Poultry diseases, causes, symptoms and treatment, with notes on post-mortem examinations

SF “SEP 5 1958
995 ae -
W g 3 SF 995. ssi University Library |
ci
LIBRARY
NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
ITHACA, N. Y.

This Volume is the Gift of

William L. Leeney
from the collection of
Capt. Harold Leeney

Date Due

Cornell University

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000931570

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PROFIT OR LOSS

POULTRY
DISEASES

Causes
Symptoms
and Treatment

With Notes on
Post-Mortem Examinations

E. J. WORTLEY, F.C. S.

THustrated
oe eG al (el ie
bab be ECA ES? C64
NEW YORK PIE RARY
ORANGE JUDD COMPANY
1915

LONDON
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Limited

Copyright, 1915, by
ORANGE JUDD COMPANY
All Rights Reserved

Entered at Stationers’ Hall
LONDON, ENGLAND

PRINTED IN U. S. A.

PREFACE '

Poultry farming as a means of profit can
be made successful only by maintaining the
most vigorous and sustained campaign
against disease. The aim of the poultry
rearer should be to stamp out disease by
preventive measures. Practical experience
proves the inefficiency of many so-called
cures, and points to the urgency of poultry-
men endeavoring to understand more thor-
oughly the causes of the ailments to which
domestic fowls are liable.

My aim is to put a concise handbook into
the hands of poultry rearers, who should
thus be assisted in determining the various
diseases and in taking the precautionary
steps important in preventing the introduc-
tion and spread of contagious diseases. No
effort is made to elaborate the scientific side
of the subject. Those desirous of obtain-
ing full information about the types of
organisms that have been proved to be the
specific causes of, or to be invariably asso-

v

PREFACE

ciated with, particular disorders, may do so
with profit by obtaining fuller works on the
subject. Many scientific workers are de-
voting their time to the problem of combat-
ing diseases among poultry, and assistance
is willingly given by officers of the ex-
periment stations to farmers who desire to
identify any disease causing loss in their
flocks.

The practical poultryman will recognize
the fact that measures for the control of
disease cannot be limited to sanitation
and the treatment of sick birds, but, in
reality, include such important matters as
the selection of healthy stock, intelligent
feeding, proper housing, and other details
essential to the successful management of
poultry.

I gratefully acknowledge my indebted-
ness to the works of Dr. D. E. Salmon and
John H. Robinson, editor of Farm Poultry,
and to the recent publication on poultry dis-
eases by Dr. Raymond Pearl, Frank M.
Surface, and Maynie R. Curtis. My thanks
are due to R. 8. Martinez for the care taken

vl

PREFACE

in making the photographs from which the
drawings for the illustrations in the chapter
on Post-Mortem Examinations were pre-
pared. Much valuable information has
also been obtained from bulletins issued by
the experiment stations of the United States
and by the Ontario Agricultural College of
Canada.
E. J. WORTLEY.

vii

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
GENERAL MeETHOps oF CoNTROLLING DISEASE

1. Importance of controlling disease.
. Dangers of introducing disease.

. Control measures.

. Nursing sick birds.

. The use of drugs and medicines.
. Disinfection.

An wih

CHAPTER II
SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL SYMPTOMS AND
‘TREATMENT 5

1. Diseases affecting head and respiratory organs.

2. Diseases affecting organs of digestion aad repro-
duction.

. Diseases affecting legs and feet.

. Parasites.

. Miscellaneous.

CHAPTER III
Diseases OF PouLTRY OTHER THAN FowLs

npPw

CHAPTER IV
DiszASES AND PEsTs OF FOWLS . 3 3
(In alphabetical order.)
CHAPTER V
Post-MorTEM EXAMINATIONS . : : .

1. Making the examination.
2. The normal condition of the internal organs.
3. Diagnosis of disease by post-mortem symptoms.

1X

PAGE

14

19

22

99

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE
Profit or Loss. - 3 : ‘ . Frontispiece
2 Isolation ‘ . E 3 5 “ ‘ FI 3 5
3 Desolation . ‘ ‘ : i . 6
4 Poultryman’s Medicine. Shelves : ‘ ‘ : . 8
5 How Disease Is Spread . 2 : : 2 - Io
6 Aids to Thorough Disinfection . ‘ . : » &I2
7 Head Showing Brain Exposed . é 4 - 29
8 S Windpipe Cut Open : ‘ t
UA Fungus That Causes Aspergillos s ae ee
9 Bumblefoot ; és A . 36
ro Chicken Pox : - ‘ i zs { ‘ - 38
1zr Diphtheritic Roup ‘ F 5 + 50
S Chicken Affected with Gapes : e. Lit 65
UGape Worms , : - Sf
13 Looking for Lice : . 67
14 Three Lice That Commonly Affect Fowls ‘ . 68
zs The Air-Sac Mite F . 74
16 The Depluming Mite . , ‘ . A i . 74
17 The Red Mite. : s - 73
18 Organs of Reproduction of the Hen . : . 78
19 Examining a Fowl] with a Suspicious Cold . . 84
20 A Roupy Eye 3 3 : . ‘i ‘ 3 . 87
ax Scaly Leg. . . : : . 88
22 The Mite That Causes Scaly ities ‘ ‘ 5 . 89
23 The Fowl Tick . - 90
24 Organs Affected by Tuberculosis and Blackhead . Of
25 Chickens Affected with White Diarrhea . ‘ - 93
26 Healthy Chickens 2 ‘ F 3 - 93
27 Worms in Intestinal Tract of Fow! ‘ * 7 - 95
28 The Parts of a Fowl . : c . é ‘i . 96
29 Skeleton of a Fowl . F ‘ . : . . 97
30 Post-Mortem Examination No. 1 “ 5 100
31 Post-Mortem Examination No. 2 102
32 Post-Mortem Examination No. 3 104
33 Post-Mortem Examination No. 4 106
34 Post-Mortem Examination No. 5 ‘ I10

X1

CHAPTER I

GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING
DISEASE

I. Importance of Controlling Disease

HE ravages of disease add considerably

to the difficulties of raising poultry in
all parts of the world. It is the experience
of poultry rearers that an annual toll has to
be paid in the lives of young birds and older
stock. Sooner or later, in addition, an epi-
demic may break out and result in heavy
losses and much discouragement.

It is most important, therefore, to be able
to recognize the symptoms and to know the
causes of the many diseases to which vari-
ous kinds of poultry are subject. Every
practical effort should be made to reduce
avoidable mortality. An unexplained
death should be regarded with concern. It
may point to the presence of a serious dis-
ease. When there is not sufficient external

I

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

evidence for determining the cause of death,
a post-mortem examination should be made
(see page 98).

The poultryman must know above all
whether he is dealing with an infectious dis-
ease or not. The discovery that a sudden
death among his fowls is due to apoplexy
will set his mind at ease. On the other hand,
if a case of cholera occurs, the body of the
dead fowl should be burnt, and a vigorous
campaign started to prevent the spread of
the disease; birds showing mopishness and
other suspicious symptoms should be
isolated; the houses, the feed troughs, the
water vessels, and the yard to which the dead
fowl has had access, should all be thor-
oughly disinfected.

2. Dangers of Introducing Disease

Perhaps more loss has been caused by in-
troducing birds with disease into a healthy
flock than by any other means. Readers
will, doubtless, be able to recall occasions
on which their own, or their neighbors’,

2

GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE

flocks suffered. An instance was recently
related to the writer. A poultryman was
offered two fowls, which he at first refused,
but owing to the vagrant seller’s importu-
nity, he eventually bought the birds and let
them loose among the home flock. On the
following day one died; but no effort was
made to discover the cause, nor was the dead
fowl’s body burnt. In a few days, a fowl
belonging to the original flock died and, in
three to four weeks after the purchase, two-
thirds of the stock had died. It afterwards
transpired that the vendor had lost several
of his fowls from cholera, and the fear of
further mortalities had been his reason
for being so anxious to dispose of the
survivors.

On every farm where poultry is kept,
there should be a quarantine ward for new
purchases. The most careful breeders will
isolate their own birds that have returned
from an exhibition, for fear they may have
contracted some disease there or on the
journey.

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

3. Control Measures

Practical experience and scientific in-
vestigation have clearly proved that pre-
ventive measures are more economical and
effective than curative. Failing preven-
tion, everything points to the importance of
dealing promptly with the first cases, owing
to the risk of infection of the rest of the
stock. Control measures may be divided
into three classes:

1. Proper housing and feeding of fowls.
2. General sanitation and disinfection.
3. Administration of medicine to sick birds.

The details to which special attention
must be given are covered by the following
axiomatic rules:

1. Isolate birds recently purchased—for two or three weeks.
. Isolate every bird that shows any sign of ill health.

3. Provide a fresh and pure supply of water in a shady

position.

4. Add Epsom salts (one teaspoonful to a quart) once a
week to the drinking water. Give chickens daily a
liberal supply of bran in addition to their other food.

Feed birds on a varied diet, including green food.

Arrange that birds have to scratch for some of their food.

7. Construct houses, nest boxes, etc., so that they can be

readily and thoroughly disinfected. Houses should
be free from drafts.

8. Disinfect contaminated soil by spraying, liming, and

resting.
4

Ne

rr

GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE

9. Visit the roosts at night to detect cases of wheezing due
to colds, and to search for mites and other pests.

to. Keep on hand disinfectants, lice powders and medicines
likely to be required.

4. Nursing Sick Birds

The small margin of profit on a single
fowl makes dosing with medicines and nurs-
ing an unprofitable occupation, except in

Fic. 2.-ISOLATION

5

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

the case of valuable stock. If the treatment
of a bird is undertaken, it should be borne
in mind that more depends upon attention
to the rules of good nursing than to the
administration of drugs. Comfortable
quarters, warm and free from drafts, clean
straw, and invalid’s diet of soft and easily

Fic, 3.—DESOLATION

6

GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE

digested food will all turn the chances in
favor of recovery.

Too often isolation is in effect a death sen-
tence. The bird is put into cramped quar-
ters, exposed to cold winds and beating
rains, and, being in an out-of-the-way cor-
ner, is, perhaps, neglected instead of being
specially cared for.

Fowls that will not take food should be
fed lightly, but frequently, with a spoon in
order that their strength may be kept up.
All stale food should be removed.

5. The Use of Drugs and Medicines

Drugs and medicines likelyto be required
should always be kept in stock. The
weekly use of Epsom salts, as a mild laxative
for preventing intestinal disorders, is
strongly recommended. Little faith should
be put in drugs said to cure tuberculosis,
cholera, etc. Below is given a list of the
medicines generally required. The doses
given in the table are for a medium-sized
adult fowl; three-quarters as much should
be given for a half-grown bird, and about

7

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

one-fifth for a young chicken.

Treatment

should be repeated as necessary, and animals

should be well nursed.

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| “CREOLIN | LYSOL} | nan KEROSENE

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Fic. 4—-POULTRYMAN’S MEDICINE SHELVES

8

GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE

MEDICINE Dose or DISEASE
STRENGTH
Stimulants—
Brandy ........eeeeee -| 3-10 drops in
warm milk
Aperients—
Calomel .........00005 1 grain Diarrhea; liver disease.
Castor oil.............4 1 teaspoonful | Diarrhea.
E IRS a sasets Seeaners see i
ee a Ba yous 4 | Constipation; diarrhea;
Peotord iow c liver disease.
warm water |J
Astringents—
Chlorodyne ........... 6-12 drops Diarrhea: d
4 lysentery.
Laudanum (relieves pain) | 4-6 drops ‘ i
Tonic and Febrifuge— Diarrhea; dysentery.
UININE ..ceeservecnre 1 i .
Aconite ....... Seles: 1 drop t Colds; fever; roup.
For Worms—
Turpentine .......... -| 5 to 10 drops
in 1 teaspoon-| : : .
ens ful castor oil ¢ Worms (intestinal).
antonin ...... eee ee ee 3to5 i
Antiseptic Washes— one Brains: |)
(a) Carbolic acid .....

