
weed at Fyfield in Essex.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

6. 1. sylvestris (Everlasting Pea).—The stems climb to the height
of 3-6 feet, winged ; leaf of two long sword-shaped leaflets ; flowers
large, greenish yellow, tinged with purple, but not so handsome as
those of the garden species. Woods and thickets; not very
common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

7. L. palustris (Blue Marsh Vetchling)—A climbing plant,
smaller than the last ; leaf of 2-4 pairs of very narrow acute leaf-
lets; ¢endrils generally branched; stems winged; flowers bluish
purple, 2-8 together. Boggy meadows; rare.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

8. L. maritimus (Sea Pea).—-Stems prostrate, 6-12 inches long,
angled ; leaves of 3-8 pairs of egg-shaped leaflets; flower-stalks
shorter than the leaves, 6-8 flowered; flowers purple, variegated
with crimson and blue. Pebbly seashores ; rare.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

g. L. macrorrhizus (Tuberous Bitter Vetch).—Leaves of 2-4
pairs of oblong leaflets, which are glaucous beneath ; s¢zpales half
arrow-shaped ; stem simple, winged, 6-12 inches high. A pretty
spring Vetch, with clusters of blue and purple flowers in the angles
of the leaves, growing in similar situations with the Wood Anemone,
but appearing somewhat later. It may at once be distinguished
from any of the true Vetches by its being destitute of tendrils, in
place of which there are soft bristle-like points. The roots are
tuberous, and are “‘ eaten by Highlanders, under the name of Cor-
meille,” a very small quantity being said to allay and prevent

76 CALYCIFLORA

hunger.” —Sir W. J. Hooker. Woods; not uncommon, especially
in the west of England.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

to. L. Nigey (Black Bitter Vetch).—Stem branched, erect, 1-2
feet high, angular, but not winged; stipules very narrow; root
not tuberous ; flowers 6-8 together ; the plant turns black in dying.
A very rare Scottish species.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

I5. ORNITHOPUS (Bird’s-foot)

I. O. perpusillus (Common Bird’s-foot)—A
minute and very beautiful plant, with spreading,
prostrate stem; downy leaves of 6-12 pairs of
leaflets and an odd one; heads of 2 or 3 exceed-
ingly small cream-coloured flowers, veined with
crimson, with a leaf at the base of each head ;
and jointed legumes, which become curved as
they ripen, and bear a resemblance to a bird’s
foot. Sandy heaths; common.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

2. O. ebractealus (Sand Bird’s-foot)—In many
respects similar to the last; the flowers are
larger, the plant smooth and glaucous, and there
is no leaf below the flower-head. Found in the

OxnitHorus Prr- Channel and Scilly Islands.—Fl. June to August.
PUSILLUS (Common Annual.
Bird’ s-foot)

16. Hippocreris (Horse-shoe Vetch)

1. H. comosa (Tufted Horse-shoe Vetch).—
The only British species. A low, tufted plant,
with much-branched stems, which arc woody
al the base, and elegant /eaves, composed of
6-12 narrow leaflets. The wmbels of yellow
flowers might be mistaken for those of Lotus
corniculatus, but for the curious structure of
the seed-vessels, which are shaped like a series
of horse-shoes, united by their extremities.
The plant may also be distinguished by its
pinnate leaves. Common on chalky banks.
—Fil. May to August. Perennial.

17. ONOBRYCHIS (Satnt-foin)

I. O. sativa (Common Saint-foin).—The only
British species. A handsome plant, often culti-
vated as fodder in dry, chalky, and gravelly
soils. The stems are ascending, 1-2 feet long; tyippocerpts ComosA
the /eaves are composed of 8-12 pairs of oblong (Tujted Horse-shoe Vetch)

PLATE XXIV.

Grass Vetchling Tuberous Ritter Vetch

eR Fe A ee Ce Be ee Oe We ke ee di Oe ee ks Ee a Oe ks a ee Oe a a

ROSE TRIBE 77

leaflets, with an odd one; and the flowers which
grow in clusters, or rather spikes, are crimson,
variegated with pink and white. Chalky and
limestone hills—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER XXIV
ROSACEZZ.—TueE Rost TRIBE

Calyx most frequently 5-lobed, sometimes 4, 8
or r0-lobed; petals 5, inserted on the calyx,
regular ; stamens indefinite, generally more than
12; inserted on the calyx curved inwards before
the expansion of the petals; carpels many or
solitary, either distinct, or combined with each
other and with the calyx; styles distinct, often
lateral ; frit either a drupe (cherry or plum)—
an assemblage of erect capsules opening at one
side—a number of nut-like seeds inserted into a ONoBRycHIs SATIVA
fleshy receptacle (Strawberry, Blackberry)—en- (©9707 Satnt-foin)
closed in the fleshy tube of the calyx (hip of the
Rose)—or a pome (apple). A large and important Order, con-
taining about a thousand species, many of which, either in a wild
or cultivated state, produce excellent fruit—Cherries, Plums,
Almonds, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Strawberries, Raspberries,
Blackberries, Apples, Pears, and Quinces, all belong to this Order.
It is to be noted, however, that valuable as these fruits are, the
leaves, bark, flowers, and seeds of many abound in a deadly poison,
called hydrocyanic or prussic acid. The variety of form displayed
by the fruit of the Rose Tribe has afforded a facility for sub-
dividing the Order into several Sub-orders, or Groups, the characters
of which are subjoined.

Sub-order 1.—AMYGDALE.E.—The Almond Group

In plants belonging to this division the pistil is solitary, and the
fruit when ripe is a drupe, that 1s, a single seed enclosed in a hard
case, which is itself surrounded by a fleshy or juicy pulp, with an
external rind or cuticle ; the bark often yields gum, and prussic acid
is generally abundant in the leaves and seeds. They are shrubs or
trees, and inhabit the cold and temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere. Examples of the deadly properties residing in these
plants are afforded by the leaves of the common Laurel, Prunits
Lauro-cerasus, even the vapour of which is destructive to insect life.
The oil of Bitter Almonds is extremely poisonous, and many in-
stances are recorded of its fatal effects. But notwithstanding the
presence of this destructive principle in the leaves and other parts

78 CALYCIFLORA

of the trees belonging to this division, the fruit is, with the
exception of the Laurel, harmless, or even a nourishing food.
Amygdalus communis, the Almond Tree,
grows naturally in Barbary and in
Asia, from Syria to Afghanistan, and
is extensively cultivated in the south
of Europe. There are two varieties
of the tree, one yielding the sweet, the
other the bitter Almond. Jordan Al-
monds, which are considered the best,
are brought from Malaga; bitter Al-
monds are imported from Mogadore.
The varieties of Amygdalus Persica pro-
duce the Peach, Nec one and Apricot.
Prunus domestica and its varieties afford
Plums of many kinds. P. Lusitanica
is well known by the name of Portugal
Laurel.

r. Prunus (Plum and Cherry).—Nut
of the drupe smooth, or slightly seamed.
(Name from the Greek, prouné, a plum. Cerasus, a name some-
times given to one division of this genus, is derived from Cerasits,
a city of Pontus, whence the Roman general Lucullus introduced
a superior kind, B.c. 67.)

AMYGDALER
(The Almond Group)

Sub-order 11.—SPiIRED®.—Meadow-sweel Group

This division contains a limited number of herbaceous or shrubby
plants, which bear their seeds in dry, erect capsules, opening at the
side, termed follicles. Several species of spiv@a are ornamental
shrubs, and are commonly cultivated in gardens.

2. SPIREA (Meadow-sweet, Dropwort).—Calyx 5-cleft ; stamens
numerous; follicles 3-12, bearing few seeds. (Name of Greek
origin.)

Sub-ordey II1.—PortenTILyipz.—The Strawberry Group

In this division the form of the fruit varies much more than in
either of the preceding; but in every case the calyx is permanent
and contains a number of nut-like seeds, with or without tails,
placed on a pulpy, spongy, or dry receptacle ; in the Bramble, each
seed is enveloped in pulp, the fruit being an assemblage of ‘small
drupes; in Agrimony alone there are but two seeds, which are
enclosed in a bristly, hardened calyx. The plants of this division
are mostly herbaccous, but some few are shrubs. None of them are
injurious; the roots and leaves of some are astringent or tonic,

ROSE TRIBE 79

The fruit of the Strawberry, Raspberry, and Bramble is too well
known to need any description.

3. Dryas (Mountain Avens).—Calyx in 8-10 equal divisions,
which are all in one row; fetals 8-10; styles finally becoming
feathery tails, not hooked at the extremity. (Name from the Greek,
drys, an Oak, from a fancied resemblance between the leaves. )

4. GEuM (Avens).—Calyx Io-cleft, in two rows, the outer division
smaller ; fefals 5; styles finally becoming jointed, awns hooked at
the extremity. (Name from the Greek, geyo, to taste.)

5. Porentityia (Cinquefoil)—Calyx 8 or ro-cleft, in two rows ;
petals 4 or 5: seeds without awns. (Name from the Latin, potens,
powerful, from the powerful properties supposed to reside in some
species.)

6. FRAGARIA (Strawberry).—Calyx 1o-cleft, in 2 rows; the outer
divisions smaller; fefals 5; seeds without awns, on an enlarged,
fleshy receptacle. (Name from the Latin, fragum, a strawberry, and
that from fragrans, fragrant.)

7. Rusus (Bramble).—Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5; frit an assem-
blage of small drupes, arranged on and round a spongy receptacle.
(Name from the Latin, ruber, red.)

8. AGRIMONIA (Agrimony).—Calyx 5-cleft, top-shaped, covered
with hooked bristles ; petals 5 ; stamens about 15 ; seeds 2, enclosed
in the tube of the hardened calyx. (Name of Greek origin.)

Sub-order 1V.—SANGUISORBIDE.—The Burnet Group

The plants of this group would seem at first sight to be scarcely
connected with those already described. It will, however, be found,
on close examination, that in many important respects they agree
with the characters given in the description of the Order RosAcEs,
though in others scarcely less important they appear to differ ;
these are the absence of petals, and the hardened calyx of the fruit
containing I or 2 nut-like seeds. The calyx is 3 to 8-cleft, and the
stamens are usually few in number. The plants are either herba-
ceous or shrubby, and, like those of the last group, their properties
are astringent or tonic. In some species the flowers grow in round
or oblong heads.

g. ALCHEMILLA (Lady’s Mantle)—Calyx 8-cleft, in 2 rows, the
outer divisions smaller ; petals 0 ; stamens 1-4, opposite the smaller
divisions of the calyx ; seeds 1 or 2, enclosed in the hardened calyx.
(Name from its pretended value in Alchemy.)

Io. SANGUISORBA (Burnet). 4 (not green),
with 2-4 scale-like bracts at the base; petals 0; stamens 4; seeds

80 CALYCIFLORZ

I or 2, enclosed in the tube of the hardened calyx. (Name from the
Latin, sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to staunch, from the supposed
virtues of the plant.)

rr. PoTERIUM (Burnet Saxifrage).—Stamens and pisét/s in separate
flowers ; flowers in heads; calyx 4-cleft, coloured, with 3 scale-like
bracts at the base; fefals 0; stamens numerous; stigma tufted.
(Name from the Greek, potérion, a drinking-cup, the plant being
used in the preparation of Cool-tankard.)

Sub-order V.cRosip#.—The Rose Group

This division contains the genus from which both the Order and
Sub-order take their names. Here also the fruit furnishes the
main characteristic; it consists of a number of nut-like, hairy seeds,
enclosed within the fleshy tube of the calyx, which is contracted at
the top. The Roses are shrubs more or less prickly (not thorny),
with pinnate leaves. The number of species is very great, of varie-
ties incalculable, the beauty and fragrance of the flowers having
rendered them favourite objects of cultivation from a very early
period. From the petals of R. centifolia and R. Damascena are
made Rose-water and Attar of Roses. It is stated that 100,000
Roses, the produce of 10,000 bushels, yield only nine drams of Attar.
From the pulp of the fruit, called a hip, is made a conserve, which
is used in the preparation of various medicines.

tz. Rosa (Rose).—Calvx urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth,
and terminating in 5, often leaf-like, divisions; petals 5; stamens
numerous ; seeds numerous. (Name from the Latin, rosa, and that
from the Greck, rhodon, its ancient names.)

Sub-order VI.—Pomem.—The Apple Group

In the plants of this division the fruit is what is called a pome ;
that is, the tube of the calyx enlarges and becomes a fleshy or
mealy fruit, enclosing 1--5 cells, which are either horny, as in the
Apple, or bony, as in the Medlar. The Apple Group contains well-
known fruit trees, namely, the Apple, Pear, Quince, Medlar, Service,
Mountain Ash, and Hawthorn. The seeds, and occasionally the
flower and bark of some, yield prussic acid. All the cultivated
varieties of Apple are derived from the Wild Apple, or Crab, Pyrus
Malus ; the garden Pears from a thorny tree, with hard astringent
fruit, Pyrus communis. The wood of the Pear is very close-grained,
and is sometimes used by wood-engravers. The fruit of the Moun-
tain Ash and some other species yields malic acid, and the leaves
prussic acid, in as great abundance as the Laurel. All the plants
of this division are either trees or shrubs.

13. Pyrus (Pear, Apple, Service, and Mountain Ash).—Calyx

ROSE TRIBE 81

5-cleft ; petals 5; styles 2-5; fruit fleshy or juicy, with 5 horny,
2-seeded cells. (Name from the Latin, pyrws, a pear.)

14. Mespitus (Medlar).—Calyx 5-cleft, divisions leaflike ; petals
5; sivles 2-5; frit fleshy, top-shaped, terminating abruptly, with
the ends of the bony cells exposed. (Name from the Greek, mespile,
a medlar.)

15. Cratmcus (Hawthorn).—Calyx 5-cleft, divisions acute;
petals 5; styles 1-5 ; fruit oval or round, concealing the ends of the
bony cells. (Name from the Greek, cvatos, strength, in allusion to
the hardness of the wood.)

16. COTONEASTER (Cotoneaster)—Small trees or shrubs with
small and usually entire /eaves ; flowers small and generally solitary ;
sepals 5; petals 5; stamens indefinite; carpels 2-5, not joined to
each other, but inserted by their backs on the calyx tube; fruit
2 to 5-chambered. (Name of classical origin.)

1. Prunus (Plum and Cherry)
Fruit covered with bloom ; young leaf with halves rolled together

1. P. spinosa (Sloe, Blackthorn).—
Branches very thorny ; leaves narrow,
elliptical, smooth above, slightly downy
near the midrib below ; flowers mostly
solitary. A well-known thorny bush,
which probably derived its name Black-
thorn from the hue of its bark, which
is much darker than that of the Haw-
thorn. The flowers appear in March
and April, and usually before the
leaves have begun to expand. The
latter are used to adulterate tea. The
fruit is small, nearly round, and so
austere that a single drop placed on the
tongue will produce a roughness on the PRuNuS SPINOSA
throat and palate which 1s perceptible (Sloe or Blackthorn)
for a long time. It enters largely into
the composition of spurious port wine, and sloe gin is a most
comforting beverage. Woods and hedges; abundant.—Fl. March
to May. Shrub.

2. P. insititia (Bullace)—Branches ending in a thorn; Jeaves
elliptical, downy beneath ; flowers in pairs. Larger than the last,
and producing a larger and more palatable black or yellow fruit.
The leaves and flowers expand about the same time. This is by
some botanists considered merely a variety of the preceding.
P. domestica (Wild Plum) appears to be as closely connected with
the Bullace as that is with the Sloe ; the branches are thornless and

G

82 CALYCIFLOR/E

the fruit oblong. From one or other of these three all the cultivated
varieties of Plum are supposed to have originated.—Fl. April, May.
Small tree.

Fruit without bloom ; young leaf with the halves folded together

3. P. Padus (Bird-Cherry)—Flowers in
pendulous racemes; leaves narrow, egg-
shaped ; fruit ovid, black, bitter; stone
tugged. A handsome shrub, or small tree,
not uncommon in the north of England in
a wild state, and common in gardens and
shrubberies elsewhere. The racemes of
flowers and drupes are not unlike those of
the Portugal Laurel, to which the plant is
+ nearly allied, but the leaves are not ever-
green.—Fl. white, May. Small tree.

4. P. avium (Wild Cherry).—Flowers in
umbels ; /eaves drooping, suddenly pointed,
downy beneath; calyx-tube contracted
above ; fruit heart-shaped, small, bitter,
black or red, and is greedily devoured by
Prunus Papus (Bird-Cherry) birds as soon as ripe. A highly orna-

mental tree, not only on account of its
elegant white flowers in spring, but even
more so in autumn, when its leaves assume
a bright crimson hue.—Fl. May. A lofty
tree without suckers.

5. P. cerasus (Red Cherry).—Flowers in
umbels ; Jeaves not drooping, smooth on
both sides; calyx-tube not contracted ;
fruit round, juicy, acid, always red. This
species is distinguished from the pre-
ceding by the characters given above and
by its lower stature, which is said not to
exceed 8 feet, while the other attains a
height of 30-40 feet; it also sends up
numerous suckers from the roots. Some
botanists, however, consider them mere
varieties of the same tree. From one or
other all the cultivated kinds of cherry
are derived. Woods and hedges; not so
common.—Fl. May. Shrub.

2. SPIREA (Meadow-sweet)

1. S. ulmaria (Meadow-sweet, Queen of SP!8£A ULMarra (Meadow-
wee et the Meadows
the Meadows).—A handsome herbaceous 9% 2“ ap the Maaian

PLATE XXV.
Blackberry Water Aveus

Stone Bramble Dewberry

os

Ee

ROSE TRIBE 83

plant 2-4 feet high ; /eaves pinnate, the alternate leaflets smaller,
downy beneath, the terminal leaflet large and 3-lobed ; flowers
yellowish white, crowded into compound erect cymes, very fragrant.
Moist meadows ; common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

2. S. Filipendula (Dropwort).—An erect herbaceous plant I-2
feet high; /eaves pinnate, with the alternate leaflets smaller, all
deeply cut into narrow, serrated segments ; flowers in a panicled
cyme, less crowded than in the last, the petals pink externally before
they expand, and when open white and scentless ;_ the rootlets have
swollen nodes or tubers. Dry pastures, especially on limestone soil.
A variety with double flowers is common in
gardens.—Fl. July to September. Perennial.

3. S. salicifolia (Willow-leaved Spirea).—A
shrubby species 4-5 feet high, with spike-like
clusters of rose-coloured flowers and simple (not
pinnated) leaves. It is occasionally found in
damp situations in the north, but is not indi-
genous.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3. Dryas (Mountain Avens)

1. D. octopetala (Mountain Avens).—The only
British species. Stems hard and thick, creeping ;
leaves oblong, deeply cut, white with woolly down
beneath ; flowers white, large, and handsome,
borne singly on erect simple stalks 2-3 inches
high; petals usually 8. Not uncommon in the
mountainous parts of England, Scotland, and

rf : er : : DRYAS OCTOPETALA
Ireland, and easily distinguished by its handsome “(qyountain Avens)

white flowers, which are an inch or more in dia-
meter.—Fl. June, July. Perennial,

4. GEUM (Avens)

1. G. uvbanum (Common Avens, Herb Ben-
net)—An erect, somewhat slender, little
- branched plant, 1-2 feet high ; voot-leaves pin-

i nate, with smaller leaflets at the base; stem-
¢ leaves ternate; flowers erect, yellow; awns
rigid, hooked at the end; stipules large,
rounded, and cut. Hedges and thickets; com-
mon.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

2. G. rivale (Water Avens).—Not so tall as
the last, and stouter, the flowers drooping, not
so spreading; voot-leaves pinnate, with the
Grum Urpanum (Com- alternate leaflets and those at the base smaller ;
mon Avens, Herb Bennet) Stem-leaves ternate ; the calyx is deeply tinged

84 CALYCIFLOR ©

with a dull purplish hue with darker veins; the felals are of a
purplish pink colour tinged with an orange shade.—FIl. June, July.
Perennial.

A variety (G. intermedium) is sometimes found which partakes of
the characters of both the above species. It is probably a natural
hybrid between the two.

5. PoTENTILLA (Cinquefoil)

i. P. Fragariastrum (Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil).—Stem pros-
trate; leaves 3 on a stalk; leaflets inversely egg-shaped, cut, silky
on both sides ; petals equalling or sometimes longer than the calyx.
One of the earliest spring flowers, often confounded by young
botanists with the Wild Strawberry (Fragaria vesca). It may, how-
ever, be always distinguished by its prostrate mode of growth and
short, notched petals; the flower-stalks of the Strawberry being
erect, and the petals entire. Banks and hedges; abundant.—
Fl. January to May. Perennial. ;

2. P. reptans (Creeping Cinquefoil)—Stem creeping, rooting at
the joints; leaves stalked; leaflets inversely egg-shaped, tapering
at the base, serrated; flower-stalks solitary; flowers handsome,
yellow, on long stalks. Meadows and waysides; common.—
Fl. June to August. Perennial.

3. P. Tormentilla (Tormentil).—Leaves of 3
leaflets, ternate, sessile ; vool-deaves of 5 leaflets
(pinnate), stalked ; /eaflets narrow, acute, cut;
stem ascending ; petals generally 3. A small
plant, with bright yellow flowers and very woody
roots. Banks and woods; common. Specimens
are not uncommon in which the stem is prostrate
and the flowers rather larger; this by some
botanists is considered a distinct species, and is
called Tormentilla reptans (Creeping Tormentil),
or P. procumbeus.—Fl. all the summer. Perennial.

4. P. argentea (Hoary Cinquefoil).—Slem pros-
trate; leaves pinnate; J/eaflets inversely egg-
shaped, cut, white and downy beneath, their
edges rolled back ; flowers yellow, small, several

POTENTILLA together at the ends of, the stems. Pastures
TORMENTILLA and roadsides, on gravelly soil; not common.
(Bormann) —Fl. June. Perennial.

5. P. verna (Spring Cinquefoil).—Svem prostrate ; leaflets some-
times 7 on the root; Jeaves inversely egg-shaped, serrated
towards the end, hairy on the edge and ribs beneath, not
downy. A small woody plant, about 5 inches long, with yellow

PLATE XXVI.

Silverweed
Strawberry leaved Cinquctoil

Shrubby Ci foi
Wild Strawberry ubby Cinquefoil

ROSE TRIBE 85

flowers 2-3 together at the ends of the stems. Dry pastures in

various parts of England, but not common.—Fl. April to June.
Perennial.

6. P. alpestris (Alpine Cinquefoil).—Closely allied to the last ; the
stem 1s more upright and the flowers larger and somctimes spotted.
Rocky places in the north; rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

7. P. Sibbaldi (Sibbaldia).—A small
prostrate plant, with ternate, hairy
leaves, and small flowers ; calyx green ;
petals minute or wanting ; the number
of stamens and pistils is very variable ;
leaflets wedge-shaped, ending in three
points. Found only on some of the
Highland mountains, but sometimes
very abundant there.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial.

8. P. fruticosa (Shrubby Cinquefoil).
—Leaves pinnate ; a bushy species 2-3
feet high, with hairy /eaves and large
yellow flowers, which last grow several
together at the end of the stems.
Bushy places in the north of Eng-
land and west of Ireland; rare.— porgytira Stepatpt (Sibbaldia)
Fl. June, July. Perennial.

9.—P. anserina (Silver-weed, Goose-grass).—Leaves pinnate, the
alternate leaflets smaller; leaflets sharply cut, silky on both sides,
especially beneath; flower-stalks solitary, axillary. Well marked
by its creeping stem, which roots at the joints, its elegantly cut silky
foliage, and showy yellow flowers. Waste ground; common.—
Fl. June, July. Perennial.

to. P. rupesiris (Rock Cinquefoil)—A shrubby species with a
woody perennial stem and annual, herbaceous, flowering stems,
which bear loose corymbs of large white flowers. Found only
on the Breidden Hill, Montgomeryshire.-—Fl. May, June. Per-
ennial.

tr. P. palustris (Marsh Cinquefoil)—A herbaceous bog-plant,
growing about a foot high. The lower /eaves are usually of
7 long, cut leaflets, the upper of 5 or 3; and each stem bears
several leaves and a number of large dingy purple flowers.
—Fl. July. Perennial.

6. Fracarta (Strawberry)

1. F. vesca (Wood Strawberry).—Calyx of the fruit bent back ;
haiys on the general flower-stalk widely spreading, on the partial

86 CALYCIFLORE

flower-stalks close pressed, silky. A well-known plant, with bright
green hairy leaves, rooting stems, and erect flower-stalks. By these
last two characters, as well as by the drooping fruit, this plant may
be distinguished from Poteniilla Fragariastrum (Strawberry-leaved
Cinquefoil), which is often mistaken for it by young botanists. The
Strawberry probably derives its name from the custom of laying
straw between the rows of plants in gardens. Woods and thickets ;
common.—Fl. May to July. Perennial.

A variety, F. elatior (the Hautboy Strawberry), which is taller,
more hairy, produces less runners, and being often unisexual, pro-
duces no fruit, is not really wild, though it often occurs as a garden
escape.

7. Rusus (Bramble)

t. R. Ideus (Raspberry).— Root-stock creeping ; siem nearly erect,
round, downy, and prickly; leaves pinnate, of 3-5 leaflets, which
are white and very downy beneath ; flowers deoepine : fruit hoary,
scarlet, or yellow in some cultivated varieties, and of an agreeable
flavour. The origin of all the garden varieties, from which it differs
in little but the size of the fruit. Rocky woods; not uncommon.
—Fl. May, June. Shrub.

2. R. fruticosus (Common Bramble, or Blackberry).—Root-stock
not sending out suckers ; séem arched, angular, prickly, often root-
ing at the extremities, which arch down and touch the ground, in
this way producing fresh plants; leaves of 3-5 leaflets; leaflets
ovate, toothed, the midribs and leaflets often thor ny ; flowers white
or pink, erect, in compound panicles ; calyx of the fruit spreading
or bent back; fruit black or sometimes reddish. This description
includes a large number of species and varieties to which names have
been severally given; but it is not here thought necessary to de-
scribe the characters at length, the genus being confessedly a difficult
one, and likely to be of interest to a specialist only. Common every-
where. Most of the species flower from July to August, and ripen
their fruit in September and October. Shrub.

3. R. cesius (Dewberry).—Stem prostrate, nearly round, prickly
below, bristly above ; leaves of 3-5 leaflets; panicle simple; calyx
clasping the fruit. In this species the fruit, which consists of a few
large drupcs, is half enclosed in the calyx, and is covered with a grey
bloom. Thickets and borders of fields ; not uncommon.—Fl. June
to August. Shrub.

4. R. saxitilis (Stone Bramble).—Stem herbaceous, about 1 foot
high, rooting; prickles few or none; leaves of 3 leaflets; flowers
few together, greenish yellow ; fruzé scarlet, consisting of 1-4 large
drupes. Stony, mountainous places, especially in the north—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.

PLATE XXVII.

Marsh Cinquefoil Creeping Cinquefoll.

ROSE TRIBE 87

5. R. Chamemorus (Cloudberry).—Root-stock a creeping rhizome ;
stem herbaceous, about 6 inches high, without prickles; leaves
simple, 5-7-lobed; flowers solitary, large, white, and with the
stamens and pistils on different plants. The fruit is orange-red and
of a pleasant flavour. A very distinct species, growing in peaty
mountainous situations in the north of Great Britain and Ireland.
Known in Scotland as avrons, and in Norway as méltebeere.—
Fl. June, July. Perennial.

8. AGRIMONIA (Agrimony)

1. A. Eupatoria (Common Agrimony).—The only British species.
A slender herbaceous plant 1-2 feet high, very different in habit
from any of the preceding. The Jeaves are pinnate, with the alter-
nate leaflets smaller, and all are deeply cut. The flowers are yellow,
and grow in long tapering spikes. The whole plant is covered with
soft hairs, and when bruised emits a slightly aromatic scent. Its
properties are said to be tonic, and on this account it is often col-
lected by village herbalists and made into tea. Common in waste
ground.—F1. July, August. Perennial.

9. ALCHEMILLA (Lady's Manile)

1. A. vulgaris (Common Lady’s Mantle).—Leaves kidney-shaped,
7-g-lobed ; lobes blunt, serrated; flowers in loose panicles. A
herbaceous plant about 6 inches high, with large and handsome soft
leaves and numerous small yellowish green flowers. Hilly pas-
tures ; not uncommon.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

2. A. Alpina (Alpine Lady’s Mantle).—Leaf of
5-7 oblong, blunt leaflets, serrated at the end, white
and satiny beneath. A very beautiful plant, re-
markable for the lustrous, almost metallic hue of
the underside of its leaves. Mountains in Scotland
and the north of England.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

. A. arvensis (Field Lady’s Mantle, or Parsley Se
Piert) —Leaves 3-cleft, wedge-shaped, downy ; lobes *
deeply cut ; flowers tufted, sessile in the axils ‘of the
leaves. A small inconspicuous weed, 3+6 inches
long, with minute greenish flowers, which are ,
almost concealed by the leaves and their large arcnemtra

stipules. Common everywhere.—Fl. May to August. Arvensis (Field
Annual. Lady’s Mantle)

88 CALYCIFLOR

Io. SANGUISORBA (Burnet)

1. S. officinalis (Great Burnet).—The only British species. A
tall, elegant plant, with pinnate leaves; stems 2-3 feet high,
sparely clothed with leaves below, branched into 3 or 4 terminal
flower-stalks, each bearing an oblong head of small, crowded,
purple-brown flowers. Moist pastures; not uncommon.—Fl. June
to September. Perennial.

SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS PoTERIUM SANGUISORBA
(Great Burnet) (Salad Burnet)

iz. PoTertum (Salad Burnet)

1. P. sanguisorba (Salad Burnet).—The only British species.
Not unlike the last, but smaller, about 1 foot high, and the flower-
heads more globular. The /eaves are pinnate, with serrate leaflets,
and have the taste and smell of cucumber. The flowers grow in
small round heads, and are greenish, sometimes tinged with purple.
The upper flowers in each head bear crimson tufted pistils, the
lower ones 30-40 stamens, with very long drooping filaments.
Common in dry pastures, especially on chalk and limestone.—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.

12. Rosa (Rose)
1. R. spinosissima (Burnet, or Scotch Rose).—Leaflets small,
simply serrated, smooth; calyx simple; fruit nearly round. A
thick, very prickly bush 2-4 feet high, the prickles nearly straight

PLATE XXVIII.

Common Agrimony Common Lady's Mantle

ROSE TRIBE 89

and intermixed with bristles. The foli-
age is small, leaves with 7-9 leaflets ;
flowers solitary, white, very fragrant ;
fruit dark purple. Waste places, espe-
cially near the sea. The origin of the
garden varieties of Scotch Rose.—
Fl. May, June. Shrub.

2. R. tomentosa (Downy-leaved Rose).
—Leaflets doubly serrated, and glandu-
lar; calyx pinnate. Distinguished by
its stout, long shoots, downy, almost
hoary /eaves, large white or pale pink
jlowers, 1-3 together, and oblong frat,
covered more or less with small prickles
and usually crowned with the cop-
iously pinnate calyx-leaves. Hedges Rosa Spinosissima (Burnet-
and thickets, particularly in the north; leaved Rose)
common.—Fl. June, July. Shrub.

3. R. rubiginosa (Sweet Brier)—Leaflel, doubly serrated, hairy,
glandular beneath, mostly rounded at the base; calyx pinnate, re-
maining attached to the ripe fruit ; frit pear-shaped when young,
and becoming globose, red, and usually smooth; larger prickles
hooked, the smaller ones straight, mixed with bristles. The Eglan-
tine of the poets, but not of Milton, whose “ twisted Eglantine”’ is
the Woodbine or Honeysuckle. A favourite garden plant, deser-
vedly cultivated for the sake of its deliciously fragrant foliage.
Bushy places, especially on chalk.—Fl. June, July. Shrub.

4. R. canina (Dog Rose)—Leaves smooth, or slightly hairy ;
calyx pinnate, not remaining attached to the fruit ; sfyles distinct ;
prickles hooked ; flowering sfems usually smooth, and bearing soli-
tary flowers or 3 or 4 together. This is the Common Hedge Rose,
a flower belonging exclusively to summer, and welcomed at its first
appearance scarcely less warmly than the early Primrose of spring.
The colour of the flower varies from white to a deep blush, and the
leaves also differ considerably ; but the above characters will be
found to include all the principal varieties. Hedges and bushy
places; abundant.—Fl. June, July. Shrub.

5. R. arvensis (Trailing Dog Rose).—Prickles small, hooked ;
leaves smooth; calyx slightly pinnate, not remaining attached to
the fruit; styles united: stigmas forming a round head. Distin-
guished from all other British species of Rose by its slender, trailing
stems. The flowers are white and scentless, and there are fewer
prickles than in most other species. Woods and hedges ; common
in the south of England.—Fl. June to August. Shrub. Botanists
describe no less than nineteen species of native Roses, but, as many

90 CALYCIFLOR#

of these are rare and the characters of
others are difficult to discriminate, it
, has been thought best to describe here
only those which are of common occur-
rence, or otherwise remarkable.

13. Pyrus (Pear, Apple, Service, and
Mountain Ash)

1. P. communis (Wild Pear).—Leaves
simple, egg-shaped, serrated; flowers
white, in bunches on spurs of the pre-
vious year’s formation ; fruit tapering
b at the base. A small upright tree, often

ra bearing thorns at the extremities of its

Pyrus Communts (Wild Pear) branches. The seed-vessel, in a wild

state, is woody, austere, and worthless,

yet is the origin of the countless luscious

varieties of our gardens and orchards.

Woods and hedges.— Fl. April, May.
Tree.

2. P. malus (Crab Apple).—Leaves
simple, egg-shaped, serrated ; flowers in
a sessile umbel ; sty/es combined below ;
/rwit hollow beneath. A small, spreading
tree, with thornless branches, umbels of
white flowers delicately shaded with pink,
and nearly round fruit, which is intensely
acid. It was formerly much used in
making verjuice and in the preparation of
pomatum, so called from pom, an
apple. Woods and hedges.—Fl. May.
Tree.

Pyrus Matus (Crab Apple)

3. P.torminalis (Wild Ser-
vice Tree). — Leaves egg-
shaped, with several deep,
sharp lobes; flowers in
corymbs. <A small tree, with
leaves shaped somewhat like
those of the Hawthorn, but
larger, and with white flowers,
which aresucceeded by brown-
ish, spotted, berry-like fruit.
Woods and hedges in thesouth
of England.—F]. May. Tree.

Pyrus Torminatis (Wild Service Tree)

PLATE XXIX.

Dog Rose Common May

eS eee SS SS es Ue ere eS he. ee
re ee ?r.e4 4 VP tea 2. et Aa ee ee ee

ROSE TRIBE or

4. P. aucuparia (Fowler’s Service, Mountain Ash, Quicken, or
Rowan Tree).—Leaves pinnate, serrated ; flowers in corymbs ; frat
nearly round. One of the most elegant of British trees, conspicuous
in the flowering season by its delicate green foliage and large corymbs
of small white flowers, and in autumn by its clusters of berry-like
pomes, which are greedily eaten by birds, and often used as a lure
by the bird-catcher or fowler—auceps. Mountainous woods.—
Fl. May. Tree.

Pyrus Aucuparia (Fowler's Service Tree)

5. P. Avia (White Beam Tree).—
Leaves egg-shaped, deeply and irregu-
larly serrated, white below ; flowers
in. corymbs ; fruit nearly round. A
small tree, well distinguished by its
very large leaves, which are remark-
ably white and silky beneath, es-
pecially when beginning to expand.
Woods, especially in chalky or lime-
stone soils.—Fl. June. Tree.

14. Mespitus (Medlar)

i. M. Germanica (Common Med-
lar).—A tree well known in a culti-
vated state, and although found
apparently wild in the south of esnuie Ceney
England, it is probably not a true (Common Medlar)

92 CALYCIFLOR/

native. The flowers are white and very large, and the frit is re-
markably flattened at the top, exposing the upper ends of the
long seed-cells—Fl. May. Tree.

15. CRATHGUS (Hawthorn)

1. C. oxyvacantha (Hawthorn, White-thorn, or May).—A branching,
thorny shrub or small tree, which, though it varies considerably in
its mode of growth, shape of its leaves, and colour of its flowers and
fruit, is so well known as to need no description. The /eaves are
wedge-shaped, divided into 3-5-toothed lobes, and expand before
the flowers ; the fowers white or pink, and fragrant ; fruat red, con-
taining 1-3 hard carpels. The name Hawthorn is supposed to be
a corruption of the Dutch heg, or hedge; although, therefore, the
fruit is generally called a haw, that name is derived from the tree
which produces it, and the tree does not, as is frequently supposed,
take its name from the fruit which it bears.—Fl. May, and in the
mountains till late in June. Tree.

16. COTONEASTER (Cotoneaster)

I. C. vulgaris (Common Cotoneaster).—A small shrub with entire,
ovate leaves, glabrous above and cottony on the under side ; flowers
small, pinkish, solitary or several together; fruit a small reddish
berry. In Britain found only in one station, viz. the limestone
cliffs of Great Orme’s Head, Caernarvonshire.—Fl. May, June.
Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER XXV
ONAGRACEA!,—THE WILLow HERB TRIBE

Calyx of 4, sometimes 2 lobes, which in bud are attached to each
other by their edges; the calyx-tube more or less united to the ovary ;
petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, twisted while in bud;
stamens 4 or 8, rarely 2, springing from the mouth of the calyx ;
ovary of 2 or 4 cells, often crowned by a disk; stigma knobbed, or
4-lobed ; fruit a berry, or 4-celled capsule. Herbaceous plants or
shrubs, principally inhabiting the temperate parts of the globe,
especially America and Europe. In this Order we find the elegant
American genus Fuchsia, with its coloured 4-cleft calyx and often
edible fruit. Many species of Ginothera are cultivated as garden
plants, some bearing flowers 3 or 4 inches in diameter; those with
yellow or white flowers, which open only in the evening, are called
Evening Primroses. The properties of the plants which compose
this Order are unimportant. The wood of the Fuchsia is said to be
used as a dye, and the roots of Gnothera biennis, the Common

WILLOW HERB TRIBE 93

Evening Primrose, are eatable. In all, the number 4 predominates
in the arrangement of the parts.

1. Eprroprum (Willow Herb).—Calyx 4-parted, the lobes not
combined after expansion; elals 4; slamens 8; capsule long,
4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved; seeds numerous, tufted with down.
(Name from the Greek, ef7, upon, and obos, a pod, the flowers being
placed on the top of the pod-like seed-vessel.)

2. CENOTHERA (Evening Primrose).—Calyx 4-parted, the lobes
more or less combined after expansion, and bent back; stamens 8;
capsule 4-celled, 4-valved ; seeds numerous, not bearded. (Name
in Greek signifying catching the flavour of the wine.)

3. IsNarDIA.—Calyx 4-parted; petals 4 or none; stamens 4;
capsule inversely egg-shaped, 4-angled, 4-celled, 4-valved, crowned
with the calyx. (Named after a French botanist of the eighteenth
century, Antoine d’Isnard.)

4. Crrc#A (Enchanter’s Nightshade).—Calyx 2-parted ; petals 2 ;
stamens 2; capsule 2-celled, each cell containing a seed. (Name
from Circe, the enchantress so celebrated in Greek Mythology.)

1. Errropium (Willow Herb)

1. E. angustifolium (Rose Bay, or Flowering Willow).—Leaves
narrow pointed, smooth, or hoary. A tall, handsome species 2-4
feet high, not often met with in a wild state, but common in gardens,
where it is cultivated for the sake of its long racemes of handsome
rose-coloured flowers. Caution should be used in introducing it
into a small garden, as its roots creep extensively, and are very
difficult to eradicate. Damp woods; rare, except as an escape.
—Fl. July. Perennial.

2. FE. hirsutum (Great Hairy Willow Herb, Codlins-and-cream).—
A handsome species 4-6 feet high, with large rose-coloured flowers ;
petals all equal; stamens erect ; stigma 4-cleft ; whole plant woolly ;
leaves clasping the stem, narrow oblong, serrated; stem much
branched ; root creeping. Well marked by its very downy stems
and leaves and creeping roots. Wet places by streams and ditches ;
common.—-Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3. E. parviflorum (Small-flowered Hairy Willow herb).—Downy ;
leaves sessile, narrow, toothed ; stem 1-2 feet high, nearly simple ;
root fibrous; flowers pink. Distinguished from the last by its
smaller size, unbranched mode of growth, and fibrous roots. Wet
places ; common.—Fl. July, August. ’ Perennial.

4. E. montanum (Broad Smooth-leaved Willow Herb).—A small
species about a foot high. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, smooth,
toothed, the lower ones shortly stalked ; stem round, slightly downy ;

94 CALYCIFLORZ

flowers rose-coloured, the buds usually drooping. It may often be
detected when in seed by its capsules, the valves of which open
lengthwise, and disclose the numerous seeds bearded with cottony
down. Dry places; common.-—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

5. E. roseum (Pale Smooth-leaved Willow Herb).—Stem erect,
branched, 1-2 feet high, imperfectly 4-angled, and bearing a panicle
of small rose-coloured flowers ; leaves ovate, smooth, toothed, on
longish stalks. Damp places, mostly in the south.

6. E. tetragonum (Square-stalked Willow Herb).—Stem branched,
4-angled, nearly smooth, 1-2 feet high; J/eaves narrow, sessile,
toothed ; flowers small, pink; buds erect. Wet places; common.
—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

7. E. palustre (Narrow-leaved Marsh Willow Herb).—Leaves
narrow, wedge-shaped at the base, slightly toothed, sessile ; stem
round, nearly smooth. From 1-2 feet high, with very narrow,
nearly entire leaves, small flowers, which droop while in bud, and a
round stem, which often has 2 downy lines on opposite sides. Wet
places ; not common.—fF. July, August. Perennial.

8. E. alsinifolium (Chickweed-lcaved Willow Herb).—A moun-
tainous species about 6 inches high and branched; /eaves very
thin, egg-shaped, pointed, toothed, shortly stalked ; flowers pink,

2 rather large. Moist mountainous
places in the north.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

g. E. Alpinum (Alpine Willow Herb).
—Also a mountain species, with a
branched sfem 3 or 4 inches high, bear-
ing I or 2 pink flowers, drooping while
in bud. Leaves obtuse, shortly stalked.
Moist mountainous places in the north.
—Fl. July. Perennial.

2. CENOTHERA (Evening Primrose)

1. &. biennis (Common Evening
Primrose).—A stout herbaceous plant
2-3 feet high, with lanceolate, light
green, smooth /eaves, and spikes of
large, pale yellow, fragrant flowers,
which open in the evening and wither
towards the middle of the next day. It
CENoTHERA BIENNIS is common in gardens, and in a few
(Common Evening Primrose) places appears to be naturalized.—
Fl. July to September. Biennial.

PLATE XXX.
Great Hairy Willow-Herh Common Envchanter's Nightshade
Purple Loosestrife Hoary Willow-Herb Rose Ray

MARE’S-TAIL TRIBE 95

3. ISNARDIA

1. I. palustris (Marsh Isnardia)—The only British species. A
small, herbaceous plant, 6-8 inches long, with prostrate rooting
stems ; leaves ovate, smooth, stalked, and opposite; and small
axillary sessile flowers, which are destitute of petals. Very rare.
Has been found only at Buxstead in Sussex, and in the New Forest.
—Fl. July. Annual.

4. Crrc#a (Enchanter’s Nightshade)

1. C lutetiana (Common Enchanter’s Nightshade).—A_ slender,
herbaceous plant 1-2 feet high, with a branched, downy stem; egg-
shaped /eaves, toothed and pointed, and hairy calyx. The roots are
creeping, the flowers small, white, with pink stamens, and are borne
in graceful branched racemes, and are succeeded by 2-lobed, hairy
seed-vessels. Damp shady places; common; often a troublesome
weed in damp gardens.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

2. C. Alpina (Alpine Enchanter’s Nightshade).—Stem nearly
smooth ; /eaves heart-shaped, toothed, shining. Closely resembling
the last, but smaller and less br anched ; 5-8 inches high ; the fruat
is not so bristly, and is usually r-seeded. The leaves are remark-
able for their delicate texture, and when dried are nearly trans-
parent. Mountainous woods in the north.—IFl. July, August.
Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER XXVI
HALORAGACE.—THE MARE’S-TAIL TRIBE

Calyx adhering to the ovary, and either expanding into 3 or 4
minute lobes, or reduced to a mere rim; efals either minute and
placed on the mouth of the calyx, or wanting; stamens either
equalling the petals in number, twice as many, or, when petals are
absent, I or 2; ovary with one or more cells; stigmas equal in
number to the cells of the ovary; capsule not opening ; seeds
solitary, pendulous. An unimportant Order, comprising about
eighty species of plants, scattered over most parts of the globe,
none of which have any economic use. They are for the most part
herbaceous aquatics, with inconspicuous flowers often destitute of
petals, and in one genus, Hippuris (Mare’s-tail), composed of a
minute calyx, a solitary stamen, and a single seed. In several
species the stamens and pistils are in separate flowers.

i. Hippuris (Mare’s-tail).—Calyx forming a minute, indistinctly
2-lobed rim for the ovary; petals 0; stamen 1; style 1; seed 1;

96 CALYCIFLORE

nut-like. From the Greek words, hippos and oura, meaning a
horse’s tail.)

” 2. MYRIOPHYLLUM (Water Milfoil)—Stamens and
¢ pistils in separate flowers, but on the same plant
(moncecious) ; calyx 4-parted; petals 4; stamens usually
8; styles 4; fruit of 4 nut-like seeds. (Name from the
Greek, murios, countless, and phyilon, a leaf, from its
numerous leaves.)

I. Hippuris (Mare’s-tatl)

1. H. vulgaris (Common Mare’s-tail).—The only
British species, not uncommon in stagnant water. A
singular plant, with erect, jointed stems, which are un-
branched, except at the base, and taper to a point,
bearing whorls of 8-12 very narrow leaves with hard
tips. The inconspicuous flowers are sessile in the axils
of the upper leaves, and are often without stamens.
Not to be confounded with the genus, Fqutsetum

aaa (Horse-tail), a plant allied to the ferns, which has a

(Common jointed stem and rigid leaves, but bears its fructifica-
Mare’s-tail) tion in terminal heads.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

2. MyriopHyttum (Waler Milfoil)

1. M. spicatum (Spiked Water Mil-
foil)—An aquatic plant, rooting in
the mud of stagnant waters, and form-
ing a tangled mass of slender, much
branched stems; Jeaves 4 in a whorl,
finely divided into numerous hair-like
segments, the whole plant being sub-
merged, except the leafless, slender
spikes of inconspicuous greenish flowers,
arranged in whorls, which rise a few
inches above the surface. Common.
—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

2. M. verticillatum (Whorled Water epee me
Milfoil).—Differs from the preceding in = MyRiopHyLium Sprcatum
having the flowers in whorls at the base Spied Wan Deion)
of the leaves. MM. allerniflorum (Alter-
nate Flowered Water Milfoil) has barren flowers, alternately
arranged in a short, leafless spike, with the fertile flowers,
about 3 together, in the axils of the leaves at its base. The last
two are rare.

LOOSESTRIFE TRIBE 97

Natural ORDER XXVII
CERATOPHYLLACEA.—Tue Horn-wort TRIBE

Stamens and pistils in separate flowers, but on the same plant
(moneecious) ; calyx many-parted ; corolla none; stamens 10-20,
without filaments; anthers 2-pointed; ovary ti-celled; style
curved ; seed-vessel nut-like, 1-secded, not opening. In the present
volume the original arrangement of the earlier editions of the book
has been kept, viz. Ceralophyllacee contains but one genus, the
Horn-worts, and follows the Mare’s-tail Tribe. Some botanists
place the Horn-worts and Water Spear-worts, as two genera forming
one Order, after the Spurges ; others place Water Star-wort among
the Mare’s-tail Tribe, and Horn-wort as an Order by itself, following
the Spurges. The Horn-worts are an unim-
portant family of aquatic plants, very distinct
in structure from any other known plants,
with rigid whorled /eaves, which are repeatedly
forked, and inconspicuous flowers. (Name in
Greek, signifying horn-leaved.)

I. C, demersum (Common Horn-wort).—
Fruit armed with 2 thorns near the base, and
terminated by the curved séyle. An aquatic
plant growing entirely under water, with long,
slender stems; whorled, bristle-like Jecues,
which are 2-4 times forked, and often in-
flated and jointed; the flowers also are whorled,
and grow in the axils of the leaves. Slow
streams and ditches; frequent.—Fl. July.
Perennial.

C. submersum scarcely differs from the pre- — CgratopnyLtuM
ceding, exccpt in having fruit without thorns; Drmersum (Common
and the plant is a paler green. Horn-wort,

NATURAL ORDER XXVIII
LYTHRACEA.—LoosEstriFE TRIBE

Calyx tubular, many-parted, often with intermediate teeth;
petals inserted between the outer divisions of the calyx, soon
falling off; stamens springing from the tube of the calyx, within
the petals, and either equalling them in number, or twice, thrice,
or four times as many; ovary 2 to 4-celled; style single; capsule
many-seeded, covered by the calyx, but not united to it. A large
Order containing both herbaceous and shrubby species, and repre-
sented in most parts of the Old and New World. Known by the

q

98 CALYCIFLOR

above characteristics and their mostly having opposite, entire
leaves without stipules, and four-cornered stems. Many of the
plants of this tribe possess astringent properties, and some are used
for dyeing. Lawsonia inermis is a plant from which the Henna of
Egypt is obtained. It is used by the women of that country to
stain their nails an orange colour, and is also employed for dyeing
morocco leather reddish-yellow.

1. LyTHRUM (Purple Loosestrife).—Calyx cylindrical, with 12
divisions, alternately smaller; fefals 6; stamens 6 or 12; style
long. (Name from the Greek, /vthron, blood, from the colour of
the flowers.)

2. Prpitis (Water Purslane).—Calyx bell-shaped, with 12 divi-
sions, alternately smaller; petals 6, minute, soon falling off, or
absent; stamens 6; style very short. (Name from the Greek,
peplion, purslane, anciently the name of another genus.)

it. LytHrum (Purple Loosestrife)

1. L. salicaria (Purple Loosestrife or Willowstrife)—Leaves
opposite, long, and narrow, heart-shaped at the base; flowers
whorled, in leafy spikes; stamens 12. An exceedingly handsome
plant, 2-4 feet high, generally growing on river banks, among
sedges and rushes, “and sending up tall tapering spikes of purple
flowers, which, seen from a distance, might be mistaken for Fox-
gloves. The stamens are arranged in two whorls, those of each
whorl of a different length to the. style; the style in some instances
being longer than the stamens, in others shorter, and in others of
a length between that of the stamens of the two whorls. Watery
places; abundant.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

2. L. hyssopifolia (Hyssop-leaved Purple Loosestrife)—A much
smaller plant, 4-8 inches high ; lower leaves opposite, upper alter-
nate ; flowers small, purple, solitary, sessile in
the upper leaf axils; stamens 6. It grows in
moist places in the south of England, but is
far from common.

2. Pepiis (Water Purslane)

1. P. Portula (Water Purslane).—A humble,
creeping, aquatic plant, with opposite, smooth
leaves, 4-angled stems, and inconspicuous
axillary flowers. The stems are usually more
or less tinged with red ; and when the plant

Periis Portura dried up the leaves acquire the same hue.
(Water Purslane) ~~ Common.—Fl. July, August. Annual,

grows in places from which the water has |

TAMARISK TRIBE 99

Natura, ORDER XXIX
TAMARICACEA.—THE TaMarisk TRIBE

Calyx 4-5 parted, overlapping when in bud, remaining after the
petals have withered; fefals 4-5, from the base of the calyx;
stamens equal in number to the petals or twice as many, distinct,
or united by their filaments ; ovayy not combined with the calyx ;
styles 3; capsule 3-valved, r-celled, containing many seeds, which
are tufted with down at the extremity. Mostly shrubs with rod-
like branches, and minute leaves which resemble scales. They
are, with the exception of one Mexican genus, confined to the
eastern half of the northern hemisphere, and are most numerous
on the shores of the Mediterranean; but though preferring the
seaside, they are not infrequently found on the banks of rivers,
and occur in the desert, especially where the soil is impregnated
with salt, as in the neighbourhood of Mount Sinai, where a species
of Tamarisk, very like the common one, produces a sugary substance
called by the Arabs Manna. The bark is astringent, and several
species are remarkable for the large quantity of
sulphate of soda contained in their ashes, and
for the galls which they bear on their branches.
These are highly astringent, and are used both
in medicine and dyeing.

I. TAMARIX (Tamarisk).— Calyx 5-parted;
petals 5; stamens 5 or 10; stigmas feathery.
(Named from the Tamarts, a river in Spain,
now called the Tambra, where the Tamarisk
abounds.)

I. TAMARIX (Lamartsk)

1. I. Gallica (Common Tamarisk).—-A hand-
some shrub or small tree, with long flexible
branches and minute scale-like /eaves, which are
closely pressed to the twigs, and give the tree a
light, feathery appearance. The flowers, which
are rose-coloured, grow in spiked panicles. The
plant is not a native, but has been largely
planted on the south coast, where it appears to

: ks TAMARIX GALLICA
be well established.—Fl. July. Shrub. (Common Tamarisk)

100 CALYCIFLORH

NATURAL ORDER XXX
CUCURBITACEAS.—THE GouRD TRIBE

Stamens and pistils in separate flowers, cither on the same plant
(moncecious) or on different plants (dicecious) ; calyx 5-toothed,
united with the corolla; covolla often scarcely to be distinguished
from the calyx; stamens 5, more or less united ; anthers twisted ;
ovary imperfectly 3-celled ; style short ; stigmas short, thick, lobed,
velvety ; fruit more or less juicy ; seeds flat, wrapped ina skin. A
large and important Order, containing herbaceous plants, with juicy
stems, and climbing by means of tendrils, which spring from the
base of the leaf-stalks. The leaves are usually lobed and rough ;
the flowers often large, white, red, or yellow; the fruit juicy or
fleshy. They inhabit principally the hot regions of the globe, but
a few are found in temperate climates; and a great number are
cultivated in Europe, either for ornament o1 use. Their properties
are in many instances exceedingly violent, of which the common
drug Colocynth affords an example; the Bottle Gourd is another,
it being recorded that some sailors were poisoned by drinking beer
that had been standing in a flask made of one of these gourds. The
poisonous plant mentioned in 2 Kings Iv. 39-40 is supposed to be a
plant of this tribe, the Wild, or Ass Cucumber, which bears an oval
fruit of a very bitter taste, and grows in sandy desert places. As
this cucumber has very much the same appearance as that which
is cultivated in gardens, but only somewhat smaller, and as even its
leaves and tendrils are similar, it might easily happen that a man
sent out by the disciples of the prophets took wild cucumbers for a
harmless fruit and prepared amealof them. But the bitterness of
the boiled cucumber made those who tasted it fear that it was
poisonous, the opinion being general with the Hebrews that a bitter
taste indicated the presence of poison (see Rev. vill. 10, 11). The
only plant belonging to this tribe, which is a native of Britain,
Bryonia dioica (White Bryony), partakes of the properties of Colo-
cynth, and the root is said to be a valuable medicine. The Spirting
Cucumber, so called from the force with which it expels the poison-
ous juice, together with the seeds, when ripe, is a very dangerous
drug, a few grains of Elaterium, a prepared form of this juice, having
been known to bring on symptoms of poisoning. A case is even re-
corded where a person was taken dangerously ill from having
merely carried a specimen in his hat. Many species, however, pro-
duce edible fruit; for instance, the numerous varieties of Melon
and Cucumber, the Water Melon, so highly esteemed for the cool,
refreshing juice of its ripe fruit, and one of our finest table vege-
tables, the Vegetable Marrow. It is said that the tender shoots of
the White Bryony may be used with safety, having been boiled,
and that they resemble Asparagus in flavour ; but it is highly pro-

PLATE XXXI.

White Bryony

r
.
a
«
e
_—
.
2
.

PURSLANE TRIBE for

bable that shoots of Black Bryony (Tamus communis), a plant be-
longing to a different Order, may have been used instead ; in either
case the experiment is a dangerous one.

I. Bryonia (Bryony).—Stamens 5, in 3 sets; style 3-cleft ; frit
a globose berry. (Name from the Greek, bryo, to shoot or bud, the
rapid growth of the Gourd Tribe being proverbial.)

1. Bryonia (Bryoiy)

1. B. dioica (White Bryony).—The only British species. An ele-
gant climbing plant, with large hght green, rough /eaves, palmately
divided into 5 lobes, having undivided tendrils at the base, and
bunches of whitish fowers, with green veins. The fertile lowcrs may
be distinguished at once from the barren by the presence of an ovary
below the calyx. These develop into globutar scarlet berries, which
hang about the bushes after the stems and leaves have withered.
The berries of Black Bryony (Tamus communis) are larger and ellip-
tical in shape; both should be avoided as injurious, if not poisonous.
Frequent in England, except in the extreme western counties.—Fl.
May to August. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER XXXI
PORTULACEA.—Tur PursLANE TRIBE

Sepals 2, united at the base ; fefals usually 5 ; stamens 3 or more ;
ovary I-celled, opening transversely or by 3 valves; seeds usually
more than 1. Herbs or shrubs, with juicy stems and leaves, and
irregular flowers, which open only during sunshine. The most re-
markable plant in this Order is the Common Purslane, which has
been used from the earliest times as a pot-herb. Many species have
large, showy flowers, but the few British representatives are insig-
nificant plants with small white flowers.

I. CLAYTONIA.—Petals free ; stamens 5, springing from the base
of the petals; stigmas 3; capsule 3-valved and 3-seeded. (Name
after John Clayton, a Virginian botanist.)

2. Montt1a (Water Blinks).—Calyx of 2 sepals ; corolla of 5 petals,
3 smaller than the others, and all united at the base ; tube of corolla
split to the base ; capsile 3-valved, 3-seeded. (Named after J. de
Monti, the Italian botanist.)

I. CLAYTONIA (Claytonta)

1. C. perfoliata (Perfoliate Claytonia).—A smooth, rather fleshy
plant 4-12 inches high. Root-leaves roundish, borne singly on stalks,
flowers small, white, in several small racemes, just below which is a
roundish leaf, through the centre of which the stalk passes. Of

to2 CALYCIFLORM

North American origin, but has become a plentiful and well-
established weed in several parts of England.—FIl. April to July.
Annual.

2. C. Sibivica, of the same origin as the above, has ovate voot-
leaves, tapering to a point ; roundish sessile ste 1.
leaves ; and is about as common.

2. Montra (Water Blinks)

1. M. fontana (Water Blinks).—The only
species. An unpretending little plant, with op-
posite or nearly opposite leaves and miniute
flowers, in solitary or in few-flowered, drooping,
axillary racemes; calyx 2-cleft; corolla irregu-
lar, white, the corolla-tube split in front. Whole

MontTia FONTANA iS
(Water Blinks) Plant smooth and rather succulent. Commonin

wet places.—Fl. May to August. Annual.

NATURAL ORDER XXXII
PARON YCHIACE.—TuHE Kwnot-Grass TRIBE

Sepals 5 ; petals 5, minute, inserted between the lobes of the calyx,
sometimes wanting ; stamens varying in number, opposite the petals,
if equalling them in number ; ovary not combined with the calyx ;
pistils 2-5; frit t-celled, opening with 3 valves or not at all.
Small, branching, herbaceous, or somewhat shrubby plants, with
sessile, undivided leaves and minute flowers, principally confined to
the south of Europe and north of Africa, where they grow in the
most barren places, covering with a thick vegetation soil which is
incapable of bearing anything else. A few only are found as far
north as Great Britain, and nearly all of these are confined to the
southern shores.

I. CORRIGIOLA (Strapwort).—Sepals 5; petals 5, as long as the
calyx; stamens 5; stigmas 3, sessile. (Name from corrigia, a
strap, from the shape of the leaves.)

2. HERNIARIA (Rupture-wort).—Sepals 5; petals 5, resembling
barren filaments ; stamens 5, inserted on a fleshy ring; stigmas 2,

nearly sessile. (Name from the disease for which the plant was
formerly supposed to be a remedy.)

3. ILLECEBRUM (Knot-grass).—Sepals 5, coloured, thickened, end-
ing in an awl-shaped point ; petals o or 5 ; stigmas 2. (Name from
the Latin, wWlecebra, an attraction.)

STONECROP TRIBE 193

I. CORRIGIOLA (Strap-wort)

1. C. littoralis (Sand Strap-
wort).—A small but pretty plant,
with slender, spreading stems,
which lie quite prostrate, very
narrow, strap-shaped, glaucous EN
leaves and tufts of small white ~
flowers. It grows in two or three
places on the seashore of Devon,
and is very abundant on the

banks of the Loe Pool, near a
Helston, Cornwall. Very rare.— Corriciora Littoratis
Fl. August to October. Annual. (Sand Strap-wort)

2. HERNIARIA (Rufture-wort)

1. H. glabra (Smooth Rupture-wort).—A small, prostrate plant,
with much of the habit of Wild Thyme; abundant in the neigh-
bourhood of the Lizard Point, Cornwall, but very rare elsewhere.
Though called smooth, the leaves are always more or less fringed at
the edges. The flowers are green, and grow in sessile tufts in the
axils of the leaves, or not unfrequently crowded into leafy spikes.
A form with narrow, hairy leaves (7. hirstita) is found at Christ-
church, in Hampshire.—Fl. July to September. Perennial.

3. ILLECEBRUM (isnot-grass)

gy t. I. verticillatum (Whorled Knot-
ro grass)—A pretty plant with slender,
sa a tangled stems of a red tint, glaucous,
ges, sessile leaves, and axillary whorls of
“e je white flowers, which are remarkable
“for their thickened calyx-leaves, termi-
‘nating in a soft point. In _ boggy
ground and standing water, among
other aquatic plants ; only in Cornwall,
ILLECEBRUM VERTICILLATUM Devonshire, and the Channel Islands.—
(Wines Seehguass) Fl. July to September. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER XXXIII
CRASSULACE/E.—THE STONECROP TRIBE

Sepals 3-20, more or less united at the base; petals equal in
number to the sepals, inserted in the bottom of the calyx ; stamens
the same or twice as many, in which latter case those opposite the

104 CALYCIFLORE

petals are shorter than the others; ovaries as many as the petals,
t-celled, tapering into stigmas, often with a gland at the base of
each; fruit consisting of several erect seed-vessels, which open
lengthwise ; seeds in a double row. Herbs or shrubs, remarkable
for their thick, fleshy leaves and star-like flowers, inhabiting most
parts of the world, especially the south of Africa, and growing in
the driest situations, where not a blade of grass nor a particle of
moss can live ; on naked rocks, old walls, on sandy, hot plains, alter-
nately exposed to the heaviest dews of night and the fiercest rays
of the noonday sun, having the power of laying in during the rainy
season a large store of moisture, which they obstinately retain, and
requiring no further nourishment, save what they derive from the
atmosphere. A common British species, Sedwm lelephium
(Orpine, Live-long), will grow for months, if suspended by a string
from the ceiling of a room, without once being supplied with water.
An African species, Bryophyllum calycinum, will not only grow if
similarly treated, but if its leaves be gathered and laid on the ground
they will send out from the notches on their margin young shoots,
in all respects resembling the parent plant. The properties of the
tribe are in general acrid ; some few contain malic or tartaric acid,
and one or two are sometimes used in medicine for their astringent
properties.

1. Tirt#a.—Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 3-5 each, the
latter 2-seeded. (Named after Michael Angelo Tilli, an Italian
botanist.)

2. COTYLEDON (Pennywort).—Sepals 5 ; corolla tubular, 5-cleft ;
carpels 5, with a scale at the base of each. (Name from the Greek,
cotyle, a dish, from the shape of the leaves.)

3. SEMPERVIVUM (Housce-leek).—Sepals, petals, and carpels 6-20 ;
stamens 12-40. (Name from the Latin, semper, always, and vivo,
to live.)

4. SEDUM (Stonecrop).—Sepals, petals, and carpels 4-6; stamens
8-12. (Name from the Latin, sedeo, to sit, from the humble growth
of the plants.)

I. TILLEA

i. I. muscosa (Mossy Tilleea).—A minute plant, with small, oppo-
site, blunt Jeaves and greenish white flowers tipped with red. It has
somewhat of the habit of a Sagina, from which, however, it is very
distinct. In sandy, waste places in the south and east of England.
—Fi. June, July. Annual.

2, COTYLEDON (Pennywort)

1. C. wmbtlicus (Wall Pennywort)—A remarkably succulent
plant, with circular, notched /eaves, which are depressed above and

PLATE XXXII.

Rock Stonecrop Claytonia
Wall Penny wort Orpine or Live-long

=

= & @ =

-

as

a

STONECROP TRIBE 105

are supported on their stalks by their centres, or peltate. The
flowers are pendulous and grow in racemes ; 6-12 inches high, of a
greenish yellow colour. The leaves are well known to children by
the name “ penny pies.’’ Rocks and old
walls in the south and west of England.—
Fl. June to August. Perennial.

3. SEMPERVIVUM (Houtse-leck)

T. S. tectorum (Common House-leek).—
A common but scarcely indigenous plant
growing on the roofs of cottages. The
leaves are thick and juicy, fringed at the
edges, and grow in compact, rose-like tufts. gf
Each of the purple flowers contains 12 per- 74
fect and 12 imperfect stamens ; the latter,
which are arranged alternately with the
petals, frequently bearing anthers contain-
ing embryo seeds (ovules) like those found
in the carpels, but they never attain ma-
turity. The leaves contain malic acid. SEMPERVIVUM TECTORUM
—Fl. July. Perennial. (Common House-leek)

4. SEDUM (Stonecrop)

I. S. Rhodiola (Rose-root).— Stamens and pistils on
separate plants, the pollen bearers having 8 stamens,
the seed bearers 4 carpels. A-succulent, broad-leafed
plant, with the habit of S. telephiam, but stouter. The
flowers are greenish yellow, and grow in compact ter-
minal cymes on simple stems 6-12 inches high; roots
thick and knotted, having the perfume of rose-water,
whencc its English name. Abundant on mountains in
Scotland, Ireland, and the north of England, and
found also on sea cliffs —Fl. June. Perennial.

2. S. Telephium (Orpine, or Live-long).—Leaves
oblong, egg-shaped, serrated; stems erect, 1-2 feet
high. The largest British species, and well distin-.
guished, not only by its corymbs of purple flowers,
but its large, broad leaves. A common cottage-

SEDUM

Ruoptora arden plant, frequently occurring as an escape.
(Rose-voot) 3. S. Anglicum (English Stonecrop).—Leaves egg-

shaped, fleshy, spurred at the base beneath, sessile ;
cymes 2-cleft; petals very sharp. A small plant 3-4 inches high,
with stems which are at first prostrate and rooting, afterwards
erect ; the leaves are mostly alternate, often tinged with red, small,

106 CALYCIFLORE

and very thick; the flowers conspicuous for their star-like form,
their white petals spotted with red, and bright purple anthers.
Rocky and sandy places, especially near the sea—Fl. June, July.
Annual.

4. S. dasyphyllum (Thick-leaved Stonecrop).—Very like the last ;
smaller, slightly viscid ; /eaves mostly opposite, globular, and fleshy ;
flowers white, tinged pink. Old wallsin the south ; an escape.

5. S. album (White Stonecrop).—Rather taller than S. Anghicum,
and more slender. Flowering-stems 4-6 inches high; also barren,
prostrate stems ; leaves oblong, cylindrical, blunt, spreading, about
half an inch long ; cyme much branched, drooping when in bud.
Rocks and old walls. Supposed to be indigenous in the Malvern
Hills, and not uncommon as an escape.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

6. S. villoswm (Hairy Stonecrop).—A small species, with hairy,
viscid stems and leaves and pinkish white flowers. Frequent in
Scotland and the north of England.—Fl. June, July. Annual.

7. S. acre (Biting Stonecrop).—Leaves
egg-shaped, fleshy, spurred at the base,
sessile ; cymes 3-cleft. Very like S. Angli-
cum in habit, but with yellow flowers, and
growing in similar situations ; it may, how-
ever, be distinguished, when not in flower,
by its thicker and more crowded leaves,
which are very acrid, and have gained
for the plant the name of Wall-pepper.
Walls, rocks, and sandy ground; frequent.
—Fi. June, July. Perennial.

8. S. sexangulare (Tasteless Stonecrop).

SepuM ACRE —Distinguished from the last by its longer

(Biting Stonecrop) and more slender /eaves, 6 in a whorl. Old

walls. Found in the Isle of Sheppey and

elsewhere in the eastern counties, but not indigenous.—FIl. July.
Perennial.

g. S. rupestre (Rock Stonecrop).—A species allied to S. reflexum,
with slightly flattened leaves, which are spurred below, and ter-
minal; cymes of large yellow flowers. Found on St. Vincent's
Rocks and other limestone cliffs ; rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

to. S. veflexum (Recurved Yellow Stonecrop).—Leaves awl-
shaped, spurred at the base, nearly cylindrical, the lowermost
curved back. Easily distinguished from any of the preceding by
its slender but tough stems, 6-10 inches high, clothed with spreading
or reflexed leaves, which are cylindrical and pointed. Walls and
dry banks; not uncommon, but probably not indigenous.—F'. July,
August. Perennial.

PLATE XXXIII.

Rue-leaved Saxifrage ¢
White Meadow Saxifrage

ee waar ae eer oe) al = waar _ ee ee oe) ial = waar

Saree a ae a -
a

= = 28 25 a 55 . . ‘6 coo 55 e 3 Se 25 a 55 7 . 16 coo 55 e 3 8 25 ee

7
;
;

OS Oo
ee OS

ee Vo dea eee. feel,
Pere 7 a ee aan 7 ee

_ _
a a a
a

GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT TRIBE 107

NATURAL ORDER XXXIV
GROSSULARIACE/E.—THE GoosEBERRY AND CURRANT TRIBE

Calyx growing from the summit of the ovary, 4-5 cleft; petals 4-5,
small, inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, and alternating with
the stamens ; ovary 1-celled, with the ovules arranged in 2 opposite
rows; style 2 to 4-cleft; berry crowned with the withered flower,
pulpy, containing many stalked seeds. Shrubs with or without
thorns and having alternate lobed leaves, which are plaited when
in bud. The flowers grow in clusters in the axils of the leaves,
each flower with a bract at its base, and are succeeded by pulpy
berries, which in several species are highly prized for their agrecable
flavour. In other species the taste is mawkish or extremely acid.
The plants of this tribe grow only in the temperate parts of the
world, especially in North America and on the mountains of northern
India. In Africa they are unknown.

i. Rrpes (Currant and Gooseberry).—Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5, in-
serted at the mouth of the calyx-tube; stamens 5; berry many-
seeded, crowned by the withered flower. (Name anciently given to
a species of Rhubarb.)

I. Rrpes (Currant and Gooseberry)
Flowers 1-3 together ; branches thorny

1. R. Grossularia (Gooseberry).—The common Gooseberry of gar-
dens. Frequently met with in hedges and thickets and in wild
rocky places in the north, but probably an escape. It is well dis-
tinguished by its sharp ¢horns, which grow either sinvly or 2-3
together, below the leaf-buds.—Fl. April, May. Shrub.

Flowers in clusters ; branches without thorns

2. R. rubrum (Red Currant).—Flowers in drooping racemes ;
bracts at the base of each flower-stalk very small; calyx smooth ;
leaves bluntly 5-lobed. The Red and
White Currant of gardens; not un-
common in hedges near houses ; and .
in Scotland and the north of England ‘
supposed to be wild.—Fl. April, May.

Shrub. 5 a ony
3. R. nigrum (Black Currant).-- Flower- %<,/7 y wy

,

clusters loose, drooping, with a single 43
stalked flower at the base of each ; calyx 7
downy; Jeaves sharply 3- to 5-lobed,
dotted with glands beneath. The Black
Currant of gardens; occasionally wild in Rises Nicrum (Black Currant)

108 CALYCIFLORZ

damp woods. Easily distinguished, at all seasons, by the strong
perfume of its buds and leaves.—Fl]. April, May. Shrubs.

4. R. Alpinum (Tasteless Mountain Currant).—The stamens and
pistils on separate plants; the flowers grow in erect clusters, with
very long bracts at the base of each. It grows in mountainous
places ; is perhaps truly wild in the north of England, and is found
also in Scotland ; rare.-—Fl. April, May. Shrub.

NATURAL ORDER XXXV
SAXIFRAGACEZE.—THE SAXIFRAGE TRIBE

Sepals 5 or rarely 4, more or less united at the base; petals
equalling the sepals in number, inserted between the sepals, rarely 0 ;
stamens equalling the petals or twice as many ; ovary 2 or 4-celled
or I-celled ; styles equalling in number or twice as many as the cells ;
seeds numerous. This Order, though it contains some such shrubs
as the Hydrangeas and Deutzias, is principally composed of herba-
ceous mountainous plants, with tufted foliage and glandular stems.
They abound in tempcrate and cold climates, but are not found in
tropical countries. The genus Saxzfraga is an extensive one, and
contributes greatly to the beauty of the vegetation high up in the
mountains; but some species grow on old walls, by the sides of
rivulets, and in moist meadows. Chrysosplentwm (Golden Saxi-
frage) has no petals. Few of the plants belonging to this tribe are
applied to any use. Most of them have slight astringent properties,
and some few are bitter and tonic.

I. SAXIFRAGA (Saxifrage)—Calyx in 5 divisions; petals 5;
stamens 10; styles 2; capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, opening between
the beaks; seeds numerous. (Name in Latin signifying vock-
breaker, many of the species growing in the crevices of rocks.)

2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM (Golden Saxifrage).—Calyx in 4 divisions 3
petals o ; stamens 8 or rarely 10; styles 2; capsule 2-beaked. (Name
from the Greek, chrysos, gold, and splen, the spleen, from some
imaginary virtues of the plant.)

3. Parnassia (Grass of Parnassus).—Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; petals
5; stamens 5, with 5 fringed scales interposed ; stigmas 4; capsule
t-celled, with 4 valves. (Name from Mount Parnassus, but on what
account is uncertain.)

I. SAXIFRAGA (Saxifrage)

1. S. oppositifolia (Purple Mountain Saxifrage).—Stems prostrate,
branched, perennial, forming tufts; leaves egg-shaped, opposite.
A pretty plant, forming low tufts, seldom above an inch in height,
and bearing in the early summer large, handsome, magenta-purple

SAXIFRAGE TRIBE . 109

flowers, which are often so crowded as to completely hide the stems
and foliage. It grows on the mountains of Scotland, Wales, and
Northern England.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.

2. S. aizoides (Yellow Mountain Saxifrage).—Leaves very narrow,
fleshy, fringed; flowers in a leafy panicle. A handsome species
about 6 inches high, with large bright yellow flowers spotted with
scarlet. Damp situations by mountain streams, etc., in the north
of England, Scotland, and in Ireland.—Fl. June to September.
Perennial.

3. S. Hirculus (Yellow Marsh Saxifrage).—A rare mountain
species, with narrow, undivided, alternate Jeaves and rather large
yellow flowers, borne singly on 6-inch stems. Wet situations in the
north.— Fl. August. Perennial.

4. S. hypnotdes (Cut-leaved or Mossy Saxifrage).—Root-leaves 3
to 5-cleft ; those on the creeping shoots 3-cleft or entire ; lobes of
the leaves all very narrow, acute, bristle-pointed, and fringed. Dis-
tinguished by its dense tufts of finely divided leaves and loose
panicles of 1~8 rather large white flowers. Mountainous places,
especially in the north ; very frequent in gardens.—Fl. May to July.
Perennial.

5. S. cespitosa (Tufted Alpine Saxifrage).—Closely allied to the
preceding, but distinguished by broader leaves, which are more
obtuse and more cut ; the calvces also are blunter. The flowers are
smaller, and are borne singly or in twos on rather downy stems 2 or
3 inches high. High mountains in the north; very rare.—Fl. May
to August. Perennial.

