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The geology of the country around Ringwo

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314.

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

ENGLAND AND WALES.

THE GEOLOGY OF

THE COUNTRY AEOUND

R I N a W O O^D .

(Explanation of Sheet 314.)

CLEMENT EEIi), F.R.S., F.L.S, F.G.S.

With Contributions by F. J. BENNETT, F.G.S., & ERNEST E. L. DIXON,

B.SC., F.G.S.

PUBLISHED B; ORDEB OF THE LORDS COUMISSIONSBS 07 HIS UAJE8I7'S IBEASI7RT.

LONDON :

PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE,
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ANGLESBYt,— 77 N, 78.

BEDFOEDSHIRB,— 46 NW, NB, SWt, SEt, 62 NW, NE,

SW, SB.
BEEKSHIRE,— 7*, 8t, 12*, 13*, 34*, 46 SW*.
BRECKNOCKSHIKEt,- 36, 41, 42, 66 NW, SW, 67 NE, SE.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,- 7*, IS*, 46* NB, SB, 46 NW, SWt,

62 SW.
CABRMARTHBNSHIRBt,— 37, 38, 40, 41, 42 NW, SW, 66 SW,

67 SW, SB.
CABRNARVONSHIEBt,— 74 NW, 76, 76, 77 N, 78, 79 NW,

SW.
CAMBEIDGESHIEEt,— 48 NE, 47*, 61* 62 SE, 64*.
CARDIGANSHIREt,— 40, 41, 66 NW, 57, 68, 69 SE, 60

SW.
CHESHIRE,- 73 NE, NW, 79 NE, SB, 80, 81 NW*, SW*,

88 SW.
CORNWALLt,— 24t, 26t, 28t, 29t, 30t, 31t, 32t, & 33t.
CUMBERLAND,- 98 NW, SW*, 99, 101, 102, NE, NW, SW*

106 SB, SW, NW, 107.
DBNBIGHt,— 73 NW, 74, 76 NE, 78 NE, SE, 79 NW, SW, SE,

80 SW.
DERBYSHIREt,— 62 NE, 63 NW, 71 NW, SW, SB, 72 NB,
. 72 SB, 81, 82, 88 SW, SB.

DEVONSHIEBt,— 20t, 21t, 22t, 23t, 24t, 25t, 26t, & 27t.
DORSETSHIEB,— 16, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22.
DUEHAM,— 102 NE, SE, 103, 106 NE, SE, SW, 106 SB
ESSEX,—!*, 2*, 47*, 48*.
rLINTSHIEEt,— 74 NE, 79.

GLAMOEGANSHIEEt,— 20, 36, 37, 41, & 42 SE, SW.
GLOUCESTBESHIEEt,— 19, 34*, 36, 43, NB, SW, SB, 44*.
HAMPSHIEE,— 8t, 9t, 10*, lit, 12* 14, 16, 16.
HEBBF0ED8HIEE,— 42 NE, SE, 43, 66, 66 NB, SE.
HBRTrORDSHIRB,— It NW, 7*, 46, 47*.
][UNTINGDON,— 61 NW, 62 NW, NE, SW, 64* 66.
KENTt,— It SW & SE, 2t, 3t, 4*, 6*.
LANCASHIRE,— 79 NE, 80 NW», NE, 81 NW, 88 NW, SWt,

89, 90, 91, 92 SW

See also New Stries Maps

LEIOESTERSHIEE,— 63 NB, 62 NB, 63*, 64*, 70*, 71 SB,

SW.
LINCOLNSHIEEt,— 84* 66*, 69, 70* 83*, 84*, 85*, 86*. .
MEEIONETHSHIREt,— 69 NE, SB, 60 NW, 74, 76 NB,

MIDDLESBXt,— It NW, SW, 7*, 8t.
MONMOUTHSHIEE,— 36, 36, 42 SE, NE, 43 SW.
MONTGOMBEYSHIREt,— 66 NW, 69 NE, SE, 60, 74 SW,

SB.
NORFOLK t,— 50 NW* NE», 64* 66*, 66*, 67* 68* 69.
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,- 64* 45 NW, NE, 46 NW, 68 NW

NE, SW, 53 NE, SW, & SE, 63 SE, 64.
NOETHUMBBELAND,— 102 NW, NE, 106, 106, 107, 108*. 109.