(b) Hydrogen peroxide.
(c) Creolin
(d) Permanganate of
potash
Dressing Flesh Wounds—
% creolin and 44 sweet

Iodine
Embrocation:
Turpentine.
Sweet oil
Inseeticides—
Lice powders ...
Kerosene
Sulphur ointment:
Sulphur
Kerosene .

1-5% sol.
50%

(7)
2-5% sol.
1% -2% sol.

Tincture

10 drops
1 ounce

1 part
1 part
2 parts

Colds; roup; diphtheria; *
cuts and injuries.

Cuts and injuries.

4

Cramp.
Rheumatism.

Lice, mites.
Scaly legs.
Lice, scaly legs, mites, ticks.

Note.—By accepting that 114 teaspoonfuls made up to a pint wh
water gives approximately a 1% solution, any of the weak dilutions
required by poultrymen can be easily prepared.

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

6. Disinfection

The important part played by micro-or-
ganisms in causing and spreading disease
must be understood before the value of dis-
infection can be fully appreciated. The
poultryman must develop a sense of sight
that sees lurking microbes at every turn,
especially in unclean corners. Figure 5
shows germs revealed by the microscope in
the excrement of a bird suffering from

Fic. 5.—HOW DISEASE IS SPREAD
Germs of tuberculosis in the excrement of a fowl. (After Edwards.)

Io

GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE

tuberculosis. The fact that this speck con-
tained so many germs, although it was far
too small to be seen with the naked eye, will
give an idea of how epidemics may be
caused by food, water, and soil contam-
inated by excreta, nasal discharges, etc.

Regular and thorough disinfection of
woodwork, of feeding vessels, and of the
- drinking water should form part of the
routine of poultry management, and a stock
of disinfectants should always be kept on
hand. It will be found convenient to have
an iron drum with a tap for a diluted solu-
tion, say 5%, of some standard disinfectant
—e. g., creolin—that can be further diluted
as required.

Water. A stock solution of perman-
ganate of potash, made by adding ten grains
to one quart of water, should always be kept
on hand for purposes of disinfection. .When
there is danger of infection, two tablespoon-
fuls of this solution should be added to
every gallon of drinking water.

Feeding Vessels. Clean with boiling
water.

II

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Houses and Fixtures. Spray with 2%
to 5% creolin (or other disinfectant) and
whitewash afterwards, or use whitewash to
which 2% of creolin has been added. The

Fic, 6.—AIDS TO THOROUGH DISINFECTION

12

GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE

whitewash should be prepared with quick-
lime. The house should first be cleaned
out with an iron scraper and scrubbing
brush, using a liberal supply of water (see
Fig. 6).

Soil. ‘The most convenient of the follow-
ing methods should be adopted:

(1) Spray surface with 5% creolin.

(2) Spread straw over ground and set
fire to it.

(3) Fork over and lime. This method
is not sufficient if serious contamination is
suspected.

13

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

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POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

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Pel

CHAPTER IIL
DISEASES OF POULTRY OTHER THAN FOWLS

LL classes of domestic poultry are to

a great extent subject to the same dis-

eases that affect the common fowl. The

symptoms of such diseases are for the most

part similar to those noticed when fowls are

affected, and treatment must be on the same

lines. In the management of turkeys,

ducks, geese, guinea fowls and pigeons, the

strictest sanitary measures must be enforced,
as in the rearing of fowls.

Owing to its importance, blackhead of
turkeys is dealt with separately. It is one
of the most serious of poultry diseases and
causes heavy losses to turkey rearers. Care-
ful study should be made of the reports of
the recent investigations at the Rhode Island
Experiment Station.

Severe epidemics of diarrhea or cholera
occur among all classes of poultry. Geese
are subject to a form of cholera that appears

19

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

to be different from any kind that attacks
fowls. Water fowl are not commonly in-
fested with external parasites. Pigeons, on
the other hand, are worried by fleas and
ticks as well as mites. Smallpox of pigeons
is similar to chicken pox of fowls, but pus-
tular swellings may be found on the rump
and the cloaca of the pigeon as well as on the
head. The scaly leg mite attacks turkeys
and the gape worm is sometimes a serious
pest of poults. Below is given a list of
some of the diseases of turkeys, ducks, geese,
guinea fowls and pigeons:

TURKEYS
Blackhead Roup
Diphtheria Tuberculosis
Gapes Scaly leg
Leg weakness White comb
Lice Worms
Mites

DUCKS

Aspergillosis Diphtheria
Catarrh Lice
Congestion of lungs Mites
Cholera Worms

20

DISEASES OF POULTRY OTHER THAN FOWLS

GEESE
Aspergillosis Lice
Cholera Mites
Congestion of lungs Worms
Diphtheria
GUINEA FOWLS
Aspergillosis Lice
Cholera Mites
Diphtheria Worms
PIGEONS
Aspergillosis Flea
Canker Lice
Chicken pox (smallpox) Mites
Diphtheria Ticks
Dovecot bug Worms

21

CHAPTER IV
DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

Abscesses.

Abnormal eggs (see Oviduct diseases).
Air under skin (see Emphysema).
Air sac mite (see Mites, air sac).
Anemia.

Apoplexy.

Aspergillosis.

Atrophy of liver (see Liver diseases).
Bacterial enteritis (see Diarrhea).
Baldness (see Favus).

Biliary repletion (see Jaundice).
Blackhead of turkeys.

Breakdown.

Broken limbs (see Fractures).
Bronchitis.

Brooder pneumonia.

Bumblefoot.

Cancer (see Liver diseases and Ovary diseases).
Canker (see Diphtheria).

Catarrh (see Cold).

Catarrh, contagious (see Roup).
Catarrh of crop.

Catarrh of stomach (see Gastritis).

22

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

Chicken pox.

Cholera.

Cloacitis.

Coccidiosis of adult fowls.

Coccidiosis af chickens (see Brooder pneumonia).
Coccidiosis of turkeys (see Blackhead).
Cold.

Congestion of the liver (see Liver diseases).
Congestion of the lungs (see Pneumonia).
Conjunctivitis (see Roup).

Constipation.

Cramp.

Crop-bound.

Crop, soft (see Soft crop).

Crop, Catarrh of.

Depluming mite.

Diarrhea, bacterial.

Diarrhea, mycotic.

Diarrhea, protozoan.

Diarrhea, simple.

Diarrhea, severe.

Diarrhea, white.

Diphtheria.

Diphtheritic roup.

Dislocations (see Fractures).

Dropsy.

Dysentery.

Egg-bound.

Egg-eating.

23

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Emphysema.

Enlargement of heart (see Heart, diseases of).
Enlargement of liver (see Liver diseases) .
Enlargement of kidneys (see Kidney diseases).
Enteritis (see Diarrhea).

Entero-hepatitis (see Blackhead).

Epilepsy.

Fatty degeneration.

Favus.

Feather-eating.

Fits (see Epilepsy).

Fleas.

Fowl typhoid.

Fractures.

Frost bite.

Gangrenous Ovary (see Ovary diseases).
Gapes.

Gastritis.

Going light (see Anemia).

Gout.

Grippe (see Cold).

Heart, diseases of.

Heart, dropsy of.

Heart, enlargement of.

Heart, rupture.

Hypertrophy of the liver (see Liver diseases).
Impaction of the crop (see Crop-bound).
Indigestion.

Influenza (see Cold).

24

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

Jaundice.

Kidney diseases.

Leg weakness.

Leukemia (see Cholera).

Lice.

Limber-neck.

Liver diseases.

Lungs, congestion of (see Pneumonia).
Maggots.

Mites, air sac.

Mites, depluming.

Mites, red.

Mites, scaly leg (see Scaly leg).
Molting.

Nodular tzniasis (see Worms).
Ovary diseases.

Oviduct diseases.

Peritonitis.

Pip.

Pneumonia.

Poisoning.

Prolapse of oviduct (see Oviduct diseases).
Puffed skin (see Emphysema).
Pyzmia.

Rheumatism.

Roup.

Scabies (see Mites, depluming).
Scaly leg.

a5

POULTRY DISEASES‘: AND THEIR TREATMENT

Soft crop.

Sore head (see Chicken pox).
Ticks.

‘Tuberculosis.

Vertigo (see Apoplexy).
White comb (see Favus).
White diarrhea of chickens.
Worms.

ABSCESSES
Not a common poultry complaint

Symptoms. ‘The flesh becomes inflamed
and swollen and forms a “head” containing
pus.

Cause. A scratch or a small injury fol-
lowed by inflammation due to pus-forming
organisms.

Treatment. Lance the abscess when
“ripe” with a clean, sharp knife, cutting low
so that the sore may drain readily. Squeeze
out the pus; wash with 1% carbolic acid or
creolin and dress with creolin and sweet oil
(half and half) until healed.

The most common abscess is that which
forms on the pad of the foot and develops
into bumblefoot.

26

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

ANEMIA, OR GOING LIGHT

A condition that should incite the poultryman to investigate
the cause

Symptoms. Birds lose weight, or “go
light,” without any apparent reason.

Cause. A general lack of thriftiness in
the flock may be due to insufficient or poor
food, to lack of exercise, or to bad ventilation
of houses; lice or mites may be infesting the
birds. On the other hand, birds may gradu-
ally lose weight as the result of some such
disease as tuberculosis (see page go, as-
pergillosis (see page 29), or worms (see
page 94).

Treatment. Make any changes in feed-
ing or management that may appear desir-
able. Search at night for mites or lice on
the birds; in the daytime examine the
straw in nest boxes, the roosts, and the
cracks and crevices of the woodwork for
parasites. Much time may often be saved
in discovering what is wrong with the flock
by killing one or more of the affected birds

27

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

and making a post-mortem examination to
discover if a specific disease is the cause.

APOPLEXY
Not a common trouble

Symptoms. Staggering gait and bewil-
dered appearance; bird generally drops
dead suddenly.

Cause. Attributed to high feeding or
over-laying.

Treatment. ‘There is usually no time for
treatment, but if the attack is mild, put the
bird in a dark place and give no food for a
few hours; give a dose of Epsom salts and
add green food to diet. Bleeding from
under a wing is sometimes tried.

Post-mortem examination shows clotted
blood on the brain, the other organs being
normal.

The name vertigo is applied to congestion
of the brain as distinct from apoplexy due
to hemorrhage of the brain. The fowl has
fits. It is difficult to distinguish this disease
from epilepsy (see page 55). The cause
is little understood.

28

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

ASPERGILLOSIS

A disease that exists more commonly than is usually suspected,
and is the cause of the death of large numbers of
young chickens

Symptoms. Fowls gradually lose weight,
mope, and die without any pronounced ail-
ment except difficulty in breathing. In
adults the disease may be mistaken for
tuberculosis and in chickens for white
diarrhea. Aspergillosis of chickens is dealt
with under brooder pneumonia. Post-mor-
tem symptoms are whitish
or yellowish growths on the
windpipe, that can only be
definitely diagnosed under
the microscope.

