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PLORA OF “THE
NORTHWEST COAST
INCLUDING THE AREA WEST OF THE SUMMIT OF
THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS FROM THE FORTY-NINTH
PARALLEL SOUTH TO THE CALAPOOIA MOUNTAINS
ON THE SOUTH BORDER OF LANE COUNTY, OREGON.
BY
CHARLES V. PIPER
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, 1893-1903.
AND
KRU REN] BEATILE
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, 1903-1912
PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING CCMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.
1915
Copyright, 1915, by
€. V. Pieper anp R. Kent BEATTIE
@1772%5
Issued November ro, 1915
INTRODUCTION.
The region covered by this flora is that lying between the summit of the
Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Ocean from the 49th parallel of latitude
across the southern portion of Vancouver Island, south to the headwaters
of the Willamette River or, more specifically, to the southern boundary of
Lane County, Oregon, marked in part by the Calapooia Mountains. In the.
Umpqua Valley just south of these mountains, many California plants reach
their northern limits; while in the Rogue River Valley, the next southward,
the flora is predominantly Californian.
The northern boundary chosen is, from a botanical standpoint, purely
artificial. Naturally, as marked by the northern limit of the characteristic
lowland trees, it would extend to about latitude 54°, that is, nearly to the
southernmost extremity of Alaska.
In general the flora below 5,000 feet altitude is characterized by dense
coniferous forests, the commonest tree being the Douglas spruce. Along the
narrow river valleys, however, the tree flora is in large part made up of de-
ciduous trees, such as alder, cottonwood, and maple. The only break in this
continuous forest cover consisted originally of a series of prairies extending
from the upper Willamette Valley northward to Vancouver Island. North
of the head of Puget Sound, however, these prairies are small and are limited
in the main to the extremities of points and to a portion of the islands in the
Sound. In Washington these prairies are all gravelly and are mainly the
deposit of glacial streams. In the Willamette Valley they appear at least
in part to have been due to the periodic burning of the dry grass by the Indians.
The flora of the region may be classified into four life zones:
The Humid Transition zone includes the great forests of Douglas spruce,
as well as the included prairie regions. Other characteristic trees are giant
cedar, red alder, broadleaf maple and Scouler willow. Along the seacoast
the Sitka spruce is abundant, accompanied by other northern plants. This
coastal strip may be looked upon as a southward extension of the Canadian
zone rather than as typical Humid Transition.
The Canadian zone is not sharply limited. Such trees as weatera white
pine, amabilis fir, and Engelmann spruce mark it best. Western hemlock
is particularly abundant in this zone but also descends to sea level.
The Hudsonian zone is indicated by subalpine fir, Alaska cedar, black
hemlock, and white-bark pine. At their extreme altitudinal limits all of these
become prostrate mats of branches.
The Arctic zone consists of the alpine flora above the limits of trees.
From a botanical standpoint the region is of unusual interest on account
of its magnificent coniferous forests, its wonderful mountain meadows, and
the large percentage of species that are peculiar to its flora. The extensive
iv INTRODUCTION.
systems of high mountains within its limits contain a very varied flora and
provide a wide field for further botanical explorations. Without doubt these
mountains contain many species of plants new to botanists, while many others
as yet are known from but single collections. The lack of a suitable handbook
has doubtless deterred many from studying the plants of the region. If this
book shall stimulate greater activity and interest in its flora, the authors will
feel amply repaid for their labors.
The material upon which this flora is based is mainly that contained in
the herbarium of the State College of Washington. Thanks are due to the
officials of that institution for encouragement and support in the preparation
of this volume.
ANALYTICAL KEYS TO THE FAMILIES.
Plants with woody bundles, reproducing
by spores. Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA, v.
Plants with woody bundles, reproducing
by seeds. Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA, v.
Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA.
Leaves few, large; stems mostly underground.
Leaves 4-foliolate, clover-like; spore cases in closed
pod-like sporocarps. MARSILEACEAE, 10.
Leaves not 4-foliolate; spore cases not in sporo-
carps.
Spore cases in the tissue of a prominent and
distinct fertile lobe of the leaf. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 8.
Spore cases formed of outgrowths from the
surface of the leaf. POLYPODIACEAE, 1.
Leaves numerous, small; stems aerial and under-
ground.
Leaves whorled; stems jointed, hollow. EQUISETACEAE, 11.
Leaves not whorled; stems not jointed, solid.
Spore case in the enlarged base of the leaf;
stems short, corm-like. ISOETACEAE, 15,
Spore case in the axil of the leaf; stems
elongated.
Spores all alike. LycopopDIAcEae, 13.
Spores of two kinds, large and small. SELAGINELLACEAE, 14.
Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA.
Ovules and seeds not in a closed cavity, usually on the face of an open scale-
leaf; stigmas none. Class GYMNOSPERMAE, v.
Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity surrounded by one or more
closed and modified leaves forming an ovary; stigmas present.
Cotyledon one; stem with no distinction into bark, wood and pith (endog-
enous); leaves usually parallel-veined; parts of the flowers nearly
always in threes. Sub-class MONOCOTYLEDONES, v.
Cotyledons two; stem (with rare exceptions) of bark, wood and pith
(exogenous); leaves usually net-veined; parts of the flower in fours,
fives or sixes, never in threes. Sub-class DICOTYLEDONES, vi.
CLass GYMNOSPERMAE.
Fruit a cone. PINACEAE, 17.
Fruit drupe-like. TAXACEAE, 16.
Ciass ANGIOSPERMAE.
Sub-class MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Plants small, floating, with no distinction of stem
and leaves. LEMNACEAE, 86.
Plants with normal foliage.
vi KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Inflorescence a fleshy spadix.
Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix.
Perianth none, or of bristles, chaffy scales
or a hyaline envelope.
Flowers in the axils of chaffy bracts.
Stems mostly hollow, jointed; leaves
2-ranked.
Stems solid; leaves 3-ranked.
Flowers not in the axils of chaffy bracts.
Perianth herbaceous or none.
Carpels 1-5, separate.
Carpels 3 or 6, united into a com-
pound ovary.
Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales.
Flowers in terminal cylindrical
spikes.
Flowers in axillary globular heads.
aT present, the parts glume- or petal-
ike.
Perianth of glume-like segments.
Perianth at least in part petal-like.
Carpels distinct.
Carpels united.
Ovary superior.
Flowers more or less irregular,
surrounded by a spathe.
Flowers regular, without a
spathe.
Ovary inferior.
Aquatic plants; flowers dioe-
cious or polygamous.
Terrestrial plants; flowers
perfect.
Flowers regular.
Flowers irregular.
ARACEAE, 85.
POACEAE, 31.
CYPERACEAE, 65.
NAJADACEAE, 25.
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, 29.
TYPHACEAE, 23.
SPARGANIACEAE, 24.
JUNCACEAE, 87.
ALISMACEAE, 30.
PONTEDERIACEAE, 86.
LILIACEAE, 92.
HyYDROCHARITACEAE, 30.
IRIDACEAE, 104.
ORCHIDACEAE, 106.
Sub-class DICOTYLEDONES.
I. Perats DIsTINCT TO THE BASE OR WANTING.
A. Petals None.
Plants parasitic or saprophytic and usually with-
out chlorophyll.
Flowers dioecious; stamens 2-6.
Flowers perfect; stamens 10.
Plants neither parasitic nor saprophytic but hav-
ing chlorophyll.
Trees or shrubs,
Leaves small, linear or scale-like; plants
heath-like.
Leaves large; plants not heath-like.
Leaves opposite.
Leaves silvery-scurfy.
Leaves not silvery-scurfy.
Fruit a drupe.
Fruit a samara.
LORANTHACEAE, 122.
Allotropa, 271.
EMPETRACEAE, 232.
ELAEAGNACEAE, 244,
Garrya, 269.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES. vii
Fruit 2-celled, a double sa-
mara.
Fruit 1-celled, a single samara.
Leaves alternate.
Flowers not in aments.
Flowers or some of them in aments.
Staminate flowers in aments;
pistillate flowers 1-3 in a
cluster.
Staminate and pistillate flowers
both in aments.
Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled;
calyx not present.
Ovary 1-2-celled, each cell
1-ovuled.
Pistillate flowers 2-3 un-
der each scale of the
ament; fruit not waxy;
calyx present.
Pistillate flowers 1 under
each scale of the ament;
fruit waxy; calyx not
present.
Herbs (sometimes woody at base).
Leaves opposite.
Flowers monoecious.
Ovary 1-celled; stamens 2-5.
Ovary more than 1-celled; stamen 1.
Ovary 4-celled.
Ovary 3-celled.
Flowers perfect.
Leaves fleshy.
Leaves not fleshy.
Style 1.
Calyx petal-like.
Calyx not petal-like.
Styles 2-5.
Disk conspicuous; ovules on
2 parietal placentae.
Disk not conspicuous, if
present; ovules on a basal
or central placenta.
Leaves not opposite.
Leaves whorled.
Calyx present, closely investing the
ovary.
Calyx none.
Leaves not whorled.
* Flowers monoecious.
Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
Flowers with scarious bracts.
Flowers bractless, or, if
bracted, the bracts not
scarious.
Flowers perfect or dioecious.
Pistils more than one.
ACERACEAE, 235.
OLEACEAE, 287.
Rhamnus, 236.
FAGACEAE, 121.
SALICACEAE, 112.
BETULACEAE, 119.
Myricace4g, 118.
URTICACEAE, 122.
CALLITRICHACEAE, 231.
EUPHORBIACEAE, 230.
Glaux, 285.
NYCTAGINACEAE, 135.
Isnardia, 247.
Chrysosplenium, 193.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141.
HALORAGIDACEAE, 253.
CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 151.
EUPHORBIACEAE, 230.
AMARANTHACEAE, 134.
CHENOPODIACEAE, 132.
viii
Stamens perigynous.
Stamens hypogynous.
Pistil one.
Anthers opening by uplifted
valves.
Anthers not opening by up-
lifted valves.
Ovary more than 1-celled.
Ovary 2-celled.
Ovary more than 2-
celled.
Ovary 6-celled.
Ovary 3-5-celled.
Ovary 1-celled.
Ovary partly inferior.
Flowers on a scape.
Flowers on a leafy
stem.
Ovary superior.
Fruit an akene.
Akene enclosed
in the re-
ceptacle.
Akene not en-
closed in the
receptacle.
Fruit not an akene.
Fruit a utricle.
Fruit a capsule.
Stamens 8.
Stamens 5.
B. Petals Present.
1. Stamens numerous, at least more than ten
sepals or calyx-lobes.
Calyx free and separate from the ovary.
Pistils more than one.
Ovaries cohering in a ring around a central
axis.
Ovaries separate, or, if united, not cohering
in a ring around a central axis.
Stamens perigynous.
Stamens hypogynous.
Aquatic plants; leaves not dissected.
Terrestrial plants, or, if aquatic, the
submersed leaves dissected.
Pistil one, with one to several styles and stig-
mas.
a minutely punctate with pellucid
ots.
Leaves not punctate with pellucid dots.
Ovary simple.
Stamens hypogynous.
Stamens perigynous.
Ovary compound.
EY TO THE FAMILIES.
Rosaceae, 197.
RANUNCULACEAE, 151.
Achlys, 164.
CRUCIFERAE, 166.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 124.
AIZOACEAE, 136.
Heuchera, 196.
SANTALACEAE, 124.
RosackEak, 197.
POLYGONACEAE, 125.
CHENOPODIACEAE, 132.
Chrysosplenium, 193.
Claytonia, 139.
and more than twice the
MALVACEAE, 238.
ROSACEAE, 197.
NYMPHAEACEAE, 150.
RANUNCULACEAE, 151.
HYPERICACEAE, 239,
RANUNCULACEAE, 151.
RosAcEAk, 197.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES. 1x
Ovary 1-celled with a central pla-
centa.
Ovary several-celled.
Ovary 5-celled.
Ovary 10-20-celled.
Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the
compound ovary.
Ovary more than 1-celled.
Leaves alternate, with stipules.
Leaves opposite, without stipules.
Ovary 1-celled.
Placenta basal; plants leafy.
Placenta parietal; plants leafless or with
minute leaves.
PORTULACACEAE, 136.
OXALIDACEAE, 229.
NYMPHAEACEAE, 150.
RosacEak, 197,
Philadelphus, 188.
PORTULACACEAE, 136.
CacTACEAE, 244,
2. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals.
Stamens opposite the petals.
Ovary 2-4-celled.
Ovary 1-celled.
Anthers opening by uplifted valves.
Anthers not opening by uplifted valves.
Stamens not opposite the petals.
Ovary at least half inferior.
Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell
of the ovary.
Ovules and seeds but one in each cell of the
ovary.
Petals 5.
Trees or shrubs; flowers in corymbs.
Herbs; flowers in umbels or heads.
Petals 2 or 4.
Stamens 4; fruit a drupe.
Stamens 2 or 8; fruit indehiscent and
nut- or bur-like.
Style 1; stigma 2—4-lobed.
Styles or sessile stigmas 4.
Ovary wholly superior.
Ovaries two or more.
Ovaries somewhat united at the base,
separate above.
Trees.
Herbs.
Ovaries entirely separate.
Stamens hypogynous.
Carpels numerous.
Carpels 4 or 5.
Stamens perigynous or epipetalous.
Stamens just twice as many as the
pistils.
Stamens not just twice as many
as the pistils.
Leaves without stipules.
Leaves with stipules.
Ovary only one.
Ovary 3-5-lobed and beaked with a
united style.
RHAMNACEAE, 236.
BERBERIDACEAE, 163.
PORTULACACEAE, 136.
ONAGRACEAE, 246.
Crataegus, 200.
UMBELLIFERAE, 255.
CORNACEAE, 268.
ONAGRACEAE, 246.
HALORAGIDACEAE, 253.
ACERACEAE, 235.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184.
RANUNCULACEAE, 151.
CRASSULACEAE, 182.
CRASSULACEAE, 182.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184.
ROSACEAE, 197.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Carpels 5; stipules present.
Carpels 2-4; stipules none.
Ovary neither lobed nor beaked.
Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta.
Ovary compound, as shown by the
number of cells, placentae,
styles or stigmas.
Ovary 1-celled.
Corolla irregular.
Stamens 6; petals 4.
Stamens and petals 5.
Corolla regular or nearly so.
Ovule 1.
Shrubs or trees.
Herbs.
Ovules more than 1.
Placenta central
basal.
Placentae parietal.
Leaves punctate
with pellucid dots.
Leaves not punc-
tate.
Plants not green,
parasitic or
saprophytic.
Plants green,
neither
parasitic
nor sapro-
phytic.
Leaves with
bristly
glandular
hairs,
forming in-
sect traps.
Leaves with-
out bristly
glandular
hairs.
Ovary 2-several-celled.
Stamens neither just as many
nor twice as many as the
petals.
Trees or shrubs.
Stamens 2.
Stamens more than 2.
Herbs.
Stamens 6, tetradyna-
mous.
Stamens 5, regular.
Stamens either just as many
or twice as many as the
petals.
Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell
of the ovary.
or
GERANIACEAE, 228.
LIMNANTHACEAE, 232.
LEGUMINOSAE, 212.
PAPAVERACEAE, 164.
VIOLACEAE, 241.
ANACARDIACEAE, 233.
CRUCIFERAE, 166.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141.
HYPERICACEAE, 239.
PYROLACEAE, 270.
DROSERACEAE, 182.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184.
OLEACEAE, 287.
ACERACEAE, 235.
CRUCIFERAE, 166.
BALSAMINACEAE, 236.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES. xi
Herbs.
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves _ pinnately-
veined; shrubs.
Leaves palmately-
veined; trees.
Ovules several-many in
each cell of the ovary.
Leaves opposite, with
stipules.
Leaves, when opposite,
without stipules.
Stamensonthecalyx.
Style 1.
Styles 2 or 3.
Stamens free from
the calyx.
Style 1.
Herbs.
Shrubs.
Styles 2-5.
Stamens and
calyx uni-
ted to the
ovary.
Stamens and
calyx
free
from
the
ovary.
Leaves
trifolio-
late.
Leaves
simple.
GERANIACEAE, 228.
CELASTRACEAE, 234.
ACERACEAE, 235.
ELATINACEAE, 241.
LYTHRACEAE, 245.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184.
PYROLACEAE, 270.
ERICACEAE, 275.
ARALIACEAE, 254.
OXALIDACEAE, 229.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141.
II. Petars More or Less UNITED INTO ONE PIECE.
Stamens more numerous than the corolla-lobes.
Ovary 1-celled.
White or reddish chlorophyll-less parasitic
or saprophytic herbs.
Green chlorophyll-bearing herbs, not para-
sitic nor saprophytic.
Ovary with 1 parietal placenta.
Ovary with 2 parietal placentae.
Ovary 3—many-celled.
Stamens united with the base of the corolla.
Stamens free from the corolla.
Chlorophyll-less parasitic or saprophytic
herbs.
Chlorophyll-bearing herbs, not parasitic
nor saprophytic.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes or fewer.
Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes.
Style 1; fruit a several to many-seeded
capsule.
Styles 5; fruit a 1-seeded utricle.
PYROLACEAE, 270,
LEGUMINOSAE, 212.
PAPAVERACEAE, 164.
MALVACEAE, 238.
PYROLACEAE, 270.
ERICACEAE, 275.
PRIMULACEAE, 283.
PLUMBAGINACEAE, 286.
xil
Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes or
fewer.
Ovary inferior.
Tendril-bearing herbs.
Tendrils none.
Flowers in an involucrate head on a
common receptacle.
Anthers united into a ring or
tube (syngenesious).
Anthers not united.
Flowers not in an involucrate head
nor on a common receptacle.
Stamens on the ovary.
Stamens on the corolla.
Stamens 1-3.
Stamens 4 or 5.
Leaves opposite or whorled,
when opposite with stip-
ules.
Leaves opposite, without
stipules.
Ovary superior.
Corolla more or less irregular.
Ovules solitary in the cells of the
ovary.
Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising
from between the lobes.
Ovary not lobed, the style rising
from its apex.
Ovules 2 or more, usually numerous,
in each cell.
Ovary and pod 2-celled.
Ovary and pod 1-celled.
Chlorophyll-less _ terrestrial
herbs.
Chlorophyll-bearing aquatic
herbs.
Corolla regular.
Stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes.
Trees or shrubs.
Herbs.
Corolla scarious.
Corolla not scarious.
Style 2-lobed.
Style simple.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes.
Ovaries 2, separate.
Ovary 1.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed around
the style.
Leaves alternate.
Leaves opposite.
Ovary not deeply lobed.
Ovary 1-celled.
Leaves entire, opposite.
Leaves alternate or
basal, rarely en-
tire.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
CUCURBITACEAE, 341.
CoMPosITAE, 345.
DIPSACACEAE, 341.
CAMPANULACEAE, 342.
VALERIANACEAE, 339.
RUBIACEAE, 334.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 336.
LABIATAE, 306.
VERBENACEAE, 305.
SCROPHULARIACEAE, 315.
OROBANCHACEAE, 330.
LENTIBULARIACEAE, 332.
OLEACEAE, 287.
PLANTAGINACEAE, 333.
Lycopus, 307.
Veronica, 322.
APOCYNACEAE, 290.
BORAGINACEAE, 299.
Mentha, 308.
GENTIANACEAE, 287.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Corolla — conspicu-
ously bearded on
the upper sur-
face.
Corolla not conspic-
uously bearded.
Ovary 2 or more celled.
Stamens free from the
corolla.
Stamens on the corolla-
tube.
Stamens 4.
Stamens 5.
Fruit a many-
seeded pod or
berry.
Fruit a _ few-
seeded pod.
Style 3-lobed.
undi-
vided
or 2-
cleft.
Whitish
or yel-
low
chloro-
phyll-
less
plants.
Green
plants.
Style
xili
MENYANTHACEAE, 289.
HyDROPHYLLACEAE, 297.
ERICACEAE, 275.
PLANTAGINACEAE, 333.
SOLANACEAE, 314,
POLEMONIACEAE, 292.
CUSCUTACEAE, 291.
CONVOLVULACEAE, 290,
FLORA OF THE NORTHWEST COAST
PHYLUM I. PTERIDOPHYTA. Fern PLants.
Plant containing woody tissue and vessels in the stem
and producing spores asexually which, on germination,
develop very small structures called prothallia, on which
are borne the sexual reproductive organs from which the
asexual plant is developed. The sexual plant is rarely
collected, and the classification is based mainly on the
characters of the asexual plant.
Class I. FILICINEAE.
Plant highly organized, vascular, with green usually
large leaves; spores borne within the tissue of, or in modi-
fied hairs on, modified or unmodified foliage leaves; stem
solid, underground (in ours).
Family 1. POLYPODIACEAE. Fern Famity.
Sporangia stalked, surrounded by a more or less complete
vertical annulus and bursting transversely; fruit dots on the
backs or the margins-of the leaves, with or without indusia.
Indusium none.
Fruit dots usually linear, obscured by a powder
on the under surface of the leaf. 1. CEROPTERIS, 2.
Fruit dots roundish, not obscured by a powder.
Leaves entire or simply pinnate. 2. PoLypopium, 2.
Leaves bipinnatifid or ternate. 3. PHEGOPTERIS, 3.
Indusium present.
Fruit dots with marginal false indusia formed of
the more or less altered edge of the leaf.
Sporangia on a marginal vein which connects
the ends of the lateral veins. 4, PTERIDIUM, 4.
Sporangia at or near the ends of unconnected
veins.
False indusium continuous. 5. CRYPTOGRAMMA, 4.
False indusium not continuous.
Fruit dots large, on a reflexed portion
of the margin of the leaf. 6. ADIANTUM, 4.
Fruit dots minute, finally running
together and covering the leaf-
2 I
2 POLY PODIACEAE.
segments which are small and bead-
like (in ours). 7. CHEILANTHES, 5.
Fruit dots on the lower surface or margin of the
leaf, each with a special indusium.
Fruit dots linear or oblong; indusium more
than twice as long as broad.
Fruit dots all parallel with the midribs.
Veins free. 8. STRUTHIOPTERIS, 5.
Veins forming a network. 9. WoopwARDIA, 5.
Fruit dots all oblique to the midribs.
Fruit dots straight, on the upper side
of the veins. 10. ASPLENIUM, 6.
Fruit dots curved, often crossing the
vein 11. AtHyrRium, 6.
Fruit dots roundish; indusium less than twice
as long as broad.
Indusium conspicuous, centrally attached.
Indusium rotund and attached at its
center. 12. PoLysticHuM, 6.
Indusium heart-shaped and attached
at the middle of the sinus. 13. DryopTERIs, 7.
Indusium inconspicuous, not attached at
the center.
Indusium hood-like or arched, attached
by a broad base on the inner side
partly under the fruit-dot, early
withering. 14, Fivix, 8.
Indusium rotund or star-shaped, at-
tached under the fruit-dot. 15. Woopsta, 8.
1. CEROPTERIS.
Fruit-dots oblong or linear, following the course of the vein-
lets, and like them simple, forked, pinnate or variously anasto-
mosing, obscured by a yellowish or white powder on the back of
the leaf (in ours); indusia wanting.
Ceropteris triangularis (Kaulf.) Underw. (Gymnogramme triangularis
Kaulf.) Gold-back Fern. Stalks tufted, slender, dark brown, shiny, 15-30 cm.
long; blades triangular or pentagonal, 5-12 cm. broad and long, pinnate;
1ower divisions largest, bipinnatifid, the others pinnately lobed; under surface
of the leaf covered with a yellow powder.
Crevices of rocks, mostly near the sea coast. Vancouver Island to Cali-
fornia and Arizona. Nanaimo, Mount Finlayson, Victoria, San Juan Island,
Port Angeles, Eatonville. More common on the Oregon coast.
2. POLYPODIUM.
Fruit dots round, without indusia, on the back of the leaf,
in one or more rows on each side of the midrib, or irregularly
scattered; petioles jointed to the root-stock.
Leaves leathery; veins more or less netted. P. scouleri.
Leaves membranous; veins free.
Leaflets attenuate, acute or acuminate. P. occidentale.
Leaflets short, obtuse. P. hesperium.
POLYPODIACEAE. 3
Polypodium scouleri Hook. & Grev. Leather-leaf Polypody. Rootstock
stout, scaly, not licorice-flavored; leaves large, fleshy, 6-30 cm. long, 5-15 cm.
wide; divisions obtuse, the lower ones largest.
On trees and rocks along the ocean coast, Vancouver Island to California.
Polypodium occidentale (Hook.) Maxon. (P. falcatum Kellogg.) Licorice-
root Fern. Leaf-stalks pale green, 10-20 cm. long; blades thin, 20-40 cm.
long, 8-12 cm. wide, divided to the midrib; divisions lanceolate, broadest at
the base, sharply serrate, attenuate-acuminate; veins mostly 4-branched.
Common in moss on rocks, logs and trees, Alaska to California. The
rootstocks taste much like licorice, and are eaten by children. Occasionally
the divisions of the leaf are deeply cleft.
Polypodium hesperium Maxon. Leaves small, 5-15 cm. long, including
the stalk; divisions few, short and obtuse.
In crevices of rocks, especially in the mountains. British Columbia to
Montana and Arizona. The rootstocks taste like licorice.
3. PHEGOPTERIS. BrrcuH FERN.
Medium sized or small ferns; leaves twice to thrice pinnate or
ternate; leaf-stalk continuous with the rootstock; fruit dots
small, round, without an indusium, borne on the backs of the
veins below or near their ends; veins free or reticulate.
United by some botanists with Dryopteris.
Plant densely tufted; leaves oblong-lanceolate, tripinnatifid. P. alpestris.
Plant spreading by rootstocks; leaves triangular.
Leaves bipinnatifid; rachis winged. P. phegopteris.
Leaves ternate, the stalked divisions pinnate or bipinnate;
rachis wingless. P. dryopteris.
Phegopteris alpestris (Hoppe) Mett. In crown-like tufts; rootstock
short, stout; leaf-stalks 10-25 cm. long, bearing a few brown scales; blades
oblong-lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, tripinnatifid; ultimate divisions ovate-
lanceolate, doubly incised and toothed.
Common in rock talus in the mountains at 1500-2000 m. elevation. British
Columbia to Montana and California. Eurasia.
Phegopteris phegopteris (L.) Keyserling. Rootstocks creeping; leaf-stalks
15-20 cm. long; blades triangular, longer than broad, 10-20 cm. long, pubes-
cent on the veins beneath; divisions lanceolate, pinnately parted into many
oblong obtuse lobes or segments.
Alaska to Greenland, south to Washington, Iowa and Virginia. Rare in
our limits. Monte Cristo, Misses Coffin & Goodspeed. Gorge of the
Columbia River, Skamania County, Suksdorf.
Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee. Rootstock slender, horizontally creeping;
petioles 15-25 cm. tall, pale straw-colored, shiny, bearing a few brownish
scales toward the base; blades broadly triangular in outline, 10-20 cm. wide,
ternate, the lateral primary divisions bipinnate, the terminal usually tripinnate,
all naked at the base; pinnae oblong, 2-5 cm. long, glabrous, pinnately-cleft
or divided into 15-25 obtuse lobes; fruit dots near the margin, on the ends of
free veins.
In woods, especially at 400-1000 m. elevation, but occasionally near sea
level. Alaska to Oregon; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.
4 POLY PODIACEAE.
4, PTERIDIUM.
Large, mostly coarse ferns, with variously divided leaves;
fruit dots marginal, linear, continuous on a slender thread-like
receptacle which connects the tips of free veins; false indusium
membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf.
Pteridium aquilinum pubescens Underw. Bracken or Brake. Root-
stock stout, black, subterranean, horizontally-creeping; petioles 30-120 cm.
high, erect, pale-green or straw-colored; leaf-blades 60-120 cm. long, 30-90 cm.
wide, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, ternate, the three branches each
bipinnate; ultimate segments oblong, acutish, mostly entire, the uppermost
coalescent, the lower more or less lobed.
Common and difficult to eradicate from newly tilled land. In rich woods
this fern is sometimes eight feet tall. British Columbia to California and
Arizona.
5. CRYPTOGRAMMA.
Spore-cases on the back of the free forking veins, forming
oblong or roundish fruit-dots, which at length run together
and cover the backs of the smallest subdivisions of the leaf;
indusium continuous, formed of the membranous somewhat
altered margin of the leaf, at first reflexed along the two sides
and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat.
Margins of the fertile leaflets scarious, forming a false indus-
ium; ultimate segments of the sterile leaves linear-lanceo-
late, acute. C. densa.
Margins of fertile leaflets not scarious; ultimate segments of
the sterile leaves ovate, obtuse. C. acrostichoides.
Cryptogramma densa (Brack.) Diels. (Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook.)
Densely tufted, 10-20 cm. high; petioles dark brown, longer than the blades;
blades 3-6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, tripinnate; leaflets crowded, linear-
lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long, mucronate, entire on the fertile leaves, serrate on
the sterile ones.
In rock crevices in the mountains, British Columbia to Montana and
California. Rare in our limits, Olympic Mountains, Clallam County, Wash-
ington, Elmer; Mt. Finlayson, British Columbia, Macoun.
Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. Stalks tufted, straw-colored; blades
of two sorts, the outer sterile ones on shorter stalks, the ovate or obovate
ultimate segments crenate or incised; the inner fertile ones long-stalked, the
ultimate segments elliptic or oblong, pod-like.
Common among boulders at low elevations in the mountains, Alaska to
Lake Superior, Colorado and California. First collected by Menzies at
Nootka Sound.
6. ADIANTUM. Marpen Harr Fern.
Fruit-dots marginal, short, covered by the reflexed portion
of the more or less altered margin of the leaf which bears spore-
cases on its under side from the tips of the free forking veins.
Adiantum pedatum aleuticum Rupr. Maidenhair. Leafstalks dark
brown or black, polished, 30-40 cm, high; blades nearly circular, the principal
POLY PODIACEAE. 5
divisions 10-25 cm. long; ultimate divisions numerous, oblong or ovate,
obtuse, lobed on the outer margin.
Wet banks and woods, not uncommon. Alaska to California.
7. CHEILANTHES.
Mostly pubescent or tomentose rock-loving and small ferns
with much divided leaves; fruit dots on or near the ends of the
veins, at first small and distinct, afterwards crowded; sporangia
often concealed in the scales or hairs which in many species
cover the segments.
The species occurring within our limits has the ultimate
segments of the leaflets very small and circular in form and the
false indusia formed by the incurving of the whole of the leaf
margin.
Cheilanthes gracillima D.C. Eaton. Lace Fern. Petioles densely tufted,
shining brown, 4-8 cm. high, bearing a few scattered lanceolate scales; blades
2-8 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate; leaflets numerous, crowded, pin-
nately divided into 5-9 oval mostly entire segments, glabrate above, pubescent
beneath with rusty matted woo..
Common in rock crevices in the mountains at 1000-1500 m. altitude.
British Columbia to Idaho and California. Common in the Olympic Moun-
tains and on Vancouver Island.
8. STRUTHIOPTERIS.
Fruit-dots in a continuous band next the midrib of the con-
tracted ultimate segments of the spore-bearing leaf, covered
until mature by an elongated indusium parallel to and within
the margin; veins of the sterile leaf segments oblique to the midrib,
simple or forked and free; leaves pinnate, of two kinds, the spore-
bearing commonly much contracted.
Struthioperis spicant (L.) Weiss. Deer Fern. Tufted; sterile leaves
short-stalked, linear-lanceolate in outline, 15-60 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide, the
numerous segments oblong and obtuse; fertile leaves taller, longer-stalked and
more erect, the segments longer, narrower and less crowded.
In wet places in woods, Alaska to California. Also in the Old World.
9. WOODWARDIA.
Fruit dots oblong or linear, sunk in cavities in the leaf, ar-
ranged in a chain-like row parallel and near to the midribs of
the leaf-segments; indusium fixed by its outer margin to a vein
and covering the cavity like a lid; veins more or less in a network.
Woodwardia spinulosa Mart. & Gal. Rootstock stout, covered with
pale-brown scales; leaves in a round cluster, long-stalked, ovate-oblong, pinnate,
leathery, 1-2 m. long; principal divisions lanceolate, 10-40 cm. long, deeply
pinnatifid, the lobes spinulose-serrate, acuminate.
In woods, British Columbia to Mexico. Near Tacoma, Flett; Texada
Island, Anderson. More common southward.
6 POLY PODIACEAE.
10. ASPLENIUM. SpLreENWoRT.
Fruit dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate; indusium straight,
attached to the upper side of the vein; veins free.
Rachis of the leaf brown; leaflets oval, slightly crenate. A. trichomanes.
Rachis of the leaf green; leaflets ovate, deeply crenate. A, viride.
Asplenium trichomanes L. Common Spleenwort. Leaf-stalks tufted,
dark-brown, shiny; blades simply pinnate, linear in outline, 6-20 cm. long;
leaflets oval or oblong, unsymmetrical, obscurely crenate, 15-30 pairs, firm
and evergreen, with a brown rachis.
Mossy rocks, rare in our limits. Alaska to Arizona. Widely distributed
in the Northern Hemisphere.
Asplenium viride Huds. Much like A. trichomanes, but the thinner
paler leaflets deeply crenate and the rachis of the leaf green.
Mount Baker, Washington, Flett; Ucluelet, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, Macoun. A rare but widely distributed fern. Alaska to Washing-
ton, Colorado and New England. Eurasia.
11. ATHYRIUM.
Large or small ferns with simple, lobed, 2—3-pinnate or pin-
natifid leaves; fruit dots oblong or linear (nearly round when
young), oblique, separate; indusium more or less curved, some-
times horseshoe-shaped, often crossing to the outer or lower side
of the vein; veins free.
Athyrium cyclosorum Rupr. Rootstock creeping, short, densely covered
by the bases of the petioles; petioles tufted, 20-30 cm. long, straw-colored or
brownish; blades delicate, glabrous, broadly oblong-lanceolate or oblong-
ovate, acuminate at the apex, 30-90 cm. long, bipinnate to tripinnatifid;
‘leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long; ultimate segments oblong, obtuse,
obscurely 9-13-lobed, the lobes serrate; terminal segments confluent; fruit
dots short, straight or curved.
In swampy places, common. Very similar to the more eastern Lady-fern,
A. filix-foemina. Alaska to Arizona and Nebraska.
12. POLYSTICHUM.
Large or medium sized ferns, mostly with firm evergreen leaves,
pinnate, bipinnate or bipinnatifid, the leaflets serrate and usually
auricled at the base on the upper side; veins free; indusium
orbicular and peltate, depressed in the center and attached by a
stall to the middle of the fruit dot; fruit dots round.
Leaflets, at least the lower ones, lobed. P. scopulinum.
Leaflets all simple.
Leaf-stalk short; segments triangular or broadly lanceolate. P. lonchitis.
Leaf-stalk long; segments linear-lanceolate. P. munitum.
Polystichum scopulinum (D. C. Eaton) Maxon. Leaves lanceolate in
outline, short-stalked, 15-25 cm. long; divisions ovate, obtusish, serrate, the
lower ones usually pinnately lobed.
In loose rocks in the mountains, rare. Eatonville, Flett; Mount Adams,
Henderson. Washington and Idaho to California and Utah.
POLYPODIACEAE, iA
Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth. Holly Fern. Leaves densely tufted,
20-40 cm. long, very short stalked, pinnate; divisions broadly lanceolate,
auricled on the upper side, spinulose-dentate, 2-4 cm. long, the lowest ones
much shorter and triangular.
In rocky places in the mountains. Alaska to Quebec, Colorado and Cal-
ifornia. Eurasia.
Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl. Pacific Christmas Fern. Leaves
simply pinnate, 60-120 cm. long, forming a crown; petioles stout, chaffy with
numerous brown scales; rachis also chaffy; leaflets linear or lanceolate-linear,
acuminate, very sharply and often doubly serrate, sometimes chaffy on the
midvein beneath, 3-10 cm. long; fruit dots abundant, arranged in a row on
each side of the midrib half-way to the margin.
Very common in the woods. Alaska to Idaho and California.
Polystichum munitum imbricans (D. C. Eaton) Maxon. Like the species
but smaller, the leaves 20-40 cm. long; divisions much overlapping each other,
oblique to the rachis and cuspidate at the apex.
Among rocks in the mountains at 1000 to 1700 m. elevation. British
Columbia to California, rather rare.
Polystichum munitum inciso-serratum (D. C. Eaton) Maxon. Differs
from the species mainly in the leaflets being deeply incised and the lobes
serrate; the base of the leaflets usually conspicuously auriculate.
Rare, British Columbia to California.
13. DRYOPTERIS. Sure_p Fern.
Fruit-dots round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of
the veins; indusium flat or flattish, heart-shaped and attached
at the middle of its sinus; veins nearly always free.
Veins simple or once forked; leaves glandular. D. oreopteris.
Veins freely forking; leaves not glandular.
Leaves bipinnate, thin and delicate. D. spinulosa.
Leaves tripinnate, firm, half-evergreen. D. rigida.
Dryopteris oreopteris (Sw.) Maxon. Tufted; leaf-stalks short, scaly at
base; leaves bipinnatifid, broadly lanceolate, glandular, 60-90 cm. long;
ultimate segments oblong, nearly entire; indusia delicate, toothed on the mar-
ins.
In the mountains, Alaska to Washington. Eurasia. Shawnigan Lake,
Vancouver Island, Macoun; Bridge Creek, Okanogan County, Elmer. Very
rare south of Alaska.
Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata (Hoffm.) Underw. Wood Fern. A tufted
delicate fern; leaf-stalks 15-40 cm. long with slender dark brown scales; blades
tripinnate or tripinnatifid, broadly ovate in outline, 30-40 cm. long; ultimate
divisions oblong-lanceolate, the lowest ones longest, spinulose-toothed;
indusia minutely glandular ciliate.
In rich woods, common. Alaska to Newfoundland, south to California,
Montana and Virginia. Eurasia.
Dryopteris rigida arguta (Kaulf.) Underw. Leaf-stalks clustered; blades
firm, half-evergreen, 30-90 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate; ultimate
segments oblong, incised and spinulose; indusia bearing stalked glands.
Principally in rocky places. Alaska to California, more common south-
ward. Victoria, Anderson; Sauvies Island, Oregon, Howell.
8 POLYPODIACEAE.
14, FILIX.
Delicate rock-ferns; leaves 2—3-pinnate or pinnatifid; leaf-
stalks slender; fruit-dots round, borne on the backs of the veins;
indusium attached by a broad base on the inner side partly under
the fruit dot, early opening and withering away.
Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. Bladder Fern. Rootstock short; petioles 10-
20 cm. long; blades thin, oblong-lanceolate, only slightly tapering below, 10-25
cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, 2-3-pinnatifid or pinnate; leaflets lanceolate-ovate,
irregularly pinnatifid with bluntly or sharply-toothed segments along the mar-
gined or winged rachis; texture membranous.
On moist cliffs in the mountains, rare in our limits. Alaska to California,
eastward to Labrador. Eurasia.
15. WOODSIA.
Small or medium sized ferns, growing in rocky places; leaves
once or twice pinnate or pinnatifid; fruit dots round, borne on
the backs of simply forked free veins; indusium attached under
the fruit dot, round or star-shaped, delicate, early withering.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so; lobes of the indusium hair-like. W. oregana.
Leaves viscid-puberulent; lobes of the indusium broader at base. W. scopulina.
Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short; petioles glabrous, not
jointed, brownish below; blades glabrous or slightly roughened, 5—28 cm. long,
elliptic-lanceolate, the sterile shorter than the fertile; pinnae triangular-
oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid; lower leaflets reduced in size and somewhat remote
from the others; rachis straw-colored; segments oblong or ovate, dentate or
crenate, the teeth often reflexed and covering the fruit dots; indusium deeply
cleft into hair-like segments.
Cowichan River, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Commoneast of the Cascade
Mountains.
Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton. Densely tufted, whole plant puberulent
with minute white jointed hairs and stalked glands; blades pinnate, 10-20 cm.
long, the numerous ultimate divisions oblong-ovate, acutish, deeply cleft into
5-7 pairs of short obtuse lobes; indusium deeply divided into segments that
are broader at base.
On moist cliffs, rare in our limits. Victoria, Anderson; Cape Horn, Colum-
bia River, Piper. British Columbia to Ontario, Arizona and California.
Family 2. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. ApprErR’s ToNGUE FAMILY.
Plant consisting of an underground stem bearing one or more
leaves which rise above ground and are divided usually into two
parts, a fertile portion and a sterile portion, the latter being the
foliage part of the leaf; frequently the fertile portion lacking in
some of the leaves; sporangia borne within the tissue of the fertile
portion, ringless, opening by a transverse slit.
Sterile portion of leaf simple. 16. OPHIOGLOsSUM, 9.
Sterile portion of leaf compound. 17. BorrycuHium, 9,
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 9
16. OPHIOGLOSSUM. AppER ToNGuE.
Rootstock erect and fleshy, with slender fleshy roots; sterile
part of leaf somewhat fleshy, simple, entire; veins reticulated;
fertile segment simple, unbranched, with two rows of sessile
connate sporangia; spores numerous, sulphur-yellow.
Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Plant 5-40 cm. high, the leaf usually solitary;
sterile segment of leaf sessile, oblong to ovate, obtuse, 5-9 cm. long; veins
forming a loose network.
In moist meadows, rare. Falcon Valley, Mount Adams, and in Skamania
County, Suksdorf.
17. BOTRYCHIUM. Grape FERN.
Rootstock very short, with clustered fleshy roots; sterile part
of the leaf ternately or pinnately divided or compound; veins
free; fertile segment 1-3-pinnate, each pinnule bearing a double
row of sessile sporangia; spores numerous, sulphur-yellow.
Bud in a cavity at one side of the base of the stem; leaves thin,
ternate, then pinnately much divided. B. virginianum.
Bud inelased in the base of the stalk; leaves thickish, rather
eshy.
Sterile portion of leaf arising near the base of the rather
large leaf stalk; buds pilose. B. silatfolium.
Sterile portion of leaf arising near the middle of the usually
small leaf stalk; buds glabrous.
Green part of leaf oblong, its segments fan-shaped.
Segments truncate at base, overlapping. B. lunaria.
Segments cuneate at base, distant. B. onondagense.
Green part of leaf triangular or ovate, the segments
not fan-shaped.
Segments lanceolate, acute; midvein continuous. _B. lanceolatum.
Segments ovate-oblong, obtuse; midvein dissipated. B. ramosum.
Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. Plant 15-60 cm.
high; sterile portion of the leaf above the middle of the stalk, triangular in
outline, sessile, delicate in texture, ternate; ultimate divisions numerous,
oblong, cut-toothed near the apex. :
Borders of wet meadows, rare in our limits.
Botrychium silaifolium Pres]. Stout, rather fleshy, 10-35 cm. high; stem
very short and stout, swollen with the contained bud of the succeeding season;
leaves one or two, their petioles stout, 2-12 cm. long; sterile blades 8-20 cm.
wide, scarcely as long, ternate, the primary divisions tripinnate or quadri-
pinnatifid; ultimate segments obliquely ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, thick, entire
or wavy, the veins few, obscure; sporophy]l erect, the petiole stout, the fruiting
portion quadripinnate below, gradually simpler above; sporangia numerous,
crowded, bright yellow.
Borders of wet meadows, infrequent. First found by Haenke at Nootka
Sound. This is very closely allied to B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. and is
perhaps better referred asa subspecies to that species which is very variable
and occurs throughout the north temperate zone.
Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort. Plant 5-20 cm. high; sterile
portion of leaf not stalked, oblong, simply pinnate.
In mountain meadows, very rare in our limits. Mount Rainier, Smith;
Mount Adams, Swksdorf.
Io OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.
Botrychium onondagense Underw. In habit like B. Junaria; leaf-segments
7-9, not overlapping, broadly wedge-shaped.
Moist meadows, Olympic Mountains. Probably only a variant of B.
lunaria to which it is reduced by some botanists.
Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstroem. Plant 8-30 cm. high;
sterile portion of the leaf sessile near the top, triangular, twice pinnatifid,
rather thin; ultimate segments lanceolate, acute, toothed.
In the mountains, very rare. Mount Rainier, Allen; Olympic Mountains,
Flett.
Botrychium ramosum (Roth) Ascherson. Somewhat fleshy, 10-25 cm.
high; sterile segment of the leaf pinnate or bipinnatifid, short-petioled; ultimate
segments oblong to ovate-oblong, obtuse; sporophyll bipinnate or tripinnate,
erect on a long petiole.
Agassiz, B. C., Macoun; Mount Adams, Suksdorf. The American plant is
sometimes considered distinct from that of the Old World under the name
B. neglectum Wood.
Family 3. MARSILEACEAE.
Plant perennial, herbaceous, rooting in the mud, with slender
creeping rootstock and 4-foliolate or filiform leaves; sporangia
borne within closed receptacles (the sporocarps) which arise
from the rootstock near the leafstalks or are consolidated with
them; spores of two kinds, large ones (megaspores) and small
ones (microspores), both contained in the same sporocarp.
18. MARSILEA.
Marsh or aquatic plants; leaves slender petioled, quadri-
foliolate, commonly floating on the surface of shallow water;
sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, peduncled and rising from
the petiole or from the rootstock at the base of the petiole, com-
posed of two vertical valves having several transverse com-
partments (sorz) in each valve; also provided inside with a ring
which at the opening of the valves swells and tears the sori from
their positions; sori composed of both megasporangia and micro-
sporangia.
Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Rootstock slender, creeping; leaves more
or less pubescent with white hairs; petioles slender, 4-12 cm. long; leaflets
deltoid-obovate, 4-12 mm. long, mostly entire; sporocarps solitary on the
stalks, 4-8 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, with a short raphe, a short blunt lower
tooth, and an acute upper one, densely pubescent with white appressed hair-
like scales; sori 6-11 in each valve.
Rare in our limits. Reported as common on Menzies Island opposite
Fort Vancouver, Washington.
Class II. EQUISETINEAE.
Plants rush-like with hollow jointed stems rising from
subterranean rootstocks; sterile leaves reduced to scales,
MARSILEACEAE. II
whorled, forming sheaths at the joints; fertile leaves
forming a short spike terminating the stem; epidermis
rough.
Family 4. EQUISETACEAE. Horserait Famity.
Branches when present, whorled; sporangia 1-celled, clus-
tered under the scales of the terminal cone-like spikes; spores of
but one kind furnished with narrow ribbon-like appendages
(elaters) attached at the middle, coiling around them when
moist and spreading in the form of a cross when dry and mature;
epidermis impregnated with silica, rough.
19. EQUISETUM. MHorsEralv.
Perennial plants with extensively creeping rootstocks; stems
simple or with whorled branches, furrowed lengthwise, mostly
hollow; sporangia adhering on the under side of the shield-shaped
scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the inner side; spores
of one kind, with elaters.
Stems annual; spikes not mucronate at summit.
Stems of two kinds; the pale brown fertile ones appearing
in spring before the green branched sterile ones.
Fertile stems branched and green when old, only the
top withering. . E. pratense.
Fertile stems dying after fruiting.
Sterile stems 6—19-furrowed, 30-60 cm. high. E. arvense.
Sterile stems 20-40-furrowed, 60-120 cm. high. E. telmateia.
Stems all similar, green, naked, branched, fruiting in
summer.
Sheaths closely appressed; branchlets not wing-
angled. E. fluviatile.
Sheaths loose, especially the upper one; branchlets
wing-angled. E. litorale.
Stems perennial; spikes mucronate at summit, fruiting in
summer.
Plant tall and stout; stems many-grooved.
Branches numerous, regularly whorled. E. ramosissimum.
Branches irregular, few or wanting. E. hyemale.
Plants tufted, slender; stems 5-10-grooved.
Sheaths 5-10-toothed; stems hollow. E. variegatum.
Sheaths 3-toothed; stems solid. E. scirpoides.
Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Stems annual, of two kinds, the fertile appear-
ing before the sterile, 15-30 cm. high; fertile stems at length green and
branched like the sterile ones; sterile stems with 8-20 ridges and furrows, the
slender branches in whorls, mostly 3-angled; sheaths cylindric or somewhat
broadened at top, those of the stem with 10-12 teeth, those of the branches
3-toothed.
Vancouver Island, Macoun.
Equisetum arvense L. Common Horsetail. Aerial stems annual, of two
kinds, the fertile pale-brown and short-lived, appearing in early spring before
12 EQUISETACEAE.
the sterile; fertile stems 10-20 cm. tall, simple, terete, bearing about four loose
scarious distant sheaths, these whitish with about 12 brownish acuminate
teeth; sterile stems pale green, 10-40 cm. tall, marked with 6-19 furrows, with
numerous whorls of mostly simple solid branches, these 4- angled or rarely
3-angled, the sheaths with as many teeth; spike 2-3 cm. long.
Common in low ground. In rare cases fruiting spikes are found on green
branched plants.
Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Sterile stems stout, 60-120 cm. high, 20-40-
furrowed, with numerous whorls of long spreading 4 or 5-angled branches;
fertile stems 30-40 cm. high, pale-brown, the sheaths loose, often longer than
the internodes and deeply 20-30-toothed; spikes stout, 3-5 cm. long.
Very common in moist soil and difficult to eradicate. Rarely spikes are
found on the green branched plants.
Equisetum fluviatile L. Pipes. Stems 60-90 cm. high, rather soft,
smooth, simple or with few branches; central cavity of the stem large; air-
cavities under the grooves wanting; sheaths closely appressed, the teeth rigid
and acute; branches 4—6-angled, hollow, not wing-angled.
In shallow water at the margins of lakes and ponds.
Equisetum litorale Kuhlewein. Stems 30-90 cm. high, simple or with few
or many branches; air cavities under the grooves present; sheaths loose,
especially the upper, the teeth not rigid, membranous at margin, acute;
branches 3—5-wing-angled, the smaller solid.
Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Agassiz, British Columbia,
Macoun. The spores of this species are said usually to be abortive and the
elaters wanting. These facts combined with the erratic occurences of the
plant lead to the suspicion that it is a hybrid.
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Stems 6-26-grooved; sheaths dilated, the
leaves more or less distinct, each with 3-4 ridges which do not extend into the
teeth; branches 4-angled.
Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun.
,
Equisetum hyemale L. Scouring Rush. Aerial stems evergreen, all alike,
40-120 cm. tall, 5-20 mm. thick, marked with 20-48 furrows; ridges roughened
usually with a single series of siliceous tubercles; sheath short, commonly
marked with a black girdle at the base and another at the base of the early-
falling teeth; spike nearly sessile in the uppermost sheath, 2-3 cm. long, tipped
with a rigid point.
Common and variable. Several subspecies have been described but they
are not clearly separable.
Equisetum variegatum Schleich. Stems slender, tufted, ascending, 15-40
cm. high, each 5-10-furrowed; sheaths loose, green below, black above, with
5-10 bristle-tipped white-margined teeth; central cavity of stem small.
Vancouver Island, Macoun, and probably farther south as it occurs in
Klickitat County in eastern Washington.
Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Stems tufted, very slender, flexuous, 6-15
cm. long, each 6-furrowed; sheaths with 3 bristle- tipped teeth; central cavity
of stem wanting.
Hastings, British Columbia, Macoun, and probably to be found in our
limits.
Class III. LYCOPODINEAE.
Plant moss-like; stems branched, solid, with numerous
small leaves; sporangia solitary in the axils of the leaves or
on their upper surface.
LYCOPODIACEAE. 13
Family 5. LYCOPODIACEAE.
Plant somewhat moss-like in appearance, evergreen, usually
branching; stem solid; leaves small, numerous, not whorled;
spore-cases on the upper surfaces or in the axils of the leaves;
spores of one kind.
20. LYCOPODIUM. GrouND-PINE.
Perennial, terestrial plants, with evergreen 1-nerved leaves,
arranged in 4-16 ranks; spore-cases flattened, 1-celled, in the
axils of ordinary leaves or of bracts arranged in spikes; spores
abundant, minute, sulphur-yellow.
Sporangia in the axils of ordinary leaves.
Sporangial leaves forming a terminal spike. L. inundatum.
Sporangial leaves subterminal, the terminal leaves sterile.
Stems rigid; leaves all alike, ascending. L. selago.
Stems not rigid; leaves spreading, of two sorts, long
and short.
Sporangia in the axils of modified leaves which are crowded in
spikes.
Sterile branches flattened, the leaves on the under side
reduced.
Stems of the fruiting branches leafy to the spikes or
nearly so. L. obscurum.
Stems of the fruiting branches with much reduced
leaves. L. complanatum.
Sterile branches not flattened, the leaves uniformly
spreading.
Stems of the fruiting branches nearly naked. L. clavatum.
Stems leafy up to the spikes or nearly so.
Leaves 6-8-ranked, spreading. L. annotinum.
Leaves 5-ranked, appressed. L. sitchense.
. lucidulum.
i
Lycopodium inundatum L. Stems creeping close to the earth, 3-12 cm.
long; fertile branches erect, 2-10 cm. high, bearing solitary spikes; sporangial
leaves like the sterile, lanceolate or awl-shaped, with thin margins.
In bogs, Olympia, Henderson; Spanaway Lake, Flett; Vancouver, British
Columbia, Macoun.
Lycopodium selago L. Stems ascending or erect, rigid, not creeping, 6-10
cm. high; leaves all alike, broadest at the hollowed base, acuminate or mucron-
ate, closely appressed, some of them commonly bearing a bulblet in the axil;
terminal leaves sterile, those just below bearing spore-cases.
Common in the mountains at 1500-2800 m. elevation.
Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Stems decumbent at base, 10-30 cm. high,
simple or sparingly branched; leaves spreading or deflexed, linear-obovate,
denticulate, acute, in alternate zones of longer and shorter leaves, the latter
most commonly bearing the sporangia.
In deep woods, rare.
Lycopodium obscurum L. Stems erect, branched above, arising at inter-
vals from subterranean rootstocks; leaves 6-ranked, linear-lanceolate, entire,
acute, the lateral with spreading tips, the two upper and the lower ranks
14 LYCOPODIACEAE.
smaller and closely appressed; fruiting branches with leaves like the sterile,
each bearing 1-3 spikes.
Known in our limits only from a station 23 miles northeast of Snoqualmie,
Washington, L. A. Nelson.
Lycopodium complanatum L. Stems widely creeping, with suberect
irregularly forked fan-like flattened branches; leaves 4-ranked, very small,
closely appressed, the lateral with spreading tips, the dorsal and ventral smaller,
wholly appressed; fruiting branches with much reduced leaves, each bearing
1-3 cylindric spikes.
Not definitely known in our limits but abundant at Lake Keechelus near
the summit of the Cascade Mountains.
Lycopodium clavatum L. Running-pine. Stems prostrate, creeping,
often very long; sterile branches similar but ascending; leaves pale green, awl-
shaped, bristle-tipped; fertile branches with minute leaves, erect, bearing 2-4
fruiting cones.
In woods, not common.
Lycopodium annotinum L. Stems creeping, often 1 m. long; leaves dark
green, linear-lanceolate, spreading, minutely serrate; fruiting cones solitary,
sessile at the tips of ordinary branches.
In mountain woods, not common.
Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. Stems creeping, often half-buried, with
erect forked branches, 5-7 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, acute, 5 mm. long, 5-
ranked; fruiting cones on very short nearly naked penducles.
Common in wet meadows at 1200-1800 m. altitude.
Family 6. SELAGINELLACEAE.
Terrestrial, annual or perennial moss-like plants with branching
stems and scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform,
or four-ranked and of two kinds spreading in two planes;sporangia
1-celled, solitary in the axils of leaves which are so arranged as to
form more or less quadrangular spikes; spores of two kinds, some
sporangia (megasporangia) containing four megaspores, others
(microsporangia) containing numerous microspores.
21. SELAGINELLA.
Sporangia solitary in the axils of leaves forming terminal cone-
like spikes; sporangia minute, subglobose, opening transversely;
megaspores globose, four in each megasporangium; microspores
small, numerous.
Leaves of two sorts, 4-ranked. S. douglasti.
Leaves all alike, many-ranked.
Stems slender, elongate; leaves loosely imbricated. S. struthioloides.
Stems short; leaves closely imbricated. S. rupestris.
Selaginella douglasii (Hook.) Spring. Stems reclining, 10-40 cm. long,
pinnately branched; lateral leaves oval, oblique, obtuse, 2 mm. long; upper
leaves half as long, oval, cuspidate, acuminate.
On wet rocks, local; abundant in the Cascade gorge of the Columbia River.
SELAGINELLACEAE. 15
Selaginella struthioloides (Presl) Underw. Stems weak, soft, 30-180
cm. long, often more or less pendent, much branched; leaves about 1 mm.
long, linear-lanceolate, loosely imbricated, not bristle-tipped.
On trees along the coast, often hanging in great masses; Vancouver Island
to the southern boundary of Oregon. First found at Nootka Sound.
Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. Stems loosely tufted, 10-25 cm. long,
prostrate or ascending, much branched; leaves closely imbricate, narrowly
lanceolate, ciliate margined, channeled on the back, each tipped with a slender
white awn, 0.3-0.5 mm. long; spikes quadrangular, 1-1.5 cm. long; bracts like
the leaves but the awns shorter and the margin more ciliate.
On rocks, often very abundant. Hieronymus has recently distinguished
from true S. rupestris numerous new species and subspecies. The formcommon
in our limits is S. sartorit oregonensis Hieronymus.
Family 7. ISOETACEAE. Quititwort FAmIty.
Plant aquatic, usually submersed or sometimes growing on
moist soil, consisting of a short, two or three-lobed fleshy stem
with adense tuft of fibrous roots and a compact cluster of rush-
or grass-like leaves; sporangia in small lobes enclosed in the
bases of the leaves; spores of two kinds, large (megaspores) and
small (microspores).
22. ISOETES. QuvuILLWwort.
Stem a fleshy corm rooting just above the base, surrounded
above by the swollen bases of the awl-shaped linear leaves;
sporangia large, enclosed in the bases of the leaves, those of the
outer leaves with megaspores, those of the inner with micro-
spores; the sides of the sporangia more or less covered with a
fold of the inner side of the leaf base (velum).
Plants terrestrial, in muddy places; leaves with stomata.
Stems 3-lobed; leaves setaceous; velum complete. I. nuttallii.
Stems 2-lobed; leaves stout, rigid; velum incomplete. I. maritima.
Plants aquatic, often in deep water; stems bilobed.
Stomata none; leaves rigid. I. pipert.
Stomata present; leaves slender. I. echinospora.
Isoetes nuttallii A. Br. Growing in wet places; leaves 15-50, slender,
bright green, 6-20 cm. long; megaspores grayish, warty or rarely nearly smooth;
microspores brown, papillose.
Vancouver Island to Oregon. Apparently rare, but quite inconspicuous.
Isoetes maritima Underw. Terrestrial in salt marshes; trunk slightly
bilobed; leaves 8-15, rigid, 2-5 cm. long; megaspores densely spinulose, the
spines blunt but rarely confluent; microspores smooth, white.
Known only from salt marshes at Alberni, Vancouver Island, Macoun.
Isoetes piperi A. A. Eaton. Leaves 10-20, 5-8 cm. long, somewhat spread-
ing, rigid; velum incomplete; megaspores with low distinct warts; microspores
smooth or nearly so.
~ Green Lake, Seattle, Piper.
16 ISOETACEAE.
Isoetes echinospora braunii (Duricu) Engelm. Leaves 10-20, slender,
spreading, not rigid, 6-15 cm. long, with stomata present near the tips; spor-
angia broadly elliptic, spotted, more than half covered by the broad velum;
-macrospores spinulose but the spines often united into jagged crests; micros-
pores smooth.
In quiet lakes and ponds, with muddy bottoms.
Isoetes echinospora flettii A. A. Eaton. Differs from I. echinospora
brauni mainly by its spinulose microspores.
Spanaway Lake, Pierce County, Washington.
PHYLUM II. SPERMATOPHYTA. SeEeEp PLANTS.
Highly organized plants, mostly producing flowers and
always producing seeds, each of which contains a young
plant (embryo) usually composed of a stem-like structure
(caulicle or hypocotyl), one or more rudimentary leaves
(cotyledons) and a terminal bud (plumule or epicotyl);
megasporangia (ovules) usually borne on the side or face.
of an open or closed modified leaf (carpel); microsporangia
(anther-sacs) on the end or side of a modified leaf ( filament)
and bearing numerous microspores (pollen grains).
Class IV. GYMNOSPERMAE.
Ovules (megasporangia) naked, not enclosed in an ovary,
usually on the face of an open scale but sometimes on the
axis, in which case the scale is rudimentary or wanting;
stigmas none; cotyledons mostly several in a whorl, oc-
casionally only two; perianth none.
Family 8. TAXACEAE. YeEw Famicy.
Trees or shrubs with evergreen linear leaves; flowers dioecious,
the staminate of a few scaly bracts and a few naked stamens, the
ovule-bearing of an erect ovule which in fruit becomes a bony
seed surrounded by a fleshy disk.
23. TAXUS. YeEw.
Evergreen trees or shrubs with spirally arranged, short-
petioled linear flat leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked;
aments very small, axillary and solitary, sessile or nearly so;
staminate aments consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-8
stamens; ovules solitary, axillary, erect, subtended by a fleshy
TAXACEAE. 17
ring-shaped disk; fruit consisting of the red fleshy dish which has
become cup-shaped and nearly encloses the bony seed.
Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Western Yew. Small tree, 4-10 m. high, some-
times much larger, the bark loose and reddish; branches slender, horizontal
or drooping; leaves horizontal, 1-2 cm. long, linear, acuminate, cuspidate,
with revolute margins, shiny green above, glaucous beneath, abruptly narrowed
at the base into a short petiole; staminate aments globose, 3 mm. broad; fruit
bright red, insipid in taste; stone broadly ovate, acute, somewhat flattened,
3—4 mm. long.
Quite common, especially along mountain streams. Very large trees
become 75 cm. in diameter. Extreme southern Alaska to Tulare County,
California and eastward to the Blue and Bitterroot Mountains.
Family 9. PINACEAE. PINE Famity.
Resinous trees or shrubs mostly with evergreen narrow entire
or scale-like leaves; flowers in aments, usually monoecious,
rarely dioecious; ovules solitary or several together on the sur-
face of a scale, which in most genera is in the axile of a bract;
fruit a cone with numerous several or few woody papery or
fleshy scales; seed wingless or winged.
Scales of the cone few (3-12); leaf-buds naked;
leaves mostly scale-like.
Cone modified into a fleshy, drupe-like fruit. 24, JUNIPERUS, 17.
Cone composed of dry scales.
Scales of the globose cone peltate. 26. CHAMAECYPARIS, 18.
Scales of the oblong cone not peltate.
Cone-scales 8-12, rather thin, imbricate. 26. THuja, 18.
Cone-scales 6, thick, valvate. 27. LiBocEeDRUus, 19.
Scales of the cones numerous; leaf-buds scaly; green
leaves needle-like.
Cone-scales woody; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in
a sheath. 28. Pinus, 19.
Cone-scales thin; leaves linear, scattered or
clustered, not in sheaths.
Cones erect; scales deciduous. 29. Axpizs, 20.
Cones pendent; scales persistent.
Branchlets smooth; bracts 3-toothed. 30. PszuporsuGa, 21.
Branchlets roughened by the persistent
leaf-bases.
Leave sessile, pungent-pointed. 31. Picea, 22.
Leaves petioled, not pungent. 32. Tsuca, 22.
24. JUNIPERUS. Juniper.
Evergreen shrubs or small trees; leaves scale-like or needle-like,
opposite or in whorls of three; flowers dioecious or monoecious,
small and lateral; anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of
the shield-shaped scale; ovule-bearing aments ovoid, of 3-6
fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming a bluish-
black berry.
3
18 PINACEAE,
Prostrate shrub; leaves uniformly awl-like. J. sibirica.
Erect shrub or tree; leaves of two forms, some scale-like,
others awl-like. J. scopulorum.
Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. Mountain Juniper. A prostrate shrub;
leaves linear-subulate, sharp-pointed, glaucous on the upper side, arranged in
whorls of three; fruit dark blue, as large as a pea.
Common in the mountains at 900-1000 m. elevation. Many botanists
consider this a subspecies of J. communis L. under the name of J. communis
montana Ait.
Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Rocky Mountain Juniper. A shrub or
scraggly tree, 1-6 m. high, much branched, the branches often drooping;
foliage often glaucous; leaves small, acute, each with a linear indistinct gland
on the back; berries blue-black with a thick whitish bloom, maturing the
second year; seeds usually 2, grooved longitudinally.
On the islands and mainland about the Gulf of Georgia and the northern
part of Puget Sound. Not elsewhere known west of the Cascade Mountains
but common from these mountains eastward to the Black Hills.
25. CHAMAECYPARIS.
Evergreen trees with flattened 2-ranked branchlets and small
scale-like leaves; aments terminal; staminate small, globose,
with shield-shaped filaments; pistillate erect, with 6-10 very
thick scales in pairs; cones small, globose, maturing the first
year; seeds few, at the base of each scale, angled or more or less
winged.
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Lamb.) Spach. Alaska Cedar. Medium
sized tree, 20-30 m. tall, 30-100 cm. in diameter; bark thin, pale gray; leaves
small, sharply acute; cones globose, 8 mm. in diameter.
Common in the mountains at 1200-1800 m. elevation. Alaska Cedar
ranges from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to Mount Hood, Oregon. It is
not known to occur east of the Cascade Mountains. The tree first became
known to botanists from specimens collected at Nootka Sound.
26. THUJA. Arsor VITAE.
Evergreen trees or shrubs; leaves small or minute, scale-like,
appressed, opposite, 4-ranked; flowers monoecious, both kinds
terminal, the staminate globose, the ovule-bearing ovoid or
oblong, small, their scales opposite, each bearing 2, rarely 3-5
erect ovules; cones ovoid or oblong, mostly spreading or recurved,
their scales 6-10, coriaceous, opposite, dry, spreading when
mature. i
Thuja plicata Donn. Giant Cedar. Handsome pyramidal tree, 30-59 or
even 80 m. high, 1-5 m. in diameter, the trunk rapidly tapering from the large
base; branches usually somewhat drooping; bark pale grayish, thin fibrous,
longitudinally fissured; wood soft, the heart-wood reddish, odorous; leaves
oblong-ovate, bright green, rapidly tapering to an acuminate cuspidate apex;
staminate aments minute, dark purple; pistillate aments usually crowded near
the tips of the branchlets; cones oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, light colored, con-
sisting of about 6 pairs of scales, these elliptical, mucronate on the back near
the apex.
PINACEAE. 19
A common lowland tree, especially in moist soil, ranging from Alaska to
northern California. Found originally by Menzies at Nootka Sound. The
northernmost station known is the head of Lynn Canal, Alaska.
27. LIBOCEDRUS.
Resinous trees with scaly bark and spreading branches; leaves
scale-like, dimorphic, opposite, persistent; flowers naked, monoe-
cious or dioecious, terminal, solitary; stamens numerous; anther-
cells usually 4; scales of pistillate cone 4 or 6, acuminate; ovules
2; fruit maturing in one season.
Libocedrus decurrens Torr. Incense Cedar. Tree, 30-50 m. high; bark
fibrous, loose; leaves opposite, adnate, the acute tips spreading; cones 20-30
mm. long.
In the mountains, Clackamas County, Oregon, and southward to Lower
California.
28. PINUS. PINE.
Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves; the primary ones
scale-like with deciduous tips; the secondary ones forming the
ordinary foliage, needle-like, arising from the axils of the former
in clusters of 2-5; ovule-bearing aments solitary or clustered,
each composed of numerous minute bracts, each with an ovule-
bearing scale in its axil; ament, upon maturing, becoming a cone,
the scales elongating and becoming woody; seeds two on the
base of each scale.
Leaves 5 in each fascicle; scales of the cones unarmed.
Cones ovoid to subglobose, 4-8 cm. long; wing of seed
shorter than the body. P. albicaulis.
Cones cylindric-oblong; wing of seed longer than body.
Seeds 5-7 mm. long; cones usually 10-20 cm. long. P. monticola.
Seeds 9-12 mm. long; cones usually 20-30 cm. long. _——P.. lambertiana.
Leaves 2 or 3 in each fascicle; scales of the cones thickened,
each armed with a sharp spine on the back.
Leaves in twos; cones small, 4-5 cm. long. P. contorta.
Leaves in threes; cones larger.
Cones persistent for several years, formed well below
the apex of the shoot; small tree. P. attenuata.
Cones falling after the second year, formed subter-
minally on the young shoot; large tree. P. ponderosa.
Pinus albicaulis Engelm. White-bark Pine. Scraggly tree, 20-30 m.
high; bark nearly white; leaves 4-7 cm. long; cones oval, 5-7 cm. long, the
scales much thickened; seeds large, edible.
British Columbia to Montana and California. In our limits only in the
Cascade Mountains at 1500-2100 m. elevation.
Pinus monticola Dougl. Western White Pine. Tree 50-100 m. high, 1-2
m. in diameter; bark gray, rather smooth, longitudinally cracked; leaves pale
green, in fascicles of five, 4-7 cm. long; cones narrowly cylindrical, 15-30 em.
long, about 4 cm. thick.
This tree usually occurs in colonies along with the red fir. It ranges from
the sea level to 1700 m. altitude and extends from British Columbia to Montana
and California. It does not extend farther north than Vancouver Island.
20 PINACEAE.
Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine. Tree 50-100 m. high, 2-6 m. in
diameter; bark brown, splitting into small plates; leaves 8-10 cm. long; seed
wings less than twice as long as broad.
In the mountains at 400-1000 m. elevation, Clackamas County, Oregon,
and southward to Lower California. First found by Douglas in the mountains
near the present site of Roseburg, Oregon.
Pinus contorta Dougl. Lodgepole Pine. Small tree, 10-20 m. tall, the
dark bark usually deeply checked; leaves 4-8 cm. long, dark green: cones
small, ovoid, 4-5 cm. long; scales thickened at the apex, each armed witha stout
point.
Common in sterile gravelly soil. It also occurs occasionally in peat bogs.
In the mountains it often forms dense pure growths of small trees whence the
name ‘lodgepole.’ The tree ranges from Alaska to the Black Hills, Colorado
and California. Douglas’s original specimens came from near the mouth of
the Columbia River.
Pinus attenuata Lemmon. Knobcone Pine. Small pyramidal tree, 5-10,
rarely 20-25 m. high; bark thin, pale brown, scaly on the old trunk; leaves
pale, 8-16 cm. long; cones pale, narrowly ovate, unsymmetrical, reflexed, 7-12
cm. long, the scales on the outer side much thickened, each armed with a spine.
Lane County, Oregon, and south to southern California, in the mountains
at 300-2000 m. elevation. The cones usually in whorls persist for many years
and give the trees a very characteristic appearance.
Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Yellow or Bull Pine. Large tree, 30-80 m. tall,
1-4 m. in diameter, the reddish bark thick and deeply furrowed; leaves in
fascicles of three, 15-25 cm. long, minutely serrulate; staminate aments
cylindric, somewhat flexuous, 4-6 cm. long, crowded at the base of young
shoots; pistillate aments 1-6, greenish or purplish, borne near the apex of the
shoots of the season; cones brown, ovoid, 7-10 cm. long, 5-6 cm. thick, fre-
quently in clusters of 3-5; scales much thickened near the apex, each bearing
a stout sharp point.
Gravelly prairies, Pierce County, Washington, and southward. Abundant
in the interior but rare along the coast. The timber of this tree is quite differ-
ent from the true yellow pine of the interior. The coast tree has been consider-
ed a distinct species, P. benthamiana ‘‘Oregon Committee.”
29. ABIES. Fir.
Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spread-
ing so as to appear 2-ranked but in reality spirally arranged,
commonly quite persistent in drying; staminate aments axillary;
ovule-bearing aments lateral, erect; ovules two on the base of
each scale, reflexed; scale shorter than or exceeding the thin
papery bract; cones erect, subcylindrical or ovoid, their orbicular
or broader scales deciduous from the persistent axis.
Cones with conspicuous exserted reflexed bracts. A. nobilis.
Cones with the bracts concealed.
Cross section of leaf showing the two resin ducts surrounded
by green tissue. A. lasiocarpa,
Cross section of leaf showing the resin ducts close to the
lower surface.
Cones purple, large; bracts long attenuate at apex. A, amabilis.
Cones usually green, medium sized; bracts not attenuate
at apex.
PINACEAE. ZI
Leaves green and shiny above with stomata only on
the lower side. A. grandis.
Leaves pale above and below and with stomata on
both sides. A. concolor.
Abies nobilis Lindl. Noble Fir. Very large tree, 70-100 m. high, and
1-2 m. in diameter; leaves of the upper branches curved upwards, short,
rigid, mostly acute, channeled above; cones 12-20 cm. long, nearly covered by
the large reflexed bracts.
In the mountains from Mount Baker and the Olympic Mountains to near
the southern boundary of Oregon.
Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir. Narrowly conical usually
densely branched trees, 20-30 m. high and 20-40 cm. in diameter; bark
pale, rather smooth but with large resin blisters; leaves 3-5 cm. long, acute,
usually sharp-pointed, with abundant stomata on the upper leaf surface;
cones narrowly barrel-shaped, usually dark-purple, puberulent, 5-10 cm. long;
bracts lacerate, usually not exserted.
Alaska southward in the mountains to Oregon and Colorado. In the Cas-
cade Mountains the southern limit is near Crater Lake, Oregon. It commonly
occurs at 1500-2500 m. altitude. In the Olympic Mountains, there is a form
with the bracts exserted. This tree was first found by Douglas, probably in
the Blue Mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon.
Abies amabilis (Loud.) Forbes. Amabilis Fir. Graceful tree, 30-50 m.
high; leaves with few or no stomata on the upper surface, those of the lower
branches flat, obtuse or retuse, those of the upper branches curved upward,
mostly acute; cones dark-purple, 8-15 cm. long, puberulent.
In the mountains mostly at 1000-1500 m. altitude, ranging from extreme
southern Alaska in the Cascade Mountains to Crater Lake, Oregon, and in
the Coast Mountains to Saddle Mountain, near Astoria, Oregon.
Abies grandis Lindl. White Fir. Large tree, sometimes 100 m. tall and
2 m. in diameter, with thin, dark gray, rather smooth bark; branches hori-
zontal or the lower drooping; leaves linear, obtuse or notched, shining green
above, marked beneath by two white lines, 18-30 mm. long, usually arranged
in two ranks, giving the foliage a flattened appearance; cones cylindric-oblong,
7-10 cm. long, dark green, more or less covered with drops of resin; scales
broader than long, entire; bracts small, deeply notched, each sometimes bearing
a short point.
Common in moist land at low altitudes, from the northern end of Vancouver
Island to Sonoma County, California, and eastward to Montana and Wyoming.
Abies concolor (Gord.) Parry. Large tree, reaching a height of 50-70 m.
and a diameter of 1-2 m.; bark ash-gray, deeply furrowed; leaves pale, those
of the lower branches 2-ranked, flat, obtuse or retuse, 5—7 cm. long, those of the
fruiting branches curved upward and acute; cones olive green or yellowish,
sometimes purple tinged, 8-10 cm. long; bracts small, narrowly oblong,
truncate or slightly notched, sometimes bearing a short point.
In the Cascade Mountains of Oregon from Mount Jefferson southward
through California; also in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah and Ariz-
ona.
30. PSEUDOTSUGA.
Very large trees, at first pyramidal and spruce-like, often in
age more spreading; leaves linear, flat, somewhat 2-ranked
by a twist at the base; aments from the axils of the leaves of
the preceding year; staminate aments clustered in an oblong or
22 PINACEAE,
cylindrical column, surrounded or partly enclosed by numerous,
conspicuous, rotund bud-scales; ovule-bearing aments with the
scales much shorter than the broadly linear acutely 2-lobed
bracts; cones maturing the first year; scales persistent.
Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. Red Fir. Douglas Spruce. Very
large tree, 50-100 m. high, 1-4 m. in diameter; bark thick, reddish within,
deeply cracked longitudinally; branches usually short and horizontal; leaves
linear, obtusish, 20-30 mm. long, narrowed at the base, dark green above,
paler beneath; staminate aments light brown, oblong-cylindric, 1 cm. long,
half enclosed in the large bracts; pistillate aments green or purplish; cones
pendent, cylindric-ovoid, 6-10 cm. long, the tridentate bracts conspicuously
exceeding the scale.
The common forest tree of the region. Subalpine forms have the cones
uniformly shorter and thicker. Red fir ranges from British Columbia to
Mexico. It does not extend northward quite to the Alaska boundary. The
first knowledge of the tree was Lewis’s description of it as it occurs
at the mouth of the Columbia River.
31. PICEA. Spruce.
Evergreen conical trees, with linear sharp pointed short four-
sided leaves, spreading in all directions, falling away from the
twig in drying, leaving it covered with small projections; leaf-
buds scaly; staminate aments axillary, nearly sessile; ovule-
bearing aments terminal, ovoid or oblong; ovules two on the
base of each scale, reflexed, ripening into two more or less winged
seeds; cones ovoid or oblong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales
numerous, spirally arranged, thin, obtuse, persistent.
Leaves distinctly flattened; lowland tree. P. sitchensis.
Leaves quadrangular; subalpine tree. P. engelmannt.
Picea sitchensis Carr. Sitka or Tideland Spruce. A very large tree, 50-70
m. tall, and 2-3 m. in diameter; bark dark gray, scaly; twigs glabrous; leaves
10-15 mm. long, distinctly flattened, very sharp pointed; cones oblong or oval,
pale brown, 3-6 cm. long, the oblong-ovate scales denticulate.
Common along the seacoast and on low river bottoms, ranging from Kodiak
Island, Alaska, to Mendocino County, California. It was first found at Sitka
by Mertens.
Picea engelmanni Parry. Engelmann Spruce. Handsome pyramidal tree,
30-40 m. tall, the bark gray and scaly; branchlets pubescent; leaves dark-
green, quadrangular in cross section, very sharply pointed, 1.5-2 cm. long;
cones cylindric-ovate, 3-6 cm. long; scales ovate, truncate, rounded or
retuse, crenulate.
From the Yukon to New Mexico and Arizona, mainly in the interior but
occuring in the Cascade Mountains at 300-1000 m. altitude from British
Columbia to the southern boundary of Oregon.
32. TSUGA. HeEMLock.
Evergreen trees with flat or angled leaves which appear
2-ranked; branchlets rough from persistent leaf-bases; staminate
aments in subglobose clusters from the axils of leaves of the pre-
PINACEAE, 23
vious year; ovule-bearing aments terminal on year-old {branch-
lets; bract somewhat shorter than the cone-scale; cones maturing
the first year, pendulous.
Leaves 8-18 mm. long; cones 2 cm. long. T. heterophylla.
Leaves 12-25 mm. long; cones 5-7 cm. long. T. mertensiana,
Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock. Handsome tree,
30-60 m. tall and 50-200 cm. in diameter; branches slender, usually bent down-
ward; leaves linear, flattened, unequal in length, 8-18 mm. long; cones oblong,
10-16 mm. long.
A common forest tree, most abundant at about 1000 m. altitude. It ranges
from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to Marin County, California. It was
enenelly described by Lewis and Clarke from the mouth of the Columbia
iver.
Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain or Black Hemlock. ‘Tree
30-50 m. high and 50-200 cm. in diameter; leaves 1-2 cm. long, acutish,
convex above, bearing stomata on both surfaces; cones oblong, dark purple,
5-7 cm. long.
Common in the mountains at about the limit of trees; at the highest altitude
it becomes a prostrate shrub. The Black Hemlock ranges from Prince
William Sound, Alaska, where it occurs at sea level, southward in the moun-
tains to Montana and California. It was first found by Mertens on the moun-
tain at Sitka.
Class V. ANGIOSPERMAE.
Ovules (megasporangia) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary)
formed by the infolding and uniting of the margins of
a modified rudimentary leaf (carpel), or of several such
leaves joined together, in which the seeds are ripened;
stigmas present; cotyledons one or two, very rarely want-
ing; perianth present or wanting.
Sub-class I MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Embryo of the seed with but a single cotyledon, that is
with the first leaves of the germinating plantlet alternate;
stem composed of a mass of soft tissue in which the woody
bundles appear in cross section to be irregularly imbedded,
there being no distinction into bark, wood and pith;
leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate and entire,
commonly sheathing the stem at the base and often with
no distinction of blade and petiole; parts of the flowers
mostly in threes.
Family 10. TYPHACEAE. Cart Tair Famiry.
Marsh or aquatic herbs with creeping rootstocks and linear
flat sheathing leaves; stems erect, terete; flowers monoecious,
24 TYPHACEAE.
densely crowded ina terminal spike, often subtended by spatha-
ceous bracts; ovary one, 1— or 2-celled, with as many persistent
styles; fruit nutlike.
33. TYPHA.
Flowers in a dense cylindrical spike; staminate and pistillate
portions of the spike contiguous; stamens with very short con-
nate filaments, mixed with numerous long hairs; ovary long-
stalked, 1-celled, surrounded by numerous bristles and rudi-
mentary ovaries; fruit minute, usually splitting on one side.
Typha latifolia L. Cat-tail. Stout, 1-3 m. tall; leaves flat, sheathing at
base, 1-2 cm. wide; pistillate and staminate portions of the spike close to-
gether, each 8-30 cm. long, the pistillate dark brown; stigmas rhombic-
spatulate; pollen grains in fours.
Margins of lakes and ponds, abundant.
Family 11. SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-rEED FAMILY.
Marsh or pond herbs with creeping rootstocks and erect or
floating stems; leaves linear, alternate, 2-ranked, sessile, sheath-
ing at the base; flowers monoecious, densely crowded into globose
heads which are in a raceme on the upper parts of the stem and
branches, the staminate above; spathes linear; perianth of a few
chaffy scales; stamens usually 5; fruit mostly 1-celled, nut-like.
34. SPARGANIUM. Bur ReEeEp.
Characters of the family.
Heads all axillary; inflorescence branched. S. androcladum.
Heads, or at least some of them, supra-axillary.
Leaves, or at least the larger ones, keeled; plants usually
terrestrial. S. simplex.
Leaves not keeled; floating aquatics.
Beak of fruit short-conical; stigma oblong. S. minimum.
Beak of fruit slender; stigma linear. S. angustifolium.
Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. Stems stout, 40-100 cm.
high; leaves 5-12 mm. wide, dark green; inflorescence branched, the branches
strictly axillary, each bearing 3-7 staminate heads and usually 1 or 2 pistillate
heads; fruiting heads 2-2.5 cm, in diameter; fruit dull, the fusiform body
5-6 mm. long, the beak about 3 mm. long.
Margins of ponds and lakes, common.
Sparganium simplex Huds. Stems rather stout, 30-60 cm. high; leaves
thin, 6-15 mm. broad, scarious-margined below; inflorescence simple; fruiting
heads 12-25 mm. in diameter, some of them supra-axillary; fruit fusiform.
somewhat shiny, the body 3-4 mm. long, tipped with a beak about as long;
stalk 1-2 mm. long; stigmas linear.
More common than S. androcladum and occurring in similar places.
SPARGANIACEAE, 25
Sparganium minimum Fries. Aquatic; stems very slender, 10-40 cm. long;
leaves thin and grags-like, 2-4 mm. broad, floating; inflorescence simple;
heads sessile or nearly so, the pistillate about 1 cm. in diameter when mature;
nutlets smooth, ovoid, conically short-beaked, easily detached.
In mountain ponds and lakes. San Juan Lake, Vancouver Island, Rosen-
dahl & Brand; Mount Rainier, Piper.
Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Aquatic; stems slender, 30-100 cm.
long; leaves very long and narrow, rather firm, 2-4 mm. wide; inflorescence
simple; heads sessile or the lower peduncled, the pistillate 15-20 mm. in di-
ameter when mature; nutlets abruptly slender-beaked, firmly attached.
In ponds and lakes; Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, Macoun.
Family 12. NAJADACEAE. PonDWEED FaAMILy.
Submersed or floating fresh-water or marine aquatic herbs
“or marsh plants; leaves flat or filiform, opposite, alternate or
whorled; flowers unisexual or perfect, mostly small, solitary
axillary or in spikes; perianth none or sheath-like; stamens
1-4; carpels 1-5, each 1-ovuled.
Flowers perfect; stamens more than one.
Perianth of 4 sepals; stamens 4; fruit sessile. 35. POTAMOGETON, 25.
Perianth none; stamens 2; fruits stalked. 36. Ruppia, 27.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious; stamen solitary.
Leaves many, opposite; flowers axillary, sessile.
Monoecious; pistils 2-5, in a cup-shaped invo-
lucre; stigmas short. 37. ZANNICHELLIA 27.
Dioecious; pistil solitary, naked; stigma slender. 38. Najas, 28.
Leaves alternate, rather few.
Stigma capitate; fertile flowers in an exserted
- naked spike; fresh water or marsh plant. 39. LILaga, 28.
Stigma linear; fertile flowers on an enclosed
spadix; marine plants.
Monoecious; fruit rounded at base. 40. ZOSTERA, 28.
Dioecious; fruit cordate at base. 41. PHYLLospapix, 28.
35. POTAMOGETON. PonDWEED.
Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of two
kinds, the submersed mostly linear, the floating lanceolate,
ovate or oval; spathes enclosing the young buds, usually perish-
ing soon after expanding; flowers small, perfect, spicate, green
or red; perianth of 4 sepals, valvate in bud; stamens 4, opposite
the sepals; ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
Leaves of two kinds, the floating ones thickish, the submersed
thin and of different form.
Submersed leaves linear.
Floating leaves subcordate at base; stipules long. P. natans.
Floating leaves acute at base; stipules short. P. epihydrus.
Submersed leaves lanceolate or oval.
Floating leaves oval, 30-50-nerved. P. amplifolius.
Floating leaves narrowly elliptic, 10-20-nerved.
26 NAJADACEAE.
Stipules acuminate; fruiting spike 4-5 cm. long. P. americanus.
Stipules obtuse; fruiting spikes 2-3 cm. long. P. heterophyllus.
Leaves alike, all submersed.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong.
Not clasping at base. P. heterophyllus.
Half clasping at base.
Apex boat-shaped or hooded. P. praelongus.
Apex acuminate, not hooded. P. richardsonit.
Leaves linear.
Stipules free from the base of the leaf.
Leaves tape-like; spike cylindric; fruit large. P. zosterifolius.
Leaves very narrow; spike not cylindric; fruit small. P. puszllus.
Stipules adnate to the base of the leaf.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, 4-8 mm. wide, ciliate,
many-nerved. P. robbinsit.
Leaves linear-setaceous, 1 mm. wide, not ciliate, ;
1-nerved P. pectinatus.
Potamogeton natans L. Floating leaves ovate or elliptical, somewhat
cordate at base, 5-8 cm. long; upper submerged leaves with a lanceolate blade,
the lower linear and grass-like; upper stipules long, acute; spike 3-5 cm. long,
emersed.
Common in still ponds and lakes.
Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. (P. nuttallii C. & S.) Stems simple or
branched, compressed, 60-120 cm. long; floating leaves oblong, obtuse or
acutish, each attenuate into a short petiole; submersed leaves numerous, linear,
thin, 5-7-nerved, with a coarse cellular reticulation between the inner nerves;
stipules short, obtuse; spikes 1-4 cm. long, on stout peduncles; fruit obovoid,
apiculate, 2-3 mm. long, 3-keeled when dry.
Frequent in lakes and quiet rivers.
Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Stem stout, simple or branched;
floating leaf-blades oblong-oval, acute, rounded at the base, 5-10 cm. long,
long-petioled; submersed leaves mostly linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, the
uppermost frequently oval or oblong; stipules large, 5-10 cm. long, acute;
spike stout, dense, 2-4 cm. long, stout peduncled; fruit large, 4-5 mm. long,
with a broad beak.
Rarely collected in our limits; Coupeville, Gardner; Whatcom County,
Washington, Suksdorf.
Potamogeton americanus C. & S. (P. lonchitis Tuckerm.) Stems
slender, flaccid, branched, 50-100 cm. or more long; floating leaves narrowly
elliptic, pointed at each end, 5-10 cm. long, many-nerved, narrowed at base
into a petiole about as long; submersed leaves lanceolate; stipules narrow, 3-8
cm. long; spike dense, 2—4 cm. long, on rather stout peduncles; fruit about 3-4
mm. long.
In ponds and streams, not common.
Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Floating leaves thin, obtuse, 9-15-
nerved, 3-5 cm. long; submersed leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-7-
nerved; stipules obtuse; fruit small, subglobose.
Victoria, Macoun, and common eastward.
Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. Leaves all submersed, numerous, oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, half-clasping at base, 5-20 cm. long; peduncles
usually very long; spikes 2-5 cm. long, thick, loosely flowered; fruit sharply
keeled when dry, 4-5 mm. long.
In lakes, rare in our limits.
NAJADACEAE. 27
Potamogeton richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb. Leaves all submersed, lanceo-
late, acuminate, cordate and clasping at base, 6-10 cm. long; stipules large,
often split into shreds; peduncles rather short, thicker upward; spikes loose,
1-1.5 cm. long.
Very common in lakes and ponds.
Potamogeton zosterifolius Schumacher. Stems branching, flattened;
leaves grass-like, clasping at base, 3—nerved; stipules obtuse; spikes cylindric,
12-15-flowered, shorter than the peduncles.
Quiet waters, rare.
Potamogeton pusillus L. Stems very slender, flattened, usually much
branched; leaves all submersed, narrowly linear, 2-5 cm. long, each bearing
two glands at the sessile base; stipules obtuse, early disappearing; spikes in-
terrupted, 5—8-flowered.
Common in still lakes.
Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes. Stems stout; leaves numerous, all submer-
sed, linear or lanceolate, minutely serrulate, 8-12 cm. long, 2-ranked; stipules
obtuse; fruit obovoid, sharp beaked, conspicuously keeled.
In quiet lakes, very local and seldom fruiting; abundant in Lake Cushman,
Mason County, Washington.
Potamogeton pectinatus L. Stems filiform, branched, 30-90 cm. long;
leaves narrowly linear, attenuate to the apex, 1-nerved, 2-10 cm. long; ped-
uncles slender; flowers in whorls; fruit obliquely ovoid, compressed, turgid,
3.5-4.5 mm. long; style straight or nearly so.
Columbia River, Scouler, Suksdorf; occurs most commonly in brackish
water but rare in our limits.
36. RUPPIA.
Slender submersed branching herbs growing in salt or brackish
water with thread-like stems and with thread-like alternate
leaves broadly sheathing at the base; flowers perfect, two or
more near each other on a spadix enclosed in the sheathing base
of a leaf, later being thrust out; perianth none; stamens 2, ses-
sile; ovaries 4, at first sessile, in fruit stalked.
Ruppia maritima L. Stems slender, much branched, leafy; leaves narrowly
linear, 2-8 cm. long; spikes small, 2~8-flowered.
In brackish shallow water on the seashore. A polymorphous species, of
which at least two subspecies occur in our limits.
Ruppia maritima intermedia (Thed.) Aschers. & Graebn. Carpels ovoid,
slightly oblique but not curved, bluntly and inconspicuously beaked.
Seattle, Piper.
Ruppia maritima rostrata Agardh. Carpels strongly oblique or curved and
conspicuously beaked. ;
Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; Seattle, Piper & Smith.
37. ZANNICHELLIA.
Submersed herbs; leaves small, opposite, linear; flowers
unisexual, in axillary clusters, each composed of one staminate
and 2-5 pistillate flowers; staminate flower naked; pistillate
flowers enclosed in a funnel-shaped undivided involucre; style
short; stigma disk-shaped or bilobed; ovary flask-shaped.
28 NAJADACEAE.
e
Zannichellia palustris L. Horned Pondweed. Stems slender, branching,
leafy, 10-60 cm. long; leaves thin, filiform, 1-nerved, 5-8 cm. long; fruit nearly
sessile, flattened, somewhat incurved, often more or less toothed on the back,
2-3 mm. long, about twice as long as the style.
In ponds and quiet streams, rare in our limits.
38. NAJAS.
Submersed aquatic herbs with slender branching stems;
leaves numerous, short, opposite or in threes, linear; flowers
monoecious or dioecious, solitary axillary, the staminate en-
closed in a membranaceous sheath; stamen 1; carpel 1, with a
short style and a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary.
Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Stems slender; leaves numerous,
linear, acute or acuminate, 1-2 cm. long, minutely serrulate, the sheath broadly-
oblong; fruit 3 mm. long, oblong-linear, tipped with the persistent style; seed
pale-brown, shining. ;
In lakes and slow streams, common and widely spread.
39. LILAEA.
Marsh or freshwater grass-like plant with fibrous roots;
leaves alternate; flowers monoecious, naked, in separate spikes
or intermixed; staminate floret a solitary nearly sessile 2-celled
anther subtended by a distinct bract; pistillate florets consisting
of naked sessile ovaries; styles short in the upper florets, elongated
in the lower ones; stigma cuspidate; ovule solitary.
Lilaea subulata HBK. (Heterostylus gramineus Hook.) Leaves grass-
like, 15-30 cm. long, 2~4 mm. broad, thin; peduncles shorter than the leaves;
spikes crowded; spathe boat-shaped at base; styles of the lower flowers long
and filiform, gradually reduced upwards; akenes elliptical, acute, wing-
ebeined! lower ones largest and with a lateral tooth on each side at the base of
the style.
In ponds, rare. Sumas River, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Oregon, Scouler,
Howell.
40. ZOSTERA.
Submersed marine perennial herbs with creeping and rooting
stems or rootstocks; leaves alternate, entire, ribbon-shaped;
flowers monoecious; perianth none; flowers of single stamens
and ovaries alternately in rows on a leaf-like spadix enclosed in
the membranous base of a leaf.
Zostera marina L. Fel-grass. Leaves tape-like, obscurely 3—-7-nerved,
50-100 cm. long.
Very common along the seashore just at low tide mark but very seldom
flowering. There are perhaps two species on our coast.
41. PHYLLOSPADIX.
Perennial submersed marine herbs with thick rootstocks and
slender stems; leaves elongated, linear; flowers dioecious; per-
ianth none; staminate flower a single sessile 1-celled anther;
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. 29
pistillate flowers of sessile carpels in two vertical rows on the
face - a broadly linear sessile spadix enclosed in a boat-shaped
spathe.
Leaves 2-2.5 mm. wide; spathes solitary or rarely two. P. scoulert.
Leaves 1-1.5 mm. wide; spathes several, on short lateral peduncles. P. torreyz.
Phyllospadix scouleri Hook. Stems stout, 2-5 cm. long, bearing a single
spathe; leaves strongly 3-nerved, 1-2 m. long, 2-5 cm. broad.
_On rocky seacoasts, Vancouver Island, British Columbia to California.
First found at the mouth of the Columbia River by Scouler.
Phyllospadix torreyi Wats. Stems slender, bearing one or two axillary
peduncles at each joint; leaves narrow, 2 mm. wide, 1-nerved or faintly 3-
nerved, often a meter or more long.
Vancouver Island to California, on rocky shores.
Family 13. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. Arrow Grass
FAMILY.
Swamp plants with narrow leaves and terminal racemose or
spike-like inflorescences; flowers perfect or unisexual, naked or
with a usually evanescent bract-like perianth; stamens 2 or 3;
carpels 3-6, each 1—2-ovuled, more or less united till maturity,
dehiscent or indehiscent.
Leaves all basal; flowers numerous, in spikes or
racemes, on scapes. 42. TRIGLOCHIN, 29.
Stem leafy; flowers few, in a loose raceme. 43, SCHEUCHZERIA, 29.
42. TRIGLOCHIN. Arrow Grass.
Flowers small, perfect, in a terminal spike-like raceme borne
on a naked scape; perianth segments 3-6, greenish, evanescent;
stamens 3-6; anthers 2-celled, on very short filaments; carpels
3-6, united into a compound pistil; ovules solitary; capsule,
when ripe, splitting into 3-6 carpels with a persistent central
axis.
Triglochin maritima L. Scapes subterete, 20-40 cm. high, exceeding the
leaves; leaves thickish, narrow; raceme elongate, 15-40 cm. long; fruit ovoid,
angled, 5-6 mm. long; carpels usually 6, sometimes 3.
Common in marshes along the seashore.
43. SCHEUCHZERIA.
Rush-like bog perennials with creeping rootstocks and erect
leafly stems; flowers small, in racemes; perianth 6-parted,
regular, in two series.
Scheuchzeria palustris L. Stems flexuous, 15-20 cm. high, exceeded by the
leaves; raceme loose, few-flowered; bracts sheathing; carpels ovoid, divergent
in fruit.
In sphagnum bogs, widespread but infrequent. Near Seattle, Piper;
Tacoma, Flett.
30 ALISMACEAE.
Family 14. ALISMACEAE. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY.
Aquatic or marsh herbs with fibrous roots, scape-like stems
and basal long-petioled leaves; inflorescence a raceme or panicle;
flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious; pedicels whorled
and subtended by bracts; sepals 3, persistent; petals 3, deciduous;
stamens 6 or more; ovaries numerous or rarely few, 1-celled,
usually 1-ovuled; carpels becoming akenes in fruit; endosperm
none.
Carpels in a ring upon a small flat receptacle; leaves
ovate (in ours). 44, Avisma, 30.
Carpels crowded in many series upon a large convex re-
ceptacle; leaves sagittate (in ours). 45, SAGITTARIA, 30.
44. ALISMA.
Perennial or rarely annual herbs with erect or floating leaves;
inflorescence a panicle or umbel-like panicle; flowers perfect,
small, numerous, on unequal pedicels; petals small; stamens
6 or 9; ovaries few or many, more or less in one whorl on a small
flat receptacle.
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Water Plantain. Scapes stout, 30-100 cm.
tall; leaves all radical, erect or floating, the petioles usually long, the blades
ovate or oblong, acute, rounded or subcordate at the base, 5-15 cm. long, 5-7-
nerved; flowers in a large panicle composed of 3-6 whorls of branches, these
again branched once or twice; flowers on pedicels 1-5 cm. long; petals white,
hardly exceeding the sepals; akenes obliquely obovate, compressed.
Common in ponds and wet places.
45. SAGITTARIA. ARROWHEAD.
Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs with basal long-petioled
leaves; flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summits
of the scapes in whorls of 3, the staminate usually uppermost;
petals usually conspicuous; stamens usually numerous; ovaries
numerous, crowded in globose heads.
Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Wappato. Leaves sagittate, but varying
greatly in width, 10-20 cm. long, long-petioled; petals white, 1-1.5 cm. long;
akenes flat, each with a thin margin and bearing a stout lateral beak; rootstock
tuberous.
Common in shallow water on the margins of lakes, the tubers eaten by the
Indians. In lakes and rivers where the European carp is introduced the
plant has become very rare as the fish eat the tubers.
Family 15. HYDROCHARITACEAE. Froc’s Bir Famity.
Aquatic mostly perennial herbs with opposite or whorled
leaves (in ours); flowers dioecious or polygamous, sessile or
peduncled, surrounded by a membranous spathe; perianth
HYDROCHARITACEAE. 31
regular, of 3 or 6 segments, these united and tubular at base;
stamens 3-12; stigmas 3 or 6, bifid; ovary inferior; fruit inde-
hiscent.
46. ELODEA.
Perennials with opposite or whorled 1-nerved leaves; flowers
polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile in the axils; spathe
tubular, 2-cleft; perianth of the staminate flowers with 3 nearly
separate sepals and 3 or more narrower petals; perianth of the
pistillate flowers with a long scarious tube adherent to the ovary
and a 6-parted limb; stamens 3-9, the short filaments united at
base; stigmas 3-6, bifid.
Elodea canadensis Michx. (Anacharis canadensis Planch.) Waterweed.
Stems 10-100 cm. long; leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, oval or oblong, acute,
usually serrulate.
In ponds, not common in our limits.
Family 16. POACEAE. Grass Famity.
Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs or trees; stems (culms)
generally hollow; nodes closed; leaves 2-ranked, sheathing, the
sheaths usually split to the base on the side opposite the blade;
a scarious or membranous appendage (ligule) borne at the
opening of the sheath, rarely obsolete; inflorescence a spike, a
raceme or a panicle, consisting of spikelets composed of two to
many 2-ranked imbricated bracts; the lowest two (glumes)
without flowers or rarely wanting; one or more of the upper
(lemma) containing in its axil a flower, which is usually enclosed
by a bract-like, generally 2-keeled, awnless organ (palea) oppo-
site the lemma and with its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the
spikelet; lemma sometimes bearing a hard thickening (callus)
at the base; flowers perfect or sometimes monoecious or dioecious,
subtended by 1-3 minute hyaline scales (lodicules); stamens
1-6, usually 3; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 1-3, commonly
2 and lateral; stigmas hairy or plumose; fruit a seed-like grain
(caryopsis) or rarely a utricle; endosperm starchy.
Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers.
Spikelets sessile on the rachis; inflorescence a
spike. Tribe 8. HorDEAE.
Spikelets pedicelled; inflorescence a panicle, spike-
like panicle or raceme.
Lemma shorter than the glumes, usually with
a bent awn rising from the back. Tribe 5. AVENEAE.
Lemma longer than the glumes, awnless or
with a straight apical awn. Tribe 6. FESTUCEAE.
32 POACEAE.
Spikelets with one perfect flower.
Spikelets with a staminate or neutral flower in »
addition to the perfect one.
Rachilla jointed below the glumes which fall
with the seed. Tribe 1. PANICEAE.
Rachilla jointed above the glumes which do
not fall with the seed.
Imperfect flower below the perfect.
Arrhenatherum in Tribe 5. AVENEAE.
Imperfect flower above the perfect.
Holcus in Tribe 5. AVENEAE.
Spikelets with only one flower.
Rachilla jointed below the glumes which fall
with the seed.
Spikelets compressed dorsally or terete;
glumes 2. Tribe 1. PANICEAE.
Spikelets compressed laterally; glumes
none. Tribe 2. OryZEAE.
Rachilla jointed above the glumes which do
not fall with the seed.
First two lemmas empty, variously modi-
fied, the third with a flower. Tribe 3. PHALARIDEAE.
First lemma flower-bearing.
‘ Spikelets crowded in two rows in one-
sided spikes. Tribe 7. CHLORIDEAE.
Spikelets not in one-sided spikes.
Spikelets in two opposite rows.
Hordeum in Tribe 8. HorbDEAg.
Spikelets not in two opposite rows. Tribe 4. AGROSTIDEAE.
Tribe 1. PANICEAE.
Spikelets in clustered racemes or spikes. 47, ECHINOCHLOA, 34.
Spikelets not in clusters.
Inflorescence a dense spike-like panicle; pedicels
bristly. 48. CHAETOCHLOA, 35.
Inflorescence a loose panicle; pedicels not bristly.
Lemma one; spikelets in two rows on a flat-
tened rachis. 49. PaspaLum, 35.
Lemmas two; spikelets not in two rows ona
flattened rachis. 50. Panicum, 35.
Tribe 2, ORYZEAE.
Spikelets perfect; glumes none; lemmasawnless. -51. HOMALOCENCHRUS, 36.
Tribe 3. PHALARIDEAE.
First and second lemmas narrow, bristle-like;
glumes strongly compressed. 52. PHALaRIs, 36,
First and second lemmas broadly ovate or oblong;
glumes not strongly compressed.
Glumes very unequal; first and second lemmas
much shorter than the glumes, awned. 53. ANTHOXANTHUM, 37.
Glumes nearly equal, scarcely exceeding the
first and second lemmas which are awnless
or short-awned. 54. HIEROCHLOE, 37.
POACEAE.
Tribe 4. AGROSTIDEAE.
Lemma with a long terminal awn and closely en-
veloping the grain,
Fruiting lemma thin and membranaceous. 59;
Fruiting lemma firm and indurated. 56.
Lemma awnless or short-awned and loosely en-
veloping the grain.
Inflorescence a dense spike-like raceme or
panicle.
Lemma awnless.
Rachilla prolonged behind the floret. 59.
Rachilla not prolonged behind the
floret. Siz
Lemma awned.
Glumes awned. 58.
Glumes awnless.
Glumes saccate at base; palea
none. 59,
Glumes not saccate at base; palea
present. 60.
Inflorescence not spike-like.
Palea 1-nerved; stamen 1. 61.
Palea 2-nerved; stamens 3.
Glumes none; plant very small. 62.
Glumes 2; plant larger.
Callus with a tuft of long hairs at the
base. 63.
Callus naked. 64.
Tribe 5. AVENEAE.
Perfect flower only one, the other staminate.
Lower flower perfect, awnless; upper stami-
nate, awned. 65.
Lower flower staminate, long awned; upper
perfect, awnless. 66.
Perfect flowers two or more.
Rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper
flower. 67.
Rachilla prolonged beyond the upper flower.
Awn of lemma from between the two ter-
minal teeth. 68.
Awn of lemma dorsal or none.
Spikelets large, more than 15 mm.
long. 69.
Spikelets small, less than 15 mm.
long.
Lemma erose-truncate. 70.
Lemma 2-toothed. TAs
Tribe 6. FESTUCEAE.
Lemma 3-nerved, rarely I-nerved.
33
MUHLENBERGIA, 37.
STIPA, 38.
GASTRIDIUM, 39.
PHLEuM, 38.
PoL_ypocon, 39,
GASTRIDIUM, 39.
ALOPECURUS, 39.
Cinna, 40.
CoLEANTHUS, 40.
CALAMAGROSTIS, 41.
AGrostTIs, 42.
Ho cus, 44.
ARRHENATHERUM, 45.
Arra, 45.
DANTHONIA, 45.
AVENA, 46.
DESCHAMPSIA, 46.
TRISETUM, 47.
Panicle loose; spikelets usually many-flowered. 72. ERAGRostIs, 48.
Panicle dense, spike-like; spikelets 2—-4-flowered.
Spikelets of two kinds in the same inflores-
cence, perfect and sterile. 73. Cynosurus, 48.
Spikelets all alike in the same inflorescence. 74. KOELERIA, 48.
4
34 é POACEAE.
Lemma 5-nerved or more.
Keels of the palea winged. 75. PLEUROPOGON, 49.
Keels of the palea not winged.
Spikelets with the upper florets sterile and
folded about each other. 76. MELICcA, 49.
Spikelets with the upper florets perfect, or
narrow and abortive.
Spikelets cordate: lemmas cordate at
base. 77, Briza, 49.
Spikelets not cordate; lemmas not cordate
at base.
Stigmas arising below the apex of the
ovary. 78. BRomus, 50.
Stigmas arising at the apex of the
ovary.
Lemmas compressed and keeled.
Lemma awn-pointed. 79. DactTyLis, 52.
Lemmas pointless.
Glumes 1-3-nerved. 80. Poa, 52.
Glumes 5-nerved or more. 81. DISTICHLIs, 56.
Lemmas convex or rounded on the
back.
Lemmas acute or awned. 82. Festuca, 56.
Lemmas obtuse and scarious at
apex.
Lemmas prominently 5-7-
nerved 83. PANICULARIA, 58.
Lemmas obscurely 5-nerved. 84. PUCCINELLIA, 59.
Tribe 7. CHLORIDEAE.
Spikelets not in digitate clusters.
Spikelets much flattened; glumes unequal, keeled. 85. SPARTINA, 60.
Spikelets subterete; glumes equal, convex. 86. BECKMANNIA, 60.
Spikelets in terminal digitate clusters.
Spikelets 1-flowered; stems creeping. 87. Cynopon, 60.
Spikelets several-flowered; stems not creeping. 88. ELEUSINE, 61.
Tribe 8. HoRDEAE.
Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rachis.
Spikelets with one edge against the rachis; empty
glume 1. 89. Lotium, 61.
Spikelets with their sides against the rachis; empty
glumes 2. 90. AGROPYRON, 61.
Spikelets 2 to 4 at each notch of the rachis.
Rachis not readily breaking into joints; spikelets
1-7-flowered, 2-4 at each joint. 91. ELtymus, 62.
Rachis readily breaking into joints.
Spikelets 1-flowered, three at each joint, only
the central one perfect. 92. Hordeum, 63.
Spikelets 1—-5-flowered, 2-4 at each joint, all
perfect. 93. SITANION, 64.
47. ECHINOCHLOA.
Coarse annuals with long leaves; spikelets 1-flowered, with
sometimes a staminate flower below, nearly sessile in panicled
POACEAE. 35
1-sided spikes or racemes; glumes unequal, hispid, mucronate;
sterile lemma similar and usually awned from the apex.
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard grass. Glabrous; stems
stout, branching at the base, 30-120 cm. tall; panicle dense, 10-20 cm. long,
composed of many ascending or spreading racemes; spikelets green or purple,
3 mm. long, densely crowded in 3 or 4 rows; sterile lemma awned or in some
forms awnless.
Introduced from Europe, a weed in moist ground.
48. CHAETOCHLOA.
Annual grasses with erect stems and flat leaves; spikelets with
one perfect flower and rarely also a staminate one, in spike-like
panicles; pedicels bearing bristles; glumes and lower lemma
membranous, the latter often containing a palea and rarely a
staminate flower; upper lemma papery with a similar palea and
a perfect flower.
Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. Green Foxtail. Annual, usually tufted,
green; stems 30-90 cm. high; leaf-blades flat, 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous on the
margins; spikes green, 3-5 cm. long, the rachis villous; bristles 1-3, upwardly
barbed, 6-12 mm. long; spikelets 2 mm. long; fertile lemma faintly wrinkled.
Sparingly introduced.
49. PASPALUM.
Perennials with 1-flowered spikelets in 2 rows along one side
of a rachis forming racemes; lower glume usually wanting;
lemma hard and firm, its margin inrolled; palea firm; grain
oblong, inclosed within the hardened glume and palea.
Paspalum distichum L. Stems ascending from a creeping base; leaves 4—
12 cm. long; spikes in terminal pairs, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets acute, 2.5-3 mm.
long.
On overflowed river banks, especially along the Columbia River; probably
introduced.
50. PANICUM.
Spikelets with one perfect flower, often with a staminate
one below it; glumes 2, membranous; lemmas 2, the lower empty
or including the staminate flower, the upper indurated, shining,
enclosing a similar palea and the perfect flower; awns none
(in ours) ; fruit a caryocist, the free grain enclosed in a box formed
by the hardened lemma and palea.
Annual; panicle very long-rayed; spikelets acute. P. barbipulvinatum.
Perennial; panicle rather short-rayed. — ‘
Basal leaves like the stem leaves; spikelets acute. P. agrostoides.
Basal leaves different from the stem leaves, usually
forming a rosette; spikelets obtuse.
Spikelets 3 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so. P. scribnerianum.
Spikelets 2 mm. long, pubescent. ;
Leaves glabrous on upper surface. P. occidentale.
Leaves pubescent on upper surface. P. pacificum.
36 POACEAE.
Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash. Annual; stems erect or decumbent at
the base, 15-50 cm. tall, mostly simple; leaf blades 5-30 cm. long, pubescent;
sheaths villous; panicle 10-20 cm. long, the capillary branches solitary or in
twos, ascending, branched and spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets
3 mm. long, ovoid, usually on peduncles as long or longer.
In dry soil. This species has commonly been confused with the eastern
P. capillare L.
Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Tufted perennial, glabrous or nearly so;
stems 40-100 cm. high, branched; leaf blades flat, 5-10 mm. wide; panicles
10-30 cm. long with ascending rays bearing densely flowered branchlets mostly
on the under side; spikelets 2 mm. long; first glume half the length of the spike-
let; pedicels bearing a few hairs.
Sproat Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Not otherwise known in our
limits.
Panicum scribnerianum Nash. Perennial, the stems 10-50 cm. tall, erect
or ascending, simple or branched above; stem leaves about 6, the blades lance-
olate, 4-10 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, stiff, ascending, glabrous or sometimes
pilose below; sheaths usually pilose, loose; panicles oblong or pyramidal,
3-8 cm. long, loose, exserted or the smaller ones included; spikelets turgid,
ovoid, 3 mm. long.
Dry prairies.
Panicum occidentale Scribn. Stems 20-40 cm. high; sheaths somewhat
hairy; blades smooth above, usually hairy beneath; panicle well exserted;
spikelets 2 mm. long.
Rocky banks and prairies. Vancouver Island to Idaho and California.
Panicum pacificum Hitchc. & Chase. Very similar to P. occidentale, but
more pubescent throughout, and the stems more leafy.
Vancouver Island to California and Arizona.
51. HOMALOCENCHRUS.
Perennials with rough leaves and open panicles; spikelets
with but one flower which is perfect; glumes none; lemmas awn-
less; grain closely enveloped by the glume.
Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Panicle loose, the branches spread-
ing; spikelets narrowly oblong, 4-5 mm. long, loosely arranged; lemma his-
pidulous, the keel strongly ciliate.
Lake margins, infrequent in our limits. Seattle, Piper.
52. PHALARIS.
Annuals or perennials with spike-like or narrow panicles;
spikelets crowded, 1-flowered; glumes 2, about equal, compressed;
lemmas 3, the first two much reduced and sterile, the third
enclosing a palea and a perfect flower; stamens 3.
Perennial; panicle branched; glumes wingless. P. arundinacea.
Annual; panicle very dense, ovoid; glumes wing-keeled.
Keel of glumes entire. P. canariensis.
Keel of glumes toothed. P. minor.
Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass. Stout tufted perennial,
50-200 cm. tall; leaves flat, green, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle erect, 6-15 em.
long; spikclets lanceolate, 5 mm. long.
Margins of lakes and rivers, in wet ground.
POACEAE. 37
Phalaris canariensis L. Canary-grass. Annual, pale green, erect, 30-70
cm. high; inflorescence ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2-3 cm. long; spikelets ovate,
5-6 mm. long; glumes white with green veins, the keel not toothed.
Introduced in waste places.
Phalaris minor Retz. Annual; stems erect, 30-80 cm. high; inflorescence
oblong to oblong-ovoid, 2-5 cm. long; glumes oblong, pale, a green stripe on
each side of the toothed keel.
On ballast, Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, Macoun.
53. ANTHOXANTHUM.
Aromatic annuals or perennials with narrow spike-like pan-
icles; spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, somewhat compressed; glumes
2, unequal, awnless or mucronate-pointed; lemmas shorter than
the glumes, the first and second empty, 2-lobed, clothed with
brown hairs and awned below the back; the third lemma fertile,
shorter, hyaline, broadly obtuse, awnless; grain free.
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernal-grass. Spikelets crowded,
8 mm. long, usually brownish; first sterile lemma hairy, long-awned; second
sterile lemma short-awned.
In pastures. Introduced from Europe. Sweet-scented on drying.
54. HIEROCHLOE. VANILLA-GRAsS.
Fragrant perennial grasses with flat leaves and usually rather
small and pyramidal terminal panicles; spikelets 3-flowered,
the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate; rachilla jointed
above the empty glumes; glumes 2, nearly equal, about as long
as the spikelet, acute, smooth; the first and second lemmas
awnless or short-awned; the third lemma enclosing the perfect
flower, becoming somewhat indurated in fruit; stamens in the
staminate flowers 3, in the perfect flower 2; styles distinct;
stigmas plumose; grain free.
Panicle and spikelets greenish; glumes and lemmas obtuse A. macrophylla.
Panicle and spikelets brownish; glumes and lemmas acute. JH. odorata.
Hierochloe macrophylla Thurb. Stems 1 m. or less tail; leaves 30-
40 cm. long, 10-15 mm. broad, rough; panicle greenish, loose, the branches
in pairs; glumes obtuse; fertile lemma obtuse, ciliate-margined, pubescent at
the apex.
From the Columbia River southward.
Hierochloe odorata (L.) Wahlenb. Stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves 10-20 cm.
long, 2-6 mm. broad; panicle brownish, pyramidal, usually compact; glumes
acute; fertile lemma acute.
Near Comox, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Reported from Nootka Sound
by Hooker. A widespread northern grass.
55. MUHLENBERGIA.
Perennial grasses with small 1-flowered spikelets; glumes
usually unequal and shorter than the lemma, acute or sometimes
awned; lemma narrow, 3-5-nerved, with a straight awn from
the apex or from between the teeth.
38 POACEAE.
Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Stems 30-90 cm. high, simple or
nearly so; panicle narrowly oblong, 5-8 cm. long, spike-like and usually inter-
rupted; glumes bristle-tipped; lemma very acute.
Sumas Prairie, 49° latitude, Lyall, and eastward.
56. STIPA.
Tufted grasses; inflorescence a panicle; spikelets 1-flowered,
narrow; floret with a bearded and pointed callus at base; lemma
1, indurated, bearing a twisted or bent awn which is articulated
at the base; grain narrow, free, tightly closed in the lemma.
All in our limits are perennials.
Awn 10-20 times as long as its lemma. S. comata.
Awn 4-7 times as long as its lemma.
Callus very short, obtuse; glumes 8-12 mm. long. S. lemmoni.
Callus acute; glumes 6-8 mm. long. S. minor.
Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Tufted, pale green, 40-80 cm. high; blades
involute; ligule 4-5 mm. long, conspicuous; panicle open, 20-30 cm. long,
often included at base, the branches spreading and few-flowered; glumes 5-
savy stl subequal, 15-25 mm. long; lemma 10-12 mm. long; awn 10-15 cm.
ong.
Vancouver Island, Macoun, and common east of the Cascade Mountains.
Stipa lemmoni Scribn. (5S. columbiana Macoun.) Stems 60-90 cm. high;
leaf blades flat or involute, firm; sheaths smooth; ligule 1 mm. long; panicle
narrow with erect branches, 2-5 cm. long; glumes subequal, scarious, lanceolate,
acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; lemma short-pubescent, the body about 6 mm. long;
awn 15-20 mm. long, pubescent to the second bend.
In dry ground, British Columbia to California.
Stipa minor (Vasey) Scribn. Tufted, 50-100 cm. tall, dark green; leaf-
blades involute, long-attenuate, 10-30 cm. long, scabrous; sheaths shorter
than the internodes, loose, smooth; ligule very short; panicle erect,rather dense,
8-20 cm. long, narrow, its base included in the uppermost sheath, the branches
mostly in pairs; spikelets 8-12 mm. long, purple-tinged; lemma sparsely
appressed-hairy, the awns 20-30 mm. long, bent near the middle, below which
they are pubescent.
In dry ground, infrequent except in the interior.
57. PHLEUM.
Annuals or perennials; inflorescence a spike-like raceme; spike-
lets 1-flowered; glumes membranous, compressed, keeled, the
apex obliquely truncate, the mid-nerve produced into an awn;
lemma much shorter; grain ovoid, free, enclosed in the lemma
and palea.
Spike-like racemes cylindric; awns of glumes short. P. pratense.
Spike-like racemes ovoid-oblong; awn as long as body of glume. P. alpinum.
Phleum pratense L. Timothy. Tall, erect, 60-150 cm. tall; leaf blades
15-20 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, smooth or scabrous; spike-like raceme nar-
rowly cylindrical, erect, 5-15 cm. long; spikelets 2-5 mm. long; empty glumes
ciliate on the keels which are prolonged into awns 1 mm. long.
Cultivated and running wild.
POACEAE. 39
Phleum alpinum L. Mountain Timothy. Stems 20-60 cm. high; leaf
blades flat, rather short; spike-like raceme usually purple, cylindric, 2-3 cm.
long; awns of glumes 2 mm. long.
Common in mountain meadows, and along the seacoast to [northern
California.
58. POLYPOGONJ
Annual grasses; inflorescence a spike-like panicle; spikelets
1-flowered; glumes each extended into an awn; lemma smaller,
generally hyaline, short-awned; palea shorter than the’*lemma;
grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea.
Glumes notched at the apex, their awns 2-3 times as long;
panicle dense, cylindric. P. mons peliensis.
Glumes attenuate into awns of equal length; panicle lobed
or interrupted. P. littoralis.
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Annual, with erect or ascending stems,
8-30 cm. high; leaf blades flat, more or less scabrous; sheaths loose, shorter
than the internodes; spike-like panicle densely flowered, oblong, rarely inter-
rupted, 2-7 cm. long; glumes elliptic, notched at the apex, about 2 mm. long,
each bearing a terminal awn 3 or 4 times as long; lemma truncate, 1 mm. long,
bearing a terminal awn somewhat longer.
Moist places, especially where somewhat saline.
Polypogon littoralis (With.) Smith. Panicle dense, narrowly oblong, lobed
or often interrupted.
Along the seashore, not common. Tacoma, Filett; Port Angeles, Elmer;
Victoria, Vancouver Island, Macoun. :
59. GASTRIDIUM.
Annual erect grasses with flat leaves; panicle dense, spike-like;
spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, shiny; rachilla produced beyond the
floret; glumes saccate at base, much longer than the lemma;
lemma hyaline, awnless or awned from just below the apex.
Gastridium lendigerum (L.) Gaud. Tufted; stems 15-50 cm. high, erect;
blades flat, scabrous, 3-5 mm. wide; panicle pale green, shining, spike-like,
5-12 cm. long; glumes very acute; lemma hairy. ;
Umpqua Valley and southward, introduced. Perhaps not in our limits.
60. ALOPECURUS.
Annuals or perennials; inflorescence a spike-like panicle; spike-
lets 1-flowered, flattened; glumes acute, sometimes short-awned;
lemma 3-nerved, awned on the back; palea usually present.
Spikelets 2.5 mm. long; panicle slender, 4 mm. thick. A. geniculatus.
Spikelets larger; panicle stouter, 6 mm. thick.
Anthers white; spikelets 4 mm. long. A. saccatus.
Anthers orange; spikelets more or less than 4 mm. long.
Spikelets 5 mm. long. A. pratensis.
Spikelets 3 mm. long. A. californicus.
Alopecurus geniculatus fulvus (Smith) Sonder. Pale green and glabrous
or nearly so; stems decumbent and branched at base, 15-60 cm. long; leaf
40 POACEAE.
blades flat, somewhat scabrous above; sheaths little inflated; panicles slender,
erect, 3-7 cm. long; spikelets 2.5 mm. long; glumes ciliate on the keels; lemma
shorter than the glumes, bearing a short awn.
In wet places, common.
Alopecurus saccatus Vasey. Pale green, glabrous, simple or tufted, 10-30
cm. high, erect or geniculate at base; sheaths much inflated, about as long as
the internodes; ligule well developed; blades short, 2-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
broad; panicles usually exserted, 2-5 cm. long, thick, pale green or purplish;
glumes strongly ciliate on the keels; lemma shorter than the glumes and bearing
a divergent awn 6-7 mm. long.
In moist ground, rare, and local; near Yale, British Columbia, Macoun;
Barlow Gate, Oregon, Howell.
Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. Perennial, glabrous; stems
30-70 cm. tall, erect; leaf blades flat, 4-10 cm. long; spike stout, 4-6 cm. long;
glumes united at base, equal, acute, ciliate on the keel; lemma obtuse, glabrous,
shorter than the glumes, bearing from near the base a slightly exserted straight
awn.
Sparingly introduced; native to Europe.
’ Alopecurus californicus Vasey. (A. pallescens Piper.) Perennial, tufted,
pale green, the smooth stems 30-50 cm. tall, erect or slightly geniculate at
the base; stem leaves 3; sheaths rather loose and inflated, shorter than the
internodes, smooth; blades flat, 6-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acuminate,
strongly scabrous above, less so beneath; ligule scarious, 3-5 mm. long;
panicle usually well exserted, pale and silvery, 2-7 cm. long, about 5 mm.
thick, erect, straight or somewhat flexuous; glumes 2-5 mm. long, nearly
equal, strongly ciliate on the keels, obtuse; lemma hyaline, 2—4-nerved, as
long as the glumes, obtuse, bearing from near the base a stout geniculate awn,
5 mm. long, scabrous above the bend.
In wet places, rare in our limits; Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun;
Medford, Oregon, Howell. A. howellii Vasey is apparently indistinguishable.
61. CINNA.
Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves, conspicuous hyaline
ligules and usually many-flowered nodding panicles; spikelets
1-flowered; rachilla articulated below the glumes and prolonged
behind the palea into a minute bristle; glumes narrow; lemma
3-5-nerved; palea 1-nerved; stamen 1.
Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Stems solitary or few, erect, 60-120 cm.
high; leaf blades flat, green, 1-1.5 cm. broad, scabrous; panicle pale green,
drooping, 10-30 cm. long; glumes subequal, scabrous, 4 mm. long; lemma
shorter, scabrous, bearing a short straight awn; palea 2-nerved.
Along streams and in swamps, common.
62. COLEANTHUS.
Small annuals with short leaves and umbel-like panicles;
spikelets 1-flowered; glumes none; lemma ovate, keeled, usually
with a short straight awn; grain free.
Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidel. Very small purplish grass, 2-5 cm.
high; sheaths loose and dilated; blades 1 cm. long; panicle 1-3 cm. long, often
partly included in the upper sheath.
On the muddy banks of the Columbia River.
POACEAE. 4I
63. CALAMAGROSTIS.
Tall perennial grasses with small spikelets in many-flowered
terminal panicles; spikelets 1-flowered, the pubescent rachilla
prolonged behind the palea; glumes subequal, longer than the
lemma which is hyaline and obtuse, and bears a dorsal awn;
callus copiously hairy; palea shorter than the lemma; grain free,
enclosed in the lemma.
Awns strongly geniculate; callus hairs much shorter than
than the lemma.
Awn shorter than or little exceeding the glumes; glumes
strongly keeled; tall sea-shore plant. C. aleutica.
Awn greatly exceeding the glumes.
Panicle loose; leaves nearly as long as the stems. C. howellit.
Panicle dense; leaves shorter than the stems. C. vaseyt.
Awns straight; callus hairs not much shorter than the lemma.
Panicle loose and open.
Spikelets 4-6 mm. long. C. scabra.
Spikelets 2-4 mm. long. C. canadensis.
Panicle narrow, rather close.
Panicle not spikelike. C. inexpansa.
Panicle dense, spike-like.
Glumes subcoriaceous, ovate, acute; panicle 4-6
cm. long. C. crassiglumis.
Glumes membranous, acuminate; panicle 5-20
cm. long. C. hyperborea.
Calamagrostis aleutica Trin. Very tall, 1-2 m. high; panicle pale, large
and loose; glumes lanceolate, acuminate; callus hairs half as long as the lemma.
Along the ocean coast, Alaska to California.
Calamagrostis howellii Vasey. Densely tufted; stems 25-50 cm. high;
basal leaves numerous, loosely involute; panicle 8-10 cm. long; glumes strongly
keeled, subequal, 5-6 mm. long.
Abundant on the rocky cliffs in the gorge of the Columbia River.
Calamagrostis vaseyi Beal. Stems tufted, 15-40 cm. high; panicle purple,
rather close, 6-10 cm. long.
In rocky places, in the mountains, at about 2000 m. altitude.
Calamagrostis scabra Presl. Blwetop. Stems about 1 m. high; panicle
loose, dark purple or rarely pale greenish; glumes sharp-acuminate; awn
longer than the lemma.
Common in alpine meadows.
Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Stems tufted, slender, 60-120
cm. high; leaves flat, somewhat involute, pale green, 15-25 cm. long; panicle
10-20 cm. long, purple, pyramidal, the slender branches in fives; spikelets
3-3.5 mm. long; glumes equal, acute, hardly larger than the lemma; awn short,
straight.
In wet meadows and along streams.
Calamagrostis canadensis acuminata Vasey. Spikelets larger, 4-5 mm.
long.
With the species in wet meadows and along streams.
Calamagrostis inexpansa barbulata Kearney. Stems about 1 m. high;
leaves stiff; panicle purple, rather stiff; awn very short or wanting; callus-
hairs nearly as long as the lemma.
In bogs, near Union City, Mason County, Washington, Pzper.
42 POACEAE.
Calamagrostis crassiglumis Thurb. Stems 10-20 cm. high; panicle dense,
3-5 cm. long; glumes ovate, acute; callus hairs nearly as long.
Vancouver Island to California.
Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange. Stems tufted, 40-90 cm. high, stiffly
erect; leaves stiff, erect, scabrous, somewhat involute; panicle erect, narrow,
densely flowered, 8-12 cm. long; glumes scabrous, acute, 44.5 mm. long.
Vancouver Island and eastward.
64. AGROSTIS. BENT-GRASS.
Annual or usually perennial grasses with small 1-flowered
spikelets, usually in diffuse panicles; glumes membranous, keeled,
acute; lemma shorter, obtuse, hyaline, sometimes bearing a dorsal
awn; palea shorter than the lemma, sometimes minute or want-
ing; grain free, enclosed in the lemma.
Rachilla prolonged behind the palet.
Spikelets 3 mm. long, usually purple. A. aequivalvis.
Spikelets 2 mm. long, usually pale. A. thurberiana.
Rachilla not prolonged behind the palet.
Palet evident, 2-nerved.
Palet one-fourth the length of the lemma; panicle con-
tracted. A. glomerata.
Palet about one-half the length of the lemma.
Panicle contracted, usually lobed. A. stolonifera.
Panicle not contracted.
Plants with extensive creeping stolons, these
bearing short leaves. A. maritima.
Plants erect or decumbent, but without exten-
sive creeping stolons.
Tall, 30-90 cm. high. A, alba.
Dwarf, alpine, 10-20 cm. high. A, humilis.
Palet wanting or minute and nerveless.
Plants spreading by rhizomes.
Hairs at base of lemma 1-2 mm. long. A, hallii.
Hairs at base of lemma minute or absent.
Panicle contracted. A. pallens.
Panicle open. A. foliosa.
Plants without rhizomes.
Panicle narrow, some of the branches short and
spikelet-bearing to the base.
Lemma awned. A. microphylla.
Lemma awnless.
Panicle 5-30 cm. long; lowland plant. A, exarata.
Panicle 3-6 cm. long; alpine plant. A, rossae.
Panicle open, usually without short branches spike-
let-bearing to the base.
Awn of lemma attached near the base. A, howellit.
Awn of lemma, if present, attached at or above
the middle.
Lemma awnless.
Panicle very diffuse. A. hyemalis.
Panicle loose but not diffuse. A. oregonensis.
Lemma awned.
Awn straight, included or but slightly
exserted. . melaleuca.
Awn exserted, bent. A. longiligula.
POACEAE. 43
Agrostis aequivalvis Trin. Tufted; stems slender, 30-60 cm. high; blades
narrow, 1 mm. wide; panicle open with slender branches; glumes equal, acute;
lemma obtuse, awnless.
Alaska to Oregon.
Agrostis thurberiana Hitchc. Stems tufted, 20-40 cm. high; blades 2-4
mm. wide; panicle narrow, loose, usually drooping; glumes equal; lemma
obtuse, 5-nerved.
us in wet places in the mountains, rare. British Columbia to California and
tah.
Agrostis glomerata (Presl.) Kunth. (A. inflata Scribn.) Perennial; stems
erect, 20-30 cm. high, scabrous near the panicle; leaf sheaths striate, often
inflated; blades 2-8 mm. wide; panicle spike-like, 2-7 cm. long, often lobed;
spikelets 3 mm. long; glumes equal, scabrous on the keel, sharp-pointed;
lemma 2 mm. long, awnless or with a short awn from the middle of the back;
callus hairs short.
Along the seacoast, rare; Vancouver Island to northern California; probably
only a subspecies of A. exarata Trin.
Agrostis stolonifera L. (A. verticillata Vill.) Stems 20-80 cm. high,
often decumbent at base, sometimes stoloniferous; leaf blades pale, acute, 3-4
mm. wide; panicle dense, verticillate or lobed, 3-10 cm. long, usually pale
green; branches floriferous to the base; glumes equal, obtusish, 2 mm. long;
lemma 1 mm. long, awnless, truncate and toothed at the apex; palea nearly as
long as the lemma.
In wet places, sparingly introduced from Europe.
Agrostis maritima Lam. Tufted, the stems decumbent or spreading;
leaves numerous, very short; ligules 2-3 mm. long; panicle narrow, 2-5 cm.
long; lemma obtuse, the midvein protruding in a minute point.
In moist places near the seashore.
Agrostis alba L. Redtop. Perennial with creeping rootstocks; stems
erect, 50-100 cm. tall; leaf blades flat, usually scabrous, the sheaths smooth;
panicle 7-25 cm. long, open at first, then contracted, greenish or purple; palea
present, one-third to one-half the length of the lemma.
Common in fields and meadows, especially in wet places.
Agrostis humilis Vasey. Stems 10-40 cm. high; panicles narrow, 2-8 cm.
long, usually purple; glumes equal; lemma awnless.
At high elevations in the mountains.
Agrostis hallii Vasey. Stems erect, 60-80 cm. high; blades rather broad;
ligule elongate; panicle narrow, 10-12 cm. long; spikelets pale; glumes acumi-
nate, about 4 mm. long; lemma awnless, the hairs at the base nearly half as
as long.
Oregon and California.
Agrostis pallens Trin. Stems 30-90 cm. tall; blades rather narrow; panicle
narrow, loose or in seashore forms contracted, pale green; spikelets 2.5-3 mm.
long; glumes equal; lemma awnless or with a minute awn.
Not common, but very variable.
Agrostis foliosa Vasey. Very similar to A. pallens Trin. but stems taller,
50-120 cm. high; panicle open, with stiff ascending branches; lemma awnless
or with a straight or bent awn. . i
In open places, British Columbia to California.
Agrostis microphylla Steud. (A. ampla Hitchc.) Stems 30-90 cm.
tall; blades flat, 2-8 mm. wide; panicle narrow, compact, pale green; glumes
acute, subequal; lemma one-third shorter.
In open ground, not common.
44 POACEAE.
Agrostis exarata Trin. Perennial, tufted, the stems 30-90 cm. tall; leaves
erect, the blades flat, 2-6 mm. broad, 5-10 cm. long, scabrous, the upper
distant from the panicle; panicle strict, pale green, spike-like or interrupted,
the short branches appressed and spikelet-bearing to the very base; glumes
2.5-3.5 mm. long, usually scabrous on the back.
Variable and very common.
Agrostis rossae Vasey. Tufted, 10-20 cm. high; leaves mostly basal,
2-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, flat or folded; panicle narrow, erect, 3-6 cm.
long, green or purple; glumes 2 mm. long, not scabrous.
In alpine meadows, common.
Agrostis howellii Scribn. Stems 40-60 cm. high; blades very long, 3-5
mm. wide; panicle very loose; spikelets clustered near the tips of the branches;
glumes acuminate, equal; lemma acute, awned from the back.
In rocky places in the Columbia Gap.
Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. Annual, tufted, 15-90 cm. tall; leaves
flat or involute, narrow, very scabrous; panicle very loose, 15-30 cm. long;
branches in whorls of 2-12, capillary, 5-15 cm. long, branched above the middle
and spikelet-bearing only near the tips.
In moist places, common.
Agrostis oregonensis Vasey. Stems slender, 60-80 cm. high; blades
narrow; panicle pyramidal, nodding, open, the branches capillary; glumes
subequal, scabrous on the keel; lemma shorter, obtuse, awnless.
In marshes, rare.
Agrostis melaleuca (Trin.) Hitchc. Perennial from creeping root-
stocks, not tufted; stems erect, 30-50 cm. high, leafy; leaf blades 1-3 mm.
wide; panicle oblong, 5-15 cm. long; glumes subequal, copper-colored, 2.5-3
mm. long, acute, smooth; lemma nearly as long, bearing from the middle of
the back a short straight scarcely exserted awn; palea minute or wanting.
In sphagnum marshes, Garibaldi, Oregon, Hitchcock; north to Alaska.
Agrostis longiligula Hitchc. Stems tall, 60-80 cm. high; leaf blades
flat, scabrous, 3-4 mm. wide; ligule 5-6 mm. long; panicle purple, rather
dense, 10-18 cm. long; glumes 3-4 mm. long, acute, scabrous on the keel,
hispidulous on the back, the upper a little shorter; lemma 2.5 mm. long,
scabrous on the nerves, bearing a bent awn 2.5 mm. long; palea minute.
Alaska and Vancouver Island, Macoun, to northern California.
65. HOLCUS.
Annual or perennial grasses with densely-flowered terminal
panicles; spikelets deciduous, 2-flowered, the lower flower perfect,
the upper staminate; glumes membranous, keeled, the lower 1-
nerved, the upper 3-nerved and often short-awned; lemmas 2,
papery, that of the upper floret bearing a bent awn; palea
narrow; grain oblong, free, enclosed in the lemma.
Holcus lanatus L. Velvet-grass or Mesquite. Perennial; the whole plant
downy with pale pubescence; stems erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaf blades flat,
rather broad and short; sheath loose, shorter than the internodes; panicle
pale purplish, 5-10 cm. long, rather densely-flowered, the branches in twos
or threes; spikelets 4-6 mm. long; upper glume short-awned near the apex;
lemma of the staminate flower with a hook-like awn.
Abundantly introduced in fields and waysides.
POACEAE. 45
66. ARRHENATHERUM.
Tall perennials with long narrow panicles; spikelets 2-flowered,
lower flower staminate, upper perfect; rachilla extending beyond
the flowers; glumes thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or
awn-pointed, unequal, persistent; lemmas 2, rigid, 5-7-nerved,
deciduous, the first bearing a long bent and twisted dorsal awn
inserted below the middle, the second unawned; palea hyaline,
2-keeled; grain ovoid, free.
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. Tall Oat-grass. Glabrous perennial,
100-150 cm. high; stem leaves 3, the blades flat, minutely scabrous, the sheaths
shorter than the internodes; panicle shining, 15-25 cm. long, rather narrow,
the branches suberect; lemmas 6-7 mm. long, the lower bearing a long dorsal
geniculate awn.
Naturalized from Europe.
67. ATRA.
Delicate annuals with narrow leaves; spikelets small, 2-flowered;
flowers perfect; rachilla jointed below the lemmas and not pro-
longed beyond the upper one; glumes nearly equal, awnless,
acute, longer than the lemmas; lemmas each with a twisted awn
on the back; grain usually adherent to the lemma and palea.
Panicle loose; lemma 2.5—3 mm. long. A. caryophyllea.
Panicle dense; lemma 3.5-4 mm. long. A. praecox.
Aira caryophyllea L. Hair-grass. Stems 10-20 cm. high; panicle very
loose; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, silvery, shining.
Introduced from Europe; common in dry soil.
Aira praecox L. Stems 5-10 cm. high; panicle small and rather dense;
spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, yellowish, shining.
Very sparingly introduced; a native of Europe.
68. DANTHONIA.
Flowers solitary or few in a small raceme or panicle; spikelets
3 to many-flowered, the flowers all perfect or the upper staminate;
rachilla pubescent, extending beyond the flowers; glumes keeled,
acute, subequal, persistent, generally extending beyond the
uppermost lemma; lemmas rounded on the back, 2-toothed,
deciduous, the bent awn flat and twisted at the base, arising
from between the acute or awned teeth; palea hyaline, 2-keeled
near the margins, obtuse or 2-toothed; grain free, enclosed in the
lemma.
Spikelets ascending in a close panicle.
Callus very short, not hairy. D. pinetorum.
Callus elongate, densely hairy. D. intermedia.
Spikelets spreading, in a loose panicle or solitary.
Sheaths smooth. D. californica.
Sheaths hairy. D. americana.
46 POACEAE.
Danthonia pinetorum Piper. Densely tufted; leaves pale, narrow, involute,
often curled; spikelets nearly sessile, pale; lemma loosely hairy, the apex bifid
into 2 slender subulate teeth; awn 7 mm. long.
In pine woods, Mason County, Washington, Piper; Nanaimo and Sproat
Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Very near the eastern D. spicata (L.)
Beauv.
Danthonia intermedia Vasey. Stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves bright green,
soft, flat or involute; sheaths glabrous or sparsely hairy; spikelets 3-12, usually
purple, nearly sessile; lemma broadly lanceolate, 2-toothed.
In alpine meadows, British Columbia to Quebec, south to California and
New Mexico.
Danthonia californica Boland. Erect, 50-100 cm. tall; leaf blades flat,
scabrous; sheaths loose, shortly retrorse-pubescent, and with a tuft of hairs
at the throat; spikelets 1-2 cm. long, 3-5 in a raceme, rarely more numerous
or even solitary, usually long-pedicelled; lemma abruptly acuminate, long-
ciliate below the middle, 2-cleft at apex, bearing an awn of about equal length.
In meadows, not common in our limits.
Danthonia americana Scribn. Much like D. californica but not so tall;
spikelets usually 2 or 3; sheaths hairy; lemmas attenuate-acuminate.
In meadows, British Columbia to California.
69. AVENA. Oat.
Annuals with large spikelets; inflorescence a panicle; spike-
lets 2—-many-flowered; lower flowers perfect, the upper often
staminate; glumes somewhat unequal, membranous, persistent;
lemmas deciduous, rounded on the back, acute, generally bearing
a dorsal awn; apex often 2-toothed; palea narrow, 2-toothed;
grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the lemma and palea,
free or sometimes adherent to the latter.
Avena fatua glabrata Peterm. Smooth Wild Oat. Stems stout, pale,
smooth, 50-100 cm. tall, erect; leaf blades broad and flat, the sheaths about
equalling the internodes; panicle loose 15-30 cm. long; spikelets, including
awns, 3.5—4 cm. long, erect or drooping, on slender branches; lemma smooth,
except the scabrous apex and the ring of stiff white hairs at the base, bearing
on the back a geniculate, stout, twisted awn below the 2-cleft apex.
Sparingly introduced. The common wild oat, A. fatua L., has bristly red
hairs on the lemma. It may also be expected in our limits.
70. DESCHAMPSIA.
Annuals or perennials; inflorescence a contracted or open
panicle; spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the hairy
rachilla extending beyond the flowers as a bristle or rarely termin-
ated by a staminate floret; glumes keeled, acute, membranous,
shining, persistent; lemmas of about the same texture, deciduous,
each bearing a dorsal awn, the apex erose-truncate; palea
narrow; grain oblong, free, enclosed in the lemma.
Lower glume 1-nerved.
Glumes not longer than the florets. D. caespitosa.
Glumes longer than the florets. D. atropurpurea.
POACEAE. 47
Lower glume 3-nerved.
Annual; glumes 5—7 mm. long. D. calycina.
Perennial; glumes 3-4 mm. long. D. elongata.
Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Silver-top. Densely tufted perennial;
stems 60-150 cm. high, much exceeding the numerous basal leaves; stem leaves
3, the blades narrow, involute, 5-12 cm. long, scabrous, the smooth sheaths
shorter than the internodes; panicle 10-30 cm. long, usually open, the capillary
branches in whorls of 2-5, flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets shining,
greenish or purplish, 2-3 mm. long; lemma hairy at the base, erose-toothed
at the apex, bearing a slender awn near the base.
In moist soils, common. A very variable widespread grass.
Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Scheele. Perennial; stems 30-90 cm.
high; leaves broad and flat; panicle rather close, purple; spikelets broad, flat,
5-6 mm. long.
In mountain meadows, common.
Deschampsia calycina Pres]. Annual; the slender stems erect, 15-40 cm.
tall; leaves narrow, involute, the blades 2-6 cm. long; panicle very loose, 7-20
cm. long, with subequal branches mostly in twos, these capillary, branched
above and bearing spikelets near the tips; spikelets pale green, sometimes
purple-tingled, about 7 mm. long; lemma long-hairy at the base, minutely
toothed at the apex, bearing a geniculate awn three or four times as long.
In dry soil.
Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro. Stems densely tufted, smooth,
30-90 cm. tall; leaves filiform, commonly involute, smooth; panicle narrow,
15-45 cm. long, somewhat nodding; branches very unequal, ascending or
appressed, very slender, naked below; spikelets pale green, usually purple-
tinged near the apex; lemmas hairy at base, shining,irregularly toothed at
apex, bearing a slender awn about twice as long.
Common in open places.
71. TRISETUM.
Ours all cespitose perennials; inflorescence a spike-like or
open panicle; spikelets 2—4-flowered, the flowers all perfect or
the uppermost staminate; rachilla glabrous or with long soft
hairs, extending beyond the flowers; glumes unequal, acute,
persistent; lemmas 2-4, usually shorter than the glumes, decidu-
ous, 2-toothed, bearing a dorsal awn below the apex or sometimes
awnless; palea narrow, hyaline, 2-toothed; grain free, enclosed
in the lemma.
Panicle dense and spike-like. T. spicatum.
Panicle loose and spreading.
Rays long and drooping; sheaths smooth. T. cernuum.
Rays shorter, erect; sheaths hairy. T. canescens.
Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter. Densely tufted, 10-40 cm. high, pubes-
cent to glabrous with the sheaths pubescent; panicle oblong-ovate, 5-15 cm.
long, shining and often brownish-purple; glumes ciliate on the keels, the lower
short; lemma 5-6 mm. long, its awn divergent and about as long.
In mountain meadows at 1500-2000 m. altitude.
Trisetum cernuum Trin. Stems 60-100 cm. tall, erect, the nodes pale;
leaf blades flat, merely scabrous, 15-20 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle
48 POACEAE.
10-15 cm. long, loose, nodding; branches in distant whorls, capillary, cernuous,
flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 6-7 mm. long without
the awn; lemma 3-4 mm. long, bearing an awn of about twice its length.
In open woods, common.
Trisetum canescens Buckl. Much like 7. cernuum, the leaf blades and
sheaths pubescent; nodes usually dark; panicle erect, 7-16 cm. long; lemma
7 mm. long.
In coniferous woods.
72. ERAGROSTIS.
Annual or perennial grasses; inflorescence a contracted or
open panicle; spikelets many-flowered, more or less flattened;
glumes unequal, shorter than the lemmas, keeled, 1-nerved;
lemmas membranous, keeled, 3-nerved, awnless; palea shorter
than the lemmas, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually
persisting on the rachilla after the lemma has fallen; grain free,
loosely enclosed in the lemma and palea.
Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Stems prostrate, creeping, much
branched from the base, forming dense circular mats; leaf blades 2-3 cm. long,
somewhat pubescent; sheaths loose, inflated, hairy; panicles very numerous,
pale green, dense, 2-4 cm. long, usually with their bases included in the upper-
most sheaths; spikelets oblong, 4-7 mm. long.
On river banks, widely distributed; rare in our limits.
73. CYNOSURUS.
Annual or perennial cespitose grasses with flat leaves; spikelets
of two forms in small fascicles which form a dense somewhat
unilateral spike-like panicle; terminal spikelets of each fascicle
2-4-flowered, perfect, its rachilla jointed; lower spikelets sterile,
with many empty lemmas; glumes 2, narrow lanceolate, acute;
lemmas broader, membranous, 1—3-nerved, mucronate or awn-
pointed; empty lemmas of sterile spikelets spreading, subequal,
linear, 1-nerved; styles distinct, short; stigmas loosely plumose.
Cynosurus cristatus L. Crested Dogstail. Stems erect, 30-60 cm. high;
leaves firm, 1-4 mm. wide, glabrous; panicle spike-like, 5-10 cm. long; spike-
lets both fertile and sterile in each cluster, the terminal one fertile; sterile
spikelet larger, the glumes and lemmas much narrower and very scabrous.
Sparingly introduced from Europe. Seattle, Piper; Victoria, Fletcher.
74, KOELERIA.
Tufted perennial grasses with narrow leaves and densely
flowered spike-like panicles; spikelets 2-4-flowered; rachilla
articulated between the lemmas; glumes acute, subequal, keeled,
scarious on the margins; lemmas 3-nerved, keeled, acute; palea
hyaline, acute; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea.
Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Perennial, the erect stems densely tufted,
30-70 cm. tall, usually glabrous; leaves narrow, commonly involutc; panicle
clense, greenish or purplish, shining, 5-15 cm. long, often more or less inter-
rupted; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 2—4+-flowered.
Dry soil, infrequent in our limits. A very variable widespread grass.
POACEAE. 49
75. PLEUROPOGON.
Soft erect annuals or perennials with rather large spikelets in
terminal racemes; spikelets with 8-15 perfect flowers; rachilla
jointed above the glumes and between the flowers; glumes 2,
1-nerved, or the second imperfectly 3-nerved, awnless, unequal;
lemmas longer than the glumes, 7-nerved, entire, or somewhat
2-toothed at the apex, with the midnerve extending into a short
awn; keel of palea with a distinct crest or wing-like appendage;
grain free.
Pleuropogon refractum Gray. Stems about 1 m. high; leaves flat, 6-8
inm. wide; raceme slender; spikelets 2-4 cm. long, horizontal or refracted,
loosely flowered.
Along streams in moist woods, rare. Washington to California.
76. MELICA.
Perennial grasses with simple stems; inflorescence a contracted
or open panicle; spikelets 1-several-flowered, often one-sided;
rachilla extending beyond the flowers and usually bearing 2-3
empty club-shaped or hooded lemmas twisted around each other;
glumes membranous, the lower 3—5-nerved, the upper 5—9-nerved;
lemmas larger, rounded on the back, 5—7-nerved, awnless, the
margins more or less scarious; palea broad, shorter than the
lemma; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea.
Lemmas acuminate at apex; stems bulbous at base. M, subulata.
Lemma notched at apex; stems not bulbous.
Awns short or none. M. harfordiz.
Awns long. M. smithii.
Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Glabrous; stems tufted, usually few,
bulbous at base; blades flat, shining; panicle narrow and rather loose, suberect,
10-20 cm. long; spikelets 3—-5-flowered; glumes unequal, usually purplish;
lemmas pubescent, 12 mm. long.
In open woods, frequent. Alaska to California and Wyoming.
Melica harfordii Boland. Stems tall, tufted, the bases not bulbous;
lemmas obtuse and notched at apex, 8 mm. long, ciliate with long hairs for
most of its length.
In dry rocky places, Vancouver Island to California.
Melica smithii (Porter) Vasey. Glabrous; stems tufted, usually few, not
bulbous at base; blades flat; panicle loose, the solitary branches at length
spreading or reflexed; spikelets 3—-6-flowered; glumes unequal; lemmas glabrous,
10 mm. long, the straight awns half as long or less. |
Sumas Prairie, Lyall; and eastward.
77. BRIZA.
Annuals or perennials with flat or convolute leaves and loose
and open or narrow and spike-like panicles; spikelets many-
flowered, round-ovate or cordate; rachilla jointed above the
glumes and between the florets; florets crowded, the upper usually
5
50 POACEAE.
imperfect; glumes 2, subequal, membranaceous with broad scari-
ous margins, rounded on the back, shorter than the flowers;
lemmas S—many-nerved, cordate at base, awnless; palea much
smaller than the lemma, obtuse; styles short, distinct; stigmas
plumose.
Briza media L. Perennial, tufted; stems erect, of various lengths, 10-60
cm. high on the same plant; leaf blades scabrous; panicle loose, pyramidal,
5-10 cm. long; spikelets ovate to cordate, 6-8 mm. long, 5-9-flowered.
Sparingly introduced from Europe. Reported from Nanaimo, Vancouver
Island, Macoun.
78. BROMUS. BroMeE-crass.
Annuals, biennials or perennials with flat leaves and terminal
panicles of large spikelets; peduncles thickened at the summit;
spikelets few—many-flowered; glumes unequal, acute; lemmas
rounded on the back, or sometimes compressed-keeled, 5-9-
nerved, the apex usually 2-toothed, generally bearing an awn
from just below the summit; palea shorter than the lemma;
grain adherent to the palea.
Spikelets strongly flattened; perennials.
Awns less than 7 mm. long; leaves linear-lanceolate, flat,
not pilose. B. marginatus.
Awns more than 7 mm. long.
Panicle very broad, the longest rays 15-25 cm. long,
drooping. B. sitchensis.
Panicle large but the rays not drooping. B. hookerianus.
Spikelets subterete, not strongly flattened.
Native perennials mostly with loose and drooping panicles;
lemma usually more or less long-hairy.
Panicle narrow, erect or nearly so. B. vulgaris.
Panicle broad, drooping.
Lemma evenly pubescent. B. pacificus.
Lemma unevenly pubescent. B. richardsontt.
Introduced annuals or biennials.
Awns much longer than the body of the narrow lemma,
Lemma pubescent or rarely glabrous; awns 13-15
mm. long. B. tectorum.
Lemma not pubescent; awns 18-45 mm. long.
Awns 35-45 mm. long B. maximus.
Awns less than 30 mm. long.
Panicle a dense head-like cluster. B. rubens.
Panicle loose. B. sterilis.
Awns shorter than or scarcely exceeding the broad
lemma.
Panicle dense, small. B. hordeaceus.
Panicle loose, open.
Margins of the lemma inrolled in fruit. B. secalinus.
Margins of the lemma not inrolled in fruit. B. commutatus.
Bromus marginatus Nees. Perennial, tufted; the stout stems about 1 m.
high; leaf blades coarse, sparsely pubescent; panicle 15-25 cm. long, rather
narrow, the branches in whorls of 2-4, about 7 cm. long, and bearing two
spikelets; spikelets 2.5-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, compressed and keeled,
POACEAE. aT
7-9-flowered; lemma rough-pubescent, 11-14 mm. long, 2-toothed at apex,
and bearing a stout awn 4-7 mm. long.
A variable species, rare in our limits.
Bromus sitchensis Bong. Stout grass, 1-1.5 m. high, smooth or nearly so;
panicle large, loose, drooping, 25-35 cm. long; lemma smooth or scabrous,
12-14 mm. long.
Moist banks, along the seashore.
Bromus hookerianus (Thurb.) Shear. Much like B. sitchensis but smaller;
panicle erect, the branches not drooping; lemmas scabrous.
In open places, common.
Bromus vulgaris eximius Shear. Perennial; stems slender, 80-100 cm.
tall; leaf blades 15-25 cm. long, glabrous or sparsely pilose; sheaths pilose
with spreading or reflexed hairs; ligule truncate, fringed, 3-5 mm. long;
panicle sparse, more or less nodding, 8-12 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 cm. long,
2—4 mm. wide; lemma 8-10 mm. long, sparsely pubescent on the back, some-
what ciliate on the margin, the awn 6-9 mm. long.
Common in open woods.
Bromus vulgaris robustus Shear. Lemma pilose on the keel and margins
near the base; leaves and leaf sheaths pubescent.
Infrequent.
Bromus pacificus Shear. Stems stout, about 1 m. tall; leaf-blades large,
8-11 mm. broad; panicle large, drooping; lemmas pubescent, 11-12 mm. long.
Moist banks and copses, especially along the coast.
Bromus richardsonii pallidus (Hook.) Shear. Stems 60-120 cm. high;
leaf blades broad, scabrous above, smooth beneath; panicle large, loose, droop-
ing; spikelets pale, 6—-11-flowered, 2~3 cm. long; lemma 12-15 mm. long, villous
at the margins of the lower half.
In mountain bogs, rare in our limits.
Bromus tectorum nudum Klett & Richter. Annual; stems 30-60 cm.
high; leaf blades pubescent; panicle loose, one-sided, drooping, the branches
slender; spikelets 15-20 mm. long; glumes acute, the lower about half the
length of the upper; lemma lanceolate, smooth, 11-13 mm. long, bearing at
the apex two narrow hyaline teeth and a straight awn 13-15 mm. long.
Introduced from Europe. Seattle, Piper. Typical B. tectorum with the
lemma scabrous to pubescent occurs at Puyallup, Washington.
Bromus maximus Desf. Stems 20-40 cm. high; sheaths and blades
pilose; panicle erect, 5-10 cm. long, somewhat one-sided, the branches rather
short and erect or nearly so after flowering.
Sparingly introduced from Europe.