110, NW*, SW*, NE* SE.
NOTTINGHAM,-70*, 71* NE. SE, NW, 82 NE* SE* SW

86, 87* SW.
OXFOEDSHIRB,— 7*, 13* 34*, 44* 46*, 63 SB*, SW
PBMBEOKESHIEBt,— 38, 39, 40, 41, 68.
EADNOESHIEB,— 42 NW, NE, 66, 60 SW, SE.
RUTLANDSHIRE,- this county is wholly included within

Sheet 64*.

SHROPSHIEE,-65 NW. NB. 66 NB, 60 NE, SE 61 62 NW
73,74NE,SE. . . i

S0MERSETSHIREt,-18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 36

STAFFORDSHniB*,-64 NW, 66 NE, 61 NB, SE, 62. 63NW
71 SW, 72, 73 NE, SE, 81 SB, SW.

SUFFOLK,— 47* 48*, 49*, 60* 61* 66* SE* 67*

SURREY,— 1 SWt, 6t, 7*, 8t, 12t.

SUSSEX,— 4*, 6t, 6t, 8t, 9t, lit.

WAEWICKSHIEE,-44* 46 NW, 63*, 64, 62 NB. SW SE
63NW, SW,SB. > ". Djs,

WE3TMOELAND,-97 NW*, SW*, 98 NW, NE* SE* 101
SE*, 102. ' ' '

WILTSHIEB,-12*, 18*, 14, 16, 18, 19t, 34- and 36t
WOECESTERSHIRE,-43 NE, 44* 64, 65, 62 SW, SB, CI

YOEKSHIEEt,-86-88, 91 NB,SE 92-87* 98 NE* SE* 101 NB
SB,103SW SE,104 . i* .iuiJMB

314.

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

ENGLAND AND WALES

THE GEOLOGY OF

THE COUNTRY ABOUND

RINGWOOD.

(Explanation of Sheet 314.)

CLEMENT REID, .F.R.S., RL.S, F.G.S.

With Contributions BY P. J. BENNETT, F.G.S.,& ERNEST E, L. DIXON,

B.Sc., F.G.S.

PUBLISHED BY OKDEK OF THE L0KD3 0OMMI9SI0NEKS OP HIS MAJESTY'S TKEASURT.

LONDON ;

PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STAIIONERY OFFICE,
By Wyman and Sons, Limited, Fetter Lane, E C.

And to be purchased from

E STANFORD, 12, 13, AND 14, LONB AOEE, LONDON ;

JOHN MENZIES AND CO., ROSE STKEET, EDINBDRQH

HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., 104, GKAFTON Strket, Dublin ;

From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller

from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton.

1902.

Price One Shilling.
(Price of Sheet ^314, colour-printed, Is. 6d.)

EV.

0£

A-3ooH?

PREFACE

The area described in this Memoir forms the north-western
portion of the Hampshire Basin, including a fine range of chalk
hills bordering Cranbome Chase on the north-west and a part
of the picturesc^ue woodland of the New Forest on the south-
east. ~ The origmal geological survey made by H. W. Bristow
and Joshua Trimmer was published in 1858 on the old series
map, sheet 15 ; and it is satisfactory that no important alterations
have been found necessary in the boundaries which were then
drawn on the old map to indicate the Tertiary and Cretaceous
divisions. The re-survey was carried out during the years 1896-
1900, mainly by Mr. Reid in the Tertiary ground, and by Mr.
Bennett in the Cretaceous area ; Mr. Dixon assisting to finish
the work around Cranborne Village, Horton, and Verwood.

In the course of this new survey the Drifts have been mapped,
and the special studies made by Mr. Reid on these superficial
deposits have led him to believe that there is evidence of an old
river course, which probably in Newer Pliocene times connected
the Salisbury rivers with Southampton, before they were
captured and diverted along the course of the subsequent
Lower Avon.

No memoir was published in explanation of the old series
map, and the present one has been written by Mr. Reid with
the aid of notes furnished by his colleagues. Our general
knowledge of the area owes much to the labours of Prestwich
on the Tertiary strata, and of Sir John Evans on the deposits
yielding Palaeolithic implements ; and the officers of the Survey
have received further assistance from Mr. E. Westlake, Dr.
H. P. Blackmore, and Mr. G. H. Fowler.

M.S. copies of the six-inch maps have been deposited in the
Office.

J. J. H. TEALL, Director
2nd December, 1901,

15300. Wt. 12011. 500—6/02. Wy. ^^, A 3

CONTENTS.

Page.