Cause. A fungoid growth
in the windpipe and bron-
chial tubes, sometimes ex-
tending to the lungs and
liver. Fig. 8 shows the
spores and filaments of the
species of aspergillosis _ | wine
most commonly responsible —BRa!N_Exrosen

29

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Fic. 8.—ASPERGILLOSIS
On left—Windpipe cut open. On right—A fungus that causes aspergillosis

for this disease. Infection may be due to
musty grain or dirty straw.

Treatment. No medicines are of any
avail. Protection lies in not using musty
grain or moldy litter. Burn dead birds.

BLACKHEAD OF TURKEYS

A very serious disease, making the successfil rearing of
turkeys difficult and in some cases impossible
Symptoms. Young turkeys, or poults,
are most commonly attacked; there is loss
of weight and loss of appetite; .the bird
appears listless and stands by itself with

30

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

drooping wings and tail. Diarrhea is gen-
erally one of the symptoms. The comb
often turns a dark purple—a symptom that
has given rise to the name _ biackhead.
Death generally follows an attack fairly
rapidly, but in some cases the disease may
take a chronic form, while it is believed
that recovery is occasionally effected.
Post-mortem symptoms. ‘The ceca (see
Fig. 32) are enlarged, are diseased in parts,
and are more or less plugged with cheesy
matter and pus. The liver is diseased,
being sometimes very much enlarged and
covered with yellowish necrotic areas, gen-
erally depressed in the centre (see Fig. 24d).
In cases of an acute attack, especially in
young birds, one of the ceca only may be
affected and the liver may not be invaded.
The extent of the necrotic areas and the
degree of the enlargement of the infected
organs may vary greatly in different cases.
Cause. The cause of blackhead has been
shown by Drs. Cole and Hadley to be a
coccidium. A full account of their work
is published in Bulletin 141 of the Rhode

31

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Island Experiment Station. Coccidia enter
the digestive tract of the healthy turkey by
means of food or water infected by the
excrement of a sick bird. The organisms
pass along the alimentary canal until they
reach the ceca, the lining of which they
attack, giving rise to the conditions men-
tioned under post-mortem symptoms. How
the infection spreads from the ceca to the
liver is not clear.

It has been conclusively proved that
fowls, as well as pigeons, sparrows, etc., act
as hosts for these parasites. Although
adult fowls have a great degree of resistance
themselves, they are a means of carrying
infection to turkeys.

Eggs may be one of the means of spread-
ing the disease, as they may become con-
taminated in the oviduct or the cloaca of
birds affected with blackhead.

Treatment. No remedy or satisfactory
method of prevention has been discovered:
The difficulty of effecting a cure is obvious
when the nature of the disease is con-

32

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

sidered. Drs. Cole and Hadley summarize
measures of prevention as follows:

1. Protect the yards and flocks which may have the good
fortune to be uninfected with the blackhead organism by a
thorough examination of all new stock, whether turkeys,
fowls, geese or other domestic birds.

2. Keep the turkeys on grounds which are as fresh as
can be obtained, and above all, keep them isolated from
fowls and other domestic birds.

3. Keep every turkey in the flock under close observa-
tion in order to separate and at once isolate any bird which
gives evidence of the disease. To facilitate such observa-
tions it is helpful to leg-band each individual, and to record
its weight from time to time. Such a course makes it pos-
sible to learn whether any birds are losing weight, and if
this is the case, these birds must be regarded with suspicion,
and separated from the rest of the flock. |

4. If it is known that blackhead is present in any of the
poultry, the yard should be kept free from English sparrows,
and the poultry houses and grain boxes from rats and mice,
which have been shown to carry the causative organism.

5. When it is desired to fatten birds for the market,
begin to increase the rations gradually. Never attempt to
fatten birds which, in successive weighings, show a loss of
weight. Overfeeding does not cause blackhead, but fre-
quently causes the sudden death of birds in which blackhead
is present. :

6. When birds have died of blackhead, their bodies
should be promptly burned or buried in order to prevent the
dissemination of the coccidia, either through the ravages of
rats or skunks, or consequent to the natural processes of decay.

BREAKDOWN

Not often seen in the poultry yard

Symptoms. The abdomen becomes en-
33

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

larged, hangs down at the back, and some-
times touches the ground.

Cause. Old layers are generally one
The cause may be the strain of heavy
laying, or may in cases be due to too much
internal fat.

Treatment. No satisfactory treatment
can be recommended and the bird had best
be killed. Such birds should not be used
for breeding purposes.

BRONCHITIS (CROUP)

Not very common

Symptoms. Bronchitis may be distin-
guished by the rattling in the throat of the
bird affected and by the rapid breathing and
cough. The rattling is due to mucus in
the inflamed bronchial tubes. In bad cases,
birds mope, refuse to eat, and soon die.

Cause. Bronchitis may develop from an
ordinary cold, or may be due to sudden
changes of temperature, or to exposure to
rain, cold, and damp.

Treatment. Keep affected bird away

34

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

from drafts and in a warm place; dose
with Epsom salts (see page 9) and give
soft food, e. g., bread, bran, and middlings,
with milk. Wine of ipecacuanha has been
recommended for cases in which breathing
is very difficult owing to excessive inflam-
mation.

BROODER PNEUMONIA
A very serious disease, causing the death of many chickens

Symptoms. Chickens affected stand by
themselves with roughened plumage.
There is a whitish diarrhea, and this disease
can easily be mistaken for white diarrhea.
(See page 92.) Post-mortem examination
will show yellowish spots on the lungs, on
the walls of the air sacs, and on the liver and
other organs, due to infection by the asper-
gillus fungus. (See page 29.)

Cause. Infection by a species of the as-
pergillus fungus, the spores of which are
probably inhaled. This fungus is common.
The spores may be in the straw used for
nests or for litter, or in the food, especially
if it is at all moldy.

35

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Treatment. There is no cure for an af-
fected chicken, and the poultryman must aim
at prevention. Vigorous sanitary measures
are imperative. Clean straw or excelsior
should be used for nests; eggs for hatching
should be disinfected by wiping with 80%
alcohol; incubators and brooders should be
thoroughly disinfected.

BU MBLEFOOT
Not serious if treated early

Symptoms. Lameness with swelling on
pad of foot. .
Cause. Injury to sole of foot, developing

Fic. 9.—BUMBLEFOOT

36

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

into an abscess. Heavy birds are more sub-
ject than light ones to bumblefoot, especially
if made to roost on perches that are too high.

Treatment. Paint with iodine. Lance
the abscess if it is sufficiently advanced.
Lower perches. Birds under treatment
should have their feet bandaged, and should
be put on deep straw to prevent further in-
jury while the wounds are healing. Not
serious if taken in hand promptly.

CATARRH OF THE CROP
Not a common trouble

Symptoms. Distention of crop with soft
pasty matter of a more or less offensive
character.

Cause. Eating stale, putrifying food or
some poisonous matter.

Treatment. Empty the bird’s crop by
holding the head downwards and gently
pressing the contents out through the mouth.
Feed sparingly on soft food.

37

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

CHICKEN POX OR SORE HEAD

An infectious disease that causes considerable loss among
chickens and young birds in warm climates

Symptoms. Small, scabby, wart-like
growths and eruptions on the head, espe-
cially on the comb and the wattles and
around the eyes—in bad cases extending to
the lids and even the mouth. Chickens and
young birds are most commonly attacked
by this disease, which spreads rapidly.

Fic. 10.—CHICKEN POX

Cause. The specific organism has not
been definitely determined. Chicken pox
may be started by the introduction of an

38

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

infected bird, and mosquitoes and other in-
sects are suspected of being agents in its
spread.

Treatment. Prompt treatment may be
very successful. Isolate affected birds.
Apply tincture of iodine, first scraping off
the scabs. Creolin 2%, or other disinfect-
ants, may be used instead of iodine. Dirty
coops are a contributing cause, and cleanli-
ness of chicken runs and houses is important.
Disinfect soil (see page 13) and wood-
work (see page 12) regularly and with
extra care when the first cases are noticed.
When roupy lesions develop, as is sometimes
the case, treat as for roup. (See page 83.)

CHOLERA

A serious and epidemic form of diarrhea for which no
remedy is known ‘

Symptoms. Fowls die suddenly with
apparently little reason. There are symp-
toms of diarrhea and examination shows
that the feces are a bright yellow or green
instead of the normal color. Before death,
fowls have fever and may be seen moping

39

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

and showing evidences of distress. For
post-mortem symptoms see page 112.

Cause. A contagious disease, due to
bacteria, that, owing to infection of soil and
drinking water by birds suffering from the
disease, spreads rapidly through a flock.
It is often introduced by the purchase of an
infected bird that appears at the time of
purchase to be well.

Treatment. Prevention by strict sani-
tary measures is what must be aimed at. It
is believed that no cure is known for gen-
uine cases of cholera. Isolate all new birds
brought into the flock, especially when
cases of cholera are reported in the neigh-
borhood. The bodies of birds that have
died of this disease are best burnt without
delay. The germ of cholera appears to be
both persistent and easily spread, and too
much stress cannot be laid on the necessity
of preventing its introduction, failing that,
of quickly stamping it out. The sacrifice
of a few birds to prevent the spread of the
disease will be well repaid, for it has been
necessary on occasions to kill a whole flock.

40

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

In some cases it has been found best to move
unaffected birds to new quarters.

Fowl typhoid, or leukemia, is a disease
of the blood that may be mistaken for
cholera. The poultryman must treat it in
the same way.

CLOACITIS OR VENT-GLEET

Not a common disease

Symptoms. Frequent small discharges
of excrement and unsuccessful efforts to
discharge when the cloaca (Fig. 32) is
empty, the mucous membrane of which be-
comes hot and inflamed. These symptoms
are soon followed by an offensive discharge.

Cause. A specific disease transmitted
from hen to hen by the agency of the cock.

Treatment. Immediately isolate affected
hens; syringe out cloaca twice daily with
2% creolin; give mild purgative and put
on soft food. Males likely to be affected
should be examined, and diseased birds
killed.

Caution. The hands should be carefully

41

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

cleansed and disinfected, as a serious in-
flammation will result if the eyes are rubbed
with infected hands. This is a troublesome
and risky disease to treat.

COCCIDIOSIS OF ADULT FOWLS

The germ of this disease does not usually affect adult fowls
seriously, but causes severe losses among chickens and
turkeys

Symptoms. ‘The external symptoms are
not very pronounced; there is loss of weight
and in some cases diarrhea. The disease
may last for a long time and birds may even
recover. A post-mortem examination
shows the walls of the ceca thickened and
filled with a pasty mass, while character-
istic whitish or yellowish spots (see Fig.
24, d) are found in the liver.

Cause. This disease is due to the same
germ (a coccidium) that causes blackhead
in turkeys. Adult fowls occasionally de-
velop this disease, but appear to be able, as
a rule, to act as a host for the germs without
being themselves affected, although heavy

42

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

losses occur among turkeys or chickens that
get the germ from them.

Treatment. Copperas in the drinking
water (three grains to a quart) has been
recommended, together with the occasional
use of calomel in one-grain doses, or one or
two teaspoonfuls of castor oil. Thorough
disinfection (see page 10) of houses and
runs, etc., where affected fowls have been,
is important. Burn the bodies of birds that
die of the disease.

COLD (SIMPLE CATARRH)

Dangerous, because it-may be confused with the early stages
of roup

Symptoms. Discharge from the nostrils
and the eyes, with occasional fits of sneez-
ing; loss of appetite, and moping.

Cause. Cold and damp. Colds most
frequently occur in wet weather and among
poorly housed and poorly fed stock.