6. S. granulata (Meadow Saxifrage).—Root-leaves kidney-shaped
with rounded lobes; stem-leaves nearly sessile, sharply lobed ;
flowers panicled ; voots granulated. A pretty plant, with slender,
leafy stems, 6-12 inches high, and rather large, pure white flowers.
The roots are remarkable for producing numerous downy, bulb-like
tubers. A double variety is common in gardens. Gravelly mea-
dows; not uncommon.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

7. S. cernua (Drooping Saxifrage).—Somewhat like the last ;
stems erect, slender, unbranched ; leaves kidney-shaped, lobed, the
upper ones with bulbs in the axils ; flowers 1-3, somewhat drooping,
and in Britain often absent. Found only at the summit of Ben
Lawers.—F]. June to August. Perennial.

8. S. rivularis (Alpine Brook Saxifrage)—A small glabrous
species, with stalked, deeply divided root-leaves ; and very small
white flowers, borne 2 or 3 together on weak, almost leafless stems.
Very rare; only found on the summits of one or two Highland
mountains.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

g. S. tridactylites (Rue-leaved Saxifrage):—Whole plant viscid,

II0 CALYCIFLOR/

with glandular hairs ; leaves wedge-shaped, 3 to 5-cle{t ; stem much
branched ; flowers terminal, on separate pedicles. A small species,
rarely more than 3 inches high, with very hairy and viscid stems
and small white flowers. The whole plant has usually a red tinge.
On the tops of walls and roofs of cottages ; common.—F1. May, June.
Annual.

to. S. nivalis (Alpine Saxifrage)—Leaves all from the root, in-
versely egg-shaped, sharply crenate ; calyx half inferior ; flowers in
a crowded head. An Alpine plant 3-6 inches high, with rather
large white flowers, which grow in a compact head. Mountains in
the north; rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

11. S. stellaris (Starry Saxifrage)—A mountain plant 3-5 inches
high, with oblong, wedge-shaped, coarsely toothed, scarcely stalked
leaves ; and panicles of rather large white flowers, with two yellow
spots at the base of each petal. Wet rocks and the sides of moun-
tain rivulets in Scotland, Ireland, and the north of England.—
Fl. June, July. Perennial.

12. S. umbrosa (London Pride, or St. Patrick’s Cabbage).—A well-
known plant, with roselike tufts of roundish, egg-shaped, fleshy
leaves with white notches, tapering at the base into flat stalks, and
panicles of small white flowers dotted with pink. It grows wild in
the south and west of Ireland, is naturalized in many parts of
England, and is very common in gardens. Though growing natu-
rally on mountains, there is scarcely any situation where it wi!l not
make itself at home, even in the smoky gardens of London. Hence
it varies considerably in form, and has been subdivided by some
botanists into several species.—F]. June. Perennial.

13. S. Geum (Kidney-shaped Saxitrage).—Very near S. mwmbrosa,
and only distinguished by its kidney-shaped Jeaves, borne on long
stalks, which are usually more hairy and less flattened than in that
species. A form intermediate between the
two has been called S. hirsuta. Both S. Geum
and S. firsuta are very rare, only occurring
in Ireland,

2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM (Golden Saxifrage)

It. C. oppositifolium (Common Golden Saxi-
frage).—Leaves opposite, roundish _heart-
shaped. A small aquatic plant about 6 inches
high, with abundance of bright green, tender

CHRYSOSPLENIUM

(ounan Calan foliage and terminal flat clusters of yellowish
Saxifrage) green flowers. Sides of shady rivulets and wet

woods ; common.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.
2. C. alternifolium (Alternate-leaved Golden Saxifrage).—Leaves
alternate, lower ones kidney-shaped, on long stalks. Very like the

UMBELLIFEROUS TRIBE TIIr

last, and growing in similar situations, but rare. The flowers in this
species are of a deeper yellow; in both the number of stamens 1s
usually 8.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.

3. Parnassta (Grass of Parnassus)

1. P. palustris (Common Grass of Parnassus).—The only British
species. An exceedingly clegant plant 8-ro inches high, with soli-
tary cream-coloured flowers, beautifully veined. The nectaries are
fan-like scales, fringed with white hairs, and terminating in yellow
wax-like glands. Bogs; principally in the north.—Fl. August to
October. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER XXXVI
UMBELLIFER/-.—THE UMBELLIFEROUS TRIBE

Calyx superior, 5-toothed, often reduced to a mere margin ; petals
5, usually ending in a point, which is bent inwards; stamens 5,
alternate with the petals, curved inwards when in bud; ovary in-
ferior, 2-celled, crowned by a fleshy disk, which bears the petals
and stamens ; siyles 2; stigmas small; frit composed of 2 carpels,
which adhere by their faces to a central stalk, from which, as they
ripen, they separate below, and finally are attached to the upper
extremity only ; each carpel is marked by 5 vertical ridges, with 4
intermediate ones ; these ridges are separated by channels, in which
are often found, imbedded in the substance of the fruit, narrow cells
(called vitte) containing a coloured, oily matter; seeds I in each
carpel, attached by their upper extremity, and containing a large
horny albumen ; the flowers are usually small and situated on the
extremities of little stalks, which are united at the base and form
an wmbel. When several of these smaller umbels proceed in like
manner from a common stalk the umbel is said to be compound ;
the larger being called a general wmbel, the smaller partial. The
small leaves which commonly accompany the flowers of this tribe
are called general or partial bracts, according to their position ; each
collection of bracts is sometimes termed an involucre. All the
British plants belonging to this Order are herbaceous, with tubular,
or solid, jointed stems. With two exceptions, Eryngium and Hydro-
colyle, they have compound umbels. By far the larger number
have also divided leaves, more or less sheathing at the base, and
white flowers. Though it is easy at a glance to decide to what
Order they are to be assigned, no such facility exists in distinguish-
ing the families of the Umbellifere. Indeed, were it not for the
large number of species (about 1500) which are known to exist, it
is probable that they would have been brought together by
botanists, so as to form but a few genera, whereas they have been

112 CALYCIFLORA

divided into some 152; and as all these agree in the more im-
portant parts of fructification, the distinction of the genera are
necessarily founded on differences so minute that, in the case of
other plants, they would perhaps be considered sufficient to do no
more than distinguish species. To the young botanist, therefore,
the study of the Umbelliferze is unusually difficult ; all the more
important distinctions being founded on the ripe fruit—namely, the
number, position, and shape of the vidges, the presence or absence
of vitte@, and the form of the aljumen. As it would be absurd in a
work professing to be a popular description of British Wild Flowers
to attend solely, or even in any great degree, to these characters,
it has been thought desirable to limit the number of species de-
scribed to those which are of most common occurrence, and to notice
any peculiarity in growth, which, though not strictly admissible
into a systematic description, may assist the student in discovering
the names of the plants he may meet with.

Among the large number of species of which this tribe is con-
stituted one would naturally expect to find plants varying greatly
in their properties. And such is the case to a certain extent; the
roots, leaves, and seeds are variously employed—some as food and
condiments, others as medicine ; while others are highly poisonous.
Yet when considered with reference to their properties they may
be conveniently arranged into four groups, all members of each
group being remarkably similar. The first comprises plants which
abound in an acrid, watery juice, which is more or less narcotic in
its effects on the animal frame, and which, therefore, when properly
administered in minute doses, is a valuable medicine. Among these
the most important is Coni#m (Hemlock) ; every part of this plant,
especially the fresh leaves and green fruit, contain a volatile, oily
alkali, called Conia, which is so poisonous that a few drops soon
prove fatal to a small animal. It acts on the nervous system, and
is a valuable medicine in cancerous and nervous diseases. Several
other British species are poisonous, especially enanthe, Crcuta, and
“Ethusa, described below. The second group comprises those which
abound in a resinous gum, of a fetid odour, which is supposed to be
owing to the presence of sulphur in combination with the peculiar
essential oil. Among these the first place is held by Asafetida, the
hardened milky juice of various species of Ferula, inhabiting Persia
and the neighbouring countries. This drug was held in high repute
among the ancients for its medical virtues ; it was supposed to be
an antidote to poison, to restore sight to the blind, and youth to
the aged; and was besides considered a certain specific against
various diseases. Gum Galbanum is the produce of other umbelli-
ferous plants, natives of the East. The third group comprises
plants the seeds of which abound in a wholesome aromatic oil. The
_ principal of these are well known, under the names of Caraway,
Coriander, Dill, Anise, and Cumin, The fourth group comprises

UMBELLIFEROUS TRIBE 113

plants which contain some of the above properties in a very slight
degree, or so modified as to form wholesome, esculent vegetables.
Among these Carrots and Parsnips occupy the first place; Celery
and Alexanders, in their wild state, are too acrid to be used as food,
but when blanched by artificial means become mild and agrecable ;
Parsley, Fennel, and Chervil, the last now nearly out of use, are well-
known pot-herbs ; Samphire affords the best of pickles; the root
of Evyngo is sweet, aromatic, and tonic, and is commonly sold in
a candied state; the root of Angelica (Angelica Archangelica) is
fragrant and sweet when first used, but leaves a glowing heat in
the mouth, and is commended by the Laplanders both as food and
medicine : the candied stems form a favourite sweetmeat. Several
species produce underground tubers, which, under the name of pig-
nuts, or earth-nuts, are eaten by children and pigs; and others,
common in the East, afford valuable pasturage for cattle. Of all
the British umbelliferous plants, the most dangerous are the Water
Dropworts (Ginanthe), the large tuberous roots of which, resembling
Dahlia roots, are often exposed by the action of running water, near
which they grow, and are thus easily got at by children and cattle.
The following table contains a description of all the common British
species ; a list of the rarer ones and introduced species will be found
at. the end of the Order.

Umbels simple or irregular

1. HyprocotyLe (White-rot).—F/lowers in simple umbels ;_ frit
of two flattened, roundish lobes, united by the narrow edge; leaves
round, peltate. (Name from the Greek, hydor, water, and cotyle,
a platter, from the shape of the leaves and place of growth.)

2. SANICULA (Sanicle).—Flowers in panicled tufts, the outer with-
out stamens, the inner without pistils; frit egg-shaped, covered
with hooked prickles. (Name from the Latin, sano, to heal, the
plant being formerly supposed to have remarkable healing qualities.)

3. Eryncium (Eryngo).—Flowers in a dense prickly head ;_ frast
egg-shaped, covered with chaffy scales.

Umbels compound ; fruit of two flattened lobes, which are united by
the narrow edge, not prickly, nor beaked

4. Contum (Hemlock).—Fruit egg-shaped, each carpel with wavy
ridges ; general bracts few; partial 3, all on the outside. (Name
from the Greek for the plant.)

5. SMYRNIUM (Alexanders).—Frut of 2 kidney-shaped carpels,
each having 3 prominent ridges ; bracts 0. (Name from the Greek,
smyrna, myrrh, from the scent of some of the species.)

6. Cicuta (Water Hemlock).—Fruit of 2 almost globose carpels,
with 5 broad, flattened ridges ; general bracts I or 2, very narrow,

114 CALYCIFLORZE

often 0; partial several, unequal. (Name from the Latin, cicuta,
a Hemlock stalk.)

47. Aptum (Celery).—Fruit roundish egg-shaped, of 2 almost dis-
tinct carpels, each with 5 slender ridges; bracts 0. (Name, the
Latin of this or some allied plant.)

8. PETROSELINUM (Parsley).—Fruit egg-shaped; carpels each
with 5 slender ridges; general bracts few; partial many. (Name
from the Greek, petyvos, a rock, and selinon, parsley.)

g. HeLosciapium (Marsh-wort).—Fruit egg-shaped or oblong ;
carpels each with 5 slender, prominent ridges; general bracts 0;
partial several. (Name from the Greek, helos, a marsh, and skiadion,
an umbel.)

ro. SISON (Stone Parsley).—Friit egg-shaped; carpels with 5
slender ridges; petals broad, deeply notched, with an inflexed
point ; bvacts both general and partial, several. (Name, the Greek
for some allied plant.)

11. AXGOPODIUM (Gout-weed).——Fruit oblong; carpels with 5
slender ridges; bracts 0. (Name in Greek signifying goat’s-foot,
from some fancied resemblance of the leaves.)

12. Carum (Caraway).—Fruit oblong; carpels with 5 slender
ridges ; general bracts 0, or rarely 1; partial o. (Name from Caria,
a country of Asia Minor.)

13. CONOPODIUM (Earth-nut).—Fruwit oblong, crowned with the
conical base of the erect styles ; cavpels with 5 slender, blunt ridges ;
general bracts 0; partial few. (Name from the Greek, konos, a cone,
and pous, a foot.)

14, PIMPINELLA (Burnet Saxifrage).—Fvust oblong, crowned with
the swollen base of the reflexed styles ; carpels with 5 slender ridges,
and furrows between; general bracts 0, or rarely 1; partialo. (Name
of doubtful origin.)

15. Stum (Water Parsnip).—Fruit nearly globose; carpels with
5 slender, blunt ridges ; bracts, general and partial, several. (‘‘ Name,
according to Theis, from the Celtic word siw, water.’—Sir W. J.
Hooker.)

16. BuPLEURUM (Hare’s-ear).—l'rmt oblong ; carpels with 5 pro-
minent ridges, crowned at the flat base of the styles ; partial bracts
very large. (Name from the Greek, bous, an ox, and pleuron, a rib,
from the ribbed leaves of some species.)

Umbels compound ; fruit not flattened, not prickly, nor beaked

17. CENANTHE (Water Dropwort).—Frut egg-shaped, cylindrical,
crowned with the long straight styles ; carpels with 5 blunt, corky

UMBELLIFEROUS TRIBE IIS

ridges ; flowers somewhat rayed, those of the centre only being
fertile. (Name from the Greek, oinos, wine, and anthos, a flower,
from the wine-like smell of the flowers.)

18. #rHusa (Fool’s Parsley).—Fruit nearly globose; carpels
with 5 sharply-keeled ridges, crowned with the reflexed styles ;
partial bracts 3, all on one side, drooping. (Name from the Greek,
aitho, to burn, from its acrid properties.)

19. FanicuLtum (Fennel).—Frus elliptical; carpels with 5
bluntly-keeled ridges; bracts 0. (Name from the Latin, fenum,
hay, to which it has been compared in smell.)

20. Licusticum (Lovage).—Frwé elliptical ; carpels with 5 sharp,
somewhat winged ridges ; bracts, both general and partial, several.
(Name from Liguria, where the cultivated species abounds.)

21. Siraus (Pepper Saxifrage).— Fruit egg-shaped ; carpels with
5 sharp, somewhat winged ridges ; petals scarcely notched (yellow) ;
general bracts 1 or 2; partial several. (Name given by the Romans
to. some probably allied plant.)

22. Meum (Spignel).—Frit elliptical; carpels with 5 sharp,
winged ridges ; petals tapering at both ends; general bracts few ;
partial numerous. (Name, the Greek for this or some allied plant.)

23. CrITHMUM (Samphire).—Fruit elliptical; carpels spongy,
with 5 sharp, winged ridges; bracts, both general and partzal,
numerous. (Name from the Greek, crithe, barley, to which grain
the fruit bears a fancied resemblance.)

Umbels compound ; fruit of two flattened carpels, which are united
by their faces, not prickly, nor beaked

24. ANGELICA.—Fruwit with three sharp ridges at the back of each
carpel, and two at the sides, the latter expanding into an even
border; general bracts few, or 0; partial numerous. (Named
angelic, from its medicinal properties).

25. PastINaca (Parsnip).—Fruit very flat, with a broad border ;
carpels with 3 slender ridges on the back and 2 near the outer edge
of the margin; general and partial bracts rarely more than 1;
flowers yellow. (Name from the Latin, pastus, pasture.)

26. HERACLEUM (Cow Parsnip).—Fruit nearly the same as in
Pastinaca ; flowers rayed ; general bracts several, soon falling off ;
partial numerous. (Name from Herciules, who is said to have
brought this, or some allied plant, into use.)

116 CALYCIFLOR#

Umbels compound ; fruit prickly, not beaked

27. Daucus (Carrot).—Fruit slightly flattened ; carpels united by
their faces, oblong ; ridges bristly, with a row of prickles between ;
general bracts very long, often pinnatifid. (Name, the Greek name
of the plant.)

28. CAUCALIS (Bur-parsley).—Fruit slightly flattened; carpels
united by thin narrow edges; vidges bristly, with I-3 rows
of hooked prickles between. (Name, the Greek name of the
plant.)

29. ToriLis (Hedge Parsley).—Fruit slightly contracted at the
sides ; ridges of the carpels bristly, with numerous prickles between ;
partial bracts numerous. (Name of doubtful origin.)

Umbels compound ; fruit more or less beaked

30. SCANDIX (Shepherd’s Needle).— Fruit contracted at the sides,
with a very long beak ; carpels with 5 blunt ridges ; general bracts 0;
partial several, longer than the flowers. (Name, the Greek name of
the plant.) :

31. ANTHRISCcUS (Beaked Parsley).—Fruit with a short beak;
carpels without ridges ; general bracts 0; partial several. (Name,
the Greek name of this or some allied plant.)

32. CHEROPHYLLUM (Chervil).—Fruit contracted at the sides,
with a short beak; carpels with 5 blunt ridges; partial bracts
several. (Name in Greek signifying pleasant leaf, from the agree-
able perfume of some species.)

33. Myrruis (Ciccly).—F rit contracted at the sides, with a deep
furrow between the carpels; carpels with 5 sharply-keeled ridges ;
general bracts 0; partial several. (Name from the Greek, myrrha,
myrrh, from the fragrance of the leaves.)

I, HyprRocotTyLe (White-rot)

1. H. vulgaris (Common White-rot, Marsh Pennywort).—A small
creeping plant, very unlike the rest of the Umbelliferous Tribe, with
round, smooth, cvenate leaves, 1-1} inches across, and inconspicuous
heads of about 5 minute reddish-white flowers, which never rise
above the leaves, and require a close search to be detected at all.
Each leaf is attached by its centre to the stalk, and resembles a
little platter. The only British species; common in marshes and
bogs. —Fl. May June. Perennial.

PLATE XXXIV.
Wood Sanicle

Marsh Pennywort

UMBELLIFEROUS TRIBE 117

2. SANICULA (Sanicle)

1. S. Europea (Wood Sanicle).—A slender, smooth plant about
Tk feet high, with glossy /eaves, which are 3 to 5-lobed and cut.
The flowers are dull white, and grow in panicled heads rather than
umbels, and are succeeded by roundish seeds, which are covered
with hooked prickles. The only British species ; common in woods.
—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

3. EryNGIuM (Eryngo)

1. E. maritimum (Sea Eryngo, Sea Holly).—A stout, prickly
plant, with more of the habit of a Thistle than one of the Umbelli-
ferous Tribe. The whole plant is remarkably rigid and glaucous.
The flowers are blue, and grow in dense heads. The voots are large,
fleshy, and brittle, and extend for a distance of many feet into the
sand. When candied they form a well-known sweetmeat, which,
however, is less popular than formerly. Sandy sea-coasts; frequent.
—FI. July, August. Perennial.

2. E. campestve (Field Eryngo).—A taller, more slender, more
branched, and less glaucous species. Very rare, occurring only in
one or two localities, and probably not indigenous.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

4. Conium (Hemlock)

I. C. maculatum (Common Hem-
lock).—A tall, much branched, and
gracefully growing plant, with ele-
gantly cut foliage and white flowers.
Country people are in the habit of call-
ing by the name of Hemlock many
species of umbelliferous plants. The =
real Hemlock may, however, be accu- ™
rately distinguishe1 by its slender
growth, perfectly smooth stem, which is
spotted with red, by its finely divided
leaves, which are also smooth, and by
the bracts at the base of the partial
umbels, which only go half-way round.
It usually grows from 2-4 feet high,
but in sheltered situations it sometimes
attains more than double that height. Contum Macuratum (Common
—Fl. June, July. - Biennial. Hemlock)

118 CALYCIFLOR

5. SMyRNIUM (Alexanders)

I. S. Olusatyum (Common
Alexanders).—A tall and stout
plant, growing in waste ground,
especially near the sea. Well dis+
tinguished from any other plant
of the tribe by its broad, bright
% green, glossy leaves, which grow
in threes, and by its numerous
large wmbels of greenish yellow
flowers. The stem is smooth, 3-4
feet high, furrowed, and hollow.
The seeds are nearly black when

WBN ripe. The young shoots are
SMYRNIUM OLUSATRUM (Common sometimes boiled end eaten.
Alexanders) —Fl. May, June. Biennial.

6. CicuTA (Cowbane)

I. C. vivasa (Cowbane, Water Hemlock).—A poisonous, aquatic
species 3-4 feet high; distinguished by its very stout, hollow stem,
pinnate and long-stalked lower leaves, twice ternate upper leaves,
and stalked wmbels of white flowers. The name Water Hemlock is
often applied to several species of
(Enanthe, which are also very poison-
ous. Ponds and ditches; rare.—Fl.
July, August. Perennial.

7. APIUM (Celery)

1. A. graveolens (Celery, Smallage).
—tThe origin of the garden Celery, and
unmistakably distinguished by its
strong flavour and odour, which in no
respect differ from those of the garden
plant. The stem is usually 1-2 feet
high, branched, and leafy, but some-
times nearly prostrate. The flowers
are small and white, and grow either in
terminal or axillary wmbels, which are
often sessile and unequal. In its wild
state the plant is not eatable, but y
when it has been cultivated on rich Aprum GrayEoLENs (Calan,
soil, and the leaf-stalks have been Smallage)
blanched by being “ earthed up,” and
so deprived of light, it is a wholesome vegetable. Found mostly
in moist places near the sea, but it also occurs as a probable escape
in some inland districts.—Fl. June to September. Biennial.

UMBELLIFEROUS TRIBE 119

8. PETROSELINUM (Parsley)

I. P. segetum (Corn Parsley).—Well
distinguished by its slender, branched
stem, which is remarkably tough and
wiry, by its small pinnated Jeaves and
umbels of small whitish flowers, and by
the vays of the wmbel being few and
very unequal in length. The ,oot-
leaves wither early, and the few which
grow on the stem are small and incon-
spicuous. Corn fields and waste places ;
not uncommon.—Fl. August, Septem-
ber. Biennial.

2. P. sativum.—Is the common
Parsley of gardens, which, though often

found seemingly wild, is not really
indi enous PETROSELINUM SEGETUM
§' : (Corn Parsley)

g. HeLoscrapium (Marsh-wort)

1. H. nodiflorwm (Procumbent
Marsh-wort). — Stem prostrate and
rooting ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets egg-
shaped, serrated; umbels on very
short stalks, opposite the leaves. A
plant with somewhat of the habit of
Water-cresses, In company with which
it often grows, and for which it is

sometimes mistaken. It may be dis-

tinguished when out of flower by its
» serrated and somewhat pointed leaves
and by its hollow stems. The flowers
are small and white. In ditches
fi and rivulets; abundant.—Fl. July,
if August. Perennial. H. repens is a
Hetoscrapium Nopirrorum — smaller plant and has narrowed deaves,
(Procumbent Marsh-wort) but is scarcely a distinct species.

2. H. inundatum (Least Marsh-wort) has the lower Jeaves finely
divided into numerous hair-like segments. The umbels usually
only 2 rays of small white flowers, and, with the upper leaves,
are the only parts of the plant which rise out of the water.
Ponds ; a common plant often overlooked.—Fl. June, July. Per-
ennial.

120 CALYCIFLORA

Io. SIsoN (Stoxe Parsley)

1. S. amomum (Hedge Stone Parsley).—A slender plant 2-3 feet
high, with a wiry, branched stem and pinnate, cut leaves, the leaflets
of the upper ones being very narrow. The general umbels consist
of about 4 rays, with 2-4 bracts at the base; the partial
umbels are small, and have 4 bracts at the base of each; tke
flowers are cream-coloured and very
small. The whole plant has a nauseous
smell. The only British species. Damp,
chalky places; common in the south of
England, becoming rarer farther north.
—Fl. August. Biennial.

11. Alcopopium (Gout-weed)

1. 42. podagravia (Common Gout- €=
weed).—A common and very trouble-
some garden weed, with a creeping root,
large, thrice ternate /eaves, and white
flowers. The stems grow about a foot
high. The leaves are sometimes boiled
and eaten, but have a strong and very
disagreeable flavowr—Fl. May, Jie, gicsnnran Posaemants
Perennial. (Common Gout-weed)

rz. CaRUM (Caraway)

I. C. carut (Common Caraway).—Root spindle-shaped; stem
much branched, about 2 feet high; the Jeaves twice pinnate, with
leaflets cut into very narrow segments; the flowers are white, and
grow in rather large wmbels, with rarely more than 1 bract, and
that at the base of the general umbel. Occurs in many places as
an escape from cultivation. Produces the well-known caraway
seeds.—Fl. June. Biennial.

2. C. verticillatum (Whorled Caraway).—Smaller than the last,
with pinnate leaves, the leaflets of which are divided to the base
into very numerous hair-like segments, and are so crowded as to
appear whorled. Very rare, except in the west of Scotland.—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3. C. bulbocastanum (Bulbous Caraway).—Root tuberous: stem
1-2 feet high ; /eaves twice or thrice pinnate ; bracts of the partial
and gencral umbel numerous; flowers white. A local plant, so
abundant 1 in the chalk district near Baldock, in Hertfordshire, that

‘the farmers turn their pigs upon the fallows to feed upon the
roots.’—Hooker and Arnott. Found in chalky fields in one or
two other districts, but very local—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

UMBELLIFEROUS TRIBE 121

13. ConovopiIum (Earth-iniat)

1. C. denudatum (Earth-nut, Pig-nut).—A slender plant, about
a foot high, bearing a few finely divided leaves, and terminal wbels
of white flowers. The root, which is a roundish tuber and is covered
with a thin skin easily removed, is catable, but only fit for the food
of the animal after which it is named. A much commoner plant
than the last—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

I4. PIMPINELLA (Burnet Saxifrage)
1. P. saxifraga (Common Burnet Saxi-
frage).—A slender plant 1-2 feet high,
with a thick though not tuberous root.
The lower /eaves, which are pinnate,
with sharply cut leaflets, grow on long
stalks; the upper ones are twice pin-
nate, and deeply cut into very narrow,
sharp segments. Common in dry pas-
tures.—F]. July, August. Perennial.

2. P. magna (Greater Burnet Saxi-
frage).—Stouter and larger than the
last, and has all the /eaves pinnate, the
terminal leaflet on each being 3-lobed ;
the flowers are white, or often pink. It =
grows in shady places, but is far from = PumprneELta SANIFRAGA
common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial. (Common Burnet Savifrage)

15. Stum (Water Parsnip)

1. S. latrfoliaum (Broad - leaved
Water Parsnip).—Leaves pinnate;
* leaflets narrow, oblong, pointed,
& equally serrated ; wmbels terminal ;
bracts, both general and fartzal,
pointed and narrow. A stout plant,
¥ with a creeping root-stock, an erect,
furrowed stem 3-5 feet high, and
pinnated leaves of 5-13 large and
distinct leaflets, and long, flat um-
bels of white flowers. Watery
places; not uncommon.—FIl. July,
August. Perennial.

2. S. angustifolium (Narrow-leaved
Water Parsnip).— Leaves pinnate;
leaflels unequally cut, egg-shaped,

Stum ANGUSTIFOLIUM the upper | ones narrower; wmbels
(Narrow-leaved Water Parsnip) opposite the leaves, stalked. Smaller

122 CAL.YCIFLORZ

than the last, and resembling Helosciadium. nodiflorum, from which
it may be distinguished by its stalked wmbels, and by its having
general and partial bracts, which are reflexed and often cut.
Watery places; not uncommon.—I'l, August. Perennial.

16. BUPLEURUM (Thorow-wax)

1. B. rotundifolaum (Common Thorow-wax,
gi or Hare’s-ear).—Stem branched above; leaves
sv roundish, egg-shaped, undivided, perfoliate ;

general bracts wanting; partial ones large,
bristle-pointed, thrice as long as the flowers.
A singular plant, well distinguished by its
perfoliate leaves, which have a glaucous hue,
and its large, greenish-yellow, partial bracts,
which are far more conspicuous than the
minute yellow flowers. Cornfields, on chalky
soil.—Fl. July. Annual.

2. B. tenuisstmum (Slender Hare’s-ear).—
Remarkable for its slender, wiry stem, about
a foot high and usually ascending ; and its
very narrow, undivided leaves, and small

umbels of very few minute yellowish flowers.
BupLeurum Rotunpi- It grows in salt marshes on the south and

FOLIUM (Common cast coasts of England.—Fl. August, Sep-

Thorow-wax, Hare’ s-car) tember, Annual:

3. B. aristatum (Narrow-leaved Hare’s-ear).—A small plant
3-6 inches high, with pale, rigid Jeaves, inconspicuous greenish
flowers, and large, sharp-pointed bracts. Found nowhere in Great
Britain but at Torquay and Eastbourne, and in the Channel Islands.
Sandy, waste places.—Fl. June, July. Annual.

4. B. aig (Sickle-leaved Hare’s-ear)—A slender, erect
species 1-3 feet high, with slightly branched, hollow stems, and
narrow, eartibe ledués, pointed and curved, ribbed on the under side:
flowers yellow, minute. Found near Ongar, in Essex, and in Hert:
fordshire. Probably not indigenous.—FI. August, September.
Perennial.

17. (ENANTHE (Water Dropwort)

1. G. fistulosa (Tubular Water Dropwort).—Root sending out
runners; sfem-leaves pinnate, shorter than their tubular stalks.
An erect, slightly branched plant 2-3 feet high, well marked by its
tubular eens leaves, and leaflets. The lower leaves are entirely
submerged, and of these the leaflets are flat, but all the rest of the
plant consists of a series of tubes. The wmbels are of very few rays,
which, when in fruit, are nearly globular. Watery places; not un-
common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

UMBELLIFEROUS TRIBE 123

2. CF. crocata (Hemlock Water
Dropwort).—Leaves thrice pinnate;
leaflets wedge - shaped, variously
cut. A large, stout plant 3-5 feet
high, with clustered, tuberous
roots, somewhat like those of the
Dahlia, spreading, glossy leaves,
and large umbels of white flowers.
The plant is popularly known by
the name of Water Hemlock, and
being very poisonous should not be
allowed to grow in places where
cattle are kept, as instances are
numerous in which cows have been
poisoned by eating the roots.

Watery places; common.—Fl. July CENANTHE CROCATA
Perennial. (Hemlock Water Dropwort)

3. G. phellandrium (Fine-leaved Water Dropwort, Horsebane).—
Stems 2-3 feet high, very stout at the base; roots fibrous ; leaves
divided into very fine segments, the lower ones submerged ; umbels
smaller than in the last, on short stalks, springing either from the
forks of the branches or from opposite the leaves. Ditches and the
sides of ponds ; common.—FI. July to September. Biennial.

4. E. pimpinelloides (Parsley Water Dropwort).—Roots fibrous,
often swollen into tubers; stems 1-3 feet high, furrowed; lower
leaves bipinnate, segments broader than in the more finely divided
upper leaves, which have long, narrow segments ; 2mbels compact,
flat-topped; vays rather short, and with usually an involucre of
narrow bracts at the base. A variable plant. Found
in meadows and in both salt and fresh marshes in
the south; not uncommon.—Fl. June to August.
Perennial.

5. CE. Lachenalit.—Root-fibres fleshy ; lobes of lower
leaves blunt, upper leaves with narrow pointed seg-
ments; flowers white, in lax umbels. Nearly allied
to the last. Common in salt marshes.—FI. July to
September. Perennial.

18. AETHUSA (Fool’s Parsley)

1. 4. cynapium (Fool’s Parsley).—A_ slender
plant about a foot high, with dark green, doubly
pinnate leaves, and terminal wmbels of white flowers.
It is a common garden weed, and in its young state
somewhat resembles parsley; but when in flower

/ETHUSA
Cc aie :
( Bante Paysites) may readily be distinguished from that and all other

124 CALYCIFLOR#

British umbelliferous plants by having no general bracts, but at the
base of each partial wnbel three very long and narrow bracts, which
are all on the outer side, and point
downwards. The plant is poisonous,
w, and has a disagreeable smell when
au, bruised.—Fl. July, August. Annual.

a AS See the
SEER EO
Bie

x
vo

19. F@nicuLum (Fennel)

1. F. vulgave (Common Fennel).—A
well-known plant, with an erect rod-
like stem 2-3 or fore feet high, numer-
ous leaves, which are deeply divided
into soft, hair-like segments, and
large terminal umbels of yellow flowers.
The whole plant is aromatic, and
the chopped leaves are often used
as an ingredient in sauce for fish.
Waste places, especially near the sea ;

FENICULUM VULGARE common. — FI. ‘at ‘wee, Dae
(Common Fennel) anneal July, §

20. Licusticum (Lovage)

1. L. Scoticum (Scottish Lovage).—From 1-2 feet high; stem
slightly branched, tinged with red; leaves twice ternate, with large,
broad, serrated leaflets; umbels with general and partial bracts ;
flowers reddish-white. Rocky seashore in Scotland and North-
umberland.—Fl. July. Perennial.

ai. Sttaus (Pepper Saxifrage)

1. S. pratensis (Meadow Pepper Saxifrage).—From 1-3 feet high ;
leaves thrice pinnate, with narrow opposite leaflets, and terminal
awmbels of dull, yellowish white flowers; general bracts 1-3; partial
numerous. “ The whole plant, being fetid when bruised, is supposed
in some parts of Norfolk to give a bad flavour to milk and butter ;
but cattle do not eat it, except accidentally or in small quantities,
though sufficient perhaps to have the cffect in question.” —Sir J. E.
Smith. Meadows; not very general.—Fl. July to September.
Perennial.

22. Mrum (Spignel)

1. M. athamanticum (Spignel, Meu, or Bald-money).—Well dis-
tinguished by its twice pinnate leaves, the leaflets of which are
divided into numerous thread-like segments. The whole plant,

UMBELLIFEROUS TRIBE 125

and.especially the root, which is eaten by the Highlanders, is highly
aromatic, with a flavour like Melilot, which it communicates to
milk and butter from the cows feeding
on its herbage in spring. ‘Bald, or
Bald-money, is a corruption of Balder,
the Apollo of the northern nations, to
whom this plant was dedicated.’ Sir
W. J. Hooker. Dry mountainous pas-
tures in the north.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial.

Meum ATHAMANTICUM CRITHMUM MARITIMUM
(Spignel, Meu, or Bald-money) (Sea Samphire)

23. CriTHMUM (Samphire)

I. C. manitimum (Sea Samphire).—Well distinguished by its
long, glaucous, fleshy leaflets and yellow flowers. The whole plant
is aromatic, and has a powerful scent. The young leaves, if
gathered in May, sprinkled with salt, and ee in vinegar,
make one of the best of pickles. cgi Se
Rocks by the sea-coast ; abundant.
On those parts of the coast where
Samphire does not abound, other
plants, which resemble it in having
fleshy leaves, are sometimes sold

very inferior.—F. July, August. ©
Perennial.
24. ANGELICA

1. A. sylvestvis (Wild Angelica).
—A stout and tall plant 2-4 feet
high; the stem is furrowed, tinged
with purple, and slightly downy,
especially in its upper part; the AncrricaSytvestris (Wild Angelica)

126 CALYCIFLORE

leaves are twice pinnate; the laflets egg-shaped and serrated; the
umbels are large and furnished with both general and partial bracts ;
the flowers are white, tinged with pink. Wet places ; common.—
Fl. July. Perennial.

A. Avrchangelica is a larger species,
commonly cultivated for the sake of
its aromatic stems, which when candied
form a favourite sweetmeat. It is not
indigenous.

25. PASTINACA (Parsnip)

1. P. sativa (Common Parsnip).—
Well known in gardens as an agreeable
and nutritive vegetable. In its wild
state the plant, which is not uncommon
in limestone and chalky pastures, closely
resembles the cultivated variety, but
has smaller roots and more downy
PASTINACK SATIVA leaves. The flowers are yellow, and
(Common Parsnip) grow in terminal wmbels.—Fl. July,
August. Biennial.

26. HERACLEUM (Cow-parsnip)

1. H. sphondylium (Common Cow-
parsnip, Hog-weed).—A very tall and
stout plant, with a channelled, hairy
stem, 4-6 feet high, large, irregularly
cut, rough /eaves, and spreading wmbels
of conspicuous white flowers. In spring
the plant is remarkable for the large
oval tufts formed by the sheathing base

flower-buds. This, with many other
umbelliferous plants, is often con-
founded by farmers with Hemlock, and
great pains are taken to eradicate it ;
but cattle eat it with impunity, and it
is probably a wholesome and nutritive
food. It is often very abundant in

meadows.—FI. July. Biennial. HERACLEUM SPHONDYLIUM
(Common Cow-Parsnip, Hog-weed)

UMBELLIFEROUS TRIBE 127

27. Daucus (Carrot)

1. D. carota (Wild Carrot).—A tough-stemmed, bristly plant 1-3
feet high, with a taf-rvoot, much-cut leaves, and large wmbels of dull
white flowers. Well distinguished by having the central flower, or
partial umbel of flowers, bright red or deep purple. In flavour and
scent it resembles the garden Carrot.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.

A variety (D. mavitumus) abundant on many parts of the sea-
coast differs from the preceding in having somewhat fleshy leaves,
and in being destitute of the central purple flower or umbel.

28. CAUCALIS (Buyr-parsley)

1 C, daucotdes (Smakl Bur-parsley).—Leaves repeatedly divided ;
umbels of about 3 rays, without bracts; parital umbels of few
flowers, with about 3 bracts. A somewhat bushy plant, nearly
smooth, with a stem which is deeply furrowed, and hairy at the
joints. The flowers, which are pinkish white, grow in lateral and
terminal umbels, and are succeeded by large prickly seeds. Chalky
fields ; not common.—Fl. June. Annual.

2. C. latifolia (Great Bur-parsley).—Stem 1-2 feet high; leaves
pinnate; the /eaflets lanceolate and serrate; general umbels 2 to
4-rayed ; partial 4 to 6-rayed. Distinguished from the above, and
from all other British plants of
the tribe, by its handsome large
rose-coloured flowers. Occurs oc-
casionally as a cornfield weed on
calcareous soils, but is very rare,
and is not indigenous.—Fl. July.
Annual.

29. ToriLis (Hedge Parsley)

1. I. anthriscus (Upright Hedge
Parsley).—Leaves twice pinnate ; &
leaflets narrow, sharply cut ; wm-
bels stalked ; general and partial
bracts several. A_ tall, slender
plant 2-3 feet high, with a solid
rough stem, hairy leaves, and
many-rayed umbels of small white
or pinkish flowers. The fruit is
thickly covered with incurved, i
rigid bristles. Hedges; abun- TorILis ANTHRISCUS
dant.—FIl. July, August. Annual. (Upright Hedge Paysley)

2. T. infesta (Spreading Hedge Parsley).—Leaves twice pinnate;
leaflets oblong, sharply cut ; umbels stalked ; general bracts I or 0;

128 CALYCIFLORA

partial several, Smaller than the last, 0-18 inches high, with more : : :
branched stems and more rigid leaves. The fruit is covered with . . .

spreading hooked bristles. Hedges; common.—Fl. July, August.
Annual.

3. IT. nodosa (Knotted Hedge Parsley).—Stem prostrate ; umbels
simple, lateral, nearly sessile. Well dis-
tinguished from all other British umbelli-
ferous plants by its prostrate mode of
growth, its very small, almost globular
umbels of whitish flowers, and by the
outer carpels in each umbel being covered
with hooked prickles, while the inner are
warty. Hedges and waste places; com-
mon.—Fl. May to July. Annual.

30. SCANDIX (Shepherd's Needle)

1. S. pecten (Shepherd’s Needle, Venus’
Comb).—A small plant 3-9 inches high,
with finely cut, bright green /eaves and
few-rayed wmbels of small white flowers,
which are succeeded by long, beaked seed-
vessels. Common in cultivated ground.

rx Prete (Shepherd?
Vea en * Fl. June to September. Annual.

31. ANTHRISCUS (Beaked Parsley)

1. A. vulgavis (Common Beaked Parsley).—Siem smooth ; leaves
twice pinnate, with blunt segments ;
umbels lateral on rather short stalks;
fruat bristly. Remarkable for its smooth,
polished stem and delicate green leaves,
which are slightly hairy beneath. The
stem is 2-3 feet high, slightly swollen
under each joint. The flowers are white,
and grow in umbels opposite the leaves ;
partial bracts 5 or 6, with fringed edges.
Waste ground, chiefly near towns.—
Fl. May. Annual.

2. A. sylvestris (Wild Beaked Parsley).
—Stem slightly downy below, smooth
above ; leaves thrice pinnate, the seg-
ments rough-edged ; ambels terminal on ANY: BR
long stalks, drooping when young ; frat A
smooth. One of our early spring flowers, iN
distinguished when in bud by the droop- a yrypiscus SvLVESTRIS
ing partial umbels, each of which has (Wild Beaked Parsley)

PLATE XXXvV.

Sea Holly
Wild Carrot

Hedge Parsley

Pig Nut

- A
‘Late

4

UMBELLIFEROUS TRIBE 129

about 5 reflexed bracts, and afterwards by its smooth, shortly

beaked fruit. Hedges ; common.—Fl. April to June. Perennial.
A. cerefolium (Garden Chervil) is not a

native plant, though sometimes found in the a ye

neighbourhood of houses. It may be distin- SEN

guished from the preceding by having only 3

partial bracts, lateral wmbels,and smooth frudt.

32. CH-EROPHYLLUM (Chervil)
t. C. temulentum (Rough Chervil).—The *#4¥
only British species ; very common in woods 2
and hedges. The stem is slender, 2-3 feet
high, rough with short hairs, spotted with ages
purple, and swollen beneath the joints; the 2a
leaves are twice pinnate, deeply lobed and
cut, hairy, often making the plant conspicu-
ous in autumn by their rich purple hue ; the
flowers are white, and grow in terminal um-
bels, which droop when in bud; _ general
bracts either absent or very few: partial
bracts several, fringed and deflexed.— cysepopnyttum TEemu-
Fl. June, July. Perennial. LENTUM (Rough Chervil)

33. Myrruis (Cicely)

1. M. odorata (Sweet Cicely).—Remarkable for its sweet and
highly aromatic flavour. The stem is 2-3 feet high, furrowed and
hollow ; the /eaves large, thrice pinnate,
cut, and slightly downy. The flowers are
white, and grow in terminal downy
umbels ; bracts partial only, whitish, and
finely fringed. The fruit is remarkably
large, dark brown, with very sharp ribs,
and possesses the flavour of the rest of
the plant in a high degree. Mountainous
pastures in the north.—Fl. May, June.
Perennial.

The foregoing descriptions contain only
those umbelliferous plants which are most
commonly to be met with. There are
besides these a few others, which are
either of unusual occurrence or have
escaped from cultivation ; these are :—

Physospernum Cornubiense (Cornish
Bladder-seed).—-An erect, smooth plant
about 2 feet high, with thrice ternate

PHyYSOSPERNUM CORNU- ; :
BIENSR (Cornish Bladder-seed) leaves and white flowers, which are fur-

K

130 CALYCIFLOR#

nished with both general and partial bracts. The fruit when ripe
is remarkably inflated and nearly globose, whence its name. It is
found only near Bodmin, Cornwall, and Tavistock, Devon,

Trinia glaberrima (Honewort) grows on limestone rocks in
Somersetshire and at Barry Head, Devon. It may be distinguished
from all other British umbelliferous plants by bearing its stamens
and pisitls in separate flowers and on different plants.

Seselt Libanotis (Mountain Meadow Saxifrage) is of rare occur-
rence ; in Cambridgeshire and Sussex. It may be distinguished by
its hemispherical wmbels and hairy frit, crowned by the reflexed
styles.

Peucedanum officinale (Sea Hog’s Fennel).—A rare plant, remark-
able for its large wmbels of yellow flowers. It occurs in salt marshes
on the eastern coast of England.

P. palustre (Marsh Hog’s Fennel).—Also a rare species, growing
in marshes in Yorkshire and Lancashire, etc. The stem grows 4-5
feet high, and abounds in a milky juice, which dries to a brown
resin.

‘Coriandrum sativum (Common Coriander).—Occasionally found
in the neighbourhood of towns, but cannot be deemed a native
plant. It is well marked by its globose, pleasantly aromatic frudt.

NATURAL ORDER XXXVII
ARALIACEA.—THE Ivy TRIBE

Calyx attached to the ovary, 4-5-cleft; petals 4, 5, or Io,
occasionally wanting ; stamens equalling the petals in number or
twice as many, inserted on the ovary ; ovary with more than 3 cells;
styles as many as the cells; fruit fleshy or dry, of several r-seeded
cells. Trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants, not confined to any
particular climate, closely resembling the Umbelliferous Tribe in
the structure of their flowers, but not partaking of their dangerous
properties. Only two species are natives of Britain; but one of
these, Ivy, is so universally diffused as to be familiar to every one;
the other, Moschatell, is a humble plant, with solitary heads of
green flowers and dclicate leaves strongly scented with musk. Mos-
chatell has lately been classed by some botanists among Capri-
foliaceez, but the genus having certain affinities to that and to
Araliacee, it has been retained in its present place for the con-
venience of amateurs who have become used to the arrangement
of the earlier editions of this book.

Ginseng, the favourite medicine of the Chinese, is the root of
Panax Ginseng, a plant belonging to this tribe. A remarkable

PLATE XXXVI.

Moschatel Houeysuckle

ee ee

8) cee oe

ss,

F eros =o

AS
ee

oe

=

- - 7 a
_
ioe seas oe
Re. on
ter

oe -

=!
ng
|

oe
>
—
ae
:
an
=
:
7
:
*

IVY TRIBE 131

plant belonging to this Order is Gunnera scabra, found by Darwin
growing on the sandstone cliffs of Chiloe. Both this and Gunnera
Manicata bear a number of leaves resembling Rhubarb on a gigantic
scale, single leaves often measuring 8 feet across. The plants form
handsome garden specimens if grown by the waterside.

1. HEDERA (Ivy).—Calyx of 5 teeth, inserted in the ovary ;
petals 5-10; stamens 5-10; styles 5-10, often combined into 1;
berry 5-celled and 5-seeded, crowned by the calyx. (Name, the
Latin of the plant.)

2. ADOXA (Moschatell).—Calyx 3-cleft, inserted above the base
of the ovary; corolla 4 or 5-cleft, inserted on the ovary ; stamens
8 or 10, in pairs; anthers 1-celled ; berry 4 or 5-celled. (Name in
Greek signifying inconspicuous, from its humble growth.)

i. HEpDERA (Ivy)

1. H. Helix (Common Ivy).—The
only British species. An ever-
green, woody climber or trailer.
The main stem often attains 8
or 10 inches in diameter, and the
plant will climb by means of small
adventitious roots toa great height
over rocks, trees, or buildings. The
leaves are leathery and shining, the
lower ones usually more or less
deeply lobed, the upper ones more
rounded. The flowers are greenish
yellow, and are borne in globular
untbels on bushy branches spring-
ing from the climbing stem. The
berries are black. Common all over
Britain.—F1. October, November. :
Shrub. Heprra Hrrrx (Common Ivy)

2. Apoxa (Moschatel)

1. A. moschatellina (Common Moschatel).—The only species. A
small herbaceous plant 4-6 inches high. Each plant bears several
dclicate voot-leaves and two smaller leaves half-way up the stem.
The flowers grow in terminal heads of 5 each, the upper flower with
4 petals and 8 stamens, the four sede flowers having § petals and
Io stamens each. The latter are remarkable for being inserted in
pairs, and for bearing 1-velled anthers ; or the filaments may be con-
sidered to be forked, each fork bearing the lobe of an anther. The
whole plant diffuses a musk-like scent, which, however, is not per-
ceptible if the plant be bruised. Damp woods and hedge banks ;
not uncommon, though local.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.

132 CALYCIFLORE

NATURAL ORDER XXXVIII
CORNEA!.— Tue CoRNEL TRIBE

Sepals 4, attached to the ovary; fetals 4, oblong, broad at the
base, inserted into the top of the calyx ; stwmens 4, inserted with
the petals; ovary 2-celled; sfvle thread-like; stigma simple ; fruit
a berry-like drupe, with a 2-celled nut ; seeds solitary. Mostly trees
or shrubs, with opposite leaves and flowers growing in heads or
umbels. A small Order, containing few plants of interest, which
inhabit the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and America. In
the United States several species are found, the bark of which is a
powerful tonic, and has been used in place of quinine. Benthamia
fragifera, a handsome shrub from the mountains of Nepal, was in-
troduced into England in 1825. In Cornwall, where it was first
raised from seed, it flowers and bears fruit freely, and forms a
pleasing addition to the shrubbery. Two species of covnus are in-
digenous to Britain. The corns of the ancients was the present
Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mascula), whose little clusters of yellow
starry flowers are among the earliest heralds of spring. Its fruit is
like a small plum, with a very austere flesh, but after keeping, it
becomes pleasantly acid. The Turks still use it in the manufacture
of sherbet. A similar species is commonly cultivated in Japan for
the sake of its fruit, which is a constant ingredient in the acid
drinks of that country. The shrub now common in this country
under the name of Spotted Laurel (Aucuha Japonica) belongs to
this Order.

I. Cornus (Cornel).—Characters described above. (Name from
the shrub so called by the Latins, from the. horn-like nature of the
wood.)

I. Cornus (Corel)

I. C. sanguinea (Wild Cornel,
Dog-wood).--A bushy shrub 5-6
fect high, with opposite, egg -
shaped, pointed /eaves and ter- #4 3
minal cymes of creamy white
flowers ; the berries are small and
dark purple. The Spindle Tree
(Euonymus Europea) and the
Guelder Rose (Viburnum Lan-
tana) have wood of a similar
nature, and the three were for-
merly much used for skewers, and
are frequently confused under the
common name Dog-wood. In Cornus SANGUINEA
autumn the leaves assume very (Wild Cornel, Dog-wood)

MISTLETOE TRIBE 133

beautiful red and purple tints. Hedges
and thickets, especially on a chalk or lime-
stone soil.—Fl. June. Shrub.

2. C. succtca (Dwarf Cornel).— Very
different in habit from the last; reat
woody, creeping, and sending up annual
flowering stems, which are about six inches
high and bear each a terminal wmbel of
minute dark purple flowers with yellow
stamens. At the base of each umbel are
four egg-shaped yellow bracts tinged with
purple. The frit, a red berry, is said by
the Highlanders to create appetite, and
hence is called Lvzs-a-chraots, plant of
gluttony. Alpine pastures in Scotland and
the north of England; rare.—Fl. July, Young shoot of the Wild
August. Perennial. Cornel

SuB-CLass III

COROLLIFLORZE
Petals united, bearing the stamens,

NATURAL ORDER XXXIX
LORANTHACE.—MISTLETOE TRIBE

Stamens and fistils usually on different plants; calyx attached
to the ovary, with 2 bracts at the base, sometimes almost wanting ;
petals 4-8, united at the base, expanding in a valve-like manner ;
stamens equalling the petals in number and opposite to them ; ovary
r-celled, 1-seeded; style 1 or 0; stigma simple; fruit succulent,
I-celled, 1-seeded ; seed germinating only when attached to some
growing plant of a different species. Shrubby plants of singular
structure and habit, growing only (with rare exceptions) on the
branches of other trees, and therefore true parasites. The leaves
are usually in pairs and fleshy, the flowers inconspicuous ; but this
is not always the case, for one species, Nuytsta floribunda, which
grows in the neighbourhood of King George’s Sound, bears an
abundance of bright orange-coloured flowers, producing an appear-
ance which the colonists compare to a tree.on fire, and hence they
call it the Fire-tvee. This species is not a parasite, but the greater
part of the tribe refuse to grow except on living vegetables. The
seed of most species is coated with a viscid substance, by which it
adheres to the bark, and which in a few days becomes a transparent
glue. Soon a thread-like radicle is sent forth, which, from whatever

134 COROLLIFLORE

part of the seed it proceeds, curves towards the supporting tree,
and becomes flattened at the extremity like the proboscis of a fly.
Finally it pierces the bark and roots itself in the growing wood,
having the power of selecting and appropriating to its own use such
juices as are fitted for its sustenance. Great virtues were attributed
to the Mistletoe by the Druids, but at present its medicinal properties
are in no repute, thongh at Christmas time the plant is gathered
and sold in enormous quantities, and is at that season the symbol
of a strange spirit of superstitious frivolity too well known to need
description. Much of the Mistletoe sold in England at Christmas
comes from the Continent.

The Mistletoe may readily be propagated by attaching the fresh
seeds to the smooth bark of an Apple or other tree. This should
not be done at Christmas, for though seeds are easily obtainable at
that season they usually do not ripen until later. It should also
be remembered that birds are likely to eat the planted berries unless
they are protected by some means; and also that though Mistletoe
is a picturesque object in an orchard, much of it is apt to be detri-
mental to the health of the trees.

1. Viscum (Mistletoe).—Stamens and pistils on separate plants.
Barren flower, calyx 0; petals 4, fleshy, united at the base, each
bearing an anther. Fertile flower, calyx a mere rim; petals 4, very
small; stigmasessile; berry I-seeded, crowned by the calyx. (Name,
the Latin name of the plant, from the stickiness of the berries.)

Viscum AtBuM (Common Mistletoe)

rt. Viscum (Misiletoe)

1. V. album (Common Mistletoe)—The only British species.
Growing on a great variety of trees, especially the Apple, exceed-
ingly rare on the Oak. The sfem is green and smooth, separating
easily when dead into bone-like joints; the leaves are thick and
leathery, of a yellow hue, the whole plant being most conspicuous in
winter, when its white berries ripen.—Fl. March to May. Perennial.

WOODBINE TRIBE 135

NATURAL ORDER XL
CAPRIFOLIACEZ:.—THE WoopBINE TRIBE

Calyx attached to the ovary, usually with bracts at the base ;
corolla regular or irregular, 4 to 5-cleft ; stamens equal in number
to the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them; ovary 3 to
5-celled ; stigmas 1-3; frit usually fleshy, crowned by the calyx.
This tribe comprises shrubs and herbaceous plants of very different
habits, and is interesting from containing the fragrant Honeysuckle
or Woodbine, and the elegant little plant which Linnzeus fixed on
to commemorate his name. They are principally confined to the
northern hemisphere, and several are natives of Britain. The
Common Elder was formerly held in high repute for its medicinal
properties; and preparations of the leaves, flowers, and fruit are
still used as medicine in rural districts, whilst a pleasant wine is
often made from the fruit.

i. SamBucus (Elder).—Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla wheel-shaped, 5-
lobed ; stamens 5; stigmas 3, sessile; berry.3 to 5-seeded. (Name
from the Greek, sambuké, a musical wind-instrument, in making
which the wood is said to have been used.)

2. VipurNuM (Guelder Rose).—-Calyx 5-cleft; corolla funnel-
shaped, 5-lobed; stamens 5; stigmas 3, sessile; berry I-seeded.
(Name, the Latin of the plant.)

3. LonicERA (Honeysuckle).—Calyx small, 5-toothed ; corolla
tubular, irregularly 5-clelt; stamens 5; style thread-like; stigma
knobbed ; berry I to 3-celled, with several seeds. (Named in
honour of Adam Lonicer, a German
botanist.)

4. Linn£4.—Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla
bell-shaped, 5-cleft, regular; stamens .
4, 2 longer; fruzt dry, 3-celled, I cell
only containing a single seed.

1. SAMBUCUS (Elder)

I. S. niger (Common Elder).—A
small tree, remarkable for the large
quantity of pith contained in its
young branches and for the elasticity
of its wood. The leaves are pinnate,
of a strong, unpleasant odour; the
flowers, which are borne in cymes
with 5 principal branches, are
creamy white and of a sickly smell ;
the fruit globose, shining, dark pur- Samaucus NicER (Common Elder)

136 COROLLIFLORA

ple, or rarely white. Evelyn, speaking in its praise, says: ‘If the
medicinal properties of the leaves, bark, berries, etc., were thoroughly
known, I cannot tell what our countryman could ail for which he
could not find a remedy from every hedge, either for sickness or
wound.” Hedges,etc.; common.—Fl. June. Tree. There are several
garden varieties with variegated, golden, and finely cut foliage.

2. S. ebulus (Dwarf Elder, Danewort).—A herbaceous species 2-4
feet high, with Jeaves divided into 7-11 narrow scgments, and 2
stipule-like, ovate, serrate /eaves at the base of each leaf-stalk
on the main stem. Corymb somewhat irregular, with 3 main
branches ; flowers white, pink- tipped,
and sweet-scented ; fruit black. Found
in waste, bushy places in many parts
of Britain, and said to have been
fintroduced by the Danes.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

2. VIBURNUM (Guelder Rose)

1. V. lantana (Wayfaring Tree,
Mealy Guelder Rose).—A large shrub,
with white, nearly flexible branches,
and large elliptical /eaves, heart-shaped
at the base, serrated, and very downy
beneath. ‘The flowers, which are white
and all perfect, grow in terminal
cymes ; the berries are scarlet, turning
Vinurnum Lantana (Way- black when fully ripe. It is most
faving Tree, Mealy Gueldey frequently met with in chalky or lime-

Rose) stone soil—Fl. May, June. Shrub.

2. V. opulus (Guelder Rose,
Water Elder).—A small tree or
shrub, with smooth leaves, lobed
and cut, which assume a rich
purple hue before falling, when
they are very ornamental ; leaf-
stalks with glands at the upper
extremity. The flowers, which
grow in flat-topped cymes, are
white, the outer ones barren, and
with broad corollas. The berries
are bright coral-red, and are said
to be sometimes fermented and
eaten, a statement which will
seem scarcely credible to any cne
who has chanced to smell them. VinuRNUM OpuLUS
The bark is very acrid. In the (Guelder Rose, Water Elder)

WOODBINE TRIBE 137

wild plant the cyme is flat, the outer flowers being large and showy,
but destitute of stamens and pistils ; in the garden variety, called
the Snowball Tree, the cyme is composed entirely of barren flowers,
collected into a globular form. Moist woods and hedges ; not un-
common.—Fl. June, July. Small tree or shrub.

3. LONICERA (Honeysuckle)

1. L. Periclymenum (Honeysuckle, Woodbine).— Leaves ovate
or oblong, sometimes lobed, and all distinct (not united at the base) ;
flowers in terminal heads, gaping, red without, yellow within,
fragrant; berries crimson. A common and favourite twining shrub,
the first to expand its leaves in spring, or rather winter, and almost
the last to blossom in autumn. Though highly ornamental to our
woods, it is decidedly injurious to young trees, clasping them so
tightly as to mark the rind with a spiral line, and finally becoming
embedded in the wood. Handsome twisted walking-sticks are
thus formed, but the growth of the tree is greatly checked.—Fl.
July and again in October. Shrub.

Two other species of Woodbine are also occasionally found, but
are not considered natives of Britain.

L. perfoliatum (Pale Perfoliate Honeysuckle), which is distin-
guished by having the uppermost pair of leaves connate, or united
by their bases; and L. Xylostewm (Upright Fly Honeysuckle), an
erect shrub, with downy leaves, and pale yellow, scentless flowers,
which grow in pairs.

4. LINNEA

1. L. borealis (Linnzea).—The only
species ; plant almost glabrous ; the
stem trails along the ground, and
bears at intervals pairs of opposite,
broadly ovate, slightly crenate
leaves. The flowering stalks are
erect, and bear each two pendulous
bell-shaped fowers, which are fra-
grant, and of a delicate pink colour.
Deservedly regarded with peculiar
interest as being the “ little northern
plant, long overlooked, depressed,
abject, flowering early,’’ which Lin-
neus himself selected as therefore
most appropriate to transmit his
name to posterity. It grows in Linn#a Borgatis (Linnea)
woods, especially Fir, in Scotland a
and in one English station, namely, a plantation of Scotch Firs in the
parish of Hartburn, Northumberland.—F1. June, July. Perennial.

138 COROLLIFLORZ

NATURAL ORDER XLI
RUBIACE/E.—THE MADDER TRIBE

Calyx 4 to 6-lobed, or wanting; corolla 4 to 6-lobed, wheel-
shaped or tubular, regular ; stamens equal in number to the lobes
of the corolla and alternate with them; ovary 2-celled; style
2-cleft; stigmas 2; pericarp 2-celled, 2-seeded. ‘This Order,
taken in its widest extension, is one of the largest with which we
are acquainted, containing more than 2800 species, of which some
are of the highest utility to man, both as food and medicine. Among
the former, Coffea Arabica and C. liberica hold the first place. The
seeds of these trees furnish the coffee of commerce. Several
species of Cinchona, a South American family, furnish Peruvian
Bark and Quinine; and drugs of similar properties are obtained
from other plants of the same tribe.

Ipecacuanha is prepared from the root of a small plant, Cephaelis
Ipecacuanha, which grows in the damp, shady forests of Brazil.
The wood of another plant of this tribe, Evosmia corymbosa, is so
poisonous that Indians have been poisoned by eating meat roasted
on spits made of it. Not a few, moreover, are noted for the fra-
grance and beauty of their flowers. All the above-mentioned are
natives of hot climates; the British species are very different,
both in habit and properties. They are herbaccous plants, with
slender, angular stems, leaves which with intermediate stipules of
equal size form star-like whorls, and small flowers; possessing no
remarkable properties, except that of containing a colouring matter
in their roots, which is used as a dye. This group has been sepa-
rated by botanists, and made to constitute a distinct order, under
the name of STELLAT#, a name particularly appropriate to them,
from the star-like arrangement of their leaves and leaf-like stipules.
The most important of all of these is Rudza tinctoria, the roots of
which afford Madder, a valuable dye, and possess the singular
property of imparting a red colour to the bones of animals which
feed on them. Another species of Rubia, R. cordifolia, a native
of India, affords the valuable red dye, Manjit, of that country.
No British species are of any great value, though it is said that the
seeds of Galiam, when roasted, are a good substitute for coffee, and
the flowers of Galium vernum (Lady’s Bedstraw) have been used
as rennet to curdle milk. The most attractive British species is
Woodruff, well known for the fragrance of its leaves when dry.

I. Rusia (Madder).—Corolla wheel-shaped or bell-shaped ;
stamens 4; fruit a 2-lobed berry. (Name from the Latin, ruber,
red, from the dye of that colour afforded by some species.)

2. Gatium (Bedstraw).—Covolla wheel-shaped; stamens 4;
fruit dry, 2-lobed, 2-seeded, not crowned by the calyx. (Name

Crosswort

PLATE XXXVII.

Water Bedstraw

MADDER TRIBE 139

aes the Greek, gala, milk, for curdling which some species are
used.)

3. ASPERULA (Woodruff).—Corolla funnel-shaped ; stamens 4;
frutt dry, 2-lobed, 2-seeded, not crowned by the calyx. (Name
from the Latin, asper, rough, from the roughness of the leaves of
some species.)

4. SHERARDIA (Field Madder).—Corolla funnel-shaped ; stantens
4; fruit dry, 2-lobed, 2-seeded, crowned by the calyx. (Named in
honour of James Sherard, an eminent English botanist.)

I. Rusia (Madder)

1. R. peregrina (Wild Madder).—The only
British species. A long straggling plant,
many feet in length, with recurved prickles
on. the edges of its 4-angled stems, and on
the edges of its rough leaves, which grow
in whorls of 4-6, are glossy above, and*.
recurved at the margin. The flowers are
greenish yellow, with 5-cleft corollas, and
grow in panicles; the berries remain attached
to the plant until late in winter; they are
black, 2-lobed, and about as big as currants.
Rocky, bushy places in the south and west

of England; uncommon.—Fl. Juneto August. Rusia PEREGRINA
Perennial. (Wild Madder)

2. GALIUM (Bedstraw)

1. G. cructata (Crosswort, Maywort).—Stems scarcely branched,
prostrate or ascending; leaves in whorls of 4, ovate, downy on
both sides; flowers yellow, fragrant, growing in cymes of 6-8 in
the axils of the leaves, the upper ones having pistils only, the lower
stamens only ; frit smooth. Bushy hedges; common.—Fl. May,
June. Perennial.

2. G. verum (Yellow Bedstraw, Lady’s Bedstraw).—Leaves
about 8 in a whorl, very narrow (almost thread-like), grooved, and
often downy below ; flowers small, yellow, in a conspicuous panicle.
The Highlanders use the roots in conjunction with alum to dye
red, and the rest of the plant as rennet to curdle milk. Dry banks ;
common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3. G. palustre (Water Bedstraw).—Leaves 4-6 in a whorl, oblong,
blunt, tapering at the base; stem weak, straggling, more or less
rough; flowers small, white, in loose spreading panicles. Variable
in size and roughness, likely to be confounded with the following,
from which it differs in its superior size and blunt leaves, which are
frequently unequal in length, especially in the upper whorls. Waiery
places; common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

140 COROLLIFLORE

4. G. uliginosum (Rough Marsh Bedstraw).—Smaller than the
last ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, narrow, tapering at both ends, bristle-
pointed, their edges as well as the angles of the stem rough with
recurved prickles. The slender, brittle stems rarely exceed a foot
in length. Cymes of a few white flowers.

5. G. saxitile (Heath Bedstraw).—A small species, with numerous
dense panicles of white fowers ; leaves about 6 in a whorl, inversely
egg-shaped, pointed, the edges sometimes fringed with a few
prickles, which point forwards; stem much branched, smooth,
prostrate below. Heathy places; abundant.—Fl. June to August.
Perennial.

6. G. Mollugo (Hedge Bedstraw).—Stem straggling, square,
sometimes swollen at the nodes ; /eaves usually 8 in a whorl, oblong,
tapering at each end, with a bristly point, roughish at the edge
with weak prickles, which point forwards; flowers white, in a loose
spreading panicle. Common in England, found in the south of
Scotland, rare in Ireland.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

7. G. Anglicum (Wall Bedstraw).—Somewhat resembles the last ;
stems about 6 inches in length, their edges rough with backward
pointing bristles; /eaves narrow, about 6 in a whorl, and edged
with forward pointing bristles; flowers very small, whitish, the
lobes of the corolla blunt. Old walls, etc., on the south coast of
England ; rare—Fl. June, July. Annual.

8. G. boreale (Cross-leaved or Northern Bedstraw).—Leaves 4 in
a whorl, 3-nerved, smooth; stem erect, 6-18 inches in length;
flowers white, in terminal panicles; fruit rough, with hooked
prickles. Well distinguished by its cruciform, smooth leaves and
prickly fruit. Damp, rocky places in the north.
—FI. July, August. Perennial.

g. P. aparine (Goose Grass, Cleavers).—
Leaves 6-8 in a whorl, very rough, with recurved
prickles ; flowers 2-3 together, greenish-white,
axillary ; fruit rough, with hooked prickles.
Well distinguished by its rough stems and
leaves, which cling to the fingers when touched.
The globular seed-vessels are also very tenacious,
and disperse themselves. by clinging to the coat
of any animal which touches them ; hence they
derive their popular name of cleavers. The
whole plant is greedily devoured by geese. The
seeds, it is said, have been used as a substitute
for coffee. Hedges ; excecdingly common, and
an objectionable weed in gardens.—Fl. June to

Gatium APARINE
(Goose Grass) August. Annual.

VALERIAN TRIBE 141

10. G. iricorne (Corn Bedstraw).—-Not un-

like the last, but smaller ; the stems are about
a foot long and rough, as well as the leaves, 4
with reflexed prickles; the flowers grow in ™:
ones, twos, or threes, and the /rzit is reflexed “
and granulated, not prickly. A cornfield
weed ; not uncommon in England.-—Fl. June
Annual,

to October.

3. ASPERULA (Woodruff)

t. A. odorata (Sweet Woodruff).— Root-
stocks creeping ; stents 6-12 inches high, erect ;
leaves usually 8 in a whorl, slightly rough at
their margins, with forward pointing prickles ;
flowers in stalked, terminal panicles; frat
rough with prickles. A deservedly popular
plant, on account of its fresh green foliage and
pretty snow-white flowers, and also for its
agreeable perfume when dry, which resembles
new-mown hay.

ASPERULA ODORATA
(Sweet Woodruff)

2. A. Cynanchica (Squinancy- wort).— Leaves 4 in a whorl,

ov
SHERARDIA
ARVENSIS

(Field Madder)

linear, uppermost very unequal. A small plant
with very narrow leaves, and tufts of lilac or
whitish flowers. It derives its English name from
having been formerly used as a remedy for the
squinancy, or quinsy. Dry pastures, especially on
calcarious soil ; local—ll, June, July. Perennial.

4. SHERARDIA (Fteld Madder)

t. S. arvensis (Field Madder).—A small plant,
with branched, spreading stems, narrow, pointed
leaves, in whorls of about 6 each, and minute lilac
flowers, which form a small umbel in the terminal
whorl of leaves. Abundant in cultivated land.—
Fl. June to August. Annual.

NATURAL ORDER XLII

VALERIANACEA!.—THE VALERIAN TRIBE

Calyx superior, finally becoming a border, or pappus, to the fruit ;
in the British genera the corolla is irregular, 5-lobed, pouched or
spurred at the base; stamens I-5, inserted into the tube of the
corolla ; ovary with 1-3 cells; fruit dry, crowned with the calyx,

142 COROLLIFLOR

not bursting, I-seeded, 2 of the cells being empty. Herbaceous
plants, with opposite leaves, no stipules, often strong-scented or
aromatic, inhabiting temperate countries, especially the north of
India, Europe, and South America. Many of the plants of this
Order possess properties worthy of notice; but by far the most re-
markable is Nardostachys jatamansi, the Spikenard of Scripture, and
the Nardus of the ancient classical authors. It grows on the hills
of Butan, in India, where it is called Dshatamanst. The root-leaves,
shooting up from the ground and surrounding the young stem, are
torn up along with part of the root, and having been dried in the
sun, or by artificial heat, are sold as a drug. Two merchants of
Butan, of whom Sir W. Jones caused inquiries to be made, related
that the plant shoots up straight from the earth, and that it is then,
as to colour, like a green ear of wheat ; that its fragrance is pleasant
even while it is green, but that its odorous quality is much strength-
ened by merely drying the plant; that it grows in Butan on the
hills, and even on plains in many places; and that in that country
it is gathered and prepared for medicinal purposes. In ancient
times {his drug was conveyed by way of Arabia to Southern Asia,
and thus it reached the Hebrews. Judas valued the box of oint-
ment with which Mary anointed our Lord’s feet at two hundred
Denarii (£6. gs. 2d.).. By the Romans it was considered so precious
that the poet Horace promises to Virgil a whole cadus, or about
three dozen modern bottles of wine, for a small onyx-box full of
spikenard. It was a Roman custom in festive banquets, not only
to crown the guests with flowers, but also. to anoint them with
spikenard. Eastern nations procure from the mountains of Austria
the Valeriana Celtica and V. Saliunca to perfume their baths. Their
roots are grubbed up with danger and difficulty by the peasants of
Styria and Carinthia from rocks on the borders of eternal snow ;
they are then tied in bundles and sold at a very low price to mer-
chants, who send them by way of Trieste to Turkey and Egypt,
where they are retailed at a great profit, and passed onwards to the
nations of India and Ethiopia. The seeds of Centranthus ruber
(Red Valerian) were used in former times in the process of embalm-
ing the dead; and some thus employed in the twelfth century, on
being removed from the cere-cloth in the present century and
planted, have vegetated. The roots of our common Valerian
(V. officinailts) are still used in medicine ; their effect on cats is very
remarkable, producing a kind of intoxication. The young leaves of
Fedia olitoria (Lamb’s Lettuce) are eaten as salad, and those of
Centranthus ruber (Red Valerian) are in Sicily eaten in the
same way.

I. CENTRANTHUS (Spur Valerian).—Corolla 5-cleft, spurred at the
base ; stamen 1; fruit crowned with a feathery pappus. (Name in
Greek denoting spur-flower.)

PLATE XXXVIII.

Red Spur Valerian Small Valerian

A - 8 <_—* -.
om Denial
_
5 a
: ;
se ae 2
7a?
,
- - 4
cy
:
"

VALERIAN TRIBE 143

2. VALERIANA (Valerian).—Corolla 5-cleft, bulged at the base ;
stamens 3; fruit crowned with a feathery pappus. (Name from
the Latin, valeo, to be powerful, on account of its medicinal pro-
perties.)

3. Fepia (Corn Salad).—Corolla 5-cleft, bulged at the base;
stamens 3; fruit crowned with the calyx. (Name of uncertain
origin.)

I. CENTRANTHUS (Spur Valerian)

1. C. ruber (Red Spur Valerian).—Corolla spurred at the base ;
stamen 1; leaves egg-shaped, pointed, entire or slightly toothed.
The stems are 1-2 feet high ; the leaves large, smooth, and glaucous ;
the flowers, which grow in terminal bunches, vary from crimson to
pink and white. Not a native plant, but not uncommon in lime-
stone quarries and chalk-pits, on railway banks and old walls. An
exceedingly handsome garden plant.—Fl. June to September.
Perennial.

2. VALERIANA (Valerian)

I. V, dioica (Small Marsh Valerian).—Growing about a foot high,
quite erect and unbranched, with runners; stamens and pistils on
different plants ; corolla bulged at the base; stamens 3; root-leaves
egg-shaped, stalked ; stem-leaves pinnatifid, with a large terminal
lobe; flowers pink, in a terminal corymb. The flowers which
bear stamens are the largest. Not uncommon on marshy ground.—
Fl. May. Perennial.

2. V. officinalis (Great Wild Valerian).—Much taller and stouter
than the last, often attaining 3 or 4 feet, but resembling it in habit,
as well as in the colour and smell of the flowers. Corolla bulged
at the base; stamens 3; leaves all pinnate, their sections
lanceolate, toothed, slightly hairy on the under side. This is
the species of which the roots are used in medicine, and of
which cats are so fond, as also, it is said, are rats.—Fl. June,
July. Perennial.

Besides the above the two following also occur. V_ sambuctfolia,
a variety of V. officinalis, distinguished by the fewer and broader
segments of itsleaves ; and V pyvenaica, a Pyrenean species, which
has become established in shrubberies, etc., in several places. It
much resembles V.offcinalis, but is taller, coarser, with large-stalked,
heart-shaped leaves.

144 COROLLIFLORA

3. FEpIA (Corn Salad)

1. F. olttoria (Common Corn Salad, Lamb’s
Lettuce).—A small plant 4-8 inches high, with
tender bright green leaves ; stems repeatedly
2-forked, and terminal leafy heads of very
, minute flowers, which resemble white glass ;
WS Jeaves long and narrow, wider towards the end,
a little toothed near the base ; capswle inflated,
crowned by the 3 calyx teeth. It is sometimes
cultivated asasalad. Cultivated ground, such
as cornfields, etc.; common.—Fl. May, June.
Annual.

2. F. dentata (Toothed Corn Salad).—Leaves

Fepia Ortrorra ong and narrow, much toothed towards the

(Common Corn Salad, base; flowers in corymbs, with a solitary sessile

Lamb's Lettuce) ' one in the forks of the stem; capsule not

inflated, crowned by the 4-toothed calyx.

Taller than the last and more rigid habit. Cornfields, etc. ; not
uncommon.—FIl. June, July. Annual.

Two or three other species of Fedza occur, but as they are neither
frequent nor of special interest, and are chiefly distinguished by
minute differences in the fruit, they are omitted from the present
volume.