Preface by the Director - "i

Chapter I. Introduction 1

„ II. Cretaceous - 3

„ III. Beading Beds - - 8

„ IV. London Clay 13

„ V. BagshotSand 20

„ VI. Bracklesham Beds 24

„ VII. Barton Clay and Sand 27

„ VIII. Origin of the existing Physical Features - 29

,, IX. Plateau and Terrace Gravels - - 33

„ X. Valley Gravel, Alluvium, and Peat 46

,, XI. Economic Geology 50

Appendix. Well Sections and Borings - 53

Index ... 58

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig, 1. Section through Bower Chalk - . 3

„ 2. Eedlynch Brick Field, west face - 14

, 3. Sketch-map of the Basin of the Ancient River Solent 32

4. Diagram Section of the Terraces of the Avon 34

THE GEOLOGY OF

THE COUNTRY AROUND

RING^VOOD.

CHAPTER L— INTRODUCTION.

Sheet 314 of the Geological Survey Map takes in an area
of 216 square miles, of which about 100 belong to Dorset, 70
to Hampshire, and the remainder to Wiltshire. It extends
to Downton and to Cranborne Chase on the north, to Ringwood
and nearly to Wimborne on the south. On the west it includes
the Chalk Downs of Dorset as far as ToUard Royal and Tarrant ;
on the east it takes in part of the New Forest near Fording-
bridge and Ringwood.

This region is mainly devoted to agriculture and pasture,
there being neither mines nor manufactures, except corn and
flax mills, worked by the water-power of the Avon. The small
amount of mineral products raised, consisting of chalk, brick-
earth, tile-clay, gravel and sand, is entirely used within the dis-
trict for building purposes or agriculture. The small towns or
large villages are also agricultural, though the Avon Valley and
the New Forest are yearly more resorted to by visitors. Ford-
ingbridge, Ringwood, Down ton, and Cranborne are the largest
places within the district.

About hp.lf of the ared, now to be described consists of undu-
lating Chalk Downs, which sink towards the south-east and
pass under the Tertiary strata of the Hampshire Basin. These
Downs attain their greatest elevation in the escarpment near
Cranborne Chase, where Winkelbury Hill reaches 852 feet, and
the ridge to the east does not fall below 600 feet for several
miles. The average height of the Downs, however, does not
exceed 300 feet. The Tertiary strata form scenery of a difl'erent
character, the principal feature of which is the constant
occurrence of flat-topped plateaus and terraces, cut up by
valleys and much eroded, but always retaining traces of the

fently - inclined, gravel - capped plain out of which the
ills are now being carved. Though scattered outliers on
the Chalk reach a greater elevation, the maximum
height attained by these plateaus is only 41 9 feet, found on the
Southampton and Sahsbury road. From this point they fall
steadily southward, and also westward towards the Avon. The
Tertiary area west of the Avon is similar in character, but more
degraded, and the slope is eastward towards the Avon. The

Eecent

Pleistocene

Eocene

-I

^ GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

River Avon, which ilows from north to south across our area,
receives the drainage of the greater part of it, though about a
quarter is drained by the Allen, a tributary of the btour. itie
water from the small area north of Cranborne Chase reaches the
River Avon through a circuitous course; but it belongs to the
same basin as the Crane and Ashford Water, which dram durect

into that river. , . ,,

The formations represented on Sheet 314 are the followmg :—

Peat.
. Alluvium.
t Valley Gravel.
- \ Plateau Gravel.
I Clay with Flints

Barton Sand.

Barton Clay.

Bracklesham Beds.

Bagshot Sand.

London Clay.
^ Reading Beds.

(Upper Chalk.
Middle Chalk.
Lower Chalk.
Upper Greensand (Selbornian).

Nothing is yet known about the strata below ; for though
Gault will almost certainly be found beneath the Upper Green-
sand, we might next strike a^ rock between the Lower
Greensand and the Kimeridge dlay. As far as can be judged
from surrounding areas, Purbeck Rocks are likely to underlie
the Gault towards the west and Wealden towards the east. The
depth to Palaeozoic rocks is quite unknown ; but it may save
useless expenditure of time and money to say that it is most
improbable that Coal Measures would be found within 3,000 feet
of the surface anywhere within the area.

CEETACEOUS.

CHAPTER II.— CRETACEOUS.

*f8

w
o

o
o
W

H
O

Upper Gkeensand (Selbobnian).