Treatment. Warm housing and protec-
tion from cold and wet. Give quinine—
one grain to an adult fowl. Many believe
in dosing fowls suffering from colds with

43

e

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

red pepper given in the food. When there
are signs of stuffiness, the eyes and the nos-
trils should be washed out once or twice
daily. Carbolic acid 2%, or boric acid,
about 3%, dissolved in water, is recom-
mended for this purpose. Wztch hazel has
been found very effective.

Caution. There is a risk of mistaking
the early stages of roup for a simple cold.
Further, birds are more likely to contract
roup when suffering from a cold, and
should, on this account, be isolated and
regularly examined.

Influenza. The term influenza, or
grippe, is generally applied to a severe cold
that has no symptoms of roup.

CONSTIPATION
Not common and seldom serious

Symptoms. The bird suffering is dull
and listless. Its efforts to evacuate are
painful and unsuccessful.

Cause. Internal blocking of the cloaca
or the intestines, or, occasionally, of the

44

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

vent by dirt accumulated on the outside.
Want of exercise and lack of green food are
held to be contributing causes.

Treatment. If constipation is due to dirt
on the outside, cleanse vent by swabbing
with warm water. When stoppage is in-
side and can be felt through the vent
syringe with sweet oil. In other cases, give
a purgative such as castor oil or Epsom
salts. If worms are suspected as the cause,
give santonin (see page g), followed by a
teaspoonful of castor oil.

CRAMP

Must not be confused with more serious complaints

Symptoms. Difficulty in standing and
lameness, due to inflammation of muscles
and joints.

Cause. Damp and cold.

Treatment. Put legs of bird in warm
water; rub joints with embrocation and put
in dry quarters.

Note—In cases of rheumatism, tick fever,
45

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

and tuberculosis, birds may show the same
difficulty in standing that they do in cramp.

CROP-BOUND (IMPACTION OF CROP)
Not serious, as a rule

Symptoms. The crop is hard and
swollen.

Cause. The blocking of the passage
from the crop to the gizzard by a bit of
stick or a stone, with’ the result that the
food cannot pass out of the crop.

Treatment.—Pour sweet oil down fowl’s
throat; work the crop with the fingers, en-
deavoring to remove the obstructing object.
If unsuccessful, cut open the crop and re-
move the contents, making sure that the
opening into the gizzard is clear. Sew up
the cut made, stitching separately first the
inner skin and then the outer.

DIARRHEA OR ENTERITIS
May take a serious and epidemic form

Diarrhea is a common complaint among
fowls, and in some cases takes a severe and

46

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

epidemic form. The latter form may be
due to various causes, and it will be best,
perhaps, to deal with diarrhea under the
tollowing heads:

1. Mild diarrhea.

2. Epidemic and severe diarrhea.
. Dysentery. (See page 52.)
. Cholera. (See page 39.)
. White diarrhea of chickens. (See

page 92.)
Mild Diarrhea

nA pw

Symptoms. Looseness of bowels and
staining of feathers around the anus with
excreta.

Cause. Indigestion ‘caused by food
which may be too laxative; e. g., excess of
bran, or, by food which may be partly de-
composed or may contain an intestinal ir-
ritant. Cold may also be a cause.

Treatment. Give Epsom salts, or castor
oil. (See page 9.) Change diet if food
is suspected. Often no treatment is neces-
sary, but it is not wise to neglect cases that
are apparently mild diarrhea, for fear they

47

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

may turn out to be an epidemic and con-
tagious form.

Diarrhea, Severe and Epidemic

Symptoms. Excessive looseness of
bowels, ruffling of feathers, depression, loss
of appetite. A number of birds in the flock
are attacked and death results.

Cause. ‘There are a variety of causes.
Scientific investigation has led to the dis-
covery of specific organisms responsible for
various forms of diarrhea. It would be
well for poultry rearers to study the results
of such work, but, for the purposes of this
book, it will be sufficient to state that the
causal organism may be bacterial, mycotic,
or protozoan. The owner of poultry will
not usually be able himself to determine
what type of diarrhea the fowls are suffer-
ing from, but as a rule the treatment will
have to be the same. Advice will have to
be sought from an expert when dangerous
epidemics are feared.

Treatment. The most energetic meas-

48

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

ures of disinfection must be undertaken.

(See page 10.)

Isolate sick fowls.

Disinfect soil of run thoroughly.

Clean and disinfect coops.

In bad cases, remove the rest of

the flock from the infested run.

5. Give sick fowls Epsom salts, or
castor oil; feed fowls on soft
food.

6. If the diarrhea is not checked,
give 6 to 12 drops of chloro-
dyne.

-&WN

DIPHTHERIA OR DIPHTHERITIC ROUP

A dangerous disease, and infected birds should be killed
at once

Symptoms. A cold, accompanied by
whitish and yellowish patches on the back
of the throat and in the mouth. These
patches apparently form a false membrane
and cannot be torn off without causing
bleeding. The disease is sometimes known
as canker. ,

49

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Cause. This disease is often clearly a
later stage of roup. It is difficult to say
where one ends and the other begins. It
has been claimed that the organism is the
same as that which causes diphtheria in

Fic. 11.—DIPHTHERITIC ROUP

b, lower beak; #, tongue; m, false membrane.
(After Harrison and Streit.)

50

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

human beings, but the weight of evidence
is against this conclusion.

Treatment. Diphtheria is extremely in-
fectious. It is best to kill the first cases at
once. If the bird is of particular value, it
may be isolated and the patches on the
throat swabbed with 50% hydrogen per-
oxide or 5% creolin, with a small bit of
cotton wool wound around a stick. If
great care is exercised, 20% carbolic acid
or 20% creolin may be painted on the
patches, but neither should be allowed to
touch the normal skin. Burn the swabs.
Treat accompanying roupy symptoms as
recommended under roup.

The term canker is also applied to cer-
tain spots or growths that occur on the
throat. These are not in any way associ-
ated with diphtheritic roup, or any danger-
ous, contagious disease, and are due to in-
jury or to an unhealthy condition of the
mucous membrane.

51

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

DROPSY
Not a common disease

Symptoms. Distention of abdomen.

Cause. Collection of liquid in abdom-
inal cavity.

Treatment. ‘Treatment is seldom success-
ful. It is best and most merciful to kill
the afflicted bird. If it is desired to make
an effort to save the bird, carefully punc-
ture the lower portion of the abdomen with
a trocar and squeeze out the liquid. Give
invalid diet.

DYSENTERY
Serious if in epidemic form

Symptoms. Severe diarrhea with blood
in the discharges.

Cause. Bacterial or other specific infec-
tion of the intestines. Occasionally the eat-
ing of some poisonous or irritating sub-
stance will give rise to blood in the excre-
ment.

Treatment. Isolate bird, and give six to
eight drops of chlorodyne on a small piece

52

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

of bread. Thorough disinfection (see
page 10) of water, soil and house is neces-
sary to prevent this disease spreading.

EGG-BOUND
An uncommon complaint

Symptoms. The hen goes on and off
the nest straining to lay. Generally the egg
may be felt through the vent. After strain-
ing for some time, she may succeed in lay-
ing the egg, and treatment should not be
undertaken until it is evident that the fowl
needs assistance.

Cause. Very young hens are more liable
to this complaint, which arises from eggs of
an abnormal size, from lack of muscular
power, or from some other disorder of the
oviduct.

Treatment. It will be most merciful to
kill fowls in much distress, as treatment is
tedious and painful to the fowl. It has
been recommended to hold the fowl’s vent
over steam from boiling water and then to
pass an oiled finger up the vent. In bad

$3

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

cases, pierce the egg and withdraw the con-
tents, then break the shell and remove all
the pieces. Great care must be taken to
leave no particle of the broken shell behind.

EGG-EATING

A bad habit that may be controlled

Symptoms. If remains of eggs are seen
in nests or runs, the poultryman should be-
come suspicious and make observations to
prove whether any of his flock are eating
eggs.

Cause. Broken eggs or soft-shelled eggs
left about the yard may be the cause of hens
acquiring this bad habit. .

Treatment. All signs of broken eggs
should always be immediately removed.
The culprit, when detected, should be re-
moved to a different pen and nest. Dark
nests have been recommended. A trap nest
will prevent a hen from getting at her egg.

EMPHYSEMA (AIR UNDER SKIN)
Not a common disease of chickens
Symptoms. In this disease of chickens
54

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

the skin becomes puffed out in one or more
places, generally on the neck. In rare cases
the puffing spreads over nearly the whole
of the body.

Cause. This disease is evidently caused
by some obstruction of the air passages that
forces the air to escape under the skin.

Treatment. Let out the air by punctur-
ing the skin. Give soft and nourishing
food. It will probably be wiser not to use
birds that recover from this complaint for
breeding stock.

EPILEPSY
An unusual complaint

Symptoms. The bird staggers about and
has a fit. It may recover.

Cause. It is difficult to discover a cause;
intestinal worms are suspected in some
cases.

Treatment. If it is suspected that intes-
tinal worms are responsible, try the treat-
ment recommended for worms. (See
page 95.)

55

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

FATTY DEGENERATION
Not contagious, but pointing to error in diet

Symptoms. More or less sudden deaths
of birds in good condition. Post-mortem
examination shows an enlarged liver and
masses of fat attached to the intestines.

Cause. Something wrong with the diet;
too much heat-giving food and want of ex-
ercise.

Treatment. Post-mortem proof of fatty
degeneration in the flock should lead the
poultry owner to change the diet, reducing
the amount of heat-giving food, and giving
more exercise. Some authors draw atten-
tion to a fatty degeneration in which the
liver is shrunken and shows fat globules
under the microscope.

FAVUS (WHITE COMB)
Disfiguring, but easily controlled if treated early

Symptoms. Whitish scabs or crusts on
the comb, the head and down the neck.
Cause. Due to a fungus that spreads, if
' 56

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

not treated, and that probably starts where
there is an abrasion of the skin.

Treatment. ‘Treat in early stages of the
disease by dressing with sulphur ointment.
(See page 9.) Isolate bird. If the case
has been neglected and allowed to develop,
the crusts must first be moistened with oil
and the surface scraped off with a blunt
instrument. Then apply tincture of iodine
or nitrate of silver.

FEATHER-EATING

Not a very common habit

Symptoms. The presence of bare patches
and injured plumage on birds should lead
the poultryman to watch for feather-eaters.

Cause. Irritation from insects, some
defect in diet, or natural cussedness.

Treatment. Isolate the offender, and, if
persistent and of no special value, kill, for
fear the bad example may be followed by
others. If several fowls develop this vice,
try hanging up a bone for them to peck at
and thus distract their attention.

b7

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

FLEAS

An occasional parasite of poultry

Symptoms. Fleas are found on the fowls
or in the straw of their nests.

Description. The flea that attacks fowls
is known as the hen flea (Pulex gallina).
It is dark colored and has sharp mouth
parts. Doubtless it causes the fowl it at-

tacks much irritation in addition to loss of
blood.

Treatment. Keep poultry houses in a
clean, sanitary condition. Dust the infested
fowls with an insect powder or dip them in
creolin, about 1%. Burn infested straw.

FRACTURES

Broken bones of legs or wings can be
mended by placing the bones back in their
proper positions and binding with light
splints. The splints may be removed in
about four weeks. It will be found that
shanks are easily set, but that broken wings
give far more trouble.

58

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

If a fowl dislocates its leg or its wing,
the joint should be gently pushed back into
place.

FROST BITE
A strain on the bird’s system

Symptoms. Combs and wattles are most
liable to frost bite, particularly in breeds
in which these parts are large.