NaturaL OrpdER XLIIT
DISPACEA.—TunE TEAZEL TRIBE

Calyx attached to the ovary, surrounded by several more or less
rigid, calyx-like bracts; corolla tubular, with 4-5 unequal lobes ;
stamens 4, the anthers not united; style 1; stigma not cleft ; frat
dry, r-seeded, crowned by the pappus-like calyx ; flowers crowded
together in heads like the Composite, but differing in the rigid
bractioles which surround each ; the leaves are usually opposite and
without stipules. A small Order of herbaceous plants inhabiting
temperate regions, and possessing no remarkable properties. Dis-
pacus Fullonum is the Clothiers’ Teazle, a plant with large heads of
flowers, which are embedded in stiff, hooked bracts. These heads
are set in frames and used in the dressing of broadcloth, the hooks
catching up and removing all loose particles of wool, but giving way
when held fast by the substance of the cloth. This is almost the
only process in the manufacture of cloth which it has been found
impossible to execute by machinery, for although various substi-
tutes have been proposed, none has proved on trial exactly to answer
the purpose intended.

TEAZEL TRIBE 145

1. Drpsacus (Teazle).—Stems erect, angular, opposite; leaves
usually joined round the stem ; flower-heads usually elongated with
an involucre of stiff, spreading bracts, and the bracts between the
flouts prominent, rigid awns. (Name from the Greek, dipsao, I
thirst, the leaves being united at their base, so as to form round the
stem a hollow in which water collects. This little moat round the
stem is a provision of Nature, to prevent insects crawling up to the
flowers to rob them of the honey which attracts flying insects who,
in a round of visits, unconsciously distribute the pollen from flower
to flower and effect cross fertilization.)

2. SCABIOSA (Scabious).—Plants not prickly ; flower-heads hemi-
spherical or flattened, with an involucre of bracts beneath ; corolla
4 or 5-lobed ; ovary with a cup-shaped border, with 4-10 bristles.
(Name from the Latin, scabies, the leprosy, for which disease some
of the species were supposed to be a remedy.)

1. Dipsacus (Teazle)

I. D. sylvestris (Wild Teazle).—Leaves
opposite, united at the base and forming
a cup; Oristles of the receptacle not
hooked. A stout herbaccous plant 3-6
feet high, with an erect prickly stem,
large bright green leaves, which are
prickly underneath and united at the
base, and often contain water. The
flowers grow in large conical, bristly
heads, the terminal bristles being gene-
rally the longest. The flowers them-
selves are light purple, and expand in s3
irregular patches on the head. Waste4
places ; common.—Fl. July. Biennial. + AAG

2. D. Fullonum (Fuller’s Teazle).— i
Differs from the above in having the a
bristles of the receptacle hooked ; it is ee
probably a variety of D. sylvestris, and N

Hh

is not considered a British plant, though i!
occasionally found wildin the neighbour- —_pipgacus SyivEsTRIS
hood of the cloth districts. (Wild Teaale)

3. D. pilosus (Small Teazle).—Leaves
stalked, with a small leaflet at the base on each side. Smaller
than D. sylvestris in all its parts, and having more the habit of a
Scabious than of a Teazel. The flowers are white and grow in
small, nearly globose bristly heads ; the whole plant is rough with
bristles, Moist, shady places; not common.—Fl. August, Septem-
ber. Biennial.

L

146 COROLLIFLORAZ

2. SCABIOSA (Scabious)

1. S. succisa (Premorse or Devil’s-bit Scabious).—Corolla 4-cleft,
nearly regular; heads nearly globose. A slender, little-branched
plant, with a hairy stem, few oblong, mostly entire leaves, and
terminal heads of purplish blue flowers. The root is solid and
abrupt, as if bitten off (premorse), which gave rise to the fable
alluded to by John Parkinson in his “ Theatrum Botanicum ”’
(1640). He says “that the Devile, envying the good that this
herbe might do to mankinde, bit away parte of the roote, and
thereof came the name Succisa, Devil’s-bit.” Heaths and pastures ;
common.—Fl. July to October. Perennial.

2. S. Columbaria (Small Scabious).—Corolla 5-cleft, the outer
‘flowers longest ; heads nearly globose ; root-leaves oblong, variously
cut; wpper pinnatifid. Well distinguished from the last by its
radiate flowers and cut leaves. The foliage is of a much lighter hue,
and the flowers lilac rather than purple. Pastures on chalky soil ;
not uncommon.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3. S. arvensis (Field Scabious).—A tall bristly plant 2-3 feet high,
not much branched, bearing several large, handsome, convex heads
of lilac fowers, the inner flowers with 4-lobed, nearly regular corollas ;
the outer are larger and usually labiate. The voot-leaves are simple,
the upper leaves pinnatifid. Cornfields and waysides; common.—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER XLIV
COMPOSIT2.—CompounD FLOWERS

This extensive and well-marked Order derives its name from
having its flowers compounded, as it were, of numerous smaller ones,
called florets, which are enclosed within a calyx-like assemblage of
bracts, termed an tmvolucre. These bracts, usually called scales,
often overlap one another like the tiles of a house (Latin, zmbrex,
a tile); hence they are said to be tmbricated. The flowers vary
greatly in shape, but the following description will be found to in-
clude all the British species. Calyx rising from the top of the ovary
and becoming a pappus, that is, either a chaffy margin of the fruit,
or a tuft or ring of bristles, hairs, or feathery down ; corolla of 1
petal, either tubular or strap-shaped ; stamens 5, united by their
anthers (syngenesious) ; ovary inferior, I to each style, r-celled ;
style simple, with a simple or 2-cleft stigma, sheathed by the tube
of anthers; /rwit a solitary erect seed, crowned by the pappus,
which is sometimes merely a chaffy margin, but more frequently
an assemblage of simple, or serrated, or feathery hairs, sometimes
elevated on a stalk. For convenience of reference this Order is
divided into several Groups.

PLATE XXXIX.

Sheep's Scabious ~ Small Scabious
Field Scabious

|

COMPOUND FLOWERS 147

TI. CuIcoRACE (Chicory Group). —In this all the florets are strap-
shaped and perfect ; that is, each contains 5 stamens and a pistil.
The prevailing colour of British species is yellow, as the Dandelion ;
but Salsafy (Tragopogon porrifolius) and Alpine Sow-thistle (Sov-
chus Alpinus) have purple flowers ; Chicory, blue.

In II, CynarocerHa..® (Thistle Group), the florets form a convex
head, and are all tubular and perfect except in Centaurea, where
the outer florets, which are larger than the inner, are destitute both
of stamens and pistils; the stigma is jointed on the style. The
flowers are purple, with a tendency to vary into white; but in
Carline Thistle (Carlina) they are brownish yellow ; in Cornflower
(Centaurea Cyanus) bright blue.

In III, TuBrrtor# (Tansy Group), all the florets are tubular and
perfect, and form a flat head; the style passes into the stigma
without a jomt; the flowers are mostly yellow; but Hemp-
agrimony (Eupatoriam cannabinum) has lilac flowers; Butter-bur
(Petasites vulgaris) pale flesh-coloured; and in most species of
Artemisia, Gnaphalium, and Filago the colour is determined rather
by the involucre than the florets.

In IV, Rapiata (Daisy Group), the florets are of two kinds;
those of the centre, or disk, being tubular and perfect, those of the
margin, or ray, strap-shaped and having pistils only. The prevail-
ing colour of the disk is yellow, Yarrow (Achillea) being the only
exception, in which all the florets are white; the ray is eithcr of
the same colour, as in Coltsfoot (Tussilago), Golden-rod (Solidago),
Rag-wort and Flea-wort (Senecio), Leopard’s-bane (Doronicum),
Elecampane (Inzla), Flea-bane (Pulicaria), Corn-marigold (Chry-
santhemum segetum), and Ox-eye Chamomile (Anthemts tinctorta) ;
white, as in Daisy (Bellis), Fever-few and May-weed (Matricaria),
Ox-eye (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum), and several species of
Chamomile (Anthemis); or purple, as in Star-wort (Asfer), and
Erigeron. In Groundsel (Senecio vulgavis) the ray is never per-
fected. The limits of the Order Composit# are exactly the same
as those of the Linnean Class SYNGENESIA; but the number of
plants belonging to it exceeds the amount of all the plants known
to Linneus, so extensive have been the researches in Botany since
his time. The number of genera alone amounts to some 800, of
species nearly 10,000, or about one-tenth of all the known flowering
plants ; whilst the total number of species known to Linneus was
but 8500. The properties of the Order vary considerably in various
parts of the world, but not according to any fixed rule. The Chicory
Group are, however, most abundant in cold regions, the Daisy Group
in hot climates. Again, it may be remarked that in cold and tem-
perate regions the Composite are mostly herbaceous ; but as we
approach the equator they become shrubs, or even trees. The
variety of properties which they possess is not proportionate to the

148 COROLLIFLOR

immense number of species. Bitterness, in a greater or less degree,
is a characteristic of nearly all, to which is sometimes added astrin-
gency; and many possess tonic or narcotic properties. Chicory, or
Succory, is cultivated as a salad, but more frequently for the sake
of its roots, which are roasted and mixed with coffee. The flavour
is agreeable, but it is to be feared that less palatable and perhaps
less wholesome roots, procurable at a less cost, are often substi-
tuted for it. From the leaves a blue dye may be obtained. Endive
is another species of Chichory (Chichorium endivia), the bleached
leaves of which afford a common winter salad. The common Dan-
delion (a corruption of the French Dent-de-lion, Lion’s tooth)
supplies an extract which is said to have valuable medicinal pro-
perties; its roots are also used to adulterate coffee. Lettuces
afford a wholesome salad as well as an extract, the properties of
which resemble those of opium. The roots of Scorzonera and
Tragopogon porrifolius (Cardoons) are esculent, but little grown.
These all belong to the Chicory Group.

Among the Thistle Group we have the Artichoke (Cynara Scoly-
mus), the young involucres and receptacles of which are edible ; the
Bur-dock (Arctium), the root of which is said to be useful in rheuma-
tism ; and the Carline Thistle, which was anciently used in magical
incantations. In the third Group, Wormwood (Artemisia) is remark-
able for its intense bitterness. One species (A. Abrotanum) is the
Southernwood of gardens, a fragrant shrub, used on the Continent
in making beer ; A. Dracunculus, the Tarragon of gardeners, is used
for giving a disagreeable flavour to vinegar. Some species of Eupa-
torium have the reputed power of healing the bites of numerous
animals; and E. glutimosum is said to be the plant which, under
the name of Matico, is extensively used asastyptic. It is a shrubby
plant inhabiting the Andes, and derived its name from a soldier
named “‘ Matico”’ (Little Matthew), who, having been wounded in
battle, accidentally applied the leaves of this plant to his wound,
which had the immediate effect of stopping the bleeding.

To the RADIAT belong the gorgeous Dahlia, so called from Dr.
Dahl, who introduced it; and the “ wee’ Daisy, or Day’s-eye,
which opens only in sunny weather, and peeps up through the grass
as if it were an eye indeed. The genus Helianthus contains the
Sunflower (H. annuus) and Jerusalem Artichoke (H. tuberosus),
“‘ Jerusalem ”’ being a corruption of the Italian word girasole, of
the same meaning as Sunflower, the name Artichoke being given
to mark the similarity of flavour in its roots with that of the true
Artichoke mentioned above. It rarely flowers in England, but pro-
duces abundance of tubers, which hold a high rank among esculent
vegetables. It is valuable not only for its productiveness, but for
the freedom with which it grows in any soil. Its roots are made
into a dish which, by an absurd piece cf pedantry, is called ‘“ Pales-

COMPOUND FLOWERS 149

tine soup.” Chamomile and Fever-few possess valuable medicinal
properties, especially the former. Coltsfoot and Elecampane are
useful in pectoral complaints ;_ the flowers.of Marigold are used to
adulterate saffron; the Ox-eye daisy is said to be destructive to
fleas; the yellow Ox-eye affords a yellow dye, and the petals of
the Dahlia a beautiful carmine.

I. CHicoracea&.-—Chicory Group
All the florets strap-shaped, having stamens and pistils

Il. CyNaRocePHaLe.—Thistle Group

All the florets tubular, 5-cleft, having stamens and pistils (except in
Centaurea, in which the outer florets are larger, and destitute
of stamens and pistils), and forming a convex head ; style jointed
below the stigma

Il]. TusirLor#.—Tansy Group

All the flovets tubular, 5-cleft, having stamens and pistils, and forming
a flat head; style not qointed below the stigma

IV. Raprata.— Daisy Group

Central florets tubular, 5-cleft, having stamens and pistils ; ouler florets
stvap-shaped, forming a ray, and jurnished with pistils only
(Senecio vulgaris, Common Groundsel, has no rays)

I. Cuicoracea£.—Chicory Group

I. TRAGOPOGON (Goat’s beard),—Jnvolucre simple, of 8-10 long
scales, united below; receptacle dotted; fruit with longitudinal
ridges, tapering into a long beak ; pappus feathery, with the down
interwoven. (Name from the Greek, tvagos, a goat, and pogon, a
beard.)

2. HELMINTHIA (Ox-tongue).—IJnvolucre of about 8 equal scales,
surrounded by 3-5 leaf-like, loose bracts; receptacle dotted; /ruat
rough, with transverse wrinkles, rounded at the end and beaked ;
pappus feathery. (Name from the Greek, helmins, helminthos, a
worm, from the form of the fruit.)

3. Picris.—Involucre of 1 row of equal upright scales, with
several small spreading ones at the base ; receptacle lightly dotted ;
fruit rough, with transverse ridges, not beaked ; pappus of 2 rows,
the inner only feathery. (Name from the Greek, pzcros, bitter.)

4. ApARGIA (Hawk-bit).—IZnvolucre unequally imbricated, with
the outer scales smaller, black, and hairy, in several rows; recep-
tacle slightly dotted ; fruit tapering to a point; pappus of 1 row,
feathery. (Name of uncertain origin.)

1§0 COROLLIFLOR#

5. THRINCIA.—Involucre of I row, with a few scales at the base ;
receptacle lightly dotted ; fruit of the outer florets scarcely beakcd ;
pappus a chaffy, fringed crown ; fruit of the inner florets beaked ;
pappus feathery. (Name from the Greek, thrincos, a battlement,
from the form of the seed-crown of the marginal florets.)

6. Hypocu&ris (Cat’s-ear).—Involucre oblong, imbricated ;
ceptacle chaffy ; frit rough, often beaked ; pappus feathery, si
with a row of short bristles outside. (Name i in Greek denoting its
fitness for hogs.)

7. Lactuca (Lettuce).—Involucre oblong, imbricated, its scales
membranous at the margin, containing but few flowers ; receptacle
naked ; fruit flattened, beaked; pappus hairy. (Name from Jac,
milk, which the juice resembles in colour.)

8. Soncnus (Sow-thistle).—Jnvolucre imbricated, with 2 or 3
rows of unequal scales, swollen at the base; receptacle naked ;
frutt flattened, transversely wrinkled, not beaked; pappus hairy.
(Name in Greek bearing allusion to the soft nature of the stems.)

‘9. CREPIS (Hawk’s-beard).—Jnvolucre double, inner of I row,
outer of short, loose scales ; receptacle naked ; frit not flattened,
furrowed, tapering upwards; pappus a tuft of soft white down.
(Name in Greek signifying a slipper, but why given to this plant is
not known.)

ro. Hreracium (Hawk-weed).—Jnvolucre imbricated, with numer-
ous oblong scales; receptacle dotted; frwt angular, furrowed,
abrupt, with a toothed margin at the top; pappus bristly, sessile,
not white. (Name from the Greek, /jievax, a hawk, because that
bird was supposed to use the plant to strengthen its sight.)

rz. LEontopon (Dandelion).—Involucre imbricated with numer-
ous scales, the outermost of which are loose, and often reflexed ;
receptacle dotted; fruit slightly flattened, rough, bearing a long
and very slender beak; pappus hairy. (Name from the Greek,
leon, a lion, and odons, odontos, a tooth, from the tooth-like lobes
of the leaves.)

12. Lapsana (Nipple-wort).—IJnvolucre a single row of erect
scales, with 4-5 small ones at the base, containing but few flowers ;
receptacle naked ; fruat flattened, furrowed; pappus o. (Name of
classical origin.)

13. CHICORIUM (Chicory).—Invelucre in 2 rows, inner of 8
scales, which bend back after flowering; outer of 5 smaller, loose
scales ; receptacle naked, or slightly hairy; fruit thick above,
tapering downwards ; pappus a double row of small chaffy scales.
(Name of Arabic origin.)

COMPOUND FLOWERS 151

II, CyNAROCEPHALE.—T hustle Group

14. Arctium (Bur-dock).—Involucre globose, scales ending in
hooked points ; receptacle chaffy ; fruit oblong, 4-sided; pappus
short. (Name from the Greek, arctos, a bear, trom the roughness
of the heads of flowers.)

I5. SERRATULA (Saw-wort).—Stamens and fistils on different
plants ; involucre imbricated, scales not prickly ; receptacle chaffy
or bristly; fru flattened, not beaked; pappus hairy. (Name
from the Latin, sevrula, a little saw, the leaves being finely serrated.)

16. SAUSSUREA. —Involucre imbricated, scales not prickly;
anthers bristly at the base; veceptacle chafiy; pappus double,
outer bristly, inner longer, feathery. (Named in honour of the two
Saussuves, eminent botanists.)

17. CarDuUS (Thistle)—IJnvolucre swollen below, imbricated
with thorn-like scales; receptacle bristly; pappus hairy, united
by a ring at the base, and soon falling off. (The Latin name of
the plant.)

18. Cnicus (Plume-thistle).—Resembling Carduus, except that
the pappus is feathery. (Name from the Greek, cnizo, to prick.) __

Ig. ONOPORDIUM (Cotton-thistle).— Receptacle honeycombed-;
fruit 4-angled ; pappus hairy, rough; in other respects resembling
Carduus. (Name of Greek origin.)

20. CarLina (Carline-thistle)—Resembling Cnicus, except that
the inner scales of the involucre are chaffy and coloured, and spread
like aray. (Name, the same as Carolina, from a tradition that the
root of one species, C. acaulis, was shown by an angel to Charle-
magne as a remedy for the plague which prevailed in his army.)

21. CENTAUREA (Knap-weed, Bluebottle, etc).—Jnvolucre imbri-
cated; receptacle bristly; pappus hairy, or 0; outer florets large,
irregular, destitute of stamens and pistils. (Name from the Centaur;
Chiron, who is fabled to have healed wounds with it.)

III. Tusrrror#2.—Tansy Group

22. Bipens (Bur-marigold).—Fruct crowned with 2 or 3 erect,
rigid bristles, which are rough, with minute teeth pointing down-
wards. (Name from the Latin, d7s, double, and dens, a tooth, from
the structure of the fruit.)

23. Eupatorium (Hemp-agrimony).—Heads few-flowered; in-
volucre imbricated, oblong ; receptacle naked ; styles much longer
than the florets. (Name from Muithridates Eupator, who is said to
have brought the plant into use.)

152 COROLLIFLOR

24. Curysocoma (Goldylocks).—Involucre a single row of loosely
spreading scales; receptacle honeycombed 3 frusé flattened, silky ;
pappus hairy, rough. (Name from the Greek, chrysos, gold, and
come, hair.)

25. Diotis (Cotton-weed).—Pappus 0; corolla with two ears at
the base, which remain and crown the fruit. (Name from the Greek,
dis, double, and ous, ofos, an ear, from the structure of the fruit.)

26. TANACETUM (Tansy).—Jnvolucye cup-shaped, imbricated ; re-
ceptacle naked ; fruit crowned with a chaffy border. (Name altered
from the Greek, athanaton, everlasting).

' 27, ARTEMISIA (Wormwood).—Pappus 0; involucre roundish,
imbricated, containing but few flowers. (Named after Artemis,
the Diana of the Greeks.)

28. ANTENNARIA (Everlasting) Stamens and fistils on separate
plants; pappus hairy, that of the barren flowers thickened or
feathery upwards; zvolucre coloured, rigid. (Name from the
antenne of an insect, which the pappus of the barren flower re-
sembles.)

29. GNAPHALIUM (Cudweed).—Jnvolucre. roundish, dry, imbri-
cated, often coloured; receptacle naked; pappus hairy. (Name
from the Greek, guaphalion, soft down, with which the leaves are
covered.)

30. Firaco.—Involucre tapering upwards, imbricated, of a few
long, pointed scales ; veceptacte chaffy in the circumference ; pappus
hairy ; florets few, the outer ones bearing pistils only. (Name from
the Latin, filum, a thread, the whole plant being clothed with white,
thread-like hairs or down.)

31. PetasitTes (Butter-bur).—IJnvolucre a single row of narrow
scales ; receptacle naked; slamens and pistils, for the most part,
on different plants. (Name from the Greek, pefasos, a covering for
the head, from the large size of the leaves.)

IV. RADIAT&.

Daisy Group

32. TussiLaco (Colt’s-foot).—Involucre a single row of narrow
scales ; veceptacle naked ; florets of the ray narrow, in several rows ;
of the disk few, all yellow. (Name from the Latin, tussis, a cough,
from the use to which it is applied.)

33. ERIGERON (Flea-bane).—Involucre imbricated with narrow
scales; receptacle naked; florets of the ray in many rows, very
narrow, different in colour from those of the disk. (Name in Greek,
signifying growing old at an early season, from the early appearance
of the grey seed-down.)

COMPOUND FLOWERS 153

34. ASTER (Star-wort).—IJnvolucre imbricated, a few scales on the
flower-stalk ; receptacle naked, honeycombed ; florets of the ray in
I row, purple; of the disk, yellow; pappus hairy, in many rows.
(Name from the Greek, aster, a star.)

35. SoLipaco (Golden-rod).—Involucre and receptacle as in Aster ;
florets all yellow; pappus hairy, in 1 row. (Name from the Latin,
solidare, to unite, on account of its supposed qualities of healing
wounds.)

36. SENECIO (Rag-wort, Groundsel, and Flea-bane).—Involucre
imbricated, oblong or conical, a few smaller scales at the base ;
receptacle naked ; florets all yellow, the outer in S. vulgaris wanting.
(Name from the Latin, senex, an old man, from the grey seed-down.)

37. Doronicum (Leopard’s-bane).—Involucre cup-shaped, scales
equal, in 2 rows; florets all yellow ; pappus hairy, wanting in the
florets of the ray. (Name of uncertain etymology.)

38. InuLA (Elecampane).—Jnvolucre imbricated, in many rows;
receptacle naked; florets all yellow; anthers with two bristles at
the base; pappus hairy, in I row. (Name probably a corruption:
of Helenula, Little Helen.)

39. Puticaria (Flea-bane).—Involucre loosely imbricated, in few
rows; pappus in 2 rows, outer one short, cup-shaped, toothed ;
inner hairy, in other respects like Inula. (Name from the Latin,
pulex, a flea, which is supposed to be driven away by its powerful
smell.)

40. BELLIS (Daisy).—Involucre of 2 rows of equal blunt scales ;
receptacle conical; outer florets white, inner yellow; pappus o.
(Name from the Latin, bellus, pretty.)

41. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Ox-eye).—Involucre nearly flat, the scales
membranaceous at the margin ; receptacle naked ; pappus o. (Name
from the Greek, chrysos, gold, and anthos, a flower.)

42. MatricarIA (Wild Chamomile).—Involucre cup-shaped, or
nearly flat; the scales imbricated; receptacle conical, naked ;
florets of the ray white, of the disk yellow; gappus o. (Name from
some supposed medicinal virtues.)

43. ANTHEMIS (Chamomile).—IJnvolucre cup-shaped, or nearly flat,
the scales membranaceous at the margin ; receptacle convex, chaffy ;
pappus 0, or a narrow, chaffy border. (Name from the Greek,
anthos, a flower, from the value of its blossoms as a medicine.)

44. ACHILLEA (Yarrow).—Involucre egg-shaped or oblong, imbri-
cated ; receptacle flat, chaffy ; florets all of one colour, those of the
ray 5-10, broad; pappus o. (Named after Achilles.)

154 COROLLIFLORE

I. CHIcoRACEZ.—Chicory Group

I. TRAGOPOGON (Goat s-beard)

1. T. pratensis (Ycllow Goat’s-beard).—Involucre about as long
as, or longer than the corolla ; leaves broad at the base, very long,
tapering, channelled, undivided; flower-stalks slightly thickened
above. An erect glaucous plant about 2 feet high, with long grass-
like leaves and large bright yellow flowers, which always close early
in the day, and have hence gained for the plant the name of John-
go-to-bed-at-noon. The pappus is very beautiful, the feathery
down being raised on a long stalk, and interlaced so as to form a
kind of shallow cup. Meadows; not uncommon.—Fl. June, July.
Biennial.

2. T. porrifolius (Salsafy).—Though not a British species, is occa-
sionally found in moist meadows. In
habit it resembles the last, but has
purple flowers. It was formerly much
cultivated for the sake of its fleshy tap
roots, which were boiled or stewed and
eaten. Though still advertised in seeds-
“yw men’s catalogues, its place is now largely
A \ supplied by Scorzonera Hispanica.

2. HELMINTHIA (Ox-tongue)
1. H. echioides (Bristly Ox-tongue).—A

HELMINTHIA ECHIOIDES
(Bristly Ox-tongue) stout and much-branched herb 2-3 feet

high, well distinguished by its numerous

prickles, each of which springs from
a raised white spot, and by the large
heart-shaped bracts at the base of the
yellow flowers. Waste places ; not un-
common.—FI. June, July. Perennial.

3. Picris (Picris)

1. P.hieraciotdes (Hawk-weed Picris).
—A rather slender plant 2--3 feet high,
branched principally above ; the stems
are rough, with hooked bristles; the
leaves narrow, rough, and toothed; the
flowers are numerous, yellow, with
bracts on the peduncles. Waste places ;
common.—Fl. July to September. Bi-

z Picets Hi—ERACIOIDES
ennial. (Hawk-weed Picris)

PLATE XL.

Hemp Agrimony

ra

1

COMPOUND FLOWERS 1§5

4. APARGIA (Hawk-bit)

1. A. Iuspida (Rough Hawk-bit).—Leaves all from the root,
pinnatifid, with the lobes pointing backwards, rough, with forked
hairs ; stalk single-flowered ; flowers ycllow, drooping when in bud.
Meadows and waste places; frequent.—Fl. June to September.
Perennial.

2. A. autumnalis (Autumnal Hawk-bit).—A tall plant 2-3 feet
high, with a downy involucre ; leaves all from the root, narrow,
slightly hairy on the ribs beneath ; stalk many flowered, swollen
beneath the flowers; flowers large, deep yellow, erect . when
in bud. Meadows and cornficlds; frequent.—Fl. August. Per-
ennial.

res
APARGIA AUTUMNALIS THRINCIA HIrtTa
(Autumnal Hawk-bit) (Hairy Thrincia)

5. THRINCIA

1. T. hivta (Hairy Thrincia, Hairy Hawk-bit)—A small plant
4-6 inches high, with spreading, more or less lobed, /eaves, which
are rough, with forked or simple hairs, and leafless, somewhat
hairy stalks often of a purplish hue, each of which bears a ycllow
flower ; flower-buds drooping. Heaths and downs; common.—
Fl. July to September. Perennial.

1s6 COROLLIFLORA

6. HypocH&RIs (Cat’s-ear)

i 1. H, radicata (Long-rooted Cat’s-ear).—
i pes Leaves all from the root, pinnatifid, with the
S&s' lobes pointing backwards, bristly ; stalks

branched, smooth, with a few scales below

the flowers. Well distinguished by its long,
branched flower-stalks, which are quite
smooth throughout, and slightly swollen be-

g cath the large yellow flowers, where there

fz are also a few small scales. Hedges and

E waste places; common.—Fl. July, August.

7 Perennial.

2. H. glabva (Smooth Cat’s-ear).—Much
resembling the above, but smaller, 3-10 in-
ches high; leaves smooth, oblong; flower-
heads small, yellow; florets scarcely longer
than the involucre. Gravelly places; not
common.—Fl. June to August. Annual.

Hypocu#ris Rapicata 3. H. maculata (Spotted Cat’s-ear).—Leaves
(Long-rooted Cat's-eay) obovate, not lobed, spreading, rough, spotted

above; stems about a foot high, bearing
usually 1 (rarely more) large deep yellow flower. Limestone and
magnesian hills; rare—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

47. Lactuca (Lettuce)

1. L. muralis (Ivy-leaved Lettuce).—
Florets 5; leaves pinnatifid, variously cut,
with the terminal lobe largest. A slender
plant, leafy below, 1-2 feet high, with
small yellow heads, each of which con-
tains 5 similar florets, and thus resembles
a simple flower of 5 petals. The panicle
has a singularly angular growth ; the fruit
is black. Woods and old walls; not
uncommon.—Fl. July to September.
Biennial. :

i 2. L. scortola (Prickly Lettuce). —
Erect, stiff, 2-4 feet high; leaves usually
perpendicular, the lower leaves toothed
or deeply pinnatifid ; upper leaves narrow,
entire, clasping the stem, leaves with
bristles on the under side of- midrib;
florets 6-12, pale yellow. Waste places;

: : Lacruca Muratis
rare.—Fl. July, August. Biennial. (Iuy-leaved Lettuce)

PLATE XLI.

Sea Aster Flea-bane Brigeron
Flea-bane Golden-rod

PLATE XLII.

Bur-Marigold

COMPOUND FLOWERS 157

3. L. saligna (Willow Lettuce).—More slender than the last,
leaves narrower, and perpendicular against the stem ; variable and
likely to be confounded with L. scoriola. Rare; confined in
Britain to chalky situations, in the south-east, near the coast.—-F1.
July, August. Biennial.

4. L. Alpina (Alpine Lettuce, or Blue Sow-thistle).—A handsome
erect, unbranched plant 2-3 feet high, with a panicle of large blue
flower-heads. It grows on the Clova Mountains, but is rare. Per-
ennial. Known also as Sonchus Alpinus. The Garden Lettuce

.(L. sativa) belongs to this genus, but is not a native plant.

8. SoncHus (Sow-thistle)

1. S. oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle,
Milk-thistle).— Erect, branched, 1-4
‘feet high; stems hollow ; leaves oblong,
more or less pinnatifid or entire,
toothed, often prickly, the upper ones
often clasping the stem with spreading,
arrow-shaped auricles; heads some-
what umbellate; «mvolucres smooth.
Waste places, and as a garden weed ;
common. This plant makes light and
salutary meals for rabbits.—FI. June to
September. Annual.

2. S. arvensis (Corn Sow-thistle).—
Stem simple, 2-4 feet high, tubular,
angular; leaves oblong, pinnatifid or
wavy, toothed and spinous. The lower ‘
ones stalked and heart-shaped at the Soncuus OLERACEUS
base; upper clasping the stem with (Common Sow-thistle, Mitk-thistle)
auricles ; loosé corymbs of large yellow
flower-heads ; involucre and flower-stalks with dark glandular
hairs. In similar situations with the last, from which it may be
readily distinguished by its simple stem and much larger flowers.
—Fl]. August, September. Perennial.

3. S. palustris (Marsh Sow-thistle)—Much resembling the last,
but taller; stem 6-8 fect high, unbranched ; Jeaves long, narrow,
clasping the stem with pointed auricles ; flower-heads large, pale
yellow; involucres with glandular hairs. Marshes in the south-
east of England; very rare.

A variety of S. oleraceus, frequently found growing with it, is
S. asper (Rough Sow-thistle).—The Jeaves are more spinously toothed,
with rounded auricles, and darker in colour, whilst the longi-
tudinal ribs of the achenes are not transversely wrinkled.

158 COROLLIFLOR/E

g. CrEPIS (Hawh’s-beard)

1. C. tavaxacifolia.—Plant hairy, 1-2 feet high; stem furrowed,
.reddish, branched above; Jeaves pinnatifid, with a large terminal
lobe, mostly radicle ; flower- heads yellow, the outer florets reddish
beneath, erect in bud, borne in a flat corymb ; frus with beaks
of their own length. Calcareous soils; rare.—Fl. June, July.
Biennial.

2. C. fetida (Foetid Hawk’s-beard).—Plant about a foot high,
hairy ;- stem branched ; roof-leaves pinnatifid ; stem-leaves narrow ;
flower-heads bright yellow, on long stalks, drooping when in bud ;
fruits beaked, the centre ones much longer than the outer. Cal-
careous soils in south-eastern England; rare—Fl. June, July.
Biennial.

3. C. vivens (Smooth Hawk’s-beard).—
Leaves smooth, pinnatifid, with the lobes
4, pointing backwards, the upper ones narrow,
arrow-shaped at the base, and clasping the
stem; the lower ones stalked; varying in
height frorn 6 inches to 2 feet, and producing
abundance of small yellow flowers. Waste
ground, and on roofs of cottages ; common.
—Fl. July to September. Annual.

4. C. biennis (Rough Hawk’s-beard).—A
tall stout plant, resembling C. tavaxactfolia,
but the stem is not red; 1-4 feet high, not
much branched below; flower-heads rather
large, yellow, borne in a corymb; leaves
hairy; achenes often of varying lengths
on the same head. Chalky soils; rare.—
Fl. June, July. Biennial.

CREPIS VIRENS
(Smooth Hawk’ s-beard) 5. C. hieractoides (Blunt-leaved Hawk’s-
beard).—An erect slender plant, 1-2 feet
high; radicle leaves oblong, blunt, stalked; stem-leaves narrow,
clasping the stem; flower-heads few; achenes not beaked, many-
ribbed. Found in a few localities in the north; rare.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

6. C. paludosa (Marsh Hawk’s-beard).—Stem about 2 feet high,
angular, unbranched ; Jeaves smooth, the lower ones pinnatifid,
with the lobes pointing backwards, tapering into a stalk ; the upper
ones narrow, heart-shaped at the base, and clasping the stem;
: flower-heads few, corymbose, yellow, the buds yellow ; involucre
with black hairs, Damp woods, chiefly in Scotland and Northern

England.—Fl. July to September. Perennial.

PLATE XLIII.

Corn Feverfew

Ash

*

=

COMPOUND FLOWERS 159

to. HreRActum (Hawk-weed)

I. H. Pilosella (Mouse-ear Hawk-weed).—Stem single-flowered,
leafless, 2-10 inches high ; leaves radicle, small, oblong or lanceo-
late, entire, a few long hairs above, hoary beneath with stellate
down; flower-heads borne singly, bright lemon colour, often red-
dish on the under side. Well distinguished from all other British
plants of the Order by its creeping scions, by its hairy undivided
leaves, which are hoary underneath, and by its bright lemon-
coloured flowers. Banks and dry pastures; common. ee May
to July. Perennial.

2. H. smuvorum (Wall Hawk-weed).—A very variable plant,
1-2 feet high ; the stem bears usually one, sometimes more, leaves ;
is branched above, and bears usually 3 or 4, sometimes more, yellow
fower-heads ; the root-leaves are stalked, hairy, ovate or oblong,
sometimes toothed, very variable. Walls and rocks; common.—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3. H. sylvaticum (Wood Hawk-weed).—Stem many flowered,
with a few leaves; /eaves narrow, egg-shaped, toothed, with the
teeth pointing upwards; «zvolucre hoary with down. A very
variable plant, both in size and habit. The leaves are sometimes
very slightly toothed, at other times deeply so, and often spotted
with purple; the flowers are large and yellow. There are many
varieties intermediate between H. sylvaticum and H. murorum.
Woods and banks ; common.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.

4. H. Sabaudiwm (Shrubby Hawk-weed).—Stem rigid, many-
flowered, leafy; lower leaves tapering into a short stalk; upper
sessile, rounded at the base. As variable a plant as the last.
Woods and banks ; frequent.—F1. August, September. Perennial.

5. H. umbellatum (Narrow-leaved Hawk-weed).—Stem rigid.
many flowered, leafy; leaves narrow, slightly toothed ; flowers in
a terminal corymb; scales of the involucre reflexed at the point.
A tall plant, 2-3 feet high, with a remarkably erect growth, un-
branched, and terminating in an almost umbellate tuft of large,
yellow flowers. Woods; not unfrequent.—Fl. August, September.
Perennial.

6. H. aurantiacum (Orange Hawk-weed).—This is a garden escape,
and grows about a foot high, bearing dense corymbs of deep orange
flower-heads, with a fragrance not unlike that of the garden Helio-
trope.

This is an exceedingly difficult genus ; even the six species here
given, though comparatively distinct, are most variable. Over
a hundred have been classified as distinct species, but it is a moot
“ point whether many of these should not be considered mere varieties.
-In any case it is not thought necessary to give even the names
here.

160 COROLLIFLORE

rz. LEONTODON (Dandelion)

1. L. Taraxacum (Common Dandclion).—Dandelion, (from the
French Dent-de-lion, lion’s tooth) is the popular name of many of
the larger yellow flowers belonging to this Sub-order. The true
Dandelion may, however, be readily known by the following
characters, The /eaves all spring from the root, and are deeply
cut, with the sharp lobes pointing backwards ; the flower-stalks are
hollow, smooth, and leafless, and bear a single flower; the outer
scales of the smvolucre are reflexed; the pappus is stalked and
white ; the Heads when in fruit are of a globular form; and the
receptacle, after the {ruit has been blown away, is convex and dotted.
The dandelion has valuable medicinal properties, and is some-
times used as a salad.—Fl. nearly all the year round. Perennial.

12. Lapsana (Nipple-wort)

1. L. communis (Common Nipple-wort).
—Leaves stalked, toothed, heart-shaped at
the base; stem branched ; flowers numer-
ous. A leafy plant, 2-3 feet high, with
numerous small yellow flowers ; the lower
leaves often have several small lobes
running along the opposite sides of the
stalks. Hedges and waste ground ; com-
mon.—FIl. July, August. Annual.

13. CuicHortum (Chicory)

1. C. Intybus (Wild Chicory, or Suc-
cory).—Well distinguished by its tough,
angled, hispid, alternately-branched stems,

Larsana CoMMUNIS clasping leaves, and large blue sessile
(Common Nipple-wort) flower-heads, of which each floret is

5-toothed. Not uncommon on chalky
soils.—Fl. July to October. Perennial.

II, CynarocepHAL#.—Thistle Group
14. ARcTIUM (Bur-dock)

1. A, Lappa (Common Bur-dock).—A large stout herbaceous
plant, 3-5 feet high, with very large handsome lower leaves, and
a terminal panicle of large heads of purplish florets, enclosed in a
globular znvolucre of hooked scales, which, becoming attached to
the coats of passing animals, the seeds are conveyed to a distance.
The scales are often interwoven with a white cottony down. Some

PLATE XLIV.

Corn Marigold Corn Tansy
Butter-buc Colt's-foot

COMPOUND FLOWERS 161

artists love to introduce this plant into the foregrounds of their
pictures, thereby obtaining a somewhat obvious effect of picturesque-
ness. Waste places; common.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.

Some other varieties have been described, of which the most
distinct are A. majus, A. minus, and A. tomentosum. Their charac-
teristics, however, are not very definite.

ARCTIUM LAPPA SERRATULA TINCTORIA
(Common Bur-dock) (Common Saw-wort)

I5. SERRATULA (Saw-wort)

1. S. tinctoria (Common Saw-wort).—The only British species.
A slender plant, 1-2 feet high, with a stiff, erect, angular stem,
slightly branched above, deeply cut and serrated leaves ; and small
terminal heads of purple fowers in a corymb; the outer scales of
the involucre are smooth and close pressed, the inner tinged wie
purple. Pastures; frequent.—Fl. August. Perennial.

16. SAUSSUREA

1. S. Alpina (Alpine Saussurea).—The only British species. The
stem is from 8-12 inches high ; the Jeaves cottony beneath ; flower-
heads of light purple florets, in a dense terminal corymb, fragrant.
Mountains in the north; rare——Fl. August. Perennial.

17. CarDuuS (Thistle)

I. C. nutans (Musk Thistle)—Heads solitary, drooping; scales
of the involucre tapering to a rigid point, cottony, the outer enes

M

162 COROLLIFLORAE

bent back ; stem winged by the thorny leaves. A very handsome
plant, about 2 feet high, with a furrowed cottony stem, deeply
lobed thorny leaves, which are downy on the veins beneath, and
large deep purple flowers, to which the radiated involucre is a very
ornamental appendage. This is sometimes called the Scotch
Thistle, but incorrectly. The upper part of the flower-stalk is
nearly bare of leaves, and the flower itself has a powerful odour.
Waste places; common.—Fl. June to August. Biennial.

2. C. acanthoides (Welted Thistle)—Heads clustered, round ;
scales of the involucre lined, thorny, spreading, or erect; stem
winged by the thorny leaves. A branched, very thorny plant,
3-4 feet high, with small heads, of deep purple or sometimes white,
flowers. Waste places; common.—Fl. June, July. Annual.

3. C. tenuiflorus (Slender-flowered Thistle)—Heads clustered,
cylindrical ; scales of the involucre thorny. erect ; stem winged by
the thorny leaves, which are cottony beneath. Well distinguished
by the small heads of pink flowers, and the very long erect scales
of the involucre. The stems are 2-4 feet. high, and bear all the
flowers at the summit. Waste places, especially near the sea.—
Fl. June to August. Biennial.

4. C. Manianus (Milk Thistle) is a stouter plant than either of
the preceding, and is distinguished at once by the white veins on
its leaves, from which it derives its popular name. It grows in
waste places, is not indigenous, neither is it common.—Fl. June,
July. Biennial

18. Cnicus (Plume-thistle)

1. C. lanceolatus (Spear Plume-thistle)—Heads mostly solitary,
sometimes 2 or 3 together, stalked, egg-shaped; scales of the in-
volucre thorny, spreading, woolly; stem
winged by the thorny leaves, the lobes of
which are 2-cleft. This is more like the
Cotton - thistle (Onopordium) than any
other species of this genus. It grows
3-5 feet high; the Jeaves are downy
beneath, and the heads of flowers, though
not so large as those of the Cotton-thistle,
have the same dull purple hue. Waste
places and hedges; common.—Fl. July
to September, Biennial.

2. C. palustris (Marsh Plume-thistle).—
” Heads clustered, egg-shaped; scales of
the involucre closely pressed, pointed ;
stem winged by the thorny leaves. The
i tallest of the British Thistles, 4-10 feet
Cnicus PaLustris high, consisting of a single, stout, hollow
(Marsh Phun-thisile) stem, which is branched near the summit,

PLATE XLV.

_ Camman Ragmort Marsh Ragwort

,ereetF

3

Pa EO a at eel Oh i
‘ poe 7 - 7h : Piel A
De as

id a 2 ee 2
- :
*
:
‘
¥
:
ee
’ :
a
”
:
F
7
7 ee
iy 7
’
.
=
a
A
’

4

i?
-

PLATE XLVi.

Musk Thistle

COMPOUND FLOWERS 163

and bears numerous clusters of rather small, deep purple (sometimes
white) flowers. The leaves are thickly armed with short thorns,
which are often of a brownish hue. Moist meadows and borders
of fields ; very common.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.

3. C. arvensis (Creeping Plume-thistle).— Heads of flowers
numerous, stalked; the scales of the dvolucre closely pressed,
pointed, but scarcely thorny; stem not winged; root creeping.
A handsome weed, about 2 feet high; the flowers, which grow in
a corymbose manner, are of a light purple colour, and smell like
those of the Musk Thistle. The staminate and pistillate flower-
heads grow on separate plants, the former being roundish, and the
latter egg-shaped. Borders of fields; very common.—Fl. July.
Perennial.

4. C. pratensis (Meadow Plume-thistle).—Heads of flowers mostly
solitary ; stem-leaves few, soft, wavy. A small plant, 12-18 inches
high, with a cottony stem, bearing a few /eaves, and rarely more
than one small purple flower. Moist meadows; not general.—
Fl. July. Perennial.

5. C. acaulis (Dwarf Plume-thistle).—Heads of flowers solitary,
and stemless or nearly so. A low plant, consisting of a few thorny
leaves, and a single, almost stemless, purple flower, by which cha-
racter it is readily distinguished from all the rest of the Thistle
Tribe. Dry gravelly or chalky pastures ; not general, but in some
places very abundant, and a pernicious weed.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

Less common species of Cuicus are C. ertphorus (Woolly-headed
Plume-Thistle), distinguished by the thick white wool which clothes
the scales of the very large flowers ; C. tuberosus (Tuberous Plume-
Thistle), which grows only in Wiltshire, an
erect single-stemmed plant, with a single
large, purple flower ; C. heterophyllus (Melan-
choly Plume-Thistle), a mountain plant, with
an erect, cottony stem, and a single, hand-
some, purple flower.

Tg. ONoPoRDIUM (Cotton-thistle)

1. O. Acanthium (Scotch Thistle).—The
involucre is globose, with the scales spreading
in all directions; the sfem is winged, with
rough cottony leaves, and attains a height of
4-6 feet ; the fowers are large, of a dull purple
hue, and mostly solitary, or but slightly clus-
tered at the ends of the branches. This
species is the true Scotch Thistle, the national
emblem. Waste ground and roadsides chiefly ONopoRDIuM AcantTHIum
in the south—Fl. July, August. Biennial. foomtel Ligeia)

164 COROLLIFLORZ

20. CARLINA (Carline-thistle)

1. C. vulgaris (Common Carline-thistle).—The only British
species, readily distinguished from every other British Thistle by
the long inner scales of the #nvolucre, which are straw-coloured and
glossy, and spread in a radiate manner so as to resemble petals.
In dry weather they lie flat, but when the atmosphere is moist,
they rise and form, as it were, a pent-house over the florets. Their
texture is like that of the garden Everlasting Flowers, hence they
scarcely alter their appearance when dead, and as the whole plant
is remarkably durable, they often retain their form and position
till the succeeding spring. On the Continent the large white flower
of one species, C. acaulis, is often nailed upon cottage doors by way
of a hygrometer, as it closes before rain. Dry heaths.—Fl. June
to September. Biennial.

21. CENTAUREA (Knapweed, Blute-bottle)

1. C. nigra (Black Knap-weed).—-The outer scales of the involucre
egg-shaped, fringed with spreading bristles ; lower leaves toothed,
often with a few small lobes at the base, upper narrow, tapering ;
flowers with or without a ray; pappus very short, tufted. A
tough-stemmed plant, 1-2 feet high, with heads of dull purple
flowers, which are remarkable for the brown, or almost black, hue
of the scales of the involucre. This plant is popularly known by
the name of Hard-head. Meadows ; common.—F1. June to August.
Perennial.

2. C. scabiosa (Greater Centaurea, Greater Knap-weed). Outer
scales of the involucre egg-shaped, somewhat downy, fringed ; leaves
pinnatifid, roughish, segments tapering to a point. Meadows and
cornfields; common. Larger and stouter
than the last, from which it is distin-
guished by the brighter hue of its hand-
some radiate flowers, and the light-
coloured fringe on the scales of the
involucre.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3. C. cyanus (Corn Blue-bottle).—
Outer scales of the iuvolucre deeply
toothed ; leaves very narrow, slightly
toothed, cottony. One of the prettiest
of flowers, and well meriting the dis-
tinctive name, often given to it, of
Corn-flower. The flowers are bright
blue, with dark anthers. The juice of
the flowers, expressed and mixed with
cold alum-water, may be used in water- °
colour drawing. Rose-coloured, white, Or eer pee mene
and dark purple varieties are commonly Stay-T histle) sa

PLATE XLVIIL.

a

eS ee ee oe ee ae

COMPOUND FLOWERS 165

to be met with in gardens, and are occasionally to be found as
escapes.—F]. July, August ; and, in turnip fields, again in October
and November. Annual or Biennial.

4. C. aspera (Jersey Centaurea).—Stems much branched and
prostrate ; /eaves narrow ; flower-heads solitary ; the florets purple,
and each of the outer bracts of the involucre with 3-5 prickles.
Channel Islands.—Biennial.

5. C. calcitrapa (Common Star-Thistle).—Scales of the involucre
ending each in a long stiff thorn. Well marked by its purplish
flowers, which are armed below with spreading thorns, and resemble
in figure the cruel iron instrument, named a caltrops, which was
used in war to lame horses, being thrown on the ground when it
was expected that cavalry would pass. The instrument is so con-
structed that, in whatever position it lies, one point sticks upwards,
Gravelly and sandy places in the south of England ; rare —F1. July,
August. Annual.

6. C. solstitialis (Yellow Star-Thistle)—Stems 1-2 feet high,
winged; leaves hoary; flower-heads solitary, terminal, furnished
with spines; florets yellow. Occasionally in cornfields, etc.—
Fl. July, September. Annual.

III. TupirLorz.—Tansy Group

22. Bipens (Bur-Marigold)

1. B. cernua (Nodding Bur-Marigold).—Heads of flowers droop-
ing ; leaves serrated, undivided ; bristles of the fruit 3-4. A some-
what succulent plant, 1-2 feet high, with narrow, serrated, smooth
leaves, and button-like, drooping heads of brownish yellow flowers,
at the base of which are several leafy bracts.
The frutt is oblong, and terminates in several
stiff bristles, each of which is thickly set
with minute points, which are turned back
like the barbs of an arrow, so as to take a
firm hold on the coat of any animal which
comes incontact with them. Watery places ;
frequent.—Fl. July to September. Annual.

2. B. tripartita (Trifid Bur - Marigold).—
Heads of flowers nearly erect ; leaves 3-parted.
Distinguished from the last by its somewhat
smaller heads of flowers, which frequently
have ray florets (B. cernua being usually
without), 3-parted /eaves, and by having 3-5
bristles on the fruit. Watery places; com- pipens TRIPARTITA
mon.—FI. July to September. Annual. (Trifid Bur-marigald)

166 COROLLIFLORZ

23. Eupatortum (Hemp-agrimony)

t. E. cannabinuwm (Common Hemp-agrimony).—The only British
species. A tall downy plant, 3-6 feet high, with a reddish stem ;
leaves palmately divided into 3-5 lanceolate serrate leaflets, and
terminal corymbs of small crowded heads of dull lilac flowers,
which are remarkable for their very long, deeply cloven séyles.
Moist shady places; common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

24. CHRYSOCOMA (Goldylocks)

I. C. Linosyris (Flax-leaved Goldylocks).—A herbaceous plant,
12-18 inches high, with erect, simple stems, which are thickly set
with smooth, linear leaves, and bear a few heads of yellow flowers
at the extremity. Limestone cliffs; very rare—Fl August,
September. Perennial.

25. Diotis (Cotton-weed)

1. D. maritima (Seaside Cotton-weed).—The only species. The
voots run deeply into the sand; the sfems, which are about a foot
high, are thickly set with oblong, blunt /eaves, which, as well as the
rest of the plant, are covered with thick white cotton, and almost
hide the small terminal heads of yellow flowers. Sandy sea-shores ;
rare.—F]. August, September. Perennial.

26. TANACETUM (Tansy)
I. T. vulgare (Common Tansy).—Stems 2-3 feet high, angular.
Well distinguished by its deeply twice-
pinnate, cut /eaves and terminal corymbs
of bright yellow, button-like flowers. The
whole plant is bitter and aromatic, and
is not only used in medicine, but forms the
principal ingredient in the nauseous dish
called Tansy pudding. Hedges and waste
ground; common.—FIl. August. Perennial.

27. ARTEMISIA (Wormwood, Mugwort)

i. A. absinthium (Common Worm-
wood).—Leaves with bluntish segments,
twice pinnatifid, silky on both sides;
heads hemispherical, drooping. A bushy
plant, with silky stems and leaves, and
panicles of numerous small heads of dull
yellow flowers. The whole plant is bitter
and aromatic, and is much used in rural
districts, where it abounds, as a tonic.
Artemista Apsinturum Waste ground; common.—Fl. July to
(Common Wormwood) September. Perennial.

PLATE XLVIII.

Creeping Thistle

Py eae eee. Ong ap > tt Ro ee ee eee ae See

7 %
a
iad ¢
,
bs .
,
7 «
‘
7 rT; . ;
“ .
ia ts
»,

‘

PLATE XLIX.

Common Carline Meadow Thistle

COMPOUND FLOWERS 167

2. A. vulgaris (Mug-wort).—Zeaves pinnatifid, with acute seg-
ments ; white with down beneath ; heads oblong, reddish. Taller
and more slender than the last; well distinguished by the leaves
being green above and white below, and by the absence of aromatic
odour. Hedges and waste places; common. A tea made from
this plant is used in country districts as a remedy for rheumatism.
—Fl. July to September. Perennial.

3. A. maritima (Sea Wormwood).—Leaves twice pinnatifid,
downy on both sides; heads in racemes, oblong. Somewhat
resembling A. absinthtwm, but smaller, and well distinguished by
the above characters. The clusters of reddish flower-heads are
sometimes drooping, sometimes erect. Salt marshes; frequent.—
Fl. July to September. Perennial.

4. A. campestris (Field Wormwood).—-A rare species, growing
on sandy heaths in Norfolk and Suffolk. In this species the seg-
ments of the /eaves are narrow, terminating in points; and the
stems, until flowering, are prostrate.

28. ANTENNARIA (Everlasting)

I. A. dotca (Mountain Cudweed).—The
only British species. A pretty little plant,
3-6 inches high, with oblong leaves, which
are broadest towards the end, green above,
cottony below ; the heads of flowers grow 4-6
together, and are rendered conspicuous by
the white or rose-coloured involucre, which |
is of the texture commonly termed everlast-
ing. Mountain heaths; frequent.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

2. A. margaritacea (the White Everlasting
of gardens) is 2-5 feet high, with cottony :
narrow leaves, and flat corymbs of small anrennarra Drorca
yellowish flower-heads with white involucres. (Mountain Cudweed)
It is not indigenous, but is found naturalized
in South Wales, the Channel Isles, and Scctland.—F1. July, August.
Perennial.

29. GNAPHALIUM (Cudweed)

I. G. uliginosum (Marsh Cudweed).—Stems much branched,
woolly ; Jeaves very narrow, downy, over-topping the clustered
terminal heads. A small plant, 3-6 inches high, rendered con-
spicuous by its tufted white stems and leaves, and by the glossy,
yellowish brown scales of its small clustered flowers. Wet sandy
places, especially where water has stood during winter; common.
—Fl. August, September. Annual.

168 COROLLIFLORZE

2. G. sylvaticum (Wood Cudweed).—A cottony plant, with a
simple stem, 6-12 inches high; narrow leaves; and bearing its
heads of yellow florets in a leafy spike. Woods and gravelly pas-
tures; common.—Fl. July to September. Perennial.

3. G. supinum (Dwarf Cudweed).—2-3 inches high, with tufted
leaves, and flowering stems almost bare of leaves. Confined to the
summits of Highland mountains.—FI. July, August. Perennial.

4. G. Luteo album (Jersey Cudweed).—About 6 or 8 inches high,
cottony ; leaves narrow; flower-heads in dense corymbs, with the
involucral bracts yellowish, and reddish florets. Channel Isles and
some of the eastern counties of England.—Fl. July, August.
Annual.

Gnaphalium leontopodium is the famous “ Edelweiss ” of the
Swiss Alps.

30. Firaco

1. F. Germanica (Common Filago).— Stem
cottony, erect, terminating in a globular assem-
blage of heads, from the base of which rise two
or more flower-stulks, which are proliferous in
like manner. A singular little plant, 6--8 inches
high, well distinguished by the above character,
vw. From this curious mode of growth the plant was
ms called by the old botanists Herba impia, (the
undutiful herb), as if the young shoots were
guilty of disrespect by overtopping the parent.
Dry gravelly places; common.—Fl. June, July.
Annual.

FracoGermanica 2: LE. minima (Least Filago).—Stem erect, re-
(Common Filago) peatedly forked; leaves very narrow, cottony,

pressed to the stem; heads conical, in lateral
and terminal clusters, shorter than the leaves. Yet smaller than
the last, growing 4-6 inches high, with cottony stem and leaves,
and brownish yellow leaves. Dry gravelly places; common.—
Fl. July, August. Annual.

3. F. Gallica (Narrow-leaved Filago).—Like the last, but more
branched; /eaves narrow, long, and pointed; those surrounding
the small flower-heads longer than the involucres. Local, chiefly
Channel Isles and South-eastern England.—Fl. July to September.

Two other forms are described: F. apicaluta, taller than F.
Germanica, with blunt leaves, purple bracts, and smelling of Tansy ;
and F. spathulata, short; with spathulate /eaves and yellow-tipped
bracts. Both are annuals, growing in sandy places in the south-
east of England,

Greater Centaurea Knapweed

COMPOUND FLOWERS 169

31. PETASITES (Butter-bur)

1. P. vulgaris (Common Butter-bur).—The only British species.
The largest, and where it abounds, the most pernicious of all the
weeds which this country produces. The flowers, which are of a
dull lilac colour, and are borne in a raceme on a thick stem 6-12
inches high, appear early in the spring, and are succeeded by
downy, kidney-shaped /zaves, 1-5 feet in diameter, which, by
shading the ground, check the growth of all other plants. “ The
early blossoming of this rank weed induces the Swedish farmers to
plant it near their bee-hives. Thus we see in our gardens the bee
assembled on its affinities. P. alba and P. fragrans, at a season when
scarcely any other flowers are expanded” (Hooker and Arnott).
These two last species are common in shrubberies, almost hiding
the ground with their broad leaves, thriving beneath the shade of
trees and shrubs, but overpowering all herbaceous plants, and
eventually, it is said, even the shrubs themselves. Damp meadows,
etc.; common.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.

IV. Rapiata.—Daisy Group

32. TussILaco (Colt’s-foot)

I. IT. Farfura (Colt’s-foot)—The only species. The flower-
stalks, which spring directly from the roots, are covered with scale-
like bracts, and bear each a single yellow fower-head, with numerous
yellow rays ; the /eaves, which do not appear until the flowers have
withered, are roundish, heart-shaped, and angular, with dark teeth,
and are covered with cottony down beneath, cobwebby above.
The heads of flowers droop before expansion, and the stalks after
flowering lengthen considerably. The goldfinch frequently lines
its nest with the pappus of this plant. The cotton of the leaves
was formerly used as tinder, and the leaves themselves are rolled
into cigars and smoked as a remedy for asthma. A pernicious
weed, abounding in clayey fields.—Fl. March, April. Perennial.

33. ERIGERON (Flea-bane)

1. FE. acris (Blue Flea-bane).—Branches erect, rough, alternate,
bearing single heads; Jeaves narrow, entire, blunt. A much
branched plant, 6-18 inches high, with small heads of inconspicuous
flowers, of which the inner florets are yellowish, the outer dull blue.
The pappus is very long and tawny. Dry places and walls; not
common.—F]. August. Biennial.

2. E. Alpinus (Alpine Flea-bane).—Leaves mostly radicle, hairy,

lanceolate ; stems 2-8 inches high, hairy, each bearing a solitary
flower-head about half an inch in diameter, the ray florets of which

170 COROLLIFLOR

are light purple. Found only on some of the mountains of the
eastern Highlands ; rare-—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3, EL. Canadensis (Canadian Flea-bane).—An erect plant, some-
what resembling Groundsel; 1-2 feet high, with a few spreading
hairs; lanceolate leaves; and dingy yellow flowers with whitish
ray florets, borne in a narrow panicle. Grows as a weed in waste
places ; local—Fl]. August, September. Annual.

34. ASTER (Star-wort)

1. A. Tripoliwum (Sea Star-wort)—A stout succulent plant,
2-3 feet high, with long, smooth, fleshy /eaves, and corymbs of large
handsome flowers, the inner florets of which are yellow, the outer
purple. In salt marshes the whole plant is often covered with
mud, which gives it an unsightly appearance, but when growing
on sea-cliffs it is a highly ornamental plant. Salt marshes; fre-
quent.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.

35. SOLIDAGO (Golden-rod)

t. S. Virgaurea (Golden-rod).—The only British species. An
erect, scarcely branched plant, 2-3 feet high, with roughish, angular
stems, simple, serrated leaves, which gradually become narrower
the higher they are on the stem ; and conspicuous, terminal clusters
of small bright yellow flowers. Dry woods; common.—Fl. July
to September. Perennial.

On mountainous heaths a variety (Cambrica) occurs, with very
short stems, and large leaves and flowers.

36. SENECIO (Groundsel, Rag-wort)

I. S. vulgaris (Common Ground-
sel). — Flowers without rays, in
crowded clusters; leaves half em-
bracing the stem, deeply lobed and
toothed. A common weed in culti-
vated ground; a favourite food of
many small birds.—Fl. all the year
round. Annual.

2. S. sylvaticus (Mountain Ground-
sel).—Distinguished from the last
by its larger size—r-2 feet high;
and its conical, rather than cylin-
drical, heads of dull yellow flowers,
with a few rays which are rolled

back and inconspicuous, or often
SENECIO VULGARIS wanting; the /eaves are pinnatifid,
(Common Groundsel) with narrow lobes, toothed; the

Star-thistle Mouse-ear Hawkweed

PLATE LI.

PLATE UII.

Yellow Goat's-beard

COMPOUND FLOWERS 171

stems are branched. Gravelly places; common.—Fl. July to
September. Annual.

3. S. viscosus (Viscid Groundsel).—Near S. sylvaticus in habit,
but clothed with viscid down ; the flower-heads are less numerous,
with the outer bracts of the tnvolucre about half as long as the inner.
Similar situations, but more local than S. sylvaticus.—Fl. July to
September. Annual.

4. S. Jacobaa (Common Rag-wort).—Sitem erect, 2-3 feet high ;
flower-heads large, bright ycllow, with spreading rays, corymbose ;
leaves pinnatifid, with smaller lobes at the base. Meadows and
wet places; common.—Fl. July to September. Perennial.

5. S. aqguaticus (Marsh Rag-wort).—Much resembling the last,
but more spreading ; the flower-heads larger, in a looser corymb ;
lower leaves undivided, toothed; upper with a few oblong lobes
near the base. Wet places; comimon.—Fl]. July to September.
Perennial.

6. S.tenutfolius (Hoary Rag-wort).—Flowers with spreading rays ;
leaves pinnatifid, with very narrow segments, downy beneath.
Much like S. Jacobga, but distinguished by its sending up numerous
cottony stems from the same root, and by its regularly divided
leaves, the segments of which are slightly rolled back at the edges.
Dry banks in a limestone or chalky soil; not common.—-Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

7. S. palustyris (Marsh Flea-wort)—Shaggy; a stout plant,
2-3 feet high, with a hollow, much branched stem ; and numerous
lanceolate, sessile eaves, which are wavy at the edges and toothed,
flowers yellow, in a corymb. Found only in the Fen districts of
Eastern England ; rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

8. S. campestris (Field Flea-wort)—A small plant, 6-8 inches
high, shaggy ; sfem unbranched ; voot-leaves oblong, nearly entire ;
stem-leaves narrow, tapering ; flower-heads of a few yellow flowers
in a terminal corymb, which is almost an umbel. alky downs ;

rare.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

9. S. squalidus (Inelegant Rag-wort).—Grows about a foot high,
with large bright yellow flowers ; the leaves are glabrous, somewhat
thick, and are deeply pinnatifid. The naming is inapt, for it is
quite the prettiest British species. Old walls about Oxford, and
Bideford, Devon. Not indigenous.—Fl. June to October. Annual
or biennial.

10. S. paludosus (Great Fen Rag-wort).—A large aquatic plant,
2-6 feet high; stem hollow, unbranched ; leaves lanceolate, toothed,
cottony beneath ; flower-heads large, many-rayed, in a loose corymb.
Confined to the Fen districts of Eastern England ; rare.—Fl. May
to July. Perennial.

172 COROLLIFLORZE

11. S. savacenicus (Broad-leaved Rag-wort).—Somewhat resem-
bling the last, but not so tall; glabrous ; Jeaves lanceolate, toothed ;
flower-heads smaller, more numerous, and borne in a more compact
corymb than in the last, and they also have fewer rays. “Not
indigenous ; local_—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

37. Doronicum (Leopard’s-bane)

1. D. Pardaltanches (Great Leopard’s-bane).—Stem 2-3 feet high,
erect, solitary, hollow, hairy; Jeaves soft; lower leaves heart-
shaped, toothed, on long stalks, wpperv with two ears at the base
embracing the stem; heads of flowers yellow, the earlier ones over-
topped by the later. Damp hilly woods; rare, not a native.—
Fl. May to July. Perennial.

_ 2. D. plantagineum (Plantain-leaved Leopard’s-bane).—Differs
from the last in having egg-shaped Jeaves and solitary heads of
flowers. It is rare, and is not indigenous.

38. INuLA (Elecampane, Ploughman’s Spikenard)

1. J. Helentum (Elecampane).—
Leaves oblong or egg-shaped, wrinkled,
downy beneath, toothed, upper ones
embracing the stem; scales of the
involucre egg-shaped, downy. Astout
plant, 3-5 feet high, with very large
leaves and a few terminal very large
heads of bright yellow flowers. The
root contains a white starchy powder,
named Inuline, a volatile oil, a soft
acrid resin, and a bitter extract; it
is used in diseases of the chest and
lungs, and furnishes the Vin d’Aulnée
of the French. Moist pastures; not
common.—Fl. July, August. Per-
ennial.

2. I. Conyza (Ploughman’s Spike-
Invia HrLentum (Elecampane) nard).— Leaves narrow, egg-shaped,

. downy, toothed; heads of flowers
panicled ; scales of the involucre rolled back. Distinguished by its
dull, green foliage, numerous heads of dingy yellow flowers, the
‘rays of which are inconspicuous, and by the leaf-like scales of the
involucre, which are rolled back. Hedges, principally on a lime-
stone or chalky soil; uncommon.—Fl. July to September. Per-
ennial.

PLATE LIII.

Dandelion Wall Lettuce

COMPOUND FLOWERS 173

3. I. Crithmoides (Golden Samphire).—Leaves very narrow, fleshy,
smooth, blunt, or 3-pointed. Well distinguished from every other
British plant by its fleshy leaves and large yellow flowers, which
grow singly at the extremity of the branches. Salt marshes
and sea cliffs, rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

4. I. salicina.—Erect, about 18 inches high, almost glabrous;
leaves lanceolate, toothed, clasping the stem; flower-heads. large,
usually solitary. Found only by Lough Derg,
Galway.

39. Puricaria (Flea-bane).

1. P. dysenterica (Common Flea-bane).—Stem
woolly; leaves oblong, heart- or arrow-shaped
at the base, embracing the stem; scales of
the involucre bristle-shaped. From -2 feet
high, growing in masses, and well marked by
its soft hairy foliage and large flat heads of
bright yellow flowers, those of the ray being
very numerous, narrow, and longer than the

‘ : PULICARIA
disk. Watery places; common, rare in Scotland. pysgewrerica
—Fl. August. Perennial. (Common Flea-bane)

2. P. vulgaris (Small Flea-banc).—Stem hairy; leaves narrow,
tapering, hairy. Resembling the last, but not above half the size,
nor by any means so hoary. Sandy heaths, where water has
stood; not common. Not found in Scotland or Ireland.—
Fl. September. Annual.

40. BELLIS (Daisy)

1. B. perennis (Common Daisy).—The
only British species, too well known and
admired to need any description or com-
ment.—Fl. nearly all the year round.
Perennial.

41. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Ox-eye)

: 1. C. Leucanthemum (White Ox-eye).—
BELLIS PERENNIS Florets of the ray white; lower leaves
(Common Daisy) stalked, «wpper sessile, pinnatifid at the
base. Almost as well known as the

common daisy. A great favourite with children, who string the
flowers on a stout grass-straw, or bit of wire, and make a very

174 COROLLIFLORAE

fair imitation of the feather formerly
worn by soldiers. It is said to be de-
structive to fleas. Meadows; abun-
dant.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

2. C. segetum (Yellow Ox-eye, Corn
Marigold).—Florets of the ray yellow;
leaves clasping the stem, oblong, acute,
toothed, glabrous, glaucous. The whole
plant is remarkably smooth and glau-
cous; the flowers are large, of a brilliant
yellow, and contrast beautifully with
Poppies and Bluebottles. Cornfields ;
abundant, but local.—Fl. June, July;
and, in summer, ploughed fields ; again

CHRYSANTHEMUM Leucan- ¢
THEMUM (White Ox-eye) and in October and November. Annual.
CURYSANTHEMUM SEGETUM

(Yellow Ox-eye)

42. MATRICARIA (Wild Chamemile, Feverfew)

1. M. Parthenium (Common Feverfew).—-1-2 feet high. Leaves
stalked, pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid and deeply cut; stem erect;
flowers corymbose. Well marked by its repeatedly cut, curled,
delicate green leaves and its numerous small heads of flowers, of
which the ray florets are white. The leaves are conspicuous in
mid winter, and the whole plant has a powerful and not unpleasant
odour, which is said to be particularly offensive to bees. The
English name is a corruption of Febrifuge, from its tonic properties.
Hedges and waste ground; common.—Fl. July, August. Per-
ennial.

2. M. inodora (Corn Feverfew, Scentless May-weed).—Leaves
sessile, repeatedly cut into numerous hair-like segments; stem
branched, spreading, 12-18 inches high; flowers solitary. Of a
very different habit from the last, but resembling it in the colour
of the flowers, which are, however, much larger, and remarkable
for their very convex disk. Cornfields; common.—Fl. July to
October. Annual.

A seaside form, perennial, with fleshy leaves, is by some con-
sidered a species, under the name M. maritima (Sea Feverfew).

3. M. Chamomilla (Wild Chamomile).—Flower-heads about
3 inch across ; disk yellow ; ray florets white. Often confused with
M. inodora and Anthemis Cotula, but may be distinguished by the
scales of the involucre being not chaffy at the margin, and by the
receptacle of the florets being hollow. Not uncommon in corn-
fields —F]. June to August. Annual.

PLATE LIV.

Chicory Corn Sow Thistle

COMPOUND FLOWERS 175

43. ANTHEMIS (Chamomile)

I. A. nobilis (Common Chamomile).—
Stems prostrate ; leaves repeatedly cut into
hair-like segments, slightly downy. Well J)
distinguished by its solitary heads of flowers,
which droop before expansion, and by its
pleasant aromatic smell, which resembles
that of fresh apples, whence it derived its
name of Chamomile, signifying im Greek
ground-apple. The whole plant is very a :

bitter, and is valuable in medicine for its iN
tonic properties. Heaths; abundant. — ‘4 ' wR.
Fl. August. Perennial. ARR (ms
2. A. Cota (Stinking Chamomile).—Stem .. VANE”
erect, branched ; leaves repeatedly cut into “ay Sy ¥
hair-like segments, smooth and with glandular seen wre:

dots. Distinguished from the last by its ce 4 EMER,
strong disagreeable odour and upright stems.
The heads of flowers are solitary, coloured
as in the last, but larger. The juice is very AnrHemrs Norris
acrid, and is said to blister the hands of (Common Chamomile)
those who gather it—Waste places; com-

mon.—-Fl. July, August. Annual.

Less common species of Chamomile are :—
A. maritima, or more correctly A. Anglica (Sea Chamomile),

which has repeatedly-cut fleshy Jeaves, which are somewhat hairy.
On the sea-coast ; very rare.

A. arvensts (Corn Chamomile), the deeply-cut leaves of which are
white with down.

These two have white flowers with a yellow disk.

And A. tinctoria (Ox-eye Chamomile), which has downy, much
divided leaves, and large bright yellow flowers, resembling those of
Chrysanthemum segetum.

44. AcHILLEA (Yarrow)

t. A. miullefolium (Common Yellow Milfoil).— Leaves twice
pinnatifid, woolly, or slightly hairy; Jeaflets cut into hair-like
segments ; flowers in dense terminal corymbs. A common road-
side plant, with very tough, angular stems, about a foot high, and
corymbs of small, white, pink, or purplish flowers, which to an
unpractised eye might be supposed to belong to an umbelliferous
plant. It has a strong and slightly aromatic odour, and is said to
have the property of healing wounds. Waste ground; frequent.—
Fl. June to September, Perennial.

176 COROLLIFLORZ

2. A. Ptarmica (Sneeze-wort).—Leaves un-
divided, very narrow, and tapering to a sharp
point, serrated. Somewhat taller and slenderer
than the last, from which it may be at once
distinguished by its undivided leaves and larger
heads of flowers, of which both the disc and ray
are white. The pounded leaves have been used
as snuff, hence its name. Meadows and waste
ground ; not uncommon.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER XLV

CAMPANULACE.—THE BELL-FLOWER
TRIBE

Calyx growing from the ovary, 5-lobed, re-
maining till the fruit ripens; corolla rising
from the mouth of the calyx, 5-lobed, regular
or irregular, withering on the fruit ; stamens equalling in number
the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them ; anthers distinct,
except in Jasione and Phyteuma, when they are united; ovary
inferior, of two, or more, many-seeded cells ; style 1, covered with
hairs ; stigma simple or lobed ; fruit dry, crowned by the withered
calyx and corolla, splitting, or opening by valves at the side or
top; seeds numerous, fixed to a central column. Herbaceous or
slightly shrubby plants, with a milky, bitter juice, mostly alternate
leaves without stipules, and showy blue or white flowers, inhabiting
principally the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.
Many species are highly ornamental, but very few are valuable
either as food or medicine. The roots of Campanula Rapunculus,
under the name of Rampion or Ramps, were formerly cultivated
in this country for the table, but are now scarcely known. Lobelia
inflata (Indian Tobacco) of North America is used in small doses
for Asthma, but in over doses is dangerously emetic and narcotic.
L. cavdinalis (Scarlet Cardinal), one of our most brilliantly coloured
garden flowers, is also very acrid; and the rare British species,
L. urens (Acrid Lobelia), derives its name from the blistering pro-
perties of its juice. Some species contain a considerable quantity
of caoutchouc.

1. CAMPANULA (Bell-flower).—Corolla bell-shaped (rarely wheel-
shaped), with 5 broad and shallow lobes ; filaments broad at the
base ; stigma 2 to 5 cleft ; capsule 2 to 5-celled, opening the pores
at the side, rarely near the top. (Name from the Latin, campana,
a bell.)

2. PHYTEUMA (Rampion).—Corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 deep
lobes ; filaments broad at the base; stigma 2 to 3-cleft ; capsule

q

ACHILLEA PTARMICA
(Sneeze-wort)

PLATE Lv.

Clustered Campanula Water Lobelia

Nettle-leaved Campanula Ratupion

BELL-FLOWER TRIBE ‘Wi

2 to 3-celled, bursting at the side. (Name from the Greek, phyton,
a plant.)

3. JASIONE (Sheep’s Scabious).—Corolla wheel-shaped, with
5 long narrow segments; anthers united at the base; stigma
a-cleft ; capsule 2-cclled, opening at the top; flowers in heads.
(Name of uncertain origin.)

4. LoBet1a.—Corolla 2-lipped, the upper part split to the base
of the tube. (Name from Matthias Lobel, a Flemish botanist.)

I. CAMPANULA (Bell-flower)

1. C. rotundifolia (Hair-bell)—Smooth; root-leaves roundish
kidney-shaped, notched, stalked, very soon withering ; stem-leaves
very narrow, tapering; flowers light blue or rarely white. The
name Hair-bell is frequently, though not correctly, given to the
Wild Hyacinth or Blue-Bell (Scilla festalis), a plant with a thick
juicy flower-stalk ; but when applied to this Campanula is most
appropriate, its stalks being exceedingly slender and wiry. The
specific name, rotundifolia (round-leaved), is far from being descrip-
tive of the leaves which accompany the flower, as they are long
and narrow, but is peculiarly applicable to. the root-leaves, as they
appear in winter or early spring, at which season Linnzeus is said
to. have first observed them on the steps of the university at Upsula.
Heaths and dry meadows; abundant.—Fl. July to September.
Perennial. ;

2. C. trachelium (Nettled-leaved Bell-flower).— Lower leaves
stalked, heart-shaped; upper nearly sessile, tapering to a point,
all strongly serrated and bristly ; flowers in axillary clusters of
2-3. A remarkably rough plant, 2-3 feet high, with leaves very
like those of the nettle, and large, deep blue, bell-shaped flowers,
the stalks of which are recurved when in fruit. Woods and hedges ;
not unfrequent.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3. C. glomerata (Clustered Bell-flower).—Stem simple, roughish ;
leaves oblong, tapering, crenate, rough—the Jower stalked and
heart-shaped at the base, the upper sessile, embracing the stem ;
flowers sessile, in heads. A stiff, erect plant, 3-18 inches high,
with terminal and (in large specimens) axillary heads of deep blue,
funnel-shaped, erect flowers, which have a few clasping, taper-
pointed bracts at the base. Dry pastures; not unfrequent.—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.