The north-west corner of our area
is traversed by a flexure having an
east and west axis, and this fold
brings to the surface Upper Green-
sand, in a tongue stretching eastward
to Berwick St. John, and in inliers
seen in the valleys of Alvediston and
Bower Chalk. Mr. F. J. Bennett
notes several sections at Berwick,
showing sand and sandstone ; while
south-west of the village black chert-
bands are interbedded with the sand-
stone. The small inlier at Alvediston
he mapped for the first time, noting
the occurrence in the road south-west
of the Crown Inn of a foot of hard
raggy gritty sandstone, resting on
five feet of compact sand passing into
sandstone with cherty nodules. Sand
and sandstone are also seen in the
road passing through the village.
The Bower Chalk inlier is larger than
that at Alvediston. Sand and sand-
stone are seen in the road-cutting
running through the village, and
near the Inn black chert is inter-
bedded with the sandstone. Sand-
stone was formerly (juarried here,
but the pit is now q^uite overgrown.
At the Smithy sand is dug to 30 feet
beneath the sandstone, which dips
10° to the east-north-east. The
highest bed of sandstone is cherty
and contains some black chert. No
junction with the Chalk was seen in
any of the sections, and apparently
only about half the thickness of the
Greensand is exposed.

Chalk.

Chalk is exposed at the surface
over nearly half the area described
in this Memoir, all three divisions
of the formation being represented

4 GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

though the lower part only of the zone of Belemnitdla
mucronata has escaped denudation. It is not possible
accurately to foUow palaeontological boundaries, as these do
not necessarily make or coincide with features which can be
traced in the field in the absence of sections. We are com-
pelled, therefore, to continue to divide the Chalk lithologically,
drawing the lines between upper, middle, and lower at small
features made by the outcrop of thin bands of more rocky chalk,
known as Chalk Rock and Melbourn Rock, which come between.
For economic purposes the division between Lower and Middle
Chalk is of considerable importance ; for while the Lower Chalk
forms retentive, slightly undulating, marly land, low-lying and
sheltered, the Middle and Upper Chalk give rise to higher,
steeper and drier Chalk Downs.

Lower Chalk.

The Lower Chalk appears only in the north-west corner of
our district, where it is brought up by the anticline already
described. It is soft, greyish, marly, and without flints, and has
a thickness estimated by Mr. Jukes-Browne at 220 feet, though
the mapping both here and in the Salisbury sheet appears to
suggest about 80 feet less. Good sections are not common.
There is a large overgrown pit south of Alvediston and another
southofWoodminton, while south-east of Bower Chalk church
an old pit 30 feet deep shows about 12 feet of firm white chalk,
over grey marly chalk.

Middle Chalk.

The outcrop of this division forms generally a narrow belt
on the hill-slopes which surround the flatter area occupied by
Greensand and Lower Chalk. Middle Chalk also caps several
outlying hills within the same area, and reappears as inliers at
a lower level in valleys on the south side of the escarpment at
Cranborne Chase. It consists of somewhat hard white chalk,
with a few flints, mostly in the upper part, and a harder
splintery rock, the Melbourn Rock, at the base. The thickness
of this division is about 120 feet. Sections are seen in some of
the deep-cut roads, locally known as " Hollows," running up the
escarpment. In the one leading southward from Berwick the
Melbourn Rock is seen dipping towards the south at 5°, and the
same rock is again exposed m the road called Trow Hollow,
south-west of Alvediston.

Upper Chalk. '

By far the larger part of the area is occupied by this division,
which reaches.a thickness of fully 500 feet. Its general character
is a soft white chalk, with lines or bands of flints ; but it .can be
divided into several well-marked zones, each characterised by a

OBEtACEOtrs. • 5

peculiar group of fossils. The palseontological zones represented
in our area are the following, given in descending order :^-

Zone of Belemnitella mucronata (lower part only).
,, ,, Actinocamax quadratus.
„ „ Marsupites.
„ „ Micraster coranguinum.

„ „ eortestudinarium.

„ „ Holaster planus.

The uppermost of these zones, that of Belemnitella mucronata,
is only represented by its lower 200 feet, the rest having been
denuded before the deposition of the overlying Reading Beds.

Taking the zones in successive order, the outcrops of the
lower ones, those of Holaster planus and Micraster, are pro-
bably almost confined to the north-west part of our area, around
Cranborne Chase. The Chalk Rock, a hard nodular chalk
belonging to the zone of Holaster planus, and used by the
Geological Survey as a convenient base for the Upper Chalk, has
been noted by Mr. Bennett in two sections. One, a Httle to the
north-west of Rushmore Lodge, shows 4 feet of hard nodular
chalk with green nodules ; the other is by the road-side a
third of a mile north of ToUard Church, and shows 5 feet of
a similar rock with green nodules. ^ The zone of Micraster
eortestudinarium has also been observed by Mr. Jukes-Browne
in the Avon Valley a mile north of the edge of the Map, and the
zone of Micraster coranguinum in another pit north-east of
Down Barn and just outside our area, as well as at Tarrant
Crawford, a mile south-west of its limits.