Bromus rubens L. Annual, tufted; stems 20-50 cm. high, erect; sheaths
and leaf blades pubescent; panicle ovoid, compact, 4-7 cm. long, reddish at
maturity; spikelets 7-11-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long; glumes narrow, acuminate,
subequal, lower i-nerved, upper 3-nerved; lemma lanceolate, pubescent,
13-16 mm. long, the apex cleft into two long hyaline teeth; awn straight,
18-22 mm. long.
Introduced from Europe.
Bromus sterilis L. Annual, the stout stems 50-100 cm. high, usually
decumbent at base; panicle 10-20 cm. long, loose and drooping, its branches
in whorls of 2-6, long and slender, usually bearing but one spikelet; spikelets
drooping, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 5—-10-flowered; lemma narrowly lanceolate, 17-20
mm. long, bearing a stout rough awn, 20-30 mm. long.
Introduced from Europe.
52 POACEAE.
Bromus hordeaceus L. Annual, erect, 20-60 cm. tall; leaf blades pilose
or smooth, the sheaths pubescent with retrorse hairs; panicle narrow, dense,
5-10 cm. long; spikelets erect, 12-15 mm. long, 5—12-flowered; lemma pubes-
cent, bearing a stout straight or somewhat twisted awn 6-9 mm. long.
Common in waste places; introduced from Europe.
Bromus secalinus L. Chess or Cheat. Annual, erect, 30-70 cm. tall;
leaf blades 10-20 cm. long, sparsely hairy above, smooth beneath; sheaths
glabrous; panicle 8-18 cm. long, pyramidal, erect at first, in fruit somewhat
drooping; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, turgid in fruit, 10-18 mm. long; lemma
glabrous or nearly so, 6-8 mm. long, its margins involute in fruit, tipped with
an awn 2-5 mm. long; palea nearly equal to the lemma.
Introduced from Europe.
Bromus commutatus Schrad. Very similar to B. secalinus; panicle more
drooping; lemma broader, not inrolled in fruit, tipped with a stout straight
awn 7-8 mm. long.
Introduced from Europe.
79. DACTYLIS.
Perennial grasses with flat leaves; inflorescence a densely
clustered or interrupted panicle; spikelets 3—5-flowered, short-
pedicelled, in small fascicles, the flowers all perfect or the upper
staminate; glumes thin, membranous, keeled, unequal, mucro-
nate; lemmas larger than the glumes, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled,
the midnerve extending into a point or short awn; palea shorter
than the lemma; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea.
Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard-grass. Perennial, tufted, the stout stems
60-150 cm. tall; leaf blades flat, scabrous, 6-8 mm. broad; sheath scabrous,
exceeding the internode; panicle 3-10 cm. long, pyramidal-ovate, greenish or
purplish; branches solitary, ascending, spikelet-bearing above; lemmas con-
spicuously ciliate on the keels.
Escaped from cultivation.
80. POA. BLuE-GRAss.
Annual or perennial grasses with simple stems and narrow
usually flat leaves; inflorescence a contracted or open panicle,
spikelets 2—6-flowered, compressed, the rachilla usually glabrous;
flowers perfect or rarely dioecious; glumes membranous, keeled,
1-3-nerved; lemmas membranous, keeled, awnless, longer than
the glumes, generally with a tuft-of cobwebby hairs at the base,
5—7-nerved, the marginal nerves usually pubescent, often also the
dorsal one; palea a little shorter than the lemma, 2-nerved or
2-keeled; grain free, or sometimes adherent to the palea.
Annual; lemma without cobwebby hairs at base. P. annua.
Perennial.
Plants with creeping rootstocks.
Stem flattened, 2-edged; panicles small. P. compressa.
Stem cylindric.
Lemma webbed, that is with a tuft of long hairs at
the base.
POACEAE. 53
Dioecious, seashore plant; spikelets 10-15 mm.
long. P. macrantha.
Perfect; spikelets 4-5 mm. long. P. pratensis.
Lemma not webbed.
Low seashore plant with narrow involute leaves
and small panicle; spikelets close. P. confints.
Taller grass, not maritime, with flat or folded
leaves; spikelets loose. P. nervosa.
Plants tufted, without rootstocks.
Lateral nerves of lemmas prominent; web present. P. trivialis.
Lateral nerves of lemmas not prominent.
Web present at base of lemma.
Leaves flat or folded, not soft and flaccid.
Panicle short pyramidal; spikelets 6-7 mm.
long; low alpine plant. P. arctica.
Panicle ample, spreading; spikelets 3-4 mm.
lo P. triflora.
ng.
Leaves flat, rather short, soft and flaccid.
Panicle lax and spreading; spikelets 5-6 mm.
long; florets not early deciduous. P. leptocoma.
Panicle narrow, the rays usually erect;
florets early deciduous.
Lemma glabrous or nearly so. P. bolanderi.
Lemma pubescent. P. howellit.
Web absent, no tuft of hairs at base of lemma.
Nerves of the lemma pilose below.
Alpine plant; leaf blades flat, green, broad. P. alpina.
Maritime plant; leaf blades narrow or
folded, glaucescent. P. pachypholis.
Nerves of the lemma not pilose.
Stems low, 5-20 cm. high; grasses of the
highest mountains.
Leaves soft; panicle purple, very short;
plants 5-10 cm. high. P. lettermant.
Leaves rather rigid; panicle pale, narrow,
elongated; plant 10-20 cm. high. P. suksdorfit.
Stems taller, usually 20-40 cm. high, mostly
grasses of rupestrine habitat.
Panicle close, erect; leaves flat.
Lemmas pubescent at base; leaves
rather narrow, sometimes folded. PP. sandbergit.
Lemmas glabrous; leaf blades
broader. P. paddensis.
Panicles loose; leaves narrow, flat or
involute. .
Ligules of the sterile shoots obsolete;
of the stem leaves short and trun-
cate. P. multnomae.
Ligules well developed on all the
leaves.
Rays of the panicle in about 5
series; ligules 2-5 mm. long P. alcea.
Rays of the panicle in fewer
series; ligules 1-2 mm. long.
Panicle close; . glumes firm;
blades flat. P. saxatilis.
Panicle loose; glumes thin;
blades involute. P. gracillima.
54 POACEAE.
Poa annua L. Annual Blue-grass. Annual, the compressed stems 5-15
cm. tall; leaves glabrous, the blades short and soft; panicle pyramidal, some-
times 1-sided; spikelets 3-7-flowered, crowded, 4 mm. long; lemma 3-3.5 mm.
long, not hairy at base.
Introduced; common along waysides and in cultivated ground.
Poa compressa L. Canada Blue-grass. Usually low, spreading by root-
stocks and forming dense mats, the much compressed stems 15-40 cm. high,
decumbent at base, glabrous; panicle 3-7 cm. long, contracted, the branches
spikelet-bearing to the base or nearly so; spikelets 3-9-flowered; lemmas ob-
scurely nerved, the nerves slightly pubescent below.
Sparingly introduced.
Poa macrantha Vasey. Pale green; rootstocks extensively creeping, stout;
leaves involute or folded; panicle 5-10 cm. long; staminate spikelets yellowish,
10-15 mm. long; pistillate smaller.
Common in sand dunes along the coast.
Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Blue-grass. Perennial with conspicuous run-
ning rootstocks, the terete stems 30-90 cm. tall; panicle pyramidal, open,
6-20 cm. long, the ascending or spreading branches in whorls of 3-5, spikelet-
bearing above the middle; spikelets 3-5-flowered; lemmas 3-5 mm. long with
prominent intermediate nerves, silky-pubescent on the midnerve and margins,
cobwebby at the base.
Meadows and pastures everywhere.
Poa confinis Vasey. Stems 5-15 cm. high; leaves numerous, very narrow,
involute; panicle 1-3 cm. long, the short branches in pairs; spikelets 3-5-
flowered; lemmas broadly ovate.
High sea beaches; common on the ocean coast.
Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey. Stems weak, 30-40 cm. high; leaves soft,
green, flat or folded; panicle lax, 6-10 cm. long; spikelets pale green, compressed,
the 4-7 florets distant; lemma thin, lanceolate, scabrous.
On moist wooded banks, rare. Nootka Sound, British Columbia, Scouler;
Cape Horn, Washington, Piper; Multnomah Falls, Oregon, Pzper.
Poa trivialis L. Rough Meadow-grass. Stems 30-60 cm. high; sheaths
and flat blades scabrous; ligule well developed; panicle rather loose; spikelets
mostly 3-flowered; lemma 5-nerved, the nerves very prominent.
Sparingly introduced.
Poa arctica R. Br. Perennial by creeping rootstocks; stems slender,
2-3-jointed, erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves green, flat or folded, 2-5 cm. long,
2-3 mm. wide; panicle loose, pyramidal, erect or somewhat nodding, 3-8 cm.
long, the slender rays mostly in twos; spikelets oblong-obovate, 3—-6-flowered,
6-7 mm. long; glumes ovate, acute, subequal; lemma purplish, ovate, ob-
tusish, pubescent on the keel and lateral nerves below the middle, 3-4 mm.
long, the tuft of hairs at base nearly as long.
Mount Rainier, Piper, Allen; our form is not typical and has been mistaken
for P. laxa Haenke.
Poa triflora Gilib. Fowl! Meadow-grass. Tufted, the stems 60-90 cm. high;
leaves narrow, linear, smooth and soft; ligule conspicuous; panicle usually
purple, 10-30 cm. long, the branches mostly in fives; spikelets 2—5-flowered;
lemma obscurely nerved.
In wet places, common.
Poa leptocoma Bong. Glabrous, bright green; stems slendcr, erect,
20-40 cm. high; leaves flat, flaccid, 5-12 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; panicle lax,
5-10 cm. long, more or less nodding, the capillary branches mostly in twos
POACEAE. 55
and 2-5 cm. long; spikelets compressed, 5-6 mm. long, 3-flowered; glumes
slightly unequal, the upper longer and broader; lemma lance-ovate, acute,
3-4 mm. long, with a tuft of hairs at base and long-villous on the keel and
marginal nerves below the middle.
Boggy places in the mountains.
Poa bolanderi Vasey. A glabrous, loosely tufted, short-lived perennial,
30-50 cm. high, erect; leaf blades few, thin, soft, rather short; panicle erect,
narrow, 10-12 cm. long, the branches few at the well separated nodes and
usually remaining erect; spikelets 1-3-flowered, 2-3 mm. long; lemma smooth,
the basal web scanty.
Vancouver Island to California.
Poa howellii Vasey. Very similar to P. bolanderi; lemma acute, pubes-
cent; florets dropping very readily.
In dry woods, not rare. Vancouver Island to California.
Poa alpina L. Stems 15-30 cm. high; blades short, linear, flat, 3-6 mm.
wide; panicle usually purple, short pyramidal; spikelets broadly ovate,
3-9-flowered; lemma villous on the midrib and nerves below.
In the mountains, Alaska to Washington.
Poa pachypholis Piper. Densely tufted, 15-30 cm. high; leaves glaucous,
the blades narrow and involute; panicle short, thick, very close; glumes and
lemma thick and firm; lemma pubescent on the lower half of the nerves.
Ocean Bluffs at Ilwaco, Washington.
Poa lettermani Vasey. Very dwarf, tufted, only 5-10 cm. high; panicle
purple, 1-2 cm. long, oblong, quite dense; spikelets 2—4-flowered; lemma
oblong, acutish, glabrous.
Mount Rainier, at 3000 m. altitude.
Poa suksdorfii Vasey. Pale green, densely tufted, 10-20 cm. high; blades
folded or involute, rather numerous; panicle narrow and spike-like, 3-8 cm.
long; spikelets 1-3-flowered; lemma ovate, thin and papery, 4-5 mm. long.
In loose gravel in the mountains at high elevations.
Poa sandbergii Vasey. Perennial, glabrous, not glaucous, tufted; the
stems 15-50 cm. tall; basal leaves numerous, the blades 5-10 cm. long, linear;
stem leaves 2, low down, the blades 1~2 cm. long, the sheaths often purple;
panicle 4-10 cm. long, narrow, the ascending branches in whorls of 2-5,
spikelet-bearing near the top; spikelets 2—4-flowered, usually purplish; lemmas
oblong, 3.5 mm. long, sparsely pubescent above, villous near the base.
In dry places in the mountains, rare; common in the interior.
Poa paddensis Williams. (P. purpurascens Vasey.) Densely tufted;
stems 15-30 cm. high; blades flat or loosely involute, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle
erect or spreading, dark purple, rather close; spikelets thick, 3—5-flowered;
glumes ovate, acutish; lemmas ovate, sparsely scabrous.
In alpine meadows, common. Vancouver Island to Oregon.
Poa multnomae Piper. Densely tufted, 10-30 cm. high; basal leaves
numerous, very narrow, smooth, folded; panicle loose; spikelets ovate-lan-
ceolate, 3—5-flowered, 5-7 mm. long; lemma ovate, acutish, puberulent at
base, scarious at apex.
On rock cliffs along the Columbia.
Poa alcea Piper. Much like P. multnomae but taller; ligules conspicuous;
spikelets oblong, 6-9 mm. long, mostly 5-flowered.
On moist rock cliffs, Elk Rock, near Portland, Oregon, and southward.
Poa saxatilis Scribn. & Williams. Densely tufted alpine perennial, 20-30
cm. tall; basal leaves numerous, green, the blades 2-6 cm. long, flat, slightly
56 POACEAE.
scabrous, about 2 mm. broad; stem leaves 2; ligules well developed; sheaths
ioose, becoming scarious; panicles green or purple, erect, rather loose, 4-7 cm.
long, the rays mostly in twos; spikelets lanceolate, 6-9 mm. long, loosely 3—5-
flowered; glumes subacute, smooth, subequal, about 4 mm. long; lemma ob-
scurely 5-nerved, oblong, subacute, scabrous on the back, puberulent at base
and on the keel, 4—4.5 mm. long.
Rocky places at high altitudes.
Poa gracillima Vasey. Very similar to P. saxatilis which may not be
distinct; leaf blades involute; panicle loose; spikelets 7 mm. long; lemma thin,
scabrous on the back, pubescent at base, scarious at apex.
On cliffs in the mountains.
81. DISTICHLIS.
Rather rigid erect grasses springing from creeping bases,
with dense panicles of rather few large and compressed spikelets,
which are usually more numerous and less crowded in the stami-
nate than in the pistillate plants; spikelets 8-—16-flowered,
dioecious; glumes 2, keeled, acute, shorter than the lemmas;
lemmas 3—many-nerved, acute; grain free.
Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. Salt-grass. Extensively creeping; leaves
rather rigid, smooth, involute; spikelets ovate or oblong, 8-16 mm. long,
smooth, 6—12-flowered.
Along the seashore, common.
82. FESTUCA. FEscuE.
Annuals or perennials with terminal panicles, sometimes
reduced to racemes; spikelets 2-many-flowered; glumes more or
less unequal, acute, keeled, the lower 1-, rarely 3-nerved, the
upper 3-, rarely 5-nerved; lemmas lanceolate, firm in texture
at least near the base, narrow, rounded on the back or slightly
keeled, always 5-nerved, acute or usually awned; palea usually
about equalling the lemma; grain glabrous, elongated, often
adherent to the palea.
Annuals.
Spikelets densely 8—13-flowered. F. octoflora.
Spikelets loosely 1-6-flowered.
Branches of the short panicle divergent.
Florets 3-5 in each spikelet; only the principal rays
divergent. F. pacifica.
Florets 1-3 in each spikelet; all the spikelets diver-
gent. F. reflexa.
Branches of the elongated panicle erect or appressed.
Lemma ciliate. F. megalura.
Lemma not ciliate.
First glume one-third as long as second. F. myuros.
First glume two-thirds as long as second. F. bromozides.
Perennials.
Callus and auricles conspicuously hairy. F. aristulata.
Callus and auricles glabrous.
Leaves very narrow, mostly involute.
POACEAE. 57
Plant with creeping rootstocks. F. rubra.
Plant tufted; rootstocks none.
Tufts separable with difficulty; lemmas acute,
not awned. F. viridula,
Tufts easily separable; lemmas awned.
Panicle loose; lemmas long-awned. F. occidentalis.
Panicle close; lemmas not long-awned. F. ovina.
Leaves rather broad, flat.
Lemma firm, not at all keeled, awnless. F, elatior.
Lemma rather thin, keeled above the middle, awned.
Floret with a narrow stalk-like base. F. subuliflora.
Floret not stalk-like at base. F. subulata,
Festuca octoflora Walt. Tufted annual, 8-30 cm. tall; panicle 2-6 cm.
long, rather dense, often one-sided; spikelets 6-10 mm. long, 7-13-flowered;
lemmas 3-4 mm. long, scabrous, attenuate into an awn about as long.
In dry open places.
Festuca pacifica Piper. Annual; stem single or a few in a loose tuft,
5-30 cm. tall; panicle 4~-10 cm. long; branches mostly solitary, longest below,
all erect at first but becoming spreading or reflexed by means of a prominent
pulvinus at the base; spikelets 2-6-flowered; lemma 6-7 mm. long, the awn
two to three times as long.
In prairies, rare west of the Cascade Mountains.
Festuca reflexa Buckl. In habit like F. pacifica; panicle 5-12 cm. long,
the rays solitary; spikelets at length all spreading; lemma lanceolate, glabrous
or scabrous, bearing a short or long awn.
Dry open places, Vancouver Island to California.
Festuca megalura Nutt. Tufted annual, 30-40 cm. tall, smooth; panicle
spike-like, elongated, flexuous, 5~25 cm. long, pale-green; spikelets 4—5-flow-
ered, 2—2.5 cm. long, including the awns; lemma lanceolate, scabrous, the body
5 mm., the awn 10-15 mm. long.
Along roads and streets, native, but appearing as if introduced.
Festuca myuros L. Mouse-tail Fescue. Very similar to F. megalura, but
the panicle usually smaller; lemma not ciliate; first glume very short.
Sparingly introduced; native of Europe.
Festuca bromoides L. Glabrous; stems 10-30 cm. high; panicle usually
dense, 5-10 cm. long; rays solitary; glumes subequal, the lower shorter.
Waysides, introduced from Europe.
Festuca aristulata (Torr.) Shear. (F. californica Vasey.) Coarse tufted
grass, 60-120 cm. high, scabrous throughout; junction of sheath and blade
white-hairy; panicle large and very loose; spikelets 5-flowered; lemma 8-10
mm. long, lanceolate, scabrous. ; ;
Dry ground, upper Willamette Valley to California.
Festuca rubra L. Perennial, with short running rootstocks; the whole
plant smooth; stems 60-100 cm. tall, slender; leaves narrow, involute, 10-20
cm. long; panicle narrow, erect, about 10 cm. long, the short erect branches
in twos, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets frequently purplish, 10-12 cm.
long, 5—6-flowered; lemma smooth, 5-6 mm. long, tipped with an awn 3-4 mm.
long.
Mostly along the seashore. F. rubra kitaibeliana (Schult.) Piper is a
subspecies distinguished by having pubescent lemmas.
Festuca viridula Vasey. Densely tufted, dark green, smooth; stems 50-
100 cm. high; leaves narrow, erect, soft, 7-nerved, the basal ones involute;
58 POACEAE.
panicle loose and open, suberect, 10-15 cm. long; spikelets 3—-6-flowered;
lemma firm, keeled toward the apex, 5-nerved, acute or sometimes mucronate,
smooth or nearly so, 6-7 mm. long.
Common in alpine meadows.
Festuca occidentalis Hook. Densely tufted, the whole plant smooth and
bright green; stems 30-60 cm. high; leaf blades smooth, becoming longitudi-
nally grooved when dry; panicle narrow, loose, 8-20 cm. long, often drooping
at the summit; spikelets green, 3—5-flowered; lemmas scabrous near the apex
or smooth, 5-6 mm. long, bearing a slender awn of equal length.
In open woods, common.
Festuca ovina supina (Schur) Hack. Plant densely tufted, usually
smooth; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves firm, involute, not shrinking when dry;
panicle strict, narrow, 2-4 cm. long; lemmas short-awned; ovary not hairy
at apex.
In the mountains at high altitudes.
Festuca elatior L. Meadow Fescue. Perennial; the stout stem 100-150
cm. tall, smooth and glabrous throughout; leaves flat, dark green, 7-15 cm.
long, 3-4 mm. wide; panicle narrow, erect, 10-25 cm. long, the branches soli-
tary or in twos; spikelets rather crowded, lanceolate-oblong, 12-18 mm. long,
5--10-flowered; lemma scarious-margined, acute, awnless.
A native of Europe, escaped from cultivation.
Festuca subuliflora Scribn. Stems 60-80 cm. high; leaves broad, flat or
loosely involute; panicle broad, the spreading rays mostly solitary; spikelets
large, loose; lemmas long awned, each narrowed at base into a stalk-like
structure, so that the rachilla is apparently jointed between the florets.
In open woods, not common.
Festuca subulata Trin. Loosely tufted, glabrous or nearly so; stems 40—
120 cm. high; leaf blades flat, thin, 3-10 mm. broad; panicle very loose and
somewhat drooping, 15-40 cm. long, rays in 3-5 sets; spikelets pale green,
3-5-flowered, 7-12 mm. long; lemma membranaceous, narrowly lanceolate,
keeled its entire length, 5-7 mm. long, with an awn 5~20 mm. long.
In moist woods, common.
83. PANICULARIA.
Tall aquatic perennial grasses with terminal panicles; spikelets
few-many-flowered, terete, or somewhat flattened; glumes un-
equal, obtuse or acute, 1-3-nerved; lemmas membranous, obtuse,
rounded on the back, 5—9-nerved, the nerves disappearing in the
hyaline apex; palea scarcely shorter than the lemma, rarely
longer; grain smooth, enclosed in the lemma and palea, free,
or when dry slightly adhering to the latter.
Spikelets linear, 10-20 mm. long.
Lemma scabrid only on the nerves; glumes 2-3 mm. long. P. borealis.
Lemma scabrid all over the back; glumes 1-2 mm. long.
Spikelets 10-15 mm. long; lemma 3 mm. long, truncate. P. Jeptostachya.
Spikelets 18-20 mm. long; lemma 5-6 mm. long, acut-
ish. P. occidentalis.
Spikelets ovate or oblong, 2-8 mm. long
Lemma with 5 prominent nerves. P. pauciflora.
Lemma with 7 prominent nerves.
Spikelets 3-4 mm. long. P. nervata.
Spikelets 4-6 mm. long. P. americana.
POACEAE. 59
Panicularia borealis Nash. Stems weak, erect, glabrous, 50-100 cm. tall;
leaf blades 8-20 cm. long, pale green, nearly smooth; sheaths loose, longer than
the internodes; panicle lax, 15-30 cm. long, the branches single or in twos,
usually short and erect; spikelets linear, 10-15 mm. long; lemmas thin, 3.5-4
mm. long, 7-nerved, the nerves minutely hispid.
In shallow ponds and ditches.
Panicularia leptostachya (Buckl.) Piper n. comb. (Glyceria leptostachya
Buckl.; Panicularia davyi Merrill.) Much like P. borealis; sheaths scabrous;
spikelets 10-16 mm. long; lemma scabrous all over the back, truncate;
glumes very short.
In ponds, rare.
Panicularia occidentalis Piper n. sp. Pale green, flaccid, 60-90 cm. high;
sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes; ligules large, 4-8 mm. long;
blades flat, scabrous above, smooth beneath, 5-9 mm. broad, 8-20 cm. long;
panicle loose, spreading, usually enclosed at base, 30-50 cm. long; branches
in about 7 series, scabrous, a long one and one or two short ones at each
joint; spikelets 18-20 mm. long, 6-9-flowered; rachilla slender, cernuous;
glumes hyaline, the lower broadly ovate, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, the upper
oblong, acutish, 3 mm. long; lemma firm, strongly nerved, 5-6 mm. long,
acutish, narrowly hyaline-margined, scabrous-puberulent all over the back.
Type specimen collected at Vancouver, Washington, C. V. Piper no. 4905,
June 5, 1904; also collected at Sauvies Island, Oregon, Thos. Howell, May
1881; Salem, Oregon, E. Hall, no. 630, in 1871. Most nearly related to P.
leptostachya (Buckl.) Piper; differing in its broader leaf-blades, smooth sheaths
and larger spikelets and florets.
Panicularia paucifiora (Presl) Kuntze. Stems 50-100 cm. high, smooth;
leaf blades 10-20 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. broad, acute, scabrous; sheaths nearly
equalling the internodes; panicle loose, 15-20 cm. long, usually purplish, its
base included in the upper sheath; branches slender, spreading, 2-5 at a node,
flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 4-6-flowered; lem-
mas prominently 5-nerved, rarely 7-nerved.
Common in springy places.
Panicularia nervata elata (Nash) Piper. Stems 60-90 cm. high; leaves
linear, dark-green, 15-30 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle loose, at length
drooping; spikelets 2-4 mm. long.
In wet places, common.
Panicularia americana (Torr.) MacM. Reed Meadow-grass. Stems stout,
100-150 cm. high; leaf blades 6-15 mm. wide; panicle large and loose, 20-40
cm. long, nodding at the top; spikelets 4~7-flowered; upper glume 2—2.5 mm.
long.
In wet places, not common in our limits.
84. PUCCINELLIA.
Tufted perennial grasses of seacoast or alkaline regions;
spikelets as in Panicularia, but lemmas firmer, usually smaller,
often sub-acute and minutely pubescent at base, the nerves
obscure.
Panicle narrow, its base usually inclosed in the upper sheath,
erect or the short lower branches sometimes divergent. P. angustata.
Panicle well exserted, the branches becoming divaricate or re- ;
flexed. P. distans.
60 POACEAE.
Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Nash. Creeping by stolons; stems low,
slender; leaves somewhat fleshy, narrow, involute; spikelets 3-7-flowered;
first glume usually 1-nerved.
Salt marshes along the coast.
Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. (Poa nutkaensis Presl.) Not stoloniferous;
stems geniculate, 20-60 cm. high; blades not fleshy, flat or folded; panicle
branches usually in fours or fives, spreading or reflexed; spikelets 3—-6-flowered;
first glume usually 3-nerved.
Seashores; very variable. Forms with the panicle narrow and the branches
ascending have been referred perhaps correctly to the European P. festucae-
formis (Host) Parl.
85. SPARTINA. Corp-GRass.
Coarse perennial grasses with strong creeping rootstocks, rigid
simple stems and long tough leaves; inflorescence of 1-sided
spreading or erect alternate spikes; spikelets 1-flowered, narrow,
deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, articulated with the
very short pedicels below the glumes; glumes keeled, very un-
equal; lemma keeled, equalling or shorter than the second glume;
palea often longer than its lemma; grain free.
Spartina michauxiana Hitchc. Stems 1-2 m. tall, simple, smooth; leaf
blades flat, keeled, long-acuminate, involute in age, scabrous on the margins;
spikes 5-20, 5-12 cm. long, ascending, sometimes peduncled; spikelets closely
imbricated; glumes very scabrous on the keels, awn-pointed; lemma scabrous
on the midrib, which terminates below the 2-toothed apex.
Cascades of the Columbia River, Hall, perhaps in our limits.
86. BECKMANNIA.
Tall erect perennials; inflorescence a terminal panicle of erect
spikes; spikelets 1-2-flowered, globose, compressed; glumes mem-
branous, saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute; lemmas 1 or 2,
narrow, thin-membranous; palea hyaline; grain oblong, free,
enclosed in the lemma.
Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host. Perennial, the stems stout, 60—-
90 cm. tall, glabrous throughout; leaf blades 10-30 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide,
scabrous, the loose sheaths exceeding the internodes; panicle narrow, 10-30
cm. long, the densely-flowered branches mostly solitary and erect; spikelets
nearly orbicular, flattened, 2 mm. long.
In wet meadows, rare West of the Cascade Mountains. Victoria, Van-
couver Island, Macoun; Colquitz River, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Wil-
lamette Valley.
87: CYNODON.
Low creeping perennials with short flat leaves and slender
spikes digitately arranged at the ends of the branches; spikelets
1-flowered, awnless, sessile in two rows along one side of a slender
rachis, forming unilateral spikes; rachilla jointed above the glumes
and prolonged behind the palea into a slender bristle; glumes 2,
narrow, keeled, usually acute; lemma broader, usually a little
longer than the glumes, obtuse, more or less pilose on the keel
POACEAE. 61
and margins; palea as long as the glume; styles distinct; grain
free.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda-grass. Low, 5-30 cm. high,
loosely branched and extensively creeping by rootstocks or stolons, glabrous;
leaf blades flat; ligules very short but bearing a ring of white bristles; branches
of the umbel 4-6; spikelets 2 mm. long.
Sparingly introduced.
88. ELEUSINE.
Tufted annuals with rather stout unilateral spikes digitately
arranged at the tip of the stem; spikelets several-flowered, sessile,
closely imbricated in 2 rows along one side of the rachis; rachilla
jointed above the glumes; lemmas compressed, keeled, thin but
rigid, obtuse; palea a little shorter than the lemma, compressed;
seed finely striated.
Eleusine indica Gaertn. Goose-grass. Glabrous annual; stems flattened,
erect or decumbent, 15-60 cm. high; sheaths overlapping; spikes 3-8 cm. long,
2-10 in an umbel, bearing the 3—5-flowered spikelets on the lower side.
Introduced from the oriental tropics.
89. LOLIUM.
Annuals or perennials with simple erect stems and simple
terminal spikes; spikelets several-flowered, solitary and sessile
in alternate notches of the rachis, one edge of the spikelet against
the rachis; glume 1 (2 in the terminal spikelet), on the side away
from the rachis, shorter or longer than the lemmas which are
rounded on the back and 5-7-nerved, with an obtuse, acute or
awned apex; grain smooth, adherent to the palea.
Glumes longer than the spikelet. L. temulentum.
Glumes shorter than the spikelet.
Lemmas awned; young leaves involute. L. multiflorum.
Lemmas awnless; young leaves folded. L. perenne.
Lolium temulentum L. Darnel. Annual; spikelets 5—8-flowered; lemma
awnless or short-awned.
Sparingly introduced.
Lolium multiflorum Lam. Jtalian Rye-grass. Glabrous, tufted; stems
erect, 60-90 cm. high; sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; blades
3-8 mm. wide, involute in the bud; ligule short, truncate; spikes 20-30 cm.
long; spikelets 7—-9-flowered; glumes shorter than the spikelet; lemma narrowly
elliptic, the awn as long as the body.
Introduced from Europe.
Lolium perenne L. English or Perennial Rye-grass. Perennial; young
leaves folded; spikelets 8-15-flowered, 8-12 mm. long; lemmas 5-6 mm. long,
awnless or short-awned. .
Naturalized from Europe.
90. AGROPYRON. WHEAT-GRASS.
Perennials with simple stems and terminal spikes; spikelets
3-many-flowered, sessile, single and alternate at each notch of
62 POACEAE.
the usually continuous rachis, the side of the spikelet, that is the
edge of the glumes, toward the rachis; lemmas rigid, rounded on
the back, 5—7-nerved, usually acute or awned at the apex; palea
often with hairy keels; grain pubescent at the apex.
Plants tufted, without rootstocks; spikelets subcylindric. A. tenerum.
Plants with creeping rootstocks.
Spikelets compressed, spreading; leaves pale, rough on the
back. A. occidentale.
Spikelets subcylindric, erect; leaves green, smooth on the
back. A. repens.
Agropyron tenerum Vasey. Slender Wheat-grass. Perennial, tufted;
stems erect, 30-100 cm. high, rather slender, glabrous; stem leaves 3 or 4, the
blades becoming involute, scabrous on both sides, the sheaths glabrous and
shorter than the internodes; spike 10-20 cm. long, narrow, the spikelets densely
crowded; lemmas linear-oblong, 5-nerved, scabrous, acuminate or short-awned.
Rare west of the Cascade Mountains; common in the interior.
Agropyron occidentale Scribn. (A. smithii Rydb.) Bluestem. Whole plant
pale or glaucous; stems erect, 30-100 cm. high; leaves firm, the nerves thick
and prominent; spike 8-15 cm. long, compact; spikelets 7—13-flowered, 12-20
mm. long, glabrous; lemma firm, awn-pointed, the nerves faint.
High sea-beaches, rare; common in the interior.
Agropyron repens L. Couch or Quack-grass. Stems erect, 100-150 cm.
high; leaf blades green, pilose above, the nerves not prominent; spike 5-15 cm.
long; spikelets 5-flowered; lemma glabrous or nearly so, strongly nerved,
usually awn-pointed.
Sparingly introduced; a very pernicious weed.
91. ELYMUS. RveE-Grass.
Perennial or annual grasses with spike-like inflorescences which
do not readily break up into segments; spikelets 1—7-flowered,
2-4 at each joint of the rachis or rarely solitary; glumes entire,
equal, rigid, narrow; lemmas acute, acuminate or awned, entire.
Glumes subulate, obscurely nerved.
Annual; glumes awned. E. caput-medusae.
Perennial plants with creeping rootstocks; glumes not
awned.
Lemma glabrous, often glaucous; glumes not
hirsute. E. triticoides.
Lemma scabrous-puberulent; glumes sparsely
hirsute. E. vancouverensis.
Glumes lanceolate, distinctly nerved.
Culms very stout, 1-2 m. tall; plants with rootstocks. E. arenarius.
Culms slender, seldom 1 m. tall; plants without root-
stocks.
Lemma not ciliate. E. glaucus.
Lemma ciliate.
Awns long. E. hirsutus.
Awns short. E. virescens.
Elymus caput-medusae L. Glabrous annual; stems 20-50 cm. high,
erect or geniculate at base; leaves 1-2 mm. broad, becoming involute; spike
stout, erect, green or becoming purplish, 1-4 cm. long without the awns;
POACEAE, 63
spikelets 2 at each node, 1- or rarely 2-flowered; glumes subulate, rigid, 2-2.5
cm. ae lemma lanceolate, very scabrous, tipped with a stout awn 5~10
cm. long.
Introduced from Europe; abundant in the upper Willamette Valley.
Elymus triticoides Buckl. Stems erect, about 1 m. tall, not densely tufted;
leaves 4—6 mm. wide, sometimes scabrous; panicle spike-like or with some of
the lower branches elongated, usually purplish, rather loose; lemma acuminately
short-awned.
Rare west of the Cascade Mountains; common in the interior.
Elymus vancouverensis Vasey. Stems stout, 60-90 cm. high; leaves
thick, involute; spike dense, 10-12 cm. long; spikelets crowded; lemma scab-
rous-puberulent, mucronate or awn-pointed.
On high sandy beaches, rare. Near Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun;
Coupeville, Washington, Gardner; Seattle, Piper, Howell.
Elymus arenarius L. Culms stout, 1-2 m. tall; spikes 10-20 cm. long,
dense, erect; spikelets 2-3 cm. long, appressed, 3—7-flowered; glumes lanceolate,
acuminate, awnless; lemma scabrous to hairy, cuspidate at tip.
On high sea-beaches. Typical E. arenarius has the upper part of the culm
and the glumes glabrous and does not occur in our limits. The common plant
of the Alaska coast extending southward to Vancouver Island having sessile
spikelets and pliant villous glumes is E£. arenarius mollis Piper. n.comb.(£.
mollis Trin.). The plant of the Puget Sound region having pedicelled spike-
lets and stiff hispid to glabrate glumes is E. arenarius compositus (Abromeit)
St. John. Both these subspecies have the culm pubescent near the top.
Elymus glaucus Buckl. Stems 50-100 cm. tall, erect; leaf blades spreading
or drooping, 10-30 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide; spike-like panicle narrow, erect
or rarely nodding above, 5-15 cm. long, greenish or purplish, glaucescent;
spikelets usually appressed, mostly in pairs, 3-6-flowered; glumes lanceolate;
lemma not pubescent but rough near the apex, tipped with an awn about twice
as long.
Common and variable.
Elymus hirsutus Presl. (E. borealis Scribn.) Much like E. glaucus but
bright green; spike looser or interrupted, often nodding; lemma ciliate.
Alaska southward to the Olympic Mountains.
Elymus virescens Piper. Green and glabrous; stems 30-60 cm. high;
spike dense, erect, 6~8 cm. long; glumes 3-nerved, lanceolate; iemma lanceolate,
obtusely cuspidate.
Olympic Mountains, head of Duckaboose River, in moist coniferous woods.
92. HORDEUM. Witp BarLey.
Cespitose annuals or perennials with terminal cylindrical
spikes; spikelets 1-flowered, usually in threes at each joint of the
rachis, the lateral generally short-stalked and imperfect; rachilla
produced beyond the flower; glumes rigid, the lower ones often
reduced to awns and forming an apparent involucre around the
spikelets; lemmas rounded on the back, 5-nerved at the apex,
awned; palea scarcely shorter than the lemma; grain usually
adherent to the lemma, hairy at the summit.
Floret of the central spikelet pedicelled; glumes ciliate. HA. murinum.
Floret of the central spikelet sessile; glumes not ciliate.
64 POACEAE.
Glumes not all subulate.
Glumes of middle spikelet lanceolate. Hi, pusillum.
Glumes of middle spikelet setaceous. A. gussoneanum.
Glumes all alike, subulate.
Lateral florets long-awned.
Awns 4-6 mm. long. HA, jubatum.
Awns 2-3 cm. long. Hi. caespitosum.
Lateral florets not awned.
Lateral florets neutral. HT. nodosum.
Lateral florets perfect. H. boreale.
Hordeum murinum L.. Wall Barley. Stems 15-30 cm. tall; leaf blades
2-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; spikes 5-10 cm. long, thick; spikelets mostly in
threes, all stalked; both glumes of the central spikelet and the inner glume of
the lateral spikelets ciliate and flattened, bearing awns 20-25 mm. long; outer
glumes of lateral spikelets neither flattened nor ciliate; lemma scabrous at the
apex, long-awned.
A weed in waste places.
Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Stems 15-30 cm. high; spikes 3-8 cm. long;
both glumes of the central spikelet lanceolate and the inner ones of the lateral
spikelets dilated.
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun, perhaps introduced. Com-
mon eastward.
Hordeum gussoneanum Parl. Annual, glabrous, 10-30 cm. high; upper
sheath inflated; spike cylindrical, green, 2-5 cm. long; lemma 2-2.5 cm. long,
including the stiff straight awn.
Sparingly introduced from Europe.
Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel Tail. Annual, tufted, erect, 30-60 cm.
high, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; leaf blades flat, becoming involute,
the sheaths shorter than the internodes; spike-like panicle pale green or yel-
lowish, 7-10 cm. long, readily breaking apart; central spikelet sessile, fertile,
the lateral ones peduncled and sterile; glumes all subulate, 3-6 cm. long.
In salt marshes, not common.
Hordeum caespitosum Scribn. Much like H. jubatum but the spikes
more slender and the awns shorter.
Tacoma, Leckenby; perhaps introduced.
Hordeum nodosum L. Annual or perennial, 30-90 cm. high, erect, leaf
blades flat or involute, the sheaths smooth or hairy; panicle spike-like, 3-8 cm.
long, narrow, usually flexuous, readily separating into joints; central spikelet
sessile, fertile, the lateral ones peduncled and sterile glumes all subulate, 2 cm.
or less in length.
In moist meadows and along the seashore.
Hordeum boreale Scribn. & J.G. Smith. Similar in every way to ZH.
nodosum except for the perfect lateral florets.
In moist ground, Alaska to Oregon; perhaps only a form of H. nodosum.
93. SITANION.
Cespitose perennials, with spikes which readily break up into
segments; spikelets 2-3 at each joint of the rachis, rarely solitary,
1--5-flowered; glumes subulate and entire, or lanceolate and bifid,
or parted into several long-awned lobes; lemmas lanceolate and
POACEAE. 65
acute, or those of the lowest floret sterile and subulate, entire
with a single awn, or trifid and three-awned.
This genus is hardly distinct from Elymus.
Glumes 2-nerved; inflorescence 2-8 mm. long.
Awns of lemmas 3-4 cm. long. S. rigidum.
Awns of lemmas 4-5 cm. long. S. glabrum.
Glumes 3-5-nerved; inflorescence 10-15 cm. long.
Leaves glaucous, 5-8 mm. broad. S. planifolium.
Leaves green, 2-5 mm. broad. S. rubescens.
Sitanion rigidum J. G. Smith. Stems 10-20 cm. high; leaf blades green
or slightly glaucous, rigid, 2-5 mm. wide, flat or at length involute; spike
green, 2-8 cm. long, erect or nearly so, often included at base in the upper
sheath; glumes or glume divisions 4 and entire or 6, that is the lateral ones
divided to the base, all awned; lemma 7-9 mm. long, tipped with a stout awn
3-4 mm. long.
In rocky soil in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude.
Sitanion glabrum J. G. Smith. Pale or somewhat glaucous, tufted; leaves
flat, 2-5 cm. wide; spike 5-8 cm. long; glumes bifid, 6-8 cm. long.
Dry rocky places in the mountains, at high altitudes.
Sitanion planifolium J. G. Smith. Tufted, 50-60 cm. high, more or less
glaucous; leaf-blades 5-8 mm. wide, flat, glabrous; spike suberect, purplish,
6-9 cm. long; glumes 6-7 mm. long, entire or bifid, tipped with an awn about
2 cm. long; lemma 10 mm. long, lancolate, minutely scabrous, bearing an awn
3-4 cm. long.
Olympic Mountains, Elmer; Mount Adams, Suksdorf.
Sitanion rubescens Piper. Stems tufted, 50-70 cm. high; leaves flat;
spikes erect, flexuous, 10-15 cm. long, purplish; glumes 4, entire or rarely
bifid, 3-nerved; lemma tipped with a slender awn about 4 cm. long.
Dry rocky slopes of Mount Rainier.
Family 17. CYPERACEAE. SrEpGE FAaMILy.
Grass-like or rush-like herbs; stems slender, solid (rarely
hollow), triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened; leaves
narrow with closed sheaths; flowers perfect or unisexual in
spikes or spikelets, one in the axil of each scale (glume or bract) ;
spikelets solitary or clustered, 1 to many-flowered; scales two-
ranked or in a spiral, persistent or deciduous; perianth hypogy-
nous, composed of bristles or scales or wanting; stamens 1-3,
rarely more; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style 2 or 3-cleft; fruit a
lenticular or triangular akene; endosperm mealy; embryo minute.
Flowers unisexual, borne in the same or more com-
monly separate spikelets. 94. CAREX, 66.
Flowers of the spikelets all perfect, rarely partly
aborted; spikelets all alike.
Spikelets with scales in two ranks.
Perianth none; spikelets in solitary or um-
belled terminal heads. 95. CypErRus, 81.
Perianth of 6-9 bristles; spikelets axillary. 96. DuLICHIUM, 82.
6
66 CYPERACEAE.
Spikelets with scales spirally arranged and over-
lapping all around.
Spikelets 1-4-flowered, some of the flowers
imperfect. , 97. RyNcHospoRA, 82.
Spikelets with several-many perfect flowers.
Style swollen at the base, persistent on
the akene. 98. ELEOCHARIS, 82.
Style not swollen at the base, deciduous.
Spikelets 1-many; bristles 1-6, short,
rarely none. 99. ScirPUS, 83.
Spikelets 1 or a few; bristles 6-many,
soft, smooth, very long, slender,
much exserted. 100. Er1oPHoRUM, 84,
94, CAREX. SEDGE.
Grass-like plants, perennial by rootstocks; stems mostly
triangular; leaves 3-ranked, the upper (bracts) elongated or very
short and subtending the spikes of flowers, or wanting; flowers
solitary in the axils of bracts (scales), monoecious or dioecious;
spikes either wholly staminate, or pistillate, or sometimes
androgynous; perianth none; staminate flowers of 3 stamens;
pistillate flower of a single pistil with a style and 2-3 stigmas
borne in the axil of a second bract (the perigynium) which com-
pletely encloses the akene; akene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-
convex.
Key To SECTIONS.
Spikes solitary, terminal. I, PRIMOCAREX.
Spikes several.
Spikes all alike. II. VIGNEA.
Spikes of two sorts. II]. Eucarex.
Section I. PRIMOCAREX.
Spike solitary, terminal.
Perigynia pubescent; plant dioecious. C. stenochlaena.
Perigynia glabrous; plant not dioecious.
Spike ovoid, brown; perigynia thin and inflated.
Perigynia 6-7 mm. long, much exceeding the scales;
stems longer than the leaves. C. brewert.
Perigynia 5 mm. long, slightly exceeding the scales;
stems shorter than the leaves. C. paddoensis.
Spike not ovoid nor brown; perigynia not bladder-like.
Perigynia reflexed when fully mature, fusiform,
beaked, stipitate at base.
Perigynia few, 3-5; scales pale. C. pauciflora.
Perigynia more numerous; scales colored.
Scales dark purple; spikes 8-10 mm. thick;
leaves flat, 3-4 mm. wide. C. nigricans.
Scales brownish; spikes 3-4 mm. thick;
leaves involute, 2 mm. wide. C. pyrenaica.
Perigynia not becoming reflexed; not stipitate (ex-
cept C. circinata).
CYPERACEAE.
Scales much longer than the few, 1-6, perigynia. C. geyert.
Scales not longer than the several to numerous
perigynia.
Perigynia broadly obtuse, beakless. C. leptalea.
Perigynia narrowed to the bidentate apex.
Scales as long as or longer than the peri-
gynia. C. hepburn.
Scales shorter than the perigynia. C. circinata.
Section II. VIGNEA.
67
Spikes sessile, all alike, bearing the inconspicuous staminate flowers at the
base, at the top, or rarely scattered; stigmas 2, rarely 3; perigynia mostly
plano-convex; akenes lenticular.
j When the staminate flowers are below the pistillate, the base of the spike
is commonly contracted; when above the pistillate, the upper scales are
empty at maturity.
Staminate flowers borne at the top of the spike.
Perigynia plump, nearly terete, pale green. C. tenella.
Perigynia strongly compressed.
Beak of perigynium much longer than the body. C. stipata.
Beak of perigynium shorter than the body.
Spikes somewhat paniculate; perigynia brown,
biconvex. C. cusickit.
Spikes aggregated into a head.
Stigmas 3; perigynia 12 mm. long. C. macrocephala.
Stigmas 2; perigynia much smaller.
Leaves equalling or exceeding the stem;
head interrupted, 5-8 cm. long. C. vicaria.
Leaves shorter than the stem; head
densely ovoid.
Beak and top of perigynium rough on
the angles. C. hoodit.
Beak and top of perigynium smooth.
Perigynia elliptic, narrowly wing-
margined; seashore plant. C. pansa.
Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, not
wing-margined; alpine plant. C. vernacula.
Staminate flowers at the base of each spike or rarely scat-
tered.
Margins of perigynia not thin or winged.
Spikes crowded into a dense head.
Head pyramidal, 5-10 mm. long; perigynia
smooth on the margins. C. illota.
Head oblong to ovoid, 15-30 mm. long; peri-
gynia strongly serrulate. C. arcta.
Spikes scattered.
Perigynium 4~-4.5 mm. long. C. bolanderi.
Perigynium 2-2.5 mm. long.
Perigynium not minutely puncticulate with
white dots, somewhat spongy at base. C. laeviculmis.
Perigynium minutely puncticulate with
white dots, not spongy at base.
Herbage glaucous; perigynia many, as-
cending, obscurely beaked. C. canescens.
Herbage green; perigynia few, spreading,
distinctly beaked. C. brunnescens.
68 CYPERACEAE.
Margins of perigynia thin or winged.
Perigynia spongy at base, spreading when mature. C. stellulata.
Perigynia not spongy at base, ascending or ap-
pressed.
Spikes crowded into a dense head, rarely one or
two of the lower ones separate.
Bract leaf-like, longer than the head. C. athrostachya.
Bract not leaf-like, shorter than the head.
Perigynia brown, the margins very nar-
row and smooth. C. illota.
Perigynia straw-colored, the margins
winged and serrulate.
Head ovoid-pyramidal, very dense. C. pachystachya.
Head looser, some of the lower spikes
often separate. C. presi.
Spikes distinct, scattered or approximate, mostly
oblong or ovoid.
Spikes scattered, silvery green. C. feta.
Spikes approximate, straw-colored or brown.
Leaves involute or folded; heads often
nodding; perigynia lanceolate. C. phaeocephala.
Leaves flat; heads erect.
Heads straw-colored or pale-brown-
ish; perigynia lanceolate. C. scoparia.
Heads darker.
Scales ferruginous, dull; perigynia
4-4.5 mm. long, reddish at the
tip, the orifice not conspicuously
white-hyaline. C. leporina.
Scales chestnut, shiny; perigynia
6 mm. long, chestnut at the tip,
the orifice conspicuously white-
hyaline. C. pipert.
Section III, EucaRrex.
Spikes of two sorts, the lower wholly pistillate, sessile or stalked, the upper
one or two slender and wholly staminate, or sometimes bearing pistillate flowers
at base or apex; stigmas 3 and akenes 3-angled, or if stigmas 2 and akenes
lenticular the lower spikes stalked.
Perigynia pubescent, the beak bidentate.
Cauline leaves present; bracts sheathing at base; peri-
gynia ovoid, not stipitate; spikes dense, many-
flowered.
Spikes loosely-flowered, approximate; stem not tall
and slender. C. oregonensis.
Spikes densely-flowered, scattered; stem tall and
slender.
Leaves flat, 2~5 mm. broad. C. lanuginosa.
Leaves involute, less than 2 mm. broad. C. fuliformis.
Cauline leaves none, the radical numerous; bracts sheath-
less; perigynia 3-angled or subglobose, stipitate;
spikes few-flowered.
Plant tufted; some of the flowering stems short and
and hidden among the leaves; spikes pale.
Stems shorter than the leaves; lowest bract reddish
and auricled at base; perigynia 1-4. C. brevicaulis.
CYPERACEAE.
Stems equalling or exceeding the leaves; lowest
aang not colored nor auricled at base; perigynia
Plant stoloniferous; none of the flowering stems short
and hidden among the leaves; spikes dark.
Perigynia obovoid, whitish.
Perigynia ellipsoid, brown at base.
Perigynia glabrous or merely granular-roughened.
Beak of membranaceous somewhat inflated perigynium
deeply bidentate, the long teeth sharp and rigid;
leaves conspicuously nodulose.
Pistillate spikes drooping.
Pistillate spikes erect or ascending.
oe shiny, ascending, much inflated, 10 mm.
ong.
Perigynia not shiny, spreading, not much inflated,
4-8 mm. long.
Beak of perigynium wanting or if present entire or merely
emarginate, or if bidentate the teeth short; leaves
not conspicuously nodulose.
Stigmas 3 and akenes 3-angled.
Spikes narrowly cylindrical, 6-10 cm. long; peri-
gynia granular, spreading; leaves 1-2 cm. broad.
Spikes not so long and slender; perigynia smooth;
leaves not so broad.
Perigynia spreading, the beak bidentate.
Perigynia not spreading, the beak entire or
emarginate, scarcely bidentate.
Terminal spike pistillate above, staminate
below.
Spikes erect; scales obtusish; perigynia
inflated, 3 mm. long.
Spikes more or less drooping; scales
sharp-pointed; perigynium not
inflated.
Scales acute or acuminate; perigynia
nerveless, 3.5 mm. long.
Scales mucronate; perigynia nerved,
5 mm. long.
Terminal spike wholly staminate.
Pistillate spikes slender peduncled,
usually drooping.
Scales acute or cuspidate, about as
long as the perigynia.
Staminate spike linear; scales
pale; leaves 1-3 mm. broad;
rootstock creeping.
Staminate spike oblong-cylindric;
scales dark; leaves 4-8 mm.
broad, tufted.
Scales cuspidate or aristate, much
longer than the perigynia.
Perigynia broadly ovate to orbi-
cular.
Perigynia elliptic-lanceolate.
Pistillate spikes erect.
Scales brown; leaves 2-5 mm. broad.
Scales pale.
AQ
69
. YOSSI.
. vespertina.
. verecunda.
+ comosa,
. exsiccata,
C. utriculata.
CG;
C.
G
C.
amplifolia.
'. oedert.
. accedens.
atrata.
mertensit.
. limosa.
. spectabilis.
paupercula.
macrochaeta.
ablata.
70 CYPERACEAE.
Leaves 4-7 mm. wide; spike very
loose.
Leaves 2 mm. wide; spike dense.
Perigynium beakless; leaves
glaucous.
Perigynium with a beak half
as long as body; leaves not
glaucous.
Stigmas 2 and akenes lenticular.
Perigynium plump, not angled, beakless.
Mature perigynia subglobose or pyriform, not
stipitate, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, trans-
lucent, strongly nerved.
Mature perigynia obovoid, stipitate, pulveru-
lent, not fleshy nor translucent.
Perigynium compressed, plano-convex or biconvex,
the beak entire or emarginate.
Scales pointed, longer than the perigynia.
Perigynia granular-roughened, 2-5 mm.
long; pistillate spikes slender, ascending,
often cernuous; scales a little longer than
the perigynia.
Perigynia not granular-roughened, 3 mm.
long; scales much longer than the peri-
gynia.
Pistillate spikes nodding; perigynia el-
liptic, pale, dull, not turgid.
Pistillate spikes ascending or erect; peri-
gynia nearly orbicular, dark, shiny,
turgid.
Scales not longer than the perigynia; spikes
erect.
Lowest leaves of the flowering stems reduced
to sheaths.
Perigynia ovoid, 2 mm. long; scales pale;
pistillate spikes often very loose at
base.
Perigynia ellipsoid, 3 mm. long; scales
dark; spikes dense.
Lowest leaves of the flowering stems bearing
blades.
Perigynia obscurely nerved; scales dark
purple.
Beak of perigynium bent to one side.
Beak of perigynium straight.
Scales as long and broad as the
perigynium.
Scales shorter and narrower than
the perigynia.
Perigynia strongly nerved; scales purple.
Scales not obtuse, about as long as the
perigynia.
Spikes 1.5—2.5 cm. long; perigynia
strongly biconvex and brown
when mature.
Spikes 3-4 cm. long; perigynia
compressed, straw-colored.
hendersont.
livida.
californica.
C. aurea.
C. celsa.
. sttchensis.
. cryptocarpa.
. magnifica.
C. interrupta.
C. nudata.
C.
scopulorum.
C. rigida.
C. gymnoclada.
G;
aperta.
angustata
CYPERACEAE. ra
Scales obtuse or obtusish, purple with
broad green midrib and pale
margins; perigynia green or
straw-colored.
Leaves 3-5 mm. wide; staminate
spikes often 2. C. dives.
Leaves 1-3 mm. wide; staminate
spike solitary.
Perigynium 2 mm. long. C. kRelloggit.
Perigynium 2.5-3 mm. long.
Spikes scattered; perigynia
straight, appressed. C. lenticularis.
Spikes aggregated; _peri-
gynia curved, spread-
ing. C. hindsit.
Carex stenochlaena (Holm) Mackenzie. Tufted, glabrous, dioecious;
stems erect, 15-40 cm. high; leaves flat, 1-3 mm. wide, shorter than the stem;
spike solitary, cylindric, erect, densely-flowered, 20-30 mm. long; perigynia
lanceolate, pubescent, 2-nerved, the short beak entire; scales dark brown,
strongly ciliate, nearly as long as the perigynia.
In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
Carex breweri Boott. Tufted; culms 10-40 cm. high, smooth; leaves
numerous, narrow, stiff, shorter than the stems; spike solitary, ovate to globular,
obtuse, brown, 10-25 mm. long; staminate flowers at the top, few; perigynium
ovoid, very thin, much inflated, finely nerved, short-beaked, 6-7 mm. long,
the whitish orifice oblique; scales ovate, acute, hyaline-margined, shorter
than the perigynium.
At high altitudes, Mount Hood and southward.
Carex paddoensis Suksdorf. Very similar to C. breweri; stems 10-15 cm.
high; leaves filiform, stiff, mostly exceeding the stems; heads solitary, dark-
brown, ovoid and acute, about 1 cm. long; perigynia elliptic-lanceolate, thin,
not much inflated, obscurely nerved, 5 mm. long, short-beaked; scales ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, not hyaline-margined, about as long as the perigynia,
firm, the tips spreading.
Mount Adams (by some called Mount Paddo), Suksdorf; abundant on
Mount Rainier at,2700 m. altitude, Piper, Allen.
Carex pauciflora Lightf. Rootstocks elongated; stems slender, 10-40
cm. high; leaves shorter than the stem, flat, very narrow; spikelet solitary,
few-flowered, staminate above; perigynia lanceolate, acuminate, obscurely
nerved, green, 6-8 mm. long, strongiy reflexed and readily deciduous when
mature; stigmas 3.
In bogs, rare in our limits.
Carex nigricans C. A. Mey. Rootstock creeping; stems 5-40 cm. high;
leaves flat, 2 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; spike solitary; staminate
flowers many in the upper half of the spike; perigynia lanceolate, stipitate,
spreading; scales dark brown, acute, about as long as the perigynia.
Common in the mountains above timber line.
Carex pyrenaica Wahlenb. Tufted; stems 5-15 cm. high; leaves filiform,
involute, longer or shorter than the stems; spike solitary, oblong, pale to dark
brown; staminate flowers few at the summit of the spikes; perigynia lanceolate,
stipitate, shiny, appressed; scales brown, acute, equalling the perigynia.
Common in the mountains at about 2500 m. altitude.
Carex geyeri Boott. Densely tufted, 30-45 cm. high; leaves flat, rigid,
very scabrous, 2 mm. wide, about as long as the stems; inflorescence a single
72 CYPERACEAE.
terminal straw-colored spike, the upper and larger portion of which is stami-
nate; pistillate flowers several, usually but one maturing; perigynium smooth,
oblong, with a very short entire beak, 1-nerved on each side; scales pale or
rusty, elongated, acuminate, exceeding the perigynia.
In dry pine woods.
Carexleptalea Wahlenb. Tufted, glabrous; stems very slender, erect, 15-50
cm. high; leaves filiform, mostly shorter than the stems; spike solitary, linear,
green, 5-15 mm. long; perigynia ellipsoid, contracted at base, many-nerved,
smooth, beakless and obtuse; scales pale, ovate, cuspidate, about as long as
the perigynia.
In bogs, not common.
Carex hepburni Boott. Densely tufted; stems filiform, erect, 5-20 cm.
tall; leaves numerous, rigid, filiform, erect, mostly longer than the stems,
their brownish sheaths persistent; spike solitary, 6-15 mm. long, 5 mm. thick,
brown; perigynium 4 mm. long, lanceolate, pale, narrowed into a short serru-
late bidentate beak; scales brown, obtuse, as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2
or 3.
In the mountains at about 2500 m. altitude. Very closely related to the
European C. nardina Fries.
Carex circinata C. A. Mey. Tufted, glabrous; stems 5-20 cm. high,
usually curved; leaves filiform, firm, mostly curved, about as long as the
stem; spike solitary, erect, 1-3 cm. long; perigynium linear-oblong, faintly
nerved, gradually attenuate into a 2-lipped scabrous-margined beak; scales
linear, obtuse, purple except the white midrib; stigmas 2 or 3.
Olympic Mountains, 2000 m. altitude, Elmer; otherwise known only
in Alaska.
Carex tenella Schkuhr. Loosely tufted; stems very slender, 20-50 cm.
high; leaves flat, soft, 1-2 mm. wide, shorter than the stem; spikes small,
1-6-flowered; bracts minute or wanting; perigynia ovoid, plump, many-nerved,
smooth, the short beak entire; scales hyaline, ovate, acute, shorter than the
perigynia.
In bogs, not common.
Carex stipata Muhl. Stems 50-100 cm. tall, sharp-angled; leaves flat, 6-8
mm. wide, shorter than the stem; sheaths somewhat rugulose on the inner
side; inflorescence a dense ovoid head of many crowded spikes, 3-5 cm. long,
straw-colored or olivaceous, commonly exceeded by the slender lowest bract;
perigynia spongy at base, spreading, triangular-ovoid, many-nerved, each
tapering into a stout 2-toothed serrulate beak, longer than the body; scales
ovate, acuminate, much shorter than the perigynia.
Common in wet places in the woods.
Carex cusickii Mackenzie. (C. teretiuscula ampla Bailey.) Densely
tufted, the slender stems 90-120 cm. high; leaves narrow, 2-4 mm. broad, most-
ly shorter than the stems; spikes 6-20, brown, in elongated often nodding
usually branched inflorescences, 5-12 cm. long; terminal florets staminate;
perigynia spreading, ovoid, stipitate, nerved at the base on both sides, 3 mm.
long, the serrulate beak as long as the thick body; scales brown, ovate,
cuspidate, as long as the perigynia.
In wet places, common.
Carex macrocephala Willd. (C. anthericoides Presl.) Dioecious; root-
stocks extensively creeping, covered with the fibers of the old sheaths; stems
stout, 3-angled, 15-30 cm. high; leaves firm, 3-10 mm. wide, mostly shorter
than the stems; bracts shorter than the head; heads dense, brown, ovoid,
erect, 5-7 cm. long; perigynia spreading, lanceolate, brown, strongly nerved,
margined, irregularly serrulate, 12 mm. long, the deeply bidentate beak as
CYPERACEAE. 73
long as the body; scales lanceolate, erosely denticulate, attenuate-acuminate,
brown with a paler midrib, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In sand dunes along the ocean coast.
Carex vicaria Bailey. Tufted; stems erect, slender, 30-90 cm. high; leaves
about as long as the stems, 2-5 mm. wide, their sheaths rugulose; lower bracts
filiform, 1-4 cm. long; spikes rather loosely-flowered, 4-8 mm. long, many ina
narrow head 5-8 cm. long; perigynia yellow, broadly ovate, stipitate, indis-
tinctly nerved on the innerface but conspicuously so on the back, the beak
deeply bidentate, as long as the body; scales awn-pointed, brownish, shorter
than the perigynia.
In wet meadows; very closely related to C. vulpinoidea Michx.
Carex hoodii Boott. Slender, erect, tufted, very smooth, 30-60 cm. high;
leaves many, pale, 2-3 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; spikes 6-10,
densely crowded into an ovoid or oblong head, 1-2 cm. long; perigynia spread-
ing, lanceolate, rather thick, 5 mm. long, dark when mature, obscurely nerved,
narrowly wing-margined, somewhat stipitate at base, narrowed into a rough-
margined beak nearly as long as the body; scales lance-ovate, acuminate,
scarious margined, brownish, as long as the perigynia.
In moist places, not common. First found along the Columbia River by
Douglas and by Scouler.
Carex pansa Bailey. Rootstocks horizontal, creeping; stems 15-30 cm:
high, erect, smooth except near the top; leaves pale, 2-3 mm. broad, half the
length of the stems; head ovoid, dark brown, consisting of 6-10 closely aggre-
gated spikes; perigynia brown, elliptic, stipitate, flattened, smooth, narrowly
winged, 4 mm. long, the emarginate beak half as long as the body; scales
ovate, acuminate, dark brown, scarious margined.
On old sand dunes along the ocean coast. First collected by Henderson
at Clatsop, Oregon, and Ilwaco, Washington.
Carex vernacula Bailey. Stems 10-40 cm. high, erect, scabrous; leaves
flat, 2-4 mm. wide, long-pointed, shorter than the stems; bract leaf-like;
spikes compacted into a globose or ovoid brown head, 1-4 cm. long, or rarely
one or more of the lower spikes distinct; perigynia membranaceous, lance-
olate-ovate, shortly stipitate, narrowed into a stout bidentate beak; scales
brown, acute or mucronate, shorter than the perigynia.
Mount Hood, Oregon, Howell.
Carex illota Bailey. Stems slender, erect, 15-40 cm. high; leaves flat,
1-2 mm. wide, shorter than the stems; spikes 3-6, compacted into an ovoid to
globular brown head, 5-8 mm. in diameter; perigynia pale, plump, ovate,
stipitate, strongly nerved, marginless, narrowed into a brown serrate bidentate
beak shorter than the body; scales brown, obtuse, shorter than the perigynia.
In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
Carex arcta Boott. Loosely tufted, pale green; stems 20-60 cm. high,
smooth or nearly so; leaves pale green, 2.54 mm. wide, usually longer than
the stems; head ovoid-oblong, green or brownish, of 5-12 crowded spikes;
spikes oblong or ovoid, 6-8 mm. long; perigynia spreading, ovate, somewhat
cordate, gradually tapering into the serrulate beak, strongly nerved on the
outer face, 2~3 mm. long; scales hyaline, often brownish, acute, shorter than
the perigynia.
In open rather dry woods.
Carex bolanderi Olney. Tufted, pale green; stems 20-100 cm. long, rather
slender, weak and spreading; leaves soft, smooth, 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than
the stems; inflorescence of 4-10 scattered spikes; spikes oblong, 10-15 mm.
long, sessile or nearly so; perigynia lanceolate, faintly nerved, 4 mm. long, the
body gradually tapering into the nearly equal serrulate deeply 2-toothed beak;
74 CYPERACEAE.
scales white, scarious, with a broad green midvein, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate-
cuspidate, as long as the perigynia.
In moist woods, common.
Carex laeviculmis Meinsch. Glabrous throughout, tufted; stems very
slender, 30-50 cm. high; leaves numerous, flat, 1-1.5 mm. broad, shorter than
the stems; spikes 3-7, sessile, 3-5 mm. long, separate, the lower ones distant;
bract solitary, usually shorter than the inflorescence; perigynia spreading when
mature, lanceolate, shortly stipitate, strongly curved, flat above, convex
beneath, pale green, short-beaked, faintly 7-nerved on each face, 2.5 mm. long;
scales ovate, obtuse, brownish, hyaline except the midrib, shorter than the
perigynia.
In moist shady places in the mountains.
Carex canescens L. Loosely tufted, pale, somewhat glaucous; stems 15-50
cm. high; leaves flat, soft, 2-4 mm. wide, mostly shorter than the stems; spikes
4-9, subglobose to cylindric, sessile, usually scattered in a loose inflorescence;
perigynia oval to ovate, usually serrulate toward the tip, short-beaked; scales
ovate, hyaline, shorter than the perigynia.
In moist places.
Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Tufted; stems slender, 15-50 cm. high,
green; leaves flat, 1-3 mm. wide, shorter than the stem; spikes 3-7, small,
4-10-flowered, scattered or approximate; lower bract bristle-like; perigynia
ovoid, serrulate above, distinctly beaked, spreading when mature; scales ovate,
brownish, shorter than the perigynia.
In open rather dry places in the mountains.
Carex stellulata Good. Tufted; stems very slender, 30-90 cm. high;
leaves narrow, 1-4 mm. wide, mostly shorter than the stems; inflorescence
narrow, of 3-9 usually scattered spikes; spikes green, 12—40-flowered, the peri-
gynia soon strongly reflexed; perigynia narrowly ovate, spongy at base, faintly
nerved on the inner face, the margin thin but narrow, 3-4 mm. long; scales
brownish, ovate, acute, shorter than the perigynia.
In shady woods along streams; varies much in the size and proximity
of the spikes.
Carex athrostachya Olney. Stems tufted, 30-60 cm. tall; leaves 2-3 mm.
wide, shorter than the stems; inflorescence a dense ovoid straw-colored head
composed of 5—20 crowded spikes, these staminate below; lower bracts 2-5 cm.
long, exceeding the head; perigynia lanceolate, spongy at base, the long beak
2-toothed, its margins serrulate; scales acuminate, about equalling the peri-
gynia.
Rare in our limits but common east of the Cascade Mountains. Reported
from Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun.
Carex pachystachya Cham. Stems tufted, 30-90 cm. tall; leaves flat,
flaccid, 3-4 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; inflorescence a dense ovoid
head 10-12 mm. long, composed of 6-12 crowded sessile brownish spikes;
perigynia spreading, ovate-lanceolate, flat, about 4 mm. long, the beak bi-
dentate, serrulate on the thin margins; scales acutish, equalling the perigynia.
Very common in wet meadows.
Carex preslii Steud. (C. multimoda Bailey.) Very similar to C. pachy-
stachya but the head less dense, one or more of the lower spikes clearly separate
or if crowded the head oblong; perigynia indistinguishable.
Common in wet places up to 1500 m. altitude. First collected by Haenke
at Nootka Sound, British Columbia.
Carex feta Bailey. Stems slender, 60-80 cm. high; leaves flat, 1-2 mm.
wide, shorter than the stem; spikes 3-8, oblong, 5-10 mm. long, distinct;
CYPERACEAE. a5
perigynia broadly ovate, broad-winged, serrulate above, nerved, loosely arrang-
ed, 1.5 mm. long; scales lanceolate, acutish, narrower than the perigynia but
nearly as long.
In wet meadows, rare.
Carex phaeocephala Piper. Densely tufted, smooth throughout, pale
green; stems 10-40 cm. high; leaves mostly folded or involute, 2-3 mm. wide,
shorter than the stems, tough in texture and persistent when dry; bracts
short, scarious; spikelets 3-7, distinct but crowded into an oblong-lanceolate
erect or slightly nodding brown head 1-3 cm. long, the lower spike often
separated and short-peduncled, the other sessile; perigynia brown, lanceolate,
wing-margined, the serrulate bidentate beak as long as the body; scales brown,
acute, as long as the perigynia.
In rocky or sandy soil in the mountains, at about 2500 m. altitude.
Carex scoparia Schkuhr. Stems erect, slender, 30-80 cm. high; leaves
flat, 2-3 mm. wide, much shorter than the stems; bracts filiform; spikes 3-10,
usually close together but distinct, oblong, pointed, straw-colored or brownish,
6-12 mm. long; perigynium thin, appressed, broadly lanceolate, narrowly wing-
margined, gradually tapering into a broad bidentate serrulate beak; scales
acute or acuminate, shorter than the perigynia, pale brown.
In moist places, not common.
Carex leporina L. Tufted, slender, erect, 15-40 cm. high, scabrous near
the top; leaves shorter than the stems, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts very small or
absent; spikes 3-7, oblong-ovoid, dark brown, staminate at base, each 8-15
mm. long, crowded into a head; scales lanceolate, acute, shining, brown with
a scarious margin, about as wide and long as the perigynia; perigynia 4 mm.
long, ascending, narrowly ovoid, compressed, wing-margined, the roughish
tapering 2-toothed reddish-tipped beak as long as the body; orifice not at all
or but minutely hyaline.
Seattle, Piper; East Sound, Washington, Henderson; rare in our limits.
Carex piperi Mackenzie. (C. pratensis furva Bailey; C. furva Piper not
Webb.) Stems slender, smooth, terete, stiffly erect, 40-60 cm. high; leaves
pale green, flat, 2-3 mm. broad, much shorter than the stems; lower bract
slender, shorter than the head; spikes 3-6, chestnut-brown, ovoid, acutish,
10-15 mm. long, close together in a head; scales chestnut-brown, shiny,
lance-ovate, acute, thin margined, just exceeding the perigynia; perigynia
ascending but not appressed, lanceolate, narrowly margined, 6 mm. long,
pale brown with chestnut-tipped 2-toothed beak and white hyaline orifice;
beak gradually narrowed, as long as the body.
Damp meadows, Vancouver Island to Oregon.
Carex oregonensis Olney. Creeping with short rootstocks, glabrous, pale
green; stems 30-40 cm. high, smooth; leaves flat, 2-4 mm. broad, pale, firm,
scabrous on the margins, usually longer than the stems; bracts leaf-like with
thin white auricles at base, the lower about as long as the inflorescence; spikes
4-7, erect, short-peduncled, close together, the upper 1-3 staminate; perigynia
paler, ovoid, prominently nerved, pubescent, each gradually narrowed into
the bidentate beak; scales pale, ovate, cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia,
brown, except the hyaline margins and pale midrib.
In sandy ground in pine woods, mostly on the eastern slopes of the Cascade
Mountains.
Carex lanuginosa Michx. Stems erect, slender, 30-60 cm. tall, rough-
angled; leaves flat, 2-5 mm. wide, as long or nearly as long as the stem; stami-
nate spikes 1-3, sometimes pistillate at base; pistillate spikes 1-3, mostly
long-peduncled, 18-30 mm. long; perigynia oval, densely pubescent, each with
a short 2-toothed beak; bracts acute or acuminate, about equal to the perigy-
nium.
76 CYPERACEAE.
In wet meadows. Very similar to C. filiformis but stouter and with broader
leaves.
Carex filiformis L. Stems slender, erect, 60-90 cm. high, smooth, usually
reddish at base; leaves involute, a narrow, scabrous on the margins, shorter
than the stems; staminate spikes 1 -3; pistillate 1-3, erect, sessile or short-
peduncled, 1-5 cm. long; perigynia ovoid, densely short- pubescent, each with
a short bidentate beak; scales ovate, thin, obtuse to acute, nearly as long as
the perigynia.
In shallow water or wet meadows.
Carex brevicaulis Mackenzie. Loosely tufted, glabrous; stems 5-10 cm.
high, rough-angled; leaves 2-3 mm. wide, flat, longer than the stems; bracts
auricled and colored at base; spikes 3-5, the terminal one staminate; the lower
pistillate spike long-peduncled, the upper one or two sessile; perigynia pubes-
cent, stipitate, globose, each abruptly contracted into a slender serrulate bi-
dentate beak; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, reddish brown, narrower and
shorter than the perigynia.
In dry. ground, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California; rare.
Carex rossii Boott. Densely tufted, the stems 20-40 cm. tall; leaves pale,
flat, scabrous, 1-3 mm. wide, commonly equalling the stems; bracts not
auricled at base; inflorescence of 1-4 spikes, the uppermost staminate; stamin-
ate spike slender, 3-8 mm. long, pale, nearly sessile; pistillate spikes 1-3,
distinct, loosely few-flowered; perigynia obovoid, pubescent, each with a
2-toothed beak; scales purple with hyaline margins, or greenish, sharply
acuminate, shorter and broader than the perigynia.
In stony soil, especially in the mountains.
Carex vespertina (Bailey) Howell. Rootstocks stout; stems erect, 20-50
cm. high, rough-angled; leaves pale, 2-3 mm. wide, firm, shorter than the stem;
spikes 2-4, the uppermost staminate, linear, 2-3 cm. long, the others much
smaller, sessile and separated; lower bract leaf-like, 1-3 cm. long; perigynia
pale, obovoid, pubescent, the stout beaks deeply bidentate.
In rocky soil, Vancouver Island to Oregon; rather rare.
Carex verecunda Holm. (C. inops Bailey.) Rootstocks slender; stems
erect, rough-angled, about 30 cm. high; leaves narrow, rigid, much shorter
than the stems; spikes 3 or 4, sessile near the top of the stem, the terminal
staminate, the others shorter and staminate at the top; perigynia pubescent
above, ellipsoid, each abruptly narrowed into the slender deeply bidentate
beak; scales brown with scarious margins, acute, about as long as the peri-
gynia.
Known only from Mount Hood, Oregon, where it was first collected by
Henderson.
Carex comosa Boott. Tufted, the stem stout, 50-150 cm. high, rough and
sharply angled; leaves broad, 6-15 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; spikes
4-6, drooping on slender peduncles, the uppermost staminate, lincar, brown-
ish, 3-9 cm. long, often partly pistillate; pistillate spikes pale green, cylindric,
about 1.5 cm. thick, densely flowered, often partly staminate; perigynia spread-
ing, firm, lance-ovate, strongly many-nerved, each attenuate into a long
2-toothed beak, the teeth 1-2 mm. long and spreading; scales brownish, awned,
about as long as the perigynia.
Usually in shallow water.
Carex exsiccata Bailey. Glabrous; stems 60-100 cm. high, rough-angled;
leaves flat, 2-5 mm. broad, about as long as the stems; sheaths fibrillose;
upper 3-4 spikes staminate; lower 2-4 spikes pistillate, nearly sessile, cylindric,
2-5 cm. long; perigynia straw-colored or brownish, slightly inflated, strongly
'
CYPERACEAE. a
nerved, ascending, lance-ovate, gradually narrowed into the bidentate beak;
scales narrow, acute or acuminate, much shorter than the perigynia.
In swamps and often in shallow water; common.
Carex utriculata Boott. Glabrous; stems 40-100 cm. high, stout, smooth-
ish, the angles obtuse; leaves flat, 2-10 mm. wide, prominently nodulose,
usually exceeding the stems; bracts similar; upper 2-4 spikes linear and stam-
inate; lower 2-4 spikes pistillate, cylindric, erect, densely-flowered, peduncled,
3-12 cm. long; perigynia narrowly ovoid, somewhat inflated, each gradually
narrowed into a slender bidentate beak, straw-colored or brownish, 5-10 mm.
long; scales lanceolate, acute or the lower awn-pointed.
In swamps; common. By some botanists united with the European
C. rostrata Stokes, from which it is scarcely distinct.
Carex amplifolia Boott. Stems 30-90 cm. tall, scabrous on the sharp
angles; leaves flat, 12-20 mm. broad, longer than the stem; spikes 5-7, the
uppermost staminate, 5-8 cm. long; pistillate spikes narrowly cylindrical,
straight or curved, 6-10 cm. long, dark olivaceous, the lower ones long-ped-
uncled; perigynium subglobose, glabrous, the beak with an oblique entire
orifice, spreading, rusty; scales purple with a green midrib, shorter and narrow-
er than the perigynia.
In wet places in woods;common. First collected by Douglas on the Colum-
bia River.
Carex oederi Retz. (C. flava recterostrata Bailey). Glabrous, tufted;
stems 10-40 cm. high, erect; leaves 1-3 mm. wide, often exceeding the stems;
bracts leaf-like; spikes 3-10, the uppermost staminate; pistillate spikes sessile
or short-peduncled, often close together, 5-15 mm. long, the upper ones often
staminate at the top; perigynia spreading, plump, broadly oval, each narrowed
at base and contracted into a bidentate beak much shorter than the body;
scales ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the perigynia.
In wet places, not common.
Carex accedens Holm. (C. spreta Bailey.) Glabrous; stems 40-50 cm.
high, erect, scabrous; leaves flat, 2-4 mm. broad, shorter than the stems;
pistillate spikes 2 or 3, oblong to ovoid, about 1 cm. long, sessile, contiguous;
perigynia broadly ellipsoid, thin, green, nerveless, minutely punctate, the very
short beak entire; scales black with white nerves, obtuse, not as broad as
the perigynia.
In wet meadows, especially where overflowed; notcommon. First collected
near Portland, Oregon, by Howell.
Carex atrata L. Tufted; stems erect or nodding above, 20-40 cm. high;
leaves flat, 3-4 mm. wide, shorter than the stems; lowest bract nearly as long
as the inflorescence; spikes 3-5, close together, oblong, densely-flowered, 1-2
cm. long, the terminal one staminate at the base, all peduncled; perigynia
oval or obovate, yellowish sprinkled with purple, each contracted at base
and abruptly narrowed into a short bidentate beak; scales ovate, acute,
dark purple with hyaline margins, longer than the perigynia.
Mount Rainier, Allen; Mount Adams, Flett.
Carex mertensii Prescott. Stems 40-90 cm. high, sharply angled; leaves
flat, 3-7 mm. broad, much shorter than the stems, conspicuously sheathing;
bracts leaf-like, sheathless or nearly so, the lower exceeding the inflorescence;
spikes 5-8, 2-5 cm. long, densely flowered, drooping on slender peduncles,
more or less staminate at base, the upper one sometimes entirely staminate;
perigynia broadly ovate, winged, very flat, pale, few-nerved, appressed; scales
dark purple with pale midrib, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
Along streams in the mountains, 1000-1500 m. altitude. A very handsome
species, first found by Mertens at Sitka, Alaska.
78 CYPERACEAE.
Carex limosa L. Stoloniferous; stems rough-angled, slender, 15-40 cm.
high; leaves somewhat glaucous, mostly shorter than the stems, 1-3 mm. wide;
bracts shorter than the inflorescence; terminal spikes staminate, erect, linear;
pistillate spikes 1-3, drooping on slender peduncles, 0.5—2 cm. long; perigynia
ovoid, flattened, narrowed at base, very short-beaked, glaucous; scales brown-
ish, ovate, acute or short-cuspidate, slightly exceeding the perigynia.
In sphagnum bogs.
Carex spectabilis Dewey. (C. invisa Bailey.) Glabrous; stems tufted, slen-
der, 40-60 cm. high, erect, sharp-angled; leaves flat and smooth, 4-8 mm. broad,
nearly as long as the stems; bracts leaf-like, 4 mm. wide, without sheaths,
nearly equalling the inflorescence; spikes 3-6, short-cylindric, erect or nodding,
sessile or the lower ones variously peduncled, the upper one staminate; pistillate
spikes cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long, often loosely flowered at base, sometimes
staminate at tip; perigynia ovate-elliptic, green with purple specks, few-nerved,
flat, the short beak emarginate at orifice; scales dark-purple with white
midvein, mucronate, shorter than the perigynia.
Common in high mountain meadows.
Carex paupercula Michx. Stems slender, 20-60 cm. high, the angles
sharp and usually rough; leaves flat, 2-4 mm. wide; usually shorter than the
stem; bracts leaf-like, the lowest usually longer than the inflorescence; terminal
spike staminate; lateral spikes 1-4, pistillate, slender-peduncled, sometimes
drooping, 1-2 cm. long; perigynia ovoid, flattened, constricted at each end,
glaucous; scales ovate-lanceolate, aristate, much longer than the perigynia,
usually brownish.
Vancouver Island, Macoun. A widely spread species that has usually been
referred to C. magellanica Lam.
Carex macrochaeta C. A. Mey. Loosely tufted, glabrous; stems 30-60
cm. high, mostly rough-angled; leaves flat, firm, 2-4 mm. wide, mostly shorter
than the stems; spikes 3-5, the lower ones nodding on slender peduncles, the
upper one or two staminate and erect; pistillate spikes often staminate at top,
cylindric, 2-3 cm. long; perigynia elliptic, each with a very short entire beak,
pale sprinkled with purple dots, 4-5 mm. long; scales black, the white midrib
prolonged into a long awn; stigmas 2 or rarely 3.
Multnomah Falls, Oregon, Piper. Rare in our limits.
Carex ablata Bailey. Stems slender, 30-60 cm. high, smooth; leaves pale,
flat, 2-5 mm. wide, much shorter than the stems; bracts sheathing at base,
usually much shorter than the inflorescence; spikes usually 5-7, approximate,
sessile, the lower ones often distant, the upper pistillate spikes cylindric, 1-2
cm. long; perigynia lanceolate, obscurely nerved, pale green, glabrous, bident-
le apex; scales acutish, shorter than the perigynia, brown with a green
midrib.
Common in the mountains at 2000 m. altitude.
Carex hendersoni Bailey. Tufted, glabrous; stems slender, smooth, 60-90
om. high; leaves flat, 4-7 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; bracts leaf-like,
exceeding the inflorescence; terminal spike linear, staminate, about 2 cm. long;
pistillate spikes about 4, loosely-flowered, the upper one sessile, the lowest one
distant and long-peduncled; perigynia 5—6 mm. long, triangular-ovoid, stipitate,
green, strongly nerved, each tipped with an oblique beak half as long as the
body; scales with a broad scarious margin, cuspidate, pale, shorter than the
perigynia.
In rich woods. Named after Professor L. F. Henderson who found it near
Portland, Oregon.
Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. Creeping with long stolons; herbage glau-
cous; stems 15-50 cm. high; leaves folded or involute, about 2 mm. wide, shorter
CYPERACEAE. 79
than the stems; bracts short, the lower about equalling the inflorescence;
spikes 1-4, the upper staminate; pistillate spikes sessile or the lower one stalked,
erect; perigynia ovoid, narrowed at each end, faintly nerved, beakless, pale;
scales ovate, obtuse, brownish, shorter than the perigynia.
In bogs, Alaska to Oregon. Port Renfrew, Vancouver Island, Brand &
Rosendahl.
Carex californica Bailey. Glabrous; stems arising from stout rootstocks,
erect, 30-40 cm. high, sharp-angled, smooth, the leafless basal sheaths purple;
leaves flat, narrow, 2 mm. wide; bracts sheathing, the lowest not equalling the
stem; spikes 2 or 3, the upper 1, rarely 2, staminate; pistillate short-peduncled,
2-3 cm. long; perigynia green, oblong-ovoid, each with a short entire beak;
scales brownish, mostly obtuse, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
. rane Skamania County, Washington, Suksdorf, to Mendocino County,
alifornia.
Carex aurea Nutt. Stems arising from long horizontal rootstocks, 10-30
cm. high; leaves flat, pale green, 3-4 mm. wide, usually overtopping the stems;
bracts mostly exceeding the stem; spikes 3-6, all stalked, the uppermost stam-
inate and linear, or rarely androgynous, the rest pistillate, narrowly cylindrical,
loosely flowered, 1-3 cm. long; perigynia globose, very minutely beaked, red-
dish when mature, strongly nerved; scales brownish, ovate, obtuse, acute or
cuspidate, mostly shorter than the perigynia.
In low meadows, not common.
Carex celsa (Bailey) Piper n. comb. (C. aurea celsa Bailey; C. hassei
Bailey.) Very similar to C. aurea; spikes rather compactly flowered; perigynia
obovoid, faintly nerved, short-stipitate, beakless; scales ovate, mostly obtuse,
brown with a pale midrib, shorter than the perigynia.
In wet meadows, not common. Very similar to the European C. bicolor
All.
Carex sitchensis Prescott. (C. howellit Bailey.) Glabrous; stems stout,
1-2 m. high, rough angled; leaves 5 mm. broad, nearly as long as the stems;
sheaths becoming brown and papery; staminate spikes 2 or 3, erect, peduncled;
pistillate spikes 3-5, cylindric, densely flowered, 5-10 cm. long, usually cernu-
ous, peduncled, the upper ones often staminate at top; perigynia elliptic,
granular, nerved, each narrowed into a short entire beak; scales linear-lance-
olate, a little longer than the perigynia, acuminate, brown with a white hyaline
tip.
Peas the ocean coast in marshes, Alaska to Oregon.
Carex cryptocarpa C. A. Mey. Somewhat tufted, glabrous; stems 30-90
cm. high, sharp-angled, rough above; leaves flat, 2~5 mm. broad, shorter than
the stems; spikes 3-5, all more or less drooping on slender peduncles; staminate
spikes 2 or 3; pistillate spikes mostly staminate at apex, 2-5 cm. long; perigynia
elliptic or oval, scabrous on the margins above, straw-colored, each with a short
entire beak; scales dark, oblong-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the
perigynia.
Abundant in marshes near the seashore.
Carex magnifica Dewey. Tufted, glabrous; stems stout, very sharp-angled
and rough, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves pale, harsh and stiff, strongly keeled, 3-6
mm. broad; spikes 5—7, dark purple, usually ascending, 2-6 cm. long; upper
one or two wholly staminate, the others mainly pistillate but usually staminate
at top; perigynia firm, brownish, nearly orbicular, nerveless, very short beaked,
2.5 mm. long; scales dark purple, acute, much longer than the perigynia.
Very common especially in the marshes near the seashore. In most
botanical works it has been taken for the very different C. sitchensis Prescott.
80 CYPERACEAE.
Carex interrupta Boeckl. Stoloniferous; stems 40-50 cm. high, slender,
smooth; leaves 2-3 mm. broad, flat, shorter than the stems; sheaths fibrillose;
lowest bract leaf-like, nearly as long as the inflorescence; terminal spike and
sometimes the next one staminate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; pistillate spikes 3 or 4,
narrowly cylindric, sessile or short-pedicelled, erect, 1-7 cm. long, densely
flowered near the top, but often very loosely scattered toward the base;
perigynia green or straw-colored, ovate, 2 mm. long, smooth or with a few teeth
near the top, the beak short and bidentate; scales ovate, obtuse, pale or brown-
ish, longer than the perigynia.
Wet meadows and stream banks. First collected by Scouler on the lower
Columbia River.
Carex nudata W. Boott. Tufted, glabrous; stems slender, 30-40 cm. high,
scabrous on the angles; leaves flat, 2-5 mm. broad, shorter than the stems,
their sheaths slightly fibrillose; bracts with purple auricles at base, sheathless,
the lower rarely equalling the inflorescence; spikes 4 or 5, cylindric, 1-2.5 cm.
long, erect, peduncled, mostly contiguous; perigynia narrowly ellipsoid, straw-
colored or often purple at tip, faintly nerved, finely punctate, quickly decidu-
ous, 3 mm. long; scales dark purple, mostly oblong and obtuse, about equalling
the perigynia.
Along mountain streams, infrequent.
Carex scopulorum Holm. Stoloniferous, glabrous; stems 10-40 cm. high,
erect, scabrous, leafy at the base; leaves flat, shorter than the stems; bracts
with black auricles, the lower nearly as long as the inflorescence; spikes 2-7,
cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, ascending, the upper ones contiguous; terminal spike
mostly staminate; perigynia stipitate, obovoid, turgid, 2-nerved, granular
and purplish toward the tip, the short entire beak bent to one side; scales
ovate, acute, black with a pale midrib; stigmas 2.
Wet mountain meadows, abundant.
Carex rigida Good. Rhizomes stout, rather short; stems 30-50 cm. high,
stiff, erect, scabrous; leaves flat, 3-5 mm. broad, mostly crowded near the base,
shorter than the stem; bract black-auricled at base; spikes nearly black;
staminate linear, 5-15 mm. long; pistillate 2, rarely 3, short-cylindric, sessile,
erect, the lower in the axil of the bract, the upper often partly staminate;
perigynia firm, nerveless, elliptic to obovoid, plano-convex, short-beaked,
speckled with black near the tip, 2.5-3 mm. long; scales black, obtuse, as long
as the perigynia.
A variable species; common in wet alpine meadows at about 1700 m.
altitude.
Carex gymnoclada Holm. Stoloniferous, glabrous; stems 30-50 cm. high,
erect, scabrous, leafless; leaves narrow, flat, as long as the stems; bracts sheath-
less, the lower nearly as long as the inflorescence; spikes usually 3, cylindric,
about 1 cm. long, sessile or nearly so, erect, the terminal one staminate: peri-
gynia ovate to oval, stipitate, faintly 2-nerved, pale-green, the short beak en-
tire; scales oval, acutish, black with a pale midrib, shorter than the perigynia;
stigmas 2.
In mountain bogs, rare.
Carex aperta Boott. (C. bovina Howell.) Tufted, smooth throughout;
stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves flat but keeled, 4-6 mm. broad, rather shorter
than the stems, pale green; spikes 3 or 4, the terminal staminate, mostly short
peduncled, erect; pistillate spikes 1-3 cm. long, densely flowered, 5 mm. thick;
scales equalling the perigynia, acuminate, purple with a green midrib, divaricate
at maturity; perigynia 2 mm. long, turgid, broadest at the middle, tapering to
each end, brown when mature, the two or three angles pale; beak short and
entire.
This is the common “‘hay sedge” of the Columbia Rivcr bottoms where it
was first collected by Douglas.
CYPERACEAE. 8I
Carex angustata Boott. (C.acutina Bailey.) Tufted, glabrous, pale green;
stems 50-60 cm. high, usually scabrous above; leaves flat, thin, equalling or
shorter than the stems; lower bract as long as the inflorescence; spikes 4 or 5,
cylindrical, erect, approximate, 3-7 cm. long, the upper one or two staminate;
perigynia oval or elliptic, thin, straw-colored, granular, faintly nerved, the
short beak entire; scales obtuse, almost as long as the pergynia, not divaricate
at maturity.
Infrequent; Portland, Oregon, Kellogg & Harford; Mount Hood, Oregon,
Henderson.
-Carex dives Holm. Stems 30-60 cm. high, erect, very rough; leaves flat,
broad, as long as the stems; bracts sheathless, leaf-like, the lowest exceeding
the inflorescence; spikes 6-7, the uppermost one or two staminate, the others
pistillate, densely flowered, 4-10 cm. long, peduncled, the lowest nodding;
perigynia oval, compressed, granular, 2-nerved, denticulate above, 2.5 mm.
long, pale green with purplish blotches, the beak short and entire; scales oblong,
purple with green midvein; stigmas 2.
In swamps, British Columbia to California; rare.
Carex kelloggii Boott. Stems tufted, slender, 15-40 cm. tall, erect;
leaves numerous, flat, 2-3 mm. wide, commonly as long as the stem, some-
times longer; spikes 4-15, the bracts commonly exceeding the stem; staminate
spike usually single, slender, purplish; pistillate spikes 3-many, mostly
sessile or nearly so, greenish, dense, 2-4 cm. long, 3 mm. thick; perigynia
ovate, plane, promptly deciduous, 2 mm. long, smooth, flattened, 3- or 4-nerved
on the outer face, stipitate at the base, short-beaked, the beak emarginate;
scales green with purple margins, obtusish, shorter than the perigynia.
On wet stream banks and lake shores, common.
Carex lenticularis Michx. Glabrous, tufted; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high;
leaves 1-3 mm. wide, equalling or exceeding the stems; lower bract sheathing,
exceeding the spikes; spikes 3-8, narrowly cylindric, 1-4 cm. long, erect, close
together, sessile or the lower short-peduncled; perigynia ovate, minutely
granulate, faintly nerved, pale green or the nerves brownish, each with a very
short entire beak; scales obtuse, green with broad hyaline margins, much
shorter than the perigynia.
Rare in our limits.
Carex hindsii Clarke. Very similar to C. kelloggiz; pistillate spikes 3 or 4,
stouter, 1-3 cm. long, 5 mm. thick; perigynia pale green, lanceolate, stipitate,
curved and spreading, smooth, 7-nerved on the back, 5-nerved on the anterior
face, flat and empty above, the short beak entire, 3 mm. long; scales obtuse,
purple with the midrib and margin pale.
Along the ocean coast, Vancouver Island to Oregon. First found at the
mouth of the Columbia River by Hinds.
95. CYPERUS.
Annual or perennial; stems simple, 3-angled, leafy near the
base, and with one or more leaves at the summit which form an
involucre for the simple or compound umbellate or capitate
inflorescence; rays of the umbel sheathed at the base, usually
very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes commonly
sessile; spikelets flat or roundish, few to many-flowered; scales
concave, 2-ranked, all but the lower one flower-bearing; flowers
perfect; perianth none; stamens 1-3; akene lenticular or 3-angled.
Rachis wingless; scale tipped with a recurved awn. C. inflexus.
Rachis winged; scale merely mucronate. C. erythrorhizos.
7
82 CYPERACEAE.
Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Annual; stems 1-15 cm. tall, ascending; leaves
about 1 mm. wide, often curved, about as long as the stems; bracts much longer
than the inflorescence; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, in dense heads,
umbellately arranged on unequal rays; scale green or brownish, the awn-like
tip strongly recurved; stamen 1.
On river banks, rare. Somas Falls, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Kalama,
Washington, Piper.
Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Annual; stems usually 15-60 cm. tall,
sometimes much smaller; leaves flat, commonly 2-4 mm. broad, shorter than
the stem; involucral leaves 4-8, broad at base, far exceeding the inflorescence;
spikelets bright chestnut, linear, 5-6 mm. long, densely crowded into flattened
spikes, 1-3 cm. long, the latter umbelled on the unequal branches of the primary
umbel; scales oblong, keeled, the green midrib prolonged into a short mucro-
Bate tip; wings of the rachis separating to the base, forming pairs of small
scales.
River banks, rare in our limits. Vancouver, Washington, Sheldon.
96. DULICHIUM.
Tall perennials with cylindrical jointed stems, leafy to the top;
lower leaves reduced to sheaths; spikes axillary, peduncled,
simple or compound; spikelets 2-ranked, flat, linear, many-
flowered; scales 2-ranked; flowers perfect; perianth of 6-9 back-
wardly barbed bristles.
Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Stems stout, 30-90 cm. tall, leafy;
spikelets linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, 6—10-flowered.
Borders of lakes and ponds, common.
97. RYNCHOSPORA.
Mostly leafy perennials with rootstocks, erect, 3-angled or
cylindrical stems and flat or inrolled leaves; spikelets variously
clustered; scales thin, overlapping all around; upper flowers
imperfect, the lower perfect; perianth of 1-20, mostly 6, barbed
bristles, or none.
Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. Stems slender, 15-40 cm. high; leaves
filiform, shorter than the stem; spikelets white, in 1-3 densely crowded corymbs;
akene oblong-obovoid, tipped with a flattened triangular tubercle about half
as long; bristles longer than the akene.
In sphagnum bogs, rare in our limits.
98. ELEOCHARIS. Spike Rusu.
Annual or perennial; stems simple, triangular, quadrangular,
terete, flattened or grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the
lowest very rarely blade-bearing; spikelets solitary, terminal,
erect, several-many-flowered, not subtended by an involucre;
scales concave, in a spiral; perianth of 1-12 bristles usually
barbed; stamens 2 or 3; akene 3-angled or biconvex; base of the
style persistent on the summit of the akene forming a terminal
tubercle.
CYPERACEAE. 83
Styles 2-cleft; akenes biconvex.
Tubercles constricted basally; perennial with rootstocks. FE. palustris.
Tubercles not constricted basally; annual, tufted. E. obtusa.
Styles 3-cleft; akenes 3-angled.
Tubercles broad and short; akenes ribbed. E. acicularis.
Tubercles subulate; akenes smooth. E. rostellata.
_ Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. Rootstocks extensively creep-
ing; stems 30-70 cm. tall; spike lanceolate-oblong, 1-2 cm. long; bristles 4,
usually exceeding the obovate smooth biconvex akene; tubercle obtuse,
contracted at its junction with the akene; style 2-cleft.
Abundant in wet ground and in shallow water. °
Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. Stems erect or ascending, densely tuft-
ed, 5-7 cm. high; spikelets brownish, ovoid, obtuse, 2-13 mm. long; bristles
6-8, exceeding the brown shining akene; tubercle very short and broad, deltoid,
acute.
In wet places, quite common.
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. Perennial by creeping root-
stocks, usually forming extensive mats; stems very slender, 7-15 cm. tall,
erect; spikes 3-10-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; bristles 3 or 4, shorter than the
akene or wanting; akene oblong or obovoid, somewhat 3-angled, marked with
9-12 longitudinal ribs, with very numerous cross-lines between them; tubercle
broad, contracted at its junction with the akene; style 3-cleft.
Abundant on the margins of ponds often forming a sward.
Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Perennial, the sterile shoots decumbent and
rooting at the tips; fertile erect, wiry, 30-60 cm. high; spikelets fusiform,
12-20-flowered; bristles longer than the akenes.
In marshes, rare. Vancouver Island, Macoun; Skamania County, Suksdorf.
99. SCIRPUS.
Annual or perennial; stems leafy or the leaves reduced to basal
sheaths; spikelets terete (in ours), solitary, or in a terminal
cluster which is subtended by a 1-several-leaved involucre;
scales in a spiral, usually all fertile, one or two of the lowest
sometimes empty; flowers perfect; perianth of 1-6 bristles, or
sometimes none; stamens 2 or 3; style 2 or 3-cleft, not swollen at
the base; akene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex.
Spikelets solitary, terminal.
Involucral bract wanting. S. nanus.
Involucral bract present.
Bract 2-3 times as long as the spikelet. S. subterminalis.
Bract not longer than the spikelet.
Perianth bristles none. S. riparius.
Perianth bristles 6, smooth. S. cespitosus.
Spikelets several-many, rarely solitary.
Stems terete; inflorescence umbellate.
Akenes 2.5-3 mm. long, the scales one-fourth longer.
Akenes 2 mm. long, the scales little longer.
Stems three-angled.
S. occidentalis.
S
Involucral leaf solitary. S. americanus.
S§
S
. validus.
Involucral leaves several.
Spikelets 1-2 cm. long.
Spikelets 3-5 mm. long.
. robustus.
. microcarpus.
84 CYPERACEAE.
Scirpus nanus Spreng. Densely tufted, the stems flattened and grooved,
1-6 cm. high; roots with minute tubers; spikelet ovoid, greenish, bearing 2-4
or rarely more florets; scales acutish, the lowest usually larger; bristles when
present longer than the smooth shining akene.
Common on brackish shores, but rarely blooming.
Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Usually aquatic; stems 30-90 cm. high;
bract appearing like a constriction of the stem; bristles 6, barbed, shorter than
the akene.
In mountain ponds, rare. Mount Mark, Vancouver Island, Macoun;
Mount Adams, Howell, Suksdorf.
Scirpus riparius (R. Br.) Spreng. Stems tufted, 5-15 cm. high; spikelets
oblong-ovate, 3-5 mm. long, pale brown; akenes obovoid, 3-angled, smooth
dark-brown, 1 mm. long.
In marshy places along the seashore. Seattle, Piper; Whidby Island,
Gardner.
Scirpus cespitosus L. Densely tufted, the stems 10-30 cm. high; spikelets
oblong-ovate, pale brown, about 4 mm. long; akenes oblong, 3-angled, smooth,
brown, exceeded by the 6 smooth bristles.
Sub-alpine bogs, rare.
Scirpus occidentalis (Wats.) Chase. Western Bulrush or Tule. Stems
1-2 m. high, from stout scaly rootstocks; panicle loose, the suberect slender
branches 1-9 cm. long, slender; spikelets mostly in clusters of 2-7, pale brown,
subcylindric, 10-20 mm. long; scales oblong-ovate, viscid near the apex,
aristate.
In shallow water along lake margins, very common and abundant.
Scirpus validus Vahl. Very similar to S. occidentalis; spikelets ovoid,
5-10 mm. long; scales broadly ovate, mucronate, somewhat pubescent; akene
obovoid, plano-convex, 2 mm. long.
ae in our limits, reported from Vancouver Island, Macoun; common east-
ward.
Scirpus americanus Pers. Stems sharply 3-angled, 20-90 cm. high, from
stout elongated rootstocks; leaves 1-4, shorter than the stem, channeled;
bract 2-10 cm. long, pointed; spikelets 1-6, ovoid, closely crowded; scales
brown, ovate, 2-cleft at apex and often awned; bristles 2—6, shorter than the
plano-convex smooth akene.
In brackish marshes, infrequent.
Scirpus robustus Pursh. Stems stout, often 1 m. tall; leaves about as
long as the stem; spikelets brown, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, acutish, 10-20 mm.
long; scales ovate, notched and awned.
Along the seashore, quite common.
Scirpus microcarpus Presl. Perennial, the stout stems about 1 m. tall;
leaves 8-10 mm. broad, smooth beneath, rough on the margins and upper
surface of the midvein, the upper leaf usually exceeding the stem; inflorescence
a two to three times compound umbel, the primary rays 3-10 cm. long, unequal;
bracts leaf-like, about equalling the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid, numerous,
dark green, 3-5 mm. long, in heads of 3-12 or more; scales broadly ovate,
acute; stamens 2; styles bifid; bristles 4; nutlet white, oblong-lenticular, very
short-beaked. :
Common in wooded swamps.
100. ERIOPHORUM. CortTon-GrRass.
Bog perennials with rootstocks and erect triangular or nearly
cylindrical stems; leaves linear or one or two of the upper ones
ARACEAE. 85
reduced to bladeless sheaths; spikelets terminal, solitary, or in
heads or umbels, with or without a 1-several-leaved involucre;
scales in a spiral, overlapping; flowers perfect; perianth of 6 or
numerous thread-like smooth soft bristles which project much
beyond the scales at maturity.
Spikelets solitary; involucral bracts wanting.
Bristles copper-colored. E. chamissonis.
Bristles white. E. chamissonis albidum.
Spikelets several, subtended by 1 or more bracts;
bristles white.
Leaves 3-sided; bract solitary; akene linear. E. gracile.
Leaves flat; bracts 2 or 3; akene obovoid. E. polystachion.
Eriophorum chamissonis C. A. Mey. Stems solitary, 20-40 cm. high;
leaves very narrow, 3-angled, channelled; spikelet erect; akenes oblong, acute;
bristles 2-3 cm. long, rusty or cinnamon-colored.
In sphagnum bogs, not rare.
Eriophorum chamissonis albidum (Nyl.) Fernald. Bristles white.
Vancouver Island and eastward.
Eriophorum gracile Koch. Stems very slender; leaves very narrow,
3-angled, channelled; scales mostly blunt at the tip; bristles white, 1.5-2 cm.
long.
In sphagnum bogs.
Eriophorum polystachion L. Stems rather stout; leaves linear, flat;
spikelets several, nodding; scales acute; bristles white, 2-3 cm. long.
In bogs, especially in the mountains.
Family 18. ARACEAE. Arum FAamIty.
Plants with acrid or pungent juice and simple or compound
leaves; flowers crowded on a spadix, perfect, monoecious or
dioecious; spathe present or none; perianth of 4-6 sepals or
none; fruit usually a 1-4-celled 1-seeded berry.
101. LYSICHITON.
Acaulescent swamp herbs with large leaves from a_ thick
horizontal rootstock; spathe sheathing at base, with or without
a broad colored lamina, at first enveloping the cylindrical spadix
which later becomes exserted on a stout peduncle; flowers per-
fect, crowded, covering the spadix; perianth 4-lobed; stamens
4, opposite the perianth-segments; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled;
fruits fleshy, somewhat immersed in the rachis and coalescent.
Lysichiton camtschatcense (L.) Schott. Yellow Skunk Cabbage. Leaves
large, 30-90 cm. long, oblong, acute or acutish, narrowed at base into a short
margined petiole; spathe golden-yellow, the blade boat-shaped, acute, narrowed
into a sheathing petiole; peduncle stout, 20-30 cm. long; spadix cylindric, in
fruit 5-12 cm. long. :
In swamps, common. Root very pungent.
86 PONTEDERIACEAE.
Family 19. LEMNACEAE. DuckWwEED FamILy.
Very small thallose plants floating free on the water, propagat-
ing by the division of the thallus; flowers 1-3, monoecious, from
the edge or upper surface, rare; fruit a 1-7-seeded utricle.
Thallus 1-5-nerved, with a single rootlet. 102. LEMNA, 86.
Thallus 5-12-nerved, with several rootlets. 103. SPIRODELA, 86.
102. LEMNA.
Thallus 1-5-nerved, producing a single rootlet beneath;
flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the thallus, usually
3 together, surrounded by a spathe, two staminate, each of a
single stamen, the other pistillate of a single pistil; ovary 1-celled.
Thalli oblong, separate or soon separating. L. minor.
Thalli oblong, each narrowed into a sheath-like base, remaining
connected. L. trisulca.
Lemna minor L. Thalli round to elliptic-ovate, 2-5 mm. long, very ob-
scurely 3-nerved; seed oblong-obovate, amphitropous, each with a prominent
operculum.
Very common onstill ponds, often mixed with Spirodela.
Lemna trisulca L. Thalli thin, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, attenuate
into a stalk-like base, usually several, remaining connected, each faintly 3-
nerved; seed ovate, amphitropous, with a small round operculum.
Still ponds and ditches, rare.
103. SPIRODELA.
Very similar to Lemna but rootlets several and with axile
vascular tissues; anther-cells divided by a vertical partition
and dehiscing longitudinally.
Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Thallus round-obovate, 3-8 mm. long,
thick, purple and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately mostly
7-nerved.
Common on the surface of still ponds.
Family 20. PONTEDERIACEAE. Ponpweep Famity.
Aquatic herbs with perfect more or less irregular flowers, sur-
rounded by a spathe; perianth of 6 petal-like segments free from
the 3-celled ovary; stamens 3 or 6, unequal or dissimilar, on the
throat of the perianth; style 1; fruit a 1-3-celled capsule or
1-celled utricle.
104. HETERANTHERA.
Low herbs living in mud or shallow water, with a 1-few-
flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a
petiole; perianth-limb somewhat equally 6-parted; stamens in the
throat, usually unequal; capsule 1- or incompletely 3-celled.
JUNCACEAE. 87
Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Stems slender, branched, leafy, 30-
100 cm. long; leaves sessile, linear, acute; spathe terminal, 1-flowered; flowers
small, pale yellow, the tube very slender, 3-6 cm. long; capsule 1-celled, 6-8
mm. long.
In ponds, rare in our limits. Sauvies Island, Oregon, Howell.
Family 21. JUNCACEAE. RusH Famity.
Grass-like, usually tufted herbs mostly perennials; inflorescence
a compound panicle, corymb or umbel, with the flowers singly or
loosely clustered or aggregated into spikes or heads, rarely reduced
to a single flower; flowers small, regular, with or without bract-
lets; perianth 6-parted, the parts glumaceous; stamens 6, rarely
3; pistil superior, tricarpellary; ovary 3-celled, or 1-celled with
3 parietal placentae; ovules 3—many; stigmas 3; fruit a loculicidal
capsule; seeds 3-many, small.
Leaf-sheaths open; capsule 1- or 3-celled, many-seeded;
placentae parietal or axial. 105. Juncus, 87.
Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded; placen-
tae basal. 106. JUNCOIDES, 91.
105. JUNCUS. Rusu.
Annual or perennial plants; stems leaf-bearing or scapose;
leaves glabrous, cylindrical, flat or channeled; inflorescence a
panicle or corymb, often one-sided, bearing its flowers either
singly and with 2 bractlets or in heads and without bractlets,
but each head in the axil of a bract; stamens 6, rarely 3; ovary
1-celled or 3-celled; placentae parietal or axial; seeds several to
many.
Lowest leaf of the inflorescence appearing like a continua-
tion a the stem, the inflorescence therefore seemingly
lateral. :
Flowers in compound panicles, usually numerous.
Stamens 3; leaf of the inflorescence much shorter
than the stem. J. effusus.
Stamens 6. :
Flowers 3-4.5 mm. long. J. balticus.
Flowers 5-6 mm. long. J. lescurit.
Flowers few, 1-3 in each cluster.
Inner sheaths bristle-tipped; capsule retuse. J. subtriflorus.
Inner sheaths leaf-bearing; capsule acute. J. parryi.
Lowest leaf of the inflorescence not appearing like a con-
tinuation of the stem.
Leaves not provided with cross-partitions, either flat and
grass-like or terete and channelled.
Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads.
Perianth shorter than the capsule; heads several-
many, 3—-5-flowered. J. covillei.
Perianth longer than the capsule; heads solitary
or few.
88 JUNCACEAE.
Seeds not tailed. J. falcatus.
Seeds tailed. J. regelit.
Flowers bracteolate, loosely scattered or somewhat
congested but not in heads.
Annuals; stems branched, leafy. J. bufontus.
Perennials; stems simple.
Perianth segments 2.5-3 mm. long, obtuse. J. gerardt.
Perianth segments 3.5-5.5 mm. long, sharp-
pointed.
Auricle at summit of sheath, short and
cartilaginous. J. dudleyi.
Auricle at summit of sheath, elongated and
scarious.
Panicle loose; flowers pale green. J. tenuis.
Panicle close; flowers fuscous. J. occidentalis.
Leaves provided with distinct cross-partitions.
Blades of the leaves equitant.
Heads pale, numerous; stamens 6. J. oxymeris.
Heads brown or black; stamens 3, rarely 6. J. ensifolius.
Blades of the leaves cylindric or only slightly com-
pressed.
Stamens 3.
Plant aquatic, some of the leaves floating. J. supiniformis.
Plant not aquatic.
Heads small, pale, several-many. J. acuminatus.
Heads large, dark, few. J. bolandert.
Stamens 6.
Capsules subulate; heads large; outer perianth
segments longer. J. torreyi.
Capsules not subulate.
Heads solitary, dark. J. mertensianus.
Heads several—many.
Capsule much longer than the peri-
anth. J. oreganus.
Capsule shorter than the perianth.
Perianth segments brown, acute. J. nevadensts.
Perianth segments pale, obtuse. J. alpinus.
Juncus effusus L. Densely tufted, about 1 m. high, forming tussocks in
swamps; panicle compound, many- flowered; perianth- segments lanceolate,
acuminate, as long as the obovate obtuse capsules.
A polymorphic species, of which three sub-species occur in our limits.
Juncus effusus pacificus Fernald & Wiegand. Panicle loose; perianth-
segments pale, 2.5-3.5 mm. long.
Everywhere common in wet ground.
Juncus effusus hesperius Piper. Panicle compact; perianth segments
dark brown, 2.4-2.9 mm. long; upper sheath loose, membranous, dull, greenish-
drab above.
Often occurring with J. effusus pacificus but blooming about a week
earlier; common near the seacoast.
Juncus effusus gracilis Hook. Very similar to J. effusus hesperius but
upper sheath close, coriaceous, shiny, usually chestnut-colored.
In swamps, not common.
Juncus balticus Willd. Stems erect, terete, naked, 30-60 cm. tall, from
stout horizontal rootstocks; leaves consisting only of sheaths; panicle appar-
JUNCACEAE. 89
ently lateral, the elongated bract appearing like a continuation of the stem;
panicle simple or compound, 1-10 cm. long; perianth segments lanceolate,
acute, or obtusish, about 4 mm. long, usually brown; stamens 6; capsule
acutely angled and short-beaked; seeds oblong, the surface reticulated.
Common in wet places, often in brackish marshes.
_ Juncus lescurii Boland. Stems stout, 30-100 cm. high, naked; flowers
in a dense panicle; outer perianth segments 5-6 mm. long, lanceolate, acumin-
ate, longer than the obtuse inner ones; capsule not beaked.
In drifting sand along the ocean coast from Alaska to California.
Juncus subtriflorus (Meyer) Coville. Tufted; stems slender, 10-25 cm.
high; inner leaf-blades reduced to bristles; bract as long as or longer than the
inflorescence; perianth segments acute or acuminate, brownish, the outer
longer, exceeding the brown oblong retuse capsule.
In the mountains at 1500-2000 m. altitude.
Juncus parryi Engelm. Densely tufted; stems 20-40 cm. high; inner leaf
blades not reduced; bract much exceeding the inflorescence; perianth segments
brown, acute, the outer 7 mm. long, slightly exceeding the inner; capsule
oblong, acute, exceeding the perianth.
Growing in similar situations and often with J. subtriflorus. British
Columbia to California and Colorado.
Juncus covillei Piper. Stems low, 10-20 cm. high; leaves flat, pale;
panicle small, the heads 3—5-flowered; perianth segments brown with green
midvein, shorter than the capsule.
On sandy lake shores, Vancouver Island to California.
Juncus falcatus Meyer. Stems usually 10-20 cm. high; leaves flat, 2-3
mm. wide; flowers crowded into a single globose head, or rarely 2 or 3; outer
perianth segments acuminate, 6 mm. long, exceeding the inner obtuse ones;
capsule oblong, retuse.
Along the coast, Vancouver Island to California.
Juncus regelii Buch. Perennial, stoloniferous, pale green; stems smooth
or minutely scabrous, 12-50 cm. high, erect; leaves flat, 1.5-2 mm. broad;
head solitary or sometimes 2 or 3, globose, many-flowered; outer perianth seg-
ments lanceolate, acute; inner ovate, obtuse; all rough, brown with pale
margins; stamens 6; capsule longer than the perianth; seeds linear, tailed at
each end.
In springy places in the mountains, Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Utah.
Juncus bufonius L. Annual, branching from the base, 5-30 cm. tall; leaf
blades flat or involute, slender; flowers loosely scattered, usually on but one
side of the long branches of the panicle; perianth segments pale, scarious-
margined, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 6; capsule narrowly oblong, with a
short blunt beak; seeds very finely reticulate.
Very common everywhere.
Juncus gerardi Loisel. Loosely tufted, 30-60 cm. high; leaves erect,
usually flat; sheaths covering half the stem or more; panicle small, rather
close, 2-7 cm. long; perianth greenish-brown, the outer segments linear, the
inner oval.
Salt marshes, Vancouver Island and adjacent mainland, Macoun. Not
otherwise known in the Pacific coast but common on the Atlantic coast.
Juncus dudleyi Wiegand. Densely tufted, stiffly erect, 30-50 cm. high;
leaves short, usually less than half as long as the stems; auricles yellowish;
panicle rather close, 2-7 cm. long; perianth segments spreading, pale, 4-5 mm.
long, slightly exceeding the 1-celled ovoid capsule. :
Cape Horn, Columbia River, Suksdorf. Easily distinguished by the cartil-
aginous auricles,
go JUNCACEAE.
Juncus tenuis Willd. Densely tufted, 15-30 cm. tall; leaves flat or some-
what involute, narrow, shorter than the stems; auricles whitish, 1-1.5 mm. long;
panicle loose, seldom exceeded by the slender bract; perianth segments spread-
ing, lanceolate, pale, 3-4 mm. long; capsule ovoid, thin-walled, round at the
apex, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae; seeds minutely reticulate.
In moist places, common.
Juncus occidentalis (Coville) Wiegand. In habit like J. tenuis, but stouter; ,
panicles denser, sometimes glomerate; perianth yellowish, the segments erect,
4-5 mm. long; capsule ovoid, the walls firm.
Rare in our limits. Victoria, Macoun; Coupeville, Washington, Gardner.
Juncus oxymeris Engelm. Stems flattened and two-edged, 60-100 cm.
high, from stout rootstocks; leaves 5-8 mm. broad; panicle compound, locse,
8-20 cm. long; perianth segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, pale, shorter
than the capsule; stamens 6.
In marshy places, notcommon. Vancouver Island to California.
Juncus ensifolius Wiks. Rootstocks thick, creeping; stems leafy, 15-30
cm. high; heads few, globose, dark brown or nearly black; perianth segments
lanceolate, acuminate, 3 mm. long; stamens 3, rarely 6; capsule 3-angled,
acute, barely exceeding the perianth.
Very common, Alaska to Calitornia.
Juncus ensifolius major Hook. Differs from the species in being larger,
30-60 cm. high, and in bearing more numerous smaller pale brown heads.
Common in wet places.
Juncus supiniformis Engelm. Tufted, with very short rhizomes; stems
many, 3-10 cm. high, shorter than the leaves; leaves septate, very narrow,
terete or somewhat compressed, the floating ones very slender, the emersed
ones erect, rigid; heads several, 2—5-flowered, umbellate; perianth segments
greenish or purplish, oblong-lanceolate, acute, equal in length; stamens 3;
capsules 3-angled, mucronate, longer than the perianth.
In water, Vancouver Island, Macoun, and northern California.
Juncus acuminatus Michx. Stems tufted, 30-60 cm. tall; stem leaves
1-3, with prominent partitions; panicle loose, with ascending stout stiff
branches; heads pale, 5—20-flowered; perianth segments subequal, lanceolate-
subulate, shorter than the acute capsule; stamens 3.
Rare in our limits, but widely spread, British Columbia to Maine and south-
ward to Oregon and Georgia.
Juncus bolanderi Engelm. Stems 60-100 cm. high; leaves not flattened,
the ligules very large; heads few, subglobose, 9-12 mm. in diameter, many-
flowered; perianth brown, the segments subequal, narrow and aristate, 2.5-3.5
mm. long; stamens 3; capsule obtuse, equalling or exceeding the perianth.
Vancouver Island to northern California, near the coast, rather rare.
Juncus torreyi Coville. Stems 20-80 cm. high, bearing 2 or 3 slender leaves;
flowers crowded into 1-20 pale heads, each 10-15 mm. in diameter; perianth
segments subulate, the outer longest.
Very rare in our limits. Coupeville, Washington, Gardner.
Juncus mertensianus Bong. Stems terete, weak, crowded, 10-30 cm.
high, from short creeping rootstocks; leaves 5-15 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide;
ligules scarious; heads solitary, globose, dark brown, about 1 cm. broad;
perianth segments lanceolate, acuminate, 3 mm. long, exceeding the obtuse
capsule.
In the mountains at 1500-2500 m. clevation, common.
JUNCACEAE. gI
Juncus oreganus Wats. Stems slender, spreading, 15-20 cm. high; panicle
loose; flowers in small heads; perianth segments chestnut-brown, with green
midrib, the outer acute, the inner rather obtuse and a little longer; stamens 6;
capsule brown, acute and mucronate, exceeding the perianth.
In bogs along the coast, rare. Ilwaco, Piper, Henderson; Seattle, Frye;
International Boundary, Lyall; Sproat Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun.
Juncus nevadensis Wats. Loosely tufted; stems slender, 10-40 cm. high,
much exceeding the leaves; lowest leaves reduced to sheaths, the others with
terete septate blades; cauline leaves 1 or 2; inflorescence umbellate, the hemi-
spherical heads 3-10-flowered; perianth segments pale brown, equal, lanceolate,
acute or mucronate, the inner hyaline-margined, 4 mm. long; stamens 6;
capsule 3-angled, mucronate, shorter than the perianth.
Vancouver Island to California.
Juncus alpinus affinis (R. Br.) Aschers. & Graebn. (J. richardsonianus
Schult.) Stems erect, 15-40 cm. high, bearing 1 or 2 leaves; leaves terete,
with conspicuous internal cross partitions; panicle sparse, the straight branches
bearing scattered heads of 3-12 flowers; perianth segments pale green the outer
longer than the obtuse inner ones; capsule acute, longer than the perianth.
Shores of lakes and streams, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Whatcom County,
Washington, Gardner, Suksdorf.
106. JUNCOIDES. Woop Rusu.
Perennial, with glabrous or sparingly pubescent herbage;
stems leaf-bearing; leaf sheaths with united margins; blades
grass-like; inflorescence umbellate, paniculate or congested into
head-like clusters; flowers always bracteolate; ovary 1-celled
with 3 basal ovules.
Flowers congested into 1-several spike-like or head-like clus-
ters.
Inflorescence nodding, nearly always of a single spike-like
cluster. J. spicatum.
Inflorescence erect, of 2-12 globose or oblong clusters.
Spikes loosely flowered, solitary or few, in a narrow pan-
icle. J. subsessile.
Spikes densely flowered, several to many, umbellate. J. campestre.
Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 or solitary in an open panicle.
Leaves 10-12 mm. broad; perianth brown, 3-3.5 mm.
long. J. glabratum.
Leaves 6-8 or 10 mm. broad; perianth 1.5-2.5 mm. long.
Panicle rays divaricate; leaves without pilose hairs. J. divaricatum.
Panicle rays drooping; leaves with a few pilose hairs
at base.
Flowers and capsules pale green; leaves thin, shin-
ing; seeds brown, ellipsoid. J. parviflorum.
Flowers and capsules dark brown; leaves thick,
dull; seeds yellow, constricted at each end. J. majus.
Juncoides spicatum (L.) Kuntze. Tufted; stems 10-40 cm. high; leaves
narrow, folded, sparsely villous; perianth segments acuminate, brown with
hyaline margins; capsule acute, shorter than the perianth.
In the mountains at high elevations.
Juncoides subsessile (Wats.) Piper n. comb. (Luzula comosa subsessilis
Wats.) Loosely tufted; stems suberect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves 3-4 mm.
92 JUNCACEAE.
broad; inflorescence narrow, erect, the lowest spike often long-peduncled;
bracts ciliate, equalling or longer than the inflorescence; perianth segments
lanceolate, acute, subequal, 3-3.5 mm. long, brown with scarious margins,
the inner slightly broader and tridentate-mucronate at apex.
Known from Vancouver Island, Macoun, and California.
Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze. Stems tufted, 15-40 cm. tall, the
whole plant loosely villous; leaves flat, 2-5 mm. broad, 5-15 cm. long; flowers
in short spikes, these cymose; longest bract usually exceeding the inflorescence;
spikes oblong, 5-15 mm. long, on peduncles 1-5 cm. long, erect or nodding;
perianth segments straw-colored or brownish, lanceolate, acuminate, 3 mm.
long; capsules obtuse, short-beaked, equalling the perianth.
Common in open woods; a widespread and very variab!e species. The
following subspecies occur in our limits.
Juncoides campestre comosum (Meyer) Kuntze. Inflorescence usually
loose; spikes elongate; perianth segments 3--4.5 mm. long, as long as the cap-
sule; bracts ciliate.
In open woods.
Juncoides campestre congestum (Thuill.) Piper n. comb. (J. congestum
Thuill.) Inflorescence dense, the heads congested; perianth 3.5-4 mm. long,
much exceeding the capsule.
In open woods.
Juncoides campestre multiflorum (Ehrh.) Sheldon. Inflorescence of several
subglobose heads; perianth 2.5-3.5 cm. long, pale brown, usually a ittle
longer than the capsule.
Common in open woods.
Juncoides glabratum (Hoppe) Sheldon. Glabrous throughout; stems
30-50 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks; leaves dark green, flat, 10-20 cm.
long, 10-12 mm. broad, acute; panicle loose and nodding; bracts small; perianth
segments dark brown, lance-ovate, acute, shorter than the apiculate nearly
black capsule.
In open woods at moderate elevations in the mountains, greedily eaten
by horses.
Juncoides divaricatum (Wats.) Coville. Tufted; stems 15-30 cm. high;
leaves flat; panicle loose, broadly pyramidal, stiff; perianth segments brownish,
shorter than the capsule.
At high elevations, Mount St. Helens and southward. Considered by
Buchenau to be a subspecies of J. spadiceum.
Juncoides parviflorum (Ehrh.) Coville. Very similar to J. glabratum but
taller and more slender; leaves usually with a few long hairs at base; panicle
very loose; perianth segments straw-colored, lanceolate, acuminate, hardly
equalling the straw-colored capsule.
In moist places, very common.
Juncoides majus (Hook.) Pipern.comb. (Juncoides piperi Coville; Luzula
arcuata major Hook.) Densely tufted, 10-35 cm. high; leaves pale, firm, flat
or revolute, 2-4 mm. broad; perianth segments acute, shorter than the capsule.
4 At high elevations in the mountains. British Columbia to Idaho and
regon.
Family 22. LILIACEAE. Lity Famity.
Terrestrial herbs or sometimes woody plants; stems usually
from bulbs, corms, or more or less thickened rootstocks; flowers
LILIACEAE. 93
mostly perfect, regular; perianth not glumaceous, of 6 separate
or united segments free from the ovary; stamens 6, opposite
the perianth-segments; ovary 3-celled; fruit a few to many-
seeded 3-celled capsule or berry.
Plants with bulbs or corms.
Flowers in umbels.
Perianth-lobes united, funnelform; stamens
on the throat. 107. Hooxera, 94.
Perianth-lobes not at all or but slightly
united; stamens on the bases of the lobes. 108. ALLIUM, 95.
a solitary, or in racemes, cymes, or pan-
icles.
Perianth-segments unlike, the outer nar-
rower. 109. CaLocHorTUs, 96.
Perianth-segments all alike or nearly so.
Leaves or some of them on the stem.
Bulbs scaly; anthers versatile.
Nectary a linear groove; perianth
not campanulate. 110. Lit1um, 96.
Nectary a:shallow pit; perianth
campanulate. 111. Fritivarta, 97.
Bulbs corm-like; anthers not ver-
satile.
Leaves only two, rather broad. 112. EryTHronium, 97.
Leaves several, narrow, grass-
like. 113. Lioypia, 98.
Leaves all linear, basal.
Flowers large, blue or white. 114. Quamasia, 98.
Flowers small, greenish-white or
purplish.
Flowers erect; perianth-segments
gland-bearing at base. 115. ZIGADENUS, 99.
Flowers nodding; perianth-
segments glandless. 116. STENANTHIUM, 99.
Plants with rootstocks.
Leaves reduced to scales; branches thread-
like, green. 117. ASPARAGUS, 99.
Leaves not reduced to scales; branches normal.
Leaves all basal.
Leaves equitant. 118. TorieLprA, 100.
Leaves not equitant. 119. Curntonia, 100.
Leaves cauline, at least in part.
Leaves in whorls of three below the
flower, 120. TriLLtum, 100.
Leaves not in whorls.
Leaves opposite. 121. ScoLtopus, 101.
Leaves alternate.
Flowers axillary.
Perianth rotate. 122. KruusEA, 101.
Perianth narrowly campanu-
late. 123. Streptopus, 101.
Flowers terminal.
Leaves linear, rigid. 124. XEROPHYLLUM, 102.
Leaves broader, not rigid.
Flowers umbelled or soli-
tary terminal. 125. Disporum, 102.
94 LILIACEAE.
Flowers racemed or panic-
led.
Flowers polygamous
or monoecious,
rather large. 126. VERATRUM, 103.
Flowers perfect, small.
Perianth-segments
: 127. Vacnera, 103.
Perianth-segments
128. Unirotium, 104.
107. HOOKERA.
Usually erect scapose herbs from a membranous-coated corm;
leaves linear; inflorescence a several-bracted umbel of few to
many flowers on jointed pedicels; perianth funnel-form not
contracted at the throat, blue, purple, yellow or white, the seg-
ments united; stamens 3, on the throat opposite the inner lobes
and alternate to the sterile stamens, or 6 in one or two rows;
ovary stalked or sessile, 3-celled, each cavity containing 3-8
seeds.
Anther-bearing stamens 3.
Flowers in umbels, long-pedicelled. H. coronaria.
Flowers nearly sessile, in a very short raceme. HI. pulchella.
Anther-bearing stamens 6.
Stamens in one row; flowers whitish. HI. hyacinthina.
Stamens in two rows; flowers blue or purplish.
Filaments of inner stamens narrow. HZ. douglasit.
Filaments of inner stamens broad. H, howellii.
Hookera coronaria Salisb. Scapes 10-20 cm. high, about as long as the
narrow leaves; umbel with elongate spreading unequal rays; flowers deep blue,
2-4 cm. long; sterile stamens flat, erect, white, entire.
In gravelly prairies, Vancouver Island to California.
Hookera pulchella Salisb. Scapes 60-100 cm. high, much exceeding the
keeled glaucous leaves; flowers purple-blue, in a dense often elongated cluster;
sterile stamens deeply cleft.
In dry prairies, Washington to California.
Hookera hyacinthina (Lindl.) Kuntze. Scapes 30-70 cm. tall; leaves
linear-lanceolate, shorter than the stem, 5-8 mm. broad; flowers numerous;
perianth open- -campanulate, white, each lobe with a green midvein, the tube
about half as long as the lobes; stamens in one row, the filaments broadly
dilated, equal; capsule subglobose.
In low meadows, Vancouver Island to California.
Hookera douglasii (Wats.) Piper. Wild Hyacinth. Scape tall; corm
globose, the outer coats coarsely fibrous; leaves 2 or 3, shorter than the
stem, 2-4 mm. broad; flowers blue, usually numerous, in a dense umbel;
pedicels 2-30 mm. long; perianth tubular-campanulate, 2-3 cm. long, the
tube longer than the lobes; stamens in two rows, the upper and longer ones
on the petals; filaments naked; capsule oblong-ovoid, short-stipitate.
In the vicinity of Victoria, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Common east of
the Cascade Mountains to Wyoming and Utah.
LILIACEAE, 95
Hookera howellii (Wats.) Piper. Scapes 30-90 cm. tall, much exceeding
the leaves; flowers blue, in a rather loose umbei; stamens 6, in 2 rows, the fila-
ments of the inner ones dilated.
In open prairies; a rare species found originally in Klickitat County,
Washington. Whidby Island, Gardner; Tacoma Fiett.
108. ALLIUM. Ownron.
Pungent herbs with the characteristic odor of the onion, the
leaves and usually scapose erect stem from a coated bulb; leaves
narrowly linear, or rarely lanceolate or oblong, sheathing; in-
florescence a terminal simple umbel, in the axils of 2 or 3 mem-
branous, separate or united bracts; pedicels slender, not jointed;
flowers white or pink; perianth-segments 6, separate or united
by their very bases; stamens 6, one on the base of each perianth-
segment; ovary sessile or nearly so, completely or incompletely
3-celled; ovules 1-6 in each cavity.
Bulbs oblong, cespitose, more or less rhizomatous.
Rhizome stout; flowers erect. A. validum.
Rhizome scarcely developed; flowers nodding. A, cernuum.
Bulbs globose to ovoid, loosely cespitose or solitary, not rhi-
zomatous.
Bulb coats fibrous, A. geyeri.
Bulb coats not fibrous, usually reticulate.
Leaves flat, rather broad; reticulations wanting;
scape flattened, with crenulate edges. A. crenulatum.
Leaves narrow; reticulations polygonal, distinct;
scape terete. A. acuminatum.
Allium validum Wats. Bulb on the tip of a stout elongated horizontal
rhizome; scape 25-60 cm. tall, angled below, 2-edged above; leaves nearly
flat, 5-20 mm. broad, about equalling the scape; umbel dense; flowers a deep
rose-color; perianth-segments 6-8 mm. long, narrow, acuminate.
In wet mountain meadows, Washington to California and Nevada. Mount
Rainier, Flett.
Allium cernuum Roth. Bulbs elongated, often clustered on a short
rhizome; leaves several, flat or channelled, 2-8 mm. broad; scapes 20-40 cm.
high, usually exceeding the leaves; umbel loose, the pink flowers on nodding
pedicels; perianth-segments 4-6 mm. long, acute.
Common on rocks.
Allium geyeri Wats. Stems slender, 15-30 cm. tall; bulbs elongate, the
coats fibrous; leaves 2-4, slender, blunt, 10-20 cm. long; flowers a pale rose-
color; bracts broad; perianth segments ovate, acute or acuminate; ovary
crested.
Vancouver Island, Macoun. Common east of the Cascade Mountains.
Allium crenulatum Wiegand. Bulbs globose or ovoid, the coats not
reticulated; leaves flat, curved, 5-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; scape flattened,
with margined often crenulate edges, about as long as the leaves; umbel small,
the flowers deep red; perianth segments lanceolate, acute.
At high altitudes, in the Olympic Mountains, Piper, Flett. Perhaps only
a form of A. tolmiet Baker.
Allium acuminatum Hook. Stems 10-20 cm. tall; bulbs globose, the
outer coats finely reticulate; leaves terete, narrow, shorter than the stem;
96 LILIACEAE.
flowers many, pink, on pedicels 2-3 cm. long; perianth segments ovate, acum-
inate, 10-12 mm. long; ovary only obscurely crested.
In stony open places, British Columbia to California and Utah.
109. CALOCHORTUS. Mariposa Liny.
Branched or simple herbs with coated corms; leaves narrowly
linear; flowers large, showy, peduncled; perianth-segments sepa-
rate, spreading, whitish, purplish or variegated, the three outer
sepal-like, narrow, the three inner petal-like, gland-bearing, and
bearded or spotted within; stamens 6, hypogynous; ovary 3-
celled; ovules numerous.
Sepals each with a conspicuous pit at base; anthers apiculate.
Pit round; anthers as long as the filaments. C. subalpinus.
Pit linear; anthers shorter than the filaments. C. lobbit.
Sepals without a pit at base; anthers acute.
Gland of each petal covered by a scale. C. purdyi.
Gland of each petal naked. C. tolmiet.
Calochortus subalpinus Piper. Stems flexuous, 15-20 cm. high; leaf 3-8 mm.
wide; sepals lance-ovate with a conspicuous round purple pit at base; petals
cream-colored, sparsely bearded, except near the tip, the gland bordered above
by a narrow entire scale; anthers long-apiculate, equalling or longer than the
filaments.
In subalpine meadows, Mount Adams and southward.
Calochortus lobbii (Baker) Purdy. Very similar to C. subalpinus; pit
at base of each sepal linear; petals bearded to the tip; anthers apiculate, shorter
than the filaments.
Cascade Mountains of Oregon; perhaps not distinct from C. subalpinus.
Calochortus purdyi Eastwood. Stems 20-40 cm. tall, usually branched;
leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, 10-12 mm. broad; sepals narrowly ovate, acumin-
ate; petals broadly obovate, dirty-white or purple-tinged, bearded on the
inner surface, the shallow honey-pit covered by a densely hairy narrow scale.
In grassy meadows, rare. Seattle, Piper, and in the Willamette Valley,
Oregon.
Calochortus tolmiei Hook. & Arn. Stems about 30 cm. high, simple or
branched; leaves 10-12 mm. broad; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate;
petals yellowish, tinged with purple, bearded, the deep gland near the base
without a scale, but bordered above by a fringe of reflexed hairs; anthers acute.
Willamette Valley, Oregon. It is not clear that C. tolmiet and C. purdyi
are really distinct.
110. LILIUM.
Perennial herbs with scaly bulbs and simple stems with numer-
ous alternate or whorled narrow sessile leaves; flowers one to
several, large, showy, erect or nodding; perianth funnelform or
bell-shaped, the 6 segments spreading or recurved; anthers
linear, versatile; style elongated; stigma 3-lobed; capsule sub-
cylindric; seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell.
Flowers orange with purplish dots. L. columbianum.
Flowers white, becoming purplish. L. washingtonianum.
LILIACEAE. 97
Lilium columbianum Hanson. (L. parviflorum (Hook.) Holzinger.)
Stems 30-100 cm. high; leaves oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, mostly in whorls;
flowers one or several, on curved or spreading pedicels; perianth segments
orange, with numerous purple-brown spots.
Frequent in open woods and meadows.
Lilium washingtonianum Kellogg. Stems 1-2 m. tall; leaves oblanceolate,
acute, 5-12 cm. long, mostly in whorls of 6-12; flowers white, becoming pur-
plish, 2-20 in a raceme; perianth-segments clawed, 7-10 cm. long.
From the Columbia River southward.
111. FRITILLARIA.
Bulbous herbs; stems simple, leafy; inflorescence of rather
large nodding solitary or racemed leafy-bracted flowers; perianth
mostly campanulate, of 6 separate and nearly equal oblong or
ovate segments, each with a nectar-pit or spot at the base;
stamens 6, hypogynous; ovary nearly or quite sessile, 3-celled;
ovules numerous in each cavity.
Capsules acutely angled; flowers much mottled. F. lanceolata.
Capsules obtusely angled; flowers obscurely mottled. F. camtschatcensis.
Fritillaria lanceolata Pursh. Stems 30-90 cm. tall, glaucous; leaves in
two or three whorls of 4-6, lanceolate, sessile, 5-12 cm. long; flowers 1-6,
brown-purple with greenish-yellow spots; segments oblong-lanceolate; nec-
taries conspicuous; capsule 2-3 cm. long, with 6 broad wings.
On open banks and prairies, Vancouver Island to California, eastward to
Idaho.
Fritillaria camtschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl. Indian Rice. Much like
F. lanceolata, the leaves rather broader; flowers often numerous; nerves of the
sepals broadened into lamellae which bear scattered glands; capsule obtusely
5-angled.
Alaska to northern Washington, near the coast. The small bulblets are
numerous and resemble rice-grains. They are eaten by the Alaska Indians.
112. ERYTHRONIUM. AppEr’s TONGUE.
Low herbs, from deep membranous-coated corms; stem simple;
leaves but one pair, broad or narrow, usually below the middle
of the stem where it rises from the ground and thus appearing
basal; flowers large, nodding, bractless, solitary or several;
perianth-segments separate, lanceolate, oblong or oblanceolate;
stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth; ovary sessile,
3-celled; ovules numerous or several in each cavity.
Leaves mottled; perianth-segments narrow, cream-colored. £. giganteum.
Leaves not mottled.
Perianth-segments broad, white. E. montanum.
Perianth-segments narrow, yellow. E. parviflorum.
Erythronium giganteum Lindl. Leaves lanceolate, usually broad, beauti-
fully brown mottled; perianth segments cream-colored or nearly white, narrowly
lanceolate, strongly recurved, each with a yellow and orange spot at the base.
In open meadows and prairies, Vancouver Island to Oregon. E. revolutum:
Smith is an older name for probably the same plant.
8
98 LILIACEAE.
Erythronium montanum Wats. Leaves broadly lanceolate or ovate,
usually abruptly narrowed at base, not mottled; perianth-segments broadly
lanceolate, white, little recurved, each with an orange spot at base.
Common in alpine meadows of Washington and Oregon.
Erythronium parviflorum (Wats.) Goodding. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
not mottled; perianth-segments becoming recurved, bright yellow, with a
pale spot at the base of each; anthers white.
In subalpine meadows, British Columbia to Oregon and Colorado.
113. LLOYDIA.
Low perennial herbs with slender coated bulbs and grass-like
leaves; flowers small, white; perianth funnelform, the segments
lanceolate, recurved; style short, entire; capsule obovoid, with
small oblong seeds.
Lloydia serotina (L.) Sweet. Stems 5-12 cm. high; leaves very narrow,
linear, equalling the stem; flower usually solitary; perianth segments oblan-
ceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, white.
High mountains, rare. Tami Hy Mountain, Macoun; Mount Baker,
Flett: Olympic Mountains, Flett, Conard.
114. QUAMASIA. Camas.
Scapose herbs, with membranous-coated edible bulbs; leaves
linear, basal; inflorescence a terminal raceme; flowers large, blue
or white, bracted; pedicels jointed at the base of the flower;
perianth-segments 6, separate, equal, spreading, persistent, 1—9-
nerved; stamens at the bases of the perianth-segments; ovary
3-celled, sessile; ovules numerous in each cavity.
Perianth-segments narrowly lanceolate, irregular, one turning
downward, the other upward, each twisting separately after
blooming. : Q. quamash.
Perianth-segments broader, regularly disposed, connivent and
twisting together after blooming. Q. leichtlinii.
Quamasia quamash (Pursh) Coville. Scape stout, 30-70 cm. tall; leaves
several, mostly- shorter than the stem, 5-10 mm. broad, sometimes glau-
cous; raceme elongated, 10-30-flowered, the pedicels short; bracts narrowly
lanceolate, about equalling the flowers; flowers dark blue or rarely white;
perianth-segments unequally spreading, lanceolate, acute, 2 cm. long, all 3-
nerved, all 5-nerved or alternately 3- and 5-nerved; capsule oblong-ovate,
somewhat 3-angled, 10-12 mm. long; seeds black, shining.
In wet meadows; the bulbs used by the Indians as food.
Quamasia leichtlinii (Baker) Coville. (Q. azwrea Heller). Very similar
to Q. quamash; perianth segments cream-colored or bright blue, regular,
2-3.5 cm. long, becoming connivent and inter-twisted in age and falling to-
gether, all 3-nerved, 5-nerved, or 7-nerved or alternately 3 and 5 or 5 and
7-nerved; capsule rather sharply 3-angled, 15 mm. long.
In grassy meadows, Vancouver Island to California. Typical Q. leicht-
linit has cream-colored flowers, while the original specimens of Q. azurea are
oe but both color forms occur growing together. The bulbs
are edible.
LILIACEAE. 99
115. ZIGADENUS.
Glabrous erect perennial herbs from coated bulbs each crowning
a very short rhizome, and with leafy stems; leaves linear; inflo-
rescence a terminal panicle or raceme; flowers perfect or polyga-
mous, greenish, yellowish or white; perianth-segments lanceolate
or ovate, separate or united below, sometimes adnate to the
lower part of the ovary, each with one or two glands or a spot
just above the narrowed base; stamens free from the perianth-
segments, about equalling them in length; ovary 3-celled; ovules
several or numerous in each cavity.
Petals 8-10 mm. long; gland obcordate. Z. elegans.
Petals 6-8 mm. long; gland obovate.
Inflorescence raccmose; petals obtuse. Z. venenosus.
Inflorescence paniculate; petals acute. Z. paniculatus.
Zigadenus elegans Pursh. Stems 15-60 cm. tall; leaves flat, 4-12 mm.
wide, very glaucous; flowers greenish, panicled; perianth segments lanceolate,
short-clawed, 8-10 mm. long, united to the base of the ovary.
In the mountains, rare in our limits. Olympic Mountains, Flett.
Zigadenus venenosus Wats. Death Camas. Stems 30-50 cm. tall, from
ovoid, dark-coated bulbs; leaves several, linear, keeled, 3-5 mm. broad, shorter
than the stems; raceme many-flowered, 5-10 cm. long, much longer in fruit;
flowers yellowish, on pedicels 5-10 mm. long; bracts awl-shaped; perianth-
segments clawed, elliptical, the blade obtuse; nectaries with thick margins.
Common in meadows and in hillsides, Vancouver Island to California.
Bulbs poisonous.
Zigadenus paniculatus Wats. Similar to Z. venenosus but stouter and often
taller; bulb larger, often elongate; leaves 6-15 mm. broad, usually all sheathing;
panicle many-flowered; flowers whitish; perianth segments deltoid-ovate,
acute, abrup<ly narrowed to the claw; nectary not definitely margined.
A plant of the sage brush region; rare in our limits. Admiralty Head,
Whidby Island, O. A. Piper.
116. STENANTHIUM.
Smooth perennial herbs; stem leafy from a bulbous base;
leaves long and grass-like; flowers numerous, small, in a long
terminal panicle; perianth spreading, the segments long, lanceol-
ate and adhering to the base of the ovary; stamens short; seeds
nearly wingless.
Stenanthium occidentale Gray. Bulb oblong-ovoid; stems 15-40 cm.
high; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the stem; flowers greenish
or more commonly purplish-brown, nodding, in a simple or branched raceme;
perianth segments lanceolate, acuminate, recurved at the tip, 12-16 mm. long.
In the mountains, rare.
117. ASPARAGUS.
Perennial herbs or half-shrubs with much branched stems from
thick matted rootstocks; leaves reduced to scales, the upper ones
100 LILIACEAE.
bearing in their axils thread-like branchlets which function as
leaves; flowers small, axillary; perianth-segments separate or
united at the base; stamens 6, on the base of the perianth-seg-
ments; fruit a spherical 1-many-seeded berry.
Asparagus officinalis L. Stem erect, with spreading branches, 1-2 m.
high; leaves scale-like, bearing in their axils clusters of thread-like green branch-
lets 6-15 mm. long; flowers solitary, drooping, greenish-yellow; perianth cam-
panulate.
Readily escaping from cultivation.
118. TOFIELDIA.
Slender perennials with short creeping rootstocks and simple
stems leafy at the base; perianth more or less spreading, persist-
ent, the segments oblong or obovate, without claws; inner stamens
on the base of the perianth-segments; styles awl-shaped; stigmas
terminal; capsule 3-lobed, with many oblong seeds.
Tofieldia intermedia Rydb. Stems 30-50 cm. tall, viscid-pubescent;
Jeaves much shorter than the stem, about 5 mm. broad; raceme dense, viscid-
pubescent; perianth 3-5 mm. long; capsules not stalked; seeds tailed at one
end.
Common in bogs, especially in the mountains.
119. CLINTONIA.
Somewhat pubescent herbs, with slender rootstocks and erect
simple scapes; leaves few, broad, petioled, sheathing, basal;
flowers solitary-terminal or umbelled on the erect scapes, bract-
less; perianth-segments distinct, equal or nearly so, erect or
spreading; stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth-
segments; ovary 2- or 3-celled; ovules 2—several in each cavity.
Clintonia uniflora (Schult.) Kunth. Rootstock creeping, slender; scapes
slender, pubescent, naked or with one or two small linear bracts, 6-10 cm. tall,
bearing a solitary white flower or rarely two; proper stem short; leaves 2-5,
oblong, acuminate, pubescent beneath, 10-20 cm. long; calyx pubescent on
the outside; filaments attenuate from a thicker base, pubescent below; fruit
globose or pyriform, blue.
Common in subalpine woods.
120. TRILLIUM. Wake Rosin.
Glabrous erect unbranched herbs, with short rootstocks;
leaves 3 in a whorl at the summit of the stem just under the
sessile or peduncled, solitary, bractless flower; perianth of two
distinct series of segments, the outer 3 (sepals) green, the inner
3 (petals) white, pink, purple or sometimes greenish; stamens 6,
hypogynous; ovary sessile, 3-6-angled or lobed; ovules several
or numerous in each cavity.
Flower sessile; leaves mottled. T. chloropetalum.
Flower stalked; leaves not mottled. T. ovatum.
LILIACEAE. IOI
Trillium chloropetalum (Torr.) Howell. Stems 30-40 cm. high; leaves
ovate, often as broad as long, usually acute, commonly blotched with brownish
spots; flowers sessile; petals oblanceolate, obtuse, white.
Roy, Washington, and southward.
Trillium ovatum Pursh. Stems 15-40 cm. tall, from a stout horizontal
rootstock, 2-5 cm. long; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate or acute, 5-15 cm.
long, nearly sessile; flowers odorous; peduncles erect, 3-6 cm. long; petals
lanceolate, acute, white, in age changing through various shades of pink to
dark red, exceeding the green sepals; anthers yellow.
Very common in moist woods. Various abnormal forms are occasionally
found, such as flowers with the parts in twos or fours, double flowers, etc.
121. SCOLIOPUS.
Very short stemmed glabrous perennials more or less punctate
with purple dots and with short fibrous-rooted rhizomes; leaves
2, thin, oval to lanceolate, sessile, many-nerved; flowers long-
pedicelled in an umbel; perianth of 6 spreading segments, the outer
lanceolate, several-nerved, the inner narrowly linear, 3-nerved;
stamens 3, at the base of the outer segments; style very short;
stigmas linear; ovary sessile, attenuate upward, 1-celled; ovules
several.
Scoliopus hallii Wats. Stem short, mostly subterranean; leaves broadly
lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, acute; flowers 1-8, on slender pedicels 5-8 cm. long;
perianth segments narrow, the outer broader and longer than the inner.
Along mountain streams, western Oregon.
122. KRUHSEA.
Perennial herbs with slender creeping rootstocks and leafy
erect simple or branched stems; flowers solitary in the axils on
slender not geniculate pedicels; perianth segments lanceolate,
equal, spreading, all alike; anthers cordate, short-acuminate;
berry globose, red.
Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledeb.) Kearney. Stems 10-60 cm. high, simple
or branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, not ciliate; flowers
brownish, the lanceolate attenuated perianth segments equal, spreading,
about 3 mm. long.
In mountain woods, Alaska to Washington. Chilliwack Valley, Macoun;
Cascade Mountains, 49°, Lyall. Reported from Baker Lake, Afuenscher.
123. STREPTOPUS.
Herbs with stout or slender rootstocks; leaves thin, sessile or
clasping, alternate, many-nerved; flowers solitary or two to-
gether, axillary, slender-peduncled, greenish or purplish, small,
nodding; peduncles bent or twisted at about the middle; perianth
somewhat campanulate, its segments 6, recurved or spreading,
the outer flat, the inner keeled; stamens 6, hypogynous; ovary
3-celled; ovules numerous, in two rows in each cavity.
Stems branched; leaves glaucous beneath. S. amplexifolius
Stems simple; leaves not glaucous beneath. S. curvipes.
102 LILIACEAE.
Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Stems branched, about 1 m. tall,
from horizontal creeping rootstocks, glabrous except at the base; leaves ovate,
acuminate, cordate and clasping at base, 5-12 cm. long, usually glaucous,
especially beneath; flowers solitary in the upper axils; pedicels bent at the base
and geniculate in the middle, so that the flower is concealed by the leaf;
perianth narrowly campanulate, the segments greenish, lanceolate, acuminate,
strongly curved outward; anthers acuminate; berry oblong-globose, red, about
1 cm. in diameter.
Common along streams and in springy places.
Streptopus curvipes Vail. Stems simple, 10-30 cm. tall, from creeping
rootstocks; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, glabrous or sparsely
pubescent, ciliate; perianth rose-colored, 8 mm. long; fruit globose, at length
red.
In the mountains, common at low elevations.
124. XKEROPHYLLUM.
Perennials with a short thick woody rootstock and numerous
radical stiff linear leaves; perianth white, of six separate spread-
ing petal-like segments; stamens 6, at the base of the perianth-
segments; styles distinct, linear, reflexed; ovary sessile, ovate,
3-lobed.
Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. Pine Lily or Bear Grass. Basal leaves
very numerous, harsh and stiff, linear, keeled, 5 mm. broad, 60-90 cm. long;
cauline similar but smaller and ciliate at base; stems stout, 1-2 m. tall, stiff
and erect; flowers white; raceme dense, at first pyramidal, then elongating,
15-40 cm. long in bloom, longer in fruit; pedicels spreading in flower, erect in
fruit, 2-3 cm. long.
Common in open woods, especially in the mountains, but not known to
occur on Vancouver Island or in western British Columbia.
125. DISPORUM.
More or less pubescent herbs with slender rootstocks; stems
branching, scaly below, leafy above; leaves alternate, somewhat
unsymmetrical, sessile or clasping; flowers terminal, drooping,
whitish or greenish-yellow, solitary or few in simple umbels;
perianth-segments 6, narrow, equal, separate; stamens 6, hy-
pogynous; ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 or sometimes several in each
cavity.
Perianth broad at base. D. smithit.
Perianth narrowed at base.
Fruit ovoid, pubescent; stigma entire. D. oreganum.
Fruit globose, papillose; stigma 3-cleft. D. majus.
Disporum smithii (Hook.) Piper. Stems 30-90 cm. tall; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, scarcely cordate at base; perianth bell-
shaped, broad at base, the segments erect; style 3-cleft; fruit oblong-ovoid,
glabrous, except the blunt beak.
Along the coast, Nootka Sound, where it was first collected by Menzies,
to northern California.
Disporum oreganum (Wats.) B. & H. Stems 30-80 cm. tall, branched;
LILIACEAE. 103
leaves ovate, long-acuminate, cordate at base; perianth narrow, the segments
spreading; style entire; fruit ovoid, pubescent, orange-red.
Moist banks and rich woods, British Columbia to Idaho and Oregon.
Disporum majus (Hook.) Britt. Stems branched, 30-50 cm. tall, the
branches pubescent; leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, long-acuminate, sessile
and half-clasping, 5-7 cm. long, glabrous; flowers solitary or in pairs, yellowish-
white, on more or less curved pedicels, 5-8 mm. long; perianth campanulate,
the segments narrow, oblong or oblanceolate, 10-12 mm. long; berry pyriform-
globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, roughened with minute shallow pits.
Silverton, Washington, Mrs. L. A. Bouck. Not elsewhere found west of
the Cascade Mountains, but common in the interior from British Columbia
and Alberta to Arizona.
126. VERATRUM. Fase HELLEBORE.
Tall perennial herbs, from short thick poisonous rootstocks;
stem pubescent; leaves mostly broad, clasping, strongly veined
and plaited; inflorescence pubescent, of terminal panicles;
flowers greenish or yellowish-white, rather large, polygamous, on
short stout pedicels; perianth-segments 6, glandless or nearly so,
adnate to the base of the ovary; stamens opposite the perianth-
segments and free from them, short, mostly curved; ovary ovoid,
3-celled, the cavities several-ovuled.
Flowers green, in a drooping panicle. V. viride.
Flowers white, in an erect panicle. V. caudatum.
Veratrum viride Ait. Green Hellebore. Stems stout, 100-150 cm. tall;
leaves ovate, or the upper lanceolate, pubescent beneath, 20-30 cm. long;
panicle open, 30-60 cm. long, the lower branches more or less drooping, usually
simple; perianth green, pubescent outside, the segments obovate, obtuse,
about 8 mm. long; principal bracts foliaceous, like the upper leaves.
In subalpine swamps, throughout our limits.
Veratrum caudatum Heller. White Hellebore. In habit like V. viride;
panicle erect, the branches spreading, seldom nodding; principal bracts small,
not foliaceous; perianth segments 15-20 mm. long.
In wet meadows, Montesano, Heller; near Seattle, Piper. Perhaps only
a form of V. californicum Durand.
127. VAGNERA. FALSE SOLOMON’S SEAL.
Herbs with slender or short and thick rootstocks; stem simple,
scaly below, leafy above; leaves alternate, short-petioled or
sessile, ovate, lanceolate or oblong; inflorescence a terminal
raceme or panicle; flowers white or greenish, small; perianth of
6 separate spreading equal segments; stamens 6, on the bases of
the perianth-segments; ovary 3-celled, sessile, subglobose; ovules
2 in each cavity.
Flowers small, many in a panicle. V. amplexicaulis.
Flowers larger, few in a simple raceme. V. sessilifolia.
Vagnera amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Greene. Rootstocks stout; stems 50-100
cm. tall, usually puberulent; leaves oblong or ovate, acuminate, puberulent,
6-12 cm. long, sessile, clasping the stem somewhat; panicle pyramidal or
104. IRIDACEAE.
narrow, 3-10 cm. long; pedicels very short; perianth spreading, the segments
oblong, 2 mm. long, as long as the ovary; filaments subulate, longer than the
perianth; style about as long as the ovary.