4. C. hederacea (Ivy-leaved Bell-flower).—Stem straggling, thread-
like ; leaves stalked, roundish heart-shaped,angular and toothed ;
flowers solitary, on long stalks. An exquisite little plant, generally
growing with Bog Pimpernel and the Cornish Money-wort, plants
certainly of a different habit, but scarcely less elegant than itself.

N

178 COROLLIFLOR ZZ

The leaves are of a remarkably fine
texture, and delicate green hue; the
flowers of a pale blue, sometimes
slightly drooping, and supported on
long stalks scarcely thicker than a
hair. Its usual height is 4-6 inches,
but when it grows among grass or
rushes, it climbs by their help to a
height of 12 inches or more. Wet
heaths, and by the side of streams in
the south and west; very abundant
in Cornwall.—Fl. July to September.
Perennial.

CamMPANULA HEDERACEA 5. C. latifolia (Giant Bell-flower).—
(Tvy-leaved Bell-flower) A stout species, 3-4 feet high; leaves
ovate lanceolate, toothed, the lower ©
ones stalked ; flowers large, blue or white, hairy within. Woody
glens; not uncommon in Scotland and Northern England, becoming
more rare towards the south.

6. C. Rapunculoides (Creeping Bell-flower).—S/ems about 1-2
feet high; dower-leaves heart-shaped, stalked; «upper ones ovate
lanceolate ; flowers pale blue, axillary, drooping all on one side.
Very rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

9. C. Rapunculus (Rampion Bell-flower, Ramps).—A tall species,
2-3 feet high, with clustered panicles of rather small, erect, pale
blue flowers, the calyx of which is divided into 5 awl-shaped seg-
ments. Not* common; local. Formerly cultivated in gardens
for the sake of its tuberous roots.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.

8. C. hybrida (Corn Campanula).—-A small plant, 4-12 inches
high, with a rough wiry stem, oblong, rough, wavy /eaves, and a
few small terminal purple flowers, the calyx of which is much
longer than the corolla ; corolla wheel-shaped ; capsule triangular,
elongated. Cornfields; not common. By some botanists this is
called Specularta hybrida.—F\. June to September. Annual.

2, PHYTEUMA (Rampion)

1. P. orbiculave (Round-headed Rampion).—Flowers in a round
terminal head ; lower leaves notched, heart-shaped, stalked ; upper
narrow, sessile. A singular plant, consisting of a solitary erect
leafy stalk, 6-18 inches high, surmounted by a round head of blue
flowers. The head when in fruit becomes oval. Chalky downs in
the south; rare.—Fl. July. Perennial.

2. P. spicatum (Spiked Rampion).—Much taller than the last,
and bears its flowers, which are cream-coloured, in a terminal

PLATE LVI.

Great Campanula Spreading Campanula

CRANBERRY TRIBE 179

oblong head, which lengthens with maturity. Found only in Sussex
—F]. May to July. Perennial.
3. JASIONE (Sheep's Scabcous)

1. J. montana (Sheep’s Scabious, Sheep’s-bit).—
The only British species. Growing about a foot
high, and having a strong resemblance to a Scabious,
or one of the Composite, from the former of which,
however, it may be distinguished by its united
anthers; from the latter by its having a a-cclled
capsule. The leaves are oblong, blunt, and hairy ;
the flowers, which are blue, grow in terminal heads,
with a leafy tnvolucre at the base. The whole plant
when bruised has a strong and disagreeable smell.
Dry heathy places; common.—Fl. July, August.
Biennial.

4. LoBELIA (Lobelia)

1. L. Dortmanna (Water Lobelia)—An aquatic
plant, often forming a matted bed at the bottom of

the water, and sending above the surface slender,

almost leafless stems, having a terminal raceme of oe
. ‘ e ONTANA
distant, light blue, drooping fowers. Not uncommon (Sheep's
in lakes in Scotland and Western England.— — Scabious,
Fl. July, August. Perennial. Sheep’ s-bit)

2. L. wrens (Acrid Lobelia).—Erect, 12-18 inches high, with a
roughish, leafy stem, which contains a milky, acrid juice, and bears
a bracteate raceme of erect purple flowers. Very rare; Axminster,
Devon.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER XLVI
VACCINIACE2.—TuHE CRANBERRY TRIBE

Calyx growing from the ovary, of 4-6 lobes, which are sometimes
so shallow as to be scarcely perceptible ; corolla of one petal, with
as many lobes as the calyx ; stamens not united, twice as many as
the lobes of the corolla, inserted into the disk of the ovary ; anthers
opening by 2 pores, and often furnished with 2 bristles; ovary
with a flat disk, 4 to Io-celled; cells 1 or many-seeded; style
and stigma simple; fruit a berry crowned by the remains of the
calyx, juicy, containing many small seeds. Small shrubby plants,
with undivided, alternate leaves, inhabiting temperate regions,
especially mountainous and marshy districts. By some botanists
they are placed in the same order as the Heaths, from which they
differ chiefly in having the ovary beneath the calyx. The leaves

180 COROLLIFLORA

and bark are astringent, the berries slightly acrid and agreeable
to the taste. Under the name of Cranberries the fruit of Schollera
Oceveoccus and S. macrocarpus are imported from Russia and
North America respectively, and are used for making tarts. Many
species are cultivated in gardens, more, however, for their pretty
flowers than for the sake of their fruit.

1. Vaccinium (Whortleberry, Cranberry, etc.).—Calyx 4 to
5-lobed, sometimes with the lobes so shallow as to be scarcely per-
ceptible ; corolla bell-shaped, or wheel-shaped, 4 to 5-cleft: sta-
mens 8-10; berry globose, 4 to 5-celled, many-seeded. (Name
of doubtful etymology.)

1. Vaccinium (Whortleberry, Cranberry, etc.)
Leaves not evergreen ; anthers with two bristles at the back

1. V. myrtillus (Whortleberry, Bilberry,
Whinberry).—A ‘small branched shrub,
with acutely-angled stems, 6-18 inches
high ; leaves egg-shaped, serrated ; flowers
solitary, drooping, nearly globular, flesh-
« coloured, wax-like ; derries black, covered
with grey bloom. They are agreeable to
the taste, and are often made into tarts;
but when thus used are rather mawkish
unless mixed with some more acid fruit.
They are popularly known by the name
of whorts. Heathy and mountainous
places ; abundant.—Fl. May. Shrub.

2. V. uliginosum (Bog Whortleberry, or
Great Bilberry).—Stem not angular ; leaves
inversely egg-shaped, entire, glaucous, and
veined beneath. Distinguished from the
last by its more woody, rounded stem, and
by its strongly veined, glaucous leaves,

Vaccinium Myrtittus Which are broader towards the extremity.
(Whortleberry, Whinberry) The flowers are smaller and grow nearer

together. Mountainous bogs in Scotland
and the north of England.—-Fl. May.—Shrub.

Leaves evergreen ; anthers without bristles

3- V. vitis idea (Red Whortleberry, Cowberry).—A low, strag-
gling shrub, with inversely egg-shaped leaves resembling those of
the box ; dotted beneath, and the margins rolled back ; the flowers
are pink with 4 deep lobes, and are borne in terminal drooping
clusters; the berries red. Mountainous heaths in the north.—
Fl. May, June. Shrub.

PLATE LVII,

Harebell .
Harebell (variety)

HEATH TRIBE 181

4. V. oxycoccos (Marsh Whortleberry, Cranberry).— Siem very
slender, prostrate, rooting ; leaves egg-shaped, glaucous beneath,
the margins rolled back ; corolla wheel-shaped, with 4 decp, reflexed
segments. A very low plant, with straggling, wiry stems, and
solitary terminal, bright red flowers, the segments of which are
bent back in a very singular manner. (‘‘ The fruit is highly agree-
able, making the best of tarts; at Langtown, on the borders of
Cumberland, it forms no inconsiderable article of trade.’’—Sir
W. J. Hooker.}—Fl. June. Shrub.

NATURAL ORDER XLVII
ERICACEA..—THE HEATH TRIBE

Calyx 4 to 5-cleft, nearly equal, inferior, remaining till the fruit
ripens ; corolla of one petal 4 to 5-cleft, often withering and re-
maining attached to the plant; stamens equal in number to the
segments of the corolla, or twice as many, inserted with the corolla,
or only slightly attached to its base; anthers hard and dry, the
cells separating at one extremity, where they are furnished with
bristles or some other appendage, opening by pores; ovary not
adhering to the calyx, surrounded at the base by a disk or by
scales, many-seeded ; style 1, straight; stigma 1; /rwit a berry or
dry capsule, many-seeded. Shrubs or small bushy trees with
evergreen, often rigid, opposite or whorled leaves. This well-
known and highly prized Order contains a large number of beautiful
plants, many of which are remarkable for their social nature;
extensive tracts of country being often found entirely covered with
a few species, so as to give name (heaths) to the kinds of places on
which they grow. They are very abundant in South Africa, whence
they are often called by gardeners “ Cape plants.” They are
common also in Europe, in North and South America, both within
and without the tropics, and in the mountainous parts of Asia.
The extensive genus Erica (Heath) contains no plant possessing
useful propertics, save Erica arborea, from which briar-root pipes
are made; briar is a corruption of its French name bruyére. Cal-
luna vulgaris (Ling, or Heather) is astringent, and is sometimes
used for dyeing; its tough branches are a common material for
brooms; its flowers are a favourite resort of bees, and its seeds
and young tender shoots enter largely into the food of moor-fowl.
Of the plants belonging to this Order which produce juicy berries,
the fruit is in some instances edible. Avrbitus Unedo bears an
abundance of handsome berries, which, when thoroughly ripe,
are not unpalatable, and which, from the resemblance they out-
wardly bear to strawberries, give the plant its English name,
Strawberry-tree. Some species, especially Kalmia and Rhododen

182 COROLLIFLOR#H

dyon, possess dangerous narcotic properties, which extend to the
flesh of animals that have fed on them. It is stated that the honey
which poisoned Xenophon’s Grecian troops during the famous
Retreat of the Ten Thousand, had been collected by bees from the
flowers of some plant of this Order, probably Azalea pontica, which
possesses this property, and is still found on the shores of the
Euxine, or Black Sea. The berries of some species are, neverthe-
less, used in medicine with good effect.

1. Ertca (Heath)—Calyx deeply 4-cleft ; corolla bell-shaped or
egg-shaped, 4-cleft; stamens 8; capsule 4-celled. (Name from
the Greek, erico, to break, from some fancied medicinal properties.)

2. CALLUNA (Ling, Heather).—Calvx of 4 coloured sepals, which
are longer than the corolla, having at the base outside 4 grecn
bracts ; corolla bell-shaped; stamens 8; capsule 4-celled. (Name
from the Greek, calluno, to cleanse, from the frequent use to which
its twigs are applied of being made into brooms.)

3. MenziEsIA.—Calyx deeply 4 to 5-cleft; corolla inflated;
stamens 8-10 ; capsule 4 to 5-celled. (Named in honour of Archi-
bald Menzies, an eminent Scotch botanist.)

4. AzaLea.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft ;
stamens 5; anthers bursting lengthways; capsule 2 to 3-celled,
and valved. (Name from the Greek, azaleos, parched, from the
nature of the places in which it grows.)

5. ANDROMEDA.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla egg-shaped, with
a 5-cleft reflexed border; stamens 10; anthers with two bristles
at the back; capsule dry, 5-celled, and 5-valved. (Named in
allusion to the fable of Andromeda, who was chained to a rock, and
exposed to the attack of a sea-monster. So does this tribe of beau-
tiful plants grow in dreary northern wastes, feigned to be the abode
of preternatural monsters.”’—Sir W. J. Hooker.)

6. ARBUTUS (Strawberry-tree).—Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla
egg-shaped, with a 5-cleft reflexed border ; stamens 10 ; frutt fleshy,
rough, 5-celled; cells many-seeded. (Name, the Latin name of
the plant.)

7. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (Bear-berry).—Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla
egg-shaped, with a 5-cleft reflexed border ; stamens 10 ; fruit fleshy,
smooth, 5-celled ; cells 1-seeded. (Name in Greek denoting Bear's
grape.)

1. Erica (Heath)

1. E. tetralix (Cross-leaved Heath).—Well distinguished from all
other English species by its Jeaves being placed crosswise in whorles
of four, and by its terminal heads of drooping, rose-coloured flowers,
which are all turned to one side, and are of a larger size than the
other common species E. cinerea. The part of the flower nearest
the stem is of a lighter colour than that which is exposed, where it

PLATE LVIII.

Lesser Periwinkle Common Ling
Bell Heather Crogs-leaved Heath

HEATIL TRIBE 183

deepens to a delicate blush ; the whole flower appearing as if it had
been modelled in wax. It is sometimes found of a pure white.
Peaty moors, abundant.—Fl. July, August, with occasional blooms
throughout the autumn. Shrub.

2. E. cinerea (Fine-leaved Heath, Bell Heather).—Leaves in threes,
narrow, smooth; flowers egg-shaped, in irregular, whorled, leafy
clusters. This and No. 1 are the only Heaths which can be called
common. It is a bushy plant, with tough, wiry stems, exceedingly
narrow leaves, and numerous oblong purple flowers, which form
broken, leafy clusters, not confined to one side of the stem. The
flowers are sometimes white. Heaths, abundant.—Fl. July,
August. Shrub.

3. E. vagans (Cornish Heath).—Stems much
branched, and, in the upper parts, very leafy,
2-4 feet high; leaves 3-5 in a whorl, crowded,
very narrow, smooth; flowers bell-shaped, shorter
than the stamens, forming a leafy, irregular, taper-
ing cluster, light purple, rose-coloured, or white.
In the purple variety the anthers are dark purple ; in
the white, bright red; and in all cases they form a
ring outside the corolla until they have shed their
pollen, when they droop to the sides. Abundant on
various heaths in Cornwall; and on the Goonhilley
Downs, in Cornwall, all three varieties of this Heath
grow together in the greatest profusion, covering
many thousands of acres, and almost excluding the
two species so common elsewhere.—Fl. July to Sep-
tember. Shrub.

. : : Erica VAGANS
4. E. Mediterranea (Mediterranean Heath).—Dis- (Cornish Heath)

tinguished by its coloured calyx and flesh-pink corolla ;

the /eaves are four in a whorl; anthers only slightly

protruding from mouth of corolla. Cultivated in Great Britain,
and found wild in Connemara.—Fl. April, May. Shrub. :

5. &. ciliaris (Ciliated Heath).—By far the most beautiful of all
the British species ; the eaves are four in a whorl ; and the flowers,
which are bright purple and half an inch long, grow in terminal,
interrupted, spike-like clusters. Sandy heaths ; of local occurrence
in Dorset and Cornwall, though where found often very abundant.—
Fl. June to September.

A variety of E. Tetralix, known as EF. Mackatana, is found in
Connemara. It differs in being more bushy, with broader leaves
and more numerous heads of smaller flowers.

184 COROLLIFLORZ

2. Cartuna (Ling, Heather)

1. C. vulgaris (Ling, or Heather).—The only species. A strag-
gling, branched shrub 1-3 feet high. The leaves are very small,
more or less downy (sometimes even hoary), and arranged in four
rows on opposite sides of the stem. The corolla is very small and
bell-shaped, and is concealed by the rose-coloured calyx, at the base
of which are four small green bracts, which have the appearance of
a second calyx. The flowers remain attached to the plant long after
the seed is ripe ; indeed, it is not at all unusual to find plants in full
bloom with the withered flowers of the preceding year still adhering
to the lower part of the stem. A beautiful variety has been found
in Cornwall, with double flowers ; and white specimens, which are
not unfrequent, are supposed to bring the finder good luck. Heaths
and moors ; abundant.—Fl. July, August. Shrub.

3. MENZIESIA

t. M. cerulea (Scotch Menziesia).—Leaves numerous, linear,
minutely toothed; flower-stalks covered with glandular hairs ;
flowers in terminal tufts; corolla 5-cleft; stamens 10. A small,
shrubby plant, naked below, very leafy and hairy above, with large,
pale purplish blue flowers. Very rare; found on the ‘Sow of
Athol,” in Perthshire, but “nearly, if not quite, extirpated by an
Edinburgh nurseryman ” (Babington).—Fl. June, July. Shrub.

2. M. polifolra (Irish Menziesia, or St. Dabeoc’s Heath).—Leaves
egg-shaped, with the margins rolled back, white, and downy be-
neath; corolla 4-cleft; stamens 8. A small shrub, with large
purple, sometimes white, flowers, which grow in terminal, leafy,
r-sided clusters. Mountainous heaths in Ireland ; rare.—Fl. June,
July. Shrub.

4. AZALEA

1. A. procumbens (Trailing Azalea).—A low trailing shrub, of a
very different habit from most of the garden plants cultivated under
the name of Azaleas. The stems are prostrate and tangled; the
leaves small, smooth, and rigid, with the margins remarkably rolled
back; the flowers are flesh-coloured, and grow in short terminal
clusters or tufts. Highland mountains.—Fl. May, June. Shrub.

5. ANDROMEDA

1. A. polifolia (Marsh Andromeda).—The only British species,
growing in peal bogs in the north. A small leafy, evergreen shrub,
with slender stems, narrow, pointed leaves, and terminal tufts of
flesh-coloured, drooping flowers.—Fl. June to August. Shrub.

; |

BIRD’S-NEST TRIBE 185

6. ARBUTUS (Strawberry-tree)

I. A. unedo (Strawberry-tree).— Leaves elliptical, tapering, ser-
rated, smooth ; flowers in drooping panicles ; fruit rough. A beau-
tiful evergreen tree, with a rough,
reddish bark, large deep green leaves,
and numerous terminal clusters of
greenish white flowers. The berries,
which ripen in the following autumn,
are nearly globular, orange-scarlet,
and rough, with minute, hard grains.
They are eatable, but so much less
attractive to the taste than to the
eye as to have originated the name
“Unedo”’ (‘ One-I-eat ”), as if no
one would choose to try a second. ArpuTus UNEDO
The flowers are in full perfection at ican Denin Tinea
the time when the fruit, formed
in the preceding year, is ripening; and then, of course, the tree
presents its most beautiful appearance. About the lakes of Kil-
larney in a wild state, and very common in English gardens.—
Fl. September, October. Tree.

7. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (Bear-berry)

1. A. uva-ursi (Red Bear-berry).—Stems prostrate; leaves in-
versely egg-shaped, entire, evergreen ; flowers in terminal clusters.
A small shrub, distinguished by its long trailing stems, blunt leaves,
which turn red in autumn, rose-coloured flowers, and small red
berries, which are a favourite food of moor-fowl. The leaves are
used in medicine as an astringent. Mountainous heaths in the
north; abundant.—Fl. May. Shrub.

2. A. Alpina (Black Bear-berry).—Resembles the last in its mode
of growth, but the /eaves are wrinkled and serrated, and not ever-
green; the flowers are white, with a purplish tinge; the berries
black. It is most common on mountains in the north of Scotland.

NATURAL ORDER XLVIII
MONOTROPACE.—TueE Birp’s-NEST TRIBE

Sepals 4-5, not falling off ; corolla regular, deeply divided into as
many lobes or petals as there are sepals ; stamens twice as many as
the lobes of the corolla ; anthers opening by pores ; ovary 4 to 5-celled,
sometimes imperfectly so; style 1, often bent; stigma generally
lobed ; fruit a dry capsule; seeds covered with a loose skin. A
small, unimportant Order, containing but two British genera—
Pyrola, a family of plants with somewhat shrubby, unbranched

186 COROLLIFLORZE

stems, simple, smooth, veiny evergreen leaves, and large, often fra-
grant, flowers, which grow either singly or in a stalked terminal
cluster ; and Monotropa, a leafless parasitic plant, with the habit
of an Orobanche (Broom-rape), growing on the roots of firs and
other trees.

I. Pyrora (Winter-green).—Sepals 5 ; corolla of 5 deep lobes or
petals; stamens 10; anthers 2-cellel; stigma 5-lobed. (Name
signifying a little pear, from a fancied resemblance between its leaves
and those of that tree.)

2. Monorropa (Bird’s-nest).—Sepals 4-5 ; petals 4-5, swollen at
the base; stamens 8-10; anthers 1-celled; sizgma flat, not lobed.
(Name from the Greek, monos, one, and éfrepo, to turn, the flowers
being turned all one way.) i

1. PyroLa (Winter-green)

1. P. uniflora (Single-flowered Winter-green).—A remarkably
pretty plant, bearing several roundish egg-shaped, smooth, and
veiny Jeaves, and running up into a single flower-stalk, which bears
one large elegant white drooping, highly fragrant flower. Moun-
tainous woods in Scotland; rare.—Fl. July. Perennial.

2. P. rotundifolia (Round-leaved winter-green).—Flowers numer-
ous, white; distinguished by its long style bent down, and at
the extremity curved upwards. Damp
woods, Kent, Norfolk, and Suffolk, or
as far north as Inverness; very rare.
—FI. July to September. Perennial.

3. P. media (Intermediate Winter-green).
—Resembling both P. rotundifolia and
P. minor, but the style is erect, nearly
straight, and much longer than the sta-
mens. Found chiefly in Northern Britain.
—Fi. July, August. Perennial.

4. P. minor (Common Winter-green).—
Flowers on short stalks, tinged with pink,
enclosing the rather large stigma. Found
chiefly in the north.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

5. P.secunda (One-sided Winter-green).
—Flowers numerous, greenish, all turned
to one side; séyle long and _ straight,
protruding from the incurved petals.
Found in Yorkshire and Scotland.—
Fl. July. Perennial.

Pyrota MEDIA The Pvyrolas are all of very local occur-
(Intermediate Winter-green) rence tn Britain.

a a

HOLLY TRIBE 187

2. Monorropa (Birds’-nest)

1. M. hypopitys (Pine Bird’s-nest, Fir-rape).—The
only British species, occurring sparingly in dry woods
of Fir and Beech, on the roots of which trees it is said
by some to be parasitical. The whole plant consists
of a single juicy stalk, without leaves, but clothed
throughout with scaly bracts, and terminating in a
drooping cluster of brownish yellow flowers, which
eventually turn almost black. This must not be con-
founded with plants of the genus Ovobanche, which all
have a ringent corolla of 1 petal, and 4 stamens,
two of which are shorter than the others. The
flowers of Monotropa have 8 stamens, with the excep-
tion of the terminal one, which has ro. Local in
England and Southern Scotland.Fl. June to August.
Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER XLIX :
ILICINE..—Tuer Horry TRIBE MM ONOTRODE

; = 1 a ‘ . ‘ HYPpopPitTys
Sepals 4-6, imbricated when in bud; corolla (Pine Bird's

4 to 6-lobed, imbricated when in bud; stamens ji Fir-vape)
inserted into the corolla, equalling its lobes in number, ;

and alternate with them; filaments erect; anthers

2-celled, opening lengthwise; ovary fleshy, abrupt, 2 to 6-celled;
stigma nearly sessile, lobed ; fruit a fleshy berry, not bursting, con-
taining 2-6 bony seeds. Evergreen trees or shrubs, with tough
leaves and small axillary, white or greenish flowers, occurring in
various parts of the world, the only European species being the
common Holly. Nearly all the plants of this tribe possess astringent
and tonic properties. The leaves of Holly, for instance, are said to
be equal to Peruvian bark in the cure of intermittent fever. The
berries are, undoubtedly, poisonous. The bark furnishes bird-lime,
and the wood, which is white and remarkably close-grained, is much
used by cabinet-makers in inlaying ; whilst its green twigs, as well
as those of Hazel and Willow, are employed by water-finders, or
water-diviners, in their remarkable and obscure art of “ dowsing.”

I. Pavaguayensis furnishes maté, or Paraguay Tea, which is so
extensively used in Brazil and other parts of South America.

1. TLEx (Holly).—Calyx 4 to 5-cleft ; corolla wheel-shaped, 4 to
5-cleft ; stamens 4-5; stigmas 4-5; berry round, containing 4-5
bony seeds. (Name applied by the Latins to some tree, though not
our Holly.)

188 COROLLIFLORA

I ILEx (Holly)

1. I. aquifolium (Holly).— The
only British species. A shrub or
small tree, with glossy evergreen,
spinous leaves, the upper ones of
which have often only one spine, and
that at the extremity. The berries
are red or yellow. The name Aqus-
folium means needle-leaved. Holly is
probably a corruption of the word
“holy,” from the use to which its
boughs are applied in ornamenting
churches at Christmas. The berries
are Poisonous. Many varieties are
grown in gardens, with variously
shaped and variegated leaves.—
Irsx AguiFoLium (Holly) Fl. May, June. Tree.

NaturaL ORDER L
OLEACE.—THE OLIVE TRIBE

Calyx divided, not falling off; corolla of 1 petal, 4 to 8-cleft,
sometimes wanting; stamens 2, alternate with the lobes of the
corolla; ovary 2-celled; cells 2-seeded; style 1; fruit a berry,
drupe, or capsule, of 2 cells, each cell often. perfecting only a single
seed. Trees or shrubs, the branches of which often end in con-
spicuous buds; the leaves are opposite, either simple or pinnate ;
the flowers grow in clusters, or panicles. The plants of this Order
inhabit the temperate regions of many parts of the world. By far
the most important among them is the plant from which the Order
takes its name, Olea, the Olive, among the earliest of plants culti-
vated by man. The bark of the Olive is bitter and astringent, the
wood remarkably close-grained and durable. The fruit is a drupe,
or hard bony seed, enclosed in a fleshy, closely-fitting case. From
this outer coat, and not from the seed itself, oil is obtained by pres-
sure. Several kinds of Ash (Fraxinus and Ornus) produce manna,
and are valued for the strength and elasticity of their timber.

1. Licustrum (Privet).—Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-cleft; calyx
with 4 small teeth ; frat a 2-celled berry. (Name from the Latin
name of the plant, and that from Jzgo, to bind, from the use made
of its twigs.)

2. Fraxinus (Ash).—Calyx 4-cleft, or 0; corolla 0; fruit a
winged 2-celled capsule. (Name, the Latin name of the tree, de-
noting the ease with which it may be split.)

OLIVE TRIBE 189

t. Licustrum (Privet)

1. L. vulgare (Privet)—The only British species. A common
hedge bush, with opposite, narrow-elliptical, evergreen leaves, dense
panicles of white, sickly smelling flowers, and black, shining berries,
about the size of currants. It is much used for hedges, especially
in conjunction with White-thorn, over which it has the advantage
of being a rapid grower. It is particularly useful as a hedge-
plant in towns, not being liable to injury by smoke.—Fl. May, June.
Shrub.

LicustRuM VuLcARE (Privet) Fraxinus Excersior (Ash)

2. Fraxinus (Ash)

1. F. excelsior (Ash).—Calyx and corolla both wanting; leaves
pinnate, with an odd leaflet. A noble tree, characterized by the
light, ash-coloured, smooth bark of its younger branches, of which
the lower ones droop and curve upwards again at the extremities ;
by its large, black, terminal buds, the twigs supporting which are
flattened at the end, and by its gracefully feathered foliage. The
tufts of seed-vessels, popularly called “‘ keys,’”’ remain attached to
the tree until the succeeding spring. A variety is occasionally
found with undivided leaves, but it is not so handsome as the
common form of the tree. Woods and hedges; common.—
Fl. April, May, forming at first fruit-like, terminal heads, and finally
loose panicles. Tree.

190 COROLLIFLOR/

NATURAL ORDER LI
APOCYNACEAL.—PERIWINKLE TRIBE

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, not falling off; corolla regular, 5-lobed, the
lobes twisted when in bud, and when expanded having the sides of
the margin unequally curved; sfamens 5, inserted in the tube of
the corolla; anthers distinctly 2-celled; pollen large; ovary 2-
celled, or double; fzstid resembling the shaft of a pillar, with a
double capital; fyvwit various. ‘Trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants,
with showy flowers, remarkable for the twisted lobes of the corolla
when in bud, and yet more so for the symmetrical pistil. Many of
them abound in a milky juice, and a large portion are poisonous.
Tanghinia venentfera is one of the most deadly of known vegetable
poisons, a single seed, though not larger than an almond, being
sufficient to destroy twenty people. (For an account of the horrible
use to which it was formerly applied in Madagascar, see Wonders of
the Vegetable Kingdom.) The beautiful Oleander (Nerium Oleander),
a common greenhouse shrub, is also a formidable poison, the pow-
dered wood of which is used to destroy rats. In 1809, when the
French troops were lying before Madrid, some of the soldiers went
out marauding, every one bringing back such provisions as could
be found, One soldier formed the unfortunate idea of cutting the
branches of the Oleander for spits and skewers for the meat when
roasting. This tree, it may be observed, is very common in Spain,
where it attains considerable dimensions. The wood having been
stripped of its bark, and brought in contact. with the meat, was pro-
ductive of most direful consequences ; for of twelve soldiers who
ate of the roast seven died, and the other five were dangerously ill.
Some species, in which the characteristic properties are moderated,
are, however, used as medicines. Several species furnish caout-
chouc, or India-rubber, of good quality. The only genus repre-
sented among British plants is Vinca, which has astringent and
acrid properties.

1. Vinca (Periwinkle).—Corvolla salver-shaped, with 5 angles at
the mouth of the tube, 5-lobed, the lobes oblique ; frit consisting
of 2 erect, horn-like capsules, which do not burst. (Name from the
Latin, vincio, to bind, from the cord-like stems.)

VINCA (Periwinkle)

1. V. major (Greater Periwinkle).—Stem nearly erect; leaves
egg-shaped, with the margins minutely fringed. A handsome
plant, with large deep green leaves, which are smooth, except at
the margins, and large purplish blue flowers, the mouth of which
is angular, and the tube closed with hairs and. the curiously curved

GENTIAN TRIBE 191

anthers. The pistil of this flower, as well as of the following species,
is a singularly beautiful object. A doubtful native, being found
only in the neighbourhood of dwelling-houses.—Fl. May, June.
Perennial.

2. V. minor (Lesser Periwinkle).—Svem trailing, sending up short,
erect, leafy shoots, which bear the flowers; margins of the leaves
not fringed. Woods, especially in the West of England, where it
often entirely covers the ground with its evergreen leaves. Tt is
smaller than the last. A white variety occurs in Devonshire, and
in gardens it is often met with bearing variegated leaves and double
purple, blue, or white flowers.—Fl. March to June. Perennial.

Naturat Orver LIT
GENTIANACEA.—THE GENTIAN TRIRE

Calyx usually 5, sometimes 4 to 8-cleft, not falling off; corolla
of 1 petal, its lobes equalling in number those of the calyx, not
falling off, twisted when in bud, often fringed about the mouth of
the tube ; stamens equalling in number the lobes of the corolla, and
alternate with them ; ovary of 2 carpels, 1 or imperfectly 2-celled ;
style I; stigmas 2; fruit a many-seeded capsule. Mostly herba-
ceous plants, with opposite, generally sessile leaves, and often large,
brilliantly coloured flowers. This is an extensive Order, containing
between four and five hundred species, which are distributed
throughout all climates, from regions of perpetual snow to the hot-
test regions of South America and India. Though able to bear the
most intense cold, they are very rare both in the Arctic and Antarctic
regions. Under the equator, the lowest elevation at which they
have been found is 7850 feet. On the Himalaya and Rocky Moun-
tain ranges species have been found at a height of 16,000 feet ;
another in Ceylon at 8000 feet ; in Southern Europe one species,
Gentiana prostrata, flourishes at between 6000 and gooo feet ; and
in the Straits of Magellan and Behring’s Straits just above the level
of the sea. In South America and New Zealand the prevailing
colour of the flower is red; in Europe, blue; yellow and white
being of rare occurrence. All the known species are remarkable for
the intensely bitter properties residing in every part of the herbage,
hence they are valuable tonic medicines. That most commonly
used in Europe is G. lutea (Yellow Gentian); but there is little
doubt that other species might be employed with equally good
effect.

. I. GENTIANA (Gentian).—Calyx 4 to 5-cleft; corolla funnel- o1

salver-shaped ; stamens 5, rarely 4; stigmas 2. (Name from Gen-
tius, an ancient King of Illyria, who discovered its medicinal value.)

192 COROLLIFLORZ

2. ERYTHR#&A (Centaury).—Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla funnel-shaped,
5-cleft, not falling off; stamens 5; anthers becoming spirally
twisted.

3. CicenprIA (Gentianella).—Calyx 4-cleft, tubular; corolla
funnel-shaped, 4-cleft; stamens 4; anthers not twisted; stigma
undivided. (Name, according to Hooker and Arnott, from the
Greek, cicinnus, curled hair; but, if so, particularly inappropriate
to the only British species, which is singularly rigid.)

4. CHLORA (Yellow-wort).—Calyx deeply 8-cleft ; corolla with a
very short tube, 8-cleft ; stamens 8; stigma 2 to 4-cleft. (Name
from the Greek, chlovos, yellow, from the colour of the flowers.)

5. MENYANTHES (Buck-bean).—Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla
funnel-shaped, with 5 lobes, fringed all over the inner surface;
stamens 5; stigma 2-lobed. (Name of doubtful origin.)

6. VILLARSIA.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla wheel-shaped, with
5 lobes, which are fringed only at the base ; stamens 5; stigma with
2 toothed lobes. (Name in honour of M. de Villars, a French
botanist.)

I. GENTIANA (Gentian)

1. G. pneumonanthe (Marsh Gentian).—Stem erect, 6-12 inches
high, few-flowered ; calyx 5-cleft : corolla between bell and funnel-
shaped, 5-cleft, not fringed. Well distinguished by its large, bell-
shaped, deen blue flowers, with 5 green stripes. There are rarely
more than I or 2 flowers on the same stalk. Boggy heaths, princi-
pally in Northern England.—F]. August, September. Annual.

2. G. verna (Spring Gentian)—A very rare species. Stems
simple, and often extremely short, cach bearing a solitary large
intensely blue flower which is 5-cleft, and has between the lobes
5 smaller 2-cleft segments. Found only in one or two places in
Northern England and in Ireland.—Fl. April to June. Perennial.

3. G. nivalis (Small Gentian).—Taller than the last and usually
branched, each branch bearing a flower resembling G. verna in shape
and colour, but smaller. Very rare; only found on the summits of
some of the Highland mountains.—F]. August, September. Annual.

4. G. amarella (Autumnal Gentian).— Stem erect, branched,
many-flowered ; calyx 5-cleft ; corolla salver-shaped, fringed in the
throat. A remarkably erect plant, with a square, leafy, purplish
stem, 6-12 inches high, and numerous, rather large purplish flowers,
which only expand in bright sunshine. Dry chalky pastures, not
common.—Fl. August, September. Annual.

5. G. campestris (Field Gentian).—Stem erect, branched, many-
flowered ; calyx 4-cleft, the two outer lobes much larger ; corolla
salver-shaped, 4-cleft, fringed in the throat. Resembling the last

Field Gentian

Yellow-wort

PLATE LIX.

Common Centaurea

Buck-bean

GENTIAN TRIBE 193

in habit, but at once distinguished by its 4-cleft flowers, which are
of a dull purplish colour. Dry pastures, common.—Fl. August,
September. Annual.

2. ERYTHREA (Centaury)

I. E. centauriwm (Common Centaury)—A pretty herbaceous
plant 2-18 inches high, with square, erect stems, which are much
branched above, and terminate in variously divided flat tufts of
small rose-coloured flowers ; the leaves are oblong, with strong
parallel ribs, and remarkably smooth ; the flowers only expand in
fine weather. This is the common form of the plant as it occurs
in dry fields and waste places. In other situations it varies so
greatly that some botanists enumerate several supposed species,
which, however, run into one another so closely that they
may be taken to be varieties. The following are the more
distinct forms :—

E. pulchella (Dwarf Centaury).—A minute plant 2-8 inches high,
with an exceedingly slender sfem and a few stalked flowers (often
only one); this is found on the sandy sea-shore, especially in the
west of England.

E. littoralis (Dwarf Tufted Centaury).—A stunted plant, with
broad leaves, and all the fowers crowded into a kind of head. This
occurs on turfy sea-cliffs.

E. latifolia (Broad-leaved Centaury).—Has even broader leaves
than the last, and bears its fowers in forked tufts, the main stem
being divided into three branches. There are other minute differ-
ences, for which the student may consult more scientific works.
The genus was formerly called Chivonia, from the Centaur, Chiron,
who was famous in Greek mythology for his skill in medicinal herbs,
The English name, Centaury, has the same origin.—

Fl. July, August. Annual.

3. CICENDIA (Genteanella)

t. C. filiformis (Slender Gentianella).—A minute slender
plant, in habit resembling Evrythrea pulchella, and growing
to about the same size, 2-4 inches ; the pairs of opposite
leaves are very narrow and soon wither; the flowers are
yellow, and expand only in bright sunshine. It grows in
sandy heaths where water has stood during the winter.
South-west of England.—Fl. July. Annual.

2. C. pusilla (Least Gentianella).—A smaller plant than ae
the last, found in the Channel Isles; it is more branched C!CENDIA

than C. filiformis ; the flowers white, pink, or yellow, with yore
the calyx deeply divided.—Fl. July. Annual. Gentianella)

Q

194 COROLLIFLORE

4. CHLORA (Yellow-wort)

1. C. perfoliata (Perfoliate Yellow-wort).—The only British
species. An erect plant 2-12 inches high, remarkable for its glau-
cous hue and for its pairs of /eaves, which are rather distant, being
united at the base (connate), with the stem passing through them ;
hence its name, Perfoliate. The flowevs, which are large and hand-
some, are of a pale yellow, and expand only during sunshine. Chalk
and limestone pastures ; not uncommon.—Fl. June to September.
Annual.

5. MENYANTHES (Buck-bean)

1. M. trifoliata (Buck-bean, Marsh Trefoil).—The only species.
The only British plant belonging to the Order which has divided
leaves. The stem scarcely rises above the soil or water in which it
grows, but is overtopped by the large ternate (composed of 3 leafleis)
leaves, which in shape and colour resemble those of the Windsor
Bean; each leaf-stalk has a sheathing base, opposite to one of
which rises a compound cluster of exceedingly beautiful flowers,
which when in bud are of a bright rose
colour, and when fully expanded have
the inner surface of the corolla thickly
covered with a white fringe. The root,
which is intensely bitter, is said to be
the most valuable of known tonics.
=m opongy bogs and stagnant water.—

se Fl. June, July. Perennial.

6. VILLARSIA

1. V. nymphceoides (Water Villarsia).
—The only British species. A rare
floating aquatic, found in some of the
still ditches communicating with the
Thames, and in a few other places. As
its specific name implies, it has the
habit of a Water-lily. The leaves are
nearly round ; the flowers large, yellow,

Vittarsia NyMPH@oIDes ‘and fringed._-Fl. Tulv, August. Per.
(Water Villarsia) arieiial 8 July, gus

BINDWEED TRIBE 195

NaturaL OrpDER LIII
POLEMONIACE.—Jacop’s LADDER TRIBE

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, not falling off; corolla
regular, 5-lobed ; stamens 5, from the middle
of the tube of the corolla; ovary 3-celled ;
style single; stigma 3-cleft ; capsule 3-celled,
3-valved. Herbaceous plants, often with showy
flowers, which are remarkable for the blue
colour of their pollen. They are most com-
mon in the temperate parts of America, ‘but
within the tropics are unknown. None of the
Species possess remarkable properties, but
several are favourite garden flowers, as Phlox,
Gilia, Polemonium, and Cobea.

iI. PotemMonium (Jacob’s Ladder).—Corolla
wheel-shaped, with erect lobes; stamens bearded PoLemMonIuM
at the base ; ced/s of the capsule many-seeded. C@RULEUM
(Name, the Greek name of the plant.) (Blue Jacob's Ladder)

I, POLEMONIUM (Greek Valerian)

1. P. cerulewm (Greek Valerian, Blue Jacob’s Ladder).—The only
British species. A tall, erect plant 1-2 feet high, with an angular
stem ; pinnate, smooth /eaves; and numerous terminal large blue
or white flowers. Occasionally found in woods in the north, but
very rare; a common garden flower, not easily rooted out when it
has once established itself—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

NaturRAL OrpER LIV
CONVOLVULACE#.—THE BINDWEED TRIBE

Calyx in five divisions, imbricated, often very unequal, not falling
off; corolla of 1 petal, regular, plaited when in bud; stamens 5,
from the base of the corolla; ovary 2 to 4-celled, few-seeded, sur-
rounded below by a fleshy ring; stvle 1; stigmas 2; capsule I to
4-celled. An extensive and highly valuable tribe of plants, most
of which are herbaceous climbers, with large and very beautiful
flowers. They are most abundant within the tropics, where they
are among the most ornamental of climbing plants. As medicines,
also, they occupy an important station. The roots of Convolvulus
Scammonia, a Syrian species, furnishes scammony ; jalap is pre-
pared from a resin which abounds in the roots of several kinds of
Exogonium, a beautiful climber, with long crimson flowers; and

196 COROLLIFLORZ

C.. Batatas is no less valuable in tropical countries, supplying
the sweet potato, the roots of which abound in starch and sugar,
and are a nourishing food. Czscuta (Dodder) is a } arasitic genus,
with branched, climbing, cord-like stems, no leaves, and globular
heads of small wax-like flowers. The seeds germinate in the
ground, and the young plants climb the stems of the adjoining
plants ; and when they have taken root in them Icse their connec-
tion with the ground. One British species is very abundant on the
Furze ; another on Flax, with the seeds of which it is suppcsed to
be introduced ; and a third grows on Thistles and Nettles.

I. Convotvutus (Bindweed).—Corclla trumpet-shaped, with 5
plaits and 5 very small lobes; calyx without bracts; style 1;
stigmas 2; capsule 2-celled, 2-vaived. (Name from the Latin,
convolvo, to entwine, from the twisting hakit of many species.)

2. CALYSTEGIA (Bindweed).—Corolla as in Convolvulus ;_ calyx
enclosed within 2 bracts; séyle 1; stigmas 2; capsule 1-celled,
2-valved. (Name in Greek, denoting a beautiful covering.)

3. Cuscuta (Dodder).—Calyx 4 to 5-cleft ; covolla bell-shaped,
4 to 5-cleft, with 4-5 scales at the base within. (Name said to be
derived from the Arabic, Kechout.)

xr. ConvoLvuLus (Bindweed)

1. C. arvensis (Field Bindweed).—Stem climbing ; leaves arrow-
shaped, with acute lobes ; flowers 1-3 together ; bracts minute, dis-
tant from the flower. A common weed in light soil, either trailing
along the ground among short grass, or climbing wherever it finds
a support. The flowers are rose-coloured with dark plaits, hand-
some and fragrant, opening only in sunny weather.—FI. June, July.
Perermal.

2. CALYSTEGIA (Bindweed)

1. C. sepium (Great Bindweed).—Stem climbing; leaves atiow-
shaped, with abrupt lobes; flowers solitary on square stalks;
bracts large, heart-shaped, close to the flower. The flowers are
among the largest which this country produces ; while in bud they
are entirely enclosed in the large bracts, and when expanded are
pure white and very handsome. The fruit is not often perfected.
In bushy places, common ; and a most mischievous weed in gar-
dens, not only exhausting the soil with its roots, but strangling with
its twining stems the plants which grow near.—Fl. July to Sep-
tember. Perennial.

2. C. Soldanella (Sea Bindweed).—Stem not climbing; leaves
fleshy, roundish, or kidney-shaped ; flowers solitary, on 4-sided,
winged stalks ; bracts large, egg-shaped, close to the flower. A very

*
4
aa
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<
4
A

Ce te i A a

ee PR. Te a Wisin

PLATE LxXI.

Lesser Bindweed Lesser Dodder

BORAGE TRIBE 197

beautiful species, growing only on the sandy sea-coast, and decora-
ting the sloping sides of sandhills with its large, pale rose-coloured
flowers striped with red. The stems are frequently almost entirely
buried beneath the sand, and the flowers and leaves merely rise
above the surface. The flowers, which are nearly as large as those
of the preceding species, expand in the morning, and in bright
weather close before night. By some botanists these two plants
are ieee in the genus Convolvulus.—Fl. June to August. Per-
ennial.

3. Cuscuta (Dodder)

1. C. Epithymum (Lesser Dodder).—Stems parasitical, thread-like,
branched ; flowers in dense, sessile heads ; tube of the corolla longer
than the calyx ; style longer than the corolla. Parasitic on Heath,
Thyme, Milk Vetch, Potentilla, and other small plants; but most
abundant on Furze, which it often entirely conceals with tangled
masses of red thread-like stems. The flowers are small, light flesh-
coloured, and wax-like. Soon after flowering the stems turn dark
brown, and in winter disappear.—F 1. August, September. Annual.

2. C. Europea (Greater Dodder).—Flower-heads sessile; calyx of
blunt sepals ; corolla longer than the calyx, yellowish, enclosing the
stamens and styles. Whole plant greenish yellow, or sometimes
reddish. Parasitic on Thistles, Nettles, etc.—Fl. July to Sep-
tember. Annual.

3. C. Eptlinum (Flax Dodder).—Resembles the last; flowers
somewhat larger and less numerous, and white. Parasitical on
Flax, to crops of which it is sometimes very destructive.—Fl. July,
August. Annual.

4. C. Trifolit (Clover Dodder).—A variety with reddish stems and
white flowers. Parasitical on Clover, with the seeds of which it is
supposed to have been introduced.—Fl. July, August. Annual.

NATURAL ORDER LV
BORAGINACE.—THE BorRAGE TRIBE

Calyx in 5, rarely 4, deep divisions, not falling off; corolla of
I petal, 5- or rarely 4-cleft, frequently having valves or teeth at the
mouth of the corolla tube ; sfamens 5, inserted into the corolla and
alternate with its lobes; ovary 4-parted, 4-seeded; style I, rising
from the base of the divided ovary ; fruit consisting of 4, rarely 2,
nut-like, distinct seeds, each enclcsed in a pericarp. Herbs, or
rarely shrubs, with alternate leaves, which are usually covered with
hairs or bristles rising from a swollen base. This character was
considered by Linnzus sufficiently constant to give to the Order

198 COROLLIFLOR

the name of Asperifolie, or Rough-leaved plants ; but the present
name of the Order is now preferred as being more comprehensive,
a few plants in it having perfectly smooth leaves. The Borage
Tribe are natives principally of the temperate regions of the
northern hemisphere, especially of the warmer parts, and are more
numerous in the Old than the New World. Most of them bear
their flowers in spikes or racemes, which are rolled up round the
terminal flowers as a centre, and expand a few at atime. The pre-
vailing colour is blue or purple, but many, when first opening, are
of a reddish hue, which subsequently deepens, so that it is not un-
usual to see flowers of different tints on the same spike. They
possess no remarkable properties, but abound in a soft mucilaginous
juice, which gives a coolness to beverages in which they are steeped,
on which account Borage is a constant ingredient in the various
forms of drink known as “cup.” The roots of Alkanet and some
others contain a red substance which is used as a dye. Comfrey
(Symphytum officinale) is sometimes grown as an esculent vegetable,
but is little valued except as food for horses. The plants of the
genus Myosotis are popularly known by the name “ Forget-me-not.”
The true Forget-me-not is M. Palustris. The fragrant Heliotrope,
or Cherry-pie, of our gardens belongs to a genus of this Order.

i. Ecuium (Viper’s Bugloss).—Corolla irregular, with an open
mouth ; stamens unequal in length. (Name from the Greek, echio,
a viper, against the bite of which it was formerly considered an
antidote.)

2. Putmonaria (Lungwort).—Calyx tubular, 5-cleft; corolla
funnel-shaped, its throat naked ; stamens enclosed within the cor-
olla. (Name from the Latin, Pulmo, the lungs, which the spotted
leaves were supposed to resemble.)

3. LirHospERMUM (Gromwell).—Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla
funnel-shaped, its throat naked, or with 5 minute scales ; filaments
short; seeds stony. (Name from the Greek, lithos, a stone, and
sperma, seed, from the hardness of the seeds.)

4. MERTENSIA (Smooth Gromwell).—Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla
funnel-shaped ; filaments long; seeds somewhat fleshy. (Name in
honour of M. Mertens, a German botanist.)

5. S¥YMPHyTUM (Comfrey).—Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla bell-
shaped, closed with 5 awl-shaped scales. (Name from the Greek,
symphyo, to unite, from its imagined healing qualities.)

6. Boraco (Borage).—Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla wheel-
shaped, its throat closed with 5 short, erect, notched scales ; stamens
forked. (Name, a corruption of corago, from cor, the heart, and ago,
to bring, from its use in stimulating drinks.)

7. Lycopsis (Bugloss).—Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla funnel-

PLATE LXII.

Hound's Tongue Common Comfrey
Viper’s Bugloss Water Forget-me-not

BORAGE TRIBE 199

shaped, with a bent tube, its throat closed by prominent blunt
scales. (Name in Greek signifying a wolf's face, from some fancied
resemblance between the flower and a wolf’s head.)

8. ANcuusaA (Alkanet).—Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla funnel- or
salver-shaped, with a straight tube, its throat closed by prominent
blunt scales. (Name from the Greek, anchousa, paint, from the use
of its roots as a dye.)

g. Myosotis (Scorpion Grass, Forget-me-not).—Calyx 5-cleft ;
corolla salver-shaped, its lobes blunt, twisted when in bud, and its
throat nearly closed by blunt scales. (Name in Greek signifying a
mouse’s ear, from the shape of the leaves.)

to. ASPERUGO (Madwort).—Calyx 5-cleft, with alternate smaller
teeth ; corolla funnel-shaped, with rounded scales in the throat.
(Name from the Latin, asper, rough, from the excessive roughness
of the leaves.)

rz. CyNnoGLossum (Hound’s-tongue).—Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla fun-
nel-shaped, with a short tube, its mouth closed by prominent blunt
scales; nuts flattened, prickly. (Name in Greek, signifying a dog’s
tongue, {rom the shape and size of the leaves.)

i. Ecurum (Viper’s Bugloss)

1. E. vulgave (Common Viper’s Bugloss)—A handsome plant
1-2 feet high, remarkable for its bristly or almost prickly stems
and deaves, and numcrous curved spikes of flowers, which on their
first opening are bright reddish colour, turning with age to a
brilliant blue; the leaves are narrow, tapering, the root-leaves
usually withering early. The roots are very long, and descend
perpendicularly into the loose soil in which the plant usually grows.
A variety with white flowers is occasionally found. The name
Bugloss, which is of Greek origin, signifies an ox’s tongue, from the
roughness and shape of the leaves. Walls, old quarries, and gravel
pits ; not uncommon in the south, but rarer in the north of England.
—Fl. June to August. Biennial.

2. E. plantagineum (Purple Echium).—A more spreading plant
than LE. vulgare, with larger flowers, and the voot-leaves not withering
so early. Found in Jersey and Cornwall.—Fl. June to September.
Biennial.

2. PULMONARIA (Lungwort)

1. P. angustifolia (Narrow-leaved Lungwort).—Plant about a
foot high, with narrow Jeaves, sometimes faintly spotted ; flowers
pink, changing to blue. It occurs in Hampshire, Dorsetshire, and
the Isle of Wight.Fl. February to June. Perennial.

200 COROLLIFLORE

2. P. officinalis (Common Lungwort).—Leaves
broader than in the last, and curiously spotted
with white ; root-leaves stalked ; stem-leaves sessile ;
flowers purple. Woods and thickets, rare. Often
an escape from gardens, but said to be only truly
? wild in Hampshire and Dorsetshire.—F]. April,
May. Perennial.

3. LirHosPERMUM (Gromwell)

1. L.officinale (Common Gromwell, or Grey Millet).
—Distinguished by its erect stems, 2-3 feet high,
much branched towards the summit, which gener-
ally grow 5 or 6 from the same root; oblong leaves
tapering to a point, bristly above, hairy beneath ;
by its small yellowish white fowers ; and, above
all, by its hard, white, highly polished seeds. Dry,
stony, and bushy places, not unfrequent.—Fl. June,
July. Perennial.

PULMONARTA 2. L. arvense (Corn Gromwell).—Stem branched ;

OrFicinaLis Jeaves narrow, tapering, hairy; muts wrinkled ;

hones stem about a foot high, branched from the lower
neg vi

part, and having rather small white flowers, the calyx
of which lengthens when in fruit, and contains 3 or 4 brown wrinkled
seeds. Cornfields, common. Ei May to July. Annual.

3. L. purpuro-ceruleum (Purple Gromwell).—A rare species, dis-
tinguished by its prostrate barren stems, from which arise erect
flowering stems, bearing rather large purple-
blue flowers. Shady places on chalky or
limestone soils, in Wales and the south of
England.—Fl. May to July. Perennial.

4. MERTENSIA (Smooth Gromwell)

1. M. maritima (Seaside Smooth Grom-
well).—The only species. A singular plant,
the /eaves of which are fleshy and covered
with a glaucous bloom ; they are destitute
of bristles, but are sprinkled with hard dots,
which are very evident in dried specimens ;
the flowers are purplish blue, and the plant
when fresh is said to have the flavour of
oysters. Sea-shores of North Wales, Scot-
land, and Ireland.—Fl. May, June. Per-

ial LirHOsPERMUM
ennial. OFFICINALE (Common
Gromwell)

BORAGE TRIBE

201

5. SYMPHYTUM (Comfrey)

1. S. officinale (Common Comfrey).—A large and handsome plant,
2-3 feet high, with branched leafy stems, the stem winged in the
upper part ; the deaves elliptical, pointed, tapering towards the base,
and running down the stem; the flowers white, pink, or purple,
drooping in 2-forked clusters. Often introduced into gardens, from
which it is very difficult to eradicate it when it has once established
itself, owing to the brittleness of its fleshy roots, the least bit of
which will grow. Watery places and banks of rivers, common.—

Fl. May to August. Perennial.

2. S. tuberosum (Tuberous Com-
frey)—A more slender plant than
the preceding ; the stem is scarcely
branched, and but slightly winged ;
the voof is tuberous. North of
England, very rare, and _ slightly
more frequent in Southern Scot-
land.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

6. Boraco (Borage)

1. B. officinalis (Common Borage).
—The only British species. The
stems are 1-2 feet high, and, as well
as the leaves, are covered with thick
whitish bristles ; the flowers, which
are large, deep blue, and very hand-
some, grow in terminal drooping

BoraGo OFFICINALIS
(Common Borage)

Lycopsis ARVENSIS
(Small Bugloss)

clusters, and may readily be distinguished
from any other plant in the Order by their
prominent black anthers. The juice has
the smell and flavour of cucumber, and is
an ingredient in claret, cider, and other
“cups.’’ A variety sometimes occurs with
white flowers. Not uncommonly naturalized
in waste ground.—F]. June to September.
Biennial.

47. Lycopsis (Bugloss)

1. L. arvensis (Small Bugloss).—The only
British species. A branched, prickly plant
6-18 inches high, with oblong wavy leaves,
the lower ones stalked, the upper ones sessile
or sometimes clasping the stem. The
flowers, borne in forked clusters, are minute,

202 COROLLIFLORZ

blue, and the tube of the corolla is bent, which distinguishes it
from any other British plant of the Order. Waste ground,
common.—Fl. June to August. Annual.

8. Ancuusa (Alkanet)

1. A. sempervirens (Evergreen Alkanet.)—
A stout bristly plant, with deep green, egg-
shaped /eaves and short spikes of rather large
salver-shaped flowers, which are of an intense
azure-blue. It is not a native, but in Devon-
shire it is not an uncommon hedge plant.—
Fl. June to August. Perennial.

2. A. officinalis (Common Alkanet).—-Flowers **
purple, funnel-shaped, growing in one-sided
spikes, the segments of the calyx being longer
than the corolla. It is frequent in gardens,

from which it is a not uncommon escape, but RNGHuSA
it is extremely rare in a wild state.—Fl. June, SEMPERVIRENS
July. Biennial. (Evergreen Alkanet)

g. Myosotis (Mouse-ear, Scorpion-grass, Forget-me-not)

1. M. palustris (Forget-me-not).—Calyx covered with straight,
closely-pressed bristies, open when in fruit; voot creeping.—Watery
places, common. Few flowers have been more written about than
the Forget-me-not, yet there is great disagreement among writers
as to the plant to which the name properly belongs. Some appear
to have had the Alkanet in view; others, the Speedwell; and
others, again, some of the smaller species of Myosotis, which last,
though very like the true Forget-me-not, are inferior in size and
brilliancy of colour. The real Forget-me-not is an aquatic plant,
with a long rooting stem, bright-green, roughish leaves, and
terminal, leafless, one-sided clusters of bright blue flowers, with a
yellow eye, and a small white ray at the base of each lobe of the
corolla. The species which is most like it is M. repens (Creeping
Water Scorpion-grass), which, as its name implies, has also a
creeping root; the hairs of the calyx are closely pressed, as in
M. palustris, but the calyx is closed when in fruit, and the
clusters of flowers usually have a few leaves on the stalk.
M. cespitosa (Tufted Water Scorpion-grass) resembles the above,
but has a fibrous root, and the flowers of both the last are smaller
than those of M. palustris. All three grow in watery places,
M. palustris being most common, and flowering from June to
October: M. repens least so, and, as well as M. cespitosa, not
flowering so late in the year. Five other and yet smaller species

BORAGE TRIBE 203

are common, but these do not grow in watery places, and are of a
different habit.

2. M. arvensis (Field Scorpion-grass).—Calyx covered with
spreading, hooked bristles, closed when in fruit, divided deeply
into five narrow segments ; stalks of the fruit spreading. The whole
plant roughish with spreading bristles; the stems are from 6-18
inches high or more; the flowers blue, small, but very beautiful.
In cultivated ground, hedges, etc. This is the commonest species
of all.—FI. June to August. Annual.

3. M. collina (Early Field Scorpion-grass).—Calyx covered with
spreading, hooked bristles, open when in fruit ; cluster with a soli-
tary flower in the axil of the uppermost leaf. The whole plant
rarely exceeds 3 inches in length; the stems usually spread near
the ground, and terminate in clusters of very minute bright blue
flowers (never pink or yellow). On its first appearance, in April,
the flowers are buried among the leaves, but the stems finally
lengthen into clusters, and as the season advances the whole plant
dries up and disappears. Dry banks, not uncommon, but fre-
quently overlooked in consequence of its minute size.—Fl. April,
May. Annual.

4. M. versicolor (Parti-
, coloured Scorpion-grass).—
te Calyx covered with spread-
ing, hooked bristles, closed
when in fruit; cluster on a
long, leafless stalk; stalk of
the fruit erect. A very dis-
tinct species, 3-6 inches
high; the stem is leafy be-
low, naked above, and ends
in acluster of flowers, which
are singularly coiled up
when in bud, and when they
first expand are yellow,
changing to blue as they
fade. Fields and banks;

Mvosotis common.—F. April to June. Myosortts

VERSICOLOR Annual. ALPESTRIS

(Parti-coloured (Mountain
Scorpion-grass) 5.M. sylvatica (Wood For- Forget-me-not)

get-me-not).—Hairs of the
calyx spreading and hooked; calyx deeply cleft into narrow seg-
ments ; corolla bright blue, "and as large as the Water Forget-
me-not. A rare species, growing in woods in Scotland and the north
of England. An Alpine form known as M. Alpfesiris, of dwarf

204 COROLLIFLORAE

stature. and having larger flowers than the last, is found on the
mountains of Yorkshire, Westmoreland, and Perthshire; it is ex-
tremely rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

ro. ASPERUGO (Madwort)

1. A. procumbens (German Madwort).—The only species, occur-
ring very sparingly in Scotland and the north of England. The
stems are prostrate, angular, and thickly set with rigid, curved
bristles ; the fowers are small, blue, I-3 in the axils of the upper
leaves.—Fl. June, July. Annual.

II. CynoGLossum (Hound 's-tongue)

1. C. officinale (Common Hound’s-tongue).—A stout, herbaceous
plant 1-2 feet high, with large downy J/eaves, lurid purple flowers,
and large flattened seeds, which are covered with barbed prickles,
and stick to the wool of animals or the clothes of passengers as
closely as burs. The whole plant has a strong disagreeable smell,
like that of mice. Waste ground, not uncommon.—Fl. June to
August. Biennial.

2. C. montanum (Green Hound’s-tongue).—A more slender plant
than the last, the leaves greener, with a few stiff scattered hairs ;
the flowers smaller than in C. officinale, reddish, changing to blue.
Shady places; of local occurrence in the south and Midlands.—
Fl. May, June. Biennial.

NATURAL ORDER LVI
SOLANACEAZ.—NIGHTSHADE TRIBE

Calyx deeply 5- rarely 4-cleft, inferior ; corolla 5- or rarely 4-cleft,
regular, plaited when in bud; stamens equalling in number the
divisions of the corolla and alternate with them ; anthers bursting
lengthwise, or opening by pores; ovary 2-celled; style 1; stigma
simple; fruit a 2 or partially 4-celled capsule or berry; seeds
numerous. A large and highly important order, containing about
a thousand species of herbaceous plants or shrubs, which inhabit
most parts of the world except the coldest, and are most abundant
within the tropics. The prevailing property of plants belonging
to the Nightshade Tribe is narcotic, and many are, in consequence,
highly poisonous ; in others, certain parts of the plant have poison-
ous properties, the rest being harmless, and some even contain a
large quantity of nutritious matter. The genus Solanum is a very
extensive one, comprising as many as six hundred species. First
among these in importance stands the Potato (S. tuberosum), a
native of Chili, which was introduced into Spain about 1580, and

PLATE LXIII.

‘Thorn Apple

ee ye eee

PLATE LXIV

Henbane

NIGHTSHADE TRIBE 205

into Ireland by the colonists sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh, who
brought it from Virginia in 1586. It was first planted on Sir Walter
Raleigh’s estate at Youghall. near Cork, and was cultivated for food
in that country long before its value was known in England. Its
leaves and berries are narcotic, but its tubers contain no noxious
matter, abounding in an almost tasteless starch, on which account
it is less liable to cloy on the palate than any other vegetable food
except bread. S. melongena (the Egg-plant), a common greenhouse
plant, is remarkable for bearing a large berry of the size and colour
of.a pullet’s egg. S. dulcamava (Nightshade, or Bittersweet), a
common English plant, with purple and yellow flowers, has narcotic
leaves and scarlet berries, which possess the same property. S. nigra
a smaller species, a common weed in England and most other coun-
tries except the coldest, has white flowers and black berries. It is
narcotic to a dangerous degree. Aéropa belladonna, a stout herba-
ceous plant, with dingy, purple, bell-shaped flowers, is.the Deadly
Nightshade, so called from the poisonous ‘nature of every part of
the plant, especially the berrics, which are large, black, and shining,
and of a very attractive appearance. Its juice possesses the singular
property of dilating the pupil of the eye, on which account it is
extensively used by oculists when operations are to be performed,
and by some ladies, who persuade themselves that it adds to their
beauty, from which latter use it has received its specific name.
The Mandrake (Mandragora officinalis) was anciently thought to
possess miraculous properties. It was said to shriek when taken
from the ground, and to cause the instant death of any one who
heard its cries. The person who gathered it, therefore, always
stopped his ears with cotton, or harnessed a dog to the root, who
in his efforts to escape uprooted the plant and instantly fell dead.
The forked root was then trimmed so as to resemble the human
form, a berry being left to represent the head. The fruit is eatable.
Tobacco is the foliage of several species of Nicotiana, a violent poison
when received into the stomach, though commonly employed in
other ways without apparent ill effects. Hyoscyamus niger, or Hen-
bane, is a stout herbaceous plant, with sticky, foetid leaves and
cream-coloured flowers veined with purple ; it is a powerful narcotic,
and in skilful hands is scarcely less valuable than opium. Datura
Stramomum (Thorn-apple) bears large white trumpet-shaped
flowers and prickly seed-vessels; it is also a dangerous poison,
though employed with good effect in several nervous and other
disorders, especially asthma. Physalis Alkekengi is the Winter
Cherry, remarkable for beating an orange-coloured berry in the
enlarged calyx of the same hue. An improved form, P. Franchetti,
is largely grown for the sake of its sprays of large orange calyces,
which resemble miniature Japanese lanthorns, and are extremely
decorative. Another species of Physalis, known as the Cape Goose-
berry, is extensively grown in South Africa for the sake of its fruit,

206 COROLLIFLORZ

which is made into a most luscious jam. The genus Capsicum affords
Cayenne pepper, which is prepared by grinding the dried seed-
vessels with their contents; and Tomatoes belong to the genus
Lycopersicum.

1. Soranum (Nightshade).—Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-cleft, the
segments spreading or reflexed ; anthers opening by 2 pores at the
summit ; berry roundish, with 2 or more cells. (Name of doubtful
origin.)

2. ATROPA (Deadly Nightshade).—Corolla bell-shaped, with 5
equal lobes; stamens distant; berry of 2 cells. (Name from
Atropos, one of the Fates, who was supposéd to cut the thread of
human destiny.)

3. Hyoscyamus (Henbane).—Corolla funnel-shaped, with 5 un-
equal lobes; capsile 2-celled, closed by a lid. (Name in Greek,
signifying Hog’s-bean.)

I. SoLaNuUM (Nightshade)

1. S. diulcamara (Woody Nightshade, Bittersweet). — Stem
shrubby, climbing; /eaves heart-shaped, the upper ones eared at
the base; flowers drooping. This plant, which is frequently
though incorrectly called Deadly Nightshade, is well marked by its
straggling woody stem, which climbs among bushes to the length of
8 or To feet, and by its purple flowers, the yellow anthers of which
unite in the form of acone. At the base of each lobe of the corolla
are two green spots. The flowers grow in drooping, loose tufts, and
are succeeded by shining scarlct berries, the length of which slightly
exceeds the breadth. Damp hedges and thickets; common.—
Tl, June, July. Perennial.

2. S. nigrum (Black Nightshade).—Stem branching, herbaceous,
a foot or less high; Jeaves egg-shaped, wavy at the edge, and
bluntly toothed ; flowers white, with yellow anthers, in drooping
umbels ; berries globular, black, or occasionally yellow or dull red.
Waste ground; common.—Fl. July to September. Annual or
Biennial.

2. ATROPA (Deadly Nightshade)

1. A. belladonna (Deadly Nightshade, Dwale).—A stout herba-
ceous plant 3-4 feet high, with large egg-shaped Jeaves and solitary,
drooping, bell-shaped flowers, which grow in the axils of the upper
leaves, and are of a lurid purple hue. The berries are black and as
large as cherries, which they somewhat resemble in appearance, but
may be readily distinguished by the calyx at the base. This noxious
plant, which is the most dangerous growing in Britain, on account
of its active poisonous properties and the attractive appearance of
its berries, is fortunately of rare occurrence, growing principally in

PLATE LXV.

Woody Nightshade Black Nightshade

ee

iy

F
|
;

PLATE LXVI.
Deadly Nightshade

BROOM-RAPE TRIBE 207

old quarries and among ruins. It is said that rabbits can eat the
leaves of this plant with impunity to themselves, though they render
their flesh dangerously poisonous for human food by the indulgence.
It is said that in a case of poisoning from this plant the best ‘‘ first
aids ’”’ to administer are a powerful emetic, a dose of magnesia, and
the prevention of dozing. —Fl. June to August. Perennial.

3. Hyoscyamus (Henbane)

1. H. niger (Common Henbane).—The only British species. An
erect, branched, herbaceous plant 2-3 feet high, with large viscid,
hairy Jeaves, and numerous funnel-shaped, cream-coloured flowers
with purple veins and a dark eye. The flowers are arranged in
rows along one side of the stem, and are succeeded by 2-celled cap-
sules, which are enclosed by the calyx and covered by a lid which
falls off when the seeds are ripe. The whole plant has a disagree-
able smell, and is dangerously narcotic, especially at the time when
the seeds are ripening. An extract 1s used in medicine, and is often
of great service, producing the effect of opium without the un-
pleasant symptoms which frequently follow the administration of
that drug. The capsules and seeds of Henbane, smoked like
tobacco, are a rustic remedy for toothache; but convulsions and
temporary insanity are said to be sometimes the consequences of
their use. Common in waste places, especially near the sea.—
Fl. June*July. Annual or biennial.

Two other genuses are represented in Britain, though neither is
indigenous if even truly naturalized. They are :—

Datura Stramonium (Thorn-apple).—A stout, rather handsome
weed 1-2 feet high, with large /eaves angularly lobed and large white
flowers, standing erect on short stalks in the angles of the stems,
followed by ovate, spinous capsiles. The plant has an offensive
smell when bruised. Waste ground; rare.—Fl. June, July. Annual.

L. barbarum (the Duke of Argyll’s Tea-tree).—A straggling shrub
with smooth, rather fleshy leaves, purple flowers, and small scarlet
fruits. Cottage gardens, hedges, and waste places, chiefly in the
eastern counties near the sea.—Fl. June to August. Shrub.

NATURAL ORDER LVII
OROBANCHACE/®.—BROOM-RAPE TRIBE

Calyx variously divided, not falling off ; corolla irregular, usually
2-lipped, imbricated in the bud; stamens 4, 2 long and 2 short;
anthers often pointed or bearded at the base ; ovary ina fleshy disk,
many-seeded ; style 1; stigma 2-lobed; capsule 2-valved ; seeds
small, numerous, attached to the valves of the capsule in 2-4 rows.

A tribe of herbaceous plants, distinguished by a stout succulent

208 COROLLIFLORZ

stem, which is of a peculiar dingy red hue, bearing no leaves, but
more or less clothed with taper-pointed scales, which are most
abundant about the swollen base of the stem. The flowers are large
for the size of the plant, and in all British species are of nearly the
same hue as the stem, and arranged in a spike not unlike a head of
asparagus, with one or more scale-like bracts at the base of each
flower. All the species are parasitical on the roots of other plants.
The seeds, it is said, will lie buried for some years in the ground
without vegetating, until they come in contact with the young roots
of some plant adapted to their wants, when they immediately
sprout and seize on the points of the roots, which swell and scrve as
a base to the parasite. There are but two British genera belonging
to this Order, Orobanche and Lathrea, of which some attach them-
selves to particular species; others infest particular tribes; and
others, again, have a wider range of subjects. Several of those be-
longing to the genus Ovobanche are very difficult of discrimination ;
botanists, indeed, are not agreed as to the number of species, some
uniting under a common name specimens found growing on various
plants, others considering a slight variation in structure, joined to
a difference of situation, enough to constitute a specific distinction.

I, OROBANCHE (Broom-rape).—Calyx of 2 lateral sepals, which
are usually 2-cleft, and often combined in front, with 1-3 bracts at
the base; corolla gaping, 4-5 cleft, not falling
off. (Name from the Greek, orobos,°a vetch,
and ancho, to strangle, from the injurious
effects produced in the plants to which they
attach themselves.)

2. LaTHR#A (Tooth - wort).—Calyx bell -
shaped, 4-cleft; corolla gaping, 2-lipped, the
upper lip arched, entire, not falling off. (Name
in Greek signifying concealed, from the humble
growth of the plants among dead leaves.)

I. OROBANCHE (Broom-rape)
Bracts one to each flower

1. O. major (Great Broom-rape).—Corolla tu-
bular, the lower lip in 3 lobes, of which the
middle one is blunt and longer than the others;
stamens smooth below, downy above; style
downy. A stout, leafless, club-like plant, much
swollen at the base, of a reddish-brown hue,
viscid, and clothed with tapering scales, which
pass into bracts as they ascend the stem. The
OropancHE Major flowers are of a pinkish-brown hue, and are
(Great Broom-rape) crowded into a dense spike. The juice is bitter

oe
ye 8
Se baa
4 a 7h
ne
4
e a
fen:
eye
fad
EW

5
vas
we
PLATE LXvVII.

Dark Mullein
White Mullein Toothwort Blue Broom-rape

FIG-WORT TRIBE 209

and astringent, and has been used medicinally. On the roots of
Furze, Broom, and other plants of the Order Leguminosa, frequent.
—FI. June, July. Perennial.

2. O. minor (Lesser Broom-rape).—Stamens hairy below, smooth
above; style nearly smooth. Under this description are included
several species, or varieties, which are parasitical severally on
Clover, Ivy, and Sea Carrot. They all resemble the last in habit,
but are of smaller size.

To this group belong O. caryophyllacea (Clove-scented Broom-
rape), a species with hairy stamens and a dark purple stigma ; grow-
ing in Kent, on the roots of Galium Mollugo; O. elatioy, a rare
species, parasitical on Centaurea scabiosa ; and O. rubra, abundant
on basaltic rock in Scotland and the north of Ireland, and on mag-
nesian rock at the Lizard Point, Cornwall. This species appears to
be parasitical on the roots of Wild Thyme.

Bracts three under each flower

3. O. ramosa (Branched Broom-rape).—Distinguished from the
preceding by its lighter colour and branched stem. On the roots of
Hemp, very rare.—Fl. August, September. Annual.

O. cerulea (Blue Broom-rape).—Distinguished by its 3 bracts and
its bluish purple hue. A very rare species, found in Norfolk, Hert-
fordshire, and the Isle of Wight.

2. LATHREA (Tooth-wort)

1. L. squamaria (Tooth-wort)—The only British species. The
stem is branched below the surface of the ground or withered leaves
among which it grows; it is of a lightish hue, and thickly clothed
with tooth-like scales; each branch bears a one-sided cluster of
drooping purplish flowers, with rather broad bracts at the base of
each. Grows in woods and thickets on the roots of Hazel.—
Fl. April, May. Perennial.

NaTurRAL OrpDER LVIII
SCROPHULAR* ACE.——FiG-wort TRIBE

Calyx 4 to §5-lobed, not salling off; corolla irregular, often 2-
lipped ; stamens usually 4, 2 long and 2 short (didynamous), some-
times 2 or 5; ovary 2-celled; style 1; sligma 2-lobed; capsule
2-celled, 2 to 4-valved, or opening by pores. A large and important
Order, containing nearly two thousand species, of which some are
shrubs, but the greater number are herbaceous, inhabiting all parts
of the world, from the arctic regions to the tropics. The general
character of the species is acrid and bitterish, and some have power-

P

210 COROLLIFLORE

ful medicinal properties. The powdered leaves of Foxglove (Digz-
talis purpurea) lower the pulse, and, if taken in large doses, are
poisonous. Euphvasia (Eye-bright), the ‘“‘ Euphrasy”’ of Milton,
makes a useful eye-water. Among foreign species, Gratiola is said
to be the active ingredient in the famous gout medicine, “ Eau
medicinale.” Fox-glove, Snapdragon, Mullein, and Toad-flax have
showy and ornamental flowers; and several kinds of Speedwell
(Veronica) are deservedly admired for their small but elegant blue
flowers.

Stamens 4, 2 long and 2 short

1. DiciTaLis (Foxglove).—Calyx in 5 deep, unequal segments ;
corolla irregularly bell-shaped, with 4-5 shallow lobes ; capsule egg-
shaped. (Name from the Latin digitale, the finger of a glove, which
its flowers resemble.)

2. ANTIRRHINUM (Snapdragon).—Calyx 5-parted ; corolla person-
ate, swollen at the base (not spurred), its mouth closed by a palate ;
capsule oblique, opening by pores at the top. (Name in Greek
signifying opposite the nose, from the mask-like appearance of the
flowers.)

3. LinariA (Toad-flax)—Like Antivrhinum, except that the
corolla is spurred at the base. (Name from Linuwm, Flax, which the
leaves of some species resemble.)

4. SCROPHULARIA (Fig-wort).—Calyx 5-lobed; corolla nearly
globose, with two short lips, the upper 2-lobed, with a small scale
within, the lower 3-lobed ; capsule opening with 2 valves, the edges
of which are turned in. (Name from the disease for which the plant
, was formerly thought a specific.)

5. LimosEtta (Mud-wort).—Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla bell-shaped,
5-cleft, equal; capsule globose, 2-valved. (Name from the Latin,
limus, mud, from the character of the places in which the plant
grows.)