The succeeding zone, that of Marsupites, is probably quite
150 feet thick, and seems to occupy the surface over a con-
siderable part of our area, though characteristic fossils are not
readily obtained. The Chalk about Tarrant Monk ton, judging
from its similarity to this zone elsewhere, appears to belong to
this division ; but I was unable to find Marsupites in it, and it
is very sparingly fossiliferous, small fragments of Inoceramus
being the only species at all abundant.

The zone of Acti^iocamax quadratus has not been recognised
within our area, for its , characteristic belemnite is not . a
common fossil in this part of England, and there are here no
extensive sections belonging to this part of the Chalk. As the
old custom of chalking the land has generally been given up,
the pits now worked are mainly for the supply of chalk and
lime to the Tertiary area and for building purposes in the
Avon Valley and New Forest. Chalk, therefore, is usually
dug as near to the Tertiary boundary as possible ; consequently
in this district we. have more and better exposures of the zone of
Belemnitella mucronata than of any of the others. Beginning'
with the north-east corner, we find an excellent section at Lower
Pensworth Farm, where soft chalk with few thin-skinned black
flints and the characteristic belemnite has been dug to a depth
of 20 feet. Black flints with thin rinds are fairly characteristic of
this zone in Dorset, and ate in striking contrast with the mottle^

6 GEOLOGY OF BI^fGWoOD.

flints with thick or agate-banded rinds found in most of the
zones below. Continuing south-westward, Mr. E. Westlake has
again found B. mueronata at Searchfield, just east of the Avon.*
It occurs again at Breamore, Outwick, Whitsbury, Brookheath,
West Park, and South Damerham, and it is noticeable that at
the last two localities the chalk for at least 20 feet below
the Heading Beds is entirely without flints.

Mr. Dixon's observations around Cranborne indicate that this
belt of flintless or almost flintless chalk is there well repre-
sented. It is soft, often full of rust-balls or nodules of pyrites,
and contains but few fossils. There are numerous pits in this
chalk close to the Tertiary boundary, especially near Cranborne.
We may mention the Burwood Pit half a mile north-east of the
town, and a group of pits around Castle Hill, two of these
latter having yielded the characteristic belemnite. Slightly
lower in the series the chalk contains scattered flint-nodules or
seams of flint, some of the flints showing a curious secondary
growth, which can be examined in a sm^l pit on the Salisbury
Road west of Boveridge Farm. A well mid-way between Cran-
borne and Knap Barrow proves that the B. mueronata zone
probably extends 200 feet below the Eocene strata; Mr.
jDixon describes it as showing a hundred feet of soft white chalk,
with occasional seams of nodular flints, a few thin tabular flints,
and two marl seams, one of them at 80 feet yielding numerous
coccospheres. Belemnitella mueronata was found to 90 feet.
The water stood at 95 feet,

Wimborne St. Giles and Woodlands show a similar succession,
Mr. Dixon noting in the pit south of Avenue Lodge soft chalk
with rare thin-skmned flints and Belemnitella mueronata, to a
depth of 25 feet, the pit being close to the Tertiary boundary.
Half a mile to the west, in St. Giles's Park, another pit,
probably 100 feet lower in the series, shows soft white chalk
with abundant flints, both scattered nodular black with thick
agate rinds, and tabular inclined. This pit yields also B.
mueronata and Porosphcera glohularis. A pit a quarter of a
mile south-west of Knowle Hill yields B. mueronata, Kingena
lima, and some slightly phosphatic granules (foraminifera, etc.).
The pits around Gussage all show chalk with scattered agate-
skinned flints, but no zone-fossils have there been found.

The pits near Horton were also found by Mr. Dixon to show
soft chalk with few or no flints, but occasional B. mueronata.
The same beds were seen in a well at the foot of Chalbury Hill,
at a cottage close to the north corner of Sturt's Copse. The
Chalk there, at its junction with the Eocene strata,iwas bored into
by some undetermined boring animal for the top 2 feet, the borings
being filled with sand. It was soft, white, Avith few thin-rinded
black flints and occasional fossils, Belemnitella mueronata,
PUcatula, Diastopora, and Echinocorys vulgaris occurring within
the first 20 feet. At 63 feet Rhynchonella limbata ? was found •

* " Outlines of the Geology of Fordingbridge and Neighbourhood," p. -7
Fordingbridge, 1889.