On rich wooded banks.
Vagnera sessilifolia (Baker) Greene. Rootstocks slender; stems 30-60
cm. tall, smooth; leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate, flat, sessile, pubescent
beneath, 10-15 cm. long; raceme open, 2~5 cm. long, 5—10-flowered; pedicels
4-12 mm. long; perianth segments spreading, lanceolate, 4 mm. long; stamens
shorter than the styles.
In moist wooded copses.
128. UNIFOLIUM.
Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks; leaves 2 or 3, ovate
to lanceolate, cordate; flowers solitary or fascicled in a simple
raceme; perianth 4-parted; stamens 4; stigma 2-lobed; ovary
2-celled; fruit a 2-celled berry with 2 seeds in each cell.
Unifolium bifolium kamtschaticum (Gmel.) Piper. Basal leaves ovate-
reniform, acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. broad; cauline leaves usually 2, cordate
to sagittate, 5-10. cm. long;perianth segments 2-3 mm. long, becoming reflexed.
Moist places, very common.
Family 23. IRIDACEAE. Iris Famiry.
Perennial herbs; leaves narrow, equitant, 2-ranked; flowers
perfect, regular or irregular, mostly clustered, subtended by
bracts; perianth of 6 segments or 6-lobed, its tube adnate to
the ovary, the segments or lobes in 2 series; stamens 3, inserted
on the perianth opposite its outer series of segments or lobes;
ovary inferior, mostly 3-celled; ovules mostly numerous in each
cell; style 3-cleft, its branches sometimes divided.
Flowers very large; styles petal-like. 129. Iris, 104,
Flowers moderate in size; styles filiform.
Filaments united to the top; flowers usually blue. 130. StsyRINcHIUM, 105.
aus te not united to the top; flowers not
ue.
Filaments united only at the base; flowers
reddish-purple. 131. O_synium, 106.
Filaments united for more than half their
length; flowers yellow. 132. HypastyLus, 106.
129. IRIS.
Herbs with creeping or horizontal, often woody and sometimes
tuber-bearing rootstocks; stems erect; leaves erect or ascending,
equitant; flowers large, regular, terminal, solitary or clustered;
perianth of 6 clawed segments united below into a tube, the three
outer dilated, spreading or reflexed, the three inner narrower,
smaller, usually erect or in some species about as large as the
IRIDACEAE, 105
outer; stamens inserted on the bases of the outer perianth-
segments; ovary 3-celled; divisions of the style petal-like,
arching over the stamens, bearing the stigmas immediately under
their mostly 2-lobed tips; style-base adnate to the perianth-tube.
Bracts largely scarious; rootstock stout. I. missouriensis.
Bracts green, not scarious, rootstocks slender.
Flower solitary, purple; capsule oblong. I. tenax.
Flowers usually 2, whitish; capsule globose. I. tenuts.
Iris missouriensis Nutt. Rootstocks stout, short, branched; stems 20-50
cm, tall, naked or with one or two leaves; leaves pale or glaucous, usually
shorter than the stem, 5-8 mm. wide; flowers violet-blue, rarely white, 2-4
in gach umbel; bracts scarious, 2-6 cm. long, acute; sepals narrowly clawed,
5-6 cm. long, the honey guides yellowish; petals erect, shorter; capsule oblong-
obovoid, somewhat 3-angled; seeds brown.
Whidby Island, Gardner; not otherwise known in our limits; common in
the interior. :
Iris tenax Dougl. Leaves numerous, 30-50 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, acumi-
nate; stems shorter than the leaves, each bearing a solitary flower; sepals ob-
long, 5 cm. long, purple; petals spatulate, nearly as long.
Prairies from Chehalis County, Washington, southward.
Iris tenuis Wats. Stems 20-25 cm. high, bearing several short leaves,
usually 2-flowered; leaves 8-10 mm. broad, about equalling the stems; flowers
white marked with yellow and purple; petals emarginate.
Cascade Mountains of northern Oregon along the Clackamas River.
°130. SISYRINCHIUM. BLvuE-EYED GRASs.
Perennial tufted slender herbs, with short rootstocks; stems
- simple or branched, 2-edged or 2-winged; leaves linear, grass-
like; flowers rather small, mostly blue, terminal, umbellate, with
a pair of erect green bracts; perianth-tube short or none, the 6
spreading segments oblong or obovate, equal; filaments united
to the top; ovary 3-celled, each cavity several-ovuled; style-
branches filiform, undivided, alternate with the anthers.
Stem usually 2-branched. S. birameum.
Stem always simple. ;
Perianth segments 20 mm. long; outer bract 5-7 cm. long. S. macounit.
Perianth segments 12-15 mm. long; outer bract 2-5 cm.
long.
Leaves 1-3.5 mm. broad, firm; stems 1-3 mm. wide. S, idahoense.
Leaves 0.5-1.5 mm. broad, soft; stems 1-1.5 mm. wide. S. segetum.
Sisyrinchium birameum Piper. Loosely tufted, 40-50 cm. high, drying
blackish; leaves firm, erect, about half as high as the stem; bracts purplish,
subequal, shorter than the pedicels; flowers 2-5 on slender pedicels; perianth
dark blue with a yellow eye; capsule globose.
Vancouver, Washington, Piper.
Sisyrinchium macounii Bicknell. Pale green or glaucescent; stems tufted,
simple, 30-50 cm. high; leaves 20-30 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, very acute,
smooth on the margins; spathes green or purple-margined, the outer 4-7 cm.
long, the inner 2-3 cm. long; flowers 24, slender-pedicelled, purple with a
yellow eye; perianth segments aristulate, 2 cm. long.
Comox and other places on Vancouver Island, Macoun.
106 IRIDACEAE.
Sisyrinchium idahoense Bicknell. Stems tufted, 20-45 cm. tall, com-
pressed and winged, the edges serrulate; leaves shorter than the stems, linear,
acute, 1-3.5 mm. wide, all radical, or occasionally one on the stem; bracts long
and narrow; flowers 3-6, pedicelled, dark blue, with a small yellow center;
perianth-segments 12-18 mm. long, mucronate.
Wet meadows, Vancouver Island to Oregon and Idaho.
Sisyrinchium segetum Bicknell. Tufted, rather pale; stems slender,
10-20 cm. high, exceeding the leaves, these about 2 mm. wide; bracts purple,
subequal, thin in texture; flowers violet-blue, on slender pedicels; capsule
oblong.
In meadows, Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascade Mountains.
131. OLSYNIUM.
Very similar to Sisyrinchium but the filaments united only at
the base and the flowers never blue.
Olsynium grandiflorum (Dougl.) Raf. Stems mostly solitary, 15-30 cm.
tall, compressed; roots fascicled, stout; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, erect, shorter
than the sheaths; flowers 1-4, the pedicels shorter than the largest bract;
perianth segments reddish-purple, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 15-18 mm.
long; filaments broad at the base, shorter than the 3-cleft style.
Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; Whidby Island, Gardner. Rare
west of the Cascade Mountains, but common in the interior.
132. HYDASTYLUS.
Annual or perennial herbs resembling Sisyrinchium; root-
stocks poorly developed; leaves narrowly linear, the bases more
or less membranously expanded; flowers on a scape, enclosed by
a spathe of 2 bracts which enclose membranous scales; perianth
yellow, the segments narrow, obtuse or acute; filaments free for
at least half their length; anthers linear, versatile; styles slender,
divergent; capsule oblong to globose, 3-celled, many or few-
seeded; seeds rounded.
Pedicels 15-20 mm. long; leaves 1-3 mm. broad. H. borealis.
Pedicels 10-15 mm. long; leaves 2-5 mm. broad. HT. brachypus.
Hydastylus borealis Bicknell. Stems 6-30 cm. high, exceeding the leaves;
leaves 1-3 mm. wide; flowers on erect pedicels 15-22 mm. long; perianth
segments 8-10 mm. long.
Along the seacoast.
Hydastylus brachypus Bicknell. Like H. borealis but with broader leaves
and shorter pedicels.
In seashore meadows. Probably not distinct from H. borealis.
Family 24. ORCHIDACEAE. Orcuip Famity.
Perennial herbs, mostly with corms, bulbs or tubers; leaves en-
tire, sheathing, sometimes reduced to scales; flowers perfect,
irregular, bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed; perianth superior,
of 6 segments, the three outer (sepals) alike or nearly so; two of
ORCHIDACEAE. 107
the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the other one (/ip) dissimilar,
often markedly so, usually larger, often spurred, really anterior,
sometimes inferior by the twisting of the ovary or pedicel; stamens
variously united with the style into an unsymmetrical column;
anther one sometimes two; pollen more or less coherent into
masses (pollinia); ovary inferior, usually long and twisted, 3-
angled, 1-celled; ovules numerous, on three parietal placentae;
seeds numerous; endosperm none.
Perfect anthers 2; lip large, sac-like. 133. CypRIPEDIUM, 107.
Perfect anther 1.
Plant saprophytic, without green herbage.
Flowers spurred, reddish or yellowish. 134. CORALLORHIZA, 108.
Flowers spurless, white. 135. CEPHALANTHERA, 108.
Plants with ordinary green herbage.
Flower and leaf solitary; plant bulbous. 136. CyTHEREA, 108.
Flowers several-many in racemes.
Leaves only two. 137. Opurys, 109.
Leaves more than two.
Flowers each with a distinct spur.
Leaves several, cauline, gradu-
ally reduced upwards. 138. Lrunorcuis, 109.
Leaves two, basal; cauline re-
duced to bracts.
Lateral sepals adnate to the
base of the lip. 139. Piperta, 110.
Lateral sepals free. 140. Lysias, 111.
Flowers spurless, the lip at most
saccate.
Lip with 2 callosities at base;
flowers spirally arranged in a
dense spike. 141. Isrprum, 111.
Lip without basal callosities.
Leaves white-reticulated. 142. PERAMIuUM, 111.
Leaves green. 143. Eprpactis, 112.
133. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lapy’s SLIPPER.
Glandular-pubescent herbs with leafy stems or scapes and
tufted roots of thick fibres; leaves large, broad, many-nerved;
flowers solitary or several, drooping, large, showy; sepals spread-
ing, separate or two of them united under the lip; lip a large
inflated sac; column bearing a sessile or stalked anther on each
side and a dilated petal-like sterile stamen above, covering the
summit of the style; pollinia granular; stigma terminal, broad,
obscurely 3-lobed.
Cypripedium montanum Dougl. Whole plant glandular-pubescent; stems
30-50 cm. tall, erect; leaves 4-6, oval, acuminate, 6-12 cm. long; flowers 1-3,
pedicelled; sepals brown, usually dark, narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 cm. long;
upper petals like the sepals, but narrower and longer, wavy-twisted; lip white,
108 ORCHIDACEAE.
veined with purple, oblong, 30-50 mm. long; sterile anther somewhat tri-
angular, yellow with purple spots, about 1 cm. long.
In moist open woods, rare in our limits. Victoria, Vancouver Island,
Fletcher; Seattle, Piper.
134. CORALLORHIZA. Corat Root.
Scapose herbs, saprophytes or root-parasites with large masses
of coral-like branching roots; leaves all reduced to sheathing
scales; flowers in terminal racemes; sepals nearly equal, the
lateral ones united at the base with the foot of the column,
forming a short spur or protuberance, usually adnate to the sum-
mit of the ovary; third sepal free; petals about as long as the
sepals, 1-3-nerved; lip 3-ridged; column nearly free, slightly
incurved, somewhat 2-winged; anther terminal; pollinia 4, in two
pairs, oblique, free, soft-waxy.
Spur none; petals and sepals purple, veiny. C. striata.
Spur prominent; petals and sepals 3-nerved.
Spur wholly attached to the ovary. C. maculata.
Spur free for its apical half. C. mertensiana.
Corallorhiza striata Lindl. Whole plant reddish-purple, 15-40 cm. high,
the spike 15~—25-flowered; sepals and petals each with 3 conspicuous nerves;
lip entire, somewhat fleshy, ovate, narrowed below, concave and bearing 2
short prominent ridges near the base. ;
In dry woods.
Corallorhiza maculata Raf. (C. multiflora occidentalis Lindl.) Whole
plant reddish or sometimes yellowish, 20-30 cm. high; raceme 10-30-flowered;
sepals and petals 6-8 mm. long; lip broad and 3-lobed at base, spotted with
crimson spots; spur wholly adnate to the ovary.
-In deep woods not rare, especially at low altitudes in the mountains.
Corallorhiza mertensiana Bong. Scape 20-40 cm. high; raceme many-
flowered; sepals and petals 6-8 mm. long, dark-red; lip oblong, narrowed at
base, entire; spur half-free from the ovary.
In mountain woods, common.
135. CEPHALANTHERA.
Leafy plants with creeping rootstocks, saprophytic with leaves
reduced to scarious bracts (in ours); flowers erect, white, in a
terminal raceme, very similar to Epipactis but with a longer and
more slender column; stigma beakless; anther short-stalked,
nearly or quite above the level of the stigma.
Cephalanthera austinae (Gray) Heller. Whole plant waxy white, 30-50
cm. high, slender, erect; bracts linear-lanceolate, the lower with dilated sheaths;
flowers 3-20, nearly sessile; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, subequal;
lip short, saccate at base. :
In deep woods, especially in the mountains. Very rare.
136. CYTHEREA.
Herbs with solid bulbs and coral-like roots; leaf at the base of
the stem solitary, petioled; scape low, 1-flowered, sheathed by
ORCHIDACEAE. 109
two or three loose scales; flower large, terminal, showy, bracted;
sepals and petals similar, nearly equal; lip large, saccate or
swollen, 2-lobed below; column dilated, petal-like, bearing the
lid-like anther just below the summit; pollinia 2, waxy, each
2-parted.
Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. Calypso. Stems 10-15 cm. tall, enwrapped
toward the blade with 3-4 scarious sheaths, the uppermost prolonged into a
narrow bract; leaf solitary, radical, ovate, acute, 3-5 cm. long, on a petiole
about as long; sepals and petals ascending, lanceolate, purple, about 2 cm.
long; lip about as long, purple-lined, sac-like, two-lobed at the apex, with a
patch of yellowish hairs within; the apex of the slipper prolonged into two
tooth-like projections; column half as long as the petals.
In mossy woods, not rare.
137. OPHRYS.
Small herbs, with fibrous or sometimes rather fleshy roots;
leaves two, opposite, green, near the middle of the stem; flowers
in terminal racemes, spurless; sepals and petals nearly alike,
spreading or reflexed, free; anther without a lid, erect, jointed to
the column; pollinia 2, powdery.
Leaves cordate; lip narrow, not dilated at tip. O. cordata.
Leaves not cordate; lip dilated at tip.
Lip sessile, not ciliate; ovary glabrous. O. caurina.
Lip clawed, ciliate; ovary glandular. O. convallarioides.
Ophrys cordata (L.) R. Br. Stems slender, 10-20 cm. high; leaves ovate,
cordate, mucronate; flowers very small, greenish or brownish; lip narrowly
oblong, cleft to the middle, 4-5 mm. long.
Common in mossy woods.
Ophrys caurina (Piper) Rydb. Stems slender, 15-30 cm. high, glabrous
below the leaves; the inflorescence glandular-puberulent; leaves sessile, ovate,
obtuse or acutish, glabrous, 3-5 cm. long; flowers small, the slender pedicels
longer than the bract or the ovary; sepals and petals lanceolate, spreading;
lip 4 mm. long, cuneate, obovate, with a slender tooth on each side near the
base; capsule ovoid, 5-6 mm. long.
In mossy woods, especially in the mountains.
Ophrys convallarioides (Sw.) W. F. Wight. Similar to O. caurina ,but
not so tall; leaves broad, oval or ovate, obtuse; inflorescence glandular;
flowers larger, the pedicels scarcely longer than the bracts or the ovary; lip
large, 9 mm. long, cuneate, retuse, with a short triangular tooth on each side
near the base.
In moist woods.
138. LIMNORCHIS.
Leafy plants with thick fleshy roots or elongated conic un-
divided tubers, and small greenish or whitish flowers in a long
spike; sepals and petals free and spreading, several-nerved; lip
entire; beak of the stigma without appendages; anther-cells
nearly parallel, wholly adnate; gland naked; pollinia granular
with caudicula at the base.
110 ORCHIDACEAE.
Flowers green or sometimes purple-tinged; spur clavate
much shorter than the lanceolate lip; spike long and
dense. L. stricta.
Flowers white.
Spur clavate, usually shorter than the lip. L. dilatata.
Spur not clavate, longer than the lip.
Spike moderately dense; spur acutish. L. leucostachys.
Spike very dense; spur obtuse. L. leucostachys robusta.
Limnorchis stricta (Lindl.) Rydb. Stems stout, leafy, 50-100 cm. tall;
leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 10-15 cm. long, gradually diminishing upward
into the bracts; spike slender, 20-30 cm. long, loose, the lower flowers remote;
bracts narrowly lanceolate, exceeding the lower flowers, equalling the upper
ones; sepals 3-nerved; lip linear, thick, as long as the spur, which is inflated and
very obtuse at the tip.
In swamps, common.
Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. Stems slender, 20-40 cm. high; leaves
linear-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long; flowers white; lip broadly dilated at base,
about as long as the blunt spur.
In wet alpine meadows, rare in our limits.
Limnorchis leucostachys (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem strictly erect, 30-90 cm.
high, from a fusiform tuber; leaves lanceolate, acute, the upper ones smaller;
spike 6-30 cm. long, usually rather dense; bracts acuminate, equalling or
exceeding the ovary; sepals 5-6 mm. long, the upper one broader; lip lanceolate,
6-7 mm. long; spur 10-12 mm. long, slender, acute.
In marshes, common.
Limnorchis leucostachys robusta Rydb. Spike dense; spur obtuse.
More common than the species and in similar places.
139. PIPERIA.
Much like Limnorchis in the form of the flowers but the true
leaves basal or nearly so, the cauline usually small or bract-like;
flowers small, white or greenish; sepals ovate, 1-nerved, sub-
equal; petals and lip of very much the same shape and slightly
smaller and darker than the sepals; column very short; anther
very large; cells parallel, the gland very small.
Spur short, slightly exceeding the lip. P. unalaschensis.
Spur-slender, 2-3 times as long as the lip.
Lip ovate to ovate-lanceolate.
Spike very dense; stems stout, 20-30 cm. high. P. michaeli.
Spike usually loose; stems 40-70 cm. high. P. elegans.
Lip linear to lanceolate.
Spike dense; lip 6 mm. long; spur 15-18 mm. long. P. multiflora.
Spike loose; lip 4-5 mm. long; spur 8-10 mm. long. P. leptopetala.
Piperia unalaschensis (Spreng.) Rydb. Stems stout, 20-40 cm. tall,
leafy at base, bractezate above; leaves 2-3, oblanceolate, obtuse, about 15 cm.
long, usually withering before the flowers bloom; spike narrow, rather dense,
8-15 cm. long; bracts triangular, acute or acuminate, shorter than the ovary,
a few along the stem below the spike; flowers small, greenish; sepals and petals
lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1.5-2 mm. long; lip scarccly exceeding the petals; spur
curved, about 3 mm. long; capsule oblong, sessile.
Common in open woods.
ORCHIDACEAE. III
Piperia michaeli (Greene) Rydb. Stem stout, 20-30 cm. high; basal leaves
elliptic to oblanceolate; stem leaves numerous, much reduced; spike thick
and very dense; flowers greenish.
Along the sea coast, rare.
Piperia elegans (Lindl.) Rydb. Stouter than P. unalaschensis, somewhat
taller; basal leaves 2-4, oblong or Janceolate, 10-15 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide,
obtuse or acute; cauline bracts oblong, acuminate, 1-3 cm. long; spikes usually
dense, 8-20 cm. long; bracts ovate, acuminate, about equalling the white
flowers or the mature ovary; sepals and petals similar, 4 mm. long, obscurely
3-nerved; lip like the petals, the spur slender, 7-10 mm. long; capsule oblong
nearly sessile.
In open woods, very common.
Piperia multiflora Rydb. Much like P. elegans but stouter; spike dense;
flowers usually white.
In open woods. Perhaps only a form of P. elegans.
Piperia leptopetala Rydb. Slender, 30-50 cm. high; basal leaves oblong-
lanceolate; spike long and loose; flowers greenish.
Growing with P. elegans, of which it may be only a form.
140. LYSIAS.
Leaves two, large, basal; sepals large and spreading; petals
small and narrow; lip linear, entire; spur long; beak of stigma
without appendages; anther-cells widely diverging and with small
beak-like processes at the base.
Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. Leaves elliptic to orbicular, prostrate
on the ground, bright green and shining above, paler beneath, thick, usually
10-15 cm. long; scape 6-30 cm. high, bearing 1-3 lanceolate bracts; spike
loose, 10—20-flowered; flowers white; lateral sepals ovate, the upper orbicular;
lip linear-oblong, 15-20 mm. long; spur slender, 15-25 mm. long.
Rare in deep mountain woods.
141. IBIDIUM.
Roots clustered; stem bracted above, leaf-bearing below or at
the base; flowers small, white, yellowish or greenish-white in a
more or less spirally-twisted raceme; lateral sepals lanceolate,
the upper united with the oblong petals; lip short-stalked with
a callus on each side of the base, the summit somewhat dilated;
column short, bearing the ovate stigma on the front and the
2-celled erect anther sessile or nearly so on the back.
Ibidium romanzoffianum (Cham.) House. Plants 8-40 cm. tall, from roots
5-8 mm. thick, leafy below and leafy-bracted above; leaves oblong-lanceolate
to linear; scape glandular-pubescent above; cauline bracts 2-3; raceme dense,
cylindrical; perianth yellowish or whitish, 6-12 mm. long; bracts of the raceme
often much longer than the flowers; sepals and petals united.
In dry woods, common.
142. PERAMIUM.
Herbs with bracted erect scapes and thick fleshy-fibrous roots;
leaves basal, tufted, often blotched with white; flowers in bracted
II2 ORCHIDACEAE.
spikes; lateral sepals free, the upper ones united with the petals
into a hood-like structure (galea); lip sessile, entire, roundish,
ovate, concave or saccate, without protuberances, its apex re-
flexed; anther without a lid, erect or incumbent, attached to
the column by a short stalk; pollinia composed of angular grains,
one in each sac, attached to a small disk which coheres with
the top of the stigma.
Peramium decipiens (Hook.) Piper. Rattlesnake Plantain. Scape 15-30
cm. tall, erect, glandular-puberulent, bearing several short bracts; leaves ovate,
acute, with a broken white stripe down the midvein, 3-5 cm. long, short-
petioled; spike bracteate, densely many-flowered, 6-10 cm. long, one-sided;
perianth glandular-hairy, white, the sepals and petals 6-8 mm. long, about
as long as the glandular ovary; lip concave, erect, the tip recurved, obtuse;
column short, straight.
Common in mossy woods.
143. EPIPACTIS.
Tall stout leafy herbs with creeping rootstocks; leaves green,
clasping the stem; flowers in terminal leafy-bracted racemes;
sepals and petals separate; spur none; lip free, sessile, broad,
concave below, the upper portion dilated and petal-like; column
erect, short; anther 1, erect; capsule oblong, beakless.
Epipactis gigantea Dougl. Stout and leafy, 30-100 cm. high, nearly
smooth; leaves ovate below, reduced to narrowly lanceolate upwards, 8-20
cm. long, acute or acuminate, somewhat scabrous on the veins beneath;
raceme pubescent; flowers 3-10, greenish, strongly veined with purple, with
large foliaceous bracts on slender pedicels, 4-6 mm. long; sepals ovate-lanceo-
late, 12-16 mm. long, the upper concave; petals a little smaller, shorter;
anther 4 mm. long.
In moist places, rare.
Sub-class II. DICOTYLEDONES.
Embryo with two cotyledons; stem usually differentiated
into bark, wood and pith; wood cells forming annual rings;
leaves mostly net-veined; parts of flowers in fours or
fives, rarely in twos or sixes.
Family 25. SALICACEAE. WILLow Famity.
Trees or shrubs with light wood, bitter bark and brittle twigs;
leaves alternate; stipules often minute; flowers solitary in the
axil of each bract, dioecious, both staminate and pistillate in
aments which expand with or before the leaves; staminate aments
often pendulous; pistillate pendulous, erect or spreading; stami-
nate flowers of 1-many hypogynous stamens, subtended by a
gland-like or cup-shaped disk; pistillate flower consisting of a sessile
SALICACEAE. 113
orshort-stipitate 1-celled ovary subtended by a minute disk; ovules
usually numerous; fruit an ovoid or oblong or conic 2—4-valved
capsule; seeds minute; endosperm none.
Ament bracts entire; stamens 1-10; stigmas short. 144. Sauix, 113.
Ament bracts fimbriate or incised; stamens numerous;
stigmas elongated, 145. Popu.us, 118.
144, SALIX.* Wrtiow.
Trees or shrubs with single-scaled buds, the scales with an
adherent membrane within; leaves short-petioled, mostly narrow,
with broad or minute stipules; aments appearing before, with
or after the leaves, erect or spreading; bracts of the aments mostly
entire, small or minute; flowers.each with one or two small glands
at its base; stamens 1-10, mostly 2 or 5; ovary sessile or short-
stipitate, glabrous or pubescent.
Trees with longitudinally furrowed bark; petioles glandu-
lar; aments on leafy peduncles; stamens 5 or more. S. lasiandra lyallii.
Shrubs or small trees; bark not furrowed; stamens 2 or 1.
Scales yellow, deciduous; aments appearing long after
the leaves, on long leafy peduncles.
Capsule 4 mm. long, obtuse, glabrous; stigmas
sessile, short; leaves glabrate. S. melanopsis.
Capsule 5-7 mm. long, acute, pubescent (becoming
glabrate); styles 0.5 and stigmas 1 mm. long.
Branchlets, leaves and capsules thinly villous;
leaves acute to acuminate at both ends. S. fluviatilis (?).
Branchlets, leaves and capsules densely villous;
leaves sessile, rounded to acute at base. S. sessilifolia.
Scales light brown to black, persistent; aments appear-
ing before or with the leaves.
Capsule glabrous.
Low shrubs; scales very small, light brown.
Pedicels 3-5 mm. long; leaves thin, coarsely
reticulate with slender veins. S. prolixa.
Pedicels 2-3.5 mm. long; leaves thick, finely .
reticulate with coarse veins. S. pedicellaris.
Tall shrubs or small trees; scales mostly black.
Pedicels 2-4 mm. long; styles 0.5 mm. long. S. mackenziana.
Pedicels 1-2 mm. long; styles 1-1.5 mm.
long.
Aments on leafy peduncles; low alpine
shrubs.
Leaves glabrate above, glabrous and
glaucous beneath. S. barclayi.
Leaves tomentose and green on both
sides, becoming glabrate. S. commutata.
Aments sessile or subsessile, elongated;
tall coastal shrubs.
Branchlets and leaves glabrous
*The treatment of the genus Salix has been revised and amplified with
the assistance of Mr. C. R. Ball.
9
II4 SALICACEAE.
throughout; blades broadly oblan-
ceolate. _ S. piper.
Branchlets tomentose; leaves ellip- ;
tic-ovate, tomentose beneath. S. hookeriana.
Capsule pubescent.
Tall shrubs or small trees.
Styles 1-1.5 mm. long; scales obovate, black,
long-pilose.
Capsules 3-4 mm. long; stamen 1; leaves
spatulate-oblanceolate, silvery-silky
beneath. . Siichensis.
Capsules 6-8 mm. long; stamens 2.
Leaves elliptic-ovate, gray tomentose
beneath. S. hookeriana.
Leaves obovate, glabrous and glau-
cous beneath. S. pennata.
Styles 0.2-0.4 mm. long.
Leaves large, broadly obovate to ellip-
tical; scales obovate, black; stigmas
long. S. scouleriana.
Leaves small, narrowly oblanceolate;
scales narrow, yellowish to brown;
stigmas short. S. geyertana.
Prostrate alpine shrubs; a few inches high.
Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, green
both sides; styles 2 mm. long. S. cascadensis.
Leaves oval, obtuse at apex, reticulate,
glaucous beneath; styles very short.
Leaves 1-3 cm. long; aments many-
flowered. S. saximontana.
Leaves 5-10 mm. long; aments 3-6-
flowered. S. nivalis.
Salix lasiandra lyallii Sarg. Tree 10-20 m. tall, with rough longitudinally
fissured bark; leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, crenate-serrulate, glaucous
beneath, 8-16 cm. or more long, the short petioles and the very base of the
leaf glandular; stipules ear-shaped, sometimes large; aments on leafy branch-
lets; staminate dense, 3-5 cm. long; scales pale, lanceolate, more or less dentate;
stamens 5 or more, the filaments hairy at the base; pistillate aments 3-10 cm.
long and rather loose, the pale lance-ovate scales hairy at the base, deciduous;
capsule glabrous, 6-7 mm. long; pedicel about 2 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm.
long.
Common along lake and river banks and in swamps.
Salix melanopsis Nutt. Shrub, 3-5 m. high; twigs dark, glabrous; leaves
oblanceolate to elliptical, 5-10 cm. long, 6-15 cm. wide, glabrous or thinly
pubescent, paler or sub-glaucous beneath, remotely denticulate or subentire;
stipules triangular-ovate, acute, few-toothed; aments slender, 3-4 cm. long,
on elongated leafy branches; scales obtuse, tawny; capsules subsessile, ovoid-
conic, obtuse, 4 mm. long, glabrous; stigmas sessile, short, divided.
Usually on gravelly banks of streams; rare in our limits.
Salix fluviatilis Nutt. (?) Shrub 2-6 or 8 (?) m. high; branchlets pubescent
to glabrous; stipules ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 mm. long; leaves subsessile, narrowly
lanceolate or elliptical (on fruiting branches often oblanceolate), acute or
short acuminate at both ends, subaristate at the apex, 5—7 cm. long, 8-14 mm.
wide (leaves subtending the branchlets much larger), remotely spinulose-
denticulate, thinly pubescent, becoming glabrate (the young often silvery
SALICACEAE. 415
villous), green above, paler to glaucescent beneath; aments clustered, terminal
on leafy branchlets; pistillate 3-7 cm. long; ovary villous; capsule subsessile,
lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, thinly villous to glabrous; style about 0.5 mm. long,
divided; stigmas 1 mm. long, divided, linear; staminate ament shorter; stamens
2; filaments pubescent; anthers 1 mm. long; scales in both sexes 2.5 —3.5 mm.
long, glabrous.
S. sessilifolia of authors, not of Nuttall. A distinct species probably but
not certainly S. fluviatilis Nutt. On the Columbia River at and near the
mouth of the Willamette and southward in Multnomah County, Oregon.
Nuttall collected his original specimens on ‘‘ the border of the Oregon, a little
below its confluence with the Wahlamet.”
Salix sessilifolia Nutt. Shrub 2-3 m. high; branchlets villous-tomentose
with spreading hairs, those of the season densely so; stipules ovate-lanceolate,
1-4 mm. long; leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
2.5-5 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, the sprout leaves larger, acute to rounded at
the base, acute or short-acuminate and subaristate at the apex, spinulose-
denticulate, especially on the outer half, green and densely to thinly lanate-
tomentose with spreading hairs on both sides; aments appearing after the
leaves, solitary (?), terminal or falsely lateral, on short leafy peduncles 1-5
cm. long; pistillate aments 4-6 cm. long, the deciduous yellow scales broadly
elliptic-lanceolate, densely villous; pedicel 0.5 mm. long, villous; capsule
lanceolate, 5—-6.5 mm. long, villous; style about 0.5 mm. long, divided; stigmas
nearly 1 mm. long, divided; staminate aments not seen on typical material
(on approximately typical specimens 3-4 cm. long; scales elliptical, pilose-
pubescent; stamens 2; filaments pubescent, free; anthers about 1 mm. long).
Common in the upper Willamette Valley and on the Umpqua at Roseburg.
Nutiall’s type in the British Museum is matched by Hall, no. 474, Western
Oregon, and Cusick, no. 1514?, Linn County, Oregon. Henderson, April 25,
1885, Oregon City, Oregon, and Ball, no. 1978, Corvallis, Oregon. Nuttall’s
original specimens were collected on the ‘rocky borders of the Oregon at
the confluence of the Wahlamet.”
Salix prolixa Anderss. Low shrub; branchlets slender, dark, glabrous;
stipules minute or wanting; leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate to broadly
lanceolate, acute, 3-6 cm. long, entire or very shallowly serrulate, green above,
paler to glaucous beneath, glabrous, loosely reticulate on both surfaces with
slender raised veins; aments on short leafy peduncles, appearing with the
leaves; pistillate 3-5 cm. long, very lax; scales tawny, oblanceolate, acute,
very small, thinly tomentose; capsule 3-4 mm. long, glabrous; pedicel slender,
3-5 mm. long; style about 0.3 mm. long; stigmas short; staminate aments
2-3 mm. long; stamens 2; filaments glabrous, free; anthers round, dark.
Rare in our limits; ‘‘not uncommon around Victoria, Vancouver Island,”
Macoun.
Salix pedicellaris hypoglauca Fernald. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, glabrous
throughout; leaves elliptic to obovate, 2-4 cm. long, entire, mostly obtuse,
narrowed at the base, short-petioled, firm in texture, green above and glaucous
beneath, finely reticulate on both sides; aments 1-2 cm. long, appearing with
the leaves and borne on leafy-bracted peduncles; stamens 2; capsules narrowly
conic, 5-7 mm. long, glabrous; pedicels slender, 2-3 cm. long, longer than the
persistent acutish thinly villous scale; style very short.
In sphagnum bogs.
Salix mackenziana (Hook.) Barr. A shrub or small trees, 2-6 m. tall,
with elongated dark sometimes tomentose branchlets; leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, to conic-lanceolate (often obovate while expanding), short-
acuminate, rounded to cordate at the base, glandular-serrulate, 6-10 cm. long,
glabrous, glaucous beneath; petioles stoutish; stipules reniform to sublunate;
.
116 SALICACEAE.
aments appearing with the leaves, on short (4-8 mm.) peduncles bearing 2-3
small leaves; pistillate rather lax, 2.5—6 cm. long; scales oblanceolate, obtusish,
drying brown, thinly tomentose on the outside, densely so within; capsule
4.5-5.5 mm. long, glabrous; pedicel 2.5-4 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long;
staminate aments shorter and more dense; stamens 2; filaments 2, glabrous.
In moist ground, not common in our limits. This species and its subspecies
S. mackenziana macrogemma Ball have been confused with the eastern S.
cordata Muhl.
Salix mackenziana macrogemma Ball, n. var. Branchlets densely pubes-
cent-tomentose with gray hairs; buds elongated, 10-16 mm. long, lanceolate,
acuminate, densely pilose-tomentose with long gray hairs; petioles and basal
portion of midrib on upper surface pubescent, otherwise as in the species.
Seattle, Piper & Smith; Portland, Henderson; Corvallis, Ball.
Salix barclayi Anderss. Shrub 1-4 m. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate to
elliptic, broadly oblanceolate or obovate, acute to abruptly-acuminate or
cuspidate, mostly rounded at base, 5-10 cm. long, crenate-serrate to subentire,
thinly tomentose but becoming glabrate above, paler to glaucous and glabrous
beneath; aments borne on leafy peduncles, 2-4 cm. long; the staminate 1-3 cm.
and the pistillate 2~6 cm. long; scales linear-lanceolate, acute, fuscous, villous-
tomentose; capsules 6-8 mm. long, glabrous to pubescent; style 1-1.5 mm.
long; stigmas short; stamens 2; filaments glabrous, free.
In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude, usually forming thickets.
Salix commutata Bebb. Shrub 1-3 m. high; leaves oblong to broadly
oblanceolate or obovate, 6-10 cm. long, entire to minutely glandular-serrulate,
cuspidate, densely tomentose on both sides when young, becoming glabrate
in age, not paler beneath; aments appearing with the leaves, stout, 2-3 or 4cm.
long, on leafy peduncles, as in S. barclayi; scales brownish, oblanceolate,
obtuse, woolly; capsule 5-7 mm. long, glabrous; pedicels 1 mm. long; style
1-1.5 mm. long; stigmas short; stamens 2; filaments glabrous, free.
Higher altitudes in the mountains, often growing with S. barclayt.
Salix piperi Bebb. Large shrub, 5-6 m. tall; branchlets stout, glabrous,
shining; leaves broadly elliptical or oblanceolate, obliquely acute or acumi-
nate, serrulate, glabrous, shining green above, densely glaucous beneath;
stipules rare, if present, semicordate or reniform; aments precocious or appear-
ing with the leaves; staminate cylindrical, 3-5 cm. long, short-peduncled;
scales black, hairy; stamens 2, the glabrous filaments united at the base for
half their length; pistillate aments 4-10 cm. long, dense, on short leafy ped-
uncles; capsules 6-7 mm. long, glabrous; pedicel and style 1 mm. long.
Along streams and in swamps. Described from Seattle, at or near its
northern li soumit; rangingthward through the Willamette Valley to Curry
County, Oregon.
Salix hookeriana Barratt. Shrub or tree, 4-10 m. high, with rough dark-
gray bark; twigs densely pubescent and very brittle; leaves broadly lanccolate
to elliptic-oval, acute, crenate-serrate to subentire, dark green and glabrous
above, densely white- (becoming rusty-) tomentose beneath, 3-12 cm. long;
aments appearing before the leaves; staminate aments stout, short-cylindric,
densely flowered, 2-5 cm. long, the obovate scales black, densely covered
with long white hairs; pistillate aments 4-7 cm. long, stout; capsules usually
tomentose, sometimes glabratc; style 1 mm. long; stigmas short.
A species occurring mainly near the ocean beach and rare along the shores
of Puget Sound.
Salix sitchensis Sanson. Shrub with smooth gray bark, 2-7 m. high;
branchlets slender, at first downy; leaves oblong, spatulate or somewhat obo-
vate, mostly acute, dark green above, the veins conspicuous, covcred beneath
SALICACEAE. 117
with an appressed satiny white pubescence, entire or obscurely crenate, 5-10
cm. long; petioles short; aments long, slender, ascending, densely flowered,
2-8 cm. long; scales dark, villous; capsules ovate-conical, acute, silky-pubes-
cent, subsessile; style elongate, 1-1.5 mm. long; stigmas thick, erect.
Common along rivers and lake shores. Abundant along mountain streams.
Salix pennata Ball. Low shrub with dark, divaricate, stoutish, glabrous
branchlets and large chestnut-colored buds; leaves obovate or elliptic-obovate,
3-6 cm. long, acute, narrowed at base, entire, very dark green above, glaucous
beneath, the raised midrib and parallel primary veins conspicuous beneath, gla-
brous; aments sessile, stout; pistillate 2.5—-7 cm. long; capsules subsessile, 6-8
mm. long, densely silvery pubescent; style about 1.4 mm. long; stigmas long;
scales obovate, acute, black, densely pilose; stamens 2; filaments glabrous, free.
Mount Adams, Suksdorf; Mount Hood, Howell, Applegate. This species
is closely related to S. chlorophylla Anderss. under which name it is mentioned
in the Flora of Washington.
Salix scouleriana Barr. Shrub or small tree, 4-10 m. tall, with dull gray
bark; leaves very variable, mostly oblanceolate to obovate, sometimes oblong
or elliptical, mostly obtuse or abruptly acute at the apex and cuneate at base,
3-10 or 12 cm. long, entire to shallowly serrulate, thick, green and glabrate
above, silvery to rusty (in age) pubescent to glabrous and glaucous and re-
ticulate beneath; stipules minute to large, ear-shaped, denticulate; aments
appearing before the leaves, densely flowered, sessile or the pistillate very
short peduncled, 2-5 cm. long; capsules long-beaked, 7-9 mm. long, tomentose;
pedicels pubescent, 1.5 mm. long; stigmas sessile, long; scales obovate, black,
long-hairy; stamens 2; filaments glabrous, free.
The commonest willow in our limits, occurring both in dry uplands and
swamps. The young leaves and bark have a peculiar fetid odor. Animmense-
ly variable species especially as to foliage.
Salix geyeriana Anderss. Slender-stemmed shrub, 3-5 m. high; branchlets
glaucous, glabrous; leaves elliptic-lanceolate or sometimes oblanceolate,
acute at each end, dark green and thinly pubescent above, pale to glaucous
and silky beneath, 2-6 cm. long, the entire margins revolute; aments short-
cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, appearing with the leaves, on short leafy peduncles;
stamens 2, the filaments pubescent below; capsules sharply tapering from an
ovoid base, 5-7 mm. long, densely pubescent; pedicels pubescent, 2 mm. leng;
style short; stigmas short, divided; scales usually dark, narrow, acute, thinly
ilose.
: A rather rare willow found in open places along streams.
Salix cascadensis Cockerell. (S. tenera Anderss., not A. Br.) Prostrate
creeping shrub about 5 cm. high; leaves narrowly elliptical to obovate,
broadest at or above the middle, acute at each end or rarely obtuse at the
apex, green and glabrous on both sides, 8-12 mm. long; aments small, sub-
globose, 5-20 mm. long, few-flowered; scales brownish, villous; capsules
sessile, 4-5 mm. long, tomentose; styles elongate, 1-1.5 mm. long.
Mount Rainier, Flett; second summit west of Skagit River, lat. 49°, Macoun,
probably the same peak where first collected by Lyall.
Salix saximontana Rydb. Densely cespitose and much branched, 3-6
cm. high; leaves elliptic-oblong to suborbicular, obtuse or abruptly acute at
the apex, 15-25 mm. long, 10-15 mm. wide, with entire and revolute margin,
light green above, glaucous and strongly net-veined beneath, glabrous through-
out; aments 1-2 cm. long, many-flowered; scales broadly obovate, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, yellowish, nearly glabrous; capsules
3-4 mm. long, densely white-tomentose.
At high elevations in the Cascade and Rocky Mountains. Mount Rainier,
Filett.
118 SALICACEAE.
Salix nivalis Hook. A low creeping shrub, 2-3 cm. high, similar to S.
saximontana but smaller in every way; leaves elliptic or somewhat obovate,
mostly obtuse, glabrous, entire with revolute margins, 7-12 mm. long, green
and shining above, glaucous and strongly net-veined beneath; aments very
small, 3-6-flowered, on naked peduncles; scales oblanceolate, yellowish, gla-
brous or nearly so; capsule 2.5-3 mm. long, sessile, tomentose; stigmas short,
sessile, divided.
On the higher peaks of the Cascade Mountains. Mount Rainier, Flett.
145. POPULUS.
Trees with scaly resinous buds and rounded or angled twigs;
leaves long-petioled, broad or narrow; bracts of the aments
fimbriate or incised; disk cup-shaped, oblique, lobed or entire;
staminate aments dense, pendulous; pistillate aments sometimes
raceme-like by the elongation of the pedicels, pendulous, erect
or spreading; staminate flowers with 4-60 stamens; filaments
distinct; ovary sessile; seed with a very conspicuous tuft of hair.
Bark smooth; petioles flattened; capsules oblong-conic,
smooth. ; P. vancouveriana.
Bark rough; petioles terete; capsules globose, hairy. P. trichocarpa.
Populus vancouveriana Trelease n. sp.* Tree 5-10 m. high; bark smooth,
whitish; twigs chestnut colored to dark purplish; buds smooth, conical,
gummy, dark purple; leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, acute or abruptly
acuminate, undulate-crenulate, somewhat silky pubescent beneath when
young, glabrous in age, mostly 4-6 cm. long; petioles equalling or slightly
longer than the blades; staminate aments 4-5 cm. long, the bracts 5 mm. long.
cleft into numerous ciliate filiform lobes; stamens many; pistillate aments
and fruit unknown.
Vancouver Island, Lyall, 1858-9 (type in Gray Herbarium); Victoria,
Macoun, nos. 2131, 2132; Seattle, E. S. Meany (staminate aments described
from this specimen in United States National Herbarium). Apparently
confined to the region west of the Cascade Mountains from Vancouver
Island southward at least to the head of Puget Sound. This aspen is easily
distinguished from the eastern P. tremuloides Michx. and the Rocky Moun-
tain P. aurea Tidestrom by the peculiar dentition of the leaves. The teeth
are much larger than in any of its immediate allies and besides being crenu-
late are depressed so that each tooth viewed from the edge forms a double
curve. Herbarium material of this aspen is very scanty and complete speci-
mens showing pistillate flowers, fruit and the leaves of the sterile shoots are
much desired.
Populus trichocarpa T. & G. Cottonwood. Large tree, 10-30 m. tall,
with rough fissured pale gray bark; leaves broadly ovate, rounded at the base,
acuminate, 5-12 cm. long, puberulent when young, whitish beneath; petioles
slender, terete, about equalling the blades; staminate aments dense, the bracts
long-hairy; stamens 50-60; pistillate aments becoming loose; capsules nearly
sessile, globose, puberulent or glabrate.
Banks of streams and lake shores.
Family 26. MYRICACEAE. Sweet GALE FAmILy.
Shrubs or small trees with alternate usually waxy-dotted and
fragrant leaves; flowers solitary in the axils of bracts, monoecious
* Description by Mr. Ivar Tidestrom.
MYRICACEAE. 119
or dioecious; perianth none; stamens 2-16; ovary 1-celled, 1-
ovuled; fruit a drupe-like nut.
146. MYRICA. BAyBeErRy.
Shrubs or small trees with dentate or serrate leaves; fruit coated
with wax.
Leaves deciduous, obtuse, serrate at apex. M. gale.
Leaves evergreen, acute, serrate from near the base. M. californica.
Myrica gale L. Sweet Gale. Dioecious low shrub, 1-2 m. high; leaves
oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse, serrate only at the apex, deciduous, ap-
pearing after the aments; staminate aments in clusters; pistillate aments
subglobose in fruit, the nutlets resinous-waxy, each bearing two winglike bracts
that are adnate at the base.
Common along lake margins.
Myrica californica Cham. Monoecious evergreen shrub or small tree,
1-10 m. high; leaves oblanceolate, acute, serrate; aments bearing both stami-
nate and pistillate flowers, the latter near the apex; nutlet purplish, papillose,
with 2 minute bractlets at base.
Only along the ocean coast.
Family 27. BETULACEAE. Bircu FamILy.
Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, petioled, simple, with de-
ciduous stipules; flowers small, monoecious, in linear-cylindric,
oblong or subglobose aments; staminate aments pendulous;
pistillate aments erect, spreading or drooping, spike-like or
capitate; staminate flowers 1-3 in the axil of each bract, with a
membranous 2—4-parted calyx, or calyx none, and 2-10 hypogy-
nous stamens; pistillate flowers with or without a calyx adnate to
the solitary 1-2-celled ovary; ovules 1-2 in each cavity; fruit a
small compressed or ovoid-globose mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded
nut or samara; endosperm none.
Fruit a nut enclosed in a leafy involucre. 148. CoryLus, 120.
Fruit cone-like, without an involucre.
Cone scales thin, deciduous; stamens 2. 147. Betuva, 119.
Cone scales thick, persistent; stamens 4. 149. ALNus, 120.
147. BETULA. Bircu.
Trees and shrubs; leaves dentate or serrate; buds scaly;
flowers all in aments, expanding before and with the leaves;
pistillate aments erect or spreading; staminate flowers about 3
in the axil of each bract, with a membranous usually 4-toothed
perianth and 2 stamens, and subtended by 2 bractlets; pistillate
flowers 2 or 3 (rarely 1) in the axil of each bract; perianth none;
120 BETULACEAE,
ovary sessile, 2-celled; nut small, with a wing, shorter than the
bracts.
Shrub; branchlets warty with resiniferous glands. B. glandulosa.
Tree; branchlets pubescent, not warty-glandular. B. occidentalis.
Betula glandulosa Michx. (3B. hallii Howell.) Low shrub, about 1 m.
high; twigs glandular-warty; leaves orbicular or obovate, cuneate at base,
crenate-dentate, 1-3 cm. long, glabrous on both sides.
Common in sphagnum bogs.
Betula occidentalis Hook. Tree 10-30 m. high, with gray or darker bark;
leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, punctate above with resiniferous glands,
pubescent beneath, somewhat doubly dentate, slender-petioled; fertile aments
cylindric, 3-4 cm. long, on slender peduncles.
From the Skagit River northward on the shores and islands of Puget Sound
and Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Hardly distinct from the more
eastern B. papyrifera Marsh. Perhaps the largest of all the birches.
148. CORYLUS. Hazetnur.
Shrubs with broad thin serrate or incised leaves; staminate
aments sessile at the ends of the twigs of the previous season,
expanding much before the leaves; staminate flowers one in the
axil of each bract, each of four stamens; calyx none; pistillate
flowers clustered at the ends of short branches of the season,
each composed of an incompletely 2-celled ovary adherent to a
calyx; nut wingless.
Corylus californica (A. DC.) Rose. Tall shrub, 2-10 m. high; branchlets
pubescent; leaves oval or obovate, obscurely 6-10-lobed, serrate, subcordate
at base, pubescent; involucre bristly, united to the summit, prolonged beyond
the nut into a broad tubular beak; nut ovoid.
In open woods, common.
149. ALNUS. ALDER.
Trees or shrubs; leaves dentate or serrulate; buds few-scaled;
both kinds of flowers in aments, expanding before, with or after
the leaves, the staminate pendulous, the pistillate erect, clustered;
staminate flowers 3, sometimes 6, in the axil of each bract,
consisting of a mostly 4-parted perianth and 4 stamens, and sub-
tended by 1 or 2 bractlets; filaments short, simple; anther-sacs
adnate; pistillate flowers 2 or 3 in the axil of each bract, without
a perianth, but subtended by 2-4 minute bractlets; ovary sessile,
2-celled; styles 2; bracts woody, persistent, 5-toothed or erose;
nut small, compressed, wingless or winged.
Tree; leaves rusty-pubescent beneath; cones longer than the
peduncles. A, oregona.
Shrub; leaves glutinous, nearly glabrous; cones shorter than
the peduncles. A. sinuata,
Alnus oregona Nutt. Red Alder. Tree, 10-20 m. high, with pale smooth
bark; twigs reddish-brown, somewhat pubescent when young; leaves ovate to
BETULACEAE. 121
elliptic, acutish, coarsely and doubly crenate-dentate, 5-30 cm. long; fertile
aments ellipsoid, 1-2 cm. long, on stout peduncles shorter than the aments;
winter buds acute, gummy.
A very common tree, especially in wet ground.
Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb. (A. sitchensis Sarg.) Small tree or shrub,
3-5 m. tall, erect or ascending; bark rather dark, except on old stems; twigs
chestnut brown; buds smooth, gummy; leaves ovate, acuminate, obtuse or
cuneate at the base, bright green, doubly dentate, glabrous above, nearly so
beneath, thin, very gummy when young, 5-8 cm. long; petioles slender, 1-2 cm.
long; fruiting aments 1-1.5 cm. long, on slender peduncles as long or longer.
Abundant in the mountains but rare at low altitudes, occasional at sea level.
Family 28. FAGACEAE. Berecu Fami_y.
Monoecious trees with alternate simple pinnately-veined
leaves, with early withering stipules; petals none; staminate
flowers in aments, each of 4-20 stamens and a calyx; pistillate
flowers solitary or several together, sessile, in an involucre which
becomes a bur or cup, each flower composed of a calyx adherent
to a 4-8-celled ovary; fruit a 1-seeded nut.
Nuts enclosed in a spiny involucre. 150. Castanopsis, 121.
Nuts (acorns) only partly enclosed in cups which are
not spiny. 151. Quercus, 121.
150. CASTANOPSIS. CHINQUAPIN.
Evergreen trees or shrubs with scaly bark and numerous bud-
scales; leaves coriaceous, entire or dentate, pinnately-veined;
flowers in threes in cymes or the pistillate solitary or in twos,
in slender erect aments from the axils of the leaves of the year;
styles 3, spreading, terminating in minute stigmas; ovary sessile,
3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit maturing at the end of
the second season; involucre covered by spines, tubercles or
ridges, enclosing 1-3 ovoid or globose rarely obscurely angled
nuts.
Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl.) A. DC. Chinquapin. Tree usually
10-20 m. high; bark in broad plates, reddish brown; leaves evergreen, tanceo-
late to elliptic, entire, usually acute, 2-10 cm. long, short-petioled, glabrous or
slightly scurfy above, densely scurfy beneath with golden yellow scales; aments
3-7 cm. long; fruiting involucre densely covered with branched spines and
splitting into 4 irregular divisions; nut solitary, 3-angled, edible.
Skamania County, Washington, to California.
151. QUERCUS. Oak.
Trees; flowers very small, green or yellow, appearing with the
leaves; pistillate flowers one in each involucre; involucre enlarging
in fruit into a hard cup around the base of the elongated 1-seeded
nut (acorn), the 5 undeveloped ovules remaining at the base or
top of the perfect seed.
122 FAGACEAE,
Leaves with obtuse lobes; involucre shallow. Q. garryana.
Leaves with sharp-pointed lobes; involucre deep. Q. californica.
Quercus garryana Dougl. Garry Oak. Usually a large tree, with rather
thin deeply checked bark; leaves thick, 10-15 cm. long, coarsely lobed; lobes
obtuse or acutish, usually entire but often again lobed; nut ovoid or obovoid,
obtuse, in a shallow cup.
Common, especially on gravelly prairies. First described from Vancouver,
Washington. On the islands in the northern part of Puget Sound, this oak
becomes a low shrub locally known as “‘ Vine Oak.’’ The leaves of this form,
which has never been found fruiting, are exceedingly variable, the lobes mostly
acute and over-lapping. Professor Greene considered this to represent a
distinct species which he named Q. gilberti. In sheltered places, this oak
assumes the ordinary foliage of the Garry oak.
Quercus californica (Torr.) Cooper. (Q. kelloggit Newberry.) California
Black Oak. Tree 20-30 m. high with rough black bark; leaves 10-16 cm.
long, oval in outline, shiny, deeply lobed, the lobes sharp-pointed; nuts oblong-
ovoid, 2-3 cm. long, in deep cups. i
From the McKenzie River, Lane County, Oregon, southward through
California.
Family 29. URTICACEAE. NEeETTLE Famity.
Herbs (in ours); leaves alternate or opposite, simple, with or
without stipules; flowers small, monoecious, dioecious or polyg-
amous; calyx of 2-5 nearly separate sepals or cup-shaped;
petals none; stamens as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite
them; ovary 1-celled, mostly superior; ovule solitary; fruit an
akene; endosperm scanty or none.
152. URTICA. NETTLE.
Annual or perennial simple or branching herbs with stinging
hairs; leaves opposite, 3—-7-nerved, petioled, dentate or incised,
with distinct stipules; flowers greenish, very small and numerous,
dioecious or monoecious; staminate flowers with a deeply 4-
parted calyx and 4 stamens; pistillate flowers with 4 sepals, the
two inner larger and in fruit enclosing the akene; the two outer
smaller and spreading.
Urtica lyallii Wats. Perennial with creeping rootstocks; stems simple,
erect, 1-2 m. high, merely bristly or glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, cordate,
very coarsely dentate, green and usually glabrous above, pubescent or glabrous
beneath, 8-16 cm. long; stipules large, obtuse; pecioles slender; flowers in loose °*
panicles; akene ovate.
Common in moist soil. The stinging hairs cause severe irritation. First
found by Dr. Lyall on the northern boundary of Whatcom County.
Family 30. LORANTHACEAE. MistLeTor Fami ty.
Parasitic shrubs or herbs, yellow or yellowish-green, growing
on woody plants and absorbing food from their sap through
LORANTHACEAE. 123
specialized roots (haustoria); leaves opposite; flowers regular,
terminal or axillary, clustered or solitary, dioecious (in ours);
calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; stamens 2-6; ovary solitary,
erect; style simple or none; stigma terminal; fruit a berry; seed
solitary; endosperm usually copious and fleshy.
Leaves scale-like, united at base; anthers 1-celled;
berry stalked. 153. Razoumorskya, 123,
Leaves flat; anthers 2-celled; berry sessile. 154. PHoRADENDRON, 123.
153. RAZOUMOFSKYA. SNApPERs.
Small fleshy glabrous plants, parasitic on the branches of
coniferous trees; branches 4-angled; leaves reduced to opposite
connate scales: flowers dioecious, not bracted, solitary or several
together in the axils of the scales; staminate flowers with 2—5-
parted calyx and usually an equal number of stamens; pistillate
flowers with an inferior ovary; berry fleshy, ovoid, more or less
flattened, when ripe violently ejecting the glutinous seed.
Staminate flowers in panicles; branches in pairs or whorls;
on Pinus contorta. R. americana.
Staminate flowers in simple or compound spikes; branches
solitary.
Stems tufted, 3-12 cm. high; on Tsuga heterophylla. R. tsugensis.
Stems scattered, not so tall.
Stems 0.5-2 cm. high; on Pseudotsuga mucronata. R. douglasit.
Stems 3-7 cm. high; on Abies. R. douglasti abietina.
Razoumofskya americana Nutt. Stems olivaceous, slender, much branched,
the branches in pairs or whorls; staminate plants 6-10 cm. long, the pistillate
a little smaller; staminate flowers with ovate acutish lobes; fruit bluish-green,
4 mm. long.
On Pinus contorta, causing swellings and distortions. Victoria, Vancouver
Island, British Columbia, Macoun; Mount Constitution, Orcas Island, Pratt.
Razoumofskya tsugensis Rosendahl. Stems slender, 3-12 cm. high, much
branched, olive-yellow in color; fruit obovate, beaked, 4-5 mm. long.
Only on the hemlock, but usually abundant when found.
Razoumofskya douglasii (Engelm.) Kuntze. Stems greenish yellow, scat-
tered; branches pubescent; spikes about 5-flowered; sepals of the staminate
flowers ovate-orbicular, acute, 1 mm. long; fruit 5 mm. long.
On the Douglas spruce; known in our limits only south of the Columbia
River.
Razoumofskya douglasii abietina (Engelm.) Piper. Stems 3-7 cm. high,
the branches spreading or recurved; staminate flowers 2.5 mm. broad; fruit 4
mm. long.
On Abies grandis and A. concolor; not known from north of the Columbia
River in our limits.
154. PHORADENDRON.
Shrubs, parasitic on trees, with terete usually jointed and brittle
twigs; leaves opposite, flat, entire or wavy, faintly nerved; flowers
124 SANTALACEAE.
dioecious, axillary, spicate, bracted and small, solitary or several
in the axil of each bract; staminate flowers with a usually 3-lobed
globose or ovoid calyx with a sessile 2-celled anther at the base
of each lobe; pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adherent to
the inferior ovary; style short, obtuse or capitate; fruit a sessile
ovoid or globose fleshy berry.
Phoradendron villosum Nutt. Plant much branched, greenish-yellow,
20-40 cm. high, the stout terete branches pubescent; leaves thick, oblanceolate
to nearly orbicular, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse, 3-nerved, villous or pubescent;
spikes slender, shorter than the leaves; berries white, 3—4 mm. in diameter.
On oak trees, Willamette Valley and southward. The staminate flowers
have the odor of pond lilies.
Family 31. SANTALACEAE. SANnpALwoop FAmILy.
Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves alternate or opposite, entire,
without stipules; flowers clustered or solitary, axillary or ter-
minal, perfect, monoecious or dioecious; calyx adnate to the
base of the ovary, 4-5-cleft; petals none; stamens as many as
the calyx-lobes and oppos te them; ovary 1-celled; ovules 2-4;
fruit a drupe or nut with only one seed.
155. COMANDRA.
Glabrous erect perennial herbs, sometimes parasitic on the
roots of other plants; leaves alternate, oblong, oval, lanceolate or
linear, entire, pinnately veined; flowers perfect, terminal or
axillary, rarely solitary, cymose, bractless; calyx campanulate,
the base of its tube adnate to the ovary; limb 5-lobed; stamens
5, rarely 4, at the bases of the calyx-lobes and between the lobes
of the disk; fruit drupaceous, globose or ovoid, crowned by the
persistent calyx.
Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Stems branched, very leafy, 15-35 cm.
high; leaves oblong, acute, 2-3 cm. long, the midribs pale; cymes several-
flowered, clustered at the summit of the stem; fruit globose, tipped by the
persistent oblong calyx-teeth.
In dry ground, rare in our limits.
Family 32. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birtuwort Famity.
Low herbs or twining shrubs; leaves alternate or basal, petioled,
mostly cordate or reniform, without stipules; flowers axillary or
terminal, solitary or clustered, perfect, mostly large; calyx-tube
at least at the base adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-lobed, 6-lobed
or irregular; petals none; stamens 6-12, united with the style;
ovary partly or wholly inferior, mostly 6-celled; ovules numerous
in each cavity; fruit a 6-celled capsule or berry; seeds ovoid or
oblong, angled or compressed.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 125
156. ASARUM. WILD GINGER.
Stemless perennial often clustered herbs, with slender aromatic
branched rootstocks; roots thick, fibrous-fleshy; leaves long-
petioled, reniform or cordate, entire; flowers solitary, large,
peduncled, brown-purple or mottled, borne near the ground;
calyx bell-shaped or hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, at least
below, regularly 3-lobed; stamens 12, inserted on the ovary;
ovary partly or wholly inferior, 6-celled, the parietal placentae
intruded; ovules numerous; capsule coriaceous; seeds compressed.
Asarum caudatum Lindl. Sparsely hairy throughout; rootstocks elongate,
10-30 cm. long; leaves reniform-cordate, 5-10 cm. broad, obtuse or acutish;
petioles slender, elongate; peduncles 1-4 cm. long; flowers brown-purple;
calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, attenuate, 2-5 cm. long.
In woods, common, the whole plant with the faint odor of ginger.
Family 33. POLYGONACEAE. BuckwueaT FamILy.
Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate or sometimes opposite or
whorled, simple, mostly entire, with usually sheathing united
stipules (ocreae); flowers small, regular, perfect, dioecious,
monoecious or polygamous, in spikes, racemes, corymbs, umbels
or panicles; petals none; calyx free from the ovary, 2—6-cleft or
parted, the segments sometimes petal-like; stamens 4-9, inserted
near the base of the calyx or in staminate flowers crowded toward
the center; pistil 1; ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1; fruit a
lenticular or 3-angled, rarely 4-angled akene; endosperm mealy.
Flowers involucrate; stipules wanting. 157. ErtoGonum, 125.
Flowers not involucrate; stipules sheath-like.
Leaves reniform; sepals 4. 158. OxyriA, 126.
Leaves not reniform; sepals 6.
Sepals unequal, the inner becomming much
larger; stigmas tufted. 159. RuMEX, 127.
Sepals equal; stigmas capitate. 160. PoLyGonum, 128.
157. ERIOGONUM.
Annual or perennial acaulescent or leafy-stemmed herbs or
shrubs; stems simple or branched, often tufted; leaves entire,
alternate or whorled; flowers small, in fascicles, subtended by a
5-8-toothed or cleft campanulate or cylindric involucre; inflo-
rescence cymose, umbellate or capitate; calyx 6-cleft or parted,
usually colored; segments equal or the outer ones larger;
stamens 9; akenes pyramidal, 3-angled, more or less swollen near
the base, invested by the calyx-segments or winged.
The species in our limits are all perennials.
Perianth not attenuate into a slender stipe-like base.
Outer perianth-segments like the inner. E. nudum.
126 POLYGONACEAE.
Outer perianth-segments broader than the inner.
Involucre campanulate; perianth 3-4 mm. long. E. ovalifolium.
Involucre turbinate; perianth 5-6 mm. long. E. vineum.
Perianth attenuate and stipe-like at base.
Umbel compound; leaves oblong-ovate, usually cor-
date at base. E. compositum.
Umbel simple; leaves not as above.
Perianth yellow, glabrous; lobes of the involucre
inflexed. E. umbellatum.
Perianth pinkish, villous; lobes of the involucre 7
erect. E. pyrolaefolium.
Eriogonum nudum Dougl. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, tomentose
beneath, 2-5 cm. long, mostly basal, on slender petioles; stems 30-50 cm. high,
glabrous; panicle sparingly branched; involucres glabrous; flowers glabrous
or nearly so, white or rose-tinged, in clusters of 3-6.
Upper Willamette Valley and southward.
Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt. A much branched tufted plant, densely
white-tomentose to the flowers; leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse,
5-12 mm. long; peduncles slender, 5-20 cm. high; involucres campanulate,
4-5 mm. long; flowers in a dense head-like umbel, usually yellowish, 3-5
mm. long.
At high altitudes in the mountains.
Eriogonum vineum Small. Very similar to E. ovalifolium; involucres
turbinate or vase-shaped, 4.5—5.5 mm. long; perianth wine-red, 5-6 mm. long.
In rocky soil at high altitudes. Perhaps not distinct from E. ovalifolium.
Eriogonum compositum Dougl. Stems stout, simple, 20-30 cm. tall,
glabrous or nearly so; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, cordate, acute, densely
white-woolly beneath, green and less so above, 4-10 cm. long, on petioles as
long or longer; umbels 6-10-rayed, mostly compound, rather dense; principal
bracts linear or oblanceolate; branches very short, 2-4 cm. long; involucres
pubescent, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes acute, spreading; flowers white or yellow,
sparsely pilose.
In gravelly soil in open places.
Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. (E. montanum Howell.) Stems woody
and much branched, 15-20 cm. high; leaves spatulate, the blade oblong to
orbicular, 1-4 cm. long, densely white tomentose beneath, green and glabrous
above; peduncles 10-30 cm. high, bearing a simple umbel of 3-10 rays with a
whorl of foliaceous bracts at the base; involucre turbinate, somewhat woolly,
deeply lobed, the lobes becoming reflexed; perianth bright-ycllow, stipe-like
at base, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous.
On the high peaks of the Cascade Mountains, perhaps only on the eastern
watershed.
Eriogonum pyrolaefolium coryphaeum T. & G. Loosely tufted; leaves
oblong or obovate, densely tomentose beneath, greener above, 2-3 cm. long;
peduncles 5-8 cm. high, smooth; flowers rose-colored, in dense umbels; perianth
villous.
At high elevations in the mountains.
158. OXYRIA.
Perennial alpine herbs with long-petioled mostly basal leaves;
stipules sheathing the stems; flowers perfect, without an invo-
lucre; calyx of 4 distinct herbaceous sepals, the two outer spreading,
the inner erect; stamens 6; stigmas 2; akene compressed, 2-winged.
POLYGONACEAE. 127
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill. Mountain Sorrel. Leaves fleshy, broadly reni-
form, often emarginate, 2-5 cm. broad; stems 8—30 cm. high; fruit orbicular,
usually bright red.
In rocky places in the mountains.
159. RUMEX. Dock.
Perennial or annual leafy-stemmed herbs, some species slightly
woody; stem grooved, mostly branched; leaves entire or undu-
late, flat or crisped; sheaths usually cylindric, brittle, soon falling
away; inflorescence of simple or compound often panicled
racemes; flowers green or reddish, perfect, dioecious or polygamo-
monoecious, whorled, on jointed pedicels; calyx 6-parted, the
three outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the three inner ones mostly
developed into valves which are entire, dentate or fringed with
bristle-like teeth; stamens 6; stigmas tufted; akene 3-angled, the
angles more or less margined. :
Flowers dioecious; leaves hastate; plant small. R. acetosella.
Flowers not dioecious; leaves not hastate; plant coarse.
Outer sepals without tubercles; leaves crisped, oblong,
truncate at base. . occidentalis.
Outer sepals, or some of them with tubercles; leaves
neither crisped, nor oblong, nor truncate.
Sepals with slender teeth.
Annual; tubercles 3; pedicels very short. R. maritimus,
Perennial; tubercle 1; pedicels long. R. obtusifolius.
Sepals entire or nearly so.
Leaves flat, all lanceolate. R. mexicanus.
Leaves undulate, the lower cordate. ‘
Valves 4-6 mm. long; pedicels longer. R. crispus.
Valves 2 mm. long; pedicels not longer. R. conglomeratus.
Rumex acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel. Dioecious, widely spreading by
creeping rootstocks; stems slender, 10-30 cm. high simple or somewhat
branched; leaves 3-10 cm. long, very acid, glabrous, mostly hastate, the basal
lobes entire or toothed; sheaths scarious, becoming cut into lobes; panicle
narrow, the branches ascending; bracts wanting; flowers small, on short jointed
pedicels, clustered; sepals remaining small, much shorter than the 3-angled
akene.
A common and troublesome weed.
Rumex occidentalis Wats. Stout, 100-150 cm. tall; leaves oblong-ovate,
mostly obtuse, 15-40 cm. long, entire or undulate, cordate at the base; petioles
of the lower leaves long and slender, of the upper stout; panicles 30-60 cm.
long, dense, usually reddish; flowers on slender pedicels, 1 cm. long; valves
broadly ovate, obtuse, more or less toothed, 6-10 mm. long, wholly without
tubercles; akene brown, 4 mm. long.
Common, especially in wet meadows near the seashore.
Rumex maritimus fueginus (Phil.) Dusen. Minutely pubescent; stems
erect or procumbent, branched, 15-60 cm. high; leaves linear-lanceolate,
truncate or slightly cordate at base, 3-10 cm. long, wavy-margined; panicle
dense, the flowers short-pedicelled in numerous close whorls; valves ovate,
128 POLYGONACEAE.
each bearing a linear-lanceolate tubercle on the back and 2 or 3 slender bristles
on the margins.
Along the seashore, not common. This plant has generally been confused
with R. persicarioides L.
Rumex obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock. Stems 40-60 cm. tall, erect; leaves
oblong-ovate, all cordate, 15-30 cm. long; flowers long-pedicelled, in loose
whorls; valves of the fruit ovate, fringed with a few bristly teeth, usually but
one valve tubercle- bearing.
A troublesome weed, introduced from Europe.
Rumex mexicanus Meisn. Stems erect or decumbent, 40-90 cm. long,
slightly grooved, often branched below; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, mostly acute, entire, rounded or cuneate at the base, 8-15 cm. long;
petioles rather short; panicle 10-12 cm. long, the branches short, leafy-bracted;
valves triangular-ovate, slightly toothed, 3-4 mm. long, each bearing a large
oblong tubercle; akene broad, 2 mm. long.
In wet places common., This species has been much confused with R.
salicifolius Weinm.
Rumex crispus L. Yellow Dock. Stem stout, 50-100 cm. high, grooved,
from an elongated fusiform root; leaves oblong, obtuse, truncate or rounded
at the base, 15-30 cm. long, the margin wavy and crisped; petiole short;
panicle rather dense, 20-40 cm. long, greenish; flowers on pedicels 5-10 mm.
long; valves 3-4 mm. long, broadly ovate or cordate, each bearing a tubercle;
akene about 2—2.5 mm. long, brown.
An introduced European weed.
Rumex conglomeratus Murr. Tall and slender; leaves ovate or lanceolate,
the lower cordate; panicle elongated, leafy; flowers in dense whorls, the pedicels
very short; valves of the fruit all tubercle- bearing.
‘A weed introduced from Europe.
160. POLYGONUM.
Annual or perennial, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, some species
woody; stems erect, prostrate, climbing or floating; leaves alter-
nate, sessile or petioled, continuous with or jointed to the cylindric
funnelform or 2-lobed often lacerate or fringed sheaths; flowers
small, perfect, green, white, pink or purple, variously clustered,
the clusters terminal or axillary; pedicels jointed, subtended by
the sheaths; calyx 4 or 5-parted or cleft, the outer segments larger
than the inner; stamens 3-9; stigmas capitate; akene lenticular
or 3-angled (rarely 4-angled), invested by or exceeding the calyx.
Stems twining; leaves cordate. P. convolvulus.
Stems not twining; leaves not cordate.
Leaves small, usually narrow; stems wiry.
Plant with woody rootstocks. P. paronychia.
Plant without rootstocks; mostly annuals.
Plants prostrate.
Akenes not longer than the calyx. P. aviculare.
Akenes protruding from the calyx. P. fowlert.
Plants erect or ascending.
Flowers in rather dense terminal bracteate
spikes; styles nearly obsolete. P. kelloggii.
Flowers axillary, or in loose or interrupted
spikes; styles present.
POLYGONACEAE. 129
Leaves rather broad, scarcely reduced
upward.
Tall, branched throughout; style
3-cleft. P. erectum.
Low alpine plant; style 3-parted. P. minimum.
Leaves narrow, decidedly reduced up-
ward.
Flowers in virgate much elongated
loose spikes. P. douglasit.
Flowers in interrupted but rather
close spikes.
Style 3-cleft; filaments slender. P. spergulariaeforme.
Style 3-parted; filaments di-
S lated. P. nuttallit.
Leaves comparatively large; flowers mainly terminal.
Annuals; flowers in several spike-like racemes.
Ocreae naked; raceme drooping. P. lapathifolium.
Ocreae bristly-ciliate.
Calyx not glandular; raceme dense. P. persicaria.
Calyx glandular; racemes interrupted.
Racemes erect. P. punctatum.
Racemes drooping. P. hydropiper.
Perennials.
Styles 3; plants with thick roots.
Flowers in racemes or panicles; styles
short. P. newberryi.
Flowers in a single dense spike-like raceme;
styles long.
Raceme thick not bulbiferous; akenes
smooth. P. bistortoides.
Raceme slender, often bulbiferous;
akenes dull. P. viviparum.
Styles 2; aquatic or swamp plants with flowers
in spike-like racemes.
Leaves ovate or lanceolate, acuminate. P. emersum.
Leaves oblong-elliptic, obtuse.
Sheaths without foliaceous border. P. amphibium.
Sheaths with a spreading foliaceous
border. P. hartwrightii.
Polygonum convolvulus L. Annual; stems twining or prostrate, 50-100
cm. long, glabrous or pubescent, scurfy below; leaves heart-shaped or some-
what halberd-shaped, acuminate, 2-6 cm. long, minutely scurfy beneath;
petioles equalling or shorter than the blades; sheaths short; flowers in clusters
on slender axillary leafy racemes; calyx 5-parted, closely investing the fruit;
akene 3-angled, dull black, minutely roughened.
Introduced in cultivated or waste soil.
Polygonum paronychia Cham. & Schlecht. Perennial, half shrubby,
glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stems prostrate to ascending, irregularly
branched, 20-80 cm. long; leaves sessile, lanceolate, revolute on the margins,
strongly keeled beneath; sheaths silvery, lacerate, persistent on the old stems;
flowers in small clusters, axillary in the upper leaves and crowded near the
summit; calyx white or pinkish; stamens 8; akene 3-angled, black, smooth,
shiny.
Along the ocean coast on sandy beaches.
Polygonum aviculare L. Knot-weed. Annual, glabrous; stems slender,
10
130 POLYGONACEAE.
prostrate, much branched, forming dense mats, the branches leafy to the top;
leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute, 1-3 cm. long, nearly sessile; sheaths scarious,
cut into lobes; flowers 1 or few in the upper axils, pink, on very short pedicels
which are included in the sheaths; akenes 3-angled, dull, minutely granular.
Everywhere a weed; much relished by stock.
Polygonum fowleri Robinson. Perennial, pale green; stems prostrate,
branched, 10-50 cm. long, striate; leaves elliptic to oblong, short-petioled,
1-3 cm. long, about as long as the internodes; ocreae lacerate and scarious;
flowers axillary; sepals oblong, green with the margins white or pink; akenes
angular-ovoid, much longer than the calyx.
On sandy sea-beaches, Alaska to Washington; also on the Alantic coast.
Polygonum kelloggii Greene. Annual, branched from the base or simple,
glabrous, 2-5 cm. high, very leafy; leaves linear or lance-linear, sessile, acute,
5-10 mm. long; sheaths thin, lacerate; flowers in small clusters in the axils;
calyx 2 mm. long, green with white margins; akenes 3-angled, brown, dull,
striate.
In open places in the mountains, rare in our limits.
Polygonum erectum L. Annual, yellowish green; stems erect or ascending,
20-60 cm. high, simple or branched; leaves elliptical or somewhat obovate,
obtuse or acutish, 1-3 cm. long; flowers axillary, solitary or in twos; sepals
yellowish-green, 3 mm. long; akene triangular-ovoid, dull, enclosed by the
calyx.
Native of Europe, sparingly introduced in waste places.
Polygonum minimum Wats. Annual, slightly scabrous, 5-30 cm. high,
usually branched from the base; stems wiry, red; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acute or apiculate, 5-12 mm. long; flowers axillary, crowded above, usually
rose-colored, erect on short pedicels; stamens 5-8; akenes smooth, shiny, longer
than the sepals.
In moist places at high altitudes, rare in our limits.
Polygonum douglasii Greene. Annual; stems slender, 15—40 cm. tall, erect,
glabrous or nearly so; branches few, erect, angled; leaves lanceolate, acute at
each end, sessile at the jointed base; sheaths cylindric, scarious, becoming cut
into lobes; flowering branches slender; flowers 1—3, from the axils of the scat-
tered bracts, soon becoming deflexed; calyx purple or whitish, with prominent
green midribs; styles very short; akene 3-angled, black, shiny.
In gravelly soil, not common.
Polygonum spergulariaeforme Meisn. Annual, scurfy pubescent especially
at the nodes; stems slender, wiry, loosely branched, erect, 15-30 cm. high;
leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, 1-3 cm. long, usually
revolute on the margin, much reduced upward; sheaths lacerate; flowers in
small clusters in the axils, more crowded toward the top; calyx 4 mm. long,
green with broad pinkish or white margin; stamens 8; filaments filiform;
akene 3-angled, black, minutely roughened, shiny, included in the calyx.
In poor or gravelly soil, not common.
Polygonum nuttallii Small. Annual, glabrous; stems slender, angled, wiry,
ascending, loosely branched, 5-15 cm. high; leaves narrowly lanceolate or
oblanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, 1-3 cm. long; sheaths at length
lacerate; flowers axillary, crowded near the summit; calyx 2.5 mm. long, pink
margined; akene 3-angled, black, smooth, shiny.
British Columbia to Oregon, in open places, not common.
Polygonum lapathifolium L. Stems branched, 15-80 cm. high, erect or
ascending; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the midrib and margins,
10-20 cm. long; peduncles minutely glandular; spikes axillary and terminal,
POLYGONACEAE. 131
slender, 2-10 cm. long, erect or nodding; flowers white or pink; stamens 6;
akene ovate, lenticular.
Sumas Prairie, Lyall; Vancouver Island, Macoun; rare in our limits.
Polygonum persicaria L. Lady's Thumb. Annual, erect or ascending,
glabrous or puberulent; stems 15-90 cm. long; leaves lanceolate, acute or acu-
minate at each end, short-petioled, 5-25 cm. long, frequently with a brown-
purple spot near the middle, glabrous or sparsely puberulent below and on the
midrib margins and above; sheaths tubular, 10-15 mm. long, coarsely fringed;
spikes slender, 2-4 cm. long, slender peduncled, erect; calyx pink, 5-lobed;
akene lenticular, black and shining.
Naturalized from Europe, very common.
Polygonum punctatum Elliott. Perennial or annual, nearly glabrous; stems
erect or decumbent at base, often rooting at the nodes, 30-90 cm. long; leaves
lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, 8-12 cm. long; sheaths bristly ciliate; spikes
erect, usually densely flowered; calyx greenish with white or pinkish margins;
stamens 8; styles 2 or 3; akenes lenticular or 3-angled, smooth and shiny.
In wet places, not common in our limits.
Polygonum hydropiper L. Smartweed. Annual, glabrous; stems erect or
ascending, 20-60 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, ciliate,
3-10 cm. long, very acrid; sheaths bristly-ciliate; spikes interrupted, nodding,
3-8 cm. long; calyx green, dotted with dark glands; stamens 4 or 6; akenes
minutely striate, dull.
In wet ground, not common, apparently introduced.
Polygonum newberryi Small. Perennial, dull green, somewhat puberulent
throughout; stems stout, rather fleshy, flexuous, mostly simple, 10-30 cm.
high; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, obtusish, 1-4 cm. long, short-petioled;
sheaths short, brown, scarious, entire; spikes axillary from the upper leaves,
1-2 cm. long, few-flowered; calyx greenish, 5-parted, 3 mm. long; stamens 8;
akenes brown, 3-angled, smooth and shiny.
In rocky soils in the Cascade Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
Polygonum bistortoides Pursh. Perennial from a thick oblong tuber,
glabrous throughout or sparsely puberulent; stem erect, simple, 30-60 cm.
tall; radical leaves oblong, acute or acuminate, 5-20 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad,
on slender usually shorter petioles; cauline leaves 3-4, sessile, the uppermost
much reduced, lanceolate; spikes oblong, 3-6 cm. long, dense; calyx white,
deeply 5-cleft; akene chestnut-brown, 3-angled, smooth, shiny.
Moist meadows in the mountains at 1500 to 2000 m. elevation.
Polygonum viviparum L. Perennial from a thick bulb-like base, glabrous;
stems strictly erect, simple, 10-30 cm. high; basal leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acutish, truncate to subcordate at base, 5—20 cm. long, long-petioled; cauline
leaves lance-linear, sessile; spike terminal, erect, linear, the lower flowers
often replaced by bulblets; calyx pink, 5-parted; stamens 8; styles long, ex-
serted; akene triangular-ovoid. i
A high alpine plant, collected in our limits only by Lyall, Cascade Mount-
ains, latitude 49°.
Polygonum emersum (Michx.) Britt. Perennial, sparsely scabrous
throughout; stems erect or decumbent, 1-2 m. long, rooting at the nodes; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate or rounded at the base, 8-16 cm. long,
short-petioled; sheaths cylindric, loose, entire; spikes dense, 3-7 cm. long,
short-peduncled; calyx rose-red, 5-parted; akenes lenticular, black, shiny,
slightly roughened.
In wet meadows; rare in our limits, common east of the Cascade Mountains;
Sumas Prairie, Lyall.
132 POLYGONACEAE.
Polygonum amphibium L. Perennial, aquatic, glabrous or nearly so;
leaves floating, elliptic or oblong, obtuse or acutish, smooth and shiny above,
5-12 cm. long, long-petioled; spikes dense, 2-3 cm. long.
In ponds and lakes, common.
Polygonum hartwrightii Gray. Perennial, on muddy banks, more or less
strigose-pubescent especially on the sheaths and bracts.
On the borders of ponds and lakes, not uncommon. Many botanists
consider this only a hairy terrestrial state of P. amphibium.
Family 34. CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosrroot FAMILY.
Mostly annual or perennial herbs; stems angled, striate or
terete; leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, simple, entire,
toothed or lobed, mostly petioled, without stipules; flowers per-
fect, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, small, greenish,
regular or slightly irregular, commonly in panicled spikes, with
or without bracts; calyx persistent, 2-5-lobed or parted, or
rarely reduced to a single sepal or in some pistillate flowers
wanting; petals none; stamens as many as the calyx lobes or
fewer and opposite them; disk usually none; ovary mostly free
from the calyx, 1-celled; ovule 1; fruit a utricle; endosperm
mealy, fleshy or wanting.
Leaves nearly terete, fleshy. 161. Donp1a, 132.
Leaves flat, scale-like or subulate, not fleshy.
Leaves scale-like; flowers embedded in the
fleshy axis. 162. SaticorniA, 132.
Leaves not scale-like; flowers not embedded in
the axis.
Flowers unisexual; fruit enclosed by two
bracts. 163. ATRIPLEX, 133.
Flowers perfect; fruit bractless.
Leaves becoming spiny. 164. Savsoxa, 133.
Leaves not spiny. 165. CHENOPODIUM, 133.
161. DONDIA.
_ Fleshy plants growing in salty places; leaves alternate, fleshy,
linear, nearly terete; flowers sessile in the axils of leafy bracts;
calyx 5-parted, fleshy, enclosing the fruit; stamens 5; stigmas
2 or 3; embryo spirally coiled; endosperm scanty or none.
Dondia maritima (L.) Druce. Sea-blite. Stems 5-40 cm. high, with
ascending or sometimes procumbent branches; leaves linear, plane above,
convex beneath, glaucous, 3-5 cm. long, those on the flowering branches
reduced; flowers 1-4, axillary, shorter than the subtending leaf; sepals convex
or obscurely keeled; seed brown to black, 2 mm. broad.
Salt marshes, rare in our limits. Coupeville, Gardner.
162. SALICORNIA.
Low plants growing in salty places; stems succulent, jointed;
leaves reduced to opposite scales or teeth; flowers perfect, em-
CHENOPODIACEAE. 133
bedded three together in each hollow of the thickened upper
joints forming a spike; the two lateral ones sometimes sterile;
stamens 1 or 2; styles 2, united at the base; embryo horseshoe-
shaped.
Salicornia ambigua Michx. Glasswort or Samphire. Stems erect or de-
cumbent, 8-30 cm. high, from a somewhat woody base; spike 2-5 cm. long,
its scales short and acute; flowers subequal in size, as long as the joint.
Common in salt marshes.
163. ATRIPLEX. Sattsusu.
Annual herbs, usually mealy or scurfy; flowers in leafy spikes,
monoecious or dioecious; staminate with a 5-lobed calyx and
mostly 5 stamens; pistillate of a naked pistil between 2 appressed
ee bracts, which are enlarged and sometimes united in
ruit.
Bracts ovate to linear, without crest-like thickenings; leaves
linear. : A, zosteraefolia.
Bracts angular-ovate, usually with crest-like thickenings;
leaves linear-lanceolate. A. littoralis.
Atriplex zosteraefolia (Hook.) Wats. Stems weak, decumbent, 20-30 cm.
long, glabrous or slightly scurfy; leaves fleshy, linear, mostly opposite, 3-10
cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad; flowers in axillary clusters; bracts ovate to linear.
Originally found on the shores of the Straits of San Juan de Fuca by Scouler;
recently found by Dawson and Macoun at various points on the coast of
Vancouver Island and adjacent British Columbia.
Atriplex littoralis L. Stems decumbent or sometimes erect, 30-60 cm.
long; leaves lanceolate or linear, sometimes hastate or few-toothed, dark-
green, somewhat scurfy; flowers in terminal panicles; bracts of the fruit deltoid-
triangular, often tubercled or crested on the back, the margins thinner and
green.
Common on the seashore.
164. SALSOLA.
Annual bushy-branched herbs; leaves rigid, subulate, prickle-
pointed; flowers sessile, perfect, 2-bracteolate, solitary in the
axils, or sometimes several together; calyx 5-parted; stamens 5;
utricle flattened, enclosed by the calyx, the segments of which are
appendaged by a broad membranous horizontal wing in fruit;
endosperm none.
Salsola kali tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey. Russian Thistle. Much branched
from the base, forming hemispherical plants 30-90 cm. or more in diameter;
branches striate, often reddish below; leaves linear, bluish-green, sessile,
tipped with a sharp point, fleshy at first but becoming dry and stiff, 1-3 cm.
long; wings of the calyx persistent, membranous. ; ;
Sparingly introduced but not troublesome as a weed in our limits.
165. CHENOPODIUM. GoosEFooT.
Annual or perennial, green and glabrous, white-mealy or
glandular-pubescent herbs; leaves alternate, petioled, entire,
134 CHENOPODIACEAE.
sinuate-dentate or pinnately-lobed; flowers very small, green,
perfect, sessile, bractless, clustered in axillary or terminal, often
panicled or compound spikes; calyx 2—5-parted or lobed; stamens
1-5; utricle embraced or enclosed by the calyx, the segments of
which are herbaceous or slightly fleshy in fruit; endosperm mealy.
Calyx somewhat fleshy and often red in fruit; stamens 1 or 2. C. humile.
Calyx not fleshy nor red; stamens 5.
Leaves mealy beneath. C. album.
Leaves green and glabrous or very slightly mealy.
Calyx-lobes keeled; teeth of the leaves few. C. hybridum.
Calyx-lobes not keeled; teeth of the leaves numerous.
Seeds dull; axillary flower clusters shorter than the
leaves. C. murale.
Seeds shiny; axillary flower clusters mostly longer
than the leaves. C. urbicum.
Chenopodium humile Hook. Stems usually decumbent, much branched,
low; leaves ovate or lanceolate, often hastate, 2-5 cm. long, dentate or entire,
green; flower clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; seed small, 0.5 mm. broad.
Along the seashore, not common.
Chenopodium album L. Lamb’s Quarters. Pigweed. Erect, stout, 50-
100 cm. tall, usually simple below the inflorescence, more or less white-mealy
throughout; leaves rhombic-ovate, sinuate or dentate, obtuse or acute, 2-4
cm. long, greener above; petioles slender, nearly equalling the blade; upper-
most leaves lanceolate and entire; panicle commonly 30 cm. long; spikes
axillary or terminal, rather dense; fruiting calyx 1 mm. broad, the sepals
keeled and arched over the lenticular fruit; seed black, minutely pitted.
A common introduced weed.
Chenopodium hybridum L. Green and glabrous throughout or the inflo-
rescence a little mealy, erect, 60-120 cm. high; leaves triangular-ovate, acu-
minate, somewhat cordate at base, thin and rather large, 5-20 cm. long, with
a few large teeth on each side; inflorescence a loose panicle; flowers in small
clusters in leafless racemes; calyx-lobes keeled, shorter than the fruit.
In waste places, introduced from Europe.
Chenopodium murale L. Annual, green, slightly or not at all mealy;
stems erect or nearly so, branched, 30-70 cm. high; leaves rhombic-ovate,
acute, truncate to cuneate at base, coarsely and unequally dentate, 5-10 cm.
long; axillary flower clusters diverging, shorter than the leaves; seeds dull,
sharp-edged.
A weed from Europe, occasionally found in waste places.
Chenopodium urbicum L. Annual, green and glabrous or slightly mealy;
stems erect, usually branched, 30-80 cm. tall; leaves triangular-ovate, acutish,
mostly truncate at base, coarsely dentate, the larger ones 8-12 cm. long;
axillary flower clusters narrow, erect, the upper ones longer than the leaves;
seeds shiny, rounded on the edge.
Native of Europe, sparingly introduced as a weed in waste places.
Family 35. AMARANTHACEAE. AMARANTH FamILy.
Weedy herbs; leaves thin, simple, mostly entire, alternate or
opposite; flowers small, green or white, perfect, monoecious,
polygamous or dioecious, bracteolate, usually in terminal spikes
AMARANTHACEAE. 135
or axillary heads; calyx herbaceous or membranaceous, 2-5-
parted, the segments distinct or united at the base, equal, or the
inner ones smaller; petals none; stamens 1-5, mostly opposite
the calyx-segments, hypogynous; ovaryj1-celled; ovule 1 (in
ours); fruit a utricle, 1-seeded (in ours); endosperm mealy,
usually copious.
166. AMARANTHUS. AmarantTu.
Annual branched erect or diffusely spreading, glabrous or
pubescent herbs; leaves alternate, petioled, pinnately veined,
entire, undulate or crisped; flowers small, green or purplish,
mostly 3-bracteolate, in dense terminal spikes or axillary clusters;
calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals; stamens 2-5; fruit an ovoid or
oblong utricle, 2-3-beaked with the persistent style. Mostly
pernicious weeds.
Flowers in dense terminal spikes. A. retroflexus.
Flowers in axillary clusters.
Plant erect, much branched; fruit rugose. A. graecizans.
Plant prostrate; fruit not rugose. A. blitoides.
Amaranthus retroflexus L. Pigweed. Stem stout, 50-200 cm. tall, erect,
pubescent, simple or branched; leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute or obtuse,
obscurely crenate or entire, minutely roughened, 3-10 cm. long, slender-
petioled; spikes very dense, cylindric, erect, in large panicles; bracts subulate,
4-5 mm. long; sepals 5, oblong, acute, obtuse or emarginate.
Introduced in waste places.
Amaranthus graecizans L. Tumbleweed. Erect, pale green, much
branched, glabrous or nearly so, 15-60 cm. tall; leaves oblong or narrowly
obovate, obtuse or emarginate, 2-3 cm. long, short-petioled; flowers in small
axillary clusters; bracts subulate, spiny-pointed, much exceeding the sepals;
sepals 3, oblong-lanceolate, membranous; fruit roughened.
Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun.
Amaranthus blitoides Wats. Very similar to A. graecizans but the branches
prostrate, 30-60 cm. long; bracts ovate-oblong, acuminate, little longer than
the sepals; fruit smooth. .
Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun.
Family 36. NYCTAGINACEAE. Four O’CLock Famity.
Herbs (in ours) with stems swollen at the joints; leaves oppo-
site, entire; flowers in a terminal or axillary cluster subtended
by an involucre; calyx tubular or funnelform, corolla-like; petals
none; stamens 3-5, hypogynous; ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded,
enclosed by the calyx-tube which is constricted above the ovary
and is hardened in fruit into a nut-like pericarp.
136 NYCTAGINACEAE.
167. ABRONIA.
Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite petioled thick entire
leaves; stems erect or prostrate; flowers sessile, conspicuous;
calyx elongated, with 5 obcordate lobes; stamens 3-5, unequal,
on the calyx-tube; style filiform; fruit dry, with 1-5 net-veined
wings.
Flowers rose-colored; wings of the fruit solid. A, acutalata.
Flowers yellow; wings of the fruit hollow. A, latifolia.
Abronia acutalata Standley. Stems prostrate; leaves oblong or ovate,
obtuse, 2-4 cm. long, slender-petioled; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate;
flowers rose-pink; wings of the fruit broad, thin, acute, prolonged beyond the
body.
Along the ocean beach. Closely allied to A. umbellata Lam. to which our
plant has usually been referred.
Abronia latifolia Esch. Prostrate, sticky-pubescent; root thick and fleshy;
leaves ovate or reniform, thick, 2-4 cm. long; involucral bracts ovate to or-
bicular; flowers bright yellow.
Along the seashore. Herbage readily eaten by hogs and cows.
Family 37. AIZOACEAE. CarpET WEED FAMILY.
Soft herbs, sometimes fleshy or succulent; leaves whorled or
opposite; stipules wanting; flowers small, regular, perfect, soli-
tary, cymose or glomerate; calyx 4—5-cleft or parted; petals and
stamens sometimes numerous, but petals often wanting; ovary
usually free from the calyx, 2—several-celled; ovules numerous in
each cell (in ours); fruit a capsule; endosperm scanty or copious.
168. MOLLUGO. CarPEeT WEED.
Mostly annual, much branched herbs; leaves whorled, some-
times basal or alternate; stipules scarious, membranaceous,
deciduous; flowers small, whitish, cymose or axillary; sepals 5,
white inside, scarious-margined, persistent; petals none; stamens
hypogynous, 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary or 5
and alternate with the sepals; ovary and capsule usually 3-celled.
Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet Weed. Annual, glabrous throughout,
prostrate; stem slender, 10-30 cm. long, branched; leaves spatulate or oblance-
olate, acute or obtuse, entire, narrowed at the sessile base, 1-2 cm. long, 3-8
in a whorl; flowers small, solitary in the axils, on pedicels as long or longer;
sepals oblong, shorter than the ovoid capsules; seeds shining, brown, curved.
On river banks, probably in our limits; common east of the Cascade
Mountains.
Family 38. PORTULACACEAE. PursLANE FamILy.
Annual or perennial usually succulent herbs; leaves entire,
alternate or opposite; flowers regular, perfect; sepals 2 or 4-8;
PORTULACACEAE. 137
petals 4 or 5, hypogynous, early withering; stamens as many as
or more numerous than the petals and adherent to their bases;
ovary 1-celled; ovules few to many; endosperm mealy.
Ovary half-inferior; sepals partly united. 169. Portutaca, 137.
Ovary superior.
Capsule circumscissile; sepals 4-8. 170. Lewista, 137.
Capsule not circumscissile.
Style branches 2; capsule 2-valved; sepals
scarious. 171. SpRAGUEA, 138.
Style branches 3; capsule 3-valved; sepals
not scarious.
Petals 3-7; stamens 3-12; leaves alter-
nate, fleshy. 172. CALANDRINIA, 138.
Petals 5; stamens 3 or 5; leaves opposite
or alternate, not fleshy.
Corolla zygomorphic; styles short,
cleft nearly to the base. 173. Monta, 138.
Corolla regular; styles elongated,
united nearly to the top. 174. CLayTonta, 139.
169. PORTULACA.
Low fleshy herbs; leaves alternate or partly opposite; stipules
scarious or none, or reduced to hairy tufts; flowers terminal and
sessile, expanding in direct sunshine before mid-day, soon closing;
sepals 2, coherent at the base in a tube and adnate to the ovary;
stamens 7-20; ovules numerous.
Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. Annual, prostrate, fleshy, forming mats
10-40 cm. in diameter; leaves narrowly obovate, obtuse or truncate, narrowed
at base, 1-2 cm. long, glabrous; calyx-lobes ovate, keeled; petals yellow, notched
at the apex; stamens 7-12; capsule conical, acute, dehiscing below the
middle.
Sparingly introduced as a weed.
170. LEWISIA.
Low acaulescent fleshy perennial herbs, with fleshy roots or a
corm; flowers on short scapes, showy; sepals 4-8; petals 3-16;
stamens numerous; capsule circumscissile; seeds many, black,
shining.
Plant 10-20 cm. high; inflorescence a many-flowered panicle. L. columbiana.
Plant 2-8 cm. high; scapes 1—3-flowered. L. pygmaea.
Lewisia columbiana (Howell) Robinson. Roots fleshy, branched; leaves
oblanceolate to spatulate, fleshy but flat, 2-5 cm. long, green; scapes stout,
10-30 cm. high; bracts oblong, glandular-toothed; panicle loose, usually many-
flowered; sepals nearly orbicular, the minute teeth gland-tipped; petals rose-
red, 8-10 mm. long.
Abundant in the Olympic Mountains; also on Vancouver Island and most
of the high peaks in the Cascade Mountains. Originally found in the Columbia
River Gap, where it occurs nearly to the river level.
138 PORTULACACEAE,
Lewisia pygmaea (Gray) Robinson. Root fleshy, conical, simple; leaves
linear to lanceolate or spatulate, 2-3 cm. long, the petioles scarious-margined;
scapes 2-5 cm. high; sepals 4 mm. long, orbicular, erose-dentate at the summit,
the teeth glandular; petals 6-8, red, twice as long as the sepals; seeds 15-20.
At high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains, rare.
171. SPRAGUEA.
Glabrous fleshy herbs with mostly radical leaves; flowers in
dense scorpioid spikes clustered in an umbel on a scape-like
peduncle; sepals 2, orbicular-cordate, persistent; petals 4;
stamens 3; style long, bifid at the apex; ovary 8~-10-ovuled;
capsule membranaceous, 2-valved; seeds black and shining.
Spraguea multiceps Howell. Perennial with a thick fleshy root; crown
simple or with several short branches, each bearing a rosulate tuft of leaves;
leaves thick, spatulate, 5-8 cm. long; peduncles spreading or nearly prostrate,
2-4 cm. long, usually with 1 or 2 scarious bracts; flowers rose-purple, in dense
heads; sepals scarious, about as long as the petals; stamens and styles longer
than the petals.
Common in sandy or gravelly soil in the Cascade Mountains, at 2500-3000
m. altitude. Not known in the Olympic Mountains.
172. CALANDRINIA.
Low succulent herbs with alternate or radical leaves; flowers
purplish, in bracteate racemes or panicles or few on short scape-
like stems; sepals 2, green, persistent; petals mostly 5; stamens
5-15; style 3-cleft, short; ovary free, many-ovuled; capsule glo-
bose or ovoid, membranaceous, 3-valved; seeds black, usually
shining, smooth or minutely tuberculate.
Calandrinia caulescens HBK. Glabrous, branched from the base, decum-
bent, 5-15 cm. high; leaves linear to oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. long; flowers in
racemes on erect or ascending peduncles; sepals ovate, acute, keeled; petals
3-5, obovate, rose-colored, 4-8 mm. long; capsule obovoid, acute; seeds lens-
shaped, minutely roughened.
Washington to Mexico, rare in our limits.
Calandrinia caulescens menziesii (Hook.) Gray. Flowers larger, the petals
8-12 mm. long.
Moist places, not common.
173. MONTIA.
Low branching glabrous succulent annual herbs; leaves mostly
opposite; flowers small, white, nodding, axillary or racemose;
sepals 2, ovate, herbaceous, persistent; petals 5, unlike, two
larger and three smaller; stamens 3, alternate with the smaller
petals; style very short; stigmas 3.
Montiafontana L. (Claytonia hallii Gray.) Stems procumbent or ascend-
ing, rooting at the nodes, 3-10 cm. high or when aquatic often longer; leaves
spatulate or obovate, 4-14 mm. long; raceme terminal or axillary, few-flowered;
petals white, 2 mm. long, a little longer than the calyx.
In wet places and running water.
PORTULACACEAE. 139
174. CLAYTONIA.
Low and glabrous succulent herbs, perennial from corms or
thickened rootstocks or annual; basal leaves petioled, the cauline
Opposite or alternate; flowers small, white or rose-colored, in
loose terminal racemes, lasting more than one day; sepals 2,
ovate, herbaceous, persistent; petals 5, equal; stamens 5; style
3-notched or cleft.
Perennials with thick roots or corms.
Corm globose; cauline leaves oblong. C. lanceolata.
Caudex elongate; cauline leaves linear-spatulate. C. megarrhiza.
Perennials or annuals; roots not cormose.
Stem bearing only two leaves, these opposite.
Cauline leaves not united.
Pedicels mostly bractless; perennial by rootstocks. C. asarifolia.
Pedicels mostly with bracts; roots fibrous. C, sibirica.
Cauline leaves united, at least at base.
United leaves not forming a disk, but linear or lan-
ceolate. C. spathulata.
United leaves forming a roundish disk.
Calyx 4 mm. long; seeds 2 mm. broad. C. perfoliata.
Calyx 2 mm. long; seeds 1 mm. broad. C. parviflora.
Stems bearing more than two opposite leaves, or leaves
alternate.
Cauline leaves of several pairs, opposite. C. chamissoi.
Cauline leaves alternate.
Perennial, producing slender stolons; leaves very
fleshy. C. parvifolia.
Annual; not stoloniferous; leaves not very fleshy.
Leaves broad, long-petioled; seeds striate. C. diffusa.
Leaves narrow, sessile.
Seeds dull, less than 1 mm. broad. C. dichotoma.
Seeds shining.
Petals 4 mm. long; seeds 2 mm. broad. C. linearis.
Petals minute or absent; seeds 1 mm.
broad. C. howellit.
Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. Stems simple, 8-15 cm. tall, erect, from a
globose tuber 1-4 cm. in diameter; radical leaves few or wanting, lanceolate,
acute, long-petioled; cauline a single pair, sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute, 2-5 cm. long; flowers 3-10 in a short raceme which scarcely exceeds the
cauline leaves; pedicels slender; petals pink, oblong or ovate, emarginate,
8-10 mm. long; seeds black, shiny, 2 mm. broad.
In mountain meadows at about 1500 m. altitude.
Claytonia megarrhiza (Gray) Parry. Root very large, fusiform, bearing
from its crown several scapes and a cluster of leaves, these spatulate to cuneate,
5-15 cm. long, the petioles broad and scarious-margined; scapes about as long
as the leaves, bearing 2 or more opposite or alternate narrow bracts; racemes
one-sided; sepals oblong; petals pink, 6-8 mm. long.
High mountains, in the crevices of rocks. Mount Stuart, Elmer; Mount
Jefferson, Oregon, Gorman.
Claytonia asarifolia Bong. Perennial, with. short rootstocks, somewhat
tufted; stems 15-30 cm. tall, bearing a single pair of leaves below the inflores-
cence; leaves rather fleshy, broadly ovate, somewhat cordate, obtuse, 2-3 cm.
long, the cauline sessile, the radical slender-petioled; raceme peduncled, 3-12-
140 PORTULACACEAE.
flowered, with few or no bracts; pedicels slender; petals white, pellucid, 10-12
mm. long; capsule longer than the sepals; seeds bright, shiny, 1-1.5 mm. broad.
In cold woods along streams in the mountains.
Claytonia sibirica L. Stems simple, erect or ascending, 15-40 cm. high;
basal leaves ovate, 2-6 cm. long, contracted into long margined petioles;
cauline pair ovate, sessile but not united; raceme bracteate, loose, the flowers
on long pedicels; petals white or pink with red veins, about 6 mm. long; seeds
granulate.
In wet meadows and open moist woods, very common.
Claytonia spathulata Dougl. Annual, 2-10 cm. high, erect or spreading;
basal leaves linear or somewhat spatulate, thickish; cauline leaves usually
united on but one side or completely united and the disk narrower on one side,
or rarely separate and sessile; racemes short, few-flowered; pedicels 6-8 mm.
long; sepals ovate; petals white or pink, 3-4 mm. long, twice as long as the
sepals; seeds black, shining, appearing minutely roughened under a lens.
In moist soil especially where somewhat saline; not common.
Claytonia spathulata exigua (Torr. & Gr.) Piper. Basal leaves narrowly
linear, 1-5 cm. long; cauline linear, usually somewhat dilated at base and con-
nate on one side.
In moist places, rare.
Claytonia perfoliata Donn. Annual, branched from the base, 10-50 cm.
high, erect; basal leaves long-petioled, the blades usually rhomboid-ovate,
but varying to spatulate-linear; cauline leaves united, forming an orbicular
or somewhat angled disk, 3-5 cm. broad; racemes rather loose, one-sided;
ip mm. long; petals smaller, white; seeds smooth, shiny, lenticular, 2 mm.
road.
Very common. A form with the cauline leaves distinct is C. perfoliata
amplectens Greene.
Claytonia parviflora Dougl. Annual, branched from the base; stems usually
15-30 cm. high, erect; radical leaves long-petioled, linear, lanceolate or
spatulate; cauline pair united into an orbicular somewhat angled disk, 1-4 cm.
in diameter; raceme usually loose, interrupted, somewhat one-sided; calyx
2 mm. long; petals pink or white, about twice as long; seeds shiny, ustally
smooth, 1 mm. broad.
In prairies or “‘burns.”’
Claytonia parviflora depressa Gray. Small and depressed, more fleshy;
whole plant commonly reddish; cauline leaves sometimes nearly separate;
radical leaves broadly ovate.
In open places.
Claytonia chamissoi Ledeb. Perennial, with slender elongate stolons,
finally tuberiferous at the apex; flower stems mostly simple, 10-30 cm. tall;
leaves 3-7 pairs, broadly spatulate, 2-4 cm. long; raceme few-flowered;
pedicels slender; petals pale or white, 6-8 mm. long; stamens 5; capsule equal-
ing the calyx; seeds kidney-shaped, minutely roughened.
Moist copses, rare in our limits. Comox, Vancouver Island, Macoun;
Roy, Washington, Allen.
Claytonia parvifolia Moc. Fleshy perennial, producing slender creeping
stolons, and propagating by leafy offsets produced in the axils of the cauline
leaves; lower leaves obovate, acutish, short-petioled, 1-3 cm. long; cauline
leaves reduced and narrower; racemes few-flowered; sepals suborbicular, 2
mm. long; petals pink with darker veins, 8-10 mm. long.
In moist places especially on rocks in the mountains.
PORTULACACEAE. 141
Claytonia diffusa Nutt. Annual, the whole plant usually reddish, much
branched, 5-10 cm. high; leaves all alternate or a few of the lower ones opposite,
the blades ovate, 1-2 cm. long, abruptly narrowed into petioles of equal
length; racemes numerous; pedicels of the lower flowers elongate, sometimes
bracted; petals white or pale pink, emarginate, longer than the calyx; seeds
sculptured with fine longitudinal and transverse striae.
In open coniferous woods, not common.
Claytonia dichotoma Nutt. Verysimilarto C. linearis but smaller in every
way, 2-8 cm. tall; calyx 2 mm. long; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx;
seeds 1 mm. broad, dull.
Rare in our limits, but common east of the Cascade Mountains. First
found by Nuttall at the mouth of the Willamette River.
Claytonia linearis Dougl. Annual, branched below, 5-15 cm. tall; leaves
linear, succulent, all alternate, 2-5 cm. long, scarious-margined at base;
raceme 4—10-flowered, one-sided, the pedicels curving downward; sepals 4 mm.
long; capsule shorter than the sepals; seeds shiny, 2 mm. broad.
In moist open places.
Claytonia howellii (Wats.) Piper. Annual, very small and slender, rooting
at the nodes, 2-5 cm. high; leaves linear-spatulate, 10-20 mm. long, the foliar
ones alternate; racemes few-flowered from the axils of ovate bract-like leaves
opposite the foliar ones; pedicels reflexed in fruit; flowers very small, close-
pollinated; petals minute, white, 2-5 or wanting.
In wet places in early spring. Victoria, Macoun; Seattle, Piper; Sauvies
Island, Oregon, where first found by Howell.
Family 39. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Famicy.
Annual or perennial herbs; stems often swollen at the nodes;
leaves opposite, entire, with or without stipules; flowers regular
and perfect; sepals 4 or 5, separate or united into a calyx-tube;
petals equal in number to the sepals or none; stamens not more
than twice as many as the sepals, hypogynous or perigynous;
styles 2-5; ovary 1-celled, rarely 3-5-celled; ovules several or
many, basal or attached to a central column; fruit a capsule,
akene or utricle; endosperm mealy.
Sepals united; petals long-clawed.
Styles 2; capsule with 4 teeth. 175. Drantuus, 142.
Styles more than 2; capsule not with 4 teeth.
Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5; capsule with 3 or 6
teeth. 176. SILENE, 142.
Styles always 5; capsule with 5 or 10 teeth. 177. Lycunis, 144.
Sepals free to the base or nearly so.
Stipules present, scarious.
Sepals spine-tipped; fruit a 1-seeded utricle. 178. PENTacaENa, 144.
Sepals not spine-tipped; fruit a capsule.
Styles and valves of the capsule 3. 179. Tissa, 145.
Styles and valves of the capsule 5. 180. SPERGULA, 145.
Stipules wanting.
Petals none.
Styles as many as the sepals and alter-
nate with them. 183. Sacrina, 148.
142 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
Styles fewer than the sepals or if as many
opposite them. 182. STELLARIA, 146.
Petals present.
Petals 2-cleft or parted.
Capsule cylindric, usually curved. 181. CERAsTIUM, 146.
Capsule ovoid or oblong not curved. 182. STELLARIA, 146.
Petals entire or notched.
Styles as many as the sepals and
alternate with them. 183. SacIna, 148.
Styles fewer than the sepals or if as
many opposite them.
Disk of the receptacle conspicu-
ous, 8—10-lobed. 184. AMMODENIA, 148.
Disk none.
Seeds without strophioles. 185. ARENARIA, 149.
Seeds each with a strophiole. 186. Morurinera, 150.
175. DIANTHUS. Pink. CARNATION.
Annual or perennial ornamental herbs; flowers solitary or
clustered, mostly pink, rose-colored, or white; calyx cylindrical,
nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more bractlets;
stamens 10; styles 2; capsules 1-celled, 4-toothed; seeds flattish
on the back.
Dianthus armeria L. Deptford Pink. Annual, erect, 30-60 cm. high,
somewhat pubescent; leaves linear; flowers in clusters of 2-4; bracts subulate,
very pubescent; calyx tubular, 15 mm. long, the teeth very acute; petals
elliptic, crenate, rose-colored and with small white dots.
A native of Europe occasionally found in fields; introduced with grass seed.
176. SILENE. CatcHriy.
Annual or perennial herbs; flowers clustered or solitary, mainly
pink, red or white; calyx more or less inflated, tubular, ovoid or
campanulate, 5-toothed, 10-many-nerved; petals 5, narrow,
clawed, mostly crowned with a scale at the base of the blade;
stamens 10; styles 3, rarely 2, 4 or 5, if 5 opposite the calyx-
teeth; ovary 1-celled or incompletely 2-4-celled; ovules many;
capsule 3 or 6-toothed.
Calyx with 15 nerves or more.
Nerves 18-23, prominent; calyx not inflated. S. multinervia.
Nerves 15-20, obscure; calyx inflated. S. latifolia.
Calyx with 5-10 nerves.
Plants annual or biennial.
Inflorescence a simple raceme. S. anglica.
Inflorescence a cyme or panicle.
Plant sticky-hairy. S. noctiflora.
Plant glabrous, except that the middle portion of
each of the upper internodes is glutinous. S. antirrhina.
Plants perennial.
Acaulescent and densely matted. S. acaults.
Caulescent.
Flowers solitary in the forks of leafy branches.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 143
Flowers small; petals white, bifid. S. menziesii.
Flowers large; petals pink, 4-parted. S. hookert.
Flowers in terminal panicles, or occasionally sol-
itary.
Calyx cylindric, narrowed at base; inflorescence
a narrow panicle. S. scouleri.
Calyx campanulate; inflorescence a few-flow-
ered cyme,
Plants 5-10 cm. high; flowers 1-3. S. suksdorfii.
Plants taller; flowers often numerous.
Blades of petals 2-lobed. S. douglasii.
Blades of petals 4-lobed, the lateral
lobes smaller. S. macounit.
Silene multinervia Wats. Annual, erect, 20-30 cm. high, pubescent and
somewhat viscid in the inflorescence; teaves linear to narrowly oblong, acute;
flowers irregularly cymose; calyx ovoid but-narrowed above, with 18-23 prom-
inent nerves; petals small, purple.
Sparingly introduced from California.
Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle. Bladder Campion. Perennial,
glaucous; stems loosely branched, spreading or ascending, 20-40 cm. high;
leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute, the uppermost reduced to bracts; calyx
glabrous, much inflated, thin, with 15-20 veins connected by cross veinlets;
petals white, 2-cleft.
Introduced from Europe.
Silene anglica L. Annual, pubescent and somewhat viscid; stems erect,
15-30 cm. high; leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, 2-3.5 cm. long;
flowers in a terminal one-sided raceme; calyx hairy, cylindric at first, becoming
ovoid in fruit; petals small, pink or white, notched or entire.
Introduced from Europe.
Silene noctiflora L. Stems stout, erect, 30-80 cm. high; lower leaves
oblanceolate or spatulate, the upper lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long; flowers white,
few and long-peduncled, in a loose cyme; fruiting calyx ovoid, white with
green veins, 25 mm. long, the teeth subulate.
Sparingly introduced from Europe.
Silene antirrhina L. Annual, glabrous or puberulent; stem slender, mostly
simple, the middle of each internode sticky-viscid; leaves linear or lanceolate,
acute, 2-6 cm. long, sessile; howers in a forked compound cyme, long-pedicelled;
calyx 10-nerved, ovoid, cylindrical in fruit, 6-10 mm. long; petals white or
pinkish, notched, little exceeding the calyx.
Sandy or gravelly soil, infrequent.
Silene acaulis L. Moss Campion. Perennial, densely tufted and moss-
like, 2-5 cm. high; leaves numerous, linear, 8-12 mm. long; flowers solitary,
subsessile or short-peduncled; calyx glabrous, bell-shaped, the lobes obtuse;
petals red-purple, notched or cleft at the apex, the lateral auricles very small.
Moist rocky places at high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains.
Silene menziesii Hook. Perennial, glandular-puberulent; stems weak,
erect or decumbent, usually branched, 10-30 cm. high, leafy; leaves elliptic-
lanceolate, acuminate or acute at each end, 2-6 cm. long; flowers small, solitary
in the forks of leafy branches; calyx obconical, 5-6 mm. long, 5-toothed, nerves
not prominent; petals white, 2-cleft, 6-8 mm. long, usually without a crown.
In open woods.
Silene hookeri Nutt. Leafy perennial with stout root; herbage grayish
pubescent; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves oblanceolate, acutish, 4-7 cm. long,
144 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
with margined petioles; flowers large; pedicels erect, 3-5 cm. long; calyx cla-
vate, 1.5-2 cm. long, the teeth acute; petals white or pink, cleft into 4 narrow
lobes.
Prairies and open woods, Willamette Valley, Oregon, to California.
Silene scouleri Hook. Perennial, puberulent throughout, glandular-viscid
above; stems erect, simple, 40-60 cm. tall, solitary or tufted; radical leaves
lanceolate or oblanceolate, 4-6 cm. long, on slender petioles of equal length;
cauline several pairs, sessile at the swollen nodes, lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long;
inflorescence narrow, elongated; flowers short-pedicelled, one or several in the
axils; calyx cylindrical or club-shaped, 10-15 mm. long, with 10 dark nerves
and short scarious-margined teeth; petals 2-cleft, the lobes notched; auricles
of the claw narrow, cleft into narrow lobes.
Dry prairies, originally found at Vancouver, Washington, by Scouler.
Silene suksdorfii Robinson. Perennial, 5-10 cm. high, forming broad tufts;
leaves linear to spatulate, obtuse, 8-15 mm. long; flowers in clusters of 1-3,
the inflorescence glandular; calyx about 10 mm. long, with conspicuous nerves;
petals white, notched at apex, the lobes entire, the lateral auricles oblong;
capsule on a short stipe.
On high peaks of the Cascade Mountains at about 2700 m. altitude.
Silene douglasii Hook. Perennial, tufted, somewhat pubescent and usually
viscid-glandular in the inflorescence; flowering stems erect, 30-50 cm. tali,
simple; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, acute or acuminate,
5-8 cm. long; cymes few-flowered, long-peduncled; calyx 10-15 mm. long,
cylindric or obovoid, slightly inflated, pale green, the nerves inconspicuous and
the short teeth scarious margined; petals white or pinkish, 2-lobed; scales
oblong, obtuse; claw broad, with a short auricle at each side at the apex.
Mostly in the mountains; common and very variable.
Silene macounii Wats. Very similar to S. douglasiz but the blade of the
ee 4-lobed, the lateral lobes narrow and acute, smaller than the median
lobes.
In the Cascade and Olympic Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude; perhaps
not specifically distinct from S. douglasit.
177. LYCHNIS.
Showy plants similar to S:lene, but with styles always 5 and the
pod opening with 5 or 10 teeth. xa el
Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein Pink. UHerbage white-woolly
throughout; stems stout, erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves oval or. oblong, the cau-
line much reduced; calyx ovoid, the alternating ribs prominent; petals crimson,
sometimes white, the appendage at the top of the claw stiff and sharp.
Introduced from Europe.
178. PENTACAENA.
Low densely tufted perennials; leaves subulate, densely crowded
on the branches; stipules dry and silvery; flowers sessile, clustered
in the axils; sepals 5, nearly distinct, hooded, unequal, spiny; petals
minute, scale-like, perigynous; stamens 3-5, on the base of the
sepals; style very short, 2-cleft; fruit a utricle, included in the
rigid connivent calyx.
Pentacaena ramossissima (Weinm.) Hook. & Arn. Plants densely matted,
the stems prostrate, 10-50 cm. long; leaves very numerous, subulate, straight
CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 145
or recurved, 8-12 mm. long; flowers sessile, in axillary clusters; calyx-lobes
divergent, twice as long as the tube; petals minute.
On high sea-beaches along the ocean coast.
179. TISSA.
Low annual, biennial or perennial herbs; leaves fleshy, linear
or setaceous, with scarious stipules; flowers in terminal racemose
cymes; sepals 5; petals 5 (in ours), purplish or white; stamens
2-10, commonly 10; styles 3, very rarely 5; ovary 1-celled;
capsule-valves as many as the styles, when 5, alternate with the
sepals.
Plants not maritime; leaves not fleshy; stipules elongate, sil-
very. T. rubra.
Plants maritime; leaves very fleshy; stipules ovate.
Annual, fibrous-rooted; flowers 4-5 mm. long. T. marina.
Perennial, large-rooted; flowers 6-7 mm. long. T. macrotheca.
Tissa rubra (L.) Britt. Annual, sometimes biennial or perennial, prostrate
or decumbent; stems slender, 10-30 cm. long, smooth below, glandular above;
leaves linear, cuspidate, 8-12 mm. long; stipules silvery, attentuate-lanceolate,
4-5 mm. long; flowers in a small cyme; pediceis filiform, exceeding the leaf-
like bracts; petals pink, hardly longer than the sepals.
Gravelly prairies, common.
Tissa marina (L. )Britt. More or less glandular pubescent, the branches
spreading or procumbent; leaves fleshy; stipules ovate, acuminate; sepals ovate,
obtuse, 4-5 mm. long; petals pink; capsule acute, equalling or longer than the
sepals.
On sandy or gravelly sea beaches.
Tissa macrotheca (Hornem.) Britt. Glandular-pubescent perennial
with a stout fleshy root; stems decumbent to ascending, 10-30 cm. high; leaves
fleshy, mucronate; sepals lanceolate, subacute; petals pink, nearly as long as
the sepals; capsule ovoid, acute, as long as the calyx.
Sea beaches; much less common than T. marina.
180. SPERGULA. Spurrey.
Annual branched herbs; leaves subulate, fascicled, with scari-
ous stipules; flowers in a cymose panicle; sepals 5; petals 5,
white; stamens 10, rarely 5; ovary 1-celled; capsule-valves 5,
opposite the sepals.
Seeds papillate; herbage nearly glabrous. S. arvensis.
Seeds not papillate; herbage viscid. S. sativa.
Spergula arvensis L. Annual, the decumbent stems 15-30 cm. long;
leaves whorled, filiform, 2-5 cm. long; inflorescence naked, loosely cymose;
pedicels often deflexed in fruit; sepals 4-5 mm. long; petals white; seeds dark,
minutely roughened with pale papillae.
Common weed in fields; introduced from Europe.
Spergula sativa Boenn. Very similar to S. arvensis but minutely viscid;
flowers ill-scented; seeds not papillate.
Victoria, Macoun.
II
146 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
181, CERASTIUM. Movussr-£car CHICKWEED.
Annual or perennial, generally pubescent or hirsute herbs;
leaves flat, rarely subulate; stipules none; flowers in terminal
bracted dichotomous cymes; sepals 5; petals 5, retuse or bifid,
very rarely subentire, white; stamens 10, sometimes fewer;
styles 5, sometimes 4 or 3, opposite the sepals; capsule cylindric,
1-celled, often curved, dehiscent by 10, rarely 8, apical teeth.
Petals decidedly longer than the sepals. C. arvense.
Petals not longer than the sepals.
Pedicels longer than the calyx. C. vulgatum.
Pedicels not longer than the calyx. C. viscosum.
Cerastium arvense L. Perennial, tufted, pubescent throughout or some-
times nearly glabrous; stems weak, erect, 15-40 cm. tall, nearly naked above;
leaves linear or lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long; flowers cymose, on slender pedicels;
sepals oblong, acute, 5-6 mm. long; petals deeply notched, twice as long as the
sepals.
In dry open ground; common and variable.
Cerastium vulgatum L. Perennial, viscid-pubescent throughout, tufted
10-30 cm. high; leaves oblong, obtuse, or the upper ones acutish, 10-25 mm.
long; inflorescence loose, the pedicels longer than the calyx; sepals obtuse,
4-5 mm. long, as long as the 2-cleft petals; capsule somewhat curved, longer
than the calyx. :
A weed in lawns and pastures; introduced from Europe.
Cerastium viscosum L. Annual, viscid-pubescent, erect or nearly so,
10-20 cm. high; leaves oval to ovate or obovate, very obtuse, the lowest
narrowed into short-margined petioles; inflorescence rather close in flower,
looser in fruit; sepals acute, 3-4 mm. long; petals shorter than the sepals.
A weed introduced from Europe.
182. STELLARIA. CHICKWEED.
Annual or perennial tufted generally diffuse herbs; leaves flat,
rarely subulate; stipules none; flowers solitary or cymose, terminal
or becoming lateral; sepals 5 or 4; petals 5 or 4, rarely none, always
more or less deeply bifid, often divided almost to the base, white;
stamens 3-10; styles 3 or 4, rarely 5; capsules globose, ovoid or
oblong, dehiscing by as many valves as there are styles.
Lowest leaves ovate, petiolate.
Stems pubescent with a line of hairs; leaves ovate. S. media.
Stems glabrous, except at base; leaves shiny, the up-
per linear-lanceolate. S. nitens.
Leaves all sessile.
Bracts of the inflorescence small, scarious.
Pedicels erect; cyme few-flowered. S. longipes.
Pedicels spreading; cyme loosely many-flowered.
Leaves linear, acute at each end; seedssmooth. _ S. longifolia.
Leaves lanceolate, broadest near the base; seeds
rough. S. graminea.
Bracts of the inflorescence leafy.
Leaves lanceolate. S. borealis.
Leaves ovate.
Herbage glabrous. S. crispa.
Herbage finely puberulent. S. washingtoniana.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 147
Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. Annual, weak and spreading; stems weak,
10-30 cm. long, glabrous except a line of hairs; lower leaves ovate, petioled, the
upper narrower and sessile, all acute, 10-40 mm. long; flowers solitary in the
axils or somewhat cymose, on slender pedicels; calyx glandular-pubescent,
nearly as long as the capsule; petals deeply 2-parted, shorter than the sepals;
stamens 3, 5, or 10.
A common weed introduced from Europe.
Stellaria nitens Nutt. Annual, somewhat tufted; stems erect, slender,
shining, 8-15 cm. tall, branched above, pubescent only at base; lowest pair of
leaves ovate, acute, petioled, 4 mm. long, the others linear-lanceolate and ses-
sile, 5-10 mm. long; cymes loose, few-flowered, the bracts scarious; pedicels
thread-like, 1-5 cm. long; sepals 3-nerved, very acute, scarious-margined,
4 mm. long; petals deeply 2-cleft, half as long as the sepals or wanting.
In dry open places.
Stellaria longipes Goldie. Somewhat tufted, with creeping rootstocks,
smooth and shining throughout; stems 4-angled, erect, 15-40cm. high, branched
above; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering from the base to the acute apex,
prominently 1-nerved, 2-3 cm. long; flowers solitary or in very loose cymes}.
bracts reduced and scarious or when the flowers are few or solitary foliaceous;
pedicels slender, 2-10 cm. long; petals 2-cleft, exceeding the rather obtuse
sepals; capsule longer than the calyx; seeds smooth, shining.
Moist places, not rare.
Stellaria longifolia Muhl. Erect or nearly so, the stem sharply 4-angled,
glabrous, 20-40 cm. high; leaves linear or oblong-linear, acute at each end,
often ciliate near the base, 2-3 cm. long; cyme open, long-peduncled, becoming
lateral, many-flowered; pedicels spreading or at length deflexed; petals exceed-
ing the sepals; capsule pale, longer than the calyx.
In wet meadows, rare.
Stellaria graminea L. Whole plant glabrous, shining; stems 4-angled,
ascending, branched above, 35-60 cm. high; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute,
2-3 cm. long; flowers in a loose much-forked cyme; bracts scarious, somewhat
ciliate; pedicels slender, spreading or reflexed; sepals lanceolate, acute, 3-
nerved, nearly equalling the capsule; petals 2-cleft, as long as the sepals;
seeds minutely roughened.
In wet places; introduced from Europe.
Stellaria borealis Bigel. (S. calycantha Bong.) Perennial, glabrous
throughout, the weak stems ascending, branched, 15-30 cm. long; leaves ovate
to elliptic-lanceolate, 7-25 mm. long; pedicels slender, sometimes deflexed,
15-30 mm. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, scarious-margined, 2-4 mm.
long; petals wanting or if present shorter than the sepals; styles mostly 4;
capsule ovoid, 3-5 mm. long; seeds smooth.
Along rivulets in the mountains at high altitudes.
Stellaria borealis bongardiana Fernald. Larger; the stems often 60 cm.
long; leaves lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, the upper gradually reduced; sepals
4-5.5 mm. long; capsule 5-8 mm. long.
Common in moist woods.
Stellaria borealis sitchana (Steud.) Fernald. Upper leaves reduced to
scarious bracts, the flowers therefore loosely cymose. Otherwise like S.
borealis bongardiana.
In marshes, especially near the seashore. While the lowland subspecies
S. borealis bongardiana appears very different from the alpine or subalpine
S. borealis, Fernald concludes that they are completely connected by Rocky
Mountain forms.
148 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
Stellaria crispa Cham. & Schlecht. Perennial, glabrous; stems weak,
decumbent or prostrate, 10-30 cm. long, simple or with but few branches;
leaves thin, ovate, acuminate, 8-12 mm. long, entire or crisped on the margin,
very short-petioled; pedicels slender, 6—20 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, 3-
nerved, very acute, with a narrow scarious margin; petals deeply cleft but
usually wanting; capsule acutish, exceeding the sepals.
In moist woods, common.
Stellaria washingtoniana Robinson. Annual; stems slender, decumbent,
leafy, not much branched, pubescent; leaves ovate, acute, very short-petioled,
thin, about 8 mm. long, glabrous or pubescent, 1-nerved, ciliate near the base;
peduncles 1 cm. long, spreading, 1-flowered; calyx pubescent, the sepals ovate,
2-3 mm. long, obtusish, faintly 3-nerved; petals none.
In deciduous woods; Nisqually River, Allen; Lake Cushman, Piper.
183. SAGINA. PEARLWoRT.
Small matted herbs with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves;
stipules none; flowers small, terminating the stem and the
branches; sepals 4 or 5; petals 4 or 5, or often none; stamens as
many as or twice as many as the sepals; styles as many as the
sepals and alternate with them; pod many-seeded, 4—5-valved.
Species very difficult to define.
Herbage glandular-puberulent. S. apetala.
Herbage glabrous.
Stems slender; leaves scarcely fleshy. S. occidentalis.
Stems rather stout; leaves fleshy. S. crassicaulis.
Sagina apetala barbata Fenzl. (S. ciliata (Greene) Piper.) Very slender,
erect, 3-5 cm. high, minutely glandular-pubescent; leaves linear, ciliolate at
their broadened bases.
In dry ground, rare.
Sagina occidentalis Wats. Glabrous, the slender decumbent stems 5-12
cm. high; leaves linear, very acute, 6-10 mm. long; peduncles 15-25 mm. long;
sepals subacute, 2.5 mm. long, shorter than the capsule; petals shorter than
the sepals.
Common in springy ground.
Sagina crassicaulis Wats. Distinctly fleshy; stems rather stout; leaves
5-20 mm. long; calyx 3 mm. long, shorter than the capsule.
Along the seashore. Scarcely different from S. occidentalis.
184. AMMODENIA.
Stout fleshy perennial seashore plants with clasping thick
leaves; flowers axillary; disk conspicuous, 10-lobed, glandulif-
erous; styles 3-5; capsule globose, somewhat berry-like.
Ammodenia peploides (L.) Rupr. Perennial, very fleshy, glabrous, 10-30
cm. high; leaves obovate or ovate, partly clasping; flower axillary, nearly
sessile; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 7 mm. long; seeds smooth.
Along the seashore. Scarcely distinguishable is A. peploides major (Hook.)
Piper, somewhat taller with larger somewhat apiculate leaves.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 149
185. ARENARIA. Sanpwort.
Annual or perennial mainly tufted herbs; leaves sessile, often
subulate and more or less rigid; stipules none; flowers white,
cymosely panicled or capitate, rarely solitary and axillary;
sepals 5; petals 5, very rarely minute or wanting, entire or
emarginate, white or nearly so; stamens 10, or often fewer;
styles generally 3, rarely 2-5; capsule globose or oblong, dehiscent
at the apex by as many or twice as many valves as there are styles.
Leaves not narrowly linear nor rigid.
Perennial; leaves linear or lance-linear; stems and foliage
weak and flaccid. A, paludicola.
Annuals; leaves lanceolate or ovate; stems and foliage
not weak and flaccid.
Leaves ovate; capsule flask-shaped.
Leaves lanceolate; capsule oblong.
Leaves narrowly linear, firm or rigid.
Sepals obtuse.
Leaves glandular-hirsute; capsule-valves entire. A. sajanensis.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so; capsule-valves 2-
cleft. . capillaris.
Sepals acute or cuspidate.
, Plants loosely or not at all matted; cymes dichot-
omously branched, several to many-flowered; low-
land plant. A. tenella.
Plants densely matted or tufted, alpine; cymes few-
flowered.
Sepals not strongly nerved; petals shorter than
the sepals. A, nuttalliz.
Sepals strongly nerved; petals equalling the sepals. A. verna.
; serpyllifolia.
. leptoclados.
pa AS
Arenaria paludicola Robinson. Perennial, glabrous, the weak stems pro-
cumbent, shiny, angled, 15-30 cm. long; leaves sessile, and somewhat connate,
linear to linear-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved, flat, 2-4 cm. long, the upper not
reduced; flowers solitary, axillary; sepals elliptic, subacute, 3-4 mm. long,
nerveless; petals obovate, twice as long as the sepals; capsule oblong, shorter
than the calyx.
In swamps near Tacoma, Filett; otherwise known only in California.
Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Annual, much branched, very leafy, puberulent
throughout, 5-15 cm. high; leaves ovate, cuspidately acute, 10-15 mm. long,
sessile or nearly so; uppermost leaves but little reduced; pedicels longer than
the calyx; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-5-nerved; capsule flask-shaped.
In dry soil; introduced from Europe.
Arenaria leptoclados Guss. Very similar to A. serpyllifolia; stems slender,
erect; leaves lanceolate, the uppermost reduced to bracts; capsule oblong.
Introduced from Europe.
Arenaria sajanensis Willd. Perennial, densely cespitose; stems decumbent,
2-6 cm. high, glandular-hirsute, the dead leaves persistent; leaves linear,
firm, rather obtuse, 4-7 mm. long, glabrous or minutely glandular; flowers
mostly solitary; sepals narrowly oblong, obtuse, much longer than the spatulate
obtuse petals; capsule oblong, longer than the calyx.
At high altitudes in the mountains.
Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.) Regel. Perennial from a branching
caudex, the stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, crowded, linear, sharp-
150 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
pointed, usually curved, glabrous, 15-25 mm. long; inflorescence loose, gland-
ular-puberulent; sepals ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, scarious margined; petals
obovate, longer than the sepals; capsule longer than the calyx.
Common in the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
Arenaria tenella Nutt. Stems slender, loosely branched, 10-20 cm. high;
leaves subulate, acute, 6-10 mm. long, the broadened bases connate, the upper
reduced; inflorescence glandular-puberulent; pedicels very slender, much
longer than the calyx; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, strongly 3-nerved; petals
oblong, as long as the sepals; capsule ovoid; seeds roughened.
In dry gravelly prairies.
Arenaria nuttallii Pax. Perennial, very leafy, densely branched from a
stout vertical root, glandular throughout; leaves linear-subulate, rigid, sharp-
pointed, spreading, 6-8 mm. long, connate at base, the uppermost little’reduced;
flowers numerous, in open cymes; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, faintly 3-nerved;
petals acutish, not equalling the sepals; capsule ovoid, shorter than the calyx.
On the high peaks of the Cascade Mountains at about 2500 m. altitude.
Arenaria vernaL. Perennial, closely tufted, glandular-pubescent, 5-15 cm.
high; leaves linear-subulate, flat, strongly 3-nerved; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, the margins scarious; petals narrowly obovate, obtuse, as long as
the sepals; capsule longer than the calyx.
In rocky places, Cascade and Olympic Mountains, at about 2500 m. altitude.
186. MOEHRINGIA.
Low perennial herbs, with lanceolate elliptic or oblong sessile
or short-petioled soft leaves; flowers white, solitary in the axils
of the leaves or in terminal cymes; sepals and petals 4 or 5;
stamens 8 or 10; capsule oblong, few-seeded; seeds each with a
membranous broad strophiole.
Petals longer than the obtusish sepals. M. lateriflora.
Petals shorter than the acuminate sepals. M. macrophylla.
Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. Mostly puberulent throughout; stems
slender, terete, erect or decumbent, simple or few-branched, 10-30 cm. high;
leaves elliptic or oblong, sessile, obtuse, 1-2 cm. long; cymes few-flowered;
sepals obtuse or acutish, 2 mm. long, one half the length of the obovate petals.
In open woods, infrequent.
Moehringia macrophylla (Hook.) Torr. Minutely puberulent; stems erect
or decumbent, angled, 5-10 cm. tall, mostly simple; leaves lanceolate, acute
at each end, 2-6 cm. long; cymes few-flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, 3 mm. long, exceeding the petals.
In open woods, not rare.
Family 40. NYMPHAEACEAE. Water ity Famiry.
_ Aquatic perennial herbs with horizontal rootstocks; leaves
_peltate or cordate, floating, submersed or rarely immersed; flowers
perfect, solitary, axillary, on long peduncles; sepals 3, 4, 6 or
more; petals 5-many, often grading into the sepals or stamens;
stamens 5—many; carpels 3—many, indehiscent, free or immersed
in a fleshy receptacle or more or less coalescent into a fleshy fruit;
endosperm present or none.
NYMPHAEACEAE. I51
Leaves cordate; flowers large, yellow. 187. NympHaga, 151.
Leaves peltate; flowers small, purple. 188. BrasEntA, 151.
187. NYMPHAEA. YeLLow Ponp LiLty.
Acaulescent perennials from stout rootstocks, commonly
slightly milky; leaves with united stipules which are sometimes
adnate to the base of the petioles; calyx more showy than the
corolla; sepals 5—12, concave, roundish, mostly yellow, and petal-
like; petals 10-20, hypogynous, small and thick, the innermost
or sometimes all of them stamen-like; stamens numerous, hy-
pogynous; stigmas radiate on the summit of the 10-25-celled
ovary; ovules and seeds numerous.
Nymphaea polysepala (Engelm.) Greene. Wokas. Leaves orbicular or
broadly oval, deeply cordate, 20-30 cm. long, 12-20 cm. broad; calyx sub-
globose, about 8 cm. broad; sepals 8-12, yellow, often red-tinged; petals 12-18,
ovate-cuneate, truncate, 1-1.5 cm. long; stamens very numerous; fruit sub-
globose, 4-5 cm. long.
Common in lakes. The seeds are used as food by some tribes of Indians
188. BRASENIA. WATERSHIELD.
Aquatic herbs with creeping rootstocks; leaves alternate, long-
petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating; flowers axillary, small;
sepals 3 or 4; petals 3 or 4, linear, sessile; stamens 12-18; pistils
4-18, forming club-shaped indehiscent pods, each with 1-2 seeds.
Brasenia schreberi Gmel. Watershield. Leaves alternate, long-petioled,
oval, entire or obscurely crenate, centrally peltate, 2-10 cm. long; flowers dull
purple; submerged parts of the plant coated with tough transparent jelly.
Common in lakes.
Family 41. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. Hornwort FamIty.
Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves; flowers
minute, sessile, monoecious, without calyx or corolla, but with
an 8-12-cleft involucre in place of a calyx.
189. CERATOPHYLLUM. Hornwort.
Herbs growing submerged; leaves sessile, cut into thrice-
forked, thread-like rigid divisions; sterile flowers of 10-20 stamens;
fruit an akene.
Ceratophyllum demersum L. Stems 50-200 cm. long, sparingly branched;
leaves rigid, 8-25 mm. long; akene smooth, beaked with the persistent style
and having a sharp tubercle on each side at the base..
Common in quiet streams and lakes. Very rarely found in flower or fruit.
Family 42. RANUNCULACEAE. Buttercup Famity.
Annual or perennial herbs, or sometimes woody plants, with
acrid sap; leaves usually alternate (opposite in Clematis), simple
152
RANUNCULACEAE.
or compound; stipules none but the base of the petiole often
clasping or sheathing; flowers regular or irregular; sepals 3-15,
generally soon withering, often petal-like; petals 3-15, or wanting;
stamens numerous or few, hypogynous; carpels numerous or few
or rarely solitary, separate, 1-celled, 1-many-ovuled; endosperm
present.
Carpels numerous, 1-ovuled; fruit an akene.
Leaves opposite.
Leaves alternate, whorled, or basal.
Cauline leaves three in a whorl.
Styles short, glabrous or pubescent.
Styles long, plumose.
Cauline leaves alternate or none.
Petals none.
Leaves ternately decompound.
Leaves simple, palmately lobed.
Petals present.
Sepals spurred; akenes in a long
slender spike.
Sepals not spurred; akenes in a
head.
Petals white; akenes transversely
wrinkled.
Petals yellow; akenes not trans-
versely wrinkled.
Carpels few, 2-many-ovuled; fruit a follicle or
berry.
Flowers irregular.
Upper sepal spurred; petals 4.
Upper sepal hood-like; petals 2.
Flowers regular.
Sepals spurred.
Sepals not spurred.
Petals large; flowers solitary.
Petals small or none; flowers solitary or
in racemes or umbels.
Leaves simple.
Petals none; leaves crenate.
Petals linear-spatulate; leaves
palmately parted.
Leaves compound.
Carpels becoming berries.
Carpels becoming follicles.
Flowers in racemes.
Flowers not in racemes.
Petals none; follicles ses-
sile or short-stalked.
Petals 5-6, linear; folli-
cles long-stalked.
190. CLEMATIS.
190.
191,
192.
193.
194,
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
CLemartIs, 152.
ANEMONE, 153.
PULSATILLA, 154.
THALICTRUM, 154.
TRAUTVETTERIA, 154.
Myosurus, 155.
BaTrRAcuHium, 155.
RANUNCULUS, 156.
DELPHINIUM, 159.
AcoNITuUM, 160.
AQUILEGIA, 161.
PAEONIA, 161.
CALTHA, 161.
TROLLIUS, 162.
AcTAEA, 162.
CIMICIFUGA, 162.
Isopyrum, 163.
Coptis, 163.
Perennial herbs, low and erect, or more or less woody vines,
climbing by the petioles; leaves opposite; sepals 4, rarely 3, or
RANUNCULACEAE. 153
more than 4, petal-like; petals none or minute; stamens numer-
ous; pistils numerous, 1-ovuled; styles feathery or naked in fruit.
Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Half-woody climber, the stem 2-10 m. long;
leaves pinnately compound, of 5-7 leaflets, or the lower pair ternate; leaflets
ovate or lanceolate, sometimes 3-lobed, coarsely incised-dentate or subentire,
3-6 cm. long, sparsely pubescent, becoming glabrous; flowers dioecious, in
large panicles, the staminate more showy; sepals white, oblong, densely hairy,
2 cm. long; akenes pubescent, the long tails plumose.
Reported from the Willamette Valley, Oregon, but not verified; common east
of the Cascade Mountains and in the Umpqua Valley, Oregon.
191. ANEMONE. ANEMONE. WINDFLOWER.
Erect perennial herbs; leaves compound or divided, all radical,
except 2 or 3 cauline which form an involucre usually remote
from the flower; peduncles 1-flowered, solitary or in umbels;
sepals 4-20, petal-like; petals none; stamens numerous; pistils
numerous; akenes flattened, not ribbed; styles short, glabrous
or pubescent, never plumose.
Akenes densely woolly; rootstock short and stout.
Leaves hairy, the lobes linear. A. hudsoniana.
Leaves glabrate, the lobes usually cuneate. A. drummondit.
Akenes not woolly; rootstocks slender.
Involucral leaves simple. A. deltoidea.
Involucral leaves 3—5-foliolate.
Flowers 8-12 mm. in diameter, white. A, lyallit.
Flowers 20-35 mm. in diameter.
Sepals white. A, piperi.
Sepals blue. A. oregana.
Anemone hudsoniana (DC.) Richards. More or less silky-villous; stems
20-40 cm. high, 1-3-flowered; leaves ternate, cleft into linear divisions; sepals
yellowish or dull red, about 1 cm. long; head of akenes globose; styles about
half as long as the akenes.
In the mountains, infrequent.
Anemone drummondii Wats. Glabrous or becoming so; stems 10-15 cm.
high; leaf-segments short, linear or narrowly cuneate; sepals bluish; styles
slender, nearly as long as the akene.
In rock crevices in the mountains at high altitudes, rare.
Anemone deltoidea Hook. Stems 15-30 cm. high from slender running
rootstocks; radical leaves trifoliolate, the leaflets ovate, dentate, acute; sepals
white, 1-2 cm. long; akenes ovate, glabrous or nearly so.
In open woods from Pierce County, Washington, southward.
Anemone lyallii Britt. Stems very slender, 5-10 cm. high; leaves 3-foli-
olate, the leaflets lanceolate to ovate, obtusely toothed; flowers white, small,
the sepals 4-6 mm. long.
In moist mountain woods, rare.
Anemone piperi Britt. Wood Anemone. Perennial from slender deep-
seated white rootstocks; stems erect, 1-flowered, 10-20 cm. tall, smooth or
pubescent; radical leaf and the three of the involucre similar, ternate or often
5-foliolate, petiolate, the leaflets or divisions oblong-cuneate or ovate, acute
or acuminate, incisely toothed or lobed, 3-5 cm. long; sepals 4~7, oval, white;
akenes puberulent, the style short.
154 RANUNCULACEAE.
Moist woods, in the mountains. Scarcely distinct from the eastern A.
quinquefolia L.
Anemone oregana Gray. Similar to A. piperi but larger; leaflets obovate
to oval, obtusish, coarsely serrate or incised with but few teeth; sepals blue,
12-20 mm. long.
In the Cascade Mountains, mostly on the eastern slope.
192. PULSATILLA. PasQueE FLOWER.
Perennial herbs with thick rootstocks, long-petioled palmately
divided basal leaves and 3 cauline leaves in a whorl forming an
involucre remote from the calyx; sepals petal-like; petals none;
stamens numerous, the outer often sterile; pistils numerous;
akenes with long persistent plumose styles.
Pulsatilla occidentalis (Wats.) Freyn. Whole plant covered with long
hairs; stems stout, 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves long-petioled, divided into
numerous narrow segments; cauline leaves similar, sessile; flowers solitary,
large; sepals whitish, tinged with purple, 15-20 mm. long; akenes with tails
3-4 cm. long.
Mountain meadows, abundant.
193. THALICTRUM. MEeEaApow RuE.
Erect perennial herbs; leaves 2—3-ternately compound, radical
and cauline, the latter alternate; flowers perfect, polygamous or
dioecious, generally small, greenish-white, in corymbs, panicles or
racemes; sepals 4 or 5, petal-like or greenish, dull-colored; petals
none; stamens numerous; pistils 4-15, commonly few, 1-ovuled;
akenes capitate, grooved or ribbed, inflated.
Akenes narrowly fusiform, 3-nerved on each face, in loose
clusters. T. occidentale.
Akenes falcate, compressed, obscurely veined, in dense clus-
ters. T. papyraceum.
Thalictrum occidentale Gray. Dioecious; stems 50-100 cm. tall; leaves
ternately decompound; leaflets oblong, obovate or orbicular, mostly petioled,
incisely dentate at the apex, glabrous, 1-2 cm. long; panicle loose; sepals
elliptic-cuneate, greenish; filaments very slender; anthers linear, slender-
pointed; akenes 6-12, in loose clusters, stipitate, lanceolate, long-acuminate,
3-nerved on each side, the mid-nerve somewhat salient, 6-8 mm. long.
In moist copses, especially in the mountains.
Thalictrum papyraceum Greene. Dioecious, glabrous throughout; stems
stout, 1-3 m. tall; leaflets 3, incisely 3-lobed, the median lobe mucronate, the
others obtuse; panicle loose, narrow; akenes 12-18, in dense globose clusters
2 cm. broad, each falcate, strongly compressed, 1 cm. long, the thin pericarp
obscurely and irregularly veined.
Sauvies Island, Oregon, Howell.
194. TRAUTVETTERIA.
Tall erect perennial herbs; leaves palmately-lobed, the radical
large and long-petioled; the cauline few, short-petioled or sessile;
“RANUNCULACEAE. 155
flowers white, in corymbs; sepals 3-5, broad, concave; petals
none; stamens numerous; pistils numerous, 1-ovuled; akenes
capitate, sharply-angled, inflated; styles minute.
Trautvetteria grandis Nutt. Stems 30-50 cm. tall, glabrous or nearly so;
leaves broader than long, 8-30 cm. across, 5—9-cleft, the lobes oblong or ob-
ovate, acute, incisely lobed and toothed; akenes smooth, ovate, three-angled,
tipped with a slender recurved beak.
In mountain meadows and along mountain streams.
195. MYOSURUS. Mouwuse Taw.
Very small annual herbs; leaves entire, linear or at first spatu-
late, in a basal tuft; scapes simple, 1-flowered; sepals 5, spurred
at the base; petals 5, greenish-yellow, with long nectariferous
claws, or none; stamens 5-20; pistils numerous, borne on a
central axis, the receptacle, which becomes greatly elongated in
fruit; ovule 1.
Myosurus major Greene. Scapes several-many, 8-15 cm. high; fruiting
spikes 2-4 cm. long, rather stout; akenes with a short straight beak.
Vancouver Island to California.
196. BATRACHIUM. WaATER BUTTERCUP.
Perennial aquatic herbs with alternate dissected or palmately
lobed leaves, the ultimate segments of the submersed leaves
filiform; flowers solitary, rather small, white, borne on peduncles
opposite the leaves; sepals and petals usually 5; petals oblong or
oval, sometimes yellowish at base; stamens several or numerous;
akenes compressed, not margined, nearly beakless, transversely
wrinkled.
Receptacle glabrous; submersed leaves none, the float-
ing ones 3-parted. B. lobbii.
Receptacle hairy; submersed leaves capillary.
Floating leaves reniform or orbicular. B. aquatile.
Floating leaves wanting. B. aquatile pantothrix.
Batrachium lobbii (Gray) Howell. Stems slender, 15-30 cm. long; floating
leaves orbicular in outline, 6-15 mm. wide, 3-parted into oblong lobes, the
lateral ones notched at the apex; petals obovate, 4 mm. long; styles slender,
three times as long as the ovary; akenes rugose, each tipped with a short beak;
receptacle glabrous.
Lost Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun, and in western Oregon.
‘Batrachium aquatile (L.) Wimm. Water Crowfoot. Stems 5-40 cm. long,
slender, growing in water; immersed leaves flaccid, all finely divided into fili-
form segments, 8-20 mm. long; floating leaves 1-5, reniform or orbicular,
3-5-lobed or parted; petals white, yellow at base, each bearing a naked nec-
tariferous pit; akenes thick, transversely wrinkled, the style short; receptacle
hairy.
In ponds, frequent.
Batrachium aquatile pantothrix (Brot.) Piper. All the leaves immersed and
divided into filiform segments.
In ponds, often with B. aquatile.
156 RANUNCULACEAE,
197. RANUNCULUS. Buttercup.
Annual or perennial herbs; cauline leaves alternate; flowers
solitary or corymbed; sepals usually 5, deciduous; petals as
many or more, conspicuous or minute, with a nectariferous pit
and a scale at the base of the blade; stamens numerous, occa-
sionally few; pistils numerous, 1-ovuled; akenes capitate or
spicate, generally flattened, each tipped with a minute or an
elongated style.
Plants aquatic or subaquatic; leaves finely dis-
sected when submersed, less so when aerial. R. purshit.
Plants terrestrial but often growing in very wet
places; leaves never finely dissected.
Akenes thin-walled, the faces nerved; leaves
crenate; the plant spreading by runners. R. cymbalaria.
Akenes not thin-walled nor nerved.
Leaves entire or nearly so.
Stems creeping, rooting from the nodes.
Leaves lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long. R. flammula unalaschensts.
Leaves linear-spatulate, 5-20 mm.
long. R. flammula reptans.
Stems erect, not rooting from the nodes.
Plants 30-60 cm. high; leaves lan-
ceolate or oblong. R. alismaefolius.
Plants 10-25 cm. high; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate. R. alismellus.
Leaves or some of them lobed or divided.
Faces of the akenes scabrous or muri-
cate; annuals.
Pubescent; akenes hispid with
hooked hairs. R. hebecarpus.
Nearly glabrous; akenes minutely
spiny. R. muricatus.
Faces of the akenes smooth or merely
pilose; mostly perennials.
Herbage glabrous or nearly so; low
species.
Annual; leaves 3-5-lobed or 7
parted, the lobes crenately in-
cised orcleft; akenes apiculate. R. sceleratus.
Perennials.
Head of akenes_ globose;
petals large, showy. R. suksdorfit.
Head of akenes oblong.
Style straight; leaves
ciliate, not cordate. R. eschscholtzit.
Style recurved; leaves
cordate, not ciliate. R. verecundus.
Herbage pubescent or hirsute; most-
ly tall and coarse species.
Beaks of the akenes hooked at
tip.
Petals showy; pubescence
villous. R. occidentalis.
Petals very small, pale; pube-
scence hirsute.
RANUNCULACEAE. 157
Akenes hispid on the faces. R. bongardi.
Akenes smooth. R. bongardi douglasit.
Beaks of the akenes not hooked
at the tip.
Akenes long beaked. R. orthorhynchus.
Akenes short beaked.
Plants decumbent, creep-
ing by stolons; petals
showy. R. repens.
Plants erect or ascending,
not stoloniferous.
Head of akenes oblong;
petals not longer
than the sepals. R. pennsylvanicus.
Head of akenes glo-
bose; petals longer
than the sepals. R. oreganus.
Ranunculus purshii Richards. Aquatic and glabrous or more commonly
terrestrial on muddy banks, and then pubescent; leaves orbicular, palmately
3-cleft, the segments 2—5-lobed; petals yellow, 4-5 mm. long, scarcely longer
than the sepals; akenes without distinct border, tipped with a short straight
beak.
Rare in our limits.
Ranunculus cymbalaria saximontanus Fernald. Perennial, nearly glabrous;
leaves clustered at the base and at the joints of the long slender stolons,
ovate or ovate-cordate, coarsely crenate, thick, the petioles often pilose;
scapes 1-7-flowered, 3-15 cm. high, commonly pilose; petals 5-8, pale
aed 4-9 mm. long, exceeding the sepals; heads of akenes oblong, 6-12 mm.
ong.
Moist soil especially where saline.
Ranunculus flammula unalaschensis (Bess.) Ledeb. Stems slender, creep-
ing, rooting at the lower joints, 15-30 cm. long; leaves narrowly-lanceolate,
short-petioled, acute at each end, 2-5 cm. long, shorter than the internodes;
flowers small, yellow, mostly solitary on the ascending tips of the stems; akene
small, smooth, short-beaked.
Gravelly borders of lakes and streams, common.
Ranunculus flammula reptans (L.) Schlecht. Stems very slender, rooting
at all the joints; leaves linear to linear-spatulate, 10-25 mm. long.
Gravelly or sandy shores of lakes and streams, especially in the mountains
at low altitudes.
4
Ranunculus alismaefolius Geyer. Glabrous throughout, rather stout,
40-60 cm. tall, branched above; radical leaves long-petioled, lanceolate or
ovate, obtuse, usually cuneate at the base, entire or obscurely denticulate,
5-10 cm. long; cauline leaves narrower, mostly sessile; peduncles elongated;
sepals small; petals yellow, cuneate-obovate, strongly-nerved, 8 mm. long;
akenes turgid, smooth, short-beaked.
In wet places, Willamette Valley. Our plant is not typical of the species
and may be distinct, possibly referrable to R. samoltfolius Greene.
Ranunculus alismellus (Gray) Greene. Glabrous, 15-25 cm. high; stems
solitary or few from a fascicle of fibrous roots, erect or nearly so; basal leaves
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire, petioled, 2-5 cm. long, the cauline
smaller; peduncles slender, axillary, longer than the subtending leaves; flowers
yellow, small, 8-15 mm. broad; petals 5 or 6, obovate; akenes thick, short-
beaked, numerous in a globose cluster.
158 RANUNCULACEAE.
Mount Adams and other high peaks of the Cascade Mountains, not definitely
known from within our limits.
Ranunculus hebecarpus H.& A. Annual; whole plant hairy; stems slender,
mostly erect, 15-30 cm. tall; leaves 2-3 cm. broad, 3-parted, the lobes incisely
3-lobed; petioles of the leaves much longer than the blades; petals small,
2mm. long, about equalling the sepals; akenes flattened, with short hooked
beaks, the sides roughened and covered with hooked hairs.