6. MELAMPYRUM (Cow-wheat).—Calyx tubular, with 4 narrow
teeth ; corolla gaping, upper lip flattened vertically, turned back at
the margin ; lower lip 3-cleft ; capsule oblong, obliquely pointed,
flattened ; seeds I or 2 in each cell. (Name in Greek signifying
black wheat, the seeds, when ground and mixed with flour, being
said to make it black.)

7. PEDICULARIS (Red-rattle).—Calyx inflated, its segments some-
what leafy ; corolla gaping ; upper lip arched, flattened vertically ;
dower lip plane, 3-lobed ; capsule flattened, oblique ; seeds angular.
(Name in allusion to the disease produced in sheep which feed in
places where it grows.)

8. RHINANTHUS (Yellow-rattle).—Calyx inflated, 4-toothed ; cor-
olla gaping; upper lip flattened vertically; lower lip plane, 3-

Fig wort

~

b

»

FIG-WORT TRIBE 2m1

lobed; capsule flattened, blunt; seeds numerous, flat, and bor-
dered. (Name in Greek signifying nose-fower, from its peculiar
shape.)

g. Bartsia4.—Calyx tubular, 4-cleft ; corolla gaping, with a con-
tracted throat ; upper lip arched, entire; lower lip 3-lobed, lobes
bent back; capsule flattened, pointed ; seeds numerous, angular.
(Name in honour of John Bartsch, a Prussian botanist.)

Io, EupHrasia (Eye-bright)—Calyx tubular, 4-cleft; corolla
gaping; upper lip divided; lower lip in 3 nearly equal lobes ;
anthers spurred at the base ; capsule flattened, blunt, or notched ;
seeds numerous, ribbed. (Name from the Greek, Euphrosyne, glad-
ness, from the valuable properties attributed to it.)

II. SrpTHORPIA (Cornish Money-wort).—Calyx in 5 deep, spread-
ing segments ; corolla wheel-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular ; capszile
nearly round, flattened at the top. (Name in honour of Dr.
Sibthorp, formerly professor of botany at Oxford.)

12. MimuLus (Monkey-flower).—Calyx 5-lobed; corolla 2-lipped,
gaping; seeds numerous. (Name from the Greek, mimo, an ape,
from a supposed resemblance which the flower bears to that fan-
tastic quadruped.)

Stamens 2

13. VERONICA (Speedwell).—Covolla wheel-shaped, unequally 4-
cleft, lower segment the narrowest. (Veronica is the name of a
saint in the Romish Church, but why given to this plant is unknown.)

Stamens 5

T4. VERBASCUM (Mullein)—Calyx 5-parted; corolla wheel-
shaped, 5-cleft, irregular ; stamens hairy. (Name from the Latin,
barba, a beard, from the shaggy leaves of some species.)

1. Digiratis (Foxglove)

1. D. purpurea (Purple Foxglove).—The only British species. A
stately plant 2-6 feet high, with large wrinkled, somewhat downy
leaves and a tall stem, bearing a long raceme of numerous purple
bell-shaped flowers, which droop after expansion. On the inside the
flowers are beautifully spotted, and occasionally an elegant white
variety isfound. The name Foxglove is a corruption of folk’s-glove ;
that is, Fairies’ gloves. The powdered leaf, though poisonous in
large doses, is a valuable medicine in cases where it is desired to
lower the pulse. Common in dry, hilly places and in woods, but
never on limestone.—Fl. June, July. Biennial.

2. ANTHIRRHINUM (Snapdragon)

I. A. majus (Great Snapdragon).—Leaves narrow, tapering ;
spikes many-flowered ; sepals egg-shaped, blunt, much shorter than

212 COROLLIFLORE

the corolla. A handsome plant, with numerous leafy stems, each
of which bears a spike of large, erect, personate flowers of a purple
hue, sporting to rose colour or white. The garden varieties are in-
numerable, and range through splendid shades of crimson, pink,
white, and yellow, not to mention the curiously veined and colour-
flecked forms. Children derive much amusement from pinching
the flowers between the finger and thumb, when the palate opens,
as if in imitation of the fabulous monster from which it derives its
name. This plant, though not indigenous, is not uncommonly
found naturalized in limestone quarries, chalk-pits, and on old walls.
—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

2. A. orontium (Lesser Snapdragon).— Leaves very narrow,
tapering ; spikes few-flowered ; sepals much longer than the corolla.
Smaller and more slender than the last, seldom above a foot high,
and at once distinguished by its small flowers which grow in the
axils of the upper leaves, the petals of which are pink, and the sepals
long and narrow. Cornfields chiefly in the south ; not uncommon.
—Fl. July to September. Annual.

3. Linaria (Toad-flax)

1. L. vulgaris (Yellow Toad-flax).—An erect herbaceous plant
1-2 feet high, with numerous grass-like leaves of a glaucous hue,
and dense spikes or clusters of yellow flowers which are shaped like
those of the Suapdragon, but spurred at the base. A variety is
sometimes found with a regular, 5-spurred corolla, but it is rare.
Hedges ; common.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.

2. L. elatine (Sharp-pointed Fluellen).—A small prostrate plant,
with downy stem and downy halbert-shaped leaves ; flowers small,
solitary, axillary, the upper lip deep purple, the lower yellow, and
the spur straight. Cornfields ; frequent—Fl. July to September.
Annual.

3. L. spuria (Round-leaved Toad-flax), —Resembling the last so
closely that it might be mistaken for a luxuriant specimen. The
flowers are the same colour, but larger, and with the spur recurved ;
and the leaves are always rounded at the base, not halbert- shaped.
Similar situations with the last, but less frequent.—Fl, July to
September. Annual.

4. L. cymbalaria (Ivy-leaved Toad-flax).—Leaves kidney-shaped,
5-lobed, smooth; stem creeping. Not a native species, but quite
naturalized, growing freely from seed, and extending widely by help
of its long, rooting stems. The flowers are small, solitary, and pale
lilac ; the leaves somewhat fleshy, and of a pur ple hue on the under
side. So rapidly does it increase in some places that it has been
given the name of “Mother of Thousands.” On old garden walls ;
common.—Fl. nearly all the year round. Perennial.

PLATE LXIX.

Foxglove Common Speedwell Yellow Mimulus

Brooklime Germander Speedwell

a

FIG-WORT TRIBE 213

5. L. repens (Pale blue Toad-flax).—A slender, erect plant 1-2
feet high, with glaucous, very narrow leaves and veined, purplish
blue flowers growing in spiked clusters. Stony calcareous places,
rare.—Fl, July to September Perennial.

6. L. minor (Least Toad-flax).—A small, erect, much-branched
plant, with narrow viscid, downy /eaves and solitary, small lilac
flowers, with a blunt spur. A cornfield weed, not uncommon.—
Fl. May to October. Annual.

Several other species occur as weeds in gardens and growing on
ballast near the sea, but they have no claim to be considered natives.

4. SCROPHULARIA (Jig-wort)

I. S. nodosa (Knotted Fig-wort).—A tall herbaceous plant 3-4
feet high ; stew square, with the angles blunt ; deaves smooth, heart-
shaped, tapering to a point; flowers in repeatedly forked, loose
panicles, dingy greenish-purple. The plant has a strong, unpleasant
smell. Damp bushy places; common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

2. S. aquatica (Water Fig-wort).—Stem
square, with the angles winged; leaves
smooth, heart-shaped, oblong, blunt;
flowers in close panicles. Resembling the
last, but at once distinguished by the
winged angles of its stems, which, though
hollow and succulent, are rigid when dead,
and prove very troublesome to anglers,
owing to their lines becoming entangled in
the withered capsules. Sides of streams
and ditches ; common.—FI. July, August.
Perennial.

3. S.Scorodonia (Balm-leaved Fig-wort).
—Very like the last, but distinguished by

its downy, wrinkled leaves ; the stems also He
are not winged. Found only in Corn- ScropHurarta Aguarica
wall, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. (Water Fig-wort)

—FI. July, August. Perennial.

4. S. vernalis (Yellow Fig-wort).—Well distinguished by its re-
markably bright green foliage and yellow flowers. It appears early
in spring, and is the only species found in Britain which can be
called ornamental. It is of local occurrence, but not indigenous.
—Fl. April to June. Perennial.

214 COROLLIFLORZ

5. LIMOSELLA (Mud-wort)

1. L. aquatica (Common Mud-wort).—
The only British species. A small plant,
throwing up from the voofs a number
of smooth Jeaves on long stalks, and
several minute, pale rose-coloured or
white flowers, which are overtopped by
the leaves. Watery places; not com-
mon.—Fl. July, August. Annual.

LIMosELLA AQUATICA
(Common Mud-Wort)

6. MELAMPYRUM (Cow-wheat)

1. M. pratense (Common Yellow Cow-
wheat).—A common plant 6-12 inches high,
with opposite pairs of straggling branches
below; Jdeaves in distant pairs, narrow,
tapering, smooth; and long-tubed axillary
yellow flowers in pairs, all turning one way;
corolla four times as long as the calyx ; lower
lip longer than the wpper. Cows are said to
be fond of it, and according to Linnzeus, the
best and yellowest butter is made where
it abounds. The name pratense (growing
in meadows) is misleading, as it is practi-
cally never found in such situations. Woods,
common.—Fl. June to August. Annual.

2. M. sylvaticum (Small Cow-wheat).—
Very like the last, but smaller; the flowers
are deeper yellow, the corolla only twice as
long as the calyx, and the lps are equal.

A : MELAMPYRUM PRATENSE
Mountainous woods in Scotland and the “(Common Yellow Cow-

north of England.—F1. July, August. Annual. wheat)

3. M. arvense (Purple Cow-wheat).—Flowers in oblong spikes;
corolla-tube pink, throat yellow, and lips red; flowers almost buried
among the long bracts, which are of a rosy pink, and very much
cut and toothed. Cornfields in Norfolk, and a few places in South-
Eastern England; rare.—Fl. July, August. Annual.

4. M. cristatum (Crested Cow-wheat).—Plant about a foot high;
leaves narrow; flowers in 4-sided spikes ; corolla yellow and purple,
the floral bracts broad and toothed and of a beautiful pink. Woods
and thickets in the eastern counties ; rare.—Fl. August, September.

Annual.

PLATE LXX. \
Red Bartsia Yellow Rattle
Penny-royal

Red and White Lonsew ort Common Yellow Cow-wheat

—S———————————

FIG-WORT TRIBE 215

7. PEDicuLaRIs (Red-rattle)

1. P. palustris (Marsh Red-rattle).—
An herbaceous plant 12-18 inches high ;
stem solitary, erect, branched through-
out, of a purple tinge; leaves deeply
cut; calyx downy, with 2 deeply-cut
lobes ; flowers large, crimson. It is a
conspicuous plant in marshes and bogs,
where it often overtops the surrounding
herbage with its somewhat handsome
flowers. Common.—Fl. June to Sep-
tember. Perennial.

2. P. sylvatica (Dwarf Red-rattle,
Louse-wort).—Stems several from the
same root, prostrate, unbranched ; calyx
smooth, with 5 unequal, leaf-like lobes.
Distinguished from the last by its hum-
bler growth and rose-coloured flowers
with smooth calyces. A white variety
is occasionally found. Damp meadows

PEDICULARIS PALUSTRIS
and heathy places ; common.—Fl. June (Marsh Red-vattle)

to August. Perennial.

8. RHINANTHUS (Yellow-ratile)

1. R. Crista-gallt (Cock’s-comb, Yellow-rattle).—An erect, some-
what rigid plant 12-18 inches high, composed of a single stem and
terminating in a loose spike of yellow flowers. Leaves narrow,
oblong, tapering to a point, serrated; flower-bracts egg-shaped,
deeply serrated; calyces inflated. ‘“ When the fruit is ripe the
seeds rattle in the husky capsule, and indicate to the Swedish
peasantry the season for gathering in their hay. Jn England, Mr.
Curtis well observes, haymaking begins when the plant is in full
flower” (Sir W. J. Hooker). In cultivated land; common.—
Fl. June. Annual.

A variety, R. major (Large bushy Yellow-rattle), which is of local
occurrence, bears the flowers in crowded spikes ; it is a larger and
more branching plant, and at the base of each flower is a yellowish
bract ending in a fine point.

g. BARTSIA

1. B. viscosa (Yellow Viscid Bartsia)._-An erect plant, from a few
inches to a foot or rather more high. Leaves narrow, tapering,
deeply serrated, lower opposite, upper alternate. Somewhat re-
sembling Yellow-rattle, but at once distinguished by its solitary

216 COROLLIFLORE

axillary, not spiked yellow flowers, and by being covered with
clammy down. Marshes and wet places in the south and south-
west.—Fl. June to September. Annual.

2. B. odontites (Red Bartsia)——A much-branched herbaceous
plant 6-12 inches high, with narrow, tapering, serrated leaves of a
dingy purplish-green, and numerous one-sided spikes of small pink
flowers. While flowering the spikes usually drop towards the ends.
Cornfields ; abundant.—Fl. July to September. Annual.

3. B. Alpina (Alpine Bartsia)—An erect plant, approaching
B. viscosa in habit, 6-8 inches high. Leaves all opposite, ovate,
crenate ; flowers dull purple in a leafy spike. High mountains in
Scotland and the north of England; rare.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

io. Eupurasia (Eye-bright)

( 1. E. officinalis (Common Eye- bright).
2 a —The only British species. An elegant
. @KeZ little plant 2-6 inches high, with deeply
"4 cut leaves and loose, leafy spikes of numer-
< ous white or purplish flowers, variegated
with yellow. On the mountains and near
the sea the stem is scarcely branched,
and the leaves are fleshy ; but in rich soil it
assumes the habit of a minute shrub. The

vs voots are said to be parasitic on grasses. An
EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS infusion of this plant makes a useful eye-

RCanimii Bye OHM) owoter Bl. Tauby, August. Annual.

II. SIBTHORPIA (Cornish Money-wort)

I. S. Europea (Cornish Money-wort).—The only British species.
An elegant little plant, with slender,
thread-like stems, which creep along
the ground in tangled masses; and
small, delicate green, downy, orbicu-
lar, notched /eaves on slender stems. ,,
The flowers very small, pink and ..
yellow, on axillary stalks. It is
found clothing the banks of springs
and rivulets in most parts of Corn-
wall, and occasionally met with in
some of the other southern counties. SIBTHORPIA EUROP.EA
—Fi. June to September. Perennial. ES ESSE

FIG-WORT TRIBE 217

12. Mimutus (Monkey-flower)

1. M. luteus (Yellow Monkey-flower).—Stems hollow, about a foot
high, shortly creeping; Jeaves ovate, toothed, smooth; flowers
large, yellow, often marked inside with reddish spots. A pretty
plant, with showy yellow flowers. Native of North America, and
not uncommonly found naturalized by streams and in marshy
meadows. The cultivated garden varieties are often very hand-
somely spotted and blotched with red-brown.—Fl. June to Sep-
tember. Perennial.

13. VERONICA (Speedwell)

1. V. spicata (Spiked Speedwell).—Stems erect, about 6 inches
high, woody below ; lJeaves roundish, downy; flowers in a dense
sptke, bright blue or pale pink; fefals narrow. Chalk downs in
Suffolk and Cambridge ; rare—Fl. July. Perennial.

2. V. saxatilis (Rock Speedwell).—Stems 4-5 inches high, slender,
woody; leaves entire, oblong, small, and tough; flowers large,
brilliant blue, in a short panicle ; capsules egg-shaped. Almost the
entire plant is glabrous. A rare species, found only on one or two
mountains in Scotland.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

V. fruticulosa (Flesh-coloured Speedwell) is a varicty of V. saxa-
filis, with small pink flowers, and is extremely rare.

3. V. Alpina (Alpine Veronica).—A slightly hairy little plant,
with simple, ascending stems, 2-5 inches high (not woody), bearing
leaves a little larger than in V. serpyllifolia, and a crowded raceme of
4 or 5 deep blue flowers with very short styles. A rare species,
found only near the summits of the Highland mountains.—F1. July,
August. Perennial.

4. V. serpyllifolia (Thyme-leaved Veronica)—A small plant,
with branched, prostrate, or slightly ascending svems ; smooth, egg-
shaped, or elliptical, slightly notched leaves, nearly sessile, and less
than half an inch in length. The flowers, which grow in somewhat
crowded spikes, are small, very light blue, and striped with dark
blue veins. Capsules inversely heart-shaped, with a long style.
Waste ground ; common.—Fl. May to July. Perennial.

A somewhat downy variety, with rather larger flowers, is found
high up in the Scotch mountains, and is apt to be taken for a dis-
tinct species.

5. V. officinalis (Common Speedwell).—A hairy plant with pros-
trate stems, rooting at the nodes, varying from 2-6 inches in length ;
leaves oblong, serrated, astringent, sometimes made into tea ;
flowers rather small, pale blue, in hairy, axillary spikes or racemes.
Heaths and dry pastures ; common.—Fl. May to August. Perennial.

218 COROLLIFLORZE

6. V. anagallis (Water Speedwell).—A smooth, erect plant, 6-18
inches high, sometimes rather fleshy ; leaves narrow, tapering, ser-
rated, sessile ; flowers small, pale blue or flesh-coloured, in opposite
axillary racemes. Streams and ditches, common.—Fl. June to
August. Perennial.

7. V. beccabunga (Brooklime).—A succulent plant about a foot
high, with elliptical, blunt, slightly serrated Jeaves, and short axil-
lary, opposite clusters of small bright blue flowers ; stems rooting
at the base. Whole plant smooth. Brooks and ditches ; common.
—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

8. V. scutellata (Marsh Speedwell)—Smooth, or sometimes
slightly downy; Jeaves linear, slightly toothed; clusters short,
alternate ; frwit-stalks bent back; capsules flat, deeply notched. A
weak, straggling plant, well distinguished by its very narrow leaves
and large flat capsules. Flowers pale pink. Marshes; not un-
common.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

g. V. montana (Mountain Speedwell).—Stem hairy all round ;
leaves stalked; clusters few-flowered; capsule flat, much longer
than the calyx. Approaching the last in habit, but well distin-
guished by the above characters and by its smaller light blue
flowers. Woods ; common.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

to. V.chamedrys (Germander Speedwell).—Stems with two
hairy, opposite lines ; /eaves very shortly stalked, deeply serrated,
hairy ; clusters very long, axillary ; capsule shorter than the 4-cleft
calyx. A well-known plant, which under the popular names of
Blue Speedwell and Bird's-eye is a favourite with everyone. No
one can have walked in the country in spring without admiring its
cheerful bright blue flowers, but few perhaps have remarked the
singular pair of hairy lines which traverse the whole length of the
stem, shifting from side to side whenever they arrive at a fresh pair
of leaves. Hedge banks ; abundant.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

11. V. hederifolia (Ivy-leaved Speedwell)—A common weed,
with stalked 5 to 7-lobed leaves, and bearing in the axil of each leaf
a pale blue flower, the stalk of which is bent back when in fruit ;
. sepals heart-shaped, fringed. The capszle is composed of 2 much-
swollen lobes, each of which contains 2 large black seeds. Waste
places ; common.—Fi. all the summer. Annual.

12. V. agrestis (Field Speedwell).—A common weed, with several
branched, prostrate stems and stalked, heart-shaped, deeply serrated
leaves, the lower ones of which are opposite, the upper alternate,
and in the axils of each of these is a small blue flower on a slender
pedicle nearly as long as the leaf. The capsule is composed of 2
swollen, keeled lobes, and each cel/ contains about 6 seeds. Waste
places; very common.—FI. all the summer, Annual.

FIG-WORT TRIBE 219

V. agrestis varies considerably, especially in the shape of the
sepals and size and colour of the corolla, and two of the more dis-
tinct forms have been named. V. folita—Rounded sepals ;
corolla large and blue; leaves small. V. opaca.—Sepals spoon-
shaped ; seeds few.

13. V. Buxbaumii (Buxbaum’s Speedwell).—Not unlike the last,
but a stouter plant, with large blue flowers on pedicles longer than
the leaves ; capsules sharply keeled, twice as broad as long. Cullti-
vated ground; common. Probably introduced with agricultural
seeds at some time.—Fl. all the summer. Annual.

14. V. arvensis (Wall Speedwell).—A small plant, with incon-
spicuous light blue flowers, which are almost concealed among the
upper leaves or bracts ; lower leaves egg-shaped, heart-shaped at the
base, crenate, stalked ; upper leaves sessile, longer than the flowers.
The whole plant is downy, and a great collector of dust. Walls and
fields ; common.—Fl. April to September. Annual.

15. V. verna (Vernal Speedwell).—A small plant, 2-3 inches
high, much resembling the last, but distinguished
by its deaves being cut into 3-7 pinnatifid lobes.
Sandy fields in Norfolk and Suffolk.—Fl. May to
July. Annual.

16. V. triphyllos (Finger -leaved Speedwell).—A
rare species, distinguished by its 3-7 fingered leaves
and loose racemes of a few dark blue flowers. Sandy
places in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Yorkshire —Fl. April
to July. Annual.

Iq. VERBASCUM (Mullein)

1. V. Thapsus (Great Mullein)—A stout herba-
ceous plant with a simple or branched stem, 2-5
feet high, remarkable for its large flannel-like leaves,
woolly on both sides, running down the stem. The
flowers are yellow, and borne in dense club-shaped
spikes. Two of the 5 stamens are longer than the
rest, and hairy; the remaining 3 are smooth. This
plant, together with Foxgloves, is a picturesque
object if planted broadly in the wilder parts of a
garden.—F]. July, August. Biennial.

- 2. V. Blattaria (Moth Mullein).—A tall, some- yi. asascum
what slender plant, simple or branched, smooth or THAPSUS
nearly so, with shining, crenate leaves, the lower ones (Great Mullein)
stalked, often lobed at the base, those half-way up

the stem sessile, and the upper ones clasping or running down the
stem; flowers large and handsome, yellow or sometimes white, in

220 COROLLIFLORE

loose tufts on a long, interrupted spike. The stamens are covered
with purple hairs. Banks; rare, except in the south-west of England,
where it is not unfrequent.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.

3. V. virgatum (Primrose-leaved Mullein).—Allied to the pre-
ceding; but the lower leaves are downy, and the flowers are on
shorter stalks. Banks, rare—Fl. August, September. Biennial.

4. V. mgrum (Dark Mullein)—A handsome plant 2-3 feet high.
Leaves slightly downy on both sides, especially below ; lower ones
oblong, heart-shaped, stalked; upper ones small and sessile. The
flowers, in dense tufts on a long, crowed spike, are bright yellow,
and the stamens are covered with purple hairs. Hedges and road-
sides, but of local occurrence.—Fl. July to September. Biennial.

5 V Lychnitis (White Mullein).—Stems 2-3 feet high; leaves
smooth above, under sides of leaves and stems covered with powdery
down ; flowers small, cream-coloured or white; filaments covered
with white hairs. Chiefly on chalky soil; rare-—Fl. July, August.
Biennial.

6. V. pulveriulentum (Hoary Mullein)—Stem 2-3 feet high;
panicle of smallish yellow flowers, branched ; filaments covered with
white hairs. Remarkable for the mealy down which clothes both
sides of the leaves. Found in Norfolk and Suffolk.—Fl. July.
Biennial.

NaTURAL ORDER LIX
LABIATAZ.—LaBIATE TRIBE

Calyx tubular, regular, or 2-lipped; corolla irregular, mostly
2 upped (labiate), the lower lip largest and 3-lobed; stamens 4,
2 longer than the others, 01 sometimes wanting; ovary deeply
4-lobed; style 1; stigma 2-cleft; fruit of 4 seeds, each of which
is enclosed within a distinct shell or rind. A large and strongly-
marked Natural Order, comprising some 2500 species of herbs and
shrubs, which all agree in having square stems, opposite leaves,
labiate, or 2-lipped flowers, and a 4-lobed ovary with a single style
arising from the base of the lobes. They are most abundant in
temperate climates, and are remarkable for not possessing injurious
properties in any single instance. Many are fragrant and aromatic.
Patchouls is a favourite perfume, both in its natural state and when
distilled. Lavender contains a fragrant volatile oil, which is valued
both for its fragrance, and as a medicine for its stimulant proper-
ties. Several kinds of mint, as Peppermint and Penny-royal, are
much used in medicine. Spear-mint, Basil, Thyme, Marjoram,
Savory, and Sage, are commonly used as pot-herbs, furnishing both
agreeable and wholesome condiments. Horehound, Ground-Ivy,
and Balm are in rural districts popular remedies for chest com-

LABIATE TRIBE 221

plaints. Rosemary is remarkable for its undoubted power of
encouraging the growth ot the hair, and curing baldness, and is
the active ingredient in most good pomatums ; an infusion of it
prevents the hair from uncurling in damp weather ; and it is one
of the plants used in the preparation of Hungary water and eau de
Cologne. The admired flavour of Narbonne honey is ascribed to
the bees feeding on the flowers of this plant, as that of the honey
of Hymettus is indebted for its flavour to Wild Thyme. Several
species of Sage (Salvia) are also cultivated for the beauty of their
flowers. The Japanese plant, Stachys tuberifera, is grown for the
sake of its tubers, which are known as Chinese Artichokes, and
are a most delicate vegetable.

Stamens 2
I. Lycopus (Gipsy-wort).—Calyx 5-toothed; corolla 4-cleft,

nearly regular. (Name in Greek signifying a Wol/’s-foot, from a
fancied resemblance in the leaves.)

2. SALVIA (Sage).—Calyx 2-lipped; corolla gaping; filaments
forked. (Name in the Latin, salveo, to be well, from the healing
properties of the genus.)

Stamens 4
Corolla nearly regular, its tube scarcely longer than the calyx.

3. MentTHA (Mint).—Calyx equal, 5-toothed; corolla 4-cleft,
with a very short tube. (Name, the Latin name of the plant.)

Corolla 2-lipped, lips nearly equal in length

4. THymus (Thyme).—Calyx 2-lipped, Io- to 13-ribbed, the throat
hairy ; corolla with the upper lip notched, the lower 3-cle{t ; flowers
in heads or whorls. (Name, the Latin name of the plant.)

5. Oricanum (Marjoram).—Calyx 5-toothed, r10- to 13-ribbed,
the throat hairy; flowers in spikes, which are imbricated with
bracts. (Name from the Greek, ovos, a mountain, and ganos, joy,
from the favourite station of the family.)

Corolla with the upper lip very short, or wanting

6. AjuGA (Bugle).—Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla with a long tube, the
upper lip very short, lower 3-cleft. (Name said to be corrupted
from the Latin, adiga, an allied plant.)

47, TEucRIUM (Germander).—Calyx 5-cleft; corolla with the
upper lip deeply 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. (Name from Teucer, who
is said to have been the first to use it in medicine.)

222 COROLLIFLORZ

Corolla 2-lipped, lips unequal ; calyx 5-toothed ; stamens
longer than the tube of the corolla

8. Battota (Black Horehound).—Calyx funnel-shaped, with
5 sharp equal teeth; corolla with the upper lip erect, concave ;
lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest, heart-shaped ; two front
stamens the longest. (Name in Greek signifying rejected, from the
offensive smell of the plant.)

g. LEonurRus (Motherwort).—Calyx with 5 prickly teeth ; corolla
with the upper lip nearly flat, very hairy above ; anthers sprinkled
with hard, shining dots; two front stamens the longest. (Name
in Greek signifying a Lion’s tail, from some fancied resemblance in
the plant.)

Io. GALEopsis (Hemp Nettle).—Calyx bell-shaped, with 5 prickly
teeth ; corolla with an inflated throat; upper lip arched, lower
3-lobed, with 2 teeth on its upper side; two front stamens the
longest. (Name in Greek denoting that the flower bears some
resemblance to a weasel.)

rz, Lamium (Dead-nettle)—Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, with
5 teeth; corolla with an arched upper lip, and 3-lobed lower lip ;
two front stamens the longest. (Name from the Greek, laimos,
a throat, from the shape of the corolla tube.)

12. STACHYS (Woundwort).—Calyx with 5 or 10 ribs, and 5 equal
teeth ; tube of the corolla as long or longer than the calyx ; upper
lip arched, lower 3-lobed, the side lobes bent back before withering ;
two front stamens the longest. (Name in Greek signifying a bunch,
from the mode of flowering.)

13. Nepeta (Cat-mint)—Calyx tubular, oblique, 5-toothed ;
tube of the covolla longer than the calyx; upper lip flat, notched,
lower 3-lobed, two front stamens the shortest. (Name of doubtful
origin.)

Corolla 2-lipped, lips unequal ; calyx 5 to 10-toothed ;
stamens shorter than the tube of the corolla
14. MARRUBIUM (White Horehound).—Calyx with 5 or 10 teeth,
the throat hairy ; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx ; upper
lip straight, very narrow, deeply 2-cleft, lower 3-lobed. (Name of
doubtful origin.)

Corolla 2-lapped, the lips unequal ; calyx 2-lipped

15. CALAMINTHA (Calamint, Wild Basil, Basil Thyme).—Calyx
13-nerved, tubular, swollen underneath ; upper lip 3-cleft ; lower
2-cleft, throat mostly hairy ; tube of the corolla straight ; upper
lip nearly plane, lower spreading, 3-cleft. (Name, the Greek name
of some allied plant.)

LABIATF TRIBE 223

16. Metittis (Wild Balm).—Calyx bell-shaped, much wider than
the tube of the corolla, variously lobed; upper lip of the corolla
nearly flat, entire, lower with 3 rounded, nearly equal lobes. (Name

from the Greek, melitta, a bee, from the quantity of honey contained
in the tube.)

_ 17. PRUNELLA (Self-heal)—Calyx flattened, and closed when
in fruit; filaments 2-forked. (Name from a German word for the
quinsy, for which complaint it was considered a specific.)

18. SCUTELLARIA (Skull-cap).—Upper lip of the calyx bulged
outward about the middle, and finally closing down like a lid over
the fruit ; tube of the corolla much larger than the calyx. (Name
from the Latin, scwtella, a little cup, which the calyx somewhat
resembles.)

1. Lycopus (Gtpsy-wort)

1. L. Europeus (Common Gipsy-wort).—An aquatic plant, with
erect, scarcely branched stems, 2 feet high, deeply cut lanceolate
leaves, and small, pale flesh-coloured flowers, growing in crowded
whorls in the axils of the upper leaves. The only British species.
On the banks of rivers and ditches; frequent.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

$y
ts p |

L. Europ#us SALVIA VERBENACA
(Common Gipsy-wort) (Wild Sage)

2. SALVIA (Sage)

1. S. verbenaca (Clary, or Wild Sage).—An aromatic, herbaceous
plant, 1-2 feet high, with oblong, blunt /eaves, heart-shaped at the

224 COROLLIFLORZE

base, wavy at the edge and crenate ; it is rendered conspicuous by
its long spikes of purple-blue flowers, the calyces of which are much
larger than the corolla. At the base of each flower are 2 heart-
shaped, fringed, acute bracts. Dry pastures, especially near the
sea, or on a chalky soil.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

2. S. pratensis (Meadow Clary).—This is not considered a native,
but occurs in Kent, Cornwall, and Oxford. It is distinguished by
its handsome spikes of blue flowers ; the corolla twice as long as
the calyx. Dry pastures; rare.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

3. MENTHA (Mint)

1. M. sylvestris (Horse Mint).—A strong-scented plant, usually
growing in masses 1-2 feet high, with egg-shaped Jeaves tapering to
a point, serrated, downy, and very white with down beneath ; and
dense, rather slender spikes of lilac flowers, which are often inter-
rupted below; bracts awl-shaped. A doubtful native; damp
waste ground, more frequent in the south than the north of Eng-
land.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.

2. M. rotundifolia (Round-leaved Mint).—Leaves sessile, broadly
elliptical, blunt, much wrinkled, nearly smooth above, shaggy
beneath ; flowers, pale lilac or white, in dense cylindrical spikes.
The spikes of this species are more slender than in the last, the
stem is somewhat woody, and the leaves are much wrinkled and
remarkably blunt; the scent is strong and aromatic, but scarcely
agreeable. Waste ground; not common.—Fl. August, September.
Perennial.

3. M. lursuta (Hairy Mint).—The com-
monest of the mints, 1-4 feet high, grow-
ing-in extensive masses in wet places, and
well - distinguished by its stalked egg-
shaped, serrated Jeaves, which are downy
on both sides, and whorls of lilac flowers,
which, towards the summit of the stem,
are crowded into heads; hairy; the
scent is strong and unpleasant. A very
variable plant. Banks of rivers and
marshes; abundant.—Fl. August, Sep-
tember. Perennial.

4. M. arvensis (Corn Mint).—A branched
downy plant, 6-12 inches high, with
stalked, egg-shaped, serrated, hairy leaves,
and distant whorls of small lilac flowers ;

s calyx bell-shaped. The plant has a strong
MentTHa Hirsura unpleasant smell. Cornfields ; common.
(Hairy Mint) — Fl. August,September. Perennial.

PLATE LXXI.
Ground Ivy

Wild Basil

Water Miut Common Marjorum Greater Skull-cap

LABIATE TRIBE 225

5. M. palegium (Penny-royal).—Stem prostrate; leaves egg-
shaped, nearly smooth; flowers in distant whorls; calyx downy,
its mouth closed with hairs. The smallest of the family, and very
different in habit from any of the others ; the stems are prostrate,
the flowers purple, and the whole plant of an agreeable perfume
and flavour. It is commonly cultivated in cottage gardens for
the sake of being made into tea, which is a favourite remedy for
colds. Wet, heathy places; not common.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

Several other species and varieties of Mint are described by
botanists, some of which are scarcely distinct from the preceding ;
others, such as Pepper-Mint, Spear-Mint, and Bergamot-Mint, are
not really wild, but have escaped from cultivation.

4. Tuymus (Thyme)

i. T. serpyllum (Wild Thyme).—The
only British species. A well known and
favourite little plant, with much-branched,
almost woody stems, small fringed leaves,
and numerous heads of purple flowers. The
whole plant diffuses a fragrant, aromatic
perfume, which, especially in hot weather,
is perceptible at some distance. Dry,
heathy places; common. Besides the com-
mon type, which has terminal heads of
flowers borne on stems ascending from
the prostrate ones, a very distinct form is
found, known as T. chamedrys, having
axillary flower heads, and ascending stems
springing from the root.—Fl. June to
August. Perennial.

THymus SERPYLLUM
(Wild Thyme)

5. Or1iGANUM (Marjoram)

1. O. vulgave (Common Marjoram),—The only British species.
Growing 1-2 feet high, and distinguished by its egg-shaped, downy
leaves, and heads of purple flowers, which are crowded into the form
of acyme. The bracts are longer than the flowers, and tinged with
the same colour, both being, while the plant is in bud, of a deep
red hue. The whole plant is fragrant and aromatic, and is fre-
quently cultivated as a pot-herb. Dry bushy places, especially on
chalk or limestone ; frequent.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

6. AyuGA (Bugle)

1. A. veptans (Common Bugle).—Stem erect, with creeping scions
at the base; lower leaves stalked, upper sessile ; flowers whorled,

Q

226 COROLLIFLORE

crowded into aspike. Well marked by its solitary tapering flower-
stalk, 4-9 inches high, and creeping scions. The flowers are blue,
and the upper bract-like leaves tinged with the same colour. White
and flesh-coloured varieties are occasionally found. Moist meadows
and woods ; common.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

2. A. chamepitys (Yellow Bugle, Ground Pine).—A_ tufted,
much-branched plant, 4-6 inches high, with reddish-purple, viscid
stems, and hairy leaves, divided into three narrow lobes, the outer
ones sometimes again divided. The flowers are yellow, spotted with
red, in axillary pairs. Its habit is very different from that of the
preceding. Sandy fields in Kent, Essex, and Surrey.—Fl. May,
June.—Perennial.

3. A. pyramidalis (Pyramidal Bugle).—A rare Highland species,
distinguished from Common Bugle by being without scons, and
by bearing its whorls of flowers crowded into 4-sided spikes—
Fl. May, June. Perennial.

7. TEUCRIUM (Germander)

1. ZT. scorodonia (Wood-Germander, Wood-sage).— Root-stock
creeping ; stem erect ; leaves heart-shaped, oblong, stalked, wrinkled ;
flowers in 1-sided, spike-like clusters. A common woodland plant,
2 feet high, with sage-like leaves, and several one-sided clusters of
small greenish-yellow flowers. The whole plant is very bitter, and
has been used as a substitute for hops. Woods and hedges ;
common.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

2. T. scordium (Water Germander).— A rare species, growing in
marshy places. It is only a few inches high, has creeping scions,
and bears its flowers, which are purplish red, in distant whorls.
This plant was formerly employed in medicine as a tonic and a
protection against infectious diseases ; now, however, it is scarcely
used, except by rustic practitioners. Wet, marshy places; rare.
—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3. T. chamedrys (Wall Germander).— Another rare species ;
stem scarcely branched, woody below, 6-8 inches high; flowers
purple, with dark lines, large and handsome, growing in whorls of
2-6; leaves ovate, toothed, hairy. Found in a few places as a
garden escape on old walls.—FI. July, August. Perennial.

4. T. botrys (Cut-leaved Germander).—A rare species, with stems
4-9 inches high; with stalked /eaves, ovate in outline, deeply
divided into narrow lobes, and downy; flowers pink, in axillary
whorls of 4-6. Found in Surrey ; very rare—Fl]. August. Annual,

PLATE LXXII.

Marsh Woundwort Betony
Red Hemp nettle
Hedge Woundwort Black Horehound

LABIATE TRIBE 227

8. Batrota (Black Horehound)

1. B, Nigra (Black Horehound).—The only British species. A
coarse, bushy plant, 2-3 feet high, erect and branching, with ovate
or heart-shaped, downy, wrinkled, and crenate Jeaves, and numerous
one-sided clusters or whorls of purple flowers. The odour of the
whole plant is peculiarly strong and
offensive. Waste ground; common.
—FI. July to September. Perennial.

g. LEonuRuS (Motherwort)

1. L. cardiaca (Common Motherwort)
—The only British species. Distin-
guished from all other British plants of
the Order by its Jeaves, which are deeply
cut into 5 or 3 narrow, pointed segments,
and by the prickly calyx-teeth of its
flowers, which grow in whorls. When
not in flower it resembles Mugwort
(Artemisia vulgaris) in habit. The
stems are 2-3 feet high, branched, prin-
cipally below; the upper leaves are
very narrow and entire; the flowers
light purple. Hedges and waste places ; !
not common, and perhaps not indigen- Leonurus CaRDIACA
ous.—Fl. August. Perennial. (Common Motherwort)

Io. GALEOPSIS (Hemp-netile)

1. G. tetrahit (Common Hemp-nettle).—
An ercct, slender plant, 2 feet high, with a
bristly stem, swollen below the joints,
opposite, spreading branches, and bristly,
serrated leaves. The flowers, which are
variegated with light purple and yellow, or
sometimes white, grow in whorls in the
axils of the upper leaves, and are rendered
conspicuous by the long sharp calyx-teeth.
Cornfields ; common.—Fl. July to Sep-
tember. Annual.

G. versicolor is a variety of G. tetrahit,
which it resembles in general character ;
the flowers are large, yellow, with usually
a broad purple spot upon the lower lp.
@aenorsis TETRAHIT In both the variety and the type the size
(Common Hemp-nettle) of the flowers varies a good deal.

228 COROLLIFLORA

2. G. ladanum (Red Hemp-nettle).—Stem and leaves downy
with soft hair; stem not swollen below the joints. Resembling
the last, but only about 8 or g inches high. The flowers are purple,
mottled with crimson. Gravelly and sandy fields ; not uncommon.
—Fl. August, September. Annual.

3. G. ochroleuca (Downy Hemp-nettle).—Resembles G. Ladanum,
but more downy. The flowers are larger and pale yellow. Culti-
vated fields ; rare—Fl. July, August. Annual.

iz. Lamium (Dead-nettle)

1. L. album (White Dead-nettle)—Zeaves heart-shaped, taper-
ing to a point, serrated, stalked. A common, but not inelegant
weed, well marked by its large pure white flowers and black stamens.
So closely does the foliage of this plant resemble that of the Stinging
Nettle that many persons are afraid to handle it, supposing it to
be a Nettle in flower. The flowers of the latter, however, are green,
and so small that they would be passed unnoticed but for their
growing in spiked panicles near the summit of the stem. The
square stem of the Dead-nettle is enough to distinguish it at any
stage of its growth. Hedges and waste ground; abundant.—
Fl. all the summer. Perennial.

2. L. purpureum (Red Dead-nettle).—Leaves
heart- or kidney-shaped, blunt, crenate, the lower
ones on long, the upper on short stalks. A com-
mon weed of spreading habit, distinguished by
the purple tinge of its foliage, crowded upper
leaves, and small purple flowers. A variety with
deeply cut leaves is occasionally found, and is
; known as L. incitsum (Cut-leaved Dead-nettle),
Cultivated ground and by waysides; common.
—Fil. all the summer. Annual.

Lamium Pururrum 3. L. maculatum (Spotted Dead-nettle).—Very
(Purple Dead-neitie) neatly allied to L. Album, but distinguished by

its leaves each having a white blotch, and by
its large purple flowers. A somewhat uncommon garden escape.
—Fl. summer. Perennial.

4. L. amplexicaule (Henbit-nettle).—From a few inches to a foot
high, and of low, branching habit. Leaves round and deeply cut,
lower ones on long stalks, floral ones sessile: The flowers, which are
of a purplish red, are borne in from 1-3 whorls. A common weed.
—Fi. almost all the year round. Perennial.

5. L. Galeobdolon (Yellow Dead-nettle, Archangel, Weasel-snout).
—Resembling in habit the common White Dead-nettle, but rather
taller; the leaves are narrow and more pointed, and the flowers,

PLATE LXXIII.
White dead-nettle Wood Sage

Red dead-nettle Common Bugle Archangel

LABIATE TRIBE 229

which grow in close whorls and are large and handsome, are yellow
blotched with red. Damp woods and hedges; not uncommon.—
Fl. May to July. Perennial.

12. StacHys (Wound-wort)

1. S. Betonica (Wood Betony).—A common
and very pretty woodland plant, about 2 feet
high, bearing an interrupted head or spike of light
purple flowers, on a long and slender stem. There
are always 2 or 3 pairs of oblong crenate sessile
leaves beneath the divisions of the spike; the
lower leaves are all stalked. Whole plant softly
hairy. Woods and hedges ; common.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

2. S. sylvatica (Hedge Wound - wort). — A
branched, hairy plant, 2-4 feet high, with spikes
of dull purple flowers arranged in whorls of 6-10.
Stem erect; leaves heart-shaped, crenate, stalked.
When in seed the calyx-teeth are rigid. The plant

STACHYS BETONICA
has a strong, unpleasant smell. Woods and (Wook Batons)

hedges; common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3. S. palustyis (Marsh Wound-wort).—Much like the last, but
distinguished by its taller and stouter stem, softer hairs, narrower
tapering Jeaves, heart-shaped at the base, and more crowded spikes
of light purple flowers, 6-8 in a whorl. The smell is less offensive.
Marshes; common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial. The form
S. ambigua, which is distinguished by having broader leaves, on
longer stalks, is said to be a hybrid. It is of local occurrence.

4. S. arvensis (Corn Wound-wort).—Flowers 2-6 in a whorl ; stem
spreading ; leaves heart-shaped, obtuse; corolla scarcely longer
than the calyx. A small plant, 6-8 inches high, occurring abun-
dantly as a weed in cultivated land; distinguished from the pre-
ceding by its smaller size, and from the other abiate flowers which
grow in similar situations, by its whorls of light purple flower.
Common as a weed of cultivation.—Fl. July to September. Annual.

5. S. Germanica (Downy Wound-wort).—Stem erect, branching,
1-3 feet high; /eaves tapering, heart-shaped at the base, short-
stalked ; whole plant remarkable for being covered with soft, silky
hairs ; flowers i in spikes of crowded whorls. It is found on chalky
soil in Oxfordshire, Bedfordshire, and Berkshire, but is a doubtful
native.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

230 COROLLIFLOR

13. NEPETA (Cat-mint)

1. N. catavia (Cat-mint). — Stem erect,
branched, 2-3 feet high, white with mealy
down; leaves whitish beneath; the flowers,
which are small and whitish or bluish, dotted
with crimson, grow in dense whorls, which to-
wards the summit of the stem are so close as
almost to form a spike. The whole plant has
a strong aromatic odour, resembling Penny-
royal, and peculiarly grateful to cats, whence
it derivesitsname. Hedges and waste ground ;
not common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

2. N. glechoma (Ground Ivy).—Stem trail-
ing; flowers 3 or 4 together, axillary. A
favourite spring flower, with creeping stems,
kidney-shaped, crenate, roughish /eaves, and
bright purple-blue flowers, which mostly grow
in threes in the axils of the leaves. The whole
plant has a strong aromatic odour, which,
though scarcely fragrant, is far from being
disagreeable. In rural districts the leaves
are often dried and made into tea. Described
by some botanists under the name of Glechoma
hederacea. Wedges and waste ground; abun-
dant.—Fl. April to June. Perennial.

“NEPETA CATARTA
(Cat-Afint)

14. Marrustum (White Horehound)

1. M. vulgare (White Horehound).—The
only British species. Well distinguished by
its bushy stems, I-2 feet high, which are
covered with woolly down, by its wrinkled
leaves, and its dense whorls of small white
flowers, of which the calyx-teeth are sharp and
hooked. The whole plant is aromatic and
bitter, and is a common remedy for coughs.
Waste ground; not common.—Fl. August.
Perennial.

I5. CALAMINTHA
(Calamint, Basil Thyme, Wild Basil)

I. C. vulgaris (Basil Thyme).—Stem as-
cending, branched; leaves oblong, on short
stalks, serrated, acute. A small bushy herb, Marrusium Vurcarr
6-8 inches high, with hairy, egg-shaped leaves (Vite Horehound)

LABIATE TRIBE 231

and purple flowers, which grow in whorls as well as
at the summit of the stem. The calyx is distinctly
2-lipped, the lower lip bulged at the base. Dry
gravelly places; not common.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

2. C. officinalis (Common Calamint). — Leaves
stalked, egg-shaped, slightly serrated ; flowers stalked,
in forked axillary cymes. An erect, bushy plant, with
downy stems and foliage, and numerous light purple
flowers, which have small pointed bracts in the forks
of their stalks. The whole plant has a sweet aro-
matic flavour, and makes a pleasant tea. Waysides
and hedges; not uncommon.—Fl. July, August. j
Perennial. : CALAMINTHA

OFFICINALIS

3. C. clinopodium (Wild Basil). — Calyx scarcely ee
bulged at the base; leaves egg-shaped, stalked; Cazamint)
flowers in sess compound whorls. A straggling,
hairy plant, 1-2 feet high, with egg-shaped leaves, several bristly
whorls of Saiken purple flowers, and numerous long, pointed bracts.

Aromatic and fragrant. Bushy places;
frequent.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

16. Metitris (Wild Balm)
1. M. melissophyllum (Wild Balm).—

+, The only British species. A very hand-

* some plant, 12-18 inches high, with
large heart-shaped, hairy, serrated leaves
and conspicuous white flowers blotched
with bright rose-colour. The foliage
while fresh has an offensive smell, but in
drying acquires the flavour of new hay
or Woodruff. Woods in the south and

= west of England.—Fl. June, July.
MELITTIS MELISSOPHYLLUM 7
(Wild Balm) Perennial, §

17. PRUNELLA (Selj-heal)

x. P. vulgaris (Self -heal).— The only
British species. Well distinguished by its
flattened calyx and whorls of purplish blue
flowers, which are collected into a head,
having a pair of leaves at the base and two
taper-pointed bracts beneath each whorl.
The stems are creeping, and the erect flower- e
ing stems from 3-9 inches high. Pastures
and dry ground; very common.—Fl. July,

August. Perennial. PRUNELLA VULGARIS
(Self-heal)

232 COROLLIFLORA

18. SCUTELLARIA (Skuill-cap)

1. S. galericulata (Greater Skull-cap).—Leaves oblong, tapering,
heart-shaped at the base, notched; flowers in pairs, axillary.
A handsome plant, 12-18 inches high, with rather large
bright blue flowers, the tube of which is much longer
than the calyx. Soon after the corolla has fallen off,
the upper lip of the calyx closes on the lower, and gives
it the appearance of a capsule with a lid; when the
seed is ripe it opens again. Banks of rivers and ponds;
frequent.—Fl. July to September. Perennial.

2. S. minor (Lesser Skull-cap).—A small bushy herb,
4-6 inches high, with egg-shaped leaves, of which the lower
ones are often toothed at the base; the fowers are small,
of a dull purple colour ; the calyx is the same-as in the last.
It grows in bogs, but is not common, except in the west of a he
England.

(Lesser
Skull-cap)

NaTURAL ORDER LX
VERBENACEA.—VERVAIN TRIBE

Calyx tubular, not falling off; corolla irregular, with a long tube ;
stamens 4; 2 longer than the others, rarely 2 only; ovary 2- or 4-
celled; style 1; stigma 2-cleft; seeds 2 or 4, adhering to one
another. A tribe of plants closely allied to the Labiate, com-
prising trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, having opposite leaves
and irregular flowers, which usually grow in spikes or heads. Many
are aromatic and fragrant, and some few are employed as medi-
cines, but are not highly valued. Great virtues were, in ancient
times, attributed to the common Vervatn, insomuch that it was
accounted an holy plant, and was used to sweep the tables and
altars of the gods. It is now little thought of. AJ/oysia citriodora,
formerly called Verbena triphylla, is the Lemon-plant, or Lemon
Verbena of gardens, well known for the delicious fragrance of its
rough, narrow leaves. Many varieties of Verbena are also culti-
vated for the sake of their ornamental flowers, which for brilliancy
of colouring are scarcely surpassed. But by far the most remark-
able plant of this Order is the Teak-tree (Tectoria grandis), which
inhabits the mountainous parts of Eastern Asia. The trunk of this
tree sometimes attains the height of two hundred feet, and its
leaves are twenty inches long by sixteen broad. The timber some-
what resembles mahogany in colour, but is lighter and stronger.
For ship-building it rivals Oak.

I. VERBENA (Vervain).—Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla unequally 5-cleft ;
stamens shorter than the tube of the corolla. (Name, the Latin name
of the plant.)

BUTTERWORT TRIBE 233

I. VERBENA (Vervain)

1. V. officinalis (Common Vervain).—The only British species.
A slender plant 1-2 feet high, with but few /eaves, which are
roughish, 3-cleft, or simply cut. The flowers, which are very small,
are lilac, and grow in terminal, very slender spikes. Waste ground ;
common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER LXI
LENTIBULARIACEZ.—BuTtTERWoRT TRIBE

Calyx divided, not falling off ; corolla irregular, 2-lipped ; stamens
2, sometimes 4, 2 long and 2 short; ovary 1-celled; style 1, very
short ; stigma 2-lipped, the lower lip smallest; capsule 1-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded. Herbaceous aquatic plants, bearing either
undivided leaves, which spring directly from the root, or compound
root-like leaves, with numerous small bladders or air-vessels. There
are but four genera in the Order, two of which contain British
examples—Butterwort (Pinguicula), small plants with handsome
purple flowers and concave leaves, of a texture which resembles
greasy parchment; and Bladderwort (Utricularia), submersed
plants with finely divided leaves,. bearing minute bladders and
yellow flowers, which rise above the surface of the water to open.
Both Butterwort and Bladderwort are carnivorous, in that small
insects become caught by sticking to the greasy leaves of the former,
and minute water insects, entering the bladders of Utricularia by
trap doors, with which they are furnished, likewise become prisoners.

“ Pinguicula vulgaris (Common Butterwort) has the property of
giving consistence to milk, and of preventing its separating into
either whey or cream. Linnzus says that the solid milk of the Lap-
landers is prepared by pouring it, warm from the cow, over a
strainer on which fresh leaves of Pinguicula have been laid. The
milk, after passing among them, is left for a day or two to stand,
until it begins to turn sour; it ‘throws up no cream, but becomes
compact and tenacious, and most delicious in taste. It is not
necessary that fresh leaves should be used after the milk is once
turned ; on the contrary, a small portion of this solid milk will act
upon that which is fresh, in the manner of yeast ”’ (Lindley).

I. PINGUICULA (Butterwort).—Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip 3- -cleft,
lower 2-cleft; corolla gaping, spurred. (Name from the Latin,
pinguis, fat, the leaves being greasy to the touch.)

2. UTRICULARIA (Bladderwort).—Calyx of 2 equal sepals ; corolla
ee spurred. (Name from the Latin, Ulériciulus, a little
ladder, from the little air-bladders which grow among the leaves.)

234 COROLLIFLORE

I. PINGUICULA (Butterwort)

1. P. vulgaris (Common Butterwort).—Spuy tapering ; segments
of the corolla very unequal, entire. A singular and very beautiful
plant. The leaves, which spring all from the roots, have the edges
rolled in; they are of a peculiar yellowish-green hue, and have a

» frosted appearance. The flowers are large, purple,
very handsome, and grow in a nodding manner, each
"on the summit of a delicate stem, 3-4 inches high,
which springs directly from the root. The root is
fibrous, and has a very loose hold on the soft ground
in which it grows. Bogs and heaths, principally in
the north.—Fl. June. Perennial. A variety known
as P. grandiflora has larger flowers, and is distinguished
by having the middle segment and spur of the corolla
notched. It is found in the counties of Cork and
Kerry in Ireland.

2. P. Lusitanica (Pale Butterwort).—Spur cylin-
drical, obtuse, curved downwards; segments of the
corolla nearly equal; leaves and flower-stalks covered
with short hairs. Of the same habit as P. vulgaris, but
much smaller. ‘The leaves are grecnish-white and
veined ; the flowers of a pale lilac, with a yellow throat.

PINGVICULA : :
Lusitanica Bogs in the western parts of England, in the west of

(Pale Scotland, and in Ireland—Fl. July to September.
Butterwort) Perennial. ,

3. P.Alpina(Alpine Butterwort).—Smaller St/

than the last; the fower-stalks are smooth,
and the flowers small and yellowish. Very
rare, and found only in bogs in Ross-shire
and Skye.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

2. UTRICULARIA (Bladderwort)

1. U. vulgaris (Common Bladderwort),—
Submersed. Leaves divided into numerous
hair-like segments, and bearing small air-
bladders ; lips of the corolla about equal in
length ; spur conical. Before flowering, the
stem and leaves float in the water by help of
the minute bladders, which are then filled
with air; the flowers, which grow in clusters
of 6-8 together, are large and bright yellow,
and are raised several inches out of the
water. After flowering, the bladders be-
come filled with water, and the whole plant
sinks to the bottom. Ditches and deep st
pools ; not very common.—Fl. June, July. urricurarra Vurcaris
Perennial. (Cemmon Bladderwort)

PLATE LXXIV.

Common Verbena Bird's-eye Primrose
Common Butterwort

Primrose Cowslip

PRIMROSE TRIBE 235

2. U. minor (Lesser Bladderwort).—Smaller than the last in all
its parts; flowers small, yellow, with a short blunt spur. Similar
situations to the last ; rare.—F]. June to August. Perennial.

3. U. intermedia (Intermediate Bladderwort).—Distinguished
from U. vulgaris by having the upper lip of the corolla much longer
than the lower, and by bearing its air-bladders on branched stalks
distinct from the leaves. Rare.—Fl. July to September. Per-
ennial.

NATURAL ORDER LXIT
PRIMULACE!.—PrImMRosE TRIBE

Calyx 5-cleft, rarely q4-cleft (in Trientalis 7-cleft), regular, not
falling off ; corolla of as many lobes as the calyx (in Glaux wanting) ;
stamens equalling i in number the lobes of the corolla, and opposite
to them; ovary 1-celled; style 1; stigma capitate; capsule I-
celled, opening with valves ; seeds numerous, attached to a central
column. Herbaccous plants, mostly of humble growth, inhabiting,
principally, the colder regions of the northern hemisphere, and in
lower latitudes ascending to the confines of perpetual snow. In
this Order are found several of our favourite British plants.
The Primrose, as its name indicates (prima rosa, the first rose), is
the most welcome harbinger of spring; the Cowslip is hardly less
prized for its pastoral associations than for its elegance and fra-
grance ; Pimpernel, or ‘“‘ Poor man’s weather-glass,” is as trusty a
herald of summer weather as the Primrose of spring. Nor is it only
as Flowers of the Field that the plants of this tribe are valued. The
Polyanthus and Auricula equally grace the cottager’s garden, and
the collections of the florist ; and several species of Cyclamen are
commonly found in conservatories. Some species possess active
medicinal properties ; the flowers of Cowslip are made into a plea-
sant soporific wine; and the leaves of the Auricula (Primula
auricula) are used in the Alps as a remedy for coughs. The flowers
of Pimpernel and roots of Cyclamen are acrid.

I. PRIMULA (Primrose).—Calyx tubular, 5-cleft ; corolla salvcr- or
funnel-shaped, with a long cylindrical tube; stamens 5, enclosed
within the tube of the corolla; capsule 5-valved, with 10 teeth.
(Name from the Latin, primus, first, from the early appearance of
the flowers.)

2. Hottonta (Water Violet).—Calyx 5-cleft almost to the base ;
corolla salver-shaped, with a short tube ; stamens 5 ; capsule opening
with 5 teeth. (Named after Professor Hotton, of Leyden.)

3. CycLAMEN (Sow-bread).—Calyx bell-shaped, cleft half-way
down into 5 segments; corolla wheel-shaped, the lobes reflexed ;
stamens 5; capsule opening with 5 teeth. (Name in the Greek,
cyclos, a circle, either from the reflexed lobes of the corolla, or from
the spiral form of the fruit-stalks.)

236 COROLLIFLORA

4. ANAGALLIS (Pimpernel).—Calyx 5-cleft to the base; corolla
wheel-shaped ; stamens 5, hairy ; capsule splitting all round. (Name
in Greek, denoting that the plant excites pleasure.)

5. Lystmacuia (Loosestrife)—Calyx 5-cleft to the base; corolla
wheel-shaped ; stamens 5, not hairy ; capsule opening by valves.
(Name in Greek, having the same meaning as the English name.)

6. CENTUNCULUs (Chaffweed).—Calyx 5-cleft to the base ; corolla
with an inflated tube; stamens 4; capsule splitting all round. (Name
of doubtful etymology.)

7. TRIENTALIS (Chickweed Winter-green).—Calyx 7-cleft to the
base; covolla wheel-shaped; stamens 7; capsule opening with
valves. (Name of doubtful etymology.)

8. GLAUX (Sea-milkwort).—Calyx 0; corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ;
stamens 5; capsule 5-valved, with 5-10 sceds. (Name in Greek,
denoting the sea-green colour of the foliage.)

g. SAMoLUS (Brookweed).—Calyx 5-cleft, adhering to the lower
half of the capsule, not falling off; corolla salver-shaped, with 5
scales at the mouth of the tube; stamens 5; capsule opening with
5 reflexed teeth. (“ Named, some say, from the Island of Samos,
where Valerandus, a botanist of the 16th century, gathered our
Samolus Valerandi.”,—Sir W. J. Hooker.)

1. Primuta (Primrose)

1. P. vulgaris (Primrose).—Flowers each on a separate stalk;
leaves oblong, egg-shaped. Among the most welcome of spring
flowers, and too well known to need any description. The colour of
the flower is so peculiar as to have a name of its own; artists main-
tain that primrose-colour is a delicate green; white, purple, and
lilac varieties are not uncommon. Banks and woods; abundant.
—Fl. March to May. Perennial.

2. P. elatior (Oxlip).—Flowers in a stalked umbel, salver-shaped ;
calyx tubular; leaves egg-shaped, contracted below the middle.
Distinguished from the Primrose by its umbellate yellow flowers
and by its leaves, which become suddenly broader above the middle,
and from the Cows/ip by its tubular, not bell-shaped calyx, and flat,
not concave, corolla. Woods and pastures; not common,—
F]. April, May. Perennial.

3. P. verts (Cowslip, Paigle).—Flowers in a stalked umbel, droop-
ing, funnel-shaped ; calyx bell-shaped; leaves egg-shaped, con-
tracted below the middle. Among the many pleasing purposes to
which these favourite flowers are applied by children none is prettier
than that of making Cowsltp Balls. The method, which may not
be known to all, is as follows : The umbels are picked off as close
as possible to the top of the main stalk, and from fifty to sixty are

PRIMROSE TRIBE 237

made to hang across a string stretched between the backs of two
chairs. The flowers are then carefully pressed together and the
string is tied tightly, so as to collect them into a ball. Care should
be taken to choose such heads or umbels only as have all the flowers
open, or the surface of the ball will be uneven. Pastures; common.
—FI. April, May. Perennial.

4. P. farinosa (Bird’s-eye Primrose).—A very beautiful little
plant, with a rosette of small Jeaves covered. on the under side with
a white powdery meal, as also are the slender stalks and calvces.
The flowers, which grow in a compact umbel, are of a delicate lilac-
pink with a yellow eye. Mountainous pastures ; not uncommon in
the north of England and south of Scotland.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial. A white variety is sometimes found, but is extremely
rare and beautiful. Another smaller form, with broader leaves and
flowers of a deeper shade of colour, known as P. scolica, is found in
the Orkneys and a few places in the north of Scotland.

2. Hotronia (Water Violet)

1. H. Palustvis (Water Violet).—The only
British species. An aquatic plant, with finely
divided, submersed leaves; flowers large,
handsome, pinkish, with a yellow eye, ar-
ranged in whorls around a leafless stalk,
which rises several inches out of the water.
Ponds and ditches; not very common.—
Fl. May, June. Perennial.

3. CYCLAMEN (Sow-bread)

I. C. hedevefolium (Ivy -leaved Sow-
bread).—The only species found in Britain,
and probably not a native. Remarkable
for its globular brown voot and nodding pink Horronta
or white flowers, the lobes of which are bent (Water Violet)
upwards. As the frwit ripens the flower-stalk
curls spirally and buries it in the earth. The root is intensely
acrid. Found established in woods in Kent, Sussex, and Surrey.—
Fl. autumn.

4. ANAGALLIS (Pimpernel)

1. A. arvensis (Scarlet Pimpernel).—Leaves egg-shaped, dotted
beneath, sessile; petals crenate. A pretty little prostrate plant,
with bright scarlet fowers, which expand only in fine weather, and
have consequently gained for the plant the name of Poor man’s
weather-glass. The colour of the flowers occasionally varies to flesh-
colour or white, with a red eye. A bright blue variety, which some
botanists consider a distinct species, is more unfrequent. Cultivated
ground ; abundant.—Fl. June to September. Annual.

238 COROLLIFLORE

2. A. tenella (Bog Pimpernel).—Stem creeping ; leaves roundish,
stalked, shorter than the flower-stalks. A beautiful little prostrate
plant, with slender stems 4-6 inches long, small leaves which are
arranged in opposite pairs, and erect rose-coloured flowers, larger
than those of the Scarlet Pimpernel. Boggy ground and sides of
rivulets ; common.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

5. Lysimacuia (Loosestrife)

rt. L. nummularia (Money-wort, Herb-twopence, Creeping
Jenny).—Stem creeping ; leaves roundish, slightly stalked ; flowers
solitary, axillary. A very pretty plant, well marked by its opposite,
shining leaves and large yellow flowers. The stems grow from 1-2
feet in length, and hang from the banks of rivers in a very graceful
way. This plant is much used to ornament rock gardens. Banks
of rivers and damp meadows; common.—FI. June, July. Per-
ennial.

2. L. nemorum (Wood Loosestrife, Yellow Pimpernel).—Stem
spreading ; leaves egg-shaped, acute, on short stalks ; flowers soli-
tary, axillary. Approaching the Scarlet Pimpernel in habit, but
somewhat larger; the flowers are bright yellow and very pretty.
Woods ; common.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

3. L. vulgaris (Great Ycllow Loosestrife).—Stem erect, branched,
downy; leaves tapering to a point, opposite, or 3-4 in a whorl ;
flowers in terminal panicles. Very different in habit from either of
the preceding, growing quite erect, 2-3 feet high, with terminal
panicles of rather large yellow flowers. Banks of rivers ; common.
—Fl. July. Perennial.

4. L. thyrsifiora (Tufted Loosestrife).—Resembles L. vulgaris in
habit, but bears its fowers, which are small and yellow, in numerous
dense clusters. It grows in the north of England and parts of
Scotland, but is rare.—Fl. June, July.

6. CENTUNCULUS (Chaffweed)

1. C. minimus (Chaffweed).—The only British
j specics. One of the smallest among British plants,
rarely exceeding an inch in height, and often much
less. It is nearly allied to the Pimpernel, and at
the first glance might be taken for a stunted specimen
of the common species. The /eaves are egg-shaped,
acute; the flowers sessile, axillary. It is sometimes
branched, but very frequently consists of a single
stem, 6 or 8 leaves, and as many inconspicuous
Centoncutus flowers. It grows in damp gravelly places, especi-

MINIMUS ally where water has stood during the winter,—
(Chafweed) Fl. June to August. Annual.

PLATE LXXV.

Thrift Money-wort

Loosestrife Yellow Pimpernel

Ses se 8S @ ee Sse (8 © ss Se 8s we es et 8s & _

THRIFT TRIBE 239

7. TRIENTALIS (Chickweed, Winter-green)

1. I. Europea (European Chickweed, Winter-green).—The only
British species. A pretty plant with an unbranched stem 4-6
inches high, bearing a few lanceolate /eaves near ils summit, from
which rise one or more slender flower-sfalks, cach bearing a delicate
white flower. The number of stamens varies from 7-9. Abundant
in many parts of the Highlands of Scotland, and occasionally found
in the north of England.—Fl. June. Perennial.

8. GLaux (Sea-Milkwort)

I. G. maritima (Sea-Milkwort).—The only
species. A fleshy marine plant 3-6 inches
high, growing in thick patches, with numerous
egg-shaped, glaucous /eaves, and axillary pink
flowers. In habit it resembles Honckenva
pbeploides. Sea-shore and salt marshes ;
common.—-Fl. June to August. Perennial.

g. SaMoLus (Brookweed)

1. S. Valerandi (Brookweed).—A smooth,
pale green, herbaceous plant, with blunt,
fleshy /eaves, and one or more clusters of
very small white flowers,
which in their early stage “LY
are crowded, but finally ~~
become distant, resembling <
in this respect the habit GLAUX MARITIMA
of the Cruciform Tribe. (Sea Milk-wort)
Watery places, common,
and, like many other aquatic plants, widely
diffused over the world.—Fl. July to September.
Annual.

NATURAL ORDER LXIIT
PLUMBAGINACE.—Turirt TRIBE

Calyx tubular, plaited, chaffy, not falling off,
often coloured ; corolla 5-cleft, nearly to the base ;
stamens 5, opposite the fetals ; ovary of 5 carpels,
men I-celled; styles 53; fruit I-secded. Herbaccous
or shrubby plants, with undivided, fleshy leaves,
and flowers of a thin texture, approaching that
usually called everlasting, collected into heads or
ess growing in panicles. They inhabit salt marshes
SamoLus VaLERAND: and the seashore of most temperate regions, and

(Brookweed) some are also found in mountainous districts,

240 COROLLIFLORA

Their properties are various—some are tonic, some intensely acrid,
and many contain iodine. The root of Statice Caroliniana is one
of the most powerful astringents known; several species of
Plumbago are so acrid that the fresh root is used to raise blisters.
Thrift (Avmeria) and several kinds of Sea-Lavender (Statice) grow
on the scashores of Britain, and are very pretty plants. Other
species are cultivated in gardens and conservatories, to which
they are highly ornamental. It has been remarked that plants
of this Order, like many other marine plants, when growing at a
distance from the sea, lose the peculiar salts which they contain
in their natural localities. Thrift, for example, as a marine plant
contains iodine and soda, but as a mountain or garden plant
exchanges these two salts for potash. Some species of Plumbago
are grown as garden plants on account of their great beauty, and
the British genera, Avmeria and Statice, give us exquisite subjects
for our hardy herbaceous borders.

I. ARMERIA (Thrift)—Flowers in heads; styles hairy. (Name
from the French, armoires, wardrobes, though in what connection
is uncertain.)

2. STATICE (Sea Lavender).—Flowers panicled; styles smooth.
(Name from the Greek, sfatizo, to stop, from its astringent medi-
cinal properties.)

I. ARMERIA (Thrift)

t. A. maritima (Thrift)—Leaves linear, fleshy, forming dense
tufts or balls; flower-stalks springing directly from the roots, leaf-
less, downy, 3-6 inches high, and bearing each a roundish head of
rose-coloured flowers ; the summit of the flower-stalk is cased in
a brown membranous sheath, and the flowers are intermixed with
chaffy bracts, or scales; the fruit is almost winged by the dry,
chaffy calyx. Sea-shores and the tops of mountains ; common.—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.

2. A. plantaginea (Plantain Thrift)—Much like the last, but
larger, and with broader /eaves, marked with 3 or 5 veins. Found
in Jersey.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

2. STATICE (Sea Lavender)

1. S. Limonium (Sea Lavender).—Leaves oblong, 1-ribbed,
tipped with a point; flower-stalk from the root, leafless, 6-18
inches high, branched near the summit into many spreading,
spike-like clusters of thin lavender-blue, scentless flowers. Muddy
sea-coast ; not unfrequent.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

S. spathulata (Spathulate Sea-Lavender).—In some respects

seceuttite the last, but distinguished by its /eaves being smaller,
oblong near the base, and wider above (spathulate), and by its

PLANTAIN TRIBE 241

flower-stalks being branched below the middle into several erect
tufts of blue flowers. Not uncommon on the rocky sea-coast.
—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

3. S. reticulata (Matted Sea-Lavender).—Smaller than either of
the last; the flower-stalks are divided almost from the base into
numerous zigzag branches, of which the lower ones are barren.
Salt marshes in Norfolk, Lincoln, Suffolk, and Cambridge.—FI.
July, August. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER LXIV
PLANTAGINACEA.—PLANTAIN TRIBE

Calyx 4-parted ; corolla 4-parted, chaffy, not falling off ; stamens
4, alternate with the segments of the corolla, and having very long,
thread-like filaments, and lightly attached anthers ; ovary 2-, rarely
4-celled ; style 1; stigma hairy; capsile splitting transversely ;
seeds I, 2, or many in each cell. Herbaceous plants of humble
growth, with many ribbed or fleshy leaves spreading horizontally
from the root. The flowers, which are made conspicuous by their
long stamens, grow in spikes. Several species are common in
Great Britain as wayside, meadow, and marine plants, and as
troublesome lawn weeds. The Order is distributed over most
parts of the world. The leaves are slightly bitter and astringent ;
the seeds abound in a tasteless mucilage, which is used in medicine as
a substitute for Linseed, and is said to be employed in France to
stiffen muslin.

I. PLANTAGO (Plantain).—Calyx 4-cleft, the segments bent back ;
corolla tubular, with 4 spreading lobes ; stamens very long ; capsule
splitting all round, 2- to 4-celled. (Name of doubtful origin.)

2. LirroRELLA (Shore-weed).—Stamens and pistils in different
flowers ; barren flower, stalked; stamens very long; fertile flower
sessile ; bracts 3; corolla tubular, contracted at both ends; style
very long; capsule 1-seeded. (Name in Latin having the same
meaning as the English name.)

I. PLANTAGO (Plantain)

1. P. major (Greater Plantain) —Leaves broadly egg-shaped on
long, channelled stalks; flowers in spikes, 2-6 inches long, the stem
of which is cylindrical; cells of the capsule many-seeded. Well
known for its spikes of green flowers, the seeds of which are a
favourite food of canary birds. Borders of fields and waysides ;
abundant.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

2. P. media (Hoary Plantain) —Leaves broadly elliptical on short,
flat stalks ; flowers in a close cylindrical spike, I-2 inches long, the
stalk of which is also cylindrical; cells of the capsule 1-seeded.

kK

242 COROLTTFT.ORZE

The leaves spread horizontally from the crown of the root, and lie
so close to the ground as to destroy all vegetation beneath, or to
leave the impression of their ribs on the ground; the spike, which
is shorter than in P. major, grows on a longer stalk, and the flowers,
which are fragrant, are rendered conspicuous by their light purple
anthers. Meadows; common.—FIl. June,
July. Perennial.

3. P. lanceolata (Ribwort Plantain).—Leaves
narrow, tapering ; flowers in a short spike,
the stalk of which is angular; cells of the
capsule I-seeded. Under the name of Cocks
and Hens this plant is well known to chil-
dren, who amuse themselves by striking the
heads one against another until the stalk
breaks. The flowers are dark brown.

Meadows; abundant. —Fl. June, July.
Perennial.

4. P. maritima (Sea plantain).—Easily dis-

; E tinguished from the rest of the genus by its

\ i\ ye , long, linear, fleshy /eaves, which are grooved

and woolly at the base. Seashores, and in

PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA the north on the tops of mountains.—Fl.
(Ribwort Plantain) — June to September. Perennial.

5. P. coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain).—Leaves pinnatifid ;
capsule imperfectly 4-celled, 4-seeded.

The only British species which has
divided leaves ; these are more or less,
downy, and usually prostrate. Waste
ground; common.—Fl. June, July. |
Annual.

2. LITTORELLA (Shore-weed)

1. L. lacustris (Shore-weed),— The
only species. Not unlike Plantago
maritima in habit, but at once distin-
guished by its solitary barren flowers,
raised each on a stalk 2-4 inches high;
the fertile flowers are sessile among the
leaves. Marshes and banks of lakes.—

Fl. June to September. Perennial. LitToretta Lacustris
(Shore- weed)

GOOSE-FOOT TRIBE 243

Sus-ciass IV
MONOCHLAMYDE

Flowers having a calyx or corolla, or neither—never both. In
this Sub-class it is often doubtful whether the leaves which enclose
the stamens and pistils of a flower should be called a calyx or
corolla; the term pfertanth (from the Greek, pert, around, and
anthos, a flower) is therefore used to denote this organ, and must
be taken to mean all the leaves, whether resembling sepals or
petals, which enclose the other parts of fructification. Used in
this sense, and applied to the preceding Sub-classes, the calyx and
corolla would be correctly called a double pertanth.

NATURAL ORDER LXV
CHENOPODIACE.—GooseE-Froot TRIBE

Perianth 5-lobed, not falling off; stamens 5, rarely I or 2, from
the base of the perianth and opposite its lobes ; ovary I, superior
or adhering to the tube of the perianth; style 2- or 4- cleft, rarely
simple ; st#gma undivided ; frit r-seeded, enclosed in the perianth,
which often becomes enlarged or fleshy. Herbaceous or somewhat
shrubby plants, with leaves which are more or less inclined to be
fleshy; the flowers are small and inconspicuous, the perianth
decidedly partaking of the characters of a calyx, which sometimes,
as in Atriplex, has a tendency to become enlarged when in fruit.
Some plants have flowers bearing pistils only, others stamens only,
and others again both pistils and stamens. They are common
weeds in many temperate climates, and are most abundant in salt
marshes and on the sea-shore. Many of the plants of this tribe
are used as esculent vegetables—as Spinach, Beet, and Orache.
Beet is cultivated extensively in France for making sugar, and a
variety of it affords valuable food for cattle under the name of
Mangold Wurzel. In Peru the leaves of Chenopodium Quinoa, a
plant growing at a great elevation, are a common article of food.
Many of those kinds which grow in salt marshes and on the sea-
shore afford an immense quantity of soda. According to some
naturalists, Salvadora Persica, belonging to this Order, is the
Mustard Tree of Scripture. It bears a juicy fruit, having the
flavour of cress, and its seeds are very small. The Mangold Wurzel,
the White Sugar Beet of France, and the red garden Beetroot, are
all said to have originated from the wild Beta maritima of sea-
shores. Popular garden flowers belonging to this Order are Love-
lies-bleeding, Prince’s-feather, and Cock’s-comb.

I. CHENOPODIUM (Goose-foot)—Perianth deeply 5-cleft, re-
maining unaltered, and finally closing over the single seed ; stamens

244 MONOCHLAMYDEE

5; stigmas 2; leaves flat. (Name in Greek having the same mean-
ing as the English name.)