Cause. Exposure to very low tempera-
tures, especially if birds are suddenly
turned out from warm quarters; dipping
comb and wattles in water when the tem-
perature is low.

Treatment. Prevent by keeping birds as
warm as possible during winter, and do not
allow them to go out early in the mornings
in very cold weather. Drinking water
should be provided in a vessel from which
birds can drink without wetting their
wattles. In a case of frost bite, thaw the
affected parts by gently rubbing with vase-
line and afterwards treat with a mixture of

59

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

two grains of salicylic acid to one ounce of
vaseline or lard.
GAPES

Serious in badly infested yards

Symptoms. Frequent gaping and cough-
ing; young chicks attacked, as a rule.

Fic. 12.—GAPES

On left: Chicken affected with gapes. On right: a, male and female
gape worms; b, gape worms in windpipe. (From Salmon.)

Notice if any worms are coughed up by the
chicken; if none can be found, but the gap-
ing continues, put a stripped feather down
the windpipe, as recommended under treat-
ment, and see if any gape worms can be
pulled up.

60

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

Cause. Small worms, red in color when
engorged, which attach themselves to the
mucous membrane of the windpipe. Af-
fected birds cough up worms or ova, which
infect the yard and sometimes .the water
supply. Earthworms taken from infested
yards have been found to contain portions
of gape worms, and may be one means of
infecting poultry.

Treatment. Isolate attacked poultry and
disinfect coops and yards. The worms may
be extracted from the windpipe of a gaping
chicken with a feather stripped nearly to
the end, and moistened, but not dripping,
with oil of turpentine. Hold the mouth
open, push the feather down the windpipe,
and give it a sudden twist, which will dis-
lodge the worms and allow of their being
drawn up. Fumigation by holding the
bird’s head over an irritant vapor, such as
that of carbolic acid poured into boiling
water, is risky, but sometimes successful. If
not cautiously done, much suffering may be
inflicted on the bird.

Post-mortem. Cut open the windpipe

61

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

and look for the worms, which may be
easily recognized by Fig. 12. Male and
female specimens will be found attached to
one another.

GASTRITIS (CATARRH OF THE STOMACH)
Not a common complaint

Symptoms. This disease cannot be
readily diagnosed while the fowl is living;
it is generally associated with catarrh of the
crop. (See page 37.) The symptoms are
similar. Post-mortem examination will
show the lining of the stomach in an in-
flamed condition.

Cause. The inflammation of the lining
of the stomach is generally due to eating de-
composing food or other poisonous matter.

Treatment. Empty the crop as recom-
mended under Catarrh of the crop. Give
one or two tablespoonfuls of castor oil and
feed on soft and easily digested food with
milk or barley water. Be sure that poultry
are not allowed to run under trees that have
been sprayed with arsenical poisons.

62

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

GOUT
Not a common ailment

Symptoms. The bird sometimes loses
weight, and as the disease develops shows
stiffness and an indisposition to stand. In
some cases small nodules containing crys-
tals of urate of soda occur on the underside
of the toes.

Cause. Failure of the kidneys to per-
form their normal functions and consequent
accumulation of urates in the bird’s system
in excessive quantities. Gout may be due
to too concentrated feeding.

Treatment. Medicines and treatment
are of little avail. Endeavor to prevent by
feeding a mixed diet.

Post-mortem. In one form of this dis-
ease, known as visceral gout, the liver and
cther abdominal organs are covered over
with a powder-like deposit of the crystals of
urate of soda.

HEART DISEASES
Not common, and cannot be treated

The heart is an organ that is subject to
63

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

several serious diseases, but these cannot be
detected with any certainty while the bird
is living, and treatment. cannot be recom-
mended as likely to be successful. Post-
mortem examination may show the follow-
ing symptoms:

1. The heart sac full of serous liquid,
in the case of pericarditis, or
dropsy of the heart sac.

2. A reddening of the membrane lin-
ing the heart, in the case of in-
flammation (endocarditis).

3. An enlarged heart, in the case of
enlargement of the heart.

4. Hemorrhage, in the case of rup-
ture of the heart and of the
blood vessels.

INDIGESTION
Disorder of the intestinal tract, that is not very serious

Symptoms. The bird mopes and shows
signs of a capricious appetite. Either diar-
thea or, less commonly, constipation, may
be a symptom.

64

i

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

Cause. Disorders of the digestive tract,
due to error in dieting—for example, over-
feeding, or too little green food and not
enough exercise.

Treatment. Alter the feeding, see that
the water is clean, and give a dose of Epsom
salts. (See page 9.)

J AUNDICE
Not a common disease

Symptoms. A yellow comb may indicate
jaundice, but there are no definite external
symptoms. Post-mortem examination
shows distention of the gall bladder, due to
an excessive secretion of bile.

Cause. Said to be due to continued con-
gestion of the liver, arising possibly from
too much heat-giving food.

Treatment. If the disease is suspected,
give one grain of calomel as a purgative and
feed on more green: food.

KIDNEY DISEASES

With the exception of gout, kidney diseases cannot be
detected by external symptoms

Gout (see page 63) is the commonest dis-

65

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

ease of the kidneys. In addition, there are
some disorders of the kidneys (e. g., en-
largement). that may be noticed on post-
mortem examination. Little is known about
these diseases; there are no symptoms that
can be recognized before death, and no
treatment can be recommended.

LEG WEAKNESS

Constitutional weakness, to which the heavier breeds are
more subject than are the lighter ones

Symptoms. Fowls walk in an unsteady
manner, without showing any specific cause
for lameness. Young birds are more likely
to be affected in this manner, particularly
those of the heavier breeds.

Cause. Too rapid growth, the bird out-
growing the strength of its legs.

Treatment. Reduce the quantity of fat-
producing foods. Care in the selection of
breeding stock is important.

LICE

Invariably present in small numbers, and likely to become a
serious pest, if not persistently controlled

Symptoms. Unthrifty look of fowl and
66

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

signs of irritation; desertion of nest by
setting hens; and, of course, the detection

Fic. 13.—LOOKING FOR LICE

quickly turning over the feathers on the
body and looking for the lice.
Cause. Introduction of an_ infested

67

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

fowl; neglect to dust fowls
regularly to keep down lice,
and to clean out fowl houses
and change the straw of nest
boxes. At the season that
lice are likely to be most
prevalent the poultryman
should take precautionary
measures.

Description of lice. Lice
are small insects ranging in
size from 1-25 to 1-8 of an
inch. They breed rapidly,
laying their eggs on the
feathers. They are not
blood-sucking insects, but
cause much irritation to the
birds they infest.

Several species are found
on fowls. Fig.14 shows three
of the common species.

Treatment. Dust fowls
reraatconnonty With fresh insect powder

AFFECT FOWLS

(From Salmon.) (pyrethrum). Smear sul-

a. Lipeurus variabilis.

b, M lidum. 1
Ue ere phur oe on head and

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

under wings, especially in the case of
chickens. Infested fowls may be dipped
in 2% creolin. Dust setting hens with a
lice powder before putting them on their
nests. Infested straw should be burnt, and
boxes, nests, fixtures, etc., should be thor-
oughly sprayed with 2% creolin.

LIMBER-NECK
An occasional complaint

Symptoms. The muscles of the fowl’s
neck become so relaxed that they cannot
support the head.

--— Cause. Limber-neck, due to partial or
entire paralysis of the muscles of the neck,
is believed to be associated with acute in-
digestion or worms.

Treatment. A strong purgative may be
the means of effecting a cure by cleaning
out any intestinal poisons and thus correct-
ing the cause. If the treatment recom-

mended does not effect a cure in a few days,
kill the bird.

69

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

LIVER DISEASES

The liver is affected by several diseases,
and the poultryman, who finds a spotted
liver on post-mortem examination, will be
much aided in determining the cause, if he
takes into consideration the symptoms
noticed before the fowl died, as well as the
changes in the other internal organs. The
importance of the post-mortem examination
is in distinguishing whether the death of the
fowl is due to a contagious disease.

The causes of diseased livers may be con-
veniently divided into two classes:

1. Diseased livers due to indigestion,
e. g., enlargement.

2. Diseased livers due to a specific
disease, e. g., tuberculosis.

Diseases Due to Indigestion

In this class may be included degenera-
tion, inflammation, congestion, enlargement,
and atrophy of the liver. There are more
or less distinct differences in these diseases,
but the only possible methods of treatment

70

DISEASES AND. PESTS OF FOWLS

known at present are very much the same.

Symptoms. There are no definite ex-
ternal symptoms. The poultryman’s sus-
picions should, however, be aroused if fowls
apparently in good health die suddenly. A
post-mortem examination will reveal a liver
of abnormal size, or somewhat shrunken,
and of unhealthy texture.

Cause. The cause is generally something
wrong in the feeding. Fowls may be eat-
ing too large a proportion of heat-produc-
ing foods and not enough green food. If
an enlarged liver is associated with an ex-
cessive layer of fat covering the internal
organs, it points to too large quantities of
carbohydrates.

Treatment. Correct errors in feeding.
Give more green food and let the fowls
scratch for some of their grain. If errors
in feeding and general management are not
obvious, make experimental changes.

Diseased Livers Due to Specific Diseases

Tuberculosis, coccidiosis, gout and other
specific diseases are responsible for spotted

71

/

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

or diseased livers. (Fig. 24.) The sec-
tion on diagnosis by post-mortem examina-
tion gives further information on these sub-
jects and shows how the principal diseases
may be distinguished.

The term cancer is sometimes applied to
cases in which there are tumors on the liver.

MAGGOTS
Occasionally found in flesh wounds of poultry

Symptoms. A flesh wound that instead
of healing develops into a sore with a slight
running. On examination, maggots will be
found.

Cause. Several species of flies are al-
ways ready to lay their eggs in any available
wound or sore; therefore wounds must be
watched in the case of poultry, as with all
other animals of the farmyard. ‘The eggs
laid by these flies hatch and develop into
small footless grubs commonly known as
maggots. |

Treatment. Wash the wound with 1 to
2% creolin; remove as many of the maggots
as possible with a pair of tweezers or a

72

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

feather. If the maggots are deep-seated,
stuff the wound with a cotton wad saturated
with strong creolin or 10% carbolic acid.
Examine next day and remove dead mag-
gots. Treat again in a similar manner if
the maggots are not all killed. Fish oil, or
iodoform made into a paste with vase-
line, will prevent the flies depositing
their eggs, if smeared on the surface of
the wound.

MITES (AIR-SAC)
Not a common parasite

Symptoms. There are no definite ex-
ternal symptoms. If the bird is very badly
‘affected, there may be evidences of suffoca-
tion. This may end fatally. A post-mor-
tem examination will show the mites in the
air passages and bronchi as small yellowish
and whitish particles, which on careful ob-
servation may be seen to move.

Cause. A small mite (Sarcoptes levis)
which infests the air sacs and bronchi.
These mites, when present in large numbers,

73

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

obstruct the air passages and cause suffoca-
tion. A secretion from the mucous mem-
brane affected, results from
the presence of the mites
and increases the obstruc-
tion of the air passages.

Treatment. The fumiga-
tion method tried for gapes

ie. de has been recommended,
THe Aim Sac Mite but there is little reason

to expect success.

MITES, DEPLUMING (SCABIES)

Symptoms. Bare patches on the bird’s
body due to the loss of
feathers. The rump and
the breast are most fre-
quently attacked.

Cause. A small mite
(Sarcoptes levis) found
on the bird’s body near the
base of the fallen feathers.

Treatment. Isolate af-

fected birds; rub bare seat
: : THE DEPLUMING MITE
patches and neighboring (From Salmon.)

iG

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

portion of body with sulphur ointment (see
page 9) or dip body of fowl in a solution
of about 2% creolin.