Eastern Washington to California. Introduced on Vancouver Island.
Ranunculus muricatus L. Annual, nearly glabrous; stems stout, rather
succulent, 10-20 cm. high; basal leaves circular in outline, reniform, 3-lobed,
coarsely crenate-dentate; cauline 3-cleft, broadly cuneate; petals bright yellow,
longer than the calyx; akenes flat, the sides armed with fine prickles, the beak
stout, subulate.
Wet places, introduced from Europe.
Ranunculus sceleratus L. Annual, glabrous; stems erect, hollow, 15-40
cm. high; leaves pale green, the basal ones reniform orbicular, deeply 3-lobed,
the cauline 3-5-lobed or parted and the divisions cleft or lobed; petals pale
yellow, scarcely longer than the calyx; akenes short-beaked, smooth, numerous,
in a cylindric head.
Rare in moist places but undoubtedly native.
Ranunculus suksdorfii Gray. Perennial, glabrous; leaves 1-2 cm. long,
truncate to somewhat reniform at base, deeply 3~5-parted; segments of the
basal leaves cuneate, 3—5-cleft, of the cauline linear and entire; petals sub-
orbicular, retuse, 8-12 mm. long, bright yellow; akenes in a globose cluster,
glabrous, each tipped with a long slender style.
In moist places at about 2000 m. altitude, Cascade and Olympic Mountains.
Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schlecht. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so,
10-20 cm. high; leaves ciliate, the basal orbicular, deeply 3—5-cleft or parted,
the cuneate divisions again lobed or cleft; cauline mostly 3-parted, the lobes
usually entire; flowers few; petals pale yellow, 6-10 mm. long, exceeding the
sepals; head of akenes oblong; akenes swollen, marginless, glabrous, tipped
with a straight beak.
Along alpine rills at 1500-2000 m. altitude. First found at Unalaska by
Chamisso.
Ranunculus verecundus Robinson. Perennial, nearly glabrous; scems sub-
erect or procumbent; basal leaves reniform to suborbicular, deeply cordate, 3-
parted, not ciliate, the segments 3—5-lobed or deeply crenate, the lobes obtuse;
petiole 2-4 cm. long, sparsely villose at the broadened base; cauline leaves 1-3,
3-5-parted into narrow segments; peduncles 3-7 cm. long; petals obovate,
bright-yellow, scarcely exceeding the sepals; akenes numerous in an ovoid to
cylindric cluster, glabrous, compressed, 1.8 mm. long; style recurved; receptacle
villous at tip.
Mount Rainier, 2300 m. altitude, Flett; Mount Adams, 2000 m. altitude,
Suksdorf.
Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. Perennial, villous-hirsute; stems slender,
25-45 cm. high, not much branched; basal leaves orbicular, cordate, deeply
3-5-cleft or sometimes parted, the segments cuneate and 2-7-lobed, the lobes
acute; cauline leaves mostly parted into linear entire segments; petals bright
yellow, 10-12 mm. long, twice as long as the reflexed sepals; akenes glabrous
or sparingly bristly, flat, tipped with stout hooked beaks; cluster of akenes
globose; receptacle glabrous.
Common in open prairies.
RANUNCULACEAE. 159
Ranunculus bongardi Greene. Erect, 40-60 cm. tall, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent; leaves deeply 3-5-cleft, the lower cuneate-obovate, incisely 2—-5-
toothed; petioles longer than the blades; flowers few, in open cymes, long-
pedicelled; petals 5, very small, pale yellow; akenes much flattened, hispid
on the faces, each with a slender circinate beak, aggregated into globose
clusters.
Common in shady copses.
Ranunculus bongardi douglasii (Howell) Davis. Similar to R. bongardi
but less pubescent or sometimes glabrous; akenes smooth, the beak shorter.
In moist places. All intergrades with the preceding occur.
Ranunculus orthorhynchus Hook. Perennial, glabrous or sparsely ap-
pressed-hairy; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, branched and nearly naked above;
leaves pinnately divided into 5-7 narrow cleft or incised segments, the tips
with white callous points; petals obovate, yellow, often purplish on the outside,
strongly nerved, twice as long as the reflexed oval sepals; akenes few, glabrous,
compressed, sharp-margined, the border shorter than the slender straight beak.
In wet meadows.
Ranunculus repens L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; stems 30-60 cm.
long, creeping and rooting at the lower nodes; leaves often white-blotched,
mostly 3-parted or 3-divided, the segments rhombic-ovate, 2—3-lobed and in-
cisely toothed; petals obovate, about 1 cm. long, much exceeding the spreading
sepals; akenes obovate, tipped with a short recurved style.
In wet meadows, introduced from Europe.
Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Stout and tall, hirsute with spreading
hairs, erect, 30-100 cm. high, the root usually annual; leaves ternately com-
pound, the leaflets ovate, acute, 3-cleft; flowers small; petals pale yellow, not
longer than the sepals; akenes flat, obscurely margined, each tipped with a
short scraight beak, crowded in a short cylindric head.
In damp meadows, rare in our limits.
Ranunculus oreganus (Gray) Howell. Sparsely bristly-hirsute; stems stout,
erect or ascending, 30-90 cm. high; leaves ternately divided, the segments
stalked, broadly ovate, 3-cleft, the lobes incisely toothed; petals bright yellow,
obovate, 6 mm. long, twice as long as the reflexed sepals; akenes in an oblong
or oval cluster, each with a stout straight flattened beak.
In wet places in open deciduous woods.
198. DELPHINIUM. Larkspur.
Annual or perennial erect branching herbs; leaves palmately
lobed or divided; flowers showy, in a raceme or panicle; sepals 5,
petal-like, the upper one prolonged into a spur; petals 4, some-
times 2, the two posterior ones spurred, the lateral, when present,
small; stamens numerous; pistils 1-5, sessile, many-ovuled,
forming follicles at maturity.
Roots thickened, forming irregular tubers.
Pubescence minute, white, appressed. D, menziesit.
Pubescence if any spreading, sometimes viscid. D. columbianum.
Roots fasciculate, elongate, not tuber-like. ,
Pedicels shorter than the flowers and fruit; flowers pale
blue. D. glaucum.
Pedicels longer than the flowers and fruit; flowers deep
blue.
Plant 1-2 m. high; leaves thin. D. trollisfolium.
Plant 10-30 cm. high; leaves thickish. D. bicolor.
160 RANUNCULACEAE,
Delphinium menziesii DC. Stems erect, simple or branched above,
30-70 cm. tall, appressed-puberulent at least above with white usually curved
hairs; leaves 3-7-parted, the divisions usually deeply cleft into 2-4, usually
3 lobes, the segments linear or lanceolate; petioles mostly exceeding the blades;
racemes loose, 5—25-flowered; pedicels spreading, mostly as long as or longer
than the dark blue flowers; sepals pubescent on the outside, 2—-2.5 cm. long;
spur as long, mostly acute and slender; follicles 3, mostly diverging at maturity,
pubescent, 1.4-3 cm.long.
si Tn ebse grassy places. Originally collected by Menzies, probably at Nootka
ound.
Delphinium menziesii ochroleucum T. & G. (D. leucophaeum Greene; D.
willametense Suksdorf.) Sepals cream-colored; petals blue, bordered with
white.
Willamette Valley, Nuttall, Howell, Suskdorf.
Delphinium columbianum Greene. (D. nuttallit Gray.) Very similar to
D. menziesii; herbage somewhat glaucous, glabrous or nearly so below, finely
villous and sometimes viscid in the inflorescence; follicles remaining erect or
nearly so, villous-puberulent.
In prairies and open places, rare.
Delphinium glaucum Wats. Glabrous throughout; stems erect, stout,
1-2 m. high, smooth and glaucous; leaves orbicular, 5-7-parted, the lobes
laciniately toothed and acuminate, dark green above, pale beneath; flowers
pale, dull blue, in a dense raceme; pedicels short; sepals 10-12 mm. long;
follicles glabrous, veiny. :
Along streams in the mountains.
Delphinium trolliifolium Gray. Roots stout, elongated, not tuber-like;
herbage glabrous or the inflorescence sparsely villous, rarely somewhat viscid;
stems erect, 1-2 m. high; leaves thin, orbicular in outline, 5-10 cm. broad,
5-7-cleft or parted, the lobes cuneate, incisely cleft into lanceolate acute lobes;
raceme loosely many-flowered, the pedicels spreading; flowers dark blue;
sepals 1.5-2 cm. long, ovate, acuminate; follicles glabrous, turgid, veiny,
recurved when mature, 12-15 mm. long.
In meadows along streams, Lewis County, Washington, to northern Calif-
ornia. Commonly reputed to be very poisonous to cattle.
Delphinium bicolor Nutt. (D. glareosum Greene.) Roots stout, thick,
elongated, not tuber-like; herbage sparsely villous, especially in the inflores-
cence, to nearly or quite glabrous; stems erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves succu-
lent, orbicular in outline, 5-parted, the segments 3-5-cleft into narrow lobes;
raceme loosely few to many-flowered; sepals blue, 1.5-2 cm. long; petals
white, veined with blue; follicles turgid, glabrous.
Rare in our limits; Olympic Mountains, Piper, Elmer, Flett; Goat Moun-
tains, Allen.
199. ACONITUM. AconiTE. MonxksHoop.
Tall erect perennial herbs; leaves palmately-lobed or divided;
flowers large, showy, in terminal racemes or panicles; sepals 5,
petal-like, very irregular, the upper one hooded or helmet-shaped;
petals 2-5, the upper two hooded, long clawed, concealed in the
helmet; stamens numerous; pistils 3-5, many-ovuled, forming
follicles at maturity.
Aconitum howellii A. Nelson. (A. bulbiferum Howell.) Stems slender
weak and viny, 60-120 cm. long, smooth below, tomentose above; leaves
RANUNCULACEAE. 161
rather small, on short petioles, or the upper sessile, bearing bulblets in their
sails) all laciniately cut into acute lobes; sepals pale blue; hood 12-16 mm.
ong.
Near the base of Mount Hood, Oregon, Howell.
200. AQUILEGIA. CoLuMBINE.
Erect perennials with 2—3-ternately compound leaves; flowers
regular, showy, on the ends of the branches; sepals 5, regular,
petal-like; petals 5, all alike, each with a short lip and produced
backward into a large hollow spur much longer than the calyx;
pistils 5, with slender styles; pods erect, many-seeded.
Flowers scarlet and yellow. A. formosa.
Flowers wholly yellow. A. flavescens.
Aquilegia formosa Fisch. Usually sparingly pubescent; stems erect,
60-90 cm. high; leaflets broadly cuneate, paler beneath, lobed; flowers nodding,
bright scarlet, yellow inside; sepals spreading; spurs nearly straight, about
twice as long as their blades.
Common in moist places and in the mountains up to 2000 m. altitude.
Aquilegia flavescens Wats. Like A. formosa but flowers wholly yellow.
In the mountains, rare.
201. PAEONIA. Pacrony.
Robust perennial herbs with ternately or pinnately compound
leaves and showy flowers; sepals 5, herbaceous, persistent;
petals 5-10: stamens numerous, inserted on a fleshy disk; pistils
2-5; fruit of 3-5 leathery several-seeded follicles.
Paeonia brownii Dougl. Whole plant glabrous and glaucous, 20-50 cm.
high, at first erect or ascending, in fruit decumbent; leaves thick, once or
twice ternately divided or parted, the ultimate segments from narrowly oblong
to obovate; sepals green, concave, unequal; petals dull brownish red, thick,
scarcely longer than the sepals; follicles usually 5, oblong, smooth, about 3 cm.
long; seeds black, shining.
In the Cascade Mountains at low elevations, principally on the eastern
slope; also said to occur on Vancouver Island, but this is doubtful.
202. CALTHA.
Smooth succulent perennial marsh herbs with round and
heart-shaped or reniform undivided leaves; sepals 5-15, petal-
like, regular; petals none; stamens numerous; pistils 5-15,
several-ovuled, becoming in fruit several-seeded follicles.
Flowers yellow; stems decumbent, leafy. C. asarifolia.
Flowers white; stems erect, leafless or 1-leaved.
Leaves reniform-orbicular, broader than long. C. biflora.
Leaves cordate, longer than broad. C. leptosepala.
Caltha asarifolia DC. Marsh Marigold. Stems decumbent, usually
rooting at the nodes, one or few-flowered; leaves round-reniform; sepals 5-7,
bright yellow; follicles sessile.
In bogs, Alaska to Oregon, along the coast; rare southward.
12
162 RANUNCULACEAE.
Caltha biflora DC. Stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves crenate or repand, the
basal lobes usually overlapping; sepals 6-9, oval to oblong; follicles short-
stalked.
In wet alpine meadows, Alaska to California.
Caltha leptosepala DC. Stems 8-20 cm. high; leaves cordate, crenate or
repand; sepals 7-10, oblong, often bluish beneath; follicles very short-stalked.
Wet mountain meadows, Alaska to Oregon and Colorado.
203. TROLLIUS.
Glabrous perennial herbs with palmately lobed or dissected
leaves and yellow flowers; sepals 5-15, regular, petal-like, de-
ciduous; petals 5-8, small, 1-lipped, tubular at base; stamens
and carpels numerous, the latter forming in fruit many-seeded
follicles.
Trollius laxus Salisb. Globe Flower. Leaves 5-7-cleft; sepals white;
petals numerous, shorter than the stamens, very small.
In wet places at low elevations in the mountains, rare.
204. ACTAEA. BANEBERRY.
Erect perennial herbs; leaves large, 2—3-ternately compound;
flowers small, white, in a terminal raceme; sepals 3-5, petal-like;
petals 4-10, small, spatulate or narrow-clawed; stamens numer-
ous; ovary 1-many-ovuled, in fruit forming a large somewhat
poisonous berry.
Actaea spicata arguta (Nutt.) Torr. Stems 30-60 cm. tall, erect; leaves
triternately decompound; leaflets obliquely ovate or lanceolate, acuminate,
coarsely incised-serrate or lobed, puberulent when young, 3-6 cm. long;
racemes densely flowered, 2-3 cm. long, becoming loose in age; berries bright
red, rarely white.
In moist copses, frequent.
205. CIMICIFUGA. BuGBANE.
Perennial herbs, with 2—3-ternately divided leaves and serrate
leaflets; flowers white, in elongated racemes; sepals 4 or 5, early
falling; petals 1-8, small, clawed, 2-lobed or none; stamens
numerous; carpels 1-8, many-ovuled, becoming follicles at
maturity.
Follicles stalked; petals usually present. C. laciniata.
Follicles not stalked; petals none. C. elata.
Cimicifuga laciniata Wats. Tall, 1 m. or more high; leaflets oblong or
ovate, lacinately toothed; follicles 3-5, stalked, 12 mm. long; seeds flattened.
Woods about the base of Mount Hood, Oregon.
Cimicifuga elata Nutt. Tall, 1-2 m. high; leaflets broad, cordate, acute,
coarsely serrate, mostly 3-lobed; follicles 1-3, sessile, 8-10 mm. long; seeds
not flattened.
In open woods, rare.
RANUNCULACEAE. 163
206. ISOPYRUM.
Low glabrous perennials with 1-3 ternately compound leaves,
their primary divisions long-petiolulate; flowers white; sepals
5 or 6, broad, widely spreading; petals none (in ours); follicles
2-20, sessile, rarely short stipitate; ovules and seeds few (in ours).
Isopyrum hallii Gray. Stems erect, 30-80 cm. high; leaflets 2-3 cm. long,
cuneate-obovate, incisely 3-lobed; flowers in leafy-bracted umbel-like cymes;
sepals obovate; stamens numerous, as long as the sepals, the filaments clavate;
follicles 3-5, ovate, turgid, sharp-beaked; seeds rugulose.
In woods along mountain streams, western Oregon, rare.
207. COPTIS. GoLDTHREAD.
Low glabrous perennials with slender rootstocks; leaves all
radical, ternately compound; flowers on scapes, solitary, or in
few-flowered umbels; sepals 5-7, petal-like; petals 5-6, small,
linear, hood-shaped; stamens numerous; pistils 3-7, on slender
stalks, in fruit forming a cluster of divergent follicles.
Coptis laciniata Gray. Leaves trifoliolate, the ovate leaflets firm, shiny,
3-cleft or parted and the divisions incisely dentate; sepals whitish, linear,
8-10 mm long; petals filiform with a broader concave nectary below the middle;
follicles longer than their stalk-like bases.
In mountain woods, Skamania County, Washington to northern Cali-
fornia. C. trifoliata (L.) Salisb. has been reported to occur near Snohomish,
Washington, but no specimens have been seen from farther south than Mount
Mark, Vancouver Island, Macoun. The species is readily distinguished by the
three undivided leaflets, oval sepals, and clavate petals.
Family 43. BERBERIDACEAE. BARBERRY FAMILY.
Shrubs or herbs; leaves alternate, mostly compound or divided,
with stipules or dilated bases; flowers perfect, the bracts, sepals,
petals and stamens all distinct and hypogynous; sepals and petals
each usually in two rows of three; anthers opening by two valves
or lids hinged at the top; pistil single; style short or none; fruit
a berry or pod; seeds few or several; endosperm present.
Shrubs; leaves evergreen, pinnate, spiny. 208. BERBERIS, 163.
Herbs; leaves deciduous, not pinnate nor spiny.
Leaves ternately compound; flowers in panicles. 209. VANCOUVERIA, 164.
Leaves 3-parted; flowers in spikes. 210. Acutys, 164.
208. BERBERIS.
Shrubs with yellow wood; leaves alternate, simple or compound,
often spiny, evergreen (in ours); flowers yellow, in clustered
racemes; bractlets 2-6; sepals 6, petal-like; petals 6, in two rows,
each with two basal glands; stamens 6, short; stigma peltate;
fruit a berry.
Leaflets palmately nerved. B. nervosa.
Leaflets pinnately nerved. B. aquifolium.
164 BERBERIDACEAE.
Berberis nervosa Pursh. Oregon Grape. Stems erect, simple, 15-30 cm.
high; leaves 30-75 cm. long, with 11-19 leaflets, these ovate or lanceolate,
acuminate, spinulose-dentate; bud scales lanceolate, acuminate, 2—2.5 cm.
long, persistent, becoming dry and rigid; racemes terminal, one or several,
10-20 cm. long; pedicels shorter than the fruit; berries globose, purple-black
with a white bloom, very acid.
Very common in coniferous woods.
Berberis aquifolium Pursh. Shrub often 1-2 m. high, erect or nearly so;
leaflets 5-11, evergreen, shining, oblong or ovate, 4-10 cm. long, with numerous
spiny teeth; racemes usually clustered, subterminal; berries black with a bloom,
usually pear-shaped.
In open places, not uncommon.
209. VANCOUVERIA.
Perennial herbs with triternate leaves; flowers in racemes or
panicles; sepals 6, in 2 series, obovate, petal-like, reflexed, sub-
tended by 6 or 9 calyx-like bracts in 2 or 3 series; petals 6, clawed,
nectariferous; stamens 6; style slender; stigma terminal; ovary
2-9-ovuled; follicle oblong, membranaceous, 2-valved.
Vancouveria hexandra (Hook.) Morr. & Dene. Nearly glabrous with a few
pilose hairs on the stem and petioles; leaves triternate, the petioles slender;
leaflets thin, somewhat cordate at base, 2-5 cm. long, angularly 3-lobed, or
the margin repand or sub-entire; scape naked or bearing a single leaf, 10-30
cm. high, exceeding the leaves; flowers white.
In deep woods; valley of the Nisqually River, Washington, and southward.
210. ACHLYS.
Herbs with creeping rootstocks; flowers in an erect spike;
stamens 6-12; filaments elongated, filiform, or the outer dilated;
ovary ovoid with a broad sessile stigma; ovule solitary; fruit at
first somewhat fleshy, at length dry indehiscent, 1-seeded.
Achlys triphylla (Smith) DC. Vanilla-leaf. Rootstocks slender, scaly;
leaves mostly solitary, glabrous, erect, the petiole about 30 cm. long; leaflets 3,
spreading, broadly cuneate or fan-shaped, the outer margin coarsely sinuate-
dentate, the larger 5-10 cm. long; scape naked, as long as the leaf, the small
white flowers in an erect spike 2-3 cm. long.
Common in open coniferous woods. The plant contains cumarin which
gives it a vanilla-like odor in drying.
Family 44. PAPAVERACEAE. Poppy Famity.
Herbs with a milky or watery juice; leaves alternate, simple
or compound, without stipules; flowers perfect, regular or irreg-
ular, the parts in twos or fours; sepals 2; petals 4-12, separate
or somewhat united; stamens 6, diadelphous, or numerous and
distinct; ovary 1-celled with 2 or more parietal placentae; fruit
a dry 1-celled pod with numerous seeds.
PAPAVERACEAE. 165
Flowers regular.
Leaves alternate, lobed or dissected. 211. Escuscuowzia, 165.
Leaves opposite, entire. 212. PLatysticmA, 165.
Flowers irregular.
Corolla 2-spurred at the base. 213. BIKUKULLA, 165.
Corolla 1-spurred at the base. 214. CapNoIDEs, 166.
211. ESCHSCHOLZIA.
Smooth glaucous slender annual herbs with colorless bitter
juice; leaves alternate, petioled, lobed or dissected; flowers
bright orange or yellow; sepals coherent into a narrow pointed
hood; petals 4; stamens numerous, with short filaments and
linear anthers; style short; stigma divided into 4-6 linear unequal
lobes; ovary linear, with 2 placentae; capsule elongated, 1-celled,
10-nerved, 2-valved, many-seeded.
Eschscholzia californica Cham. California Poppy. Perennial, glabrous
and glaucous, the erect or decumbent branches 20-60 cm. long; leaves ter-
nately divided into linear acutish lobes; calyx conic; petals orange-yellow,
fan-shaped, 3-5 cm. broad; capsule 5-8 cm. long; rim of the receptacle 3-6 mm.
broad.
In open prairies, Willamette Valley. . californica is extremely variable
and numerous species have been proposed for the variant forms. The nor-
thern forms have been named E. columbiana Greene and E. douglasii (Hook.
& Arn.) Walp., the former with a broad rim to the receptacle, the latter with
a narrow rim, but this character is very variable. No species of Eschscholzia
is known to be native north of the Columbia River and west of the Cascade
Mountains, but cultivated forms commonly escape and become established
for a time.
212. PLATYSTIGMA.
Low slender annual herbs; leaves pale-green, entire, opposite
or whorled; flowers pale-yellow, long-peduncled; sepals 3 (rarely
2); petals 4-6; stamens few to many, with narrow filaments and
oblong or linear-oblong anthers; stigmas 3, distinct, ovate to
linear; ovary 2-angled, oblong or linear; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved,
many-seeded.
Platystigma oreganum (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook. Glabrous, the spreading
stems usually 5-20 em. high; basal leaves spatulate to obovate, 15-20 mm.
long, the petioles margined; cauline spatulate to linear, sessile; flowers white,
on long peduncles; petals white, 2-4 mm. long; anthers shorter than the fila-
ment; capsule linear, usually twisted when mature.
In open places, especially in gravelly or sandy soil. Rare in Washington
but common southward.
213. BIKUKULLA.
Erect or diffuse glabrous perennial herbs; leaves ternately
compound or dissected; flowers in racemes or panicles, irregular,
nodding; pedicels 2-bracted; sepals 2, scale-like; petals slightly
united into a 2-spurred or swollen nectariferous often withering-
persistent corolla; stamens 6, in two sets, opposite the outer
166 PAPAVERACEAE.
petals; placentae 2; style slender; capsule oblong or linear,
2-valved.
Bikukulla formosa (Andr.) Coville. Rootstocks thickish, creeping, the
leaves and scapes arising at the tips of the branches; leaves two or three times
ternate, 20-30 cm. broad, the ultimate segments pinnately incised into narrow
lobes, glaucous beneath; scapes exceeding the leaves; flowers bracted in
panicles; corolla rose-colored, cordate with short rounded spurs, the outer
petals with ovate spreading tips.
In moist woods, especially along streams.
214. CAPNOIDES.
Biennial erect pale or glaucous herbs; leaves radical and
cauline, decompound; flowers in racemes; sepals 2, small; petals
4, slight y united to a 1-spurred corolla; inner petals narrow,
keeled; stamens 6, in two sets, opposite the outer petals; pla-
centae 2; style entire, dilated or lobed; capsule oblong or linear,
2-valved.
Capnoides scouleri (Hook.) Kuntze. Perennial from thickened roots;
stems scaly at base; basal leaves very large, pinnately decompound, the ulti-
mate segments oblong, obtuse, entire or the terminal ones 3-lobed, 3-5 cm.
long, glaucous beneath, blackening in drying; flowering stems with 1-3 smaller
leaves; flowers pale pink, in a loose raceme; corolla 2-3 cm. long, the spurs
three times as long as the body.
In moist woods, not abundant, at 500-1000 m. altitude; in some places at
sea level.
Family 45. CRUCIFERAE. Mustarp Famity.
Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery sap; leaves alter-
nate; stipules none; flowers perfect, regular, in usually bractless
racemes, spikes or corymbs; sepals 4, usually oblong; petals 4
rarely none, hypogynous, in the form of a cross, equal, generally
clawed, alternate with the sepals; stamens 6, rarely fewer,
hypogynous, of unequal length, the two shorter opposite the
sepals, the four longer opposite the petals; pistil 1, of 2 united
carpels; pod usually 2-celled, dehiscing by the’separation of two
valves from the central partition, or rarely indehiscent, either
much longer than broad (a silique) or short (a silicle).
Pods indehiscent.
Pod elongated, transversely constricted.
Pod of 2 joints separating at maturity;
fleshy seashore plants. 215. CaKILE, 168.
Pod constricted between the several seeds,
not jointed; terrestrial plants, not
fleshy. 216. RApHanus, 168.
Pod not elongated, not transversely con-
stricted.
Pod broader than long, 2-celled. 217. Coronopus, 168.
CRUCIFERAE.
Pod orbicular, 1-celled.
Fruit wingless; pubescence branched. 218.
Fruit winged; pubescence simple. 219.
Pods dehiscent, 2-valved, either elongate (séli-
ques) or short (silicles).
Pods elongate (siliques).
Siliques compressed parallel to the broad
partition.
Valves 1-nerved; cauline leaves ses-
sile. 220.
Valves nerveless; leaves all petioled.
Flowers red; stem 2 or 3-leaved at
or above the middle. 221.
Flowers white; stem leafy below or
throughout. 222.
Siliques terete, not at all compressed.
Pods 4 cm. or more long.
Flowers not yellow; stigmas entire
or several-lobed, not 2-lobed.
Flowers cream-colored, often
purple-tinged (in ours). 223.
Flowers pink-purple (in ours). 224.
Flowers yellow; stigmas 2-lobed.
Flowers large; leaves nearly en-
tire. 225.
Flowers small; leaves pinnati-
228.
Pods less than 4 cm. long.
Herbage canescent; flowers white. 226.
Herbage not canescent; flowers
yellow or white.
Siliques beaked; seeds globose. 227.
Siliques beakless; seeds oblong.
Valves of the pods nerve-
ess.
Valves of the pods nerved.
Annuals; leaves pin-
nate or pinnatifid. 228.
Perennials; leaves ly-
rate. 229.
Pods short (s#licles).
Silicles compressed parallel to the parti-
tion.
Silicle turgid. 230.
Silicle flat, not turgid.
Silicles orbicular. 231.
Silicles ovate or oblong. 232.
Silicles either not compressed or compress-
ed at right angles to the partition.
Plant aquatic, submerged; leaves
subulate. 233;
Plant terrestrial; leaves not subulate.
Pods terete, not compressed. P
Flowers white; plants mari-
time, fleshy. 234,
Flowers yellow, or if white the
plants not maritime or fleshy. 235.
235.
167
ATHYSANUS, 169.
THYSANOCARPUS, 169.
ARABIS, 169.
DentartiA, 171.
CARDAMINE, 172.
THELYPODIUM, 173.
HESPERIS, 173.
Erysimum, 173.
SISYMBRIUM, 175.
SMELOWSKIA, 174.
Brassica, 174.
RaDICcuLa, 179.
SISYMBRIUM,175.
BARBAREA, 176.
LESQUERELLA, 176.
Atyssum, 177.
Drasa, 177.
SuBuLaria, 178.
CocHLEARia, 178.
Rapicuta, 179.
168 CRUCIFERAE.
Pods compressed at right angles to
the partition.
Nerves of the valves acute,
forming keels or wings.
Silicles orbicular or ob-
ovate; cells 1-2-seeded. 236. Leprpium, 179.
Silicles ovate or oblong; ss
cells 2-several-seeded. 237. THLASPI, 180.
Nerves of the valves obtuse,
not prominent.
Silicles cuneate, notched at
the apex. 238. Bursa, 181.
Silicles not cuneate, not
notched at the apex.
Cauline leaves sessile;
pod elliptic. 239. Hutcuinsta, 181.
Cauline leaves auricu-
late; pod obovoid. 240. CaMELINA, 181.
215. CAKILE.
Seaside annuals with fleshy stems; flowers purplish; pods
short, 2-jointed, fleshy, the upper joint separating at maturity,
each joint indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded or the lower joint
seedless.
Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. Stems fleshy, leaves obovate, crenately
or sinuately toothed; joints of the pod nearly equal in length, the upper ovoid,
4-angled at base, narrowed into a flattened beak.
Very rare along the seacoast. Long Beach near Ucluelet, Vancouver
Island, British Columbia, Macoun; Port Angeles, Washington, Flett.
216. RAPHANUS.
Erect branching annual or biennial herbs with showy flowers;
style long and slender; pod linear or oblong-cylindric, tapering
upward, indehiscent, several-seeded, with a spongy pith between
the seeds but no true partitions; seeds spherical.
Petals reddish, rarely white; pod not grooved. R. sativus.
Petals yellowish, purple-veined; pod longitudinally grooved. R. raphanistrum.
Raphanus sativus L. Radish. Stems branched, 30-150 cm. high, glab-
rous or nearly so; basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, rough-hairy; petals purple;
pods 10-12 mm. thick, cylindric, tapering into a long pointed beak; seeds
usually 2 or 3.
Persisting in cultivated ground.
Raphanus raphanistrum L. Wild Radish. Stems 30-90 cm. high, loosely
branched, hispid below, glabrous above; basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; petals
yellow, strongly veined, turning white or purplish in age; pods 2-4 mm. thick,
moniliform, the beak slender; seeds 3-8.
A weed in fields and waste places.
217. CORONOPUS.
Annual or biennial diffused herbs with pinnatifid leaves;
flowers small, whitish; pods flattened at right angles to the
CRUCIFERAE. 169
narrow partition, the 2 cells indehiscent, strongly wrinkled,
each 1-seeded.
Pods notched at the apex, wrinkled. C. didymus.
Pods not notched at the apex, tubercled. C. coronopus.
Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith. Sparsely pubescent; stems branched,
spreading, 5-30 cm. long; leaves pinnately parted into narrow entire or lobed
segments, the lower ones petioled; pods 2 mm. broad, about two thirds as long,
notched at the apex, the surface finely wrinkled.
Sparingly introduced from Europe.
Coronopus coronopus (L.) Karst. Glabrous or a little pubescent; leaves
similar to those of C. didymus, mostly less divided; pods coarsely rugose, not
notched at the apex.
Native of Europe, introduced with ballast.
218. ATHYSANUS.
Slender annual herbs, usually branching at the base, with a
pubescence of branched hairs; flowers minute, in racemes; petals
small, white, or none; style short; ovules 3-4, only one maturing;
pod orbicular, indehiscent, not margined, nerveless, 1-celled,
1-seeded.
Athysanus pusillus (Hook.) Greene. Stems slender, branched from the
base, 10-20 cm. tall, hirsute-pubescent throughout; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acute, usually coarsely dentate, rough-pubescent, 5-30 mm. long; racemes
loose, elongate; flowers very small, on curved pedicels; petals linear, minute
or wanting; pods orbicular, about 2 mm. in diameter, hirsute, on recurved
longer pedicels.
Gravelly prairies and rocky slopes, rare west of the Cascade Mountains
but common in the interior.
219. THYSANOCARPUS.
Erect and slender sparingly branched annual herbs, with a
pubescence of simple hairs; flowers minute, white or rose-colored,
in elongated racemes; pod mostly pendulous, on a slender pedicel,
1-celled, indehiscent, disk-shaped or concave, orbicular, winged,
1-seeded; seed flattened but not winged.
Thysanocarpus curvipes Hook. More or less hirsute below, glabrous above;
stem erect, usually branched above, 30-50 cm. tall; radical leaves oblong,
obtuse, dentate, 3-4 cm. long, narrowed at base, with a petiole; cauline sagit-
tate and clasping at base, acute, usually entire, commonly smaller; racemes
elongated, loose; pedicels slender, recurved; pods orbicular, ovate or obovate,
notched, apiculate by the persistent style, puberulent, 4-6 mm. long, the entire
or crenulate wings as broad as the body.
In dry open ground, Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; Willamette
Valley, Oregon. Not known from western Washington.
220. ARABIS. Rock CRrEss.
Erect annual or perennial herbs; leaves seldom divided, the
cauline sessile and usually clasping and auricled at the base;
170 CRUCIFERAE.
flowers white or purple; pod long-linear, compressed parallel
to the partition; valves more or less 1-nerved; seeds flattened,
usually winged, in one or two rows.
Seeds wingless; flowers white.
Basal leaves pinnately cleft into short and broad seg-
ments. A. lyrata.
Basal leaves entire; cauline auriculate. A. glabra.
Seeds winged or wing-margined.
Seeds arranged in a single row.
Cauline leaves cordate or auriculate at base. A, hirsuta.
Cauline leaves not cordate nor auricled.
Pubescence of very fine stellate hairs or none; pods
broad. A. platysperma.
Pubescence of simple or forked hairs; pods narrow.
Petals small, not exceeding the sepals. A, olympica.
Petals much longer than the sepals. A. furcata.
Seeds more or less distinctly in two rows.
Pods reflexed. A, patula.
Pods erect or ascending.
Tall, 30-60 cm. high; plant somewhat glaucous;
pubescence of 2-forked hairs. . drummondit.
Low, 10-30 cm. high; plant glabrous or somewhat
stellate-pubescent below. A. lyallit.
Arabis lyrata occidentalis Wats. Pubescent at base, glabrous above
stems branching from the base, ascending, 20-30 cm. high; basal leaves lyrate-
pinnatifid or sometimes nearly entire; cauline leaves spatulate to linear,
mostly entire; petals white; pods ascending or spreading, very slender, flat-
tened; stigma sessile or on a very short style; seeds oblong, wingless.
Nooksack River, Whatcom County, Washington, Suksdorf.
Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Biennial, pubescent near the base, glabrous and
glaucous above; stems usually simple, 60-98 cm. high; basal leaves oblanceolate,
dentate or pinnatifid, pubescent, 5-8 cm. long; cauline oblong-lanceolate,
sessile, sagittate and auricled at base, all but the lower glabrous; flowers whitish,
about 5 mm. long; pods erect or ascending, linear, 4-10 cm. long, tipped with
the large 2-lobed sessile stigma; pedicels 4-10 mm. long.
Fields and open places, not rare.
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Biennial, usually rough-hairy, but shade plants
often nearly glabrous; stems erect, 15-50 cm. high; basal leaves clustered,
oblanceolate, entire or somewhat dentate, usually 2-5 cm. long; cauline oblong.
to lanceolate, entire or dentate, cordate or auriculate at base; flowers greenish
white, small; pods on slender pedicels, erect, slender, 2-5 cm. long, tipped with
a very short stout style.
On rocky cliffs or gravelly bars, infrequent.
Arabis platysperma Gray. Perennial from a branched rootstock, finely
stellate-pubescent to nearly glabrous, glaucous; leaves all entire, the basal
oblanceolate and petiolate, 10-30 cm. high, the cauline oblong to lanceolate and
sessile; flowers rose-colored or white; pods erect or ascending, flattened, the
valves veiny, 3-6 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, tipped with a short style; seeds
circular, broadly winged.
Mount Hood, Oregon, and southward in the mountains.
Arabis olympica Piper. Perennial, sparsely pubescent with simple or
branched hairs; basal leaves obovate to oblanceolate, obscurely crenate, obtuse,
petiolate, about 8 mm. long; cauline sessile, oblong to lanceolate, obtuse,
CRUCIFERAE. 171
entire or nearly so; flowers corymbose; petals white, 2 mm. long, as long as the
sepals; pods erect, narrowly linear, glabrous, about 2 cm. long, on stout gla-
brous pedicels.
Mount Olympus, Filett.
Arabis furcata Wats. Perennial from a branched rootstock; stems slender,
20-40 cm. high, glabrous; basal leaves oblong-ovate, entire or few-toothed,
3-5 cm. long, sparsely pubescent with forked hairs; cauline oblong to linear,
sessile; petals white, spatulate, 12-15 mm. long, twice as long as the calyx; pods
slender, erect or ascending, 2-4 cm. long, attenuate at the apex.
On rocky bluffs in the gorge of the Columbia River.
Arabis patula Graham. (A. columbiana Macoun.) Biennial or perennial,
somewhat pubescent below, glabrous above; basal leaves oblanceolate, entire
or few-toothed, finally stellate pubescent, the petioles ciliate; cauline lanceo-
late, subentire, sessile, sagittate at base; flowers purple to nearly white; pods
sharply reflexed, flattened, 4-6 cm. long; seeds in 2 rows.
On rocks and gravel bars’: in the mountains at low altitudes; not common.
Arabis drummondii Gray. Biennial, nearly glabrous and somewhat
glaucous; stems mostly simple, 30-90 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate, sparingly
dentate; cauline oblong to lanceolate, somewhat auriculate; pods erect or
ascending, 4-10 cm. long; seeds oblong, winged, in two indistinct rows.
In rocky places in the mountains at low altitudes.
Arabis lyallii Wats. Perennial from a branched base, green or somewhat
glaucous, glabrous or sparingly pubescent below; stems usually several, 5-10
cm. high; radical leaves oblanceolate, acute, with slender petioles; pods straight,
erect, 2-5 cm. long; valves 1-nerved below the middle and with some smaller
veins.
Common in the mountains at 1500-2000 m. altitude.
221. DENTARIA.
Perennial herbs with long fleshy rootstocks which have a
pleasant pungent taste; stems leafless below, with 2 or 3 petioled
compound leaves about or above the middle; flowers white or
purple in a corymb or raceme; style elongated; pod lanceolate,
compressed parallel to the partition; seeds in 1 row, wingless.
Basal leaves cordate-orbicular, crenately or sinuately lobed. D. tenella.
Basal leaves mostly parted or divided into 3-5 segments. D. macrocarpa.
Dentaria tenella Pursh. Glabrous; rootstocks tuberiferous; stems 10-40
cm. high; basal leaves simple, cordate-orbicular, coarsely crenate or lobed,
1-3 cm. long, their petioles often bulbiferous below; cauline leaves 3-parted,
the narrow segments entire, 1-4 cm. long; raceme short; petals rose-purple;
pods 2-3 cm. long, 2 mm. broad, tipped with a slender style and a 2-lobed
stigma.
In moist woods.
Dentaria macrocarpa Nutt. Glabrous or slightly pubescent; rootstock
tuberiferous, the tubers subglobose, 1-2 cm. in diameter; basal leaves 3-5-
lobed, cleft or divided, the segments linear, entire or toothed; peduncle short;
flowers rose-purple; pods 3-5 cm. long, 2 mm. broad; stigma entire.
A variable species of which several forms have been described as subspecies,
based mainly on differences in leaf contour. Most frequent on the eastern
slope of the Cascade Mountains but occurring locally in the Willamette Valley.
172 CRUCIFERAE.
222. CARDAMINE. BITTER CRESS.
Mostly glabrous leafy-stemmed perennial herbs, growing in
moist places; leaves entire, lobed or divided, all petioled; flowers
white (in ours); pod elongated, compressed parallel to the par-
tition; valves nerveless; seeds in 1 row, wingless.
Leaves all simple, entire or nearly so. C. bellidifolia.
Leaves, or some of them, pinnate. .
Basal leaves simple; cauline 3-5-foliolate. C. breweri.
Basal leaves pinnate.
Leaves all 3-foliolate, sometimes 5-foliolate; leaflets
coarsely 3—-5-toothed. C. angulata.
Leaves 3-13-foliolate. :
Petals 4 mm. long; leaflets 7-13, orbicular. C. occidentalis.
Petals 2-4 mm. long; leaflets 3-7.
Flowers subumbellate; leaflets orbicular. C. kamtschatica.
Flowers racemose; leaflets oblong or round-
ish.
Capsules 8-20-seeded; leaflets mostly
roundish. C. oligosperma.
Capsules 20-30-seeded; leaflets mostly
oblong. C. pennsylvanica.
Cardamine bellidifolia L. Tufted from a branched caudex; stems 2—3 cm.
high; leaves ovate to elliptical, entire or with one or.two lateral teeth, mostly
obtuse, slender-petioled; flowers 1-5, white; pods erect, 15-20 mm. long;
style very short and stout.
At high altitudes in the mountains, not definitely known from our limits.
Mount Adams, Suksdorf.
Cardamine breweri Wats. Perennial from slender rootstocks, glabrous
or a little pubescent; stems erect or nearly so, mostly branched, 20-30 cm.
high; basal leaves simple and cordate-orbicular, entire or sinuate, sometimes
pinnate with a pair of laceral leaflets; cauline pinnate, the leaflets orbicular
to oblong, usually sinuate, sometimes lobed; flowers white, the petals 4 mm.
long; pods erect or ascending, 15-25 mm. long; style short and thick.
Mostly in the mountains along streams.
Cardamine angulata Hook. Perennial from running rootstocks, glabrous
or sparsely hirsute; stems erect, mostly simple, 30-60 cm. high; leaves 3—-5-
foliolate; leaflets subequal, ovate to oblong, mostly cuneate, the terminal one
3-5-toothed; petals white, 8-10 cm. long; pods spreading, 2-25 mm. long;
style stout, 2 mm. long.
In wet places in woods, mostly near the ocean coast.
Cardamine occidentalis (Wats.) Howell. Perennial from a short some-
what tuberous rootstock, glabrous or pubescent below; stems erect, 20-40 cm.
high; leaves all pinnate with 3-6 pairs of leaflets; leaflets subentire, those of
the basal leaves rounded, of the cauline obovate to oblong or linear; petals
white, 4 mm. long; pods 2—2.5 cm. long, very slender, erect or nearly so; stigma
nearly sessile.
In wet places, infrequent.
Cardamine kamtschatica (Regel) Schulz. Perennial from slender root-
stocks, glabrous or nearly so; stems several, erect, 15-30 cm. high; leaves
pinnate, the basal with 3-5 rounded or oval, the cauline with 5-7 oblong
subentire leaflets; flowers few, in a short corymb; pods crowded, erect, 2—2.5
cm. long, slender, promincntly beaked.
Along rills at high altitudes in the mountains.
CRUCIFERAE. 173
Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. Annual, erect, usually simple-stemmed,
15-30 cm. high, sparsely hirsute throughout or nearly glabrous; leaflets small,
orbicular, petiolulate, 3-5-lobed or toothed; raceme few-flowered; flowers 2
mm. long; pods erect, 8—20-seeded, 12-20 mm. long.
Very common in moist upland soil in open woods.
Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly
so, 30-60 cm. high, simple or branched; leaflets 7-13, sessile, mostly oblong,
but those of the lowermost leaves suborbicular; pods suberect on spreading
pedicels.
In wet places, common. Ambiguous forms seem to connect with C. oli-
gosperma.
223. THELYPODIUM.
Stout biennial herbs, often succulent; leaves simple, entire,
toothed or pinnatifid, often auricled at the base; flowers usually
in rather dense racemes; sepals oblong to linear, rather short;
style short; stigma entire; pods slender, terete or 4-angled; seeds
oblong, in 1 row in each cell.
Thelypodium lasiophyllum (Hook. & Arn.) Greene. Annual, erect, 30-90
cm. high, hispid below, glabrous above; leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 5-15
cm. long, irregularly dentate or incised, the spreading lobes entire or dentate,
the cauline sessile; flowers in a close usually simple raceme; petals cream-
colored, often purple-tinged, spatulate, 5 mm. long, twice as long as the oblong
sepals; pods slender, usually curved downwards, attenuate at apex, 5-7 cm.
long.
Sandy or rocky soil; rare in our limits.
224. HESPERIS.
Erect perennial or biennial herbs with some branched hairs;
flowers large, showy, pink-purple (in ours); sepals erect, oblong,
the lateral ones saccate at base; petals with long and slender
claws and broad obovate to orbicular blades; pods very long,
spreading, torulose, beaked.
‘Hesperis matronalis L. Rocket. Perennial herb, the numerous stems
erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves broadly lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, 5-10 cm.
long, the lower ones long-petioled; flowers pink-purple; pods slender, spreading,
5-10 cm. long.
A common garden plant, occasionally found escaped from cultivation.
225. ERYSIMUM.
Biennial or perennial herbs; leaves rather narrow, entire or
toothed, not clasping; flowers often large, usually yellow; pod
linear, 4-angled or rarely flattened, not stipitate; valves keeled
by the prominent midrib; seeds oblong, marginless, in one row
in each cell.
Pods flattened. E. arenicola.
Pods terete.
Seeds quadrangular. E. asperum.
Seeds lenticular. E. capitatum.
174 CRUCIFERAE.
Erysimum arenicola Wats. Perennial, several-stemmed from a loosely
branched base, 15-20 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate, sparsely
denticulate, 3-4 cm. long, sparingly pubescent with appressed hairs; flowers
bright yellow; pod somewhat flattened, very gradually attentuate into a long
beak; valves 1-nerved.
In sandy soil at high altitudes in the Olympic Mountains.
Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. Whitish throughout with appressed
pubescence; stems simple, stout, 15-40 cm. tall, erect; leaves lanceolate or
oblanceolate, entire or somewhat dentate, rarely lobed, mostly petioled, 6-10
cm. long; flowers bright yellow; petals 15-25 mm. long; pods stout, somewhat
4-angled, about 8 cm. long, tipped with a short stout beak and a large 2-lobed
stigma; pedicels stout, 1 cm. long. :
In open places, in our limits only at high altitudes, 1500-2000 m., in the
mountains.
Erysimum capitatum (Hook.) Greene. (£. elatum Nutt.). Very similar
to E. asperum; taller, usually 30-90 cm. high, more leafy, the leaves greener
and subentire, acuminate; pods 5-10 cm. long, the stigmas not deeply lobed;
seeds lenticular, thin and scarious-winged at one end.
On rocky cliffs, along the lower Columbia River and northward.
226. SMELOWSKIA.
Low cespitose canescent perennials with pinnatifid leaves;
flowers small, in terminal racemes; petals entire, obovate or
spatulate; style short or none; pods lanceolate-oblong, compressed
at right angles to the partition; valves sharply keeled so that
the pod is 4-angled.
Capsule lanceolate, attenuate at each end. S. calycina.
Capsule ovate, nearly subcordate at base. S. ovalis.
Smelowskia calycinaC. A. Mey. Densely cespitose from a stout branched
caudex covered with the bases of old leaves; herbage densely canescent with
stellate and a few longer simple hairs; stems 5-15 cm. high; leaves pinnate or
deeply pinnatifid, the segments linear to oblong, obtuse; flowers white, often
pink-tinged; pods lanceolate, attenuate at each end, 6-10 mm. long.
Rocky places in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude.
Smelowskia ovalis Jones. Very similar to S. calycina but more densely
pubescent; pods ovate, truncate or subcordate at base.
Olympic Mountains and Cascade Mountains at high altitudes.
227. BRASSICA.
Erect annual or biennial herbs; lower leaves mostly pinnate
or lyrate, with a large terminal lobe; flowers yellow; pod terete or
nearly so, tipped with a slender conical or somewhat flattened
beak; seeds globose, in 1 row or rarely in 2 rows in each cell.
Cauline leaves auricled at base and clasping. B. campestris.
Cauline leaves not auricled nor clasping.
Beak of the pod very short, less than one fourth the fertile
portion. B. nigra.
Beak of the pod long, about equaling the fertile portion.
Herbage hispid; upper leaves sessile. B. arvensis.
Herbage nearly glabrous; upper leaves short-pctioled. —B. juncea.
CRUCIFERAE. i7s
Brassica campestris L. Turnip. Smooth or nearly so, often glaucous,
30-90 cm. high; lower leaves petioled, somewhat lobed or toothed; upper entire
or nearly so, sessile and clasping by auricled bases; flowers yellow; pedicels
spreading; petals 6-10 mm. long; pods terete, 3-5 cm. long, narrowed into a
beak about 1 cm. long.
A weed in fields. A cultivated form of this plant is the rutabaga.
Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. Erect, 30-80 cm. high, sparsely
hirsute; leaves green, slender-petioled, the terminal lobe large and coarsely
toothed, the few lateral lobes small; pods 15-18 mm. long, erect, on very short
pedicels, only the lower fourth seed-bearing; seeds dark-colored.
In waste places.
Brassica arvensis (L.) Kuntze. Charlock. Stout, annual, 30-90 cm. high,
hispid with scattered hairs; lower leaves pinnately parted, consisting of a
large ovate-oblong terminal segment and 1 or 2 pairs of much smaller ones,
all dentate; uppermost leaves sessile, none clasping; pods 2-4 cm. long, erect or
ascending, the fertile portion torulose, tipped with a flat and stout beak half
as long. '
A weed in waste ground.
Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. Stout, 30-100 cm. high, the herbage some-
what glaucous and nearly glabrous; basal leaves lyrately lobed; cauline oblong,
entire or nearly so, narrowed at base and short-petiolate; pods spreading,
terete, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, the empty beak long and slender.
A weed in fields; native of Asia.
228. SISYMBRIUM.
Mostly annual or biennial herbs; leaves neither clasping nor
auriculate at the base, rarely entire, often finely dissected;
flowers small, usually yellow or yellowish; style short or none;
stigma 2-cleft; pod linear, short or long, flat or terete; seeds
oblong.
Flowers white; leaves subentire, mostly basal. S. thalianum.
Flowers yellow; leaves pinnate or pinnatifid.
Stigma simple; pubescence of branched hairs. S. hartwegianum.
Stigma 2-lobed; pubescence of simple hairs.
Pods short, subulate. S. officinale.
Pods long, linear. S. altissimum.
Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) Gay. Mouse-ear Cress. Slender annual,
10-20 cm. high, pubescent below; leaves mostly in a basal rosette, obovate to
oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed, 2-5 cm. long; flowers usually
white; pods terete, somewhat 4-sided, usually purplish, about 1 cm. long,
scarcely longer than the slender pedicels.
In dry ground, introduced from Europe.
Sisymbrium hartwegianum Fourn. Loosely branched, 20-40 cm. high;
leaves pinnate with narrow lanceolate to oblong leaflets, these obtuse and
more or less toothed; pods crowded, erect, 5-7 mm. long, on suberect pedicels
nearly as long.
Rare west of the Cascade Mountains;*Charleston, Kitsap County, Washing-
ton, Piper.
Sisymbrium officinale L. Hedge Mustard. Erect, sparsely hirsute with
simple hairs or glabrous, 30-90 cm. high, divaricately branched above; leaves
pinnatifid into 5-13 lobes, the terminal longest, all more or less dentate; upper
176 CRUCIFERAE.
cauline leaves sessile, the others petioled; flowers yellow, 3 mm. broad; pods
pubescent, tapering from the base to the apex, 1-2 cm. long, erect on short
pedicels.
A weed in waste places; native of Europe.
Sisymbrium officinale leiocarpum DC. Pods glabrous.
A very common weed in waste ground.
Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tumbling Mustard. Erect, much branched,
60-150 cm. tall, glabrous or sparsely hirsute with simple hairs; basal leaves
petioled, pinnatifid into linear or lanceolate entire or dentate lobes; upper
leaves reduced, sessile; flowers pale yellow, 5 mm. broad; pods spreading,
linear, 6-10 cm. long, on short stout pedicels.
Introduced from Europe. Locally called ‘‘ Jim Hill Mustard.”
229. BARBAREA.
Somewhat succulent perennials; stems angled; leaves entire or
pinnatifid; flowers yellow, in racemes; pod linear, terete, or
somewhat 4-angled, tipped with the short slender style; seeds
flat, in 1 row.
Pods 1-1.5 cm. long, the beak slender, 2-3 mm. long; upper-
most leaves rarely pinnatifid. B. barbarea.
Pods 2-4 cm. long, the beak thick and short; uppermost leaves
pinnatifid. B. orthoceras.
Barbarea barbarea brachycarpa (Rouy & Foucaud) Piper. n. comb. (B.
vulgaris brachycarpa Rouy & Foucaud). Perennial, glabrous; stems simple
or branched above, 30-60 cm. high; lower leaves pinnatifid, the terminal
segment oblong to orbicular, larger than the 2-4 lateral pairs; upper cauline
leaves obovate to oblong, coarsely toothed, or toward the base lobed; flowers
deep yellow; pods 1-1.5 cm. long, ascending to spreading, terete, the slender
beak 2-3 mm. long.
Introduced from Europe; Seattle, Piper.
Barbarea orthoceras dolichocarpa Fernald. Bitter Cress. Perennial,
glabrous; stems simple or branched above, 30-90 cm. high; lower leaves from
entire to pinnately cleft or divided, the terminal segment large, orbicular or
ovate, entire or nearly so; lateral segments 1-5 pairs, smaller, oblong, entire or
toothed; petioles short, auricled at base; upper cauline leaves obovate, clasp-
ing, the lower part pinnately-cleft; raceme dense; petals yellow, 4 mm. long,
twice as long as the sepals; pods ascending or spreading, at length curved,
2-4 cm. long, beaked by the stout style; pedicels short and stout.
In wet places, not common but clearly native.
230. LESQUERELLA.
Low annual or perennial herbs with stellate pubescence;
flowers usually yellow; sepals oblong or elliptical, rather short;
petals longer, spatulate to oblong-obovate, entire; stamens 6;
style slender; stigma entire or nearly so; pod a turgid sub-globose
silicle with a broad suborbicular partition, 2-celled, each cell
2-16-seeded.
Lesquerella occidentalis Wats. Perennial, from a stout caudex; herbage
canescent with fine appressed silvcry pubescence; stems 10-30 cm. high, erect
or ascending; basal leaves oblanceolate, coarsely toothed; cauline spatulate,
CRUCIFERAE, 177
entire; flowers yellow, the petals 8-10 mm. long; pods oval in outline, half as
thick as broad, 6-8 mm. long, acutish, finely pubescent.
Stony places mostly on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains, Mul-
tnomah County, Oregon, Howell; Mount Adams, Washington, Flett.
231. ALYSSUM.
Low branching annual herbs; leaves mostly simple; flowers
yellow; style slender; pod ovoid or orbicular, compressed; valves
convex, nerveless; seeds one or two in each cell.
Alyssum alyssoides (L.) Gouan. Annual, 10-30 cm. high, stellate-
pubescent throughout, usually branched from the base; leaves entire, spatulate,
1-2 cm. long; flowers in racemes, 5-15 cm. long; petals pale yellow, cuneate,
scarcely exceeding the sepals; pods orbicular, margined, notched at the apex,
minutely pubescent, 3 mm. broad, on spreading pedicels.
Introduced and becoming common.
232. DRABA.
Low annual or perennial herbs; leaves entire or toothed;
flowers white or yellow, mainly in racemes; pod oval to oblong or
linear, compressed parallel to the partition; valves nearly flat,
nerveless or faintly nerved; seeds few to many, in two rows in the
cell, wingless.
Perennials.
Midrib of leaves becoming prominent; flowers yellow. Dz. glacialis.
Midrib of leaves not prominent; flowers white or yellow.
Stems scapose; flowers white. D. lonchocarpa.
Stems very leafy; flowers yellow. D. aureola.
Annuals.
Flowers white; petals deeply 2-cleft. Dz. verna.
Flowers yellow or yellowish; petals emarginate.
Pods 4 mm. long, crowded. D. brachycarpa.
Pods longer, not crowded.
Pods 6-8 mm. long, much shorter than the pedi-
cels. . nemorosa.
Pods 8-15 mm. long, about equalling the pedi-
cels. . stenoloba.
Draba glacialis Adams. Perennial with many short clustered leafy
branches, the old leaves persistent on the stems; leaves linear, entire, ciliate
at base, stellate-pubescent, 5-15 mm. long, rigid in age and with a prominent
midrib; scapes 5-15 cm. long; flowers yellow; pods ovate or oblong-ovate,
acute, pubescent, 2-8 mm. long, on pedicels a little longer.
On rock cliffs in the mountains.
Draba lonchocarpa Rydb. Perennial, from a branched caudex; leaves
all or mostly in basal rosettes, oblanceolate, entire, minutely and densely
stellate-canescent, not ciliate, the midrib prominent; scapes very slender,
pubescent, 3-8 cm. high; flowers white; pods lanceolate, glabrous, pointed at
each end, 8-15 mm. long, on shorter pedicels.
In gravelly or rocky soil in the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
Draba aureola Wats. Perennial from a stout root, densely stellate-pubes-
cent throughout, very leafy; basal leaves oblanceolate, entire, obtuse, 8-12
13
178 CRUCIFERAE.
mm. long; cauline oblong; raceme dense; flowers yellow; calyx glabrous; pods
oblong, obtuse, pubescent, 8-10 mm. long.
In loose rocky soil, on Mount Rainier at 3000 m. altitude, an elevation
reached by only one other plant, namely Smelowskia ovalis. Known also
from the Three Sisters, Oregon, and from Lassen’s Peak, California.
Draba verna L. Annual; stems several, leafless, 5-10 cm. high, simple,
nearly glabrous; leaves in a rosette, oblong or oval, toothed or entire, obtuse,
4-8 mm. long, pubescent with branched hairs; flowers white, ina loose raceme;
petals deeply 2-cleft; pods oblong, glabrous, 4-8 mm. long, shorter than the
spreading pedicels.
In sandy soil. A very variable species composed of many forms which on
account of close-pollination breed true.
Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Annual, the herbage pubescent; stems simple
or branched, 5-20 cm. high, leafy to the inflorescence; leaves ovate to oblong,
entire or nearly so, 4-8 mm. long; pods oblong, acutish, glabrous, 4 mm. long,
about equalling the pedicels, crowded in a strict raceme.
Coburg, Oregon, Howell.
Draba nemorosa L. Annual, the simple stems 5-40 cm. high, leafy and
pubescent below; leaves sessile, oblong or ovate, usually dentate, acutish,
1-2 cm. long, stellate-pubescent; raceme loose, 3—many-flowered; flowers
small, 4 mm. broad; petals yellow becoming whitish, notched, a little longer
than the villous sepals; pod oblong, acute, appressed-pubescent or glabrous,
about 1 cm. long, much shorter than the spreading pedicels.
In sandy soil. Pods usually pubescent. The form with glabrous pods is
D. nemorosa leiocarpa Lindbl. (D. lutea Gilib.)
Draba stenoloba Ledeb. Annual, the slender stems 10-40 cm. high, the
leaves mostly in a basal rosette; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, mostly acute,
more or less pubescent; sepals glabrous or with a few hairs; pods linear, glab-
rous, 10-15 mm. long, equalling or longer than the pedicels.
Warm exposures, in the mountains.
233. SUBULARIA. Awtwort.
Small stemless aquatic glabrous perennials with tufted awl-
shaped leaves; flowers few, minute, white, on a naked scape
2-8 cm. high; style none; pod ovoid or spherical with a broad
partition; valves turgid, 1-nerved; seeds several.
Subularia aquatica L. Submersed in shallow water or on muddy shores;
leaves 12-20, unequal, erect, 3-6 cm. long.
Sproat Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun; Whatcom
Lake, Whatcom County, Washington, Suksdorf. Infrequent, but usually
abundant where found, sometimes forming extensive colonies like a greensward.
234. COCHLEARIA.
Maritime fleshy glabrous herbs with lobed or entire alternate
leaves; flowers small, white; sepals short and broad, rounded
at the apex; petals obovate, cuneate; style slender; stigma
simple or nearly so; pod a very turgid globose silicle; seeds
2-several, in 2 rows.
_ Cochlearia officinalis L. Succulent herb with decumbent branched stems
about 30 cm. long; basal leaves petioled, broadly ovate to orbicular, subcordate,
CRUCIFERAE 179
somewhat lobed or subentire; upper cauline more deeply lobed or toothed,
sessile and auriculate at base; pods globose, smooth or faintly reticulated.
Along the seacoast, Alaska to Oregon. Cape Elizabeth and Port Gran-
ville, Washington, A. S. Foster; Oregon, Howell; Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, Macoun.
235. RADICULA.
Aquatic or marsh herbs; leaves usually lyrately or pinnately
parted or toothed, auricled at base; flowers small, yellow or white;
style short or slender; pods terete or nearly so; seeds turgid,
minute, in two rows in each cell.
Flowers white; leaves pinnately divided. R. nasturtium-aquatica.
Flowers yellow; leaves variously margined, mostly
pinnate.
Pedicels short, 2-4 mm. long; stems diffuse.
Pods curved; leaf-lobes acute. R. curvisiliqua.
Pods straight; leaf-lobes obtuse. R. obtusa.
Pedicels longer, 6-8 mm. long; stems erect.
Pods 4-8 mm. long. R. palustris.
Pods 8-12 mm. long. R. pacifica.
Radicula nasturtium-aquatica (L.) Britten & Rendle. Perennial, aquatic,
smooth; stems procumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 10-30 cm. high; leaves
pinnate; leaflets 3-11, orbicular or oblong, sinuate, or the lower ones some-
times reduced to the terminal leaflet; petals white, 3-4 mm. long; pods linear,
12-20 mm. long, acute at each end, a little longer than the spreading pedicels.
Cultivated under the name of Water Cress, and often escaping.
Radicula curvisiliqua (Hook.) Greene. Annual or biennial, glabrous or
slightly pubescent, erect or decumbent, 15-40 cm. high; leaves oblanceolate,
sinuate-dentate or pinnately cleft into oblong dentate lobes; flowers small,
pale yellow; petals 2 mm. long, exceeding the sepals; pods linear-oblong, 4-16
mm. long; style stout or none.
In dried-up ponds and swales, common and variable.
Radicula obtusa (Nutt.) Greene. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly
so, branching from the base, spreading; leaves pinnately parted or divided, or
the upper often subentire and oblong; pedicels 24 mm. long, ascending or
spreading; flowers yellow; pods usually long, straight; style very short and
thick.
Reported from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun.
Radicula palustris (L.) Moench. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly
so, erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, pinnately cleft or parted, petioled,
5-15 cm. long, the segments toothed; pods 4-8 mm. long, short-cylindric or
ovoid, mostly shorter than the pedicels.
Wet places, sometimes in shallow water.
Radicula pacifica (Howell) Greene. Very similar to R. palustris; pods
larger, 8-12 mm. long, as long as the pedicels. ;
In wet places. Probably only a subspecies of R. palustris.
236. LEPIDIUM. PEPPERGRASS.
Erect or diffuse annual or biennial herbs; leaves pinnatifid,
toothed or entire; flowers small, white or greenish, in racemes;
180 CRUCIFERAE.
pod orbicular to obovate, much flattened at right angles to the
partition, 2-winged at the summit, each valve with one acute
nerve forming a keel; seeds flattened, solitary in each cell.
Cauline leaves clasping at base. L. draba.
Cauline leaves not clasping at base.
Apex of the pods bidentate, the valves reticulated.
Teeth of pods widely divergent. L. oxycarpum,.
Teeth of pods not widely divergent. L. strictum.
Apex of the pods merely emarginate, the valves not re-
ticulated.
Petals wanting or very minute; pods puberulent. L. lasiocarpum.
Petals present; pods usually glabrous.
Basal leaves pinnately parted, pubescent. L. menziesit.
Basal leaves dentate, glabrous. L. medium.
Lepidium draba L. Perennials, 20-40 cm. high, the herbage pubescent;
leaves oval to oblong, obtuse, denticulate, the upper broadly auricled and
clasping at base; racemes short; pods ovate, subcordate at base, tipped with
the conspicuous style.
Sparingly introduced from Europe; Victoria, British Columbia, Anderson.
Lepidium oxycarpum T. & G. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems
branched from the base, slender, ascending, 10-15 cm. high; leaves narrow,
pinnately cleft with a few acute lobes, or entire; raceme loose; petals none;
pods glabrous, nearly orbicular, about 3 mm. broad, with the teeth short and
widely divergent.
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun, and California; mostly in
saline soil.
Lepidium strictum Rattan. Annual, the herbage finely pubescent; stems
branched, erect or ascending, 8-15 cm. high; leaves pinnately cleft into narrow
lobes; raceme crowded; petals none; pods ovate, glabrous, 2-2.5 mm. long,
the teeth short and subacute, not widely divergent.
In saline soil, Cadboro Bay, Vancouver Island, Macoun; otherwise known
only from California and southwestern Oregon.
Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. Annual, usually with several decumbent
stems; herbage pubescent; lower leaves pinnately parted, the obtuse segments
toothed or entire; petals wanting or minute; capsule lenticular, retuse, thinner
at apex, minutely pubescent.
Rare, probably only introduced in our limits.
Lepidium menziesii DC. Biennial, erect or sometimes decumbent, much
branched above, 30-90 cm. high; stems puberulent; lower leaves pinnately
parted, more or less hairy, petioled, the segments toothed or entire; upper
leaves incisely dentate to entire; petals present; stamens 2 or 4; pods lenticular,
retuse, glabrous, about 3 mm. broad, on longer spreading pedicels.
Common on high sea beaches.
Lepidium medium Greene. Much like L. menziesii but root annual;
leaves serrate-dentate, seldom lobed, glabrous; stamens usually 6, sometimes
only 2; pods glabrous or puberulent.
In sandy soil, common in the interior but only occasional west of the Cas-
cade Mountains.
237. THLASPI.
Glabrous annual or perennial herbs; basal leaves entire or
toothed; cauline oblong, auricled and clasping; flowers white or
CRUCIFERAE. 181
purplish; pod more or less compressed at right angles to the
partition, the valves often winged at the apex; seeds 2-4 in
each cell.
Pods large, winged, deeply notched; annual. T. arvense.
Pods small, scarcely winged or notched; perennial. T. alpestre.
Thlaspi arvense L. Penny Cress. Annual, erect, glabrous, simple or
branched, 15-40 cm. high; radical leaves oblanceolate, petioled; cauline
oblong, obtuse, sagittate and half-clasping; petals white, spatulate, exceeding
the sepals; pod orbicular, 8-12 mm. long, broadly winged, deeply notched.
A weed, sparingly introduced.
Thlaspi alpestre L. Perennial, glabrous and green; stems usually several
from a branched base, 10-20 cm. high; basal leaves obovate or elliptic, petioled,
entire or toothed; cauline oblong, entire, sessile and somewhat auriculate;
flowers white; pods obovate, emarginate at apex, 4-8 mm. long.
At high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains.
238. BURSA.
Slender and mostly smooth annual herbs; radical leaves tufted;
flowers small, white, in racemes; pods cuneate, notched at apex,
compressed at right angles to the partition, many-seeded.
Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Weber. Shepherd's Purse. Stellate-pubescent
below, glabrous above, 30-60 cm. tall, sparingly branched; basal leaves in a
rosette, lanceolate or oblanceolate, pinnately-lobed, 2-8 cm. long, dentate or
entire; flowers white, about 2 mm. long; pods triangular, cuneate, with a
broad shallow notch at the apex.
A common’ weed.
239. HUTCHINSIA.
Low spreading annual with entire or pinnately-lobed leaves;
flowers minute, white, in crowded racemes which elongate in fruit;
stigma sessile or nearly so; silicle oval, compressed at right angles
to the partition, not cuneate, not notched at the apex; each
valve conspicuously 1-nerved.
Hutchinsia procumbens (L.) DC. Branched from the base, glabrous or
sparsely pubescent, 5-15 cm. high; stems decumbent or ascending; basal
leaves pinnately lobed or entire; petioles 1-2 cm. long; cauline leaves spatulate
or oblanceolate, sessile, entire or with a few lobes; petals white, about as
long as the sepals, 1 mm. long; pods smooth, elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, on slender
pedicels. . aoe
In moist ground, rare in our limits.
240. CAMELINA. FALSE FLAX.
Erect annual herbs; leaves entire, toothed or pinnatifid;
flowers small, yellowish; style slender; pod obovoid or pear-
shaped, slightly flattened parallel to the partition, many-seeded.
Pods 4-5 mm. long; herbage pubescent toward the base. C. microcarpa.
Pods 6-8 mm. long; herbage glabrous or nearly so. C. sativa.
182 CRUCIFERAE.
Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Stems erect, mostly simple, 30-90 cm. tall,
hirsute below, glabrous above; leaves lanceolate, acute, sagittate at base,
half-clasping, erect, entire or nearly so, stellate-pubescent; flowers pale yellow;
pods obovate, 4-5 mm. wide, 6-8 mm. long, beaked by the persistent style,
glabrous, on slender pedicels, 8-18 mm. long.
Sparingly introduced from Europe.
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Very similar to C. microcarpa; pods larger,
6-7 mm. broad, 6-8 mm. long, on longer pedicels, 12-30 mm. long.
Sparingly introduced from Europe.
Family 46. DROSERACEAE. SunpDEW FaAmILy.
Small biennial or perennial mostly glandular-pubescent in-
sectivorous herbs, living in bogs; leaves with circinate vernation;
flowers regular, hypogynous, 5-merous, with all the parts persist-
ent; anthers versatile; styles 1-5; ovary 1-3-celled; capsule
with twice as many styles as there are parietal placentae; seeds
numerous.
241. DROSERA. SuNDEW.
Low biennial or perennial herbs with a basal tuft of leaves
covered with sensitive motile glandular hairs which act as insect
traps; flowers usually ina simple 1-sided raceme on a naked scape;
stamens 5; styles 3 or 5, each deeply 2-parted, stigmatic on the
inner face near the tip.
Leaf blade nearly orbicular, abruptly narrowed into the peti-
ole. D. rotundifolia.
Leaf blade spatulate-oblanceolate, not abruptly narrowed into
the petiole. D. anglica.
Drosera rotundifolia L. Leaves in a spreading rosette, the blade orbicular,
abruptly narrowed into a much longer hairy petiole; scape slender, 10-30 cm.
high, the raceme usually 5-15-flowered; petals oblong, white, 3 mm. long;
capsule oblong; seeds narrowly spindle-form.
In sphagnum bogs, common.
Drosera anglica Huds. Leaves nearly erect, linear-spatulate, the naked
or slightly hairy petiole scarcely longer than the blade; scape 6-20 cm. high,
1-8-flowered; petals oblanceolate, white, 6 mm. long; capsule oblong; seeds
narrowly spindle-shaped.
In bogs in the mountains, rare. Horne Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun;
Mount Adams, Washington, Henderson.
Family 47. CRASSULACEAE. Sronecrop FaMiIty.
Succulent or fleshy plants, mostly herbs; stipules none; flowers
regular and symmetrical, in cymes or rarely solitary; calyx
hypogynous, mostly 4 or 5-parted or lobed; petals of the same
number as the calyx-lobes, distinct or slightly united at the base,
CRASSULACEAE. 183
rarely wanting; stamens of the same number or twice as many
as the petals; carpels of the same number as the sepals, distinct
or united below; ovules numerous; follicles 1-celled; seeds minute;
endosperm fleshy.
Flowers solitary axillary; annuals. 242. TILLAEBA, 183.
Flowers cymose; perennials or biennials.
Petals free to the base. 243. SepuM, 183.
Petals united below the middle. 244. GoRMANIA, 184,
242, TILLAEA.
Small and slender somewhat succulent glabrous annual herbs;
leaves opposite, entire; flowers minute, solitary axillary, white;
sepals and petals 3-5, distinct or united at the base; stamens as
many as the petals; carpels distinct; styles short-subulate;
ovules 1—-many.
Tillaea aquatica L. (T. angustifolia Nutt.) Stems branching, rooting at
base, 2-5 cm. high; leaves linear, acute, the pairs somewhat connate; flowers
mostly solitary, nearly sessile; petals ovate, obtuse, twice as long as the sepals;
carpels obtuse; seeds many, oblong-linear.
On muddy river banks, rare.
243. SEDUM. STONEcROP.
Fleshy mostly glabrous herbs, erect or decumbent; leaves
alternate, entire or dentate, fleshy; flowers perfect, in terminal
often 1-sided cymes; calyx 4 or 5-lobed or parted; petals 4 or 5,
distinct; stamens 8 or 10, perigynous, the alternate ones usually
attached to the petals; carpels 4 or 5, distinct or united at the base;
ovules numerous; follicles few—many-seeded.
Leaves spatulate, very glaucous. S. spathulifolium.
Leaves not spatulate nor glaucous.
Leaves subglobose. S. divergens.
Leaves lanceolate, broadest at base.
Leaves becoming scarious; carpels divergent. S. douglasit.
Leaves not becoming scarious; carpels erect. S. stenopetalum.
Sedum spathulifolium Hook. Herbage very glaucous; stems decumbent,
10-20 cm. long, curved upward near the tips; leaves broadly spatulate, flat,
15-20 mm. long; flowers pale yellow, nearly sessile, in a rather compact com-
pound cyme; petals lanceolate, acute, 6 mm. long, much longer than the sepals.
On rocks, common.
Sedum divergens Wats. Glabrous and bright green; stems decumbent,
5-10 cm. long; leaves oval in outline, subglobose, nearly as thick as broad,
sessile, 7-8 mm. long, mostly in rosettes at the ends of the branches; flowers
yellow, in a compact cyme; petals three times as long as the sepals; carpels
widely divergent when mature.
In the mountains at moderate elevations.
Sedum douglasii Hook. Stems erect, branched at base, from a stout
rootstock, 15-20 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at the apex, 6-12 mm.
184 CRASSULACEAE.
long, becoming white-scarious when old; axils of the cauline leaves commonly
bearing short deciduous leafy branches by which the plant is propagated;
flowers yellow, sessile, in an open cyme; petals lanceolate, acuminate, 5-6 mm.
long, longer than the stamens; follicles diverging from their united bases.
On rocks, rather rare west of the Cascade Mountains, but common in the
interior. A form occurring at Elk Rock near Portland, Oregon, has solitary
terminal flowers, the others being replaced by propagula. This has been
described as a distinct species under the name S. unzflorum Howell.
Sedum stenopetalum Pursh. Perennial from branched rootstocks, glabrous
or minutely puberulent, green; stems erect, 6-15 cm. high; leaves lanceolate.
broadest at base, acute, sessile, 4-8 mm. long; flowers bright yellow, nearly
sessile, in a close cyme; petals lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the
sepals; carpels 4 mm. long, divergent only at the tips.
On cliffs in the mountains at moderate altitudes.
244. GORMANIA.
Low perennial herbs with horizontal root-stocks; leaves
spatulate to obovate, the cauline similar to but smaller than
the basal ones; flowers yellow to red, in compound cymes; calyx
mostly deeply 5-lobed, the lobes acute or obtuse; petals 5, united
below the middle, acute to acuminate, spreading above; stamens
10, epipetalous; carpels many-ovuled, erect or nearly so in fruit.
This genus is very feebly separable from Sedum.
Gormania oregana (Nutt.) Britt. Glabrous, bright green; stems de-
cumbent, 10-20 cm. long; leaves broadly spatulate, scattered rather equally;
flowers yellow, becoming pink in age, in a compound cyme; petals linear-
lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, somewhat united at base; stamens only half
as long as the petals.
On rocks, especially at low altitudes in the mountains.
Family 48. SAXIFRAGACEAE. SaxiFRAGE FamILy.
Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate or opposite; stipules usually
none; flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious; calyx usually 5-
lobed, free or adherent to the ovary; petals usually 4 or 5, peri-
gynous, rarely none; stamens usually definite in number and
not more than twice the number of the calyx-lobes; pistil formed
by the partial or complete union of 2-5 carpels; placentae axile
or parietal; seeds usually numerous; endosperm present; em-
bryo small.
Shrubs. :
Low and spreading or trailing; stamens usu-
ally 10 or 12. 245. WHIPPLEA, 185.
Erect; stamens 5 or many.
Leaves alternate. 246. RiBEs, 185.
Leaves opposite. 247, PHILADELPHUS, 188.
Herbs.
Staminodia present; carpels 3 or 4, united. 248. Parnassia, 188.
Staminodia none; carpels 2, distinct above.
SAXIFRAGACEAE. 185
Placentae axial.
Carpels distinct; leaves coriaceous,
without stipules. 249. LEPTARRHENA, 188.
Carpels united, at least below; leaves
mostly not coriaceous.
Stamens 10. 250. SAXIFRAGA, 189.
Stamens 5.
Ovary superior. 251. BoLanpra, 191.
Ovary not superior.
Rootstocks bearing bulb-
lets; ovary almost wholly
inferior. 252. Hemieva, 192.
Rootstocks not bearing
bulblets; ovary half-
inferior.
Seeds winged; petals per-
sisting. 253. SULLIVANTIA, 192.
Seeds wingless; petals
promptly deciduous. 254. THEROoFoN, 192.
Placentae parietal or nearly basal.
Stamens 8 or 10.
Petals none; stamens 8. 255. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, 193.
Petals present; stamens 10.
Carpels unequal; petalsentire. 256. TIARELLA, 193.
Carpels equal; petals laciniate. 257. TELLIMA, 194.
Stamens 5 or 3.
Petals pinnatifid. 258. MITELLA, 194.
Petals entire or wanting, at least
not pinnatifid.
Stamens 3; calyx tubular. 259. LEpPTAxts, 195.
Stamens 5; calyx campanulate
or turbinate.
Inflorescence a raceme. 260. ELMERA, 196.
Inflorescence a panicle. 261. HEUCHERA, 196.
245. WHIPPLEA.
Low diffuse shrubs, pubescent with simple hairs; leaves
opposite, short-petioled, without stipules; flowers white, in
cymose clusters on a naked terminal peduncle; calyx 5-cleft,
whitish, the tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary; petals
5, ovate or oblong, contracted at base; stamens usually 10;
styles distinct, subulate; ovary 3-5-celled, each cell 1-ovuled;
capsule septicidally dehiscent into 3-5 1-seeded parts.
Whipplea modesta Torr. Stems trailing, 20-60 cm. long; leaves oval to
ovate, acutish, pubescent, sessile or nearly so, entire or few-toothed, 1-3 cm.
long; cymes few-flowered; calyx campanulate, its lobes ovate; petals white,
about 3 mm. long, exceeding the calyx-lobes; capsule globose.
Lake Crescent, Clallam County, Washington, Webster, and southwards
to California.
246. RIBES. Currant. GOOSEBERRY.
Low sometimes prickly shrubs; leaves alternate, often fas-
cicled, palmately-veined and lobed; flowers small, solitary or
186 SAXIFRAGACEAE.
racemose, mostly terminating short and 1-2-leaved axillary
shoots; calyx-tube adherent to the globose ovary and more or
less extended beyond it, 5-, rarely 4-cleft, commonly colored or
petal-like; petals 4 or 5, small, perigynous; stamens as many as
the petals and alternate with them; styles 2, more or less united;
ovary 1-celled; ovules few or numerous; berry globose, fleshy,
usually many-seeded.
Stems usually armed with spines and frequently with prick-
les.
Peduncles with numerous flowers in a raceme; calyx tube
saucer-shaped. R. lacustre.
Peduncles 1-4-flowered; calyx tube campanulate or
cylindric.
Flowers about 2 cm. long, dark purple. R. lobbit.
Flowers much smaller, greenish or purplish. R. divaricatum.
Stems not thorny nor prickly.
Calyx tube cylindric or campanulate.
Flowers red; raceme many-flowered. R. sanguineum.
Flowers white or greenish; inflorescence few-flowered.
Berries red or orange, glabrous or slightly gland-
ular; leaves resinous-dotted; inflorescence a
raceme. R. cereum.
Berries black, glandular; leaves viscid-pubescent;
inflorescence corymbose. R. viscosissimum.
Calyx tube rotate.
Berries red, smooth. R. ciliosum.
Berries black, glandular.
Racemes pendent. R. howellit.
Racemes erect or ascending.
Glands sessile. R. bracteosum.
Glands stalked. R. laxtflorum.
Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Stout, 1-2 m. high, armed with short 3-5-
branched spines and very numerous bristly prickles; leaves orbicular, cordate,
deeply 5-lobed, incisely dentate, minutely glandular, 2-4 cm. long; racemes
loose, drooping; flowers greenish or purplish, slender-petioled; calyx short,
saucer-shaped, the obtuse lobes spreading; stamens very short; berries nearly
black, bristly glandular.
Moist woods, common.
Ribes lobbii Gray. Stems 1-2 m. high, the branchlets not bristly; sub-
axillary spines 3, stout; leaves orbicular, cordate or subcordate at base, about
2 cm. broad, 3-5-cleft, the lobes serrate, somewhat glandular-pubescent;
flowers solitary or in threes, drooping, 2 cm. long; calyx purple, campanu-
late, pubescent, shorter than the narrow spreading or reflexed segments;
petals wedge-shaped, obtuse, white; berries globose, 10-12 mm. in diameter,
warty-glandular.
Vancouver Island to northern California, but occurring only locally.
Ribes divaricatum Dougl. Shrub, 2-4 m. high; branchlets often with
scattered bristles; subaxillary spines 1-3, stout, mostly dark colored, often
deflexed; leaves orbicular, 3-5-lobed, incisely toothed, slightly pubescent
beneath, 2-3 cm. broad; flowers 1-4, in small corymbs; calyx pale green or its
lobes dark purplish, the tube campanulate, shorter than the spreading oblong
lobes; petals wedge-shaped, white, erect, half as long as the calyx lobes; style
villous; berrics globose, black, 3-5 mm. in diameter.
SAXIFRAGACEAE. 187
In wet open places, common. The fruit of this wild gooseberry is of ex-
cellent flavor.
Ribes sanguineum Pursh. Red-flowering Currant. Shrub 2-3 m. high,
with a balsamic odor; branchlets glandular; leaves orbicular in outline, cor-
date, 3—-5-lobed, doubly serrate, glabrous above, canescent beneath, 3-10 cm.
long, short-pctioled; racemes drooping, 3-10 cm. long; bracts erose, about as
long as the pedicels; calyx dark to light red, tubular-campanulate, the obovate
segments spreading; petals white to pink, erect, spatulate, nearly as long as
the calyx segments; berry black, densely glaucous and sparsely hirsute, sweet-
ish but insipid.
i in open dry woods, very showy when in bloom, the flowers spicy-
scented.
Ribes cereum Dougl. About 1 m. high, with numerous short branches,
the young shoots commonly resinous-dotted and glutinous; shoots and under
sides of the leaves puberulent; leaves orbicular, somewhat 3-5-lobed, crenate-
dentate, rounded or subcordate at base, about 1 cm. long; petioles mostly
shorter than the leaves; pedicels very short; racemes short, dense, 3-5-flowered,
drooping; calyx white, cylindric, 6-8 mm. long, glandular, the short lobes
obtuse; petals orbicular; berry orange-red, insipid.
Common east of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, but very rare on
the western slope; Mount Jefferson, Oregon.
Ribes viscosissimum Pursh. Unarmed, about 1 m. high, pubescent
throughout and somewhat glandular; leaves cordate-orbicular, obtusely
5-lobed, somewhat doubly dentate, soft-pubescent, especially beneath, 2-5
cm. broad; petioles about as long as the blades, hirsute-glandular; racemes
ascending, shorter than the leaves; bracts oblong or obovate, obtuse, conspic-
uous; flowers whitish or purplish, about 10 mm. long, on short pedicels which
become slender and elongate in fruit; calyx-tube campanulate, becoming cy-
lindric, the erect lobesacute, shorter; petals small, white; berry black, rather
dry.
oo in mountain woods on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains.
Reported on the west slope at the head of Skagit River, British Columbia,
Macoun.
Ribes ciliosum Howell. Stems prostrate or decumbent, about 1 m. long;
leaves orbicular, cordate, 2-5 cm. broad, glabrous above, pubescent on the
veins beneath, 3—5-lobed, the lobes acute, serrate, ciliolate; racemes pendent;
bracts ovate, half as long as the pedicel; calyx reddish, saucer-shaped, its lobes
rounded; petals wedge-shaped, 1 mm. long; berries globose, bright red.
In the Cascade Mountains, rare. The berries are very similar to those
of the cultivated red currant, to which our species is closely related.
Ribes howellii Greene. Stems erect or ascending, 1-2 m. high; leaves
orbicular, cordate or truncate at base, 3—-5-lobed, the rounded lobes doubly
serrate or incised, glabrous above, resinous-dotted beneath, 5-8 cm. broad;
petioles about as long as the blades; racemes pendent; bracts linear-lanceolate,
equalling the pedicels; calyx green, the tube saucer-shaped, the lobes broad
and obtuse; petals spatulate, dark purple; fruit black, glandular-bristly.
Abundant at the limit of trees in the mountains. The berries are not edible.
Ribes bracteosum Dougl. Stems 1-2 m. high; branchlets glabrous; leaves
large, 15-20 cm. broad, punctate beneath with resiniferous glands, orbicular
in outline, cordate, deeply 5—7-lobed, the lobes acuminate and coarsely doubly
serrate; petioles slender; racemes erect, 10-25 cm. long; flowers many, greenish;
bracts spatulate, about as long as the pedicels; calyx glabrous, saucer-shaped,
the lobes oblong; petals wedge-shaped, obtuse, about 2 mm. long; fruits black,
sprinkled with resin dots, unpleasantly flavored.
188 SAXIFRAGACEAE,
Common along streams in woods, often forming dense thickets, the her-
bage strongly scented on which account the plant is locally known as “‘ Stink
Currant.’’ The berries are scarcely eatable.
Ribes laxiflorum Pursh. Stems 1-3 m. long, ascending; branchlets copper-
colored, smooth; leaves orbicular, deeply cordate, glabrous, shiny above,
5-8 cm. broad, 5-7-lobed, the lobes acute, doubly serrate or somewhat incised;
racemes erect, pubescent; bracts narrow, shorter than the glandular pedicels;
calyx saucer-shaped, the lobes orbicular; petals fan-shaped; fruit globose,
glandular-bristly, wine-colored.
Near the coast, Alaska to the mouth of the Columbia River.
247. PHILADELPHUS.
Shrubs; leaves opposite, petioled, entire or toothed, ovate or
oblong, without stipules; flowers large, showy, white, solitary or
cymose-clustered; calyx-tube top-shaped, 4- or 5-lobed, adherent
to the ovary nearly or quite to its summit; petals 4 or 5, large,
obovate or roundish; stamens 20-40, on the disk; styles 3-5,
more or less united; ovary 3-5-celled, inferior; ovules numerous;
capsule 3-5-valved; seeds very numerous.
Philadelphus gordonianus Lindl. Syringa. Shrub 2-4 m. high, much
branched above; bark pale, flaky; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, dentate or
nearly entire, pubescent on the under surface, 2-5 cm. long; petioles short;
panicle 4-10-flowered, the lower bracts leafy; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate,
acute or acuminate, less than twice as long as the tube; petals white, oblong,
1.5-2 cm. long; styles united for two-thirds their length; stigmas dilated.
Common in moist open places. The odorous flowers are very showy.
248. PARNASSIA.
Glabrous perennial herbs with entire leaves; flower solitary,
on a long scape-like stem which often bears a single sessile leaf;
sepals 5, slightly united, persistent; petals 5, white with greenish
or yellowish veins and a gland-bearing scale (really a cluster of
sterile stamens or staminodia) at the base of each; stamens 5,
alternate with the petals, persistent; stigmas 4, sessile; ovary
1-celled, with 4 parietal placentae; capsule 4-valved, separating
between the placentae.
Parnassia fimbriata Koenig. Leaves cordate to reniform, 3-4 cm. broad,
slender petioled; stems 20-40 cm. high, bearing a single cordate sessile leaf
above the middle; sepals oblong; petals oblong, unguiculate, fringed near the
base, white, 8-12 mm. long; scales fleshy, keeled, each usually bearing 5-9
teeth. ’
Common in bogs in the mountains.
249. LEPTARRHENA.
Perennial herbs with alternate coriaceous leaves; flowers in
panicles; sepals 5, erect, slightly adherent to the ovary; petals 5,
white, narrow, persistent; stamens 10; carpels 2, united only
at the base; follicles erect, slightly spreading at the tips.
SAXIFRAGACEAE. 189
Leptarrhena amplexifolia (Sternb.) Ser. Rootstock stout, covered with
the old brownish leaf-bases; basal leaves oblong to obovate, serrate above the
middle, coriaceous, glabrous, green and shining above, pale beneath, 3-12 cm.
long; petiole stout and broad; stems 20-40 cm. high, bearing 1 or 2 small leaves;
inflorescence paniculate, glandular; sepals ovate; petals white, narrow, about
2 mm. long; carpels 8-10 mm. long, not diverging, usually purple.
Common along alpine rivulets at about 1700 m. altitude in Washington
and northward to Alaska.
250. SAXIFRAGA. SAXIFRAGE.
Chiefly perennial herbs; stem short or none; radical leaves
tufted; cauline mostly alternate; flowers perfect, solitary or in
cymes or cymose panicles; calyx 5-lobed, free or adhering to the
base of the ovary; petals 5, entire, perigynous; stamens 10,
perigynous; carpels 2, nearly distinct or united into a 2-celled
ovary; placentae axile; styles distinct; capsules 2-beaked, 2-
celled, sometimes forming two almost separate follicles.
By some botanists divided into ten or more genera.
Stems producing perennial branches, these densely beset
with small leaves.
Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, entire.
Filaments clavate; leaves spatulate, obtuse, not cili-
ate. S. tolmiet.
Filaments subulate; leaves lanceolate, ciliate. S. bronchialis.
Leaves not coriaceous, thin, 3—5-lobed or cleft.
Calyx united only at base; leaves cleft. S. cespitosa.
Calyx united to the middle; leaves lobed. S. adscendens.
Stems not producing perennial leafy branches.
Calyx campanulate; stems leafy.
Leaves mostly 5-lobed; sepals obtuse. S. debilis.
Leaves entire or 3-toothed; sepals acute. S. nuttalliz.
Calyx rotate; leaves all or mostly basal.
Leaves serrate or coarsely dentate.
Petals dissimilar; leaves spatulate, serrate, short-
petioled. S. bongardi.
Petals similar; leaves cordate or reniform, coarse-
ly toothed, long-petioled.
Caudex bulbous; herbage somewhat glandular;
leaves usually doubly dentate. S. mertensiana.
Caudex not bulbous; leaves glabrous, simply
dentate.
Petals orbicular, clawed. S. odontoloma.
Petals elliptic, not clawed. S. nelsoniana.
Leaves entire or merely crenate, all basal.
Leaves ovate or oblong, petioled, usually coarsely
crenate.
Filaments subulate. S. rufidula.
Filaments clavate. S. marshallit.
Leaves entire or nearly so, oblong-spatulate to
ovate.
Stems 30-60 cm. tall; flowers 7-9 mm. broad;
leaves without petioles. S. oregana.
Stems 10-30 cm. high; flowers 6-8 mm. broad;
leaves more or less distinctly petioled. S. integrifolia.
190 SAXIFRAGACEAE.
Saxifraga tolmiei T. & G. Densely tufted, the leafy stems short and
branched, nearly prostrate; leaves glabrous, crowded, succulent, spatulate,
6-10 mm. long, the margins entire and revolute; peduncles erect, scape-like,
5-10 cm. high, glandular, 1-6-flowered; sepals ovate, obtuse; petals oblong,
unguiculate, white, twice as long as the sepals; filaments dilated; carpels often
3 or 4, united only at base, 8-10 mm. long. :
Abundant in the mountains along rivulets at about 2000 m. altitude. First
collected by Tolmie, probably on Mount Rainier.
Saxifraga bronchialis austromontana (Wiegand) Piper. Stems tufted,
densely leafy, erect or ascending, 10-20 cm. high; leaves coriaceous, subulate-
lanceolate, 5-10 cm. high; flowers cymose; sepals ovate, obtuse; petals white
with a few yellow spots, oblong, 5-6 mm. long.
Common in the mountains on rock cliffs at 1500-2000 m. altitude.
Saxifraga bronchialis vespertina (Small) Rosendahl. Differs from S.
bronchialis austromontana in having the leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse or
obtusish, and the cymes larger and looser.
On rock cliffs at low altitudes.
[Saxifraga cespitosa L. Densely tufted, glandular-pubescent, 5-15 cm.
high; leaves crowded, spatulate, 6-20 mm. long, mostly 3-lobed or 3-cleft, with
linear obtuse lobes; peduncles leafy-bracted, glandular, 1-6-flowered; sepals
ovate, obtuse; petals white, oblong, often retuse, 5-6 mm. long.
Rocky slopes and cliffs. Two forms occur in our limits, one high alpine,
densely cespitose, the leaves with short obtuse lobes and obscure veins; the
other from cliffs along the Columbia River and the San Juan Islands, with
thinner prominently veined leaves and a taller looser habit. The latter
approaches closely S. cespitosa laxa Koch. The former is scarcely matched
in European material. This has recently been proposed as a new species by
Small under the name Muscaria emarginata, the type being Elmer No. 2649
collected in the Olympic Mountains. This plant is, however, much nearer to
true S. cespitosa than is the thin-leaved form.
Saxifraga adscendens L. Glandular-pubescent, 3-10 cm. high; leaves
mostly basal, cuneate to spatulate, mostly 3-toothed, ciliate, 5-10 mm. long;
flowers few, in a compact cyme; sepals ovate, glandular; petals white, cuneate-
oblong, clawed, 3-nerved, 3 mm. long.
On rocks in the mountains, known in our limits only from Mount Baker,
Flett.
Saxifraga debilis Engelm. Loosely tufted, somewhat glandular-pubescent;
stems 3-10 cm. high, ascending; basal leaves roundish, thin, crenately lobed,
5-15 mm. long, petioled, the cauline few-lobed or entire; sepals ovate, obtuse;
petals white, oblong, clawed, 3-7 mm. long.
In rock crevices in the mountains. In our limits known only from Mount
Rainier, Allen.
Saxifraga nuttallii Small. (S. elegans Nutt.) Glabrous, 5-30 cm. high;
stems slender, branched, leafy; leaves oval to ovate, entire or 3-toothed at
apex, 4-10 mm. long, the lower ones petiolate; flowers white, on slender pedi-
cels; sepals triangular, acute or acuminate; petals oblong, obtuse, 4-5 mm.
long; follicles united below, diverging above.
On wet banks and cliffs, western Oregon; rare and local.
Saxifraga bongardi Pres]. Pubescent and somewhat glandular; stems
10-30 cm. high; leaves mostly in a basal rosette, oblanceolate or spatulate,
toothed above the middle, 2-6 cm. long, the petiole broad and short; inflores-
cence loosely paniculate; flowers white, some of them often replaced by leafy
bulblets; sepals ovate, reflexed; petals lanceolate, clawed, unequal, white with
two yellowish spots at base, 4-6 mm. long.
Common along alpine rills.
SAXIFRAGACEAE. IgI
Saxifraga mertensiana Bong. Leaves nearly all basal, the blades orbic-
ular-reniform, incisely many lobed, the lobes mostly 3-toothed at apex; stems
10-30 cm. high; panicle loose, the branches flowering at the tips and usually
bearing bulblets below; sepals reflexed; petals white, oblong or obovate,
short-clawed; filaments broadest at top.
On moist cliffs, especially in the mountains.
[Saxifraga odontoloma Piper. Glabrous below the inflorescence; leaves all
basal, reniform-orbicular, coarsely and evenly dentate, 2-8 cm. broad; petioles
2-3 times as long as the blade; scapes 10-40 cm. high; flowers white, in a loose
panicle; calyx lobes oval, obtuse, reflexed, 2 mm. long; petals orbicular, un-
guiculate, longer than the calyx; filaments spatulate; carpels 7-8 mm. long,
becoming divaricate.
Common along streams in the mountains. Formerly confused with the
European S. punctata L.
Saxifraga nelsoniana D.Don. Very similar to S. odontoloma; petals oblong
to ovate, unguiculate at base, 3-4.5 mm. long.
Along mountain rivulets at 1500-2000 m. altitude, Alaska to Washington.
pe for the form of the petals it is scarcely distinguishable from S. odon-
toloma.
Saxifraga rufidula (Small) Piper n. comb. (Micranthes rufidula Small.)
Leaves in a basal rosette, thickish, ovate to oval, crenate, bright green and
nearly glabrous above, densely red-tomentose beneath at least when young,
1-4 cm. long, short-petioled; scapes 5-10 cm. high, pubescent; cyme few-
flowered; sepals ovate, obtuse; petals white, 4-5 mm. long, nearly orbicular,
clawed; filaments subulate.
In rock crevices mostly in the mountains.
Saxifraga marshallii Greene. Very similar to S. rufidula, but the leaves
larger, 4—9 cm. long, not so thick and usually less pubescent; filaments clavate
or spatulate.
Rock crevices in the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
Saxifraga oregana Howell. Leaves spreading in a basal rosette, oblong
to oblanceolate, obscurely denticulate, obtuse, nearly glabrous, 5-20 cm. long;
scapes stout, erect, glandular, 30-90 cm. tall; inflorescence paniculate, usually
pyramidal, rather dense; sepals ovate, obtuse, at length reflexed; petals white,
oblong to oval, short-clawed, 4 mm. long; filaments subulate.
In marshes, Washington to California; rather local.
Saxifraga integrifolia Hook. Leaves all basal in a rosette, oblong to ovate,
entire or obscurely denticulate, viscidly-pubescent or glabrate, 4-8 cm. long;
scapes glandular, erect, 15-40 cm. high; inflorescence paniculate; sepals ovate,
becoming reflexed; petals white, obovate, 2-3 mm. long; filaments subulate,
Prairies, rare. First found near the mouth of the Columbia River by
Scouler.
251. BOLANDRA.
Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks; leaves alternate;
flowers in loose few-flowered panicles; calyx broadly campan-
ulate, 5-lobed, the tube free from the ovary; petals 5, on the
throat of the calyx, small, subulate, persistent, recurved; stamens
5, short, alternate with the petals; ovary enclosed by the dilated
calyx, ovate with a broad 2-celled base, deeply cleft above into two
tapering horns, each tipped by a truncate nearly sessile stigma;
capsule membranaceous.
192 SAXIFRAGACEAE.
Bolandra oregana Wats. Flowering stems 10-40 cm. high, the inflores-
cence glandular-pubescent; leaves reniform, angularly lobed, dentate, glabrous,
2-6 cm. broad; calyx large, campanulate, green or purple, the tube 5 mm. long,
the lanceolate lobes shorter; petals purple, lanceolate-attenuate, about 1 cm.
long; carpels scarcely diverging, conical, 1 cm. long.
On wet cliffs in the gorge of the Columbia River and at the falls of the
Willamette, Oregon. The plant bears bulbils near the base.
252. HEMIEVA.
Glandular-puberulent perennial herbs with short bulbiferous
rootstocks; basal leaves ternately divided; cauline leaves with
more or less developed stipules; flowers in a cyme; calyx-tube
campanulate, adherent to the lower half of the ovary; sepals 5,
triangular-lanceolate; petals 5, obovate; stamens 5, opposite the
sepals, erect, on the outer margin of the disk; styles distinct;
ovary 2-celled, with axile placentae.
Hemieva ranunculifolia (Hook.) Raf. Glandular-pubescent; stems 10-30
cm. high; basal leaves long-petioled, reniform, 3-parted, the segments cuneate
and incisely 3- or 4-lobed; middle cauline leaves similar but the petiole short
and broad; uppermost leaves sessile, 3-lobed, passing into the oblong bracts;
flowers white, in a compact cyme; calyx campanulate, its ovate lobes as
long; petals obovate, 6-7 mm. long.
In the Cascade Mountains in rocky places at about 1700 m. altitude.
Bulblets are produced in the axils of some of the leaves.
253. SULLIVANTIA.
Slender acaulescent perennial herbs with small rootstocks
and scape-like stems; leaves alternate, all but one basal, reniform
to orbicular in outline, shallowly lobed and coarsely toothed,
cordate, long-petioled; flowers in panicled cymes; calyx-tube
campanulate, longer than the calyx; sepals 5, erect; corolla
whitish, regular, of 5 persistent clawed petals; stamens 5; ovary
half-inferior; follicles erect, enclosed in the calyx-tube.
Sullivantia oregana Wats. Glandular-pubescent above; stems 10-20 cm.
high; leaves orbicular, cordate, obscurely lobed, incisely toothed, 2-5 cm.
broad, the slender petioles dilated at base; calyx campanulate with ovate
ies petals obovate, unguiculate, white, 1.5 mm. long; carpels thin, 4 mm.
ong.
On wet cliffs, Multnomah Falls and Elk Rock, Oregon.
254. THEROFON.
Glandular-pubescent perennial herbs with scaly rootstocks;
leaves reniform, cleft or lobed and dentate or crenate; stipules
foliaceous or bristle-like; flowers perfect, in panicles on leafy
lateral shoots; calyx-tube campanulate, urn-shaped or turbi-
nate, adnate to the lower half of the ovary; sepals 5, lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate; petals 5, white, obovate or spatulate; stamens
5, opposite the sepals; styles 2, distinct, in fruit forming 2 diver-
SAXIFRAGACEAE. 193
gent beaks; ovary and capsule usually 2-celled with axile placen-
tae; seeds numerous.
Stipules scarious or foliaceous. T. intermedium.
Stipules represented by bristles. T. elatum.
Therofon intermedium (Piper) Heller. Sparsely pubescent, glandular in
the inflorescence; stems rather stout, 40-50 cm. high, few-leaved; basal leaves
orbicular, cuneate at base, subreniform with a broad sinus, 5—7-cleft, the lobes:
incisely toothed, 5-9 cm. broad; cauline similar but smaller and with stipules;
peduncles axillary, 6—-12-flowered; calyx campanulate, its lobes triangular;
petals obovate, white, 4-5 mm. long.
Chehalis County, Washington, Lamb. Very closely allied to T. majus
(Gray) Wheelock which occurs in Idaho, southern Oregon and California.
Therofon elatum (Nutt.) Greene. Sparsely hirsute with reddish hairs;
stems slender, 40-70 cm. high, few-leaved; basal leaves reniform cordate,
5-9-lobed, incisely serrate, slender-petioled, 2-5 cm. broad; cauline similar
but smaller; inflorescence a long loose panicle; calyx deeply campanulate, its
lobes acute; petals spatulate-oblong, white, 4-6 mm. long.
Rocky banks of streams, Vancouver Island to California.
255. CHRYSOSPLENIUM.
Low and small glabrous herbs with tender succulent leaves;
flowers small, solitary or in leafy cymes; calyx-lobes 4 or 5,
yellow within; stamens 8 or 10, very short, inserted on a conspic-
uous disk; styles 2; capsule obcordate or 2-lobed, flattened, very
short, 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, 2-valved at the top,
many-seeded.
Chrysosplenium scouleri (Hook.) Rose. (C. glechomaefolium Nutt.)
Perennial, glabrous; stems creeping or ascending, 5-15 cm. long, rooting at
the joints; flowering branches ascending, 5-10 cm. high; leaves opposite, or
those of the flowering stems alternate, orbicular, crenate, 5~20 mm. broad,
nearly sessile; flowers solitary, axillary; sepals 4 mm. long, obtuse; stamens 8.
In muddy places in the mountains at low altitudes.
256. TIARELLA.
Slender perennial herbs; leaves palmately lobed, sometimes
with small stipules; flowers small, white, in a terminal raceme or
panicle; calyx-tube campanulate, 5-parted, nearly free from the
ovary; petals 5, entire, small, short clawed; stamens 10; fila-
ments long and slender; styles 2; ovary 1-celled, 2-horned;
placentae parietal, becoming almost basal in fruit; ovules num-
erous; capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, the valves usually unequal;
seeds usually few.
Leaves merely lobed. T. unifoliata.
Leaves trifoliolate.
Leaflets coarsely dentate. T. trifoliata.
Leaflets deeply lobed or cleft. T. laciniata.
Tiarella unifoliata Hook. Pubescent throughout or nearly glabrous;
stems simple, 15-40 cm. high, erect or ascending; radical leaves ovate or
14
194 SAXIFRAGACEAE.
orbicular, cordate, long-petioled, 3-7-lobed, the lobes crenate-dentate; cau-
line 1-3, similar but smaller, short-petioled; panicle narrow, loose, 5-15
cm. long; flowers white; petals small, thread-like.
Common in woods at low altitudes in the mountains.
Tiarella trifoliata L. Sparsely hirsute, the inflorescence glandular; stems
slender, erect or ascending, 15-40 cm. high; basal leaves long-petioled, trifolio-
late, the middle leaflet cuneate-obovate, 3-lobed and toothed; lateral leaflets
oblique; cauline leaves similar, smaller, short-petioled; panicle narrow; sepals
oblong, acute; petals filiform, white, twice as long as the sepals; carpels unequal,
membranaceous, the larger 6-7 mm. long.
Common in moist woods.
Tiarella laciniata Hook. Similar in size and habit to T. érifoliata; leaves
trifoliolate, the middle leaflet 3-cleft, the segments deeply incised; lateral
leaflets oblique, 2-cleft, the segments incised.
A rare species, known from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Mount
Constitution and Skamania County, Washington.
257. TELLIMA.
Perennial herbs; stem simple or branched at the base; leaves
few, round-cordate, toothed or palmately-divided, chiefly alter-
nate; petioles with stipule-like dilations at the base; flowers in a
single terminal raceme; calyx 5-lobed, campanulate or turbinate,
the base adhering to the base or lower half of the ovary; petals
5, white, whitish or pink, on the throat or in the sinuses of the
calyx, cleft or lobed; stamens 10, short, included; styles 2 or 3,
very short; ovary short, 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae;
capsule conical, slightly 3-beaked; seeds very numerous.
Calyx campanulate; petals sessile, pinnately parted; plant
not producing bulblets. T. grandiflora.
Calyx obconic; petals clawed, palmately cleft; plant producing
bulblets. T. parviflora.
Tellima grandiflora (Pursh) Dougl. Hirsutely pubescent, the inflores-
cence glandular; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, bearing 2 or 3 nearly sessile
smaller leaves; basal leaves cordate-orbicular, shallowly 3—9-lobed, dentate
with broad teeth, 5-10 cm. broad, the hairy petioles 10-20 cm. long; raceme
somewhat one-sided; calyx campanulate, 8 mm. long, the lobes triangular;
petals pinnately divided into filiform segments, greenish at first, gradually
changing to bright red.
Common in moist woods. TJ. odorata Howell and T. breviflora Rydberg,
each based mainly on slight calyx characters, are scarcely distinct.
Tellima parviflora Hook. Perennial, propagating by bulblets; herbage
rough-pubescent; stems slender, 15-30 cm. high; leaves palmately 3—5-parted;
segments cuneate, 3-cleft, the lobes sometimes again cleft; pedicels erect,
mostly as long as or longer than the calyx; calyx 4-6 mm. long, obconic or club-
shaped; petals pink, deeply 3-cleft; ovary half-inferior.
In gravelly or rocky soil in open places. Bulblets are sometimes formed
in the inflorescence.
258. MITELLA. Mitrrewort.
Low slender perennial herbs; leaves simple, mostly radical,
long-petioled, ovate or orbicular; cauline rarely few, usually
SAXIFRAGACEAE. 195
none; flowers small, white or greenish, in a simple raceme; calyx
short, the broad tube 5-lobed, adherent to the base of the ovary
and dilated beyond it; petals 5, slender, pinnatifid or 3-cleft
into thread-like lobes; stamens 10 or 5, very short; styles 2,
short; ovary globose, 1-celled, with 2 parietal almost basal
placentae, partly superior; capsule globular or depressed, hardly
at all lobed; seeds several to each placenta.
Stems bearing 1-3 leaves. M. caulescens.
Stems leafless.
Petals mostly 3-cleft at apex. M. trifida.
Petals pinnately 3—5-parted.
Stamens opposite the petals. M. pentandra.
Stamens alternate with the petals.
Leaves broadly reniform. M. breweri.
Leaves oblong-cordate. M. ovalis.
Mitella caulescens Nutt. Stems slender, 25-40 cm. high, bearing 1-3
petioled alternate leaves; basal leaves broadly ovate, cordate, 5—7-lobed,
crenate-dentate, sparsely hairy; flowers greenish, in a loose raceme; petals
pinnately cleft into 7-9 filiform lobes; plants producing runners in summer.
In moist woods, not common.
Mitella trifida Graham. (Ozomelis pacifica Rydb.) Leaves all basal, their
petioles hairy, slender, 5-7 cm. long, their blades reniform, obscurely 7—-9-
lobed, crenate-dentate, sparsely pubescent, 2-4 cm. broad; scapes 15-30 cm.
high; raceme often 1-sided; calyx campanulate; petals cuneate, deeply 3-cleft.
In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude, rare.
Mitella pentandra Hook. Scapes 10-30 cm. high, puberulent; leaves all
basal, broadly cordate, coarsely crenate, sparsely pubescent, petioled; raceme
loose; calyx saucer-shaped, the lobes short and obtuse; petals pinnately divided
into 7-9 filiform lobes.
In moist woods in the mountains.
Mitella breweri Gray. Rootstock horizontal; leaves all basal, few, the
slender petioles sparsely hairy, the blades reniform-orbicular, obscurely 3-5-
lobed, crenate-serrate, somewhat shiny above, nearly glabrous, 3-8 cm. wide;
scapes about as long as the leaves; calyx saucer-shaped, 3-4 mm. in diameter;
petals greenish, pinnately 3—5-parted into filiform segments.
Common in the mountains at about the limit of trees.
Mitella ovalis Greene. (M. hallit Howell.) Rootstock short, creeping;
leaves all basal, their blades oval, cordate or reniform, obscurely 5—9-lobed,
crenate-dentate, sparsely hirsute, 2-4 cm. long, on slender hairy petioles 4-10
cm. long; scapes exceeding the leaves; calyx saucer-shaped, 2-3 mm. broad;
petals pinnate with 3-5 filiform segments.
In moist ground near the coast, Vancouver Island to California.
259. LEPTAXIS.
Perennial herbs with scaly rootstocks and lateral leafy flower-
ing branches; stipules membranaceous; calyx-tube funnelform,
free from the ovary; sepals 5, ascending; petals 4, subulate,
persistent; stamens 3, opposite the upper 3 sepals; ovary 1-celled,
many-seeded, with parietal placentae, attenuate and slightly
stipitate at the base, each carpel long beaked.
196 SAXIFRAGACEAE.
Leptaxis menziesii (Pursh) Raf. Sparsely hirsute throughout; stems
clustered, 40-60 cm. high, simple, erect, 3-5-leaved; basal leaves ovate, cor-
date, acute, obscurely 5—7-lobed, serrate-dentate, 5-15 cm. long, slender-
petioled; cauline leaves smaller, shorter-petioled; racemes 10-30 cm. long;
pedicels shorter than the flowers; calyx cylindric, dark purple, the lobes
unequal; petals filiform, twice as long as the calyx lobes; stamens exserted.
Common in rich woods; the plant propagates itself vegetatively by means
of an adventitious bud formed at the tip of the petiole on many of thc leaves.
260. ELMERA.
Low glandular-pubescent perennial herb with a thick scaly
rootstock and lateral leafy flowering branches; cauline leaves
with conspicuous membranous stipules; inflorescence racemose;
calyx-tube deeply campanulate, adnate to the lower half of the
ovary; sepals 5, ovate, erect; petals 5, spatulate, erect, 3-5-cleft
at the apex or entire; stamens 5, opposite the sepals; ovary
1-celled, many-ovuled, with 2 parietal placentae.
Elmera racemosa (Wats.) Rydb. (Heuchera racemosa Wats.) Somewhat
pubescent and the inflorescence glandular; basal leaves reniform-cordate,
obscurely lobed, crenate, 2-4 cm. broad, long-petioled; stems 10-40 cm. high,
bearing 1-3 small leaves; flowers white; calyx 4 mm. long, campanulate, its
lobes ovate; petals spatulate, entire or somewhat incised, slightly longer than
the calyx-lobes.
Rock cliffs or rock talus in the mountains at 1500-3000 m. altitude. Most
abundant in the Olympic Mountains. Known only from Washington.
261. HEUCHERA. Aum Roor.
Perennial herbs; leaves mostly basal, long-petioled, rounded,
mostly cordate; cauline, if any, alternate; petioles with dilated
margins or adherent stipules; flowers greenish or purple, in clusters
which form a long narrow panicle; calyx tube campanulate,
5-lobed, coherent with the lower half of the ovary; lobes some-
times unequal; petals 5, small, entire, sometimes minute or
wanting, or early deciduous; stamens 5; styles 2, slender; ovary
1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae; capsule 1-celled, more or less
2-beaked; seeds numerous.
Stamens exserted; flowers in loose panicles.
Leaf lobes triangular, acute; herbage glabrous. Hf. glabra.
Leaf lobes rounded; herbage pubescent, at least the under
leaf surface. HT. micrantha,
Stamens included; flowers in a spike or spike-like panicle.
Pubescence villous or hirsute. HZ. chlorantha.
Pubescence glandular. HI, ovalifolia.
Heuchera glabra Willd. Glabrous; stems erect or curved, 30-60 cm. high,
bearing 1-3 leaves; basal leaves cordate-orbicular, 5—7-lobed, doubly serrate,
thin, shining above, 4~10 cm. broad, slender-petioled; cauline similar, short-
petioled; panicles loose; calyx turbinate, puberulent, the oblong obtuse lobes
as long as the tube; petals white, ovate, clawed, 2-3 mm. long.
Rocky cliffs and slopes in the mountains, Alaska to Oregon.
ROSACEAE. 197
Heuchera micrantha Dougl. More or less villous; stems erect, 30-60 cm.
high, bearing 1-3 leaves or scapiform; basal leaves cordate-orbicular, obtusely
lobed, crenate with cuspidate teeth, usually pubescent beneath, ciliate, 2-6
cm. broad, the slender petioles usually pilose with reddish hairs; panicle loose,
glandular-puberulent; calyx turbinate, the ovate lobes of equal length; petals
white, oblanceolate, clawed, becoming twisted.
Common on rocky cliffs. The less pubescent or nearly glabrous form is
considered by some botanists distinct under the name A. nuttallit Rydb.
Heuchera chlorantha Piper. Tufted from a branching caudex; leaves all
basal, orbicular to reniform, cordate, 7-9-lobed, the lobes broadly rounded
and dentate, glabrous except on the veins beneath; petioles slender, sparsely
pilose with brownish hairs; scapes 50-100 cm. high, villous; inflorescence a
dense narrow panicle 5-10 cm. long; bracts ovate to lanceolate, fimbriate, the
lower ones 3-cleft; calyx greenish, turbinate-campanulate, the lobes oblong;
petals minute or wanting.
In damp meadows, not rare. This species has generally been confused with
Hi. cylindrica Dougl. of the interior.
Heuchera ovalifolia Nutt. Densely and minutely glandular-pubescent
throughout; leaves all basal, broadly oval or ovate, slightly cordate, shallowly
5-lobed, crenate-dentate; stems erect, 10-30 cm. high; inflorescence dense,
2-6 cm. long; calyx greenish, 6-7 mm. long.
In rocky places, mostly on the east slope of the Cascade Mountains and in
the interior, but known from Mount Hood, Oregon.
Family 49. ROSACEAE. Roser FamMi.y.
Herbs shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, simple or compound,
usually with evident stipules which are often quickly deciduous;
flowers regular, mostly perfect, rarely polygamo-dioecious; calyx
of 5, rarely 3-8, sepals, united at the base, often surrounded by
a row of bractlets; calyx-tube lined by the disk; petals as many
as the sepals, rarely wanting, on the edge of the calyx-tube;
stamens usually numerous or few and coherent with the calyx-
tube; carpels 1—-many, distinct and free, or few and coherent
with the calyx-tube into a 2-several-celled inferior ovary; seeds
few or solitary; endosperm none, scanty or rarely copious.
The so-called ‘ calyx-tube ”’ in this family is partly or wholly
a hollowed-out receptacle, sometimes called the hypanthium.
Pistil one.
Fruit a drupe; petals present, white.
Flowers perfect; carpel one. 262. Prunus, 199,
Flowers dioecious; carpels 5. 263. OSMARONIA, 199.
Fruit an akene; petals none, or if present, yel-
low.
Petals 5, yellow; calyx prickly. 274. AGRiImonta, 205.
Petals none; calyx not prickly.
Leaves palmately-lobed; flowers axil-
lary. 275. ALCHEMILLA, 206.
Leaves pinnately-lobed; flowers in a
spike. 276. SANGUISORBA, 206.
198 ROSACEAE.
Pistils more than one.
Pistils 2-5, united with each other and with the
lower part of the receptacle and calyx-tube
with which in fruit they form a pome.
Flowers in racemes; locules of mature
pomes 10.
Flowers in corymbs or cymes; locules 1-5.
Carpels stony in fruit.
Carpels papery in fruit.
Pistils few or many, free.
Fruit of few 2-several-seeded follicles.
Leaves palmately-lobed.
Leaves not palmately-lobed.
Stamens united at base; flowers in
racemes.
Stamens not united at base; flowers
in panicles or corymbs.
Stamineal disk adherent, entire;
ovules 2.
Stamineal disk free at the edge,
not entire; ovules 5 or more.
Shrubs with simple leaves;
flowers perfect.
Herbs with compound leaves;
flowers dioecious.
Fruit of numerous 1-2-seeded akenes or
drupelets.
Fruit of drupelets, usually united.
Fruit of akenes.
Receptacle urn-shaped or bell-shaped,
enclosing the akenes.
Receptacle fleshy; akenes num-
erous.
Receptacle dry; akenes 1-4.
Petals 5, yellow; calyx prickly.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272),
273.
274.
Petals none; calyx not prickly. —
Leaves palmately-lobed;
flowers axillary.
Leaves pinnately-lobed;
flowers in a spike.
Receptacle convex, flat or but slightly
concave.
Styles persistent, mostly plumose
or geniculate.
Calyx-lobes and petals 8 or 9.
Calyx-lobes and petals 5.
Styles jointed, the upper
part deciduous.
Styles not -jointed, plu-
mose or naked.
Styles deciduous, naked.
Styles terminal.
Styles lateral.
Shrubs; carpels hairy.
Herbs; carpels glabrous.
Stamens 5; carpels 10-
15.
275.
276.
20%:
278.
279.
280.
281.
282.
AMELANCHIER, 200.
CRATAEGUS, 200.
Pyrus, 200.
OPULASTER, 201.
LuTKEA, 201.
Hovopiscus, 202.
SPIRAEA, 202.
ARUNCUS, 203.
Rusus, 203.
Rosa, 204.
AGRIMONIA, 205.
ALCHEMILLA, 206.
SANGUISORBA, 206.
Dryas, 206.
Geum, 207.
SIEVERSIA, 207.
POTENTILLA, 208.
DasiIpHora, 210.
SIBBALDIA, 210.
ROSACEAE. 199
Stamens 20; carpels
numerous.
Leaves trifoliolate;
receptacle fleshy
in fruit. 283. FRAGARIA, 210.
Leaves pinnate; re-
ceptacle not
fleshy.
Flowers dark-
purple; recep-
tacle spongy. 284. Comarum, 211.
Flowers yellow
or whitish;
penta
ry.
Plant stolon-
iferous;
flowers sol-
itary. 285. ARGENTINA, 211.
Plant not sto-
loniferous ;
flowers cy-
mose. 286. DRYMOCALLIS, 211.
262. PRUNUS. Prium. CHERRY.
Small trees or shrubs, many with edible fruits; leaves alternate,
simple, usually serrulate; flowers white or rose-colored, solitary
or fascicled in the axils or in terminal racemes or corymbs; calyx
5-lobed, free from the ovary; petals 5, on the calyx-tube; stamens
numerous; pistil 1; style 1; ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe;
seed 1, rarely 2; endosperm none.
Flowers in corymbs. P. emarginata.
Flowers in racemes. P. demissa.
Prunus emarginata erecta (Presl) Piper n. comb. (Cerasus erecta Presl;
Prunus emarginata villosa Sudw.) Wild Cherry. Small tree, 10-20 m. high;
branches and bark chestnut brown, with prominent lenticels; leaves narrow,
ovate, elliptical or obovate, obtuse or acute, cuneate at base, minutely serrate,
tomentose beneath, 3-8 cm. long, short-petioled; corymbs few-flowered, ap-
pearing with the leaves, the pedicels pubescent; flowers about 1 cm. broad;
fruit oblong, bright red, bitter; stone with a grooved ridge on one side.
In open woods, common. The trees reach a maximum diameter of about
50 cm. and a height of 20 m.
Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Dietr. Chokecherry. Shrub or small tree, 2-8 m.
high; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, cuneate, rounded or cordate at the base,
sharply serrate, 5-10 cm. long, sometimes somewhat pubescent beneath;
petioles 1-2 cm. long, appearing after the leaves; calyx somewhat glandular;
petals nearly orbicular; fruit globose, dark purple, 5-6 mm. in diameter, not
edible; stone globose.
In open prairies. First collected by Nuttall near the mouth of the Willa-
mette River.
263. OSMARONIA.
Shrubs with alternate simple entire leaves; stipules none;
flowers polygamo-dioecious, white, in loose nodding racemes,
200 ROSACEAE.
which appear with the branchlets from the same buds; calyx
turbinate-campanulate, 5-lobed, deciduous; petals 5, broadly
spatulate , erect; stamens 15, in two rows; styles short, lateral;
carpels 5, on the base of the calyx-tube, free, glabrous; fruit
consisting of 1-4 oblong-ovoid 1-seeded drupes, with thin pulp
and a smooth bony stone.
Osmaronia cerasiformis (T. & G.) Greene. Indian Plum. Shrub, 2-4
m. high; leaves broadly oblanceolate, acute, 5-10 cm. long, glabrous, entire;
racemes nodding; petals white, spatulate; drupes purple-black, oblong.
In wet soil,common. The young leaves and flowers have a peculiar rather
unpleasant odor. The fruits are somewhat bitter.
264. AMELANCHIER. Service BERRY.
Shrubs or small trees, not thorny; leaves alternate, simple,
petioled, serrate or entire; flowers white, in racemes; calyx-tube
campanulate, 5-lobed, more or less adherent to the ovary; petals
5; stamens numerous, on the calyx-tube; styles 2-5, united below
or distinct; ovary 5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled; berry-like pome
10-celled, by the growth of a false partition in each cell of the
ovary; ovules 10.
Amelanchier florida Lindl. Shrub or small tree, 2-5 m. high; leaves
broadly oblong, rounded or subcordate at base, obtuse, tomentose when
young especially beneath, glabrate, toothed above the middle or rarely entire,
2-4 cm. long; petioles pubescent, 1-2 cm. long; racemes 4-8 cm. long; calyx
pubescent, the triangular acute lobes not longer than the tube; petals ob-
lanceolate, obtuse, about 1 cm. long.
In open woods, common.
{265. CRATAEGUS. TuHorn. HAwrTuHorn.
Shrubs or small trees, mostly thorny; leaves alternate, petioled,
entire, serrate, lobed or pinnatifid; flowers white, rarely rose-
colored, in terminal corymbs; calyx-tube cup-shaped or cam-
panulate, adherent to the carpels, the limb 5-lobed; petals 5,
roundish, on the calyx-tube; stamens many, or only 5 or 10;
styles 1-5, separate; ovary inferior, or its summit free; ovules
one to each carpel; pome small, drupe-like, with 1-5 bony
carpels, each 1-seeded.
Crataegus douglasii Lindl. (C. brevispina (Dougl.) Heller.) Shrub, 2-6 m.
high; spines stout, 2-3 cm. long; leaves obovate, broadly cuneate at base,
coarsely doubly dentate above the middle, acute or obtuse, sparsely pubescent
on both sides when young, paler beneath, 2-5 cm. long; petioles short, gland-
less; corymbs usually many-flowered; flowers about 12 mm. broad; calyx-tube
glabrous, the lanceolate lobes pubescent; anthers pink; fruit black, smooth;
nutlets with cavities on the ventral faces.
Along streams and rivers, not common west of the Cascade Mountains.
266. PYRUS.
Trees or shrubs; leaves simple or compound; flowers in corymbed
cymes; calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft; petals roundish or obovate;
ROSACEAE. 201
stamens numerous; styles 2-5; pome fleshy or berry-like, the
2-5 carpels or cells of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seeded,
Leaves simple; cyme simple. P. diversifolia.
Leaves pinnate; cyme compound.
Leaflets acute, serrate the whole length. P. sitchensis.
Leaflets obtuse, serrate only at the apex. P. occidentalis.
Pyrus diversifolia Bong. Wild Crab-apple. Small tree, 5-10 m. high,
somewhat spiny; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sometimes
3-lobed, serrate, pubescent beneath; flowers white, in a simple cyme; fruit
oblong, green or purplish, depressed at each end.
In swamps, common.
Pyrus sitchensis (Roem.) Piper. Mountain Ash. Shrub, 2-5 m. high, with
smooth bark; young branches pubescent; leaves pinnate, 12-20 cm. long;
leaflets 4-6 pairs, mostly oblong, acute or acuminate, simply or doubly serrate,
glabrous or nearly so, shiny above, 2-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad; cymes dense,
compound, 8-12 cm. broad; flowers white, 8 mm. broad; calyx and pedicels
loosely woolly-pubescent; fruit bright-red, about 6 mm. in diameter.
In the mountains at low altitudes.
Pyrus occidentalis Wats. Low shrub, about 1 m. high; leaflets 7-11,
oblong, obtuse, serrate near the tip, dull above, paler beneath; cymes rather
small; fruit purplish with a bloom.
In the mountains, at about the limit of trees.
267. OPULASTER. NINEBARK.
Branching shrubs; leaves petioled, simple, palmately-lobed;
flowers in umbel-like corymbs; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, round,
on the calyx-tube; stamens many, distinct, on the calyx-tube;
pistils 1-5, more or less united; follicles 1-5, 2-valved; seeds
2-4; endosperm copious.
Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze. Shrub, 2-5 m. high, the branches
spreading and covered with a thin flaky brownish bark; leaves broadly ovate
to orbicular, cordate, palmately 3—-5-lobed, somewhat doubly dentate, nearly
glabrous above, stellate pubescent beneath, 2-8 cm. long; petioles 1-2 cm.
long; inflorescence a dense corymb; petals white, obovate, longer than the
blunt calyx-lobes; carpels membranaceous, glabrous, a half longer than the
calyx.
On stream banks. The western form is by some authors considered distinct
under the name O. capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze.
268. LUTKEA.
Low cespitose shrubs with decumbent stoloniferous branches;
leaves 2-3 times ternately dissected; flowers perfect, in racemes;
disk thickened, 10-lobed; calyx-tube hemispheric; sepals 5;
petals 5; stamens numerous; pistils usually 5, distinct; styles
terminal, deciduous; stigmas truncate; ovules several; follicles
coriaceous; seeds linear-lanceolate.
Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze. Densely matted; stems creeping,
slender, woody; leaves twice or thrice cleft into narrow acute spreading lobes,
glabrous; flowering stems 5-10 cm. high; racemes 2-3 cm. long.
In alpine meadows, abundant, often forming extensive mats.
202 ROSACEAE.
269. HOLODISCUS.
Thornless shrubs; leaves alternate, simply pinnately toothed
or lobed, without stipules; flowers numerous, white, in terminal
panicles; calyx deeply 5-lobed; petals 5, as long as the calyx
lobes, rounded; stamens 20, on a perigynous entire ring-like
adherent disk, scarcely exserted; pistils 5,each with 2 ovules, be-
coming 1-seeded hairy carpels almost indehiscent.
Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. Ocean Spray. Iron-wood. Large
shrub, 2-5 m. high; young twigs pubescent; leaves triangular-ovate, mostly
obtuse, truncate or cuneate at base, woolly-pubescent beneath, glabrous above,
2-5 cm. long; panicle broadly pyramidal, much branched, 10-20 cm. long;
flowers small, white, becoming yellowish; calyx densely short-pubescent, the
lobes acute, spreading.
In open woods, abundant.
270. SPIRAEA.
Shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules; flowers white
or pink, perfect, in racemes, cymes, corymbs, or panicles; calyx
4- or 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5, exceeding the calyx and inserted on
the calyx-tube; stamens numerous, distinct, on a disk which is
free at the edge and crenate or glandular-toothed; filaments much
exserted; pistils commonly 5, superior, alternate with the calyx-
lobes; ovules 5-11; follicles usually 5, not inflated, 1-valved;
seeds few to several.
Low depressed shrubs with entire leaves. S. hendersoni.
Taller shrubs with serrate or incised leaves.
Flowers white. S. lucida.
Flowers red.
Flowers in flat corymbs. S. densiflora.
Flowers in elongate panicles.
Leaves tomentose beneath. S. douglasit.
Leaves glabrous beneath. S. menziesit.
Spiraea hendersoni (Canby) Piper. Densely matted low shrub with the
leaves in rosettes; leaves oblanceolate, glabrous or nearly so, thick, pale green;
flowering stem 5-10 cm. high; raceme dense, 2-3 cm. long.
In rock crevices on high peaks in the Olympic Mountains.
Spiraea lucida Dougl. Low shrub, 30-60 cm. high, branched below;
leaves elliptic or ovate, rounded at base, 2-6 cm. long, coarsely and unevenly
serrate or incised above the middle, green and glabrous on both sides; petioles
short; inflorescence a flat-topped dense corymb, 5-12 cm. across; flowers small,
white; carpels 5, glabrous.
At low altitudes in the mountains. Very feebly distinguishable from the
eastern S. corymbosa Raf.
Spiraea densiflora Nutt. Stems erect, 30-100 cm. high; leaves ovate or
elliptic, serrate near the apex, usually obtuse; flowers in dense corymbs; petals
rose-colored.
In the mountains at 1500-2000 m. elevation, near the limit of trees.
Spiraea douglasii Hook. Stems erect, 1-2 m. high; leaves oblong, serrate
ROSACEAE. 203
toward the apex, tomentose beneath; flowers in dense panicles, 8-20 cm. long;
petals rose-colored.
In swamps and on the margins of lakes, common.
Spiraea menziesii Hook. Erect shrub, 1-1.5 m. high, not much branched,
minutely pubescent on the young twigs and under side of the leaves; leaves
oblong, acute or obtuse, rounded or cuneate at base, green on both sides,
coarsely serrate above the middle, rarely entire, 3-6 cm. long; petioles short;
panicles dense, pyramidal or oblong, 5-20 cm. long; flowers rose-colored;
calyx-lobes becoming reflexed; carpels 5, glabrous.
_ In wet places, rare west of the Cascade Mountains. Common in the
interior.
271. ARUNCUS. Goat’s BEARD.
Tall dioecious herbs; leaves 2—3-pinnate, the leaflets rather
large, ovate-oblong; flowers sessile or nearly so, on long spike-like
branches in a large open panicle; petals small, narrow, white;
carpels 3 or 4.
Aruncus aruncus (L.) Karst. Glabrous; stems erect, 1-2 m. high; leaflets
ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, doubly dentate, 5-10 cm. long; panicle large;
flowers white.
On moist cliffs and banks, not rare.
272. RUBUS.
Perennial herbs or shrubs or vines, often prickly; leaves alter-
nate, simple, or pinnately 3-7-foliolate, with stipules adherent
to the petiole; flowers white or red, solitary or in racemes or
corymbs; calyx 5-lobed, without bractlets; petals 5, conspicuous;
stamens numerous, on the calyx-tube; styles nearly terminal;
carpels numerous, on the convex receptacle, ripening into 1-
seeded drupelets forming an aggregate fruit.
Herbs.
Leaves palmately lobed; carpels tomentose. R. lastococcus.
Leaves palmately compound; carpels glabrous. R. pedatus.
Shrubs.
Stems trailing. '
Leaves mostly compound; berries black. R. macropetalus.
Leaves mostly simple; berries red. R. nivalis.
Stems erect or ascending.
Leaves palmately lobed; not prickly. R. parviflorus.
Leaves compound; prickly.
Stems perennial; berry cylindric. R. laciniatus.
Stems biennial; berry hemispheric. :
Flowers red; berries yellow or orange. R. spectabilis.
Flowers white; berries black. R. leucodermis.
Rubus lasiococcus Gray. Herbaceous with trailing stems; leaves broadly
ovate, 3-5-lobed or rarely 3-foliolate, the lobes or leaflets serrate; flowers
white, solitary, on slender peduncles; fruit composed of few-several large red
fuzzy drupelets.
In shaded mountain woods, common.
Rubus pedatus Smith. Much like R. Jasiococcus but the leaves palmate
with 3-5 leaflets; fruit red, not fuzzy. ,
In mountain woods, often growing with R. lasiococcus.
204 ROSACEAE.
Rubus macropetalus Dougl. (R. helleri Rydb.) Dewberry. Stems slightly
woody, biennial, prickly, trailing, 1-8 m. long, usually unbranched the first
year, but bearing numerous short flowering branches the second year; leaves
3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; leaflets ovate, mostly acute, rounded or cordate
at base, doubly and somewhat incisely dentate, pubescent especially beneath,
2-5 cm. long; calyx glandular and prickly; petals white, 1-2 times as long as
the acute somewhat foliaceous tipped sepals; fruit black when ripe, cylindrical,
1-3 cm. long, finely flavored. :
Abundant, especially in ‘‘ burns’; commonly known as ‘ blackberry.”
Rubus nivalis Dougl. Stems trailing, armed with weak prickles; leaves
ovate-cordate, 3-lobed or rarely 3-foliolate, serrate, shining; petals “ lurid
red’; fruit bright red, hemispherical, acid.
In mountain woods, rarely blooming.
Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Thimble Berry. Stems wholly unarmed, peren-
nial, 1-1.5 m. high; bark brownish, becoming shreddy, usually glandular-
pubescent when young; leaves palmately and acutely 5-lobed, irregularly
serrate, cordate at base, soft-pubescent or nearly glabrous, 10-30 cm. broad;
petioles about as long as the blades, with stipules; corymbs few-flowered;
calyx glandular and woolly; petals white, about 2 cm. long; fruit red, flat-
convex, juicy, about 2 cm. broad.
In open woods, abundant.
Rubus laciniatus Willd. Evergreen Blackberry. Stems climbing, 3-5 m.
long, armed with numerous stout recurved prickles; leaflets 3, pinnately cleft
or parted and laciniately incised, sparsely pubescent beneath; petioles prickly;
flowers in small corymbs; sepals pubescent and armed with straight prickles;
petals white or pinkish, often incisely cleft; fruit a blackberry.
Cultivated and commonly established as an escape making dense thickets.
Rubus spectabilis Pursh. Salmon-berry. Stems 1-3 m. high, armed with
weak prickles; leaves mostly 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate, acute or acuminate,
coarsely serrate, often lobed; flowers red, mostly solitary; fruit a raspberry,
yellow or dark-red.
In swamps and along streams. Two varieties occur, one the better-
flavored with salmon-yellow fruits, the other with reddish-black fruits. The
latter is also distinguishable by the purple color of the twigs. The young
fleshy shoots are sweet and are often eaten by children and were formerly used
as food by the Indians.
Rubus leucodermis Dougl. Blackcap. Erect shrubs, the biennial stems
1-2 m. high, very glaucous, armed with stout straight or curved prickles;
leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; leaflets ovate, acuminate, doubly ser-
rulate, white-pubescent beneath, the lateral ones oblique and frequently with
one or two lobes; petioles and midveins prickly; flowers small, in few-flowered
corymbs; petals white, small, erect, shorter than the reflexed sepals; fruit
nearly black when mature, hemispherical, glaucous or tomentose, about 1 cm.
broad.
In open woods. Young shoots sweet and edible.
273. ROSA. Rose.
Erect or climbing shrubs, usually with prickly stems; leaves
alternate, odd-pinnate, with adherent stipules; leaflets mostly
serrate; flowers solitary or in corymbs; calyx-tube cup- or urn-
shaped, becoming fleshy in fruit, usually 5-lobed, without bractlets;
petals 5, large, obcordate; stamens numerous, on the calyx-tube;
ROSACEAE, 205
styles distinct or united; carpels numerous, sessile, within the
calyx-tube; akenes numerous, enclosed in the berry-like calyx-
tube.
Leaves very glandular beneath. R. rubiginosa.
Leaves not very glandular.
Flowers small, about 2 cm. in diameter; calyx-lobes de-
ciduous from the fruit. R. gymnocarpa.
Flowers large, 3 cm. or more in diameter; calyx-lobes
persistent.
Flowers mostly solitary; fruit globose, 2 cm. broad. R. nutkana.
Flowers in corymbs; fruit ovoid or oblong, not more
than 1 cm. broad. R. pisocarpa.
Rosa rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier. Stems slender, 1-2 m. high, armed with
stout recurved prickles; calyx-lobes lanceolate, not foliaceous at the tips; fruit
oval, 1-2 cm. long.
A sweet-scented species introduced from Europe and now abundant.
Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. Small shrub, about 1 m. high, armed with
numerous slender straight prickles; leaflets 5-9, elliptic, cuneate at base,
serrate, nearly glabrous, 5-20 mm. long; serratures and petioles glandular;
flowers mostly solitary, about 2 cm. in diameter; calyx-lobes acuminate, not
foliaceous appendaged, deciduous from the fruit; fruit oblong or pear-shaped,
about 1 cm. long.
Dry woods, common.
Rosa nutkana Presl. Stout, 1-2 m. high, armed with few but stout prickles;
leaflets 5-7, ovate or elliptic, obtuse, coarsely usually doubly serrate, 1-3 cm.
long, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, usually glandular on the petioles and
serratures; flowers mostly solitary, 4-8 cm. broad; calyx-lobes glandular,
foliaceous appendaged, persistent; calyx-tube globose, smooth; fruit globose
but varying to ovoid or pyriform, about 2 cm. in diameter; seeds large.
In springy places. Usually the leaves are sprinkled with minute glands
beneath, but in one form they are sparsely pubescent, becoming glabrate.
Rosa pisocarpa Gray. Very similar to R. nutkana, the leaves usually
finely pubescent; flowers smaller, about 3 cm. in diameter, usually in corymbs;
fruit ovoid or oblong, 5-10 mm. in diameter.
Usually growing with R. nutkana.
274. AGRIMONIA.
Perennial herbs; leaves interruptedly pinnate with crenate-
serrate leaflets; flowers small, in spike-like racemes with 3-cleft
bracts; calyx-tube top-shaped or hemispherical, the throat beset
with hooked bristles, hardened in fruit and enclosing the akenes;
petals 5, yellow; stamens 5-15; styles terminal.
Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Hirsute and somewhat glandular; stems
erect, branched, 90-120 cm. high; principal leaflets 7, unequal, oblong or the
terminal one obovate, coarsely serrate, pubescent especially on the nerves
beneath, usually with small leaflets between the principal ones; stipules coarsely
toothed; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; fruit reflexed, turbinate, its bristles mostly
spreading, the outer reflexed.
Sumas Prairie, Lyall.
206 ROSACEAE.
275. ALCHEMILLA.
Low annual or perennial herbs; leaves palmately lobed or
compound, with sheathing stipules; flowers perfect, small, green-
ish, in corymbs; calyx 4- or 5-lobed, with as many minute bractlets;
petals none; stamens 1-4, very small; styles basal or lateral;
carpels 1-4, distinct, free from the calyx-tube; akenes 1-4, en-
closed in the calyx-tube.
Alchemilla occidentalis Nutt. Annual, 2-8 cm. high, simple or branched
below, sparsely hairy; leaves short-petioled, fan-shaped, 3-parted, the lobes
acutely 2—3-cleft; stipules conspicuous, cleft; calyx 1-1.5 mm. long, acutely
4-cleft, the bractlets minute; akenes ovoid, pale, 1 mm. long.
In dry fields, very inconspicuous.
276. SANGUISORBA.
Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, odd-pinnate;
stipules adherent to the petiole; flowers small, perfect (in ours),
in dense terminal spikes or heads; calyx 4-lobed; petals none;
stamens 4—many; styles terminal, filiform; carpels 1-3, free from
the calyx-tube; akenes usually 1, enclosed in the 4-angled dry
closed calyx-tube.
Annual; flowers greenish. S. occidentale.
Perennial; flowers not greenish.
Flowers white. S. latifolia.
Flowers purple. S. microcephala.
Sanguisorba occidentale Nutt. Annual, erect, glabrous, 15-40 cm. high,
usually simple below; leaflets 4-6 pairs, 1-2 cm. long, ovate or oblong, deeply
pinnatifid into linear obtusish lobes; flowers perfect, greenish, in short
oblong spikes, 1-3 cm. long; bracts ovate, scarious-margined, persistent;
calyx-lobes broadly ovate, scarious; stamens 4, rarely 2, somewhat exserted.
In open prairies; scarcely separable from S. annua Nutt.
Sanguisorba latifolia (Hook.) Coville. (S. sitchensis C. A. Mey.) Per-
ennial, glabrous; stems 30-90 cm. high, simple or branched above; leaflets
5-10 pairs, oval, about three times as long as broad, coarsely serrate, more or
less cordate; stipules serrate; spikes 3-10 cm. long; flowers white.
Wet places in the mountains, rare southward; Alaska to Oregon and Idaho.
Sanguisorba microcephala Pres]. Glabrous; stems erect, 20-60 cm. high,
sparingly branched above, not much longer than the leaves; leaflets 9-13,
oblong-ovate, cordate, coarsely serrate-dentate, 1-4 cm. long, firm, paler be-
neath; spikes dark purple, dense, oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; sepals oval;
stamens short, not much exserted.
In bogs near the ocean coast, Alaska to northern California.
277. DRYAS.
Low tufted shrubs; leaves simple, petioled, white-canescent
beneath; stipules present; flowers rather large, perfect, solitary
on slender scapes; calyx persistent, not bracted, glandular-
hirsute, 8-9-lobed; petals 8 or 9, obovate, larger than the calyx-
lobes; stamens numcrous, on the throat of the calyx; carpels
ROSACEAE. 207
numerous, sessile on the dry receptacle; style terminal, persistent,
elongated and plumose in fruit.
Dryas octopetala L. Somewhat shrubby, densely matted; leaves oblong-
ovate, obtuse, crenate, bright green above, white beneath; flowers white.
At high altitudes on Mount Rainier and northward.
278. GEUM.
Perennial herbs; leaves pinnate, with stipules, the radical clus-
tered; cauline smaller; flowers rather large, solitary or in corymbs;
calyx 5-lobed with 5 alternate bractlets; petals 5, obovate,
usually longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens many, on the throat
of the calyx; styles terminal, elongated in fruit, usually plumose
or jointed, the upper part deciduous; akenes 2-6, pubescent.
Receptacle downy; terminal leaflet cuneate-obovate to ob-
lanceolate, deeply cleft into acute lobes. G. strictum.
Receptacle nearly naked.
Terminal leaflet broadly ovate to suborbicular, not cor-
date, crenately cleft into mostly obtuse lobes. G. oregonense.
Terminal leaflet suborbicular, cordate, finely crenate-
dentate. G. macrophyllum.
Geum strictum Ait. Stems 60-120 cm. high, hirsute; radical leaves pinnate;
cauline 3—5-foliolate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, incisely and acutely lobed and
toothed, pubescent; petioles hirsute; flowers rather large; petals golden yellow;
eae densely pubescent; styles hairy at top, the lower portion not glan-
ular.
Victoria, British Columbia, common, Macoun. Not elsewhere reported
from west of the Cascade Mountains.
Geum oregonense Scheutz. Intermediate between G. strictum and G.
macrophyllum; leaflets obtuse, the terminal one broadly ovate or suborbicular,
cuneate or truncate at base, deeply lobed and toothed; inflorescence open;
receptacle glabrous; petals pale yellow; styles puberulent.
Reported from Vancouver Island, Macoun.
Geum macrophyllum Willd. Stout, erect, 30-80 cm. high, bristly-hairy;
radical leaves pinnate, the terminal leaflet much larger than the 3-8 lateral
ones, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 3—-7-lobed, dentate, 5-10 cm. long; lateral
leaflets ovate or elliptic, dentate, 2-3 cm. long, usually with smaller ones inter-
spersed; cauline leaves similar, but nearly sessile, with 1-3 leaflets or segments;
stipules ovate, toothed, 1-2 cm. long; flowers yellow, about 1 cm. broad,
several in a loose cyme; petals obovate, deep yellow, longer than the reflexed
acute calyx-lobes; fruiting head globose, 1.5 cm. long; akenes hispid; styles
jointed and twisted near the tip, the lower portion glandular.
In fields and meadows.
279. SIEVERSIA.
Low perennial herbs with simple stems; radical leaves pinnate;
flowers in terminal cymes; sepals 5, erect or spreading, with 5
bractlets; petals 5; carpels sessile; styles not jointed, persistent,
erect, plumose or naked.
Petals shorter than the sepals. S. ciliata.
Petals longer than the sepals. S. campanulata,
208 ROSACEAE.
Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) G. Don. Erect, from stout rootstocks, 30-50
cm. high, soft hairy throughout; radical leaves tufted, oblanceolate in outline,
10-15 cm. long, pinnate with numerous leaflets, these cuneate, obovate, in-
cisely cleft into acute narrow lobes; cauline leaves 1 or 2, much reduced;
flowers long-peduncled, 3-5 in a cyme; calyx purplish, the linear bractlets
scarcely exceeding the triangular acute calyx-lobes; petals oblong, erect,
yellowish with purple veins, shorter than the calyx; akenes with straight
plumose tails, 2-3 cm. long.
In open prairies, rare west of the Cascade Mountains.
Sieversia campanulata (Greene) Rydb. Very similar to S. ciliata; stems
not so tall, 15-25 cm. high, mostly 2-flowered; calyx-tube hemispheric, the
lobes obtusish; petals broadly obovate, reddish-purple, much exceeding the
calyx.
Olympic Mountains, Clallam County, Washington, Elmer, Grant; Saddle
Mountain, Oregon, Gorman.
280. POTENTILLA.
Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, pinnate or pal-
mate, with stipules; flowers perfect, solitary or in cymes; sepals
5, rarely 4, with 5, rarely 4, alternate bractlets; petals 5, seldom
4, rounded, mostly yellow; stamens usually 20, in two or three
rows on the calyx-tube; style small, terminal or nearly so, not
elongating in fruit, neither jointed nor plumose; carpels usually
numerous; ovules pendulous, anatropous; receptacles and akenes
dry in fruit.
Flowers solitary, long peduncled. P. longipedunculata.
Flowers cymose.
Cymes leafy; annuals or biennials with small flowers
and ternate leaves.
Petals as long as the sepals. P. monspeliensis.
Petals much shorter than the sepals.
Cymes loose, rather broad; leaflets oblanceo-
late. P. millegrana.
Cymes narrow, elongated; leaflets obovate. P. biennts.
Cymes not leafy; perennials, with digitate leaves.
Leaflets 3.
Plant densely silky-villous. P. villosa.
Plant glabrous or nearly so. P. flabellifolia.
Leaflets 5-9.
Lowalpine plants, 20-30cm. high; cymes few-
flowered.
Leaves green, pubescent. P. diversifolia.
Leaves glaucous, nearly glabrous. P. glaucophylla.
Taller lowland plants, 40-80 cm. high; cymes .
many-flowered. ;
Leaflets white-tomentose beneath. P. gracilis.
Leaflets green on both sides. P. macropetala.
Potentilla longipedunculata Rydb. Perennial with creeping rootstocks,
villous; stems ascending, 40-50 cm. long, dichotomously branched; leaves
digitately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, deeply incised-
serrate, green above, white tomentose beneath; peduncles villous, 1-flowered,
about 10 cm. long; flowers 2 cm. broad; petals broadly cuneate, retuse, yellow;
stamens about 20.
Known by a single specimen from Monmouth, Oregon; possibly abnormal.
ROSACEAE. 209
Potentilla monspeliensis L. Annual or biennial, stout, leafy, erect, 30-80
cm. high, hairy; leaves 3-foliolate, or the lowest sometimes 5-foliolate, green;
leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, serrate, 3-10 cm. long; cyme rather dense,
leafy; calyx hairy; petals pale yellow, obovate; stamens usually 20; akenes
glabrous, rough.
In open places, not common.
Potentilla millegrana Engelm. Annual or biennial, pubescent; stems erect
or ascending, branched, 20-60 cm. high; Jeaves all trifoliolate; leaflets cuneate-
oblong, incisely serrate, the middle one lobed, 2-5 cm. long; cyme loose, the
bracts leaf-like; sepals acute; petals pale-yellow, half as long as the sepals;
stamens mostly 10, 3-4 mm. long; akenes pale.
Prairies and river banks, rare in our limits.
Potentilla biennis Greene. Very similar to P. millegrana, usually some-
what glandular; leaflets broadly cuneate-obovate; inflorescence somewhat
elongate.
Prairies, not common.
Potentilla villosa Pall. Perennial from a thick caudex, densely silvery
pubescent; stems 10-20 cm. high, 1-2-leaved; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets
cuneate-obovate, coarsely toothed, silky above, tomentose beneath, 2-4 cm.
long; cyme few-flowered; sepals ovate; petals obcordate, 8-12 mm. long;
stamens about 20.
In rocky places in the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude. Washington
northward to Alaska.
Potentilla flabellifolia Hook. Perennial from a short rootstock, green,
nearly glabrous; leaves 3-foliolate, thin; leaflets cuneate-obovate, incisely
toothed, minutely pubescent, 2-3 cm. long, the median one petiolulate; petals
obcordate, 8-10 mm. long, bright yellow, longer than the sepals; stamens
about 20.
Common in the moist mountain meadows; first found on Mount Rainier
by Douglas, according to Hooker but this is an error, as Douglas was never
on this mountain.
Potentilla diversifolia Lehm. Perennial, somewhat silky-pubescent;
stems ascending, 10-20 cm. high; basal leaves 5—7-foliolate, pinnate or digitate;
leaflets cuneate-oblanceolate, incisely toothed, unequal, silky beneath; cyme
few-flowered; petals obovate, emarginate, 6-7 mm. long, one half longer than
the sepals; stamens about 20.
In the mountains at about 1500 m. altitude.
Potentilla glaucophylla Lehm. Very similar to P. diversifolia, but less
pubescent and somewhat glaucous; leaves apparently always digitate.
Mount Rainier, Piper, and widely distributed in the Rocky Mountains.
Potentilla gracilis Dougl. Perennial; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, white
villous; leaves digitate; leaflets 5—7, oblanceolate, pinnately incised half way
to the midrib into acute teeth, dark green above, densely white tomentose
beneath, 3-6 cm. long; petiole of basal leaves long, of the cauline short; cyme
flat topped, rather loose; petals bright yellow, obcordate, about 1 cm. long,
much longer than the lanceolate sepals.
Prairies, Vancouver Island to southern Oregon.
Potentilla macropetala Rydb. Perennial, somewhat pubescent; stems
ascending or decumbent at base, 20-40 cm. high, sparsely hairy; leaves
digitate, the basal mostly 5-foliolate and long-petioled, the upper ternate and
subsessile; leaflets cuneate, coarsely toothed, green, appressed pubescent on
both sides; cyme few-flowered; sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; petals
broadly obcordate, about 1 cm. long; stamens about 20.
Tillamook, Oregon, and southward.
YS
210 ROSACEAE,
281. DASIPHORA.
Small shrubs with pinnate leathery leaves; stipules sheathing,
scarious; flowers axillary, yellow; calyx-tube saucer-shaped;
bractlets, sepals and petals 5, the petals nearly orbicular; stamens
numerous; pistils numerous; styles club-shaped, thick and
glandular upward, inserted near or below the middle of the
ovary; stigmas large, 4-lobed; akenes densely covered with long
straight hairs.
Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Much branched, 30-100 cm. high; leaves
numerous, pinnate with 5-7 leaflets; leaflets linear to lanceolate-oblong, acute,
somewhat involute, silky, paler beneath, 1-2 cm. long; petals bright yellow,
orbicular, twice as long as the sepals.
In rocky places in the mountains at about 1500 m. altitude.
282. SIBBALDIA.
Depressed somewhat woody alpine plants with alternate
trifoliolate leaves; flowers in cymes on nearly leafless peduncles;
calyx persistent, slightly concave, 5-lobed, with 5 bracts;
petals 5, yellow, much smaller than the calyx-lobes; stamens 5,
on the margin of the villous disk; carpels 5-10, on short pubescent
stipes; styles lateral.
Sibbaldia procumbens L. Perennial, sparsely villous, 5-15 cm. high;
leaflets 3, rather thick, cuneate, 3-5-toothed at the truncate apex, 1-2 cm.
long; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves; petals yellow, acute.
At high altitudes in the mountains.
283. FRAGARIA. STRAWBERRY.
Acaulescent perennial herbs, propagating by runners; leaves
alternate, basal, tufted, 3-foliolate, with obovate serrate leaflets;
flowers polygamo-dioecious, white, few, in corymbs or racemes,
on naked scapes; calyx deeply 5-lobed, with 5 alternate bractlets;
petals 5, obovate, short-clawed; stamens numerous, in 1 row;
style lateral; carpels numerous; receptacle much enlarged and
fleshy in fruit, conical, scarlet or white, bearing the small turgid
akenes on the surface.
Leaves thick, silky and tomentulose beneath.
Leaflets strongly reticulate; pubescence close. F. chiloensis.
Leaflets not strongly reticulate; pubescence loose. F. crinita.
Leaves thin, not at all tomentulose beneath.
Flowers white. F. bracteata.
Flowers pink. F, helleri.
Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch. Rootstock stout; leaves usually 3-10 cm.
long, the petioles villous; leaflets obovate, the lateral ones oblique, coarsely
toothed, firm, nearly glabrous above, densely silky beneath, reticulated,
2-5 cm. long, all with short petiolules; scape villous, usually longer than the
leaves, the cyme few-flowered; calyx silky-villous, the lobes lanceolate, acute,
longer than the bractlets; petals nearly orbicular; fruit hemispherical, sweet
and juicy, the akenes nearly superficial.
ROSACEAE. 2II
Very common in open places. F. cuneifolia Nutt. is probably indistin-
guishable. It is usually characterized by having narrower more cuneate
longer-stalked thinner less-reticulated leaflets and slightly smaller flowers;
but all of these characters are decidedly variable in F. chiloensis.
Fragaria crinita Rydb. Very similar to F. chiloensis but more hairy, not
ee ees some of the pubescence loose and spreading; petioles densely
irsute.
Infrequent, British Columbia to California.
Fragaria bracteata Heller. Rootstocks stout; scapes 10-20 cm. high,
usually exceeding the leaves; whole plant sparsely silky-villous; leaflets
broadly obovate, cuneate at base, coarsely dentate; lateral leaflets oblique;
flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad; petals nearly orbicular, somewhat longer than the
spreading sepals; fruit oblong, the akenes on the surface.
In prairies and open woods, common.
Fragaria helleri Holzinger. Very similar to F. bracteata; petals pink;
flowers more often nodding.
Known from only a few localities, namely Olympia, Olga, and Woodlawn,
pesnreren and Latah County, Idaho. Probably not distinct from F.
vacteata.
284. COMARUM.
Stout dark green nearly glabrous perennial herbs; leaves alter-
nate, pinnate, with large stipules; flowers large, cymose or soli-
tary, terminal or also axillary; calyx deeply 5-lobed and with 5
narrow bractlets; petals shorter than the calyx-lobes, acute,
purple; stamens numerous on the large pubescent disk; pistils
numerous on the pubescent receptacle which becomes spongy in
fruit; styles lateral; akenes glabrous.