2. SUEDA (Sea Blite)—Perianth deeply 5-cleft, often fleshy ;
stamens 5; stigmas 2-3; leaves semi-cylindrical. (Name from
sud, soda, in which the plants abound.)

3. ATRIPLEX (Orache).—Stamens and pistils for the most part
in separate flowers, sometimes united; barren flower, pertanth
deeply 5-cleft; stamens 5; fertile flower, pertanth of 2 valves;
stigmas 2; fruit 1-seeded, covered by the enlarged perianth ;
leaves flat. (Name from the Greek, a, not, and évephein, to nourish.)

4. BETA (Beet).—Perianth deeply 5-cleft ; stamens 5; stigmas
2; fruit 1-seeded, adhering to the tube of the fleshy perianth ;
leaves flat. (Name, the Latin name of the plant.)

5. SALSOLA (Saltwort).—Pertanth deeply 5-cleft; stamens 5;
stigmas 2; fruit 1-seeded, crowned by the shrivelled lobes of the
perianth ; leaves cylindrical. (Name from the Latin, sad, salt,
from the soda in which it abounds.)

6. SALICORNIA (Glasswort).— Perianth top-shaped, fleshy, un-
divided ; stamens I-2; style very short; stigma 2-cleft; frit
enclosed in the dry perianth; stem jointed; leaves none. (Name
from the Latin, sal, salt, and cornu, a horn, from the soda in which
it abounds, and the horn-shaped branches.)

I. CHENOPODIUM (Goose-foot)
Leaves undivided

1. C. olidum (Stinking Goose-foot).—Stem spreading; leaves
egg-shaped, with a triangular base, fleshy, mealy ; flowers in dense
clustered spikes. Distinguished by its fishy smell, which is dis-
gusting in the extreme. Waste places, especially near the sea;
not common.—Fl. August, September. Annual.

2. C. polyspermum (Many-seeded Goose-grass).—Stem spreading,
branched ; leaves egg-shaped, scssile ; flowers in branched, some-
what leafy, slender spikes; seeds flattened horizontally, shining,
minutely dotted. Varying in size from 4-12 inches in height ;
the stems and leaves usually have a red tinge, and the plant,
when in flower, has a not inelegant appearance from the number
of shining, brown fruits, which are not concealed by the perianth.
Waste ground ; not common.—Fl. August to October. Annual.

Leaves toothed, angled, or lobed
3. C. Bonus Henricus (Good King Henry).—Leaves triangular,
arrow-shaped ; flowers in compound, Icafless spikes. A dark green,
succulent plant, about a foot high, with large, thickish leaves,
which are used as Spinach. Waste places near villages ; common.
—Fl. May to August. Perennial.

PLATE LXXVI.

Good King Henry
Buck Wheat Snake Weed

i?

GOOSE-FOOT TRIBE 245

4. C. album (White Goose-foot)—Leaves egg-shaped, with tri-
angular base, bluntly toothed, wpper ones narrow, entire ; flowers
in dense clustering spikes. The whole plant succulent ; leaves
more or less fleshy, and covered with a whitish, mealy "powder.
This is perhaps the commonest species; it grows 1-3 feet high.
Waste places and cultivated ground ; common.—FI. July to Sep-
tember. Annual.

There are several other British species of this uninteresting family,
some of which have nothing but their rarity to recommend them,
and others are remarkable only for the tendency of their leaves
to assume a triangular outline, the margin being variously lobed
and toothed. The characters of most are difficult of discrimina-
tion, so that botanists are agreed neither as to the number of species
nor names.

2. SUEDA (Sea Blite)

1. S. maritima (Annual Seaside Goose-grass).—Styles 2; stem
herbaceous. A low, straggling plant, 2 or 3-12 inches high, with
short, fleshy, semi-cylindrical leaves, and small, inconspicuous,
green flowers. Muddy sea-shores; common.—Fl. July, August.
Annual.

2. S. fruticosa (Shrubby Sea Blite).—Styles 3; stem shrubby.
Larger than the last, 2-3 feet high, with a shrubby stem, and
having 3 styles in each flower. Rarer than the last, and local on
the southern and eastern coast of England.—Fl. September,
October. Perennial.

3. ATRIPLEX, (Orache)

1. A. patula (Common Orache).—Stem spreading, often with the
central branch erect ; leaves triangular, with 2 spreading lobes at
the lower angles, toothed, the upper eaves narrow, entire; flowers
in tufted spikes ; perianth of the fruit warty and black. A common
weed, with straggling, furrowed stems, often tinged with red;
distinguished from the Goose-foot family by the solitary seed
being shut in between two triangular, leaf-like valves. The main
stem is usually erect, the rest are prostrate, appearing as if they
had been bent down by force. Cultivated and waste ground, and
on the seashore; abundant.—Fl. July to October. Annual.

2. A. lacintata (Frosted Sea Orache).—Stems spreading; leaves
with three angles, wavy at the edge, and toothed, mealy beneath.
Distinguished from the preceding by its mealy leaves, and the
whitish hue of the whole plant. Sea-shore, not uncommon.—
Fl. July, October. Annual.

Several other species are described by botanists, but the remark
annexed to the preceding family applies equally well to this.

246 MONOCHLAMYDE

4. Beta (Beet)

1. B. maritima (Sea-Beet)—The only British species. A tall,
succulent plant, about 2 feet high,
with large, fleshy, glossy, lower leaves,
and narrower. upper leaves ; angular
stems, and numerous leafy spikes of
green flowers, which are arranged I or
2 together, with a small leaf at the
base of each. The root-leaves when
boiled are quite as good as Spinach.
Sea-shore ; common.—Fl. June to
October. Perennial.

5. SALSOLA (Saltwort)

t. S. kali (Prickly Saltwort).—
The only British species. A small
plant, hairy and glaucous, with pros-
trate, angular, branched stems, 6-12
inches high, and succulent awl-shaped
leaves, each of which terminates with
a sharp prickle; the flowers are soli-
tary, and have 3 bracts at the base of
each. The whole plant abounds in
/ alkali salt, whence its name. Sandy
Beta MaritiMa sea-shore; common. — Fl. July.

(Sea-Beet) Annual.

6. SALICORNIA (Glasswort)

1. S. herbacea (Jointed Glasswort).—Stem herbaceous, jointed ;
leaves 0. A singular plant, 4-8 inches high, consisting of a number
of fleshy joints, each of which is fitted into the one below, entirely
destitute of leaves, and bearing between every two joints of the
terminal branches 3 inconspicuous green flowers. Salt marshes ;
abundant.—Fl. August, September. Annual.

2. S. vadicans (Rooting Glasswort).—Stems prostrate, rooting,
woody, and usually of a browner hue. Both species, on account
of the soda which they contain, were at one time used in the
manufacture of glass—hence the name Glasswort. S. herbacea is
also made into a pickle. Sea-coasts; uncommon.—Fl. August,
September. Perennial.

KNAWEL TRIBE—PERSICARIA TRIBE 247

NATURAL ORDER LXVI
SCLERANTHACE.—Tue KNAwWEL TRIBE

Perianth tubular, 4- or 5-cleft; stamens 5-10, inserted into the
mouth of the tube; ovary I, superior, I-celled; séyles 2 or I,
notched at the summit; frit enclosed within the hardened tube
of the perianth. Only one British genus belongs to this Order,
containing but two species, which are small, inconspicuous weeds,
with wiry, much-branched stems, scanty foliage, and small, greenish
flowers, remarkable only for the chaffy edge of the perianth.

I. SCLERANTHUS (Knawel)—Calyx 5-cleft, contracted at the
mouth of the tube; petals 0; stamens I0, rarely 5; styles 2; frit
1-seeded, covered by the hardened calyx. (Name from the Greek,
scleros, hard, and anthos, a flower, from the hardness of the calyx.)

I. SCLERANTHUS (Kunawel)

I. S. annua (Annual Knawel).—Calyx, when in
fruit, spreading, acute, with a narrow, whitish
margin; voot annual. A small plant, 2-4 inches
high, with numerous tangled stems, awl - shaped
leaves, and green flowers, which grow either in
the forks of the stems or in terminal tufts.
Cornfields, especially on gravelly soil; common.
—Fl. July to November. Annual.

2. S. perennis (Perennial Knawel).—Stems pros-
trate; calyx-leaves blunt, with a broad margin.
Dry, sandy fields in the south and east of Eng-
land; very rare. Perennial.

SCLERANTHUS ANNUA
(Annual Knawel)

NATURAL ORDER LXVII
POLYGONACE.—Tue Prrsicaria TRIBE

Flowers often bearing stamens only, or pistils only. Perianth
deeply 3-6 parted, often in two rows; stamens 5-8, from the base
of the perianth; ovary 1, not attached to the perianth; sfyles 2
or 3; fruit, a flattened or triangular nut. MHerbaceous plants,
distinguished by the above characters and by bearing alternate
leaves, furnished at the base with membranous stipules, which
encircle the stalk. The perianth is often coloured; and as the
flowers, though not large, are numerous, and grow in spikes or
panicles, many of them are handsome plants. Others, as the
Dock, are unsightly weeds; they are found in all parts of the
world, from the Tropics to the Poles, and at all altitudes. The
properties residing in the leaves and roots are very different, the
former being acid and astringent, and sometimes of an agreeable

248 MONOCHLAMYDE/E

flavour, the latter nauseous and purgative. The powdered root
of several species of Rheum affords the valuable medicine, Rhubarb,
and the leaf-stalks of the same plants are much used for making
tarts; the sharp taste is attributed to the presence of oxalic, nitric,
and malic acids. Two native kinds of Sorrel, and several of Dock,
belong to the genus, Rumex. Sorrel (R. acetosa) is sometimes used
in the same way as Rhubarb-stalks, but the species mostly em-
ployed in cookery is R. scutata. To the genus Polygonum belongs
P. fagopyrum, Buck-wheat. In some countries the flour derived
from its seeds is made into bread, but in England it is not much
cultivated, except as food for pheasants, which are very partial
toit. DP. tinctorumis extensively cultivated in France and Flanders
for the sake of the blue dye afforded by its herbage, and several
other species are used in medicine. Tviplaris Americana attains
the dimensions of a tree, and is remarkable for being infested by
ants, which excavate dwellings for themselves in the trunk and
branches,

1. PoLyconum (Persicaria).—Perianth deeply 5-cleft, not falling
off; stamens 5-8; styles 2 or 3; fruit, a triangular or flattened
nut. (Name in Greek signifying having many knees, or joints,
from the numerous joints of the stem.)

2. RuMEX (Dock).—Perianih deeply 6-cleft, in two rows, the
interior segments large; stamens 6; styles 3; frutt, a triangular
nut, covered by an enlarged inner perianth. (Name, the Latin
name of the plant.)

3. Oxyria (Mountain Sorrel).—Perianth deeply 4-cleft, in two
rows, the interior segments large; stamens 6; styles 2; frutt, a
flattened nut with a membranous wing. (Name from the Greek,
oxys, sharp, from the acid flavour of the stem and leaves.)

1. Potyconum (Persicaria)

1. P. aviculave (Common Knot-grass).—Stem branched, 1-2 feet
long, prostrate, or, when growing with tall plants, erect; leaves
narrow, elliptical, small ; flowers in axillary clusters of 2-5; styles
3; frwt triangular. A common weed, with leaves which are
furnished with white chaffy stipules, and with minute flesh-coloured
or greenish-white flowers. Varies greatly in size. Waste ground
and roadsides ; abundant.—Fl. all the summer. Annual.

2. P. maritimum (Sea Knot-grass).— A variable plant, distin-
guished by its large-nerved stipules and long shining fruits, which
project from the perianth ; stems shrubby, thicker than in the last ;
leaves usually thicker, and glaucous; and flowers also lar ger.
South coast.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.

PERSICARIA TRIBE 249

3. P. convolvulus (Climbing Persicaria).
— Stem twining; Jeaves, heart -arrow-
shaped ; segments of the perianth bluntly
keeled ; fruit triangular, roughish. A mis-
chievous weed, with the habit of the
Field Convolvulus, twining round the stems
of corn and other plants, and bearing
them down by its weight. The flowers
are greenish- white, and grow in loose
axillary clusters about 4 together. Culti-
vated ground; abundant.— Fl. July,
August. Annual.

4. P. dumetorum (Copse Buck - wheat).
—Distinguished from the last by its more
luxuriant growth, its winged pertanth, and
shining fruit. By some botanists classed
as a variety of the last. It grows in Potyconum Convotvutus
bushy places in the south of England. (Climbing Persicaria)
—Fl. August, September. Annual.

5. P. viviparum (Viviparous Bistort).—Stem simple, erect, bearing
a single, loose spike, which has in the lower part small bulbs in
place of flowers; perfect flowers with 3 styles, and producing tri-
angular fruits; leaves very narrow, their margins rolled back.
A slender plant, 6-8 inches high, remarkable for its tendency to
propagate itself by small, red bulbs, which supply the place of
flowers in the lower part of the spike; the flowers are light flesh-
coloured. Mountain pastures in the highlands of Scotland, and
the north of England.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

6. P. bistorta (Bistort Snake-root).— A rather handsome plant,
with a large twisted rool, and several simple, erect stems, 12-18
inches high, each of which bears a cylindrical spike of flesh-coloured
flowers ; leaves egg-shaped, the radicle ones on long stalks, and
sometimes as much as 6 inches long. Moist meadows, chiefly in
the north; not common.—Fl. June. Perennial.

7. P. ambhibium (Amphibious Persicaria).—Stem erect, or sup-
ported in the water by the floating eaves ; flowers in oblong spikes ;
stamens 5; styles 2; fruit flattened; leaves oblong, heart-shaped
at the base. So different are the forms assumed by this plant when
growing in water and on land that the varieties might well be taken
for two distinct species. In the water the stems are 2-3 feet long,
being supported by long-stalked, floating, smooth leaves ; on land
the stems are about a foot high, and the leaves narrow and rough.

In both forms of the plant the spikes of flowers are rose-coloured
and handsome. Ditches and banks of pools; frequent.—Fl. July
to September. Perennial.

250 MONOCHLAMYDEZ:

8. P. Persicaria (Spotted Persicaria).—Stem erect, branched ;
leaves narrow, tapering, often spotted; flowers in spikes; stamens
6; styles forked; stipules fringed. A common weed, I-2 feet
high, distinguished by its rather large leaves, stained with a purple
blotch, and numerous oblong spikes of greenish- or pinkish-white
flowers. Waste and damp ground; abundant.—Fl. July, August.
Annual.

9. P. lapanthifolium (Pale-flowered Persicaria).—Closely _ re-
sembles the last, and by some considered only a variety. Dis-
tinguished by having 2 distinct, instead of forked styles, and by
not having the stipules fringed; in both species the Jeaves are
sometimes white with silky down. Waste and damp ground ;
not uncommon.—Fl. July to September. Annual.

10. P. hydropiper (Water-Pepper).—Stem erect ; leaves narrow,
tapering ; flowers in loose, drooping spikes; stamens 6. Well
distinguished by its slender drooping spikes of greenish flowers.
The fresh juice is acrid, but not of an unpleasant flavour, and is
said to cure pimples on the tongue. Ditches and places where
water has stood during winter ; abundant.—F1. August, September.
Annual.

11. P. minus (Slender Persicaria)—By some classed as a variety
of the last. Distinguished by its smaller size, close, slender, up-
right spikes, narrower leaves, nearly undivided styles, and lack of
acrid taste. Not common.—Fl. July to September. Annual.

2. RuMEX (Dock Sorrel)
Flowers having both stamens and pistils ; herbage not acid

1. R. hydrolapathum (Great Water-Dock).— Leaves narrow,
elliptical, tapering at both ends, the lower ones heart-shaped at
the base; enlarged segments of the perianth bluntly triangular,
tubercled. A picturesque plant, 4-6 feet high, with exceedingly
large leaves, and several stems, which bear numerous green flowers
in almost leafless whorls. River banks; frequent. —Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

There are about ten other species of Dock, some of which are
rarely to be met with, others far too common. The most abundant
kind is R. obtusifolius (Broad-leaved Dock), too well known to need
any description. 2. crispus (Curled Dock) has acute curled leaves,
and is also common. R&R. sanguineus (Bloody-veined Dock) has
the veins of its leaves tinged of a beautiful crimson. The other
species are less frequent, and unlikely to interest beginners.

PLATE LXXVII.

Sheep’s Sorrel, Spotted Persicaria

*

2
:
x

=

PERSICARIA TRIBE 251

Stamens and prstils on different plants ; herbage acid

2. R. acetosa (Common Sorrel).—Leaves

oblong, slightly arrow-shaped at the base. x,
A slender plant, about 2 feet high, with %
juicy stems and leaves, and whorled spikes
of reddish-green flowers. Well known for
the grateful acidity of its herbage. Mea-
dows ; abundant.—Fl. June, July. Per-
ennial.

3. R. acetosella (Sheep’s Sorrel).—Leaves ¥\
tapering to a point, produced at the base ¥
into long, arrow-shaped barbs. Much
smaller than the last, and often tinged,
especially towards the end of summer,
with a deep red hue. Dry, gravelly places ; BH
abundant.—Fl. May to July. Perennial, V4, }

3. Oxyria (fountain Sorrel) Ee SEES
: : ae ae (Common Sorrel)
I. O. ventformis (Mountain Sorrel).—

The only species. Approaching the Common Sorrel in habit, but
shorter and stouter. The /eaves are all from the root, and kidney-
shaped; the flowers are green, and grow in clustered spikes; the
herbage has a grateful acid flavour. Damp places, near the summit
of high mountains ; frequent.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER LXXVIII
ELE AGNACE.—OLEASTER TRIBE

Stamens and pistils on separate plants; barren flowers in cat-
kins ; pertanth tubular ; stamens 3-8, sessile on the throat of the
perianth ; fertile flowers solitary, tubular, not falling off; ovary
I-celled ; style short; stigma awl- shaped ; fruit, a single nut,
enclosed within the ‘fleshy perianth. Trees and shrubs, with
leaves which have no stipules, but are covered with scurfy scales.
They are found in all parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The
fruit of several species of Eleeagnus is eaten in the East, and the
flowers are highly fragrant and abound in honey, which, in some
parts of Europe, is considered a remedy for malignant fevers. The
only British species is the Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaé Rhamnoides).

i. HippopHak (Sea Buckthorn).—Stamens and pistils on separate
plants; barren flowers in small catkins; perianth of 2 valves ;
stamens 4, with very short filaments ; fertile flowers solitary ; peri
anth tubular, cloven at the summit; style short; stigma awl
shaped; fruit, a I-seeded nut, enclosed in the fleshy perianth
(Name of doubtful etymology.)

252 MONOCHLAMYDE

1. HrppopHai (Sea buckthorn)

i. H. rhamnoides (Sea Buckthorn, Sallow-Thorn).—The only
species. A thorny shrub, 4-5 feet high, with very narrow, silvery
leaves, small greenish flowers, which appear with the leaves in May,
and numerous orange-coloured berries, which are of an acid flavour
and very juicy. The stems, roots, and foliage, are said to impart
a yellow dye. Sandhills and cliffs on the eastern coast of England.
—Fl. May. Shrub.

NATURAL ORDER LXIX
THYMELACE.—DaApuHNE TRIBE

Calyx tubular, coloured, 4- rarely 5-cleft, occasionally having
scales in its mouth; stamens 8, 4, or 2, inserted in the tube of the
perianth; ovary 1-celled; style 1; stigma undivided; fruit, a
1-seeded nut or drupe. Shrubs with undivided laurel-like leaves,
remarkable for their tough bark, which is of a highly acrid nature,
causing excessive pain if chewed, and raising a blister if applied to
the skin. Both bark and root of Mezereon (Daphne Mezereon) are
used in medicine ; they are of a very violent effect, whether taken
inwardly or applied externally. The berries of Spurge-Laurel are
poisonous to all animals except birds. In the East the bark of
several species is manufactured into ropes and paper. The inner
bark of Lagetta lintearia, when macerated and cut into thin pieces,
assumes a beautiful net-like appearance, whence it has received
the name of Lace-bark. In the south of Europe two plants belong-
ing to this tribe are used to dye wood yellow. The seeds of Ino-
carpus edulis are eaten when roasted, and have the taste of Chest-
nuts. Daphne Japonica, or Indica, with its varieties, is commonly
cultivated in conservatories and gardens for the sake of the deli-
cious fragrance of its flowers. The only British genus belonging
to this Tribe is—

1. DAPHNE (Spurge-Laurel).—Characters given above. (Name,
the Greek for a Laurel, which it resembles in the character of its
foliage.)

I. DAPHNE (Spurge-laurel)

1. D. laureola (Spurge-Laurel).— Flowers in drooping, axillary
clusters ; leaves evergreen. A low shrub, about 2 feet high, very
little branched, and remarkable for its smooth, erect stems, which
are bare of leaves, except at the summit. The leaves are smooth,
shining, and evergreen ; the flowers are green, and in mild weather
fragrant ; the berries, which are egg-shaped and nearly black, are,
as has been noted above, poisonous. From the tendency of this
plant to bear its proportionally large leaves only on the summit of
the stem, it has some resemblance to a group of Palms. It is used

PLATE LXXVIII.

Spurge Laurel Wood Spurge

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7D 4A Ay ee
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oa ts ss

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: - a 7 — - a
en)

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-
ees reraees nr e=n ©¢s 6

ecuesiuaetiecasiaeeicgecee scant
gata taser snahaneareeba teneeantsat

A

a
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—
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:

BIRTHWORT TRIBE 253

by nurserymen as a stock upon which to graft the delicious D. Indica
of greenhouses. Woods; not unfrequent.—Fl. March. Shrub.

2. D. Mezerewm is occasionally found in, situations where it is
apparently wild; but it is not considered a native; its purple,
fragrant flowers appear before the leaves, and are sessile on the
branches; the leaves are not evergreen ; berries red.

NATURAL ORDER LXX
SANTALACEZ.—SANnDAL-wooD TRIBE

Perianth attached to the ovary, 4- or 5-cleft, valvate when in
bud ; stamens as many as the lobes of the perianth, and opposite
to them; ovary r-celled; style 1; stigma often lobed; fruit, a
hard, dry drupe. The plants of this group are found in Europe
and North America, in the form of obscure weeds ; in New Holland,
the East Indies, and the South Sea Islands, as large shrubs, or small
trees. Some are astringent, others yield fragrant wood. Sandal-
wood is the produce of Santalum album, an East Indian tree, and
is used both medicinally and as a perfume. In New Holland and
Peru the seeds of some species are eaten. The only British plant
belonging to this tribe is—

1. THEsSIUM (Bastard Toad-flax).—Characters given above.
(Name of doubtful origin.)

1. Tuesium (Bastard Toad-flax)

1. T. linophyllum (Bastard Toad-flax).—The only British species.
A rather small plant, with a woody root ; nearly prostrate stems,
6-12 inches high; very narrow, pointed leaves, and leafy clusters
of whitish flowers. Chalky hills in the south of England; not
common.—Fl. July. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER LXXI
ARISTOLOCHIACE/E.—BIrRTH-worT TRIBE

Perianth attached to the ovary below, tubular above, with a
wide mouth; stamens 6-12, inserted on the ovary; ovary 3 to
6-celled ; style 1; stigmas rayed, as many as the cells of the ovary ;
fruit 3- to 6: celled, many-seeded. Herbs or shrubs, often climbing,
with simple leaves, and solitary, axillary flowers, very abundant in
the warmer parts of South America, but rare elsewhere. The
plants of this Order are generally bitter, tonic, and stimulant.
The dried and powdered leaves of Asar abacca (Asarum Europeum)
are used in the preparation of cephalic snuffs, exciting sneezing,
and giving relief to headache and weak eyes. Virginian Snake-
root (Aristolochia serpentaria) and other allied species are used as

254 MONOCHLAMYDE

antidotes to snake bites. The juice extracted from the root of a
South American species is said to have the power of stupelying
serpents if placed in their mouths. Other African species are said
to be used by the Egyptian jugglers to stupefy the snakes with
which they play tricks during the exhibition of their art. The
wood of Avistolochia is remarkable for not being arranged in con-
centric layers, but in wedges. A thin slice is a beautiful object for
examination under a microscope of low power.

1. ARISTOLOCHIA (Birth-wort).—Pertanth tubular, curved, swollen
at the base, the mouth dilated on one side; anthers 6, inserted on
the style; stigma 6-lobed; capsile 6-celled. (Name in Greek
denoting the supposed medicinal virtues of the plant.)

2. AsARum (Asarabacca).—Perianth bell-shaped, 3-cleft ; stamens
12, inserted at the base of the style; stigma 6-lobed; capsule
6-celled. (Name from the Greek, a, not, and sera, a wreath,
denoting that the plant was by the ancients excluded from gar-
lands.)

I. ARISTOLOCHIA (Birth-worl)

1. A. clematitis (Birth-wort).—The only species found growing
in wild situations in Britain. A singular plant, with creeping
voots, slender, unbranched, erect stems, and large heart-shaped
leaves ; the flowers, which grow several together, are of a dull
yellow colour, swollen at the base, contracted above, and expanding
into an oblong lip with a short point. Woods, and among ruins
in the east and south of England; rare.—Fl. July, August. Per-
ennial.

2. AsaRuM (Asarabacca)

1. A. Europeum (Asarabacca)—The only species found in
Britain, and a doubtful native. A curious plant, consisting of a
very short stem, bearing two large, shining, kidney-shaped Jeaves,
and a solitary dingy, brown-green flower. Woods in the north;
rare.—Fl. May. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER LXXII
EMPETRACEA?.—Crow-Berry TRIBE

Stamens and pistils on separate plants; perianth of several
scales arranged in 2 rows, the inncr resembling petals; stamens
equal in number to the inner scales, and alternate with them ;
ovary of 3, 6, or g cells, on a fleshy disk; style 1; stigma rayed ;
fruit fleshy, with long cells; seeds 1 in each cell. Small heath-like
evergreen shrubs, with minute axillary flowers, chiefly inhabiting
Europe and North America. The leaves and fruit slightly acid.
The berries of the Crow-berry (Empetrum mgrum), though of an

SPURGE TRIBE 255

unpleasant flavour, are eaten in Arctic regions, and are considered
as a preventive of scurvy.

1. Emprtrum (Crow-berry).—Pertanth of 3 outer and 3 inner
scales. (Name in Greek signifying growing on a rock.)

I. EMPETRUM (C vow-berry)

1. E. mgrum (Black Crow-berry, Crake-berry).—The only British
species. A small, prostrate shrub, with the habit of a Heath.
The stems are much branched ; the leaves are oblong, very narrow,
and have their margins so much recurved as to meet at the back ;
the flowers are small and purplish, growing in the axils of the upper
leaves. The berries, which are black, are much eaten by moor-fowl.
Abundant on mountainous heaths in the north.—Fl. May. Per-
ennial.

NATURAL ORDER LXXIII
EUPHORBIACE/E.—SpurGE TRIBE

Stamens and pistils in separate flowers; perianth lobed, with
various scales or petal-like appendages ; stamens varying in number
and arrangement ; ovary mostly 3-celled, with as many styles and
stigmas ; fruit generally 3-celled and 3-seeded. A large Order,
very difficult to be defined, even by the experienced botanist, and,
therefore, very likely to puzzle the beginner, who must not be dis-
heartened if he is a long while in reducing to their place in the
system those plants belonging to it which he first meets with.
The Order contains nearly 200 genera, and it is necessary to ex-
amine many of these before the relation can be traced between
those families which most differ. The number of species is thought
to be not less than 2500, which are distributed over most of the
tropical and temperate regions of the globe, especially the warmer
parts of America. They are either trees, shrubs, or herbs, and
some kinds have the external habit of the cactus tribe. Among so
numerous an assemblage of plants «ve should expect to find a great
dissimilarity of properties, which, indeed, exists to a certain extent,
yet nearly all agree in being furnished with a juice, often milky,
which is highly acrid, narcotic, or corrosive, the intensity of the
poisonous property being usually proportionate to the abundance
of the juice. Of the genus Euphorbia, Spurge, which gives its
name to the Order, ten or twelve species arc natives of Britain.
The British Spurges are all herbaceous, and remarkable for the
singular structure of their green flowers and their acrid milky
juice, which exudes plentifully when either the stems or leaves are
wounded. The roots of several of the common kinds enter into
the composition of some of the quack fever medicines, but they
are too violent in their action to be used with safety. The Irish

256 MONOCHLAMYDEZ:

Spurge is extensively used by the peasants of Kerry for poisoning,
or rather stupefying fish. So powerful are its effects that a small
creel, or basket, filled with the bruised plant, suffices to poison the
fish for several miles down a river. Euphorbia Lathyris is some-
times, though erroneously, called in England the Caper-plant. Its
unripe seeds are pickled, and form a dangerous substitute for the
genuine capers, which are the unexpanded flower-buds of Caparis
epinosa, a shrub indigenous to the most southern countries of
Europe. Among the foreign Spurges, some species furnish both
the African and American savages with a deadly poison for their
arrows. Another, called in India Tivucalli, furnishes an acrid
juice, which is used in its fresh state for raising blisters. Other
kinds are used in various parts of the world as medicines, but
require to be administered with caution. The gum resin, Euphor-
bium, of chemists, is procured from the species growing in Africa
and the Canaries, by wounding the stems and collecting in leathern
bags, the sap which exudes. It is an acrid poison, and highly in-
flammable, and so violent in its effects as to produce severe in-
flammation of the nostrils if those who are employed in powdering
it do not guard themselves from its dust. Pliny relates that the
plant was discovered by King Juba, and named by him after his
chief physician, Euphorbus. The Manchinecl tree (Hippomane
Mancinella) is said to be so poisonous that persons have died from
merely sleeping beneath its shade. Its juice is pure white, and
a single drop of it falling upon the skin burns like fire, forming an
ulcer, often difficult to heal. The fruit, which is beautiful and
looks like an apple, contains a similar fluid, but in a milder form ;
the burning it causes in the lips of those who bite it guards the
careless from the danger of eating it. Jatropha Manihot, or Manioc,
is a shrub about six feet high, indigenous to the West Indies and
South America, abounding in a milky juice of so poisonous a nature
that it has been known to occasion death in a few minutes. The
poisonous principle, however, may be dissipited by heat, after
which process the root may be converted into the most nourishing
food. It is grated into a pulp and subjected to heavy pressure,
until the juice is drained off. The residue, called cassava, requires
no further preparation, being simply baked in the form of thin
cakes on a hot iron hearth. This bread is so palatable to those
who are accustomed to it as to be preferred to that made from
wheaten flour, and Creole families, who have changed their resi-
dence to Europe, frequently supply themselves with it at some
trouble and expense. The fresh juice is highly poisotous, but if
boiled with meat and seasoned, it makes an excellent soup, which
is wholesome and nutritious. The heat of the sun even is suffi-
cient to dissipate the noxious properties, for if it be sliced and ex-
posed for some hours to the direct rays of the sun, cattle may eat
it with perfect safety. The roots are sometimes eaten by the

SPURGE TRIBE 257

Indians, simply roasted, without being previously submitted to
the process of grating and repressing the juice. They also use
the juice for poisoning their arrows, and were acquainted with the
art of converting it into an intoxicating liquid before they were
visited by Europeans. By washing the pulp in water and suffering
the latter to stand, a sediment of starch is produced, which, under
the name of tapioca, is extensively imported into Europe, where it
is used for all the purposes to which arrowroot and sago are applied.
Caoutchouc, or India-rubber, is a well-known elastic gum, furnished
in greater or less abundance by many plants of this Order, but
especially by a South American tree, Siphonta or Hevea elastica.

The fragrant aromatic bark called cascarilla is produced by a
shrub belonging to this Order, Croton Eleutheria, a native of the
Bahamas, and by other species of Croton indigenous to the West
Indies and South America. Croton oil is the product of Croton
Tighum, and is so violent a medicine as to be rarely administered
until all other remedies have failed. Castor oil is expressed from
the seeds of Ricinus communis, an African tree, frequently grown
in English gardens as an annual, on account of its handsome leaves.
Poinsettia, some of the Crotons, and Euphorbias are a good deal
grown in greenhouses. The Box is the only British tree belonging
to this Order, of the poisonous properties of which it partakes,
though to a limited extent. In some parts of Persia it is very
abundant, and in these districts it is found impossible to keep
camels, as the animals are very found of browsing on the leaves,
which kill them. The Dog-mercury (Mercurtalis perennis) is
an herbaceous plant, common in our woods, and an active poison.
Another species, M. annua, is less frequently met with, and, though
poisonous, is not so virulent as the other species.

I. EupHORBIA (Spurge).—Pertanth or involucre bell-shaped, con-
taining 12 or more barren flowers or stamens, and 1 fertile flower or
pistil ; ovary 3-lobed; styles 3; stigmas 2-cleft ; capsule 3-celled,
3-seeded. (Name from Euphorbus, physician to Juba, an ancient
king of Mauritania, who first employed the plant as medicine.)

2. MERCURIALIS (Mercury).—Stamens and pistils on different
plants. Perianth 3-cleft to the base; barren flower ; stamens 9,
or more; fertile flower, styles 2; ovary 2-lobed; capsule 2-celled,
2-seeded. (Name in honour of the heathen god, Mercury.)

3. Buxus (Box).—Stamens and pistils in separate flowers, but
on the same plant. Perianth 4-cleft to the base; barren flower
with 1 bract; stamens 4; fertile flower with 3 bracts ; styles 3;
capsule with 3 horns, 3-celled; cells 2-sccdcd. (Name, the Latin
name of the tree.)

258 MONOCHLAMYDE

I. EupHorsia (Spurge)

1. E. peplis (Purple Spurge).—Grows quite flat to the ground,
sending out several branches at right angles to the root, in a circular
manner, about 6 inches across. Smooth and glaucous, and of a
beautiful glaucous hue; flower-heads small. Peculiar to the
sandy sea-shore in South Wales and south of England.—Fl. August,
September. Annual.

2. E. helioscopia (Sun Spurge).—Umbel, of 5 rays, which are
often repeatedly forked ; leaves oblong, tapering towards the base,
serrated above; capsule smooth. Varying in size from 6-12
inches in height, but easily distinguished by the golden-green hue
of. its spreading umbel, which is large in proportion to the size of
the plant, and has several serrated leaves at its base. Cultivated
ground ; abundant.—Fl. July, August. Annual.

3. E. peplus (Petty Spurge)—A very common garden weed,
3-9 inches high, distinguished by its pale hue, its 3-rayed and forked
umbel of numerous flowers, the tnvolucres of which are crescent-
shaped, with long horns.—Fl. summer. Cultivated ground.
Annual.

4. EF. exigua (Dwarf Spurge). — A slender species, from I or
2-8 inches high, with ascending stems and narrow, glaucous leaves.
Cultivated land; common.—Fl. June to September. Annual.

5. FE. Lathyris (Caper Spurge).—A tall, herbaceous species, 2-4
feet high, remarkable for the glaucous hue of its folzage, its heart-
shaped, taper-pointed bracts, and very large capsules, which abound
to a great degree, as well as the rest of the plant, in the milky, acrid
fluid found throughout the family. The leaves also, unlike those
of other Euphorbias, are all opposite. Common in cottage gardens ;
not unfrequent as an escape, and perhaps truly wild in one or two
localities.—F1. June, July. Biennial.

6. E. paralias (Sea Spurge).—A stout, shrubby plant, 6-12 feet
high ; stems leafless below, and with numerous glaucous, leathery,
imbricated leaves above. Sandy sea-shores; uncommon.—Fl. August
to October. Perennial.

7. FE. segetalis (Portland Spurge).—Distinguished from the last
by its less robust habit and the red fringe of its stems and leaves,
and by its leaves being thinner. South and west coasts; un-
common.—Fl. June to September. Perennial.

8. E. amygdalotdes (Wood Spurge.)—Stem branched above in
an umbellate manner into about 5 rays; rays 2-forked; bracts
perfoliate ; Jeaves narrow, egg-shaped, hairy beneath ; glands of
the involucre crescent-shaped. A common plant, with somewhat
shrubby stems, 1-2 feet high, conspicuous in spring and summer

SPURGE TRIBE 259

with its golden-green leaves and flowers, and in autumn with the
red tinge of its stems and leaves. Woods; abundant.—Fl. March,
April. Perennial.

9g. E. plutyphyllos (Broad-leaved Spurge).—An erect, slender,
slightly-branched plant, 6-18 inches high, smooth or hairy, with
the upper leaves broad and heart-shaped, and 3-5 rayed waibels,
which are again forked. Capsules small and warted. Cultivated
ground in the south; rare—Fl. July to September. Annual or
biennial.

to. EL. Hiberna (Irish Spurge).—A smooth, or sometimes downy
species, 12-18 inches high, with oblong /eaves, 2-4 inches in length ;
umbel 5-rayed; capsules large and warted. In Ireland and in
Devonshire.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

Two other species are found in Britain, viz. E. pilosa (Hairy
Spurge).—A tall, leafy, slightly hairy perennial, with glandular
capsules. Found established in woods near Bath and one or two
other places, but probably not indigenous ; very rare. And—

E. esula (Leafy Spurge).—A very rare species, found only in
Scotland, and not indigenous. It grows 12-18 inches high, and
is best distinguished by its many-rayed umbel.

2. MERCURIALIS (Mercury)

1. M. perennis (Dog’s Mercury).—Acom-
mon woodland, herbaceous plant, sending
up from its creeping roots numerous
simple stems, 6-12 inches high. Lach
stem bears in the upper part several pairs
of stalked, rather large, roughish leaves,
ovate-lanceolate and serrated, and among
the uppermost of these grow the small
green flowers, the barren on long stalks,
the fertile sessile. Woods and_ shady
places ; abundant.—Fl. April, May. Per-
ennial.

2. M. annua (Annual Mercury).—Taller
than the last, and distinguished by its
branched stems, and smaller, smooth, leaves,
which are of a light green hue. Barren and ferttle flowers are some-
times found on the same plant. Waste places: not common.—
Fl. August. Annual. Two forms are found, one with stalked
leaves, the other with sessile,

MERCURIALIS PERENNIS
(Dog's Mercury)

260 MONOCHLAMYDEZ

3. Buxus (Box)

1. B. sempervirens (Common Box-tree).—A
small, well-known tree, growing in great abun-
dance, and apparently wild, on Box-hill in Surrey,
where it ripens its seeds. In a natural state it
attains a height of 8 or 10 feet; in gardens it is
often clipped into various shapes, and a dwarf
variety is commonly used as an edging to beds.—
Fl. April. Small tree.

NATURAL ORDER LXXIV
CALLITRICHACEA.—WatTER STAR- WORT TRIBE

Flowers in different parts of the same plant,
axillary, solitary, very minute, imperfect, with
two white bracts at the base; calyx and corolla
absent ; barren flower, with one stamen, or very
rarely two; filament thread-like, bearing a I-celled
anther, which opens at the summit by two trans-
verse valves ; fertile flower, ovary 4-angled, 4-celled ;

___ Buxus styles 2, awl-shaped ; stigma simple; fruzt 4-celled,

SEMPERVIRENS 4 lobed, 4-seeded, flattened laterally, not opening.
(Commumnibie Binet’) <a) aquatic, herbaceous plants, with long, weak,
tangled stems, which are usually submerged, opposite simple entire
leaves, of which the upper alone float on the surface of the water,
and long, thread-like silvery roots, which proceed from the joints
of the stem, and are either attached to the soil below or are
suspended in the water.

I. CALLITRICHE (Water Star-wort).—Characters given above.

I. CALLITRICHE (Water Star-wort)

I. C. verna (Vernal Water Star- =
wort).—Leaves in pairs, united at the
base ; flowers in the axils of the leaves ; =
carpels bluntly keeled at the back. An
aquatic plant, with long slender stems,
which send out shining roots from the
joints; either growing in running
water, when the leaves are usually very / r\
narrow, or in stagnant water, when
the upper leaves are broader, and float
on the surface, crowded into a starry
form, the stamens being the only parts of the plant actually raised
above it. Streams and stagnant water ; everywhere.—Fl. May to
July. Annual.

CALLITRICHE VERNA
(Vernal Water Stay-wort)

NETTLE TRIBE 261

2. C. autumnalis (Autumnal Water Star-wort).—Carpels winged
at the back. Resembling the last, and growing in similar situa-
tions, but rare. In this species the whole plant is submerged ; all
the leaves are narrow and abrupt, and of a deeper green.—Fl. June
to October. Annual.

Four other British forms of Callitriche are described by botanists,
which vary in a slight degree from the preceding ; but they are not
of common occurrence, and are on other accounts scarcely deserving
of a separate notice in a volume of the present scope.

NATURAL ORDER LXXV
URTICACEA!.—NETTLE TRIBE

Stamens and pisttls generally in separate flowers, and often on
different plants ; pertanth divided, not falling off, sometimes want-
ing; stamens equal in number to the lobes of the perianth, and
opposite to them; anthers curved inwards in the bud, and often
bursting with elasticity; ovary 1, simple; fruit, a hard and dry
1-seeded capsule. A difficult Order, the limits of which are vari-
ously assigned by different botanists. In its widest extent it
contains some 1500 species, among which are a number of valuable
fruits, as the famous Bread-fruit and Jack-fruit (Avtocarpus incist-
folia and A. integrifolia), the Fig, Mulberry, and Sycamore of the
Scriptures. The Upas-tree of Java and Palo-de-vaca, or Cow-tree
of Demerara, are arranged in the same Order, with many others.
In its more limited extent the Nettle Tribe contains 23 families,
comprising, almost entirely, rough-leaved plants, which, though
they occasionally acquire the stature of trees, have, nevertheless,
little more than an herbaceous texture, their wood being remark-
able for its lightness and sponginess. They are found in most parts
of the world, occurring as weeds in the temperate and colder
regions, and attaining a larger size in hot climates. The British
species of Nettle (Uriica) are well known for the burning properties
of the juice contained in the stings (formic acid), with which their
foliage is plentifully armed. But, painful as are the consequences of
touching one of our common nettles, they are not to be compared
with the effects of incautiously handling some of the East Indian
species. A slight sensation of pricking is followed by a burning
heat, such as would be caused by rubbing the part with a hot
iron; soon the pain extends, and continues for many hours, or
even days, being attended by symptoms such as accompany lock-
jaw or influenza. A Java species produces effects which last for
a whole year, and are even said to cause death. In some species
the fibre is so strong that cordage is manufactured from it. The
burning property of the juice is dissipated by heat, the young
shoots of the common nettle being often boiled and eaten as a

262 MONOCHLAMYDE#

vegetable. Besides the use to which Hops are put in the manu-
facture of beer, the young shoots may also be boiled, when they
form a delicious vegetable.

1. Urtica (Nettie).—Stamens and pistils in separate flowers, on
the same or different plants; barren flower, perianth of 4 leaves,
stamens 43; fertile flower, perianth of 2 leaves, 1-seeded. (Name
from the Latin, iro, to burn, from its stinging properties.)

2, PARIETARIA (Pellitory).—Stamens and prstils in the same
flower; pertanth 4-cleft ; stamens 4; filaments at first curved in-
wards, finally spreading with an elastic spring; frit 1-seeded.
(Name from the Latin, partes, a wall, where these plants often
grow.)

3. HumuLus (Hop).—Stamens and pistils on different plants ;
barren flower, perianth of 5 leaves; stamens 5; fertile flower, a
catkin composed of large concave scales, each of which has at its
base two styles and 1 seed. (Name from the Latin, humus, rich
soil, in which the plant flourishes.)

r. Urtica (Neétle)

1. U. dioica (Great Nettle).— Roots creeping; stems 2-3 feet
high ; /ower leaves heart-shaped at the base, tapering to a point ;
upper leaves narrower; flowers in long, branched clusters. A
common weed, too well known to need further description.—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.

2. U. urens (Small Nettle)—Leaves elliptical; flowers in short,
nearly simple clusters. Smaller than the last, but closely resem-
bling it in habit and properties. Waste places; abundant.—
Fl. July to October. Annual.

3. U. pilulifera (Roman Nettle)—Taller than the last, about
2 feet high, with ovate, heart-shaped /eaves, and globular heads of
flowers. Local and not indigenous.—Fl. July to October. Annual.

2. PARIETARIA (Pellitory-of-the-wall)

1. P. officinalis (Common __ Pellitory-of-the-wall)—The only
British species. A much-branched, bushy, herbaceous plant, with
narrow, hairy /eaves, reddish, brittle stems, and small, hairy flowers,
which grow in clusters in the axils of the eaves. The filaments are
curiously jointed and elastic, so that if touched before the expansion
of the flower, they suddenly spring from their incurved position
and shed their pollen. In rural districts an infusion of this plant
is a favourite medicine.—FI. all the summer. Perennial.

PLATE LXXIX.
Hop Stinging Nettle
Pellitory of the Wall Lesser Stinging Nettle

ELM TRIBE—CATKIN-BEARING TRIBE 263

3. Humutus (Hop)

1. H. lupulus (Common Hop).—A beautiful climbing plant,
commonly cultivated for the sake of its catkins, which are used to
give a bitter flavour to beer, and naturalized in many places.—
Fl. July. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER LX XVI
ULMACE.—E.m Tripe

Stamens and pistils in the same or different flowers ; perianth
bell-shaped, often irregular; stamens equalling in number, and
opposite to, the lobes of the perianth ; ovary not attached to the
perianth, 2-celled; styles and stigmas 2; fruit 1- or 2-celled, not
bursting, drupe-like, or furnished with a leafy border. Trees or
shrubs with rough leaves and clustered flowers (never in catkins)
inhabiting temperate climates, and often forming valuable timber
trees.

1. Utmus (Elm).—Perianth bell-shaped, 4- to 5-cleft, persistent ;
stamens 5; styles 2; capsule thin and leaf-like, containing a single
seed. (Name, the Latin name of the tree.)

t. Utmus (E/m)

1. U. montana (Scotch or Wych Elm),—A tall tree, with almost
stalkless leaves, which are obliquely ovate and edged with double
teeth ; fruit ovate, green, slightly notched at the top, and with the
seed about the centre; no suckers from the roots. Chiefly found
in the north.—Fl. March. Tree.

2. U. campestris (Common Elm).—A tall tree, very near the
last. Fruit deeply notched, and seed in the upper half, near the
notch. Growth usually more upright that in U. montana. A
variety with somewhat pendulous branches is sometimes erroneously
called Wych Elm. A varicty is not unfrequent in hedges with
rough, corky bark on stems and twigs. Hedges, parks, etc. ;
common.—Fl. March. Tree.

NATURAL ORDER LX XVII
AMENTACE2.—CaTkKIN-BEARING TRIBE

Stamens and pistils in separate flowers, and often on different
plants; barren flowers in heads or catkins, composed of scales ;
stamens I-20, inserted on the scales; fertile flower, clustered,
solitary, or in catkins; ovary usually simple; sfgimas I or more.
An extensive Order, containing a large number of trees which are
highly valued for their fruit, timber, bark, and other minor pro-
ductions. They are most abundant in temperate climates, com-

264 MONOCHLAMYDE

prising a large proportion of our English forest trees. They have
been subdivided by botanists into several Sub-orders, or groups,
four of which contain British specimens. The first Sub-order,
SALICINEZ (the Willow group), is distinguished by bearing all its
flowers in catkins, the fruit being a 2-valved capsule, containing
numerous seeds tufted with down. In the Sub-order, MyRIcE&
(Sweet-Gale group), the flowers are all in catkins, and the ripe fruit
assumes a drupe-like appearance, from being invested by the
fleshy scales of the catkin. In BETULINE# (Birch group) the
flowers are all in catkins, and the fruit is thin and flattened, con-
taining I or 2 seeds, which are not tufted with down. In CUPULI-
FER# the fertile flowers grow in spikes or tufts, the barren flowers
in catkins, and the fruit is either wholly or partially invested with
a tough case, termed a cupula. By some modern botanists these
groups are severally treated as distinct Orders, under the names of
SALICACEH, MYRICACE®, BETULACE, and CUPULIFERZ; but it
has been thought expedient to retain the few examples described
in this volume under the comprehensive Order AMENTACEZ.

Sub-order I. SALIcINEe.—Willow Group

I. SALIX (Willow).—Stamens and pistils on different plants
(diectous) ; scales of the catkin imbricated, entire ; stamens 1-5 ;
stigmas 2; cahsule of 2 valves, I-celled; seeds numerous, tufted
with cottony down. (Name, the Latin name of the plant.)

A very large genus, widely distributed from the tropics to the
Arctic regions, and found both in low-lying: lands and at great alti-
tudes. This is perhaps the most puzzling family with which the
student will meet. Not only do many confusing natural hybrid
forms occur, but botanists often find it difficult to “ pair’ the male
and female forms of the same species. As many as thirty British
species have been described, but the truly distinct forms are pro-
bably about half that number. For a detailed description of the
species the student is referred to Bentham and Hooker’s “ British
Flora,” or John’s ‘‘ Forest Trees of Britain.”

2. PopuLus (Poplar).—Stamens and fistils on different plants ;
scales of the catkin jagged ; stamens 8-30; stigmas 4 or 8; capsule
of 2 valves, obscurely 2-celled; seeds numerous, tufted with
cottony down. (Name from the Latin, populus, and signifying
the tree of the people, which it was considered to be at Rome and in
France during the revolutions.)

The three principal British species are—

P. alba (White Poplar, Abele) —A tall growing tree, with smooth
ash-grey bark; ovate-cordate, lobed leaves, white, with cottony
down on the under side; buds downy; the roots send up many
suckers. Perhaps indigenous and much planted.

PLATE LXXxX.

Silver Birch Sweet Gale
Eln Common Alder

CATKIN-BEARING TRIBE 265

P. tremula (Aspen).—Smaller than the last; leaves smaller,
orbicular, toothed, not cottony beneath, borne on slender stems,
and therefore agitated by the least breath of air; suckers from
the root.

Populus (foplar)

P. nigrya (Black Poplar).—A tall tree of pyramidal growth.
Leaves rhomboid, serrated, not cottony beneath; buds sticky;
no suckers from the root. Not indigenous, but common by streams
and rivers.

The Lombardy Poplar is not indigenous, having been introduced
from the East.

Sub-order II. MyricE2®.—Sweet-Gale Tribe

3. Myrica (Sweet-Gale).—Stamens and pistils on different plants ;
scales of the catkin concave ; stamens 4-8 ; stigmas 2; fruit drupe-
like, I-seeded. (Name, the Greek name of the Tamarisk.) The
only British species is M. Gale (Sweet-Gale).—A low shrub, about
3 feet high, which has a sweet resinous smell when bruised. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, toothed towards the upper end. The catkins
appear before the leaves in the spring. Found in bogs in Scotland
and the north of England, and occasionally in the south.

Sub-ordey TI]. BETULINE®.—Birch Group

4. BETULA (Birch).—Stamens and fistils in separate flowers
(monecious); scales of the barren catkins in threes; stamens
10-12; scales of the fertile catkin 3-/obed, 3-flowered ; stigmas 2;
jruit flattened, 1-seeded, winged. (Name, the Latin name of the
tree.) There are two British species, viz.i—

B. alba (Common, White, or Silver Birch).—A very graceful
tree, with silvery-white bark, which peels from the trunk in a
curious manner. The branches are slender and somewhat pendu-
lous, and the leaves, borne on long stalks, are broadly ovate,
pointed, and serrate. A common forest tree.

266 MONOCHLAMYDEA

B. nana (Dwarf Birch)—A mountain shrub or small tree, with
wiry branches, and numerous rounded, notched leaves, which are
beautifully veined. Scotland and the north of England.

5. Atnus (Alder).—Stamens and pistils in separate flowers ;
scales of the barren catkin 3-lobed, 3-flowered ; stamens 4; scales
of the fertile catkin 2-flowered, permanent, becoming hard and
dry; stigmas 2; fruit flattened, not winged. (Name, the Latin
name of the tree.) <A. glutinosa (Common Alder) is the only
British species belonging to this family. It is a smallish tree, with
dingy bark, and short-stalked leaves, broadly ovate, wavy at the
edge, and toothed ; catkins two or thee together, barren ones long ;
fertile ones roundish, hard, woody, hanging for a long time on the
tree. A widely diffused tree, growing in swampy ground in most
of the temperate regions of the globe.

Sub-ordey IV. CuPULIFER®.—Mast-bearing Group
Stamens and pistils in separate flowers (Monecious)

6. Facus (Beech).—Barren flowers in a-globose catkin ; stamens
5-15; fertile flowers 2 together, within a 4-lobed, prickly involucre ;
stigmas 3; nuts 3-cornered, enclosed in the enlarged involucre.
(Name in Greek, phegos, a species of Oak ; in Latin, fagus, a Beech.)

F. sylvatica (Common Beech).—The only British species.
A large, handsome tree, with smooth, greyish bark, and short-
stalked, ovate leaves, silky when young, and rather thin, smooth
texture when fully expanded. The three-cornered masts or nuts
are much appreciated by squirrels and children. Indigenous, and
a largely planted forest tree.

7. CASTANEA (Chestnut).—Barren flowers in a very long, spike-
like catkin; stamens 10-20; fertile flowers 3 together, within a
4-lobed, very prickly involucre; stigmas 6; nuts not distinctly
3-cornered, enclosed in the enlarged involucre. (Latin, the name
of the tree.) C. sattve (Sweet, or Spanish Chestnut).—A handsome
tree, with perpendicularly furrowed bark, and smooth, narrow,
sharply serrated leaves. The male catkins are 4 or 5 inches long,
and have a heavy sickly smell. The nuts, though frequently pro-
duced in England, are usually small ; but in some parts of Southern
Europe they form the chief article of food of the inhabitants. Not
indigenous, but frequently planted.

8. QuERcUS (Oak)—Barren flowers in a long, drooping catkin;
stamens 5-10; fertile flowers with a cup-shaped, scaly involucre;
stigmas 3; frimt, an acorn. (Name, the Latin name of the tree.)
Q. Robur (British Oak).—One of our most splendid forest trees,
too well known to need much description. The leaves, which often
hang on the trees till very late into the winter, are very variable

PLATE LXXXI1.

Hazel Spanish Chestnut
Beech

FIR TRIBE 267

in general outline, with usually sinuate, bluntly-lobed edges,
sometimes almost pinnately lobed. The excellence of the timber
has become almost proverbial; the bark is used for tanning; the
galls, which form from the attacks of certain insects, have been used
in the manufacture of ink ; and the acorns are relished by swine.—
FI. in spring, when the leaves are expanding.

g. CoryLus (Hazel).—Barven flowers in a long, drooping, cylin-
drical catkin; scales 3-cleft; stamens 8; fertile flowers, several,
enclosed in a bud-like involucre ; sf#gmas 2; nut enclosed in the
enlarged, jagged involucre. (Name, the Latin name of the tree.)

C. avellana (Common Hazel).—A shrub or small tree, with coarse,
rounded, serrated leaves. The barren catkins, which form in the
autumn, expand early in spring before the leaves appear; the
fertile flowerys may be recognized by their crimson stigmas; nuts
edible.

ro. CARPINUS (Hornbeam).
—Barren flowers in a long
cylindrical catkin; — scales
roundish ;_ fertile flowers in
a loose catkin ; scales large
and leaf-like, 3-lobed ; stig-
mas 2; nut strongly ribbed.
(Name, the Latin name of
the tree.) A small tree,
with ovate, doubly serrate
leaves, somewhat downy be-
neath. The tough wood is
used for making cog-wheels.
Indigenous to the south of
England and Wales. — Fl. ; \
when the leaves are expand- Carrinus BETULUS
ing in spring. (Common Hornbeam)

NATURAL ORDER LXXVIII
CONIFER.—FIr TRIBE

Stamens and pistils in separate flowers, and often on different
trees. Stamens collected in sets around a common stalk; fertile
flowers in cones, destitute of styles and stigmas ; friut, a cone, com-
posed of hardened scales or bracts, bearing, at the base of each,
naked seeds, which are often winged. A large Order of trees,
represented in all parts of the globe. They vary from mere stunted
bushes to the gigantic Redwood trees of California. Only three
species are natives of Britain, but a large number are planted both
as forest trees and as ornamental garden trees and bushes.

268 MONOCHLAMYDEX

1. Prnus (Fir).—Barren flowers, in clustered, scaly catkins, the
upper scales bearing sessile anthers ; fertile flowers in an egg-shaped
catkin, which finally becomes a woody cone ; seeds winged. (Name,
the Latin name of the tree.)

P. sylvesiris (Scotch Fir).—A tall, picturesque tree, with reddish
bark, and a dense, tufted head. Leaves in pairs, about 2 inches
long, surrounded by scales, evergreen. The cones are small, sessile,
and grow 1-3 together. Wangs of the
seeds 2 or 3 times as long as the seeds.
Indigenous in the Highlands of Scotland,
and largely planted elsewhere.

2. JUNIPERUS (Juniper).—Barren flowers
in scaly catkins; anthers attached to the
base of the scales; fertile flowers in cat-
kins of a few united scales, which finally
become a fleshy berry, containing 3 seeds.
(Name, the Latin name of the tree.)

Jj. communis (Common Juniper) is a
native of all the northern parts of Europe,
and in Great Britain is generally found
on hills and heathy downs, especially in
the north, and where the soil is chalky.
The berries are much used to flavour

JunrreRus CoMMUNIS — hojlands or geneva, a spirit distilled from
(Common Juniper) corn.

3. Taxus (Yew).—Barren flowers
in oval catkins, which are scaly
below; stamens numerous; _ fertile
flowers solitary, scaly below; fruit,
a naked sccd, surrounded at the
base by the enlarged pulpy scales.
(Name, the Latin name of the tree.)

T. baccata (Common Yew).—The
only British yew, is an evergreen
tree, remarkable for its longevity.
The foliage is poisonous, but the red
pulp of the berries is said to be in-
nocuous, being often eaten by chil-
dren without ill effect. The hard
stone, however, should not be swal-
lowed. The variety called Irish
Yew has erect, instead of spreading Taxus BaccaTa
branches. (Common Yew)

PLATE LXXXII.

Scotch Fir
Oak Sallow

FROG-BIT TRIBE 269

Crass II
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS

In the plants belonging to this class the embryo of the seed is
accompanied by a single cofyledon. The stem consists of woody
fibre, cellular tissue, and spiral vessels; but there is no true bark
nor pith, nor is the wood arranged in concentric layers. The stem
increases in density (scarcely at all in diameter) by deposits at or
near the centre; hence plants of this class are called ENDOGENOUS
(increasing by additions on the inside). As new substance is
deposited, the old layers of wood are pressed outwards, and thus
the hardest part is near the circumference. The growth of the
stem is usually produced by a single terminal bud, without the aid
of buds in the axils of the leaves ; there are, however, exceptions
to this rule, and the stem is often hollow. The principal veins of
the /eaves are parallel, not forming a complicated network. The
flowers are furnished with stamens and pistes, 3, or some multiple
of 3, being the predominating number of the parts of fructification.
A large number are destitute of petals, the place of which is supplied
by scales or chaff (glumes).

Sus-Ciass I
PETALOIDEH

Flowers furnished with petals, arranged in a circular order, or
without petals.*

NATURAL ORDER LXXIX
HYDROCHARIDACE.—Froc-Bit TRIBE

Flower-buds enclosed in a sheath; sepals 3, green; petals 3;
stamens 3, 9, 12, or more ; ovary inferior, I or many-celled ; style 1 ;
stigmas 3-9; fruit dry or juicy, not bursting, I or many-celled.
A tribe of aquatic plants, often floating, among which the most
remarkable is Valisneria spiralis, the flower of which grows at the
extremity of a long, spiral stalk. As the bud expands the spire
partially uncoils, allowing the flower to float on the surface for a
few hours, and then contract again, drawing the seed-vessel beneath
the surface, there to ripen its seeds. The number of species is

* Sub-Class II, GLrumAcE®, contains plants which have, instead of
petals, chaffy scales, or glumes, which are not arranged in a circular order,
as is the case with Petaloidee, but are imbricated, such as the GRassEs
or SEDGES.

270 PETALOIDER

small, and only two are natives of Britain. A species of com-
paratively recent introduction is Anacharis Alsinastrum, a sub-
merged aquatic, having much the habit of Potamogeton densus,
from which it may be at once distinguished by bearing its leaves
three and sometimes four in a whorl. It increases so rapidly that
in some places it has seriously impeded canal navigation, and it is
a troublesome pond weed. It is a native of North America, but
how it was introduced into this country is unknown.

ANACHARIS ALSINASTRUM HvyprociarRts Morsus-RAN.E
(Frog-bit)

i. Hyprocuaris (Frog-bit)—Stamens and pistils on different
plants ; stamens 9-12; ovary 6-celled; stigmas 6. (Name from
the Greek, hyvdor, water, and charis, elegance, the plants being
showy aquatics.)

2. STRATIOTES (Water-soldier).—Stamens and prsitls on different
plants ; stamens about 12, surrounded by many imperfect ones ;
ovary 6-celled ; stigmas 6. (Name, the Greck for a soldier, from
its rigid, prickly, sword-shaped leaves.)

1. Hyprocuaris (Frog-bit)

1. H. Morsus-rane (Frog-bit)—The only British species. A
floating aquatic, with creeping sfems, roundish stalked eaves, and
delicate white flowers, which grow 2 or 3 together from a pellucid
2-leaved sheath. Ponds and ditches; not general—Fl. July,
August. Perennial,

PLATE LXXXIII,

_ Early Purple Orchis
Broad-leaved Helleborine White Helleborine Marsh Helleborine

ORCHIDEOUS TRIBE 271

I. STRATIOTES (Water-soldier)

T. S. aloides (Water-soldier).—The only
British species ; growing in ditches in the
east of England. The roofs extend to
some distance into the mud, and throw
out numerous rigid, prickly leaves, like
those of an Aloe; the fower-stalk is about
6 inches high, and bears at its summit a
2-leaved sheath, containing several delicate
white flowers, bearing stamens, or one
flower only, bearing frsti/s. It rises to the
surface before flowering, and then sinks to
the bottom.—Ffl. July. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER LXXX
ORCHIDACEAL.— ORCHIDEOUS TRIBE

Sepals 3, often coloured ; petals 3, the
lowest unlike the rest, and frequently
spurred ; stamens and style united into a
central column ; follen powdery or viscid, sometimes raised in masses
on minute stalks; ovary I-celled ; stigma a viscid hollow in front
of the column ; frit, a 3-valved capsule, with 3 rows of seeds. A
very extensive tribe of perennial herbaceous plants, with fibrous or
tuberous roots, fleshy or leathery leaves, all the veins of which are
parallel, and flowers so variable in form as to defy general descrip-
tion, yet so peculiar that very shght experience will enable the
student to refer them to their proper tribe. British species have
for the most part two or more glossy sheathing leaves, and bear
their flowers in simple spikes or clusters. The colour of the flowers
is purple, mottled with various other tints—flesh-coloured, white,
or greenish. The structure of the lower lip of the corolla is in
many cases most singular, sometimes resembling in form, size, and
colour, insects which naturally frequent the places where the flowers
grow: such are the Bee, Fly, and Spider Orchis (Ophrys apifera,
O. muscifera, and O. avantfera). In other instances the same organ
presents a fantastic caricature of some more important subject of
the animal kingdom: such are the Man, and Monkey Orchis (Aceras
anthropophora and Orchis macra). The same mimicking extends
to foreign species. ‘‘ So various are they in form,” says Dr. Lindley,
“ that there is scarcely a common reptile or insect to which some
of them have not been likened.” Occasionally the structure is
more complex: in Caleana nigrita the column is a boat-shaped
box, resembling a lower lip; the lip itself forms a lid that exactly
fits it, and is hinged on a claw, which reaches the middle of the
column; when the flower opens the lip turns round within the

SrRATIOTES ALOIDES
(Water-soldter)

272 PETALOIDEZ

column and falls back, so that the flower being inverted, it stands
fairly over the latter. The moment a small insect touches its
point, the lip makes a sudden revolution, brings the point to the
bottom of the column, and makes prisoner any insect which the
box will hold. When it catches an insect, it remains shut as long
as its prey continues to move about; but if no capture is made,
the lid soon recovers its position. The many strange forms found
among the orchid tribe mostly hinge on the question of cross
pollenization, and the ingenious devices which ensure this end are
truly marvellous. Orchideous plants are to be found in all climates
except the very coldest and driest ; they are most abundant in the
hot, damp regions of the tropics, where they exist in the greatest
profusion ; not, as in temperate countries, deriving their nourish-
ment from the earth, but supported by the moisture that floats
around them. Clinging to the trunks and branches of trees, to the
stems of ferns, and even to the bare rock, they scem to adopt the
habits of animals as well as to imitate their forms. In many cases
the flowers only are conspicuous, the plant itself consisting of
creeping, claw-like roots, and tufts of elliptical bulbs, from the
summit of which spring a few tough leaves and wiry, jointed stems,
which seem incapable of producing the curiously-shaped and finely
coloured flowers they are shortly to bear. Of late years, great
attention has been paid to the cultivation of exotic Orchideous
plants, and by imitating as far as possible their natural condition
great success may be obtained; and if an orchid house be well
managed, some one or other of these curious air plants, as they
have been called, may be seen in bloom at all seasons of the year,
some clinging to broken potsherds, some to logs of wood, some to
cocoanut fibre, or simply suspended by wires from the roof of the
house. It is somewhat remarkable that endless as are the varieties
of form which the flowers of this tribe assume, their properties
vary but little. They furnish few, if any, medicines of importance ;
to the useful arts they contribute only a kind of cement or glue,
which is recommended by no particular excellence; a nutritious
substance called Salep is prepared from the roots of Orchis mascula
and other species, but this is not extensively used; and though
the flowers of many species are very fragrant, no perfume is ever
extracted from them. With the exception of Vanilla aromatica,
which is much used in flavouring chocolate and other sweetmeats,
no plant in the Order can be said to be extensively used, either
in the arts or sciences. On the other hand, Orchids may be almost
called the precious stones of the plant world. So enthusiastic do
cultivators become that they will often pay hundreds of pounds
for a single specimen of a new or rare sort, and the adventures of
Orchid-hunters in the tropics and the romance of the Orchid sale-
rooms in London are an astounding testimony to the fascination
of these strange plants.

PLATE LXXXIV.

Common Twayblade a
Lady’s Tresses spotted Orchis

ORCHIDEOUS TRIBE 273

The characters by which the families of this Order are dis-
tinguished are, owing to the curious structure of the flowers com-
prised in it, so peculiar, that they require to be attentively studied
by reference to fresh specimens before any description of them can
be understood. It has been thought necessary, therefore, in the
case of the Orchideous Tribe, to depart from the method pursued
in other parts of this work, and, instead of perplexing the student
with a systematic detail of generic characters, to describe such
species as are of common occurrence, attention being paid only
to their more obvious characters. The student will thus be enabled
to ascertain the names of most, if not all, of the species which are
likely to excite his attention. He may then examine them with
accuracy, and when he has mace himself acquainted with their
structure and peculiarities, he will be in a position to compare
whatever new species may fall in his way with the descriptions
given in works of higher pretention.

Orchis mascula (Early Purple Orchis).—A succulent plant,
about a foot high, flowering in May and June, and abounding in
woods and pastures wherever the Wild Hyacinth flourishes. The
root consists of two roundish solid tubers; the Jeaves are of a
liliaceous texture, stained with dark purple spots, oblong, and
clasping the stem; the stem is solitary, and bears an erect cluster
of purple flowers, mottled with lighter and darker shades; each
flower rises from a somewhat twisted ovary, and has a long spur,
which turns upwards. The colour of the flower, associated as it
often is with Cowslips and Wild Hyacinths, is rich and beautiful,
but the odour is strong and offensive, especially in the evening.

O. Morio (Green-winged Meadow Orchis).—Comes into flower
about the same time with the last, and resembles it in habit. It
is, however, a shorter plant, and bears fewer flowers in a cluster ;
it is best distinguished by the two lateral sepals, which are strongly
marked with parallel green veins, and bent upwards, so as to form
a kind of hood over the column. It grows in meadows, and is
often very abundant.

Orchis pyramidalis (Pyramidal Orchis)—Grows about a foot
high, has narrow, pointed leaves, and bears at the summit of its
somewhat slender stem a dense cluster, broad at the base and taper-
ing to a point, of small, deep rose-coloured flowers, which are re-
markable for the length and slenderness of the spur. It usually
grows on chalk or limestone, and flowers in July.

Orchis maculata (Spotted Orchis) may be distinguished from
either of the preceding by its root, which consists of two flattened
tubers, divided at the extremity into several finger-like lobes. Its
leaves are spotted like those of O. mascula, and its flowers are light
purple, curiously marked with dark lines and spots. It grows
abundantly on heaths and commons, flowering in June and July.

T

274. PETALOIDEA

Orchis latifolia (Marsh Orchis) is a taller plant than the last, but
has, like it, palmated roots; the leaves are remarkably erect ;
flowers rose-coloured or purple, and the bracts, which taper to a fine
point, are longer than the flowers. It grows abundantly in marshes
and wet pastures, and blossoms in June and July. All the above
species, especially O. Morto, occasionally bear white flowers.

O. militaris (Military Orchis) is a rather tall g:owing species,
with purple, short-spurred flowers, found only in some of the south-
eastern counties bordering the Thames.

O. ustulata (Dwarf Orchis)—A dwarf species, bearing dense
spikes of purple flowers, which are small and very short-spurred ;
the unexpanded flowers are of a remarkably dark purple. Chalky
hills ; not common.

O. laxiflora (Ioose Orchis).— Not unlike O. mascila, but the
leaves are narrow and unspotted; flowers red, in a loose spike;
bracts broad and veined. Found only in the Channel Isles.

O. Iiycina (Lizard Orchis).—A very rare species, found only in
Kent and Suffolk. It grows 1-4 feet high, and is remarkable for its
loose spike of greenish flowers, spotted with red, #p very long, and
for its objectionable smell of goat.

Gymnadenia conopsea (Sweet-scented Orchis) somewhat resembles
Orchis maculata ; the flowers are rose-purple, but not spotted, and
very fragrant; the spy is very slender, and twice as long as the
ovary. It grows in dry, hilly, or mountainous pastures, and
flowers in June and July.

Habenaria bifolia (Butterfly Orchis) is a singular plant, but not
appropriately named, for the resemblance which its flowers bear
to.a butterfly is very slight. It bears two broad leaves immediately
above the voot ; the stem is slender and angular, about a foot high,
and bears a loose cluster of greenish-while flowers, which are re-
markable for the length of the spur and for the strap-shaped lower
lip of the corolla. It grows on heaths and the borders of woods,
blooming in June. The flowers are fragrant in the evening.

H. viridis (Green Habenaria or Frog Orchis) and H. albida (Small
White Habenaria) are small plants, from 6-8 inches high, the former
with green, very short spurred flowers ; the latter with flowers
which are white and fragrant. Neither is very common.

H, intacta is a small species with often spotted deaves, and pink
or purple, sometimes white, short spurred flowers. Found only
in the west of Ireland.

Listera ovata (Twayblade) grows from 12-18 inches high, and is
well marked by its bearing, about half-way up its cylindrical stem,
two opposite, egg-shaped /eaves ; the flowers are small and green.
It is not uncommon in woods and orchards, and flowers in June.

LXXXV.

Man Orchis Bee Orchis
Fly Orchis Butterfly Orchis

Pee ae Pe EW

awe eeeae eer etveaeeae

4

a a

“ve

1

ORCHIDEOUS TRIBE 275

Listera cordata (Heart-leaved Twayblade) is a much smaller
plant, with two heart-shaped Jeaves. It occurs in mountainous
districts, chiefly in the north, and flowers from June to August.

Neottia nidus-avis (Bird’s nest) is a pale, reddish-brown plant,
about a foot high, entirely destitute of eaves, the place of which is
supplied by numerous sheathing, brown scales. The root consists
of many short fleshy fibres, for the extremities of which the young
plants are produced. It is found sparingly in shady woods,
flowering in June.

Spiranthus autumnalis (Autumn Lady’s tresses).—A curious little
plant, from 4-6 inches high, with tubcrous roofs and a spike of
small white flowers, which are arranged in a single row, and in a
spiral manner, in some specimens from left to right, in others from
right to left, round the upper portion of the stalk. The flowers are
fragrant in the evening. The /eaves form a tuft just above the
crown of the rot, and wither before the flowers begin to expand.
These are succeeded by a tuft of new leaves, which rise from the
base of the old stems. Not uncommon in dry pastures, flowering
in September and October. Two other species of Spivanthes occur,
both exceedingly rare; they are S. ewstivalis (Summer Lady’s
tresses) and S. Romazoviana (Drooping Lady's tresses). The
former is taller, and has larger flowers than S. autumnalis, and is
found only in Hampshire and Worcestershire; the latter is only
found at Bantry Bay, in Ireland.

Ophrys apifera (Bee Orchis).—The distinctive character of the
flower of this curious plant is given in its name, and the same may
be said of O. muscifera (Fly Orchis) ; both species occur in con-
siderable abundance in many of the limestone and chalk districts.
No one who has heard that plants exist bearing these names can
doubt their identity, should they fall in his way. The former of
these flowers in June and July, the latter in May and June.

The Spider Orchis (Ophrys avantfera) is of rare occurrence.

Goodyera repens (Creeping Goodyera) is a small plant with creep-
ing voots, and one-sided spikes of small, greenish white flowers, not
unlike Spiranthes, but the spike not spiral. Rare and local; found
in Cumberland and in Scotland. Fir woods.—Fl. late summer.

Corallorhiza innaia (Coral-root).—Well marked by its curiously-
toothed voots, which in figure resemble branched coral; the stem
which bears scales in place of Jeaves, is some g inches high, and of
a yellowish-green colour. Flowers small, greenish yellow. Con-
fined to the east of Scotland ; damp woods.

Aceras anthropophora (Man Orchis) bears a long loose spike of
greenish-yellow flowers, which bear a fancied resemblance to a
man—the two upper side lobes of the J#p representing the arms,
the elongated, deeply-cleft, middle lobe the legs and body. Dry
chalky places in Eastern England.

276 PETALOIDE#®

Malaxis paludosa (Bog Orchis).—The smallest British Orchideous
plant, 2-4 inches high, and bears a spike of minute green flowers.
Found in spongy bogs in many parts of Britain, but never common.

Liparis Loeselii (Two-leaved Liparis) is confined to the eastern
counties, where it is rarely found in spongy bogs. It bears a spike
of 6-12 yellowish flowers on a triangular stalk.

Cypripedium calceolus (Lady’s Slipper). — Distinguished by its
large inflated Jif, occurs but rarely in the woods of the north of
England, and is pronounced by Sir W. J. Hooker “ one of the most
beautiful and interesting of our native plants.”

NaturAL OrpER LXXXI
TRIDACE/Z.—Iris TRIBE

Perianth 6-cleft ; stamens 3, rising from the base of the sepals ;
ovary inferior, 3-celled; style 1; stigmas 3, often petal-like; capsule
3-valved ; seeds numerous. Principally herbaceous plants, with
tuberous or fibrous roots, long, and often sword-shaped, sheathing
leaves, and showy flowers, which seldom last a long time. Chiefly
natives of warm and tempcrate regions, and most abundant at
the Cape of Good Hope, where, at the time of its discovery by the
Portuguese, the natives mainly supported themselves on the roots
of the plants of this tribe, together with such shell-fish as were left
on the shore by the receding tide. Iris, Crocus, Ixia, and Gladiolus
are favourite garden flowers. Ivis Pseud-acorus (Yellow Iris or
Flag) is one of our most showy marsh plants. Few species are
used in the arts or sciences; the roots of Ivis Florentina afford
Orrisroot, which, when dried, has a perfume resembling that of
violets, and is used as an ingredient in tooth-powder. Saffron,
the dried stigmas of Crocus sadivus, was anciently much prized as
a dye, and is still employed for the same purpose, as well as in
medicine and cookery ; and the roots of a few species are used by
barbarous nations as an occasional article of food.