CRETACEOUS. 7

at 70 feet Kingena limM and Spondylus* The large chalk-pit
immediately south of Hinton Martell is in soft white chalk,
with marcasite-nodules but no flint; it yields Belemnitella
mucronata, Terehratuliva striata, and Rhynchonella plicatilis.
A pit at Mill Hill Copse, near Crichel, yielded B. onucronata.
It IS estimated that here the zone must also be nearly 200 feet
in thickness ; for the pit is at a low level and at a considerable
distance from the Tertiary escarpment.

On travelling westward, the lower strata with agate-rinded
flints are again met with at Moore Crichel ; but as usual zone-
fossils are difiicult to find in this part of the series, though
similar strata continue as far as Tarrant, where tabular flints
become conspicuous. Part of these strata may represent zones
below that of Belerrinitdla inucronata.

Towards the southern limit of our area two large pits near
Bradford Barrow exhibit 20 feet of thick-bedded soft chalk,
containing nodules oi pyrites, rare flints with thick rinds, and
Echinocorys vulgaris. This chalk also seems to belong to the
zone of Belemnitella inucronata, for another pit outside the
Map, though nearly at the same level and along the same line of
strike, yields in similar chalk both Echinocorys and B. mucro-
nata. A fourth pit, close to King Down Farm, which lies by
the side of the Roman road just beyond our present limit, again
shows soft chalk with B. mu^cronata and no flints. Its top is
not more than 30 feet below the base of an adjoining Tertiary
outlier. The large pit between the " British Village " and
Hinton Parva exhibits an excellent section of 35 feet of these
strata with massive soft chalk, having merely a few thick-skinned
flints near the base, and B. mucronata also in the lower part.
Above this flintless chalk and immediately under the Tertiary
base a mile further south we see 12 feet of chalk with scattered
thin-skinned black flints and B. mucronata. Still further south,
the well and headings of the Bournemouth waterworks at
Wimborne are entirely in almost flintless chalk, with the same
belemnite and a few other fossils, the flinty chalk above having
again been cut out by the uneven base of the overlying Tertiary
strata

The Tertiary strata in this well are described in the next chapter, p. 11.

GfiOLOGY OF RlNGWOOD.

CHAPTER III.— READING BEDS.

The Reading Beds occupy a narrow belt, striking north-east
to south-west across our area. They cling also to the dip-slope
of the Chalk, capping isolated hills for some distance outside
the main outcrop, and remains of Tertiary material scattered
oyer the Downs prove that strata of this age had once a much
wider extension. The total thickness of the division is about
80 feet, made up in the main of unfossiliferous red-mottled clay
above and glauconitic marine loam and sand below. Scattered
unworn flints with coats stained dark-green generally occur
near the base. The strata, however, are extremely variable,
stiff red-mottled plastic clay changing laterally in a very short
distance into coarse sand with splinters of flint, and glauconitic
sand passing into pebble-gravel. Thus the surface feature made
by their junction with the Chalk is also variable ; sometimes a
well-marked escarpment occurs at this point, sometimes a
depression.; but nearly always a line of swallow-holes marks
approximately the transition from Chalk to Tertiary.

Two wells within our district penetrate the whole thickness
of the Reading series, and a comparison of the two will show
how variable are the strata. Moreover, neither of these borings
shows the gravelly modification of the lower beds, so conspicuous
in the outhers. The Fordingbridge well (see Appendix, p. 54),
exhibited according to Mr. E. Wesuake: — Peet

Sand, shale, and pebbles (Basement - bed of
the London clay).

''Light-grey clay laminated with grey sand 6
Grreenish-brown loam with a little glau-\
conitic sand and lignite - -/

Buff-coloured calcareous stone, 4 inches -
Light-brown clay
Brown clay

''Whitish-grey or pale-greenl
clay, with occasional streaks i
of red - 1

Light-grey pipe-clay
Red clay
■ Yellow clay, greyer towards"!
the base - - -/

Dark-brown or chocolate-col- ">
cured clay- /

Purple clay streaked with)
ochre - - -/

Tale buff-coloured marl
White highly calcareous marl-
- Pale-green or olive-coloured)
marl with small calcareous l
1_ lumps - -j

Greensand (glauconitic quartz and iron)
, grains) with oyster shells - - -/
Chalk.