Comarum palustre L. Perennial; stems decumbent, rooting below, 30-90
cm. long; leaves pinnately 5—7-foliolate; leaflets elliptic or oblong, serrate,
obtuse, more or less pubescent beneath, 5-8 cm. long; cyme few-flowered;
flowers dark-purple.
In swampy places or shallow water especially along lake shores, common.
285. ARGENTINA.
Stoloniferous creeping herbs with pinnately compound leaves;
flowers axillary solitary; calyx deeply 5-lobed and with 5 alternate
bractlets; petals yellow; stamens 20 or more; carpels numerous
onasmall villous receptacle;style filiform, lateral ;akenes glabrous.
Argentina grandis (T. & G.) Piper n. comb. (Potentilla anserina grandis
T. & G,; P. pacifica Howell; Argentina occidentalis Rydb.) Leaves 30-40 cm.
long, with 7-31 principal leaflets, bright green above, white tomentose be-
neath; leaflets oblong to obovate, coarsely serrate, the larger 4-6 cm. long;
peduncles 10-30 cm. long, nearly glabrous; akenes firm, laterally compressed,
rounded on the back.
Abundant along the seashore, rare elsewhere.
286. DRYMOCALLIS.
Very similar to Potentilla; leaves pinnate; flowers yellow or
whitish; stamens in groups on a thick fleshy disk; anthers flat;
styles lateral, nearly basal; seeds ascending, orthotropous.
212 LEGUMINOSAE.
Sepals broadly ovate. D. wrangeliana,
Sepals lanceolate to ovate.
Petals small, slightly if at all exceeding the sepals. D, glandulosa.
Petals large, much exceeding the sepals. D, valida.
Drymocallis wrangeliana (Fisch. & Lall.) Rydb. (D. oregana (Nutt.)
Rydb.) Villous and glandular; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high; basal leaves with
7-9 leaflets, these cuneate-obovate, doubly serrate-dentate, pubescent on both
sides, 3-4 cm. long; petioles hairy; cauline leaves gradually reduced upwards;
cyme rather loose; calyx glandular-hairy, the sepals ovate, the bractlets lan-
ceolate and smaller; petals yellow, oval, 5-7 mm. long.
In open places mostly at low altitudes in the mountains.
Drymocallis glandulosa (Lindl.) Rydb. Perennial; stems erect, 40-50 cm.
high, sparsely villous and glandular, loosely branched above; basal leaves
with 7-9 leaflets, these obovate or orbicular, simply or doubly dentate, sparsely
pubescent, 1-3 cm. long; cauline leaves usually with fewer leaflets; flowers
10-15 mm. broad, in loose open cymes; calyx somewhat glandular; bractlets
shorter than the ovate acute or acuminate calyx-lobes; petals oval or obovate,
about as long as the sepals.
Prairies and open places.
Drymocallis valida (Greene) Piper. Similar in habit to D. glandulosa;
glandular-pubescent throughout; leaflets 7-11, mostly obovate to orbicular,
incisely serrate, 3-6 cm. long; cyme rather loose and flat-topped; petals elliptic
to suborbicular, one third longer than the sepals.
Open places in the mountains.
Family 50. LEGUMINOSAE. PuLseE Fami_y.
Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, mostly compound,
with stipules; flowers irregular (papilionaceous) (in ours), perfect
or sometimes polygamous, in spikes, heads, racemes or panicles;
calyx 4-5-toothed or cleft; lobes equal or unequal, sometimes
in 2 lips; petals more or less united or separate, perigynous or
hypogynous, usually papilionaceous, that is, with the upper or
odd petal (standard) larger than the others and usually turned
backward or spreading; the two lateral ones (wings) oblique and
exterior to the two lower; the last pair connivent and commonly
more or less coherent by their anterior edges, forming the keel,
which usually encloses the stamens and pistil; stamens 10, rarely
5 or many, monadelphous, diadelphous or sometimes distinct;
pistil 1, 1-celled or several-celled by the intrusion of partitions,
free; ovules 1—-many; fruit a legume; endosperm mostly none.
Stamens distinct. 287. THERMopPsis, 213.
Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous.
Anthers of two forms, round and oblong.
Leaves palmate with 5-11 leaflets; plant not
spiny. 288. Lupinus, 213.
Leaves with solitary leaflets; plant spiny. 289. ULEX, 217.
LEGUMINOSAE. 213
Anthers all alike.
Leaves palmate or trifoliolate.
Foliage glandular-dotted. 290. PSORALEA, 218,
Foliage not glandular-dotted.
Flowers in heads. 291. TRIFOLIUM, 218.
Flowers in racemes.
Racemes close, spike-like; pods
curved or twisted. 292, MEDICAGO, 222.
Racemes loose, long; pods straight. 293. MELILoTus, 222.
Leaves pinnate.
Leaves abruptly pinnate, usually with
tendrils.
Style filiform, hairy near the tip only. 294. Vicia, 222.
Style flattened, hairy on the inner
side. 295. LATHYRUS, 223.
Leaves odd pinnate, without tendrils.
Pod a loment. 296. HEDYSARUM, 225.
Pod not a loment.
Flowers in umbels or solitary; pods
linear. 297. Hosacxia, 225.
Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely
solitary, then the pods not
linear.
Keel of the corolla acute or
subulate at the apex. 298. OXYTROPIS, 227.
Keel of the corolla obtuse at
the apex. 299. ASTRAGALUS, 227,
287. THERMOPSIS.
Perennial herbs; leaves alternate, palmately 3-foliolate, with
large foliaceous stipules; flowers large, yellow, in terminal or
axillary racemes; calyx campanulate, the lobes equal and separate
or the two upper united; standard nearly orbicular, equalling
the oblong wings and about equalling the keel; stamens 10, dis-
tinct; ovary sessile or short-stipitate; ovules numerous; pod
sessile or short-stipitate in the calyx, flat, linear, straight or
curved.
Thermopsis gracilis Howell. (J. montana ovata Robinson.) Stout, 60-100
cm. high, the glabrous somewhat glaucous stems slightly branched above;
leaflets oval, ovate or obovate, mostly obtuse, cuneate at base, 3-6 cm. long,
glabrous above, pubescent beneath; stipules ovate or lanceolate, large; petioles
about as long as the leaflets; raceme terminal, short-peduncled, 8-16 cm. long;
flowers yellow, somewhat whorled, stout-pedicelled; calyx pubescent, its teeth
triangular, shorter than the tube; corolla nearly 2 cm. long; pods pubescent,
dark-colored, linear, slender-beaked, 5-10 cm. long, erect or ascending, 8—12-
seeded.
In open woods, Chehalis County, Washington, Lamb, and southwards;
scarcely more than a subspecies of 7. montana Nutt.
288. LUPINUS. Lupine.
Annuals or herbaceous or shrubby perennials; leaves alternate
or basal, palmately 5—13-foliolate; flowers showy, often whorled,
214 LEGUMINOSAE.
in terminal spikes or racemes; calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip often
bifid, the lower sometimes 3-toothed; standard orbicular with
reflexed sides; wings obovate, united at the summit and enclosing
the falcate keel; stamens united into a closed tube; ovary sessile;
pod more or less flattish, leathery and hairy.
Annuals.
Corolla 15 mm. long; pod short, ovate, villous, 1 or 2-
seeded. L. microcarpus.
Corolla 6-8 mm. long; pods linear, silky, 4—6-seeded.
Bracts equalling or exceeding the calyx; plant suc-
culent. L. carnosulus.
Bracts much shorter than the calyx; plants not suc-
culent.
Flowers subsessile, 6 mm. long. L. micranthus.
Flowers distinctly pedicelled, 8 mm. long. L. bicolor.
Perennials.
Calyx saccate or spurred at base. L. laxiflorus.
Calyx symmetrical or nearly so.
Pubescence thin, never silky or villous; leaves gla-
brous above.
Leaflets 10-16, very large, 6-14 cm. long; stems
usually simple; pods loosely villous. L. polyphyllus.
Leaflets 6-9, 4-9 cm. long; stems usually branched;
pods thinly pubescent. L. columbianus.
Pubescence either silky or villous.
Herbage more or less villous with loose hairs,
never silky.
Keel ciliate; corolla 8-10 mm. long; alpine
plant, 10-20 cm. high. L. volcanicus.
Keel naked; corolla larger.
Corolla 15-18 mm. long; pubescence long
villous; somewhat fleshy plant of the
seacoast. L, nootkatensis.
Corolla 12-16 mm. long; pubescence thin,
short-villous; subalpine plant. L. subalpinus.
Herbage silky, often silvery.
Stems dwarf, 7-15 cm. high; racemes short;
high alpine species.
Leaflets 5—8, acutish; standard elliptical. L. lyallit.
Leaflets 7-10, obtuse; standard orbicular. L. breweri.
Stems taller; racemes usually elongate.
eae mostly basal and the stems scape-
ike.
Pubescence very silky and _ silvery;
pods not villous. L. lepidus.
Pubescence somewhat loose and shaggy,
not silvery; pods villous. L. aridus.
Leaves not mostly basal, the stems leafy.
Keel narrow, bent at nearly a right
angle, early exposed for much of
its length; pubescence thin.
Stems tall, branched, 50-90 cm.
high; root not much thickened. —_L, albicaulis.
Stems usually simple, 20 cm. high;
root much thickened. L. gormant.
LEGUMINOSAE. 215
Keel broader, only moderately falcate,
only the tip exposed.
Stems woody at base; herbage very
silvery. L. holosericeus.
Stems wholly herbaceous; herbage
not very silvery.
Leaflets 1-2.5 cm. long; procum-
bent seashore species. L. littoralis.
Leaflets 2.5-3.5 cm. long; erect
subalpine plants. L. alpicola.
Lupinus microcarpus Sims. Annual, villous with long hairs; stems erect,
10-60 cm. high; leaves mostly basal; stipules very slender; leaflets 7~11,
oblong, cuneate at base, obtuse, acute or emarginate, smooth above, villous
beneath, 2-5 cm. long; flowers in whorls, short-pedicelled; bracts subulate,
persisting; calyx villous, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-toothed, the lower 3-toothed;
corolla cream-colored, more or less deeply tinged with purple, 12-15 mm.
long; keel ciliate; pod villous.
In sandy ground, Vancouver Island to California; rare northward.
Lupinus carnosulus Greene. Annual, somewhat succulent; stems erect,
30-60 cm. high, usually simple; pubescence thin, appressed; leaflets 5-7,
oblanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, pubescent on both sides, 2-3 cm. long, on
longer petioles; flowers verticillate, in a loose raceme; bracts mostly exceeding
the calyx; corolla deep blue, 6-10 mm. long; keel ciliate.
Willamette Valley, Howell, to Middle California.
Lupinus micranthus Dougl. Annual; herbage villous; stems erect, 15-30cm.
high; leaflets 5-7, linear or narrowly lanceolate, glabrous above, 8-20 mm.
long; petioles as long as the leaflets; racemes short; flowers nearly sessile;
bracts shorter than the calyx; calyx bilabiate, the upper lip 2-toothed, the
lower entire; corolla blue, 5-6 mm. long; keel ciliate; pods linear, pubescent,
5-7-seeded; seeds gray.
In dry open ground, Washington to California.
Lupinus bicolor Lindl. Very similar to L. micranthus; leaflets silky on
both sides; flowers on pedicels 4 mm. long; corolla larger, 8 mm. long; seeds
brown.
Fort Vancouver, Douglas, to California.
Lupinus laxiflorus Dougl. Rather slender, about 60 cm. high; pubescence
finely silky, but the plant green; leaflets 6-11, oblanceolate, obtuse or acute,
silky on both sides, 3-4 cm. long; petioles slender, usually twice as long as the
leaflets; racemes loose, 10-15 cm. long; pedicels slender, 5-6 mm. long;
calyx short, spurred at base; corolla about 1 cm. long; standard glabrous or
pubescent.
Open pine woods, rare in our limits.
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. Perennial; herbage green, sparsely pubescent;
stems erect, 1-2 m. high, one to several arising from the same root; leaflets of
the lower leaves 10-16, lanceolate, 6-14 cm. long, glabrous above, silky pubes-
cent beneath; stipules triangular-subulate, large; petioles long; racemes 20-40
cm. long, densely flowered; flowers long-pedicelled; calyx silky, the lips entire;
corolla violet-blue, 12-14 mm. long; keel not ciliate; pods dark, loosely hairy.
In wet meadows, Vancouver Island to Oregon. A very showy plant,
often cultivated.
Lupinus columbianus Heller. Perennial, with several stems usually
arising from the same crown; pubescence thin, short and appressed; stems
branched, 60-80 cm. high; leaflets 6-9, oblanceolate, mostly acute, 4-5 cm.
216 LEGUMINOSAE.
long, about half as long as the petioles; principal racemes elongated and long
peduncled; bracts subulate, longer than the calyx; upper calyx-lip entire or
2-toothed; corolla purplish-blue; keel ciliate; pods sparsely pubescent.
Common in open woods. This species has been much confused with the
very different L. rivularis Dougl. of California.
Lupinus volcanicus Greene. Perennial, with villous pubescence; stems
simple, leafy, 10-20 cm. high, erect; leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate, acute or obtuse,
2-2.5 cm. long, about one half as long as the petioles; stipules subulate; racemes
short; corolla blue, 8-10 mm. long; keel ciliate.
In volcanic sand on Mount Rainier at 2600 m. altitude.
Lupinus nootkatensis Donn. Perennial; pubescence villous with long
spreading hairs, but herbage green; stems stout, leafy, 50-60 cm. high; leaflets
6-8, obovate-oblong, obtuse or glabrous above, shorter than the petioles;
stipules lanceolate, large; flowers long-pedicelled, in loose racemes; calyx large,
the upper lip 2-toothed, the lower 3-cleft; corolla blue-purple, 1.5: cm. long;
keel not ciliate; pods 4 cm. long, appressed pubescent.
Near the sea coast, Alaska to Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Victoria,
Macoun), and to be expected in Washington.
Lupinus subalpinus Piper & Robinson. Erect or somewhat decumbent,
sparsely villous; stems simple, 25-40 cm. high, leafy; leaflets spatulate-ob-
lanceolate, rounded or obtuse at the apex, villous beneath, sparsely so or rarely
quite glabrous above, 3-4.2 cm. long; raceme terminal, 10-15 cm. long, many-
flowered, borne on a stoutish peduncle 3-5 cm. in length; pedicels slender,
4-8 mm. long, spreading-pubescent; flowers large and showy; petals 12-16
mm. long; standard glabrous; keel entirely glabrous or with traces of ciliation;
pods linear-oblong, about 3.5 cm. long, obliquely sharp-pointed, 7—9-seeded.
In mountain meadows, at about 1700 m. altitude.
Lupinus lyallii Gray. Perennial from a stout woody caudex; herbage
densely silvery silky; stems short, the leaves mostly basal; leaflets 5-6, ob-
lanceolate to obovate, acute, 6-10 mm. long; petioles 2-4 times as long as the
leaflets; flowering stems erect or ascending, 10-20 cm. high, exceeding the
leaves; racemes short and dense; calyx bilabiate, the upper lip 2-cleft, the
lower 3-cleft; corolla deep blue, 10 mm. long; keel ciliate; standard elliptical;
pods silky.
At high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains, British Columbia to Oregon.
First collected by Lyall on the 49th parallel of latitude.
Lupinus breweri Gray. Perennial from a branched woody base; herbage
silvery silky with appressed hairs; leaves mostly basal; leaflets 7-10, narrowly
obovate, obtuse, 8-12 mm. long; peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves;
racemes very short; calyx bilabiate, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-toothed;
corolla blue, 6-8 mm. long; standard orbicular; keel ciliate; pod oblong, silky.
Mount Hood, Howell, and south through the Cascade and Sierra Nevada
Mountains at high altitudes.
Lupinus lepidus Dougl. Perennial from a stout taproot; pubescence very
silvery and silky; leaves chiefly basal; leaflets 7-9, narrowly oblanceolate,
acute, 2-4 cm. long, about one-third aslong as the petiole; stemserect, 40-60
cm. high, the narrow raceme elongated; bracts shorter than the calyx; calyx
bilabiate, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower entire; corolla purplish-blue, 10 mm.
long; keel ciliate; pods silky.
In dry prairies, British Columbia to California.
Lupinus aridus Dougl. Perennial, with a stout vertical root; pubescence
coarse, loose, white or somewhat yellowish; leaves mostly basal; leaflets 5-7,
oblanceolate, acute, 1-2 cm. long, about one-third as long as the petioles;
flowering stems erect, 20-40 cm. high, the raceme dense, rather conical; bracts
LEGUMINOSAE. 217
subulate, shorter than the calyx; calyx bilabiate, the upper lip 2-cleft,. the
lower entire; corolla purple-blue, 6-10 mm. long; keel ciliate; standard glabrous,
oblong-obovate; pods villous.
In dry prairies, Washington to California.
Lupinus albicaulis Dougl. Perennial, with several to many stems arising
from a stout crown; pubescence mostly thin and appressed, somewhat velvety;
stems leafy, branched, 50-90 cm. high; leaflets 5-9, oblanceolate, acute, thinly
silky on both sides, 3-5 cm. long, about as long as the petioles; principal raceme
elongated, often 30 cm. long, the others short; bracts subulate, 4-6 mm. long,
equalling the pedicels; calyx silky, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower entire;
corolla purple, about 12 mm. long; keel much elongated, bent at right angles
and early exposed, not ciliate; pods linear, villous.
Dry ground, Washington to California.
Lupinus gormani Piper. Perennial with a very large woody root; herbage
silvery-pubescent; stems erect, 20 cm. high; leaflets 5-7, oblanceolate, obtuse
or acute, 2-2.5 cm. long, thinly sericeous on both sides; petioles shorter than
the leaflets; stipules subulate; racemes few-tHowered; pedicels 3-4 mm. long;
calyx pubescent, bilabiate, the upper lip 2-toothed, the lower entire; corolla
violet, 10 mm. long; standard orbicular, glabrous; keel strongly falcate, not
ciliate; ovary hairy, 6-ovuled.
Known only from the Three Sisters, Oregon, where it was collected by
Gorman.
Lupinus holosericeus Nutt. Stems much branched, decumbent and
shrubby at base, 30-50 cm. high, leafy; pubescence very silvery and silky;
leaflets 5-9, lanceolate, acute, 2-5 cm. long, usually shorter than the petiole;
stipules subulate; flowers pedicelled, in racemes 10-30 cm. long; calyx silky,
the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower entire; corolla blue, 10-12 mm. long; keel
ciliate; pods silky, 3—5-seeded.
Rocks near the falls of the Willamette River, where it was first found by
Nuttall, and southward. A very handsome species on account of its silvery
foliage and deep blue flowers.
Lupinus littoralis Dougl. Perennial; pubescence mostly silky and appressed;
stems decumbent, 30-90 cm. long; leaflets 5-8, obovate, acute, silky on both
sides, 10-25 mm. long, shorter than the petioles; stipules subulate; racemes
short; pedicels 5-6 mm. long; calyx without bractlets, the lip entire or nearly
so; corolla blue, 12 mm. long; keel ciliate; pods linear, 10-12-seeded.
Common on high sandy beaches along the ocean coast, Vancouver Island
to California. The roots are said to have been used by the Indians for food.
Lupinus alpicola Henderson. Stems several from a thickish caudex, scaly
at the base, erect, 30-50 cm. high, simple or nearly so, leafy, covered by a fine
short closely appressed pubescence; petioles slender, erect, all but the upper
exceeding the 7 or 8 leaflets, these linear-oblanceolate, acute, finely sericeous-
pubescent on both surfaces, 2.6-3.6 cm. long, 2-5 mm. broad; racemes mostly
terminal on the stems, shortly peduncled, loosely flowered, 7-10 cm. long;
bracts lanceolate, sericeous-pubescent, rather short, when persisting not equal-
ling the tomentulose pedicels; petals purplish blue; standard suborbicular,
sparingly villous near the middle dorsally; keel strongly ciliated; pods lance-
oblong, acute, silky, 2.4-3 cm. long, 4 or 5-seeded.
Mount Adams, Henderson, Suksdorf; north side of Mount Hood, Oregon,
Howell.
289. ULEX.
Low densely branched shrubs with leaves mostly reduced to
phyllodes and spine-like; calyx deeply 2-lipped; standard ovate;
218 LEGUMINOSAE.
wings and keel oblong, of about equal length; stamens monadel-
phous; pod short-oblong.
Ulex europaeus L. Gorse. Whin. A spiny much-branched shrub, about
1 m. high; leaves mostly spiny, the lowest sometimes foliaceous, lanceolate;
flowers bright yellow, solitary.
A European plant established in a few places.
290. PSORALEA.
Perennial herbs, usually glandular-dotted; leaves mostly 3-5-
foliolate, with stipules; flowers in spikes or racemes; calyx-lobes
5, the lower longest; corolla papilionaceous; stamens 10, diadel-
phous or sometimes monadelphous; anthers of two kinds; ovary
sessile or short-stalked, 1-ovuled; pod seldom longer than the
calyx, thick, often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded.
Psoralea physodes Dougl. Erect or ascending, bushy, 30-50 cm. high»
sparsely hairy; leaflets ovate, acute, 3-4 cm. long, somewhat glandular;
peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves; flowers in dense short racemes;
bracts small; calyx black-hairy, 8-10 mm. long, in age becoming larger and
inflated; corolla dirty-white, the keel tipped with purple; pod membranaceous,
pubescent, suborbicular, enclosed in the calyx.
In dry open woods, common. The dried leaves are sometimes used for tea.
291. TRIFOLIUM. CLover. “
Tufted or diffuse herbs; leaves mostly palmately, sometimes
pinnately, 3-foliolate; stipules united with the petiole; flowers in
heads or in umbel-like heads; calyx-teeth 5, nearly equal; petals
more or less persistent, the claws of all but the standard united
more or less below the stamen-tube; stamens 10, diadelphous or
the tenth only partly separate; pod small and membranous,
1-6-seeded, included in the calyx.
Head subtended by an involucre.
Corolla becoming conspicuously inflated, yellowish. 7. flavulum.
Corolla not becoming inflated.
Involucre not deeply cleft, its lobes serrate or en-
tire; flowers white or pale pink; annuals.
Glabrous; calyx teeth slender and branched. T. cyathiferum.
Villous; calyx teeth scarious-margined.
Involucre merely basal. T. microcephalum.
Involucre nearly enclosing the head. T. microdon.
Involucre deeply cleft, the lobes laciniately toothed;
flowers purple.
Perennial with creeping rootstocks. T. fimbriatum,
Annuals.
Stems erect; calyx lobes often 3-toothed. T. tridentatum.
Stems decumbent; calyx lobes usually en-
tire.
Leaflets linear. T. oliganthum.
Leaflets obovate or obcordate. T. variegatum.
Head not subtended by an involucre.
Perennials with thick roots or creeping rootstocks.
LEGUMINOSAE.
Heads on axillary peduncles; flowers pedicelled.
Flowers white; stems creeping.
Flowers pink; stems procumbent.
Heads on terminal peduncles; flowers sessile.
Calyx-teeth plumose.
Calyx-teeth not plumose.
Flowers red; stipules aristate.
Flowers whitish; stipules not aristate.
Annual; roots fibrous.
Calyx-teeth plumose.
Heads ovate; flowers dark purple.
Heads oblong; flowers pink.
219
T. repens.
T. hybridum.
T. eriocephalum.
T. pratense.
T. longipes.
T. albopurpureum.
T. arvense.
Calyx-teeth not plumose.
Corollas yellow, becoming papery in age.
Heads 20-40-flowered; standard distinctly
striate.
Heads 3-15-flowered;
striate.
Corollas pink, not becoming papery.
Teeth of the calyx scarious-margined and
ciliate.
Teeth of the calyx not scarious-margined
nor ciliate.
Leaflets shallowly notched at apex;
calyx glabrous.
Leaflets deeply notched at apex; calyx
hairy. T. hallii.
Trifolium flavulum Greene. Annual, glabrous and somewhat fleshy;
stems 20-40 cm. high; leaflets obovate, obtuse, denticulate; stipules ovate,
entire; heads globose, large, the involucre cleft into entire acuminate lobes;
flowers large, reddish or yellowish, 2-2.5 cm. long; calyx-teeth triangular,
acute.
Sparingly introduced from California.
from 7. fucatum Lindl.
Trifolium cyathiferum Lindl. Annual, glabrous; stems weak, ascending,
10-30 cm. high; leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, serrulate, acute, obtuse or
truncate, cuneate at base, 1-2 cm. long; petioles slender; stipules ovate or
lanceolate, laciniate; peduncles longer than the leaves; heads commonly 1.5
cm. broad; involucre large and conspicuous, whitish with green margin,
many-nerved, with short sharply-toothed lobes; flowers whitish; calyx mem-
branous, prominently 5-nerved, the nerves prolonged and branched, equalling
the corolla; pod 2-seeded.
Very rare in our limits but common east of the Cascade Mountains; Lake
Crescent, Webster; Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun.
T. procumbens.
standard faintly
T. dubium.
T. ciliolatum.
T. gracilentum.
Perhaps not specifically distinct
Trifolium microcephalum Pursh. Annual, erect or spreading, soft villous;
stems 5-30 cm. long; leaflets obovate, usually retuse, serrulate, 8-12 mm.
long; petioles slender; stipules entire, acuminate; heads small, many-flowered;
involucre membranaceous, about 9-lobed, the lobes 3-nerved, entire; calyx
hairy, the teeth subulate; corollas pale pink; pods glabrous, 1-seeded.
In sandy soil, common.
Trifolium microdon Hook. & Arn. Very much like T. microcephalum
but the cup-shaped involucre nearly enclosing the head; calyx glabrous.
Sandy soil, near the seacoa&t.
Trifolium fimbriatum Lindl. (J. spinulosum Dougl.) Perennial by
creeping rootstocks, glabrous throughout; branches prostrate or ascending,
220 LEGUMINOSAE.
20-40 cm. long; leaflets oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, spinulose-denticulate,
the lower obtuse or even retuse, the upper acute or acuminate, mostly 1-3
cm. long; stipules triangular, acuminate, with a few teeth; heads subglobose,
1-2 cm. broad; involucre short, laciniately parted; calyx lobes unequal,
subulate, somewhat spiny, 2-3 times as long as the tube; petals purple with
paler or white tips.
In wet places, especially near the seashore.
Trifolium tridentatum Lindl. Annual, glabrous; stems erect, very slender,
10-40 cm. high; leaflets lance-linear, acute, spinulose-serrulate, 2-5 cm. long;
stipules lanceolate, acuminate, the upper ones laciniate; heads globose, the
largest 2 cm. broad; involucre laciniately cleft, shorter than the head; calyx-
lobes subulate with a tooth on each side near the base; corolla purple and
white.
In dry open ground, British Columbia to California. First collected by
Douglas on the Columbia River.
Trifolium oliganthum Steud. Annual, glabrous; stems very slender, erect
or ascending, usually branched from the base; stipules laciniately cleft; leaf-
lets serrulate, the lower obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or retuse, the upper
linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; stipules laciniately cleft;
heads very small, 5—7-flowered; involucre small, deeply cleft; calyx-teeth
subulate, rigid, entire; corolla purple and white.
In moist places, common. First collected by Nuttall at the mouth of the
Willamette River.
Trifolium variegatum Nutt. Annual, glabrous throughout; stems decum-
bent, 10-30 cm. long, branching, leafy; leaflets obovate to obcordate, minutely
and sharply serrulate, veiny, 6-12 mm. long; stipules broad, fringed-toothed;
peduncles very slender, longer than the leaves; heads small, 4-12-flowered;
involucre shorter than the flowers, campanulate, fringe-toothed; calyx glabrous,
its teeth subequal, subulate, longer than the tube; petals purple with white
tips, pods 2-seeded.
In moist ground, common.
Trifolium repens L. White Clover. Perennial, glabrous or sparsely
pubescent, with creeping stems 10-30 cm. long, which root at the nodes;
leaflets obovate, obtuse or notched at apex, cuneate at base, denticulate, 1-2
cm. long; petioles elongated; stipules narrow, acute; peduncles longer than the
leaves; head globose; flowers white, 6-10 mm. long, pedicelled, at length
reflexed; calyx-teeth acuminate, shorter than the tube.
Introduced from Europe, common.
Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike Clover. Perennial, erect or decumbent,
not creeping, glabrous or nearly so, the stem 30-60 cm. long; leaflets obovate,
obtuse or notched, cuneate at base, sharply serrulate, 1-2.5 cm. long; petioles
about as long as the leaflets; stipules membranous, ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate; peduncles elongated; heads globose; flowers pink or pinkish, 6-8 mm.
long, on slender pedicels, at length reflexed; calyx-teeth subulate, about as
long as the tube, much shorter than the corolla.
Introduced from Europe, common.
Trifolium eriocephalum Nutt. Perennial, villous-pubescent; root stout,
fusiform; stems erect, 15-20 cm. high; leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
serrulate, 2-5 cm. long; stipules lanceolate, acuminate; heads dense, ovoid to
subglobose; flowers whitish, at length reflexed; calyx-teeth very plumose.
In gravelly soil, in prairies.
Trifolium pratense L. Red Clover. Perennial, erect or decumbent, rarely
branched, 20-40 cm. high, somewhat pubescent throughout; leaflets elliptic
LEGUMINOSAE. 221
or obovate, obtuse or rarely emarginate, denticulate, 1-4 cm. long, frequently
dark-spotted near the middle; petioles short; heads globose or ovoid, sessile
or nearly so, 2 cm. long; flowers red, 10-12 mm. long; calyx-teeth subulate,
shorter than the corolla. a
Introduced and common. Native of Europe.
Trifolium longipes Nutt. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; root stout,
fusiform; stems erect or ascending, 10-30 cm. high; leaflets ovate to lanceolate,
entire or minutely denticulate, obtuse; stipules ovate to lanceolate, acute,
entire; peduncles exceeding the leaves; heads ovoid to subglobose, dense,
25-40-flowered, the flowers not becoming reflexed; calyx hairy, the teeth
subulate, not plumose; corolla white; ovules 2-5. :
In moist places in the mountains.
Trifolium albopurpureum T.& G. Annual, villous-pubescent; stems slender,
10-30 cm. high, erect or ascending; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire;
leaflets oblong, cuneate at base, obtuse or emarginate, denticulate, 5-12 mm.
long; heads ovoid, dense, long-peduncled, the flowers not becoming reflexed;
calyx-teeth slender, plumose, the lowest one longest and exceeding the dark
purple corolla; pod 1-seeded.
In dry ground, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California.
Trifolium arvense L. Rabbit's Ear Clover. Annual, erect, somewhat
silky-pubescent throughout, 10-30 cm. high; leaflets linear or oblanceolate,
obtuse or notched, denticulate near the apex, 1-2 cm. long; petioles mostly
shorter than the leaflets; stipules narrow, with long subulate tips; peduncles
2-4 cm. long; head oblong, dense, 10-25 mm. long, without an involucre;
eee plumose, the subulate lobes longer than the tube and the pink or whitish
corolla.
Sparingly introduced from Europe.
Trifolium procumbens L. Hop Clover. Annual, pubescent; stems slender,
spreading or ascending, 8-60 cm. long; leaflets cuneate-obovate, emarginate,
denticulate; stipules ovate, ciliate; flowers yellow, at length reflexed, persistent
and papery, 4 mm. long; standard not becoming folded over the pod at
maturity.
Common in fields and along roadsides, introduced from Europe.
Trifolium dubium Smith. Very similar to T. procumbens, but smaller in
all its parts; flowers 3 mm. long; standard persistent and folded over the pod.
In fields, introduced from Europe.
Trifolium ciliolatum Benth. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems erect,
often branched from the base, 10-40 cm. high; stipules lanceolate, acuminate;
leaflets oblong to obovate, obtuse or emarginate, serrulate, 1-2 cm. long;
heads axillary, globose, 5-10 mm. in diameter; flowers pedicelled, reflexed at
maturity; calyx teeth unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliolate on the scarious
margins; corolla pink or purplish, 6 mm. long.
Prairies, Washington to California.
Trifolium gracilentum T. & G. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems
slender, erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaflets cuneate-oblong to obovate, serru-
late, 5-20 mm. long; stipules lanceolate, the upper ones broader, acumi-
nate; heads axillary, globose, small; flowers pedicelled, reflexed in age; calyx
glabrous, the teeth subulate; corolla pink.
Prairies and open places. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Cali-
fornia.
Trifolium hallii Howell. Very similar to JT. gracilentum but somewhat
pubescent and slightly glaucous; leaflets linear to oblong or cuneate, obcor-
date, denticulate; heads 10-30-flowered; calyx hairy.
In dry or sandy soil, Washington to California.
222 LEGUMINOSAE.
292. MEDICAGO.
Annual or perennial herbs with small trifoliolate leaves; leaf-
lets toothed; flowers small, yellow or violet, in axillary spikes
or heads; pods 1-several-seeded, curved or coiled.
Perennial; flowers violet. M. sativa.
Annual; flowers yellow. :
Pod 1-seeded, curved, not spiny. M. lupulina.
Pod several-seeded, coiJed, spiny on the edge. M. hispida.
Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa. Erect smooth much branched perennial;
leaflets obovate-oblong, toothed especially near the apex; flowers violet or
blue, in spike-like racemes; pods coiled.
Sparingly introduced in waste places.
Medicago lupulina L. Black Medick. Yellow Trefoil. Low pubescent
decumbent branched annual; leaflets cuneate-obovate, toothed at the apex;
flowers yellow, in short spikes; pods curved, black, slightly hirsute, 1-seeded.
Abundantly introduced in waste places.
Medicago hispida denticulata (Willd.) Urban. Bur Clover. Annual,
glabrous; stems prostrate; leaflets obovate, notched; flowers yellow, in 3-5-
flowered heads; pods loosely coiled, deeply reticulated, the edge with spines as
long as one-half the width of the windings.
Roadsides and fields, common. The prickles on the pod vary greatly in
length and in one form, M. hispida apiculata (Willd.) Urban, are only as long
as the thickness of the windings.
293. MELILOTUS.
Annual or biennial sweet-scented herbs; leaves pinnately
3-foliolate; leaflets denticulate; flowers in racemes; calyx cam-
panulate, with short equal teeth; corolla deciduous, free from the
stamen-tube; stamens diadelphous; anthers all alike; ovary
sessile or stipitate, few-ovuled; pod coriaceous, 1-2-seeded.
Melilotus alba Desr. Sweet Clover. Biennial, stout, erect, branching,
1-2 m. high, finely puberulent or nearly glabrous; leaves slender-petioled;
leaflets oblong or obovate, denticulate, mostly truncate at apex, 1-2 cm. long;
stipules subulate; racemes slender, 10-20 cm. long; flowers white, sweet-
scented, 4-5 mm. long, reflexed on short pedicels; calyx-teeth subulate, as
long as the tube; pod ovoid, 2-3 mm. long.
Introduced in waste ground.
294. VICIA. VETCH.
Climbing or trailing herbaceous vines; leaves pinnate, tendril-
bearing, with half-sagittate or entire stipules; flowers solitary or
in loose peduncled axillary racemes; calyx 5-cleft or toothed, un-
equal, the two upper teeth often shorter or the lowest longer;
wings adherent to the short keel; stamens diadelphous or nearly
so; style filiform, hairy near the tip only ; ovary 2—many-ovuled;
pod flat, 2-valved, 2-several-seeded.
Flowers axillary, solitary or in twos, nearly sessile.
Leaflets oblong to ovate; pods brown. V. sativa.
Leaflets linear to linear-oblong; pods black. V. angustifolia.
LEGUMINOSAE. 223
Flowers in spikes or racemes on axillary peduncles.
Annuals; peduncles few-flowered. V. hirsuta.
Perennials; peduncles mostly many-flowered.
Flowers ochroleucous or tawny. V. gigantea.
Flowers violet or bluish-purple, rarely white.
Raceme 1-sided, densely 15—40-flowered. V. cracca.
Raceme loosely 5—20-flowered, not 1-sided. V. americana.
Vicia sativa L. Common Vetch. Tares. Pubescent or glabrous; stems
erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaflets 5-7 pairs, variable in form, obovate, oblong or
oblanceolate, usually notched and mucronate; flowers violet-purple, 2-3 cm.
long; pods brown, 4-8 cm. long; seeds somewhat compressed.
Introduced in waste places and cultivated.
Vicia angustifolia (L.) Roth. Much like V. sativa, but the leaflets
narrow, linear; flowers 1-1.8 cm. long; pods black, 4-6 cm. long; seeds globose.
Introduced from Europe.
Vicia hirsuta (L.) Koch. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems very
slender, 30-60 cm. high; leaflets 6-8 pairs, oblong or linear, obtuse; flowers
very small, 3 mm. long, whitish or bluish, in small racemes.
Sparingly introduced.
Vicia gigantea Hook. Somewhat pubescent, rather succulent, drying
black; stems about 1 m. high; leaflets 10-15 pairs, oblong, obtuse, mucronate;
racemes close, 5—20-flowered; corolla ochroleucous.
In moist woods, common. First found on the Columbia River by Douglas
and by Scouler.
Vicia cracca L. Perennial, soft pubescent; stems stout, 30-90 cm. high;
leaflets 20-24, oblong or lanceolate, mucronate; racemes dense, one-sided;
flowers blue or purplish.
Whatcom County, Washington, Gardner, Suksdorf.
Vicia americana Muhl. Perennial, stout or slender, 30-100 cm. high,
nearly glabrous; leaflets 4~8 pairs, usually elliptic or ovate, obtuse or truncate,
mucronulate, entire or toothed above, glabrous above, minutely puberulent
beneath, about 2 cm. long; tendrils well developed; stipules deeply toothed;
peduncles usually shorter than the leaves, 4~8-flowered; flowers purple-violet,
15-20 mm. long, short-pedicelled; calyx-tube campanulate with short broad
unequal teeth, somewhat pubescent; pods glabrous, 2-4 cm. long, 6-8 mm.
broad.
In thickets, common.
Vicia americana minor Hook. (V. americana linearis Wats.) Leaflets
linear, acute. .
In dry ground, infrequent.
295. LATHYRUS. VETCHLING.
Mostly smooth perennial herbaceous vines or erect herbs;
leaves pinnate, mostly with tendrils or tendrils much reduced or
wanting; flowers in racemes or sometimes solitary; peduncles
usually equalling or exceeding the leaves and several-flowered;
calyx-teeth nearly equal or the upper ones somewhat shorter than
the lower; corolla rather larger than in Vicia; stamens diadelphous
or monadelphous below; style dorsally flattened near the top,
hairy on the inner side; ovules generally numerous; pod flat or
terete, 2-valved.
224 LEGUMINOSAE.
Herbage densely silky-villous; tendrils none. L. littoralis.
Herbage glabrous or if pubescent not villous.
Plants erect; tendril wanting or much reduced.
Flowers solitary, rarely 2.
Flowers 5-7 to each raceme.
Plants climbing by simple or 3-forked tendrils.
Stems wing-margined. L. paluster.
Stems wingless.
Stipules narrow, semi-sagittate; leaves coriaceous.
Leaflets cuspidate, glabrous. L. pauciflorus.
. torreyt.
. nuttallir,
val
Leaflets not cuspidate, pubescent. L. coriaceus.
Stipules large, broad, semi-hastate; leaves mem-
branaceous.
Flowers yellowish, becoming ochraceous. L. sulphureus.
Flowers blue-purple.
Leaflets thin, 5-8 pairs. L. polyphyllus.
Leaflets thickish, 3-5 pairs. L. maritimus.
Lathyrus littoralis (Nutt.) Endl. Herbage densely silky-villous; stems
terete, weak and decumbent, 15-60 cm. long; leaflets 1-3 pairs, the lateral ones
oblong, cuneate at base, 10-12 mm. long, the terminal one linear and much
smaller; stipules entire, longer than the leaflets; tendrils none; peduncles
2-7-flowered; calyx-teeth subequal, lanceolate, acute, as long as the tube;
corolla violet-purple; pods villous, 3-4 cm. long.
Common along the ocean coast; first collected and described by Nuttall
from the mouth of the Columbia River.
Lathyrus torreyi Gray. Herbage sparsely villous; stems terete, erect,
15-40 cm. high; leaflets 4-7 pairs, oblong or ovate, mucronate, 5-12 mm. long,
the terminal one often wanting; stipules semi-sagittate, narrow, entire, acumi-
nate; peduncles 1-flowered or rarely 2-flowered, much shorter than the leaves;
calyx-teeth subulate, the three lower ones longer than the tube; corolla 15 mm.
long; standard bluish-purple, the other petals whitish; pods narrow, pubescent.
In open woods, Washington to northern California, rather local.
Lathyrus nuttallii Wats. Somewhat pubescent; stems slender, angled,
30-90 cm. high, ascending or erect; tendrils oblong to ovate, thin, cuspidate,
pubescent beneath; stipules semi-sagittate; peduncles 5—7-flowered, about as
long as the leaves; calyx pubescent, its teeth unequal, the lower one longest;
corolla purple, 12-15 mm. long; pods glabrous.
In open woods, rather scarce.
Lathyrus paluster L. Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, wing-margined,
erect or ascending, 30-90 cm. high; tendrils well developed; leaflets 2-4 pairs,
linear to narrowly oblong, firm, acute, 2-4 cm. long; stipules sagittate, narrow,
acuminate; peduncles 3-6-flowered; calyx-teeth unequal, the longer lower ones
about as long as the tube; corolla purple, 2-2.5 cm. long; pods glabrous, 5
cm. long.
In marshes near the seashore, not common.
Lathyrus pauciflorus Fernald. Glabrous throughout, 60-90 cm. high;
stems angled; leaflets 3-6 pairs, oblong-clliptic, thickish, prominently veined,
paler beneath, acute and cuspidate, rounded at base, 2~4 cm. long; stipules
about half as long as the adjacent leaflets; tendrils simple or branched; pe-
duncles exceeding the leaves, 3-5-flowered; flowers violet, about 2 cm. long;
calyx-teeth slightly pubescent, about as long as the tube; pods smooth, 4-6
cm. long.
Rare in our limits; Nisqually Valley, Washington, A//en; Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, Macoun.
LEGUMINOSAE. 225
Lathyrus coriaceus White. Perennial, glabrous, pale green; stems 10-30
cm. high, terete; stipules semi-sagittate, acuminate, not more than half as
long as the leaflets; leaflets 6-12, elliptical, obtuse, firm, 3-6 cm. long; raceme
shorter than its leaf, 3-10-flowered; calyx-teeth subequal, acute, shorter than
the tube; corolla violet-purple.
Seattle, O. A. Piper. A characteristic species of the sagebrush region,
whose occurrence at Seattle is remarkable.
Lathyrus sulphureus Brewer. Glabrous, glaucescent; stems short, angled,
60-120 cm. high, erect or ascending; leaflets 3-5 pairs, ovate to oblong, acutish,
2-4 cm. long; stipules broad, somewhat dentate; peduncles 6-15-flowered,
about as long as the leaves; calyx-teeth very unequal, the lower ones largest;
corolla at first pinkish-yellow, quickly fading to ochraceous; pods glabrous.
In open coniferous woods, not rare. In contrast to L. polyphyllus which
grows in similar locations this fruits abundantly. The flowers are never
“ sulphur-yellow.”
Lathyrus polyphyllus Nutt. Glabrous; stems stout, angled, erect or nearly
so, 60-100 cm. high; tendrils small; leaflets 5-8 pairs, thin, oblong to ovate,
obtuse, paler beneath, 2-5 cm. long; stipules broad, nearly as large as the
leaflets, more or less dentate; peduncles 6—10-flowered, shorter than the leaves;
calyx-teeth ciliate, the two upper triangular and shorter than the subulate
lower ones; corolla purple, 12-15 mm. long; pods glabrous.
Very abundant in open coniferous woods. Few of the pods develop to
maturity.
Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. Beach Pea. Pale and usually glabrous;
stems short, 30-90 cm. long, decumbent; leaflets 3-5 pairs, thick, oblong to
ovate, mostly obtuse, 2-5 cm. long; stipules ovate, nearly as large as the
adjacent leaflets, acute, the lower lobe often dentate; peduncles 6—10-flowered;
calyx-teeth unequal, the upper two triangular, the others broadly subulate;
corolla purple, 2—2.5 cm. long; pods 4-5 cm. long, nearly glabrous.
Common on seabeaches, the green seeds sometimes eaten like green peas.
296. HEDYSARUM.
Perennial herbs with odd-pinnate leaves; calyx 5-cleft, the
lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal; keel nearly straight, obliquely
truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings; stamens
diadelphous, 9 and 1; pod a loment, flattened, composed of
several symmetrical separable roundish joints connected in the
middle.
Hedysarum occidentale Greene. Glabrous; stems 30-60 cm. high; leaflets
13-21, oblong or lanceolate; stipules scaly; flowers purple, deflexed.
Abundant in the Olympic Mountains. Scarcely different from the eastern
H. americanum (Michx.) Britt.
297. HOSACKIA.
Herbs or shrubs; leaves pinnate, 1-many-foliolate; stipules
minute and gland-like or spine-like; flowers yellow or reddish, soli-
tary or in umbels; calyx-teeth nearly equal; petals free from the
diadelphous stamens; standard ovate or roundish; pod linear,
compressed or somewhat terete, sessile, several-seeded.
16
226 LEGUMINOSAE.
Annuals; flowers solitary or sometimes two on the peduncles.
Peduncles very short, the flowers nearly sessile. H. denticulata,
Peduncles usually exceeding the leaves.
Flowers 3-4 mm. long; leaflets oblong to ovate, usu-
ally glabrous. Hi. parviflora.
Flowers 5-6 mm. long; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, usu-
ally villous. HI. americana.
Perennials; flowers in umbels.
Pods curved, pubescent, 1 or 2-seeded; flowers yellow. Hi. decumbens.
Pods straight, glabrous, many-seeded; flowers at least in
part not yellow.
Leaflets 9-15; flowers purple. H. crassifolia.
Leaflets 5-9, glabrous or nearly so.
Peduncles usually naked; corolla with yellow stand-
ard and white wings. H. bicolor.
Peduncles with a bract at the umbel; corolla with ie
yellow standard and purple wings. A. gracilis.
Hosackia denticulata Drew. Nearly glabrous; stems erect, 15-40 cm. high;
leaflets 2-6, obovate or oblanceolate, thick; peduncles shorter than the leaves;
flowers solitary; calyx-lobes denticulate; petals yellow or reddish.
In low ground, not common.
Hosackia parviflora Benth. Glabrous; stems slender, 10-20 cm. high,
erect or ascending; leaflets 3-5, mostly oblong, 12-15 mm. long; flowers very
small, 4 mm. long, solitary or in twos; petals yellow or the standard pinkish.
In dry soil, common.
Hosackia americana (Nutt.) Piper. Annual, erect, usually branched, 30-60
cm. high; leaves 3-foliolate, or the upper 1-foliolate, nearly sessile; leaflets
ovate or lanceolate, silky-pubescent, acuminate, stalked, 6-20 mm. long;
stipules gland-like, dark; peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves;
flowers pink, 4-6 mm. long; calyx villous, the slender lobes twice as long as the
tube, nearly equalling the corolla; pod linear, narrow, often reflexed, glabrous
and shining, 2-3 cm. long.
Common and very variable.
Hosackia decumbens Benth. Perennial, many-stemmed from a thick
woody root, villous and more or less tomentose; stems decumbent, branched,
30-60 cm. long; leaflets 5-7, oblong to obovate, cuneate at base, mostly acute,
6-10 mm. long; stipules minute, spine-like, deciduous; peduncles scarcely
longer than the leaves; flowers yellow, in 5-10-flowered umbels, each umbel
with a 1-3-foliolate bract; calyx silky, the teeth as long as the tube; pods
falcate, pubescent, mostly 2-seeded.
In dry prairies.
Hosackia crassifolia Benth. Glabrous; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high;
leaflets 9-15, oblong or obovate; flowers dull purple, in umbels; pods thick,
5 cm. long.
In open pine woods, Mason County, Washington, and southward.
Hosackia bicolor Dougl. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so throughout,
erect or decumbent, 30-50 cm. high, stout; leaflets 5-9, obovate, mostly obtuse,
cuneate at base, 1.5-2 cm. long; stipules broad, scarious; peduncles exceeding
the leaves; flowers nearly sessile, spreading, 3-7 in an umbel; calyx about 6 mm.
long, the teeth shorter than the campanulate tube; corolla yellow, the wings
white, 2-2.5 cm. long; pod linear, narrow, glabrous, 4-6 cm. long.
In wet ground, not rare.
Hosackia gracilis Benth. Glabrous; stems weak, decumbent, 15-30 cm.
LEGUMINOSAE. 227
long; leaflets 5-7, obovate or oblong-obovate; flowers in umbels; calyx-teeth
as long as the tube; standard yellow, the wings and keel rose-colored; pod short.
In moist soil, near the seacoast, infrequent.
298. OXYTROPIS.
Low tufted perennials with very short stems and a thick root
or rootstock; leaves pinnate, of many leaflets; flowers in a head
or short spike on a scape-like peduncle; keel tipped with a sharp
point or appendage; otherwise similar to Astragalus; pod often
more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral suture.
Leaflets 6-8 mm. long, crowded, densely appressed canescent on
both sides. O. luteolus.
Leaflets 8-12 mm. long, not crowded, thinly appressed canes-
cent becoming glabrate above. O. cusickit.
Oxytropis luteolus (Greene) Piper n. comb. (Aragallus luteolus Greene.)
Loosely appressed canescent; leaflets close together, in 8-12 pairs, elliptic-
lanceolate, acutish, 4-6 mm. long; stipules scarious, ovate, acute; flowering
stems 10-20 cm. high, erect, bearing spikes 1-3 cm. long; bracts oval, half as
long as the calyx; corolla short-cylindric, canescent or with a few black hairs
intermixed; corolla pale yellow, 15 mm. long.
Olympic Mountains, head of Elwha River, Elmer.
Oxytropis cusickii Greenman. Loosely appressed villous; leaflets in 8-15
pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 7-15 mm. long; stipules scarious, ciliate;
scapes exceeding the leaves, 10-20 cm. high; spike dense, 2-5 cm. long; bracts
lanceolate, obtusish, half as long as the calyx; flowers nearly sessile; calyx
cylindric, appressed pubescent with white hairs intermixed with black ones;
corolla whitish, 12-15 mm. long; pods cylindric, 1-1.5 cm. long, 2-celled.
In the Olympic, Cascade and Blue Mountains, rare.
299. ASTRAGALUS.
Chiefly perennial herbs; leaves odd-pinnate, with stipules;
flowers in spikes or racemes; calyx with 5 nearly equal teeth;
corolla and its slender-clawed petals usually narrow, spreading,
equalling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel; stamens
diadelphous; anthers all alike; ovary sessile or stipitate; ovules
numerous; pod sometimes inflated, 1-celled, or 2-celled by a false
partition; seeds few or many.
Astragalus hookerianus (T. & G.) Gray. Herbage pale, silky or villous
with a fine whitish pubescence; stems ascending, 10-30 cm. long, usually
much branched at base; leaflets 7-9 pairs, oblong, petiolulate, 4-6 mm. long;
stipules lanceolate, the lower ones sheathing; peduncles shorter than the
leaves, the racemes few-flowered; bracts setaceous, about as long as the pedicels;
calyx pubescent with black and white hairs, the teeth subulate, shorter than
the tube; corolla whitish, the tip of the keel purple tinged; pods short-stipi-
tate, much inflated, thin, ovoid, 1-3 cm. long, pale, mottled with purple
splotches.
Olympic Mountains, Elmer.
228 GERANIACEAE.
Family 51. GERANIACEAE. Geranium FaMILy.
Annual or perennial herbs; leaves mostly basal, alternate or
opposite, often with stipules; flowers solitary or clustered, per-
fect, regular, commonly symmetrical, the parts in fives; sepals
persistent; stamens usually twice as many as the petals, mostly
in two sets, those alternate with the petals sometimes sterile;
ovary 1, deeply 3-5-lobed and 3-5-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity;
fruit a capsule; carpels 1-seeded, separating when mature from
the axis.
Leaves palmate, variously cleft or divided. 300. GERANIUM, 228,
Leaves pinnately compound (in ours). 301. Eropium, 228.
300. GERANIUM. WiLp GERANIUM.
Annual or perennial herbs; leaves palmately-lobed, cleft or
divided, with stipules; flowers regular, on axillary 1-2-flowered
peduncles; sepals 5; petals 5, hypogynous; stamens 10, rarely 5,
generally 5 longer and 5 shorter; ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beaked
with a compound style; capsule 5-celled, each 1-seeded, and long-
tailed, at maturity separating from the long beak of the recep-
tacle, splitting from below upward.
Perennials; flowers large. G. oreganum.
Annuals; flowers small.
Seeds smooth or nearly so.
Carpels canescent, not rugose.
Carpels glabrous, rugose.
Seeds reticulate or pitted.
G. pusillum.
G
Flowers deep purple; seeds pitted. G. dissectum.
G
G
. molle.
Flowers pale purple; seeds reticulately ridged.
Peduncles short; inflorescence compact.
Peduncles long; inflorescence loose.
Style-branches 4-6 mm. long. . bicknellit.
Style-branches 3 mm. long. G. laxum.
. carolinianum.
Geranium oreganum Howell. Perennial with a stout crown; stems 30-60
cm. high, sparsely retrorse pubescent; leaf blades 5—7-parted, the segments
cuneate and irregularly toothed, sparsely appressed pubescent especially on
the nerves; petioles long, retrorsely pubescent; inflorescence glandular; sepals
eee aristate; petals obovate, 12-15 mm. long, purple; carpels puberu-
ent.
In open places, Willamette Valley, Oregon.
Geranium pusillum Burm.f. Annual, spreading, finely-pubescent, the weak
stems 15-30 cm. long; leaves 1-3 cm. broad, 7-9-cleft into equal cuneate-
oblong lobes, these 3-toothed at apex; peduncles scattered, 2-flowered; flowers
pink or violet, 4-5 mm. broad; sepals acute, not awned; petals notched;
anther-bearing stamens only 5; carpels canescent, small, including the tails
about 1 cm. long; seeds smooth.
A weed in lawns and waste places.
GERANIACEAE. 229
Geranium molle L. Annual, pubescent with white hairs; stems spreading,
15-30 cm. long; leaves orbicular, 2-3 cm. broad, deeply cleft, the lobes crenately
toothed, obtuse; sepals ovate-oblong, villous, not aristate; petals pink-purple,
notched at apex, scarcely longer than the sepals; stamens 10; carpels trans-
versely rugose, glabrous; seeds striate.
Introduced from Europe, common.
Geranium dissectum L. Annual, somewhat pubescent; stems decumbent,
or ascendent, 15-45 cm. long; leaves 5—7-parted, the segments deeply cleft
into narrow very acute usually curved divisions; sepals ovate, acuminate;
petals purple; carpels pubescent.
Abundantly introduced from Europe.
Geranium carolinianum L. Annual, erect, branched, 15-30 cm. high,
pubescent throughout and somewhat glandular; leaves orbicular, 3-6 cm.
broad, deeply 5-9-cleft; lobes cuneate-oblong, acutely and incisely toothed or
lobed; petioles slender; peduncles short, 2-flowered, the inflorescence rather
compact; flowers pink, 8-10 mm. broad; sepals ovate, acuminate, short-awned,
ciliate; carpels hispid, the beaks 2 cm. long, tipped with a short slender style;
seeds reticulated.
Common in sandy soil.
Geranium bicknellii Britt. Similar to G. carolinianum; peduncles scat-
tered, elongate; flowers in pairs, the pedicels much longer than the calyx;
petals rose-colored; beak of the fruit tipped with a long slender style 4-6 mm.
long.
In open woods.
Geranium laxum Hanks. Annual; stems procumbent, 30-60 cm. long,
retrorsely pubescent; leaves reniform in outline, 2.5-5 cm. broad, parted into
linear segments; pedicels glandular-hirsute; sepals ovate, aristate, glandular-
pubescent, the outer 7-8 mm. long; petals purple; carpels hirsute; seeds reticu-
late.
Oyhut, Chehalis County, Washington, Lamb, and south to California.
301. ERODIUM.
Herbs, generally with jointed nodes; leaves opposite or alter-
nate, with stipules; flowers regular, in axillary umbels; sepals 5;
petals 5, hypogynous; anthers 5, the 5 shorter stamens sterile
or wanting; ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beaked by the united styles;
tails of the carpels bearded on the inner side, becoming twisted.
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. Alfilaria. Filaree. Branched and
spreading from the base, hairy-pubescent, the weak stems 10-60 cm. long;
leaves pinnate, 3-15 cm. long, the leaflets pinnatifid into narrow acute lobes;
peduncles generally longer than the leaves, bearing 2-10 pink flowers; sepals
acute, nearly as long as the entire petals, these 4 mm. long; carpels puberulent,
the tails 5-7 cm. long, spirally-twisted when ripe.
Introduced from Europe; very common.
Family 52. OXALIDACEAE. Woop Sorret Fami_y.
Annual or perennial low herbs (in ours) with sour watery
juice; leaves delicate, palmate, usually trifoliolate, alternate
or radical; flowers perfect, regular, 5-merous, but with 10 or 15
stamens; ovary superior, 5-celled, the carpels 2—many-ovuled,
usually distinct above.
230 OXALIDACEAE.
302. OXALIS. Woop SorREL.
Annual or perennial, short-stemmed or stemless herbs with
alternate or basal trifoliolate leaves (in ours) and axillary or
basal 1-several-flowered peduncles, sometimes also with small
self-pollinating flowers; styles 5, separate, persistent; capsule
subglobose, ovoid or columnar.
Caulescent; flowers yellow. O. suksdorfit.
Acaulescent; flowers white.
Scapes 1-flowered; capsule ovoid. O. oregana.
Scapes several-flowered; capsule linear. O. trillitfolia.
Oxalis suksdorfii Trelease. (O. pumila Nutt. not Urv.) Rootstocks
creeping; stems slender, 10-30 cm. high, sparsely villous; leaflets obcordate,
10-15 mm. long; stipules wanting; peduncles about as long as the subtending
leaf; flowers yellow, solitary or in pairs on slender pedicels; sepals oblong,
villous; petals three times as long as the sepals, obtuse; capsule a little longer
than the sepals.
In dry open woods, Clarke County, Washington, and southwards.
Oxalis oregana Nutt. Acaulescent, sparsely villous; petioles 5-20 cm.
long; leaflets obcordate, 2-4 cm. long, glabrous above; scapes shorter than the
leaves, 2-bracted above the middle; flower solitary; sepals oblong; petals white
with purple veins, oblong, 15-25 mm. long; capsule subglobose, 10 mm. long.
In deep woods, especially at low altitudes in the mountains.
Oxalis trilliifolia Hook. Acaulescent, nearly glabrous; petioles 10-30
cm. long; leaflets 3-5 cm. long, broadly obcordate; scapes as long as the leaves;
umbels 3-8-flowered; bracts lanceolate, acute; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute,
4 mm. long; petals white, oblanceolate, deeply notched and twice as long as
the sepals; capsule linear, 2-3 cm. long.
In deep woods, often growing with O. oregana.
Family 53. EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurce Famity.
Herbs (in ours), with milky juice; leaves opposite, alternate or
whorled, entire or toothed, sessile or petioled; stipules present
or wanting; flowers monoecious or dioecious, often much reduced
and subtended by an involucre which resembles a calyx; parts of
flowers various, often different in staminate and pistillate flowers;
calyx none or minute; petals often wanting; stamens 1-many,
free or united; ovary usually 3-celled; fruit a 3-lobed capsule;
endosperm copious.
Flowers surrounded by an involucre; capsule 3-celled. 303. EupHorsta, 230.
Flowers without an involucre; capsule 1-celled. 304. PrscarRIA, 231.
303. EUPHORBIA. Spurce.
Perennial or annual herbs (in ours); flowers monoecious, in-
cluded in a cup-shaped 4- or 5-lobed involucre resembling a calyx
or corolla and usually bearing large thick glands at its sinuses;
EUPHORBIACEAE. 231
glands rounded or often petal-like or crescent-shaped; staminate
flowers numerous, of a single naked stamen, jointed upon a short
pedicel which usually has a minute bract at its base; pistillate
flowers solitary in the center of the involucre, pedicelled, and
soon exserted; calyx none, or rarely present and minute; styles
3, 2-cleft; stigmas 6; ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled.
Glands of the involucre bearing petal-like appendages; plants
prostrate or nearly so; seeds pitted and wrinkled. E. serpyllifolia.
Glands of the involucre not bearing petal-like appendages;
stems erect; seeds pitted. E. peplus.
Euphorbia serpyllifolia L. Annual, glabrous; stems prostrate, much
branched from the base, 5-20 cm. long; leaves opposite, narrowly obovate,
cuneate at base, serrulate, 4-10 mm. long; stipules fringed; involucres soli-
tary-axillary, campanulate, 1 mm. long; glands 4, disc-shaped, each with a
lobed appendage; seeds whitish, slightly ridged and pitted.
In dry soils, often in dried-up ponds.
Euphorbia peplus L. Annual or biennial; stems erect, 10-30 cm. high;
leaves entire, alternate, obovate or the uppermost ovate; flowers umbellate;
umbels 3-rayed, then dichotomous; glands of the involucre crescent-shaped,
the horns elongated; carpels each with 2 wing-like crests on the back; seeds
pale, pitted on the back, grooved on the inner face.
Sparingly introduced.
304. PISCARIA.
Low heavy-scented annual herbs; leaves alternate, entire,
3-nerved, petioled, without stipules; flowers monoecious, in
axillary cymose fascicles, without an involucre, all apetalous,
the pistillate without a calyx; calyx of the staminate flower
3-6-parted; stamens 6 or 7, central on the hairy receptacle; style
simple, filiform; ovary with 4 or 5 small glands at its base, 1-
celled, 1-ovuled; capsule obovate-oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved.
Piscaria setigera (Hook.) Piper. TYurkey Mullein. Grayish pubescent
with stellate hairs and hispid bristles; stem much branched from near the
base, the branches mostly procumbent, 15-60 cm. long; leaves ovate, obtuse,
1-5 cm. long, crowded near the tips of the branches; calyx of staminate flower
with oblong obtuse lobes; pistillate flowers often in clusters of 2 or 3; ovary
and style pubescent; seed shiny, 4 mm. long.
In dry ground, Columbia River to southern California. The plant was
formerly used by the Indians to stupefy fish by throwing quantities of it in
the streams.
Family 54. CALLITRICHACEAE. WarTER STARWORT FAMILY.
Aquatic or rarely terrestrial usually tufted herbs; leaves op-
posite, entire, spatulate or linear, without stipules; flowers
minute, perfect or monoecious, axillary; perianth none; bracts
two, sac-like, or none; stamen 1; pistil 1; styles 2, filiform; ovary
4-celled; ovule 1 in each cell; fruit nutlike, compressed, 4-lobed,
4-celled, more or less winged or keeled; endosperm oily.
232 CALLITRICHACEAE.
305. CALLITRICHE. WATER STARWORT.
Low slender usually tufted herbs; leaves spatulate or linear or
both, entire; flowers monoecious, solitary or 2 or 3 in the axil of
a leaf, with or without a pair of membranaceous bracts; stami-
nate flower a single stamen; pistillate flower a single 4-celled
ovary, sessile or pedicelled, with 2 distinct sessile stigmas.
Leaves all submersed, linear, 1-nerved. C. autumnalis.
Floating leaves obovate-spatulate, 3-nerved. *
Styles about as long as the fruit. C. palustris.
Styles twice as long as the fruit. C. bolandert.
Callitriche autumnalis L. Leaves all submersed, linear, 1-nerved, retuse
or bifid at apex; fruit orbicular, retuse, the two carpels separate nearly to
the axis.
In flowing water, rare.
Callitriche palustris L. Aquatic or growing in the mud; floating leaves
obovate, obtuse or emarginate, the others linear or spatulate, 1-nerved, 1-2 cm.
long; when terrestrial, leaves all linear; bracts 2,as long as or longer than the
fruit or wanting; fruit oval, emarginate, 1 mm. long, the edges grooved and
narrowly winged; styles erect, shorter than the fruit.
Not rare, in ponds and pools.
Callitriche bolanderi Hegelm. Floating leaves rhombic-obovate; fruit
orbicular, usually obcordate, tipped with the much longer styles.
In still ponds, common.
Family 55. EMPETRACEAE. CrowBerry FAmILy.
Low evergreen heath-like shrubs; flowers small, dioecious or
polygamous, axillary or in terminal heads; sepals 3; petals 2 or 3
or none; stamens 3; style short; ovary 2-several-celled, sessile,
the style cleft into as many stigma-bearing segments as there are
cells of the ovary; ovules 1 in each cell; fruit a berry-like drupe
with 2-several seed-like nutlets.
306. EMPETRUM. CrowBERRY.
Low spreading shrubs; flowers polygamous, scattered and
solitary in the leaf-axils, inconspicuous, scaly-bracted; calyx of
3 spreading somewhat petal-like sepals; style very short; stigmas
6-9-rayed; fruit a berry-like drupe.
Empetrum nigrum L. Crowberry. Branches procumbent, 5-25 cm. long;
leaves linear, obtuse, thick, 4-7 mm. long; berry black.
Mount Rainier, Piper; Copalis, Conard; Vancouver Island, British Colum-
bia, Macoun.
Family 56. LIMNANTHACEAE,. Fase Mermaip FamILy.
Low annual herbs with alternate pinnate leaves, without
stipules; flowers perfect, regular, 3-6-merous, slightly peri-
LIMNANTHACEAE. 233
gynous; sepals persistent; glands alternating with the petals;
stamens distinct; style one; carpels nearly distinct, 1-ovuled, in
fruit fleshy and indehiscent, not beaked, separating from a very
short axis.
Flower parts in fours, fives or sixes; stigmas capitate. 307. LIMNANTHES, 233.
Flower parts in threes; stigmas not capitate. 308. FLOERKEA, 233.
307. LIMNANTHES.
Tender annual herbs; leaves alternate, pinnately dissected,
without stipules; flowers solitary, regular, symmetrical, on naked
axillary straight peduncles; petals longer than the sepals, per-
sistent, stamens twice as many as the petals; carpels nearly
distinct, each 1-ovuled, becoming a half-fleshy nutlet in fruit;
stigmas capitate.
Limnanthes macounii Trelease. Glabrous; stems much branched, de-
cumbent, 5-10 cm. high; leaves pinnately 5-9-parted, the ovate, entire or
3-cleft divisions remote; sepals mostly 4, lanceolate, acute; petals cuneate-
oblong, 3-4 mm. long, cream-colored; carpels obovoid, tuberculate.
Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun; not known from
any other locality.
308. FLOERKEA.
Tender low annuals, with alternate leaves lacking stipules;
flowers regular, symmetrical, the parts in threes, solitary axillary,
on curved peduncles; petals small, shorter than the sepals;
stamens 6; carpels 3, united at base; style 1; stigmas 3, not capi-
tate; fruit of 3 akenes with half-fleshy walls.
Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. (F. occidentalis Rydb.) Small glabrous
herb, branched from the base, the branches 5-20 cm. long; leaves pinnate
with 3-5 leaflets, these lanceolate or the upper ones linear, sometimes 2-3-
cleft; sepals ovate, acute; petals white, about 2 mm. long; carpels tuberculate.
In moist places, rare in our limits.
Family 57. ANACARDIACEAE. CasHew Famity.
Trees or shrubs with resinous or milky acrid juice; leaves
alternate, usually compound, without stipules, not punctate;
flowers regular, small, polygamo-dioecious or perfect; calyx 5-
lobed; petals 5; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals,
rarely fewer or more; styles 3; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; fruit
generally a small drupe; endosperm scanty or none.
309. RHUS.
Trees or shrubs, some of them poisonous to the skin; flowers
polygamous or dioecious, seldom truly perfect, small, greenish or
234 CELASTRACEAE.
rarely yellow or rose-colored; calyx small, 5-parted; petals 5;
stamens 5; fruit drupe-like; ovule basal.
Rhus diversiloba T. & G. Poison Oak. Shrub with erect stems 1-2 m.
high or under favorable circumstances clinging upon trees up to 3-8 m.;
leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong to obovate, obtuse, mostly coarsely toothed,
rarely entire or pinnatifid, 2-7 cm. long; flowers green, in small loose axillary
panicles, usually shorter than the leaves; drupes white, globose, about 5 mm.
in diameter.
Common in gravelly or rocky soil.
Family 58. CELASTRACEAE. STAFFTREE FAMILY.
Shrubs, often climbing; leaves simple and undivided, alternate
or opposite; stipules none or small and early withering; flowers
regular, usually perfect, small; pedicels commonly jointed;
calyx 4- or 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated; petals 4 or 5, spreading:
stamens 4 or 5, perigynous on a disk, alternate with the petals;
ovary sessile, free from or confluent with the disk; fruit a some-
what fleshy dehiscent pod; endosperm fleshy.
Deciduous shrub; flowers 5-merous. 310. Evonymus, 234.
Evergreen shrub; flowers 4-merous. 311. PAcHISTIMA, 234.
310. EUONYMUS.
Deciduous shrubs with 4-sided branchlets and opposite serrate
leaves; flowers small, on axillary peduncles, in loose cymes,
perfect, 5-merous (in ours); stamens short; style short or none;
pod 3-5-lobed, 3—5-valved; seeds 1-4 in each cell.
Euonymus occidentalis Nutt. Glabrous shrub, 2-5 m. high, the slender
branches pale green; leaves ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, mostly acute at base,
acute or acuminate, serrulate, 5-10 cm. long, on petioles 4-10 mm. long;
peduncles 5 cm. long, 1-4-flowered; flowers 5-merous, dark purple, about
10 mm. broad; fruit smooth.
In deep woods along streams; Clarke County, Washington, and southward.
311. PACHISTIMA.
Low evergreen shrubs; leaves opposite, smooth, serrulate,
coriaceous; flowers perfect, very small, green or purplish, solitary
or fascicled in the axils; calyx-lobes 4, broad; petals 4; stamens 4,
on the edge of the disk; style very short; ovary free; pod small,
oblong, 2-celled; seeds 1 or 2, enclosed in a white membranous
many-cleft aril.
Pachistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. Evergreen glabrous shrub, much
branched, 30-60 cm. high; leaves oblong, lanceolate or obovate, acute or obtuse,
cuneate at base, serrulate, nearly sessile, 1-3 cm. long, the margin somewhat
revolute; flowers yellowish or purplish, 3 mm. broad; peduncles and pedicels
short, 2-3 mm. long; capsule oblong, acutc, 5-6 mm. long.
In woods, especially in the mountains but occurring at sea level along
Puget Sound.
ACERACEAE, 235
Family 50. ACERACEAE. Mapte Famity.
Trees or shrubs; leaves simple or pinnately or palmately com-
pound, opposite, without stipules (in ours); flowers small, regular
(in ours) , polygamous or dioecious; sepals 4-5; petals often none
(in ours); stamens 3-12, inserted on the fleshy disk; ovary 2-
celled and lobed (in ours), with 2 ovules in each cell (in ours) ;
endosperm none.
312. ACER. Map te.
Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite, palmately-lobed, without
stipules; flowers small, polygamo-dioecious, in clusters; calyx
colored, usually 5-lobed; petals 5 and equal or none; stamens
3-12; styles 2; ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell;
fruit a double samara, 2-winged above, separable at maturity,
each 1-seeded.
Flowers in racemes; fruit hispid. A. macrophylium.
Flowers in corymbs; fruit glabrous.
Leaves 3-5-lobed; fruit wings somewhat spreading. A, douglasii.
Leaves 7-9-lobed; fruit wings widely spreading. A. circinatum.
Acer macrophyllum Pursh. Broadleaf Maple. Large tree reaching a
height of 10-30 m. and a diameter of 1-2 m.; bark longitudinally sulcate;
leaves 15-30 cm. long and broad, deeply 3—5-lobed, the lobes entire or more
commonly 3-5-cleft into acute sinuously-margined lobes, shiny above, paler
and somewhat pubescent beneath especially on the ribs; flowers greenish-
yellow, in pendent racemes 8-15 cm. long, the lower flowers infertile; calyx
campanulate; petals obovate, as long as the sepals; fruit very hispid, the
oblong slightly spreading wings 4-5 cm. long.
Abundant in alluvial land; northward in Alaska to about latitude 55° and
southward in the mountains through California. First collected by Captain
Meriwether Lewis.
Acer douglasii Hook. Dwarf Maple. Small tree, 3-10 m. high, with smooth
light-gray bark; leaves simple, rarely 3-foliolate, orbicular, acutish, 5-lobed,
coarsely serrate, truncate or subcordate at base, glabrous, dark-green above,
paler beneath, 5-10 cm. long; petiole slender; flowers polygamous, in small
corymbs; petals narrow, spatulate-oblong, veiny, about as long as the similar
sepals; fruit glabrous, roughened, the wings diverging at less than a right
angle, 2.5-3 cm. long.
Along mountain streams, only rarely found at sea-level in our limits. Ex-
tends northward to Lynn Canal, Alaska.
Acer circinatum Pursh. Vine Maple. Shrub or small tree, the trunk
3-10 m. high, rarely erect; bark smooth, gray; leaves 6-12 cm. long, nearly
orbicular, more or less cordate at base, cleft nearly to the middle into 7-9
acute serrate lobes, nearly glabrous when mature, somewhat villous when
young; flowers loosely corymbose; sepals oblong, acute, spreading; petals
hood-like, acutish, shorter than the sepals; fruit becoming glabrous, the wings
diverging nearly 180°.
Abundant in alluvial soil; found only west of the Cascade Mountains.
Northern limit near latitude 51°; southern limit Mendocino and Trinity Coun-
ties, California. The leaves become purple-colored after midsummer and
gorgeously crimson in the fall.
236 RHAMNACEAE.
Family 60. BALSAMINACEAE. Batsam FamILy.
Usually glaucous succulent herbs with watery juice; leaves
alternate, simple, without stipules; flowers irregular with a
petal-like imbricated usually spurred calyx; petals 4, united in
two pairs; stamens 5, with short filaments and more or less
united anthers; ovary 5-celled; seeds without endosperm.
313. IMPATIENS. JEWELWEED.
Delicate herbs with translucent stems; leaves coarsely toothed,
petioled; flowers axillary or panicled, often of two kinds, large
sterile ones and smaller cleistogamous ones which ripen good seed;
sepals apparently four, the posterior ones usually spurred; petals
4, united in two pairs; filaments 5, each with a scale-like append-
age; appendages united and covering the stigma; pod with
evanescent partitions, opening suddenly when touched and
projecting the seeds.
Impatiens nolitangere L. (J. occidentalis Rydb.) Touch-me-not. Annual,
glabrous, 60-90 cm. high, pale green, slightly glaucous; leaves oval to elliptical,
coarsely crenate-serrate, rounded or subcordate at base, paler beneath, 5-10
cm. long, on shorter petioles; flowers pale yellow; saccate sepal much longer
than broad, gradually tapering into a long recurved spur.-
In moist woods, Whatcom County, Washington, and northward.
Family 61. RHAMNACEAE. BucxkTHorn FAamicy.
Erect shrubs or small trees; leaves simple; stipules small and
early deciduous or none; flowers small and regular, sometimes
polygamo-dioecious; disk fleshy; calyx 4- or 5-toothed; petals
4 or 5, on the disk, or sometimes none; stamens 4 or 5, perigynous,
alternate with the sepals and opposite the petals; ovary sessile;
fruit a drupe or pod, with 1 seed in each cell; endosperm sparingly
fleshy.
Fruit a drupe; flowers solitary or in umbels. 314. RHAMNuS, 236.
Fruit a dry capsule; flowers in panicles. 315. CEANOTHUS, 237.
314. RHAMNUS. BucKTHOoRN.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, petioled, pinnately-
veined, with small deciduous stipules; flowers greenish, polygam-
ous or dioecious, in axillary clusters; calyx 4- or 5-cleft; calyx-
tube bell-shaped, lined with the disk, both free from the ovary;
petals 5, small, oblong, sessile, acute or none; stamens 4 or 5;
ovary 2-4-celled; fruit a berry-like drupe, with 2-4 separate seed-
like nutlets.
RHAMNACEAE. 237
Rhamnus purshiana DC. Bearberry. Small tree, 3-12 m. high, with
nearly smooth dark-gray bark; young twigs pubescent; leaves elliptic, obtuse
or acuminate, rounded at base, somewhat undulate, denticulate, pubescent
especially beneath, 5-15 cm. long; petioles 1-2 cm. long, downy; umbels stout-
peduncled, 8-15-flowered; flowers 3-5 mm. long; sepals 5; petals minute,
hood-shaped; fruit black, obovoid, as large as a pea, 3-seeded, insipid.
Common in moist or wet places. Bark used medicinally under the name
Cascara sagrada.
315. CEANOTHUS. :
Shrubs, sometimes evergreen; leaves alternate, petioled;
flowers perfect, in small umbel-like clusters, forming dense
terminal panicles often on naked branches; calyx 5-lobed; calyx
and disk adherent to the ovary; petals hooded, spreading;
stamens 5; ovary 3-lobed; fruit 3-lobed, dry and very oily,
the three carpels splitting apart when ripe.
Leaves opposite, tridentate at apex. C. cuneatus.
Leaves alternate.
Plant gummy; leaves thick, evergreen.
Leaves pubescent beneath. C. velutinus.
Leaves glabrous beneath. C. velutinus laevigatus.
Plant not gummy; leaves thin, deciduous.
Leaves mostly entire; flowers blue or white. C. peduncularis.
Leaves serrate or dentate.
Flowers white; twigs terete; leaves large. C. sanguineus.
Flowers blue; twigs angled; leaves small. C. thyrsiflorus.
Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. Stems erect, rigid, much branched,
1-4 m. high; twigs gray, tomentulose when young; leaves opposite, cuneate-
obovate or spatulate, obtuse or retuse at apex, denticulate to entire, 5-10 mm.
long, short-petioled, minutely tomentose beneath; flowers white or rarely
bluish, in axillary umbels; capsules oblong, each carpel with a horn-like crest
near the top.
In dry or rocky ground, from the Columbia River southwards.
Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. Sticky Laurel. Stout shrub, 1-2 m. high,
much branched; branchlets puberulent; leaves oval, obtuse, subcordate at
base, prominently 3-nerved, finely denticulate, thick and firm, glabrous and
gummy above, puberulent beneath, 5-8 cm. long; petioles stout; flowers white,
in terminal panicles 5-10 cm. long; peduncles stout, puberulent; pedicels
slender; carpels subglobose, 3-lobed above, nearly smooth.
In open woods, rather common. The plant has a pleasant aromatic odor.
Ceanothus velutinus laevigatus (Dougl.) T. & G. Leaves glabrous
beneath.
Known from Vancouver Island, Menzies, Macoun, Harstine Island, Mason
County, Washington, southwestern Oregon and northern California.
Ceanothus peduncularis Greene. Stems 1-2 m. high, loosely branched;
leaves oval-oblong, rounded at base, acute and mucronate at apex, 3-nerved,
pubescent on both faces, 3-6 cm. long; panicle 5-8 cm. long; peduncle elongated,
pubescent, its bracts oblong, acute, pubescent; bractlets ovate to lanceolate,
acuminate, villous.
Washington to California.
Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh. Buckbrush. Shrub, 1-3 m. high, with
slender smooth usually reddish branchlets; leaves thin, elliptical or ovate,
238 MALVACEAE.
obtuse, rounded at base, finely serrate, glabrate above, paler and puberulent
beneath, 5-8 cm. long; petioles slender; panicles lateral, 6-10 cm. long, their
peduncles villous; flowers white; capsules smooth, 3-lobed.
In open woods, not common in our limits.
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Esch. California Lilac. Loosely branched
shrub, 1-5 m. high; twigs angled, brownish, glabrous or nearly so; leaves
elliptic, acute at base, obtuse at apex, finely dentate, 3-nerved, glabrous
except on the veins beneath, 2-5 cm. long, on short hairy petioles; flowers
usually blue, in dense compound terminal panicles; capsule globose, smooth.
: A gy Oregon and California, on rocky slopes. Very showy when
in bloom.
Family 62. MALVACEAE. Matiow Famity.
Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, palmately-veined, with
stipules; flowers regular, showy; peduncles axillary, jointed;
calyx valvate; sepals 5, united at base, often subtended by an
involucre of numerous bractlets; corolla convolute; petals 5,
their bases united with each other and with the stamen-column;
stamens numerous, monadelphous, in a column; pistils several,
the ovaries united in a ring or forming a several-celled pod;
endosperm scanty.
Bractlets none; stamens in two series. 316. SIDALCEA, 238.
Bractlets 3; stamens monadelphous. 317. Matva, 239.
316. SIDALCEA.
Herbs (ours all perennials); leaves rounded, mostly lobed or
parted; flowers pink or red, in a narrow terminal raceme or spike;
involucre none; stamen-column double, the filaments of the outer
series united usually into 5 sets opposite the petals; styles filiform,
stigmatic on the inner surface; carpels 5-9, 1-ovuled, separating
at maturity from the short axis, indehiscent.
Flowers red; mature carpels smooth. S. hendersonit.
Flowers pink; mature carpels rugose.
Stems hirsute. S. campestris.
Stems stellate-pubescent. S. virgata.
Sidalcea hendersonii Wats. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so and bright
green; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high, nearly simple; leaves orbicular, deeply
5-7-cleft, the segments merely lobed or toothed; flowers deep rose-colored, in
terminal racemes; bracts linear, exceeding the pedicels; calyx-lobes ovate,
acuminate, 12-15 mm. long; petals 2.5 cm. long; carpels glabrous, not rugose.
In marshes near the sea shore, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to
Oregon. Abundant near Everett, Washington.
Sidalcea campestris Greene. Perennial, pale green, pubescent with both
simple and stellate hairs; stems 30-90 cm. high, often branched above, bristly-
hirsute; leaves orbicular, the leaves 5-9-lobed or cleft, the upper deeply 5-9-
parted, the segments divided into narrow lobes; petioles longer than the blades;
racemes erect, rather dense; calyx usually canescent, 8-10 mm. long; petals
MALVACEAE. 239
pink, emarginate or erose at apex, about 2 cm. long; carpels rugose and
pubescent.
In moist meadows, Willamette Valley, Oregon. S. asplenifolia Greene
found at Seattle in hay meadows is apparently the same and perhaps was
introduced with grass seed.
Sidalcea virgata Howell. Perennial, green, thinly stellate puberulent
throughout, not at all pilose; stems erect, slender, 30-90 cm. high; basal
leaves long-petioled, orbicular, with 5-7 oblong obtuse toothed lobes, 5-15
cm. broad, puberulent beneath with stellate hairs, above mostly with simple
appressed hairs; cauline similar, more deeply lobed or even parted into narrow
subentire segments; racemes erect, loosely flowered; calyx densely puberulent,
the lobes ovate, acuminate, 6-8 mm. long; petals 1.5—-2 cm. long, somewhat
erose, purple; carpels pale, puberulent.
In open places, Willamette Valley, Oregon, and southward.
317. MALVA. MA ttLow.
Pubescent or glabrous herbs; leaves dentate, lobed or dis-
sected; flowers perfect, axillary or terminal, solitary or clustered;
involucre 3-leaved; calyx 5-cleft; petals 5, obcordate; styles nu-
merous, stigmatic down the inner side; fruit depressed, separating
at maturity into as many 1-seeded indehiscent carpels as there
are styles.
Flowers large, only in the upper axils; cauline leaves dis-
sected; carpels very hairy. M. moschata.
Flowers small, fascicled in the axils; leaves 5—9-lobed.
Carpels puberulent, not reticulated. M. rotundifolia.
Carpels glabrous, reticulated. M. parviflora.
Malva moschata L. Musk Mallow. Perennial, somewhat musk-scented,
pubescent with simple hairs; stems erect or ascending, 30-60 cm. high; leaves
orbicular, the basal ones incisely cleft, the cauline 5-parted, the divisions
cleft or parted into narrow segments; flowers only from the upper axils, the
peduncles exceeding the leaves; petals rose-colored or white, much longer than
the sepals; carpels very hairy.
Introduced and locally abundant.
Malva rotundifolia L. Mallow. Cheeses. Annual or biennial, pubescent
or glabrous; stems prostrate, branched near the base, 20-60 cm. long; leaves
round-reniform, 5-7-lobed, crenate-dentate, 2-5 cm. broad; petioles long and
slender; flowers whitish, about 1 cm. broad, clustered in the axils; pedicels
slender, 1-2 cm. long; carpels 12-15, puberulent, not reticulated.
A native of Europe, introduced in waste places.
Malva parviflora L. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems ascending to
erect, 15-60 cm. high; leaves orbicular, cordate, crenate, somewhat angularly
lobed; flowers axillary, solitary or clustered; pedicels short; flowers small;
carpels glabrous, rough and netted on the back, somewhat wing-margined.
A weed in waste land.
Family 63. HYPERICACEAE. St. Jonnswort Famiry.
Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, entire, mostly sessile, with
translucent or dark-colored glandular dots; stipules wanting;
240 HYPERICACEAE.
flowers perfect, regular; sepals 4 or 5; petals 4 or 5, hypogynous;
stamens commonly in three or more clusters; styles 2-5, usually
distinct or nearly so; capsule 1-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentae,
or 3-5-celled; endosperm none.
318. HYPERICUM. Sr. Joanswort.
Perennial herbs; leaves sessile, entire, punctate; flowers yellow,
in cymes; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens numerous; ovary 1-celled,
with 3-5 parietal placentae, rarely 3-5-celled.
Plants low, forming dense mats.
Alpine; leaves crowded; flowers mostly solitary. HI, bryophytum.
Not alpine; leaves not crowded; flowers often several. HI. anagalloides.
Plants erect, simple or nearly so.
Stamens 5—10; stems about 30 cm. high. A. majus.
Stamens numerous; stems tall.
Sepals acuminate; capsule not lobed. H. perforatum.
Sepals obtuse; capsule 3-lobed. Hi. scoulert.
Hypericum bryophytum Elmer. Annual, glabrous, often forming dense
pure growths; stems very leafy, 2-5 cm. high, weak, procumbent, branched at
base; leaves broadly ovate or obovate, obtuse, sessile, 3-5 mm. long, longer
than the internodes, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; flowers solitary, rarely
few in a cyme, very short peduncled, often 4-merous; sepals 3 mm. long;
petals equalling the sepals, ciliate; seeds brown, longitudinally striate.
In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
Hypericum anagalloides Cham. & Schlecht. Stems weak, procumbent,
much branched, 2-5 cm. high; leaves pale, ovate, obtuse, somewhat clasping,
1 cm. or less long; cymes peduncled, loose, the branches elongated; flowers
small, not dotted, 6-8 mm. broad, dark yellow; sepals unequal, lanceolate,
acuminate, in fruit much longer than the capsule; stamens 15-20.
Forming loose mats in springy places, common.
Hypericum majus (Gray) Britt. Annual or perennial; stems erect, 10-60
cm. high; leaves lanceolate, subcordate, sessile or half-clasping, 5—7-nerved,
2-4 cm. long; cymes naked, rather dense; sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate,
longer than the pale yellow petals and nearly as long as the capsule.
Green Lake, Seattle, Washington, P7zper, evidently native.
Hypericum perforatum L. Tipton-weed. Perennial, stoloniferous; stems
30-90 cm. high, erect, much branched; leaves elliptic to linear-oblong, obtuse,
narrowed at base, conspicuously punctate with pellucid dots; flowers numerous,
in leafy cymes; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; petals deep yellow, specked with
black, twice as long as the sepals; capsule ovate-conical, reddish.
Introduced from Europe. Very troublesome as a weed, and poisonous
to horses.
Hypericum scouleri Hook. Stems erect, simple or branched above, 15-60
cm. high; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, half-clasping at base, 2-3 cm. long,
black-dotted on the margin; inflorescence a corymb, loose or rather dense;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute; petals bright yellow, black dotted
on the margin, 1 cm. or less long; stamens numerous, in three fascicles.
In wet places, common.
ELATINACEAE., 241
Family 64. ELATINACEAE. WarTerwort FAMILy.
Low annual marsh herbs; leaves opposite, not punctate, with
membranous stipules; flowers minute, axillary, regular, sym-
metrical; sepals 2-5, free; petals 2-5, hypogynous; stamens as
many or twice as many as the petals; ovary 2—5-celled, with a
many-ovuled axile placenta; fruit a capsule.
Plants glabrous; flower parts 2-4. 319. ELATINE, 241.
Plants pubescent; flower parts 5. 320. Berara, 241.
319. ELATINE.
Dwarf glabrous plants growing in or near the water, often
rooting at the nodes; sepals 2-4, obtuse; petals 2-4, hypogynous;
stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; styles or sessile
stigmas 2-4; pod membranaceous, 2-4-celled, several-many-
seeded.
Elatine americana (Pursh) Arn. Mostly branched from the base, spreading
to erect, 2-4 cm. high; leaves obovate, obtuse, 2-5 mm. long; flowers sessile,
the parts mostly in twos, rarely in threes; capsule globose; seeds subcylindric,
slightly curved, marked with 9 or 10 longitudinal lines and 20-30 cross lines.
Moist banks of the Columbia River, according to Howell.
320. BERGIA.
Diffuse or ascending herbs, branching, often pubescent; leaves
entire or serrate; flowers axillary, solitary or clustered; parts of
the flowers in fives; sepals acute, each with a prominent midrib;
capsule crustaceous, ovoid, 5-valved; seeds numerous.
Bergia texana (Hook.) Seubert. Annual, branched from the base, 4-20
cm. high; stems erect or ascending, glandular-pubescent; leaves lanceolate,
obovate or spatulate, serrate, 1-2 cm. long, petioled; flowers in small axillary
fascicles; sepals acuminate, 3 mm. long, equalling the white or pinkish petals;
stamens 5 or 10.
Banks of the Columbia River, perhaps reaching our limits.
Family 65. VIOLACEAE. VIOLET FamILy.
Herbs with alternate or basal leaves, with stipules; flowers
perfect, axillary, nodding; sepals 5, hypogynous; corolla some-
what irregular, 1-spurred, of 5 petals; stamens 5, hypogynous;
anthers adnate, united over the pistil; ovary 1-celled, with 3
parietal several-ovuled placentae; capsule 3-valved; endosperm
copious.
321. VIOLA. VIOLET.
Mostly perennial herbs; leaves alternate, with foliaceous
stipules; peduncles 1-flowered, axillary; flowers usually of two
17
242 VIOLACEAE.
kinds, the earlier ones perfect and conspicuous, but often sterile,
the later (near the ground in stemless species) with small and
rudimentary petals, cleistogamous and producing numerous
seeds; sepals unequal, more or less auricled; petals unequal, the
lower spurred; the two lower stamens spurred.
Acaulescent.
Flowers small, white. V. macloskeyt.
Flowers larger, violet.
Rootstocks long and slender; petals pale violet. V. palusiris.
Rootstocks thick; petals dark violet.
Plants not stoloniferous; stipules small. V. nephrophylla.
Plants stoloniferous; stipules large. V. langsdorfit.
Caulescent.
Flowers yellow, or violet and yellow.
Stems prostrate, stolon-like; leaves evergreen. V. sempervirens.
Stems erect, not stoloniferous; leaves not evergreen.
Leaves dissected into linear lobes; flowers violet
and yellow. V. halla.
Leaves not dissected; flowers yellow.
Herbage pubescent; leaves lanceolate to
ovate. V. nuttallit.
Herbage glabrous; leaves cordate to reni-
form. V. glabella.
Flowers blue or violet.
Stipules scarious, entire. V. flettii.
Stipules herbaceous, at least some of them serrate or
incised.
Leaves dotless; cauline stipules entire. V. howellit.
Leaves usually brown-dotted, at least beneath;
stipules all serrate or laciniate.
Herbage glabrous or nearly so. V. adunca.
Herbage pubescent, the pubescence retrorse. V. montanensis.
Viola macloskeyi Lloyd. Glabrous; rootstocks slender, creeping; leaves
few, reniform, obscurely crenate; petioles slender; stipules ovate, acute;
peduncles 3-7 cm. high, 2-bracted; petals white, the lateral ones bearded, the
spur very short and saccate.
In sphagnum bogs.
Viola palustris L. Glabrous; rootstocks slender, at length producing
runners; leaves cordate-orbicular, crenulate, 2-4 cm. broad; stipules ovate,
acuminate; flowers pale-violet, the lateral petals bearded; spur short, saccate;
sepals obtuse.
In swamps, common, flowering in early spring.
Viola nephrophylla Greene. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves thickish, reni-
form to cordate, faintly crenate, obtuse, 2-6 cm. long, rather pale; flowers
violet, on peduncles 10-20 cm. long, exceeding the leaves; lateral petals bearded,
the spurred one villous; sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; capsules oblong,
glabrous.
In springy places, rare in our limits. Admiralty Head, Oscar A. Piper.
Viola langsdorfii Fisch. Glabrous; rootstocks stout, scaly, creeping;
stems decumbent or ascending, 5-30 cm. long; leaves cordate-orbicular,
crenulate, long-petioled; stipules large, lanceolate, the lowest often incised;
corolla pale violet; lateral petals bearded; spur short.
In swamps near the ocean coast, from northern California to Alaska.
VIOLACEAE. 243
Viola sempervirens Greene. (V. sarmentosa Dougl.) Nearly glabrous;
rootstocks scaly with the old stipules; stems creeping or ascending, slender;
leaves cordate-orbicular, crenate, punctate with brownish dots, 2-3 cm. broad;
stipules ovate, scarious; peduncles about as long as the leaves; petals yellow,
brown veined, the lateral ones bearded; spur short and blunt.
In open woods, common, blooming in early spring. The leaves remain
green over winter.
Viola hallii Gray. Glabrous; stems from a deep-seated caudex, 10-15 cm.
high; leaves deeply 3-parted, the divisions mostly 3-5-cleft or parted, the
ultimate segments narrowly lanceolate or linear, obtuse, callus-tipped; petiole
slender; upper stipules foliaceous, laciniate or entire; upper petals dark violet,
the lower three lemon yellow, the lateral ones bearded at base, 10-15 mm.
long; spur short; capsule acute.
Prairies, Willamette Valley, Oregon, to northern California.
Viola nuttallii praemorsa (Dougl.) Wats. Stems very short from a thick
caudex with fleshy roots; leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, crenate or suben-
tire, pubescent with white hairs, 2-4 cm. long; petioles hairy, longer than the
blades; stipules narrow, entire, acuminate; flowers yellow, the peduncles
usually longer than the leaves; petals obovate, about 10 mm. long.
Open prairies from near Tacoma southward.
Viola glabella Nutt. Whole plant glabrous or nearly so; rootstock rather
stout, creeping; stem leafy above, 10-20 cm. tall; radical leaves reniform,
acuminate, crenate-serrate, 1-5 cm. broad, long-petioled; cauline similar,
short-petioled; stipules thin, membranous, ovate or lanceolate, entire; pe-
duncles 2-6 cm. long; petals yellow, purple-veined, 10-12 mm. long; spur short
and broad.
In moist woods in the mountains.
Viola flettii Piper. Glabrous; rootstocks stout, horizontal; stems 10-15
cm. high, bearing 2-4 leaves near the summit; leaves broadly reniform, serrate,
obtuse, firm, 3-4 cm. wide; petioles slender; stipules scarious, lanceolate,
entire; peduncle axillary, exceeding the subtending leaf; sepals lanceolate,
obtuse, minutely puberulent; petals violet, yellow at base, 12-14 mm. long,
the lateral ones bearded.
In rock crevices in the Olympic Mountains at about 1500 m. altitude.
Viola howellii Gray. Glabrous or nearly so; stems short, 10—20 cm. long;
leaves reniform-cordate, crenate-serrate, ciliate, 3-5 cm. broad, the slender
petioles 10-20 cm. long; stipules laciniate or the upper ones entire; peduncles
about as long as the leaves; flowers violet; lateral petals bearded; spur short
and blunt.
Prairies and open woods, Vancouver Island to Oregon.
Viola adunca Smith. Stems leafy, short or at length elongated, from
creeping rootstocks, nearly glabrous throughout; leaves ovate, obtuse, slightly
cordate at base, crenate, usually brown dotted, 1-3 cm. long, on slender petioles
5-8 cm. long; stipules foliaceous, lanceolate, fringe-toothed; flowers violet-
purple, rarely white; petals 6-12 mm. long, the lateral ones bearded; spurs
nearly straight, as long as the petals. ; :
In open places, common and variable. Typical Viola adunca has puberu-
lent leaves. The glabrous or nearly glabrous form is Viola adunca glabra
Brainerd.
Viola montanensis Rydb. (V. retroscabra Greene.) Caudex short,
branched; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves ovate-cordate, unevenly crenate,
2-5 cm. long, puberulent; petioles slender, 5-8 cm. long, retrorsely pubescent;
stipules narrow, fimbriate; peduncles pubescent; sepals lanceolate, acute;
petals pale violet, with a short blunt spur.
In mountain meadows.
244 ELAEAGNACEAE.
Family 66. CACTACEAE. Cactus Famity.
Fleshy and thickened plants; stems flattened, terete, ridged
or tubercled, continuous or jointed, leafless or with small leaves,
generally spiny; spines from cushions of minute bristles; flowers
solitary, sessile, perfect, regular, showy; sepals and petals
numerous, in several rows, the bases adherent to the ovary;
stamens numerous, on the calyx-tube; style 1; ovary 1-celled,
with several parietal placentae; ovules numerous; fruit a 1-celled
berry; endosperm scanty or copious.
322. OPUNTIA. Prickiy PEAR.
Jointed, much-branched plants; leaves small, terete, subulate,
early deciduous from the young branches; flowers usually lateral,
large; calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; sepals numer-
ous, spreading; petals numerous, slightly united; stamens very
numerous, in several rows; fruit a berry, often prickly.
Opuntia polyacantha borealis Coult. Prostrate, frequently in large tufts;
joints of the stem flattened, orbicular or oblong, 5-12 cm. long, pale-green;
leaves minute, 3-4 mm. long; cushions pale, bristly; spines 4-8, whitish, usually
red-tipped, 5-20 mm. long, mostly deflexed; flowers yellow, 4—-5 cm. broad;
fruit ovoid, dry, 2.5 cm. long, with a shallow saucer-like apex; seeds 4 mm.
long, acutely margined.
In rocky places on the islands in the northern part of Puget Sound, known
definitely from Whidby and Sucia Islands. This is the only cactus known from
west of the Cascade Mountains. While Coulter has referred it to the above
subspecies, it is probably distinct.
Family 67. ELAEAGNACEAE. OLEASTER FAMILY.
Shrubs or small trees with silvery-scaly leaves; flowers perfect
or dioecious, clustered in the leaf-axils or at the nodes of the
one year old twigs; calyx of staminate flowers 4-parted (in ours) ;
calyx of pistillate or perfect flowers 4-lobed or 4-cleft (in ours);
corolla none; stamens 4 or 8, in perfect flowers on the throat of
the perianth; ovary 1-celled, sessile; ovule 1; fruit drupe-like,
formed from the pulpy calyx, inclosing the akene.
323. LEPARGYREA.
Silvery shrubs; leaves opposite, entire, deciduous; flowers
small, nearly sessile in the leaf axils, clustered or the fertile
solitary, dioecious; the staminate with a 4-parted calyx and
8 stamens, alternating with 8 processes of the thick disk; the
pistillate with an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx inclosing the ovary
and becoming berry-like in fruit.
LYTHRACEAE. 245
Lepargyrea canadensis (L.) Greene. Shrub 1-2 m. high; young branches
and leaves scurfy with rusty brown stellate scales; leaves ovate or oval, entire,
obtuse, 2-4 cm. long, petioled, nearly glabrous above, scurfy beneath; flowers
small, clustered in the axils; fruit ovoid, orange-red; nutlet smooth.
Vancouver Island, British Columbia; common in Whatcom and Island
Counties, Washington.
Family 68. LYTHRACEAE. LoosestriFE FAMILY.
Herbs; leaves mostly opposite and entire, with no stipules;
flowers axillary or whorled, perfect; calyx enclosing but free from
the ovary; petals 4-7, as many as the calyx-teeth, perigynous, or
none; stamens 4-14, on the calyx; style 1; ovary 2-4-celled;
ovules numerous, rarely few; fruit a membranous capsule; endo-
sperm none.
Calyx tubular, cylindrical; petals usually 6. 324. LyTHRuM, 245.
Calyx short, campanulate or globular; petals usually 4
or none.
Flowers mostly more than one in the axils; capsule
bursting irregularly. 325. AMMANNIA, 245,
Flowers mostly solitary in the axils; capsule septi-
cidally dehiscent. 326. RoTaua, 246.
324. LYTHRUM.
Slender herbs with 4-angled stems; calyx cylindrical, 8-12-
ribbed, 5-7-toothed, with as many secondary teeth in their
sinuses; petals 5-7; stamens as many or twice as many as the
petals, inserted near the base of the calyx; capsule subcylindric,
2-celled.
Lythrum hyssopifolia L. Annual, stems procumbent or ascending, 10-20
cm. long; leaves numerous, oblong, obtuse, pale green, glabrous; flowers
solitary in the upper axils, nearly sessile; calyx-lobes subulate, the intermediate
processes broader; petals pale pink.
In dried-up ponds; common and apparently native.
325. AMMANNIA.
Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs; leaves opposite, narrow;
flowers small, 1-several in the axils; calyx bell-shaped, usually
4-angled, 4-toothed and with 4 intermediate short tooth-like
appendages in the sinuses; petals 4, small, early deciduous,
or wanting; stamens 4-8; capsule globular, enclosed in the calyx,
mostly 4-celled, bursting irregularly.
Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Erect or ascending, glabrous, 5-30 cm. high,
branched below; leaves oblong-linear, acute or obtuse, auriculate-clasping at
the sessile base, entire, 2-4 cm. long; flowers 1-5 in the axils, sessile or
nearly so; petals broadly spatulate, truncate; style slender, about one-half as
long as the capsule.
Moist river banks; not certainly known from within our limits but to be
expected on the lower Columbia as it occurs near the mouth of Hocd River,
Oregon.
246 LYTHRACEAE.
326. ROTALA.
Low annual mostly glabrous herbs; stems 4-angled; leaves
opposite, sessile or sometimes petioled; flowers small, axillary,
mostly solitary; calyx 4-lobed; petals 4; stamens 4, short; ovary
free from the calyx, globose, 4-celled; capsule globose, enclosed
by the membranous calyx, 4-celled, septicidally dehiscent.
Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne. Annual, glabrous, simple or branched
below, 5-15 cm. high, erect or ascending; leaves entire, oblong or spatulate,
obtuse or acute, 1-2 cm. long, narrowed into a short petiole at base, not
auricled; flowers mostly solitary in the axils; calyx 2-3 mm. long; petals minute;
style very short.
Moist places, especially lake shores and stream banks, rare.
Family 69. ONAGRACEAE. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.
Herbs with simple alternate or opposite leaves; stipules none;
flowers perfect, symmetrical, the parts in twos or fours; calyx-
tube adherent to the ovary; petals on the throat of the calyx or
rarely wanting; stamens as many or twice as many as the
petals or calyx-lobes, on the calyx-tube; style single, slender;
stigma-lobes as many as the cells of the ovary; fruit a capsule
or small nut; endosperm none.
Parts of the flower in twos. 327. CircakA, 246.
Parts of the flower in fours.
Calyx-limb persistent; petals minute or
wanting. 328. IsNARDIA, 247.
Calyx-limb deciduous; petals conspicuous.
Seeds silky-hairy; lower leaves mostly op-
posite. 329. EptLopium, 247.
Seeds not hairy; leaves all alternate.
Anthers attached at or near the base,
erect.
Calyx-lobes reflexed; petalsentire. 330. GoprttA, 250.
Calyx-lobes erect; petals 2-lobed. 331. Borspuva.ia, 252.
Anthers attached near the middle,
versatile.
Stamens unequal, the outer ones
longer. 332. GayoPHytTuM, 252.
Stamens equal.
Stigmas deeply 4-cleft, the lobes
linear. 333. OENOTHERA, 253.
Stigmas entire or nearly so. 334. SPHAEROSTIGMA, 253.
327. CIRCAEA. ENCHANTER’S NIGHTSHADE.
Delicate perennial herbs with opposite leaves on slender
petioles; flowers white, in terminal or axillary racemes; parts of
the flower in twos; calyx-tube prolonged, deciduous; lobes re-
flexed; fruit indehiscent, small, bur-like, 1-2-celled, with hooked
hairs; cells 1-seeded.
ONAGRACEAE. 247
Leaves denticulate; racemes bractless. C. pacifica.
Leaves dentate; racemes with minute bracts. C. alpina,
Circaea pacifica Asch. & Magn. Nearly glabrous but pilose with white
hairs on the upper part of the stem, 12-50 cm. high; stem usually simple,
from a small tuber; leaves ovate-orbicular, nearly entire or slightly denticulate,
3.5-6 cm. long, truncate or rarely cordate at base, acute or sometimes obtuse at
apex; petioles one third as long to as long as the blade; bracts of the in-
florescence foliaceous or setaceous or none; flowers 2.5—-3 mm. long, rarely
pinkish in the buds; fruit mostly white-hairy.
In moist shady woods, common.
Circaea alpina L. Much like C. pacifica but more delicate, the leaves
prominently toothed; racemes bractless; flowers pinkish.
In springy places in the mountains.
328. ISNARDIA.
Annual or perennial succulent herbs with prostrate creeping or
floating stems; leaves opposite, fleshy, narrowed into petioles
shorter than the blades; flowers perfect, axillary, sessile; calyx
turbinate, with 4 segments, persistent; petals 4 and small, or
none; stamens 4; filaments short; stigma 4-lobed, often nearly
sessile; ovary 4-celled, very short; ovules numerous; capsule 4-
angled, septicidal; seeds numerous.
Isnardia palustris L. Glabrous; stems creeping or sometimes floating,
15-30 cm. long; leaves all opposite, ovate or oval, 1-2 cm. long, acute, petioled;
flowers sessile, axillary; petals very small and reddish, or none; capsules short-
oblong, 4-sided, sessile, not attenuate at base.
Borders of lakes and ponds, not rare.
329. EPILOBIUM. WiLLow HErs.
Mostly perennial herbs; leaves nearly sessile, denticulate or
entire, alternate or opposite; flowers axillary or terminal, solitary
or clustered; calyx-tube scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary,
4-cleft; petals 4, spreading or somewhat erect; stamens 8, the
alternate ones shorter; fruit a dehiscent capsule; seeds numerous,
each with a tuft of silky hairs at the end.
Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers
large.
Stems 1-2 m. tall; bracts small; style pubescent at
base. E. angustifolium.
Stems 15-50 cm. high; bracts leaf-like; style glabrous. E. latzfolium.
Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers mostly
small.
Flowers pale yellow; stigmas 4-cleft. E. luteum.
Flowers white or pink; stigmas 4-cleft or subentire.
Annuals; leavés narrow; stigmas mostly 4-cleft.
Stems simple or but little branched, 8-20 cm.
high; herbage crisp-puberulent. E. minutum,
Stems usually much branched, 30-90 cm.
high; herbage glabrous or glandular. E. paniculatum.
Perennials; stigmas subentire.
248 ONAGRACEAE.
Stems tall, 30-90 cm. high.
Petals 6-10 mm. long; herbage canescent-
puberulent. E. franciscanum.
Petals 3-5 mm. long; herbage not canes-
cent-puberulent.
Capsule sessile; leaves ovate or elliptic,
sessile. E. brevistylum.
Capsule pedicelled; leaves ovate- or
oblong-lanceolate.
Pedicels shorter than the capsules;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate. E. adenocaulon.
Pedicels equalling the capsules;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile. E. halleanum.
Stems low; species mostly alpine or subalpine.
Seeds smooth; plants creeping or stoloni-
ferous.
Leaves or some of them toothed, thin. £. alpinum.
Leaves entire.
Stems ascending, usually curved;
leaves spreading, oval or oblong,
thick. E. anagallidifolium.
Stems erect; leaves ascending, lin-
ear or oblong-lanceolate. E. oregonense.
Seeds papillate.
Foliage glaucous and glabrous. E. fastigiatum.
Foliage not glaucous.
Plants producing stolons.
Matted; leaves firm, pale, green,
sessile. E. clavatum.
Not matted; leaves thin, bright
green, petiolate. E. alpinum.
Plants not producing stolons.
Stems simple. E. delicatum.
Stems branched.
Seeds 2 mm. long; stems
pubescent but not in lines;
pedicels much shorter than
the capsules. E. mirabile.
Seeds 1 mm. long; stems
pubescent in lines; pedicels
about as long as the cap-
sules. E. leptocarpum.
Epilobium angustifolium L. Fireweed. Perennial, erect, about 1 m. high,
glabrous or puberulent; leaves numerous, lanceolate, acute, entire, or denticu-
late, nearly sessile, 8-16 cm. long; lateral veins.confluent at the margin;
raceme erect, many-flowered, 20-40 cm. long; flowers rose-colored, 2-3 cm.
broad; pedicels slender, exceeding the narrow bracts; petals obovate, entire,
clawed; stigma 4-lobed; capsules spreading, linear, canescent, 5-10 cm. long.
In open woods, abundant, especially in ‘‘ burns.”
Epilobium latifolium L. Stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves alternate, ovate-
lanceolate, usually entire, thick; flowers large, purple, in a short raceme.
In the mountains in wet places, at about 2000 m. altitude.
Epilobium luteum Pursh. Nearly glabrous; stems 20-40 cm. high; leaves
opposite, elliptic or ovate, dentate, mostly sessile; flowers rather large, pale
yellow.
Common along mountain streams.
ONAGRACEAE, 249
Epilobium minutum Lindl. Annual, simple or branched, puberulent,
10-30 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, acute, undulate or denticulate, mostly
alternate, 1-2 cm. long, narrowed at base; calyx-tube funnelform; petals
pinkish, obcordate, 3-4 mm. long; stigma deeply 4-lobed; capsules short-
stalked, curved, ascending or erect, 2-2.5 cm. long.
In open woods, not plentiful.
Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. Annual, glabrous or minutely pubescent,
much-branched above, 30-60 cm. high; bark becoming loose and papery at
base; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, often curved and folded, acute, dentic-
ulate, 2-5 cm. long, attenuate to a short petiole; flowers pink or whitish,
‘variable in size, usually 4-10 mm. broad, in loose racemes terminating the
almost naked branches; petals notched; capsules lanceolate-linear, 1-1.5 cm.
long, on pedicels about as long.
In open woods, abundant.
Epilobium franciscanum Barbey. Very similar to E. adenocaulon, but
a een throughout or somewhat pilose above; leaves mostly
sessile.
Vancouver Island and British Columbia to California; rare northward.
Epilobium brevistylum Barbey. Puberulent; stems about 30 cm. high, at
their bases usually bearing bulb-like rosettes; leaves mostly opposite, ovate or
broadly lanceolate, minutely toothed, sessile; flowers small, purple; seeds
roughened.
In moist alpine meadows at moderate elevations.
Elipobium adenocaulon Haussk. Perennial by short stolons which produce
fleshy rosettes in the fall; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, usually simple, leafy,
glabrous or puberulent, sometimes glandular above; leaves mostly opposite,
lanceolate, acutish, closely denticulate, glabrous or puberulent, 5-7 cm. long,
mostly short petioled; inflorescence terminal, becoming loose; petals notched,
about 4 mm. long, pink; capsules linear, nearly sessile, 6-8 cm. long, usually
puberulent; seeds minutely papillate.
Very common in open places. Very variable.
Epilobium halleanum Haussk. Glandular-pubescent; stems tall and
slender, 60-90 cm. high; leaves opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, serrulate,
sessile or partly clasping at base; flowers purple, 10-12 mm. broad; seeds rather
smooth, pale beaked.
In low meadows, rare.
Epilobium alpinum L. (£. hornemanni Reichenb.) Perennial, often
tufted, 10-30 cm. high, erect, usually puberulent or glandular in the inflores-
cence; leaves ovate, entire or denticulate, 2-4 cm. long, narrowed at base to a
short petiole; petals pink or purple, 5-8 mm. long; capsule pedicellate; seeds
smooth or minutely roughened.
Common in wet places in the mountains. A form with smaller white or
pale pink flowers is £. lactiflorum Haussk. but it intergrades completely with |
E. alpinum L.
Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. Stems low, simple, commonly densely
clustered, usually sharply curved and strongly nodding at apex; leaves mostly
obtuse; flowers few; petals purple, 5 mm. long; hairs on the seeds dingy.
Along alpine rivulets, common.
Epilobium oregonense Haussk. Glabrous, except the glandular inflores-
cence; stems slender, 15-20 cm. high; petals deep purple, 7-8 mm. long.
In alpine bogs, rare.
Epilobium fastigiatum (Nutt.) Piper. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous,
usually tufted, the stems mostly simple, 10-20 cm. high; leaves sessile, all
250 ONAGRACEAE.
opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, or nearly entire, 1-2 cm. long;
petals usually pink, 4-8 mm. long; stigma clavate; capsules 6-7 cm. long;
seeds minutely roughened.
In the mountains at low elevations, not common.
Epilobium clavatum Trelease. Tufted, somewhat glandular throughout;
stems simple, ascending, 10-15 cm. high; leaves ovate, obtuse; petals purple,
about 5 mm. long; seeds large, 1.5-2 mm. long, the tuft of hairs dingy.
Moist rocky slopes in the mountains.
_ Epilobium delicatum tenue Trelease. Nearly glabrous, erect, 10-20 cme
high; leaves ascending, lanceolate, thin and pale; petals pink, 5-8 mm. long.
Along rivulets in the mountains, rare.
Epilobium mirabile Trelease. Erect, 20-30 cm. high; stems and leaves
crisp-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, ascending; petals pale, about
5 mm. long; capsule short-stalked.
Olympic Mountains near Mount Steele, Piper.
Epilobium leptocarpum Haussk. Much branched, glabrous except the
puberulent stems; leaves lanceolate, obtusish; flowers rather numerous, white
or pinkish; seeds less than 1 mm. long, the tuft of hairs pale brown.
Cascade Mountains, Oregon.
Epilobium leptocarpum macounii Trelease. Whole plant, even to the
flowers and capsules pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate.
Olympic Mountains, Piper; Mount Adams, Suksdorf; and north to Alaska.
Probably a distinct species.
330. GODETIA.
Annuals, mostly erect; leaves alternate, sessile or nearly so;
flowers showy, mostly red, in racemes or spikes or on starved
plants solitary; calyx tube obconic, the limb splitting only on
one side or into 4 lobes; petals broad, obovate, entire or notched;
stamens 8, in two series, the ones opposite the petals shorter;
stigma capitate or 4-lobed; capsule linear or narrowly-oblong,
terete or 4-angled, 4-valved; seeds in 1 or 2 rows.
Stigmas linear; capsules pedicelled; calyx splitting on one
side only.
Anthers hairy, the empty tips becoming hooked. G. amoena.
Anthers glabrous, the tips not empty. G. caurina.
Stigmas short and broad; capsules sessile; calyx-lobes becom-
ing free (except G. gracilis).
Ovary and capsule villous. G. quadrivulnera.
Ovary and capsule puberulent or glabrous.
Capsule not prominently ribbed.
Style and stigmas very short, only half as long as
the stamens. G. romanzovii.
Style and stigmas nearly as long as the stamens. G. gracilis.
Capsule prominently ribbed.
Petals large, 2-3 cm. long, each with a dark
blotch; capsules 1.5-3.5 cm. long. G. viminea.
Petals 1-1.5 cm. long; capsules 1-1.5 cm. long. G,. arnottit.
Godetia amoena (Lehm.) Lilja. Puberulent; stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves
linear to lanceolate, short petioled, 1-5 cm. long; buds erect or but little nod-
ding; calyx tube 5-10 mm. long; calyx tips united, splitting on one side in
ONAGRACEAE. 251
flowering; petals pink or rose-purple, 15-30 mm. long; anthers purple, yellow
and curved at the tip; stigmas yellow; capsule terete, broadest in the middle,
puberulent, short-pedicelled, 3.5-4.5 cm. long.
On dry plains, infrequent.
Godetia amoena lindleyi (Doug!.) Jepson. Petals pink, each with a dark
purple central blotch.
Prairies; first collected by Douglas at Fort Vancouver, Washington.
Godetia caurina Abrams. Puberulent; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire;
flower buds mostly erect, obtuse or acute; calyx tube 2 mm. long; petals obovate,
each purple with a darker central blotch, 1.5—2 cm. long; anthers 3 mm. long,
glabrous; stigmas linear; capsule stoutly beaked, terete, puberulent, 2.5 cm.
long, on a pedicel half as long.
Vancouver Island and adjacent Washington.
Godetia quadrivulnera (Dougl.) Spach. Puberulent; stems slender, 30-60
cm. high, simple or with few branches; lower leaves oblong to narrowly obovate,
the upper linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire or nearly so, 2-3 cm. long;
calyx lobes mostly separate and reflexed; calyx-tube 2-3 mm. long; petals
deep purple, each with a darker spot near the apex, 6-12 mm. long; stigmas
purple, oblong, short; capsule sessile, 4-sided, villous, 1.5-2.5 cm. long.
Dry prairies, quite common; first collected at Fort Vancouver, Washington,
by Douglas.
Godetia romanzovii (Ledeb.) Spach. Densely white puberulent through-
out; stems slender, often branched from the base, 20-30 cm. high; leaves
linear, sessile, 1-3 cm. long; buds ovoid, acuminate, erect; sepals at Jength
separate and reflexed; petals about 1 cm. long, purple; stigma ovate, purple,
as long as the style, both together 3 mm. long, half as long as the stamens;
ovary densely white puberulent, 8-ribbed; capsules sessile, somewhat 4-sided,
abruptly beaked, 10-14 mm. long.
Port Angeles, Elmer, No. 2567. G. romanzovii was found by Chamisso
on the ‘‘ Northwest Coast’ and is known only from garden specimens. Elmer's
plant described above agrees in the very short style and stigmas but differs in
other respects and may represent a distinct species.
Godetia gracilis Piper n. sp. Stems slender, erect, mostly simple, 30-60
cm. high; herbage appressed-puberulent; leaves few, sessile, linear, 2-5 cm.
long; buds lance-ovoid, acute, somewhat nodding; calyx-tube turbinate,
4-5 mm. long; calyx splitting on one side in anthesis, the tips remaining united;
corolla rose-colored, the obovate petals 1-2 cm. long; filaments subulate,
glabrous; anthers sparsely hairy, becoming curved, filled with pollen to the
tip; stigmas yellow, short and broad; pods sessile, puberulent, terete, 2-3 cm.
long; seeds brown, the ends oblique, minutely crested on the margin of the top.
Dry prairies from Vancouver Island southward, the type collected at
Silverton, Oregon, Elihu Hail, No. 192, in 1871. The species has been much
confused with G. tenella Cav. and G. quadrivulnera Dougl. It is very closely
allied to G. dudleyana Abrams, but differs in its bud being acute and not
acuminate; pods terete, not 2-ribbed on each face, abruptly tipped not dis-
tinctly beaked, and much more puberulent; it also closely resembles small
flowered specimens of G. amoena but is at once separated by the short stigmas.
Godetia viminea (Dougl.) Spach. Glabrous to finely puberulent, rather
stout, erect, 30-80 cm. high; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire, 1-5 cm. long;
calyx-tube narrowly campanulate, membranous, 6-10 mm. long; calyx-lobes
free at tip in the bud, at length separate and reflexed; petals purplish, usually
paler at base and with a dark blotch in the center; stigmas. oblong, purple;
capsule sessile, puberulent, straight, 4-sided, with a stout rib on each face,
short, 1.5-3.5 cm. long.
252 ONAGRACEAE.
Fields and prairies, western Oregon to California; first found in the Ump-
qua Valley, Oregon, by Douglas.
Godetia arnottii (T. & G.) Walp. Glabrous, leafy especially near the
top; stems 20-40 cm. high; leaves thickish, oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
entire, 2-4 cm. long; flowers crowded; petals purple; capsules glabrous, 8-
ribbed, 1-1.5 cm. long.
Open places, Willamette Valley, Oregon, and southward.
i 331. BOISDUVALIA.
Erect leafy annual herbs; leaves alternate, sessile, simple;
flowers small, in leafy simple or compound spikes; calyx-tube
funnelform above the ovary, 4-lobed; petals 4, 2-lobed, purple or
white; stamens 8, those opposite the petals shorter; anthers
attached near their bases, erect; ovary 4-celled, several-ovuled;
capsule membranaceous, ovate-oblong to linear, nearly terete,
acute, sessile, dehiscent to the base; seeds 3-8, in one row in
each cell.
Leaves of the inflorescence broad; capsule septifragal. B. densiflora.
Leaves of the inflorescence narrow; capsule loculicidal. B. stricta.
Boisduvalia densiflora (Lindl.) Wats. Erect, simple or with a few branches
below, hoary-puberulent throughout or nearly glabrous, 30-90 cm. high;
lower leaves lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, 2-6 cm. long; upper leaves
gradually shorter and sometimes broader, ovate, acuminate, nearly entire,
crowded; spikes dense; corolla 6-8 mm. broad, purplish; capsules oblong, 5-8
mm. long, the partitions not adherent to the valves in dehiscence; seeds 3-6
in each cell.
In low meadows.
Boisduvalia stricta (Gray) Greene. Erect, simple or rarely branched
below, villous throughout, 30-40 cm. high; leaves all alike, lanceolate, acute,
entire or denticulate, 2-3 cm. long; flowers in the axils of the upper leaves
and occasionally of the lower also; corolla 2-3 mm. long, purplish; capsules
slender, acuminate, 8-10 mm. long; partitions adherent to the valves; seeds
6-8 in each cell.
In dried-up ponds and swales, rare.
332. GAYOPHYTUM.
Very slender caulescent branching annuals; leaves alternate,
linear, entire; flowers axillary; calyx-tube not prolonged beyond
the ovary, 4-parted; petals 4, white or rose-colored, very small,
obovate or oval, with a very short claw; stamens 8; anthers
broad or rounded, attached by the middle, those opposite the
petals on shorter filaments and usually sterile; ovary 2-celled;
fruit a dehiscent capsule; seeds few-many, naked, in one row.
Gayophytum ramosissimum T. & G. Erect, with usually many slender
branches, glabrous below, puberulent above, 15-40 cm. high; leaves linear
or linear-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, acute, attenuate at the sessile base; flowers
pink, small, 2-4 mm. broad, pedicelled; capsules oblong or somewhat club-
shaped, often torulose, 6-12 mm. long, spreading, on slender pedicels, some-
times deflexed; seeds not hairy.
Dry soil, especially in open woods.
ONAGRACEAE. 253
333. OENOTHERA. EveNING PPIMROSE.
Annual, biennial or perennial herbs with prostrate or erect
stems; leaves alternate, entire, toothed or pinnatifid; buds erect
or drooping; flowers white, pink or yellow, blooming by night or
by day; flowers axillary or in terminal spikes; calyx-tube elong-
ated, terete, filiform or enlarged upward; segments narrow, tips
free or united in bud, finally reflexed; stamens 8, equal, with
filiform filaments and linear anthers; ovary 4-celled, the united
styles filiform; stigma 4-cleft; ovules numerous in one, two or
more rows, horizontal or ascending; capsule 4-celled, 4-angled,
loculicidal; seeds numerous, angled or terete, with or without a
tubercle.
Oenothera biennis L. Biennial, stout, erect, simple or little branched
above, 30-100 cm. high, sparsely hirsute throughout; leaves green, oblong-
lanceolate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, repandly denticulate, 5-15 cm.
long, all but the basal ones sessile; bracts lanceolate; calyx-tube 2.5-3.5 cm.
long; petals obovate, bright yellow, about 2 cm. long; capsule broadest at
or near the base.
Infrequent in open places, especially near the seashore. O. biennis L,
consists of numerous forms or very closely related species at present the sub-
ject of much investigation by students of heredity. Our form was called
O. muricata L. in the Flora of Washington, but is not that plant.
334. SPHAEROSTIGMA.
Annual or biennial caulescent herbs; flowers axillary or in
spikes; calyx-tube obconical or shortly funnelform; stamens 8,
equal in length; anthers attached near the middle, versatile;
stigma entire; capsule 4-celled, terete or angled; seeds in one row
in each cell.
Sphaerostigma contortum (Dougl.) Walp. Slender annual, usually branched
from the base, 10-15 cm. high, sparsely puberulent or glabrous; leaves nar-
rowly linear, entire or denticulate, 2-3 cm. long, sessile; flowers sessile in the
axils, somewhat shorter than the leaves; petals reddish-yellow, 2 mm. long,
as long as the reflexed calyx-lobes; capsules sessile, linear, somewhat 4-sided,
usually twisted or bent at the base, 2-3 cm. long.
Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; common east of the Cascade Moun-
tains.
Family 70. HALORAGIDACEAE Water MILFoIL Famity.
Aquatic or marsh or alpine perennial herbs with inconspicuous
symmetrical flowers sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts; calyx-
tube adherent to the ovary; calyx-limb very short or none; petals
small or none; stamens 1-8; pistil of 1-4 carpels, if more than
one, more or less united; styles or sessile stigmas distinct; fruit
indehiscent, 1-4-celled with one seed in each cell.
Stamen 1; ovary 1-celled. 335. Hippuris, 254.
Stamens 2-8; ovary 2-4-celled. 336. MyRIOPHYLLUM, 254.
254 HALORAGIDACEAE.
335. HIPPURIS.
Perennial herbs, with simple erect stems and whorled simple
entire leaves; flowers small, perfect or polygamous; calyx entire;
style thread-shaped with the stigma on one side lying in a groove
between the lobes of the single large anther: fruit nut-like, 1-
celled, 1-seeded.
Leaves 8-12 in each whorl; tall aquatic plant. HI, vulgaris.
Leaves 5-6 in each whorl; minute alpine plant. HT. montana.
Hippuris vulgaris L. Mare’s Tail. Aquatic; stems simple, 30-90 cm.
high; leaves usually 2-4 cm. long, linear, acute, in whorls of 6-12, rather rigid
or the submersed ones flaccid.
Borders of lakes and ponds, not common.
Hippuris montana Ledeb. Terrestrial; stems 2-8 cm. high; leaves in whorls
of 5 or 6, 8-12 mm. long.
In wet places in alpine meadows, often forming extensive colonies.
336. MYRIOPHYLLUM. WartTeER MILFOIL.
Perennial aquatics; leaves crowded, often whorled; submersed
ones pinnately parted into capillary lobes; flowers monoecious or
polygamous, sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above
water; calyx of the staminate flowers 4-parted, of the fertile
4-toothed; petals 4 or none; stamens 4 or 8; fruit nut-like, 4-celled,
deeply 4-lobed.
Stamens 4; petals persistent; floral leaves linear, sparingly
denticulate. M. hippuroides.
Stamens 8; petals deciduous.
Floral leaves ovate, entire or toothed, shorter than the
flowers. M. spicatum.
Floral leaves pinnatifid, much longer than the flowers. MM. verticillatum.
Myriophyllum hippuroides Nutt. Lower leaves pinnate, the divisions
filiform; upper linear, acute, remotely dentate or nearly entire; petals white,
obovate; fruit 2 mm. long.
In ponds, rare.
Myriophyllum spicatum L. Leaves 2-3 cm. long, rather rigid, pinnately
parted into filiform segments, the rachis equally narrow; bracts ovate, entire
or dentate, about equalling the flowers; petals greenish.
In lakes and ponds, not rare.
Myriophyllum verticillatum pectinatum Wallr. Leaves flaccid, all dissected
into filiform segments; rachis flattened and broader than the segments; bracts
pinnatifid, shorter than or barely exceeding the flowers.
In quiet lakes, infrequent. In typical M. verticillatum L., not known
from our limits, the bracts are much longer than the flowers.
Family 71. ARALIACEAE. GINSENG FAMILY.
Perennial herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves simple or compound,
with dilated petioles; flowers umbellate, paniculate or racemose;
ARALIACEAE. 255
calyx adherent to the ovary, the limb entire or toothed; petals 5,
epigynous; stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the petals;
styles 2 or more; ovary 2 or more celled, crowned with a disk;
fruit a few-celled drupe.
337. ECHINOPANAX.
Stout shrubs, ours very prickly; leaves simple, long-petioled,
suborbicular, palmately-lobed; flowers perfect or polygamous, in
numerous umbels which are in racemes or panicles; calyx-margin
narrow or obsolete, obscurely crenate-lobed; carpels (in ours) 2.
f Echinopanax horridum (Smith) Dene. & Planch. Devil’s Club. Shrub;
stems 1-4 m. long, mostly decumbent below, armed with pale prickles; leaves
all at the summit of the stem, 10-30 cm. broad, palmately 5-13-lobed; lobes
acute and serrate; petioles and principal veins prickly beneath; flowers
greenish-yellow; fruit scarlet.
Abundant in wet places. The prickles make painful wounds and are there-
a but erroneously supposed to be poisonous, The whole plant has a rank
odor.
Family 72. UMBELLIFERAE. ParsLry FAmI_y.
Herbs; stems usually hollow; leaves compound or simple;
petioles often dilated at the base; flowers small, in umbels or
rarely heads, the umbels often subtended by primary bracts (the
involucre); in compound umbels, the secondary rays often sub-
tended by secondary bracts (the involucels); calyx entirely ad-
herent to the ovary; petals and stamens on the calyx-tube; base
of the style (stylopodium), often expanded; ovary 2-celled, 2-
ovuled; fruit of 2 seed-like dry carpels with contiguous inner
surfaces (the commissure), each carpel marked lengthwise with
5 primary ribs and often with 4 intermediate secondary ones, in
the intervals between which oil-tubes are commonly found;
carpels often separating from each other, supported on the sum-
mit of a slender axis (the carpophore).
Mature fruits are absolutely necessary for accurate determina-
tions in this family.
Flowers in dense heads; fruit scaly or tubercu-
late. 338. ERYNGIUM, 257.
Flowers in umbels. ec
Fruit more or less bristly.
Bristles hooked, covering the whole fruit
surface. 339. SANICULA, 257.
Bristles only on the ribs of the fruit. ?
Stylopodium obsolete; bristles barbed
at tip. 340. Daucus, 258.
256 UMBELLIFERAE.
Stylopodium conical; bristles not
barbed.
Carpels oblong or ovate. 341
Carpels linear. 342
Fruit glabrous, not at all bristly.
Carpels strongly flattened dorsally.
Stylopodium conical; petals obcordate. 343
Stylopodium flat or obsolete.
Plants acaulescent. 344
Plants caulescent.
Flowers white; dorsal ribs of
fruit prominent.
Ultimate segments of leaves
large. 345
Ultimate segments of leaves
small. 346
Flowers yellow or purple; dor-
sal ribs of fruit filiform.
Flowers yellow. 347.
Flowers brownish-purple. 348.
Carpels not dorsally flattened.
Oil-tubes obsolete or very obscure.
Leaves ternately decompound. 342.
Leaves simple, peltate. 349,
Oil-tubes present; leaves not peltate.
Fruit with a single oil-tube in each
interval.
Stylopodium conical.
Leaflets lanceolate to ovate. 350.
Leaflets linear.
Involucre wanting. 351.
Involucre present. 352.
Stylopodium flat or obsolete.
Flowers yellow; leaves sim-
ple or trifoliolate. 353.
Flowers white.
Leaves decompound. 354.
Leaves reduced to hol-
low petioles. 355.
Fruit with more than one oil-tube
in each interval.
Stylopodium conical.
Fruit globose.
Fruit oblong.
Stylopodium flat or obsolete.
Ribs of the fruit wing-like.
Ribs of the fruit not wing-
like.
Plants acaulescent.
Fruit with all the
ribs filiform; root
not tuberous.
Fruit with the dorsal
ribs filiform, the
lateral ones corky;
root tuberous.
Plants caulescent; ribs
356.
357.
358.
359.
360.
. CAUCALIS, 258.
. OsmoruHIzA, 259.
. HERACLEUM, 260.
. COGSWELLIA, 260.
. ANGELICA, 261.
. CONIOSELINUM, 262.
PASTINACA, 262.
LEPTOTAENIA, 263.
OSMORHIZA, 259,
HYDROCOTYLE, 263.
CicuTa, 263.
CORIANDRUM, 264.
CaruMm, 264.
ZiztA, 265.
OENANTHE, 265.
LILAeopsis, 265.
BERULA, 266.
Licusticum, 266.
GLEHNIA, 267.
HESPEROGENIA, 267.
OROGENIA, 267.
UMBELLIFERAE. 257
of the fruit all
thick and corky.
Leaflets linear or nar-
rowly lanceolate. 361. S1uMm, 267.
Leaflets ovate. 362. COELOPLEURUM, 268.
338. ERYNGIUM.
Glabrous perennials; leaves often rigid, coriaceous, entire,
spinosely toothed or divided; flowers white or blue, sessile, in
dense bracteate heads; sepals very prominent, rigid and persistent;
stylopodium wanting; styles short or long, often rigid; fruit ovoid,
compressed laterally, covered with hyaline scales or tubercles;
carpel with ribs obsolete; oil-tubes mostly 5, 3 dorsal and 2
commissural; seed face plane.
Eryngium petiolatum Hook. Stems erect, 30-40 cm. high; lower leaves
reduced to long nodose petioles, sometimes with small lanceolate remotely
spinulose blades; upper leaves opposite, narrow, spinulose-serrate; heads
globose, about 8 mm. wide; bracts and bractlets subulate, ciliate-spinulose,
twice as long as the heads.
In swales, rare, western Oregon. First collected by Douglas.
339. SANICULA. SANICLE.
Perennial tall rather glabrous herbs, with ternate or palmate
leaves; flowers perfect and staminate mixed in heads in few-rayed
umbels, yellow or green; involucral bracts few; calyx-teeth
evident, persistent; fruit globular, the carpels not separating,
ribless, the whole surface covered with hooked bristles.
Fruit 6-7 mm. long; styles much exceeding the bristles. |S. marilandica.
Fruit 4 mm. long or less; styles not exceeding the bristles.
Mature fruit stipitate; leaves palmately divided. S. menziesii.
Mature fruit sessile, not stipitate.
Leaves pinnately parted, the segments incised. S. bipinnatifida.
Leaves palmately divided.
Principal leaf divisions confluent at base. S. howellit.
Principal leaf divisions distinct at base. S. septentrionalis.
Sanicula marilandica L. Stems erect, 30-120 cm. high; leaves 5-7-parted,
the divisions incisely serrate and cleft; umbels 3—7-rayed; sterile flowers numer-
ous, sometimes in separate umbellets; fruit sessile, 6-7 mm. long, its bristles
bulbous-based.
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun, and eastward.
Sanicula menziesii Hook. & Arn. Stems erect, 30-100 cm. high, branched
above; leaves mostly basal, cordate-orbicular, palmately 3-S-lobed, 5-10 cm.
broad, the lobes incisely cleft and toothed, the teeth bristle-tipped; umbel
3- or 4-rayed; involucral bracts leaf-like; involucels 6-8, linear, entire; flowers
yellow; fruit sessile, stipitate, obovate, 2-4 mm. long, very bristly.
Common especially on bluffs along the seashore. The northern plant is
feebly distinguishable from the typical plant of California by having the leaf-
lobes obtuse or obtusish instead of acute. It has been named S. tripartita
Suksdorf.
18
258 UMBELLIFERAE.
Sanicula bipinnatifida Dougl. Stems 20-40 cm. high, stout; leaves mostly
basal, pinnately 3-7-parted, the divisions incisely toothed or lobed, decurrent
on the rachis forming a wing; umbel 3-4-rayed; involucral bracts leaf-like;
involucels narrow, acute; flowers purple or yellow, in dense umbellets, the
sterile ones pedicelled; fruit 3 mm. long.
Prairies, Vancouver Island to California. First collected by Douglas at
Fort Vancouver.
Sanicula howellii Coult. & Rose. Stems stout, 20-30 cm. high, sometimes
tufted; leaves thick, orbicular, palmately 3-5-lobed, incisely toothed and
cleft, the teeth mucronate; umbels few-rayed, the involucral bracts leaf-like;
involucels large, equalling or exceeding the dense umbellets; flowers yellow;
fruit 3-4 mm. long, bristly all over.
In drifting sand, often half buried, Vancouver Island, British Columbia,
to Oregon. First collected by Howell at Tillamook Bay, Oregon.
Sanicula septentrionalis Greene. Erect, slender, 10-35 cm. high; basal
leaves few, small, ternate or biternate, the obovate segments cleft or toothed;
cauline leaves few, more sharply toothed; peduncles arising singly along the
stem; umbels with 3-5 rays; involucre of pinnatifid leaf-like bracts; fruiting
rays 1.5-3.5 cm. long; flowers yellow; fruit 4 mm. long.
Prairies, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to northern California.
340. DAUCUS. Carrot.
Annual or biennial herbs; leaves pinnately decompound; bracts
of the involucre foliaceous and cleft; flowers white; calyx-teeth
obsolete; fruit oblong, flattened dorsally; primary ribs of the car-
pel 5, slender and bristly, the secondary 5-winged, each bearing a
single row of barbed prickles; stylopodium depressed or none;
oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. :
Annual, 10-60 cm. high; umbel small. D. pusillus.
Biennial, 60-90 cm. high; umbel large. D., carota.
Daucus pusillus Michx. Annual; herbage bristly pubescent; stems slender, '
10-30 cm. high; leaves pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments narrowly
linear; umbels small, 2-5 cm. broad; fruit 3-5 mm. long.
Dry fields and prairies, common.
Daucus carota L. Wild Carrot. Biennial; herbage bristly; stem stout,
60-90 cm. high; leaves pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments lanceo-
late, cuspidate; umbel 5-12 cm. broad; fruit 3-4 mm. long.
The wild form of the cultivated carrot, very troublesome as a weed. The
flowers are usually white, rarely rose-colored or purple.
341. CAUCALIS.
Mostly hispid annuals; leaves pinnately dissected with very
small segments; flowers white; calyx-teeth prominent; fruit
short, ovate or oblong, compressed laterally; carpel with 5 filiform
primary ribs with spreading bristles and 4 prominently winged
secondary ones with barbed or hooked prickles; stylopodium
thick, conical; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals.
Caucalis microcarpa Hook. & Arn. Annual, erect, branched, 8-20 cm. tall,
more or less hairy, leaves pinnately much dissected, the ultimate segments
UMBELLIFERAE. 259
linear-oblong, 2.5 mm. long; umbels unequally 3-6-rayed; involucral bracts
resembling the leaves; involucels usually entire; fruit oblong, armed with rows
of hooked prickles.
In fields and prairies, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and adjacent
Washington. Not otherwise known west of the Cascade Mountains but com-
mon in the interior and southward into California.
342. OSMORHIZA. SWEET CICELY.
Glabrous to hirsute perennials, 30-90 cm. high; roots thick,
aromatic; leaves ternately decompound; leaflets broad, ovate to
lanceolate, variously toothed; involucre and involucels few-
leaved or wanting; flowers white or purple, in few-rayed and
few-fruited umbels; calyx-teeth obsolete; stylopodium conical,
sometimes depressed; styles mostly short; fruit linear to linear-
oblong, more or less attenuate at base, obtuse, acute or beaked at
apex, glabrous or bristl'y on the ribs; carpels slightly flattened
dorsally or not at all, nearly pentagonal in section, with equal
ribs and thin pericarps, often tapering into a long tail-like
attenuation at the base; oil-tubes obsolete in the mature fruit
(often numerous in young fruit); seed face from slightly concave
to deeply sulcate.
Fruit glabrous. O. ambigua.
Fruit with bristly ribs.
Flowers purple; fruit short-beaked. O. purpurea.
Flowers white.
Foliage strigose-pubescent; fruit beaked, O. brevipes.
Foliage glabrous or nearly so.
Fruit with a conspicuous sharp beak. O. divaricata.
Fruit constricted below the apex and with a truncate
tip. O. leibergit.
Osmorhiza ambigua (Gray) Coult. & Rose. Glabrous except the pubes-
cent nodes; stems branched, 30-60 cm. high; leaves twice or thrice ternate;
leaflets ovate, acute, incisely toothed and cleft, thin, 3-6 cm. long; umbel of
4-8 rays, without bracts; rays 3-6 cm. long, widely spreading; fruit 12-18 mm.
long, beaked, attenuate at base.
In the mountains at about 1500 m. altitude, rare. Goat Mountains, Allen.
Osmorhiza purpurea (Coult. & Rose) Suksdorf. Nearly glabrous; stems
10-60 cm. high; leaves once or twice ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute
to acuminate, incisely lobed and toothed, 2-7 cm. long; umbel with 2-4 rays,
these 5-7 cm. long; fruit hispid at base, 10-12 mm. long, slightly beaked at
apex.
. Mount Hood, Oregon, Henderson; Olympic Mountains, Washington,
Lamb; and northward to Alaska.
Osmorhiza brevipes (Coult. & Rose) Suksdorf. (Washingtonia brevipes
Coult. & Rose.) Similar to O. divaricata but pubescent with white hairs;
pedicels shorter, 4-12 mm. long, decidedly shorter than the fruit, which is
14-16 mm. long.
In open woods, Washington to California.
Osmorhiza divaricata Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so, 30-60 cm. tall; leaves
biternate; leaflets ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thin, coarsely
260 UMBELLIFERAE.
serrate and more or less incised; umbels 2—9-rayed; pedicels mostly 1-2 cm.
long; involucels none; fruit 16-20 mm. long, bristly-hairy on the ribs, the
carpels distinctly beaked, much narrowed at the base.
In woods, common.
Osmorhiza leibergii (Coult. & Rose) Suksdorf. Very similar to O. divari-
cata; pedicels 10-15 mm. long, longer than the fruit; fruit slightly hispid at
base, otherwise nearly glabrous, blunt at the tip.
In the Cascade and Olympic Mountains.
343. HERACLEUM.
Tall stout perennials; leaves large, ternately compound; in-
volucres deciduous ; involucels of numerous bractlets; flowers
white, in large many-rayed umbels; calyx-teeth small or obsolete;
petals obcordate, the outer ones often dilated and 2-cleft; stylo-
podium thick conical; fruit broadly ovate, very much flattened
dorsally, somewhat pubescent; carpel with dorsal and inter-
mediate ribs filiform, the broad lateral wings contiguous to those
of the other carpel, strongly nerved toward the outer margin;
oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, conspicuous, about half as
long as the carpel, 2-4 on the commissural side; seed very much
flattened dorsally.
Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow Parsnip. Very stout, 1-2 m. tall,
pubescent throughout; leaves ternate or biternate; petioles much dilated;
leaflets round-cordate, 10-25 cm. broad, irregularly lobed and dentate; rays
5-15 cm. long; fruit obcordate, 8-12 mm. broad, the oil-tubes conspicuous.
Abundant in wet places, the young shoots used as food by the Indians.
344. COGSWELLIA.
Acaulescent or short caulescent dry ground perennials; roots
fusiform or tuberous; leaves ternate to dissected, sometimes
pinnate; involucre none; involucels mostly present; flowers yellow,
white or purple; calyx-teeth obsolete or very rarely evident;
stylopodium wanting; fruit strongly flattened dorsally, oblong
to orbicular; carpel with filiform and approximate dorsal and
intermediate ribs and winged laterals coherent till maturity
with those of the other carpel; pericarp thin; oil-tubes 1-several
in the intervals (rarely obsolete), 2~10 on the commissural side;
seed dorsally flattened, with plane face (rarely slightly concave).
Peduncles stout, usually swollen at top; herbage glaucous. C. nudicaulis.
Peduncles slender, never swollen at top; herbage green.
Bractlets conspicuous. C. utriculata.
Bractlets small or wanting.
Leaves ternate. C, triternata.
Leaves pinnate.
Oil-tubes 3 in each interval. C. halliz.
Oil-tubes 1 in each interval.
Fruit with wings as broad as body. C. martindalet.
Fruit with wings narrower than body. C. angustata.
UMBELLIFERAE. 261
Cogswellia nudicaulis (Pursh) Jones. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous,
root cylindric, thick and fleshy; leaves all basal, mostly biternate or ternate;
and then quinate; leaflets ovate to narrowly lanceolate, entire or with a few
teeth at the apex, 3-5 cm. long, thickish; peduncles stout, 10-30 cm. high;
ie unequal, 4-20 cm. long; flowers yellow; fruit smooth, oblong, 9-14 mm.
ong.
‘ In sandy or gravelly soil, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Cali-
ornia.
Cogswellia utriculata (Nutt.) Jones. Glabrous or merely puberulent;
leaves mostly basal, 1 or 2 cauline, ternately or pinnately decompound, the
ultimate segments narrowly linear, 6-12 mm. long; petioles dilated at base;
peduncles or stems 20-30 cm. high; rays unequal, 2-5 cm. long; flowers yellow;
fruit elliptical, glabrous, 2-7 mm. long.
Prairies, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California. Root tuber-
ous, said to have been used by the Indians for food. First collected by Nuttall
near the mouth of the Willamette River.
Cogswellia triternata (Pursh) Jones. Peduncles 30-70 cm. tall; leaves
bipinnate or triternate, puberulent; leaflets linear-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long;
umbel unequally 5-18-rayed, the rays 1-5 cm. long; fruit oblong, glabrous,
6-12 mm. long; oil-tubes large, solitary between the ribs; two on the inner side.
Prairies from near the head of Puget Sound, southward.
Cogswellia hallii (Wats.) Jones. Glabrous; leaves mostly basal, a few
cauline, pinnate, oblong in outline, the segments ovate, deeply toothed or
pinnatifid, about 1 cm. long; umbel 3—6-rayed; flowers yellow; fruit elliptical,
glabrous, 6 mm. long, with 3 oil-tubes in the intervals between the ribs and 4 on
the inner side.
Mount Hood, Oregon, Howell; Mount Saint Helens, Washington, Mrs.
Biggs, a doubtful specimen; not otherwise known.
Cogswellia martindalei (Coult.& Rose) Jones. Glabrous, somewhat glau-
cous, leaves rather thick, bipinnate, the ultimate segments ovate, toothed or
pinnatifid, 10-12 mm. long; stems bearing 1 or 2 leaves, 15-40 cm. high; fruit
glabrous, 8-16 mm. long, the wings as broad as or broader than the body; oil-
tubes solitary in the intervals between the ribs, two on the inner side.
Bluffs of the Columbia River at Bridal Veil, Oregon, and southward.
Cogswellia angustata Coult. & Rose. Very similar to C. hallii, but fruit
with one oil-tube in each interval and two on the inner side.
Common in rocky places in the mountains at about 1500-2000 m. altitude.
Probably only a form of C. hallit.
345. ANGELICA.
Stout perennial herbs; leaves ternate, then pinnate, rarely
simply pinnately compound; involucre scanty or none; involucels
of small bractlets or none; flowers in large terminal umbels;
calyx-teeth mostly obsolete; stylopodium conical; fruit flattened
dorsally, ovate or oblong, glabrous or pubescent; calyx-tube
prominent, crenulate; carpels with strong ribs, the lateral ribs
usually broadly winged, distinct from those of the other carpel,
forming a double-winged margin to the fruit; oil-tubes 1-several
in the intervals, or indefinite, 2-10 on the commissural side;
seed face plane or somewhat concave.
Leaves densely tomentose beneath. A. hendersont.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so.
262 UMBELLIFERAE.
Involucels of numerous bractlets. A. genuflexa.
Involucels usually wanting.
Fruit 4-6 mm. long, the lateral wings not thick and
corky. A. lyallii.
Fruit 6-8 mm. long, the lateral wingsthickandcorky. A. arguta.
Angelica hendersoni Coult. & Rose. Herbage densely tomentose; stems
stout, 1-2 m. high; leaves quinate, then pinnate; leaflets thick, broadly ovate,
obtuse, cuneate or rounded at base, serrate, 7-10 cm. long; umbel 10-12 cm.
broad; fruit oblong, pubescent, 6-9 mm. long, the lateral wings thick and
corky, as broad as the body.
On the ocean coast, Washington to California. First collected at Ilwaco
by Henderson. ;
Angelica genuflexa Nutt. Glabrous below the inflorescence; stems stout,
90-150 cm. high; leaves once or twice pinnate, the divisions more or less de-
flexed; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate or incised;
umbel many-rayed, 10-15 cm. broad; bractlets of the umbellets linear; fruit
3-4 mm. long, glabrous, emarginate at base and apex, the lateral wings broader
than the body.
Very common in swamps. First collected by Nuttall on Sauvies Island,
Oregon, and near Fort Vancouver, Washington.
Angelica lyallii Wats. Stout, 60-150 cm. tall, glabrous or the inflorescence
sometimes puberulent; leaves ternate, then once or twice pinnate; leaflets
ovate or lanceolate, acute, serrate or dentate, 2-10 cm. long; umbel many-
rayed; involucre and involucels wanting; fruit oblong, 4-6 mm. long, the
lateral wings about as broad as the body; oil-tubes solitary in all the intervals.
Wet places in the mountains at moderate elevations.
Angelica arguta Nutt. Very similar to A. lyalliz but the fruit larger, 6-8
mm. long, the lateral wings thick and corky.
Known only from the type specimen collected by Nuttall in 1835 on Sauvies
Island, Oregon, and near Fort Vancouver, Washington. The rediscovery
and better understanding of this species is much to be desired.
346. CONIOSELINUM.
Perennial herbs, glabrous below the inflorescence; leaves
ternate then pinnately decompound; flowers white; calyx-teeth
obsolete; fruit oblong, dorsally flattened, glabrous; carpel with
prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs, the lateral ribs broadly
winged and thickish; stylopodium slightly conical; oil-tubes
usually solitary in the dorsal intervals, 1-several in the lateral
intervals, and 2-8 on the commissural side.
Conioselinum gmelini (Cham. & Schlecht.) Coult. & Rose. Glabrous
below the inflorescence; stems erect, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves large, ternate, then
pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments ovate to linear-oblong, mostly
incisely cleft, 1-2.5 cm. long; umbel 10-25-rayed, the rays 2-3 cm. long;
_ bracts and bractlets narrowly linear; fruit 4-5 mm. long, with prominent ribs
and broad wings.
High sea-beaches and on the borders of tidal marshes. Foliage handsome,
fern-like.
347. PASTINACA. Parsnip.
Tall stout glabrous biennial with pinnately compound leaves;
flowers yellow; calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit oval, very much flat-
UMBELLIFERAE. 263
tened dorsally; stylopodium flattened ; dorsal ribs filiform, the
lateral extended into broad wings; oil-tubes small, solitary in
in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissural side.
[Pastinaca sativa L. Glabrous; stems 60-90 cm. high; leaves pinnately
sales a the leaflets ovate to oblong, incisely serrate; flowers yellow; fruit
oval.
The common parsnip of the garden frequently becomes wild.
348. LEPTOTAENIA.
Usually tall or stout, glabrous, nearly acaulescent; roots thick,
fusiform, often very large; leaves usually large, pinnately de-
compound; involucre of few bracts or none; involucels of numer-
ous small bractlets; flowers yellow or purple; calyx-teeth obsolete
or sometimes evident; stypolodium wanting; fruit flattened
dorsally, oblong-elliptical, glabrous; carpel with dorsal and inter-
mediate ribs filiform or obscure; lateral wings very thick and
corky; commissural face with a prominent central longitudinal
ridge left after separation from the carpophore; oil-tubes 3-6
in the intervals, 4-6 on the commissural side, mostly small, some-
times obsolete; seeds very flat, with plane or slightly concave face.
Leptotaenia dissecta Nutt. Nearly glabrous and somewhat glaucous;
stems stout, 30-90 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, large, ternate then thrice
pinnate; ultimate segments ovate to oblong, incisely pinnatifid, puberulent
on the veins beneath, 1-2.5 cm. long; peduncle elongated; umbel 8—20-rayed;
bracts linear; flowers brownish-purple; fruits 10-18 mm. long.
Vancouver Island, British Columbia to California, first collected by Nuétall
near the mouth of the Willamette River.
349. HYDROCOTYLE.
Low perennial herbs growing in or near water, with slender
creeping stems; leaves orbicular-peltate or reniform; flowers
small, white, in simple or proliferous umbels without an involucre;
calyx teeth minute or obsolete; fruit more or less orbicular,
strongly compressed laterally; carpel with 5 primary ribs, the
dorsal marginal, broad or filiform; intermediate ribs filiform,
usually curved; lateral ribs filiform or broad; oil-bearing layer
prominent beneath the epidermis, occasionally with small tubes.
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f. Floating or creeping in mud; leaves
round-reniform, thick, crenately 3—7-cleft; peduncles 3-7 cm. long, shorter
than the petioles, reflexed in fruit; umbel 5—10-flowered; fruit 2-3 mm. broad.
Ponds and muddy banks, not rare.
350. CICUTA. Water Hemiocx.
Smooth poisonous marsh perennials; leaves pinnately com-
pound; leaflets serrate; involucre of few bracts or none; in-
volucels of several slender bractlets; flowers white; calyx-teeth
rather prominent; stylopodium low, sometimes low-conical;
264 UMBELLIFERAE.
fruit compressed laterally, oblong to orbicular, glabrous; carpels
with strong flattish corky ribs, the lateral largest at least in
section; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, two on the commis-
sural side; seed nearly terete or somewhat dorsally flattened, the
commissural face plane or slightly concave.
Leaflets thickish, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, closely and
sharply serrate or even cleft, strongly reticulate beneath. C. douglasit.
Leaflets thinner, linear-lanceolate, not so closely or sharply ser-
rate, not strongly reticulate beneath. C. vagans.
Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous;
stems stout, 60-90 cm. high, loosely branched; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, closely and sharply serrate or more or less
incised, 5-10 cm. long; fruit orbicular, 2 mm. long.
In swamps, common. First collected by Douglas at the mouth of the
Columbia River. Root very poisonous.
Cicuta vagans Greene. Very similar to C. douglasii; leaflets narrower,
linear-lanceolate, thin in texture, and less strongly reticulate beneath.
In swamps, probably only a form of C. douglasiz.
351. CORIANDRUM. CorIANDER.
Annual herbs; leaves bipinnately divided; flowers white, in
spreading umbels; calyx 5-toothed; fruit globose, not constricted,
10-ribbed, the primary ribs inconspicuous.
Coriandrum sativum L. Glabrous; stems slender, 60-90 cm. high; lower
leaves pinnate, the leaflets fan-shaped, many-cleft, the upper leaves more
dissected with linear ultimate segments; flowers white; fruit globose, smooth.
In waste places, an escape from gardens.
352. CARUM. Caraway.
Smooth erect slender herbs; roots fascicled, tuberous or fusi-
form; leaves pinnate, with few linear leaflets; involucels of few
to many bracts; flowers white; calyx-teeth prominent for the
size of the fruit; stylopodium conical; fruit compressed laterally,
orbicular to oblong, glabrous; carpels with filiform or incon-
spicuous ribs; oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals, 2-6
on the commissural side; seeds dorsally flattened, more or less
longitudinally grooved beneath the oil-tubes, the face plane or
slightly concave.
Fruit orbicular, 2 mm. long. C. gairdneri.