1. Irts.—Perianth with the 3 outer divisions longer, and reflexed ;
stigmas 3, petal-like, covering the stamens. (Name from Iris, the
rainbow, from the beautiful colouring of the flowers.)

2. RomuLEA (Romulea).—Pertanth in 6 equal, spreading divi-
sions ; tube shorter than the limb; stigma deeply 3-cleft, its lobes
2-cleft, slender. (Name from Romulus, who founded Rome.)

3. Crocus.—Pertanth in © equal, nearly erect divisions; tube
very long ; stigma 3-cleft, its lobes inversely wedge-shaped. (Name
from the Greek, crocos, saffron, and that from croce, a thread.)

4. GLADIOLUS.—Perianth in 6 nearly equal divisions, forming
as it were two lips ; 3 segments in the upper, 2 in the lower ; style
slender ; lobes of the séegma inversely wedge-shaped. (Name from
the Latin, gladius, a sword, in reference to the shape of the leaves.)

PLATE LXXXVI.
Yellow Flag

IRIS TRIBE 277

5. SISYRINCHIUM.—F lowers several, in an umbel or head; tube
of the perianth short ; stigmas entire.

I. Irts (Flower-de-luce)

1. I. pseud-acorus (Yellow Iris, Flag).—Leaves sword-shaped ;
fertanth not fringed, its inner divisions smaller than the stigmas.
A stout aquatic plant, with creeping, acrid roots, sword-shaped
leaves 2-3 feet long, and large, handsome yellow flowers. The
root yields a black dye, and the roasted seeds, it is said, may be
used as a substitute for coffee. Marshes and banks of rivers ;
common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

2. I. fetidissima (Stinking Iris).—Leaves sword-shaped ; perianth
not fringed, inner divisions about as large as the stigmas; stem
slightly flattened. Resembling the last in habit, but smaller.
The flowers are of a dull leaden hue, and the leaves so acrid as to
leave a burning taste in the muipiatllt, or even to ioosen the teeth.
The whole plant when bruised emits a disagreeable odour. The
berry-like seeds, which are of a beautiful orange-scarlet colour,
remain attached to the plant all through the winter, and a bunch
of the pods, if cut with long stalks and hung inverted until quite
dry, and then arranged in some quaint jar or vase (without water),
remain a pleasing and decorative object throughout the winter.
Woods and hedges in the west and south-west of England; not
uncommon.—F]. June to August. Perennial.

2. RoMULEA (Romulea)

1. R. columne (Common Romulea).—The only British species.
A small, bulbous plant, 3-4 inches high, g
with very narrow leaves, and solitary,
purplish flowers, tinged with yellow, par- ,
taking the characters of the Jvis and
Crocus. It grows only on a sandy pasture
called the Warren, at Dawlish, Devon.—
Fl. March, April. Perennial.

3. Crocus

I. C. sativus (Saffron Crocus). Leaves
appearing after the flowers, linear ; flower-
stalks enveloped with a double sheath ;¥f
stigma long and drooping. Said to be]
naturalized at Saffron-Walden, in Essex, |
where it is largely cultivated for the sake
of the saffron afforded by the dried
stigmas, the only part of the plant which
is used. The flowers are purple. —

Fl. September. Perennial. Crocus Sarivus
(Saffron Crocus)

278 PETALOIDE

4. GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus)

1. G. communis (Common Gladiolus).—The only British species.
Stem 1-2 feet high, with narrow, glaucous Jeaves, and bearing a
one-sided spike of 4-8 red flowers, each with two narrow Oracis at
its base. Found only in the New Forest and the Isle of Wight ;
rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

5. SISYRINCHIUM (Blue-eyed Grass)

1. S. angustifolium (Blue-eyed Grass).—Stems 6-12 inches high,
2-edged and winged, and with sheathing, narrow leaves ; at the
summit of the stalk is a head of 1-6 blue flowers. Bogs near Kerry
and Galway in Ireland, and supposed to be indigenous.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

A species, S. californicum, with yellow flowers, was found in 1896
at Rosslare, Co. Wexford.

NATURAL ORDER LXXXII
AMARYLLIDACE/.—AmaRrYLLIS TRIBE

Perianth of 3 coloured sepals and 3 coloured petals ; stamens 6,
arising from the sepals and petals, sometimes united by the base
of their filaments ; ovary inferior, 3-celled ; style 1; stigma 3-lobed ;
fruit, a many-seecded capsule or a I- to 3-seeded berry. An extensive
tribe, principally composed of herbaceous plants with bulbous roots,
sword-shaped leaves, and showy flowers, which are distinguished
from the true Lilies by their inferior ovary; that organ in the
Lily tribe being superior, and enclosed within the corolla. Large
and beautiful species belonging to this Order are found in abun-
dance in Brazil, the East and West Indies, and especially the Cape
of Good Hope. In the temperate regions they are less common,
and by no means so showy. In Great Britain it is doubtful whether
a single species is indigenous, though the number of varieties
cultivated in gardens, both in conservatories and in the open air,
is very great. The bulbous roots of many plants belonging to the
Amaryllis tribe are poisonous ; some, it is said, to such a degree
that deleterious properties are communicated to weapons dipped
in their juice. The roots of the Snowdrop and Daffodil are emetic,
and the flowers of the last (Narcissus pseudo-narcissus) are a
dangerous poison. The roots of some species, however, are nutri-
tious, affording a kind of arrowroot.

From the juice of a kind of Agave (A. Americana) a fermented
liquor is made, which, under the name of “ pulque,” is in Mexico
acommon beverage. This plant, called by the Mexicans ‘‘ maguey,”
is cultivated over an extent of country embracing 50,000 square
miles. In the city of Mexico alone the consumption of pulque

PLATE LXXXVII.

Snowdrop

Daffodil Summer Snowflake

AMARYLLES TRIBE 279

amounts to the enormous quantity of eleven millions of gallons,
and a considerable revenue is derived from its sale by Government.
The plant attains maturity in a period varying from eight to four-
teen years, when it flowers, and it is during the stage of flowering
alone that the juice is extracted. The central stem, which encloses
the flower-bud, is then cut off near the bottom, and a cavity or
basin is discovered, over which the leaves are drawn close and
tied. Into this reservoir the juice distils, which otherwise would
have risen to nourish and support the flower. It is removed three
or four times during the twenty-four hours, yielding a quantity of
liquor, varying from a quart to a gallon and a half. The juice is
extracted by means of a syphon, made of a species of gourd, and
deposited in bowls. It is then placed in earthen jars, and a little
old pulque is added, when it soon ferments, and is immediately
ready for use. The fermentation occupies two or three days, and
when it ceases it is in fine order. Old pulque has an unpleasant
odour, which has been compared to that of putrid meat; but
when fresh it is brisk and sparkling. In time even Europeans
prefer it to any other liquor. This Agave is popularly known in
England by the name of American Aloe. It grows but slowly in
this climate, and, as it rarely attains perfection, it is believed by
many people to flower once in a hundred years. The roots and
leaves of the species of Agave contain woody fibre (pita thread),
useful for various purposes; this is prepared by bruising and
steeping in water, and afterwards beating. The Mexicans also
make their paper of the fibres of Agave leaves, laid in layers. The
expressed juice of the leaves is also stated to be useful as a substi-
tute for soap.

I. Narcissus (Daffodil)—Perianth tubular at the base, ter-
minating in a bell-shaped crown or nectary, which has 6 equal sepals
and petals at its base. (Named after Narcissus, a fabulous youth,
said to have been changed into a flower.)

2. GALANTHUS (Snowdrop).— Pertanth bell-shaped; sepals 3
(white), spreading; petals 3, erect, notched. (Name in Greek
signifying ‘‘ milk-flower.’’)

3. Leucojum (Snow-flake).—Perianth bell-shaped, of 6 equal
sepals and petals, which are thickened at the point. (Name in
Greek signifying ‘“‘ a white violet.”)

1. Narcissus (Daffodil)

1. N. pseudo-narcissus (Common Daffodil, Lent Lily).—Flower-
stalk hollow, 2-edged, bearing near its summit a membranous
sheath and a single flower ; nectary notched and curled at the margin,
as long as the sepals and fetals. One of our most beautiful spring

280 PETALPIDEZ

flowers, in many places almost carpeting the woodlands with its
splendid yellow trumpet-shaped flowers. The smell, unfortunately,
is not pleasant, and the plant has poisonous properties. Woods
and orchards ; common.—Fl. March and April. Perennial.

Several other species of Narcissus are occasionally found near
houses, but they are invariably the outcast of gardens.

2. GALANTHUS (Snowdrop)

1. G. nivalis (Snowdrop).—Too well known to need any descrip-
tion. The Snowdrop, G. flicatus, which was introduced from the
Crimea, differs mainly from the common species in having broader,
plaited leaves, and somewhat larger flowers.——Fl. January to
March. Perennial.

3. LeEucojum (Snowflake)

1. L. estivum (Summer Snowflake)—A doubtful native, found
occasionally in moist meadows in many parts of England. A
bulbous plant, about 2 feet high, with narrow, keeled eaves, and
2-edged flower-stalks bearing an umbel of rather large white flowers,
the sepals and petals of which are tipped with green. Itis acommon
garden plant.—Fl. May. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER LX XXIII
DIOSCOREACEA?.—Yam TRIBE

Stamens and pistils on different plants (diwcious); perianth
6-cleft ; stamens 6, arising from the base of the pertanth ; ovary
inferior, 3-celled; style deeply 3-cleft ; frmit, a dry, flat capsule,
or (in Tamas, the only British species) a berry. Twining shrubs or
herbs, approaching in habit some of the Dicotyledonous Orders,
the leaves being decidedly stalked, and having netted veins; the
flowers are small, with 1-3 bracts each, and grow in spikes. The
Order is a small one, and is, with the exception of Tamus (Black
Bryony), confined to tropical regions. Dioscorea, the plant from
which the Order takes its name, has large tuberous roots, which,
under the name of ‘‘ Yams,” forms as important an article of food
in tropical countries as the Potato in temperate climates. When
growing it requires a support, like the Hop. There are several
species, D. sativa and D. alata being natives of India. The Chinese
D. Batatas is largely grown in France and Algeria, and may be grown
in this country in the open, though it seldom is.

1. Tamus (Black Bryony).—Characters described above. (Name,
the Latin name of the plant.)

PLATE LXXXVIII.
Wild Hyacinth Black Bryony

HERB-PARIS TRIBE—LILY TRIBE 281

tT. Tamus (Black Bryony)

1. T. communis (Black Bryony).—The only British species.
Root a large, solid tuber, black externally; stem slender, twining
among bushes to the length of many feet, and clothed with numerous
shining, heart-shaped Jeaves, and clusters of small green flowers,
which are succeeded by elliptical scarlet berries. The leaves are
reticulated with veins, somewhat like those of Dicotyledonous
plants, but they are not jointed to the stem. Late in autumn they
turn dark purple or bright yellow, when, assisted by the scarlet
berries, they make a very showy appearance. In winter the stems
die down to the ground.—Fl. May to July. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER LX XXIV
TRILLIACE4).—HERB-Paris TRIBE

Sepals and petals 6-8, coloured or green ; stamens 6-10; anthers
very long, their cells, one on each side of the filament; ovary
superior, with 3-5 cells, and as many sfyles ; fruit, a 3- to 5-celled
berry; seeds numerous. A small Order, containing about thirty
herbaceous plants with tuberous roots, whorled, netted leaves,
and large, solitary, terminal flowers. They grow in the woods of
the temperate climates, and, like the plants of the last Order, bear
some resemblance to Dicotyledonous plants. The structure of the
seed, however, and the fact that the leaves are not jointed to the
stem, fix them in the class Endogenous or Monocotyledonous plants.
Their properties are acrid and narcotic.

I. Paris (Herb-Paris)—Sepals and petals 8, very narrow;
stamens 8-10. (Name from the Latin, par, parts, equal, on account
of the unvarying number of the leaves.)

1. Paris (Herb-Paris)

1. P. quadrifolia (Four-leaved Herb-Paris, True Love-Knot).—
The only British species. A singular plant, with a sfem about a
foot high, bearing near its summit four large pointed leaves, from
the centre of which rises a solitary large green flower. Damp woods ;
local—Fl. May. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER LXXXV
LILIACEA.—Lity TriBe

Perianth of 6 petal-like divisions, distinct or united into a tube;
stamens 6; ovary superior, not united with the perianth, 3-celled,
many-seeded ; style 1; stigma simple or 3-lobed ;- capsule 3-celled,
3-valved. The parts of the flower are very rarely in fours or eights.
An extensive family of plants, of some 2500 species, of which the
majority are herbaceous, with bulbous roots and showy flowers ;
some, however, attain the dimensions of shrubs, or even trees, in

282 PETALOIDEZ

which case they resemble the Palms rather than exogenous trees,
the trunk being destitute of true bark and pith, and the leaves
being never jointed at the stem. Butcher’s Broom (Ruscus) is the
only British species which assumes a shrubby character ; Asparagus
is a branching, herbaceous plant, with creeping roots, scaly stems,
and bristle-like leaves; Convallaria (Lily of the Valley) has also
creeping roots. These three produce a berry-like fruit. Plants
of the Lily tribe are most abundant in temperate climates, but
attain their greatest magnitude in the tropics. A specimen of
Dracena draco (Dragon’s Blood) in Teneriffe, which was blown
down in 1867, and was known to have been an ancient tree in
1406, measured 70 feet high and some 48 feet in circumference.
The leaves of many species contain a tough fibre, which is used as
a substitute for hemp or flax. Among these the most remarkable
is Phormium tenax (New Zealand Flax). The genus Allium (Onion,
Garlic, and Leek) supplied food to the early inhabitants of
Egypt, and had divine honours paid to it. In Kamtschatka,
Tartary, and the Sandwich Islands, various species are cultivated
for the same purpose. The bud and tender part of the stem of the
Grass-tree, a native of Tasmania, is said to be nutritious, and of
an agreeable flavour, and in our own country the young shoots of
Asparagus rank among the most delicate of our esculent vegetables.
In medicine many species are of great value, among which aloes,
the condensed juice of Aloe vulgaris, etc., and squills, an extract
of Scilla maritima, are well known. Colchicum (Meadow Saffron)
is used as a specific for the gout, but it is considered a dangerous
medicine. As ornamental plants the beauty of the Lily tribe has
been for ages proverbial; Lilium Chalcedonicwm, the scarlet
Turk’s-cap Lily, which covers the plains of Syria with its brilliant
flowers, is said to have been the plant which was mentioned in the
Sermon on the Mount under the title of ‘‘ the lilies of the field.”
The innumerable varieties of Hyacinth are derived from an eastern
plant, Hyacinthus Orientalis ; and the Tulip (Tulipa) was long
the most highly prized among florist’s flowers, and furnished in
Holland a subject for the most absurd speculation.

1. ASPARAGUS.—Corolla deeply 6-cleft, bell-shaped ; stamens 6,
distinct ; stigmas 3, bent back. (Name, the Greek name of the
plant.)

2. Ruscus (Butcher’s Broom).—Corolla deeply 6-cleft ; stamens
and pistils on different plants (dzectous) ; stamens connected at
the base; style surrounded by a mnectarvy. (Name “ anciently
bruscus, from bruskelen ; in Celtic, box-holly.”—Sir W. J. Hooker.)

3. ConvattaRiaA (Lily of the Valley)—Corolla 6-cleft, bell-
shaped, soon falling off, not jointed with the pedicle; stamens 6,
distinct ; stigma 1. (Name from the Latin, convallis, a valley,
the usual locality of this family.)

LILY TRIBE 283

4. PotyGonaTum (Solomon’s Seal),—Corolla 6-cleft, elongated,
persistent, jointed with the pedicle ; stamens 6, distinct ; stegma I.
(Name in Greek denoting ‘‘ many angled,” from the character of
the stem.)

5. MAIANTHEMUM (May Lily).—Stem erect, with a few alternate
leaves ; flowers in a simple terminal raceme; perianth spreading,
divided in four.

6. Scitta.—Flowers blue, white, or pink; ferianth 6-cleft,
falling off. (Name, the Latm name of the plant.)

7. ORNITHOGALUM (Star of Bethlehem).—Like SciLLa, except
that the pertanth is white, and does not fall off. (Name from the
Greek, ornis, a bird, and gala, milk. This plant is supposed by
Linneus to be the ‘“‘dove’s dung”’ mentioned in 2 Kings vt. 25.)

8. ALLIUM (Garlic).—Corolla of 6 spreading petals ; flowers in
an umbel, at the base of which is a sheath of 1 or 2 leaves. (Name,
the Latin name of the plant.)

g. SIMETHIS.—Roots not bulbous; flowers panicled; perianth
divided into 6 segments.

to. Muscari.—Perianth globular, with 6 minute, tooth-like,
indications of division. (Name from its musky smell.)

II. FRITILLARIA (Fritillary).—F lowers solitary; petals 6, with
a nectary at the base of each; anthers attached above their bases ;
style 3-cleft at the summit. (Name from the Latin, fritdlus, a dice-
box, the common accompaniment of a chequer-board, which the
marking of the flower resembles.)

12. TurtPa (Tulip).—Flowers solitary, rarely 2 on a stem; petals
and anthers as in GAGEA; styleo. (Name from foliban, the Persian
name for a turban.)

13. GAGEA.—Flowers in an umbel or corymb; fetals 6, without
a nectary ; anthers erect, attached to the filaments by their bases ;
style conspicuous. (Named in honour of Siv Thomas Gage.)

14. Ltoyp1A.—Flowers mostly solitary, small ; pertanth 6-parted,
spreading, not falling off. (Named after Ed. Lloyd, who discovered
it.)

15. CoLcHICUM (Meadow Saffron).—Pertanth with a very long
tube, rising from a sheath. (Name from Colchts, a country famous
for medicinal herbs.)

16. TorreLp1A (Scottish Asphodel).—Perianth 6-parted ; flowers
each from a small 3-lobed sheath, greenish yellow ; styles 3. (Name
in honour of Mr. Tofield, an English botanist.)

17. NARTHECIUM.—Flowers bright yellow; pertanth 6-parted ;
style 1. (Name from the Greek, narthex, a rod.)

284 PETALOIDEA

t. ASPARAGUS

1. A. officinalis (Common Aparagus).—The only British species,
occurring sparingly on several parts of the sea-coast, especially near
the Lizard Point, Cornwall; it differs only in size from the culti-
vated plant.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS Ruscus ACULEATUS
(Common Asparagus) (Butcher's Broom)

2. Ruscus (Butcher's Broom)

1. R. aculeatus (Butcher's Broom, Knee Holly).—The only
British species, and the only British shrub of Endogenous growth.
A low shrub, 3-4 feet high, with erect green stems, which are
branched and plentifully furnished with very rigid /eaves, terminat-
ing each in a sharp spine. The flowers are minute, greenish white,
and grow singly from the centres of the leaves; the berries are
two or three times as large as Holly berries, round, and of a brilliant
scarlet colour. Waste and bushy places; not uncommon, especi-
ally in the south of England.—Fl. April, May. Shrub.

3. CONVALLARIA (Lily of the Valley)

1. C. majalis (Lily of the Valley).—Leaves all from the root;
flowers drooping in a long, one-sided cluster. A common and
universally admired garden plant, equally prized for its globular,
pure white flowers, and for its delicious perfume. Berries scarlet.
Woods, in a light soil; not common.—Fl. May. Perennial.

PLATE LXXXIX.

Lily of the Valley Herb-Paris Bog Asphodel

Round-headed Garlic Fritillary

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a ee ean ie en iA age

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1 ae) vate Unnh Or rl ea ae aot, ve a cs 5 |

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rite a ee

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er) re = a
oe as a eee ee tee ae oe

: OS Pu sev buSetuesversrnae

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: _ -_s © : _
: 7 = a - _ SS — — - — — — — — -
- os «es ss es oan o ese se ss es oan o ese se
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ye : - :
aul 2 MU "7 ~ ™ a a 2
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ar ee

LILY TRIBE 285

4. PotyGonatum (Solomon's
Seal)

i. P. multiflorum (Com-
mon Solomon’s Seal).—A
singular plant, I-2 feet high,
with roundish stems, which
are rather arching than erect,
and bearing numerous alter-
nate, elliptical Jeaves, all
turned one way, and opposite

PoLYGONATUM MULTIFLORUM them are small clusters of

(Solomon’s Seal) whitish drooping flowers,

tipped with green, which are all turned the other way ; filamenits

hairy. Woods in several parts of England and Scotland, but not

indigenous in the latter country, and not frequent. —Fil, June.
Perennial.

2. P. officinale (Angular Solomon’s Seal) differs from the last
species in having an angular stem of lower stature, mostly solitary
flowers, and smooth filaments. Ware.

3. P. verticillatum (Whorled Solomon’s Seal). —Grows about
2 feet high, and bears its /eaves in whorls of 3-5, from the axils of
which hang several white, green-tipped flowers. Rare.

5. MatantHEmMum (May Lily)

1. M. convallarvia (May Lily)—A pretty plant with a . Greeping
root stock, and an erect stem 4~9 inches high.
Leaves 2, alternate, acute, heart-shaped,
stalked; flowers small and white, in a
terminal raceme; perianth 4-cleft. A very
rare plant, said to be truly wild not far
from Scarborough, and planted elsewhere.—
Fl. May, June. Perennial.

6. ScILLA (Squill)

I. S. verna (Vernal Squill).—-Flowers in
a corymb; bracts narrow; leaves lined,
appearing with the flowers. A lovely little
plant, 3-6 inches high, with corymbs, or
flat clusters of blue, star-like flowers. The
turfy slopes of the sea-coast of Cornwall are
in many places as thickly studded with
these pretty flowers as inland meadows are
with Daisies. In a few weeks after flower-

ing no part of the plant is visible but the (Vernet Squid

286 PETALOIDEX

dry capsules, containing black, shining seeds. Sea-coast in the
west and north of England.—Fl. May. Perennial.

S. autumnalis (Autumnal Squill). Flowers in an erect cluster ;
bracts 0; leaves appearing after the flowers. Bulb somewhat larger
than in the last, and stems rather taller ; flowers of a purplish blue
and less beautiful than in the last. Dry pastures, especially near
the sea, in the south—Fl, August to October. Perennial.

3. S. nutans (Wild Hyacinth, Blue-bell)—Too abundant and
well known to need any description. The name Hyacinthus was
originally given to some species of Lily into which the youth
Hyacinthus was fabled to have been changed by Apollo. The
petals are marked with dark spots, arranged so as to resemble the
Greek word AI—alas! The present species, however, having no
such characters on its petals, was named by Linnzeus non-scriptus
—not written. It is sometimes, though incorrectly, called Hair-
bell, the true Hair-bell being Campanula rotundifolia, or Blue-bell
of Scotland. Woods and hedges.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

7. ORNITHOGALUM (Star of Bethlehem)

I. O. Pyrenaicum (Spiked Star of Bethlehem).
—A bulbous plant, with long, narrow leaves,
which wither very early in the season, and a
leafless stalk, about 2 feet high, bearing a long,
erect, spiked cluster of small, greenish-white
flowers. Woods in the south; rare, but very
abundant in the neighbourhood of Bath, where
the spikes of unexpanded flowers are often
exposed for sale as a pot-herb under the name
of ‘“‘ French Asparagus.”

2. O. umbellatum (Common Star of Bethlehem).
—Grows about a foot high, with narrow limp
leaves, and large, pure white flowers, which are
green externally, and are borne in flattened
racemes, or rather corymbs, opening only in
sunny weather. A common garden plant, natural-
ized in occasional waste places.—Fl. April, May.

OrnrrHocatum Perennial.

( Sateen of 3. O. nutans (Drooping Star of Bethlehem).—
Bethlehem) About a foot high, with a raceme of 5 or 6 large,
drooping flowers, white, and partially green out-

side. Not indigenous, but rarely found naturalized. Fl. April,

May. Perennial.

LILY TRIBE 287

8. ALLIUM (Garlic)

1. A. ursinum (Broad-leaved Garlic, Ram-
sons).—Leaves broad and flat; flower-stalk
triangular; flowers in a flat umbcl. The
leaves of this plant are scarcely to be dis-
tinguished from those of the Lily of the
Valley; the flowers are white and pretty, ‘
but the stench of the whole plant is intoler- Sad
able. Woods and _ thickets; common.—
Fl. May, June. Perennial.

Seven other species of Garlic are described
by British botanists, but none of them are
so common as the last, and many are difficult
to distinguish. The student specially desir- ti
ous of studying them should refer to a work A.tium Ursinum
of greater scope than the present. _ (Broad-leaved Garlic)

A. Schenoprasum (Chives) is a pretty plant, with dense heads of
purplish flowers. In a wild state its foliage is scanty, but under
cultivation becomes very abundant, in which state it is a favourite
cottage pot-herb. Several other species are remarkable for bearing
small bulbs among the flowers.

g. SIMETHIS (Simethis)

1. S. bicolor (Variegated Simethis).—A pretty plant, with narrow,
radicle, grass-like /eaves, and a slender stem about a foot high,
bearing a terminal panicle of white, star-like flowers, tinged with
purple on the outside. Very rare; found in Kerry and in fir woods
at Branksome, near Bournemouth, where it was probably accident-
ally introduced.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

ro. Muscari (Grape Hyacinth)

1. M. racemosum (Grape Hyacinth).—Leaves narrow, 6-18 inches
long, prostrate ; stem shorter, bearing a compact, cylindric head
of small, deep blue, ovid flowers, bearing a faint resemblance to a
bunch of grapes—the upper ones rudimentary. Eastern counties ;
rare.—Fl. April, May. Perennial. Several very pretty species
with pale blue and white flowers are grown in gardens.

II. FRITILLARIA (Fritillary)

I. F. meleagris (Fritillary, Snake’s Head).—The only British
species. A bulbous plant, about a foot high, with very narrow
leaves and a solitary drooping flower, shaped like a Tulip, and curi-
ously chequered with pink and dull purple. Meadows and pastures

288 PETALOIDEZ

in the east and south of England; rare.—Fl. April. Perennial.
A white form is not uncommon.

Several species are cultivated in garden flower borders, perhaps
the handsomest being the well-known Crown Imperial.

12. TULIPA (Tulip)

1. T. sylvestyis (Wild Tulip)—The only British species. A
bulbous plant, with very narrow leaves ; stem about a foot high ;
flower solitary, yellow, fragrant, drooping in bud, becoming more
erect with expansion. South and east; rare.—Fl. April, May.
Perennial.

13. GAGEA

I. G. lutea (Yellow Gagea).—The only British species. A bulbous
plant, 6-8 inches high, with r or 2 long, narrow /eaves, and umbels
of yellow flowers. Woods and pastures ; rare—Fl. March to May.
Perennial.

14. Lroypia (Lloydia)

t. L. serotina (Mountain Lloydia).—A pretty plant, with several
very slender /eaves, and a slender stem, 2-6 inches high, bearing a
solitary white flower, veined with red. Snowdon; rare.—Fl. June,
July. Perennial.

15. Cotcuicum (Meadow Saffron)

I. C. autumnale (Meadow Saffron).—The
only British species. A not unfrequent
garden plant, with large broad leaves,
4 which wither away in summer, and are
succeeded by several light purple, or some-
times white flowers, resembling Crocuses in
all respects except that they have 6 instead
of 3 stamens. At the time of flowering the
seed-vessels are concealed beneath the ground,
where they remain until the following spring,
when they rise above the surface and are
ripened. Meadows; not general.—Fl. Sep-
tember, October. Perennial.

16. TOFIELDIA (Scottish Asphodel)

CoLtcHIcum AUTUMNALE

(Meadow Saffron) 1. T. palustris (Mountain Scottish Aspho-

del). — The only British species. A small

plant, 4-6 inches high, with tufts of narrow, sword-shaped Jeaves,

and egg-shaped, almost stalkless spikes of small, yellowish flowers.
Boggy ground in the north.—Fl. July, August. Perennial,

RUSH TRIBE 289

17. NARTHECIUM (Bog Asphodel)

i. N. ossifragum (Bog Asphodel)—The only British species.
An elegant little plant, 6-8 inches high, with tufts of narrow, sword-
shaped Jeaves, like those of the Iris, and a tapering spike of star-like
bright yellow flowers. The name osstfragwm, bone-breaking, was
given to this plant from its being supposed to soften the bones of
cattle that fed on it. Other plants have had the same properties
assigned to them, but there is little doubt that in every case the
diseases in question are to be traced to the noxious exhalations
from the bogs in which the plants grow, rather than to the plants
themselves. Common in bogs.—Fl. July to September. Per-
ennial.

NATURAL ORDER LXXXVI
JUNCACEAE.—Rusu TRIBE

Calyx and corolla alike, of 6 usually chatfy pieces; stamens 6,
inserted into the base of the pefals and sepals, or sometimes 3,
inserted into the sepals ; anthers turned inwards ; ovary superior ;
style I; stigmas 3; capsule 3-valved, usually many-seeded. A
tribe of marsh or bog plants, with cylindrical or flat leaves, some-
times filled with pith; the flowers are usually small, and of a
brownish-green hue. Scientifically they are near the Lily Tribe,
but they bear a strong superficial resemblance to the Sedges and
Grasses. This tribe, which is spread over all parts of the globe, is
not a large one. The true rushes are for the most part social
plants, and are often of considerable use in fixing the soil of marshes
and bogs. The stems of the common species are used for making
mats and the wicks of candles. The tall aquatic plant usually
called the Bulrush, belongs to the Sedge Tribe, the Club-rush to
the Order TypHace#, and the Flowering Rush to the Order Buro-
MACE.

I. Juncus (Rush).—Perianth chaffy ; filaments smooth ; stigmas
3; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; seeds numerous. (Name, the Latin
name of the plant, and that from jungo, to join, the stems having
been woven into cordage.)

2. LuzuLta (Wood-rush).—Like Juncus, except that the capsule
is 1-celled and only 3-seeded. (Name supposed to have been
altered from the Italian lucciola, a glow-worm, from the sparkling
appearance of the heads of flowers when wet with rain or dew.)

U

290 PETALOIDE

1. Juncus (Rush)
Stems cylindrical, tapering to a point ; leaves none.

1. J. effusus (Soft Rush).—Stems not furrowed;
panicle below the summit of the stem, branched
and spreading; capsule blunt. This and the
following species are well known as the rushes
of which mats and the wicks of candles are made.
Marshy ground; common.—Fl. July. Per-
ennial.

2. J. conglomeratus (Common Rush).—Stems
not furrowed ; panicle below the summit of the
stem, crowded ; capsule ending in a point. Only
distinguished from the last by its dense panicle
of flowers, and pointed capsule. Marshy places ;
common.—Fl. July. Perennial.

Juncus Errusus = 3. 7. glaucous (Hard Rush).— Stems deeply
(Soft Rush) furrowed, rigid; panicle below the summit of
the stem, branched and spreading. Very distinct from the last
two, from which it may be distinguished by its more slender,
furrowed, glaucous stems, and its very loose panicle of slender
flowers. Marshy places and roadsides; common. — Fl. July.
Perennial.

Several other species belong to this group, but none are common,
except J. maritimus (Lesser Sea-Rush), which differs from those
already described in having the portion of the stem which rises
above the panicle dilated at the base, so as to resemble a bract ;
it grows in salt marshes. J. acutus (Great Sea-Rush), the largest
British species, grows on the sandy sea-shore in great abundance in
a few places ; it is well marked by its stout, rigid habit, and by its
large, polished capsules.

Stems leafless ; leaves all from the root.

4. J. squarrosus (Heath Rush).—Leaves rigid, grooved ; panicle
terminal. Well marked by its rigid stems and leaves, of which
the latter have mostly one direction. The stems are about 1 foot
high ; the flowers larger than in the marsh species, and variegated
with glossy brown and yellowish white. Moors and heaths ; abun-
dant.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

Stems leafy ; leaves cylindrical, or but slightly flattened,
jointed internally.
The most common species in this group are—
J. acutiflorus (Sharp-flowered, jointed Rush).—A slender plant,
1-2 feet high, with slightly flattened stems and leaves, and terminal
panicles of brown, sharp-pointed flowers.

RUSH TRIBE 291

J. lampocarpus (Shining-fruited jointed Rush).— Resembling
the last, but distinguished by its large brown,
glossy capsule,

J. obtusiflorus (Blunt-flowered jointed Rush).
—Rather smaller than /. acutiflorus, and well
distinguished by its blunt flowers.

J. uliginosus (Lesser Bog jointed Rush).—A
small and very variable plant, 3-8 inches high,
bearing a few clusters rather than panicles of
flowers. All these are common in boggy ground.

Stems leafy ; leaves not cylindrical nor jointed.

In this group there are but two common
species: J. compressus (Round - fruited Rush),
a slender plant, about a foot high; the leaves
are linear and grooved above; the stem is slightly ae
flattened, and terminates in a panicle of greenish- J ina ae es
brown flowers ; the capsule is nearly round, with ( sie aad
a point: and J. bufonius (Toad Rush), a very
small species, 4-6 inches high, with repeatedly forked stems, and
solitary green flowers, which grow mostly on one side of the stem.
The above are the species of this dull tribe most likely to be met
with by the beginner; for the few others, which are chiefly notable
for their rarity, reference may be made to some such work as
Bentham and Hooker’s “ British Flora.”’

2. Luzura (Wood-Rush)

1. L. sylvatica (Great Wood-Rush).—Leaves
hairy; panicle spreading, much branched;
flowers in clusters of about 3. A common
woodland plant, with more the habit of a
Grass than a Rush. The /eaves are flat, and
clothed with long, scattered, white hairs ;

af the stalk rises to a height of about 2 feet,
Ҥ and bears a terminal loose cluster of brownish
flowers, with large yellow anthers. Woods;
abundant.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

2. L. pilosa (Hairy Wood Rush).—Leaves
hairy; panicle little branched; flowers soli-
tary. Smaller than the last, and well dis-
tinguished by its solitary flowers, the stalks
of which are bent back when in fruit.
Luzuta Camprstrrs Woods; not untrequent.—Fl. May, June.

(Field Wood-rush) Perennial.

292 PETALOIDE/E

3. L. campestris (Field Wood-Rush).—Leaves hairy ; panicle of
3 or 4 dense, many-flowered clusters. Much smaller than either
of the preceding. This is one of the first grass-like plants to show
flower in spring, when it may be distinguished from all other meadow
herbs, by its close clusters or spikes of brownish-green flowers, each
of which contains 6 large, light yellow anthers. Pastures; com-
mon.—Fl. March to May. Perennial.

Other British species of Wood-Rush are L. Forstert (Forster’s
Wood-Rush), the panicle of which is slightly branched, and bears
its flowers solitary ; each capsile contains 3 seeds, having a straight
tail at their summits; it resembles L. pilosa in habit, but is much
smaller; the seeds of the latter plant are furnished with a long
hooked tail: L. spicata (Spiked Mountain Wood-Rush) is about
the same size as L. campestris; it has narrow leaves, bears its
flowers in a compound, drooping spike, and grows only on high
mountains: L. avcuata (Curved Mountain Wood-Rush) is a small
and very rare species, found only on the summit of the Scottish
mountains ; it bears its flowers in panicles, 3-5 together, on droop-
ing stalks.

NATURAL ORDER LX XXVII
BUTOMACE.—FLowErinG Rusn TRIBE.

Sepals 3, green ; petals 3, coloured ; stamens varying in number ;
ovartes Superior, 3, 6, or more, distinct, or united into a mass;
carpels many-seeded. A small tribe of aquatic plants, with sword-
shaped leaves and conspicuous flowers. The only British example
is the Flowering Rush, described below.

1. Butomus (Flowering Rust.-.—Stamens 9; carpels 6. (Name
from the Greek, bows, an ox, and femno, to cut, because cattle
feeding on the leaves are liable to cut their mouths.)

1. Butomus (Flowering Rush)

1. B. umbellatus (Flowering Rush).—The only British species.
A tall aquatic plant, growing in stagnant water and slow rivers;
not uncommon. The leaves are sword-shaped, 2-4 feet long, and
spring all from the root; the flowers are large, rose-coloured, and
handsome, and grow in a simple wmbel at the top of a round stalk,
which rises several feet above the surface of the water.—Fl. June,
July. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER LXXXVIII
ALISMACEAE.—WatER PLANTAIN TRIBE

Sepals 3, green ; petals 3, coloured ; stamens varying in number ;
ovaries Superior, numerous ; caypels numerous, I or 2-seeded, A
small tribe of aquatic plants, often floating, with long-stalked

PLATE XC.

Flowering Rush

WATER PLANTAIN TRIBE 293

leaves, and flowers which in some respects resemble the Crowfoot
Tribe. Like the Crowfoots, too, they contain an acrid juice,
though the roots of some species, deprived of their acridity by dry-
ing, are said to be used as food.

x. Atisma (Water-Plantain).—Flowers containing both stamens
and pistils ; stamens 6; carpels numerous, I-seeded. (Name, the
Greek name of the plant, and that said to be derived from the
Celtic, alis, water.)

2. ACTINOCARPUS (Star-fruit)—Like Alisma, except that the
carpels are 2-seeded, and spread in a radiate manner. (Name in
Greek having the same meaning as the English name.)

3. SaGitraria ({Arrow-head).—Stamens and pistils in separate
flowers (monecious); stamens numerous; carpels numerous.
i-seeded. (Name from the Latin, sagitta, an arrow, from the shape
of the leaves.)

i. AtisMA (Water-Plantain)

1. A. plantago (Great Water-Plantain).—Leaves all from the root,
broad below, and tapering to a point; flowers in a compound,
whorled panicle. A stout, herbaceous plant, 2-3 feet high, with
large, stalked leaves, ribbed like those of a Plantain, and a leaf-
less whorled panicle of lilac flowers, the petals of which are very
delicate and soon fall off. Margins of rivers, lakes, and ponds ;
common.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

2. A. vanunculoides (Lesser Water-Plantain).—Leaves narrow,
and tapering at both ends; flowers in umbels. Much smaller than
the last, and well marked by the above characters, as well as by
its larger flowers. Peaty bogs; not uncommon.

3. A. natans (Floating Water-Plantain).—Stems leafy and float-
ing; flowers solitary, white, with a yellow spot. Found only in
mountain lakes.

2. ACTINOCARPUS (Star-fruat)

Tt. A. Damasonium (Common Star-fruit)—The only British
species. An aquatic plant, with the habits of a Water-Plantain.
The leaves grow on long stalks and float on the surface of the
water; the fowers, which grow in whorls, are white, with a yellow
spot at the base of each petal ; the fruit is composed of six pointed
carpels, which are arranged in the form of a star. Ditches in the
midland counties ; not common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

3. SAGITTARIA (Arrow-head)

1. S. sagittifolia (Common Arrow-head).—The only British
species. A pretty plant, well distinguished by its large arrow-

204 PETALOIDE

shaped leaves, and whorled panicles of delicate,
flesh - coloured flowers, both of which rise 6-8
inches out of the water. Rivers and ditches; not
uncommon.—Fl. July to September. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER LXXXIX
JUNCAGINACE.—Arrow-Grass TRIBE

Flowers perfect ; sepals and petals alike, green
and small; stamens 6; ovaries 3-6, superior, united
or distinct ; carpels 3-0, I to 2-sceded. A small
Order of marsh plants, with linear leaves, all pro-
ceeding from the root, and spike-like clusters of
inconspicuous flowers. Found in many parts of

SAGITTARIA ; ; .
Sacirtirotta the world, and possessing no remarkable properties.

(Common Arrow- — 1, TRIGLOCHIN (Arrow-grass).—Flowers in a spike ;

fea) sepals and petals 6; stamens 6. (Name from the
Greek, frets, three, and glochis, a point, from the three points of

the capsule.)
I. TRIGLOCHIN (Arrow-grass)

I. I. palustre (Marsh Arrow-grass).—Frutt
linear, of 3 combined carfels. A plant with
something the habit of Plantago maritima,
from which it may easily be distinguished by
its fewer flowers and slenderer spike, as well as
by the different structure of the flowers. The
leaves are linear and fleshy. Marshy places ;
frequent.—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

2. T. maritimum (Sea Arrow-grass).—Frutt
egg-shaped, of six combined carpels. Like the
last, but well marked by its rounded, not
linear capsule. Salt marshes; common.—
Tl. May to September. Perennial.

Scheuchzeria palustris, which belongs to this
Order, is a very rare plant, found only in the 4 ¥
north. It has a few sem-icylindrical, blunt >
leaves, and a leafless stalk about a foot high,
terminating in a cluster of a few small green
flowers.

TRIGLOCHIN PALUSTRE
(Marsh Arrow-grass)

NATURAL ORDER XC
TYPHACE‘.—REED-MACE TRIBE

Stamens and pistils separate, but on the same plant (monecious) ;
flowers in dense spikes or heads, not enclosed in a sheath; perianth
composed of 3 scales or a tuft of hairs ; stamens 3-6, distinct, or
united by their filaments ; anthers long and wedge-shaped ; ovary

PLATE XCI.

Great Water Plantain.

REED-MACE TRIBE 205

single, superior, I-celled; sfyle short; st¢gma linear, lateral; fruit
1-celled, r-seeded, not opening, angular by mutual pressure. Her-
baceous plants, growing in marshes and ditches, with jointless
stems, sword-shaped leaves, and small flowers, which are only
conspicuous from their compact mode of growth. The Order
contains only two families, examples of both of which are of common
occurrence in Great Britain.

it. TypHa (Reed-mace).—Flowers in spikes. (Name from the
Greek, ¢yphos, a marsh, where these plants grow.)

2. SPARGANIUM (Bur-reed).—Flowers in globular heads. (Name
in Greek denoting a little band, from the ribbon-like
leaves.)

I, TypHA (Reed-mace)

1. T. latifolia (Great Reed-mace, or Cat’s Tail).—
i! Leaves nearly flat ; barren and fertile spikes continuous.
' Our largest herbaceous aquatic, often growing 6-8
feet high, with linear leaves, and stout, cylindrical
stems, surmounted by a fertile club-like spike, the
lower part of which contains fertile flowers only, the
upper barren. It is often, but incorrectly, called
Bulrush, the true Bulrush being Scirpus palustris,
a plant which has more the habit of a gigantic rush.
Ponds ; common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

2. I. angustifolia (Lesser Reed-mace, or Cat’s
Tail). — Leaves grooved below; barren and fertile
TYPHA spikes slightly interrupted. Ponds; less frequent

LATIFOLIA < : : ae
(Great Reed- than the last, from which it differs by the above
Mace, or

characters and by its smaller size—Fl. July, August.
Cat's Tail) | Perennial. ;

2. SPARGANIUM (Bur-reed)

t. S. vamosum (Branched Bur-reed).—
Leaves triangular at the base, with concave
sides; stem branched. A large aquatic,
which at a distance might be mistaken for
a Flag (Iris pseud-acorus). The leaves are
sword-shaped, and the flowers are collected
into globular heads, of which the lower con-
tain fertile flowers only, the upper barren.
Ditches ; common.—F1. July, August. Peren-
nial.

2. S. simplex (Unbranched upright Bur-
reed). — Leaves triangular at the base, with i
flat sides ; stem unbranched. Smaller than SPARGANIUM RAMOSUM

(Branched Bur-reed)

206 PETALOIDEA

the last, and at once distinguished by the above characters,
Ditches ; common.

3. S. natans (Floating Bur-reed) is found only in the north. It
has very long, pellucid, floating /eaves, and flowers resembling those
of the preceding species, except that the barren head is usually
solitary.

NATURAL ORDER XCI
ARACE.—THE Cuckoo-PInT FAMILY

Stamens and pistils separate, but on the same plant (monectous) ;
flowers arranged on a spadix, or central column, and endorsed in a
sheath ; pertanth 0; stamens numerous, sessile on the spadix ;
ovaries the same, below the stamens ; stigma sessile ; fruit a berry.
A curious tribe of plants, all more or less resembling the British
species, Arim maculatum, abounding in tropical countries, and
possessing acrid, or even poisonous qualities, which, however, may
be dissipated by heat. The most remarkable plant of the Order
is the Dumb-Cane of the West Indies, a species growing as high
as a man, and having the property, when chewed, of swelling the
tongue and destroying the power of speech. The effects continue
for several days, and are accompanied with much pain. Other
species, which are scarcely less noxious in their fresh state, are
extensively cultivated in tropical countries, and produce tuberous
roots, which, when cooked, are important articles of food. Even
the British example of this Order (Arum maculatum), though its
juice is so intensely acrid that a single drop will cause a burning
taste in the mouth and throat, which continues for hours, has roots
which, when properly prepared, are wholesome and nutritious.
This plant was formerly cultivated in the Isle of Portland, and the
starch procured from its roots, under the name of Portland Sago,
was used as a substitute for arrow-root. Several species have
been observed to evolve a considerable quantity of heat from the
spadix, at the time of the expansion of the sheath.

1. ARuM (Cuckoo-pint).—Flowers on a club-shaped spfadix,
which is naked above and enclosed in a convolute sheath. (Name,
the Greek name of the plant.)

z. Arum (Cuckoo-pint)

1. A. maculatum (Cuckoo-pint, Wake-Robin, Lords-and-Ladies).
—The only British species. A succulent, herbaceous plant, with
large, glossy, arrow-shaped leaves, which are often spotted with
dark purple. The upper part of the spadix is club-shaped, and of
a light pink, dull purple, or rich crimson colour, which is easily
rubbed off; about the middle of the spadix is a ring of glands,
terminating in short threads, and below this is a ring of sessile

PLATE XCII,

TinwAn ana rar.

SWEET SEDGE TRIBE 297

anthers ; and yet lower down, another ring of sessile ovaries. The
upper part of the spadix soon falls off, leaving the ovaries, which
finally become a cylindrical mass of scarlet berries, which are con-
spicuous objects when all the rest of the plant has withered and
disappeared. The spadix with its sheath may be discerned
wrapped up in the young Jeaf-stalks, even before the leaves have
risen above the surface of the ground. Hedges and woods; common
in most parts of England.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

NATURAL ORDER XCII
ORONTIACE/E.—SWEET SEDGE TRIBE

Flowers perfect, arranged on a central column or spadix, at first
enclosed in a sheath ; pertanth of 4-8 scales; stamens equalling the
scales in number; ovary superior; fruit, a berry. A tribe of
plants nearly allied to the ARACE#, and resembling them in pro-
perties. Calla Ethiopica, the White Arum. Lily so frequently seen
in greenhouses, grows so plentifully in parts of Cape Colony
that pigs are often turned into the swamps where it abounds,
to fatten on its roots, whence it is commonly called “ Pig Lily”
in that country. Acorus calamus, or Sweet Sedge, supplied the
“rushes ’’ with which, before the use of carpets had been intro-
duced into England, it was customary to strew the floors of the
great. As it did not grow in the neighbourhood of London, but
had to be fetched at considerable expense from Norfolk and Suffolk,
one of the charges of extravagance brought against Cardinal
Wolsey was that he caused his floors to be strewed with rushes too
frequently.

1. AcoRuS (Sweet Sedge).—Sheath leaf-like, not
convolute, overlapping the spadix. (Name in J
Greek denoting that the plant has the power of |
curing diseases of the eye.)

1. Acorus (Sweet Sedge)

I. A. calamus (Sweet Sedge).—The only
British species. An aquatic plant, with some-
what of the habit of a sedge or large grass. It
is easily distinguished from all other British
plants by its peculiar spadix, and the fragrance
of its roots, stems, and leaves. Watery places ee CALAMUS
in Norfolk and Suffolk.—Fl. June. Perennial. (Sweet Sedge)

298 PETALOIDE

Natural OrpeErR XCIII
PISTIACEZ..—DvucK-WEED TRIBE

Minute floating plants, composed of simple or lobed leaves, and
fibrous voots, which are not attached to the soil, propagating them-
selves principally by off-sets, but sometimes producing on the edge
of the leaves 1-2 stamens and 1- to 4-seeded ovaries, enclosed in
small sheaths. Lemna (Duck-weed) is the only British example,
and the number of foreign species is but small.

1. LEMNA (Duck-weed)

1. L. minor (Lesser Duck-weed).—A minute plant, but often so
abundant as to cover the surface of stag-
nant water, where, with the insects which
it harbours, it is greedily devoured by
ducks. In this species the /eaves are
egg-shaped, and bear each a single root.
Four other species have been found in
Britain, for a description of which the
Lemna. MINOR student is referred to Bentham and
(Lesser Duck-weed) Hooker’s ‘‘ British Flora.”

NATURAL ORDER XCIV
NAIADACE.—PonD-WEED TRIBE

Submersed or floating aquatics, with very cellular stems and
peculiar leaves, which are sometimes almost leathery, but more
frequently thin and pellucid. The flowers are small, olive-green,
resembling in structure the Arrow-grasses ; sometimes solitary,
but more frequently arranged in spikes. They inhabit ponds and
slow streams, or rarely salt marshes. Our British species, Zostera
marina, grows in the sea.

1. PoTAMOGETON (Pond-weed). Flowers in a spike ; stamens
and pistils in the same flower; perianth of 4 sepals; stamens 4,
sessile. (Name from the Greek, potamos, a river, and getton, a
neighbour.)

2. Ruppia.—Flowers about 2 on a stalk; stamens and pistils
in the same flower; perianth 0; stamens 4; carpels 4, at first
sessile, afterwards raised each on a long stalk. (Named in honour
of H. B. Ruppius, a botanist of the eighteenth century.)

3. ZANNICHELLIA (Horned Pond- weed). — Flowers axillary ;
stamens and frsitls separate (monactous); stamen 13; carpels 4.
(Named in honour of J. J. Zannichelli, a Venetian botanist.)

POND-WEED TRIBE 299

4. ZOSTERA (Grass-wrack),—flowers composed of stamens and
pistils alternately arranged in 2 rows in a long leaf-like sheath.
(Name from the Greek, zoster, a girdle, which the leaves resemble
in form.)

I. Poramoceton (Pond-weed)

1. P. natans (Floating Pond-weed).— Upper leaves elliptical,
ribbed, and cellular; lower, submersed, linear. An aquatic
plant, with cord-like stems, propor-
tioned to the depth of the water in
which it grows ; smooth, floating leaves,
on long stalks ; and cylindrical spikes of
small green flowers, which rise above the
surface of the water. The upper, or
floating leaves, are 2—3 inches in length ;
the lower, which are not always present,
are very narrow, and a foot long or more.
Ponds and ditches ; common.—FI. June
to August. Perennial.

POTAMOGETON NaTANS
(floating Pond-weed)

2. P. perfoliatus (Perfoliate Pond-weed).—Leaves alternate, all
submersed, egg-shaped, embracing the séem, pellucid, 7-nerved.
Remarkable for its brown, almost transparent leaves, 2-3 inches
long, which when dry have the appearance of gold-beater’s skin,
and are so sensitive of moisture that they will curl when laid on
the palm of the hand. Ponds and lakes; common.—Fl. June to
August. Perennial.

3. P. densus (Opposite-leaved Pond-weed).
—Leaves opposite, all submersed, embracing
the stem, pellucid. Like the last in habit,
but smaller. Ponds and rivers ; common.
—Fl. June to August. Perennial.

4. P. pusillus (Small Pond-weed).—Leaves
linear, very narrow ; flowers in along-stalked,
loose spike. A tangled mass of thread-like
stems, and dull, olive-green leaves, with
numerous spikes of brownish flowers, which
are either submersed, or partially rise above
the surface of the water. Ponds and lakes ;
common.—F]. June to August. Perennial.

From eighteen to twenty species of Pond-
weed are described as natives of Britain ;
they all, more or less, resemble the above
in habit, and as they are by no means an
; interesting family of plants, easy to obtain,
(Opposite-leaved Pond-weed) or pleasant to examine, it is not thought

PoTAMOGETON DENSUS

300

RupriA MARITIMA
(Sea Ruppia)

ZOSTERA MARINA
(Grass-wrach)

PETALOIDEA

necessary to describe their characters
in an elementary work like this.

2: RUPPIA

it. R. maritima (Sea Ruppia).—The
only species, growing in salt-water
ditches; distinguished from Potamo-
geton pusillus by its spiral flower-stalks
and long-stalked fruit.—Fl. July, Au-
gust.

3. ZANNICHELLIA (Horned Pond-weed)

1. Z. palustris (Horned Pond-weed).
—The only British species. A sub-
mersed aquatic, with the habit of
Potamogeton pusillus, from which it
may be well distinguished by its small,
almost sessile, axillary flowers, the
stigmas of which are unevenly cup-
shaped.—Fl. August, September. Peren-
nial.

4. ZOSTERA (Grass-wrack)

I. Z. marina (Grass- wrack).—A
submersed marine aquatic, with long,
cord-like stems, and bright green,
grass-like leaves, some of which serve
as sheaths to the bead-like rows of
small, simple flowers. The dried leaves
and stems are used as beds, and are
also employed in packing glass.—Fl.
July, August. Perennial.

THE END

GLOSSARY OF SOME BOTANICAL TERMS

Abrupt, blunt, as if broken off.

Acuminate, tapering to a sharp
point.

Acute, sharp pointed.

f&stivation, the state of flowers in
bud.

Alternate, the arrangement of
leaves on a stem when they
alternate from side to side.

Angular, leaves or stems when
angled.

Annual, lasting one year.

Anther, the top of a stamen which
contains the pollen,

Apetalous, without petals.

Aquatic, growing in water.

Arillus, a dry covering of some
seeds, as Mace.

Ascending, applied to stems which
first lie prostrate on the ground
and then rise perpendicularly.

Awn, a stiff bristle, as in barley.

Axil, the angle between a leaf and
the stem.

Axillary, growing in an axil.

Barren, bearing stamens, but no
pistils.

Biennial, lasting two years.

Bifid, two-cleft.

Bipinnate, twice pinnate.

Bipinnatifid, twice cut in a pin-
nate manner.

Border, the expanded part of the
corolla.

Bracts, small leaves at the base of
a flower-stalk.

Caducous, falling off very early, as
the sepals of the Poppy.

Calyx, the outer case or sepals of
a flower.

Capillary, hair-like.

Capitiate, round like a head.

301

Capsule, a dry seed-vessel.

Carpels, ovaries with their styles
and stigmas.

Cell, a vesicle, or little bladder,
the simplest form of vegetable
structure.

Cellular, composed of cells.

Cernuous, nodding.

Ciliated, fringed.

Civcinate, curled, like the young
frond of a fern.

Claw, the base of a petal.

Club-shaped, cylindrical, but be-
coming larger from the base
upwards.

Coloured, not green.

Column, a name given to the
united pistil and stamens in the
Orchis Tribe.

Cone, the fruit of the Fir Tribe.

Conical, cone-shaped.

Connate, growing together.

Convolute, rolled together.

Corculum, the same as embryo.

Cordate, heart-shaped.

Corm, a solid bulbous root, as
Crocus.

Corolla, the inner leaves or petals
of a flower.

Cotyledon, a seed-lobe.

Crenate, scolloped at the edge.

Cructform, placed crosswise.

Cryptogamous, or Cvryptogamic ;
plants are so called which are
reproduced without the aid of
stamens or pistils.

Culm, the stalk of grasses.

Cuticle, the thin outer skin of a
plant.

Deciduous, soon falling off.

Decurvent, running down the stem.

Dichlamydeous, having a double
perianth.

302 GLOSSARY OF SOME BOTANICAL TERMS

Dicotyledonous, composed of two
seed-lobes.

Didynamous, having four stamens,
two long and two short.

Diecious plants, are those which
have the stamens and pistils in
separate flowers and on dif-
ferent plants.

Disk, the central part of a com-
pound flower ; a flat space sur-
rounding the ovary.

Drupe, a nut enclosed in pulp.

Duct, an imperfectly spiral vessel.

Egg-shaped, oval, with the base
broader than the extremity.
Elliptical, egg-shaped, with both
ends alike.

Emargtinate, notched.

Embryo, the bud contained in a
seed.

Enstform, sword-shaped.

Entive, not cut at the edge.

Epidermts, the cuticle or skin of a
plant.

Erect, growing perpendicularly.

Exserted, protruded beyond the
other parts.

Farinaceous, abounding in flour.

Fascicled, growing in a dense tuft.

Fertile, bearing pistils and pro-
ducing seeds.

Floret, one of the small flowers
composing a composite flower.
Natural Order, Composite,

Free, not united.

Frond, the leaf of a fern.

ructification, the parts composing
the fruit.

Fruit, the seed with its covering.

Furcate, forked.

Fusiform, spindle-shaped.

Gaping, having an open mouth.

Germen, or ovary, the lowest part
of the pistil.

Gibbous, swollen at the base, as in
the flowers of Snapdragon.

Glabrous, perfectly smooth.

Gland, a cell containing some
secretion.

Glaucous, covered with a pale
green bloom.

Glume, the chaff of the grasses.

Habttat, the locality in which a
plant grows.

Halbert-shaped, arrow-shaped,with
the barbs turned outwards.

Hastate, halbert-shaped.

Herbaceous, having a succulent
stem.

Hispid, bristly.

Hybrid, intermediate between two
distinct species, and partaking
the characters of both.

Imbricated, overlapping, like the
tiles of a house.

Indehiscent, not opening with
joints.
Indigenous,

wild.
Inflorescence, mode of flowering.
Interruptedly pinnate, pinnate, with
smaller leaflets between.
Inversely egg-shaped or heart-shaped
oval or: heart-shaped, with the
base narrower than the ex-
tremity.
Involucre, a whorl.
Irvegulay, unequally divided.

native, or growing

Labiate, lipped.

Laciniated, jagged.

Lamina, a plate, the broad part of
a leaf.

Leaflet, a single portion of a com-
pound leaf.

Legume, a long pod without a
partition.

Ligulate, strap-shaped.

Limb,the expanded part of a petal.

Linear, very narrow, with the
edges parallel. ;

Lyvate leaf, a pinnatifid leaf with
a rounded terminal lobe, and
smaller divisions near the base.

Marcescent, withering.

Mlembranous, membranaceous, hav-
ing the texture of a membrane,
or parchment.

GLOSSARY OF SOME

Midrib, the principal vein of a leaf.

Montlifovm, having the appear-
ance of a necklace.

Monochlamydeous, having a single
perianth.

Monecious plants, are those which
have the stamens and pistils in
separate flowers, but on the
same plant.

Nectary, any distinct organ in a
flower containing honey.

Nut, a seed contained in a hard,
dry shell.

Obcordate, inversely heart-shaped.

Obovaie, inverscly egg-shaped.

Orbicular, round.

Ovary, or germen, the lower part
of the pistil containing ovules.

Ovule, the embryo seed.

Paleaceous, chafty.

Paimaie, divided into five or more
narrow lobes.

Papilionaceous, butterfly-shaped.

Pappus, a feathery appendage of
the seed.

Parasitic, growing
living vegetable.

Pavrenchyma, cellular tissue.

Paried, deeply divided.

Patent, spreading.

Pectinate, divided like the teeth of
a comb.

Pedate, palmate, with the outer
lobes divided.

Pedicle, the stalk of a flower in a
compound inflorescence.

Peduncle, a flower-stalk.

Peltate, circular, with the stalk in
the middle ; applied to leaves.

Perennial, lasting many years.

Perfoliate, having a stem passing
through a pair of leaves.

Perianth, a name sometimes given
to the calyx or corolla.

Pericarp, ov fruit, the seed with
its covering.

Persistent, not falling off;
posed to caducous.

Petaloid, petal-like,

on another

Op-

BOTANICAL TERMS 303

Petals, the inner leaves of a flower.

Pettole, a leaf-stalk.

Petiolate, having a leaf-stalk.

Phenogamous, furnished with evi-
dent stamens and pistils.

Pinnate, divided like a feather.

Pinnatifid, lobed in a _ pinnate
maimer.

Pistil, fertile organs of a flower.

Pistiliferous, bearing pistils.

Plumule, the bud contained in a
seed.

Pollen, the fertilizing powder con-
tained in the anthers.

Poly, many, as polypetalous, etc.

Pome, an apple.

Pore, a small hole.

Pouch,a small pod with a partition.

Premorse, bitten off.

Prickle, a sharp point, not having
a woody centre.

Pseudo, false.

Pubescent, downy.

Quinate, growing in fives.

Radiate, a term applicd to those
compound flowers the outer
florets of which are larger than
those of the disk.

Radical, springing from the root.

Radicle, the embryo root.

Ray, the outer florets of a com-
pound flower.

Reflexed, bent back.

Regular, equally divided.

Ringent, gaping.

Jostrate, beaked.

Rotate, the same as wheel-shaped.

Runcinaie, pinnatifid, with the
lobes pointing backwards.

Sagittate, arrow-shaped.

Saline, abounding in salt.

Samara, the winged seed of the
Ash, Sycamore, etc.

Scabrous, rough to the touch.

Scandent, climbing.

Scape, a flower-stalk springing
direct from the root and bear-
ing no leaves.

Scion, a creeping shoot,

304, GLOSSARY OF SOME BOTANICAL TERMS

Secund, all arranged on one side.
Seminal, relating to the seed.
Sepals, calyx-leaves.

Servate, saw-edged.

Sessile, sitting, destitute of a stalk.

Setaceous, bristly.

Silicle, a short pod with a par-
tition.

Silique, a long pod with a par-
tition.

Sinuous, wavy, like the edge of an
oak leaf.

Spathulate, oblong, but widening
towards the end.

Spindle-shaped, cylindrical, but
tapering to a point like a
carrot.

Spores, the seeds of ferns, mosses,
etc.

Spur, a sharp horn-shaped swelling

Squarrose, at right angles with the
stem.

Stamen, one of the male organs of
a flower which produce the
pollen.

Stellate, star-like.

Sterile, barren, having stamens,
but no pistils.

Stigma, the summit of the pistil.

Stipitate, stalked.

Stipules, wings at the base of a
leaf-stalk.

Stolon, a rooting scion.

Style, the middle part of the pistil.

Subulate, awl-shaped.

Suture, a seam or joint.

Syngenesious, united with the an-
thers.

Tap-root, the main verticle root,

Tendril, a twisted stalk, bearing
neither leaf nor flower.

Terete, long and cylindrical.

Ternate, growing in threes.

Testa, the outer shell of a seed.

Tetvadynamous, having six sta-
mens, four long and two short.

Thalamus, the receptacle.

Thorn, a sharp point having a
woody centre.

Throat, the upper part of a tube.

Tormentose, covered with thick
cotton. i

Trifid, three-cleft.

Truncate, ending abruptly, as if
cut off.

Uncinate, hooked.

Unilateral, one-sided.

Urceolate, pitcher-shaped.

Valvate, opening with valves.

Vascular, containing vessels.

Vermicular, worm-like.

Vernation, the state of leaves in
bud.

Verrucose, warty.
Vertictllate, whorled.
Vesicle, a bladder.
Villous, shaggy.
Viscous, clammy.

Viviparous, producing young
plants instead of seeds.
Whorl, three or more leaves

springing from the same point
on a stem.
Whorled, growing in a whorl.
Wings, the name often given to
any leaf-like expansion.

ENGLISH INDEX

Abele, 264
Acrid Lobelia, 179
Adder’s Meat, 45

Adonis, 2

ZEgopodium, 120

Agrimony, 79; Com-
mon, 87

Alder, 266

Alder Buckthorn, 62
Alexanders, 113; Com-
mon, 118
Alkanet, 199 ; Common,
202; Evergreen, 202
Allseed, 39, 49; Four-
leaved, 45
Alpine Bartsia, 216
Alpine Brook Saxifrage,
109
Alpine Butterwort, 234
Alpine Campion, Red,42
Alpine Cinquefoil, 85
Alpine Enchanter’s
Nightshade, 95
Alpine Flea-bane, 169
Alpine Lady’s Mantle,87
Alpine Lettuce, 157
Alpine Meadow Rue, 4
Alpine Milk Vetch, 73
Alpine Mouse-ear Chick-
weed, 47
Alpine Pearl-wort, 43
Alpine Penny Cress, 19
Alpine Rock Cress, 26
Alpine Saussurea, 161
Alpine Saxifrage, 110;
Tufted, 109
Alpine Veronica, 217
Alpine Whitlow-grass,
Yellow, 22
Alpine Willow-herb, 94
Alsike Clover, 71
Alternate-leaved Golden
Saxifrage, 110
Alysum, 17; Small, 22;
Sweet, 22
American Cress, 26

x

Amphibious Persicaria,

249
Andromeda, 182; Marsh,

184
Anemone, Wood, 4
Angelica, 115; Wild,
12

Angular Solomon’s Seal,
285
Annual Mercury, 259
Annual Seaside Goose-
grass, 245
Apple, 80; Crab-, 90
Archangel, 228
Arrow-grass, Marsh, 294;
Sea, 294
Arrow-head,
293
Asarabacca, 254
Ash, 188, 189; Moun-
tain, 80, 90, 91 j
Asparagus, 282;
mon, 284.
Aspen, 265
Asphodel, Bog, 283, 289;
Mountain Scottish,
288 ; Scottish, 283
Aster, Sea, 170
Autumnal Gentian, 192
Autumnal Hawkbit, 155
Autumn Lady’s Tresses,

Common,

Com-

2

275
Autumnal Squill, 286
Autumnal Water Star-

wort, 261 ?
Avens, 79; Common,
83; Mountain, 79,

83; Water, 83
Awl-shaped Pearl-wort,

3
Awl-wort, 17; Water, 22.
Trailing,

Azalea,
184

182;

Bald-money, 124
Balm, Wild, 223, 231

395

Balm-leaved Fig-wort,
212 »

Balsam, 56; Yellow, 60

Bane-berry, 3, 9

Barberry, Common, 10

Barrenwort, Alpine, 10

Bartsia, 211; Alpine,
216; Red, 216; Yel-
low Viscid, 215

Basil Thyme, 222, 230

Basil, Wild, 222, 231

Bastard Toad-flax, 253

Bay, Rose, 93

Beaked Parsley, 116;
Common, 128; Wild,
128

Beam Tree, White, 91

Bear-berry, 182; Black,
185; Red, 185

Bear’s-foot, 8

Bed -straw, 138; Corn,
141; Cross - leaved,
i140; Heath, 1407
Hedge, 140; Lady’s,
139; Northern, 140;
Rough Marsh, 140;
Wall, 140; Water,
139; Yellow, 139

Beech, Common, 266

Bee Orchis, 275

Beet, 244

Bell Heather, 183

Bell-flower, 176; Clus-
tered, 177; Creeping,
178; Giant,178; Ivy-

leaved, 177; Nettle-
leaved, 177; Ram-
pion, 178
Bennet, Herb, 83
Bethlehem, Common
Star of, 286; Droop-
ing Star of, 286;

Spiked Star of, 286;
Star of, 283
Betony, Wood, 229
Bilberry, 180; Great, 180

306

Bindweed, Field, 196;
Great, 196; Sea, 196

Birch, 265; Common,
265; Dwarf, 266;
Silver, 265; White,
265

Bird-cherry, 82

Bird’s-eye Primrose, 237

Bird’s-foot, 65; Com-
mon, 76; Sand, 76

Bird’s-foot Fenugreek,
68

Bird’s-foot Trefoil, 64,
vee Greater, 71;
Slender, 72

Bird’s Nest, 275

Bird’s-nest, 186; Pine,

187
Birth-wort, 254
Bistort Snake-root, 249
Bistort, Viviparous, 249
Bithynian Vetch, 74
Biting Stonecrop, 106
Bitter Candytuft, 20
Bitter-cress, 17; Bulbi-
ferous, 25; Hairy, 24;
Large - flowered, 24;
Narrow-leaved, 24
Bittersweet, 206
Bitter-vetch, Black, 76 ;
Tuberous, 75
Black Bear-berry, 185
Black Bitter-vetch, 76
Black Bryony, 280, 281
Black Crow-berry, 255
Black Currant, 107
Black Horehound, 222,
227
Black Knap-weed, 164
Black Medick, 67
Black Mustard, 30
Black Nightshade, 206
Black Poplar, 265
Blackberry, 86
Blackthorn, 81
Bladder Campion, 41
Bladderwort, 233 ; Com-

mon, 234; Interme-
diate, 235; Lesser,
235

Bladder-seed, Cornish,
129

Blinks, Water, 101, 102

Blite, Sea, 244; Shrubby
Sea, 245

Bloody Crane’s-bill, 57

Bloody-veined Dock,250

Blue Broom-rape, 209

ENGLISH INDEX

Blue Flea-bane, 169 _
Blue Jacob’s Ladder,195
Blue Marsh Vetchling,75
Blue Sow-thistle, 157 —
Blue Toad-flax, Pale,213
Blue-bell, 286
Blue-bottle, 151; Corn,
164.
Blue-eyed Grass, 277,278
Blunt-flowered Jointed
Rush, 291
Blunt-leaved Hawk’s-
beard, 158
Boccone’s Clover, 69
Bog Asphodel, 283, 289
Bog Orchis, 276
Bog Pimpernel, 238
Bog Sandwort, 46
Bog Stitchwort, 44
Bog Whortleberry, 180
Bog - jointed Rush,
Lesser, 291 (201
Borage, 198 ; Common,
Box, 257
Box-tree, Common, 260
Bramble, 79 ; Common,
86; Stone, 86
Branched Broom-rape,
209
Branched Bur-reed, 295
Brier, Sweet, 89
Bristly Ox-tongue, 154
Bristol Rock Cress, 26
Broad Smooth - leaved
Willow Herb, 93
Broad-leaved Centaury,
193
Broad-leaved Dock, 250
Broad-leaved Garlic,287
Broad -leaved Pepper -
wort, 20
Broad-leaved Rag-wort,
172
Broad -leaved Spurge,

259

Broad - leaved Water.
Parsnip, 121

Brooklime, 218

Brookweed, 236, 239

Broom, 64; Butcher’s,
282,284; Common, 66

Broom-rape, 208 ; Blue,
209; Branched, 209;
Clove-scented, 209 ;
Great, 208; Lesser,
209

Bryony, Black, 280, 281;
White, 101

Buck-bean, 191, 194

Buck-wheat, Copse, 249

Buck’s-horn Plaintain,
242

Buckthorn, Alder, 623

Common, 62; Sea,
25h, 252!
Bugle, 221; Common,

225, 226; Pyramidal,
226
Bugloss, 198 ; Common
Viper’s, 199; Small,
201; Wiper’s, 198
Bulbiferous Bitter Cress,

25
Bulbous Buttercup, 6
Bulbous Caraway, 120
Bullace, 81
Bur-dock,
mon, 160
Bur-marigold, 151; Nod-
ding, 165 ; Trifid, 165
Bur-Medick, Little, 67
Burnet, 79, 88; Great,
88; Salad, 88
Burnet Saxifrage,
114; Greater, 121
Bur-parsley,116; Great,
127
Bur-reed, Branched,295;
Floating, 296; Un-
branched Upright, 295
Bush Vetch, 74
Bushy Yellow-rattle,215

151; Com-

80,

Butcher’s Broom, 282,
284

Butter-bur, 152; Com-
mon, 169

Buttercup, 2, 5; Bul-

bous, 6 ; Creeping, 6;

Pale Hairy, 6
Butterfly Orchis, 274
Butterwort, Alpine, 234;

Common, 233, 2343
Pale, 234
Buxbaum’s Speedwell,
219

Cabbage, 18; Isle of
Man, 29; St. Pa-

trick’s, 110; Sea, 29
Calamint, 222; Com-
mon, 231
Campanula, Corn, 178
Campion, 38; Bladder,
41; Evening, 42;
Moss, 40; Red Alpine,
42; Sea, 41

Canadian Flea-bane, 170

Candytuft, 17; Bitter,
20

Caper Spurge, 258

Caraway, 114; Bul-

bous, 120; Common,
120; Whorled, 120
Carline - thistle, Ti: 5
Common, 164
Carrot, 116; Wild, 127
Catchfly, 38; English,
41; Nottingham, 41 ;
Red German, 42;
Spanish, 41 ; Striated
Corn, 41
Cathartic Flax, 49
Cat-mint, 222, 230
Cat’s-ear, 150; Long
Rooted, 156; Smooth,
156; Spotted, 156
Cat’s Tail, 295
Celandine, 12; Com-
mon, 14; Greater, 14;
Lesser, 2, 5, 14
Celery, 114, 118
Celery-leaved Crowfoot,

Centaurea, Jersey, 165
Centaury, 192; Broad-
leaved, 193; Common,
193; Dwarf, 193;
Dwarf Tufted, 193
Chaffweed, 236, 238
Chamomile, 153; Com-
mon, 175; Corn, 175;
Ox-eye, 175; Sea,
175; Stinking, 175;
Wild, 153, 174
Charlock, 30
Cheddar Pink, 40
Cherry, Plum and, 78 ;
Red, 82; Wild, 82
Chervil, 116; Garden,
129; Rough, 129
Chestnut, 266
Chickweed, 44; Alpine
Mouse-ear, 47 ; Euro-
pean, 239; Field
Mouse-ear, 47; Jag-
ged, 39; Mouse-ear,
39, 47; Starwort
Mouse-ear, 47; Um-
belliferous Jagged, 44;
Water Mouse-ear, 44
ChickweedWinter-green,
236
Chickweed-leaved Wil-
low-herb, 94

ll ll ee

ENGLISH INDEX

Chicory, 150; Wild, 160
Chives, 287
Chlora, 194
Christopher, Herb, 9
Cicely, 116
Cicely, Sweet, 129
Cichta, 113
Ciliated Heath, 183
Cinquefoil, 79; Alpine,
85; Creeping, 84;
Hoary, 84; Marsh,
85; Rock, 85; Shrub-
by, 85; Spring, 84;
Strawberry-leaved,84,
86
Clary,
20)
Claytonia,Perfoliate, 101
Cleavers, 140
Climbing Corydalis, 15
Climbing Persicaria, 249
Cloudberry, 87
Clove-scented Broom-
rape, 209
Clover, Alsike, 71 ; Boc-
cone’s, 69; Crimson,
68; Dutch, 70; Hare’s-
foot, 68; Hop, 71;
Lesser, 71; Purple,
69; Reversed, 70;
Slender, 71; Starry,
68; Suffocated, 70;
Upright, 69; White,
70; Zigzag, 69
Clover Dodder, 197
Clustered Bell-flower,
177
Cockle, Corn, 42
Cock’s-comb, 215
Codlins-and-cream, 93
Colt’s-foot, 152, 169
Columbine,3; Common,8

223; Meadow,

Colza, 29
Comb, Venus’, 128
Comfrey, 198; Com-.

mon, 201; Tuberous,
201
Common Agrimony, 87.
Common Alexanders,118
Common Alkanet, 202
Common Arrow - head,
293
Common Asparagus, 284
Common Avens, 83
Common Barberry, 10
CommonBeakedParsley,
128
Common Beech, 266

307

Common Birch, 260
Common Bird’s-foot, 76
Common Bladderwort,
234
Common Borage, 201
Common Box-tree, 260
Common Bramble, 86
Common Buckthorn, 62
Common Bugle, 22
Common Bur-dock, 160
Common Butter-bur,169
Common Butterwort,
233, 234
Common Calamint, 231
Common Caraway, 120
Common Carline-thistle,
164
Common Celandine, 14
Common Centaury, 193
CommonChamomile,175
Common Columbine, 8
Common Comfrey, 201
Common Coriander, 130
Common Corn Salad,144
Common Cottoneaster,
92 [126
Common Cow-parsnip,
Common Daffodil, 279
Common Daisy, 173
Common Dandelion, 160
Common Elder, 135
Common Elm, 263
Common Enchanter’s
Nightshade, 95
Common Evening Prim-
Tose, 94
Common Eye-bright, 216
Common Fennel, 26
Common Feverfew, 174
Common Filago, 168
Common Flax, 48
Common Flea-bane, 173
Common Fumitory, 15
Common Furze, 65
Common Gipsy - wort,
22
Rous Gladiolus, 218
Common Golden Saxi-
frage, 110
Common Gout-weed,120
Common Grass of Par-
nassus, III
Common Gromwell, 200
Common Groundsel, 170
Common Hazel, 267
Common Hedge Mus-
tard, 27
Common Hemlock, 117

308

Common Hemp - agri-
mony, 166

Common Hemp-ncttle,
227,

Common Henbane, 207
Common Hop, 263
Common Horn-wort, 97
Common Tlound’s-
tongue, 204

Common House-leek,105
Common Ivy, 131
Common Juniper, 268
Common Knot-grass,248

Common Lady’s Fin-
gers, 72

Common Lady’s Mantle,
87

Common Larkspur, 9
Common Lime, 52
Common Lungwort, 200
Common Mallow, 50
Common Maple, 55
Corn Marigold, 174
Common Marjoram, 225
Common Marsh Mallow,
SI
Common Medlar, 91
Common Milkwort, 35
Common Mistletoe, 134
Common Monk’s Hood,g
Common Moschatell,131
Common Motherwort,
ee
Common Mouse-tail, 7
Common Mud-wort, 214
Common Nipple - wort,
160
Common Orache, 245
Common Parsnip, 126
Common Pellitory - of -
the-wall, 262
Common Rag-wort, 171
Common Red Poppy, 13
Common _ Rest-harrow,
66
Common Rock-Rose, 32
Common Roemeria, 14
Common Romulea, 277
Common Rush, 290
Common Saint-foin, 76
Common Saw-wort, I61
Common Scurvy Grass,
21
Common
Purse, 19
Common Soap-wort, 40
CommenSolomon’s Seal,
285

Shepherd’s

ENGLISH INDEX

Common Sorrel, 251

Common Sow - thistle,
157

Common Speedwell, 217

Common Spindle Tree,
61

Common Spurrey, 45

Common Star of Bethle-
hem, 286

Commen Star-fruit, 293

Common _ Star - thistle,
165

Common Tamarisk, 99

-Common Tansy, 166

Common Thorow-wax,
122

Common Tutsan, 53

Common Vervain, 233

Common Vetch, 74

Common Viper’s
gloss, 199 .