MITES (RED MITE)
A serious pest

Symptoms. Unthriftiness of birds.

Cause. A small whitish mite, which ap-
pears red when filled with blood. These
mites suck the bird’s blood at night and hide
during the day in the sockets
of the perches and in the
crevices of the woodwork.

Treatment. Examine the
fowl house at night. Dust
hens with an insect powder;
thoroughly spray houses and
perches with 5% creolin or
other disinfectant, and squirt kerosene oil
or turpentine into cracks and crevices. A
specially constructed mite-proof perch, or
one that can be easily removed, should
be used.

Fic. 17
THE RED MITE

MOLTING
Molting is not a disease, but may prove

75

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

trying to poultry not in the best condition
to stand the strain of the process. Hens
overtaxed with forced laying and cocks
running with too large a number of hens are
most likely to suffer. Molting occurs in
healthy adult birds every twelve months.
The process, which is a natural one, should
be allowed to take its natural course unless
the fowls appear weak and depressed dur-
ing the period. In such cases specially
nourishing and stimulating food should be
given. Anyhow, it would be well to pay
particular attention to the feeding of birds
during the molting season.

OVARY DISEASES

Hens suffer from various diseases of the
ovary, which may become shriveled and use-
less or gangrenous. Tumorous growths,
sometimes called cancers, are also found.
As diseased conditions of this organ can be
detected only by post-mortem examination,
and as no remedies are known, the subject
need not be dealt with more fully.

76

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

OVIDUCT, DISEASES OF

Abnormal eggs must be regarded as due
to functional disorders of the oviduct. One
cause of soft eggs is lack of shell-forming
material; therefore a liberal supply of
powdered oyster shells, or lime in some
other form, should always be accessible to
laying hens. Other abnormal eggs occur,
such as those with double yolks, without
any yolk, with blood clots, etc. No treat-
ment can be suggested beyond feeding a
varied diet and avoiding too stimulating or
over-heating foods.

Prolapse of the oviduct may occur. The
protruding portion should be oiled or vase-
lined and gently pressed back.

PERITONITIS
Not common and not contagious

Symptoms. Loss of appetite, fever and
evidence of discomfort and pain in the
stomach, especially if the abdomen is
pressed with the hand. Post-mortem ex-

77

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

a. Undeveloped ovules in ovary.

b. Partly developed ovule show-
stigma. Here the follicle wall
breaks and allows the ovule
yolk to leave the ovary pre-
Paratory to laying.

ec, An empty follicle in which the
stigma and the yolk passed
out.

d. Opening of oviduct.

e. Portion of oviduct distended,
allowing yolk to pass down.

f. Walls of oviduct which secrete
albumen forming the white of
the egg.

g. Membranous lining added.

h. Portion of oviduct that secretes
shell-forming substance.

i. Cloaca.

Fic. 18.—ORGANS OF REPRODUCTIGN
“OF THE HEN

(From Salmon.)

78

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

amination shows inflamed appearance of
membrane of the abdominal cavity.

Cause. Serious inflammation of the
wall of the abdominal cavity.

Treatment. Put the bird in a quiet place.
Aconite (see page 9), to reduce the tempera-
ture, and opium, or one drop of laudanum,
to relieve pain, have been recommended,
but as a rule it is best to kill the bird.

PIP
Generally the effect of some other disorder

Symptoms. A hardened scale formed at
tip of tongue.

Cause. Generally due to cold or other
disorder affecting the breathing of the bird.

Treatment. Do not try to tear off the
growth on the tongue by force, but moisten
with vaseline or glycerin until it becomes
loose. Give soft food.

PNEUMONIA AND CONGESTION OF LUNGS
Generally fatal

Symptoms. Extreme depression and
79

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

great difficulty in breathing. Difficult to
distinguish in the living bird from a very
bad cold. Post-mortem examination shows
the affected lung filled with an exudate.
The lung sinks if put in water.

Cause. Following on a cold, the lung
becomes congested with blood and a dark,
viscous matter. Pneumonia may be con-
sidered a further, and generally final, stage
of congestion.

Treatment. A cure is seldom effected,
but in the case of a valuable bird the follow-
ing treatment may be tried: Keep the bird
in a dry, warm place; paint the skin above
the lungs with tincture of iodine; give
aconite. Feed on soft food and give a
stimulant.

POISONING

Symptoms. As a rule the poisons that
fowls eat are mineral. The most pro-
nounced symptom is evidence of pain. In
cases of arsenical poison there is diarrhea.
A poison containing a copper compound

80

DISEASES AND PESTS. OF FOWLS

acts partly as an emetic, causing the fowl |
to make an effort to vomit. In cases of
mineral poisons, post-mortem examinations
show inflammation of the stomach and the
digestive tract.

Sources of poison. Poultry are likely to
get poisoned from the following sources:

Fertilizers (e. g., nitrate of soda) used
on fields in which fowls scratch for food.
Such cases are rare.

Insecticides and fungicides (e. g., Paris
green [arsenic], lead arsenate, Bordeaux
mixture) applied to plants under which
fowls run. If sprays are mixed in correct
proportions and used in normal quantities,
there is little danger to poultry feeding on
the grass below sprayed trees. Great care
should, however, be taken in disposing of
the sediment and the residue after spraying
operations are completed.

Rat poisons (e. g., phosphorus, strych-
nine, baryta). These poisons are particu-
larly dangerous when mixed with cornmeal
or other bait attractive to fowls. The best
way to set rat poison is to put it in a piece

81

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

of piping of such a diameter and length that
fowls cannot reach it.

Salt. Food mixed with salt for other
domestic animals may be accidentally given
to fowls. Chickens are the most likely to
be poisoned by excess of salt.

Treatment. If fowls have eaten poison-
ous substances, the fact is not usually dis-
covered until after death or until it is too
late to administer an antidote. Most of the
poisons fowls are likely to eat act as irri-
tants of the digestive tract. Milk and
white of egg should be given. It is advis-
able to give a stimulant, such as half a tea-
spoonful of brandy.

PYAMIA
Not contagious, and not common

Symptoms. This disease cannot be diag-
nosed except by post-mortem examination
and microscopic identification of pus-form-
ing organisms in the infected areas (whitish
spots) of liver, spleen, etc.

Cause. Pus-forming organisms believed

82

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

to enter the blood through a wound in the
skin.

Treatment. As there are no external
symptoms, treatment is not possible.

RHEUMATISM
Not a common trouble

Symptoms. Lameness and stiffness of
joints.

Cause. May be due in some cases to too
stimulating food and to dampness.

Treatment. Put affected bird in dry
quarters and vary food, adding more greens.
Rub joints with embrocation, or turpentine
and oil.

ROUP (CONTAGIOUS CATARRH )

One of the most serious contagious diseases

Symptoms. The bird first has symptoms
of an ordinary cold, such as running at the
nostrils and sneezing. Definite evidence of
roup is the offensive odor detected on open-
ing the bird’s mouth. The exudate is also
offensive. The disease may attack the eyes,

83

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

which then become inflamed and swollen;
a tumor, containing offensive, yellowish,
cheesy matter, sometimes develops. The

Fic. 19.—EXAMINING A FOWL WITH A SUSPICIOUS COLD

course of the disease may extend over sev-
eral weeks or months and there may be cases
of chronic roup. Some cases end fatally

84

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

in a comparatively short time. The form
of the disease, in which yellowish patches
develop on the throat, is dealt with under
diphtheria or diphtheritic roup.

Cause. Cases of roup occur when birds
are subjected to draft and damp, but the
cause must be infection with disease germs.
It is believed that the almost constant pres-
ence of the germs is due to lack of regular
disinfection and to birds in the flock be-
lieved to have recovered from a previous
attack of the disease, but that, in reality, are
suffering from chronic roup, and are able,
whenever suitable conditions arise for an
outbreak of this disease, to infect the rest of
the flock through the drinking water and
the soil.

Treatment. ‘The seriousness of this dis-
ease makes it tmperative for the poultry
rearer to isolate immediately any birds
showing any suspicious symptoms. If
treatment of the infected bird is taken in
hand early, and carried out faithfully, a
cure can be effected, but it is often wiser to

kill and burn infected stock. In treating
85

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

birds, the mouth and nostrils should be
washed out with 5% carbolic acid, or with
50% hydrogen peroxide, or with 2% per-
mangan&ate of potash. It is important to
clean out the passage of the nostrils, and
this may be done by:

1. Pressing against the roof of the
bird’s mouth from inside and
squeezing the nostrils from
above downwards.

2. Syringing out the nostrils.

3. Dipping the fowl’s head for a few
seconds in a solution of the dis-
infectant. Great care should be
exercised in this method of
treatment, which is only recom-
mended when permanganate of
potash is used.-

It is well to keep birds isolated for some
time after apparent recovery. When the
eye is affected (see Fig. 20), the tumor
should be carefully lanced and the cheesy
matter removed, after which the cavity
should be rinsed out with one of the dis-

86

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

infectants recommended above; such treat-
ment may have to be repeated time after
time.

.

As an after effect of a cold or of roup,
conjunctivitis or sore eyes may develop. A
discharge comes from the eyes and the eye-

Fic. 20.—A Roupy EYE

lids become stuck together. Bathe the eyes
with hydrogen peroxide mixed with an
equal quantity of water.

If this condition follows an attack of
roup, there is danger that the fowl has not
entirely recovered, and may be a source of
infection to the rest of the flock.

87

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

SCALY LEG

An unsightly affection that, although contagious, does not
spread rapidly
Symptoms. A rough and scaly growth
on the legs of the bird,
Cause. A small mite (Fig. 22), known
as Sarcoptes mutans, burrows in the skin

Fic. 21.—SCALY LEG
A. Showing early stages of attack.

and gives rise to the unsightly growth
(Fig. 21) that gives this disease its name.
Treatment. Soften the scaly growth by
washing and soaking the legs with warm
water and soap. Scrub the affected portion

88

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

of the legs with a brush and then treat as
follows: Dip the legs in kerosene oil,
holding them there for not
longer than a few seconds. If
the kerosene oil is mixed with #
sweet oil, or if the legs are wet (7
first with water, there will be \
no risk of the kerosene prov-

ing harsh, as sometimes hap- "S42; Citses”

pens. Sulphur ointment (see °*”"*

page 9) may be used instead of the kero-
sene oil treatment.

SOFT CROP

Not a serious complaint

Symptoms. Distended crop, soft to the
feel.

Cause. Over-eating; or food turning
sour in the crop.

Treatment. Hold bird downwards and
squeeze contents of crop through mouth,
taking care not to suffocate the patient.
Repeat treatment if necessary. Put on low
diet for some time, feeding slowly and
sparingly. ,

89

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

TICKS

A pest found in the Southern States and tropical countries

Symptoms. The fowl has fever, appears
depressed, and stands in a cramped position.
Cause. The fowl tick (Argas minatus),
which hides during the day in
cracks and crevices, sucks the
, fowl’s blood at night and in-
a troduces a fever-producing

Oe Seah parasite.
HE OWL ICK # . .
a. Adult. Remedies. Examine sick

birds during the day, and visit
the roosts at night, for proof of the presence
of ticks; carefully search under perches, in
nests, and in corners of woodwork, etc.
Spray woodwork with 5% creolin; squirt
kerosene oil, or turpentine, into cracks and
crevices.