Fruit oblong, 3-4 mm. long. C. oreganum.
Carum gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Gray. Roots fusiform, clustered; stems
erect, slender, 30-100 cm. tall, simple or branched above; leaves few, mostly
pinnate, with 3—7 linear leaflets, 5-15 cm. long, the lowermost rarely bipinnate,
the upper simple; umbels 6-15-rayed, the rays 2-4 cm. long; involucels linear,
acuminate; fruit subglobose, flattened, 1-2 mm. long, with small calyx-teeth.
Common in low meadows. Roots edible, a favorite food of the Indians.
UMBELLIFERAE, 265
Carum oreganum Wats. Very similar to C. gairdneri but the lower leaves
more divided, and with shorter linear lobes; involucels broader and more
scarious; fruit oblong, 3-4 mm. long.
Willamette Valley, Oregon, south to northern California. First found
by Nuttall on Wappatoo or Sauvies Island; doubtfully distinct from C.
gairdnert.
353. ZIZIA.
Smooth perennials with simple to ternately compound leaves;
involucre none; involucels of small bractlets; flowers yellow;
calyx-teeth prominent; stylopodium wanting; styles long; fruit
compressed laterally, ovate to oblong, glabrous; central fruit of
each umbellet sessile; carpel with filiform ribs; oil-tubes large and
solitary in the broad intervals, 2 on the commissural side and a
small one in each rib; seed terete, longitudinally grooved beneath
the oil-tubes.
Zizia cordata (Walt.) Koch. Glabrous, 30-80 cm. tall; lower leaves
simple, cordate, crenately toothed, 2-8 cm. long, sometimes lobed or even
ternate, mostly long-petioled; upper leaves short-petioled, palmately com-
pond of 3-5 leaflets, ovate or lanceolate, incised and serrate; fruit ovate, 3
mm. long.
Said to occur in the Willamette Valley; abundant east of the Cascade
Mountains.
354. OENANTHE.
Aquatic glabrous herbs with succulent stems; leaves pinnate
or decompound; flowers white, in involucrate umbels; calyx-teeth
rather prominent; fruit glabrous, globose or but slightly laterally
compressed; carpel with broad obtuse corky ribs; stylopodium
very short, conical; styles elongated; oil-tubes solitary in the
intervals, 2 on the commissural side.
Oenanthe sarmentosa Presl. Glabrous; stems weak, decumbent, somewhat
succulent, 30-60 cm. long; leaves ternate, then bipinnate, the leaflets ovate,
acuminate, coarsely serrate, sometimes lobed at base, 1-2.5 cm. long; umbels
i cm. broad; involucral bracts few, linear; fruit oblong-cylindrical, 4 mm.
ong.
Very common in wet places; first found at Nootka Sound by Haenke.
Sometimes called Water Parsley.
355. LILAEOPSIS.
Small glabrous perennials, creeping and rooting in the mud;
leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped jointed pet-
ioles; flowers white, in few-flowered umbels which are subtended
by minute bracts; calyx-teeth small; fruit glabrous, globose
or but slightly compressed laterally; carpel with filiform dorsal
and intermediate ribs, the lateral ribs thick and corky next to the
commissure; stylopodium flat; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals,
2 on the commissural side.
266 -UMBELLIFERAE.,
Lilaeopsis occidentalis Coult. & Rose. Leaves linear-attenuate, 3-18 cm.
long; peduncles much shorter than the leaves; fruit 2 mm. long, the lateral ribs
corky-thickened.
Muddy shores of lakes, Alaska to Oregon, often abundant enough to make a
dense sward.
356. BERULA,
Smooth aquatic perennials, with simply pinnate leaves; in-
volucre and involucels of conspicuous narrow bracts; flowers
white; calyx-teeth minute; fruit compressed laterally, nearly round,
glabrous; carpels nearly globose with slender inconspicuous ribs;
stylopodium conical; oil tubes numerous and contiguous, closely
surrounding the seed cavity.
Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville. Stems erect, 20-90 cm. high; leaflets 5-9
pairs, linear to oblong or ovate, serrate or incised or somewhat laciniately
lobed, 2-8 cm. long; peduncles 2-5 cm. long; fruit barely 2 mm. long.
In wet places, very rare in our limits; near Tacoma, Flett.
357. LIGUSTICUM. LovacE.
Smooth perennials from large aromatic roots; leaves usually
large, ternately or ternately-pinnately compound; flowers white
or pinkish, in large many rayed umbels; involucre usually none;
involucels narrow; calyx teeth small or obsolete; fruit oblong or
ovoid, compressed laterally if at all, glabrous; carpels with promi-
nent and equal ribs; stylopodium conical; oil tubes 2-6 in the
intervals, 6-10 on the commissural side.
Stems naked, the leaves mostly basal; flowers purplish. L. purpureum.
Stems leafy; flowers white.
Leaflets coarsely toothed or lobed. L. apiodorum.
Leaflets deeply cleft into linear lobes. L. apiifolium.
Ligusticum purpurem Coult. & Rose. Nearly glabrous; stems 40-60 cm.
high; leaves nearly all basal, once or twice ternate, then pinnate; leaflets ovate,
obtuse, incisely toothed or lobed, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers purple-tinged; rays
of the umbel few, 2-3 cm. long; fruit 4 mm. long.
In alpine meadows, at about the limit of trees, in the Cascade Mountains.
Ligusticum apiodorum (Gray) Coult. & Rose. Glabrous, except the
puberulent inflorescence and the scabrous leaf margins; stems 60-90 cm. high;
leaves ternately decompound; leaflets distinct or somewhat confluent, cuneate-
oblong, incised, paler beneath; umbels 6—-15-rayed, the rays 3-5 cm. long;
involucels linear-setaceous; flowers white or pinkish; fruit 3-4 mm. long.
Portland, Oregon, Henderson, and south to San Francisco, California.
Ligusticum apiifolium (Nutt.) Gray. Nearly glabrous up to the puberulent
inflorescence; stems 60-120 cm. high; leaves twice to thrice ternate, then pin-
nate, ultimate segments ovate, deeply cleft into linear mostly entire acute
lobes; umbel many-rayed, the rays 5-10 cm. long; flowers white; fruit 4 mm.
long.
In open woods and prairies, not common. First collected by Nuttall near
the mouth of the Willamette River.
UMBELLIFERAE, 267
358. GLEHNIA.
Low villous-tomentose herbs growing in drifting sands along
the seashore; leaves thickish, densely white-tomentose beneath,
once or twice ternate or ternate-pinnate, with ovate or roundish
leaflets; flowers whitish; bracts subulate; calyx-teeth small;
fruit globose, glabrous; carpel somewhat flattened dorsally with
5 equal broad and corky thickened wings; stylopodium flat;
oil-tubes 2-3 in the intervals, 4-6 on the commissural side.
Glehnia littoralis (Gray) Schmidt. Herbage villous-tomentose; stems
very short; leaves twice-ternate and then pinnate, the leaflets rather fleshy,
ovate to orbicular, serrate to dentate, densely white tomentose beneath, 2-5
cm. long; stems shorter than the leaves; rays of the umbel 10-12; fruits 8-10
mm. broad, with wings 3 mm. wide.
Common in drifting sand along the ocean coast, Oregon to Alaska; first
collected by Cooper at Shoalwater Bay or Willapa Harbor.
359. HESPEROGENIA.
Low acaulescent plants; leaves once or twice ternate; flowers
yellow, in umbels with a few unequal rays, with one or two
bractlets and no involucre; calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit glabrous,
nearly orbicular or short-oblong, compressed laterally, rounded at
base and apex; carpel with indistinct filiform ribs; stylopodium
none; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals.
Hesperogenia stricklandi Coult. & Rose. Glabrous, pale green; root
stout; leaves all basal, ternate or biternate, long-petioled, the segments lanceo-
late, acutish, rather thick, 8-12 mm. long; stems 8-10 cm. high, naked, with a
single reduced leaf; rays 3-6, unequal; flowers yellow; fruit 2 mm. long.
Known only from Mount Rainier, Allen, Flett.
360. OROGENIA.
Dwarf glabrous acaulescent plants from tuberous or fusiform
roots; leaves ternate with linear segments; flowers white, in a
-subcompound umbel with a few linear bractlets and no involucre;
calyx-teeth minute; fruit glabrous, oblong, very slightly com-
pressed laterally; carpels with filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs
and excessively thickened lateral ones; stylopodium flattened; oil-
tubes very small, 3 in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissural side.
Orogenia linearifolia Wats. Tuber globose; scape slender, 2-12 cm. high;
leaves 2 or 3, ternate or biternate, glabrous, the leaflets linear, obtuse, entire,
2-5 cm. long; umbels 2-10-rayed; flowers white, nearly sessile; fruit 3-4 mm.
long.
Willamette Valley, Oregon, to Idaho, Utah and California.
361. SIUM.
Perennial, growing in water or in wet places; leaflets serrate
or pinnatifid; involucres and involucels of numerous narrow
bracts; flowers white; calyx-teeth minute; stylopodium depressed;
268 UMBELLIFERAE.
styles short; fruit compressed laterally, ovate to oblong, glabrous;
carpels with prominent corky nearly equal ribs; oil-tubes 1-3
in the intervals, never solitary in all the intervals, 2—7 on the
commissural side; seed subangular, with plane commissural face.
Sium suave Walt. (S. cicutaefolium Schrank.) Stout, 60-80 cm. tall;
leaves pinnate, with 7-17 linear or lanceolate serrate acuminate leaflets, these
5-12 cm. long; umbel many-rayed, the rays 2.5-4 cm. long; fruit 3 mm. long,
with prominent ribs.
Margins of lakes and ponds, common. When growing in water the leaflets
are finely dissected.
362. COELOPLEURUM.
Stout glabrous seacoast perennial herbs; leaves 2—3-ternate on
very large inflated petioles; flowers greenish-white, in many-rayed
umbels with a few-leaved deciduous involucre and numerous
small linear-lanceolate involucels; calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit
oblong, slightly flattened laternally if at all, glabrous; carpels
with very thick and prominent corky ribs which become hollow,
all equal or the lateral ones broadest; oil tubes small, 2-4 on the
commissural side and 1 or 2 under each rib.
Leaflets acute or acuminate, not thick. C. longipes.
Leaflets obtuse, very thick. C. maritimum,
Coelopleurum longipes Coult. & Rose. Glabrous below the inflorescence;
stems stout, 1-1.5 m. high, loosely branched above; leaflets ovate, acute to
acuminate, cuneate at base, mostly sharply serrate, 3-5 cm. long; inflorescence
puberulent; umbel large, flat-topped, 10-15 cm. broad; fruit oblong, 3 mm.
broad, 4-6 mm. long.
Along the seacoast of Washington and British Columbia. Scarcely dis-
tinct from the Alaska C. gmelint (DC.) Ledeb.
Coelopleurum maritimum Coult. & Rose. Very similar to C. longipes;
leaflets broadly ovate, often subcordate, obtuse, 6-7 cm. long; fruit 6-7 cm.
long.
On ocean bluffs near the mouth of the Columbia River; Ilwaco, Washington,
Henderson, Piper; Astoria, Oregon, Cooper.
Family 73. CORNACEAE. DoGwoop Famity.
Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs; leaves simple, alternate or op-
posite; flowers regular, perfect, polygamous or dioecious, in
cymes or heads; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; petals and
stamens 4, on the margin of an epigynous disk in the perfect
flowers; style 1; ovary 1-2-celled, with one ovule in each cell;
fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe.
Flowers perfect, in loose or head-like cymes. 363. Cornus, 269.
Flowers dioecious, in spikes. 364. GARRYA, 269.
CORNACEAE. 269
363. CORNUS. Docwoop.
Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, sometimes appar-
ently whorled, entire; flowers perfect, in a cymose or capitate
cluster; calyx minutely 4-toothed; petals 4, oblong or ovate;
stamens 4, with slender filaments; style 1; drupe ovoid or oblong,
with a 2-celled 2-seeded stone,
Flowers in loose cymes, not involucrate; fruit white. C. occidentalis.
Flowers in head-like cymes, surrounded by a conspicuous in-
volucre; fruit red.
Tree, 10-20 m. high; bracts 4-8 cm. long. C. nuttallit.
Herb, 8-20 cm. high; bracts 1-2 cm. long. C. canadensis.
Cornus occidentalis (T. & G.) Coville. Much branched shrub, 2-5 m.
high, with red twigs, these hairy when young; leaves ovate to oval, acute to
acuminate, mostly cuneate at base, glabrous above, loose pubescent beneath,
4-8 cm. long; petiole 1-2 cm. long; cymes short-peduncled, 2~6 cm. broad,
pubescent; flowers cream-colored, 6-8 mm. broad; fruit globose, white; stone
oblique, compressed, the edge furrowed.
In wet ground, especially on stream banks, common.
Cornus nuttallii Audubon. Tree 6-12, rarely 20 m. high; bark gray-brown,
smooth or on very old trunks flaky; young twigs pubescent; wood fine-grained,
white; winter buds sharp-pointed; leaves obovate, acute or acuminate, cuneate
at base, puberulent above, pubescent beneath, 8-12 cm. long; petioles 6-20
mm. long; heads hemispheric, 1-2 cm. broad, surrounded by an involucre of
4-8, usually 5-6, obovate cream-colored or sometimes pink bracts, 4-5 cm.
long; drupes bright shiny orange-red, 25-40 in each cluster, each tipped with
the persistent calyx; stone nearly as broad as long.
British Columbia to California. Under cultivation the dogwood frequently
blooms a second time in the fall and under such conditions the involucral
bracts are oftener pink tinged.
Cornus canadensis L. Perennial herb, 10-20 cm. high, the rootstocks
woody; stems scaly below, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of leaves above, forming a false
whorl and sometimes a pair near the middle; leaves ovate or oblong, acute or
acuminate, narrowed at base, sessile, entire, sparsely puberulent, 2-4 cm. long;
peduncle solitary, 4-5 cm. long; involucral bracts 4-6, white, ovate, 8-16 mm.
long; flowers greenish, small, in dense heads; fruit bright red, globular, 4 mm.
in diameter. ; : .
In rich woods, especially in the mountains.
364. GARRYA.
Evergreen shrubs, with 4-angled branchlets; leaves opposite,
entire, coriaceous, with short connate petioles; flowers dioecious,
in axillary aments; petals none; staminate flowers with a 4-parted
calyx; stamens 4; filaments distinct; disk and ovary none;
pistillate flowers with a 2-lobed or obsolete calyx-limb; stamens
and disk none; styles 2, stigmatic on the inner side, persistent;
ovary 1-celled; berry blue or purple, ovoid, 1—2-seeded.
Garrya elliptica Dougl. Shrub, 2-3 m. tall; leaves elliptical or oval,
mucronate, undulate-margined, dark-green and shiny above, densely tomen-
tose beneath, 5-10 cm. long; staminate aments 5-20 cm. long, the silky bracts
270 PYROLACEAE.
acute to truncate; pistillate aments 3-8 cm. long, the bracts acute or acu-
minate; fruit globose, sessile, densely tomentose, 6-9 mm. in diameter.
Douglas reports this shrub “ plentiful on the shore, in rocky situations, on
the south side of the Columbia, near its confluence with the sea.’’ No recent
specimens seem to have been collected north of the Rogue River.
Family 74. PYROLACEAE. Pyrora Famity.
Perennial green herbs or chlorophyll-less and leafless root-
parasites or saprophytes; flowers solitary, racemose or corym-
bose, often on a scape, perfect, nearly regular; calyx 2-6-lobed
or parted, free from the ovary; corolla gamopetalous and 5-
toothed or of 5 separate petals; stamens 10, with one- or two-
horned anthers; ovary superior, 4- or 5-celled; style short or
slender, often declined; capsule globose, 4- or 5-lobed, loculicidally
4- or 5-valved.
Ovary 1-celled.
Petals united; sepals 2 or 4, entire. 365. NEWBERRYA, 270.
Petals distinct; sepals 4 or 5.
Sepals and petals fimbriate; anthers long. 366. PLEURICOSPORA, 271.
Sepals and petals entire; anthers short. 367. Pityopus, 271.
Ovary 4- or 5-celled.
Petals none; flowers in a spike. 368. ALLOTROPA, 271.
Petals present; flowers solitary or in racemes or
corymbs.
Petals united almost to the tips. 369. PTEROSPORA, 272.
Petals free almost or quite to the base.
White, tawny or red (sometimes turning
black on drying) chlorophyll-less
parasites or saprophytes.
Flowers solitary. 370. Monotropa, 272.
Flowers in a 1-sided raceme. 371. Hypopritys, 272.
Green chlorophyll-bearing herbs.
Flowers solitary. 372. MONESES, 273.
Flowers in racemes or corymbs.
Inflorescence a corymb; style
short. 373. CHIMAPHILA, 273.
Inflorescence a raceme; style
mostly long. 374. Pyrova, 274.
365. NEWBERRYA.
Stout simple stemmed fleshy white herbs without chlorophyll
and with flowers in a dense spike; leaves scale-like; calyx of 2,
rarely 3 or 4 sepals; corolla tubular-urceolate, 4—5-lobed; stamens
normally 8 or 10, sometimes fewer; filaments pubescent above
the middle with long hairs; disk of short and deflexed glands alter-
nating with the stamens; ovary ovate; style long; stigma de-
pressed-capitate; placentae of 4-8 broad lamellae bearing ovules
on both surfaces.
PYROLACEAE, 27.1
Newberrya congesta (Gray) Torr. (Hemitomes congestum Gray; New-
berrya longiloba Small.) Whole plant white or brownish, glabrous, 10-20 cm.
high; scale-like leaves imbricated, oval to oblong, obtuse, rather thin, obscurely
erose, passing into the similar bracts; flowers in a short crowded raceme;
corolla-lobes ovate, obtuse to acute, hairy within.
In deep woods, British Columbia to Oregon, rare.
366. PLEURICOSPORA.
Stout fleshy white herbs without chlorophyll and with the
flowers crowded into a dense spike; leaves scale-like; calyx of
4-5 sepals; corolla of 4-5 plane petals; stamens 8 or 10; filaments
glabrous; anthers introrse, the cells opening longitudinally from
base to apex; ovary ovoid; style columnar; stigma depressed
capitate to funnelform; placentae parietal, commonly 8.
Petals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, as long as the sepals; lower
scales entire. P. fimbriolata.
Petals spatulate, much longer than the sepals; lower scales
laciniate. P. longipetala.
Pleuricospora fimbriolata Gray. Whole plant white, fleshy, glabrous,
stout, 5-20 cm. high; scale-like leaves numerous, the lower ovate and entire,
the upper narrower and fringed; flowers in a dense corymb; bracts fringed,
as long as the corolla.
In deep coniferous woods in the mountains, rare; British Columbia to
California.
Pleuricospora longipetala Howell. Stem slender, 10-15 cm. high; scale-
like leaves well-imbricated, lanceolate, acuminate, laciniately toothed; flowers
white or yellowish, numerous, in a dense oblong raceme; sepals lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, laciniately toothed, about as long as the bracts; petals
narrowly spatulate, 12 mm. long, much longer than the sepals, the obtuse apex
fimbriate.
In dense woods, near the hot springs in Clackamas County, Oregon, Howell.
367. PITYOPUS.
White herb, glabrous or nearly so; leaves scale-like; inflores-
cence a dense bracteate spike; sepals 4 or 5, distinct, persistent;
petals as many, pubescent; stamens 8 or 10; filaments pubescent;
anthers short; ovary 1-celled, ovoid, 4-5-lobed, each lobe 2-
ribbed; style stout; stigma truncate, annular; ovules many.
Pityopus oregona Small. Whole plant white and glabrous; stem stout,
about 10 cm. high; scales triangular or the upper lanceolate, acute, entire or
erose, 1-2 cm. long; bracts lanceolate to spatulate; sepals rhomboid-lanceolate,
* 12 mm. long; petals oblong, obtuse, pubescent within, as long as the sepals.
In dense woods, north of Mount Hood, Oregon, Howell; and the same or a
ee similar species (Monotropa californica Eastwood) in Marin County,
alifornia.
368. ALLOTROPA.
Reddish chlorophyll-less herbs with numerous scale-like leaves;
flowers in a spike; sepals 5, roundish, persistent; petals none;
stamens 10, glabrous; style at first short, at length longer;
272 PYROLACEAE.
stigma large, capitate; ovary globose, 5-celled; seeds numerous, on
the thick axillary placenta.
Allotropa virgata T. & G. Whole plant dark reddish; stem simple,
stout, erect, 30-50 cm. high, 1 cm. or more in diameter, swollen at base;
scale-like leaves numerous, especially near the base, the lower ones ovate, the
upper lanceolate, attenuate, acuminate; spike dense; bracts linear; sepals
erosely dentate.
In open rather dry coniferous woods, British Columbia to California. A
plant of remarkable appearance.
369. PTEROSPORA.
Stout simple purplish-brown clammy-pubescent root-parasitic
herbs without chlorophyll; stem wand-like, with scattered lanceo-
late scales toward the base, in place of leaves; flowers many,
nodding, white, in a long bracted raceme; corolla gamopetalous,
ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed; stamens 10; anthers 2-celled,
awned on the back; stigma 5-lobed; capsule globose, flattened,
5-lobed, 5-celled; seeds very numerous.
Pterospora andromedea Nutt. A reddish purple glandular-hairy herb,
with straight simple flowering stems, 30-90 cm. high; roots coral-like, much
branched; scale-like leaves brownish, scarious, attenuate-lanceolate, largest
and most numerous below, 1-3 cm. long; raceme elongated, the flowers nodding
on pedicels 1-2 cm. long; bracts small, narrow; flowers white or pinkish, 4-5
mm. broad; capsules flattened, globose, 1 cm. wide.
Coniferous woods in the mountains, usually occurring in colonies. The
plants die after blooming.
370. MONOTROPA.
White chlorophyll-less herbs which turn black on drying; stems
clustered; flowers solitary, nodding, on scapes; sepals 2-4,
deciduous; petals 5 or 6 oblong, not saccate, tardily deciduous;
stamens 10-12; anthers short, peltate; disk 10-12-toothed, united
to the base of the ovary; style short, thick; stigma funnelform,
with obscurely crenate margin; ovary 5-celled; seeds minute.
Monotropa uniflora L. Whole plant bluish-white, rarely pinkish, drying
black, glabrous; stems 10-30 cm. high, usually clustered; scale-like leaves
scattered, broadly lanceolate, entire; flower nodding; fruit erect.
Rich woods, rather common.
371. HYPOPITYS.
Whitish tawny or reddish chlorophyll-less herbs; roots a dense
mass of fleshy fibers; flowers in a nodding one-sided raceme on a
slender scape; sepals and petals 5 in the terminal flower, 3-4 in
the lateral ones; petals saccate at the base; stamens 6-10;
filaments subulate-filiform; anthers horizontal; disk 8—10-toothed,
united to the base of the ovary; style slender; stigma funnelform,
its margin glandular-ciliate; ovary 3—5-celled.
Bracts and sepals merely ciliate. H. hypopitys.
Bracts and sepals fimbriate. HZ. fimbriata,
PYROLACEAE. 273
Hypopitys hypopitys (L.) Small. Whole plant reddish or yellowish, some-
what pubescent, 10-40 cm. high; scale-like leaves lance-ovate, entire or slightly
erose, scattered above, densely arranged below; flowers 3-20, racemose,
nodding at first, erect in fruit; terminal flower 5-merous, the lateral ones
3-4-merous; style terete; stigma disk-like; pod subglobose.
In coniferous woods, especially in the mountains at low altitudes, common.
H. brevis Small described from specimens collected at Independence Valley,
Oregon, by Crazg, is said to differ by having the style much dilated upward
and the stigma funnelform.
Hypopitys fimbriata (Gray) Howell. Very similar to H. hypopitys but
the upper scales, the bracts and the sepals laciniate or fimbriate.
In coniferous woods, rare. Reported from Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver
Island, and Chilliwack, British Columbia, Macoun; Cascade Mountains of
Oregon; not yet known to occur in Washington.
372. MONESES.
Low perennial glabrous herbs; flowers solitary on a slender
scape, drooping, white or pink; petals 5, distinct, widely spread-
ing, orbicular; stamens 10; filaments not enlarged in the middle,
naked; anthers conspicuously 2-horned; style exserted; stigma
large, peltate, with 5 short radiating lobes; ovary globose, 4—5-
celled; ovules numerous; capsule subglobose, 4—-5-celled, 4—5-
valved; seeds numerous, minute.
Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray. Rootstock very slender; stems erect, bearing
2-4 pairs or whorls of leaves; leaves obovate or orbicular, obtuse, finely crenate
or dentate, 8-20 mm. long, narrowed at the base, the petioles shorter;
scapes 5-12 cm. high, 1-flowered, usually bearing a solitary bract; flowers
white, nodding, 12-20 mm. broad; capsules erect, 6-8 mm. broad.
Coniferous woods in the mountains. The Pacific Coast plant has by some
botanists been considered distinct under the name M. reticulata Nutt.
373. CHIMAPHILA. PIpsissEwa.
Low nearly herbaceous perennials; leaves irregularly opposite,
whorled or scattered, coriaceous, short-petioled, serrate; flowers
in corymbs on a leafy stem; petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular;
anthers 2-horned; stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and con-
spicuous radiating lobes; valves of the capsule naked.
Flowers many; leaves cuneate-oblanceolate, numerous. C. umbellata.
Flowers few; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, few. C. menziesii.
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. (C. occidentalis Rydb.) Stems 15-30
cm, high, erect from horizontal rootstocks; leaves evergreen, leathery, cuneate-
oblanceolate, acute, serrate, 2-4 cm. long, short-petioled, glabrous or minutely
puberulent; flowers 4-8, pink, about 1 cm. broad, in terminal corymbs; fila-
ments bearded on the margins; capsule 6-8 mm. broad.
Deep coniferous woods, common.
Chimaphila menziesii (R. Br.) Spreng. Stems 10-15 cm. high; leaves few,
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, the
principal veins bordered with white; peduncle 1—3-flowered; petals white or
pinkish; bracts ovate or orbicular; filaments expanded and hairy in the middle.
In deep coniferous woods especially in the mountains.
T9
274 PYROLACEAE.
374. PYROLA.
Low and smooth perennial herbs; leaves roundish, petioled,
evergreen, basal or nearly so; flowers nodding, in a simple raceme,
on a more or less scaly-bracted scape; corolla of 5 concave more
or less converging petals; stamens 10; ovary 4- or 5-celled; ovules
very numerous; fruit a flattened globose 5-lobed 5-celled capsule.
Style straight. P. secunda.
Style curved downward.
Green leaves none, or very rudimentary.
Flowers red. P. aphylia.
Flowers white. P. dentata.
Green leaves present.
Calyx lobes obtuse, very short; flowers greenish. P. chlorantha.
Calyx lobes acute.
Flowers white or whitish.
Veins of leaves white-bordered. P. picta.
Veins of leaves not white-bordered. P. dentata.
Flowers red or pink.
Leaves coriaceous, shiny, acute. P. bracteata.
Leaves thin, dull, obtuse. P. elata.
Pyrola secunda L. Rootstocks slender, usually much branched; stems
erect or ascending; leaves somewhat clustered at the base, ovate, obtuse or
acute, crenate, 1-3 cm. long, on slender petioles 1 cm. long; scapes 10-25 cm.
high, with few scale-like bracts, which also occur between the leaves; raceme
one-sided, 3-8 cm. long; flowers white, on short pedicels, soon nodding; corolla
regular; petals oblong, 4 mm. long, each with a pair of tubercles at base;
anthers obtuse; stigmas large, 5-lobed.
Deep coniferous woods, especially in the mountains.
Pyrola aphylla Smith. Stems 20-40 cm. high, erect, the whole plant red
or very rarely with one or two small green leaves; rootstock stout, scaly,
branched; leaves reduced to lanceolate or subulate bracts; raceme loose, 10-30-
flowered; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; petals obovate, pink; anthers beaked;
style nearly straight, declined.
In coniferous woods. The rare form with small green leaves has been
called P. aphylla paucifolia Howell.
Pyrola chlorantha Sw. Leaves orbicular, often retuse, thick, not shiny,
small, mostly 2-3 cm. long, shorter than the petioles; scapes 10-20 cm. high,
bractless or with solitary bracts; raceme 3~10-flowered; petals greenish-white,
rounded; calyx-lobes very short and obtuse; anthers beaked.
In deep coniferous woods.
Pyrola picta Smith. Rootstocks creeping; leaves tufted at base, oblong,
ovate or orbicular, obtuse or acute, mucronate, obscurely denticulate or entire,
green, variegated with white along the veins, often purple beneath, 2-6 cm.
long; petioles margined, 1-3 cm. long; scapes erect, 15-30 cm. high, with few
bracts, 10-20-flowered; calyx-lobes short, ovate, about one-fourth as long as
the petals; corolla irregular; petals white, 6-7 mm. long; anthers constricted
at the apex; style deflexed, with a projecting collar at the base of the stigma.
Open coniferous woods, common.
Pyrola dentata Smith. Loosely tufted; leaf blades mostly oblong to ob-
lanceolate, remotely dentate to subentire, obtuse or acute, dull green or glau-
cous, not mottled, 2-6 cm. long, tapering at base into petioles nearly as long;
scapes 10-25 cm. high, naked or with 1-3 scales; raceme 5—15-flowered; bracts
ERICACEAE. 275
triangular-lanceolate; calyx-lobes deltoid-ovate, scarcely longer than broad;
petals cream-colored, obovate; style deflexed.
In dry soil, in open pine woods. Allied to P. dentata and P. picta is a
group of puzzling forms which represent different degrees of saprophytism
rather than specific distinctions. P. pallida Greene has very glaucous leaves
and usually grows in dense shade. P. sparsifolia Suksdorf and P. dentata
integra Gray are apparently the same as P. pallida but with the leaves smaller
in size and number or even reduced to scales.
P. septentrionalis Andres may be a good species distinguished by having
deltoid-lanceolate calyx-lobes longer than broad. P. blanda Andres and
P. conardiana Andres are apparently not different from P. septentrionalts.
There is need of much field study and more copious material of all of these
forms before their real relationships can be made clear.
Pyrola bracteata Hook. Leaves all basal, green, coriaceous, ovate, acute,
rounded at base, crenulate, 3-6 cm. long; petioles margined, as long as the
blades; scapes 20-40 cm. high, with several brownish scarious lanceolate
bracts; racemes many-flowered; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute, about
half as long as the petals; corolla irregular, dull-red, about 1 cm. broad; anthers
slightly constricted at apex; style declined, with a collar-like ring at the base of
the stigma.
Coniferous woods, common.
Pyrola elata Nutt. Very similar to P. bracteata; but leaves broadly ob-
ovate or orbicular, obtuse, thinner, not shiny; flowers paler.
In wet places in woods. Probably not distinct from the more eastern
P. uliginosa Torr. & Gr.
Family 75. ERICACEAE. HEaTHER FamILy.
Perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves simple, commonly alternate,
articulated to the stem, without stipules; flowers regular, or
nearly so; corolla generally gamopetalous, 4- or 5-lobed; stamens
as many or twice as many as the corolla lobes, hypogynous; style
single; ovary with as many cells as the corolla-lobes, or rarely
less; seeds small; endosperm fleshy.
Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary.
Erect shrubs; corolla cylindric or urn-shaped. 375. VAccINIUM, 276.
Trailing vines; corolla deeply 4-cleft, the
lobes spreading. 376. Oxycoccus, 277.
Calyx-tube free from the ovary.
Fruit a berry or drupe.
Calyx becoming large and fleshy; bark
not red. 377. GAULTHERIA, 278.
Calyx small; bark red.
Tree; fruit a many-seeded berry. 378. ArBuTuS, 278.
Shrub; fruit a 5-10-seeded drupe. 379. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, 279.
Fruit a dry capsule.
Anther-cells each tipped with a recurved
awn.
Corolla 5-lobed; peduncles lateral. 380. CASSIOPE, 280.
Corolla 5-cleft; peduncles terminal. 381. HARRIMANELLA, 280.
Anther-cells not appendaged.
Petals not united; bracts deciduous.
276 ERICACEAE.
Flowers white, umbelled; leaves
evergreen. 382. LEepuM, 280.
Flowers coppery, solitary; leaves
deciduous. 383. CLADOTHAMNUS, 281.
Petals united.
Bracts firm, persistent; leaf-buds
not scaly.
Leaves heath-like; corolla
without pouches. 384. PHYLLODOCE, 281
Leaves lanceolate; corolla with
10 pouches which hold the
anthers. 385. KALMIA, 282.
Bracts thin, deciduous; leaf-buds
scaly.
Corolla funnelform, 5-lobed. 386. RHODODENDRON, 282.
Corolla globose, 4-toothed. 387. MENZIESIA, 282.
375. VACCINIUM. HucKLEBERRY.
Branching shrubs with alternate leaves sometimes coriaceous;
flowers small, solitary or in racemes or clusters; corolla various in
shape, epigynous, 4- or 5-cleft; stamens 8 or 10; anthers sometimes
2-awned on the back; fruit a 4- or 5-celled or sometimes 8—10-
celled berry; seeds numerous.
Leaves evergreen; filaments hairy. V. ovatum.
Leaves deciduous; filaments glabrous.
Flowers in clusters of 2-4; corolla mostly 4-lobed;
calyx deeply 4- or 5-parted.
Leaves thick, prominently veiny, obtuse or retuse. V. uliginosum.
Leaves thinner, obscurely veiny, obtuse or acute. _‘V. occidentale.
Flowers solitary; corollas mostly 5-lobed; calyx ob-
scurely lobed.
Tall shrubs, 1-3 m. high.
Leaves serrate; berries blackish without bloom. V. macrophyllum.
Leaves entire.
Berries blue with a bloom. VY. ovalifolium.
Berries red. V. parvifolium.
Low shrubs, less than one-half m. high.
Branches sharply angled; berries red or wine-
colored. V. scoparium.
Branches terete; berries blue with a bloom.
Leaves rather thin, bright green on both
sides; corolla ovate or oblong. V. caespitosum.
Leaves thicker, pale and glaucescent; cor-
olla globose. V. deliciosum.
Vaccinium ovatum Pursh. Evergreen; stems much branched, 1~1.5 m.
high, very leafy; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, somewhat revolute, acute,
serrate, short-petioled, dark green, shiny above, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers in
short crowded axillary racemes; corolla pink, 4 mm. long; berries black, with
or without a bloom.
Common in open woods, the berries much gathered by the Indians. First
found by Lewis at the mouth of the Columbia River.
Vaccinium uliginosum L. Stems 15-60 cm. high, branched and spreading;
leaves oblong to obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, dull, pale and slightly
ERICACEAE. 277
pubescent beneath, 1-2 cm. long; flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2-3, nearly
sessile; corolla urceolate; berries black with a bloom, sweet.
Rare in our limits; Mount Constitution, Henderson;: Vancouver Island,
Macoun.
Vaccinium occidentale Gray. Stems about 30 cm. high; leaves oval to
obovate and oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, entire, pale, 1-2 cm. long; flowers
mostly solitary; corolla oblong-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long; berry black with a bloom.
In wet places, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun, and through
the Cascade Mountains mostly on the eastern side southward to California.
Vaccinium macrophyllum (Hook.) Piper. Huckleberry. Shrub, 1-2 m.
high, glabrous throughout or nearly so; leaves oval or ovate, acute, rarely
obtuse, cuneate at base, finely serrate, paler beneath, 1-4 cm. long, short-
petioled; pedicels slender; calyx-limb entire; corolla nearly globose, yellowish,
4-5 mm. long; fruiting pedicels erect; fruit without a bloom, dark wine-colored
or nearly black.
In forests in the mountains at 1000-1200 m. altitude. The excellent fruit
is gathered in large quantities.
Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Stems 2-3 m. high, with somewhat angled
branchlets; leaves oval to oblong, obtuse, minutely serrulate to nearly entire,
thin, glabrous, pale beneath, 2-5 cm. long; flowers solitary, axillary, the pedicels
recurved; corolla urceolate, pinkish; berries globose, black with a bloom,
acidulous.
Common in deep woods at low altitudes in the mountains, rarely found
at sea-level.
Vaccinium parvifolium Smith. Stems 1-2 m. tall, with green sharp-angled
branchlets; leaves oblong to oval, obtuse, nearly entire, 6-20 mm. long;
flowers solitary, axillary; pedicels recurved; corolla globose, pink-tinged,
10-12 mm. long; berries clear red, acid and agreeable.
In woods, very common. The leaves of young plants are evergreen.
Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg. Low bushy glabrous shrub, 15-40 cm.
high, with numerous erect branches, green, all sharply angled; leaves very
small, oval to ovate, serrate, bright green; corolla ovoid, 2 mm. long; berries
light red, 2-4 mm. in diameter.
In the mountains at 1500-2000 m. altitude.
Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. Low bushy shrub, 10-30 cm. high,
glabrous or minutely puberulent; leaves obovate, obtuse or acute, crenulate-
serrulate, cuneate at base, very short-petioled, 1-2 cm. long; flowers solitary
in the axils, longer than the drooping pedicels; calyx-lobes very short; corolla
pink, ovoid, 5-6 mm. long; berry blue, with a bloom, sweet, 3-5 mm. in di-
ameter.
In moist ground, not common in our limits.
Vaccinium deliciosum Piper. Much branched, 10-30 cm. high, the branches
terete; leaves pale green, glaucescent, glabrous, obovate to elliptic, acute,
crenulate-serrulate, cuneate at base, 2-3 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils,
nodding; corollas pinkish, subglobose, 5 mm. long; berries globose, black with
a bloom, sweet. 7 :
Abundant in alpine meadows at about the limit of trees in the Cascade and
Olympic Mountains.
376. OXYCOCCUS. CRANBERRY.
Trailing woody vines (in ours) with alternate leaves; flowers
solitary or few, axillary or terminal, nodding on slender pedicels;
278 ERICACEAE,
calyx adherent to the ovary, 4—5-cleft; corolla deeply 4-cleft, with
spreading lobes; stamens 8 or 10; filaments separate; anthers
connivent; ovary 4-celled; fruit an oblong or globose many-seeded
4-celled juicy red berry.
Oxycoccus oxycoccus intermedius (Gray) Piper. Glabrous; stems slender,
creeping, 15-40 cm. long; leaves oblong to ovate, acute or obtuse, dark green
and shiny above, pale beneath, 6-15 mm. long; pedicels slender, erect, 2-10
together, each bearing a nodding flower; corolla pale rose color, 4-parted, the
segments 6-8 mm. long; berry dark red, globose.
Common in sphagnum bogs.
377. GAULTHERIA.
Shrubs or low and almost herbaceous plants with alternate
broad evergreen leaves, shining above; flowers axillary, white or
rose-colored, nodding; calyx 5-cleft; corolla urn-shaped to cam-
panulate; stamens 10, on the base of the corolla; stigma truncate
or obtuse, entire; ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed; fruit berry-like, formed
of the fleshy calyx enclosing the capsule.
Corolla urceolate; filaments hairy; shrub 0.5-2 m. high. G. shallon.
Corolla campanulate; filaments glabrous; shrub 5-20 cm. high.
Leaves ovate or subcordate, 2-4 cm. long. G. ovatifolia.
Leaves oval, about 1 cm. long. G. humifusa.
Gaultheria shallon Pursh. Salal. Shrub; stems .5-2 m. high, crooked,
often somewhat decumbent; leaves ovate-oblong, rounded or subcordate at
base, acuminate, serrulate, 3-10 cm. long; inflorescence glandular-pubescent;
racemes many-flowered, 1-sided, axillary and terminal; corolla white, ovoid,
6-10 mm. long; fruit black or dark-purple, very variable in size, shape and
amount of glandular pubescence.
A very characteristic shrub of the Douglas spruce forests. Berries edible.
eet collected by Captain Meriwether Lewis at the mouth of the Columbia
iver.
Gaultheria ovatifolia Gray. Stems procumbent with erect or somewhat as-
cending branches, 10-15 cm. high, sparsely pubescent; leaves ovate, acute,
serrulate, 2-4 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils; corolla white, campanulate,
5-lobed; fruit scarlet, globose.
In open forests in the Cascade and Olympic Mountains at about 1200 m.
altitude. Fruit very spicy and delicious.
Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. Stems spreading on the ground
in tufts, the flowering branches 2-10 cm. long; leaves oval to orbicular, serru-
late, 1-2 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils; corolla white, campanulate,
5-lobed; berry globose, scarlet, spicy-flavored.
In the Cascade and Olympic Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
378. ARBUTUS.
Trees or shrubs with evergreen leathery alternate petiolate
leaves; flowers small, white or flesh-colored, in a terminal cluster
of racemes or panicles, with scaly bracts and bractlets; calyx
small, 5-parted; corolla globular or ovoid; style long; stigma
obtuse; ovary on a hypogynous disk; ovules crowded on a fleshy
placenta in the inner angle of each cell.
ERICACEAE. 279
Arbutus menziesii Pursh. Madrofia. Evergreen tree, 10-30 m. high,
20-80 cm. in diameter; bark dark red, smooth, exfoliating each year, or on
the oldest trunks becoming thicker, roughened and scaly; leaves oval, entire
or on young shoots serrulate, obtuse, coriaceous, petioled, 6-12 cm. long,
shiny above; inflorescence a panicle, its branches pubescent; calyx-lobes ovate;
corolla white, 6-10 mm. long; berries globose, bright orange-red, maturing
in autumn, scarcely edible.
British Columbia to California. Northward it occurs mainly on bluffs along
lake or sea shores.
379. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Manzanita.
Low shrubs; leaves alternate, coriaceous, persistent, entire or
with a few irregular teeth; flowers small, nodding, pink or white,
in terminal racemes or clusters; calyx free from the ovary;
corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with 5 short teeth; stamens 10;
anthers with two reflexed awns on the back; drupe berry-like
with 5-10 seed-like nutlets.
Erect shrubs 1-2 m. high. A. columbiana.
Prostrate creeping shrubs.
Leaves retuse at apex. A, uva-ursi.
Leaves cuspidate at apex. A. nevadensis.
Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper n. sp. A much-branched shrub, 1-3 m.
high, the young twigs densely pubescent and setose with white hairs; leaves
pale-green, oblong to oblong-ovate, cuspidately acute, 2-6 cm. long, densely
tomentulose on both surfaces but becoming glabrous above in age; petioles
short, tomentose and somewhat setose; bracts lanceolate, tomentulose, sparsely
setose-ciliate; racemes clustered; corolla white, ovoid; ovary tomentose; fruit
depressed-globose, red-cheeked.
This is the common northern manzanita that has usually been referred to
A. tomentosa Lindl. but the type specimens of that species are, according to
Miss Alice Eastwood, from Monterey Bay, California, and are identical with
A. vestita Eastwood. A.columbiana iscommon in gravelly soil from Vancouver
Island to Oregon and in varying forms throughout much of California. As
typical of the species I would designate Piper No. 898 from near Union City,
Mason County, Washington. It may be that one or more of Howell’s pro-
posed species from southwest Oregon are conspecific with A. columbiana but
this is doubtful.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi(L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick. Prostrate or trailing
shrub with red bark, the much branched stems 20-80 cm. long, forming dense
mats, glabrous throughout or minutely puberulent; leaves evergreen, leathery,
spatulate-obovate, obtuse or notched, cuneate at base, 1-3 cm. long, short-
petioled; flowers in short racemes; corolla pink, ovoid, 4-5 mm. long; fila-
ments hairy; fruit bright red, glabrous, 5-8 mm. in diameter.
In open woods, common. A natural hybrid with the preceding is A.
media Greene.
Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray. Prostrate or decumbent shrub, much
branched, the branches 30-60 cm. long; leaves bright green, firm and rigid,
ovate to oval, sharply cuspidate, short-petioled, 1-2 cm. long; flowers few, in
racemes; corolla white, oblong-ovoid, 6-8 mm. long; fruit globose, red.
In the Cascade Mountains at about 2500 m. altitude.
280 ERICACEAE.
380. CASSIOPE.
Low tufted evergreen branched heath-like shrubs; leaves small,
veinless, imbricated, often opposite or whorled; flowers solitary,
nodding at the tip of an erect naked pedicel; sepals 4 or 5, ovate;
corolla white or rose-colored; stamens 8-10, included; style thick-
ened at the base; ovary 4- or 5-celled, many-ovuled; capsule
globose or ovoid, 4- or 5-valved.
Leaves not dorsally furrowed. C. mertensiana,
Leaves with a deep dorsal furrow. C. tetragona.
Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) G. Don. Stems much branched, 20-40 cm.
high, the branches erect; leaves oblong, thick, glabrous, 3-4 mm. long, closely
appressed, 4-ranked, not furrowed on the back; pedicels slender; corolla 6 mm.
long.
Very common in the mountains at about the limit of trees, often occupying
large areas.
Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don. Very similar to C. mertensiana but
stouter; leaves puberulent when young, deeply furrowed on the back.
Cascade Mountains, 49th parallel, Lyall, northward to Alaska. Lyall’s
specimens were probably from east of the Cascade divide as the plant was
found near Loomis, Washington, by Elmer.
381. HARRIMANELLA.
Low matted shrubs; leaves small, numerous, alternate, per-
sistent, sessile or nearly so, linear to oblong; flowers solitary at
the ends of the branches; calyx deeply 5-lobed; corolla campan-
ulate, white or pink; stamens 10, included; anther-sacs awn-
pointed; ovary 5-celled; fruit a subglobose, 5-lobed, 5-valved,
many-seeded capsule.
Harrimanella stelleriana (Pall.) Coville. Stems very slender, spreading
and matted; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, serrulate, 2-4 mm. long;
pedicels equalling or exceeding the leaves; calyx-lobes oblong-oval, obtuse;
corolla white, 6-7 mm. long; capsules subglobose.
aoe: Rainier, on moist slopes at about the limit of trees and northward
to aska.
382. LEDUM. LaAsrapor TEa.
Erect branching shrubs; leaves alternate, evergreen, entire,
more or less resinous-dotted, slightly fragrant when bruised;
flowers white, in terminal bracted corymbs; calyx small, 5-tooth-
ed, persistent; petals 5, obovate or oval, obtuse; stamens 5 or 10,
exserted; style filiform, exserted; stigma 5-lobed; ovary ovoid,
5-celled; capsule oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved.
Leaves glaucous beneath. L. columbianum.
Leaves rusty-tomentose beneath. L. groenlandicum.
Ledum columbianum Piper. Erect with erect branches, 60-90 cm. high;
bark becoming smooth and brown; leaves oblong, reticulate, 4-6 cm. long,
rather obtuse but apiculate, strongly revolute, dark green and glabrous above,
ERICACEAE. 281
whitish and resinous-dotted beneath, the midrib and short petiole minutely
puberulent as well; corymbs terminal, convex, 3-5 cm. broad; pedicels slender,
puberulent and resinous-dotted, recurved in fruit, 1.5-3 cm. long; lobes of the
calyx very small, broadly rounded; petals white, oval, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse;
stamens 5-7, the filaments sparscly hirsute at base; ovary minutely canescent
and resinous-dotted; capsules oblong, acutish.
In sphagnum bogs, near the mouth of the Columbia River.
Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Very similar to L. columbianum but less
glandular and leaves rusty-woolly beneath.
Common in sphagnum bogs.
383. CLADOTHAMNUS.
Shrubs with erect branching stems; leaves alternate, narrow,
entire, with obscure alternate lateral veins, petioled; flowers
perfect, solitary-axillary or in few-flowered corymbose clusters;
calyx rotate, with 5 narrow lobes which are much longer than the
tube; corolla copper-colored; petals narrow; stamens 10, shorter
than the petals; laments subulate; style elongated, enlarged at
the apex; stigma capitate, somewhat lobed; ovary 5-6-celled,
lobed; capsule depressed-globose.
_ Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus Bong. Erect shrub about 2 m. high; leaves
membranaceous, obovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, usually mucronate,
ciliolate when young, 2-4 cm. long, paler beneath; flowers short-peduncled;
i at oblong-linear, more. or less ciliolate; petals coppery-red, 10-15 mm.
ong.
Saddle Mountain, near Astoria, Oregon, Gorman; Baldy Peak, Jefferson
County, Washington, Lamb; Cascade Mountains, 49th parallel, Lyall, and
northward to Alaska.
384. PHYLLODOCE.
Low alpine heath-like evergreen undershrubs; leaves numer-
ous, linear, obtuse, serrulate; flowers solitary or in umbels at the
ends of the branches; calyx free from the ovary; corolla 5-toothed;
stamens 10; anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments; fruit
a 5-celled 5-valved, many-seeded dry capsule.
Corolla ovoid, yellowish, glandular. P. glanduliflora.
Corolla campanulate, red, glabrous. P. empetriformis.
Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Coville. Stems erect, with erect branches,
20-40 cm. high; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, thick, serrulate, 5-10 mm. long;
inflorescence glandular; corolla glandular, pale yellow, ovoid, 6-8 mm. long,
the tube very short. .
Cascade and Olympic Mountains at about 2500 m. altitude, rarely found
growing with P. empetriformis.
Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith) D. Don. Much branched, 15-50 cm.
high; flowers in umbels; corolla rose-colored, campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, the
lobes shorter than the tube. re :
Abundant in the mountains at the limit of trees. Very showy when in
bloom and locally called ‘‘ heather.”
282 ERICACEAE,
385, KALMIA.
Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs with alternate or opposite
entire coriaceous leaves; flowers showy, solitary or in corymbs;
calyx 5-parted; corolla 5-lobed; filaments long and filiform;
capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded.
Kalmia polifolia Wang. (K. glauca Ait.) Shrub, 30-60 cm. high, not
much branched; leaves oblong, the margin revolute, shiny green above, glau-
cous beneath, 2-3 cm. long; flowers in simple flat-topped corymbs; sepals ovate;
corolla purple, 12-18 mm. broad.
In sphagnum bogs, very showy when in bloom. The western plant is
considered by Small to be distinct from the eastern species, under the name
K. occidentalis Small.
Kalmia polifolia microphylla (Hook.) Piper n. comb. (K. glauca micro-
phylla Hook.) Smaller; stems 15-20 cm. high; leaves 1-2 cm. long; corolla
8-12 mm. broad.
In swamps at high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains.
386. RHODODENDRON.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves mostly alternate, entire; flowers
large and showy, in umbelled clusters from terminal buds; calyx
small; corolla bell-shaped or funnelform, with 5 lobes, regular or
irregular; stamens as many or twice as many as the corolla-lobes;
capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. ;
Leaves evergreen; inflorescence terminal; flowers pink. R. californicum.
Leaves deciduous; inflorescence lateral; flowers white. R. albiflorum.
Rhododendron californicum Hook. Shrub 2-3 or rarely 5-6 m. high;
leaves coriaceous, oblong, slightly revolute, shiny green above, pale beneath,
obtuse and mucronate, acute at base, 10-15 cm. long; flowers numerous;
calyx-lobes very short, obtuse; corolla turbinate-campanulate, rose-colored,
3 cm. long, with broad rounded lobes.
In open woods, British Columbia to California. Very local in distribution
but usually abundant where found. R. macrophyllum Don is an older name
which probably applies to our plant. It was collected by Menzies on the
‘Northwest Coast’’ and described, probably erroneously, as having white
flowers. :
Rhododendron albiflorum Hook. (Azaleastrum albiflorum Rydb.)
Shrub, 1-2 m. high, with erect or clustered branches; herbage strigose-pubes-
cent and somewhat glandular; leaves membranaceous, oblong, undulate, acute,
3-6 cm. long; flowers in small lateral clusters of 1-3, nodding; sepals ovate,
glandular-ciliate; corolla creamy-white, open campanulate, 5-lobed, 2 cm. long.
Common in the mountains at the limit of trees.
387. MENZIESIA.
Shrubs with alternate hairy deciduous leaves; flowers small,
nodding, greenish-purple, in terminal corymbs or umbels, de-
veloped with the leaves; calyx small or minute, flattish, 4-toothed
or lobed; corolla cylindrical to urn-shaped, 4-lobed; stamens 8;
capsule ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.
PRIMULACEAE. 283
: Menziesia ferruginea Smith. Erect shrub, 1-2 m. high, the branches
inclined to be falsely whorled, the young branchlets strigose; leaves thin,
oblong or obovate, mostly acute, short-mucronate, cuneate at base, serrulate
and ciliate, strigose above, paler beneath, 2-5 cm. long; petioles short; pedicels
slender, 2-4 cm. long, glandular-puberulent; corolla oblong- or ovoid-campan-
ulate, reddish-yellow, 7-9 mm. long; filaments ciliate at base; capsules oblong
or obovoid, glabrous; seeds tailed at each end.
Along the ocean coast and in the Olympic Mountains in the typical Alaska
form. The form in the Cascade Mountains differs in having less pubescent
leaves. M. glabella Gray does not occur in our limits.
Family 76. PRIMULACEAE. Primrose FamiLy.
Herbs; leaves simple, mostly entire, alternate, opposite or in
a basal cluster, without stipules; flowers regular, perfect; corolla
gamopetalous, 4-8-, usually 5-lobed or cleft; stamens as many as
and opposite the corolla-lobes, epipetalous; ovary superior, 1-
celled, with a free central placenta rising from the base; fruit a
capsule; seeds several or many; endosperm fleshy.
Stems short; leaves in a basal rosette.
Corolla-lobes reflexed; stamens exserted. 388. DODECATHEON, 283.
Corolla-lobes erect or spreading; stamens in-
cluded.
Corolla-tube equalling or exceeding the
calyx. 389. Douctrasta, 284.
Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx. 390. ANDROSACE, 284.
Stems elongated, leaf-bearing.
Leaves mostly clustered near the summit of
the stem. 391. TRIENTALIS, 285.
Leaves not clustered near the summit of the
stem, mostly opposite or whorled.
Corolla none, the calyx petal-like; leaves
fleshy; flowers sessile, solitary-axillary. 392. GLAUX, 285.
Corolla present; leaves not fleshy; flowers
in spikes or racemes, or if solitary-
axillary then peduncled.
Capsule circumscissile; flowers reddish,
solitary-axillary. 393. ANAGALLIS, 285.
Capsule dehiscent by valves or irregu-
larly; flowers yellow.
Flowers in racemes or solitary; fila-
ments somewhat united at base. 394. LysimacuiA, 286.
Flowers in spikes; filaments distinct. 395. NAuMBuURGIA, 286.
388. DODECATHEON. SxHootinc Star. Burp BILL.
Perennial smooth or viscid-puberulent stemless herbs; leaves
all in a basal cluster, oblong or spatulate; flowers showy, nodding,
solitary or in an umbel, on a scape, with an involucre; calyx
deeply 5-cleft; corolla with a very short tube, 5-parted, purple or
white; filaments distinct and short or united into a tube; capsule
ovoid or oblong, many-seeded.
284 PRIMULACEAE.
Capsule dehiscing by valves from the apex.
Filaments united into a yellow tube half as long as the an-
thers; flowers purple; leaves entire. D. vulgare.
Filaments free; flowers white; leaves dentate. D. dentatum.
Capsule circumscissile; filaments free or nearly so, black.
Leaves broadly elliptic to obovate. D. latifolium.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, crenate. Dz. jeffreyt.
Dodecatheon vulgare (Hook.) Piper. (D. pauciflorum (Durand) Greene.)
Glabrous throughout, 15-45 cm. high; leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, obtuse,
entire or rarely denticulate, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed into a winged petiole as
long; umbels 5—20-flowered; bracts of the involucre triangular-lanceolate, acute,
6-20 mm. long; pedicels 1-6 cm. long; calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, not much longer than the tube; petals purple, 1 cm. long; stamineal
tube yellow, half as long as the purple anthers; capsules ovoid, 6-9 mm. long,
splitting into 5 teeth at the apex when mature.
In dry open ground.
Dodecatheon dentatum Hook. Glabrous; leaves ovate to oval, thin, irregu-
larly dentate, 5-10 cm. long, the petiole about aslongas the blade; scape 20-30
cm. high; calyx-lobes ovate or triangular-ovate, acuminate, about as long as
the tube; corolla white with two purple spots at the base of each lobe; capsule
cylindric, opening at the tip by teeth.
On wet banks in the Cascade Mountains and along the gorge of the
Columbia River.
Dodecatheon latifolium (Hook.) Piper. (D. hendersoni Gray.) Leaves
broad, elliptic or obovate, narrowed at base, entire; scape 10-30 cm. high;
corolla dark-purple with yellow center; stamens dark purple, the tube 1-2 mm.
long; capsule opening by a lid, then splitting.
In open fields and prairies. First found at Fort Vancouver by Douglas.
Dodecatheon jeffreyi Van Houtte. (D. viviparum Greene.) Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 15-25 cm. long, crenate with a minute
callus in each notch; scapes 25-50 cm. high; flowers deep purple; stamens
distinct to the base, dark purple; capsule opening by a lid.
Common in wet alpine meadows.
389. DOUGLASIA.
Low tufted herbs, often somewhat woody; leaves in a basal
rosette; flowers solitary or in small umbels; calyx campanulate,
5-lobed, persistent; corolla-lobes spreading, the tube equalling
or exceeding the calyx, the throat contracted and 5-crested be-
neath the sinuses; stamens distinct, included; style filiform;
ovary 5-ovuled; capsule turbinate, 1 or 2-seeded.
Douglasia laevigata Gray. Nearly glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
mostly entire, obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; flowers blood-red, in small umbels.
In the mountains. First found on Mount Hood, Oregon, by Howell;
very common in the Olympic Mountains; Goat Mountains near Mount
Rainier, Allen.
390. ANDROSACE.
Small herbs; leaves in a basal rosette; flowers very small,
solitary or in umbels; calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube; corolla
salver-shaped or funnelform, 5-parted, the lobes erect or spread-
ing, the tube shorter than the calyx; capsule 5-valved.
PRIMULACEAE. 285
Androsace filiformis Retz. Glabrous annual; leaves basal in a rosette,
ovate, obtuse, entire or denticulate; scapes 2-10 cm. high; bracts of the in-
volucre subulate; pedicels capillary, 1-2 cm. long; calyx globose in fruit, the
lobes triangular; corolla white, longer than the calyx; capsule globose.
In wet places, Forest Grove, Oregon, Marsh.
391. TRIENTALIS. STAR-FLOWER.
Low smooth perennials, with simple erect stems; leaves few,
alternate, mostly clustered at the summit of the stem, the lower
ones reduced to scales; peduncles several, slender, each bearing
a solitary flower; corolla rotate, 7-parted, rarely 5-, 6- or 8-
parted; filaments slender, united at the base; anthers oblong,
haere after dehiscing; style filiform; ovary free; capsule few-
seeded.
Leaves acute, clustered at top. T. latifolia.
Leaves obtuse, scattered along the stem. T. arctica,
Trientalis latifolia Hook. Stems 10-30 cm. high, from small rather deep-
seated tubers; leaves 4-7, whorled near the top, lanceolate to oblong-oval,
acute, 3-8 cm. long, short-petioled; pedicels very slender, shorter than the
leaves; corolla lobes pink, lanceolate, acuminate.
In woods, very common.
Trientalis arctica Fisch. Stems 5-10 cm. high, with scattered obtuse or
retuse leaves; corolla nearly white.
In cranberry bogs, not rare.
392. GLAUX.
Low leafy fleshy perennials; leaves opposite, entire, sessile;
flowers sessile, solitary-axillary; calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the
lobes ovate or oblong, petal-like; corolla none; stamens 5, on the
base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes; capsule 5-valved, few-
seeded.
Glaux maritima L. Glabrous and glaucous, 8-20 cm. high, usually erect;
leaves oblong or ovate, fleshy, mostly opposite, 4-12 mm. long; flowers in the
axils, pink.
On the seashore, common.
393. ANAGALLIS. PIMPERNEL.
Low spreading annual herbs; leaves opposite or whorled,
entire; flowers solitary-axillary, peduncled; corolla rotate, with a
very short tube, the lobes broad; stamens 5; filaments bearded;
capsule circumscissile, many-seeded.
‘Anagallis arvensis L. Annual, glabrous; stems decumbent or ascending,
10-20 cm. high; leaves ovate, sessile; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers
orange-scarlet, sometimes white; petals obovate, minutely glandular-ciliate.
Introduced from Europe in fields and waste places.
286 PLUMBAGINACEAE,
394, LYSIMACHIA. LoosEstrRIFE.
Leafy-stemmed perennial herbs; leaves mostly opposite or
whorled, usually glandular-dotted; flowers yellow, in racemes or
solitary-axillary; calyx 5-6-parted; corolla rotate, the lobes en-
tire, bearing no teeth between the lobes; stamens slightly united
at base, often unequal; capsule few to several-seeded.
Flowers in a raceme; corolla with dark dots. L. terrestris. ;
Flowers solitary, axillary; corolla not dotted. L. nummularia.
Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. Glabrous; stems erect, 30-80 cm. high,
sometimes bulbiferous in the leaf-axils; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end,
mostly opposite, the upper reduced to linear or subulate floral bracts; flowers
racemose, on slender pedicels; corolla yellow with dark dots, the lobes oblong-
lanceolate.
In cranberry bogs, Willapa Harbor, Washington, Cora B. Eaton. Doubt-
less introduced with cranberry plants from the eastern states.
Lysimachia nummularia L. Moneywort. Stems creeping, 10-30 cm. long;
herbage glabrous; leaves numerous, orbicular, short petioled; flowers solitary,
axillary; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate; corolla 2-3 cm. broad, not dotted, the
lobes ovate, obtuse; filaments broadened and slightly united at base.
Portland,’ Oregon, Gorman. Introduced from Europe.
395. NAUMBURGIA.
Erect perennial leafy herbs with slender rootstocks; leaves
opposite, sessile, punctate; flowers in axillary spikes; calyx 5-7-
divided, the segments linear; corolla deeply 5—7-parted, the tube
very short and the segments narrow, with or without a small
tooth in each sinus; stamens 5-7, distinct, equal; capsule 5-7-
valved, few-seeded.
Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby. Glabrous or nearly so; stems simple,
20-60 cm. high, erect, from creeping rootstocks; leaves lanceolate, sessile,
3-5 cm. long, the lower ones reduced and scale-like; peduncles axillary from
the 1-4 middle pairs of leaves; flowers small, in a dense oblong spike, pale
yellow; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, acute; capsule glandular-dotted.
In swamps, rare in our limits.
Family 77. PLUMBAGINACEAE. Lrapworr FamILy.
Herbs with regular flowers; calyx gamosepalous, of 5 plaited
lobes; corolla of 5 nearly distinct or united petals; stamens 5,
opposite the corolla-lobes, hypogynous or adnate to their bases;
anthers 2-celled; styles 5, distinct or united; ovary superior,
1-celled, with one ovule on a slender stalk rising from the base
of the cavity; fruit a 1-seeded utricle.
396. STATICE.
Stemless densely tufted perennial herbs; leaves narrow, linear
broad and petioled, persistent; flowers rose-colored, in a head
OLEACEAE. 287
on a naked scape but subtended by a reversed sheath; calyx
scarious, funnelform; corolla of 5 nearly distinct long-clawed
petals; stamens 5, on the bases of the petals; styles 5, filiform,
free or united only at the base, glabrous or delicately plumose
below, stigmatic on the inner side; fruit a utricle.
Statice armeria L. Thrift. Perennial, tufted; leaves numerous, narrow,
linear, 3-6 cm. long; scapes 10-30 cm. high; bracts scarious, obtuse; calyx-tube
10-nerved, pubescent, the lobes cuspidate; corolla pink.
In sandy or gravelly soil, British Columbia to California.
Family 78. OLEACEAE. OLive FamI_y.
Trees or shrubs with opposite pinnate or simple leaves; flowers
usually in racemes or panicles; calyx gamosepalous and 4-cleft,
toothed, or entire, or none; corolla 4-merous, gamopetalous or
polypetalous, or none; stamens usually 2; ovary 2-celled, with 2
ovules in each cell.
397. FRAXINUS. Asu.
Large trees with petioled pinnate leaves; flowers in crowded
panicles or racemes from the axils of leaves of the previous season,
dioecious, polygamous or monoecious; calyx small and 4-cleft, or
entire, or none; petals none; stamens usually 2; anthers large;
style 1; stigma 2-cleft; fruit 1—-2-celled flattened, 1—-2-seeded.
Fraxinus oregana Nutt. Oregon Ash. Tree, 20-40 m. high; bark pale,
longitudinally ridged; leaflets 5-7, oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
entire, 5-10 cm. long; flowers dioecious, appearing with the leaves; fruit ob-
lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long.
In low ground, common.
Family 79. GENTIANACEAE. GentTIAN FamILy.
Mostly herbs; leaves entire, opposite, sessile, without stipules;
flowers perfect, regular, solitary or clustered; corolla gamo-
petalous, 4-12-parted; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and
alternate with them, epipetalous; ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal
placentae; fruit a capsule, usually 2-valved; seeds numerous;
endosperm copious.
Style filiform, usually decidous; anthers oblong to
linear, mostly twisting or curving with age. 398. CENTAURIUM, 287.
Style stout and persistent or none; anthers remaining
straight. 399. GENTIANA, 288.
398. CENTAURIUM.
Low branching annual herbs; leaves sessile or clasping; flowers
white or reddish; calyx 4- or 5-parted; corolla funnel or salver-
288 GENTIANACEAE.
form, 4- or 5-parted, the tube slender; anthers exserted, erect,
oblong to linear, twisting spirally with age; style filiform, usually
deciduous; stigmas capitate or 2-lipped.
Basal leaves in a rosette. C. centaurium.
Basal leaves not in a rosette. C. minimum.
Centaurium centaurium (L.) W. F. Wight. Glabrous; stems 15-30 cm.
high; leaves oblong, acutish, 2-5 cm. long, the cauline sessile, the basal petioled
and forming a rosette; flowers numerous, in a compound flat-topped cyme;
corolla red, 10 mm. long, its lobes obtuse.
In waste places, introduced from Europe.
Centaurium minimum (Howell) Piper n. comb. (Erythraea minima
Howell.) Stems filiform, simple or sparingly branched, 1-2 inches high;
leaves lanceolate, acute, 2-6 mm. long; flowers racemosely disposed, all
pedicellate; lobes of the pink or white corolla lanceolate, acute, 4 mm. long,
more than half as long as the tube; anthers oblong; lobes of the style fan-
shaped; seeds globular, strongly pitted.
“In wet places, throughout western Oregon.’’ From the description the
plant is very closely allied to C. muhlenbergii (Griseb.) W. F. Wight.
399. GENTIANA. GENTIAN.
Herbs; leaves opposite; flowers solitary or in cymes, showy, in
late summer or autumn; calyx 4- or 5-cleft; corolla funnelform or
bell-shaped, 4- or 5-lobed, regular, without glands, often with in-
termediate plaited folds which bear appendages at the sinuses;
anthers remaining straight with age; style stout, persistent or
none; stigmas 2.
Annuals; corollas small, less than 2 cm. long.
Corolla without appendages between the lobes. G. acuta.
Corolla with bifid appendages between the lobes. G. douglasiana.
Perennials; corollas 3 cm. or more long, with appendages be-
tween the lobes.
Stems 15-30 cm. high, clustered, mostly 1-flowered. G. calycosa.
Stems taller, mostly solitary, several-many-flowered. G. sceptrum.
Gentiana acuta Michx. Annual, erect, simple, or with few erect branches,
glabrous, 5-40 cm. high; leaves rather few, the basal spatulate-oblanceolate,
obtuse, petioled; cauline oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, sessile, 5-30 mm.
long; peduncles from the axils of most of the leaves, 1-4 cm. long; calyx cleft
below the middle, the lobes acute, usually very unequal; corolla 5-15 mm.
long, without folds in the sinuses, the acutish lobes with a fringe of bristles on
their bases within.
In open woods, rare in our limits.
Gentiana douglasiana Bong. Annual; stems slender, cymosely branched,
10-20 cm. high; leaves ovate, the basal ones in a rosette, the cauline several
pairs, 4-8 mm. long; flowers white, in a loose cyme; calyx 5-cleft; corolla 8 mm.
long, funnelform, with oblong lobes shorter than the tube, the accessory lobes
2-cleft; capsule stalked.
In bogs, Alaska to Vancouver Island, British Columbia; Port Renfrew,
British Columbia, Rosendahl & Brand. Said to have been collected near
Snohomish, Washington, and reported by Hooker from Fort Vancouver,
Washington.
MENYANTHACEAE. 289
Gentiana calycosa Griseb. Stems tufted, simple, 10-20 cm. high; leaves
several pairs, ovate, the uppermost involucrate about the usually solitary
flower; corolla deep blue, bell-shaped, 3-4 cm. long.
Common along rills in the mountains at about 2000 m. elevation.
Gentiana sceptrum Griseb. Perennial, erect, 60-90 cm. high, pale green,
simple or branched above; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, mostly acute,
4-8 cm. long; flowers clustered, sometimes dense; calyx-lobes unequal, lanceo-
late or narrowly oblong, sometimes as long as the tube; corolla bell-shaped,
blue, usually dark spotted within, 3-5 cm. long.
In bogs. Very variable as to calyx-lobes; forms with narrow lance-linear
leaves have been referred to G. menziesii Griseb.
Family 80. MENYANTHACEAE. BuckKBEAN FAMILy.
Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with basal or alternate entire
crenate or trifoliolate leaves; flowers clustered, regular, perfect;
calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent; corolla funnelform to rotate,
5-lobed or 5-cleft; stamens 5, epipetalous, alternate with the
corolla-lobes; style long, short, or none; ovary 1-celled with two
parietal placentae; fruit dehiscent or indehiscent.
Leaves trifoliolate; corolla lobes fimbriate. 400. MENVYANTHES, 289.
Leaves simple, reniform; corolla lobes entire. 401. NEPHROPHYLLIDIUM, 289.
400. MENYANTHES. BucKBEAN.
Perennial herbs with thick creeping rootstocks sheathed by
the membranous bases of the petioles; leaves trifoliolate; calyx
5-parted; corolla furinelform, 5-cleft; style slender, persistent;
stigma 2-lobed; capsule bursting irregularly, many-seeded.
Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean. Perennial from scaly rootstocks;
leaves trifoliolate, the petioles sheathing at base; leaflets oblong to obovate,
entire, obtuse; peduncles stout; racemes 10-20-flowered; corolla white or
rose-tinged, its lobes bearded above; capsule ovoid.
In sphagnum bogs and shallow lakes.
401. NEPHROPHYLLIDIUM.
Perennial marsh herbs with creeping rootstocks; basal leaves
reniform, deeply and coarsely crenate, 7-nerved at the base, long
petioled; flowers white, in short panicled cymes on scapes; calyx
deeply parted into 5 elongated lanceolate lobes; corolla short
funnelform, divided above the middle into 5 ovate obtuse lobes,
not bearded but with a median crest; stamens 5, on the corolla,
alternate with the lobes; style short or none; stigma large,
shield-shaped ; ovary 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, surrounded
at the base by 5 glands; capsule more or less spherical, open-
ing irregularly at the tip.
Nephrophyllidium crista-galli (Menzies) Gilg. Leaves reniform, crenate,
20
290 APOCYNACEAE.
5-12 cm. broad, sometimes notched at the apex; scapes 30-60 cm. high;
flowers white, in a cyme; corolla lobes not bearded but with a median crest.
In bogs, Alaska to British Columbia and Granville, Washington, where it
was collected by Conard.
Family 81. APOCYNACEAE. DoGBane FAMILy.
Herbs (in ours) with acrid milky juice; leaves entire, opposite,
without stipules; flowers regular; calyx free from the ovaries;
corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed; stamens 5, alternate with the
corolla-lobes, epipetalous; pistils of two carpels, the ovaries
separate (in ours), the styles or stigmas united; fruit a pair of
follicles; seeds many, often downy-tufted at the apex; endosperm
not copious.
402. APOCYNUM. DocBane.
Perennial herbs; leaves opposite, mucronate-pointed; flowers
small, in cymes, on short pedicels; calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute;
corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 triangular appendages
below the throat, opposite the lobes; stamens 5, on the very base
of the corolla; fruit of two long and slender follicles; seed with a
tuft of long silky down at the apex.
Corolla lobes erect; leaves oval or oblong. A. cannabinum.
Corolla lobes spreading or recurved; leaves ovate. A. androsaemifolium.
Apocynum cannabinum L. Glabrous throughout or sometimes puberulent,
pale green; stems erect, branched above, 60-100 cm. high; leaves oblong-
elliptic or somewhat lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded or cuneate at
base, the margin slightly revolute, 2-6 cm. long; petioles 5-8 mm. long; calyx-
lobes lanceolate-acuminate, 2-3 times as long as the tube; corolla white, 3-5
mm. long, the lobes erect; pods reflexed, linear, tapering at each end, 6-8 cm.
long.
The common form in our region with corolla 3 mm. long and flowers in a
small terminal cyme surrounded by leafy branches has been considered a
distinct species, A. suksdorfit Greene.
Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Stems 30-90 cm. high; branches erect
or ascending, glabrous throughout or rarely puberulent, usually very flori-
ferous; leaves ovate, cuspidate, 1-4 cm. long, dark-green above, pale beneath,
short-petioled; flowers rose-colored; calyx-lobes about equalling the tube;
corolla 5-6 mm. long, the lobes recurved; pod 6-8 cm. long, spreading or
reflexed.
In dry open woods.
Family 82. CONVOLVULACEAE. Morninc Giory FAmILy.
Mostly twining or trailing herbs, often with milky juice;
leaves alternate; flowers regular, perfect, mostly showy; calyx
5-lobed; corolla gamopetalous, 5-plaited or lobed, convolute or
twisted in the bud; ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, the cells
CONVOLVULACEAE. 291
sometimes becoming 4 in the fruit by false partitions; fruit a
globular, 2—6-seeded capsule; endosperm mucilaginous.
403. CONVOLVULUS. Morninc GLory.
Herbs or somewhat woody plants, twining, erect or prostrate;
flowers 1 or 2 in the axils of the leaves; corolla funnelform to
campanulate; stamens included; style undivided, or 2-cleft only
at the apex; capsules globose, 2-celled or imperfectly 4-celled
by false partitions between the 2 seeds or by abortion 1-celled.
Calyx without bracts; stigma filiform. C. arvensis.
Calyx enclosed by two bracts; stigmas oblong to ovate.
Stigmas ovate; leaves fleshy. C. soldanella.
Stigmas oblong; leaves thin.
Bracts ovate, acute. C. sepium.
Bracts oval, obtuse. C. nyctagineus.
Convolvulus arvensis L. Whole plant pubescent; stems prostrate, trailing,
30-120 cm. long; leaves oblong or ovate, obtuse or acute, 1-4 cm. long,
sagittate or hastate or auricled at base; petioles 1-2 cm. long; peduncles longer
than the leaves, mostly 1- or 2-flowered; pedicels each with two small bracts;
corolla pinkish, 1-2 cm. long; stigmas thread-like.
A troublesome weed, native of Europe.
Convolvulus soldanella L. Stems trailing, 15-30 cm. long; leaves thick,
reniform, usually entire, glabrous, 2-5 cm. broad; bracts ovate, cordate, about
as long as the sepals; corolla purplish, 2-5 cm. long.
On the sandy seashore.
Convolvulus sepium L. Usually glabrous, climbing over shrubs to a height
of 2-3 m.; leaves sagittate or somewhat hastate, acuminate, 2-5 cm. long;
basal lobes entire or angularly 2-lobed; peduncles nearly as long as the leaves;
calyx enclosed by two large ovate bracts; corolla white, sometimes pink, 4-6
cm. long; stigmas capitate, oval or oblong.
Banks of streams, reported from the Willamette Valley.
Convolvulus nyctagineus Greene. Pubescent; stems slender, 5-30 cm.
long; leaves ovate or deltoid ovate, acute or obtuse, sometimes angularly lobed
at base, truncate or cuneate at base, 2-5 cm. long, on longer petioles; flowers
axillary, peduncled; bracts oval, obtuse, about as long as the calyx; sepals
obtuse, mucronate; corolla white, about 3 cm. broad.
Willamette Valley, Oregon, and southward.
Family 83. CUSCUTACEAE. DoppEr Famity.
Whitish or yellowish parasitic twining vines with leaves
reduced to minute alternate scales; sepals 5, separate or united
into a 5-lobed or parted calyx; corolla gamopetalous, urn-shaped
or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, usually with fimbriate or crenulate scales
on the tube alternating with the lobes; stamens 5, alternate with
the corolla-lobes; ovary globose to oblong, 2-celled; ovules 2 in
each cell; capsule circumscissile or indehiscent, 1—4-seeded.
292 CUSCUTACEAE.
404. CUSCUTA. Dopper.
Leafless annual herbs with yellow or reddish stems twining
and parasitic on the plants to which they cling; flowers small, clus-
tered; calyx 4- or 5-cleft or of 5 sepals; corolla urn- or bell-shaped,
4- or 5-cleft; stamens with a scale-like appendage at the base;
ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; capsule usually 4-seeded.
Stigmas filiform; corolla scales crenulate. C. epithymum.
Stigmas capitate; corolla scales fringed.
Capsule pointed; flowers subsessile. C. squamigera.
Capsule globose.
Flowers sessile; style shorter than the ovary. C. arvensis.
Flowers pedicelled; style as long as the ovary. C. cephalanthi.
Cuscuta epithymum Murr. Stems very slender, reddish; flowers in dense
clusters; calyx 4—5-lobed, the lobes acute; corolla white or pinkish, 4—5-lobed,
the lobes erect, acute, persisting on the capsule; scales crenulate, margined.
Parasitic on clover, thyme and other plants. Introduced from Europe.
Cuscuta squamigera (Engelm.) Piper. Stems slender, short; flowers
3-5 mm. long; calyx-lobes acute; corolla-lobes acute, denticulate, as long as the
tube; style not longer than the ovary; capsule pointed.
On herbaceous plants, in salt marshes.
Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Stems fine, pale yellow; flowers 1.5-2 mm. long,
in dense clusters; calyx-lobes obtuse, broad; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, slightly longer than the tube; scales large, oval, fringed; seeds 4.
Parasitic on clover and other low plants; introduced from the eastern states.
Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelm. Stems coarse, dark yellow; flowers 2 mm.
long, on thick pedicels, in loose clusters; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, about as
long as the tube; corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse, shorter than the tube; scales
fringed.
Parasitic on shrubs or tall herbs; rare in our limits.
Family 84. POLEMONIACEAE. PuHtox Famity.
Herbs; leaves alternate or opposite, simple or divided, without
stipules; flowers regular, perfect, 5-merous, except the pistils;
corolla gamopetalous, convolute in the bud; lobes not plaited;
stamens epipetalous, alternate with the corolla-lobes, distinct;
style 3-lobed; ovary 3-celled; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, the
valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column;
seeds few-many; seed-coats when wetted commonly becoming
mucilaginous and developing spiricles.
Calyx distended and at length burst by the capsule.
Corolla large, salverform; leaves all opposite, en-
tire; seeds not becoming mucilaginous when
wetted; ours all suffruticose perennials. 405. PHLOox, 293.
Corolla tubular, funnelform or salverform, usu-
ally small; leaves mostly alternate, usually
not entire. 406. Gitta, 293.
POLEMONIACEAE. 293
Calyx not distended nor burst by the capsule.
Corolla rotate (in ours); leaves pinnate, the leaf-
lets entire. 407. PoLemMonium, 294.
Corolla not rotate.
Calyx-lobes spine-tipped; leaves pinnatifid. 408. NAVARRETIA, 294,
Calyx-lobes not spine-tipped; leaves entire or
pinnatifid. 409. CoLLomia, 296.
405. PHLOX.
Perennial herbs or half shrubby plants; leaves opposite, sessile,
entire; flowers in cymes, terminal or in the upper axils, mostly
bracted; calyx narrow, 5-cleft, at length distended and burst by
the capsule; corolla salverform with a long tube, a narrow opening
‘and broad or rounded lobes; stamens included, very unequally
inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube; ovules 1 or some-
times 2; capsules ovoid, with but one seed in each cell.
Loosely tufted, the leaves not crowded; flowers in cymes. P. adsurgens.
Densely tufted with crowded leaves; flowers solitary.
Calyx woolly; leaves not ciliate. P. diffusa.
Calyx glabrous; leaves hispid-ciliate. P. condensata.
Phlox adsurgens Torr. Glabrous except the inflorescence; stems spreading
or ascending, 15-40 cm. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, acute, 1-2 cm.
long; calyx scarious between the angles, glandular-pubescent, the teeth
shorter than the tube; corolla pink, its tube twice as long as the calyx, its lobes
ovate, sometimes retuse.
In open woods, western Oregon, perhaps not in our limits.
Phlox diffusa Hook. Stems prostrate; leaves clustered, linear, sharp-
pointed, glabrous, 6-12 mm. long; calyx-teeth as long as the tube; corolla pale
violet or nearly white, the obovate lobes 6-9 mm. long.
In the mountains, above timber line, often forming large mats.
Phlox condensata (Gray) E. Nelson. Minutely glandular, densely tufted;
leaves much crowded, oblong-linear, rigid, longitudinally grooved, ciliate-
margined, 5-6 mm. long; calyx 5 mm _ long, its teeth linear, apiculate; corolla
white, the tube nearly twice the calyx, the rounded lobes 4-5 mm. long;
style short.
Olympic and Cascade Mountainsat high altitudes, growing on rocks.
406. GILIA.
Herbs or half-shrubby plants; leaves alternate or opposite;
calyx narrow, the lobes acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses,
becoming distended and finally burst by the capsule; corolla
tubular-funnelform, the limb little spreading (in ours); stamens
equally or unequally inserted; capsules with 1-many seeds.
Perennials. G. nuttalliz.
Annuals.
Leaves or some of them opposite. :
Leaves all opposite, dissected into filiform segments. G. bicolor.
Lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate, allentire. G. gracilis.
Leaves all alternate. ;
Calyx glabrous; corolla 8-10 mm. long. G. capitata.
Calyx woolly; corolla 10-12 mm. long. G. achilleaefolia.
294 POLEMONIACEAE.
Gilia nuttallii Gray. Perennial, tufted from a woody base, somewhat
puberulent; stems erect, 10-30cm. high, mostly simple; leaves sessile, opposite,
palmately parted into 3-7 segments, these linear, somewhat rigid, mucronate,
scabrous, 1-2 cm. long; flowers in a terminal dense cluster; calyx-lobes subulate-
lanceolate, rigid; corolla white, with yellow throat, the tube puberulent on the
outside, not exceeding the calyx, the lobes obovate, 6-7 mm. long; ovules 2
in each cell.
Mount Rainier, at 2000 m. elevation, E. C. Smith; Goat Mountains, Allen.
Gilia bicolor (Nutt.) Piper. Annual, pubescent; stems slender, 5-10 cm.
high, mostly simple; leaves palmately parted into thread-like sharp-pointed
divisions, 4-10 mm. long; corolla with a very slender yellow tube, 12-20 mm.
long, the small pink limb 6 mm. broad.
In dry soil, common.
Gilia gracilis (Dougl.) Hook. Annual; erect, usually simple, 10-30 cm.’
high, branched above, glabrous below, pubescent and glandular above; leaves
sessile, entire, the lower opposite, oblong or obovate, 1-2 cm. long, the upper
alternate, lanceolate, acute, 2-4 cm. long; flowers solitary in the forks or axils,
short-pedicelled, somewhat cymose through the reduction of the leaves; calyx-
lobes subulate, mucronate, twice as long as the campanulate tube, this at
length splitting to the base; corolla tubular-salverform, 8-10 mm. long, the
tube yellow, not longer than the calyx-lobes, the limb purple-pink; stamens
unequally inserted; ovules and seeds solitary in each cell; seed-coats without
spiricles.
Common in open ground.
Gilia capitata Hook. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, erect,
loosely branched, 20-60 cm. high; leaves alternate, once or twice pinnately
divided into very narrow segments; flowers pale blue, in dense globose clusters
terminating long naked peduncles; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate, about as
long as the tube; corolla 8-10 mm. long, the oblong or linear lobes as long as
the tube, which is but little dilated in the throat; seeds developing mucilage
and spiricles when wetted.
In sandy or gravelly soil, in open places.
Gilia achilleaefolia Benth. Very similar to G. capitata; herbage slightly
pubescent; heads only moderately compact; calyx somewhat tomentose,
pubescent, its lobes ovate, spine-tipped, longer than the tube; corolla pale
blue, dilated in the throat, the lobes obovate or broadly oblong.
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California, in sandy soil, not
common.
407. POLEMONIUM. Jacos’s LADDER.
Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, pinnate, with
entire leaflets; flowers in corymbs, nearly bractless; calyx rotate
or campanulate, the tube very short; stamens equally inserted
at the summit of the corolla-tube; capsule few—several-seeded.
Annual; corolla white, nearly rotate. P. micranthum.
Perennial; corolla campanulate.
Densely cespitose, 5-10 cm. high; herbage glandular.
Viscid-glandular throughout; flowers violet with yel-
low eye. P. elegans.
Less viscid, sparsely pilose throughout; flowers white
or pale blue. P. viscosum.
Loosely cespitose, 15-30 cm. high, scarcely glandular.
Lobes of the calyx as long as the tube. P. humile.
Lobes of the calyx twice as long as the tube. P. carneum.
POLEMONIACEAE. 295
Polemonium micranthum Benth. Annual, branched from the base,
spreading, 6-20 cm. high, somewhat viscidly pubescent throughout; leaves
mostly petioled, 1-4 cm. long; leaflets 5-13, obovate or lanceolate, acute or
obtuse, 3-8 mm. long; peduncles solitary, opposite the leaves; calyx-lobes
triangular, as long as the broadly campanulate tube; corolla white, rotate,
not equalling the calyx; ovules 2 or 3 in each cell.
In dry open places, rare in our limits.
Polemonium elegans Greene. Perennial, viscid-pubescent; stem 5-12 cm.
high; leaflets numerous, crowded, obovate or elliptical, 2-4 mm. long; flowers
in'a dense cyme; corolla violet, with a broad yellow throat.
Cascade Mountains at 2000-3000 m. elevation.
Polemonium viscosum pilosum Greenman. Perennial, pilose-pubescent
and somewhat viscid-glandular; stems 6-10 cm. high; leaflets numerous,
moderately crowded, thickish, ovate, 2-3 mm. long; calyx campanulate, the
lobes oblong-ovate to oblong, obtuse; corolla white or pale blue with a yellow
center, 8-10 mm. long; filaments naked at base.
Goat Mountains, Washington, Allen.
Polemonium humile R. & S. Perennial, loosely tufted, viscid-puberulent;
stems 15-30 cm. high, bearing 1-3 leaves; leaflets 15-21, oblong-lanceolate
to oval, 10-15 mm. long; flowers blue, in open cymes; calyx-lobes triangular,
about as long as the tube; corolla campanulate-funnelform, the broad rounded
lobes longer than the tube; filaments hairy at base; capsule 2—4-seeded.
The plant has an unpleasant odor. At about the limit of trees in the moun-
tains, common.
Polemonium carneum Gray. Perennial, nearly glabrous; stems ascending
or erect, 15-60 cm. high, leafy; leaflets 11-21, lanceolate to oblong-ovate,
acute, 1-5 cm. long; cymes few-flowered; calyx campanulate, 1-2 cm. long, more
or less pubescent, the narrow acute lobes about twice as long as the tube;
corolla salmon-colored or blue, the rounded lobes longer than the tube; fila-
ments dilated and pilose at base; seeds 2-4 in each cell.
Chehalis County, Washington, to middle California. As here delimited the
species is quite variable in regard to the number and size of the leaflets, the
amount of pubescence on the calyx, and especially the color of the corolla
which in the original specimen is flesh-colored. P. amoenum Piper seems only
a blue-flowered form, and P. lutewm Howell is probably only a yellow-flowered
variety.
408. NAVARRETIA.
Glabrous or viscid-pubescent annual herbs; leaves all alternate,
pinnatifid, setaceous or spiny; flowers crowded in bracteate
clusters on the ends of the branches; calyx-tube scarious, not
becoming distended and not burst by the capsule, the ribs
prolonged into unequal bristle-tipped lobes; corolla tubular;
capsule 1-3-celled, 1-many-seeded.
Herbage glandular-viscid with a bad odor. N. squarrosa.
Herbage neither glandular nor with a bad odor. N. intertexta.
Navarretia squarrosa (Esch.) Hook. & Arn. Skunk Weed. Annual, gland-
ular, erect or spreading, simple or much branched, 10-30 cm. high, very leafy;
leaves mostly alternate, pinnately parted and the segments cleft or parted,
the lobes sharp pointed, the upper ones and the bracts becoming spine-like;
calyx-lobes subulate, spiny-tipped, usually entire, longer than the tube; corolla
296 POLEMONIACEAE.
pale blue, 8-10 mm. long, the tube shorter than the calyx, the limb small;
stamens included; ovules 8-12 in each cell.
Common in open places, very ill-smelling.
Navarretia intertexta (Benth.) Hook. Annual; stems erect and simple
below or more commonly much branched and spreading, 5-15 cm. high,
pubescent; leaves all alternate, once or twice pinnately cleft into linear spines-
cent lobes, glabrous or nearly so; flowers crowded in head-like clusters, the
bracts and calyx-tube villous with white hairs; calyx-lobes more or less cleft
into spinose divisions; corolla tubular, funnelform, pale blue, equalling the
calyx-lobes, 5-6 mm. long; stamens exserted; ovules and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell;
seed-coats developing spiricles.
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California, in dry open places.
409. COLLOMIA.
Herbs with alternate entire leaves; calyx not distended by the
capsule, obconical, the lobes not spine-tipped; corolla tubular
funnelform, with open throat and a spreading limb of short obtuse
lobes; stamens unequally inserted on the corolla tube; capsule
narrowed at the base; seeds usually 1 in each cell, mucilaginous
and forming spiricles when wetted.
Leaves entire.
Corolla salmon-colored, 2-3 cm. long. C. grandiflora.
Corolla pink, 1 cm. long. C. linearis.
Leaves more or less dissected.
Annual; leaves pinnate. C. heterophylla.
Perennial; leaves palmate. C. debilis.
Collomia grandiflora Dougl. Annual, erect, usually simple, 30-40 cm.
high, viscid-glandular below; leaves sessile, all alternate, lanceolate or linear,
the upper broader, all entire, 2—6 cm. long; flowers crowded in a terminal head-
like cluster; calyx obconical, the lobes broad, obtuse, shorter than the tube;
corolla salmon-color, narrowly funnelform, 15-25 mm. long; stamens unequally
inserted; ovules and_ seeds solitary in the cells, the seed-coats developing
spiricles when wetted.
In dry open woods.
Collomia linearis Nutt. Annual, erect, simple or branched above, 10-30
cm. high, pubescent throughout or glabrous below, glandular above; leaves
sessile, alternate, linear or lanceolate, acute, entire, 2-6 cm. long; flowers
crowded in head-like clusters; calyx-lobes triangular, acute, as long as the
obconic tube; corolla pink, 8-10 mm. long, slender-tubular, the lobes small;
stamens unequally inserted; ovules and seeds solitary in each cell; seed-coats
with spiricles.
In low ground, not rare.
Collomia heterophylla Hook. Annual, the stems usually decumbent,
10-20 cm. long; leaves all alternate, pinnatifid with the lobes entire or again
cleft, or the upper ones less lobed or even entire; flowers in a dense leafy-
bracted cyme; corolla purplish, 10-12 mm. long.
In moist open woods,common. First found at Fort Vancouver by Douglas.
Collomia debilis (Wats.) Greene. Perennial; stems loosely tufted; leaves
oblong, 3-7-cleft or some entire; flowers crowded in a leafy head; corolla pur-
plish, 12-16 mm. long.
Growing in loose rock at high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 207
Family 85. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. WATERLEAF FAMILY.
Herbs, commonly hairy; leaves mostly alternate; flowers per-
fect, regular, on naked 1-flowered scapes or in dense one-sided
cymes or false racemes; calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals; corolla
gamopetalous, deeply 5-lobed; stamens on the corol'a-tube, alter-
nate with its lobes; style 2-cleft, or styles 2 and separate; ovary
entire, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placetae or 2-celled by the
union of the placentae; fruit a 2-valved 4—many-seeded capsule;
endosperm copious.
Styles entire. 410. RoMANzoFFIA, 297.
Styles 2-cleft.
Corolla imbricated in bud; placentae narrow. 411. PHACELIA, 297.
Corolla convolute in bud; placentae broad.
Perennials; stamens exserted. 412. HyDROPHYLLUM, 298.
Annuals; stamens included. 413. NEMOPHILA, 299.
410. ROMANZOFFIA.
Low and delicate perennial herbs; leaves mainly radical,
cordate or reniform, crenately 7-11-lobed, long-petioled; flowers
on a scape, ina loose raceme or panicle; calyx deeply 5-parted;
corolla white or pinkish, more or less funnelform, not ap-
pendaged within; stamens unequal, on the base of the corolla;
style filiform; stigma small, entire; ovary and capsule 2-celled
or nearly so; ovules and seeds numerous.
Herbage glabrous or nearly so; pedicels longer than the flow-
ers in anthesis. R. sitchensis.
Herbage pubescent; pedicels shorter than the flowers in
anthesis. R. unalaschensis.
Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. Nearly glabrous; leaves thin, reniform,
crenately 7~11-lobed, 1-2 cm. broad, long-petioled; scapes 6-15 cm. high,
branched, loosely flowered; calyx much shorter than the corolla; corolla white,
the lobes orbicular; style filiform: capsule retuse.
On moist cliffs in the mountains; rootstocks bearing small tubers.
Romanzoffia unalaschensis Cham. Pubescent especially the inflores-
cence, somewhat bulbous at base; leaves thick, reniform to orbicular, usually
with 9 short lobes; scapes erect, rarely with a single leaf, 8-12 cm. high;
racemes short; pedicels erect; calyx-lobes nearly as long as the corolla; corolla
white, somewhat funnelform; style short; capsule obtuse.
Cape Elizabeth, Washington, Foster, and north to Alaska.
411. PHACELIA.
Perennial or mostly annual herbs; leaves simple, lobed or
divided, alternate, or the lowest opposite; flowers in one-sided
raceme-like cymes; calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes usually
narrow and similar; corolla from almost rotate to narrow-funnel-
298 HYDROPHYLLACEAE,
form, commonly with appendages inside of the tube, consisting
of 10 vertical plaits in pairs between the bases of the filaments;
stamens equally inserted at or near the base of the corolla;
ovary with narrow parietal placentae; ovules and seeds 4-
numerous.
Leaves with many lobes. P. sericea.
Leaves entire or with few lobes or divisions.
Flowers bright blue, rather large. P. linearis.
Flowers whitish, rather small. P. nemoralis.
Phacelia sericea (Graham) Gray. Perennial; stems 15-20 cm. high, leafy;
leaves silky-pubescent, pinnate, with numerous narrow lobes; flowers in a
dense spike-like cyme; corolla violet.
In the Cascade and Olympic Mountains, at high elevations. A very
handsome species.
Phacelia linearis (Pursh) Holzinger. Annual, 10-50 cm. high, simple
below the inflorescence; whole plant rough-hairy, usually with some shorter
white pubescence; leaves sessile, linear or lanceolate, entire or cleft into 2-5
narrow lobes; inflorescence usually branched, consisting of spike-like racemes;
pedicels short; calyx-lobes linear, hispid-ciliate; corolla violet-blue, nearly
rotate, 12-15 mm. broad; appendages 10, narrow, free from the filaments;
stamens equalling the corolla; filaments sparsely hairy; style 2-cleft; capsule
shorter than the calyx; ovules 12-16; seeds pitted-reticulate.
Dry prairies, rare in our limits; Whidby Island, Gardner.
Phacelia nemoralis Greene. Hirsute-pubescent throughout but green,
not hoary; leaves long-petioled, ovate-oblong, entire, simple or the lower ones
with one or two pairs of small leaflets; flowers in dense spike-like cymes;
corolla greenish-yellow.
Dry prairies, not common. Very closely related to P. heterophylla Pursh
which differs mainly in the herbage being canescent.
412. HYDROPHYLLUM. WaArTERLEAF.
Perennial herbs; leaves long-petioled, mostly pinnately-parted;
flowers white or violet, in cymose dense clusters; calyx 5-parted
into narrow divisions; corolla bell-shaped, a nectariferous grooved
appendage opposite each lobe; stamens and style exserted beyond
the corolla-lobes; ovary lined with dilated and fleshy placentae;
ovules 4; capsule 2-valved, 1—4-seeded.
Calyx-lobes smooth on the back; flowers pale violet; basal leaves
with 5 approximate segments. H. tenuipes.
Calyx-lobes pubescent on the back; flowers white; leaves with
5-9 scattered segments, paler beneath. HZ. albifrons.
Hydrophyllum tenuipes Heller. Stems about 30 cm. high; leaves long-
petioled, nearly all 5-parted or divided; segments close together, acuminate,
coarsely toothed or incised, somewhat paler beneath; calyx-lobes bristly-
margined, otherwise smooth; corolla pale violet.
In moist woods, common. <A form which occurs near Ilwaco has darker
flowers and thicker doubly dentate leaves. It may be distinct.
Hydrophyllum albifrons Heller. Roots densely fascicled; stems 30-40 cm.
high, exceeded by the leaves, sparingly hairy; leaves 10-20 cm. long, pinnately
HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 299
5-7-divided; divisions ovate, incisely and coarsely cleft and toothed, 3-6 cm.
long; lower petioles elongated; inflorescence a rather dense cyme, exceeding the
leaves; calyx soft-hispid, deeply 5-parted into lanceolate divisions, without
appendages in the sinuses; corolla whitish.
In mountain meadows.
413. NEMOPHILA.
Diffuse and tender annual herbs; leaves opposite or partly
alternate, pinnatifid or lobed; peduncles terminal or lateral,
1-flowered, slender; calyx enlarging more or less in fruit, 5-parted,
with a reflexed appendage at each sinus; corolla rotate or nearly
campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, the throat appendaged more or
less with 10 internal scales or plaits; stamens and style shorter
than the corolla; ovules 4 or many; capsule 2-valved, ripening
1-16 seeds.
Flowers large, 10-20 mm. broad; peduncles mostly twice as
long as the leaves. N. atomaria.
Bip small, 2-7 mm. broad; peduncles about as long as the
eaves.
Corolla tubular; leaves ovate in outline, acutely 5-lobed. N. parviflora.
Corolla campanulate; leaves oblong in outline, obtusely 5—
7-lobed. N. sepulta.
Nemophila atomaria Fisch. & Meyer. Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate or
suborbicular, pinnately 5-9-lobed; peduncles twice as long as the leaves;
calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate; corolla white or pale blue, dotted or veined with
black, hairy at the center.
Douglas County, Oregon, and southward.
Nemophila parviflora Doug]. Stems prostrate or procumbent, 5-15 cm. long;
leaves mostly opposite, ovate in outline, pinnately 5-lobed, the lobes acute;
peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, not deflexed in age; corolla short
tubular, white, 2-5 mm. broad.
Common in moist open places.
Nemophila sepulta Parish. (N. densa Howell.) Prostrate or decumbent,
the branches usually short, 2-5 cm. long; leaves opposite, oblong, pinnately
5-7-lobed, the lobes mostly obtuse; peduncles about as long as the leaves, at
length deflexed; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 2-5 mm. long; corolla open-campanu-
late, white, often dotted with blue specks in the center, 3-7 mm. broad.
Rare, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California.
Family 86. BORAGINACEAE. Borace FamILy.
Mostly rough-hairy herbs; leaves alternate, entire, without
stipules; flowers regular, perfect; calyx 5-parted; corolla 5-lobed,
sometimes with projecting appendages or swellings (fornices) in
the throat; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; style 1; ovary
usually deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, or
separating into two 2-seeded nutlets; nutlets attached by the
base or inner angle or face to the receptacle, which is sometimes
elongated (the gynobase) ; endosperm none.
300 BORAGINACEAE,
Mature fruits are necessary for accurate determinations in this
family.
Nutlets armed with barbed prickles.
Nutlets erect, prickly on the margins and
sometimes on the back. 414. Lappura, 300.
Nutlets spreading, prickly all over. 415. CynoGcLossum, 301.
Nutlets not armed with barbed prickles.
Corolla tubular or tubular-funnelform, blue. 416. MERTENsIA, 301.
Corolla funnelform or rotate.
Nutlets erect, attached by the very base.
Racemes_ bractless; corolla rotate;
roots slender. 417. Myosotis, 302.
Racemes bracteate; corolla funnel-
form; roots thick. 418. LITHOSPERMUM, 303.
Nutlets erect or oblique, attached above
the base, with a more or less promi-
nent fruiting receptacle (gynobase).
Corolla yellow or orange, with a naked
open throat. 419. AMsINCKIA, 303.
Corolla white or blue with more or less
prominent swellings in the
throat.
Gynobase elongate, the nutlets at-
tached by one-third their length
or more. 420. CrypTantua, 303.
Gynobase low.
Nutlets oblique or incurved,
attached about the middle by
a caruncle-like process; leaves
all alternate. 421. PLAGIoBoTHRYS, 304.
Nutlets attached just inside the
base; lower leaves opposite. 422. ALLocaRvA, 304.
414. LAPPULA.
Annual, biennial or perennial rough-hairy herbs; flowers small,
in racemes or spikes; calyx 5-parted, reflexed or open in fruit;
corolla short-salverform or somewhat funnelform, white or blue,
the throat closed with prominent appendages (fornices); nutlets
attached by some part of the inner angle or face to the gynobase,
armed either along a distinct margin or more or less over the
whole back with backwardly-barbed prickles.
Lateral prickles of the fruit united. L. cupulata.
Lateral prickles of the fruit free. L. occidentalis.
Lappula cupulata (Gray) Rydb. Annual, erect, loosely branched, 15-50
cm. high, hispid-pubescent throughout; leaves all sessile, linear, obtuse, 1-3
cm. long; racemes becoming very loose and elongated, leafy-bracteate; pedicels
stout, shorter than the calyx; corolla very small, white or blue, its tube barely
as long as the calyx; nutlets convex on the back, granular-roughened, the
margins with a border of united prickles, thus forming a shallow cup; ventral
face convex, covered with whitish tubercles; scar Jong and narrow, nearly as
long as the nutlet.
Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun.
BORAGINACEAE. 301
Lappula occidentalis (Wats.) Rydb. Very similar to L. cupulata; the
flowers white or pale blue; marginal prickles of the nutlets separate or barely
united at base.
Victoria, Macoun; common cast of the Cascade Mountains.
415. CYNOGLOSSUM. Hovwnp’s Toncue.
Coarse herbs with broad leaves, the lower ones large and long-
petioled; flowers in bractless panicled racemes; calyx 5-parted,
persistent, open in fruit; corolla short-salverform with conspic-
uous arching crests at the throat; stamens and styles included;
nutlets 4, armed all over the back with short stout glochidiate
prickles, affixed by their inner angle to the pyramidal gynobase.
Cynoglossum grande Dougl. Pubescence villous; stems stout, 40-60 cm.
high; lower leaves ovate-oblong, often subcordate, acute, 10-20 cm. long,
long-petioled; upper leaves smaller, tapering at base, the short petiole winged;
racemes panicled; calyx-lobes ovate; corolla blue; nutlets ovoid, rough with
glochidiate-tipped prickles.
In open woods, Fort Vancouver, Clarke County, Washington, and south-
ward.
416. MERTENSIA. BLvueEBE Lt.
Glabrous or pubescent perennial herbs; flowers blue or rarely
white, mostly bractless, in panicled racemes or in corymbs; calyx
deeply 5-cleft or parted; corolla tubular-funnelform or trumpet-
shaped to almost campanulate, the open throat bearing obvious
or obsolete transverse folds or crests; filaments flattened or nearly
filiform; style filiform; stigma entire; nutlets from somewhat
fleshy to membranaceous, not armed with barbed prickles.
Leaves glabrous on both sides or merely papillose above; ;
calyx smooth on the back, the lobes elongate, acute. M. laevigata.
Leaves pilose beneath.
Upper leaf surface strigose; calyx-lobes pubescent on the
back. M. denticulata.
Upper leaf surface smooth or merely papillose.
Calyx-lobes pubescent on the back. M. subcordata.
Calyx-lobes glabrous on the back. M. leptophylia.
Mertensia laevigata Piper. Stems stout, erect, more or less glaucous,
40-90 cm. high; leaves pale or glaucescent, numerous, the cauline ovate,
acuminate, glabrous or somewhat papillate above, glabrous beneath, ciliate
on the margin, 5-7 cm. long, short-petioled; inflorescence loose, the pedicels
appressed-pubescent or muriculate; calyx divided nearly to the base, its lobes
lance-oblong, acute, ciliate, smooth on the back, over half as long as the corolla
tube; corolla blue, 14 mm. long, the somewhat ampliate limb as long as the
tube; filaments dilated, shorter than the anthers; nutlets finely muriculate,
pale, the scar of attachment central. 5
Cascade and Olympic Mountains at moderate elevations.
Mertensia denticulata (Lehm.) Piper n. comb. (Lithospermum denticu-
latum Lehm.; Mertensia platyphylla Heller.) Nearly glabrous; stems erect, 40—
70 cm. high; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at base,
6-10 cm. long, the lower ones long-petioled, all strigosely pubescent and
302 BORAGINACEAE.
somewhat papillate above; pedicels appressed-pubescent; calyx-lobes linear-
lanceolate, pubescent on the back, ciliate; corolla blue, 10-12 mm. long, much
enlarged in the throat.
In woods near the ocean coast in Washington.
Mertensia subcordata Greene. Stems erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves ovate,
acute or acuminate, rounded or subcordate at base, pilose beneath, smooth
or papillose above, petioled, 5-8 cm. long; petioles hairy; pedicels pubescent;
calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, pubescent on the back; corolla blue, 10 mm.
long.
In open woods in the Cascade Mountains.
Mertensia leptophylla Piper. Stems glabrous, stout, erect, a meter or
more high; leaves ovate, acute, pilose beneath, glabrous above, ciliate, very
thin, the blades 6-10 cm. long, all on margined petioles 1-3 cm. long; inflores-
cence loose; pedicels with spreading pubescence; calyx parted nearly to the
base, the lobes narrowly triangular-lanceolate, acute, ciliate, smooth on the
back; corolla blue, about 12 mm. long, the slightly enlarged throat as long as
the tube; filaments dilated, shorter than the anthers.
Known only from the Olympic Mountains of Clallam County, Washington,
Elmer, Lawrence. Perhaps not distinct from M. subcordata Greene.
417. MYOSOTIS. FoRGET-ME-NOT.
Low spreading herbs, usually soft-hairy; cauline leaves sessile;
flowers blue or white, in at length elongated racemes, without
bracts; corolla short-salverform or almost rotate, its throat con-
tracted by transverse crests, the rounded lobes convolute in the
bud; anthers ovate or oblong; nutlets small, ovoid, smooth and
shining, thin-crustaceous; scar small.
Annual; calyx hairs hooked; corolla white. M. macros perma.
Perennial; .calyx hairs straight; corolla blue.
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. M. scorpioides.
Calyx-lobes longer than the tube. M. laxa.
Myosotis macrosperma Engelm. Annual, erect, rough-hairy throughout,
10-40 cm. tall, branched above or simple; leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate,
obtuse, sessile, 1-2 cm. long; racemes elongated and loose in fruit, leafy at
the base; pedicels shorter than the calyx; fruiting calyx 4-5 mm. long, deeply
5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, unequal, hispid with hooked hairs; corolla small,
white; nutlets oval, biconvex with a narrow margin, very smooth and shiny,
silvery-gray, 1-1.5 mm. long; scars minute.
In open ground, not common.
Myosotis scorpioides L. Forget-me-not. Perennial, rough-pubescent;
stems decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, 10-60 cm. long; leaves
oblong-lanceolate to linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base, 2-6 cm. long,
the lower ones petioled; calyx-lobes triangular, shorter than the tube, appressed
pubescent; corolla 5-8 mm. broad, blue with a yellow center; nutlets keeled on
the ventral side.
In wet places, often abundant. The true Forget-me-not, a native of
Europe.
Myosotis laxa Lehm. Perennial from slender rootstocks, appressed-
pubescent throughout; stems weak and slender, 10-30 cm. long; leaves oblong-
lanceolate to spatulate, 2-3 cm. long; racemes very loose; pedicels much longer
than the calyx; calyx-lobes as long as or longer than the tube; corolla pale blue;
BORAGINACEAE. 303
nutlets oval, biconvex, with a narrow margin, very smooth and shiny, black,
1-1.5 mm. long; scar minute.
In wet ground, rare.
418. LITHOSPERMUM. GromweL-L.
Mostly herbs with reddish roots; leaves sessile; flowers leafy-
bracted, axillary or subaxillary; calyx 5-parted; corolla salver-
form, funnelform or sometimes approaching campanulate; fila-
ments mostly very short; anthers short, included; style slender;
stigma mostly truncate, capitate or 2-lobed; nutlets ovoid, bony,
either polished and white or dull and rough,
Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. Perennial, tufted, the stems simple,
15-30 cm. high, pubescent with long and short hairs; leaves numerous, lanceo-
late, rarely linear, attenuate-acute, sessile, 5-10 cm. long, minutely soft-hispid;
flowers in a dense leafy cluster; corolla greenish-yellow, campanulate-funnel-
form, pubescent inside, nearly naked in the throat, 10-12 mm. long; style
slender; nutlets light-colored, ovoid, acute, hard and smooth, 3-4 mm. long.
Dry prairies; rare in our limits but common east of the Cascade Mountains.
419. AMSINCKIA.
Rough-hispid annuals; leaves oblong or linear; corolla salver-
form or tubular-funnelform with a slender tube and open throat,
the limb sometimes plaited at the sinuses, vellow; style filiform;
stigma capitate or 2-parted; nutlets crustaceous or coriaceous,
unappendaged, ovate-triangular, attached below the middle to
an oblong-pyramidal gynobase.
Stems decumbent; calyx sparsely bristly, the lobes ovate. A. lycopsoides.
Stems erect; calyx densely bristly, the lobes linear. A. intermedia.
Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. Stems decumbent, 30-60 cm. long; leaves
green, ovate or lanceolate, somewhat toothed, the sparse bristles with swollen
bases; spike long and sparse, leafy-bracted; calyx-lobes oblong or ovate, obtuse,
two or three of them often united; nutlets dark-colored, rough.
Common along the seashore, but also behaving as a weed in cultivated land.
Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Meyer. Tar Weed. Erect, usually simple,
30-60 cm. high, the bristly hairs mostly white; leaves lanceolate or linear,
5-12 cm. long, the upper somewhat broader at base; raceme becoming much
elongated in fruit; calyx-lobes linear, acute, very bristly in fruit, 6-8 mm. long;
corolla yellow, 5-6 mm. long; nutlets dark-colored, the back convex and some-
what keeled, obliquely ridged and roughened with tubercles.
Common in dry ground.
420. CRYPTANTHA.
Small annuals or perennials, mostly canescent and_ hispid;
leaves narrow; flowers in terminal spikes or racemes; calyx erect
or closed about the fruit and falling with it; corolla white, small,
salverform; nutlets 4, or less by abortion, smooth or roughened,
each attached by one-third or more or its length by the central
face or angle to a slender usually subulate gynobase.
304 BORAGINACEAE.
Calyx twice as long as the acuminate nutlets. C. ambigua.
Calyx little longer than the acute nutlets. C. muriculata.
Cryptantha ambigua (Gray) Greene. Slender, 15-30 cm. high, short-
hispid; leaves oblong-linear, 1-2 cm. long; spike nearly bractless, rather few-
flowered; fruiting calyx 6-8 mm. long, with rather small bristles, the lobes
linear, twice as long as the fruit; nutlets all four maturing, ovoid, acute, rough,
with papillae of two sizes; ventral groove forked at the very base.
Prairies, rare; first collected by the Wilkes Expedition at Fort Nisqually,
Washington.
Cryptantha muriculata (A.DC.) Greene. Erect, branched from the base,
10-20 cm. high, hispid throughout; leaves oblong or linear, 1-3 cm. long;
spikes often in pairs or 3-5 in a cluster, bractless; fruiting calyx 5 mm. long,
short-bristly, with linear lobes which are a little longer than the fruit; corolla
5-6 mm. broad, with prominent appendages in the throat; nutlets 2 mm. long,
usually all four present, ovoid-triangular, obtuse, roughened with minute
papillae and some larger ones on the back and usually on the ventral face;
ventral groove extending from the apex to near the base where it widens out
into a triangular depression.
In dry prairies.
421. PLAGIOBOTHRYS.
Hispid annuals, the juice staining purple; basal leaves in a
rosette; flowers small, in spikes or racemes; calyx campanulate;
corolla small, white, short-funnelform; nutlets rough, rarely
smooth, each attached by the middle of the somewhat concave
inner face to a hemispherical or globular gynobase.
Nutlets somewhat cruciform, muriculate. P. tenellus.
Nutlets ovoid, carinate, dull, roughened. P. nothofulvus.
Plagiobothrys tenellus (Nutt.) Gray. Stems usually several, slender,
5-20 cm. high; leaves mostly in a basal rosette, oblong-linear or lanceolate,
5-20 mm. long; nutlets pale green, shining, keeled and papillate.
In dry ground, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California.
Plagiobothrys nothofulvus Gray. Stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, branched;
basal leaves oblong or lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, mostly in a rosette; calyx with
long hairs, reddish when young, but becoming paler; nutlets ovoid, not shining,
keeled on the back and roughened. .
In dry fields and prairies, Willamette Valley, Oregon, and southward.
422. ALLOCARYA.
Small annuals or perennials, branched from the base; lower
leaves mostly opposite, narrow; flowers small, white; calyx 5-
parted, erect or little spreading in fruit; corolla white, salverform,
usually with appendages at the throat; nutlets not armed with
barbed prickles, attached only at the inside of the base to a
slightly elevated gynobase.
Corolla small, 2-3 mm. broad; branches prostrate. A. hispidula,
Corolla large, 6-8 mm. broad; stems erect or ascending.
Racemes leafy-bracted; pedicels 6 mm. long; scar of the
nutlets linear. A. chorisiana.
VERBENACEAE. 305
Racemes bractless or nearly so; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; scar
of the nutlets oblong.
Nutlets not stipitate. A. scouleri.
Nutlets stipitate. A, stipitata.
Allocarya hispidula Greene. Annual, much branched from the base,
spreading or ascending, 10-30 cm. high, sparingly hairy; leaves few, linear,
obtuse, 1-3 cm. long; spikes slender, elongate, leafy-bracteate near the base;
corolla white, small; fruiting calyx 2 mm. long, hispid; nutlets ovate-oblong,
with obliquely rough ridges on the three faces, keeled the whole length on the
ventral face; scar nearly basal.
In moist places, not common in our limits.
Allocarya chorisiana (Cham. & Schlecht.) Greene. Pubescence thin, ap-
pressed; stems branched, spreading or ascending, 30-60 cm. long; leaves linear,
5-10 cm. long; racemes loose, leafy-bracted below; pedicels slender, 6-8 mm.
long; corolla 6-8 mm. broad, the yellow appendages in the throat conspicuous;
nutlets ovoid, keeled on the ventral side, tuberculate and granulate on the
back, dark colored. :
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun; and along the coast of
California. Not known from any intermediate locality.
Allocarya scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) Greene. Appressed pubescent; stems
slender, loosely branched, erect or nearly so, 10-30 cm. high; leaves linear,
sessile, the lower ones opposite; flowers in slender mostly bractless racemes;
pedicels 2 mm. long; calyx erect in fruit, its pubescence rusty when young;
corolla 6-8 mm. broad, the appendages in the throat yellow and puberulent;
nutlets ovoid, rugulose, granulate, dark colored.
In wet meadows, common.
Allocarya stipitata Greene. Very similar to A. scouleri; nutlets ovoid-
lanceolate, keeled on the ventral face, granulate and indistinctly rugulose
on the back, the scar distinctly stipitate.
In moist places, Washington to California.
Family 87. VERBENACEAE. VERBENA FaMILy.
Herbs or shrubs, not aromatic; leaves opposite; flowers per-
fect; corolla either 2-lipped or irregular; stamens 4, didynamous;
style single, terminal; stigma entire or 2-lobed; ovary not lobed;
fruit 2—4-celled, dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe
into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets; endosperm scant or
none.
423. VERBENA. VERVAIN.
Herbs; flowers sessile, in single or panicled bracteolate spikes;
calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one tooth often shorter; corolla salver-
form, more or less unequally 5-cleft; stamens included, the upper
pair occasionally without anthers; style slender; stigma mostly
2-lobed; fruit splitting into 4-seed-like nutlets.
Spikes narrow, dense; bracts short. V. hastata.
Spikes loose; bracts exceeding the flowers. V. bracteosa.
21
306 LABIATAE.
Verbena hastata L. Perennial, erect, 30-90 cm. high, simple below the
inflorescence, rough-puberulent throughout; stems 4-sided; leaves oblong or
broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate, 6-12 cm. long, short-
petioled; spikes numerous, clustered at the summit of the stem, slender, 5-15
cm. long; bracts shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, 3 mm. broad.
6 In moist open places; Victoria, Macoun; common in the Willamette Valley,
regon.
Verbena bracteosa Michx. Branches prostrate or spreading, 15-30 cm.
long, rough-hairy throughout, the root often becoming woody; leaves oblong
or obovate, cuneate at base, pinnately 3-cleft, coarsely dentate, 1-3 cm. long;
petiole short, margined; spikes terminal, 1-10 cm. long; upper bracts entire,
lanceolate, acuminate, becoming rigid; the lower somewhat cleft, all exceeding
the flowers; corolla blue, 4 mm. long; anthers without appendages.
Banks of the Columbia River (Menzies Island, Douglas); rare in our limits,
common in the interior.
Family 88. LABIATAE. Mint Famiry.
Mostly aromatic herbs with 4-sided stems; leaves simple,
opposite; corolla more or less 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed or
sometimes entire, the lower 3-lobed; stamens on the corolla-tube,
didynamous or diandrous; style usually 2-lobed at the apex;
ovary deeply 4-lobed or parted; fruit of 4 seed-like nutlets or
akenes, each with one erect seed; endosperm mostly none.
Ovary 4-lobed; corolla nearly regular, 5-cleft. 424. TRICHOSTEMA, 307.
Ovary 4-parted; corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft,
or distinctly bilabiate.
Corolla nearly regular, or when bilabiate,
the upper lip plane.
Corolla regular or nearly so.
Antheriferous stamens 2. 425. Lycopus, 307.
Antheriferous stamens 4. 426. Mentaa, 308.
Corolla bilabiate.
Plant creeping; flowers axillary. 427. MIcRoMERIA, 309.
Plant erect; flowers capitate-verti-
cillate. 428. MADRONELLA, 309.
Corolla distinctly bilabiate, the upper lip
concave.
Calyx with a protuberance on the upper
side. 429, SCUTELLARIA, 309.
Calyx without a protuberance.
Upper pair of stamens longer than
the lower.
Calyx teeth unequal, the upper
very large. 430. DRACOCEPHALUM, 310.
Calyx teeth subequal.
Flowers in rather dense and
many-flowered cymose clus-
ters forming interrupted
spikes or racemes; upper
floral leaves small and bract-
like. 431. Nepeta, 310.
Flowers in loose few-flowered
LABIATAE. 307
axillary clusters; leaves all
alike. 432. GLECHOMA, 311.
Upper pair of stamens shorter than
the lower.
Calyx bilabiate. 433. PRUNELLA, 311.
Calyx not bilabiate.
Teeth of the calyx 10. 434, MARRUBIUM, 311.
Teeth of the calyx 5.
Calyx teeth spiny. 435. Lronurus, 312.
Calyx teeth not spiny.
Flowers opposite; calyx
becoming inflated. 436. PHYSOSTEGIA, 312.
Flowers whorled; calyx
not becoming in-
flated.
Throat of the cor-
olla dilated. 437. Lamium, 312.
Throat of the cor-
olla not dilated. 438. Stacuys, 313.
424, TRICHOSTEMA.
Low annual branched herbs or somewhat woody plants;
leaves entire; calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft, the 3
upper teeth elongated and partly united, the 2 lower very short;
corolla small, almost equally 5-parted, the 3 lower lobes more or
less united; stamens 4, much exserted; anther-cells divergent
and at length confluent.
Corolla tube not exceeding the calyx; leaves membranaceous,
costate-veined. T. oblongum.
Corolla tube slender, exserted; leaves crowded, strongly 3-
5-nervose. T. lanceolatum.
Trichostema oblongum Benth. Annual, erect, branched, 10-30 cm. high,
the stem soft-hairy; leaves oblong or oval, acute, entire, 1-3 cm. long, canes-
cently pubescent, narrowed at base, short petioled; flowers in nearly sessile
axillary dense cymes; pedicels short; calyx campanulate, hairy, equally
5-cleft, the narrow lobes much longer than the teeth, equalling the corolla-
tube; corolla violet.
In moist open places, first collected at Fort Vancouver, Washington, by
Douglas. Odor strong but not unpleasant.
Trichostema lanceolatum Benth. Bluecurls. Densely ashy-pubescent;
stems simple or more often branched from the base, erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves
numerous, lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, attenuate to an acute apex; flowers
in dense axillary nearly sessile clusters; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, longer than
the tube; corolla blue, very slender, 12 mm. long.
From the Columbia River to California in dry ground. The original
specimens of Douglas are said to have been collected at Fort Vancouver,
Washington.
425. LYCOPUS.
Low perennial herbs, glabrous or puberulent, not aromatic;
leaves sharply-toothed or pinnatifid; flowers small, mostly white,
in dense axillary whorls; calyx bell-shaped, nearly equally 4- or 5-
308 LABIATAE
lobed; anther-bearing stamens 2, distant; the upper pair either
sterile or wanting.
Plants not stoloniferous; calyx-teeth triangular-cuspidate,
longer than the nutlet. LL. americanus.
Plants stoloniferous at base; calyx-teeth acute, shorter than
the nutlet. L. uniflorus.
Lycopus americanus Muhl. Glabrous or puberulent; stems erect, simple
or little branched, 30-60 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks; leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, cuneate at base, coarsely serrate or
sinuately incised, 2-5 cm. long; petioles short; flowers sessile, in dense axillary
whorl-like clusters; bracts subulate; calyx-teeth triangular-cuspidate, stiff,
nearly aslong as the small white corolla, exceeding the nutlets; sterile stamens
slender, with thickened tips.
In low moist ground, common.
Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Nearly glabrous; stems erect, 20-60 cm. high,
tuberous-thickened at base; stolons more or less tuberous; leaves oblong-
lanceolate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, attenuate at base, sessile
or nearly so, 6-15 cm. long; flower clusters dense; calyx teeth triangular;
corolla tubular, 3 mm. long.
In moist ground, not rare.
426. MENTHA. Miuint.
Aromatic fragrant perennial herbs; flowers very small, in
dense clusters forming false whorls in the axils or in terminal
spikes; calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly
so; corolla with a short included tube, almost equally 4-cleft, the
upper lobe broadest, entire or notched; anther-bearing stamens
4, equal, erect, distant.
Whorls of flowers all axillary. M. canadensis.
Whorls of flowers in terminal spikes, or some in the upper axils.
Leaves lanceolate, sessile or nearly so; spikes slender. M. spicata.
Leaves ovate, petioled; spikes thick. M. citrata.
Mentha canadensis borealis (Michx.) Piper. Wild Mint. Erect, simple
or branched, 20-40 cm. high; stems usually simple, glabrous except in the angles;
leaves ovate or broadly lanceolate, mostly acute, rounded or cuneate at the
base, sharply serrate, short-petioled, glabrous; flowers in dense sessile axillary
. clusters; calyx 2-3 mm. long, the triangular acute teeth short; corolla pale-
ee rarely white, 5 mm. long, its lobes rounded, its tube exceeding the
calyx.
In low grounds, common.
Mentha spicata L. Spearmint. Green and glabrous throughout, the stems
30-60 cm. high, simple below the inflorescence; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, serrate, narrowed to a sessile or short-petioled base, 2-5 cm. long;
spikes terminal, narrow, the flowers in interrupted whorls; bracts lanceolate,
usually ciliate; calyx hairy, the tube campanulate, little longer than the sub-
ulate teeth; corolla purple, its tube exceeding the calyx.
Common, introduced from Europe.
Mentha citrata Ehrh. Glabrous or nearly so; stems ascending or erect,
30-60 cm. high; leaves ovate, the lower ones obtuse, serrate, petioled, about
LABIATAE. 309
2 cm. long; heads of flowers roundish, peduncled, terminal and from the upper
axils; calyx glabrous, its teeth triangular-subulate.
In wet places, introduced from Europe.
427. MICROMERIA.
Low sweet-odorous plants; flowers small, in the axils of the
leaves; calyx oblong or tubular, about 10-nerved, terete not
gibbous, about equally 5-toothed; corolla short, distinctly 2-
lipped; upper lip flattish, entire or notched, neither concave nor
hooded, the lower spreading, 3-parted; stamens 4, the lower
pair longer.
Micromeria chamissonis (Benth.) Greene. Yerba Buena. Perennial,
somewhat pubescent, with slender trailing stems, 30-60 cm. long; leaves
orbicular or ovate, obtuse, rounded or subcordate at base, coarsely dentate or
subentire, 6-25 mm. long; petioles short; flowers solitary, axillary; pedicels
slender, 2-bracted near the base; calyx 3-4 mm. long, the teeth triangular;
corolla white or purplish, 8 mm. long, its tube exceeding the calyx.
Common in open woods; the balsamic odor pleasant.
428. MADRONELLA.
Erect woody perennials, with entire leaves and small purple
or white flowers in terminal heads which are subtended by broad
thin bracts; calyx tubular, 5-toothed, not 2-lipped; corolla 2-
lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft; stamens 4, the
lower pair the longer; anther-cells at length divergent.
Madronella discolor Greene. Puberulent; stems woody, tufted, 20-40 cm.
high; leaves ovate, firm, green above, pale beneath, entire, 2-3 cm. long, short-
petioled; inflorescence a dense head; bracts broadly ovate, thin, more or less
purple tinged; calyx-teeth lanceolate, hairy; corolla pale violet, 6-8 mm. long.
On warm slopes at the base of Mount Rainier.
429. SCUTELLARIA. SKULLCAP.
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody not aromatic;
flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or solitary in the axils of
leaves or bracts; calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped, with a
gibbous protuberance on the upper side, splitting to the base at
maturity, the upper lip at length usually falling away; corolla
with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the throat,
2-lipped, the upper erect, arched or galeate; stamens 4, ascending
under the upper corolla-lip, the lower pair longer.
Flowers small, in axillary or terminal racemes. S. lateriflora.
Flowers larger, solitary in the leaf axils. ;
Lower lip of corolla not villous. S. galericulata.
Lower lip of corolla villous within.
Corolla 14-20 mm. long; leaves oblong, obtuse at
each end. ; S. antirrhinoides.
Corolla 16-25 mm. long; upper leaves linear or nar-
row, acute at base. S. angustifolia.
310 LABIATAE.
Scutellaria lateriflora L. Perennial, glabrous; stems erect, branched,
20-60 cm. high; leaves thin, lanceolate-ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate,
coarsely serrate, rounded at base, 3-8 cm. long, petioled; flowers blue, in
axillary or sometimes terminal, one-sided racemes; corolla 5-8 mm. long, the
lips short, subequal; nutlets smooth.
In moist places, common.
Scutellaria galericulata L. Perennial, glabrous or slightly pubescent;
stems erect, 20-80 cm. high, simple or loosely branched; leaves oblong to
ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, subcordate at base, 2-6 cm. long, short-
petioled; flowers solitary in the axils; pedicels shorter than the calyx; corolla
blue, puberulent, the lower lip longer than the upper; nutlets muriculate.
Rare in our limits; Mount Constitution, Henderson.
Scutellaria antirrhinoides Benth. Minutely puberulent; stems mostly
branched, 15-30 cm. high; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, short-
petioled, entire, 10-20 cm. long; flowers solitary in each axil; calyx puberulent;
corolla dark blue, 2-2.5 cm. long, puberulent.
From the Columbia River to California. The original specimens were
collected at Fort Vancouver by Scouler but the plant has not since been found
north of the Columbia River.
Scutellaria angustifolia Pursh. Perennial, with rather stout somewhat
moniliform rootstocks, 15-20 cm. high, puberulent or glabrous; stems simple
or little branched; cauline leaves broadly linear or oblong, obtuse, entire,
narrowed at base, sessile or nearly so, 1-2 cm. long; radical ovate, on longer
petioles, sometimes toothed; flowers solitary in the axils; pedicels as long as the
calyx; corolla violet-blue, 25 mm. long, puberulent outside; lower lip villous
within; nutlets minutely granulate.
Rare in our limits; Victoria, Macoun.
430. DRACOCEPHALUM. Dracon HEap.
Coarse herbs with blue flowers in dense bracteate terminal
clusters; calyx tubular, 15-nerved, 5-toothed; corolla 2-lipped,
the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower 3-lobed; stamens 4;
anther-cells divergent; nutlets ovoid, smooth.
Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. Stems stout, erect, 20-60 cm. high;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, incisely dentate, 3-8 cm. long, slender-petioled;
inflorescence spike-like, the flowers densely crowded in whorls in the upper
axils; bracts oblong to ovate, cut-toothed, the teeth bristle-tipped; calyx
cylindric, puberulent, the upper tooth broadest, all acuminate; corolla pale
blue, slightly exceeding the calyx.
Not definitely known from our limits but reported to occur in the Willa-
mette Valley, Oregon.
431. NEPETA.
Perennial herbs; calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-
toothed; corolla 2-lipped, dilated in the throat; upper lip
erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft; lower lip spreading,
3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, notched or entire; stamens 4,
ascending under the upper corolla-lip, the upper pair longer;
anther-cells divergent.
Nepeta cataria L. Catnip. Perennial, erect, 30-90 cm. high, finely
canescent throughout; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, dentate, somewhat
LABIATAE. 311
cordate at base, 2-6 cm. long, petioled, densely canescent; spike stout, dense,
2-10 cm. long; calyx-teeth subulate, the longest one-half as long as the tube;
corolla white or purplish, with dark dots, 10-12 mm. long, its tube exceeding
the calyx.
Introduced in waste places; native of Europe.
432. GLECHOMA.
Low diffuse perennial herbs; leaves all alike, nearly orbicular
or reniform, crenate, long-petioled; flowers rather large, blue or
violet, solitary or in few-flowered axillary clusters; calyx oblong-
tubular, 15-nerved, oblique at the throat, unequally 5-toothed,
but not 2-lipped; corolla-tube exserted, enlarged in the throat,
2-lipped; upper lip erect 2-lobed or emarginate; lower lip spread
ing, 3-lobed; stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascend-
ing under the upper corolla-lip; ovary deeply 4-parted; nutlets
ovoid, smooth.
Glechoma hederacea L. Ground Ivy. Pubescent; stems creeping, 15-40
cm. long, the branches erect or ascending; leaves numerous, cordate-orbicular,
coarsely crenate, 1-4 cm. broad, the petiole as long as or longer than the blades;
flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered clusters; calyx puberulent, the
lobes acute, about one-third as long as the tube; corolla violet, three times as
long as the calyx.
Introduced from Europe.
433. PRUNELLA. Heat ALL.
Low perennials; flowers in terminal or axillary heads or spikes;
calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 10-nerved, 2-lipped, not gibbous
on the upper side, closed in fruit; upper lip broad and flat,
truncate, with 3 short teeth, the lower 2-cleft; corolla 2-lipped,
slightly contracted at the throat and dilated at the lower side
just beneath it; upper lip arched, erect, entire, the lower reflexed-
spreading, 3-cleft; stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the
lower pair longer.
Prunella vulgaris lanceolata (Barton) Fernald. Glabrous or nearly so,
erect or ascending, 15-40 cm. high; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or obtuse, rounded or cuneate at base, entire or crenate, 2-6 cm. long;
petioles slender, about half as long as the blades; spikes terminal, very dense,
2-5 cm. long; bracts very broad, ovate or orbicular, cuspidate-acuminate,
ciliate; calyx-teeth somewhat ciliate; corolla violet, 8-12 mm. long, hardly
twice as long as the purplish calyx.
Moist ground, common; ascends in the Olympic Mountains to about
5000 m. altitude.
434. MARRUBIUM.
Bitter-aromatic, whitish-woolly perennials, branched at the
base; leaves wrinkled; flowers small, much crowded in axillary
whorls, calyx tubular, 5~10-nerved, nearly equally 10-toothed,
the teeth spiny-pointed; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect,
notched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe broadest;
312 LABIATAE.
stamens 4, short, included in the corolla-tube, the upper pair
longer.
Marrubium vulgare L. Horehound. Stems tufted, erect, simple, about
30 cm. high, densely white woolly, especially below; leaves broadly ovate,
obtuse, coarsely crenate, thickish, rounded or cuneate at base, rough, woolly
beneath, 1-3 cm. long, on petioles nearly as long; flower clusters dense, axillary;
calyx-teeth 10, subulate, hooked at the apex, hardened in fruit; corolla white.
Introduced in waste places; native of Europe.
435. LEONURUS. MortruHEerwort.
Erect herbs with cut-lobed leaves; flowers in axillary whorls;
calyx 5-nerved, with 3 nearly equal teeth; corolla bilabiate, the
upper lip oblong, entire, somewhat arched, the lower spreading,
3-lobed, the middle lobe larger, narrowly oblong-obovate, entire,
the lateral ones oblong.
Leonurus cardiaca L. Perennial; somewhat puberulent; stems stout,
erect, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves long-petioled, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate,
palmately 3-5-cleft, the lobes acute; flower clusters dense; calyx-teeth
subulate, aslongas the tube; corolla purplish or white, 6-10 mm. long, the
upper lip bearded.
In waste places, introduced from Europe.
436. PHYSOSTEGIA.
Smooth erect perennial herbs; leaves sessile, lanceolate or
oblong, mostly serrate; flowers large and showy, opposite, crowd-
ed in simple or panicled terminal leafless spikes; calyx obscurely
10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-shaped, more or less enlarged and
slightly inflated in fruit; corolla funnelform, with a much inflated
throat, bilabiate; upper lip erect, nearly entire;lower lip 3-parted,
spreading, small, the middle lobe larger, broad and rounded,
notched.
Physostegia parviflora Nutt. Glabrous; stems erect, 30-90 cm. high,
mostly simple; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or the lower ones
obtuse, sharply serrate, sessile or nearly so, 6-10 cm. long; spikes many-
flowered; bracts ovate, acute, shorter than the calyx; calyx-teeth short; corolla
purple, 12 mm. long.
In moist places, especially river-banks and lake shores, rare in our limits.
437. LAMIUM. Deap NETTLE.
Decumbent herbs; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved,
with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed teeth; corolla 2-lipped, dilated
at the throat, the tube longer than the calyx; upper lip
arched, narrowed at the base, the middle lobe of the spreading
lower lip broad, notched at the apex, contracted at the base;
lateral lobes small, at the margin of the throat; stamens 4,
ascending under the upper lip; the lower pair longer.
Upper leaves clasping. L. amplexicaule.
Leaves ovate, petioled. L. maculatum.
LABIATAE. 313
Lamium amplexicaule L. Biennial, branched from the base, sparingly
pubescent; stems simple, erect, 15—20 cm. high; lower leaves orbicular, coarsely
crenate, truncate or cordate at base, 1-2 cm. long, on petioles as long or longer;
upper sessile, half-clasping, rather distant; flowers sessile, in axillary and ter-
minal clusters; calyx pubescent, the sharp teeth nearly as long as the tube;
corolla purple, the lower lip spotted, 12-15 mm. long.
A weed in cultivated ground; introduced from Europe.
Lamium maculatum L. Perennial, sparsely pubescent; stems ascending,
10-30 cm. high; leaves ovate, cordate, coarsely crenate, petioled, green with
broad white splotches along the midrib; calyx pubescent, its lobes subulate, as
long as the tube; corolla 1 cm. long, purple-red, witha transverse ring of hairs
within.
In waste ground; a weed introduced from Europe.
438. STACHYS. HEDGE NETTLE.
Herbs, rarely woody, not aromatic; calyx tubular-bell-shaped,
5-10-nerved, equally 5-toothed or the upper teeth united to form
an upper lip; corolla not dilated at the throat, 2-lipped, the tube
about equalling the calyx; upper lip concave, often arched,
erect or rather spreading, entire or nearly so; lower lip usually
longer and spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest and nearly
entire; stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair
longer.
Upper leaves sessile, the lower short-petioled. S. palustris.
Upper leaves not sessile, the lower long-petioled.
Corolla-tube little longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes subulate-
aristulate. S. bullata.
Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx.
Corolla 20 mm. long; calyx glabrous or sparsely hirsute;
leaves subcordate. S. ciliata.
Corolla 12 mm. long; calyx soft-villous; leaves mostly cor-
date. S. pubens.
Stachys palustris L. Perennial, erect, 30-60 cm. high, soft-pubescent
throughout or the stem short-hairy; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mostly
obtuse, crenate-serrate, rounded or cordate at the nearly sessile base, 5-10
cm. long; spikes short-peduncled, the clusters rather close together, the lower
with leafy bracts; upper bracts lanceolate; calyx hairy, the tube campanulate,
little longer than the subulate teeth; corolla pink-purple, 1 cm. long; the upper
lip pubescen¢, the tube equalling the calyx.
In wet places, rare in our limits; Vancouver, Washington, Suksdorf.
Stachys bullata Benth. Pubescence hirsute or villous; stems erect, 30-70
cm. high; leaves ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse, subcordate or rounded at
base, crenate, more or less rugose, 2-5 cm. long; calyx campanulate, the subu-
late cuspidate teeth half as long as the tube; corolla red, 12-14 mm. long.
In moist places, Clarke County, Washington, and southward.
Stachys ciliata Dougl. Softly pilose to nearly glabrous; stems stout, 1-2
m. high, mostly simple, harshly hispid on the angles; leaves all petioled, thin,
ovate to oblong, acute, subcordate, coarsely crenate-dentate, 5-15 cm. long;
bracts leaf-like, reduced; calyx tubular, 8 mm. long, the short teeth triangular,
cuspidate; corolla red, white-spotted on the lower lip.
Common in swamps; odor disagreeable.
314 SOLANACEAE.
Stachys pubens (Gray) Heller. (S. emersoni Piper.) Sparsely pubescent;
stems erect, about 1 m. high, retrosely hispid on the angles; leaves thin, ovate,
obtuse, cordate or subcordate at base, coarsely crenate, sparsely-pilose on both
sides, 6-7 cm. long; petioles hirsute; flowers in a leafy-bracted spike, or the
lower in the axils of ordinary leaves; calyx campanulate, the deltoid cuspidate
teeth ciliate; corolla red, bearded in the throat, the lower lobes white-spotted.
In swampy places near the ocean coast.
Family 89. SOLANACEAE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs, commonly rank-scented, with colorless juice;
leaves alternate, without stipules; flowers regular, 5-merous,
solitary or in cymes, on bractless pedicels; calyx mostly 5-lobed ;
corolla gamopetalous, mostly 5-lobed, usually plaited in the bud;
stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them;
style 1; ovary entire, superior, 2-celled, becoming a many-seeded
capsule or berry; endosperm fleshy.
Corolla rotate; fruit a berry. 439. SOLANUM, 314.
Corolla funnelform to salverform; fruit a capsule.
Flowers solitary. 440. Datura, 314.
Flowers in racemes or panicles. 441, Nicotiana, 315.
439. SOLANUM. NIGHTSHADE.
Herbs or shrubs; calyx and rotate corolla 5-parted or cleft, the
latter plaited in the bud; stamens epipetalous, exserted; filaments
very short; anthers converging; styles elongated; ovary 2-celled,
rarely more; fruit a berry.
Solanum nigrum L. Nightshade. Annual, glabrous or somewhat pubes-
cent, usually branched, 15-30 cm. high; leaves ovate or triangular, acute or
obtuse, cuneate at base, sinuately toothed or rarely entire, 1-4 cm. long;
petioles shorter than the blades; flowers in lateral peduncled small cymes;
calyx-lobes obtuse; corolla white, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes spreading; berries
globose, black.
In waste places, introduced; but perhaps also native on lake and river banks.
440. DATURA.
Rank narcotic-poisonous annual or perennial weeds, erect,
tall, branching; leaves alternate, petioled, ovate; flowers large,
showy, solitary on short peduncles in the forks of the stems;
calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, deciduous; corolla funnelform, with
a 5-10-toothed plaited border; fruit a globular prickly 4-valved
2-celled capsule; seeds rather large, flat.
Datura stramonium L. Jamestown or Jimson Weed. Annual, glabrous or
nearly so, green, 30-90 cm. high; leaves ovate, acuminate or acute, coarsely
toothed or lobed, usually narrowed at base, petioled, 6-20 cm. long; calyx-tube
5-angled, not half as long as the white corolla, this 6-10 cm. long; capsule
ovoid, densely prickly, the lower prickles usually shorter.
Sparingly introduced.
SCROPHULARIACEAE, 315
441. NICOTIANA. Tosacco.
Rank acrid-narcotic herbs; leaves mostly entire; flowers in
racemes or panicles, sometimes showy; calyx bell-shaped or
oblong, 5-toothed or lobed, persistent; corolla commonly funnel-
form or salverform, the plaited border 5-lobed; stigma capitate,
somewhat 2-lobed; fruit a smooth, 2—4-valved, 2-celled capsule;
seeds numerous, small.
Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh. Viscid-pubescent; stems stout, branched
from near the base, 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves ovate-lanceolate, the cauline
oblong to lanceolate, acute, narrowed at base, sessile or nearly so, 10-15 cm.
long; flowers few; calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; corolla white, 3-4 cm.
broad, its lobes rounded; capsule globose.
Willamette Valley, Oregon, formerly cultivated by the Indians.
Family 90. SCROPHULARIACEAE. Ficwort Famity.
Herbs or some shrubby; leaves alternate or opposite, without
stipules; flowers perfect, mostly complete and irregular; corolla
irregular, more or less 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower
3-lobed; stamens on the corolla-tube, the fertile 4 and didyna-
mous or only 2, rarely 5 present and all fertile; style single; stigma
entire or 2-lobed; fruit a 2-celled usually many-seeded capsule,
with axile placenta; seeds mostly small; endosperm copious.
Anther-bearing stamens 5; leaves alternate. 442. VERBASCUM, 316.
Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4; leaves alternate,
opposite or whorled.
Fifth sterile stamen present.
Corolla spurred at base. 443, LInaRIA, 316.
Corolla not spurred.
Sterile stamen elongated, filament-like.
Seeds wingless; anthers woolly or
glabrous. 444, PENTSTEMON, 317.
Seeds winged; anthers woolly. 445. CHELONE, 319.
Sterile stamen represented by a gland or
scale on the upper side of the cor-
olla-tube.
Peduncles several-flowered. 446. SCROPHULARIA, 319.
Peduncles 1-flowered.
Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped. 447. Cotinsta, 319.
Corolla nearly rotate. 448. ToNELLA, 320.
Fifth sterile stamen wanting.
Stamens 4, 2 anther-bearing, 2 sterile.
Sterile filaments 2-forked, exserted. 449. ILYSANTHES, 320.
Sterile filaments simple, included. 450. GRATIOLA, 320.
Stamens all anther-bearing.
Stamens 2.
Calyx 5-parted. 450. GraTIoLa, 320.
Calyx 4-parted.
Leaves alternate, mostly basal. 451. SyntHyris, 321.
Leaves opposite, at least the
lower. 452. VERONICA, 322.
316 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Stamens 4.
Corolla nearly regular; leavesentire. 453. LIMosELLA, 323.
Corolla 2-lipped; leaves usually not
entire.
Stamens not enclosed in the up-
per lip.
Leaves opposite; calyx pris-
matic. 454. Mimutus, 323.
Leaves alternate; calyx cam-
panulate. 455. DIGITALIS, 325.
Stamens enclosed in the upper
ip.
Anther cells equal, parallel.
Calyx inflated in fruit;
leaves opposite. 456. RHINANTHUS, 326.
Calyx not inflated; leaves
alternate or whorled. 457. PEDICULARIS, 326.
Anther cells unequal.
Lips of corolla unequal,
the upper larger. 458. CAsTILLEJA, 327.
Lips of corolla subequal. 459. OrRTHOCARPUS, 329.
442. VERBASCUM. MULLEIN.
Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs; leaves alternate, the
cauline sessile or decurrent; flowers in large terminal spikes or
racemes; calyx 5-parted; corolla 5-lobed, rotate, the lobes slightly
unequal; stamens 5, all anther-bearing; style flattened at the
apex; capsule globular, many-seeded.
Flowers in a spike; leaves densely woolly. V. thapsus.
Flowers in a raceme; leaves glabrous or nearly so. V. blattaria.
Verbascum thapsus L. Common Mullein. Densely woolly throughout,
the stout erect stems 1-2 m. high, somewhat wing-angled by the decurrent
bases of the leaves; leaves thick, oblong, acute, entire or obscurely dentate,
narrowed toward the base, 10-30 cm. long, gradually reduced upwards; flowers
yellow, 16-20 mm. broad, in a dense long spike; stamens unequal, the two
lower and longer glabrous, the others with hairy filaments.
Introduced from Europe.
Verbascum Dlattaria L. Moth Mullein. Stems slender, erect, 30-60
cm. high, not angled, glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above; leaves
oblong, obtuse or the upper acute, crenate-dentate or cut-lobed, all but the
lower sessile and partly clasping, 6-8 cm. long; raceme loose; pedicels spreading;
calyx glandular; corolla yellow or white, 2—2.5 cm. broad; stamens all with
hairy filaments; capsules subglobose, 6-7 mm. long.
Introduced from Europe.
443. LINARIA.
Herbs with alternate leaves or the lower opposite; flowers in
terminal spikes or racemes; calyx 5-parted; corolla bilabiate,
spurred on the lower side, the throat nearly closed; stamens
didynamous; capsule thin, opening by pores beneath the summit.
Flowers yellow, 25-30 mm. long. L, linarta.
Flowers blue, 6-8 mm. long. L. canadensis.
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 317
Linaria linaria (L.) Karst. Butter and Eggs. Glabrous; stems erect,
30-100 cm. high; leaves linear, sessile, pale or glaucous, very numerous, 1-3
cm. long; inflorescence a dense raceme; calyx-lobes oblong, acute; corolla 2-3
cm. long, yellow with an orange throat; seeds rough, winged.
Introduced along roadsides and in fields.
Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumort. Glabrous; flowering stems slender, 30-60
cm. high, the sterile basal branches spreading; leaves oblong-linear, entire,
flat, 2-4 mm. wide; racemes slender; flowers blue; calyx-lobes lanceolate;
corolla about 10 mm. long, on pedicels of about the same length; spur slender,
curved; seeds wingless.
In sandy soil, not common.
444, PENTSTEMON. BEARD-TONGUE.
Perennial herbs; leaves opposite, the upper sessile or partly
clasping, the floral reduced to bracts; flowers showy, in a race-
mose panicle; calyx 5-parted; corolla tubular, more or less
inflated or bell-shaped, either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped, the
upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft; anther-bearing stamens 4;
sterile fifth filament about equalling the others; style long; stigma
entire; capsule many-seeded.
Low half-shrubby plants, with leathery leaves; anthers woolly.
Leaves lanceolate, glabrous. P. fruticosus.
Leaves ovate or orbicular.
Flowers purple; leaves green, glabrous. P. menztesit.
Flowers crimson; leaves glaucous, puberulent. P. rupicola.
Taller herbaceous plants, with membranous leaves; anthers
not woolly.
Anthers opening only at the apex.
Corolla blue or bluish, 15-20 mm. long. P. diffusus.
Corolla crimson, 20-25 mm. long. P. richardsont.
Anthers splitting open for nearly their whole length.
Leaves ovate, serrate; flowers purplish. P. ovatus.
Leaves oblong, entire; flowers not purplish.
Flowers yellowish. P. confertus.
Flowers blue. P. procerus.
Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene. Stems simple, ascending from a
branched woody base, 15-40 cm. high; leaves coriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate,
oblanceolate or ovate, mostly acute, entire or with a few teeth, narrow at base,
the lower short-petioled, 1-4 cm. long; inflorescence a raceme, rarely a panicle,
2-11-flowered, viscid-pubescent; bracts much reduced; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
attenuate-acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; corolla tubular-funnelform, dull-
purple, somewhat 2-lipped, 3-4 cm. long; anthers very woolly, dehiscing their
whole length, sterile filament bearded.
Mount St. Helens and southward. A variable species first found by Lewis
in the Bitter Root Mountains. P. crassifolius Lindl. is a form with entire
leaves, a valueless character as both entire and serrate leaves often occur on
the same plant; P. douglasii Hook. is a dwarfed high altitude form with
relatively broad and short leaves; P. adamsianus Howell is a form from Mount
Adams with larger and thinner leaves.
Pentstemon fruticosus cardwellii (Howell) Piper. Leaves thick, serrulate,
mostly obtuse, otherwise as in P. fruticosus.
Mount Hood, Howell; Mount St. Helens, Goodwin.
318 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Pentstemon menziesii Hook. Stems shrubby, much branched, 5-15 cm.
high; leaves oblong to ovate, serrulate, 0.5-2 cm. long; inflorescence a raceme
or narrow panicle, glandular; corolla dull purple-violet, 2-3 cm. long. We
On rocks in the mountains, above timber line, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, and Washington. First collected at Nootka Sound by Menzies.
Pentstemon menziesii davidsonii (Greene) Piper. Very similar to P.
menziesii, but the leaves smaller and mostly entire. : :
Rocky places at about 2000 m. altitude, Washington to California.
Pentstemon rupicola (Piper) Howell. Herbage very glaucous and some-
what puberulent but the inflorescence glandular; stems woody, much branched,
making dense mats, 8-10 cm. high; leaves firm, ovate to orbicular, dentate,
6-10 mm. long; sepals ovate, acute; corolla deep rose-colored, 3-4 cm. long,
broadened in the throat, the lobes obtuse.
Rock cliffs in the mountains, first described from Mount Rainier.
Pentstemon diffusus Dougl. Glabrous or nearly so; stems herbaceous,
erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves ovate or oblong, serrate, 3-10 cm. long; panicle
leafy; corolla blue or violet, 2 cm. long, glabrous within; sterile filament hairy
above.
On the banks of mountain streams, common. First found by Douglas
near the mouth of the Columbia River.
Pentstemon richardsonii Dougl. Glabrous; stems from a branched woody
base, erect or ascending, 60-90 cm. high, often branched; leaves lanceolate
to ovate, mostly deeply toothed or pinnatifid, 3-8 cm. long, those on the
branches alternate; panicle loose, somewhat glandular; sepals ovate, acute;
corolla red, somewhat funnelform, 20-25 mm. long; sterile filament with a
few hairs near the tip.
On dry rocky cliffs along the Columbia River.
Pentstemon ovatus Dougl. Stems 15-30 cm. high; leaves ovate, serrate,
the upper ones sessile; corolla purplish-blue, 2-lipped, bearded in the throat,
16-20 mm. long; sterile filament bearded at the apex.
On rocky banks and cliffs, first collected by Douglas at the Cascades of
the Columbia River. This species very closely resembles P. diffusus but is
easily distinguished by the anthers.
Pentstemon confertus Dougl. Glabrous throughout but not glaucous;
stems erect, commonly 30-40 cm. high; leaves all entire, the radical oblong,
lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, 3-6 cm. long, attenuate at the
base into a petiole, the cauline similar, sessile, the upper often ovate, acuminate;
panicle strict, narrow, leafy below, 14-40 cm. long, of 2-8 whorl-like clusters;
flowers 6-10 mm. long; sepals glabrous, the scarious margin irregularly dentate
or erose, about as long as the capsule; corolla yellow or nearly white, 2-lipped;
lower lip bearded; anthers dehiscing their whole length; sterile filament bearded.
In mountain meadows, common. Except for the color of the flowers, this
is indistinguishable from P. procerus Dougl.
Pentstemon procerus Dougl. Stems 20-60 cm. or in alpine forms only
5-10 cm. high; basal leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse;
cauline often ovate and acuminate; flowers blue, in dense whorl-like clusters;
corolla 8-12 mm. long.
In mountain meadows. First collected by Douglas near Fort Vancouver,
Washington; the high alpine dwarfed form common on Mount Rainier was
named P. tolmiet by Hooker, but all possible intergrades occur.
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 319
445. CHELONE.
Smooth perennial herbs with erect branching stems; leaves
serrate; flowers large, white or purple, nearly sessile, in spikes or
clusters, closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and
bractlets; calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals; upper lip of
corrolla broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the
apex; lower lip woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex,
the middle lobe smallest; seeds many.
Chelone nemorosa Dougl. Stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acute, dentate, 5-8 cm. long, short-petioled; flowers purple, in a
narrow panicle; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long.
‘Common along mountain streams.
446. SCROPHULARIA. Ficwort.
Perennial herbs; leaves opposite; flowers small, in loose cymes
in a narrow terminal panicle; calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed,
the 4 upper lobes erect, the lower spreading; stamens 4; the fifth
sterile one a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the corolla-tube;
capsule many-seeded.
Scrophularia californica Cham. Puberulent; stems stout, simple, about
1 m, high, somewhat 4-sided; leaves triangular-ovate, acute, coarsely and
unevenly toothed or cleft, 5-12 cm. long, on petioles about half as long;
panicle narrow, 20-40 cm. long, somewhat glandular; bracts lanceolate-at-
tenuate; flowers dull-purple or green; calyx-lobes rounded, as long as the tube;
corolla 6-8 mm. long; rudimentary stamen broad, spatulate; capsules conical,
glandular.
In moist meadows. A variable species. Specimens from the ocean
coast near the mouth of the Columbia River are somewhat fleshy.
447, COLLINSIA.
Annuals or biennials; leaves simple, opposite, sessile or the
lowest petioled and the upper whorled; flowers solitary or
clustered in the upper axils; calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla with
the tube saccate at the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped,
the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft, the middle lobe keeled and
sac-like; anther-bearing stamens 4; sterile stamen a gland-like
structure; capsule 4—many-seeded.
Tube of corolla longer than the limb; corolla 5-7 mm.
ong. C. tenella.
Tube of corolla shorter than the limb; corolla 8-16 mm.
ong.
Corolla 12-16 mm. long; pedicels deflexed in fruit. C. grandiflora.
Corolla 8-10 mm. long; pedicels erect in fruit. C. grandiflora pusilla.
Collinsia tenella (Pursh) Piper. (C. parviflora Dougl.) Glabrous or
minutely puberulent, branched from the base, erect or spreading, 10-20 cm.
high; lower leaves oblong or orbicular, petioled, often toothed; the upper
nearly sessile, oblong or linear, acutish, 1-2 cm. long, often in whorls of 3-5;
flowers slender-pedicelled, solitary or nearly so in the axils, even of the lower
320 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
leaves; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, longer than the tube, not equalling the
corolla; corolla violet or blue, 6-7 mm. long, 2-lipped for half its length.
Common on banks and in open prairies.
Collinsia grandiflora Doug]. Very similar to C. tenella but larger, 15-30
cm. high; leaves larger, the cauline in whorls of 3-7; calyx-lobes triangular-
subulate, very acute, longer than the tube; corolla blue-violet, 8-16 mm. long.
In open prairies, especially southward.