Beading <

Beds,
74 feet.

Mottled

Clay,

31 feet.

llj

i
3f

1
3

Marl,
9 feet.

READING BEDS^ 9

The strata above the " light-brown clay " perhaps should be
classed with the London Clay, thus reducing the thickness of the
Readying series to 56 feet.

The details of the well at Verwood Rectory, also given more
fully in the Appendix, were communicated by Mr. J. W. Titt, of
Warminster; they are as follows, and though the upper
limit of the Reading series is not clearly defined, the change in
the lower part is very marked : —

Feet.
Sandy clay (Basement-bed of the London Clay ?).

Reading (^«'t^,Tl ^l

Beds 1 Mottled clay 7

(^ Dead green- sand- 11

To Chalk 80

As the deposits belonmig to this series are so extremely
variable, it will be be advisable to indicate the changes that
occur from place to place as the escarpment is foUowed from
north-east to south-west. Unfortunately, however, the great ten-
dency of the plastic clays to slip and flow down even gentle slopes
often makes it difiicult to be sure of the thickness, or in some
cases even of the exact order of the different strata.

Though the pits around Lowden Copse are all now over-
grown, the Reading Beds seem there to consist entirely of sand
and sandstone, with some flint-shingle at the base, and perhaps
pebbly seams throughout. An open pit at the cross-roads south
of Lower Pens worth Farm shows rough sand with many grains
of lydite, underlying an irregular bed of pebbles, which, however,
may be nothing but the reconstructed basement-bed of the
London Clay washed from the slope above. Oysters have been
seen at Redlynch towards the base of the formation, and the
pit in Morgan's Vale Brick Field shows the upper strata, and
their junction with the London Clay. The section of the lower
part of this pit is : —

Feet.
London /Brown clay and loam with glauconite.

Clay \Pebbles . . |

■p J. C Laminated light-grey clay with leaves
bSs^I and lignite - 3

[Brown sand and white clay- 13

This is an unusual modification of the strata, and the lami-
nated clay was searched for determinable plant remains, but
without success. The locality would repay fuller examination
as the section is cut back. A little further towards the south-
west red clay makes its appearance, resting on at least 15 feet of
brown sand.

On the west side of the Avon sections of the lower part of the
series are fairly abundant ; but in the various spurs and outliers
the sands and gravels have been so weathered that all fossils
have disappeared. A pit on the north side of the stream, about
^ mil© south-east of Rockboume,. exhibits rough sand ^vith

10 GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD

splinters of flint and black grit, whilst the Damerham Knoll
outlier shows a basement-bed, consisting of sand and gravel,
with flint-pebbles, subangular flints, much quartz, a little Green-
sand chert, and one pebble of hard sandstone. Where the
strata sink to near the water-leyel, they have suffered less from
this process of oxidation and decalcification ; consequently, we
find an interesting series of sections south and south-east of
West Park. The upper beds, partly seen in Wilkins's Copse,
at the Brick Kiln, and near Court Farm, consist apparently of
brown clay and sand ; the middle is not clear, but seemingly
contains no mottled clay. The lower strata, seen in a well, just
finished, but with the excavated material still on the spot, at
the cottage by the road-side a quarter of a mUe east-north-east
of West Park Farm, yielded in 1899 the following section : —

Feet.

{Sand - 10

Bluish Loam - "j

Glauconitic loam with Ostrea bellovacina, [ 13
bored by Pholadidea 1 )

Chalk 4

The actual base is visible in a somewhat overgrown chalk-
pit a quarter of a mile away, between Pebble Pit and the
Waterworks ; but this pit being at a higher elevation, the fossils
have disappeared. The section shows 15 feet of bedded sand
and ironstone, alternating with glauconitic loam and scattered
pebbles, and resting on Chalk. Pebble Pit is overgrown.

The deep road-cutting at Court Farm gives a good general
view of the character and thickness of the Readmg Series at
that spot, though the sections are not now very clear. On the
top 01 the ihill, at West Park Lodge, brown clay with pebbles is
seen. This is obvibusly the Basement-bed of the London Clay.
A little lower, at the bend in the road, we find sand and loam ;
followed by brown glauconitic loam in the deeper part of the
cutting. Still lower, under Court Farm, there is a bed of flint
shingle, below which is found a little ironstone and loam with
pebbles. The Chalk-pit at the foot of the slope shows large
pipes with glauconitic sand and ferruginous conglomerate,
penetrating deeply into the twenty feet of flintless chalk there
seen. The total thickness of the Reading Series at this spot is
about 80 feet.