TUBERCULOSIS

A very serious poultry disease

Symptoms. This disease may be present
in a poultry yard for some time without
being detected. Suspicion should be

see)

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

aroused if birds gradually lose weight and

die. If a bird that
has gradually been
getting thinner, goes
lame, or loses the use
of a wing, without ap-
parent injury, the evi-
dence that tuber-
culosis is present is
strong, but positive
proof of its presence
can be obtained only
by post-mortem and
microscopic examina-
tion. This disease gen-
erally attacks adult
birds.

Cause. The specific
organism causing this
disease, known as the
Bacillus tuberculosis
(Fig. 5), infects the
liver (Fig. 24), the
spleen (Fig. 24), and
other organs, least fre-

Fic. 24.—ORGANS AFFECTED BY
TUBERCULOSIS AND BLACKHEAD

a. Normal spleen.

b. Tubercular spleen.

c. Portion of tubercular liver.

d, Blackhead liver of turkey for
comparison with c.
a and b after Edwards.

gI

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

quently the lungs. The disease may be in-
troduced into a flock by the purchase of an
infected bird, and may be spread by unin-
fected birds picking up the excrement of
diseased birds with their food.

Treatment. _ There is no known cure.
The insidious manner in which this disease
advances through a poultry yard makes it
a very serious malady. Birds suffering
from it should be killed and _ burnt.
Thorough disinfection of coops, etc., should
be made. Strict attention to sanitation will
help in preventing and controlling this dis-
ease. If many birds in a flock are believed
to have tuberculosis, it would be well to
destroy the whole flock and start again,
preferably on fresh ground.

WHITE DIARRHEA OF CHICKENS
A very serious disease, causing the death of large numbers

Symptoms. Chickens are generally at-
tacked when 10 to 15 days old. They ap-
pear listless, their feathers become rough,
and they stand about with drooping wings.
A white diarrhea is soon noticed. Chicken

92

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

Fic. 25.—CHICKENS AFFECTED WITH WHITE DIARRHEA

Ten-day White Leghorn chickens showing symptoms of bacillary white
diarrhea. (After Rettger & Stoneburn.)

after chicken shows similar symptoms and
dies, resulting in much loss and discourage-
ment to the poultry rearer.

Cause. Various causes, such as im-
proper or stale food, may upset the chick-
en’s digestive organs and give rise to a
whitish diarrhea, but the term ‘“‘white diar-
rhea” is best restricted to a contagious form
of diarrhea due to minute parasites in the
intestinal tracts of chickens. A coccidium

Fic. 26.—HEALTHY CHICKENS
Normal ten-day White Leghorn chickens. (After Rettger & Stoneburn.)

93

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

and a bacillus have been proved by different
investigators to cause very similar forms of
white diarrhea. A distinct form of white
diarrhea, known as brooder pneumonia, is
described on page 35.

Treatment. ‘This disease is a very dif-
ficult ‘one to control. Incubators and
brooders should be thoroughly disinfected.
Special care should be taken in the feeding
during the first few weeks. Chickens
should not be overfed. The feeding of
dry bran is recommended, as it tends to keep
the bowels in a healthy, active condition.
In the form of white diarrhea due to a
bacillus, suspicion rests on the hen and the
egg as sources of infection. When the dis-
ease becomes serious, and general sanitation
and proper care of chickens do not control
it, the advisability of obtaining the eggs for
hatching from a poultry farm free of white
diarrhea should be considered.

WORMS
Intestinal parasites that occasionally become serious

Symptoms. General debility; worms or
94

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

segments of worms, seen in the droppings.
If there is doubt as to whether a flock is
suffering from worms, give a suspected
bird a strong purgative and keep it up so
that the feces may be examined for worms.
If doubt. still
exists, the sus-
pected bird
should be killed
and a post-mor-
tem examina-
tion made. Cut
the intestines
open length-
ways (see Fig. Fic. Seen IN eae TRACT
34) with a small (After Bradshaw. From Pearl, Surface
pair of scissors
and wash them out with water so as to de-
tect the smaller worms, and the tapeworms
attached to the lining of the intestines.
Cause. ‘Two classes of worms are com-
monly parasitic on fowls—round worms
(see Fig. 27) and tapeworms. There are
generally a few specimens of worms in the
intestines of fowls; but only when the num-

05

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Fic. 28.—THE PARTS OF A FOWL

96

DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS

Fic. 29.—SKELETON OF A FOWL

97

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

bers are large do worms affect the health
of the fowl.

Treatment. Every bird suspected of
having worms may be tested with a purga-
tive as suggested above. Or, if it is estab-
lished that several birds in a flock are suf-
fering from worms, all in poor condition,
without any cause being apparent, should
be dosed with santonin—three to five grains
in the morning before any food has been
picked up. After about two hours give a
purgative of two teaspoonfuls of castor oil
and soon after let the fowl have its morning
food. As important as dosing the fowls, is
disinfecting the feed troughs, the water ves-
sels, and the soil of the runs in order to pre-
vent re-infection.

Nodular teniasis. Small nodules on the
intestines, resembling the nodules in tuber-
culosis, are sometimes caused by tapeworms.
The name “nodular teniasis” has been given
to this disease.

98

CHAPTER V

Post-MoORTEM EXAMINATIONS
I. Making the Examination

POST-MORTEM examination should
always be undertaken if there is any
doubt as to the cause of death. Poultry
rearers who are not already familiar with
the normal appearance of the internal or-
gans of a fowl should take the first oppor-
tunity of studying them.

Post-mortem examinations should be
done in a systematic manner; but, if de-
sired, a very speedy examination may be
made by rapidly removing, or bending back,
the breast bone of the unplucked bird.

It will be more generally satisfactory,
however, to devote time to the operation,
and it is suggested that the work be carried
out on the following lines:

1. Nail the body of the dead fowl on
a board in the position shown

99

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Ly.

in

a

Coe etl

Y
Fic. 30.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 1
Fowl nailed on board; lines A B, A C and B D show where to cut.

sfele)

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS

in Fig. 30, having first partly
or wholly plucked the bird.

2. With a sharp knife cut along
lines AC, BD (Fig. 30), and
bend the breast bone back-
wards, exposing the internal
organs. (Fig. 31.) As _ the
breast bone is raised it will be
necessary to cut through the
mesentery and other connecting
tissues. Break it back at D,
cutting through the flesh and
the muscle with sharp scissors.

3. Remove heart, liver, gall-bladder
and spleen, making neat sever-
ances and without injury to
any of the other organs. If the
heart or large blood vessels be
injured in the operation, blood
will flow out and interfere with
the work.

4. Cut through the cesophagus, be-
low or above the crop, as most
convenient, and also cut
through the large intestine near

101

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Fic. 31.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 2
Breast bone removed; internal organs in situ.

102

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS

the cloaca. Without discon-
necting the parts, lift out the
gizzard, intestines, and other
portions of the alimentary
canal, carefully tearing away
the membranous tissues of the
mesentery.

5. Spread the organs out and ex-
amine each one carefully and
critically, making sections if
necessary. (Fig. 32.)

6. Cut open gullet, crop, stomach,
gizzard, intestines, and ceca
and examine the contents.

7. Examine the lungs, cutting off a
portion and throwing it into
water, when it will float if
healthy, but sink if congested.

8. Cut through the skin of the neck.
Sever the windpipe near the
head, and also where the bron-
chi enter the lungs. With
scissors.cut it open, and examine
for molds or gapes or for ex-
udates indicative of various

103

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Oesophagus

Gall Bladder

Pancreas

Mesentery

Large Intestine

Cloaca_ ~~

Fic. 32.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 3
Internal organs removed for examination.

104

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS

forms of cold or lung conges-
tion.

g. Examine the brain (Fig. 34) for
blood clots. Some care will be
necessary in cutting through
the skull so as not to injure the
brain tissue, which should be a
milky white. A sharp and
strong pair of scissors or a
small, fine saw (e. g., tenon
saw) will be useful for older
birds. Remove the skin and
cut from behind, raising the
bones and exposing the brain.

2. The Normal Condition of the
Internal Organs

(See Fig. 32.)

The esophagus carries the food from the
mouth and passing down the neck beside
the windpipe opens into—

The crop, where the food is macerated.
Thence it gradually passes into—

The true stomach (or proventriculus),

105

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

which is lined with small gastric-secreting
glands that may be seen with the naked eye.
This organ is hidden by the liver, and opens
directly into—

The gizzard, situated on the left side of
the abdomen. It rests on the coiled-up mass

Windpipe

\ Left Lung

Testes

Fic. 33.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 4
Lungs, kidneys, etc., in situ.

of intestines. It is dark red and is partly

hidden by the left lobe of the liver. The

walls are strong and muscular. Here the

food is ground against small bits of stone,

etc. The partially digested food passes out
106

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS

through an aperture near the entrance of the
true stomach into—

The duodenum or upper portion of the
small intestine. It forms a loop that in-
closes—

The pancreas, a compact, flattened organ,
pinkish in color, that discharges its secre-
tion by three ducts into the intestines.

The small intestine, after forming the
loop (duodenum), continues its course. It
first passes toward the left and is disposed
in many folds connected by the mesentery;
toward the end it passes up behind the true
stomach. Connected to the intestines arc
the blind bodies known as—

The c@ca, connected to the small in-
testines for several inches and which, after
becoming considerably smaller in diameter,
enter the alimentary tract where—

The /arge intestine (rectum) starts. This
portion of the intestines is short and enters—

The cloaca, into which the urinary and
1eproductive ducts discharge. The exter-
nal opening is known as the vent or anus.

The brain, situated in the back of the

107

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

head, is protected by the cranial bones. It
is milky white except where the blood ves-
sels may be seen.

The windpipe connects the larynx at the
throat with the lungs branching into the two
bronchi.

The /ungs, situated in the upper portion
of the thoracic abdominal cavity, are firmly
attached to the ribs, in the interspaces be-
tween which they fit. They are flattened
and oval in shape, bright red in color, and
loose and spongy in texture.

The heart is cone-shaped. The lower
portion rests between the lobes of the liver.
The heart is red and is inclosed in a sac
(the pericardium) that is easily removed.

The liver, situated a little lower down
than the heart, consists of two lobes. ‘The
right lobe is often larger than the left which
may be cleft at the lower end. The left
lobe covers the true stomach and part of the
gizzard. If there is some delay in holding
a post-mortem examination the edges of the
lobes of the liver become discolored. Nor-
mally the color is a purplish red.

108

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS

The gall bladder fits into a shallow de-
pression on the underside of the right lobe
of the liver and appears green in color. A
duct conveys the bile from the liver into the
gall bladder, whence it passes by another
duct into the intestine.

The spleen, a nearly round, reddish body,
with a purplish tinge, is attached by a liga-
ment to the right side of the true stomach
and is hidden by the liver.

The kidneys extend along the sides of the
spine from immediately below the lungs to
near the termination of the abdominal
cavity. The general color is a chocolate
red, but a small portion at the upper end
(known as the adrenal), is yellow. There
is no urinary bladder. ‘The urates are car-
ried direct through the ureters to the cloaca,

The testes (of the male bird) are attached
to the upper portion of the kidneys. They
are white or very light-colored, and may be
of different sizes.

The ovary (of the female bird), situated
on the left side, covers the kidney on that
side. It consists of numerous ova of vari-

109

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Brain
(Exposed) Portion of
Intestine

(Cut open)

Windpipe
(Cut open and
Showin
fungoid growth)

Fic. 34.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 5
Examination of brain and of portions of intestines and windpipe.

TIO

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS

ous sizes each of which may develop into
an egg. As an ovum passes through the
oviduct it is first coated with an albuminous
covering (the white of egg); lower down
it is coated with a calcareous deposit that
forms the shell of the egg. (Fig. 18.)