Collinsia grandiflora pusilla Gray. Plants 5-15 cm. high; pedicels erect
in fruit; corolla 8-10 mm. long.
Perhaps only a starved form of C. grandiflora. Washington to California.
448. TONELLA.
Very similar to Collinsia but the cauline leaves mainly ter-
nately divided or 3-parted; corolla obscurely 2-lipped, the 5 more
or less unequal lobes somewhat rotately spreading, the tube some-
what gibbous above; ovules and seeds 1-4 in each cell.
Tonella collinsioides Nutt. Stems weak and slender, branched from the
base; lower leaves ovate or roundish, entire or 3-lobed or sometimes parted,
slender-petioled; upper sessile, mostly 3-parted, the lobes or divisions oblong
or lanceolate; corolla blue.
Southern Washington to California. First collected by Nuttall near the
mouth of the Willamette River.
449. ILYSANTHES. Fase PIMPERNEL.
Small and smooth annual herbs; leaves opposite, sessile;
peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, the upper becoming racemose;
calyx becoming 5-parted, the divisions becoming narrow and
nearly equal; upper lip of corolla short, erect, 2-lobed, the lower
larger, spreading, 3-cleft; anther-bearing stamens 2; sterile filam-
ents unequally 2-forked, exserted; stigma 2-lobed; capsule many-
seeded.
Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnhart. Glabrous, simple or branched from the
base, 5-12 cm. high; leaves sessile, ovate, acute or with a few teeth, 1-2 cm.
long, the upper ones reduced; pedicels slender, twice as long as the leaves,
spreading in fruit; flowers 6-8 mm. long; calyx-lobes linear, as long as the
purple corolla; capsule ovoid-oblong, 4-6 mm. long.
Banks of streams and ponds, rare.
450. GRATIOLA. HeEpcE Hyssop.
Low mostly perennial branching herbs; leaves opposite, sessile;
peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; calyx 5-parted, the narrow divi-
sions usually equal; upper lip of corolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower
3-cleft; anther-bearing stamens 2; sterile filaments 2, simple and
included, or none; style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex; capsule
4-valved, many-seeded.
Herbage viscid-puberulent; calyx subtended by a pair of
bractlets at the base. C. virginiana.
Herbage glabrous; calyx without bractlets. C. ebracteata.
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 321
Gratiola virginiana L. Annual; stems erect, branched below, viscid-
puberulent or pubescent above, nearly glabrous at base, 10-30 cm. high;
leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire or toothed, usually narrowed at
base, 1-2 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so; pedicels slender, equalling the leaves;
calyx enclosed at base by 2 foliaceous bracts which equal the lobes; corolla
8-10 mm. long, its yellow tube nearly twice as long as the calyx; lobes whitish,
the two upper notched; capsule ovoid.
In muddy places, rare in our limits.
Gratiola ebracteata Benth. Very similar to G. virginiana but glabrous and
the calyx bracts wanting; stems usually simple; leaves somewhat longer,
lanceolate, mostly entire, tapering from near the base into a long slender apex;
capsule subglobose, obscurely 4-angled.
Muddy banks of ponds and streams.
451. SYNTHYRIS.
Perennial herbs; leaves alternate, crenate or laciniately cleft,
the radical roundish or cordate; flowers small, blue, purplish or
green, in a spike or raceme; calyx 4-parted; corolla campanulate,
with 4 more or less unequal lobes, or none; stamens 2, from just
below the upper sinuses, or in one apetalous species on the
hypogynous disk, exserted; stigmas simple; capsule many-seeded.
Flowers in spikes; leaves cleft into narrow segments. S. pinnatifida.
Flowers in racemes; leaves reniform-orbicular.
Petals and sepals laciniately incised. S. schizantha.
Petals and sepals entire.
Scapes weak, usually shorter than the thin leaves. S. rotundifolia.
Scapes stout, exceeding the thick leaves. S. reniformis.
Synthyris pinnatifida lanuginosa Piper. Leaves white tomentose, pal-
mately 3-7-parted or divided, the segments again cleft; spikes dense,
bracteate; corolla whitish, cylindraceous, 4-clef¢.
Olympic Mountains, Flett, not otherwise known. S. pinnatifida Wats.
occurs in the Rocky Mountains.
Synthyris schizantha Piper. Stems 20-30 cm. high; basal leaves reniform-
orbicular, somewhat cut-toothed, glabrous above, long-petioled; cauline leaves
2, ovate, sessile; raceme viscidly-pubescent; bracts and calyx-lobes as well as
the blue petals cleft into narrow lobes.
Mount Baldy, Olympic Mountains, Conard, Lamb; near Elbe, Cascade
Mountains, Flett. Not otherwise known.
Synthyris rotundifolia Gray. Leaves orbicular-reniform, crenate, somewhat
pubescent; flowering stems leafless, 8-12 cm. high, barely exceeding the leaves;
sepals spatulate, entire; corolla blue, the petals entire.
In open dry woods, Chehalis County, Washington, and southward nearly
to California.
Synthyris reniformis Benth. Leaves thickish, glabrous, orbicular-reni-
form, crenately many-lobed, the lobes coarsely crenate; petioles longer than
the blades; stems stout, exceeding the leaves; flowers blue, on very short pedi-
cels.
In the Columbia River gorge on the Oregon side, where it was first found
by Douglas.
22
322 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
452. VERONICA. SPEEDWELL.
Chiefly herbs; leaves opposite or whorled, or the upper alter-
nate; flowers small, in racemes or spikes or sometimes solitary
in the axils; calyx 4-parted; corolla rotate, 4-parted, the lower
lobes and sometimes the lateral ones narrower; stamens 2,
exserted; style entire; stigma single; capsule flattened, few-
many-seeded.
Annuals; flowers solitary in the axils.
Pubescent; petals blue; leaves crenate.. arvensis.
Glabrous or nearly so; petals white; leaves mostly entire. V. peregrina.
Perennials; flowers in racemes.
Peduncles axillary.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; capsule deeply
S
notched. V. scutellata.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate; capsule with a shal-
low notch. V. americana.
Peduncles terminal.
Capsules orbicular, obcordate; lower leaves petioled. V. humifusa.
Capsules elliptic, emarginate; leaves all sessile.
Leaves shorter than the internodes; corolla 5-6 mm.
broad. V, alpina.
Leaves longer than the internodes; corolla 6-10 mm.
broad.
Corolla 8-10 mm. broad, blue. V. cusickit.
Corolla 6-7 mm. broad, white. V. allenit.
Veronica arvensis L. Annual, pubescent; stems simple or branched at
base, 5-20 cm. high, erect or nearly so; leaves ovate, crenate, the lower short-
petioled, the upper sessile; bracts lanceolate, entire; flowers small, short-
pedicelled; corolla pale blue, shorter than the calyx; capsule obcordate.
A weed, introduced from Europe.
Veronica peregrina L. Angual, erect, branched from the base, glabrous
or puberulent and glandular, 8-40 cm. high; lower leaves opposite, petioled,
oblong, obtuse, dentate; upper alternate, linear, obtuse or acute, entire or
nearly so, 1-2 cm. long; flowers white, solitary in the axils; pedicels very short,
not as long as the flowers; corolla 1-2 mm. broad; capsules orbicular, notched,
about as long as the calyx.
Common in moist open places.
Veronica scutellata L. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, rooting at the
lower joints; stems 15-30 cm. high; leaves all sessile, lanceolate or nearly
linear, mostly denticulate or entire, attenuate-acute, 3-5 cm. long; racemes
axillary from alternate axils, slender, few-flowered, as long as or exceeding the
leaves; pedicels slender, spreading; corolla blue, 4-5 mm. broad; capsule
notched both at apex and base.
In swamps, not rare.
Veronica americana Schwein. Perennial, glabrous throughout, rooting at
the lower nodes; stems decumbent, usually branched, 30-60 cm. long; leaves
all opposite, oblong, ovate or lanceolate, obtuse, serrate, rounded at the base,
short-petioled; racemes opposite, in the upper axils, exceeding the leaves;
pedicels spreading, longer than the bracts and flowers; flowers blue with darker
stripes, 4mm. broad; capsule with a shallow notch at the apex, 4-5 mm. broad.
Common in wet places. Forms of this species are sometimes mistaken
for V. anagallis-aquatica L. which probably does not occur in our limits.
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 323
Veronica humifusa Dickson. Perennial, glabrous or puberulent; stems
erect or decumbent, 10-15 cm. high; leaves opposite, oval, ovate or orbicular,
crenate-dentate or subentire, short-petioled, about 1 cm. long; racemes ter-
minal; bracts oblong, alternate; pedicels erect, equalling or exceeding the
calyx; corolla blue, dark-striped, 4 mm. broad; capsule orbicular, notched at
apex, as long as the calyx.
Common in moist fields and copses.
Veronica alpina L. Perennial, pubescent; stems simple, erect, 6-20 cm.
high; leaves ovate or oblong, entire or crenate; corolla blue, 4-6 mm. broad.
Common in alpine meadows.
Veronica cusickii Gray. Perennial, glabrous except the glandular in-
florescence; leaves ovate or oblong, entire, thickish; corolla blue, 8-10 mm.
broad.
In the Cascade Mountains, at high elevations. First found by Cusick,
in the Blue Mountains, in eastern Oregon.
Veronica allenii Greenman. Much like V. cusickiz, but the white corolla
smaller, 6-7 mm. broad.
Mount Rainier, Allen; not otherwise known.
453. LIMOSELLA. Mupworrt.
Very small glabrous annual herbs, stoloniferous, rooting and
creeping in the mud; leaves narrow, entire, fleshy, in dense
clusters around the simple 1-flowered naked peduncles; flowers
small; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; corolla rotate-campanu-
late, 5-cleft, nearly regular; stamens 4, all anther-bearing; style
short; stigma thickish; capsule many-seeded.
Limosella tenuifolia Wolf. Tufted; leaves narrowly linear, not expanded
at the tip, 2-5 cm. long; peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla white or
pinkish, 2 mm. broad, hardly longer than the calyx; capsules globose, obtuse,
2-2.5 mm. long.
Muddy banks of streams, rare.
454. MIMULUS. Monkey FLOWER.
Herbs with mostly simple opposite leaves; flowers axillary, on
simple peduncles or by the redcution of the upper leaves
racemose; calyx prismatic, or rarely campanulate, usually
5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth usually the largest;
corolla irregular, 2-lipped; upper lip erect or reflexed, 2-lobed, the
lower spreading, 3-lobed; stamens 4, all anther-bearing; stigma
2-lobed; seeds numerous.
Corolla reddish or purple.
Flowers very small, about 5 mm. long, pale purple. M. breweri.
Flowers large, over 2 cm. long.
Corolla scarlet; stamens exserted. M. cardinalis.
Corolla rose-purple; stamens included. M. lewisiz.
Corolla yellow; stigmas 2-lipped.
Calyx not angled, deeply 5-cleft. M. pilosus.
Calyx 5-angled, 5-toothed.
Annuals.
Corolla rather large M. nasutus.
Corolla small. M. alsinoides.
324 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
‘Perennials.
Leaves pinnately veined.
Herbage glabrous. M. dentatus.
Herbage slimy-viscid, musk-scented. M. moschatus.
Leaves palmately veined.
Rootstocks wanting. :
Leaves ovate to orbicular. M. langsdorfit.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate. M. scoulert.
Rootstocks present.
Stems 2-4 cm. high, mostly 1-flowered;
plants stoloniferous, densely matted, al-
pine. M. alpinus.
Stems 10-20 cm. high, mostly several-flow-
ered, arising from slender matted root-
stocks; herbage slimy-viscid. M. implexus.
Mimulus breweri (Greene) Rydb. Annual, viscid-pubescent, 3-12 cm.
high, simple or branched; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, entire,
1-2 cm. long; peduncles as long as the calyx; calyx cylindric, the short teeth
fw Se triangular-obtuse; corolla pale rose-colored, 5-10 mm. long.
On dry cliffs in the mountains.
Mimulus cardinalis Dougl. Perennial, somewhat villous, the inflores-
cence viscid; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high; leaves mostly ovate, the upper pairs
connate, erosely dentate, several-nerved, 5-10 cm. long; calyx prismatic, its
short teeth subequal; corolla scarlet, 3-5 cm. long, the tube longer than the
lips; stamens exserted; seeds wrinkled lengthwise.
In moist places, western Oregon, in the Umpqua Valley; perhaps not in
our limits.
Mimulus lewisii Pursh. Perennial, viscid-pubescent; stems simple, erect,
30-50 cm. high; leaves oblong-ovate, denticulate, acute, 3-4 cm. long, the
nerves conspicuous; peduncles exceeding the leaves; calyx angular-campanu-
late, the teeth triangular, sharp-pointed; corolla rose-red, 4 cm. long, 2-lipped,
the tube longer than the calyx, the lobes rounded and spreading.
Common along alpine streams.
Mimulus pilosus (Benth.) Wats. Annual, erect, usually much branched,
villous throughout with soft somewhat viscid hairs, 10-30 cm. high; leaves
oblong or lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile, 1-3 cm. long; pedicels about equalling
the leaves; calyx campanulate, not at all angled, deeply 5-cleft, oblique at the
orifice; corolla yellow, shortly 2-lipped, 6-8 mm. long, the lobes nearly equal.
ag Reported from Vancouver Island, Macoun. Common east of the Cascade
ountains.
Mimulus nasutus Greene. Much like M. langsdorfit but strictly annual,
the leaves usually orbicular; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long, pale-yellow, the tube
barely as long as the calyx, the lower lip usually with a large purple blotch.
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California, rare in our limits.
Mimulus alsinoides Dougl. Annual, glabrous; stems slender, 8-20 cm.
high; leaves ovate to orbicular, denticulate, petioled, 6-20 mm. long; pedicels
slender, spreading; calyx tubular, the teeth small, subequal; corolla 2-lipped,
10-12 mm. long, yellow with a purple spot in the middle of the lower Jip.
On wet rocks, Vancouver Jsland, British Columbia, to Oregon. The plant
is slightly musk-scented.
Mimulus dentatus Nutt. Perennial with slender rootstocks, glabrous;
stems erect, 20-40 cm. high, simple; leaves ovate to oblong, acutc, evenly and
strongly serrate, 4-8 cm. long; calyx-teeth acute, subequal, half as long as the
tube; corolla 3 cm. long, deep yellow with purple dots in the open throat.
SCROPHULARIACEAE, 325
; In moist places in woods, from the mouth of the Columbia River to Cali-
ornia.
Mimulus moschatus Dougl. Musk Plant. Perennial, villous and shiny
viscid, musk-scented; stems weak, spreading, ascending or erect, 10-40 cm. high;
leaves oblong-ovate, denticulate, 2-5 cm. long, all petioled; peduncles shorter
than the leaves; calyx tubular-prismatic, 8-12 mm. long, the unequal teeth
acute; corolla pale yellow, spotted in the throat, about 2 cm. Jong.
Common in moist places.
Mimulus langsdorfii Donn. Perennial by short stolons, erect or decum-
bent, glabrous or puberulent, 15-60 cm. high, or depauperate plants much
smaller and dying after blooming; leaves several-nerved from the base, ovate,
obtuse or acute, rounded or subcordate at base, the lower long-petioled and
often with ragged lobes at base, the upper short-petioled or sessile; floral
leaves often cuneate; flowers in a raceme, the pedicels as long as or shorter than
the flowers; calyx in fruit 5-angled and inflated, the upper lobe longest, the
others turned toward it, all much shorter than the tube; corolla yellow, hairy
and often spotted in the throat, usually 2-3 cm. long, the tube exceeding
the calyx. » Le
Very common in moist places and exceedingly variable. M. hirsutus
Howell and M. grandiflorus Howell seem to lack any satisfactory differential
characters.
Mimulus scouleri Hook. Perennial, stoloniferous, glabrous; stems erect,
30-60 cm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate, shining, 2-5
cm. long, the lower ones petioled, the upper broader, ovate, sessile; calyx cam-
panulate, the teeth triangular, obtuse; corolla yellow, about 3 cm. long.
Muddy banks of the Columbia River near its mouth.
Mimulus alpinus (Gray) Piper. Glabrous or nearly so; stems weak and
often densely matted, leafy to the top, 5-10 cm. high, mostly 1-flowered;
leaves ovate, nearly sessile, entire or slightly denticulate; corolla 2-3 cm. long.
Abundant on wet cliffs and along rivulets at high altitudes in the moun-
tains.
Mimulus implexus Greene. Tufted perennial with slender fleshy root-
stocks, glabrous up to the inflorescence; stems 15-30 cm. high; leaves all
cauline, 3-5 pairs, ovate, sessile, sparsely dentate, 3-nerved, 2-4 cm. long;
inflorescence puberulent and viscid; calyx campanulate, angled, purple-dotted
the teeth triangular, the upper one largest; corolla pale yellow, bearded and
purple-dotted in the throat.
Along alpine rivulets at about the limit of trees, rare in our limits.
455. DIGITALIS.
Tall herbs with alternate or scattered entire or toothed leaves;
flowers showy, in racemes; calyx 5-parted, the lobes often folia-
ceous; corolla with a somewhat inflated tube and a short scarcely
spreading limb, declined; stamens 4, didynamous, included in
the corolla.
Digitalis purpurea L. Foxglove. Pubescent; stems stout, 60-120 cm. high;
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, dentate; flowers in a long raceme,
drooping; corolla purple or white, 3-5 cm. long, spotted within.
Introduced from Europe.
326 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
456. RHINANTHUS.
Annual erect herbs, with opposite leaves; flowers yellowish, in
a one-sided spike; calyx membranaceous, 4-toothed, inflated in
fruit; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip arched, ovate, obtuse, with
two lateral teeth, the lower lip 3-lobed; stamens 4, all anther-
bearing, enclosed in the upper lip; anther-cells equal; capsule
orbicular, compressed.
Rhinanthus kyrollae Chabert. Stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, simple or
more commonly with ascending branches; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 2-5 cm.
long, serrate, minutely scabrous; bracts pale green, ovate-lanceolate, with
slender acuminate teeth; calyx 1.5 cm. long; corolla pale yellow.
In open fields and prairies; rare in our limits.
457. PEDICULARIS. LovusEworrt.
Perennial herbs; leaves toothed or pinnatifid, the floral bract-
like; flowers rather large in a spike; calyx 2—5-toothed, irregular;
corolla strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip (galea) arched, laterally
compressed, sometimes beaked, the lower 3-lobed; stamens 4,
enclosed by the upper lip; anthers equally 2-celled; capsule
several seeded.
Leaves lanceolate, doubly-crenulate. P. racemosa.
Leaves pinnately parted.
Flowers yellowish or whitish.
Corolla yellow, with a slender inrolled beak. P. conitorta.
Corolla whitish, with a broad hood-like beak. P. bracteosa.
Flowers purple.
Corolla beakless; seashore plant. P. parviflora.
Corolla beaked; alpine plant.
Beak long and filiform, curved. P. surrecta.
Beak short and conical. P. ornithorhyncha.
Pedicularis racemosa Dougl. Ascending or spreading, glabrous throughout
or puberulent above, the stems simple or somewhat branched, 30-40 cm.
long; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute or obtuse, doubly crenulate, 5-10
cm. long; petioles short; flowers short-pedicelled, in racemes, with gradually
reduced leaves or bracts; calyx 2-cleft in front, 2-toothed behind; corolla white
fs reddish, the galea much incurved, nearly reaching the apex of the broad
ip.
Common in alpine woods.
Pedicularis contorta Benth. Glabrous; stems simple, erect, 20-30 cm.
high; basal leaves petioled, 5-8 cm. long, pinnately parted into linear toothed
segments; cauline leaves similar, sessile; spikes densely many-flowered, 5-10
cm. long; calyx cleft before and behind, the lobes 2-toothed; corolla pale
yellow, the galea slender, elongate and somewhat circinate, about as long as
the lower lip.
a In the mountains at high elevations. First collected by Tolmie on Mount
ainier.
Pedicularis bracteosa Benth. Glabrous below, sparsely pubescent above;
stem stout, erect, 30-100 cm. high, with tuber-like roots; leaves ovate or
oblong in outline, 5-12 cm. long, the basal petioled, the cauline nearly sessile,
pinnatcly parted or divided into narrow lanceolate or linear, serrate or incised
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 327
divisions, 1-5 cm. long; inflorescence an erect dense spike, 10-50 cm. long;
bracts ovate, acuminate, entire or nearly so, exceeded by the flowers; calyx
5-cleft, with narrow triangular lobes; corolla whitish, 2 cm. long, the galea longer
than the lip, curved, hooded at the apex, the orifice entire. J
Injwet alpine meadows.
Pedicularis parviflora Smith. Stems branched from the base, decumbent;
leaves pinnately parted into narrow oblong incised segments; spike leafy,
short; calyx-lobes crested; corolla purple, the galea nearly straight and bearing
one or sometimes two pairs of small teeth.
Along the seashore, infrequent, Alaska to Washington.
Pedicularis surrecta Benth. Stem erect, strict, 30-60 cm. high; leaves
pinnately parted into narrow toothed or lobed segments; spike dense, naked;
corolla red-purple, the long galea upwardly curved.
{Common in alpine swamps.
Pedicularis ornithorhyncha Benth. Stems erect, 10-15 cm. high; leaves
pinnately parted, the narrow segments rather scattered and dentately lobed;
stem naked or bearing 1 or 2 reduced leaves; spike short, 1-3 cm. long; corolla
purple, the galea conical, turned downward.
In alpine meadows, in the Cascade Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
First collected on Mount Rainier by Tolmie.
458. CASTILLEJA. PaintTED Cup, INDIAN PINK, oR INDIAN PaInT BrusH.
Perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base; leaves alter-
nate, entire or cleft into linear lobes, the floral ones usually
dilated, colored and more showy than the yellow, red or whitish
spiked flowers; calyx tubular, flattened, 2-4-lobed; corolla-
tube included; upper lip (galea) much longer than the lower,
narrow, arched and keeled, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens;
lower lip short, 3-lobed; anthers unequally 2-celled; capsule
many-seeded.
Bracts whitish or yellowish; galea shorter than the tube of the
corolla. C. levisecta.
Bracts scarlet or crimson (occasionally yellow or white);
galea as long as or longer than the corolla tube.
Leaves and bracts cleft into linear lobes.
Stems glabrous below; bracts crimson or white. C. oreopola.
Stems pilose to the base; bracts scarlet.
Galea much longer than the corolla tube. C. rupicola.
Galea about equalling the corolla tube. C. angustifolia.
Leaves and bracts entire, very rarely cleft.
Stems from slender rootstocks; bracts green, with ‘
scarlet tips. C. suksdorfit.
Stems from a stout caudex; bracts scarlet.
Leaves puberulent, but not viscid; bracts or some
of them lobed or toothed. C. crispula.
Leaves glabrous; bracts entire.
Plants erect; leaves rather thin. C. miniata.
Plants decumbent; leaves thick. C. dixonit.
Castilleja levisecta Greenman. Erect, strict, soft-pubescent throughout;
stem 15-30 cm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly with 1-3 pairs of narrow
lobes; bracts broad, yellow, lobed at the apex; galea shorter than the corolla-
tube.
328 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
In open meadows near the seacoast, Vancouver Island, British Columbia,
and Washington.
Castilleja oreopola Greenman. Stems tufted, glabrous below, pubescent
above, 15-30 cm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly cleft about half-way
into 3-5 narrow lobes; bracts rose-purple, rarely white, 3-cleft; galea about as
long as the corolla-tube.
Abundant in alpine meadows, at 1500-2000 m. altitude.
Castilleja rupicola Piper. Stems tufted, sparsely pubescent, 10-20 cm,
high; leaves usually purplish, deeply cleft into 3-7 linear spreading lobes;
bracts similar, scarlet-tinged; galea much longer than the corolla-tube.
On cliffs, Mount Rainier, Washington, to British Columbia.
Castilleja angustifolia (Nutt.) G. Don. Stems usually clustered from a
woody base, erect, 20-50 cm. high, more or less pubescent throughout, some-
what pilose; leaves pubescent, the lower linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly
entire, the upper broader, cleft to about the middle into 3-5 narrow lobes;
inflorescence short and dense, becoming elongate in fruit; bracts like the leaves
but broader and more deeply cleft, pilose below, the tips scarlet, rarely yellow;
calyx 2-3 cm. long, with lanceolate lobes; corolla 2 cm. long, the upper lip
hardly as long as the tube, much longer than the short 3-lobed lower lip.
In dry or rocky ground. Very variable; three subspecies occur in our
limits.
Castilleja angustifolia abbreviata Fernald. Stems sparingly pilose; leaves
oblong-ovate to obovate, short, 1-2.5 cm. long.
Common in the Olympic Mountains and apparently of restricted range.
Castilleja angustifolia bradburii (Nutt.) Fernald. Stems sparingly pilose;
leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long.
The commonest subspecies in our limits.
Castilleja angustifolia hispida (Benth.) Fernald. Stems densely pilose,
40-50 cm. high; leaves harshly pubescent, short, ascending.
In prairies; first found at Fort Vancouver, Washington, by Douglas.
Castilleja suksdorfii Gray. Sparsely villous; stems 30-60 cm. high,
arising from slender creeping rootstocks; leaves lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, entire
or the upper with a pair of narrow lobes; bracts broader, more or less scarlet-
tipped, 3-lobed; corolla 3 cm. long, the galea longer than the tube; lip 3-lobed.
Wet alpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains, rare.
Castilleja crispula Piper. Perennial from a stout woody crown; whole
herbage sparsely crisp-puberulent; stems erect or nearly so, 20-30 cm. high;
leaves lanceolate, acute, broadest near the sessile base, 3-nerved, 2-4 cm. long,
all entire or the uppermost with a few teeth; spike short and dense; bracts
broader than the leaves, scarlet-tipped, all or at least the upper ones few-
toothed near the apex; calyx villous, about equally cleft before and behind,
each lateral segment cleft about midway into 2 attenuate-lanceolate acute
lobes; corolla about 3 cm. long, the glandular puberulent galea green except a
thin scarlet margin, nearly straight, as long as the sparsely pilose tube; lip
small, the three teeth saccate-involute, acute; ovary elliptic-acuminate.
Mount St. Helens, Washington, Coville, Goodwin; Chilliwack Valley,
British Columbia, Macoun. Very close to C. miniata Dougl. but differing in
its puberulent herbage and the dentate bracts.
Castilleja miniata Dougl. Glabrous below the inflorescence; stems erect,
simple or nearly so, 30-100 cm. high; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, entire, sessile, 3-5 cm. long; spikes dense, pubescent;
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 329
bracts broad, mostly 3-5-toothed or cleft, scarlet-tipped, shorter than the
flowers; calyx about equally cleft before and behind, the divisions 2-cleft;
corolla yellowish, 3 cm. long, the upper lip straight and slender, longer than
a tube; lower lip very short; pod ovoid, 10-12 mm. long, enclosed in the
calyx.
From the sea level up to an altitude of 1600 m.
Castilleja dixoni Fernald. Very similar to C. miniata but prostrate or
decumbent; leaves thickish, turning black in drying.
Along the ocean seashore; perhaps only a form of C. miniata.
459. ORTHOCARPUS.
Low annuals, very similar to Castilleja; calyx 4-cleft; corolla
tubular; the upper lip (galea) scarcely longer and usually much
narrower than the inflated 1-3-saccate lower ones; anthers un-
equally 2-celled, or the smaller anther-cell rarely wanting.
Lobes of lower lip of corolla well developed.
Galea bearded on the back; filaments pubescent. O. purpurascens.
Galea naked; filaments smooth.
Spike short and dense; bracts with broad obtuse
white lobes. O. castilleoides.
Spike slender; bracts with slender lobes. O. attenuatus.
Lobes of lower lip of corolla very small.
Lip simply saccate, scarcely larger than the galea.
Bracts very different from the leaves, the upper
ones entire. O. imbricatus.
Bracts less different from the leaves, all 3—5-lobed. O. bracteosus.
Lip with 3 conspicuous swellings, much larger than the
galea.
Flowers very small, 4-6 mm. long, dull purple;
leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid into filiform seg-
ments. O. pusillus.
Flowers larger, 12-20 mm. long; leaves simply pin-
nate with slender lobes or entire.
Corolla sulphur-yellow, 2-2.5 cm. long; anthers
1-celled. O. erianthus.
Corolla white, about 1 cm. long; anthers 2-
celled. O. hispidus.
Orthocarpus purpurascens Benth. Hirsute-pubescent; stems erect, simple
or branched from the base, 15-30 cm. high; leaves all 3—5-lobed or cleft, the
lobes very narrow; flowers in a dense spike; bracts purplish or reddish, broader
than the leaves, 3-5-lobed, as long as the flowers; calyx-lobes linear, as long as
the tube; galea longer than the 3-saccate lip, curved at tip.
Seattle, probably introduced, Piper. Common in prairies, Oregon to
California.
Orthocarpus castilleoides Benth. Puberulent; stems usually branched
from the base and decumbent; leaves oblong or lanceolate, cut into narrow
lobes; flowers in a dense short thick spike; bracts broader than the leaves,
white-tipped; corolla whitish.
In brackish marshes, along the seashore.
Orthocarpus attenuatus Gray. Minutely pubescent; stems erect, 10-20
cm. high, pubescent above; leaves linear, long-attenuate, sometimes with
narrow lobes; flowers scattered, in a narrow spike; bracts with attenuate lobes,
sometimes white-tipped; corolla white; galea narrowly conical, straight.
In dry open places, British Columbia to California.
330 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Orthocarpus imbricatus Benth. Puberulent; stems slender, erect, 10-30
cm. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate, puberulent; bracts somewhat
papery, oval, net-veined, purplish at tip; spike dense; corolla purple; galea
triangular, straight, as long as the lip.
Olympic Mountains, Elmer, and south to the mountains of northern Cali-
fornia, rare.
Orthocarpus bractegsus Benth. Hirsute pubescent; stems erect, 10-30
cm. high; leaves all deeply cleft into 3 acute lanceolate lobes, the lateral ones
spreading; inflorescence a dense spike; bracts broader than the leaves, 3-5-
lobed, greenish; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla purple, 12-14 mm. long, the
galea short and inflexed.
Open prairies, Vancouver Island to California. O. strictus Benth. is prob-
ably identical and if so has priority.
Orthocarpus pusillus Benth. Pubescent; plants low, usually purplish,
5-10 cm. high; leaves pinnately dissected into thread-like divisions; bracts
ame flowers scattered, shorter than the bracts; corolla purplish, 4-5 mm.
ong.
Common in dry gravelly soil.
Orthocarpus erianthus Benth. Minutely pubescent; stems slender,
strictly erect, 10-20 cm. high, simple or branched; leaves pinnately parted
above the broader entire base into narrow segments; spike narrow; bracts
similar to the leaves but small, the upper ones not longer than the calyx;
corolla 2—2.5 cm. long, yellow, the narrow falcate galea purple-tipped.
Washington, where perhaps introduced, to Oregon and California.
Orthocarpus hispidus Benth. Annual, slender, erect, simple or with few
erect branches, rough-hairy throughout, 10-40 cm. high; leaves linear or
lanceolate, attenuate, entire or pinnately cleft into 3-5 linear lobes, 2-6 cm.
long; spikes dense, narrow; bracts like the leaves, but shorter and broader;
calyx-teeth subulate, shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla white, slender,
12-14 mm. long; lip with 3 sac-like swellings; galea straight, pointed.
Moist places in open ground, Willamette Valley.
Family 91. OROBANCHACEAE. BrooMRAPE FAMILy.
Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of foliage and green color,
yellowish or brownish throughout; leaves reduced to alternate
scales; flowers solitary, loosely clustered or spicate; calyx 4- or 5-
toothed or parted; corolla gamopetalous, tubular, more or less
2-lipped, hypogynous; stamens 4, didynamous, epipetalous; style
long; stigma large; ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 4 parietal placentae;
capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; seeds very numerous, minute.
Anther cells not separated, their bases rounded. 460. BoscHNIAKIA, 330.
Anther cells separated below, their bases mucronate.
Bracts on the calyx or elongated peduncles
none. 461. THALESIA, 331.
Bracts on the calyx or short pedicel one ortwo. 462. OROBANCHE, 331.
460. BOSCHNIAKIA.
Stout fleshy reddish simple-stemmed parasitic herbs; flowers
sessile or subsessile in a dense scaly-bracted spike; bractlets
OROBANCHACEAE., 331
linear, usually wanting; calyx short, cup-shaped, the teeth very
variable; corolla swollen toward the base; upper lip entire or
notched; lower lip 3-parted; stamens slightly exserted; anther-
cells parallel, blunt at base; stigmas 2-lobed or 4-lobed; cap-
sules globose, 4-valved; seeds with a thin reticulated coat.
Boschniakia hookeri Walp. (B. strobilacea Gray.) Tuber-like under-
ground stem globose, reticulated; stems stout, 10-30 cm. high, reddish,
flowering from near the ground; scale-like leaves rhomboidal, usually densely
imbricated, more or less erose; flowers sessile or nearly so; calyx very variable,
the teeth varying from subulate to broadly triangular, sometimes obsolete
a nearly so; corolla ciliate; filaments bearded at base; capsule globose; seeds
avose.
From Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California; first found by
Menzies at Nootka Sound. Northward the plant is parasitic on Gaultheria
shallon or rarely on Arctostaphylos; southward the common host is Arctos-
taphylos but sometimes Arbutus menziesii. It seems impossible to maintain
B. hookert, the northern plant, and the usually stouter southern form, B.
strobilacea, as distinct species.
461. THALESIA.
Yellowish, violet or nearly white herbs, parasitic on the roots of
various plants; scale-leaves scattered; flowers solitary or in
loose clusters; calyx 4- or 5-cleft; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip
erect, mostly 2-lobed or emarginate, the lower spreading; stamens
included.
Calyx-lobes subulate, longer than the tube. T. uniflora.
Calyx-lobes triangular, shorter than the tube. T. fasciculata.
Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britt. Stem stout, 1-4 cm. long, mostly sub-
terranean, with a few ovate obtuse scales and bearing 1-5 or more 1-flowered
glandular-puberulent peduncles 5-12 cm. high; calyx glandular, the obconic
or campanulate tube exceeded by the narrow subulate lobes; corolla violet or
yellowish, 1-2.5 cm. long, glandular-puberulent without.
Rare in our limits.
Thalesia fasciculata (Nutt.) Britt. Stems elongated, 2-12 cm. long,
bearing a cluster of 2-30 very glandular 1-flowered peduncles, 5-10 cm. high;
calyx-tube campanulate, about as long as the broad triangular lobes; corolla
yellowish, 1-2 cm. long.
Parasitic on various plants; not common.
462, OROBANCHE.
Parasitic herbs on the roots of various plants, usually yellow-
ish or reddish; flowers in spikes, sessile or nearly so, with bracts;
calyx deeply 2-lobed, the lobes often 2-cleft; corolla irregular, the
tube slightly curved, the upper lip erect or incurved, the lower
spreading; capsule 2-valved.
Flowers pedicellate; anthers woolly. O. grayana.
Flowers subsessile; anthers glabrous or nearly so. O. ludoviciana.
332 LENTIBULARIACEAE.
Orobanche grayana Beck. (O. comosa Hook.) Stems stout, very short;
flowers in a dense simple or branched corymb, all pedicelled; calyx-lobes
narrow; corolla purplish; anthers woolly.
Parasitic on Grindelia; rare, in our limits known from Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, and Whidby Island, Sucia Island, and Flattop Island,
Washington.
Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. Whole plant reddish-yellow, viscid-pu-
bescent; stem stout, erect, simple or with erect branches, scaly, 15-25 cm. long;
flowers 2-bracted at the base of the calyx, in dense spikes, looser below; calyx
unequally 5-cleft, the lobes linear-lanceolate; corolla yellowish, 12-15 mm.
long, the lobes acute, hardly spreading.
Parasitic on Composite plants; known in our limits from Victoria, British
Columbia, Macoun; Fort Vancouver, Washington, Douglas.
Family 92. LENTIBULARIACEAE. BLADDERWORT FAaMILy.
Small aquatic herbs with 1-few-flowered scapes; calyx 2-
lipped; corolla deeply 2-lipped, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed and
with a prominent usually bearded palate, spurred at the base in
front; stamens 2, with confluently 1-celled anthers; style very
short or none; stigma 1-2-lipped; ovary free, 1-celled, with a
free central placenta; capsule often bursting irregularly.
Leaves entire; plant terrestrial. 463. PINGUICULA, 332.
Leaves dissected; plant aquatic. 464. UTRICULARIA, 332.
463. PINGUICULA. BuTTERWoRT.
Small stemless perennial herbs growing on damp rocks; leaves
broad, entire, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch; flower
solitary on a scape; upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower
2-cleft; corolla with an open hairy or spotted palate, the lobes
spreading.
Pinguicula vulgaris L. Leaves elliptic or ovate, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long,
short-petioled; scape 5-12 cm. high; corolla violet, the tube conical with a
straight spur, the lower lip much longer than the upper.
Moist banks and rocks in the mountains.
464. UTRICULARIA. BLADDERWORT.
Aquatic submersed plants; leaves dissected into capillary
segments and bearing little air-bladders which act as floats, or
sometimes rooting in the mud and with few or no leaves or
bladders; flowers on 1-few-flowered scapes; corolla bilabiate,
with the throat closed by a prominent palate; anthers convergent.
Leaves 2-3 times pinnately parted, crowded; flowers large. U. vulgaris.
Leaves 2-4 times forked, scattered; flowers small. U. minor.
Utricularia vulgaris L. Stems rather stout, immersed, thickly crowded
with the finely parted pinnate leaves; corolla yellow, 12-16 mm. broad, with
reflexed sides; spur conical, shorter than the lower lip.
In still ponds, not common.
PLANTAGINACEAE. 333
; Utricularia minor L. Stems floating; leaves forked 2-4 times, the thread-
aed divisions few; corolla yellow, 4-6 mm. broad, the lips wide open; spur very
short,
In ponds, scarce.
Family 93. PLANTAGINACEAE. PLantain FaMIty.
Mostly stemless herbs; flowers regular, 4-merous, in spikes;
corolla gamopetalous, dry and membranaceous, veinless; stamens
4, or rarely 2, on the corolla-tube, alternate with its lobes; ovary
2-, or falsely 3-4-celled; ovules 1-several in each cavity.
465. PLANTAGO. PLantaIn.
Leaves nerved or ribbed, radical; flowers small, in bracted
spikes, on naked scapes; calyx of 4 persistent sepals; corolla
salverform or rotate, 4-parted; stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or
some flowers with long exserted filaments; ovary 2-celled; ovules
1-several in each cell; capsule 2-celled, 2-several-seeded.
Leaves ovate or lanceolate.
Seeds numerous; leaves ovate.
Seeds only 2-4; leaves lanceolate.
Leaves linear.
Corolla-lobes closed over the fruit. P. bigelovit.
Corolla-lobes spreading in fruit.
Leaves fleshy; seaside plants.
Leaves obtuse; capsule 4 mm. long. P. maritima.
Leaves acute; capsule 6-8 mm. long. P. macrocarpa.
Leaves not fleshy; inland plants.
Spikes woolly; bracts short. P. purshtt.
Spikes not woolly; bracts long. P. aristata.
. major.
. lanceolata.
Ny hy
Plantago major L. Common Plantain. Perennial, pubescent or glabrous,
the erect scapes mostly 10-30 cm. high; leaves broadly ovate, 3—5-ribbed,
obtuse or acute, rounded at base, entire or coarsely dentate, 3-20 cm. long,
on stout channeled petioles; spikes 5-20 cm. long; flowers all alike, perfect;
sepals ovate or oblong, obtuse, shorter than the acutish capsule; seeds 6-15.
Introduced in waste places; also native, especially on lake and sea beaches.
Plantago lanceolata L. Buckhorn. Perennial, with a stout tap-root,
erect, 30-45 cm. high, more or less pubescent; leaves 5—20 cm. long, sparsely
pubescent, woolly at the base of the broad petiole; spikes dense, 1-3 cm. long,
a little thicker at the base; bracts and sepals scarious; flowers all alike, perfect;
capsule oblong, obtuse, 2-seeded; seeds concave on the inner face.
Introduced; common in lawns and meadows.
Plantago bigelovii Gray. Annual, green and glabrous; leaves linear, obtuse,
entire, 4-10 cm. long; spikes dense, few-flowered, 2-3 cm. long, exceeding the
leaves; stamens 2; capsule ovoid-oblong, 4 mm. long, 4-seeded.
In salt marshes, rare.
Plantago maritima L. Glabrous or nearly so, somewhat fleshy; leaves
linear, obtuse, more or less woolly at base, 5-25 cm. long; spikes dense, 2-10
cm. long; bracts obtuse, shorter than the calyx; sepals oval, keeled on the
back; corolla-lobes acutish; stamens 4; seeds few, not concave on the face.
On the seashore, common.
334 RUBIACEAE.
Plantago macrocarpa Cham. & Schlecht. Perennial, fleshy; leaves lan-
ceolate, acute, 10-30 cm. long, tapering into a long margined petiole; scapes as
long as or longer than the leaves; spike dense, cylindric, in fruit 4-5 cm. long,
its axis pubescent; bracts and sepals rather fleshy, scarious-margined; capsule
ovoid-oblong, 4-seeded, 6-8 mm. long.
Common on the seacoast, Alaska to Vancouver Island, Brizish Columbia,
and perhaps to Washington.
Plantago purshii R. & S. Annual, 5-30 cm. high, white-hairy or woolly
throughout; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 1-3-nerved, linear or lanceolate, acute,
narrowed at the base into a petiole; spikes dense, 1-10 cm. long; bracts subu-
late, exceeding the flowers, becoming rigid; flowers perfect but of two kinds on
separate plants, in one the four stamens being long and exserted, in the other
short and included; sepals oblong, obtuse, with broad scarious margins;
corolla white, the spreading lobes ovate.
Common in dry ground.
Plantago aristata Michx. Much like P. purshii but greener and less hairy;
bracts of the spikes much longer than the flowers.
Sparingly introduced from the central states.
Family 94. RUBIACEAE. Mapper FaAmIry.
Herbs (in ours); leaves opposite, entire with intervening
stipules or whorled without stipules; flowers generally perfect;
calyx 4- or 5-lobed or toothed, coherent with the ovary; corolla
gamopetalous, regular, 4- or 5-lobed or toothed; stamens on the
corolla and alternate with its lobes; ovary inferior, 2—5-celled;
endosperm hard, copious.
Corolla funnelform, 4- or 5-lobed; calyx-lobes present. 466. SHERARDIA, 334.
Corolla wheel-shaped, 3- or 4-parted; calyx-teeth none. 467. GaLium, 334.
466. SHERARDIA.
Slender procumbent herbs with 4-sided stems; leaves lanceolate,
pointed, in whorls of 4-6; flowers small, blue or pinkish, sur-
rounded by a gamophyllous involucre; calyx-lobes lanceolate,
persistent; corolla funnelform, the limb 4—-5-lobed; style filiform,
2-cleft; stigmas capitate; fruit dry, twin, of 2 indehiscent 1-
seeded carpels.
Sherardia arvensis L. Scabrous; stems tufted, loosely branched, 10-20
cm. high; leaves in whorls of 4, 5, or 6, lanceolate or lance-linear, acute, 6-15
mm. long; flowers capitate; involucre 6-8-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, acute;
corolla pink, with spreading lobes; calyx-teeth persistent on the fruit.
Introduced from Europe.
467. GALIUM. BepstrRaw. CLEAVERS.
Annual or perennial herbs with 4-angled stems; leaves whorled,
without apparent stipules; flowers small, usually cymose; calyx-
teeth obsolete; corolla rotate, 4-parted, rarely 3-parted; stamens
as many as the corolla-lobes, short; styles 2, short; stigmas capi-
RUBIACEAE. 335
tate; ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; ovules solitary; fruit dry or fleshy,
globular, separating when ripe into 2 closed 1-seeded carpels.
Annuals; fruit hispid or hirsute.
Leaves mostly in fours; stemserect,smooth. G. bifolium.
Leaves 6-8 in each whorl; stems rough on the
angles. . aparine.
Perennials; fruit smooth, hispid or canescent.
Leaves 3-nerved, in whorls of four.
Fruit canescent, becoming smooth;
leaves linear. G. boreale.
Fruit hispid; leaves wider than linear.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acutish. G. kamtschaticum.
Leaves obovate or orbicular, obtuse. G. kamtschaticum oreganum.
Leaves 1-nerved.
Whorls containing 6 leaves; fruit hispid
with hooked hairs. G. triflorum.
Whorls containing 4, 5, or 6 leaves; fruit
smooth.
Flowers cymose, the peduncles ir-
regularly branching. G. cymosum.
Flowers not cymose.
Flowers solitary. G. trifidunt.
Flowers or many of them in twos. G. claytont.
Galium bifolium Wats. Glabrous; stems erect, 10-20 cm. high, simple or
but little branched; leaves linear to oblanceolate, 8-15 mm. long, the upper
often in twos; peduncles 1-flowered, about as long as the leaves; flowers white.
In moist places in the mountains at about 1500 m. altitude. Known from
Mount Adams and Mount Stuart and to be expected in our limits.
Galium aparine L. Stems weak and reclining, retrosely prickly on the
angles, 30-120 cm. long; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, mostly cuspidate,
more or less retrorsely-hispid, especially on the margins and midribs, 5-8 cm.
long; pedicels from the upper axils or terminal, bearing solitary flowers; fruit
on erect pedicels, densely hispid with somewhat hooked bristles, 3-4 mm.
broad.
Very abundant in open woods.
Galium boreale L. Glabrous or nearly so; stems rather slender, but erect,
30-60 cm. high, leafy; leaves 3-nerved, oblong-linear, lanceolate or linear,
obtuse to acuminate, mostly 1-3 cm. long; flowers white, in small cymes which
form a large terminal panicle; bract-like leaves much reduced and in pairs;
fruit globose, small, hispid, but becoming glabrous.
In moist meadows, not common.
Galium kamtschaticum Steller. Stems erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves in
fours, obovate to orbicular, 3-nerved, obtuse, slightly pilose on the nerves and
margins; flowers cream-colored, in small cymes; pedicels spreading; corolla-
lobes acute; fruit hispid. :
Stevens Pass, Washington, Sandberg & Leiberg, north to Alaska and
Kamtschatka.
Galium kamtschaticum oreganum (Britt.) Piper. Leaves oblong-ovate,
acutish; otherwise like G. kamtschaticum. ;
Common in woods in the mountains at low altitudes, Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, to Oregon.
Galium triflorum Michx. Stems weak, prostrate to ascending, 30-100 cm
long, retrorsely hispid on the angles; leaves lanceolate, bristle-tipped, 2-8 cm.
336 CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
long; peduncles 3-flowered, rarely 6-flowered; flowers greenish-white, all
pedicelled; fruits covered with hooked bristles.
In moist woods, very common.
Galium cymosum Wiegand. Stems ascending, 30-80 cm. high, 4-angled,
rough on the angles, loosely branched; leaves in fives and sixes, linear, obtuse,
scabrous on the margins, 10-17 mm. long; flowers numerous, in terminal and
lateral cymes; pedicels short, divaricate; corolla 2 mm. broad, 3-parted; fruit
glabrous. ;
Washington and Oregon, near the coast; not common.
Galium trifidum pacificum Wiegand. Stems slender, 30-50 cm. high;
leaves mostly in fours, unequal, oblong-spatulate, obtuse, cuneate at base,
thin in texture, 15-25 mm. long; peduncles lateral, capillary, scabrous or
smooth, 1-flowered, not longer than the leaves; corolla 3-lobed; fruit smooth.
In wet places, common.
Galium claytoni subbiflorum Wiegand. Stems ascending, weak and
slender, 15-20 cm. high, retrorsely scabrous on the angles; leaves linear, scab-
rous on the margins and midribs; peduncles axillary or terminal, recurved,
often scabrous, some of them 1-flowered, others 2- or even 3-flowered; flowers
very small, white, the parts often in threes; fruit glabrous.
In wet places, rare in our limits.
Family 95. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HoNEYSUCKLE FAMILy.
Shrubs or rarely herbs; leaves opposite, without genuine
stipules; flowers perfect, generally in cymes; calyx-tube adherent
to the ovary; corolla gamopetalous, tubular or rotate, 4- or 5-
cleft, sometimes irregular; stamens distinct, as many as the corolla-
lobes, rarely fewer; ovary 2-5-celled, or not rarely 1-celled;
ovules solitary or several; endosperm fleshy.
Corolla rotate or urn-shaped; flowers in compound
cymes.
Leaves pinnate. 468. SamBuCUS, 336.
Leaves simple. 469. VIBURNUM, 337.
Corolla tubular or bell-shaped; flowers not in
compound cymes.
Creeping herbaceous vines; fruit dry. 470. LINNAEA, 338.
Shrubs, erect or climbing; fruit a berry.
Corolla regular, bell-shaped. 471. SyMPHORICARPOS, 338.
Corolla more or less irregular, tubular,
commonly 2-lipped. 472. LonicerA, 338.
468. SAMBUCUS. ELpER.
Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, pinnate; leaflets serrate or
laciniate; flowers small, white, numerous, in compound cymes;
calyx-lobes minute or obsolete; corolla gamopetalous, open urn-
shaped, 5-cleft; lobes broadly spreading; stamens 5, distinct;
stigmas 3; fruits of berry-like drupes with 3-5 nutlets, each with
one seed.
Inflorescence flat-topped; berries black, with a bloom. S. glauca.
Inflorescence pyramidal; berries red, rarely yellow or brownish. S. callicarpa.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 337
Sambucus glauca Nutt. Shrub 2-5 m. high, or sometimes a tree 8-10 m.
high, glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous; young pith white; leaves
pinnate; leaflets 5-9, thickish, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply
serrate, short-stalked, paler beneath, 8-12 cm. long; lower leaflets sometimes
more or less divided; subulate stipels occasionally present; cymes usually
5-rayed, large, flat-topped; flowers white, 4-5 mm. broad; fruit black, very
glaucous; nutlets rugose.
- - dry ground, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California and
aho.
Sambucus callicarpa Greene. Shrub 2-5 m. high; bark smooth, brown;
young pith brownish-yellow; leaflets 5-7, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, acute or
acuminate, 5-12 cm. long, sparingly pubescent beneath; panicle pyramidal;
flowers cream-colored; berries bright scarlet, sometimes chestnut-colored,
rarely yellow.
In wet ground, very common. The form with chestnut-colored fruit is
very abundant on the bluffs of Puget Sound between Seattle and Everett,
Washington.
469. VIBURNUM.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves simple, commonly toothed,
sometimes deeply lobed; flowers white, in flat compound cymes;
calyx 5-toothed; corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed; stamens 5, ex-
serted; stigmas 1-3; fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe with soft pulp
and a thin crustaceous stone.
Cyme radiate, that is the outer flowers neutral and enlarged. V. opulus.
Cyme not radiate.
Leaves roundish, mostly 3-lobed. V. pauciflorum.
Leaves oval to elliptic, dentate. V. ellipticum.
Viburnum opulus americanum (Mill.) Ait. Erect shrub, 1-4 m. high,
glabrous or nearly so; leaves orbicular in outline, rounded or cuneate at base,
3-5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, the triangular lobes acuminate, usually dentate;
petioles bearing 2 or more round usually reddish excrescences at summit;
stipules very slender; cymes flat, the outer flowers neutral and much enlarged;
fruit red, acid.
Rare in our limits, Sumas Prairie, Lyall; Cape Horn, Piper. The culti-
vated snowball is a form of the true V. opulus L. of Europe.
Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie. High-bush Cranberry. Shrub, 1-2 m.
high, the branchlets glabrous; leaves orbicular or ovate, mostly 3-lobed, trun-
cate or subcordate at base, pubescent beneath; cymes peduncled, on short
2-leaved branches, small, 1-2 cm. broad; flowers white, all perfect; drupes
globose, red.
Along streams in the mountains, infrequent.
Viburnum ellipticum Hook. Shrub, 1-3 m. high, erect; leaves broadly
oval or oblong, coarsely dentate above the middle, obtuse, firm in texture,
somewhat pubescent, especially beneath, 3-5-nerved from the base; petioles
slender; stipules subulate; cymes rather dense; flowers cream-colored; corolla
8 mm. broad; fruit black.
Along both sides of the lower Columbia River, where first found by Douglas,
and southward to California.
23
338 CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
470. LINNAEA. TWwIN-FLOWER.
Creeping and trailing small evergreen herbs; leaves ovate or
orbicular, opposite, petioled; flowers in pairs, on the summit of
elongated terminal peduncles; calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, decidu-
ous; corolla funnelform, almost equally 5-lobed, purple and whit-
ish, hairy inside; stamens 4, two shorter, all included and inserted
near the base of the corolla; ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled,
but one seed ripening, the other ovules abortive.
Linnaea borealis longiflora Torr. Twin-flower. Stem perennial, trailing,
slender, pubescent, 30-100 cm. long; leaves obovate or orbicular, obtuse,
crenate above the middle, mostly cuneate at base, sparingly pubescent, 10-25
mm. long, short-petioled; flowering branches erect, 8-10 cm. high, leafy below,
forked above into two, very rarely more, glandular pedicels, each bearing a
single nodding flower; calyx-lobes lanceolate, about twice as long as the very
glandular tube; corolla pink, hairy inside, 1-1.5 cm. long.
In woods, very common.
471. SYMPHORICARPOS. SNoWBERRY.
Low and branching shrubs; leaves oval or oblong, short-
petioled, entire or wavy-margined; flowers 2-bracteolate, in axil-
lary and terminal spikes or clusters, rarely solitary; calyx-teeth
5 or 4, short, persistent; corolla regular or nearly so, bell-shaped
to salverform, white or pink, 5- or 4-lobed; stamens as many as
the corolla-lobes, epipetalous; ovary 4-celled, two of these being
1-ovuled and fertile, the two alternate several-ovuled and sterile;
fruit globular and berry-like, containing 2 bony seed-like nutlets.
Erect shrub; leaves glabrous. S. albus.
Trailing shrub; leaves pubescent. S. mollis,
Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake. (S. racemosus Michx.) Erect much
branched shrub, 30-90 cm. high; leaves ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, rounded
or cuneate at base, entire or on vigorous shoots sinuately-toothed or lobed,
pubescent beneath, short-petioled, 1-4 cm. long; flowers in terminal and axil-
lary racemes; corolla pink, campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, villous on the lobes
within, these obtuse, shorter than the tube; stamens and style included;
berries white.
Common in open woods.
Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt. Whole plant covered with a short dense
pubescence; stems weak, reclining, 30-120 cm. long; leaves oblong to oval,
1-2 cm. long, entire or on vigorous shoots deeply and sinuately lobed, acute
or obtuse; flowers in clusters of 1-6; corolla pink, campanulate, 4 mm. long,
slightly villous within, the lobes obtuse, as long as the tube; stamens and
style included; berries white.
In dry open woods.
472. LONICERA. HONEYSUCELE.
Erect or climbing shrubs; leaves opposite, mostly entire;
flowers in spikes or pairs; calyx minutely 5-toothed; corolla
tubular or funnelform, often gibbous at the base, more or less
CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 339
irregularly 5-lobed, commonly 2-lipped; stamens 5, epipetalous;
ovary 2- or 3-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell; berry
several-seeded.
Climbing shrubs; flowers in terminal clusters; upper leaves
connate-perfoliate.
Flowers orange; stamens and style little exserted. L. ciliosa.
Flowers pink; stamens and style long-exserted. L. hispidula,
Erect shrubs; flowers on axillary peduncles in pairs; upper
leaves not connate.
Bracts large, foliaceous; flowers yellow; fruit black. L. involucrata,
Bracts small and narrow; flowers whitish; fruit red. L. utahensis.
Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. Stems slender, twining to a height of
3-7 m.; young parts glaucous; leaves oval, obtuse, glaucous beneath, ciliate,
2-6 cm. long, short-petioled; uppermost pairs on the flowering branches con-
nate into oval or orbicular disks; peduncles terminal, rarely in the axils of the
penultimate pair of leaves; flowers sessile, in whorls; corolla yellow or orange,
sparsely hairy; tube narrow, gibbous near the base, 2—2.5 cm. long; limb
spreading, slightly 2-lipped; berries orange-red.
In open woods, common.
Lonicera hispidula Dougl. Stems slender, twining, 2-4 m. high, the young
shoots hispid; leaves oval or ovate, often subcordate, glabrous and green above,
pale and pubescent beneath, 1-3 cm. long, the uppermost usually connate;
flower clusters often panicled; corolla reddish without, yellowish within, 15-20
mm. long, 2-lipped, the strongly gibbous tube not longer than the lips; fila-
ments exserted, hairy at base; berries red.
On banks and cliffs. Common on the bluffs along Puget Sound.
Lonicera involucrata Banks. (L.ledebouri Esch.) Shrub, 1-3 m. tall, not
twining; leaves oblong, ovate or obovate, mostly acuminate, rounded or
cuneate at base, sparsely pubescent beneath or glabrate, 5-15 cm. long, short-
petioled; peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves; flowers yellow, a single pair
surrounded at base by an involucre of 4-6 bracts, the inner ones of which are
united at base and become purple in fruit; corolla tubular, with short lobes,
glandular-puberulent, 10-15 mm. long; berries black, not united.
Along streams and in tidal marshes, common.
Lonicera utahensis Wats. Much branched shrubs, 1-2 m. high, not
twining; leaves oblong, oval or ovate, obtuse, pubescent beneath, and some-
what ciliate, 1-5 cm. long, short-petioled; flowers white or nearly so, in a pair
at the apex of the peduncles, 1-2 cm. long, with 2 small bracts at the base of
ovary; corolla oblong-funnelform, 2 cm. long, the 5 lobes nearly equal, the
tube with a sac-like projection at base; berries red, not united.
Olympic Mountains, at about the limit of trees, Elmer, Flett. Common
in the mountains of the interior.
Family 96. VALERIANACEAE. VALERIAN FamILy.
Herbs; leaves opposite, without stipules; flowers perfect or
dioecious, in panicled or clustered cymes; calyx-tube coherent
with the ovary; corolla gamopetalous, tubular or funnelform,
often irregular, 3—-5-cleft; stamens distinct, 1-3, fewer than the
corolla-lobes, epipetalous; ovary inferior, with one fertile 1-ovuled
340 VALERIANACEAE.
cell and two abortive or empty ones; fruit indehiscent; endo-
sperm none.
Tall perennial herbs; calyx-limb of 5-15 plumose
slender lobes, inrolled until fruiting. 473. VALERIANA, 340.
Low annual herbs; calyx-limb obsolete or nearly so. 474. VALERIANELLA, 340.
473. VALERIANA. VALERIAN.
Tall perennial herbs, with strong-scented thickened roots;
leaves simple or pinnate; calyx-lobes of several plumose bristles
(pappus) which are rolled inward in flower but which unroll as the
fruit matures; corolla commonly gibbous near the base, 5-lobed,
nearly regular; stamens 3; abortive cell of the ovary small or
obscure, obliterated in the akene-like fruit which is therefore
1-celled.
Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Perennial from stout rootstocks, glabrous
or nearly so; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high; basal leaves simple or trifoliolate,
the blades broadly ovate to orbicular; cauline 3—5-foliolate, the leaflets sessile,
ovate to oblong, coarsely sinuate to sinuate-dentate; flowers whitish or pinkish,
in dense umbels; calyx sparsely pilose; corolla funnelform, 6-7 mm. long;
stigma entire; fruit glabrous.
Abundant in the mountains at the limit of trees. Odor strong and rather
unpleasant, especially when dry. First collected near Sitka by Mertens.
Valeriana sitchensis scouleri (Rydb.) Piper. Leaflets entire or merely
undulate; otherwise like V. sztchensts.
Rocky stream banks at low altitudes.
474. VALERIANELLA.
Low annual dichotomously branched herbs; leaves tender,
rather succulent; flowers small, bracted, whitish or pink, cymosely
clustered; calyx merely toothed or teeth obsolete; corolla funnel-
form, manifestly or obscurely 2-lipped; stamens 3, rarely 2;
fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Flowers rose-colored; fruit usually broadly winged. V. congesta.
Flowers pale or white.
Corolla spurless; fruit winged. V. anomala.
Corolla spurred; fruit wingless. V. samolifolia.
Valerianella congesta Lindl. Stems 10-40 cm. high, erect, simple or with
a few branches; leaves oblong, entire, obtuse, the cauline sessile; flowers rose-
colored, in dense cymes; corolla 2-lipped, 6-8 mm. long, spurred; fruit glabrous
or puberulent, strongly keeled on the back.
In open ground, British Columbia to California. The fruit is usually
broadly winged but in some forms the wings are narrow or even wanting.
Valerianella anomala Gray. Stems erect, 20-50 cm. high; leaves oblong,
acutish, 2-5 cm. long; flowers white, in small terminal and axillary cymes;
corolla white, funnelform, obscurely 2-lipped, three lobes larger than the other
two; spur wanting; fruit strongly keeled, 3 mm. long, the wings usually broad.
In moist open places, rare.
DIPSACACEAE. 341
Valerianella samolifolia (DC.) Gray. Stems erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves
oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long; flowers in small cymes;
bracts entire and subulate, or the upper ones palmately 3-parted; corolla
white, obscurely 2-lipped; spur short; fruit wingless, 3-angled, 2 mm. long,
glabrous or pubescent.
In moist ground, rare, Vancouver Island to California; also in Chile.
Family 97. DIPSACACEAE. TraseL Fami_y.
Herbs; leaves opposite or whorled, without stipules; flowers
in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre as in the Compositae;
calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; corolla epigynous, 2-5-lobed;
stamens 2-4, distinct on the corolla-tube and alternate with its
lobes; ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovule 1; fruit an akene with
persistent calyx-lobes; endosperm fleshy.
475. DIPSACUS. TEASEL.
Rough-hairy or prickly tall biennial or perennial herbs; leaves
large, opposite, the bases sometimes united into a cup; flowers
in dense terminal peduncled oblong heads; bracts of the involucre
and scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny-pointed; calyx 4-
toothed or lobed; corolla oblique, 2-lipped, 3-lobed; stamens 4;
stigma oblique or lateral; akene free from or adherent to the
involucel.
Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Biennial, 1-2 m. high, the stems and midribs
armed with stout prickles; lower leaves lanceolate, obtuse, crenate, rarely
cleft at base, 15-30 cm. long; upper leaves sessile, often cuneate, acuminate,
entire; heads ovoid, becoming cylindric, 5-10 cm. long; involucre of linear
cuspidate prickly bracts, some of which are longer than the head; bracts of
the receptacle ovate, armed with long straight awns; flowers lilac.
Sparingly introduced.
Family 98. CUCURBITACEAE. Gourp Famity.
Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils; leaves alternate, pal-
mately lobed or veined; flowers dioecious or monoecious; calyx-
tube adhering to the ovary; stamens 5 or usually 3, then 2 with
a 2-celled and 1 with a 1-celled anther, usually united by their
anthers, sometimes also by their filaments; stigmas 2 or 3; ovary
1-3-celled; fruit a pepo, fleshy or sometimes membranaceous.
476. MICRAMPELIS.
Tall climbing annual vines nearly smooth, with forked tendrils;
leaves thin; flowers very numerous, small, greenish-white,
monoecious, the staminate in compound.racemes, the pistillate in
small clusters or solitary from the same axils; petals 6, lan-
342 CUCURBITACEAE.
ceolate, united at the base and spreading; anthers more or less
united; stigma broad; ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell;
fruit fleshy, at length dry, with weak prickles, fibrous-netted
within, 2-celled, 4-seeded.
Micrampelis oregana (T. & G.) Greene. Glabrous or somewhat scab-
rous; stems climbing, 3-12 m. long; leaves reniform-cordate, 8-15 cm. broad,
deeply 5—7-lobed, the lobes triangular, acute and mucronate; staminate flowers
in slender racemes; fruit subglobose, a little longer than thick, armed with
soft green prickles, 2—4-celled; seeds orbicular, twice as broad as thick.
In rich soils, Washington to California. Root very large and fleshy,
whence known as ‘‘ Old Man Root.”
Family 99. CAMPANULACEAE. BELLFLOWER FAMILY.
Herbs with milky juice; leaves alternate, without stipules;
flowers regular, generally blue, showy, scattered; calyx adherent
to the ovary; corolla 5-lobed, bell-shaped; stamens 5, usually
free from the corolla; anthers distinct or united; style 1, the
upper portion provided with pollen-collecting hairs; stigmas 2 or
more; ovary 2—5-celled, with axile placenta; capsule 2-several-
celled, many-seeded; endosperm fleshy.
Corolla irregular; anthers united.
Flowers axillary; submersed aquatic with linear
elongate leaves. 477. Howe tia, 342.
Flowers not axillary; terrestrial or subaquatic
plants.
Tube of corolla cleft to the base on one side. 478. RApUNTIUM, 343.
Tube of the corolla very long, not cleft. 479. BoLELta, 343.
Corolla regular; anthers separate.
Ovary and capsule long and narrow.
Capsule opening at the top by a hole left by
the falling away of the base of the style;
flowers all alike. 480. GiTHopsis, 343.
Capsule opening on the sides by 2 or 3 little
valves which leave small round perforations;
flowers of two kinds. 481. SPECULARIA, 344.
Ovary and capsule short and broad or globular.
Calyx-lobes broad; flowers of two kinds. 482. HETEROCODON 344.
Calyx-lobes narrow; flowers all alike. 483. CAMPANULA, 344.
477. HOWELLIA.
Aquatic herbs; flowers of 2 forms, the emersed with a corolla,
the submersed with an undeveloped corolla; calyx-tube linear-
clavate, adnate for its whole length to the ovary, the limb of 5
nearly equal slender-subulate or filiform segments; corolla even
in emersed flowers not exceeding the calyx, its short tube divided
nearly to the base on one side; stamen-tube nearly free; anthers
oval, the 2 smaller each with 3 hairs, the 3 larger naked; ovary
CAMPANULACEAE. 343
strictly 1-celled, with 2 filiform parietal placentae each bearing
3-5 ovules; capsule clavate-oblong or fusiform, membranaceous.
Howellia aquatilis Gray. Annual, submersed or only the tips of the stems
emersed; stems branched, 15-45 cm. long; leaves narrowly linear, entire,
5-15 cm. long; emersed leaves broader, sparingly toothed; flowers axillary,
short-peduncled; capsule linear-clavate.
In still ponds, Sauvies Island, near Portland, Oregon, and in north Idaho.
Named after Mr. Thomas Howell and his brother by whom it was discovered.
478. RAPUNTIUM.
Herbs, rarely woody; flowers axillary or usually in bracted
racemes; calyx with a short 5-cleft tube; corolla with a straight
tube split down on one side, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip
of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft; two
of the anthers bearded (in ours); pod 2-celled, many-seeded,
opening at the top.
Rapuntium dortmanna (L.) Presl. Glabrous; leaves in a basal rosette,
linear, obtuse, terete, 2-5 cm. long, hollow and with a longitudinal partition;
scapes slender, erect, 10-50 cm. high, simple; flowers in a raceme; calyx-lobes
subulate, as long as the tube; corolla pale blue, the lower lip slightly hairy.
Borders of lakes, often submersed, rare. Lake Crescent, Washington,
Lawrence; Whatcom Lake, Washington, Suksdorf; Shawnigan Lake, Van-
couver Island, British Columbia, Macoun.
479, BOLELIA.
Low and spreading glabrous annuals, rather succulent and
tender; leaves sessile, narrow, entire, the upper reduced to bracts;
flowers axillary, sessile; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, very
long and slender, 3-sided, usually twisted; corolla 2-lipped, with
a very short tube; filaments and anthers both united into a tube;
capsule long and slender, early becoming 1-celled.
Bolelia elegans (Dougl.) Greene. Stems erect, simple or branched near
the base, 10-30 cm. high, glabrous throughout or very minutely puberulent;
leaves sessile, ovate or lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. long; flowers blue, in a
rather loose spike; bracts like the leaves but broader; calyx-tube very narrow,
becoming 3-4 cm. long and appearing like a pedicel; calyx-lobes narrow,
unequal; lower lip of the corolla sharply 3-lobed, 8-10 mm. long and broad,
blue with a large white and yellow center; divisions of the upper lip lanceolate.
Common on the margins of ponds, Chehalis County, Washington, and
southward.
480. GITHOPSIS.
Low annual herbs; flowers all alike; calyx with a 10-ribbed
tube and 5 long and narrow foliaceous lobes; corolla tubular-
campanulate, 5-lobed; filaments short, dilated at the base;
stigmas 3; ovary 3-celled; capsule strongly ribbed, crowned with
the rigid calyx-lobes about as long or longer, opening by a round
orifice left by the falling away of the base of the style; seeds very
numerous.
344 CAMPANULACEAE.
Githopsis specularioides Nutt. Annual, erect, simple or branched from
the base, hirsute-pubescent throughout, 5-20 cm. high; leaves sessile, linear
or oblong, coarsely dentate, 3-12 mm. long; flowers terminal on the stem or on
axillary stout peduncles, erect; calyx-lobes linear, acuminate, glabrous above,
1-nerved, rigid, erect, as long as the narrowly-obconic tube; corolla blue, barely
exceeding the calyx-lobes.
Prairies, Chehalis County, Washington, and southward. First collected by
Nuttall near the mouth of the Willamette River.
481. SPECULARIA.
Annuals; cauline leaves sessile or clasping; flowers blue or
purple, terminal or axillary, of two kinds, the earlier smaller,
close-fertilized, with a rudimentary corolla which never opens,
with mostly 3 or 4 calyx-lobes, the later with 5 calyx-lobes; corolla
rotate, 5-lobed; ovary 3 or sometimes 2-celled; capsule more or
less elongated, opening by 2 or 3 small lateral valves which leave
round or oval perforations, usually over partitions.
Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Venus’s Looking Glass. Stems slender,
erect, leafy, 20-40 cm. high, rough-hairy on the angles; leaves orbicular, cordate,
crenate, clasping at base, 1-2 cm. long, scabrous on the margins and veins;
flowers of 2 sorts, the earlier close-fertilized and with only rudimentary corollas,
the later with showy violet corollas 4-10 mm. broad, solitary or 2 or 3 in the
axils; calyx of the close-fertilized flowers with 3 or 4 short lobes of the corolla-
bearing flowers with subulate lobes slightly longer than the tube; capsule top-
shaped, opening near the middle.
In open places, not rare.
482. HETEROCODON.
A very delicate little annual; flowers of two sorts, the lower
and earlier ones with merely rudimentary corollas and self-fer-
tilized in the bud; calyx with an ovoid or inversely pyramidal
tube much shorter than the foliaceous lobes, these broadly ob-
ovate, sharply toothed, veiny, 3 or 4 in the earlier, 5 in the later
flowers; corolla short-campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens and style as
in Campanula; capsule 3-celled, 3-angled, bursting on the side;
seeds numerous.
Heterocodon rariflorum Nutt. Annual, the slender stems simple or
branched below, 8-20 cm. high, sparsely hairy; leaves ovate or orbicular,
sessile and partly clasping, coarsely dentate, somewhat scabrous-ciliate, 3-10
mm. long; earlier flowers without a corolla, the later ones with blue corollas,
barely exceeding the calyx; calyx 5-8 mm. long, more or less hispid, the ovate
acuminate usually toothed lobes a little longer than the tube.
Said to cccur in the Willamete Valley; frequent in the interior.
483. CAMPANULA. BELLFLOWER.
Chiefly perennial herbs; flowers all alike, showy; calyx-lobes
narrow; corolla campanulate or nearly so, 5-lobed or cleft;
stamens 5; filaments dilated at base; capsule short, 3—5-celled,
opening on the side or near the base by 3-5 small uplifted valves
leaving round perforations, many-seeded.
Ours all perennials.
CAMPANULACEAE. 345
Style longer than the corolla; corolla-lobes spreading.
Corolla deep blue, twice as long as the calyx-lobes. C. prenanthoides.
Corolla pale bluish, little longer than the calyx-lobes. C. scouleri.
Style included; corolla lobes erect.
Herbage puberulent; leaves all entire. C. scabrella.
Herbage glabrous; at least the basal leaves not entire.
Cauline leaves linear, entire; basal orbicular or cor-
date. C. rotundifolia.
Cauline leaves spatulate-lanceolate, dentate; basal
similar. C. piperi.
Campanula prenanthoides Durand. Pubescent or glabrous; stems usually
several, erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sharply and
coarsely serrate, acutc, 1-2 cm. long, the cauline sessile, the lower ones short-
petioled; flowers in a raceme, short-pedicelled; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla
pines narrowly campanulate, its lanceolate lobes 3 or 4 times as long as the
tube.
In open places, southern Oregon, perhaps not reaching our limits.
Campanula scouleri Hook. Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, 20-30
cm. high, often with a few branches; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or the
upper lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, tapering at base, the petiole margined;
flowers in a raceme or a few-branched panicle; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla
12-15 mm. long, pale bluish, somewhat funnelshaped, the lance-ovate oblong
lobes spreading, longer than the tube.
In open woods, common. First collected by Scouler at Fort Vancouver,
Washington.
Campanula scabrella Engelm. Ashy puberulent, tufted, the numerous
stems arising from a much branched base, 5-10 cm. high; leaves entire, firm,
spatulate to linear; corolla blue, campanulate, with lance-ovate lobes as long
as the tube.
High alpine meadows, Mount Adams, and the mountains of northern Cali-
fornia, probably occurring in our limits.
Campanula rotundifolia L. Glabrous, erect, branched at the very base,
10-40 cm. high; basal and lower leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, cordate,
dentate or entire, petioled; cauline linear, the lower somewhat spatulate,
acute, sessile, 2-7 cm. long; flowers solitary or racemose, erect; pedicels
slender, nodding in the fruit; calyx-lobes subulate, longer than the tube, one-
half or one-third as long as the corolla; corolla campanulate, blue, 12-20 mm.
long; capsule openings near the base.
Prairies and rock cliffs from sea level to 2000 m. altitude.
Campanula piperi Howell. Glabrous; stems densely tufted from a much
branched somewhat woody base, 4-10 cm. high, leafy; leaves thin, oblong-
lanceolate or spatulate, saliently dentate, acute, 1-3 cm. long, narrowed at
base into margined petioles; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla campanulate,
bright blue, 1.5 cm. long.
Abundant in rock crevices in the Olympic Mountains at about 2000 m.
altitude.
Family 100. COMPOSITAE. ComposITE FAMILy.
Annual biennial or perennial herbs or undershrubs (in ours) ;
leaves without stipules; flowers in a close head on a common
receptacle, surrounded by one or more rows of bracts (tegules)
346 COMPOSITAE.
forming the involucre; heads 1-many, discoid when all the flowers
bear tubular corollas, ligulate when the corollas are all strap-
shaped, radiate when the outer corollas are strap-shaped and
the inner tubular, in which case the outer are ray-flowers and
the inner disk-flowers; receptacle often covered with bracts or
scales (chaff), each subtending a flower; calyx gamosepalous, its
tube wholly adherent to the ovary, its limb (pappus) none or
cup-shaped or developed into teeth, scales, awns or capillary
bristles; corollas alike in all the flowers of the head or dissimilar,
either tubular or strap-shaped (ligulate), gamopetalous, epigy-
nous; stamens 5, epipetalous, their anthers usually united into a
tube (syngenesious); style 2-cleft at the apex or in sterile flowers
usually entire; ovary bicarpellary, inferior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled,
with basal placenta; fruit an akene, sometimes surmounted by
the pappus, often compressed at right angles to the subtending
chaff (laterally compressed) or compressed parallel to the chaff
(obcompressed).
SYNOPSIS OF THE TRIBES.
Corollas strap-shaped in all the flowers of the head;
plants with milky juice. Tribe 1. CICHORIEAE.
Corollas tubular in all the flowers of the head or
strap-shaped in only the marginal ones;
plants without milky juice.
Stamens distinct or nearly so. Tribe 2. AMBROSIEAE.
Stamens united by their anthers into a tube
around the style (syngenesious).
Anthers caudate at base; style-branches
neither truncate nor appendaged;
heads not radiate.
Receptacle not bristly; corollas not
deeply cleft. Tribe 9. INULEAE.
Receptacle long bristly; corollas deeply
cleft. Tribe 10. CYNAREAE,
Anthers not caudate at base; style branches
either truncate or tipped with an ap-
pendage.
Heads rayless; style branches club-
shaped, obtuse; flowers all perfect,
never yellow. Tribe 3. EUPATORIEAE.
Heads radiate (rarely rayless).
Style branches of perfect flowers flat,
or tipped with a distinct append-
age; leaves mostly alternate. Tribe 4. ASTEREAE,
Style branches of perfect flowers
truncate or appendaged, not
flattened; leaves often opposite.
Involucre scarious; pappus not
capillary. Tribe 7. ANTHEMIDEAE.
COMPOSITAE. 347
Involucre not scarious.
Pappus capillary. Tribe 8. SENECIONEAE.
Pappus never capillary.
Receptacle chaffy. Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE.
Receptacle not chaffy. Tribe 6. HELENIEAE.
Tribe 1. CicHoRIEAE. Herbs, with milky juice; leaves alternate; corolla
strap-shaped in all the flowers of the head and all the flowers perfect.
Genera nos. 484 to 496.
Tribe 2. AMBROSIEAE. Herbs, without milky juice, monoecious or dioe-
cious; corollas tubular in the staminate flowers, reduced to a ring or none
in the pistillate flowers, never strap-shaped. Genera nos. 497 and 498.
Tribe 3. EuPaTORIEAE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and
tubular, never yellow; style-branches thickened upward or club-shaped,
obtuse, the stigmatic lines indistinct. . Genera nos. 499 and 500.
Tribe 4. ASTEREAE. Leaves alternate; heads discoid, the flowers all alike
and tubular, or radiate and the outer ones strap-shaped and pistillate;
receptacle naked (in ours); anthers not caudate at base; style-branches in
the perfect flowers flat. Genera nos. 501 to 510.
Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE. Heads radiate or discoid; involucre not scarious;
receptacle chaffy; pappus never capillary, sometimes none; anthers not
caudate; style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged.
; Genera nos. 511 to 520.
Tribe 6. HELENIEAE. Heads radiate or discoid; involucre little imbricated,
, not scarious; receptacle usually not chaffy; disk-flowers perfect and fertile;
pappus a row of several chaffy scales. Genera nos. 521 to 526.
Tribe 7. ANTHEMIDEAE. Mostly strong-scented; leaves alternate; heads
radiate or discoid, the rays, when present, mostly white, the pistillate
flowers rarely tubular, the perfect flowers sometimes sterile; tegules im-
bricated, more or less dry and scarious. Genera nos. 527 to 533.
Tribe 8. SENECIONEAE. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little or not
at all imbricated, not scarious; receptacle naked; pappus capillary; anthers
tail-less. Genera nos. 534 to 539.
Tribe 9. INULEAE. Heads discoid, the pistillate flowers mostly filiform and
truncate; pappus capillary or none; anthers sagittate, the basal lobes
attenuate into tails; style-branches with unappendaged obtuse or truncate
naked tips. Genera nos. 540 to 545.
Tribe 10. CYNAREAE. Leaves alternate; flowers all tubular and perfect,
but the outer sometimes ray-like and neutral; involucre much imbricated;
pappus mostly bristly; anthers caudate, long-appendaged at tip; style-
branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, often with a
pubescent ring below. Genera nos. 546 to 550.
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA.
Corollas strap-shaped in all the flowers of the
head; plants with milky juice.
Pappus none. 484, Lapsana, 352.
Pappus present.
Pappus of scale-like or plumose bristles.
348 COMPOSITAE.
Flowers not yellow.
Akenes long-beaked.
Akenes beakless, with a truncate
summit. 486.
487.
Flowers yellow.
Receptacle chaffy.
Receptacle not chaffy.
Leafy-stemmed biennials or
perennials.
Acaulescent annuals.
Pappus of capillary bristles,
plumose.
Heads solitary; leaves all basal.
Akenes- muricate or spinulose at
the apex.
Akenes smooth at the apex.
Heads several; leaves not all basal.
Akenes flattened.
Akenes beaked, if short-
beaked flowers not yellow.
Akenes beakless; flowers yel-
low.
Akenes terete, cylindric or pris-
matic.
Flowers purplish.
Flowers yellow or white.
Pappus copious, white
never
and soft. 493.
Pappus a single row of
rough tawny bristles. 492.
Corollas tubular in all the flowers of the head or
strap-shaped in only the marginal ones;
plants without milky juice.
Ray-flowers none; corollas all tubular.
Flowers of the head not all alike, some
heads having imperfect flowers.
Perfect and imperfect flowers in the
same head.
Marginal flowers neutral and
sterile, often larger than the
central ones, resembling ray
flowers.
Marginal flowers perfect or pistil-
late and fertile, not resem-
bling ray flowers.
Pappus of capillary bristles.
Tegules in one row.
Tegules in several rows.
Pappusa short crown or none.
Leaves entire or nearly so,
ovate.
Leaves incised, lobed or
dissected, or if en-
tire lanceolate.
Pistillate flowers apet-
alous.
Pistillate flowers, with
tubular corollas.
485.
488.
489.
490.
491.
495.
496.
494.
546.
534.
543.
545.
531:
TRAGOPOGON, 352.
CicHorium, 353.
Hypocuaerris, 353.
SCORZONELLA, 353.
MIcrosERIs, 354.
Taraxacum, 355.
AGOSERIS, 355.
Lactuca, 359.
SoncuHus, 360.
NaBALus, 359.
CrePIs, 358.
Hreracium, 356.
CENTAUREA, 393.
PETASITES, 382.
GNAPHALIUM, 392.
ADENOCAULON, 393.
CoTuLa, 381.
COMPOSITAE.
Heads in a corymb;
pappus a short
crown.
Heads in a raceme
or panicle; pap-
pus none.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in
different heads.
Pappus capillary; fertile involu-
cre not bur-like.
Leaves prickly; heads large.
Leaves not prickly; heads
small.
Pappus of staminate flow-
ers either club-shaped or
barbed at the apex.
Pappus of all the flowers
alike and neither club-
shaped nor barbed.
Pappus none; fertile involucre
bur-like.
Bracts of staminate heads
separate; bur large, with
many tegules.
Bracts of staminate heads uni-
ted; bur small, with 1-4
tegules.
Flowers of the heads all perfect and
alike.
Pappus of separate capillary bristles.
Flowers whitish, cream-colored
or purplish.
Leaves in whorls of 3 to 6.
Leaves alternate or opposite.
Heads about 10-flowered.
Heads about 40-flowered.
Flowers yellow or brownish.
Tegules in 3 or 4 rows.
Tegules in 1 row or nearly so.
Involucre hemispheric to
rotate.
Involucre campanulate or
cylindric.
Heads many-flowered.
Heads 4~-7-flowered.
Pappus not of separate capillary
bristles.
Pappus of numerous bristles uni-
ted into a ring at the base.
Filaments monadelphous be-
low.
Filaments distinct.
Leaves never prickly.
Leaves more or less prick-
y.
Pappus not of bristles united ina
ring.
532.
533.
548.
541.
542.
497,
498.
499.
535.
500.
503.
506.
539,
536.
547.
550.
548.
349
TANACETUM, 381.
ARTEMISIA, 381:
Cirsium, 394.
ANTENNARIA, 390.
ANAPHALIS, 392.
XANTHIUM, 361.
GAERTNERIA, 361.
Evupatorivum. 361,
Luina, 383.
COLEOSANTHUS, 362.
HoorEBEKIA, 363.
ERIGERON, 366.
SENECIO, 386.
RAINIERA, 383.
SILyBuM, 394.
SAUSSUREA, 396.
Cirsium, 394,
350 COMPOSITAE.
Pappus of rigid backwardly-
barbed awns. 5
Pappus not of backwardly-
barbed awns.
Pappus of numerous sep-
arate short rigid or
chaffy bristles. 549.
Pappus none or a minute
crown.
Involucre scarious. 530.
Involucre not scarious.
Heads solitary. 517.
Heads in clusters.
Disk-flowers 1-
5
Disk-flowers
numerous. 540.
Ray-flowers present, at least some of the
marginal flowers having strap-shaped
corollas.
Pappus none.
Involucre scarious.
Receptacle naked. 529.
Receptacle chaffy.
Involucre narrow;raysshort. 527.
Involucre broad; rays con-
spicuous. 528.
Involucre not scarious.
Akenesalllaterally compressed. 511.
Akenes or at least part of them
turgid or obcompressed.
Tegules not at all enclosing
the ray akenes. 518.
Tegules at least partly enclos-
ing the ray akenes.
Ray akenes turgid, partly
enclosed by the tegules. 513.
Ray akenes usually ob-
compressed, wholly
enclosed by the te-
gules.
Ray akenes straight,
each enclosed by the
basal part of the
tegule. 514.
Ray akenes curved,
each enclosed by the
whole tegule. 512
Pappus present, at least in the disk-
flowers.
Pappus not of capillary bristles.
Receptacle chaffy.
Pappus of scales or awns.
Awns 2, or 4, retrorsely
barbed. 515
Awns 2, barbless. 516
Pappus crown-like or of
S11.
15. BipEns, 374.
Arctium, 395.
MarricartiA, 380.
RUDBECKIA, 375.
Maopta, 372.
PSILOCARPHUS, 390.
CHRYSANTHEMUM, 380.
ACHILLEA, 379.
ANTHEMIS, 379.
Maopra, 372.
BALSAMORRHIZA, 376.
HeEmizonia, 374.
LAGOPHYLLA, 374.
. HEMIZONELLA, 374.
. BIDENS, 374.
. Coreopsis, 375.
COMPOSITAE.
short chaffy teeth or
awns.
Rays pistillate and fer-
tile. 519.
Rays neutral. 520.
Receptacle not chaffy.
Tegules in one row.
Akenes obpyramidal; re-
ceptacle naked. 526.
Akenes linear, more or less
4-angled; receptacle
beset with bristly
points.
Tegules distinct. 522.
Tegules united into a
cup. 523.
Tegules in more than one
row.
Tegules in many rows. 501.
Tegules in two or three
rows.
Receptacle _ bristly;
pappus present. 525.
Receptacle naked; pap-
pus present or
none.
Pappusof4or5trun-
cate scales, erose
or lacerate at the
tip or nearly en-
tire. 524,
Pappus none. 521.
Pappus of capillary bristles.
Ray-flowers not yellow.
Tegules in 1 or 2 series, nar-
row; ray-flowers usually
narrow and numerous. 506.
Tegules in 2-5 series; ray- ©
flowers broader, less
numerous.
Involucre narrow, with
rigid bracts; ray-flowers
white, 4 or 5. 507.
Involucre turbinate or
hemispheric; ray-
flowers more than 5.
Stems scape-like. 508.
Stems leafy.
Tegules dry and
chartaceous,
closely appress-
ed 509.
Tegules more or less
herbaceous and
spreading. 510.
Ray-flowers yellow.
Pappus double, the outer row
very short. 502.
WYETHIA, 376.
HELIANTHUS, 377.
HELENIUM, 379.
BakgrRIA, 377.
ERIOPHYLLUM, 378.
GRINDELIA, 362.
GAILLARDIA, 378.
Hutsgea, 378.
JAUMEA, 377.
ERIGERON, 366.
SERICOCARPUS, 369.
OREOSTEMMA, 370.
EucrepHa.us, 370.
ASTER, 371.
CHRYSOPSIS, 363.
351
352 COMPOSITAE.
Pappus in one row.
Heads in panicles.
Panicle thyrsoid; re-
ceptacle alveolate. 504. SoLipaco, 364.
Panicle flat-topped; re-
ceptacle fimbrillate. 505. EurHamia, 366.
Heads solitary or in cor-
ymbs.
Leaves all or mostly
opposite. 538. Arnica, 384.
Leaves alternate.
Heads large, 1.5 cm.
or more
broad.
Heads 5 cm. or
more broad. 544. INuva, 393.
Heads less than
3cm. broad. 503. HoorEBeExrA, 363.
Heads small, 1 cm.
or less broad.
Involucre cam-
panulate. 539. SENECIO, 386.
Involucre hem-
ispheric or
broader.
Tegules 8—
10, broad. 537. Crocipium, 383.
Tegules nu-
merous,
narrow. 506. ERIGERON, 366.
484. LAPSANA. NIPPLE-worT.
Annuals with loosely branched leafy stems and milky juice;
heads 8-12-flowered; involucre narrowly cylindrical, consisting
of 8 principal tegules with smaller calyculate ones at the base;
flowers yellow; receptacle naked; akenes oblong-obovoid; pappus
none.
Lapsana communis L. Glabrous above, somewhat pubescent below; stem
erect, branched at top, 30-100 cm. high; leaves thin, the lower ovate, somewhat
dentate, petioled, often with 2-6 lobes at base, the upper oblong to lanceolate,
acute, sessile, entire or subentire; heads numerous in a flat-topped inflores-
cence; involucre cylindric; principal tegules about 8, linear, 4-5 mm. long, with
several smaller ones at base.
Common in waste places; introduced from Europe.
485. TRAGOPOGON.
Stout leafy-stemmed and usually branching biennials or per-
ennials, with milky juice; leaves entire, grass-like, clasping;
flowers yellow or purple, in large solitary heads; involucre simple,
of several equal bracts; pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles;
corollas all ligulate; akenes narrowly fusiform, 5-10-ribbed,
long-beaked.
COMPOSITAE. 353
Tragopogon porrifolius L. Salsify. Oyster Plant. Biennial, glabrous
throughout, the stout stems about 1 m. high; leaves lanceolate, attenuate from
the broader somewhat clasping base, 10-15 cm. long; peduncles long and stout,
swollen under the head; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 cm. long,
exceeding the violet rays; outer akenes roughened, the inner smooth, 1 cm.
long, attenuate into a beak of equal length; pappus brownish, as long as the
beak, plumose nearly to the tip.
Escaped from gardens and spreading,
486. CICHORIUM. Cuicory.
Perennials with thick fleshy roots, branched stems and milky
juice; flowers blue, rarely purple or white; heads several-many-
flowered; involucre double, herbaceous, the inner 8-10 tegules
coriaceous at base, the outer 4 or 5 short and spreading; recep-
tacle naked; akenes angled, striate; pappus crown-like, composed
of numerous short blunt scales in 2 or more series.
Cichorium intybus L. Perennial, somewhat pubescent, especially below;
stems stout, 60-120 cm. high, stiffly branched; basal leaves lanceolate or
spatulate, coarsely dentate or runcinately lobed, petioled, 8-15 cm. long;
cauline leaves oblong to lanceolate, dentate, auricled and clasping at base;
heads numerous, in small clusters, sessile or short-peduncled; principal tegules
about 8; flowers bright blue.
A native of Europe, naturalized in fields.
487. HYPOCHAERIS.
Perennials with milky juice and slender sparingly branched
stems; leaves mostly basal and rosulate; heads many-flowered;
involucre campanulate, slightly imbricated; flowers yellow;
receptacle chaffy, the bracts narrow and scarious; akenes 10-
ribbed, oblong to fusiform, at least 9 of the inner ones beaked;
pappus composed of plumose bristles.
Leaves hirsute; akenes all beaked. Hi. radicata,
Leaves glabrous or nearly so; outer akenes beakless. HH. glabra.
Hypochaeris radicata L. Gosmore. Stems 20-40 cm. high, erect, loosely
branched above, glabrous or nearly so; leaves all basal, oblanceolate to obovate,
coarsely toothed or lobed, hairy on both sides, 5-15 cm. long; heads 2-3 cm.
broad; involucre cylindric, the tegules linear, acute; akenes all beaked, the
beaks longer than the body.
A very troublesome weed in lawns and pastures; introduced from Europe.
Hypochaeris glabra L. Very similar to H. radicata; leaves glabrous or
nearly so; heads smaller, the ligulate corollas but little longer than the invo-
lucre; outer akenes beakless but the inner ones beaked.
Sparingly established as a weed; introduced from Europe.
488. SCORZONELLA.
Perennials or biennials with fleshy fusiform root, milky juice,
and mostly basal leaves; heads many-flowered, on long naked
peduncles; involucre campanulate, loosely imbricated with 2 or 3
24
354 COMPOSITAE.
series of tegules, the outer ones calyculate; flowers yellow; re-
ceptacle naked; akenes 8-10-ribbed, broadest at the truncate
summit; pappus bristles 5 or 10, broadened and scale-like at
base, the long tip scabrous to plumose.
Leaves all basal, entire or nearly so. S. borealis.
Leaves mostly dentate or lobed, one or more cauline.
Pappus scales each attenuate into an awn-like tip. S. leptosepala.
Pappus scales abruptly awned. S. laciniata.
Scorzonella borealis (Bong.) Greene. (Apargidium boreale (Bong.)
T. & G.) Glabrous; leaves all basal, linear-lanceolate, entire or obscurely
denticulate, 6-15 cm. long, narrowed at each end; scapes 10-30 cm. high;
involucre 12-15 mm. high; principal tegules 10-15, lanceolate, acuminate,
with as many shorter ones; akenes columnar; pappus barbellate, brownish.
Wet meadows, Alaska, southward in the mountains to northern California.
Scorzonella leptosepala Nutt. Glabrous; stems slender, 30-50 cm. high;
leaves linear to lanceolate, entire, dentate or variously pinnatifid; involucre 12-
16 mm. high; tegules 6-12, lanceolate or the outer ovate-lanceolate, all grad-
ually attenuate; akenes columnar; pappus scales 8 or 10, ovate-lanceolate to
lanceolate, gradually tapering into the awn.
Washington to California in low meadows; first collected by Nuttall near
the mouth of the Willamette River.
Scorzonella laciniata (Hook.) Nutt. Herbage glabrous, somewhat glau-
cous; stems 30-50 cm. high, few-leaved, sparingly branched; leaves narrowly
lanceolate, mostly incisely pinnatifid into narrow lobes, rarely only toothed or
entire, 10-30 cm. long; involucre 2-3 cm. high; tegules lanceolate, broadest
at base, abruptly acuminate; akenes columnar, 4 mm. long; scales of the pappus
ilies entire, the body triangular ovate, tipped with a bristle 8 or 9 times
onger.
Open prairies, Washington to California. S. procera (Gray) Greene has
also been reported from within our limits but the specimens seen are immature
and doubtful. It is similar to S. Jaciniata but stouter, the leaves most often
entire or nearly so; heads larger; akenes 6 mm. long with brownish pappus
scales abruptly attenuate and long-awned.
489. MICROSERIS.
Acaulescent glabrous annuals with milky juice; leaves entire
or variously lobed or cleft; heads nodding when in bud; involucre
cylindric or hemispheric; tegules in 2 or 3 series, the outer very
short, the inner thin, subequal, acuminate; receptacle flat,
alveolate; ligulate corollas yellow; akenes cylindric, 8- or 10-
ribbed; scales of the pappus 5 or 10, rarely 4 or 8, broad at base,
tapering and awn-like above, scabrous, never plumose.
Microseris bigelovii Gray. Annual; leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or
dentate or pinnately lobed or parted, 3-6 cm. long; scapes 10-30 cm. high;
involucre campanulate, 6 mm. high, the principal tegules lanceolate, acute,
the calyculate ones of two lengths; akenes 4-5 mm. long, oblong, not contracted
at the summit, the outer ones sometimes villous; pappus-scales brown, oblong-
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, the awns two or threc times as long as the body.
Vancouver Island and Oregon to California; not known from Washington.
COMPOSITAE. ane
490. TARAXACUM.
Acaulescent biennials or perennials, with milky juice; leaves
radical, pinnatifid; heads large, on scapes; flowers yellow; re-
ceptacle flat, naked; involucre of 2 rows of tegules; pappus of
copious and white capillary bristles which are not plumose;
corollas all ligulate; akenes oblong or fusiform, angled, about
10-ribbed, attenuate at base, with a long filiform beak at the apex.
Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. Dandelion. Glabrous or loosely pu-
bescent when young; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, variously pinnatifid,
the lobes usually toothed and turned backward, 10-20 cm. long; peduncles
10-30 cm. high; involucre cylindric, the inner tegules either linear or linear-
lanceolate, the outer similar but shorter and recurved; heads many-flowered;
ray-flowers yellow; akenes brownish, spinulose above, the pyramidal apex
abruptly narrowed into a slender beak twice as long as the body; pappus
white, copious.
A common weed, introduced from Europe.
491. AGOSERIS.
Acaulescent annuals or perennials, with milky juice; leaves
radical, clustered; heads solitary, on scapes; flowers yellow,
rarely orange or purplish; tegules in a few rows; receptacle flat,
not chaffy; pappus of copious white capillary bristles, which are
not plumose; corollas all ligulate; akenes oblong or linear, terete,
10-ribbed, the apex contracted into a neck or prolonged into
a_ beak.
Ours all perennials.
Akenes beakless; leaves glabrous; alpine plant. A. alpestris.
Akenes beaked.
Leaves glaucous and thinly tomentose; beak of akene
short, stout, nerved. A. glauca aspera.
Leaves not glaucous; beak of akene slender, nerveless.
Beak much longer than the body of the akene.
Heads 2 cm. high. A, laciniata.
Heads 2.5-3 cm. high. A. grandifiora.
Beak about as long as the body of the akene.
Flowers orange; leaves mostly entire.
Leaves lanceolate-spatulate; beak shorter than
the body of the akene. A, aurantiaca.
Leaves narrowly linear; beak longer than the
body of the akene. A. gracilenta.
Flowers yellow; leaves mostly lobed.
Akenes with beak 12-15 mm. long; leaves
mostly entire. . elata.
Akenes with beak 8-10 mm. long; leaves most-
ly lobed. A, apargioides.
Agoseris alpestris (Gray) Greene. Glabrous; leaves spatulate to lanceo-
late, pinnately lobed or cleft into broad lobes or parted into narrow divisions;
scape erect, 4-10 cm. high; involucre campanulate, 15 mm. high; tegules in
2 indistinct series, all acuminate, the outer ovate-lanceolate; flowers yellow;
akenes columnar, 10-ribbed, beakless, as long as the capillary white pappus.
On the higher peaks of the Cascade Mountains; first found on Mount
Adams by Suksdorf.
356 COMPOSITAE.
Agoseris glauca aspera (Rydb.) Piper. Perennial, the whole plant thinly
white tomentose; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire or sparsely denticulate,
5-10 cm. long; scapes 6-20 cm. high; involucre campanulate, 2 cm. high;
tegules loosely imbricated in 2-3 series, the outer ones shorter, broadly lan-
ceolate, acutish, tomentose, the inner glabrous and acute; ligulate corollas
pale yellow; akenes fusiform, 10-12 mm. long, tapering into a stout beak
shorter than the body; pappus copious, white, the bristles scabrous.
In the Cascade Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
Agoseris laciniata (Nutt.) Greene. Glabrousorsparsely pubescent; leaves
lanceolate, saliently dentate or pinnatifid into linear lobes, 10-20 cm. long;
scapes 30-60 cm. high; involucre somewhat tomentose at base or glabrate,
2-3 cm. long; flowers pale yellow; akenes about 15 mm. long, the slender beak
several times as long as the body; pappus shorter than the beak, bright white.
In dry open woods, common.
Agoseris grandiflora (Nutt.) Greene. Perennial, loosely pubescent or
glabrate; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, attenuate-acuminate to obtuse,
mostly pinnatifid into numerous lobes, 10-20 cm. long; peduncles stout, 30-60
cm. high; involucre campanulate, tomentose at base, 3-4 cm. high, the bracts
in about 3 series; akenes fusiform, acutely 10-ribbed, 6 mm. long, attenuate
into a slender beak, 20 mm, long; pappus bright white, soft and capillary,
much shorter than the beak.
In dry ground, Willamette Valley, where first collected by Nuttall; common
east of the Cascade Mountains.
Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. Sparsely pubescent to nearly
glabrous; leaves spatulate to lanceolate, entire or denticulate, rarely toothed
or incised, obtuse, short-petioled; scapes 20-40 cm. high; involucre campanu-
late, 15-20 mm. high; principal tegules lanceolate and acute, the outer ones
oblong, obtuse; flowers orange, becoming purplish; akenes cylindraceous,
tapering into a beak as long as the body.
Common in alpine meadows at about 2000 m. altitude.
Agoseris gracilenta (Gray) Greene. Glabrous; leaves narrowly lanceolate
or linear, mostly entire; scape slender, 30-50 cm. high; involucre campanulate;
tegules lanceolate, acute, glabrous except at base; flowers orange; akenes
fusiform, the body 6-8 mm. long, the beak 8-10 mm. long.
Alpine meadows in the Olympic and Cascade Mountains.
Agoseris elata (Nutt.) Greene. Glabrous, somewhat glaucous; leaves
spatulate to lanceolate, dentate to pinnatifid, 15-30 cm. long, thickish in
texture; scape 15-50 cm. high; head 3 cm. high; involucre hemispheric; tegules
eles acute, pubescent; akenes 6-7 mm. long, the beak as long as the
ody.
Prairies, not common. First found by Nuttall near the estuary of the
Willamette River.
Agoseris apargioides (Less.) Greene. Sparsely pubescent, becoming
glabrate; caudex stout; leaves spatulate, mucronate, somewhat dentate, 7-10
cm. long; scapes exceeding the leaves, 10-15 cm. high; heads 10-12 mm. high;
involucre campanulate; tegules green, the outer oblong, mucronate, pubescent,
the inner lanceolate, acuminate; akenes 8-10 mm. long, the beak as long as
the body.
Sand dunes along the ocean coast. The northern form has been considered
distinct from the California form under the name A. maritima Sheldon.
492. HIERACIUM. HaAwkwEEp.
_Hispid and hirsute often glandular perennials with milky juice;
leaves merely toothed or entire; heads small to medium, panicu-
COMPOSITAE. 357
late or rarely solitary; flowers yellow or sometimes white; tegules
in two rows; receptacle flat, naked; pappus of a single row of
rough tawny bristles which are not plumose; corollas all ligulate;
akenes oblong or columnar, terete or 4- or 5-angled, mostly
10-ribbed or striate, the apex truncate.
Stems many-leaved; involucre imbricated. HZ. canadense.
Stems few-leaved; involucre a series of equal tegules and a
few short calyculate ones.
Flowers white; involucre nearly glabrous. Hi. albiflorum.
Flowers yellow.
Heads small, black-hairy. H. gracile.
Heads larger, not black-hairy.
Involucre densely long-hairy.
Cauline leaves ample, half-clasping at the
broad bases. FH. longiberbe.
Cauline leaves much reduced. H. scouleri.
Involucre with few or no long hairs.
Leaves nearly smooth. H. cynoglossoides.
Leaves hairy.
Leaves densely hirsute. H. griseum.
Leaves thinly white tomentose. Hi. cinereum.
Hieracium canadense Michx. Somewhat scabrous throughout; stems
stout, 30-120 cm. high; leaves numerous, lanceolate, entire or incisely serrate,
sessile and somewhat clasping at base, gradually smaller upwards, 1-10 cm.
long, none clustered at base; heads corymbed, rarely solitary, on stout pe-
duncles; involucre hemispheric, pubérulent or glabrous, sometimes glandular,
1-2 cm. broad; tegules in 2~3 series, the uppermost loose; akenes columnar;
pappus brownish.
In open ground, very rare west of the Cascade Mountains; Coupeville,
Gardner.
Hieracium albiflorum Hook. Stems slender, erect, 50-80 cm. high, villous
below; leaves oblong or oblong-spatul!ate, thin, entire or faintly toothed, the
lower tapering into broad petioles, the upper mostly sessile, all beset with
sparse villous white hairs, especially the lowest; heads 15-30-flowered; in-
volucre narrow, glabrous or with a few hairs, the tegules linear-lanceolate, pale;
akenes strongly striate.
Very common in dry open woods.
Hieracium gracile Hook. Tufted; stems usually several, 15-30 cm. high;
leaves mostly basal, oblong-spatulate, entire or nearly so, broadly petiolate,
3-8 cm. long, glabrous or merely puberulent; heads several, racemose or corym-
bose; involucre 8 mm. high, blackish with both hirsute and glandular hairs;
akenes cylindric; pappus sordid or fuscous.
Common in alpine meadows at 1500-2000 m. altitude.
Hieracium longiberbe Howell. Herbage sparingly hirsute with long white
hairs; stems 30-50 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, entire or denticulate, 6-15 cm.
long, the cauline scarcely reduced and half-clasping by the broad base; heads
few in a cyme; involucre 12 mm. high, densely shaggy with long white hairs,
not glandular; principal tegules 10-20, lanceolate, acuminate.
On perpendicular cliffs along the Columbia River.
Hieracium scouleri Hook. Erect, 30-60 cm. high, densely beset throughout
with long soft white hairs swollen at the bases; basal leaves lanceolate or ob-
lanceolate, entire, acute or obtuse, 10-20 cm. long, tapering into margined
358 COMPOSITAE.
petioles; cauline similar, sessile, 5-12 cm. long; inflorescence corymbose or
paniculate, glandular; involucre 1 cm. high, very glandular and long-villous;
flowers yellow; akenes columnar; pappus fuscous.
In open prairies; first collected at the mouth of the Columbia River by
Scouler; very variable in the amount and length of the pubescence. Itis by no
means clear that the three following species are really valid as different
forms are not infrequently found growing close together. They deserve care-
ful field study.
Hieracium cynoglossoides Arvet-Touv. Very similar to H. scouleri;
lowermost leaves more or less setose-hairy, the upper ones nearly glabrous;
involucre glandular and more or less hirsute with short black hairs.
In open prairies, British Columbia to Wyoming and Oregon.
Hieracium griseum Rydb. Very similar to H. cynoglossoides, differing
only in the leaves being densely hirsute as in H. scouleri.
In open prairies, with the same range as H. cynoglossoides.
Hieracium cinereum Howell. Tufted from stout creeping rootstocks;
herbage cinereous with a minute tomentum; stems 15-25 cm. high, leafy only
toward the base; leaves lanceolate, acute to acuminate, sparsely hirsute,
denticulate, 7-10 cm. long; petioles broad; heads in a close cyme; involucre
8-10 mm. high; principal tegules linear, scarious-margined, covered with a
fine cinerous tomentum and bearing a row of short black bristles on the mid-
nerve; outer tegules few and short; pappus sordid.
Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon, Howell.
493. CREPIS.
Annual, biennial or perennial plants with milky juice; heads
several—many-flowered; flowers yellow; involucre usually double;
receptacle flat, naked, sometimes alveolate; pappus simple, of
copious and white capillary bristles which are not plumose;
corollas all ligulate; akenes oblong, linear or fusiform, nearly
terete or obtusely angled, 10—20-ribbed, generally contracted at
base and more tapering at the apex, sometimes slightly beaked.
Akenes dilated at the insertion of the pappus; low glaucous
plant with running rootstocks. C. nana,
Akenes not dilated at the insertion of the pappus; plants with-
out rootstocks.
Foliage mostly white-pubescent, scurfy; perennial. C. occidentalis.
Foliage green, not canescent nor scurfy; annuals or bien-
nials.
Involucres 6-8 mm. high; akenes 10-striate. C. capillaris.
Involucres 8-12 mm. high; akenes 13-striate. “C. biennis.
Crepis nana Richards. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stems tufted
from creeping rootstocks, branched from the base, 3-5 cm. high; leaves obovate
to spatulate, entire, toothed or lyrately lobed, 2-5 cm. long, long-petioled;
heads solitary or few, on naked peduncles or stems; involucre cylindric; tegules
8-10, linear, obtuse; flowers 8-14, yellow, turning pink; akenes linear, slightly
fusiform, beakless, 10-striate.
In rocky soil, at high altitudes in the mountains, rare; Olympic Mountains,
Flett; Mount Adams, Suksdorf.
Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Pcrennial, erect, thinly white-tomentose through-
COMPOSITAE. 359
out, 8-30 cm. high; stems usually with few erect branches; leaves broadly
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, pinnately toothed or cleft into
narrow lobes, short-petioled or sessile; heads on stout peduncles; involucre
oblong-cylindric, 12-18 mm. long, tomentose and with a few large black glan-
dular hairs, the principal tegules lanceolate, acuminate, the smaller basal tegules
relatively broader; flowers 25-30; akenes brownish, fusiform, 8-10 mm. long,
10-18-ribbed, longer than the bright white pappus.
Very rare in our limits; Olympic Mountains, Flett. Common east of
the Cascade Mountains.
Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. (C. virens L.) Nearly glabrous, somewhat
hirsute below; stems erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves spatulate-lanceolate,
pinnatifid or simply toothed, 6-15 cm. long, the basal ones short-petioled,
the cauline sagittate-clasping at base; heads in loose cymes; involucre pubes-
cent or glandular, 6-8 mm. high.
A common weed in fields and waste places. Introduced from Europe.
Crepis biennis L. Somewhat pubescent; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high;
leaves oblong-spatulate, runcinately pinnatifid, 5-15 cm. long, the upper ones
clasping at base; heads in cymes; involucre 8-12 mm. high, pubescent.
Vancouver Island, Macoun. Introduced from Europe.
494. NABALUS.
Perennial leafy-stemmed plants with fusiform tuberous roots
and milky juice; inflorescence paniculate or racemose; heads
5-30-flowered, mostly nodding; involucre narrowly cylindric,
of 5-14 linear tegules and a few calyculate ones at base; flowers
cream-colored to purple; receptacle naked; akenes terete columnar
or angled, striate; pappus of numerous whitish to brownish rather
rigid capillary bristles.
Nabalus hastatus (Less.) Heller. (Prenanthes alata Gray.) Glabrous,
stems 30-60 cm. high, simple or branched; leaves deltoid-triangular, acute;
irregularly dentate, the lower with margined petioles, the upper sessile; heads
in a loose corymb, 10—15-flowered; involucre campanulate, with 8-10 principal
tegules; flowers purplish; akenes terete or tapering at summit.
Gravelly stream banks and on moist cliffs in the mountains.
495, LACTUCA. Witp LETTUCE.
Leafy-stemmed herbs, with milky juice; flowers yellow or blue
or whitish, in paniculate few to many-flowered heads; tegules
in 2-few rows, the outer shorter; receptacle flat, naked; pappus
of copious very short and fine capillary bristles which are not
plumose; corollas all ligulate; akenes flat or flattish, narrowed
at the summit or beaked.
Pappus brown; flowers whitish; leaves not spiny. L. spicata,
Pappus white; flowers not whitish. ;
Flowers yellow; leaves spiny. L. scariola.
Flowers blue; leaves not spiny. L. pulchella.
Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Biennial, erect, 1-3 m. high, glabrous
or nearly so, pale green, very leafy; leaves coarsely pinnatifid, the lobes ir-
regularly toothed, the uppermost sessile and sometimes clasping; heads in a
360 COMPOSITAE.
long narrow panicle; involucre 10 mm. high; flowers bluish to whitish; akenes
short-beaked.
In moist ground, in open woods, and on banks.
Lactuca scariola integrata Gren. & Godr. Prickly Lettuce. Annual or
biennial, erect, 1-2 m. high, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; leaves oblong
or lanceolate, spiny on the margin and midrib, entire or irregularly toothed or
cleft, sessile and usually auriculate-clasping at base, 5-20 cm. long, the upper-
most much reduced; heads in large loose panicles; involucre narrowly cylindric,
glabrous, 10-12 mm. long, the outer tegules much shorter than the inner ones;
flowers yellow; akenes flattened, narrowed into a beak longer than the body,
as long as the bright white pappus.
A weed, introduced from Europe.
Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. Blue-flowered Lettuce. Perennial, erect,
leafy, 30-90 cm. high, puberulent or glabrate; leaves lanceolate, tapering at
each end, acute or cuspidate, entire or sinuately toothed or lobed, 5-15 cm.
long; lower leaves petioled; heads loosely panicled; involucre cylindric, glab-
rous, 12-14 mm. long, the outer tegules successively shorter, all lanceolate,
acute; flowers blue or violet; akenes flat, not margined, 4 mm. long, very short
beaked; pappus copious, white.
Vancouver, Washington; rare in our limits.
496. SONCHUS. Sow THISTLE.
Leafy-stemmed mostly glabrous generally coarse herbs, with
milky juice; flowers yellow, in corymbose or paniculate heads;
tegules imbricated, the outer shorter; receptacle flat, naked;
pappus of copious very fine and short capillary bristles, which
are not plumose; corollas all ligulate; akenes flat or flattish,
truncate, not beaked.
Heads large; involucre glandular-pubescent. S. arvensis.
Heads medium-sized; involucre glabrous.
Leaves prickly-toothed; auricles rounded. S. asper.
Leaves with soft teeth; auricles acute. S. oleraceus.
Sonchus arvensis L. Perennial, glabrous to the inflorescence; stems 60-100
cm. high, erect; lower leaves oblanceolate in outline, runcinately lobed, spinu-
lose-denticulate, petioled, 10-30 cm. long, the upper lanceolate, clasping at
base; heads 3-5 cm. broad; involucre glandular; ligulate corollas bright yellow;
akenes longitudinally ribbed. ;
A weed, sparingly introduced from Europe.
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Annual, erect, 30-90 cm. high, somewhat glau-
cous, glabrous below, glandular above; lower leaves ovate or broadly spatulate,
obtuse or acute, rarely lobed, spinulose-dentate, the petioles margined; upper
leaves oblong or oval, sessile and clasping at base, acuminate; heads cymosely
arranged; involucre cylindric-campanulate, about 1 cm. broad, glabrous;
flowers yellow; akenes flat, margined, 3-nerved on each side.
A common weed, introduced from Europe.
Sonchus oleraceus L. Annual, glabrous, pale green; stems usually 60-90
cm. high, erect, simple or but little branched; leaves pinnately cleft or parted,
10-20 cm. long, the terminal segment large, triangular, denticulate, the lateral
lobes much smaller; lower leaves petioled, the upper auriculate-clasping;
involucre cylindric, glabrous; akenes flat, marked with longitudinal and
cross ribs.
A weed, introduced from Europe.
COMPOSITAE. 361
497. XANTHIUM. CocxkLesur.
Annual herbs; leaves alternate, petioled; heads monoecious,
in axillary or terminal clusters or short interrupted spikes, the
pistillate heads 2-flowered and below the several-flowered stami-
nate ones; involucre of the staminate heads of several distinct
narrow tegules; involucre of the pistillate heads bur-like, ovoid or
oblong, closed, indurated, 2-celled, 2-flowered, armed all over
with strongly hook-tipped spines; pappus none; corolla none;
akenes obovoid thick.
Xanthium varians Greene. Stems simple or branched, 20-40 cm. high,
sparsely setose; leaves mostly ovate or rhombic-ovate, coarsely and doubly
serrate-dentate, scabrous on both surfaces; fruiting burs ovoid, 15-20 mm.
long, armed with about 70 spines half as long as the diameter of the body;
beaks stout, incurved at tip.
Sandy banks of the Columbia River.
498. GAERTNERIA.
Herbs (in ours) with mostly alternate leaves; sterile and fertile
heads separate or sometimes mixed in the inflorescence; fertile
involucre 1-4-celled, bur-like, armed with spines in more than
one row; pistils solitary in each cell of the involucre.
Ours all seashore perennials.
Leaves 2-3 times pinnately parted. G. bipinnatifida.
Leaves cuneate-obovate, serrate or incised. G. chamtssonis.
Gaertneria bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Kuntze. Herbage canescently hirsute;
stems prostrate or procumbent, branched, 30-90 cm. long; leaves ovate in
outline, 3~5 cm. long, once or twice pinnatifid into oblong segments; staminate
heads in a dense raceme; fruiting involucre ovoid-fusiform, nearly glabrous,
armed with short subulate flattened spines.
Common on high sandy or gravelly sea-beaches.
Gaertneria chamissonis (Less.) Kuntze. Stems stout, prostrate or pro-
cumbent, 60-90 cm. long, hirsutely pubescent; leaves oblong to oval, cuneate
at base, obtusely serrate or the lower ones often incised, silvery-silky, petioled;
fruiting involucre 2-flowered, sparsely hirsute, armed with very short flat
spines. : p
On the ocean coast, Vancouver Island to California.
499. EUPATORIUM.
Mostly perennial herbs; leaves whorled (in ours) mostly
resiniferous-atomiferous; heads discoid, in cymes or panicles,
rarely solitary; tegules few to numerous, receptacle naked; pappus
of numerous scabrous capillary bristles, mostly in 1 row.
Eupatorium maculatum L. Perennial, stout, erect, 1-3 m. high, simple or
branched near the top; herbage pubescent; leaves in whorls of 3-6, ovate to
oblong-ovate, incisely toothed, thickish and somewhat rugose, 10-30 cm. long;
heads numerous in a rather flat-topped cyme; involucre cylindric; tegules
oblong, purplish, imbricated in 5 or 6 series, the outer shorter; flowers purple.
Sumas, Washington, Gorman; British Columbia eastward to Newfoundland
and the Atlantic states.
362 COMPOSITAE.
500. COLEOSANTHUS.
Herbs or undershrubs with opposite or alternate leaves; oo
whitish; involucre campanulate, the tegules striate- nerved,
bricated, lanceolate or linear, the outer shorter, none Aen ein
receptacle flat, naked; pappus one row of separate capillary
barbed or scabrous bristles.
Coleosanthus grandiflorus (Hook.) Kuntze. Glabrous or puberulent;
stems erect, much branched, 60-90 cm. high; leaves triangular-ovate, cordate
or truncate at base, acuminate, crenate-dentate, 5-10 cm. long; inflorescence
cymose-paniculate: heads drooping, each about 40-flowered; involucral bracts
thin, the outer short and ovate, the inner oblong-linear; akenes minutely
hispid, not glandular.
In rocky places along the Columbia River at Wyeth, Oregon, and probably
in our limits. First collected by Douglas.
501. GRINDELIA. Gum PLAntT.
Biennial or perennial herbs; leaves sessile or partly clasping;
heads yellow, medium or rather large, solitary, terminating leafy
branches or occasionally more or less corymbose, many-flowered,
gummy; ray-flowers fertile, numerous, narrow, or rarely none;
tegules numerous, narrow; receptacle flat or convex; pappus of
2-8 rigid and early-deciduous awns; style-branches tipped with
an appendage; akenes compressed or turgid or the outermost
somewhat 3-angled.
Heads 6-8 mm. high; tegules stiff, strongly recurved at
tip.
Ray-flowers present. G. nana.
Ray-flowers absent. G. nana columbiana.
Heads 10-12 mm. high; tegules softer, straight or
moderately recurved at tip.
Cauline leaves broadest at base. G. integrifolia.
Cauline leaves not broadest at base.
Herbage wholly glabrous. G. oregana.
Herbage sparsely pubescent. G. oregana wilkesiana.
Grindelia nana Nutt. Stems erect, 15-60 cm. high, simple or branched
above; basal leaves spatulate, petioled, the upper sessile and partly clasping,
entire or serrate, glabrous; heads hemispherical, 10-14 mm. broad; bracts
with slender revolute tips, sticky-viscid; ray-flowers 16-30, 5-8 cm. long;
akenes narrow, somewhat 2-toothed at summit; pappus awns 2 or 3.
In thin soils, usually abundant where found. First found near Fort Van-
couver, Washington, by Nuttall. Common in the Willamette Valley.
Grindelia nana columbiana Piper. Ray-flowers wanting; otherwise the
same as G. nana.
Near Portland, Oregon, and common east of the Cascade Mountains.
Grindelia integrifolia DC. Sparscly villous and pubescent, not glutinous;
stems stout, about 50-90 cm. high, often branched above; cauline leaves
oblong-lanceolate to ovate, membranaceous, entire or sometimes serrate,
acute or acuminate, 6-10 cm. long, sessile and broadest at base, the radical
petioled; involucre 10-12 mm. high, surrounded by more or less foliaceous
bracts; tegules subulate, setaceous.
COMPOSITAE. 363
_ Dry prairies, Clarke County, Washington, and southwards. Common
in the Willamette Valley.
Grindelia oregana Gray. (G. stricta DC. ?) Glabrousor nearly so and
more or less varnished; stems stout, often tufted, 60-90 cm. high; leaves
subcoriaceous, oblong-spatulate or the upper lanceolate, mostly acute, entire
to sharply denticulate, 6-10 cm. long, the cauline sessile by a narrowed base,
the radical petioled; involucre gummy, 10-15 mm. high; tegules subulate;
ray-flowers 12-20 mm. long; akenes truncate; pappus awns 2 or 3.
‘ Common on high sea beaches; G. hendersoni Greene is apparently a mere
orm,
Grindelia oregana wilkesiana Piper n. subsp. Sparsely pubescent through-
out with weak white hairs; otherwise like G. oregana.
Gray Harbor, Wilkes Expedition; Nisqually, Wilkes Expedition; Fraser
River, Dr. Holmes; Queen Charlotte Islands, Osgood.
502. CHRYSOPSIS.
Low herbs; leaves numerous, alternate, sessile; heads solitary
or in corymbs with yellow flowers; ray-flowers fertile or sometimes
wanting; tegules narrow, acute, scarious-margined; receptacle
flat; style-branches with appendages; pappus double, of two
kinds, the interior of long copious capillary bristles, the exterior
of short bristles or chaffy scales; akenes oblong-linear or ovate-
oblong, compressed, hairy.
Ray-flowers none; leaves green, hispid-hirsute. C. oregana.
Ray-flowers present; leaves canescent, strigose or hirsute. C. villosa.
Chrysopsis oregana (Nutt.) Gray. Herbage hispid-hirsute; stems tufted,
20-30 cm. high, mostly branched; leaves oblong to lanceolate, entire, acute,
sessile, 3-5 cm. long; inflorescence corymbose-paniculate, glandular; involucre
campanulate; tegules thin, linear to lanceolate, 1-nerved, in several series;
akenes oblong; pappus white, capillary.
On gravel bars of streams, Washington to California.
Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. Perennial, the stems decumbent or
suberect, 15-30 cm. long, canescent throughout and more or less villous;
leaves numerous, oblong or oblanceolate, mostly acute, sessile or nearly so,
2-3 cm. long; heads solitary or corymbed, terminating short leafy branches;
involucre hemispherical, 10-15 mm. broad;tegules canescent or nearly glabrous;
ray-flowers golden-yellow; akenes obovate, pubescent; outer pappus very
short.
Rare west of the Cascade. Mountains; Coupeville, Washington, Gardner.
503. HOOREBEKIA.
Herbs or low undershrubs; leaves alternate, soft or rigid; heads
solitary, terminal, or clustered, many-flowered; ray-flowers fertile
or rarely none; involucre imbricated; tegules with or without
foliaceous tips; receptacle flat or flattish; pappus tawny or
reddish, of copious and unequal capillary bristles, somewhat
rigid; style-branches with appendages; akenes turbinate and
linear, terete, angled or more or less compressed.
364 COMPOSITAE.
Tegules rigid; heads racemose. H. racemosa.
Tegules not rigid; heads solitary. HI, lyallit.
Hoorebekia racemosa (Nutt.) Piper. Perennial; stems erect, 60-90 cm.
high, sparsely soft-hairy; leaves lanceolate, coriaceous, acute, entire, 5-15
cm. long, the cauline sessile, the basal petioled, all somewhat scabrous on
both surfaces and with sparse pubescence; heads racemosely or somewhat
paniculately arranged, mostly long-peduncled; involucre turbinate or cam-
panulate, 1-1.5 cm. broad, the well-imbricated tegules linear, acute, pubescent,
rigid and coriaceous, green-tipped; ray-flowers 6-8 mm. long; akenes
pubescent; style-branches filiform; pappus brownish.
In dry ground in the Willamette Valley, where first collected by Nuttall.
Hoorebekia lyallii (Gray) Piper. Viscid-puberulent; stems 10-20 cm.
high, leafy, arising from elongated branched rootstocks; leaves soft, oblong-
spatulate to oblanceolate, 1-5 cm. long; heads solitary, 15—20-rayed; involucre
hemispheric; tegules glandular, lanceolate, acute, a few outer ones loose and
somewhat foliaceous; akenes glabrous.
In rocky places in the mountains at about 2500 m. altitude, British Colum-
bia to Oregon; rare and local.
504. SOLIDAGO. GOLDENROD.
Perennial herbs; leaves alternate; heads small, mostly in
panicles or panicled racemose clusters, radiate, the ray-flowers
fertile, yellow; involucre imbricated, the tegules usually without
herbaceous tips; pappus simple, of a single series of mostly equal
and slender scabrous capillary bristles; style-appendages lanceo-
late or triangular-subulate; akenes terete or angular, 5—12-ribbed.
Branches of the panicle racemiform.
Leaves thick and firm. S. tolmieana,
Leaves thin.
Heads small, 4-5 mm. long, in very dense panicles. S. elongata.
Heads larger, 5-7 mm. long, in looser panicles. S. serotina.
Branches of the panicle not racemiform.
Tegules acutish; alpine plants.
Leaves mostly acute. S. algida.
Leaves obtuse. S. bellidifolia.
Tegules obtuse; lowland plants.
Panicle loose, raceme-like. S. vespertina.
Panicle dense, branched. S. glutinosa.
Solidago tolmieana Gray. Nearly glabrous; stems 30-40 cm. high, leafy;
leaves firm and thick, linear to lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate at tip,
scabrous-ciliolate, 5-8 cm. long; panicle narrowly pyramidal; heads 6 mm. high;
tegules thin, lanceolate, acutish.
Gravelly prairies, Washington and Oregon, rare; first collected by Tolmie
a Fort Vancouver, Washington. Perhaps not distinct from S. missouriensis
utt.
Solidago elongata Nutt. Stems mostly tufted, 60-100 cm. high, green,
smooth; leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, obscurely 3-nerved,
glabrous, smooth or scabrid on the nerves beneath, 6-12 cm. long; panicle
pyramidal, very dense, 10-25 cm. long; heads 4-5 mm. high; tegules linear,
acute or obtuse; ray-flowers yellow.
In moist meadows; the commonest species of the region. Nuttall’s original
specimens are from Sauvies Island, Oregon. The species is scarcely distinct
from S. lepida DC. collected by Haenke at Nootka Sound.
COMPOSITAE. 365
Solidago serotina salebrosa Piper. Stems tufted, stout and tall, 90-150
cm. high; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate,
harshly scabrous on both sides, 6-15 cm. long; panicle somewhat pyramidal,
moderately dense, 10-30 cm. long; heads 5-7 mm. high, crowded on the
spreading often crowded branches; tegules thin, linear, obtuse; ray-flowers
7-14, yellow; akenes pubescent.
In moist places, not common in our limits.
Solidago algida Piper n. sp. Stems usually tufted, 10--30 cm. high, from a
stout branched caudex, glabrous except the ciliation of the leaves and the
branches of the panicle; basal leaf blades oblanceolate, entire to serrate or
crenate-serrate, mostly acute, firm, glabrous except the ciliate margins, 3-10
cm. long, the margined petioles nearly as long; cauline leaves similar, smaller;
inflorescence a dense globose or oblong panicle, 3-7 cm. long; branches of the
inflorescence puberulent; heads mostly solitary on the branches, many-
flowered; involucre 6 mm. high; tegules linear, thin, scarious and slightly
erose at the margins, acute or acutish, glabrous, not glutinous; ray-flowers
short, yellow.
The common alpine golden-rod of the Olympic and Cascade Mountains,
very closely related to S. scopulorum (Gray) A. Nels. and S. ciliosa Greene of the
Rocky Mountains but different from both. Olympic Mountains, Piper,
2200, 2199 (type); Elmer 2596; Lamb, 1313; Mount Rainier, Piper, 2158;
Smith, 1064; Flett, July 12, 1890; Mount Stuart, Elmer, 1166; Whited, 767;
Mount Baker, Stratton; Loomis, Elmer, 562.
Solidago bellidifolia Greene. Glabrous except the scabrous ciliate margin of
the leaves; stems 10-30 cm. high; basal leaf-blades thickish, oblong to obovate,
rounded at apex, crenate-dentate, 2-5 cm. long, the margined petiole a little
shorter; cauline similar, smaller; heads in a dense globose or oblong cluster,
2-10 cm. long; involucre 5 mm. high; tegules linear, obtuse to acutish, rather
thin, minutely erose on the margins, glabrous not glutinous; ray-flowers
numerous, yellow.
Rocky places at high altitudes, Mount Hood, Mount Adams, and Mount
Stuart.
Solidago vespertina Piper n. sp. Glabrous up to the minutely puberulent
or sometimes resinous inflorescence; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves
spatulate to oblanceolate, thickish, obtuse or sometimes acute, serrate above
the middle, narrowed into a margined petiole as long as the blade; cauline
leaves similar, smaller, the upper ones sessile; inflorescence narrow, erect,
racemose to subpaniculate, 10-15 cm. long, sometimes leafy bracted near the
base; heads 6 mm. high, many-flowered;involucre campanulate; tegules oblong,
obtuse, thin-margined, nearly glabrous, erect, in about 3 series, the outer
successively shorter; ray-flowers few, pale yellow, 3-toothed at apex; akenes
puberulent. . ? .
In open pine woods, Mason County, Washington, near Union City, Piper
886 (type). Fleit 878 from Tacoma differs only in having the involucre
varnished. Inthe Flora of Washington, this species was referred to S. purshit
Porter (S. humilis Pursh).
Solidago glutinosa Nutt. Glabrous, but more or less varnished with resin,
especially the inflorescence; stems erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate to oblanceolate, serrate toward the apex, the upper cauline sessile, the
basal ones petioled and 8-10 cm. long; heads numerous, in a dense compound
virgate or pyramidal panicle, each 5-6 mm. high, 8-15-flowered; tegules oblong-
linear, erect, in about 3 series; ray-flowers few, yellow. .
Gravelly prairies, Vancouver Island to Oregon. First collected by
Nuttall near the mouth of the Willamette River.
366 COMPOSITAE.
505. EUTHAMIA.
Erect scabrous perennials with narrow alternate leaves;
flowers in numerous small heads in terminal flat-topped corym-
bose panicles; heads many-flowered, the ray-flowers yellow,
equalling and more numerous than the disk-flowers; receptacle
fimbrillate; akenes villous.
Euthamia occidentalis Nutt. Glabrous; stems 90-120 cm. high, erect,
branched above; leaves linear, entire, 3-nerved, the principal ones 5-10 cm.
long; heads peduncled, in small corymbs; tegules narrow, acute; ray-flowers
16-20.
Common in moist places especially along lake shores; flowering in Sep-
tember.
506. ERIGERON. FLEABANE.
Herbs; very similar to Aster, but differing in the usually naked
peduncled heads; involucre simpler, of narrow erect equal teg-
ules, not coriaceous and without herbaceous tips; rays narrower
and usually very numerous, often in more than one row, rarely
wanting; pappus more scanty or fragile, sometimes with a con-
spicuous short outer row; style appendages very short and round-
ish or obtuse; akenes mostly 2-nerved.
Rays very short or wanting.
Leaves ternately cleft to parted; perennial. E. compositus discoideus.
Leaves entire; plants not perennial.
Heads paniculate; involucre glabrous; annual. E. canadensis.
Heads corymbose; involucre hirsute, at least
at base; biennial. E. acris.
Rays present, conspicuous.
Plants annual or biennial; stems erect, branched
above; ray-flowers white. E. ramosus.
Plants perennial; roots stout.
Leaves narrow or with narrow lobes; low al-
pine plants.
Ray-flowers golden yellow; involucre
woolly. E. aureus.
Ray-flowers pink or violet, never yellow.
Leaves 3-5-cleft; involucre sparsely
hirsute. E. compositus trifidus.
Leaves entire.
Involucre woolly; leaves spatulate. E. uniflorus.
Involucre hirsutulous; leaves linear-
lanceolate. E. pacificus.
Leaves flat, rather large and broad, entire or
toothed.
Stems low; leaves mostly basal.
Involucre loosely villous; fleshy sea-
shore plant. E, glaucus,
Involucre not villous.
Basal leaves dentate; plant produc-
ing rosulate offsets. E. oreganus.
Basal leaves entire; plant not pro-
ducing offsets.
Leaves glabrous. E. spatulifolius.
COMPOSITAE. 367
Leaves ciliate and sparsely pi-
lose. E. leibergit.
Stems tall, leafy.
Ray-flowers narrow, 100-150.
Leaves entire; ray-flowers violet. E. speciosus.
Leaves dentate; ray-flowers pink. £. philadelphicus.
Ray-flowers broader, 30-60.
Cauline leaves half-clasping at base. E. howellii.
Cauline leaves sessile or short-
petioled.
Involucre sparsely pilose. E. amplifolius.
Involucre minutely glandular. £. salsuginosus.
Erigeron canadensis L. Annual, strictly erect, simple or with erect
branches, usually 30-100 cm. high, loosely hirsute throughout; leaves numer-
ous, linear, entire, or the lower spatulate and incisely lobed or dentate; heads
panicled, very numerous, small, 3-5 mm. high; involucres cylindric; ray-
flowers whitish, very small.
Native but weedy in habit and abundant in cultivated land.
Erigeron acris debilis Gray. Biennial, erect, glabrous or sparsely pubes-
cent, 10-20 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate-lanceolate; cauline lanceolate,
sessile, all entire, acute or obtuse, 5-10 cm. long; heads few, paniculate or
corymbose, 6-8 mm. broad; involucre puberulent and somewhat hirsute; ray-
flowers very narrow, pinkish, equalling the disk, within them a series of tubular
filiform pistillate flowers; akenes smooth; pappus copious, brownish.
In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
Erigeron ramosus septentrionalis Fernald & Wiegand. Annual or biennial,
erect, branched above, sparsely hirsute, leafy to the top; lower leaves spatulate-
lanceolate, acute, entire or dentate, the blades 5~8 cm. long; upper cauline
lanceolate, entire, sessile, smaller; heads loosely corymbed; involucre 3-4 mm.
high, glabrous or with a few bristly hairs; ray-flowers white, numerous, short,
4-6 mm. long; pappus of the disk-flowers double, the inner of few deciduous
bristles, the outer of short persistent scales; ray-flowers with few or no bristles
to the pappus.
Prairies, not uncommon.
Erigeron aureus Greene. (Aplopappus brandegei Gray.) Perennial from
a stout crown; herbage ashy-puberulent; stems 6-12 cm. high; leaves mostly
basal, obovate to spatulate, entire, petioled; cauline oblong to lanceolate, few,
small; heads solitary, 8-10 mm. broad; involucre loose, woolly; tegules lan-
ceolate; ray-flowers 15-20, bright yellow; akenes pubescent.
High peaks of the Cascade Mountains at about 2700 m. altitude, British
Columbia and Washington; first found on Mount Stuart.
Erigeron compositus trifidus (Hook.) Gray. Biennial, tufted from a
woody crown; basal leaves petioled, the blade 3-cleft, the lateral lobes often
again cleft; cauline sessile, often entire; flowering stems 5-10 cm. high; heads
solitary; ray-flowers 30-50, pink or white, 6-10 mm. long; akenes short-pubes-
cent; pappus simple.
In rocky soil in the mountains at about 2500 m. altitude.
Erigeron compositus discoideus Gray. Similar to E. compositus trifidus;
ray-flowers absent.
Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lyall.
Erigeron uniflorus L. Perennial; stems erect, simple, 4-20 cm. high,
somewhat pubescent; basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, entire, 2-5 cm. long, the
blade as long as the petiole; cauline leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile; head
368 COMPOSITAE.
solitary; involucre very woolly; tegules linear-lanceolate, acute; ray-flowers
purple, numerous, 6-8 mm. long.
Cascade Mountains, without exact locality, Dr. Cooper.
Erigeron pacificus Howell. Perennial from a woody rootstock, thinly canes-
cent, hirsutulous throughout; stems leafy, erect or ascending, 5-10 cm. high;
basal leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, petioled, 2-5 cm. high, thinly pubescent
with short stiff white hairs on both sides; cauline similar but smaller and short
petioled; involucre hemispheric, 1 cm. broad; tegules linear-oblong, acute,
4-5 mm. long, thinly hirsutulous; ray-flowers 20-40, blue to purple, 10-12
mm. long; akenes minutely pubescent; pappus double, the outer bristles very
short, the inner equalling the disk-flowers.
On grassy slopes near Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon, Howell;
not otherwise known.
Erigeron glaucus Ker. Somewhat viscid pubescent; stems 20-30 cm.
high; leaves mostly in a basal tuft, pale green, hardly glaucous, somewhat
fleshy, obovate or spatulate, entire or nearly so, 6-10 cm. long; cauline spatu-
late-oblong, obtuse, sessile; heads mostly solitary, large, the disk 2.5 cm.
broad; involucre loose, villous with long hairs; ray-flowers 60-100, violet,
broad, 10-12 mm. long.
Along the seashore of Oregon and California.
Erigeron oreganus Gray. Perennial, pubescent; stems spreading or as-
cending, 15-30'cm. long; leaves mostly in a basal rosette, cuneate-obovate,
coarsely dentate or incised, 3-8 cm. long; cauline spatulate, subentire, smaller;
heads solitary or few; involucre 8-10 mm. high; tegules linear, acuminate, the
outer loose and passing into the leaves; ray-flowers 60-70, pink, 10-12 mm.
long; pappus simple.
On perpendicular cliffs in the gorge of the Columbia River; not elsewhere
known.
Erigeron spatulifolius Howell. Perennial from a very stout caudex, green
and nearly glabrous; stems usually several, slender, sparsely hirsute, erect or
ascending, 10-20 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, broadly
obtuse, entire or with a few crenate teeth near the apex, glabrous on both
sides, 2-4 cm. long, including the margined petiole; cauline leaves oblong or
ovate-oblong, acute, sessile, small, about 1 cm. long; involucre hemispherical,
1 cm. broad; tegules broadly linear, attenuate-acute, minutely granular; ray-
flowers 30-40, purple; pappus bristles as long as the disk-flowers; akenes smooth.
On rocky banks, Pansy Camp, Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Howell.
Erigeron leibergii Piper. Perennial from a stout caudex, sparsely hirsute
and glandular throughout; flowering stems 10-15 cm. high, mostly simple
and bearing a single head; basal leaves broad, spatulate to oblanceolate, obtuse,
entire, ciliate, 4—9 cm. long; cauline oblong, sessile, mostly acute, 1-2 cm. long;
involucre viscid glandular and sparsely hirsute; tegules linear, acuminate;
ray-flowers 20-25, violet, 1 cm. long.
Mount Stuart, Leiberg; Bear Creek, Okanogan County, Washington,
Gorman; 25-mile Creek, Okanogan County, Gorman. E. leibergii differs
from E. spatulifolius only in the herbage and involucre being somewhat pilose.
It is not unlikely that the two constitute but one species, variable as to pubes-
cence.
Erigeron speciosus DC. (EF. glabellus mucronatus Hook.) Perennial
tufted, sparingly hirsute or nearly glabrous; stems 30-50 cm. high, leafy to
the top, erect; leaves lanceolate, entire, acute or acuminate, usually ciliate at
least at the base, the upper cauline sessile by a broad base, the lower and rad-
ical petioled, 5~15 cm. long; heads few, in a loose corymb; involucre hirsute or
COMPOSITAE. 369
nearly glabrous, 5-6 mm. high; ray-flowers about 100, narrow, violet, about
1 cm. long; akenes pubescent; pappus double, the outer bristles very short.
Gravelly soil, infrequent.
Erigeron philadelphicusL. Perennial, sparsely hairy; stems erect, branched
above, 30-90 cm. high; basal leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, dentate,
3-6 cm. long, narrowed into a short petiole; cauline mostly entire, sessile and
half-clasping; heads numerous in a corymb; involucre hemispheric; ray-flowers
_pink, numerous, very narrow; akenes puberulent.
Moist banks and meadows, common.
Erigeron howellii Gray. Perennial, glabrous except near the top; stems
30-50 cm. high, leafy; leaves entire or merely denticulate, thin in texture,
glabrous; basal ones petioled, ovate to obovate; cauline half-clasping at base,
ovate, mucronate, 2-5 cm. long; heads solitary; involucre somewhat pubes-
cent; tegules subulate; ray-flowers 30-35, white, 15-20 mm. long.
Perpendicular bluffs along the Columbia Gorge in moist places.
Erigeron amplifolius Howell. Green nearly glabrous; stems erect, 50-70
cm. high; leaves entire or with a few teeth, the basal ones lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, slender petioled, gradually reduced, the upper
sessile; heads solitary or few, short-peduncled; involucre hemispheric, 10-12
mm. broad; tegules linear, acute, minutely glandular and sparsely pilose along
the midrib; ray-flowers 50-60, blue or violet, about 2 cm. long; akenes pubes-
cent.
On open hillsides near Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon, Howell.
Erigeron salsuginosus (Richards.) Gray. Perennial; stems erect, 30-60
cm. high, pubescent toward the top; lower leaves petioled, spatulate to nar-
rowly-obovate, entire or denticulate, green, glabrous, 5-20 cm. long; cauline
oblong-lanceolate, sessile; heads solitary or few; involucre loose, subulate-
linear, viscid and minutely pubescent; ray-flowers 50-70, pink, 12-15 mm.
long, rather broad.
Abundant in alpine meadows at 1500 to 2000 m. altitude, sometimes called
“ Mountain Daisy.”
Erigeron salsuginosus angustifolius Gray. Stems 15-20 cm. high; leaves
narrower, spatulate to lanceolate. .
This is merely a reduced high altitude form of E. salsuginosus.
507. SERICOCARPUS.
Perennial herbs, with many sessile alternate mostly entire
leaves and small heads of whitish flowers in corymbs; heads 12-
20-flowered, radiate; involucre cylindric or somewhat clavate;
tegules appressed, closely imbricated, coriaceous but with spread-
ing green tips; ray-flowers few, 4 or 5; receptacle foveolate;
style branches lanceolate-subulate; akenes pubescent; pappus of
numerous scabrous capillary bristles.
Sericocarpus rigidus Lindl. Herbage pale green and scabrous; stems
30-60 cm. high, leafy; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse and usually mucronate,
entire, stiff but hardly rigid, 2-2.5 cm. long; inflorescence a rather dense
corymb; involucre turbinate; tegules oblong to linear, 1-nerved; akenes canes-
cent, half as long as the white pappus. : :
In dry ground, Vancouver Island to California.
25
370 COMPOSITAE,
508. OREOSTEMMA.
Acaulescent perennial herbs with solitary heads on scapi-
form stems and entire leaves; heads broadly hemispheric; tegules
herbaceous, narrow, subequal, rather loose, in about 2 series;
receptacle flat; ray-flowers numerous, violet to purple; style
branches slender, acute, hirsutulose; akenes prismatic, villous;
pappus a single series of denticulate capillary bristles.
Oreostemma alpigena (T. & G.) Greene. Caudex and root stout;
stems spreading or ascending, 5-10 cm. high, scape-like, the leaves much re-
duced; basal leaves spatulate to linear, obtuse, entire, glabrous, 3-8 cm. long;
involucre hemispheric, 12 mm. high; tegules linear, acute, somewhat pubes-
cent; ray-flowers violet, 12-15 mm. long; akenes hirsute at the summit.
At high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains. First collected on Mount
Rainier by Tolmie in 1833.
509. EUCEPHALUS.
Perennial herbs; leaves alternate, all cauline, the lowermost
much reduced; heads panicled, rarely solitary, radiate; involucre
well imbricated, campanulate; tegules chartaceous, closely
appressed, arranged in 3 or 4 series, the outer successively
shorter; receptacle lacerate-alveolate; ray-flowers in a single
series, violet or white; disk-flowers yellow; style branches lan-
ceolate; akenes compressed; pappus copious, of numerous
unequal bristles.
Ray-flowers white, becoming pink-tinged. E. paucicapitatus.
Ray-flowers purple or violet.
Leaves tomentose beneath. E. ledophyllus.
Leaves glabrous on both sides. E. engelmannt.
Eucephalus paucicapitatus (Robinson) Greene. Stems tufted, erect, leafy,
30-50 cm. high, somewhat pubescent; leaves elliptic-oblong, puberulent, 2-3
cm. long, erect or ascending; heads mostly solitary, sometimes 3 or 4, short-
peduncled, 3-3.5 cm. broad; tegules lance-linear, pubescent, ciliolate, acute,
purple at tip, loosely imbricated in 2-3 series, 8 mm. long; ray-flowers 12-18,
white becoming pink.
Common in alpine meadows of the Olympic Mountains, but not known to
occur elsewhere.
Eucephalus ledophyllus (Gray) Greene. Stems usually tufted, erect,
30-80 cm. high; leaves numerous, lanceolate, entire or sparsely denticulate,
glabrous above, tomentose beneath, 2-5 cm. long, the lower obtuse, the upper
cuspidate; heads solitary or several in a loose cyme; tegules lance-linear, acute
or acuminate; ray-flowers violet; akenes sparsely hirsute.
6 Alpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains, southern British Columbia to
regon.
Eucephalus engelmanni (Gray) Greene. Nearly glabrous; stems 60-90
cm. tall, erect; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, thin, entire or
more or less serrulate, 5-10 cm. long, the upper ones cuspidate; heads race-
mosely or paniculately cymose; involucre hemispheric; tegules ovate-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, the outer loose and partly foliaceous, the inner
purplish; ray-flowers purple, 10-12 mm. long; akenes oblong-obovoid.
Alpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains, mostly on the eastern slopes.
COMPOSITAE. 371
Eucephalus macounii Greene. Sparsely rough pubescent; leaves oblong-
lanceolate to oblong, sessile, acute, half-clasping at base, sharply serrate with
scattered teeth; heads few, corymbose; involucre turbinate; tegules lanceolate,
acute, purple tinged, pubescent and ciliate, arranged in about 4 series; ray-
flowers 10-15, narrow, violet; akenes pubescent.
Victoria, Macoun; no specimens have been seen and the description is
compiled.
510. ASTER.
Mostly perennial herbs; leaves alternate; heads solitary,
corymbed or panicled, many-flowered, radiate; ray-flowers
several or numerous, in one row, fertile or rarely sterile, white,
purple or blue, never yellow; disk-flowers yellow, often turning
purple; involucre imbricated; tegules commonly with herbaceous
tips; receptacle flat or convex, naked; pappus tawny, simple, of
copious slender scabrous capillary bristles; anthers tipped with
an appendage; styles appendaged; akenes more or less com-
pressed, rarely slender, 4—5-nerved.
Leaves coriaceous; involucre well imbricated, broadly turbinate,
not glandular. . radulinus.
Leaves membranaceous; involucre hemispheric, not well im-
bricated.
Involucre viscid or pruinose-glandular. A. major.
Involucre not viscid or glandular.
Heads less than 1 cm. broad.
Tegules acute. A, oreganus.
Tegules obtuse. A, hallit,
Heads more than 1 cm. broad.
Cauline leaves auriculate at base. A, foliaceus.
Cauline leaves not auriculate at base. A. douglasit.
Aster radulinus Gray. Herbage scabrous and pubescent; stems stout,
20-50 cm. high, mostly branched above; leaves firm, subcoriaceous, broadly-
lanceolate to obovate, sharply serrate, tapering at base, 5-10 cm. long, scab-
rous on both sides; heads corymbose; involucre turbinate or obconical, 6-8
mm. high; tegules imbricated, firm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly
acute, pubescent; ray-flowers violet or nearly white, short; akenes pubescent.
In dry ground, Vancouver Island to California.
Aster major (Hook.) Porter. (A. modesta Lindl.) Herbage sparsely
pubescent, glandular in the inflorescence; stems 60-80 cm. high, branched
above, leafy; leaves thin, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, serrate or subentire,
acute, sessile or partly clasping at the narrowed base, 5-10 cm. long; heads
15-20 cm. broad, numerous ina leafy bracted corymb or panicle; involucre
hemispheric; tegules green, loose, linear, acute, little imbricated, glandular;
ray-flowers 30-50, dark violet, 10-12 mm. long; akenes pubescent; pappus
tawny.
een along streams in the mountains.
Aster oreganus Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, 40-60 cm.
high, branched at top; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, sessile, 4-6 cm. long;
inflorescence subracemose, rather dense; heads 5-7 mm. high; involucre loose,
the outer tegules herbaceous, lanceolate, acute, the inner ones thinner and
narrower; ray-flowers white or purple, 4 mm. long; akenes scaberulous.
In wet places, rare; first collected by Nuttall near the mouth of the Willa-
mette River.
372 COMPOSITAE.
Aster hallii Gray. Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, erect, 30-60 cm.
high, leafy to the top; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, scabrous on the margin,
5-10 cm. long; inflorescence narrow, rather close, often raceme-like; heads
small, 6-8 mm. high; involucre campanulate; tegules linear or somewhat
spatulate, green-tipped, glabrous, obtuse, erect; ray-flowers white or nearly so,
8-10 mm. long.
In dry ground, western Oregon.
Aster foliaceus frondeus Gray. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent; stems
stout, erect or ascending, simple or usually with a few branches, 20-60 cm.
high; leaves few, the lower large, 8-10 cm. long, oblanceolate, tapering into
winged petioles; cauline sessile, broadly half-clasping at the base; heads few,
large, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, usually on naked peduncles; involucre 10-14 mm.
high, the tegules herbaceous, linear-lanceolate, loose, all about equalling the
disk, the outer largest; ray-flowers dark-violet, about 1 cm. long; akenes not
glabrous.
In moist meadows in the mountains at low altitudes. First collected by
Lyall on the Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°.
Aster foliaceus apricus Gray. Very like 4. foliaceus frondeus, but dwarf,
10-15 cm. high; leaves thicker; heads solitary or few.
On the higher peaks of the Cascade Mountains at about 2500 m. altitude.
Aster douglasii Lindl. Glabrous or nearly so; stems erect, 30-120 cm.
high; leaves mostly sessile, lanceolate and broadest near the middle, sometimes
narrowly linear, acute, serrate near the middle or entire, 5-15 cm. long, those
of the branches much smaller; heads usually numerous, panicled; involucre
hemispheric, 10-12 mm. high, the tegules green at tip, narrow, acute, the outer
sometimes foliaceous and passing into the reduced leaves of the branchlets;
ray-flowers pale violet, 10-12 mm. long.
Common and very variable. First collected by Douglas at the mouth of
the Columbia River.
511. MADIA. TaRrwEEp.
Annuals; leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed,
at least the upper alternate; heads peduncled, clustered; flowers
yellow; ray-flowers 1-20 and pistillate, or rarely wanting; disk-
flowers 1-5, perfect; receptacle chaffy only at the margin;
pappus none or of several small scales in the sterile flowers; ray-
akenes laterally compressed, enclosed in the infolded tegules;
disk-akenes laterally compressed.
Heads small, long-peduncled; disk-flower one. M. exigua.
Heads larger, sessile or short-peduncled; disk-flowers several.
Leaves all or mostly opposite; perennial. M. madioides.
Leaves all or mostly alternate; annuals.
Involucre laterally compressed; ray-flowers 1-5. M. glomerata.
Involucre campanulate; ray-flowers 5-12.
Ray-flowers 15-20 mm. long; receptacle bristly. M. elegans.
Ray-flowers 4-8 mm. long; receptacle glabrous or
nearly so.
Heads scattered, 6-10 mm. high; herbage moder-
ately glandular. M. racemosa.
Heads clustered, 10-12 mm. high; herbage very
glandular. M. sativa.
Madia exigua (Smith) Greene. Annual; stems slender, erect, usually
branched above, hirsute-pubescent below, glandular above, 10-30 cm. high;
COMPOSITAE. 373
leaves linear, 1-3 cm. long; heads 2-3 mm. high, long-peduncled, loosely
corymbed; tegules 4-8, enclosing as many ray-flowers which are scarcely
longer; disk-flowers solitary; akenes black, obovate but lop-sided, that of the
disk-flower straight, those of the ray-flowers curved.
Dry ground, rather common. First collected by Menzies.
Madia madioides (Nutt.) Greene. Perennial, somewhat villous; stems
slender, erect, 40-60 cm. high, loosely branched above; leaves linear-lanceolate,
sparsely serrate, sessile, 5-10 cm. long, all but the uppermost opposite; in-
florescence a loose panicle; heads slender-peduncled, 8 mm. high, many-
flowered; tegules 8-12, glandular, each enclosing a fan-shaped ray-flower
8-10 mm. long; disk-flowers sterile, with a pappus composed of oblong scales;
akenes of the ray-flowers broad, curved, compressed.
Very common in open woods; first collected by Nuttall at the mouth of the
Willamette River.
Madia glomerata Hook. Stems erect, simple or with erect branches, very
leafy to the top, 30-100 cm. high, hirsute, the inflorescence glandular; leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate, ascending, 2-6 cm. long, scabrous and hirsute; heads
densely crowded, at length somewhat racemose; ray-flowers few or none, short;
disk-flowers 2-5; corollas pubescent; akenes black, club-shaped, those of the
ray-flowers flattened and 1-nerved on each face, those of the disk-flowers
somewhat 4-angled; pappus wanting.
In dry open ground; Puyallup, Pzper; common in the Willamette Valley.
Madia elegans Don. Annual, hirsutely pubescent and somewhat glandular;
stems erect, 30-120 cm. high; leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or nearly so,
broadest at base, sessile, the lower ones much crowded, 5-10 cm. long; in-
florescence corymbose; tegules 5-15, hirsute; ray-flowers 12-20, acutely 3-lobed,
15-20 mm. long, yellow or often brown at base; disk-flowers sterile; akenes
much compressed, obliquely obovate.
Prairies, Willamette Valley and southward; said by Hooker to have been
collected by Douglas and by Scouler at Fort Vancouver, Washington, but it is
doubtful if it occurs north of the Columbia River.
Madia racemosa (Nutt.) T. & G. Stems erect, 30-90 cm. high, simple or
branched above, hirsute below, glandular above; leaves linear or lanceolate,
acute, 2-8 cm. long; heads 6-10 mm. high, hemispherical or broadly ovoid,
racemosely or corymbosely arranged, commonly peduncled; corolla pubescent;
ray-flowers 5-8, rarely 10; disk-flowers few; akenes flattened and nerved on the
broader faces or the nerve lacking; pappus none.
Very common in dry ground; first described from specimens collected by
Nuttall at the estuary of the Willamette River. Very variable and as here
described including M. dissitiflora T. & G., whose supposed distinctions break
down completely.
Madia sativa Molina. Annual, viscid pubescent and very glandular;
stems stout, 30-90 cm. high, erect, simple or with erect branches; leaves lan-
ceolate or the upper linear, sessile, broadest at base, entire, 5-10 cm. long;
inflorescence narrowly paniculate, the heads mostly in dense clusters; ray-
flowers 5-12, their corollas pale yellow; disk-flowers 4-8 mm. long: ray-
akenes curved, obovoid, compressed, often 1-nerved on each face; disk-flowers
fertile, their akenes cuneate-oblong, somewhat 4-angled.
In dry ground, Willamette Valley and southward.
Madia sativa capitata (Nutt.) Piper. Heads densely congested, the in-
florescence capitate or short-oblong.
Vancouver Island to California.
374 COMPOSITAE.
512. HEMIZONELLA.
Small loosely branched annuals with linear opposite or the
upper alternate leaves; heads with 4 or 5 ray flowers and 1-4
disk flowers; involucre of 4 or 5 obcompressed incurved tegules,
each enclosing an akene; bracts of the receptacle 3-5, united
into a cup; ligulate flowers minute, yellow; akenes obovoid,
broad and convex on the back.