Common Water-cress,27

Common White-rot, 116

Common Wild Navew,
29

Common Winter Cress,
26

Bu-

Common Winter-green,
186

Common Wood Sorrel,
59 :

Common Wormwood,
166

Common Yellow Cow-
wheat, 214

Common Yellow Melilot,
68

Common Yellow Milfoil,.

175
Common Yellow Water
Lily, 11
Common Yew, 268
Compound Flowers, 146—
176
Copse Buck-wheat, 249
Coral-root, 25, 275
Coriander, Common, 130
Corn Bedstraw, 141
Corn Blue-bottle, 164
Corn Campanula, 178
Corn Catchfly, Striated,
41
Corn Chamomile, 175
Corn Cockle, 42
Corn Crowfoot, 6
Corn Feverfew, 174
Corn Gromwell, 200
Corn Mint, 224

Corn Parsley, 119

Corn Salad, 143; Com-
mon, 144; Toothed,
144.

Corn Wound-wort, 229

Cornel, 132; Dwarf,
133; Wild, 132

Cornish Bladder - seed,
129

Cornish Heath, 183

Cornish Money-wort,
211, 216

Corydalis, Climbing, 15 ;
Yellow, 15

Cotton-thistle, 151, 163.

Cotton-weed, 152; Sca-
side, 166

Cotoneaster, 81;
mon, 92

Cow Parsnip, 115, 126

Cowbane, 118

Cowberry, 180

Cowslip, 236

Cow-wheat, 210; Com-
mon Yellow, 214;
Crested, 214; Small,

Com-~

214
Crab Apple, 90
Crake-berry, 255
Crambe, 23
Cranberry, 180, 181
Crane’s-bill, 56; Bloody,
57; Dove’s-foot, 58 >
Dusky, 57; Jagged-
leaved, 58; Long-
stalked, 58 ; Meadow,.
57; Mountain, 57 >
Round -leaved, 58 3.
Shining, 58 ; Small-.
flowered, 58; Wood,
57
Creeping Bell-flower,178.
Creeping Buttercup, 6
Creeping Cinquefoil, 84.
Creeping Goodyera, 275
Creeping Jenny, 238
Creeping Plume-thistle,.
163
Creeping Water
pion-grass, 202
Creeping Yellow
Cress, 18; Alpine Penny,
19; Alpine Rock, 26;
American, 26; Bitter,.
17, 24; Bristol Rock,
26; Bulbiferous Bit-
ter; 25; Common Win-

Scor-

Cress,.

ter, 26; Creeping
Yellow, 27; Fringed
Rock, 26; Glabrous

Rock, 25 ; Hairy Bit-
ter, 24; Hairy Rock,
25; Large - flowered
Bitter, 24; Lesser
Wart, 24; Marsh Yel-
low, 27; Narrow -
leaved Bitter, 24;
Northern Rock, 26;
Penny, 16, 18; Per-
foliate Penny, 19;
Rock, 17 ; Swine, 24;
Thale Rock, 26°:
Tower, 25 ; Wart, 17,
24; Winter, 18.
Crested Cow-wheat, 214
Crimson Clover, 68
Crimson Vetchling, 74

‘Crocus, 276; Saffron,
277

‘Cross-leaved Bedstraw,
140

‘Cross-leaved Heath, 182
‘Crosswort, 139
Crow-berry, Black, 255

‘Crowfoot, 2; Celery-
leaved, 6; Corn, 6;
Ivy-leaved, 5; Mea-
dow, 6; Small-flow-
ered, 7; Water, 5;
Wood, 6

‘Cuckoo-flower, 24
Cuckoo-pint, 296

Cudweed, 152; Dwarf,
168; Jersey, 168;
Marsh, 167; Moun-
tain, 167; Narrow-
leaved, 168; Wood,
168

Cup, King, 7

Curled Dock, 250

Currant, Black, 107;
Red, 107; Tasteless

Mountain, 108

Cut-leaved Germander,
226

‘Cut-leaved Saxifrage,
109

‘Cyphel, 46

Dabeoc’s Heath, St., 184
D:ffodil, Common, 279

Daisy, 153; Common,
173

Dandelion, 150; Com-
mon, 160

ENGLISH INDEX

Danewort, 136

Danish Scurvy Grass, 21
Dark Mullein, 220 ;
Dead-nettle, 222; Red,

228; Spotted, 228;
White, 228; Yellow,
228

Deadly Nightshade, 206
Deptford Pink, 39
Devil’s-bit Scabious, 146
Dewberry, 86
Dittander, 20

Dock, 248; Bloody -
veined, 250; Broad-
leaved, 250; Curled,
250

Dodder, 196; Clover,
1975 Flax, 197;

Greater, 197; Lesser,

197.
Dog Rose, Trailing, 89
Dog Violet, 33
Dog’s Mercury, 259
Dog-wood, 132
Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill,
538
Downy Hemp-nettle,228
Downy Wound-wort,22:
Downy-leaved Rose, 89
Drooping Saxifrage, 109
Drooping Star of Beth-
lehem, 286
Dropwort, 78, 83 ; Fine-
leaved Water, 123;
Hemlock Water, 123;
Tubular Water, 12273
Water, 114 ;
Duck-weed, Lesser, 298
Duke of Argyll’s Tea-
tree, 207.
Dusky Crane’s-bill, 57
Dutch Clover, 70
Dwale, 206
Dwarf Birch, 266
Dwarf Centaury, 193
Dwarf Cornel, 133
Dwarf Cudweed, 168
Dwarf Elder, 136
Dwarf Furze, 65
Dwarf Mallow, 50
Dwarf Orchis, 274
Dwarf Plume-thistle, 163
Dwarf Red-rattle, 214
Dwarf Spurge, 258
Dwarf Tufted Centaury,
193
Dyer’s Green-weed, 66
Dyer’s Rocket, 31

‘309

Early Field Scorpion-
QTASS, 203

Early Purple Orchis, 27

Earth-nut, 114, 121

Earth-nut Pea, 75

Echium, Purple, 199

Eight-stamened Water-

wort, 37

Elder, Common, 135;
Dwarf, 136; Water,
136

Elecampane, 153, 172

Elm, Common, 263;
Scotch, 263; Wych,
263

Enchanter’s Nightshade,
93; Alpine, 95 ; Com-
mon, 95

English. Catchfly, 41

English Scurvy Grass,21

English Stonecrop, 105

Entire-leaved Peony, 9

Eryngo,113; Field,117 ;
Sea, 117

European
239

Evening Campion, 42

Evening Primrose, 93;
Common, 94

Evergreen Alkanet, 202

Everlasting, 152 ; White
167

Everlasting Pea, 75

Exogenous Plants,
268

Eye, Pheasant’s, 2, 5

Eye-bright, 211; Com-
mon, 216

Chickweed,

I-

Fen Rag-wort, Great,
171

“Fennel, 115 ; Common,
124; Marsh Hog’s,

130; Sea Hog’s, 130
Fenugreek, 64; Bird’s-
foot, 68
Feverfew, Common, 17 4;
Corn, 174; Sea, 174
Field Bindweed, 196
Field Eryngo, 117
Field Flea-wort, 171
Field Gentian, 192
Field Lady’s Mantle, 87
Field Madder, 139, 141
Field Mouse-ear Chicx-
weed, 47
Field Pepper-wort, 20

310

Field Scabious, 146

Field Scorpion - grass,
203; Early, 203

Field Speedwell, 218

Field Wood-Rush, 292

Field Wormwood, 167

Fig-wort, 210; Balm-
leaved, 213; Knotted
213; Water, 213;
Yellow, 213

Filago, 152; Common,
168 ; Least, 168

Fine-leaved Heath, 183

Fine-leavedSandwort,46

Fine-leaved Water Drop-
wort, 123

Finger -leaved Speed-
well, 219

Fingers, CommonLady’s,
72; Lady’s, 64

Fir, Scotch, 268

Fir-rape, 187

Flag, 277
Flax, Cathartic, 49;
Common, 48; Nar-

row-leaved, 48; Per-
ennial, 48

Flax Dodder, 197

Flax Seed, 48; Thyme-
leaved, 49

Flax-leaved Goldylocks,

166
Flax-leaved St, John’s

Wort, 53
Flea-bane, 152, 153;
Alpine, 169; Blue,

169; Canadian, 170;
Common, 173; Erigon,
169; Small, 173; Field,
171; Marsh, 171

Flesh - coloured - Speed-
well, 217

Flixweed, 27

Floating Bur-reed, 296

Floating Pond-weed,299

Floating Water - Plan -
tain, 293

Flowering Rush, 292

Flowering Willow, 93

Fluellen, Sharp-pointed,
212

Foetid Hawk’s-beard,158

Fool’s Parsley, 115, 123

Forget-me-not, 199, 202;
Wood, 203

Forster's Wood - Rush,

292
Four-leaved All Seed, 45

ENGLISH INDEX

Four-leaved Herb-Paris,
281

Fowler’s Service, 91

Foxglove, 210; Purple,
211

Frog Orchis, 274

Frog-bit, 270

Frosted Sea Orache, 245

Fringed Rock Cress, 26

Fringed Sandwort, 46

Fritillary, 283, 287

Fuller’s Teazle, 145

Fumitory,14; Common,
Fy. OS 5
Furze, 63; Ramping,

15

Gagea, 283; Yellow, 288
Garden Chervil, 129
Garlic, 283; Broad-
leaved, 287
Garlic Mustard, 18, 28
Gentian, 191; Autum-
nal, 192; Field, 192;
Marsh, 192; Small;
192; Spring, 192
Gentianella, 192 ; Least,
193; Slender, 193
GermanCatchily,Red, 42
German Madwort, 204
Germander, 221; Cut-
leaved, 226; Wall,
226; Water, 2206;
Wood, 226 [218
Germander Speedwell,
Giant Bell-flower, 178 ©
Gilliflower, 28
Gipsy-wort, 221 ;
mon, 223
Glabrous Rock Cress, 25
Gladiolus, 276;
mon, 278.
Glasswort, 244 ; Jointed,
246; Rooting, 246
Glaucous Marsh Stitch-
wort, 45
Globe Flower, 3, 7
Goat’s-beard, 149; Yel-
low, 154
Golden Samphire, 173
Golden Saxifrage, 108 ;
Alternate-leaved, 110;
Common, 110
Golden-rod, 153, 170
Goldilocks, 6
Goldylocks, 152; Flax-
leaved, 166

Com-

Dwarf, 65 ;,

Com--
-| Great Sea Stock, 28

Good King Henry, 244
Goodyera, Creeping, 275
Gooseberry, 107
Goose-foot, 243 ; Stink-
ing, 244; White, 245
Goose-grass, 85, I40;
Annual Seaside, 245 ;
Many-seeded, 244

Gorse, 65
Gout-weed, 114; Com-
mon, 120 [287

Grape Hyacinth, 283,
Grass, Common Scurvy,
21; Danish Scurvy,
21; English Scurvy,
21; Goose, 140; Rock
Whitlow, 22; Scor-
pion, 199; Scurvy,
17; Speedwell-leaved
Whitlow, 23; Twisted
Whitlow, 22; Vernal
Whitlow, 23; Whit-
low, 17, 22; Yellow
Alpine Whitlow, 22
Grass of Parnassus, 108;
Common, III
Grass Vetchling, see
Crimson Vetchling.
Grass-wrack, 299, 300
Great Bilberry, 180
Great Bindweed, 196
Great Broom-rape, 208
Great Bur-parsley, 127
Great Burnet, 88
Great Fen Rag-wort,178
Great Hairy Willow
Herb, 93 (172
Great Leopard’s-bane,
Great Mullein, 219
Great Nettle, 262
Great Reed-mace, 295.
Great Sea-Rush, 290

Great Snapdragon, 218
Great Spear-wort, 5
Great Sundew, 35
Great Water-Dock, 250
Great Water-Plantain,

293
Great Wild Valerian,143
Great Wood-Rush, 291
Great Yellow Loose -
strife, 238
Greater Bird’s-foot Tre-

foil, 71
Greater Burnet Saxi-+
frage, 121

Greater Celandine, 14

Greater Dodder, 197
Greater Knap-weed, 164
Greater Maple, 55
Greater Periwinkle, 190
Greater Plantain, 241
Greater Skull-cap, 232
Greater Stitchwort, 45
Greek Valerian, 195
Green Habenaria, 274
Green Hellebore, 8
Green Hound’s-tongue,
204
Green-weed, 63 ; Dyer’s,
66; Hairy, 66; Nee-
dle, 66
Green-winged Meadow
Orchis, 273
Grey Millet, 200
Gromwell, 198; Com-
mon, 200; Purple,
200 ; Seaside Smooth,
200; Smooth, 198
Ground Ivy, 230
Ground Pine, 226
Groundsel, 153; Com-
mon, 170; Mountain,
170; Viscid, 171
Guelder Rose, 132, 135,
136; Mealy, 136

Habenaria, Green, 274

Hair-bell, 177

Hairy Bitter Cress, 24

Hairy Buttercup, Pale, 6

Hairy Green-weed, 66

Hairy Hawk-bit, 155

Hairy Mint, 224

Hairy Mountain Oxy-
tropis, 72

Hairy Pepper-wort, 20

Hairy Rock Cress, 25

Hairy St. John’s Wort,
54

Hairy Spurge, 259

Hairy Stonecrop, 106

Hairy Thrincia, 155

Hairy Vetch, 73

Hairy Violet, 33

Hairy Willow Herb,
Great, 93; Small-
flowered, 93

Hairy Wood-Rush, 291

Hard Rush, 290

Hare’s-ear, 114, 122;
Narrow-leaved, 122;
Sickle - leaved, 122;

Slender, 122

ENGLISH INDEX

Hare’s-foot Clover, 68
Hautboy Strawberry, 86
Hawk-bit, 149; Au-
tumnal, 155; Hairy,
155; Rough, 155
Hawk-weed,150; Mouse-
ear, 159; Narrow-
leaved, 159; Orange,
159; Shrubby, 159;
Wall, 159 ; Wood,159
Hawk-weed Picris, 154.

Hawk’s - beard, 150;
Blunt -leaved, 158;
Foetid, 158; Marsh,
158; Rough, 158;
Smooth, 158

Hawthorn, 81, 92
Hazel, Common, 267
Head, Snake’s, 287
Heart-leaved Tway-
blade, 275
Heartsease, 33

Heath, 182; Ciliated,
183; Cornish, 183;
Cross - leaved, 18:2: >
Fine - leaved, 1833
Mediterranean, 183;

Powdery Sea, 37; St.
Dabeoc’s, 184; Sea,
36; Smooth Sea, 37
Heath Bedstraw, 140
Heath Rush, 290
Heather, 182, 184; Bell,
183
Hedge Bedstraw, 140

Hedge Mustard, 18 z
Common, 27 cc
Hedge Parsley, 116;

Knotted, 128; Spread-
ing, 127; Upright, 127
Hedge Stone Parsley,
120
Hedge Wound-wort, 229
Hellebore, 3; Green, 8 ;

Stinking, 8

Hemlock, 113; Com-
mon, 117; Water,
113, 118

Hemlock Stork’s-bill, 59
Hemlock Water Drop-
wort, 123
Hemp-agrimony,
Common, 166
Hemp-nettle, 222 ; Com-
mon, 227; Downy,
228; Red, 228
Henbane, 206;
mon, 207

1st s

Com-

3r

Henbit-nettle, 228
Henry, Good King, 244
Herb, Alpine Willow, 94;
Broad Smooth-leaved
Willow, 93; Chick-
weed-leaved Willow,
94; Great Hairy Wil-
low, 93; Narrow -
leaved Marsh Willow,
94; Pale Smooth-
leaved Willow, 94;
Small-flowered Hairy
Willow, 93; Square-
stalked Willow, 94;
Willow, 93
Herb Bennet, 83
Herb Christopher, 9
Herb-Paris, Four-leaved,
Herb-Robert, 57 [281
Herb-twopence, 238
Hieracium, 150
Hippocrepis, 76
Hispid Marsh Mallow, 51
Hoary Cinquefoil, 84
Hoary Mullein, 220
Hoary Plantain, 241
Hoary Rag-wort, 171
Hoary Rock-Rose, 32
Hoary Shrubby Stock, 23
Hog’s Fennel, Marsh,
130; Sea, 130
Hog-weed, 126
Holly, 187, 188; Knee,
284; Sea, 117
Honewort, 130
Honeysuckle, 135, 1373
Pale Perfoliate, 137
Hop, 262; Common, 263
Hop Clover, 71
Horehound, Black, 222,
227% White, 222,230
Horn-wort, Common, 97
Horned Pond-weed, 289,
300
Horned Poppy, 12 ; Vio-
let, 14; Yellow, 14
Hornbeam, 267
Horse Mint, 224
Horse-radish, 21
Horse-Shoe Vetch, 65;
Tufted, 76
Hound’s-tongue, 199 ;
Common, 204; Green

204

House-leek, 104 ; Com-
mon, 105

Hutchinsia, 17; Rock,
19

312

Hyacinth, Grape, 283,
287; Wild, 286

Hyssop-leaved Purple
Loosestrife, 98

Imperforate St. John’s
Wort, 53
Inelegant Rag-wort, 171

Intermediate Bladder-
wort, 235

Intermediate Winter -
green, 186

Iris, 276; Stinking, 277;
Yellow, 277

Irish Menziesia, 184

Irish Spurge, 259

Isle of Man Cabbage, 29

Isnardia, 93 ; Marsh, 95

Ivy, Common, 131;
Ground, 230

Ivy-leaved Bell- flower,
177

Ivy-leaved Crowfoot, §

Ivy-leaved Lettuce, 156

Ivy-leaved Sow-bread,
237 [218

Ivy-leaved Speedwell,

Ivy-leaved Toad - flax,
212

Jack-by-the-Hedge, 28
Jacob’s Ladder, Blue,

195

Jagged Chickweed, 39;
Umbelliferous, 44

Jagged-leaved Crane’s-
bill, 58

Jenny, Creeping, 238

Jersey Centaurea, 165

Jersey Cudweed, 168

yointed Glasswort, 246

Jointed Rush, Blunt-
flowered, 291 ; Lesser
Bog, 291; Shining-
fruited, 291

Joy, Traveller’s, 2, 3

Tuniper, Common, 268

wale, Sea, 17, 23

Kidney - shaped Saxi -
frage, 110

Kidney Vetch, 72

King Cup, 7

King Henry, Good, 244

Knap-weed, 151 ; Black,
164; Greater, 164

Knawel, 247; Peren-
nial, 247

ENGLISH INDEX

Knee Holly, 284

Knot-grass, 102, 103;
Common, 248; Sea,
248 ; Whorled, 103

Knotted Fig-wort, 213

Knotted Hedge Parsley,
128

Knotted Pearl-wort, 43

Knotted Trefoil, Soft, 69°

Ladder, Blue Jacob’s,195.

Lady’s Bedstraw, 139
Lady’s Fingers, 64;
Common, 72
Lady’s Mantle, 79; Al-
pine, 87; Common,
87. Field, 87
Lady’s Slipper, 276
Lady’s Smock, 24 [275
Lady’s Tresses,Autumn,
Lamb’s Lettuce, 144
Large Bushy Yellow-
fatile, 275
Large-flowered Bitter
Cress, 24
Large - flowered St.
John’s Wort, 53
Larkspur, 3 ; Common, 9
Lavender, Sea, 240
Leafy Spurge, 259
Least Filago, 168
Least Gentianella, 193
Least Marsh-wort, 119
Least Toad-flax, 213
Least Yellow Water Lily,
12
Lent Lily, 279
Leopard’s- bane, 153;
Great, 172; Plantain-
leaved, 172 :
Lesser Bindweed,
Field Bindweed
Lesser Bladderwort, 235.
Lesser Bog Jointed Rush,
291
Lesser Broom-rape, 209
Lesser Celandine, 2, 5,14
Lesser Clover, 71
Lesser Dodder, 197
Lesser Duck-weed, 298
Lesser Meadow Rue, 4
Lesser Periwinkle, 191
Lesser Reed-mace, 295
Lesser Sea-Rush, 290
Lesser Skull-cap, 232 |
Lesser Snapdragon, 212
Lesser Spear-wort, 5
Lesser Stitchwort, 44

see

Lesser Wart Cress, 24

Lesser Water-Plantain,
293

Lettuce, 150; Alpine,
157; Ivy-leaved, 156;
Lamb’s, 144 ; Prickly,
156; Willow, 157

Lily, Common Yellow
Water,11; Least Yel-
low Water, 12; Lent,

279; May, 285;
Water, 11; White
Water, 11; Yellow
Water, IT

Lily of the Valley, 282,
284

Lime, Common, 52

Linden Tree, 52

Ling, 182, 184

Linnea, 135, 137

Liparis, Two-leaved, 276

Little Bur-Medick, 67

Live-long, 104, 105

Lizard Orchis, 274

Lloydia, 283; Moun-
tain, 288
Lobelia, 177; Acrid,

17o; Water, 179
London Pride, 110
London Rocket, 27
Long Rough-headed

Poppy, 13
Long Smooth-headed

Poppy, 13
Long-leaved Sundew, 35
Long-rooted Cat’s-ear,

156
Long-stalked Crane’s-

bill, 58
Loose Orchis, 274

Loosestrife, 98, 236;
Great Yellow, 238;
Hyssop -leaved Pur-

ple, 98 ; Purple, 98 ;
Tufted, 238; Wood,
238

Lords-and-Ladies, 296

Louse-wort, 215

Lovage, 115; Scottish,
124

Love-Knot, True, 281

Lucerne, 67

Lungwort, 198; Com-
mon, 200; Narrow-
leavel, 199

Madder,
139, 141

138; Field,

Madwort, 199; Ger-
man, 204

Maiden Pink, 40

Mallow, 50; Common,

50; Common Marsh,
51; Dwarf, 50; His-
pid Marsh, 51 ; Marsh
50; Musk, 50; Tree,
59, 51

Man Orchis, 275

Mantle, Alpine Lady’s,
87; Common Lady’s,
87; Field Lady’s, 87 ;

Lady’s, 79

Many - seeded Goose -
grass, 244

Maple, 54; Common,

55; Greater, 55
Mare’s-tail, 95
Marigold, Corn, 174
Marjoram, 221; Com-

mon, 225
Marsh Andromeda, 184
Marsh Arrow-grass, 294
Marsh Bedstraw, Rough,

140
Marsh Cinquefoil, 85
Marsh Cudweed, 167
Marsh Flea-wort, 171
Marsh Gentian, 192
Marsh Hawk’s-beard,158
Marsh Hog’s Fennel, 130
Marsh Isnardia, 95
Marsh Mallow, 50; Com-

mon, 51; Hispid, 51
Marsh Marigold, 3, 7
Marsh Orchis, 274
Marsh Pennywort, 116
Marsh Plume-thistle, 162
Marsh Rag-wort, 171
Marsh Red-rattle, 215
Marsh St. John’s Wort,

54
Marsh Saxifrage, Yellow,
109
Marsh Sow-thistle, 157
Marsh Speedwell, 218
Marsh Stitchwort, Glau-
cous, 45
Marsh Trefoil, 194
Marsh Valerian, Small,

143
Marsh Vetchling, Blue,

75
Marsh Violet, 33
Marsh Whortleberry,181
Marsh Willow Herb,
Narrow-leaved, 94
x2

ENGLISH INDEX

Marsh Wound-wort, 229
Marsh Yellow Cress, 27
Marsh-wort, 114 ; Least,

119; Procumbent, 119

Matted Sea - Lavender,
241

May, 92

May Lily, 285

May-weed, Scentless,174

Maywort, 139

Meadow Clary, 224

Meadow Crane’s-bill, 57

Meadow Crowfoot, 6

Meadow Orchis, Green-
winged, 273

Meadow Pea, 75

Meadow Pepper Saxi-

frage, 124
Meadow Plumce-thistle,

163

Meadow Rue, 2; AIl-
pine, 4; Lesser, 4;
Yellow, 4

Meadow Saffron, 283,
288 :

Meadow Saxifrage, 109 ;
Mountain, 130

Meadows, Queen of the,
82

Meadow-Sweet, 78, 82

Mealy Guelder Rose, 136

Meat, Adder’s, 45

Medicago, 67

Medick, 64; Black, 67 ;
Sickle, 67; Spotted,
67+ “‘Teothed, 67

Mediterranean Heath,
183

Medlar, 81; Common,
gI

Melilot, 64; Common
Yellow, 68; White, 68

Menziesia, 182; Irish,
184; Scotch, 184

Mercury, 257; Annual,
259; Dog’s, 259

Meu, 124

Mignonette, 31 ; White,
31; Wild, 31

Milfoil, Common Yellow,
175; Spiked Water,
96; Whorled Water,
96

Military Orchis, 274

Milk Vetch, 64, 72;
Alpine, 73; Purple,
73% Sweet, 72

Milkwort, Common, 35.

ong

Milk Thistle, 157, 162

Millet, Grey, 200

Mint, 221; Corn, 224;
Hairy, 22 Horse,
224; Round-leaved,

Mistletoe, Common, 134

Mithridate Mustard, 18

Meenchia, 39; Upright,

43
Money-wort, 238 ; Corn-
ish, 211, 216

Monkey - flower, 211;
Yellow, 217

Monk’s-hood, 3; Com-
mon, 9

Moschatell, Common,
131

Moss Campion, 40
Mossy Saxifrage, 109
Mossy Tillea, 104
Moth Mullein, 219
Motherwort, 222 ; Com-
mon, 227
Mountain Ash, 80, 91
Mountain Avens, 79, 83
Mountain Crane’s-bill, 57
Mountain Cudweed, 167
Mountain Currant,
Tasteless, 108
Mountain Groundsel,170
Mountain Lloydia, 288
Mountain Meadow Saxi-
frage, 130
Mountain Oxytropis,
Hairy, 72; Purple, 72
Mountain Pansy, 34
Mountain St. John’s
Wort, 54
Mountain
Purple,
109
Mountain
phodel,
Mountain
DET
Mountain Speedwell,218
Mountain Violet, Yellow,

Saxifrage,
108; Yellow,
Scottish As-
288

Sorrel, 248,

34
Mouse-ear, 202

Mouse-ear Chickweed,
39, 47; Alpine, 47;
Field, 47; Starwort,

47; Water, 44
Mouse-ear Hawk-weed,
15
Mouse-tail, 2; Common

7

314

Mud-wort,
mon, 214

Mug-wort, 167

Mullein, 211; Dark, 220;
Great, 219; Hoary,
220; Moth, 219°;
Primrose-leaved, 220 ;
White, 220

Musk Mallow, 50

Musk Stork’s-bill, 59

Musk Thistle, 161

Mustard, Black, 30;
Common Hedge, 27;
Garlic, 18, 28; Hedge,
18; Mithridate, 18;
Tower, 25; “Treacle,
rm, 28; White, 25;
Wild, 30

210; Com-

Naked - stalked Tecs-
dalia,. 20

Narrow-leaved Bitter
Cress, 2 :

Narrow-leaved Cud -
weed, 168

Narrow-leaved Flax, 48

Narrow-leaved Hare’s-
ear, 122

Narrow-leaved Hawk -
weed, 159

Narrow - leaved Lung -
wort, 199

Narrow-leaved Marsh

Willow Herb, 94
Narrow-leaved Pepper-
wort, 20
Narrow-leaved Vetch, 74
Narrow-leaved Water
Parsnip, 121
Navew,Common Wild, 29
Needle Green-weed, 66
Needle, Shepherd’s, 116,
128
Nest, Bird’s, 275
Nettle, 262; Great, 262;
Hemp, 222; Roman,

262; Small, 262
Nettled -leaved Bell -

flower, 177
Nightshade, 206; Al-

pine Enchanter’s, 95 ;
Black, 206 ; Common

Enchanter’s, 953
Deadly, 206; En-
chantet’s, 93, 953

Woody, 206
Nipple-wort, 150 ; Com-
mon, 160

ENGLISH INDEX

Nodding Bur-Marigold,
165

Nonsuch, 67

Northern Bedstraw, 140

Northern Rock Cress, 26

Nottingham Catchfly, 41

Oak, 266

Oleaster, 251-2

Olive, 188

One-sided Winter-green,
186

Opium Poppy, 13

Opposite-leaved Pond-
weed, 299

Orache, 244 ; Common,
245 ; Frosted Sea, 245

Orange Hawk-weed, 159

Orchis, Bee, 275; Bog,
276; Butterfly, 274;

Dwarf, 274; Early
Purple, 273; Frog,
274; Green - winged
Meadow, 273 ; Lizard,
274; Loose, 2743
Man, 275; Marsh,
274; Military, 274;

Pyramidal, 273; Spot-
ted, 2733 Sweet -
scented, 274

Orpine, 104, 105

Ox-eye, 153; White,
173; Yellow, 174

Ox-eye Chamomile, 175

Oxlip, 236

Ox-tongue, 149 ; Bristly,
154

Oxytropis, 64; Hairy
Mountain, 72 ; Purple,
Mountain, 72; Yel-
low, 72

Ponia, see Peony

Paigle, 236

Pale blue Toad-flax, 213

Pale Butterwort, 234 _

Pale Hairy Buttercup, 6

Pale Perfoliate Honey-
suckle, 137

Pale Poppy, 13

Pale Smooth-leaved Wil-.
low Herb, 94

Pale-flowered Persicaria,

250
Pansy, 33; Mountain, 34
Parnassia, 111
Parnassus, Grass of, 108;
Common Grass of, 111

Parsley, 114; Beaked,
116; Common Beaked,

1233 Corn, 119;
Fool's, 115; Hedge,
116; Hedge Stone,

120; Knotted Hedge,
128; Spreading Hedge,
127; Stone,114; Up-
right Hedge, 1273
Wild Beaked, 128
Parsley Piert, 87

Parsnip, 115; Broad-
leaved Water, 121;
Common, 126; Cow,

115; Narrow-leaved
Water,121; Water, 114
Parti-coloured Scorpion-
grass, 203
Pasque-flower, 4
Pea, LEarth-nut, 75;
Everlasting, 75 ; Mea-
dow, 75 ; Sea, 75
Pear, 80; Wild, 90
Pearl-wort, 39; Alpine,
43; Awl-shaped, 43 ;
Knotted, 43; Pro-
cumbent, 43
Pellitory - of - the - Wall,
Common, 262

Penny Cress, 16, 18;
Alpine, 19; Perfo-
liate, 19

Penny-royal, 225

Pennywort, 104 ; Marsh,
116; Wall, 104

Peony, 3; Entire -
leaved, 9

Pepper Saxifrage, 115 3
Meadow, 124

Pepper-wort, 17; Broad-
leaved, 20; Field, 20;
Hairy, 20; Narrow-
leaved, 20

Perennial Flax, 48

Perennial Knawel, 247

Perfoliate Claytonia, 101

Perfoliate Honeysuckle,
Pale, 137

Perfoliate Penny Cress,

19

Perfoliate Pond - weed,
99

Perfoliate Yellow-wort,
194

Perforated St. John’s
Wort, 53

Periwinkle,190; Greater,
190; Lesser, Igt

Persicaria, 248; Am-
phibious, 249 ; Climb-
ing, 249; Pale-flow-
ered, 250; Slender,
250; Spotted, 250

Petty Spurge, 258

Petty Whin, 66

Pheasant’s Eye, 2, §

Picris, 149; Hawk-
weed, 154

Piert, Parsley, 87

Pig-nut, 121

Pimpernel, 236;
238; Scarlet,
Yellow, 238

Pine, Ground, 226

Pine Bird’s-nest, 187

Pink, 38 ; Cheddar, 40;
Deptford, 39; Maiden,
40; Proliferous, 40

Plantain, 241; Buck’s-

Bog,
237;

horn, 242; Greater,
241; Hoary, 241;
Ribwort, 242; Sea,

242

Plantain Thrift, 240

Plantain -leaved Lceo-
pard’s-bane, 172

Ploughman’s Spikenard,
172

Plum and Cherry, 78

Plume - thistle, I5I3
Creeping, 163 ; Dwarf,
163; Marsh, 162;
Meadow, 163; Spear,
162

Poplar, Black, 265;
White, 264
Poppy, 12; Common

Red, 13; Horned, 12;
Long Rough-headed,
13; Long Smooth-
headed, 13; Opium,
13; Pale, 13; Round

Rough-headed, bee
Violet Horned, 14;
Welsh, 12; Yellow
Horned, 14; Yellow
Welsh, 13
Pond-weed, 298 ; Float-
ing, 299; Horned,
298, 300; Opposite-
leaved, 299; Perfo-

liate, 299 ; Small, 299
Portland Spurge, 25
Powdery Sea Heath, 37
Premorse Scabious, 146
Prickly Lettuce, 156

ENGLISH INDEX

Prickly Saltwort, 246

Pride, London, 110

Primrose, 235, 236;
Bird’s-eye, 239 ; Com-
mon Evening, 94;
Evening, 93

Primrose -leaved Mul-
lein, 220

Privet, 188, 189

Procumbent Marsh-wort
119

Procumbent Pearl-wort,

43
Proliferous Pink, 40

Purple Clover, 69
Purple Cow-wheat, 214
Purple Echium, 199
Purple Foxglove, 211
Purple Gromwell, 200
Purple Loosestrife, 98 ;
Hyssop-leaved, 98
Purple Milk Vetch, 73
Purple Mountain Oxy-
tropis, 72
Purple Mountain Saxi-
frage, 108
Purple Orchis, Early,
273
Purple Sea Rocket, 23
Purple Spurge, 258

Purse, Common Shep-
herd’s, 19; Shep-
herd’s, 16

Purslane, Sea, 40°;
Water, 98

Pyramidal Bugle, 226
Pyramidal Orchis, 273

Queen of the Meadows,
82
Quicken, 91

Radish, 18; Wild, 30

Rag-wort, 153; Broad-
leaved, 172; Com-
mon, 171; Great Fen,
171; Hoary, 171;
Inelegant,171; Marsh,

171

Ragged Robin, 42 ;

Ramping Fumitory, 15

Rampion, 176; Round-
headed, 178; Spiked,
178

Rampion Bell - flower,
178

Ramps, 178

Ramsons, 287

315

Rape, 29

Raspberry, 86

Recurved Yellow Stone-
crop, 106

Red Alpine Campion, 42

Red Bartsia, 216

Red Bear-berry, 185

Red Cherry, 82

Red Currant, 107

Red Dead-nettle, 228

Red GermanCatchfly, 42

Red Hemp-nettle, 228

Red Poppy, Common,13

Red Robin, 42

Red Spur Valerian, 143

Red Whortleberry, 180

Red-rattle, 210; Dwarf,
215; Marsh, 215

Reed-mace, Lesser, 295 ;

Great, 295
Rest-harrow, 64; Com-
mon, 66 ; Small

Spreading, 67
Reversed Clover, 70
Ribwort Plantain, 242
Rigid Trefoil, 69 [42
Robin, Ragged,42; Red,
Rock Cinquefoil, 85
Rock Cress, 17; Alpine,

26.5 Bristol, 26

Fringed, 26; Gla-

brous, 25 ; Hairy, 25;

Northern, 26; Thale,

26
Rock Hutchinsia, 19
Rock Speedwell, 217
Rock Stonecrop, 106
Rock Whitlow Grass, 22

Rock-Rose, 31; Com-
mon, 32; Hoary, 32;
Spotted, 32; White, 32

Rocket, Dyer’s, 31;
London, 2 Purple
Sea, 23; Sand, 29;
Sea, 17; Shrubby,

31; Wall, 29

Roemeria, 12; Common,
14

Roman Nettle, 262

Romulea, 276; Com-
mon, 277. -

Rooting Glasswort, 246

Rose, 80; Dog, 89;
Downy -leaved, 89;
Guelder, 132, 135, 136
Mealy Guelder, 136;
Scotch, 88; Trailing
Dog, 89

316

Rose Bay, 93

Rose-root, 105

Rough Chervil, 129

Rough Hawk’s - beard,
158

Rough Hawk-bit, 155

Rough Marsh Bedstraw,
140

Rough Sow-thistle, 157

Rough - headed Poppy,
Long, 13; Round, 13

Rough - podded Vetch--
ling, 75

Round Rough-headed
Poppy, 13

Round-fruited Rush,291
Round-headedRampion,

178
Round-headed_ Trefoil,
Smooth, 69
Round-leaved Crane’s-
bill, 58
Round-leaved Mint, 224
Round-leaved Sundew,

34
Round-leaved Toad-flax

212
Round-leaved Winter-
green, 186

Rowan Tree, 91
Rue, Alpine Meadow, 4 ;

Lesser Meadow, 4;
Meadow, 2; Yellow
Meadow, 4

Rue - leaved Saxifrage,
109

Ruppia, Sea, 298, 300

Rupture-Wort, 102;
Smooth, 103

Rush, 289; Blunt-flow-
ered Jointed, 291;
Common, 290; Flow-
ering, 292; Hard, 290;
Heath, 290; Lesser
Bog - jointed, 291;
Round-fruited, 291;
Shining-fruited Joint-
ed, 291; Soft, 290;
Toad, 291

Saffron, Meadow,
288

Saffron Crocus, 277

Sage, 221; Wild, 223

St. Dabeoc’s Heath, 184

283,

St. John’s Wort, 52;
Flax - leaved, 53;
Hairy, 54; Imper-

ENGLISH INDEX

forate, 53; Large-
flowered, 53; Marsh,-
54; Mountain, 54;
Perforated, 53; Slen-
der, 54; Square -
stalked, 53; Trailing,

53
St. Patrick’s Cabbage,
110

Saint-foin, 65; Com-
mon, 76

Salad, Common Corn,
144; Corn, 143;

Toothed Corn, 144
Salad Burnet, 88
Sallow, see Willow
Salsafy, 154 [246
Saltwort, 244; Prickly,
Samphire, 115 ; Golden,

173: Sea, 125
Sand Bird’s-foot, 76
Sand Rocket, 29
Sand Spurrey, 39, 45
Sand Strap-wort, 103
Sandal-wood, 253
Sandwort, 39; Bog, 46;

Fine - leaved, 46;
Fringed, 46; Three-
nerved, 47; Thyme-

leaved, 46; Vernal, 46:
Sanicle, 113; Wood, 117
Saponaria, 40
Satin-flower, 45
Sauce-alone, 28
Sausurea, 151; Alpine,

161
Saw-wort,

mon, 160
Saxifrage, Alpine, 110;

Alpine Brook, 109;

Burnet, 80, 114, 1213

Common Golden, 116;

151; Com-

Cut - leaved, 109;;
Drooping, 109 ; Gold-
en, 108; Golden -

leaved Alternate, 110;
Greater Burnet, 121;
Kidney-shaped, 110;
Meadow,109; Meadow
Pepper, 124; Mossy,

109; Mountain Mea-
dow, 130; Pepper,
115; Purple Moun-
tain,108; Rue-leaved,
109; Starry, 110;
Tufted Alpine, 109;
Yellow Marsh, 109;

Yellow Mountain, 109

Scabious, 145; Devil’s-
bit, 146; Field, 146;
Premorse,146; Sheep’s
177, 179; Small, 146

Scarlet Pimpernel, 237

Scentless May-weed, 174

Scorpion - Grass, 199;
Creeping Water, 202;

Early Field, 203;
Field, 203; Parti-
coloured, 203 ; Tufted
Water, 202 .

Scotch Elm, 263

Scotch Menziesia, 184

Scotch Rose, 88

Scotch Thistle, 163

Scottish Asphodel, 283 ;
Mountain, 288

Scottish Lovage, 124

Scurvy Grass, 17 ; Com-
mon, 21; Danish, 21;
English, 21

Sea Arrow-grass, 294

Sea Aster, 170

Sea Bindweed, 196

Sea Blite, 244; Shrubby,
245

Sea Buckthorn, 251, 252

Sea Cabbage, 29

Sea Campion, 41

Sea Chamomile, 175

Sea Eryngo, 117

Sea Feverfew, 174

Sea Heath, 36; Pow-
dery, 37; Smooth, 37

Sea Hog’s Fennel, 130

Sea Holly, 117

Sea Kale, 17, 23

Sea Knot-grass, 248

Sea Orache, Frosted, 245

Sea Pea, 75

Sea Plantain, 242

Sea Purslane, 46 [23

Sea Rocket, 17 ; Purple,

Sea Ruppia, 298, 300

Sea Samphire, 125

Sea Spurge, 258

Sea Star-wort, 170

Sea Stock, Great, 28

Sea Stork’s-bill, 59

Sea Wormwood, 167

Sea-beet, 246

Sea - Lavender, 240;
Matted, 241; Spathu-
late, 240

Sea-Milkwort, 236, 239

Sea-Rush, Great, 290;
Lesser, 290

Seal, Angular Solomon’s,
285; Common Solo-
mon’s,185; Solomon's,
283; Whorled Solo-
mon’s, 285

Seaside Cotton-weed, 166

Seaside Goose-grass, An-
nual, 245

Seaside Smooth Grom-
well, 200

Sedge, Sweet, 297

Seed, All, 39, 49; Flax,
48 ; Four-leaved All,
45; Thyme - leaved
Flax, 49; Worm, 28

Self-heal, 223, 231

Service, 80; Fowler’s,

gt

Service Tree, Wild, 90

Setter-wort, 8

Sharp-pointed Fluellen,
212

Sheep’s Scabious, 177,
179

Sheep’s Sorrel, 251

Sheep’s-bit, 179

Shepherd’s Needle, 116,
128

Shepherd’s Purse,
Common. 19

Shining Crane’s-bill, 58

Shining-fruited Jointed
Rush, 291

Shore-weed, 241, 242

Shrubby Cinquefoil, 85

Shrubby Hawk - weed,
159

Shrubby Rocket, 31

Shrubby Sea Blite, 245

Shrubby Stock, Hoary,
28

Sibbaldia, 85

Sickle Medick, 67

Sickle-leaved Hare’s-
Ear, 122

Silene, 4o

Silver Birch, 265

Silver-weed, 85

16;

Simethis, 283; Varie-
gated, 287

Single-flowered Winter
green, 186

Six - stamened Water -
wort, 37

Skull-cap, 223 ; Greater,
232; Lesser, 232

Slender Bird’s-foot Tre-
foil, 72

ENGLISH INDEX

Slender Clover, 71

Slender Gentianella, 193
Slender Hare’s-car, 122
Slender Persicaria, 250
Slender St. John’s Wert,

54
Slender Vetch, 73

Slender-flowercd Thistle,

162
Slipper, Lady’s, 276
Sloe, 81
Small Alyssum, 22
Small Bugloss, 201
Small Bur-parsley, 127
Small Cow-wheat, 214
Small Flea-bane, 173
Small Gentian, 192
Small Marsh Valerian,
143
Small Nettle, 262
Small Pond-weed, 299
Small Scabious, 146
Small Spreading Rest-
harrow, 67
Small Teazle, 145
Small-flowered Crane’s-
bill, 58
Small - flowered
foot, 7
Small - flowered Hairy
Willow Herb, 93
Smallage, 118
Smock, Lady’s, 24
Smooth Cat’s-ear, 156
Smooth Gromwell, 198 ;
Seaside, 200 [158
Smooth Hawk’s-beard,
Smooth Round - headed
Trefoil, 69 [103
Smooth Rupture-wort,
Smooth Sea Heath, 37
Smooth-headed Poppy,

Crow-

Long, 1:
Smooth-leaved Willow

Herb, Broad, 93;

Pale, 94 :

Snake Weed, v. Snake-
root
Snake’s Head, 287
Snake-root, Bistort, 249
Snapdragon, 210 ; Great
211; Lesser, 212
Sneeze-wort, 176
Snowdrop, 279, 280
Snow-flake, 279; Sum-
mer, 280
Soap-wort,
mon, 40

38; Com-

317

Soft Knotted Trefoil, 69
Soft Rush, 290

Solomon’s Seal, 283;
Angular, 285; Com-
mon, 285; \horled,
285

Sorrel, Common, 251;
Common Wood, 59;
Dock, 250; Moun-

tain, 248,251; Sheep’s,
251; Wood, 56; Yellow
Wood, 60
Sow-bread, 235;
leaved, 237
Sow-thistle, 150; Blue,
157; Common, 157;
Corn, 157; Marsh,
1§7; Rough, 157
Spanish Catchfly, 41
Spathulate Sea-Laven-
der, 240
Spear Plume-thistle, 162

Ivy-

Spear-wort, Great, 5;
Lesser, 5

Speedwell, 211; Dux-
baum’s, 219; Com-

thon, 2t7 ; Field, 27s;
Finger - leaved, 219;
Flesh-coloured, 217;
Germander, 218; Ivy
leaved, 218; Marsh,
218; Mountain, 218;

Rock, 217; Spiked,
217. Vernal, 219%
Wall, 219; Water,
218

Speedwell-leaved Whit-
low Grass, 23

Spignel, 115, 124

Spiked Rampion, 178

Spiked Speedwell, 217

Spiked Star of Bethle-
hem, 286

Spiked Water Milfoil, 96

Spikenard,Ploughman’s,
172

Spindle Tree, 132 ; Com-
mon, 61

Spirea, Willow-leaved,
83

Spotted Cat’s-ear, 156

Spotted Dead-nettle,223

Spotted Medick, 67

Spotted Orchis, 273

Spotted Persicaria, 250

Spotted Rock-Rose, 32

Spreading Hedge Par-
sley, 127

318

Spreading Rest-harrow,
Small, 67

Spring Cinquefoil, 84

Spring Gentian, 192

Spring Vetch, 74

Spur Valerian, 142; Red,
143

Spurge, 257; Broad-
leaved, 259; Caper,
258; Dwarf, 258;
Hairy, 259; Irish,
259; Leafy, 259;
Petty, 258 ; Portland,
258; Purple, 258;
Sea, 258; Sun, 258;
Wood, 258

Spurge-Laurel, 252
Spurrey, 39 ; Common,
45; Sand, 39, 45
Square-stalkedSt. John’s
Wort, 53 .
Square-stalked Willow
Herb, 94
Squill, 283; Autumnal,
286; Vernal, 285
Squinancy-wort, 141
Star of Bethlehem, 283 ;
Common, 286; Droop-
ing, 286; Spiked, 286
Star-fruit, Common, 293
Star - thistle, Common,
165; Yellow, 165
Star-wort, 153; <Au-
tumnal Water, 261;
Sea,170; VernalWater,
260; Water, 260;
Wood, 44
Starry Clover, 68
Starry Saxifrage, 110
Starwort Mouse - ear
Chickweed, 47
Stellaria, Water, 44
Stinking Chamomile,175
Stinking Goose-foot, 244
Stinking Hellebore, 8
Stinking Iris, 277

Stitchwort, 39; Bog,
44; Lesser, 44; Glau-
cous Marsh, 45;
Greater, 45

slack, 16; Great Sea,

28; Hoary Shrubby,
28
Stone Bramble, 86

Stone Parsley, 114;
Hedge, 120

Stonecrop, 104; Biting,
106; English, 105;

ENGLISH INDEX

Hairy,106; Recurved
Yellow, 106; Rock,
106; Tasteless, 106;
Thick -leaved, 106;
White, 106

Stork’s-bill, 56

Stork’s - bill, Hemlock,
59; Musk, 59; Sea,

59
Strap-wort, 102; Sand,
103
Strawberry, 79; Haut-
boy, 86; Wood, 85
Strawberry-leaved Cin-
quefoil, 34, 86
Strawberry-headed Tre-
foil, 70

Strawberry - tree, 182,
185
Striated Corn Catchfly,

41
Subterranean Trefoil, 70
Subularia, 17
Succory, 160
Suffocated Clover, 70
Sulphur-coloured Tre-

foil, 68
Summer Snowflake,
Sun Spurge, 258
Sundew, 34; Great, 35 ;

Long - leaved, 355

Round-leaved, 34
Sweet Alyssum, 22
Sweet Brier, 89
Sweet Cicely, 129
Swine Cress, 24
Sweet Milk Vetch, 72
Sweet Sedge, 297
Swect Violet, 33
Sweet Woodruff, 141
Sweet-Gale, 265
Sweet-scented Orchis,

274
Sycamore, 55

280

Tail, Cat’s, 295

Tamarisk, Common, 99

Tansy, 152; Common,
166

Tare, 73

Tasteless Mountain Cur-
rant, 108

Tasteless Stonecrop, 106

Tea-tree, Duke of Ar-
gyll’s, 207

Teazel, Fuller’s, 145;
Small, 145 ; Wild, 145

Teazel-headed Trefoil,69

Teesdalia, Naked-
stalked, 20

Thale Rock Cress, 26

Thick-leaved Stonecrop,
106

Thistle, 151; Milk, 162;
Musk, 161; Scotch,
163; Slender-flowered,
162; Welted, 162

Thorn-apple, 207

Thorow-wax, Common,
p22

Three-nerved Sandwort,

47
Thrift, 240; Plantain,
240
Thrincia,

155 '
Thyme, 221; Basil, 222,

230; Wild, 225
Thyme - leaved

Seed, 49
Thyme-leavedSandwort,

150; Hairy,

Flax

46
Thyme-leaved Veronica,
217
Tillea, Mossy, 104
Toad Rush, 291

Toad-flax, 210; Bas-
tard, 253; Ivy-leaved,
219-3 Least, 2992

Pale Blue, 213; Round
leaved, 212; Yellow,
219
Toothed Corn Salad, 144
Toothed Medick, 67
Tooth-wort, 208, 209
Tormentil, 84
Touch-me-not, 60
Tower Cress, 25
Tower Mustard, 25
Trailing Azalea, 184
Trailing Dog Rose, 89
Trailing St.John’s Wort,
£3
Traveller's Joy, 2, 3
Treacle Mustard, 18, 28
Tree, Common Spindle,
61; Rowan, 91; Spin-
dle, 61, 132; Way-
faring, 136; White
Beam, 91; Wild Ser-
vice, 90
Tree Mallow, 50, 51
Trefoil, 64; Bird’s-foot,
64, 71; Great Bird’s-
foot, 71 ; Marsh, 194;
Rigid, 69; Slender

Bird’s - foot,
Smooth
headed, 69;
knotted, 69; Straw-
berry - headed, 70;
Subterranean, 70; Sul-
phur-coloured, 68 ;

_ Teazel-headed, 69

Tresses,Autumn Lady’s,
275

Trifid Bur-Marigold, 165

True Love-Knot, 281

Tuberous Bitter Vetch,
75

Tuberous Comfrey, 201

Tubular Water Drop-
wort, 122

Tufted Alpine Saxifrage,
109

Tufted Horse - shoe
Vetch, 76

Tufted Loosestrife, 238

Tufted Vetch, 73

Tufted Water Scorpion-
grass, 202

Tulip, 283; Wild, 288

Tutsan, Common, 53

Twayblade, 274 ; Heart-
leaved, 275

Twisted Whitlow Grass,
22

Two-leaved Liparis, 276

72;
Round -
Soft

Umbelliferous Jagged
Chickweed, 44
Unbranched upright

Bur-weed, 295
Upright Bur-weed, Un-
branched, 295
Upright Clover, 69
Upright Hedge Parsley,
127

Valerian, Great Wild,
143; Greek, 195; Red
Spur, 143; Small
Marsh, 143 ; Spur,142

Valley, Lily of the, 282,
284

Variegated Simethis,287

Venus’ Comb, 128

Verbena, see Vervain

Vernal Sandwort, 46

Vernal Speedwell, 219

Vernal Squill, 285

Vernal Water Star-wort,
200 23

Vernal Whitlow Grass,

ENGLISH INDEX
Veronica, Alpine, 217;
Thyme-leaved, 217
Vervain, 232 ; Common,

233
Vetch, 64; Alpine Milk,

73; Bithynian, 74;
Black Bitter, 76;
Bush, 74; Common,

74; Hairy, 73 ; Horse
shoe, 65; Kidney, 72;.
Milk, 64, 72 ; Narrow-
leaved, 74; Purple
Milk, 73 ; Slender, 73;
Spring, 74; Sweet
Milk, 72; Tuberous
Bitter, 75; Tufted,
73; Tufted Horse-
shoe, 76; Wood, 73;

Wood - bitter, 74;
Yellow, 74
Vetchling, 64; Blue

Marsh, 75; Crimson,
74; Rough-podded,
75; Yellow, 74 [194

Villarsia, 192; Water,
Violet, 32; Dog, 33;
Hairy, 33; Marsh,

33; Sweet, 33 ; Water
237; Yellow Moun-
tain, 34
Violet Horned Poppy,14
Viper’s Bugloss, 198 ;
Common, 199 [215
Viscid Bartsia, Yellow,
Viscid Groundsel, 171
Viviparous Bistort, 249

Wake-Robin, 296
Wall Bedstraw, 140
Wall Germander, 226
Wall Hawk-weed, 159.
Wall Lettuce, see Ivy-
leaved Lettuce
Wall Pennywort, 104
Wall Rocket, 29
Wall Speedwell, 219
Wall-flower, 18, 28
Wart Cress, 17;
Lesser, 24
Water Avens, 83
Water Awl-wort, 22
Water Bedstraw, 139
Water Blinks, 101, 102
Water Crowfoot, 5
Water Dropwort, 114;
Fine - leaved, 123 §
Hemlock, 123 ; Tubu-
lar,. 122

24;

31D

Water Elder, 136
Water Fig-wort, 213
Water Germander, 226
Water Hemlock, 113,118
Water Lily, 11; Com-
mon Yellow,11; Least
Yellow, 12; White,
ir; Yellow, 11
Water Lobelia, 179
Water Milfoil, Spiked,
96; Whorled, 96
Water Mint, see Hairy
Mint
Water Mouse-ear Chick-
weed, 44
Water Parsnip, 114;
Broad -leaved, 1213;
Narrow-leaved, 121
Water Purslane, 98
Water Scorpion - grass,
Creeping, 202; Tufted,
202
Water Speedwell, 218
Water Star-wort, Au-
tumnal, 261 > Vernal,
260
Water Stellaria, 44
Water Villarsia, 194
Water Violet, 235, 237
Water-cress,Common,27
Water-Dock, Great, 250
Water-Pepper, 250
Water-Plantain, Float-
ing, 293; Great, 293;
Lesser, 293
Water-Soldier, 270, 271
Water-wort, Eight-sta-
mened, 37; Six-sta-
mened, 37
Wayfaring Tree, 136
Weasel-snout, 228
Weld, 31 [low, 13
Welsh Poppy, 12; Yel-
Welted Thistle, 162
Whin, 65; Petty, 66
Whinberry, 180
White Beam Tree, 91
White Birch, 265
White Bryony, 101
White Clover, 70
White Dead-Nettle, 228
White Everlasting, 167
White Goose-foot, 245

~White Horehound, 222,

230

White Melilot, 68
White Mignonette, 31
White Mullein, 220

320

White Mustard, 29
White Ox-eye, 173
White Poplar, 264
White Rock-Rose, 32
White Stonecrop, 186
White Water Lily, 11
White-rot, 113; Com-
mon, 116
White-thorn, 92
Whitlow Grass, ies
Rock, 22 ; Speedwell-
leaved, 23; Twisted,
22; Vernal, 23; Yel-
low Alpine, 22
Whorled Caraway, 120
Whorled Knot-grass,103
Whorled Solomon’s Seal,
285
WhorledWaterMilfoil,96
Whortleberry,180 ; Bog,
180; Marsh, 181;
Red, 180
Wild Angelica, 125
Wild Balm, 223, 231
Wild Basil, 222, 231
Wild Beaked Parsley,
128
Wild Carrot, 127
Wild Chamomile,
Wild Cherry, 82
Wild Chicory, 160
Wild Cornel, 132
Wild Hyacinth, 286
Wild Mignonette, 31
Wild Mustard, 30
WildNavew,Common,2
Wild Pear, 90
Wild Radish, 30
Wild Sage, 223
Wild Service Tree, 90
Wild Teazle, 145
Wild Thyme, 225
Wild Tulip, 288
Wild Valerian, Great,143
Willow, 264
Willow, Flowering, 93
Willow Herb, Alpine, 94;
Broad Smooth-leaved,
93; Chickweed-leaved,
94; Great Hairy, 93;
Narrow-leaved Marsh,
94; Pale Smooth:
leaved, 94; Small
flowered Hairy, 93;
Square-stalked, 94
Willow Lettuce, 157
Willow-leaved Spirea, 83
Willow-strife, 98

153,
[174

ENGLISH INDEX

Wind-flower, 2, 4
Winter Cress, 18 ; Com-
mon, 26
Winter - green, 2303
Chickweed, 236 ;Com
mon, 186; Interme-
diate, 186; One-sided,
186; Round - leaved,
186 ; Single-flowered,
Woad-waxen, 66 [186
Wollf’s-bane, 9
Wood Anemone, 4
Wood Betony, 229
Wood Crane’s-bill, 57
Wood Crowfoot, 6
Wood Cudweed, 168
Wood Forget-me-not,203
Wood Germander, 226
Wood Hawk-weed, 159
Wood Loosestrife, 238
Wood Sanicle, 117 :
Wood Sorrel, 56; Com-
mon, 59; Yellow, 60
Wood Spurge, 258
Wood Starwort, 44
Wood Strawberry, 85
Wood Vetch, 73
Wood-bitter Vetch, 74
Wood-Rush, 289 ; Field,
292; Forster’s, 292;
Great, 291; Hairy,
Wood-sage, 226 [291
Woodbine, 137 {141
Woodruff, 139;
Woody Nightshade, 206
Worm Seed, 28
Wormwood, 152 ; Com-
mon, 166; Field, 167;
Sea, 167
Wort, Flax-leaved St.
John’s, 53; Hairy St.
John’s, 54; Imper-
forate St John’s, 53;
Large - ffowered St.
John’s,.53; Marsh St.
John’s, 54; Mountain
St. John’s 54; Per-
forated St. John’s, 53;
St. John’s, 52; Slen-
der St. John’s, 54;
Square - stalked St.
John’s, 53; Trailing
St. John’s, 53
Woundwort, 222 ; Corn,
229; Downy, 229;

Hedge, 229; Marsh,

229
Wych Elm, 263

Sweet,

Yarrow, 153, 175
Yellow Alpine Whitlow
Gr ss, 22
Yellow Balsam, 60
Yellow Bedstraw, 139
Yellow Bugle, 226
Yellow Corydalis, 15
Yellow Cow-wheat,Com-
mon, 214
Yellow Cress, Creepin,
27; Marsh, 27
Yellow Dead-nettle, 228
Yellow Fig-wort, 213
Yellow Gagea, 288
Yellow Goat’s-beard,154
Yellow Horned Poppy,

14
Yellow Iris, 277

Yellow Loosestrife,
Great, 238

Yellow Marsh Saxifrage,
109

Yellow Meadow Rue, 4

Yellow Melilot, Com-
mon, 68

Yellow Milfoil, Common,

175
Yellow Monkey-flower,

207

Yellow Mountain Saxi-
frage, 109

Yellow Mountain Violet,
34

Yellow Ox-eye, 174

Yellow Oxytropis, 72

Yellow Pimpernel, 233

Yellow-rattle, 210, 215;
Large Bushy, 215

Yellow Star-thistle, 165

Yellow Stonecrop, Re-
curved, 106

Yellow Toad-flax, 212

Yellow Vetch, 74

Yellow Vetchling, 74

Yellow Viscid Bartsia,
21

Yellow Water Lily, 11;
Common, 11; Least,
12

Yellow-weed, 31

Yellow Welsh Poppy, 13

Yellow Wood Sorrel, 60

Yellow-wort, 192; Per-
foliate, 194

Yew, Common, 268

Zigzag Clover, 69

LATIN

Acer, 54, 55
Aceracer, 54
Aceras, 275

Achillea, 153, 175
Aconitum, 3, 9
Acorus, 297

Acta, 3,9
Actinocarpus, 293
Adonis, 2, 5

Adoxa, 131
fEgopodium, 114, 120
7Ethusa, 115, 123
Agrimonia, 79, 87
Ajuga, 221, 225
Alchemilla, 79, 87
Alisma, 293
Alismacez, 292
Alliaria, 18, 28
Allium, 283, 287
Alnus, 266

Alsinew, 39

Althza, 50, 51
Alyssum, 17, 22
Amaryllidacee, 278
Amentaccz:, 263
Amygdalea, 77
Anagallis, 236, 237
Anchusa, 199, 202
Andromeda, 182, 184
Anemone, 2, 4
Angelica, 115, 125
Antennaria, 152, 1607
Anthemis, 153, 175
Anthriscus, 116, 128
Anthyllis, 64, 72
Antirrhinum, 210, 211
Apargia, 149, 155
Apium, 114, 118
Apocynacee, 190
Aquilegia, 3, 8
Arabis, 17, 25
Aracez, 296
Araliacee, 130
Arbutus, 182, 185
Arctium, 151, 160
Arctostaphylos, 182, 185

Arenaria, 39, 46
Aristolochia, 254
Aristolochiacea, 253
Armeria, 240
Artemisia, 152, 166
Arum, 296

Asarum, 254
Asparagus, 282, 284
Asperugo, 199, 204
Asperula, 139, 141
Aster, 153, 170
Astragalus, 64, 72
Atriplex, 244, 245
Atropa, 206

Azalea, 182, 184

Ballota, 222, 22
Barbarea, 18, 26
Bartsia, 211, 215
Bellis, 153, 173
Berberidez, 10
Berberis, 10
Beta, 244, 246
Betula, 265
Betulinex, 265
Bidens, 151, 165
Boraginacex, 197
Borago, 198, 201
Brassica, 18, 29°
Bryonia, 101
Bupleurum, 114, 122
Butomacee, 292
Butomus, 292
Buxus, 257, 260

Cakile, 17, 23
Calamintha, 222, 230
Callitrichacer, 260
Callitriche, 260
Calluna, 182, 184
Caltha, 3,7
Calyciflore, 60-133
Calystegia, 196
Campanula, 176, 177
Campanulacex, 176
Caprifoliaceee, 135

321

|

INDEX

Capsella, 16, 19
Cardamine, 17, 24
Carduus, 151, 161
Carlina, 151, 164
Carpinus, 267

Carum, 114, 120
Caryophyllacee, 38
Castanea, 266

Caucalis, 116, 127
Celastracee, 60
Centaurea, 151, 164
Centranthus, 142, 143
Centunculus, 236, 238
Cerastium, 39, 47
Ceratophyllacex, 97
Cherophyllum, 116, 129
Cheiranthus, 18, 28
Chelidonium, 12, 14
Chenopodiacee, 243
Chenopodium, 243, 244

Chicoracee, 147, 149,
154

Chicorium, 150, 160

Chlora, 192, 194

Chrysanthemum, 153,
173

Chrysocoma, 152, 166

Chrysosplenium, 108,
110

Cicendia, 192, 193
Cicuta, 113, 118
Circeea, 93, 95
Cistacee, 31
Claytonia, 101
Clematis, 2,

Cnicns, 151, 162
Cochlearia, 17, 21
Colchicum, 283, 288
Composite, 146
Conifere, 267
Conium, 113, 117
Conopodium, 114, 121
Convallaria, 282, 284
Convolvulacer, 195
Convolvulus, 196
Corallorhiza, 275

322

Coriandrum, 130
‘Cornez, 132
‘Cornus, 132
‘Corolliflore, 133-242
Corrigiola, 102, 103
Corydalis, 14, 15
Corylus, 267
‘Cotoneaster, 81, 92
Cotyledon, 104
Crambe, 17, 23
‘Crassulacee, 103
Crategus, 81, 92
Crepis, 150, 158
Crithmum, 115, 125
Crocus, 276, 277
Crucifere, 16
Cryptipedium, 276
‘Cucurbitaceez, 100
Cupulifere, 266
‘Cuscuta, 196, 197
Cyclamen, 235, 237
Cynarocephale, 147,149
I5I, 160
‘Cynoglossum, 199, 204
Daphne, 252
Daucus, 116, 127
Delphinium, 3,9
Dianthus, 38, 39
Dicotyledons, 1-268
Digitalis, 210, 211
Dioscoreacexe, 280
Diotis, 152, 166
Dipsacea, 144
Dipsacus, 145
Doronicum, 153, 172
Draba, 17, 22
‘Drosera, 34
Droseracee, 34
Dryas, 79, 83

Echium, 198, 199
Elezagnacee, 251
_Elatinacee, 37
Elatine, 37
Empetracee, 254
Empetrium, 255
Epilobium, 83, 93
Epimedium, 10
Erica, 182
Ericacee, 181
Erigero, 152, 169
-Erodium, 56, 59
Eryngium, 113, 117
Erysimum, 18, 28
Erythraa, 192, 193
Euonymus, 61
Eupatorium, 151, 166
‘Euphorbia, 257, 258

LATIN INDEX
Euphorbiacex, 255
Euphrasia, 211, 216

Fagus, 266

Fedia, 143, 144
Filago, 152, 168
Feeniculum, 115, 124
Fragaria, 79, 85
Frankenia, 36, 37
Frankeniacee, 36
Fraxinus, 188, 189
Fritillaria, 283, 287
Fumaria, 15
Fumariacee, 14

Gagea, 283, 288
Galanthus, 279, 280
Galeopsis, 222, 227
Galium, 138, 139
Genista, 63, 66
Gentiana, 191, 192
Gentianaceez, I9I
Geraniacez, 55
Geranium, 56, 57
Geum, 79, 83
Gladiolus, 276, 278
Glaucium, 12, 14
Glaux, 236, 239
Glumaciz, 289-300
Gnaphalium, 152, 167
Goodyera, 275
Grossulariaceez, 107
Gymnadenia, 274

Habenaria, 274
Haloragacex, 95
Hedera, 131
Helianthemum, 31
Helleborus, 3, 8
Helminthia, 149, 154
Helosciadium, 114, 119
Heracleum, 115, 126
Herniaria, 102, 103
Hieracium, 150, 159
Tlippocrepis, 65, 76
Hippophae, 251, 252
Hippuris, 95, 96
Holosteum, 39, 44
Hottonia, 235, 237
Humulus, 262, 263
Hutchinsia, 17, 19
Hydrocharidacee, 269
Hydrocharis, 270
Hydrocotyle, 113, 116
Hyocyamus, 206, 207
Hypericacez, 52
Hypericum, 52, 53
Hypocheris, 150, 156

Iberis, 17, 20

Tlex, 187, 188
llicinez, 187
Ilecebrum, 102, 103
Impatiens, 56, 60
Inula, 153, 172
Iridacez, 276

Tris, 276, 277

Isatis, 30

Isnardia, 93, 95

Jasione, 177, 179
Juncacez, 289
Juncaginacez, 294
Juncus, 289, 290
Juniperus, 268

Labiate,
Lactuca,
Lamium,
Lapsana, 150, 160
Lathrea, 208, 209
Lathyrus, 64, 74
Lavatera, 50, 51
Leguminose, 62
Lemna, 298
Lentibulariacee, 233
Leontodon, 150, 160
Leonurus, 222, 227
Lepidum, 17, 20
Leucojum, 279, 280
Ligusticum, 115, 124
Ligustrum, 188, 189
iilacess, 281
Limosella, 210, 214
Linaceez, 47

Linaria, 210, 212
Linnea, 135, 137
Linum, 48

Listera, 274
Lithospermum, 198, 200
Littorella, 241, 242
Lloydia, 283, 288
Lobelia, 177, 179
Loniscera, 135, 137
Loranthacez, 133
Lotus, 64, 71

Luzula, 289, 291
Lychnis, 38, 42
Lycopsis, 198, 201
Lycopus, 221, 223
Lysimachia, 236, 238
Lythracex, 97
Lythrum, 98

220
150,
222,

156
228

Maianthemum, 283, 285
Malixis, 276
Malva, 50

Malvacee, 49
Marrubium, 222, 230
Matricaria, 153, 174
Matthiola, 18, 28
Meconopsis, 12, 13
Medicago, 64, 67
Melampyrum, 210, 214
Melilotus, 64, 68
Melittis, 223, 231
Mentha, 221, 224
Menyanthes, 192, 194
Menzicsia, 182, 184
Mercurialis, 257, 259
Mertensia, 198, 200
Mespilus, 81, 91
Meum, 115, 124
Mimulus, 211, 217
Meenchia, 39, 43

Monochlamydeez, 243-
268

Monocotyledons, 269-
300

Monotropa, 186, 187
Monotropacee, 185
Montia, 101, 102
Muscari, 283, 287
Myosotis, 109, 212
Myosurus, 2, 7
Myrica, 265
Myriceze, 265
Myriophyllum, 96
Myrrhis, 116, 129

Naiadacez, 298
Narcissus, 279
Narthecium, 283, 289
Nasturtium, 18, 27
Neottia, 275

Nepeta, 222, 230
Nuphar, 11
Nympheza, 11
Nymphezacezx, 11

Gnanthe, 114, 122
CEnothera, 93, 94
Oleacee, 188
Onagracez, 92
Onobrychis, 65, 76
Ononis, 64, 66
Onopordium, 151, 163
Ophrys, 275
Orchidacez, 271
Orchis, 273
Origanum, 221, 225
Ornithogalum, 283, 286
Ornithopus, 65, 76
Orobanchacez, 207
Orobanche, 208

LATIN INDEX
Orontiaceez, 297
Oxalis, 56, 59
Oxyria, 248, 251
Oxytropis, 64, 72

Pezonia, 3,9

Papaver, 12, 13
Papaveracez, 12
Parietaria, 262

Paris, 281

Parnassia, 108, I11
Paronychiaceze, 102
Pastinaca, 115, 126
Pedicularis, 210, 215
Peplis, 98

Petaloide, 269-300
Petasites, 152, 169
Petroselinum, 114, 119
Peucedanum, 130
Physospernum, 129
Phyteuma, 176, 178
Picris, 149, 154
Pimpinella, 114, 121
Pinguicula, 233, 234
Pinus, 268

Pistiacer, 298
Plantaginacee, 241
Plantago, 241
Plumbaginacex, 239
Polemoniacez, 195
Polycarpon, 39, 45
Polygala, 35
Polygalacez, 35
Polygonacex, 247
Polygonatum, 283, 285.
Polygonum, 248 :
Polymonium, 195
Pomez, 80

Populus, 264
Portulacez, 101 P
Potanogeton, 298, 299
Potentilla, 79, 84
Potentillide, 78
Poterium, 80, 88
Primula, 235, 236
Primulacew, 235
Prunella, 223, 231
Prunus, 78, 81
Pulicaria, 153, 173
Pulmonaria, 198, 199
Pyrola, 186

Pyrus, 80, 90

Quercus, 266
Radiatw, 147, 149, 152,

169
Radiola, 48, 49

323

Ranunculacex, 2
Ranunculus, 2, 5
Raphanus, 18, 30
Reseda, 31
Resedacez, 30
Rhamnacez, 61
Rhamnus, 62
Rhinanthus, 210, 215
Ribes, 107
Reemeria, 12, 14
Romulea, 276, 277
Rosa, 80, 88
Rosacce, 77
Roside, 80
Rubia, 138, 139
Rubiacez, 138
Rubus, 79, 86
Rumex, 248, 250
Ruppia, 298, 300
Ruscus, 282, 284

Sagina, 39, 43
Sagittaria, 293
Salicinie, 264
Salicornia, 244, 246
Salix, 264

Salsola, 244, 246
Salvia, 221, 92
Sambucus, 135
Samolus, 236, 239
Sanguisorbia, 79, 88
Sanguisorbide, 79
Sanicula, 113, 117
Santalacee, 253
Saponaria, 38, 40
Sarothamnus, 64, 66
Saussurea, 151, I61
Saxifraga, 108
Saxifragacez, 108
Scabiosa, 145, 146
Scandix, 116, 128
Scilla, 283, 285
Scleranthacex, 247
Scleranthus, 247
Scrophularia, 210, 213
Scrophulariacee, 209
Scutellaria, 223, 232
Sedum, 104, 105
Sempervivum, 104, 105
Senebiera, 17, 24
Senecio, 153, 170
Serratula, 151, 161
Seseli, 130
Sherardia, 139, 141
Sibthorpia, 211, 216
Silaus, 115, 124
Silene, 38, 40
Silene, 38

324

Simethis, 283, 287
Sison, 114, 120
Sisymbrium, 18, 2
Sisyrinchium, 277, 278
Sium, 114, 121
Smyrnium, 113, 118
Solanacez, 204
Solanum, 206
Solidago, 153, 170
Sonchus, 150, 157
Sparganium, 295
Spergula, 39, 45
Spergularia, 39, 45
Spiraea, 78, 82
Spiranthus, 275
Spireide, 78
Stachys, 222, 229
Statice, 240
Stellaria, 39, 44
Stratiotes, 270, 271
Sueeda, 244, 245
Subulavia, 17, 22
Symphytum, 198, 201

Tamaricaeze, 99
Tamarix, 99
Tamus, 280, 281

Tanacetum, 152, 166

LATIN INDEX
Taxus, 268
Teesdalia, 17, 20
Teucrium, 221, 226
Thalamiflore, 1-60
Thalictrum, 2,
Thesium, 253
Thlaspi, 16, 18
Thrincia, 150, 155
Thymelacew, 252
Thymus, 221, 225
Tilia, 52
Tiliacex, 51
Tillea, 104
Tofieldia, 283, 288
Torilis, 116, 127
Tragopogon, 149, 154
Trientalis, 236, 239
Trifolium, 64, 68
Triglochin, 294
Trigonella, 64, 68
Trilliacee, 281
Trinia, 130
Trollius, 3, 7 P
Tubiflore, 147, 149, 151,
105
Tulipa, 283, 288
Tussilago, 152, 169
Typha, 295

WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD.
PLINTERS, PLYMOUTH

Typhacea, 294

Ulex, 63, 65
Ulmaceze, 263
Ulmus, 263
Umbellifera, rrr
Urtica, 262
Urticacez, 261
Utricularia, 233, 234

Vacciniacee, 179
Vaccinium, 180
Valeriana, 143
Valerianacez, 141
Verbascum, 211, 219
Verbena, 232, 233
Verbenacee, 232
Veronica, 211, 217
Viburnum, 135, 136
Vicia, 64, 73
Villarsia, 192, 194
Vinca, 190

Viola, 32, 33
Violacee, 32
Viscum, 134

Zannichellia, 298, 300
Zostera, 299, 300

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