3. Diagnosis of Disease by Post-Mortem
Symptoms

For purposes of diagnosis each organ
must be examined. Note in each case if it
is enlarged, spotted, ruptured, inflamed or
engorged with blood. Observe if it is an
unusual color or if it possesses any other
symptom of an abnormal character.

A single symptom in a single organ, un-
less very pronounced and characteristic,
will not be sufficient evidence for forming
an accurate opinion as to the cause of death.
But if the condition of the other organs and
the symptoms before and attending death
are taken into consideration, there will sel-
dom be any difficulty, from a practical
standpoint, in deciding upon the nature of

III

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

the disease. Many points can be decided
only by a pathologist with the aid of a mi-
croscope, such, for example, as the difference
between coccidial and bacterial diarrhea,
but it is quite enough for the poultryman to
realize that one of his fowls has died of an
attack of an acute form of diarrhea and that
the rest of his birds may become infected.
The following notes draw attention to the
main diagnostic symptoms observable on
post-mortem examination, arranged under
the heading of the organs affected. Other
symptoms are put in parentheses.

Post-MorTEM SYMPTOMS

BRAIN

Apoplexy—Shown by congestion of
blood vessels of brain. (Staggering gait
and sudden death.)

HEART

Cholera.—Punctiform hemorrhages are
generally found in the heart in cases of
cholera. (Yellow feces; diarrhea; sudden

tie

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS

death of several or many fowls; inflamma-
tion of upper portion of intestines.)

LIVER

Tuberculosis.—Yellowish-white spots on
liver varying in size, somewhat raised and
convex; the spots or nodules may be readily
separated from the rest of the liver. The
liver itself is often very much enlarged.
(Fowl gradually loses weight and may go
lame; mesentery and spleen affected with
nodules. )

Cholera.—Liver enlarged, dark green
and softened, sometimes showing whitish
spots.

Coccidial diarrhea—More or less circu-
lar patches, depressed in the centre, associ-
ated with plugged ceca, the linings of
which have sores.

Congested liver —Much enlarged and en-
gorged with blood, may be readily torn.

Fatty degeneration or fatty liver.—In the
first case the liver is rather shrunken and

113

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

hardened, and in the latter excessive de-
posits of fat may be noticed.

Liver trouble.—(Indigestion.) An en-
larged liver without any of the special
symptoms noted among the other diseases
of the liver.

Gout.—Needle-like crystals (urate of
soda) give the liver the appearance of hav-
ing been covered with chalk. (Other or-
gans in abdominal cavity covered with
same powder-like crystals.)

Aspergillosis— Necrotic areas with
mold. (Fowls go light and move about in
a depressed manner, resting on their breast
bones. )

STOMACH

Gastritis—The mucous membrane lin-
ing of the stomach is reddened and inflamed.

INTESTINES

Diarrhea.—Acute forms of intestinal
troubles give rise to inflammation of the

114

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS

mucous membrane lining the walls of the
intestines.

Cholera.—The upper portion of the in-
testines may be reddened and the contents
show streaks or clots of blood.

WV orms.—Round or tape worms present
in intestines.

CHCA

These blind ducts are of importance in
showing the presence of coccidiosis in fowls
or blackhead in turkeys.

Coccidial diarrhea.—The ceca are en-
larged and show ulcers developing from
the inside.

WINDPIPE

The linings of this organ should be clean
and free of obstruction or mucous exuda-
tions.

Gapes.—Small worms about three-quar-
ters of an inch long are found attached to
the trachea.

Trg

POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Aspergillosis——A whitish mold will be
seen along the inside of the windpipe.

Pneumonia.—The bronchial tubes con-
tain a thick mucous exudate.

Congestion of lungs.—Blood escaped
from congested lungs is found in the bron-
chi.

LUNGS

These should be a bright red and spongy
in texture.

Congestion.—One or both lungs are dis-
tended with blood and dark in color.

Pneumonia.—A condition that follows on
congestion, the whole lung affected losing
its spongy texture, the air spaces being filled
with a semi-solid substance.

Brooder pneumonia.—Spots due to an as-
pergillus fungus on lungs. (Chickens at-
tacked.)

MESENTERY

Cholera.—Congestion of blood vessels of
mesentery often seen.

116

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS

Tuberculosis—The mesentery may be
studded with nodules.

SPLEEN

Tuberculosis. greatly enlarged
spleen.

Enteritis —(Bacterial.) Spleen — en-
larged but paler in color.

URETERS

Cholera.—Ureters distended with yellow
urates.

117

INDEX

Abscesses

Abnormal eggs (see Oviduct diseases) :

Aconite

Air under skin (see Emphysema)
Air sac mite (see Mites, air sac) .
Anemia

Apoplexy .

Aspergillosis

Atrophy of liver (see Liver dideases)
Bacterial enteritis (see ore
Baldness (see Favus) .

Biliary repletion (see Jaundice) .
Blackhead of turkeys .

Brandy ‘
Breakdown

Broken limbs (see Fractures)
Bronchitis

Brooder pneumonia

Bumblefoot

Calomel

Cancer (see Liver diseases and Ovary diseases) 72,

Canker (see i saa
Carbolic acid

Castor oil .

Catarrh (see Cold)
Catarrh, contagious (see Roup) .
Catarrh of crop .

*Catarrh of stomach (see Gastritis)
Chicken pox

I 19

INDEX

Chlorodyne

Cholera

Cloacitis :
Coccidiosis of adult fowls ‘

Coccidiosis of chickens (see Brooder p pacunodig)
Coccidiosis of turkeys (see Blackhead) .

Cold .

Congestion of the iver (se. Liver diseases) .
Congestion of the Lungs (see Pneumonia)

Conjunctivitis (see Roup) .
Constipation

Cramp

Creolin

Crop-bound

Crop, soft .

Crop, catarrh of
Depluming mite

Diarrhea, bacterial
Diarrhea, mycotic
Diarrhea, protozoan
Diarrhea, mild .

Diarrhea, severe

Diarrhea, white .
Diphtheria :
Diphtheritic roup
Disinfection

Dislocations (see F vactures)
Doses
Dropsy
Drugs
Ducks
Dysentery .
Ege-bound
Egg-eating . .
120

INDEX

Emphysema

Enlargement of heart (see Heart, diseases of)
Enlargement of liver (see Liver diseases)
Enlargement of kidneys (see Kidney diesases)
Enteritis (see Diarrhea) . j
Entero-hepatitis (see Blackhead)

Epilepsy F j

Epsom salts

Fatty degeneration

Favus

Feather-eating

Fits (see Epilepsy )

Fleas . : :

Fowl typhoid

Fractures

Frost bite . :

Gangrenous ovary (see Ovary diseases)
Gapes ‘ ,

Gastritis

Geese

Going light (see Angin) .

Gout . ’

Grippe (See Cold)

Guinea fowls

Heart, diseases of

Heart, dropsy of

Heart, enlargement of

Heart, rupture .

Hydrogen peroxide .

Hypertrophy of the liver (see Liver diseases)
Impaction of crop = Crop-bound) .
Indigestion :

Influenza (see Cold) «

Todine 5 :
I21

INDEX

Jaundice

Kidney diseases .

Leg weakness .

Leukemia (see Cholera)

Lice .

Limber-neck

Liver diseases

Lungs, congestion of (see Pacumonial
Maggots

Medicines

Mites, air sac

Mites, depluming

Mites, red . :

Mites, scaly leg (see Sealy leg) .
Molting

Nodular fenose ie Woon),
Nursing fowls

Ointment .

Ovary diseases .

Oviduct diseases

Peritonitis .

Permanganate of potash
Pigeons

Pip

Pneumonia

Poisoning .

Post-mortem on palaariae

Prolapse of oviduct (see Ovidact diseases)...

Puffed skin a eee)
Pyzmia

Quinine

Rheumatism

Roup

Scabies (see Mites, depluming) .
Scaly leg

122

INDEX

Soft crop .

Sore head (see Chicken pox)
Sulphur ointment

Ticks

Tuberculosis

_ Turkeys

‘Turpentine

Vertigo (see Apoplexy)
Water F

White comb (see Favu) «
White diarrhea of chickexs
Worms

123

STANDARD BOOKS

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First Principles of Soil Fertility

_ By Atrrep Vivian. There is no subject of more vital
importance to fhe farmer than that of the best method
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have convinced the intelligent farmer that the agriculture
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have felt for some time that there was a place for a
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The Study of Corn
By Pror. V. M. SuorsmitH. A most helpful: book to all
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(1)

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By H. H. Stopparp. A practical, reliable manual on
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Poultry Feeding and Fattening

Compiled by G. B. Fisxe. A handbook for poultry keep-
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Turkeys and How to Grow Them

Edited by Hersert Myricx. A treatise on the natural
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(18)

Profitable Stock Raising

By Crarence A. SHAMEL. This book covers fully the
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Finally, he tells of the preparation of stock for the market.
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The Business of Dairying

By C. B. Lane. The author of this practical little. book
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Questions and Answers on Buttermaking

By Cuas A. Pustow. This book is entirely different
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(3)

Soils

By ChasttS WILLIAM Burkert, Director Kansas Agri-
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Weeds of the Farm Garden

By L. H. Pammet. The enormous losses, amounting
to several hundred million dollars annually in the United
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a most important and vital one for American farmers
This treatise will enable the farmer to treat his field tc
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Farm Machinery and Farm Motors

By J. B. Davipson and L. W. Cuase. Farm Machinery
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The Book of Wheat

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Bean Culture

By Gtenn C. Sevey, B.S. A practical treatise on the pro:
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Celery Culture

By W. R. Beatriz. A practical guide for beginners and a
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Tomato Culture

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The Potato

By SAMuUEL Fraser. This book is destined to rank as a
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Dwarf Fruit Trees

By F. A. Waucu. This interesting book deseribes in detail
the several varieties of dwarf fruit trees, their propagation,
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(6)

Cabbage, Cauliflower and Allied Vegetables

By C. L. Auten. A practical treatise on the various
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of the requirements, conditions, cultivation and general man-
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Asparagus

By F. M. Hexamer. This is the first book published in
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The New Onion Culture

By T. Grrinrr. Rewritten, greatly enlarged and brought
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The New Rhubarb Culture

A complete guide to dark forcing and field etd Part
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(7)

Alfalfa

By F. D. Copurn. Its grow..., uses, and feeding value.
The fact that alfalfa thrives in almost any soil; that without
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Ginseng, Its Cultivation, Harvesting, Marketing :

and Market Value

By Maurice G. Karns, with a short account of its history
and botany. It discusses in a practical way how to begin with
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This booklet is concisely written, well and profusely illus-
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Landscape Gardening

By F. A. Wauen, professor of horticulture, university of
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152 pages. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth . . . . . - . $0.50"

Hedges, Windbreaks, Shelters and Live Fences

By E. P. Powrz. A treatise on the planting, growth
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a delightful home, giving directions for nooks and balconies, ,

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(8)

Successful Fruit Culture

By SamugL T. Maynarp. A practical guide to the culti-
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Plums and Plum Culture

By F. A. WaucH. A complete manual for fruit growers,
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Fruit Harvesting, Storing, Marketing

By F. A. Waucu. A practical guide to the picking, stor-
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232 pages. 5x 7 inches. Cloth . . . . . . . $1.00

Systematic Pomology

By F. A. Wauen, professor of horticulture and landscape
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It presents clearly and in detail the whole method by which
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pages. 5x 7inches. Cloth. . . . . . 1. . . $1.00

(11)

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