Hemizonella durandi Gray. Herbage more or less hirsute, glandular near
the top; stems 5-15 cm. high, loosely branched; leaves linear, 10-15 mm. long;
earliest heads in the forks of the branches, slender-peduncled, bractless, the
later ones racemose, 2-bracted at base, or short-peduncled; akenes hairy,
oblong-ovate or subfusiform, tipped with an inflexed beak.
In dry ground, not common, Vancouver Island to California.
513. HEMIZONIA.
Mostly annual herbs, usually more or less glandular and viscid
and heavy-scented; leaves alternate or sometimes opposite;
heads not large, many- or sometimes few-flowered; tegules
rounded on the back, partly enclosing the turgid more or less
oblique ray-akenes; disk-akenes abortive or infertile.
Hemizonia pungens (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. & Gr. Hairy, but only slightly
glandular; stems 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves bipinnatifid; cauline simply
pinnatifid, the lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, very sharp-pointed;
the leaves on the branchlets entire, small and crowded, rigid, spine-tipped;
tegules lanceolate, spine-tipped; receptacle convex; rays short, narrow, toothed
at the apex; pappus none.
Sparingly introduced; a native of California. Tacoma, Fleit.
514. LAGOPHYLLA.
Annuals; stem slender, much-branched; leaves alternate or
opposite, mostly entire; heads small, few-flowered; ray-flowers
about 5, pistillate, fertile; disk-flowers as many, perfect but sterile;
involucre of as many tegules as the ray-flowers; receptacle
small and flat; pappus none; ray-akenes obovate, much ob-
compressed, smooth, enclosed by the base of the tegule; disk-
akenes slender and abortive.
Lagophylla ramosissima Nutt. Erect, loosely branched, 15-70 cm. high;
stems light colored, puberulent; leaves all but the lowest attenuate, entire,
linear-lanceolate or the lowest somewhat spatulate, 1-3 cm. long, all white
villous; heads 5-6 mm. long, in small clusters on the leafy branches; tegules
ciliate with long hairs, and usually bearing a few stalked glands on the back;
ray-flowers yellow, small; akenes 3 mm. long, club-shaped, with a ridge down
the inner face.
Prairies, Willamette Valley and southward.
515. BIDENS. BercGar TICcKs.
Annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite; heads small or
medium, yellow or sometimes white; ray-flowers 3-10, sterile or
COMPOSITAE, 375
none, in which case the flowers are all perfect and tubular;
receptacle chaffy; pappus of 2-4 rigid backwardly-barbed awns;
ray- and disk-akenes obcompressed.
‘Plant aquatic; submerged Icaves capillary. B, beckii.
Plants terrestrial; none of the leaves capillary.
Akenes 4-angled; leaves dentate. B. cernua.
Akenes flat; leaves more or less incised. B. elata.
Bidens beckii Torr. (Megalodonta remota Greene.) Aquatic, glabrous;
stems simple or little branched, 30-100 cm. long; submersed leaves 2-5 cm.
long, finely dissected into filiform segments; emersed leaves a few pairs, lan-
ceolate, acute, serrate, 1-3 cm. long; heads solitary, short-peduncled; tegules
oblong, obtuse, glabrous; ray-flowers golden-yellow; akenes smooth, the stout
awns barbed near the tip.
Green Lake, Seattle, Washington, Piper; not otherwise known in our limits,
Bidens cernuaL. Annual, glabrous or minutely hispid; stems erect, simple
or with few short branches, 30-60 cm. high; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceo-
late, coarsely and unequally serrate, acuminate, sessile and somewhat cuneate
at base, 6-12 cm. long; heads short-peduncled, 12-15 mm. broad; outer tegules
foliaceous, much longer than the membranous inner ones; ray-flowers 6-12,
bright yellow, or sometimes absent; akenes elongate, wedge-shaped, 4-angled
and bearing 4 backwardly barbed awns half as long as the body.
A very variable species growing in wet places, blooming in autumn.
Bidens elata (T. & G.) Sherff. (B. amplissima Greene.) Glabrous or
nearly so; stems stout, 40-100 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or oval,
acute, deeply serrate or incised, 8-18 cm. long; heads 1-3, nearly sessile, 2 cm.
broad; outer tegules linear to oblanceolate, larger than the head, often incised;
ray-flowers pale yellow; akenes 8 mm. long, glabrous, flat, broadly cuneate,
the margins inwardly barbed; awns 4, rarely 2, about half as long as the akene,
retrorsely barbed.
Sauvies Island, Oregon, Nuttall; Vancouver Island, Macoun.
516. COREOPSIS.
Annual or perennial herbs usually with opposite leaves; heads
many-flowered, radiate; involucre of 2 rows of about 8 tegules
each, the outer spreading and foliaceous, the inner appressed and
nearly membranaceous; ray-flowers mostly 8, neutral, yellow or
purple, rarely wanting; receptacle flat with deciduous mem-
branaceous chaff; akenes obcompressed, often winged, with 2
barbless subulate awns.
Coreopsis atkinsoniana Dougl. Glabrous; stems 30-100 cm. high, erect,
usually branched; leaves all opposite, the lowest bipinnately parted into
linear lobes, the upper reduced to simple linear bracts; heads cymosely panicu-
late; tegules in two series, the outer short, the inner ovate, scarious-margined,
6-8 mm. long; ray-flowers yellow, with brown bases; akenes oblong, narrowly
winged, bearing two short subulate teeth. aes
In wet places on river banks, rare in our limits.
517. RUDBECKIA.
Mostly perennial herbs; leaves alternate; heads many-flowered,
mostly with sterile ray-flowers, sometimes rayless; disk-flowers
376 COMPOSITAE.
perfect; receptacle elongated, becoming columnar; pappus a
chaff-like cup or 4 chaffy teeth more or less united into a cup;
akenes quadrangular and mostly laterally compressed.
Rudbeckia hirta L. Black Eyed Susan. Herbage hispid to hirsute-
pubescent; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves lanceolate to oblong, entire or
sparingly serrate, 3-5-nerved, the lower ones petioled, the cauline sessile;
heads solitary or few, long-peduncled; ray-flowers 10-20, orange-yellow; disk
ovoid, dark brown; chaff of the receptacle linear, acute; pappus none.
A native of the eastern states, sparingly introduced in fields.
518. BALSAMORHIZA.
Low perennials; leaves mostly radical; heads large, usually
solitary; flowers yellow; receptacle flat or barely convex with
linear-lanceolate chaff; pappus none; ray-akenes obcompressed;
disk-akenes prismatic-quadrangular or laterally compressed.
Leaves entire or merely dentate; herbage green; involucre not
woolly. B. deltoidea.
Leaves pinnately cleft, parted or divided; herbage canescent;
involucre puberulent to lanate. B. balsamorhiza.
Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt. Herbage green, scabrous and sparsely
pubescent or glabrate; stems erect, 20-40 cm. high; radical leaves ovate-
lanceolate to deltoid, acute, cordate or subcordate at base, entire or irregularly
serrate, green on both sides, 10-25 cm. long, long-petioled; cauline leaves two,
small, lanceolate, near the middle of the stem; heads solitary or sometimes 3;
tegules linear-lanceolate, the outer ones foliaceous and spreading; ray-flowers
2-4 cm. long.
Prairies, Vancouver Island to California. First collected by Nuttall near
the mouth of the Willamette River.
Balsamorhiza balsamorhiza (Hook.) Heller. Herbage canescent with
silky or more or less tomentose pubescence; stems 20-30 cm. high, bearing a
pair of small opposite leaves near the base; radical leaves oblong-lanceolate
in outline, pinnately to bipinnately parted into linear segments or merely
pinnatifid or incised; involucre woolly to merely pubescent; tegules lanceolate,
the outer sometimes foliaceous.
Prairies, rare west of the Cascade Mountains; first collected at Fort Van-
couver, Washington, by Douglas.
519. WYETHIA.
Perennial herbs; stems simple, rarely branching; leaves alter-
nate, mostly entire and ample; heads many-flowered, solitary or
few, medium or large; flowers yellow; ray-flowers elongated,
pistillate or fertile; pappus a chaffy crown or cup; ray-akenes
neither obcompressed nor laterally compressed.
Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt. Somewhat hirsute with short white hairs;
stems 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves long-lanceolate, mostly entire, acuminate,
20-40 cm. long; cauline sessile, smaller and broader; head long-pedunculate;
involucre campanulate, loose; tegules broadly lanceolate, green and herbaceous,
ciliate, equalling the disk; ray-flowers 4 cm. long; akenes pubescent at summit;
pappus awns stout, subulate, minutely hirsute, 1-2 in the disk-flowers, 3-4
in the ray-flowers.
Moist places, Willamette Valley and southward.
COMPOSITAE. a7
520. HELIANTHUS.
Coarse annuals or perennials; leaves entire or toothed, all or
at least the lower ones opposite; heads solitary or corymbose,
medium or large; ray-flowers yellow, sterile; disk-flowers yellow,
brownish or dark-purple; receptacle flat or convex; pappus a pair
of early-falling chaffy scales or awns; akenes neither very flat nor
winged; ray-akenes laterally compressed; disk-akenes 4-angled,
compressed.
Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Pubescent or hirsute;
stems erect, 1-3 m. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, acu-
minate, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, the lower ones opposite;
tegules loose, lanceolate, attenuate, hirsute-ciliate, spreading at the tips, as
long as the disk; ray-flowers 12-20, 3-4 cm. long; akenes pubescent.
Escaped from cultivation; native of the eastern states. The rootstocks
bear edible tubers.
521. JAUMEA.
Perennial plants, herbaceous or suffrutescent, with opposite
entire leaves and peduncled solitary heads of yellow flowers;
involucre campanulate, the broad fleshy tegules imbricated in 2
series, the outer shorter; receptacle conical, naked; corollas
glabrous; style branches papillose or hairy, truncate to short-
conical; akenes 10-nerved; pappus (in ours) none.
Jaumea carnosa (Less.) Gray. Glabrous, somewhat fleshy; stems ascend-
ing, leafy, 20-40 cm. high; leaves spatulate-linear, nearly terete, sessile and
cuneate at base, 2-3 cm. long; head erect, short-peduncled; involucre cam-
panulate; ray-corollas 6-10, linear, short; receptacle conical, smooth, fleshy;
akenes glabrous, without pappus.
In salt marshes along the seashore, Vancouver Island to California.
522. BAERIA.
Mostly annual herbs with opposite entire or pinnately dis-
sected leaves and yellow. flowers; heads many-flowered, radiate;
involucre herbaceous, campanulate to hemispheric, with 5-15
oblong to ovate plane or somewhat keeled tegules in a single
series; receptacle subulate to conical, naked; corolla of the disk-
flowers with a slender tube as Jong as the 5-lobed campanulate
limb; akenes slender somewhat clavate; pappus a crown of scales
or sometimes wanting.
Baeria maritima Gray. Pubescent when young but becoming glabrous;
stems diffusely spreading; leaves oblong-linear, entire or the lower sparingly
laciniate-toothed, 2.5 cm. long; tegules 6-8; ray-corollas orbicular; akenes
puberulent; pappus of 3-5 subulate awns and at least as many small narrow
laciniate scales.
Bird Island, Barclay Sound, Vancouver Island, Newcomb, and the Farallone
Islands, California; not known to occur elsewhere.
378 COMPOSITAE,
523. ERIOPHYLLUM.
Perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby at base; leaves usually
alternate, entire or pinnately or ternately parted or lobed;
ray-flowers present, fertile; involucre campanulate or obovoid;
tegules erect, commonly united at base, oval or oblong; pappus of
nerveless and mostly pointless scales; throat or limb of disk-
corollas rather narrow; style-branches truncate or rarely minutely
tipped; akenes narrow, mostly 4-angled.
Eriophyllum lanatum (Pursh) Forbes. Perennial, erect or decumbent at
base, loosely white-woolly throughout; leaves spatulate or cuneate-obovate,
the lowermost and upper ones often entire, the others 3—-7-lobed or parted;
heads long-peduncled; involucre lanate, campanulate, 10-12 mm. high;
tegules 8-12, oblong, obtuse; ray-flowers 6-15, golden-yellow; disk-corollas
glandular; akenes glabrous; pappus short.
In gravelly soil, common and variable.
524. HULSEA.
Perennial, viscid-pubescent, balsamic-odorous herbs with
alternate sessile leaves and solitary or scattered large heads of
many yellow flowers; involucre hemispheric, the herbaceous
rather loose linear-lanceolate tegules in 2-3 series; receptacle
flat, naked; ray-flowers numerous; disk flowers with the throat
larger than the tube; style branches thickened at the obtuse tips;
akenes linear-clavate, pubescent; pappus of 4 truncate entire or
lacerate scales.
Hulsea nana Gray. Perennial with branched rootstocks; herbage viscid
and villous and somewhat lanate; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves mostly basal,
oblong-spatulate, pinnatifid or incised, narrowed into a margined petiole;
head solitary, peduncled; involucre 10-12 mm. high; tegules lanceolate; ray-
flowers yellow; pappus scales fimbriate, as long as the villous akene.
In loose volcanic rock at high altitudes, Mount Rainier and southward.
525. GAILLARDIA.
Pubescent herbs; leaves alternate, entire or incised or even
pinnatifid; heads solitary and long-peduncled, large; ray-flowers
yellow or partly dark-purple, sterile; disk-flowers usually purplish
or brownish; tegules in 2-3 series, the outer larger and foliaceous;
receptacle convex or hemispherical, with one or more awns among
the flowers resembling chaff; pappus of 6-10 hyaline chaffy
scales each with a prominent midrib which is prolonged into a
naked awn, or in the sterile ray-flowers, scales awnless; akenes
oblong, top-shaped, each surrounded by a tuft of hairs.
Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Perennial, erect, 30-60 cm. high, rough-pubes-
cent; lower leaves spatulate, long-petioled, the upper sessile, all entire or
more or less pinnately lobed, 5-12 cm. long; heads long-peduncled; involucre
hairy, the lanceolate acuminate tegules unequal, the longest about 1 cm.;
disk-flowers dark-purple; ray-flowers 10-18, yellow, purplish at base, 15-20
mm. long; bristles of the receptacle as long as the akenes or longer.
Prairies, rare in our limits.
COMPOSITAE. 379
526. HELENIUM.
Erect, simple or branching herbs; leaves all alternate and all
but the lower sessile; heads small or large, many-flowered, on
naked terminal peduncles; ray-flowers yellow, several or numer-
ous, pistillate; disk-flowers yellow or turning brownish or purplish,
small and very numerous, all fertile; tegules spreading or re-
flexed at maturity; pappus of 5-12 thin or hyaline chaffy scales
with or without midribs; akenes top-shaped, striate-ribbed,
hairy on the ribs.
Helenium autumnale grandiflorum (Nutt.) Gray. Perennial, erect, 30-90
cm. high, glabrous or puberulent; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute,
dentate or nearly entire, 5-12 cm. long, decurrent on the stem forming wings;
heads few or many, long-peduncled, 10-15 mm. broad; involucre nearly flat,
the tegules linear or linear-spatulate, pubescent; ray-flowers 10-16, yellow,
somewhat drooping, 1-2 cm. long, all fertile; akenes pubescent; pappus
scarious, the scales acuminate, awn-pointed.
River banks, not common.
527. ACHILLEA.
Perennial herbs, rather strong-scented; leaves alternate, ser-
rate or pinnately dissected; heads small, in corymbs, many-
flowered; flowers yellow, white or sometimes rose-colored, all
fertile; ray-flowers few or several, mostly short or broad, pis-
tillate; involucre narrow, the tegules imbricated in a few rows,
appressed; receptacle flattish to conical, with thin chaff; pappus
none; akenes oblong or ovate, obcompressed, surrounded by a
narrow and cartilaginous margin.
Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow or Milfoil. WHerbage sparingly pubescent,
green; stems erect, usually tufted, 30-90 cm. high; basal leaves short-petioled,
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, pinnately divided into very numer-
ous segments which are once or twice pinnately-cleft or parted into linear
acute lobes; heads small, numerous, in convex or flat-topped terminal corymbs;
involucre ovoid or subglobose, 3-5 mm. high; ray flowers 4 or 5, white, 2-4
mm. long. , .
Abundant in open ground and clearly native. Alpine forms are much
dwarfed, often only 15-20 cm. high, and approach A. borealis Bong. of Alaska.
A. lanulosa Nutt. with very {canescent herbage, common east of the Cascade
Mountains, apparently does not occur in our limits.
528. ANTHEMIS.
Herbs; leaves alternate, mostly tripinnately divided; heads
many-flowered; ray-flowers numerous, commonly conspicuous,
pistillate or sometimes sterile; disk-flowers fertile; involucre
broad, the tegules very numerous, imbricated and appressed;
receptacle convex to oblong-conical, chaffy with mostly slender or
thin scales or awns subtending at least the central flowers; pappus
none or a short chaffy crown; akenes obovoid or oblong, 4 or 5-
angled, 8-10-ribbed or many-striate, truncate at the apex.
380 COMPOSITAE.
Ray-flowers yellow; leaves somewhat tomentose. A, tinctoria.
Ray-flowers white; leaves not tomentose.
Leaves glabrous, ill-scented; ray-flowers neutral. A. cotula.
Leaves pubescent, not ill-scented; ray-flowers fertile. A, arvensis.
Anthemis tinctoria L. Perennial, herbage pubescent; stems erect, loosely
branched, 30-60 cm. high; leaves sessile, oblong to ovate in outline, parted in
narrow acute serrate lobes; heads long-peduncled, 3-4 cm. broad; ray flowers
yellow, pistillate; tegules oblong, obtuse, pubescent; chaff of the receptacle
lanceolate, acuminate; pappus crown-like.
In fields, sparingly introduced from Europe.
Anthemis cotula L. Dog Fennel. May-weed. Annual, much branched,
puberulent or glabrate, 30-60 cm. high; leaves 1-3 times pinnately-dissected
into thread-like lobes; heads 2 cm. broad; receptacle conical, with bristly
bracts near the apex, none at the margin; tegules oblong, obtuse, pubescent;
ray-flowers white, 10-18, becoming reflexed in age; akenes 10-ribbed, rough-
ened; pappus none.
A very common weed, introduced from Europe.
Anthemis arvensis L. Corn Chamomile. Pubescent annual herb re-
sembling A. cotula but not ill-scented; leaves less finely 1-2-pinnately parted;
chaff lanceolate, pointed, subtending and exceeding all the disk-flowers; akenes
smooth; pappus a minute border.
Native of Europe; introduced.
529. CHRYSANTHEMUM.
Herbs; heads many-flowered; ray-flowers usually elongated,
numerous, pistillate; disk-flowers usually all fertile; involucre
hemispherical or flatter, the tegules more or less scarious, short-
appressed, imbricated in several rows; receptacle flat or convex,
naked; pappus none; disk-corollas often flattened or 2-winged
below, 4 or 5-toothed; akenes short, nearly terete, several ribbed
or angled, truncate at apex.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum pinnatifidum Lecoq. & Lemotte. Oxeye
Daisy. Perennial, erect, 30-60 cm. high, glabrous or nearly so, usually simple;
basal leaves oblong or spatulate, incisely pinnatifid or toothed; cauline smaller,
sessile and partly clasping, linear; heads 3-5 cm. broad, on long naked pe-
duncles; tegules oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, rusty at tip; ray-flowers 20-30,
white; akenes many-ribbed, pappus none.
Common in fields; introduced from Europe.
530. MATRICARIA.
Annual or biennial glabrous branching herbs; heads many-
flowered, solitary or in corymbs; ray-flowers none (in ours);
disk-flowers yellowish-green; involucre hemispherical or flatter,
of numerous more or less scarious appressed tegules in few rows;
receptacle conical at least‘in fruit, naked; pappus a minute
crown or none; akenes 3-5-ribbed, wingless.
Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Annual, 5-20 cm. high, simple
or branched, sparsely pubescent or glabrous; leaves oblong, 1-3 cm. long,
once or twice pinnately dissected into small linear acute segments; heads 5-9
COMPOSITAE. 381
mm. high, terminating short stout peduncles; involucre saucer-shaped, the
tegules oblong, obtuse, green, with scarious margins; ray-flowers none; disk-
flowers yellowish-green; receptacle conical; akenes oblong; pappus represented
by a low sometimes 1-2-toothed crown.
Dry ground, very common.
531. COTULA.
Annual or perennial strong-scented low herbs with alternate
lobed or dissected leaves and slender-peduncled rayless heads
with two kinds of flowers; heads many-flowered, hemispheric to
globose; involucre of about 2 ranks of tegules; receptacle flat or
convex, naked; outer one or two rows of flowers pistillate, apeta-
lous or nearly so; disk flowers tubular, 4-toothed, fertile; mature
akenes raised on short erect persistent stalks; pappus none.
Glabrous; leaves entire to pinnatifid. C. coronopifolia.
Pubescent; leaves bipinnately dissected. C. australis.
Cotula coronopifolia L. Glabrous or nearly so, somewhat fleshy; stems
decumbent or ascending, 20-30 cm. long; leaves linear-oblong, pinnately in-
cised or the upper entire, clasping and sheathing at base; heads subglobose,
peduncled, 8-10 mm. broad; pistillate flowers in a single marginal row, their
akenes with thick spongy wings.
Common especially in marshes along the seashore; a native of South Africa.
Cotula australis Hook. Somewhat pubescent; stems slender, much branched,
15-30 cm. high; leaves bipinnately parted, the ultimate segments linear;
heads small, 4-6 mm. broad; pistillate flowers in 2 or 3 rows, their akenes
pedicelled. ; ;
Vancouver Island to California, sparingly introduced; a native of Australia.
532. TANACETUM. Tansy.
Perennial bitter strong-scented herbs with alternate pinnately
dissected leaves and corymbed heads of yellow flowers; heads
many-flowered; involucre hemispheric; tegules imbricated, char-
taceous; receptacle naked, convex; flowers all fertile, the outer
ones pistillate with tubular 3-5-toothed corollas; akenes angled
or ribbed, truncate at top; pappus a short crown.
Tanacetum huronense Nutt. Soft hairy or woolly, especially in young
plants; stems stout, 30-90 cm. high; leaves twice to thrice pinnately dissected,
the ultimate segments oblong and crowded; heads 1-2 cm. broad, on stout
peduncles; corollas of the pistillate flower flattened, somewhat ray-like, 3-5-
cleft; pappus teeth present.
On sand dunes along the ocean coast.
533. ARTEMISIA. SacEBRUSH. WORMWOOD.
Herbs or undershrubs, bitter and odorous; leaves alternate,
usually dissected; heads numerous, small, in racemes or panicles,
several to many-flowered, discoid; flowers yellow, yellowish or
brownish, all tubular, the outermost series pistillate or all alike, the
more numerous perfect flowers either fertile or sterile; tegules dry,
382 COMPOSITAE.
imbricated in a few rows, appressed; receptacle flattish to
hemispherical, naked, sometimes hairy; pappus none; corollas of
pistillate flowers slender and small, 2 or 3-toothed, of the perfect
flowers enlarged above, 5-toothed; akenes obovoid or oblong,
almost always glabrous.
Ours all perennial herbs.
Disk-flowers perfect but sterile; marginal flowers pistillate and
fertile; leaves pinnately or bipinnately divided into nar-
now lobes. :
Heads very numerous, small, greenish. A, canadensis.
Heads rather few, large, brownish. A. borealis.
Disk-flowers perfect, fertile; marginal flowers pistillate and
fertile; leaves not finely dissected. oe
Heads campanulate. A. tiles.
Heads cylindric. A. suksdorfit.
Artemisia canadensis Michx. Glabrous or canescently pubescent; stems
30-60 cm. high; lower leaves bipinnately divided into narrowly linear seg-
ments, the cauline less divided; inflorescence a narrow panicle; heads 4-6 mm.
broad; involucre hemispheric, green, glabrous or rarely pubescent.
In rocky soil, rare in our limits; Coupeville, Washington, Gardner.
Artemisia borealis wormskioldii Bess. Silky pubescent; stems 20-40
cm. high; lower leaves ternately or biternately divided into linear lobes;
cauline leaves linear, entire or 3-parted; heads racemose; involucre brownish,
pilose. es :
Rocky places in the mountains, rare; Mount Rainier, Fleft; Olympic
Mountains, Filett.
Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. Herbage canescent with a thin tomentum;
stems erect or ascending, leafy, 60-90 cm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
rarely entire, mostly incisely or laciniately cleft into narrow attenuate lobes,
thinly tomentose, becoming glabrous above; panicle loose, pyramidal; heads
hemispheric; involucre broadly campanulate, arachnoid when young, some-
times glabrate, more or less brownish.
In the mountains at low altitudes.
Artemisia suksdorfii Piper. Tufted; stems stiffly erect,.90-120 cm. high;
leaves numerous, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire to sparingly dentate or
rarely incised, 6-10 cm. long, bright green above, white-tomentose beneath;
panicle pyramidal, dense, 30-60 cm. long; heads cylindric, 3-4 mm. high,
5-8-flowered; involucre pale green, glabrate, the tegules obtuse, hyaline-
margined.
Abundant especially on bluffs along the seacoast.
534. PETASITES. Sweet CoLtsroot.
Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks; leaves large, radical,
the cauline reduced to bracts; heads numerous, in a raceme or
corymb on the end of a scape-like stem; flowers whitish or
purplish, some imperfect; tegules in one row; akenes narrow,
5-10-ribbed; pappus soft, white.
Leaves ovate or oblong, 5—7-lobed, 5-10 cm. long; alpine plant. P. frigida.
Leaves reniform-orbicular, 7—-9-cleft, very large, often 30 cm. or
more broad; lowland plant. P. speciosa.
COMPOSITAE. 383
Petasites frigida (L.) Fries. (P. nivalis Greene.) Flowering stems 10-20
cm. high; leaves cordate-ovate or reniform-hastate in outline, 5—7-lobed with
broad sinuses, 5-10 cm. long, green above, white tomentose beneath; lobes
entire or with a few teeth.
Along alpine rivulets in the Olympic Mountains and in the Cascade Moun-
tains from Mount Rainier northward.
Petasites speciosa (Nutt.) Piper. Flowers blooming before the leaves
appear; stems 15-40 cm. high, covered with scaly reduced leaves; foliage
leaves reniform-orbicular, very large, 15-50 cm. broad, 7-9-lobed beyond the
middle, green and glabrous above, densely white tomentose beneath; lobes
oblong, coarsely dentate; flowers lavender-colored, with the odor of violets.
Common on moist bluffs. It has been confused with the eastern P. pal-
mata (Ait.) Gray.
535. LUINA.
Perennial herbs with alternate entire sessile leaves; heads
corymbose, each about 10-flowered; involucre campanulate;
tegules 8-10, firm, carinate, arranged in a single series; receptacle
flat, naked; corollas all alike, cream-colored, deeply 5-cleft;
anthers sagittate at base; style branches linear, flattened, trun-
cate; akenes 10-striate; pappus of soft white capillary bristles.
Luina hypoleuca Benth. White tomentose, except the upper surface of the
leaves; stems tufted, 20-30 cm. high, erect, leafy and simple to the inflores-
cence; leaves ovate or elliptical, obtuse, firm, shiny-green above, 2-3 cm. long;
heads corymbose; involucre 8 mm. high; flowers cream-colored.
Common on rock cliffs and gravel bars in the mountains, at 1000-2000 m.
altitude. First collected by Lyall at Lake Chilukweyuk, near the 49th
parallel.
536. RAINIERA.
Perennial herb with alternate sessile entire leaves and numer-
ous heads in a panicle; heads 4—7-flowered; involucre cylindric,
with 4-7 firm carinate tegules in a single series; receptacle flat,
naked; corollas all tubular, pale yellow, deeply 5-cleft; anthers not
sagittate at base; style branches linear, truncate; akenes gla-
brous, prismatic; pappus capillary, copious, pale-tawny. Scarcely
distinct from Lutina.
Rainiera stricta Greene. (Luina pipert Robinson.) Glabrous or nearly
so; stems stout, erect, leafy, 60-90 cm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, petioled,
15-30 cm. long, the cauline sessile or nearly so and smaller; heads 5—6-flowered,
numerous, in an erect raceme, 15-30 cm. long; involucre cylindric; tegules
5-7, linear or oblong, acute; flowers pale yellow; pappus tawny.
Alpine meadows on and about Mount Rainier.
537. CROCIDIUM.
Small annual herbs with alternate leaves; heads solitary,
terminal, small, radiate, the flowers all fertile; involucre hemi-
spheric, of 8-12 thin herbaceous tegules in one row; ray-flowers
about 12, yellow; disk-flowers more numerous, yellow; style
branches short and broad with large appendages; pappus of one
384 COMPOSITAE.
row of deciduous equal white barbed bristles, but none in the
ray-flowers.
Crocidium multicaule Hook. Woolly when young but soon glabrate;
stems numerous, tufted, 5-25 cm. high; radical leaves in a basal tuft, obovate
or spatulate, few-toothed, sessile or short-petioled; cauline leaves small,
linear; heads slender-peduncled, small but showy; tegules oblong-ovate.
In open ground, Vancouver Island to California. First found at Fort
Vancouver, Washington, by Douglas.
538. ARNICA.
Perennial herbs; stems mostly simple, from creeping rootstocks
or a corm-like base; leaves all or some of them opposite, simple,
entire, or merely toothed; heads rather large, solitary or few,
usually long-peduncled, many-flowered; flowers yellow, all fertile;
ray-flowers elongated, pistillate, or sometimes none; involucre
broadly campanulate, the tegules in 1-2 rows; receptacle naked,
flat; pappus a single series of rather rigid strongly scabrous or
barbellate capillary bristles; akenes linear, 5-angled or 5-10-
ribbed, somewhat hirsute or nearly glabrous.
The species of this genus are of very unsatisfactory definition.
Basal leaves cordate, long-petioled.
Herbage pubescent, the stems hirsute or villous. A. cordifolia,
Herbage glabrous.
Akenes atomiferous-glandular; leaves often simi-
larly glandular on both sides. A. gracilis.
Akenes glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves large, usually dentate, thin. A. latifolia,
Leaves small, crenate-dentate, firm. A. betonicaefolia.
Basal leaves not cordate, short-petioled.
Heads rayless. A. eradiata,
Heads radiate.
Pappus whitish, barbellate.
Herbage viscid-glandular; upper leaves much re-
duced. A. fulgens.
Herbage atomiferous-glandular or glandless;
upper leaves but little reduced. A, aurantiaca.
Pappus fuscous, subplumose.
Upper surface of leaves glabrous, sticky.
Stem leaves ovate or ovate-oblong. A, amplexicaulis,
Stem leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong. A, macounit.
Upper surface of leaves pubescent.
Pubescence sparse, pilose. A. aspera.
Pubescence dense, short. A, mollis.
Arnica cordifolia Hook. Erect from horizontal rootstocks, 20-40 cm. high,
sparsely pubescent; basal leaves ovate or orbicular, deeply cordate, dentate,
acute or obtuse, 5-10 cm. long, on petioles about as long; cauline usually 2
pairs, less broad, the short petioles margined; heads long-peduncled; involucres
turbinate-campanulate, 15-20 mm. high, viscid-pubescent, the linear-lanceolate
tegules acute; ray-flowers 8-12, yellow, 2-3 cm. long; akenes pubescent.
In the mountains at low altitudes, rare in our limits, but common east of
the Cascade Mountains; upper Nisqually Valley, Allen.
COMPOSITAE, 385
Arnica gracilis Rydb. Herbage minutely atomiferous glandular; stems
slender, 15-30 cm. high; basal leaves ovate, dentate, 3-ribbed, slender-petioled;
cauline leaves in 2 pairs, similar, the upper sessile; heads 1-3; ray-corollas
bright yellow, 15 mm. long; akenes minutely glandular.
Olympic Mountains, Lamb, Piper. —
Arnica latifolia Bong. Glabrous or nearly so; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high,
from slender rootstocks; leaves all opposite, the lower petioled, cordate or
subcordate, coarsely dentate; cauline leaves 2 or 3 pairs, oval to ovate, sessile
by a broad base; heads long-peduncled; involucre campanulate, sparsely
pilose to nearly glabrous; tegules about 13, oblong-obovate, acuminate, 1 cm.
long; ray-flowers dark yellow, 1.5-2 cm. long; akenes glabrous.
Common along alpine streams.
Arnica betonicaefolia Greene. Nearly glabrous; stems slender, 6-15 cm.
high; leaves oval to oval-lanceolate, obtuse, crenate-dentate, 2~3 cm. long, the
basal ones petioled, the 2-3 pairs of cauline sessile; heads 1-3, long-peduncled;
involucre 10 mm. high, turbinate; tegules pubescent, acute; ray-flowers
1-1.5 cm. long; akenes sparsely hairy at top; pappus white.
In alpine meadows at about 2000 m. altitude. The type specimens are
from Mount Steele in the Olympic Mountains.
Arnica eradiata (Gray) Heller. (A. parryi Gray.) Hirsutely pubescent,
glandular toward the top; stems mostly simple, 30-50 cm. high; leaves oval to
ovate-oblong, denticulate, the basal ones petioled; cauline 1-3 pairs; heads
rayless, solitary or often 3-5; involucre 10-12 mm. high; tegules hirsute and
glandular; akenes glabrous or sparsely hirsute.
In alpine meadows at about 2000 m. altitude.
Arnica fulgens Pursh. Erect, 30-60 cm. high, the crown thickened and
rusty-woolly, sometimes with creeping rootstocks; whole plant viscid-pubes-
cent; basal leaves spatulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire or nearly so, obtuse,
5-12 cm. long; cauline 2 or 3 pairs, sessile, the upper sometimes very small;
heads 1-3, long-peduncled; involucres 10-12 mm. high, densely glandular-
pubescent; ray-flowers yellow, 12-16 mm. long; tubes of disk-corollas hairy;
akenes pubescent.
A species of the interior, rare in our limits; Goat Mountains, Allen. The
subterranean characters may vary according to soil; the form without root-
stocks has been named as a species, A. pedunculata Rydb.
Arnica aurantiaca Greene. Tufted, 5-20 cm. high; stems erect, bearing
1-3 heads; cauline leaves 2 or 3 pairs, entire, the lowest oblong, obtuse, the
upper oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous except the margins; peduncle sparsely
glandular and pubescent; involucre turbinate-campanulate; tegules about 10,
lanceolate, woolly at base, thinly ciliate; ray-flowers orange-yellow; akenes
silky; pappus white.
Goat Mountains, Allen.
Arnica amplexicaulis Nutt. Nearly glabrous and somewhat gummy;
stems 30-60 cm. high, tufted; leaves ovate, acute, saliently dentate, glabrous
and gummy above, 4-7 cm. long; basal ones petioled; cauline 4-7 pairs, half-
clasping at base; heads mostly 3 or 5; ray-flowers 1-1.5 cm. long; akenes hairy.
Along streams, especially in the mountains at low altitudes. First col-
lected at Willamette Falls, Oregon, by Nuttall.
Arnica macounii Greene. Sparsely pubescent; stems tufted, 30-50 cm.
high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate-dentate, 5-10 cm.
long, the basal ones petioled, the 4~7 cauline pairs sessile; heads cymose, usually
5-7, on small stems 1-3; involucre campanulate; tegules hispidulous, not
glandular; akenes hispid and glandular; pappus fuscous.
26
386 COMPOSITAE.
Along streams in the mountains at low altitudes. Differs from A. amplexi-
caults Nutt. mainly in its narrower leaves.
Arnica aspera Greene. Sparsely pilose; stems tufted, 40-60 cm. high;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, saliently dentate, hairy on both sides, the cauline
sessile, 4-6 cm. long; heads mostly 3-5, slender-peduncled; involucres campan-
ulate; tegules pustulate-hairy; akenes setose; pappus tawny.
Along alpine rivulets at 1700 m. altitude, the type specimen from Mount
Rainier.
Arnica mollis Hook. Herbage villous-pubescent, somewhat glandular
above; stems 20-40 cm. high; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire or
denticulate, mostly acute, the lower ones petioled, 5-10 cm. long; cauline
leaves 3-5 pairs, the upper ones remote, sessile; heads mostly 3, rarely 5-9,
4-6 cm. broad; tegules glandular, lanceolate, acute; akenes hairy.
Along alpine rivulets at 1500-2000 m. altitude.
539. SENECIO.*
Herbs (in ours) or shrubby plants; leaves all alternate; heads
usually solitary or in corymbs, many-flowered; flowers yellow, all
fertile; ray-flowers pistillate or occasionally none; tegules her-
baceous, mostly narrow, equal, in one row, or with a few short
outer (calyculate) ones; receptacle flat or merely convex, naked;
pappus of very numerous and mostly white, fine and soft capillary
and merely scabrous bristles; akenes terete or somewhat angled,
usually 5—10-ribbed.
Annuals.
Heads discoid; short outer tegules black-tipped. —-S. vulgaris.
Heads with short rays; short outer tegules few,
not black-tipped. : S. sylvaticus.
Biennials or perennials; heads usually radiate.
Leaves pinnately divided.
Stem 30-50 cm. high. S. harfordit.
Stem 10-20 cm. high. S. flettit.
Leaves all undivided or those of the stem pinnately
lobed.
Heads discoid (except in subsp. fallax). S. pauciflorus.
Heads radiate.
Heads few, terminating the stem and
branches.
Foliage glabrous. S. ductoris.
Foliage tomentulose. S. webstert.
Heads usually numerous, in a terminal
corymbose cyme.
Stem leafy to the inflorescence. S. triangularis.
Stem leafy below, naked above.
Tegules black-tipped.
Herbage arachnoid tomentulose. S. lugens.
Herbage pubescent with coarse
jointed hairs or glabrous.
Herbage glaucous, glabrous,
fleshy; leaves mostly en-
tire. S. hydrophilus.
* The account of this genus has been prepared with the assistance of Dr. J-
M. Greenman.
COMPOSITAE. 387
Herbage not glaucous nor
fleshy, pubescent at
least when young;
leaves dentate or denti-
culate.
Leaves subcordate; ray-
flowers pale yellow. S. ochraceus.
Leaves not subcordate;
ray-flowers darker yel-
low. S. exaltatus.
Tegules not black-tipped.
Herbage more or less perma-
nently tomentulose.
Leaves entire or denticulate. S. fastigiatus.
Leaves coarsely dentate. S. fastigiatus macountt.
Herbage glabrous or nearly so.
Lower leaves oblanceolate. S. mulinomensts.
Lower leaves ovate or obo-
vate.
Stem 30-50 cm. high. S. pauciflorus fallax.
Stem 10-15 cm. high. S. suksdorfii.
Senecio vulgaris L. Annual, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, usually
branched, 15-30 cm. high; leaves spatulate or oblong in outline, 1-3 cm. long,
half-clasping at base, pinnately-lobed, the lobes short and usually toothed;
heads few to many, in corymbs; involucre 5-7 mm. high, the inner tegules
linear, acute, often black-tipped, the outer few and short; ray-flowers
wanting; akenes puberulent; pappus copious, white.
A common weed in waste ground; introduced from Europe.
Senecio sylvaticus L. Annual, erect, 10-60 cm. high, slightly pubescent;
lower leaves oblong to lanceolate, lyrately pinnatifid, petioled; upper leaves
unequally pinnatifid, sessile, sagittate at the clasping base; heads corymbed,
slender-peduncled; involucre cylindrical; outer tegules few or wanting, if
present not black-tipped; ray-flowers very short, yellow.
Introduced from Europe; Portland, Oregon, Gorman.
Senecio harfordii Greenman. Perennial, glabrous or essentially so through-
out; stem erect or ascending from a slender rootstock, 20-50 cm. high, some-
what glaucous, usually leafy; leaves mostly pinnately divided, with irregularly
lobed divisions, and these in turn dentate, including the petiole 4-14 cm. long,
1-5 cm. broad, thin in texture, and drying pale green; the lowermost leaves
often undivided, rotund and crenately lobed; uppermost leaves without
petioles; inflorescence a terminal corymbose cyme, few—many-(2—30-) headed;
heads mostly less than 1 cm. high, including the ray-flowers 1.5-2 cm. in
diameter; involucre shorter than the disk-flowers; tegules about 13, narrowly
lanceolate, 5-5.5 mm. long, acuminate, acute, glabrous; ray-flowers com-
monly 5, bright*yellow; disk-flowers 18-25; akenes 2.5-3.5 mm. long, glabrous.
Common in the gorge of the Columbia River, on moist rock cliffs.
Senecio flettii Wiegand. Perennial, glabrous; stems 15-20 cm. high,
tufted; leaves mostly basal, oblong, 8-12 cm. long, petioled, pinnately parted
into irregular oblong incisely-toothed angular divisions; cauline similar,
smaller; heads 7 mm. high, several in a rather close corymb; tegules 10-12,
thin, acute; ray-flowers 2-4, dark yellow; akenes glabrous.
In rocky soil in the Olympic Mountains, at about 2300 m. altitude,
abundant; Mount Rainier, near Cowlitz Cleavers, Miss Winona Bailey.
Senecio pauciflorus Pursh. Perennial, 10-30 cm. high, slightly floccose-
388 COMPOSITAE.
tomentose at the base, in the axils of the leaves and in the inflorescence,
otherwise glabrous; lower leaves petiolate, broadly ovate, 1-2 cm. long, 8-14
mm. broad, subcordate to cuneate at the base, crenate-serrate, rather thick
and firm in texture; petioles equalling or twice as long as the blade; upper
leaves more or less pinnate; inflorescence usually a close compact umbel;
heads discoid, about 1 cm. high in anthesis; tegules glabrous, their tips tinged
with purple; akenes glabrous.
Widely distributed; Labrador, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia to
northern California. In our limits it has been collected on Mount Consti-
tution, San Juan County, Washington, Henderson, and at Deming, Whatcom
County, Washington, Filett.
Senecio pauciflorus fallax Greenman. Stem erect, about 50 cm. high;
lower stem-leaves 3-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. broad, pinnately parted with deep
broad sinuses between the lateral divisions, blackish or dark green in the dried
state; segments narrowly oblong to subovate, obtusely toothed; upper leaves
reduced to mere bracts; inflorescence cymose, few-headed; heads 8-10 mm,
high, radiate; involucre campanulate; tegules 18-21, linear, acute, 6-8 mm.
‘long, slightly purplish-tipped, glabrous; ray-flowers 10-12, yellow; disk-
flowers 50-60; akenes glabrous.
In partial shade, Deming, Whatcom County, Washington, Fleté; not other-
wise known.
Senecio ductoris Piper. (S. fremonts T. & G.) Perennial, glabrous; stems
tufted from a stout woody caudex, erect or ascending, 10-20 cm. high;
leaves broadly obovate to spatulate or oblong, obtuse, dentate or incised, thick
in texture, 2-5 cm. long, the lower ones abruptly petioled, the uppermost
sessile; heads solitary or few together, the peduncles exceeding the leaves;
ray-flowers 8-12.
Rocky places in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude.
Senecio websteri Greenman. Perennial, floccose-woolly to nearly glab-
rate; stems erect or ascending, 15-20 cm. high; basal leaves thick, ovate to
oblong-obovate: acute, sinuate-dentate to denticulate, 8-12 cm. long, narrowed
into a wing-margined petiole; cauline lanceolate, sessile, irregularly dentate;
heads solitary on peduncles 4-8 cm. long; involucre campanulate and caly-
culate; principal tegules linear-lanceolate, acute, sparsely woolly, 13-15 mm.
long; ray-flowers 12-15 mm. long; akenes glabrous.
Known only from talus slopes on Mount Angeles, Olympic Mountains,
Washington, Webster.
Senecio triangularis Hook. Perennial, glabrous throughout, 30-90 cm.
high; stem simple, leafy to the top; leaves narrowly or broadly triangular, acute
or acuminate, evenly dentate, truncate at base or the lower often cordate and
the upper cuneate, 5-15 cm. long, on short petioles; heads corymbed; involucre
6-8 mm. high; tegules linear-lanceolate, acute, pubescent at tip; ray-flowers
6-12, yellow.
In moist places in the mountains, but occurring at sea-level near the
mouth of the Columbia River.
Senecio lugens Richards. Perennial, floccose-tomentose in the early
stages, more or less glabrate; stem 10-60 cm. high, leafy below, nearly naked
above; radical and lower leaves oblong-spatulate, 3-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm.
broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed below into a winged petiole,
repand-callous, denticulate to subentire, thin, membranous, sparingly tomen-
tose or glabrous; stem leaves remote, gradually reduced, becoming bractei-
form; inflorescence a few-headed corymbose cyme; heads radiate, 1-1.5 cm.
high; involucre campanulate, calyculate, glabrous or subtomentose particu-
larly at the base; tegules about 13 and as well as the bracteoles conspicuously
black-tipped; akenes glabrous.
COMPOSITAE. 389
Arctic North America and Alaska, south to Wyoming and Washington;
in our limits known only from the Olympic Mountains, Filett.
Senecio hydrophilus Nutt. Perennial, wholly glabrous and slightly glau-
cous; stems erect, 60-100 cm. high, stout; leaves fleshy with obscure veins,
entire or nearly so, the basal oblanceolate, short-petioled, 10-30 cm. long;
cauline sessile or half-clasping, lanceolate; heads numerous, in a dense cyme,
short-peduncled; involucre cylindric, 6 mm. high; tegules 8-12; ray-flowers
small, few or sometimes wanting.
Near the Cascades of the Columbia, Howell, perhaps not within our
limits.
Senecio ochraceus Piper n. comb. (9. exaltatus ochraceus Piper.) Per-
ennial, sparingly white-tomentose; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; lower leaves
broadly ovate, subcordate, crenate-dentate to subentire, 5-8 cm. long, petioled;
upper leaves much reduced, sessile, lanceolate-attenuate; heads in a rather
close corymb; involucres campanulate, tomentose; tegules about 13, linear,
acute, black-tipped, 6-8 mm. long; ray-flowers pale yellow.
British Columbia to Montana and northern California; Goat Mountains,
Washington, Allen.
Senecio exaltatus Nutt. (S. oreganus Howell.) Perennial; stem simple,
erect, 20-120 cm. high, terete, striate, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent with
long flaccid jointed white hairs; lower leaves petiolate, oblong-ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, 2-8 cm. broad, obtuse, unequally dentate to sub-
entire, gradually narrowed to abruptly contracted at the base, glabrous or
more or less crisp-hirsute; upper stem-leaves soon becoming sessile and much
reduced; inflorescence terminating the stem in a few to many-headed corym-
bose cyme; heads about 1 cm. high in anthesis, radiate; tegules about 13,
commonly penicillate and black-tipped; akenes glabrous.
British Columbia to Montana and Oregon; rare west of the Cascade Moun-
tains, but first collected by Nuttall at the mouth of the Willamette River;
Lake Labish, Howell (type of S. oreganus).
Senecio fastigiatus Nutt. Perennial; herbage thinly white tomentose;
stems erect, 30-40 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, lanceolate to spatulate,
obtuse, obscurely crenulate or entire, firm in texture, 5-7 cm. long, the lower
ones slender petioled, the cauline sessile and narrower; inflorescence a cyme
with nearly erect branches; heads 8-10 mm. high; ray-flowers yellow; akenes
glabrous.
Gravelly prairies, Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascade Mountains.
Senecio fastigiatus macounii (Greene) Greenman. Stem 30-45 cm. high,
simple or branched; leaves entire to coarsely erose-dentate. Differs from
S. fastigiatus chiefly in the dentate character of the leaves.
Mount Constitution, San Juan County, Washington, Filett; Columbia
Valley, Lyall; Willamette Valley near Tangent, Oregon.
Senecio multnomensis Greenman. Perennial; stems flexuous, suberect,
30-70 cm. high, glabrous, except in the leaf axils; lower leaves oblong-oblan-
ceolate, 4-15 cm. long, obtuse, crenate-serrate, or more or less lyrately lobed,
glabrous in age; upper sessile or half-clasping; inflorescence cymose, the pe-
duncles elongate; heads 10-13 mm. high, rayed; tegules about 21, linear
lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, acute, pale green, glabrous; ray-flowers yellow;
akenes glabrous.
British Columbia to Oregon.
Senecio suksdorfii Greenman. (S. adamsi Howell.) Perennial, floccose-
woolly, becoming more or less glabrate; stems 10-30 cm. high; basal leaves
obovate to suborbicular, crenate-dentate, slender petioled; cauline oblong-
390 COMPOSITAE.
lanceolate, sessile, pinnately lobed or parted; heads in a rather dense cyme;
involucre hemispheric; tegules linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-10 mm. long; ray-
flowers 12-15.
In talus at the base of cliffs, Mount Adams, Suksdorf, Howell; Mount
Rainier in Indian Henry Park, Tarleton.
[540. PSILOCARPHUS.
Low woolly annuals; leaves entire, mostly opposite; heads
small, discoid, many-flowered, in terminal capitate clusters and
in the forks of the branches, surrounded by the upper leaves;
fertile flowers numerous, in several series on the globular chaffy
receptacle; pappus none; akene loose in the bladder-like bract,
oblong or narrower, slightly compressed.
Heads covered with long loose woolly hairs. P. elatior.
Heads covered with short close wool.
Prostrate; leaves oblong or elliptic. P. tenellus.
Ascending; leaves narrowly oblanceolate. P. oreganus.
Psilocarphus elatior Gray. Erect and simple or more commonly branched
from the base and spreading, 5-10 cm. high, loosely white-woolly throughout;
leaves lanceolate or linear-spatulate, 1-2 cm. long; heads 6-8 mm. broad,
subtended by leaves; fruiting tegules appressed, tomentose; akenes cylindrical.
In low ground, especially in dried-up ponds, Vancouver Island to Idaho
and Oregon. First found near Portland, Oregon.
Psilocarphus tenellus Nutt. Canescently tomentose with fine appressed
wool; stems ascending, much branched from the base, 3-8 cm. high; leaves
spatulate, 5-10 mm. long; heads small, numerous, in fruit 4-6 mm. in diameter;
akenes fusiform, oblong, 1 mm. long.
Vancouver Island, Macoun; Fairhaven, Whatcom County, Washington,
Suksdorf; not otherwise known north of California.
Psilocarphus oreganus Nutt. Stems ascending, 2-5 cm. high; leaves
narrowly oblanceolate, 8-10 mm. long; heads covered with close wool; bracts
2 mm. long; akenes cylindric.
The original specimens were collected by Nuttall ‘‘ near the Oregon and
outlet of the Wahlamet.’”’ The plant has not since been found west of the
Cascade Mountains, but it is not rare in the interior.
541. ANTENNARIA.
Low white-woolly cespitose perennials; leaves alternate, entire;
heads small, solitary or corymbose, completely dioecious; re-
ceptacle naked; staminate flowers with the pappus-bristles thick-
ened or barbellate at the apex; pistillate with the slender pappus-
bristles united at base into a ring.
Plants not stoloniferous; stems 5-10 cm. high. A. lanata.
Plants stoloniferous, growing in patches; stems usually 15 or
more cm. high.
Heads loosely racemose; inflorescence glandular. A. racemosa.
Heads corymbose; inflorescence not glandular.
Leaves 3-5 cm. long, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate.
Green and glabrate above. A, howellii.
Tomentose on both surfaces. A. concolor.
COMPOSITAE. 391
Leaves much smaller and narrower.
Tegules greenish brown. A. media.
Tegules pink.
Leaves obtuse, white tomentose. A. concinna.
Leaves acutish, grayish tomentose. A. rosea.
Antennaria lanata (Hook.) Greene. Densely and rather coarsely woolly;
stems erect, 10-15 cm. high, not at all stoloniferous; basal leaves spatulate-
lanceolate, petioled, 2-6 cm. long; cauline linear; inflorescence dense; involucre
4-6 mm. high, very woolly at base, the inner tegules with papery white tips.
Common in rocky soil in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude.
Antennaria racemosa Hook. Perennial by stout leafy stolons; stems
slender, erect, 15-40 cm. high, glabrous or nearly so; basal leaves oval or ovate,
obtuse, green and glabrous or glabrate above, white-woolly beneath, 1-3 cm.
long, cuneate at base, petioled; cauline sessile, lanceolate, mostly acute, 1-3
cm. long; inflorescence glandular, racemose or somewhat paniculate; staminate
heads always racemose, subglobose, 4-6 mm. high, slender-peduncled, the
tegules brownish, obtuse; pappus with thickened tips; pistillate heads usually
corymbose, oblong, 6-8 mm. long, the tegules greenish, narrow-tipped; pappus
simple.
Open woods in the mountains; rare west of the Cascade Mountains.
Antennaria howellii Greene. Stems slender, 15-30 cm. high, grayish
woolly; stolons prostrate, leafy, 5-10 cm. long; basal leaves cuneate-oblanceo-
late, petioled, 1-nerved, acutish, 3-5 cm. long, becoming green above, per-
sistently white-tomentose beneath; heads in a close cyme; involucre campan-
ulate, 8 mm. high; tegules linear-lanceolate, the tips white and scarious; akenes
glandular.
In open coniferous woods, common.
Antennaria concolor Piper. Cespitose, the ligneous rootstocks and stolons
slender; stems slender, erect, 20-30 cm. high, sparsely tomentose; basal
leaves thin, spatulate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, whitish, abruptly acuminate, concave
on the lateral margins, the greener upper side becoming nearly glabrous the
second season; cauline 7-9, linear or linear-lanceolate; inflorescence of 4-7
short-peduncled heads in a corymb; involucre 8-9 mm. high; tegules in about
3 ranks, mostly acute, greenish below, fuscous in the middle, the tips paler
or white.
In open places in fir woods.near the suburb of Portland, Oregon, known as
Mount Scott. Only pistillate plants are known.
Antennaria media Greene. Densely white tomentose; stems 4-6 cm. high;
stolons 1-3 cm. long; leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, acute, 12-15 mm. long;
heads in a dense cluster; involucre of the pistillate flowers 4 mm. high, the
tegule tips oblong, mostly obtuse, usually greenish brown; staminate involucre
similar.
Common in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude.
Antennaria concinna E. Nelson. Densely white tomentose; stems leafy,
10-35 cm. high; stolons 3-5 cm. long; basal leaves spatulate, acute, white-
tomentose on both sides, about 10 mm. long; cauline linear-oblong to linear;
inflorescence dense or moderately open, of 6-15 heads; involucre 6-7 mm. high;
tegules obtuse, more or less rose-tinged.
Olympic Mountains, Elmer, Piper, Lawrence.
Antennaria rosea (D. C. Eaton) Greene. Densely white-tomentose through-
out; stems slender, 20-30 cm. high; stolons ascending; leaves narrowly ob-
lanceolate, acute, 15-20 mm. long; heads in rather close clusters; involucres
5-6 mm. high; pistillate tegules rose-colored, rarely white, obtuse, the stami-
nate plant unknown. ;
In dry sandy or gravelly soil, in the mountains.
392 COMPOSITAE.
542. ANAPHALIS. EvERLASTING.
White-woolly perennial herbs with erect leafy stems and en-
tire leaves; heads numerous, small, discoid, dioecious but usually
with a few perfect flowers in the center of the pistillate heads;
involucre campanulate to oblong, its tegules scarious, numerous,
closely imbricated; pappus bristles of staminate flowers little if
at all thickened at the apex, that of the fertile flowers not at all
united at the base.
Anaphalis margaritacea occidentalis Greene. Stems erect, 20-60 cm.
high; leaves broadly lanceolate, somewhat revolute, sessile, bright shining
green above, white-woolly beneath; heads numerous, in a terminal corymb
4-15 cm. broad; involucre campanulate, subglobose; tegules ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse, pearly white.
Very common in open places, especially in old “ burns.”
Anaphalis margaritacea subalpina Gray. Very similar to A. margaritacea
occidentalis but usually not so tall; leaves permanently pubescent above;
corymbs mostly smaller and denser.
Rather rare in moist meadows in the mountains at low elevations.
543. GNAPHALIUM. CupwWeEED.
Woolly herbs; leaves alternate, entire; heads small, discoid;
pistillate flowers very numerous in more than one row; flowers
white or yellow; perfect flowers fewer in the center; staminate
flowers none; pappus-bristles slender, not thickened above;
akenes oblong or ovate.
Bristles of the pappus united at base; involucre brownish. G. purpureum.
Bristles of the pappus separate at base.
Plants low; flowers in dense leafy clusters; involucres
very woolly.
Tegules white; plants loosely-woolly. G. palustre.
Tegules brownish; plants appressed-woolly. G. uliginosum.
Plants tall; flowers in looser leafless clusters; involucres
woolly only at base.
Involucre white; cymes loose. G. microcephalum.
Involucre yellowish; cymes dense. G. chilense.
Gnaphalium purpureum L. Biennial or sometimes annual; herbage
silvery canescent; stems erect, 20-30 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate, obtuse,
green above, appressed woolly beneath, short-petioled, 2-5 cm. long; cauline
narrower, mostly linear, sessile; heads in dense clusters in the axils of the upper
leaves, making a spike-like inflorescence; tegules brownish or purplish,
acute; akenes scabrous.
Very common in open places.
Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Annual, much branched at base, 5-12 cm.
high, very woolly throughout; leaves lanceolate, oblong or spatulate, 1-2 cm.
long; heads 2-3 mm, high, sessile, in small terminal or axillary clusters, which
are very woolly and subtended by leaves; involucre of few tegules, these linear,
acute or obtuse, brownish with white tips; akenes glabrous, the bristles falling
separately.
Common in dried-up pond bottoms and on river banks.
COMPOSITAE. 393
Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Annual, appressed-white-woolly; stems
branched from the base, 5-20 cm. high; leaves spatulate to linear, sessile,
obtuse, 3-4 cm. long; heads sessile in dense leafy-bracted clusters; tegules
brownish, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, the outer obtuse, the inner acute;
pappus bristles distinct, falling separately.
Moist places, especially on river banks.
Gnaphalium microcephalum Nutt. Pubescence woolly, dense, white, close;
stems several, slender, erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves linear or the lower lanceo-
late, decurrent at base; heads in clusters of several, these paniculate; involucres
turbinate to campanulate, woolly only at base, 3-4 mm. high; tegules bright
white, scarious, obtuse.
In gravelly or sandy soil, not rare.
Gnaphalium chilense Spreng. Erect, very leafy, 30-60 cm. high, simple
or branched below, persistently tomentose, not glandular; leaves linear-
lanceolate or somewhat spatulate, acute, 5-8 cm. long, scarcely decurrent at
base; heads 4-5 mm. high, in one or few dense clusters; involucre hemispheric;
tegules greenish-white, oblong, obtuse; akenes glandular.
Prairies and open woods.
544. INULA. ELECAMPANE.
Tall coarse herbs with large heads of yellow flowers and simple
alternate leaves; heads radiate, many-flowered; disk-flowers
fertile; involucres hemispheric; tegules imbricated, the outer
ones herbaceous; receptacle flat, naked; anthers caudate; style
branches linear, rounded at apex; akenes 4—-5-ribbed, pappus
capillary, scabrous.
Inula helenium L. Elecampane. Pubescent, especially above; stems
stout, 1-2 m. high, erect, branched above; leaves oblong to ovate, acute,
denticulate, tomentose beneath, 20-30 cm. long, the basal ones long-petioled,
the cauline sessile or half-clasping; heads solitary or few, 5-10 cm. broad;
outer tegules ovate, foliaceous, the inner smaller, spatulate, obtuse; ray-flowers
numerous, slender; akenes 4-sided, glabrous.
In fields and along roadways; introduced from Europe.
545, ADENOCAULON.
Slender perennial herbs with alternate petioled leaves, green
above, white-woolly beneath; heads few, small, 5-10-flowered,
glandular, in a loose panicle; tegules in one row; receptacle flat,
naked; flowers all tubular, the marginal pistillate, fertile, the
central perfect, but sterile; akenes elongated at maturity, club-
shaped; pappus none.
Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Stem 30-90 cm. high, floccose-woolly; leaves
mostly basal, triangular-ovate, somewhat cordate, with angular toothed
margins, bright green above, white-woolly beneath, 5-10 cm. long; petioles
margined; inflorescence glandular; tegules ovate to lanceolate, acute, reflexed
in fruit; akenes club-shaped, the top covered with stalked glands.
In open woods, very common.
546. CENTAUREA.
Herbs; heads many-flowered; flowers all with tubular and
deeply 5-cleft corollas, some of the marginal ones commonly
394 COMPOSITAE.
sterile, often much larger and conspicuous, the others perfect
and fertile; involucre globular, the tegules tipped or margined
with spines or scarious appendages; receptacle very bristly;
pappus of numerous rigid or sometimes chaffy naked bristles;
akenes mostly compressed, attached by one margin just above
the base.
Tegules each tipped with a slender spine; ray-flowers yellow. C. melitensis.
Tegules spineless, all more or less fimbriate; ray-flowers red, blue,
white or violet. C. cyanus.
Centaurea melitensis L. Annual; herbage pubescent; stems 30-100 cm.
high, loosely branched; basal leaves petioled, lyrately lobed, the lobes obtuse or
rounded; cauline leaves sessile, entire or merely toothed; heads short-peduncled,
10-12 mm. in diameter; tegules each tipped with a branched spine.
Introduced from Europe. Very troublesome as a weed in California where
it is called ‘‘ Napa Thistle.”
Centaurea cyanus L. Bachelor's Button. Stems erect, slender, usually
branched, 30-90 cm. high; heads solitary on slender branches; involucre
ovoid; tegules in about four series, pale, the middle ones margined witha silvery
scarious-toothed border; ray-flowers large, white, blue, pink or violet.
A common weed in fields and waysides.
547. SILYBUM. Mik THISTLE.
Coarse prickly herb with pinnately lobed alternate mottled
leaves and large solitary heads of purple flowers; involucre
subglobose; tegules imbricated in a few series, large, rigid, the
spiny tips spreading; receptacle flat, bristly; flowers all alike,
tubular, perfect, fertile; akenes glabrous; pappus bristles num-
erous, flattish, scabrous or barbellate, united at base and falling
together.
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Glabrous or slightly tomentose; stems
60-120 cm. high; leaves blotched with white, oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones
unequally lobed, spinose-dentate, the cauline strongly clasping at base; heads
globose, 5-6 cm. broad; flowers purple: pappus bristles white.
In waste places, adventive from Europe.
548. CIRSIUM. THISTLE.
Biennial or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, sessile, mostly
pinnatifid and prickly; heads usually large, terminal, many-
flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and all alike, rarely im-
perfectly dioecious; involucre ovoid or spherical; tegules im-
bricated, in many rows, the tips scarious or prickly; receptacle
thickly clothed with soft bristles or hairs; pappus of numerous
bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose, deciduous;
akenes oblong, flattish, not ribbed.
Dioecious; heads 1-1.5 cm. in diameter; perennial by spread-
ing roots. : C. arvense.
Hermaphrodite; heads larger; biennials.
COMPOSITAE. 395
Tegules all with dilated fringed tips. C. americanum.
Tegules or some of them with spiny tips.
Outer and inner tegules all with spiny tips. C. lanceolatum.
Outer tegules spine-tipped: inner ones unarmed.
Heads clustered, short-peduncled; flowers pink. C. edule.
Heads few, long-peduncled; flowers cream-colored. C. remotifolium.
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle. Perennial, with slender
creeping rootstocks; whole plant green, thin!y tomentose when young be-
coming glabrous, much branched, 1-2 m. high; leaves numerous, oblong-
lanceolate, pinnately-lobed, sessile and somewhat clasping at base, 10-20 cm.
long; prickles numerous, rather weak; heads small, corymbed, dioecious;
staminate heads globose, the flowers much exserted; pistillate heads oblong-
campanulate, the flowers scarcely projecting; tegules well imbricated, some-
what ciliate, the short ovate outer ones spine-tipped, the inner ones lanceolate,
soft-tipped; flowers pink-purple.
A weed in cultivated ground, introduced from Europe.
Cirsium americanum (Gray) Robinson. Stems erect, 30-90 cm. high, spar-
ingly branched above; leaves lanceolate, coarsely dentate to pinnatifid or even
pinnately parted, weakly prickly, green above, white tomentose beneath,
6-12 cm. long; heads mostly solitary, terminating the branches; invalucre
2-3 cm. high; tegules with a dilated scarious tip, this lacerate and mucronate
on the outer ones, entire on the inner; flowers cream-colored; some of the pap-
pus bristles dilated at tip.
Washington to California; rare northward.
Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. Bull Thistle. Stems stout, somewhat
woolly, usually branched, leafy to the top, 100-150 cm. high; leaves lanceolate,
deeply pinnatifid, hispid-pubescent but green above, white-tomentose beneath,
decurrent at base, 6-15 cm. long, armed with numerous stout prickles; heads
large, on stout leafy peduncles; involucre well imbricated, sparsely woolly;
tegules lanceolate, acuminate, all tipped with stout erect spiny points; flowers
purple.
A very common weed, introduced from Europe.
Cirsium edule Nutt. Stems usually tall and nearly simple, 1-2 m. high,
thinly pubescent; leaves numerous, lanceolate, pinnately-lobed, pubescent
above, woolly beneath, but soon green and glabrate on both sides, 5-20 cm.
long; prickles rather weak; heads large, usually clustered, short-peduncled,
often surrounded by the upper leaves; involucre persistently white-woolly;
tegules loose, each tapering to a slender rather weak spiny point, the outer
broader and shorter, not glandular; corolla purple, the lobes thickened at the
tips, shorter than the throat; pappus-bristles a little thickened at the tips.
In rich open woods and banks; the roots formerly used as food by the
Indians.
Cirsium remotifolium (Hook.) DC. Woolly and cobwebby, especially
when young; stems erect, 1-2 m. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline,
sinuately lobed to deeply pinnatifid, moderately prickly, white tomentose
beneath; heads long-peduncled; involucre 3-4 cm. high; tegules linear-at-
tenuate, the outer spiny-pointed, the inner scarious and lanceolate at tip;
flowers cream-colored; pappus bristles often thickened at tip.
Prairies and meadows, Washington to California.
549. ARCTIUM. Burpock.
Coarse biennial plants with large ovate to orbicular cordate
leaves; heads many-flowered ; involucre globose; tegules numerous,
396 COMPOSITAE.
closely imbricated, slender, appressed at base, spreading and
hooked at tip; flowers perfect, all tubular, purple; receptacle
bristly; akenes oblong, transversely wrinkled; pappus of numerous
short rough bristles.
Arctium minus Schk. Stems stout, branched, 1-2 m. high; leaves broadly
ovate, mostly cordate, obtuse, entire or more or less dentate, floccose-woolly
beneath, the basal ones 30-50 cm. long; petioles channelled; heads subracemose,
15-30 mm. broad; involucre glabrous or cobwebby; tegules arcuate, spreading.
Common in waste places.
550. SAUSSUREA.
Perennial leafy stemmed herbs with corymbosely clustered
medium sized heads of purple flowers; heads many-flowered;
involucre oblong to obovoid; tegules imbricated, appressed,
obtuse; receptacle bristly; flowers all alike, tubular, perfect;
style branches slender; akenes oblong; pappus double, the larger
bristles numerous, plumose, united in a ring and falling together;
outer bristles similar but smaller and less plumose or naked.
Saussurea americana D. C. Eaton. Sparsely arachnoid-tomentose; stems
stout, erect, 30-120 cm. high, leafy; basal leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, sub-
cordate, acute to acuminate, mostly dentate, pubescent beneath, petioled;
cauline similar, sessile by a narrow base or the uppermost lanceolate; heads
10-17-flowered, numerous, in panicled cymes; heads 12-15 mm. high; involucre
ovoid-cylindric, pubescent; tegules obtuse in 5 or 6 series; flowers blue-violet.
Alpine meadows at about 2000 m. altitude. Especially abundant in the
Olympic Mountains.
SUMMARY.
Families. Genera. Species and Sub-
species.
Pteridophyta. 7 22 61
Gymnospermae. 2 10 22
Monocotyledones. 15 111 412
Dicotyledones. 76 407 1122
Totals. 100 550 1617
NEW SPECIES, NEW SUBSPECIES, AND NEW
COMBINATIONS.
NEW SPECIES.
Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper... 2.0.0.0... 0c ccc ccc cece e eee p.
Godetid- gracilis: Piped ce iaccs) d acin as CARA isa eee eRHRe seg BON p.
Panicularia occidentalis Piper... 1.2.0.0... 0000.00 cee eee eee p-
Populus vancouveriana Trelease.. 2... 0... ees p-
Solidago aleida: Riper: cease sincere vous aides a'amnaras.e Ane a ylgeed ee wa ae Mee p.
Solidago vespertina Pipers... cess4s aeeaeeeegana nace des ce eee sevens p.
NEW SUBSPECIES.
Grindelia oregana wilkesiana Piper.............0..0...000000000 00. p.
NEW COMBINATIONS.
Argéntinaverandis:(T..&-G.) Pipeéf :cv442.eeners de eeseeeenaee segs s p.
Barbarea barbarea brachycarpa (Rouy & Foucaud) Piper............ p-
Carex;celsa.(Bailey,) Piper wiiccis cine dash ee cada gn ancsamaweecepad uaa dade p.
Centaurium minimum (Howell) Piper........... 0.000.002 cee eee p-
Juncoides campestre congestum (Thuill.) Piper.................0... p-
Juncoides:majus (Hoolk.) Piper: a. .s40% caves waded ane aiecy Ade Koes mien p.
Juncoides subsessile (Wats.) Piper..... 0.0... eee e eee eee eee p.
Kalmia polifolia microphylla (Hook.) Piper......................0. p.
Mertensia denticulata (Lehm.) Piper..................020..00220005 p.
Oxytropis luteolus (Greene) Piper..............0. 000000 e eee eee eee p.
Panicularia leptostachya (Buckl.) Piper................0.....00002. Dp.
Prunus emarginata erecta (Presl) Piper........................00.. p.
Saxifraga rufidula (Small). Pipers io.cc0c0.g 0 csee pecs were mrined wirare edie p.
Senecio ochracéus Pipery .: 22¢sdaee dy oy wage gaa ou Coma esky p.
397
279
251
59
118
365
365
363
211
176
79
288
92
92
91
282
301
227
59
199
191
389
GLOSSARY.
Abortive. Sterile; reproductive parts
failing to develop.
Acaulescent. Stemless or apparently
so, or with the stem underground.
Acerose. Needle-shaped; with a sharp
rigid point.
Acrid. Sharp and harsh to the taste.
Adnate. United, especially where
different organs are fused.
Adventive. Coming from a different
region and not thoroughly natur-
alized.
Akene. Adry, one-celled, one-seeded,
indehiscent fruit.
Alveolate. Resembling a honeycomb.
Ament. A catkin; a scaly spike.
Amphitropous (ovule or seed). Half-
inverted and straight but with a
lateral hilum.
Ampliate. Abruptly expanded.
Anastomose. To connect by cross-
veins and form a network.
Anatropous (ovule or seed). In-
verted and straight with the mi-
cropyle next to the hilum.
Androgynous. Having both stami-
nate and pistillate flowers.
Annular. Inthe form of a ring.
Annulus. A ring, especially the
ring of thick-walled cells on a fern
sporangium.
Anthesis. The period of full bloom
of a flower.
Apiculate. Ending ina short pointed
tip.
Appressed. Lying close and flat
against something.
Arachnoid. Cobwebby.
Arcuate. Curved in the form of a
bow.
Aristate.
bristle.
Atomiferous. Bearing minute scat-
tered granules.
Auricle. An ear-shaped appendage.
Awn. A. bristle-like terminal or
dorsal appendage.
Barbellate. Minutely barbed.
Bifid. Two-cleft.
Tipped with a stiff short
Bilabiate. Two-lipped.
Biternate. Twice-ternate.
Bract. A modified reduced leaf oc-
curring in the inflorescence.
Bracteate. Having bracts.
Bracteolate. Having small bracts.
Callosity. A hardened thickening.
Callus. A hard protuberance; in the
grasses, the tough often hairy
swelling at the base of the lemma or
palea.
Calyculate. Having bracts around a
flower or head which imitate or
resemble a calyx.
Campanulate. Bell-shaped, that is
cup-shaped with a broad base.
Canescent. Hoary with a grayish
pubescence.
Capillary. Hair-like.
Capitate. Shaped like a head; col-
lected into a head.
Carinate. With a keel.
Carpel. A simple pistil or one of the
units of a compound pistil.
Carpophore. The slender prolonga-
tion of the axis which bears the ripe
carpels in the Umbelliferae.
Cartilaginous. Firm and tough, car-
tilage-like.
Caryopsis. A grain, that is a seed-
like fruit with a thin wall adherent
to the single enclosed seed as in
the grasses.
Caudex. The persistent base of an
otherwise annual herbaceous stem.
Caudicula. The thread-like or strap-
shaped stalk of a pollinium.
Caulicle. The stem-like part of an
embryo, the hypocotyl.
Cauline. Pertaining to the stem;
on the stem.
Cernuous. Nodding; slightly droop-
ing.
Cespitose. Growing in tufts; forming
mats.
Chaff. A small thin bract becoming
dry and membranous.
Chartaceous. Papery.
399
400
Chlorophyll. The green coloring-mat-
ter found in plants.
Ciliate. Fringed with hairs on the
margin.
Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.
Circinate. Coiled from the tip down-
ward, like fern leaves in the bud.
Circumscissile. Opening by the for-
mation of a circular line of cleavage
and the falling off of the top like a
cap.
Clavate. Club-shaped,
thickened upwards.
Cleft. Margin indented half way to
the midrib or more, especially if the
incisions are sharp.
Cleistogamous. Pollinated inthe bud,
without the flowers opening.
gradually
Commissure. The surface by which
one carpel joins another (Um-
belliferae).
Compressed. Flattened, especially
laterally.
Connate. United.
Connivent. Converging.
Contiguous. Adjacent to each other.
Coriaceous. Leathery.
Corm. The enlarged fleshy base of a
stem; like a bulb but solid.
Costate. Ribbed.
Cotyledon. The first leaves of the
embryo plant already formed in the
seed. %
Crenulate. Finely crenate.
Crested. ith an upraised crest-like
appendage.
Crustaceous. Hard and brittle.
Cruciform. Cross-shaped; cruciate.
Culm. A hollow stem (Poaceae).
Cuneate. Wedge-shaped.
Cuspidate. Tipped with a cusp, that
is a sharp rigid point.
Cymose. Bearing cymes, or cyme-
like.
Declined. Bent downward.
Decompound. More than once com-
pound.
Decumbent. Reclining but with the
apex ascending.
Decurrent. Extending down the stem
below the point of insertion.
Dehiscence. The method of opening.
Deltoid. Triangular with the apex
upward.
Denticulate. Minutely dentate.
Diadelphous. Stamens in two sep-
arate groups.
GLOSSARY.
Diandrous. With two stamens.
Didynamous. Stamens in two pairs
of unequal length.
Diffuse. Widely or loosely spreading.
Dimorphic. Occurring in two forms.
Dioecious. Stamens and pistils on
different plants.
Discoid, Disk-like; in the Com-
positae, a discoid head is one with-
out ray-flowers.
Disk-flowers. The flowers with tu-
bular corollas which are in the
center of the head in certain
Compositae.
Dissected. Divided
small segments.
into numerous
Divaricate. Widely divergent.
Divergent. Spreading away from
each other.
Divided. Margin indented to the
midrib but the segments not quite
distinct.
Dorsal. Relating to or attached to
the back of an organ.
Drupaceous. Drupe-like.
Drupe. A fleshy fruit with the inner
portion hard and stony, one-celled
and containing but one seed.
Ebracteate. Without bracts.
Elaters. Thread-like appendages to
spores which curl and uncurl with
changes in the moisture conditions
of the aur.
Emarginate. Having a very shallow
notch at the apex.
Embryo. The tiny plant as it rests
partly grown in the seed.
Endosperm. The food cells in the
seed surrounding the embryo and
contained in the embryo sac.
Epicoiyl. The growing point and
young bud in the embryo in the
seed.
Epigynous. Apparently growing on
top of the ovary.
Equitant. Astride; as when leaves
are alternately folded over each
other in two ranks (Iris).
Erose. Irregularly toothed as if the
margin were gnawed out.
Evanescent. Soon fading away.
Exserted. Projected beyond an en-
velope, as the stamens from the g
corolla.
Falcate. Scythe-shaped.
GLOSSARY.
Farinaceous.
starch-like.
Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster.
Fasciculate. In close bundles (fas-
cicles).
Favose. Resembling a honeycomb;
alveolate.
Fertile. Capable of producing pollen
or fruit.
Fibrillose. With fine fibers.
Fibrous. Compose of or resembling
fibers.
Fimbriate.
Fimbrillate. With a minute fringe.
Flexuous. Zigzag; bending alter-
nately in opposite directions.
Floccose. With fleecy tufts of soft
woolly hairs.
Foliaceous. Leaf-like.
Follicle. A fruit consisting of a single
carpel dehiscing along the ventral
suture.
Fornix. (plural—fornices). A swel-
ling in the throat of the corolla.
Containing starch;
Fringed.
Foveolate. With small pits or de-
pressions.
Fugacious. Fading or falling very
early.
Fuscous. Grayish-brown.
Fusiform. Spindle-shaped.
Galea. A helmet-shaped or beak-like
upper lip of a corolla.
Galeate. Helmet-shaped; having a
galea.
Gamophyllous. Composed of coales-
cent leaves or leaf-like organs.
Geniculate. Bent abruptly, like a
knee.
Gibbous. With a protuberance or
swelling on one side.
Glabrate. Nearly glabrous or be-
coming glabrous.
Gland. A secreting organ or a pro-
tuberance resembling one.
Glanduliferous. Bearing small glands.
Glaucescent. Somewhat glaucous.
Glaucous.,, Covered with a whitish
bloom.
Glochidiate.
Glomerate.
ters.
Glumaceous. Glume-like.
Glume. A chaff-like bract, especially
the two empty bracts at the base of
a grass spikelet.
Glutinous. Sticky, glue-like.
27
Barbed at the tip.
In small compact clus-
401
Grain. A one-celled one-seeded in-
dehiscent seed-like fruit in which
the wall of the fruit adheres to the
seed, a caryopsis.
Granulate. Appearing as if covered
with minute granules.
Gynobase. An enlargement or pro-
longation of the receptacle bearing
the ovary or in the fruit the nutlets
(Boraginaceae),
Hastate. WHalberd-shaped.
Haustoria. Root-like organs which
parasitic plants send into the cells
of their hosts to absorb food.
Hermaphrodite. Having both sexes;
in flowering plants, with both sta-
mens and pistils.
Hilum. The attachment scar on the
seed.
Hirsute. Pubescent
coarse stiff hairs.
Hispid. Covered with rigid hairs or
bristles.
HAyaline.
with rather
Transparent or translu-
cent.
Hypanthium. An enlargement or
special development of the recep-
tacle and calyx-tube as in the
Rosaceae.
Hypocotyl. The stem-like part of the
embryo (caulicle).
Hypogynous. Attached to the re-
ceptacle below and entirely free
from the ovary.
Imbricated. Overlapping and break-
ing joints like shingles.
Immersed. Growing wholly under
water.
Incised. Cut sharply and irregularly
more or less deeply.
Indehiscent. Not opening when ripc.
Indurated. Hardened.
Indusium. The protective membra-
nous covering formed over the
fruit-dot in many ferns.
Involucel. A secondary involucre
enveloping an umbellet (Umbel-
liferae).
Involucrate. Having an involucre.
Involucre. A circle or cluster of
bracts surrounding a flower or
group of flowers.
Involute. Rolled inward.
Keel. A projecting midrib on the
402
dorsal side of a leaf or scale; the
two anterior united petals in a
papilionaceous flower (Legumino-
sae).
Lacerate. Irregularly cleft as if torn.
Laciniate. Cut into narrow pointed
lobes.
Lanate. Woolly.
Lemma, A bract in a grass spikelet
which bears a flower in its axil.
Lenticel. One of the pores in the
epidermis of a woody stem.
Lenticular. Lentil-shaped, that is
with the shape of a double-convex
lens.
Ligulate. Strap-shaped.
Ligule. A thin often scarious pro-
jection from the summit of the leaf-
sheath in the grasses and similar
plants.
Limb. The expanded part of a petal
or sepal.
Lobed. Margin indented less than
half way to the midrib.
Locule. One of the cavities or cells
of an ovary.
Loculicidal. Dehiscing so that the
clefts open into the cavities of the
ovary.
Lodicule. One of the tiny scales
sometimes found in a grass flower.
Loment. A jointed legume, usually
constricted between the seeds.
Lunate. Crescent-shaped or __half-
moon-shaped.
Lyrate. Pinnatifid with a large and
rounded terminal lobe and the
lower lobes small.
Marcescent. Withering but persis-
tent.
Megasporangium. The case in which
the megaspores are produced.
Megaspore. One of the large spores
in certain fern allies and the seed
plants, which is stored with food
and which produces a female game-
tophyte.
Membranaceous. Membrane-likc;
thin, soft and more or less trans-
lucent.
Microsporangium. The case in which
microspores are produced; a cell
of an anther.
Microspore. One of the small spores
in certain fern-allies and the seed-
GLOSSARY.
plants, which produce the male
gametophyte; a pollen grain.
Monadelphous. Stamens united all
in one cluster.
Moniliform. Appearing like a string
of beads.
Monoecious. With stamens and pis-
tils in separate flowers on the same
plant.
Mucronate. Tipped with a_ short
small abrupt tip.
Mucronulate. Slightly mucronate.
Muricate. Rough with short hard
points.
Muriculate. Very finely muricate.
Narcotic. sleep-pro-
ducing.
Nectariferous. Producing nectar.
Nectary. An organ or spot where
nectar is secreted.
Nerve. A small slender usually un-
branched rib.
Neutral. Without stamens or pistils.
Node. The place in a stem where the
woody bundles fuse and where the
leaves and buds are normally pro-
duced.
Nodulose. With little knots or knobs.
Nut. A hard indehiscent one-celled
and one-seeded fruit, though usu-
ally developing from a compound
ovary.
Nutlet.
Ob- Inverted.
Obcompressed. Compressed dorso-
ventrally instead of laterally.
Obsolete. Not evident.
Ochroleucous. Yellowish-white.
Ocrea. A tubular stipule (Poly-
gonaceae).
Olivaceous. Olive-green.
Operculum. A lid; the cap of a cir-
cumscissile capsule.
Orthotropous (ovule or seed). Erect,
with the micropyle at the apex
opposite the hilum.
Palea. A delicate bract which en-
closes the grass flower and stands
opposite the lemma.
Panicle. A loose irregularly com-
pound inflorescence with pedicelled
flowers.
Paniculate. Borne in panicles; re-
sembling a panicle.
Numbing or
A tiny nut.
GLOSSARY.
Papilionaceous. Buiterfly-like, that
is having the upper petal enlarged
and spreading, the two lateral ones
small and oblique, and the two
anterior ones connivent into a keel.
Papillate. Papillose.
Papillose. Having minute nipple-
like projections.
Pappus. The modified calyx-limb in
the Compositae, composed of a
ring, a crown of hairs, chaff or
scales.
Parasitic. Depending on another
organism for its food-supply.
Parted. Margin indented nearly but
not quite to the midrib.
Pectinate. Pinnatifid, with narrow
close segments; comb-like.
Pellucid, Clear, transparent.
Peltate. Shield-shaped, with its stalk
attached near the center of the
dorsal surface.
Penicillate. In a pencil-shaped tuft.
Pentamerous (5-merous). Five in
number.
Penultimate. The next to the last.
Pericarp. The matured ovary wall
forming a protective coat in the
fruit.
Perigynium. ‘The inflated sac which
encloses the ovary in Carex.
Perigynous. Around the ovary; that
is, adnate to the perianth or to a
receptacle-cup.
Petiolulate. Having a petiolule.
Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet.
Phyllode. An expanded petiole serv-
ing as a leaf blade.
Pilose. With soft hairs.
Pinnule. One of the smaller sub-
divisions of the primary divisions of
a pinnately compound leaf.
Pistil. The organ in the flower which
produces the ovules and provides
for their pollination.
Plaited. Folded into parallel folds.
Plumose. Having fine hairs like a
plume.
Plumule. The growing point or bud
of an embryo (epicotyl).
Pollinium. A mass of waxy pollen
composed of coherent pollen-grains
(Orchidaceae.)
Polygamo-dioecious. With perfect
and staminate flowers on some
plants and perfect and pistillate
flowers on others.
403
Polygamous. Having both perfect
and unisexual flowers on the same
plant.
Precocious. Appearing before the
leaves (said of the flowers in some
willows).
Prismatic. Angular with flat sides,
like a prism in shape.
Proliferous. Producing offsets.
Pruinose. Covered with a whitish
powder.
Puberulent. Minutely pubescent.
Pubescence. Hairiness.
Pubescent. Covered with hairs, es-
pecially short soft ones.
Pulvinus, A cushion-hke swelling.
Punctate. Dotted.
Puncticulate. Minutely punctate.
Pungent. Terminated in a rigid
point; penetrating.
Pustulate. Covered with pustules.
Pyramidal. Pyramid-like.
Pyriform. Pear-shaped.
Quadrifoliolate. With four leaflets.
Raceme. A simple inflorescence of
pedicelled flowers on a common
more or less elongated axis.
Rachilla. The axis of a grass spikelet.
Rachis. The main axis of an inflor-
escence.
Radiate. Arranged radially from a
center; having ray-flowers.
Radical. Pertaining to the root; oc-
curring at the base of the stem.
Raphe. The ridge on a more or less
inverted seed caused by the fusion
of the stalk with the seed.
Ray. A branch of an umbel; a ray-
flower.
Ray-flower. One of the marginal
ligulate flowers of a radiate head in
the Compositae.
Receptacle. The modified axis on
which the flower parts are borne.
Reniform. Kidney-shaped.
Resiniferous. Producing resin.
Reticulated. In the form of a net-
work; net-veined.
Retrorse. Directed backward.
Rosulate. Inthe form of a rosette.
Rotate. Wheel-shaped; flat and cir-
cular in outline. :
Rudiment. A partially developed
functionless organ.
Rugose. Wrinkled.
404
Rugulose. Slightly wrinkled.
Runcinate. Sharply incised with the
segments directed backwards.
Rupestrine. Growing among rocks.
Saccate. Sac-shaped.
Sagittate. Arrow-shaped.
Salverform. Waving a slender tube
abruptly expanded into a flat limb.
Salient. Prominent.
Samara. Anindehiscent winged fruit
* (Aceraceae).
Saprophytic. Depending on dead
organic matter for its food.
Scaberulous. Minutely scabrous.
Scabrid. Minutely scabrous.
Scabrous. Covered with short hairs
or points.
Scapose. Bearing or resembling a
scape.
Scarious. Thin, dry, membrana-
ceous, not green.
Scutellate. Plate-like.
Secund. One-sided.
Septicidal. Dehiscing through the
partitions and between the cells.
Septifragal. Dehiscing into parts
which break away from the parti-
tions.
Serratures. Serrations.
Serrulate. Finely serrate.
Setaceous. Bristle-like.
Setose. Beset with bristles.
Sheath. A tubular envelope like the
lower part of the leaf in the grasses.
Silicle. A short silique (Cruciferae).
Silique. A long 2-celled slender pod
(Cructferae).
Sinuate. Outline strongly wavy.
Sinus. The recess or indentation
between two lobes.
Sordid. Dirty white.
Sorus. A cluster of spore-cases; a
fruit-dot (Polypodiaceae).
Spathaceous. Spathe-like.
Spathe. A large petal-like bract
enclosing an inflorescence.
Spatulate. Gradually narrowed
downward from a rounded summit.
Spike. A simple inflorescence with
the flowers sessile on a more or less
elongated axis.
Spikelet. A small spike, especially
the peculiarly specialized one in the
grasses.
Spinescent.
Spinulose.
Becoming spiny.
With very small spines.
GLOSSARY.
Spiricle. A minute coiled thread
found on some seeds.
Sporangium. A spore-case.
Sporocarp. A pod-like structure en-
closing the spore-cases (Marsilea-
ceae).
Spur. A hollow-sac or tubular ex-
tension of the calyx or corolla or
both, usually nectariferous.
Stellate-pubescent. With star-shaped
hairs.
Sterile. Incapable of producing; asa
flower without a pistil or a stamen
without an anther.
Stipel. A stipule-like organ at the
base of a leaflet.
Stipitate. With a stalk.
Stolon. A runner or basal branch
that tends to strike root.
Stoloniferous. Having stolons.
Striae. Minute longitudinal lines.
Striate. Marked with longitudinal
lines or ridges.
Strigose. Covered with
appressed hairs.
Strophiole. An appendage near the
hilum on certain seeds.
Stylopodium. A disk-like expansion
at the base of the style (Umbelli-
ferae).
Submersed. Growing under water.
Suffrutescent. Slightly or obscurely
shrubby.
Sub- Somewhat or slightly.
Subulate. Awl-shaped.
Succulent. Juicy, fleshy.
Supra-axillary. Produced not in but
above the leaf-axils.
Suture. The line of dehiscence.
Syngenesious. Stamens with united
anthers but separate filaments.
short stiff
Tawny. Dull yellowish brown.
Tegule. One of the sepal-like bracts
surrounding the head in the Com-
positae.
Terete. Cylindrical or nearly so; not
compressed.
‘Ternate. In threes.
Tetradynamous. With four long and
two short stamens.
Thallus. A plant body not differ-
entiated into root, stem and leaf.
Thyrsoid. Resembling a thyrsus.
Thyrsus, A contracted cylindrical or
ovoid and usually compact panicle.
GLOSSARY.
Torulose. Cylindrical with contrac-
tions at intervals.
Tridentate. Having three teeth.
Trigonous. Having three angles or
corners.
Truncate. Ending abruptly as if cut
off squarely.
Tuberiferous. Bearing tubers.
Turbinate. Top-shaped; inversely
conical.
Turgid. Swollen; distended by pres-
sure from within.
Umbellate.
umbel.
Unguiculate.
into a claw.
Unisexual. Having but one sex; in
flowering plants, with either but not
both stamens or pistils.
Urceolate. Urn-shaped.
Uiricle. A small bladder-like one-
seeded fruit.
In umbels or like an
Contracted at the base
405
Vascular. Having woody bundles.
Velum. The membrane partly cov-
ering the sporangium in the leaf of
Isoetes.
Ventral. Belonging to the anterior
or inner face of an organ; the op-
posite of dorsal.
Verticillate. Arranged in a whorl.
Villous. With numerous long and
soft hairs.
Virgate. Wand-shaped; _ slender,
straight, erect.
Viscid. Glutinous, sticky.
Whorl. Leaves or other parts ar-
ranged ina circle of three or more at
the same node.
Zygomorphic. Bilaterally symmetric-
al; that is, capable of being divided
symmetrically in but one plane.
AbI€S 225 S245 o2evncemesacames 20
INT OMIA seiencis 20s) FP eh et Ske te 136
INGOTS coo ws Boacaee ed varias cde aleraace 235
AGBRAGEAR « oa een2evasauss oe 235
Achillea, no edhe soe a hemes 379
DNCIN YS urcihick Gag bdies eee eRe oS 164
BiCOW NG scr ork Soe P24 Saeed ob 160
ALCOTIEUT Aus bain eso uke REG ee 160
PCTACE « aacsmu game baat Geena Glad 162
Adder Tongue .............04. 99
Adder’s Tongue............... 97
Adder Tongue Family......... 8
Adenocatlons 2 sa eche 35 eseeees 393
Adiantum. « <9 290-4864 4a 49e3 08 % 4
INGOSCTIS o: sonic eds SEEDER AES 355
ANGTIMOMIA sss ho uel eae Y 205
ASFOPVPON y ox gaudeuae eeaoda ened 61
AGROSTIDEAE..........-0.00-- 33
MNGTOSLISS ¢ im Zacaceneue ea She Sakis 42
ATE: 2 ceca ey steae ss Navn atc ht sh te 45
BIZ OAGE AB gio qcahincoinete ah alaans aie 136
Alchermillas 9, cerca pose d-tigua espns 206
AVOOP 3 Gis And rad rad hese Ne 120
REG 2. kek, acs an edt ooh tn 120
AUP aise ciacitins wis we HRES Seo 2 222
AUP PAG 303 wicccn yoru sind taba 3 229
ISIN 6 2455.68 dun lawtcbuat hhusharn’ 30
NL TSMACHABY cali gica eles baccdle 30
PUVA gos, nes. gd, sees ate See SHR 95
AMloCarVaiws G1 mat cena meee a 304
Allotropas svc acvies padhoaeeaues 271
AAU Srigets tea an gine eeseeae hela 120
AIO PCCUTUS) : oo 4a08 ed e's 28 Sess 39
Alstke Glover. +3 203422 2454 493 220
Alii ROG. 3 coo sce ps he Spe eas 196
ALY SSURM o.6 4, Lisa ee atid aoe pale dues 177
AMQDUTS PUP Docc hod whe ne ne wees 21
AL IMORONETE 3 cs ucts sn qi ee nee GEA 135
AMARANTHACEAE.............. 134
Amaranth Family............. 134
Armaranthiis, ci cac ae ceag ages 135
AMBROSIFAE................. 347
Amelanchiefivess 22226 %5e644055 200
Aamma nna 6 ose 8-5 cetanse ts cxersecen. es 245
Ammodenia...............40. 148
ATISINCKIG 4 3. eit ke wend eanow ex 303
ANACARDIACEAE... ............ 233
ANOCHORES acinar 3 optetdiarg etecerer ay 31
Anagallise. ceaudagmacaseg vend 285
Anaphalisis 53 i se4945 tes54u hea 392
ATIEMIONE 3 sex 5 dl MSS Layee Poked 153
WGC 2&6. einlink Actions ata 153
ANGROSACE inc pee ay eames Ra GER AA 284
Angelica: b.accn aon ensues op wey 4 261
ANGIOSPERMAE..............-- 23
Annual Blue-grass............. 52
Antennarian. 04 dec ¢24 Kea ee 8G eo 390
ANTHEMIDEAE............--5- 347
Anthemis..............20000- 379
Anthoxanthum............... 37
Aplopappus...... 0.000000 0 00. 367
APOCYNACEAE. .....-05-00005- 290
ApOCyMUNIa +c ceackeowe enn teh 290
Apple, Wild Crap on sailiiee gio 201
Aquilecia «sed verses dk dee ees 161
ATAabD Sica do 32% Bad 264 Bo tage ees 169
ARACBAB. j cndogdika 468 84 45) bine S 85
* JAR ALTACRABS 5.544605 pati daipweadls 254
ARDOP VIE E ore in aie rues hcigh bac chlo! 18
ATDUGUSs: i ac:comas tase analy 278
ATCHUM 33 | eda e goacee eyes 395
Arctostaphylos............... 279
INTERV IA. a winged mm aisie cals Hg eset es 149
ATPentinas 3-20 26 sass pe eieoe es 211
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE............ 124
INPNICA sg. 56S Sa eR ED een be 384
Arrhenatherum............... 45
Arrow GYOS8. 0. eee 29
Arrow Grass Family. .......... 29
Arrowhead... 00... cece 30
AGEEINIS1 Abs. casa amtese meh e oS Hoe GHAI 381
Artichoke, Jerusalem........... 377
Myint PON isn keroas ened seeds 85
AEUINCUS 3 356 es kon see 8 Babe Re 203
NGAI S 5 e556 ak x Sige Beha eee 125
GANG Tits errant Seen ete sh henna ah, 287
MOURLOIM 6 elie Sgn bee moe as 201
ORE DOM ee be OR acest Sere seh atte Bete 287
Asparagus: .camaaoiws poe rantead 99
ASPlENWM ss ¢ ecigrsc a aeae emeayacee 6
ASTOR Ais aera yee deen ees wits hak 371
ASTBREAB cy ¢ Gs 2a AY Be Ges 347
ANStragalusys s osu/g uch bie Qe ea 227
PAT iplekire May veoh Guncenean ae 133
ACV PIO 9. oicsin. a eeled eae Re 6
Athysanus..... 0.0... ...0005 169
IRNEM in Sih ite, soar Rta dob Wk 46
IANEN EADS 0 43 wcuclhee ae aeonee a 33
Awlwortcs se s66 sean bode a ee awe 178
AZGLeOSIUNE sic see hice Ge bac ae 282
406
INDEX.
Bachelor’s Button.............. 394
PACHA aed dea reiscore h Sihahe Ge ee 377
Balsam Family... ............ 236
BALSAMINACEAE............... 236
Balsamorhiza................. 376
BORCDEREN solos has Shiga Gavan s 162
Ba GDA A 3 icc aue fe tai be eouh wale 176
Barberry Family. ........0.... 163
Barnyard Grass. .........000. 35
Barley) Wall rsies, acne wns woe oe 64
WU dic 5 seat iautd ioweaerteb AGG 63
Barnyard Grass. .............. 35
Batrachium os vss 9heaex on wens 155
BOG s cs 9- 30 see and Ved aes BRR 119
BORD OVP Sacco cnt nica See aa ea 237
Beard-tongue..........0.-0005- 317
BEOPIGHOSS «0 id bonis esameeuse eee 102
Beckmannia.................. 60
OOS ERO nine 3 cassis eo Senset eh eS 334
Beech: Mami yee ices eh eas ease 3 121
Beech: Ferns sates ncegigiaxcan-age pts 3
Beggar TiCRS icin anne ea oa vaay 374
Bell Nowers oie nek sek eka ee Se4 344
Bellflower Family.............. 342
BOM OPUS ic 3 bcc ane Mondeo asctben & 42
BERBERIDACEAE.............. 165
Berbers): 42 anrnaeaanneaeaaen 163
BOP BIE aan are cado ganar a oetaneen apts 241
Bermuda-grass........0...04.. 61
Beritlavuen see wills ales ake gewtkls gee 266
Betilanns 2's ae Were ae desc vies 119
BETULACEAB +3 ¢22eah2e3ee3 904 119
Bidensi5 cagen Sek coos eel ees 374
Baki eillaigye it.1g hig teed bared Gales 165
DBUNG Vyas ine PANN rere Ra Se OAS 119
BA Gh. FOMUY a sira 2 dco Ris aytese HE BRA 119
Bard. Babb x condi soaie sist Scent tee Rok 283
Birthwort Family.........0.... 124
Bitter Crosses aw woes pees 172, 176
Bitter DOCks 24 Ges va toe weeea © Re 128
Blackberry, Evergreen.......... 204
DUOCRCOD suo. iw tsassciceies behe ssa Se 204
Black Eyed Susan...........-. 376
Black Hemlock..............5. 23
BIGER: Med sG.e mens acing aciew ine Gon xo 222
Black Mustard. 635.3200 seaackns 175
Bladder Campion.............. 143
Bladder Feri: 5s 2 iésay cay swans 8
Bladderwort. 05 ec aa haws eed ¢ 332
Bladderwort Family............ 332
PLUCDEL Es 8 hiceted inane hal Hie a 301
BUCCUI Sie: eis Rae ER LTS 307
Blue-eyed Grass. i... ....0000.. 105
Blue-flowered Lettuce........... 360
Buber OS Sic. 0's 5 os Se einen gw aakes 52
ANNU oc ee res dhe eke aes 52
407
BUUeStCM asia. wamaaxes win hy ee goes 62
Bluclop sin catsa weer ey eee ass 41
Boisduvalian » seek caseeudeanes 252
Boland ray esas ¢a4 ¥en oes coed 191
Ble bata sere si sesesshales crapedesigas 2 anh guste 343
Borage Family................ 299
BORAGINACEAE... ............ 299
Boschniakia...........-....4. 330
Botrychiumy-ncchie ranean 9
DBEOG REW:As. ais 'ntolarmchaebia ye weaden tig eee 4
WTO RG seccis Savica hea wis xix Bae Noe ge tea 4
Braséiiainnaaee can seuues seks 151
Brassi@a.. ox ¥igdsetecehetbuehe 174
Biizais het 5205 apatasis enim tun aie be 49
Broadleaf Maple.............. 235
POMEOPOSS: ino. aan wa pieae eee 50
BrOmusscccaccdcern tacoma naaee 50
Broomrape Family............. 330
BUCRDCOM <'-. acacia ssteiipang nla -e68 og aes 289
Buckbean Family.............. 289
Backbrusiics, seh ga yee ew tees 237
BUcRROKWs ¢ ein oa 4 Re BER REET ES 333
BUCREMOIW sissies Betis 8 gE nan 8 236
Buckthorn Family............. 236
Buckwheat Family............. 125
BURDEN Gin ai aimwn ne amine a The 162
Ball Panes csscuantrccanyinnes 20
Bull Thistle. 0.00.00 e cee 395
Bulrush, Western.............. 84
Bur Clovehe ng ancy ney dg ye eeoe 222
BUIGOCh = « tace5 See hee eear teas 395
Buy Reed ooo op tn ee oe ab OSA 24
Bur-reed Family.............. 24
Bue sa 5 po 5 oat cen gtd os desas, wade otha de 181
Butter and Eggs............... 317
BUbercup occc svi cre san ces vrea 156
Waters 254 eee ase amen gets 155
Buttercup Family............. 151
BULLerwOtbs <i ae whe oan meee ae 332
GACTACEAB: 66 oc4 ois eye tae boas 244
COGIUS POM oi cols 503 SEE 244
CARINE) cc yeh aa adden ween aat 168
Calamagrostis................ Al
Calandrintas ssiccccenaeacs aes 138
California Black Oak.......... 122
COlfOfnid: LUGG cee scans eae 238
California Poppy.............. 165
CALLITRICHACEAE............. 231
CallittriGh@s. .cccicctnk ese wane neds 232
Caloch@rtis:, c.s0cege0nceesaue 96
Galtha sina cc eee aes celine 161
CON P30 2% accmm arn Seen Seth nee 109
COMES 5 Bs aoa tednaleoaeters avd aes 98
DCCL sire hed kcal ee dedt a 99
Gamelitias 424 4 yseuwst eeu se 181
Campanttlaiics gin eke a wn sn 344
408
CAMPANULACEAE.............-
Canada Blue-grass .
Canada Thistle................
CONGPY-BPOSS cosas ace Arsen ee ems
TREE es x: couse als te 8 dich eaten
Capnoidesis «3c cnineace dun Grateeek
CAPRIFOLIACEAE..............
COnOWOY cm wires baa vac ane ais
COP DCE WO. oc. coke «now ehbe w wa a at
Carpet Weed Family...........
COLO ecs.ctead coma cite oe etic ee este
Cascara Sagradad.............4.
Cashéw: FOmilyicccccs sacs cece
CASSIOPE cea: tie cet doy sh tu ed heath ab si
Got Tau Family, ss cadens eeows
Caiitalis <seeses teeeee ees SS
(CBMEATITOG oo act. sivsiie Rbksey by Got lees
Ce@HtAUTIUR ,, so ccae sa ke em ern
Cephalanthera................
Cerastiumtls occ cece enews
CHS US Cabs Peas car th rarer ate ae adore, Ge
Ceratophyllum. .
Ceropteri§s os sees sere me hese Se
Chaetochloa.... oa. cccc8s ce ee em
Chamaecyparis............
CONOR iio sh eiiodu Swart
Ciel Ones. dics say guieisle nan aiarnnnat
CUAGCORN Sachs os shape Ah Sates
Chimaphilawincy yhisaestee tein yates
CHAQUODI es shee kak dye ta tay’
CABORIDEAB 3345 eas tees sce
GHORCEMERT ooo she iss rsh Sb Hie 8
Christmas Fern, Pacific........
INDEX.
342 Chrysanthemum.............. 380
54. Chrysopsis -: 252s: acess ven ens 363
395 Chrysosplenium............... 193
OT CICA SWeOb ce! dessaninas divin dooce siento 259
36 “CICHORIEABS j.ces Sa eaten aw 347
166) ~CichOriutt: x 3.cahied wan ha nee ee 353
336 TOUTED: 2 it, aco. prtey eed ee gaan HeG 263
264 Cimicifueaisnss secs agecwaa anes s 162
2. ICiinae 3 wees yee Pete ta ae 40
06 ICireAeae cays; ve sén as pes Ba be 246
142 “Cirsiitt. dase oa sos eke eee es 394
136 Cladothammnis:. 2050.66 ec soe 281
136, -ClaytOniay ne neiiatasiwe sean 139
298 CEGUCNS istent ea etn Bhd eR ROS 334
258 “Clema tise iced tae paeeemaee a 152
204 “Clintoniaes coca: sie karen oor 100
VAL CLOUGH ae yi ease ats eae ge HOR aH 218
237 Rabbits Fars <:534ses4n 00 221
233 CO a tan 2 aye yhlg as 220
280 SWC Bee gad eaahen ethene 222
121 WILE 5 ccspmeiwcish <p ignkai'y bm ohaw ane 220
327 Cochléatiane 054 aiveosg ia aonss 178
142 COGK OUT. os icc s egeamnnawnces 361
310 Coelopleurum................ 268
2A- ~Cogswelliais 2.2 ccsiece esters eee ns 260
23.° “Coleanthus:qubal Ga vat soe tee 40
258. -Coleosanthusi;. 2% vine euscen a x 362
231 ~ Collinsia@ess secs eos ee east bsg 319
234 Coll6mitai.c sash 3 ga Fees gees 296
393 Coltsfoot, Sweet................ 382
28h COMMMBIMO con eGo atin d wees 161
LOS: -Comandtay 1p. a.i8i esa ea bnaeeees 124
146. Comarumss.ccccn2 eos ae ncenee 3 211
199 Common Horsetail............. 11
151. Common Mullein.............. 316
151. Common Plantain............. 333
2 Common Spleenwort... ....... 6
35 Common Vetch................ 223
18 COMPOSITAE.................. 345
175 Composite Family............. 345
52° Corallorhiza.s : coweeueceneccess 108
239° - Coral: ROO: 2+ cmmne sexu wanes 108
D COPD =hOSS ix. Weeden aoe claapntig 60
S19 -CORreOpsist: apa. adagareeae ways & 375
132 Gortand ena s2ihiir sas ae e035 ek 264
133° \Cortaridtuitices se 24 gk ks gris 264
109 “CORNACEAB e055 2 sate dane occa ne 268
1£99~ “COTHUSK ccs, ocd enlAwew Mend adie 269
S2 * COPOMOPUSaian cscs dutnnercantned 168
146 COPVlWS secede accede eaiew se aw men 120
146 = Cotton-grass... 2... 84
S03. “Wollonwoo dara: a4 ohne eau kiee oh 118
21S) “Gotland: cai vy en cine ene ee 381
VW20 Couch or O88. 60.4 sex scp islowcac ween 62
S34 Cow: Parnes coo a ok ee ete OH 260
199 Conioselinum................ 262
7 CONVOLVULACEAE............. 290
INDEX.
Convolvulus... wcciicccsck caine 291
GCOpelsiient aenawa hae cane Ge ceases 163
Corn Chamomile............... 380
Crab-apple, Wild.............. 201
CHONDEETY 3, hr2 SS VER Bes SEA SES 277
CRASSULACEAE.............05- 182
CrALACCUS. wis tenn aang ou SEs 200
CRepiSh 7 alga) Ache cen wan eee 358
CHESS, DUO? ess cssece spe aoe 3 172, 176
NOUS COOP sisss otis ye no bg eee 175
PP CNNG ce a5 civ ainusn noe gate a4 181
ROChiccrect xan swe an aoe 169
Crested Dogstail............... 48
Crocid im iss ccee seek Ske ES 383
CROWDER RY sie. Seis ir adnde Baile eosye cs 232
Crowberry Fanuily............. 232
Crowfoot, Water............... 155
CRUCIFERAE... 0.0.0.0 0.000000 166
Cry ptanthavas. acc! ainnaaaceveenes 303
Cryptogramma........ Saas eae 4
CUCURBITACEABy @ yab¥seus exe 341
CUrrOthsod 255 gan ees Ase Se RRs 185
Red-flowering..........4.. 187
CuisGultal ieckOn shee ote shies SE 292
CUSCUTACEAE...........0.0-. 291
CYNAREAE 2.0... ... cee eee 347
CyMOGOD 22 csncaed ata eas 60
Cynoglossumies : ccrscsee seu nas 301
Cy nOsuruss. i 4-426 42% 2 aaa nase 48
CYPERACEAE: 4 sera: aoe 45 65
CYyperises- ssesescgcexeas ses 81
Cypripedium. ................ 107
(CVINELES v2 cea os ease bance amen eis 108
DaGtylise i. tain he sce eee 52
Daisy, Mountain. ............. 369
OES Cisse he Renae aint etn esse 380
DONG el Otis age cna etna pod a aie Pw 355
Datithontae .% hadksayee iedaa ce 45
DDOPHCD sit se. 6 BRS OS ORK AN BER 61
DasiphOra.. oc. cbesaa ee bee e238 210
Da tuiTarsaauhuen wea soe ues 0% 314
PAUCUS ons ya tntaeateodaih aune dere 258
Dead. Nettle... iiica caver wees 312
Death COMMAS sn esi aeaies nid tata 99
DCF: POP soon hina eeophay mike ase a 5
Delphiniumts ois eeauw cas exe os 159
WOntariay.. socae eee See eee Nes 171
Deptford: Pan ove ei cate hes 142
Deschampsia................. 46
DCVULS! CHUB 3.5. es ase. saabotica tw bods deste 255
Dewar t Vie a cating once 30 08 BALA 204
Dianthus 4.46 cejcc wea aenw nse 142
DICOTYLEDONES.............-- 112
Disitalist: ¢.5:2-5>24 davies wins 325
DIPSACACEAR: .... chsa5 yes Gn aes 341
DipSaCuSiig..s csuneeaks vanes B68
409
DispordMie : saccade cones mace pea 102
Drstichlise ase tance ge biaes 56
DOCK, os gerne ones bs SmtPes Gate 127
BUablehns ve coheed BEES GS 128
MGM OU 2 cinta wre ites ehntaiewe 128
DODD ER oc So esp etn 8 lush eal bk 292
Dodder Family................ 291
Dodecatheon................. 283
DO BDO E ix srse eins s Rte trs ihe EOS 290
Dogbane Family............... 290
Dog: Fennel nies ak Gea snit'g aang 380
Dogwoods..ecainncaaeeyeieauss 269
Dogwood Family.............. 268
PONG 2 soctse- seh’ dia asst e eecae ae 132
Douglasiay:. <2 2 aco6due Gavod d Kany five 284
Douglas SPrUCE~ ues avon sans 22,
DRAB As isan shack a4 apes ek Ds 177
Dracocephalum............... 310
Dragon Head .. ws cwsansawauws an 310
Drosera is: 2.224: ans neces shea electp ass 182
DROSERACEAE..........5.-+-- 182
DryasSicexsci revenge eteys bes 206
Drymocallisy ss. cgeasacdeaa 402 211
DEVOpPteris s viru n esas peti eeh = 7
Duckweed Family.............. 86
Dulich iin. os ences teed Sie ONS 82
Dwarf Maple................. 239
Echinochloa 25% 525 naxaoedaens 34
Echinopanax..............0.. 255
Bel 708805654 Qing a gieeinn wale 28
EVAPAGNACEAB s 264 02.5 sas e0%% 244
ELATINACEAB sg .254 422334454: 241
FlatinGin, sas ceed sence ee 241
PGE ee acttide Ud ca. Bicypn Bysiord fates 336
PCCUMPONE ss oe gcdce odin oid ine 393
Eleocharis sss scan sean 82
Eleusin@ss is acnee ctw naga ore ee 61
ENMEras. waccar.wrke axes hae eee 196
El Ode ale. epis gating! eq artes ais a Hise ars 81
Bly imuses seseoioeewihites selva 62
EMPETRACEAB: <5 i704 o4es om use 232
Bmpeéetiim 4.152 caaseses Hoe et 232,
Enchanter’s Nightshade......... 246
Engelmann Spruce............. 22
English Rye-grass.........0... 61
EBpilobiutie:. acnacvedeaean ea 246
Elpipactists scecene sou aaren 4 2ana 834 112
EQUISETACEAE.............--. 14
EQUISETINBABS sae aac eabwalnne 10
Equisetam :¢ 2. 2208 ctey es yds 11
BragrostiS:a-.g.cus53 aengen Sees 48
ERICACHABY 5 wei sep tee wba ag ne 275
EIQ EPOM ose oes Seok eeu Rhea cue be 366
EriOGOnuMic :cesccs gene sande 125
Eriophorum: s2 i2:6 ce neaaes oe 84
Eriopb yams gis eacespeiee sey nlaw 378
410
FOPOGiUiis:a eas ants Sos im Gwe Henk 229
TY NSU, sw eldeds nad Gane seein as 257
ErysimuMiass s aes save ave dower 173
Erythronitim.. i ics secccs wees 97
Eschseho lata siis3 s.260 sncae suane ae 82 165
FRUGATE Seis vos acke sO een eaes 66, 68
BHucéephaluse: + aoces4cas 244 ators 370
EBuOnynius.s 52 .ccsacs aes gee aeen s 234
EUPATORIEAE.............-0.- 347
PUpatOrnim 4.q-428scs asin: o\gip tiie 28 361
Euphorbias ..cesssvegecees rene 230
EUPHORBIACEAE.............. 230
Buithainia:. 2c. crs eqns aoe ees 366
Evening Primrose............. 253
Evening Primrose Family....... 246
Evergreen Blackberry........... 204
PCTIOSHTNE x. 56 aco mak eee Be eR 392
RAGAGEAB: nice ak teed awe as 121
HOUSE VDE aes ie ae ele, bPoeecohhh ds 181
False Hellebore: cvs vcs cnasia cus 103
False Mermaid Family......... 232
False Pimpernel............... 420
False Solomon's Seal........... 103
FCPM DB COC, cies os ctcduacs Sra ate desk acl 3
BIGOGGH s & gcse a sates ty ORs 8
DCC otra corsa Biche ite aha ee 5
GOlEZOGER ccd aun nate tort a4 he 2
GUO DE iin g ca sia btn. w qd psoas i 9
FLOM Masten Sn hitb ocala ada alias ih
LOCC ie 422-4 eine ean dA FEES 5
LEY 0 vp 5 8 kek ERY BREA 6
Lncovice-root. 6... ee 3
Maiden Hair............. 4
Pacific Christmas.......... 7
Rattlesnake.... 0.0.0... 9
i ee 7
WOOO streets Doe eN 7
Fern FOMUY ss waste waa ak ews 3% I
LOR PIGS x '0 4 dt Gina Sia eo cans 1
PCsCules venueequh beioae Oe eens 56
Meadows: :5a8-: se5 nes ees 58
Mouse-tatl..........0.000. 57
BieSt Wai og dak donot cuore S82 Gon veers 56
FESTUGBAB.. 0.0 ennus ne eae Base 39
LOS WORE cla tayte a sictiab abe ce fe ARR REO 319
Figwort Family... 2.0. 0..0.04. 315
TU ORC eo AG Sarna deste Pree a aie 229
FRIBAGING 2B ag ole isha eon a annie 1
HI Say ok sone: Waxy denis one 8
TDP a then ot eis pay Bea ig Rap yee 20
ATGDIHIS oo 5 cbs ke nee 21
IN OODLE Sass Stank Ktacer bec a hie ehd AO 21
UREO TA ca fanatical erhGeass 4s 22
SUDOIDITN Cbs 9 oe ph ainsi nee 21
WW Girne bce cs speert tirsy ee etteaeta i 21
TORO WOCD orcs oso ncadd i aiken tARNA ee 248
INDEX.
PIGK POISE: gti id he weed don, haat
PNECDDON Gr. aise din soa alate t-ald qeeahaanee &
FIGGEKEd ca iwaw ee seh eeeDe a was 4
Forget-me-not. 6.0.0.0... 0c eee
Four O'Clock Family...........
Fowl Meadow-grass............
POU DI OUG 5. ris50 its Sat URS Race pCR
Foxtail, Green.... 0.0... cee
HraPariai :nzgn peer aka wipes da nat
HraxiNUSs scaen vb ad Seances 4e4
Gaertneria.. 2.0... 0.00.00 nee,
GOle, SW ns ie ere nog tke Beek
Gaillar di ate. ic 2 ccc Senses crcaectee niet
Galltvirmiine ss sf sree tenes xt casdaye gs
Gativancs ieenahd ec aoe eeectnrens
Goris OCs ain shee nave ss:
Gastridiiin pose 3n gas eee ob ae
GODOT inses ines te dy 8 eh BIBS se locce hn ee
Gentian Family. ..............
GBERANIACEAB.. 63: sage age duds
Geranivita yon: 4 seedy ragegaed
Walden os eg eB Sa eg hs
AGM, 3 hasceic Sie eer soe a hows bows
Gillan wasacnges ee eee
GIN Beh WANE aie mc Samrat mala eiateiats
Ginseng Family. ......... me 3
Githopsis .
(CUNGTe | ene oo or ea
GOOSCBELT I cca nener nance’ sons’
GOOSE]OObs a ivady &tmcpavraites drinsqnaes
Goosefoot Family.............,
GOOSC=O° ESS «fice a diau asses ah
Gormaniar cas di88 twas sone os
GORSE scare a WH} ees
Gourd Family.................
INDEX.
Grape Fern... . 0. ccc eee 9
Grass, Barnyard..........0..45 35
CO Tas 9) 5h 3, ed a Sig ide ae a 102
BeMth: se twing asta cued oe Sen 42
BOrMUdes «iste venawanax se 61
Bluévrs os eee peyaes teh 52
Blue-eyed. . 62... 0... esa 105
BrOMEe si bia 3 aod asin bab 8 50
COMOT Ys, oe ee Shie cued Ole Re 37
COP G55 Na RARER ROHR IOLA 60
COON) «Aca cee eden exis 84
COUCH air esetenaes Paceln Aide Neds 62
Tel, wanda tiowmeenian a Sava Maya ta 28
Finglish Ry@s 2 ws eisea canes 61
Fowl Meadow............. 54
OOS ise Scasecdauts Giese Mae egitek 61
PLGA io ciices b ei wa Bahan mavee 45
HOMGHERVE. aii 3 Godel 61
Kentucky Blue............ 54
OW GH GIG aisha rn oh deat eso 52
Perennial Rye............ 61
OQUGER iciee dene s aernes< 62
Reed: Cana? yeaa cad awe aes: 36
Reed Meadow............. 59
Rough Meadow............ 54
RVG. i eu dasc bothacwat bo etek dont OS 62
UIE Aes Petes sagt Ae Deak 56
Slender Wheat............ 62
Sweet Vernal............. 37
POM OG. etka ack en qos ane 45
Vantllan sonveaNoroihcs wae 37
Viclveticna sine gst is 683 e803 44
WHERE ca cn yak to A ES 61
Grass POMUG ii cca ce in ise 31
GratiOla.. a. .sae of pncbladse cis dans beni 320
Green Foxtatl. .... 00... cc eee 35
Green Hellebore. ............. 103
Grindelia « i.0 «saci wea waeacdes etal 362
Gromwell......... Pita tye area acer 303
Ground Ivy.......... ope see 311
Ground-pine.... 0.0.00 e eee 13
Guth: PIGHE oss se Gon 8 Moe Git 362
Gymnogramme...........00005 2
GYMNOSPERMAE.............-+ 16
TL QUY SO OSS iene es BR REO ee AO 45
HALORAGIDACEAE............. 253
Harrimanella., oso. cen eca vc vaes 280
PTGwWRWeEE os ccs waa EE ERR Les 356
PLOW LWONIES. saci enhance hateepe e tis 200
PL GRE AGE os. os secey ws Qantedeutain esto neae sa 120
EAT AW og. ce se ne Bice ariel aay 311
Heather Family. .............. 275
Hedge Hyssop.... 0.0.00. .00005 320
Hedge Mustard................ 175
Hedge Nettles 0 cbse en cas aac ias 313
Hedysarumt:. 44 02e0reviad shad
GROOMS foo ied ak bowl BRS
Weesteritic soc ciukpbehimin cece
Heracleum...................
TleSperis a), seven bate ee mans ame
Hesperogenia.................
Heteranthera...........,.....
Heterocodon.................
Feterostylus.s- 1 cee wis eat etek ROS
Heucherats «dex no4 ag eee seed aed
FIP PUrisi. ence vgoyis aieleond Gana
LL OWS PORN 3.05 3 3.43 34 ee a arc Bion
THOOGISCUS% $6.0, Sy. ¢ Seawe. esse grate lees
LTONENSUCRI Bie oh nee dee An wale 2 yRs
Honeysuckle Family...........
Hoorebekias coe 34-200 wuss gor x
ITORDEABY, 2 cuit 4 aes Wiese Sa-ker
HOrd@iits, oss icacma cx adie towd
orn wothaisnca iene d seen WR Hee 4
Hornwort Family..............
FA OP SEUGU a oot sae ed 2 a cic ot Bh
Horsetail Family. .............
HOSACKI A is sia daar ears a
Howelliain enue ay: ceynes @ asghe’ae ee
Hualseav x. sh 2 Sen ee eses eae Pees
Hyacinth, Wild........0..0.04
Vvdastylitse cao mais dn awa he
HYDROCHARITACEAE...........
Hydrocotylesac cast. seu side gauss
HYDROPHYLLACEAE............
Hydrophyllum...............
HYPERICACEAE............0.0-.
412
Ay perictims .si4es ees waren een
Hy popitys:.< g2eke see aureetan:
Hy pochaetis.... 02 csas.0s eee aes
[hiding a saaeniane aaeiae ce es
ThysanthéSi.2¢s.na ces ne cone ats
Impatiens: cc crtecwma angie es
Encense CeO tes iia ccacavacion pew ain 8
Indian Paint Brush...........-
LOS: HOMILY see cee 2 ACNE BR Aag NaS
DROW MOOD ex inte dice ce Ra BE OS
Isnardia .
ISOETACEAR Wf oh og. eneen ou aces
[soetesisws cay sa agas ee can acer.
ISOpyrumt; cc ¢058 pac See ged oe Os
Italian Rye-grass...........45.
Loy, GROUND sce doa ded ERS
JAUMCA iss act aneemaas aa atales
Jerusalem Artichoke...........
SOwelweed . hic vkideiarancawawens
SUS On: Weed. se void, gan eeuase
Rocky Mountain..........
JuMIperUs:: 0% siceee eee cae eui do
Kalmiiais san aciiacs awake Somithe oe
Kentucky Blue-grass...........
Knntkiniitehing » ves Ss sean es %
EWOLMDCED So big Gots Goh SEREBRAG
Feoeleriass ta ik5endae tact tae
JRTMNSEA Ms, 2 pGleda wbusn hoind ua eae
LAABTATABR:. ess gua ta data on ose
Labrador Tea... 1.0.2... .0 000s
TOGO: PERI: nei Bihar Bin oie acts ieee
ESOGUUCG 88 re dig qigong ges He acento
DGG =F a 5 cere Gx oes Ke aes
Lady's Slipper
LGdy'S TRUM nc os BA BRS AREER
Lagopliy la iis2.3 26 tw aanae eee be
Lamb's Quarters... 0.0.00. .0 eee
Liat Tie a x. 50a a Ae ede HS
Lappula’s¢ occes ages
LaPSanaic.echeradewkn eth acento
INDEX.
LGPRS DUPE Ricca sedan weed 159
Lathyrusics scan cas excercise 223
LGUr el, SHUCRM sees soos Re S pane 237
Leadwort Family.............. 286
Leather-leaf Polypody.......... 3
Léditm,:3..33 te steeeeens shee 280
LEGUMINOSAE. ss 250 ceho40%48 212
We TMTTA eis Phos Ged olde heualag Bases 86
LEMNACEAE.......-.-...05+55 86
LENTIBULARIACEAE............ 332
TLL@OMUEUS 2 a4 sey See eng eae 312
eepareyreaalend na cans ener dec 244
Lepidiums oes ewse sus y ome athe on 179
Léptarthénas.3o2¢c24 eusacas vs 188
L@ptaxish, nc 'ascnsse eo hare mets 195
Leptotaeiid sia ccce kaw eed 263
Lésquéréllas i. ueisnacuigae ais 176
RO WISIAd cas cee oe nee e aed a oe 137
LibOCedTusSxidancs ceamsacemects 19
Licorice-root Fern............55 266
LUG, COM fOrniGs eee usr nai tens 238
LalB@a yx. ga: hove ooh eek BG-2'5e 28
Lila@Opsis’. ¢ ood vees aces pha 265
LIGIACEAR? s apaukGedaane ee ek e4 92
PETA caida dosed pel ddeeed. Rages ase 96
EDD: OUI oc. 5. eh 8 ace ged se tioh oo Behn 92
LIMNANTHACEAE...........-.. 232
Limnanthes's «ii accor sy eaace ea 233
Limnorchis’: es scace adi anyetree oie 109
Limosellaw.cnanccasgeeawadies a 323
Litiaria.d 4337 derrets 68 ee ewes 316
Leiina@a 5.) a.6 he oho es we ee 338
Lithospermum................ 303
TNO ig 6 oe dy tea. aid ewe aein 98
LOA GE POLE PIR, wire. aca ine ban. gator 20
LOMUMs. 4c ccd oneness nee dean 61
| Do) v kee} ce 338
LOO SESE APE see yect teu $0 & stra sane 286
Loosestrife Family............. 245
LORANTHACEAE: « sc gupcagaeees 122
LiOUSCWOTE 5.5 6 sb5. 8% Sag ee ERE 326
TOUDIO sos igh eh bahia toe 266
TWINS: 6a cee dues ate nes enone 383
LUPINE 2s beg RE GR s 213
ISWIDLTUS Ss a Awe eas Sag ke Re 213
Ts 1HtheGatea, ssi ayarachsc-e e-apsalauper st sien 201
Mensano dak nome aca a son ashe oo 144
LYCOPODIACEAE............... 12
LYCOPODINEAB) =: 204 4ye¢e40053 12
Ly COpodiUttiys. 6 iu scan danke ado ek x 13
TiyiCO PUSis Se s-pierins conch aczomlenemes geleln 307
LeySlash: 44a dn oes Ge Sie gen cae 11
LYSIChitOtt., crateaaasenres ayes 85
Lysimachiagucs xecieg sxe dey ees 286
LYTHRACHAB, « cc.6 cau cunaneont 245
Lythriitity igi ge easter eat aad 245
Madder Family............... 334
Wie Ciel ce te tt tn conte A IR oes ae ce 372
MGOP OM i 5g coi Bera en dae toy ace 279
Mad ronella:. isc cats aces eae nes 309
Maiden Hair Fern............. 4
VEG O00 eee acronis e ase tiene ernst 239
NEUES Pease cosas eran peat al sient ieeds 239
Mallow Family................ 238
Web ate oe is eed hep oats bes tog ed 239
MALVACEAE...............--. 238
Manzanita... ..0..00.....00... 279
TVA PRK se bocu 5 esi .ose katt ere goin 235
DWAR ina wed eae wae 235
WOME te esses is settee RES 235
MGH els TOdis ssi sain ans ods ae 254
Mariposa: GUY aise csigig a4 seein 96
Marrubtumi..925 4 cs 24 ede che ede 311
Marsh Marigold............... 161
Marsilea’ ss: 362.5500 ences aw Eee 10
MARSILEACEAE............... 10
MiattiCaTrial.... cea occicweadh ace ncesias 380
MCD CET, 60) halen cael ne bo eaiaen 8 380
Meadow Fescue..............- 58
Meadow Foxtail............... 40
Meadow Rué............. 0000 154
Medicago: .vce0 25 Monee caelons 222
Megalodont@:s o2% s25ce40usen09% 375
MeliCais cet oye ge hah ph 4k oS 49
Melilotus.................4.. 222
MS ME aii h.8. eta gue ual dee ne hiues oad 308
MENYANTHACEAE............. 289
Menyanthes.................. 289
Menziesia...............00005 282
Mle rtenislaticdal ecsity eraser thesaia a sead tena 301
Me SQUUE sat ist h s Gen aee Ae oe 44
Micrampeliss say cce4e cas dynes 341
MLC GHthes so ogee ea PEE ARE ES 191
Micromeria.................-. 309
Microseris... coe eee 354
MP OU se 5 RA ok VT ee orm 379
Weber as 43h3 ase e tee whe eR 254
MART WASHES ontca wite anesanios eae 394
MiimuluSi 3 aces ece aetna «pete 323
Mabe: gis enn Rie ar el wns Cee Be 308
WG oo oo Bad nee Ste a Was eS 308
MECH PONS 8 a oe Seiekss wed aks wh 306
Mistletoe Family. .......0..4.. 122
MICE lais: x 5a. ccncin aah auth ou evades 194
WME WOE ceed ae eonse yeas BRE SS 194
Moehringiaiicse j: < eeie wha deas en 150
Mollugoy, cess avve owe reg eu s 136
Moneses= +s. uae vedas cay Ree 273
Monkey Flower...........0..4. 323
Moneywort........-..0.0 0000 286
Monkshood.,............+++-- 160
MOoNOCOTYLEDONES...........- 23
Monotropa............... 271, 272
413
MoOrtiag. 2 secu to. eee Se 138
IMOOHWOTE sce. csc sm aw BB '6 dred dS 9
Morning Glory................ 291
Morning Glory Family......... 290
Moss Campion............00... 143
M Other Wort so .ccsicscase caste go istot 312
Moth Mullein.............0.4... 316
Mountain Ash................ 201
Mountain Daisy.............. 369
Mountain Hemlock............ 23
Mountain Juniper............. 18
Mountain Sorrel............... 127
Mountain Timothy............. 39
Mouse-ear Chickweed.......... 146
Mouse-ear Cress..........4204. 175
MOUSE Path vice. jets asia eoaidmena, 8 etbiine 154
Mouse-tatl Fescue............. 57
Mid worten races zas oh obea bass 323
Muhlenbergia................. 37
MU ea pis io ces casts ikecceasst iy het 4 sok 316
COMMON: «Hig sieges CERES edo 316
WV OPM i 2c ath in ys, Oh Gites. fete oh 316
MEUM Ct PAAR sie 2.5/0 sh e4 ee 144
Musk Mallow................. 239
AVE DS Fes PMO bi, soul, Ss teatsloslaote eatin 325
Mustard, Black............... 175
HOG GO ahs oy aia gas Bee 175
TUMbIING <5 254 Guedes aeee 176
Nabaltisicasucciee ree oehGe ee 359
NAJADACEAE................-. 25
IN AjaSas Aah aaa ap Aan ctore ss: 28
Napa Thistle... 00.0.0... 0000. 394
Naumburgidiiccc 2s navn ee nay oe 286
INAV AIT Cb lal. eurdton. Selatan Si arepwace aie 295
Nemophilacnaits avis xt new ees 299
Nepetaind sick eisenkaycdes 654s 310
Nephrophyllidium............. 289
Neb 6 og co ate d8 ea ice Gee ee Ses 122
PD) COG 5. sista th 3 BEd aA Bice 312
PT OD Chie siren eh see, aN ind 313
Netile Family...........0..... 122
Néwhberty a. weiss access sate es 270
Nicotiana 14-259 dewcuns aoe eked sce 315
Nightshade. 2ssvs% ah conan es 314
Nightshade Family............. 314
Namevorhs.s<2 455244 8abe8s Bass 201
Nipple-wort... 0.00.0. c eee 352
INO DLE: FR ss. sors che este bag Baante 8 21
NYCTAGINACEAE... ........--.- 135
Nymphaea................... 151
NYMPHAEACEAE.............-- 150
OG Ras 3 Gass dois wile ovo el wale es ele etek 121
California Black.......... 122
GOP ck, asin toca ta cater car 122
POS Os iesnise x sec icity has naee aie 234
414
OG en tcden tk BERRA RRS EAAEAS 46
Smooth Wild.............. 46
Oatordss: Dallis wists 5iit tes wet 45
Otedn-SPray. c13e dundee op oe 202
QOenanthes «cas seven as et els 265
QOendthera: 22 eee ceved i hers 253
Old Man Root...............55 342
QOERAGEAB.. 2 chee cneu er nbedd 287
Oleaster Family. ........0..04. 244
Olive BONUS ic eines a iacn an Ca ae 287
OlsynivMms te ao 9 ses caee ioe wawrdants 106
ONAGRACEAE pscc.504 ch 24 na aes 246
ONG: io oe005-60 RE SOS ABR B RS St 95
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE............. 8
Ophioglossum................. 9
OPHEVS ss 5 changing Gibise Boreas 109
Opulastels 22 4uieinanee dtace o4 201
Oputtlare. ss cmisccameccnanued 244
OPChGrd Sr OSS. icv ana ec nomen es §2
ORCHIDACEAE.............--5- 106
Orchid: Pomily sc sah pears ts 106
OPEL OW ASH con tak ay eae ¢ bes 287
Oregon Grapes aos vesaekieg tans 164
Oreostemma...............0-. 370
OROBANCHACEAE.............. 330
Orobanche... a sicce cases eed anes 331
Qrogenias i520 99 ates os Cake 267
Orthocarpus.........-.-....-. 329
ORVZRAB sn ice donnag tee ace ans 32
OSMATONIA sd « orice sche ese eee 199
Osmorhizannvsiiventasvaneness 259
OXALIDACEAEB: 23 ¢a5 a4 es Ob 25 229
OxaliS ci .hes cab hoh4 Met ee ewes s 230
ONCE DOSY ca. as goin sae BS 380
ORV COCEUSK sacsis. iar bene debe Gundy G6 277
ORV Malina dhs Ap apn ae Aceteds 126
ORYtTOPIS ics wakes ocean a4 Meld 227
Onister: Plait fonate sate atti ate eatin 3 353
OZOMELES 35 oecs. Min oan toe Ala tres toile 195
Pachistiianyeses ecw ydee iiss 234
Pacific Christmas Fern......... ‘a
PAGODA ss c3.4 dee 6 o4ae BESS 161
Paint Brush, Indian........... 327
PONCE CUD: oss doloatundale-outon 327
Pariiétlaria :..522c4cc.ceacerse 38
PANIC BAB ce dicie qpacnely beeen ee 32
Pani titi 2cicneGee aeeedaaa ae 35
PAPAVERACEAE...........-.5- 164
Parnas laine >< av eeahs vee ne oa 188
Parsley Fomilyies 3 s.83e80038 3% 255
PGOTSUID Gola tigi NS egos ER 262
COW 25 ct tiga Lelie at iuhis a 260
Pasapalutiiy, «5's 44.0 ceed eae 35
POSQte FLOWER 6 ie iccncae ces acini 154
PASTIMAGA: j jos fuw.2/deeencen aice ye cement 262
Pear Prickly ites warathpens eds ha 244
INDEX.
POGPIWONE 066 Scag Le BRERA ORE 148
Pediculanis. 5.54 uvss eeeoceneenee 326
PCM GEG rind Lie venience ston, Behe Big 4
Penny Cress sos cavnaa we tea ne oe 181
Pentacdena: ac: csiceauee hee s4 144
Pentstemoty): 223 seus apc euckns 317
POU «2 36 035 $6 2228S BER Re SS 161
Pepper grass soni as texce cess Se x 179
Peramiamt.. 2 see sae eee 111
Perennial Rye-grass............ 61
POtasites:22 nhc adeacaennoaeunns 382
Phaceliasc.cndaasence wcaes aes 297
PHALARIDEASR « ¢ 4 cceiustanr a ae toe 32
Phallarisss sion, cxquns a ean aati 36
Phegopteris. sis e.ncseaenenw bs 3
Philadelphus:, « . 44: csaa0ceceus 188
Philetimics. vce chee oe eos SRR ES 38
PROX ji Gotcgcheand aps bard dug enanddave < 293
PHLOG POHANG. x5. ocis0 ean, Ba done 292
Phoradendron................ 123
Phyllodoceiss ac ease scene eabe s 281
Phyllospadix: ...< ccauvic eink vatrees 28
Physostegia.................. 312
ICCA occ mn tee g's ge aes 4 whis 22
PagWeed 52 52 243 eR EE EES 134, 135
PUM DOPED sia cea hie ie gest sess Linon 285
PGISC cis Ge AGA Lan Rade oso S 320
PINRCEAB ceed ohoacncaacsGues 17
PUNE occa mish aunt Rach toe alanine % 19
BAU 35. ws aie 8 int ast RRO GG ota 20
GROWN Drenig:cc atta tue Bih ode ae 13
TENOD CONG a Sos, leon ine ene aesees 20
LOdgepolé, vic sashacna sues 20
RUNNING 5 3 G8 485 SH23540R8 14
UDO ae ante tas an cas eatets 6 20
Western White............ 19
Wiite-Dark®.. ioc saa ckanes 19
VOU Oi sinc ste D2 ean aan ed 20
Pine: PAM cqcradigie seme agate ee 17
PUNO LAY carga os Re pae en eae 102
Pingiiietla: acrid hnemvaleyan aes 332
PUN Ris wikis «wi iile bog aos e865 eRe 142
Depyords. wee oe iw hoes 2 142
DHAUO Ms creto.at 2 tis Goes a0 halebd 327
MAT CTHE, oo fate ete Pek naan 144
PARR GMS) ga. otek bah BRA eee ek 141
PAN US as. cne s are ae pane daa nena anes 19
Pipetia. sp abounds rgen sperma 110
PUPesads waver maw anes penoM se 12
PUPsiSSewWOs <5 4103 486 BAH $4 TEES 273
Pis@abia ocd 2 34 dias sie oe ase vee 8 231
PitVODUSiés dei wsiesl bie d dedge tee 271
Plagiobothrys................ 304
Platystigina.s...n05 26100 amace goa 165
PLANTAGINACEAE............. 333
Plantagois sacha ce vawsaeswuees 333
PHO ROIS ern awe eG Rerein 8 Wee ek 333
INDEX. 415
saa Ratilesnake.......... a re yg eke Bh ath ARS Gal pier 98
QR as cccraare ct dnern nae il x UCTCUS i ic. sa qo ede eet Gees 121
Plantain Family.............. 333 Quillwort. 00. i cece 15
Fleuricosora Basa Ge eaitale albdete eh Quillwort Family.............. 15
CULOPOEONerweilsn’hee mae ea we’
P Ditto etsy Petes bo. an ae Ear Clover............ 2
ELAS AOE LIA os VEU is adidulaso.ccladnecaamaxasaey IO
Dace Reale ach gi eat a Radish. LOGE Cae de aan ear ee's 168
BOAGBAR us cis cassia d Ag Aan tea 31 OOS bog Ce a ee
POISON: OGR aie cx csp seas Busee se ad 234 RaNUNCULACEAE.............. 151
POLEMONIACEAE.............. DOR. (Re ounailien ck oh oe 156
Polemonium.................. 294 Raphanus................00-- 168
POLYGONACEAE | 2200200000) cn ea
Holes oni ELAS SR TATE ts 128 Rattlesnake Plantain........... 112
Padi gt Resbmclaleya es eeu i
Polypody, Leather-leaf.......... 3 Red Clover Beet eet: 220
BOO EN we oacu anscanss ons eee
Pond bay valle DLP rere ees 1 a ead Currant.......... Me
pecie CO Wey dete gee S Sure ODS sess lguask vale ate uate aidstyirees
P bares 7 eA anaes on epionine: Reed Canary-grass............- 36
Popbiead Fay cas cs, EO) ee es ae
PONTEDERIACEAE............. BGs VR Hae sitige cei ates es canle ees 236
Poppy, California. 2 USS pi a
Poe amily... 2.2.6... 22 se ie Rhododendron.... .......... 282
Portulaca... acc sesciraxadawees 137 Pe ath ceca atin, Cet ee base pe
PORTULACACBAE || 2000.20 6 Sh a ieee y ee
Potamogeton................. BP: BOI Aac sass dupa iene eu soos oe 173
Pristly Lethice, 00202 02., 360 Rocky Mountain Juniper... .. a
Prickly Pear............0..... Mile Se er ee ee 204
PHIMOCATER os os sect sae mee end 66 ROSAGHAB co.cc cesecscuc nan 197
Primrose, Evening............. 253 Rose Be ays pein Wns oe OE
Primrose’ Family. 0.0.01 ee
PRIMULACEAE.«-- 2.0.5.5 BBS ST otalaes ex tawut ona oosea waa 246
Hs ae Pee wear gla aye ase RUS Et on Rough Meadow-grass........... 54
Pee acacia le Ore
Psilocarphusess 53 on ives 390: “Rudbaekiac «cc ees siecccc nuns 375
Pele oi es Bi ee es 1
Pteridium...............2.0., 4 Running-pine........0000...0. 14
PTERIDOPHYTA..............-. 1 :
RUPPids escniew gy ve p ae sick a na ea's 27
PterOsporaie.icxexesat aah yod ear 272 Rush 37
Puccinellia... 2.20... s see 59 pS eee aeoaee e
Pulsatillaws:¢s2ise secre wanes 154 ee ee 82
Pulse Family.......0.......5: 212 ls Oc aa ee sd a
PUPSIONES 16352. cocasdciesd Gausdsecsgee INA re fy ieee exhale 37
Purslane Family.............. 136 ESTE TILLY hbo ag Se Ge orice
Pyrola: voalis alertaneegsosncn. 974 Russian Thistle............... 133
PYROLACEAE..............-55 270) 0 -Rye-grass. 06. eee cee, 62
Pyrola Family. ............... 270 DT ee eee 61
Pynusiscotioets cates Bem pna scion fan 200 Ttalian... 6.0... 61
Perennial... ............. 61
416 INDEX.
SOLCOTUS Hie ses dct. ask Syn Rema ae eS SS. SitaniOny wyinatko ag seus oer Shade &
SOGIN Ar ssc weirs Gor Sac sent ase ah dee TAS: SURES PIUCC se cect cae sen
Sagittariaied 14 shige cae salh seer 30) “Siti atone e code Sent 4
SOA sss a cea Pen dee PeuRee es DQIS SRuUNMCA piu. ia aravae aicieee anh se
SALICACEAE.,. 4 saa: ee ae 4 a bees 112. Skunk Cabbage, Yellow.........
SAlCOR NIA ae.a.tisd Baie Sox hese aes 1382 Skunk Weed: sions caae rica tends
Salix. ig Wise Saag S bared abd beers 113. Slender Wheat-grass............
Salmon-berry........... iwkes 204. Smpartweeds a. coce ccc si cd wie wee ve
OLSEN Se: xk. Gd arte iad cee dete Heated 393 ‘Smelowskia., a0 e.6cidoceeie oe
Salsolatinsc cin vam otne sedate atenin 133. Smooth Wild Oat..............
GUD US Hic fronsegie. head p vsealtee nae mippate's 133 SpeppersSs. a ccaciseicaiaeaka 6
SUL-OTOSS a eck vata ee weneeees 50: SHOWDEITY o634.a capa ehmar es
SAMbuUCUSs: 202 ekekede eve y oes $36. -SOLANACEAB asec esa ea wes
DOMOD NUR Ce ck cock Gate nates Be gra arc Soe 2 133. -Solanuimis 2654 2adeideeeees
Sandalwood Family............ 124. “Solidago:: oc ¢e.5 oy nev pee tenes
SOMA WOME «5: tniduina sik dasised deere tylenina 149 Solomon’s Seal, False..........
Sanieiisorbas i aciedancdvasaawne 206 Sorrel, Mountain..............
Saniculas¢s4cccecanemegamaas 254 SCE Dis ce.9 Geacs ch sesalpe sonst @ImAH aS
SANTALACEAB as -aac des vga hase es 124 WOOO ee spin aeaiantne 3 Gin SRE
Saussuneas's.cceae ge gta, eee tens 396) Sow Thistles.: + sase interns een sie
Saxilrayd sa crnateesg rye awd 189 SPARGANIACEAE..............-
SAXIFRAGACEAE........-....45 184 SparganiumM s.5.sc00cesesonees
SOGUTOSE oo 5 sch CSE EB EEES BOS EA 189 ‘Spartina secxcysee oes eeneb ote
Saxifrage Family..........0.... PSE. SPC as occt SS PEO BR
Scheuchzeria «0. eos oe cee sds 29' ‘Speculatiac2 4 .c.p ssa Gkewads we
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE........... 29) SPCCMAWE cogs visemes bene eds
SClHpUSis: ax caed naa RHROR EAA Ba 83 ‘Spéreula cscs aay cancers cerns
ScoliopuSé.n i254 coven epememeae 101 SPERMATOPHYTA..............
Scorzonellars. oii. cscs cs mai oe . 353 Sphaerostigma........ Fe oer Gee
Scouring Rush... cc. cece 12 SPIRERUSNeecatscg sn we nein
Serophulariay.s s.esee ser ee vas 319" (Spitaeas os. sacey es evigiece Gees
SCROPHULARIACEAE............ 315 Spirodéla.e: sso sexdasies Sones
Scutellarians so. 404 terse aaa 309: Spleenworts «cao ec caved ens 2 ¥%
SCO=DAIES stars Gand oe sinas BANE Cae hae 132 COMMON a. 5.3 aie ated aae
COPE. ATP as Wiad Aa Dae Oe sa As 660:° (SpragMeaii. uel ea eden dawson
Sedge FAMUY . ces n neat OS. SDR Cosa cali dariguce hia aware
DCOMMedacp tenn any ap eus ee aay 183 POUL OS. apie x risus Sa eck tis ste
CCE PLANES sie Ske i hincous caters: Ss denies 0 16 Engelmann...............
Selaginellaios 3. ag<.c:ae. neeeea saa 14 SUMED dee, titer g-srenvedneeo abeeha- Aes
SELAGINELLACEAE «065655 0000s 14 LAdClGnd 5. onen gay aever tes
SENEClIOs ony sah gayadarers9 14% 386 SPU Boia oa nus 3. hd aie pees
SENECIONEAE........000..0005 347 = Spurge Family. . ............
SELiCOCALPUS) 2s) sade wb hws yee WS 969 SPURLON see ico macies Sf ly eile eich
SOPUICE BRP Y oi seca as doin, inbonsnenetahbes ZOO) aSQUaevel ROADS 320388 diet a.cce eins 08
SCD SOPH a oo 5.44 wk BA PLY 127°. NStAGh Sines ko adnan reawanapactest
Shepherd's Purse............4. 181 = Stafftree Family...............
Sherardta a. sssvccsiegens a teaataciedeas B34, Starsflowe rs scicaic a sis ssuins ceo Hon A
Shield hernie' hee A-sar-cibsizcal ee xa 7 Starwort, Water............... 232
SAOOUMNE Star octsea se canes ees 283;- JStatiGess says ea sedG3 SEES EES
Sibbaldia, acs4.0544542628e 343 240 « 4Stellarigiec eck sey bas ead 6 Hew
Sidale@aie face aa a ota eae 238 Stenanthium.....c0c00¢02000%
SICVETSIAs..c A-Gigisdow gdb ex de aee bane 207 Steky Laurels 5. a seccses x susane a vs
Silene, i alepodlassawewbad aeaw has TAD. StPaiae a3 6.4 eae ae ae aie s appreetnacs
DSUVTHOD ocx eiy whee Reena AT St. JONNSWOPE 5 eos aoe ow noe ea ee
SilybtMedspex sneer saw ydea ues 394 St. Johnswort Family..........
SisyMbriuM inser segtongiede 105: . \Stonecropy a csv. sed Ghernergess
Sisyrinchiwim. ¢ 92558 sesso eens 105 = Stonecrop Family..............
INDEX.
SHOWbErIYs . caG named oawedeeaters 210
Streplopusy sag uke gaweVendehls 101
Struthiopteris................ 5
Subalpine Fir... .. 0. cece eee 21
Subularia.............. Catia age! 178
SUBOE PONE. ist te Beck big web age bok Aches 20
SUlNVaTtl4 acc .g woniee ake ams 192
SUMO 4.9. alee 2.3 ania cae anes Seda 182
Sundew Family. ... 0.0.4... 60. 182
SWECEDI TOP 23 iesd nits asice varius aia is 2 205
Sweet Cicely......... rales & 259
Sweet ‘Clover’. «27 os pee eee 689 ae 222
Sweet Coltsfoot................ 382
WEEE GOI hie ccs casendinansnee’ Gob ees a 119
Sweet Gale Family............. 118
Sweet Vernal-grass............. 37
Symphericarpos....... ne a 338
Synth yrisic cies ea eva eoe hein coe wha 321
VFO BOah ese ciithen' wie tics ees eget Aelia weeds 188
Tall Oat-grass.............004. 45
Tanacetum.................-. 381
DOTS ok avs Gia d ASE SMe. BUNS ERE Th 381
PAPARACUIM wiese. isang deca ean ed 68 355
DIGI OS ncaa 5 ails 8 6 USN ee UT eee 223
TGP WORD sc 3 sess Been cre Boke 303, 372
WDAXACEAR G55 Abe hheedes tees 1
MPAXUSieg cee Ga cgckdls tees eee aga di 16
LeGsel nn vi ge yageecergiag ys awe 341
Teasel Family... ............. 341
Weimar sss. ccs eel sertage-e oars 194
Walesa 3.5052 Sud. he ccc Bede Suet 3311
"THANCERUM « piace da dy aude ee 154
Thelypodium................. 173
Thermopsisw: sscccasscegunrieas 213
Therofoms i: gg cls ne caw eee av 192
Ehamble Berens 2 3 a0 aeons hdl eaess 204
TASH On. sc8 vice cite nein es Lea iNhee be 394
BUI 3 git sesi a Goee wok a DG ER 395
ING DO aod sia Sibi Bucetnd haba BE 394
WREUSSIOM wis lec dn conks eRe ea 133
DOW swe eee tse alec aa 360
Dhlaspt. wince pie gadotersareee 180
DROP Mes ule m asrnth tog. sits wae pak ton! y 200
Vhitifbecse seen hee og te weet Maes 287
Thijas-: os caavetes taxteseu nes 18
Thysanocarpus..............- 169
Tia rela xcs okt wan hie eae RG 193
Tideland Spruce..........-0055 22
Dilla Caiscsties, cencntes teed hoe 8 & 183
PUM OY or acts cs ings asian aten Ba & 38
Mountattes ois o3 ss 45 sree os 39
Tipton-weed....... 00. eee aee 240
TISSAS iwiae jae eae Se Cae oS 145
DT ODOCCO ogi) Studs 1c es Vy BERENS 315
TOE Gtaicisid cls ehioad dies spade a 100
Tonellase occas canoe we Seance ds 320
417
Touch-me-nol «.4 6see5 cab ean 236
TPtagopogoOns 2 ca s67 cecwedas vind 352
Trautvetteria................. 154
Tveforl : VOW OW isco oeiesa ceca 4 be 222
Trichostema.................. 307
ARFIEN CAN Shy a, acd see een oo aoe 285
LEMON <. sx genie nce. era cre Bate 218
righoGhite « <s:estsg-c0 5 cds eure 29
Darul ruta 242 tn caele its geen daly Necks 100
dinisetlitn ax prea sere we bees 47
Trolliugic.: «22 e229 % 800 445 Goes 162
CPSU Gals ang done ak 2c doce won bceecews 22
TUL Cos ae Sein eens cos tecnad het Sy 84
Tumbleweed ..........0 0.0004. 135
Tumbling Mustard............. 176
Turkey Mullein............... 231
LUPIN Dc a oa sthetccnst dst neha. Alin a spon 175
EWU lOWOP a2 lel slg ANN 5 aucogitelwnettd 338
ay, Dhan 4 eet ee erence a aandds 4 Dae 24
SEYPHACEAR 3 se 24<gelede sade ees 23
WORE Fro Aas Meee tA eg 217
UMBELLIFERAE............... 255
WnitGOninin. ke seis ae wee x 104
WRI Cale 2 ok exit cet cock xttnee eonee 122
URTICACEAB .4..eccon cag Ha vans 122
Utriowlarias acs cain: aawe ake 332
Vaeeinutts on oga eeeces a esees 276
WASTETA side soa BGs id sod wd 103
Walenanas 2 ic,2 ce Gd oe pack need 340
VALERIANACEAE...........-.- 339
Valérinella occ aaad aioe ae 340
Valerian Family..............- 339
Vancouveria.............0.00. 164
Vanilla-grass. 0.6... cece eee 37
Vantlla-leaf... 1.06.0. eee ee 164
Veloeiecrassis iu cre cee 244 dee oe4 44
Venus’s Looking Glass.......... 344
WeTAtrUI:.c54 2.2 9 pds had Bok ee 103
Mer basins ai sewdiien vawitee be 316
Verbena: «45222454 isi aneane 4 305
VERBENACEAE.......----.---- 305
Verbena Family............... 305
Veronicas wea usssadue Goeth eee a 322
Verba vee GA dona Senet eR EATS 305
i ee rec re eee ee eee 222
WetCMLIN gs sce aides Sond ho Spi Ro has 223
VADURMUIT oi cgie dwg hace eda ay cde d 337
WIG ane Anh CA oe eR OA 222:
WASTE A ssc axieal ne acne eee 67
VANE MG Pl eis 5. stasis ancien crate Gant aco 235
Waiolassiass. ocicabitnate taednine aicltnintiets 241
WIOLACEAR 4 hese Gk owen See 241
Vtoleb soe ow ies 08s BELEWS ESS 241
VaObet: FO MU Ge ce oc dt ast ears als 241
418
WEGRO RODIN ic case: wrest bb kines
Weall Barley: iv ccdexce de nane gated
WEPPGlOr 9206s va ayes om saRdee :
Washingtonia..........-......
Water Buttercup...............
Water Crowfoot..c ccs ccue sees
Water Lemlocr’. 9 onc cus ean eaes
Waterleaf
Waterleaf Family..............
Waterlily Family..............
Water Milfoths os ss ccxaeuicedas
Water Milfoil Family..........
Water Plantain... .........04
Water Plantain Family.........
WOLEESHICG. 6 hc since oa win nia ns
Water Starwort Family.........
Water weed a siete aitentie sie oem gee ges
Waterwort Family.............
Western Bulrush..............
Wihippleaisiasc-cscine sm asi 5 eases
WAG BORO. aescicss, 4 Aad bite baie
Wad COPIOE ioc nap eed no ein ea
WAG GROPP ce oo seis 2 petesck eon Beet
Wild Crab-apple...............
Wild Geranium... ............
WAEsGIN BEF suc ann cack Sake
INDEX.
100 Wald Hyacinth................
C4: “WaldsTeetiuees «aoc uns.s senna’ a0
30° “Wald: Mink. 6 ovis as cee ean een
259° “Wald Radisliss: os 224 Hex ds fe tne
VSS WAM Otis ics sce deh Sasi ane Sh
155 Willow Family................
263 Willow Herb...............05.
298 WANGHOWERS icc non ea man geen nd
DBT - AWOR GSE < Srete coun c est erin se eS
150 Wood Anemone...............
254 Wood Berths 2 sa sas gh hee eda
293 Wood RUShs v2.05 4530a 284 4324
30: WoOodsian jock cascece Sok wee deci
30 Wood Sorrel. ........00 00 cee
151 Wood Sorrel Family...........
232 Woodwardia............0......
231. “Wormwwodd- recs ccs dies Hacaeog tacks
SL Weyethian cn sos sa, sg galeiennatacne's
241
$4 Nanthiuiites sy2:5s yes gees esse :
23 Xerophyllum.... uc... ccs sees:
19
Nf ~ MGRP OW 6 ici cos tih Seda connie
OL Vellow Doce ..6cccccaawisaines
62 Yellow Pine. ...... 0... ccc eee
218 Yellow Pond Lily..............
185 Yellow Skunk Cabbage.........
19 Vellow Trefotl vse s 3544 e403 404
220° “Verba Biendiweces soscns eee s 3
A a 7 a
103 Weesberttie. cee iiica daatiect a bed Peel
OS Yew FaMUN soca dieas aor Cae bees
258
199 Zannichellia..................
QOL - Aisadenusise5 sceacpiensatnc wera
DIS — Zizlarstntiaiatsaeagha uae ee waweaes
125: Zostetass wiecan cine gaa sere oes