Dark-grey plastic clay has been much dug for coarse
pottery around Crelidell ; but the only pit now in use is one near
Holwell Farm (see p. 23). The thickness of the series is irregular ;
but the general succession agrees with that already described.
Glauconitic sands and loams with marine fossils can be seen
beneath the mottled clay and immediately on the Chalk at
several places, the best spots for examining these marine strata
being the road-cutting above and west of Ashes Farm, a swallow-
hole a quarter of a mile south-west of the same farm, and, resting
on the Chalk, in the road-cutting on the Cranborne road above
Bellows Cross a,iid at Mutt&n Hole, near Cranborne. At

READING BEDS.

each of these ' localities Ostrea bellovacina was found by Mr
Dixon. Fossiliferous glauconitic loam is again seen in the
Chalk-pit east of St. Giles's Park, the red-mottled clay
higher in the series appearing in pits above and around the
Keeper's Lodge. The junction with the Chalk is also well
shown in the pits and lane-cutting west of Woodlands, where
Mr. Dixon notes the following succession : —

Feet.
'Red clay (slip).

Glauconitic loam and clay - 4

Reading J Brown glauconitic loam full of flints,
Beds 1 large and unworn, small angular,
or pebbles ; some green-coated or
pitted -
Chalk, cracked and stained yellow.

Two of the small outliers of the basement-bed south-west ot
the above section have yielded Ostrea hellovaciTm.

From Woodlands to half a mile south-west the surface shows
many angular fragments of sandstone, of fine to medium grain,
pale but with occasional red blotches, with chalcedonic cement, and
varjdng from hard sand-rock to cherty sandstone. These contain
traces of vertical roots, and appear to belong to a greywether
sandstone in place in the Reading Beds ; they are similar in
character to the derivative greywether boulders which occur at
the base of the London Clay and of the Bracklesham series.

Horton and Chalbury snow numerous exposures of plastic
clay and sand, with glauconitic deposits towards the base. The
best section of the lower part of the series was one noted by Mr.
Dixon in a well on the west side of Chalbury Hill, at a cottage
at the north comer of Sturt's Copse ; it showed : —

Feet.
Soil and mottled clay (red, dark-grey,

and buff) - 14

Oyster-bed with race - f

{ Loose glauconitic sand - 4

Oyster-bed with race 2

Glauconitic loam, sand, and clay with

fossils ... -7

Chalk (top 2 feet with irregular borings) 111

The thicknesses were supphed by Mr. H. Hayter. From the beds
below the mottled clay m this well were obtained the following
fossUs, determined by Messrs. E. T. Newton and H. A. Allen : —

Reading
Beds

Myliobatis sp.

Odontaspis elegans, Ag.

Shark's teeth.

Fish bones and scales.

Cardium.

Corbula.

Modiola.

Mytilus (cf. Dutemplei, Desk.).

Nucula.

Ostrea bellovacina, Lam.

Pinna 1

Lamellibranchs (indeterminable).

The associated foraminif era are mainly derived from the Chalk
below; but Mr, F, Chapman, who has examined them, finds

12 GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

among them the following indigenous genera, all more or less
depauperate : —

Haplophragminum. Pulvinulina.

Trochammina. Rotalia.

The. fossils, unfortunately, are badly preserved, and in the
other sections in the neighbourhood only Ostrea bellovacina
can be found. Sections in the clay-pit at Sturt's Copse show a
bed of slightly glauconitic sand in the red-mottled clay, and
lower down a rapid passage of this clay into the basal marine
series. The southernmost point to which these marine - fossils
have yet been traced is in the lane south of Hinton Martell,
where Mr. Dixon noted in descending order, though not in
continuous sequence : —

'Grey clay.

Eed clay with green streaks.
Reading J Green loamy clay, abundantly glauconitic a short
, Beds \ distance down.
Oyster-bed.
.Glauconitic loam.
Chalk.

Above the highest of these strata the spud shows red clay
again, followed by pebbly sand (basement-bed of the London
Clay).

The sections near Gaunt's House are somewhat confusing, and
it is not easy to make out the relations of the red clay to the
sands which there form the bulk of the deposit. A small but
well-marked escarpment marks the junction of Eocene with
Chalk, and, as we should expect with this feature, deep pits
north-east and south-west of Woodcutt's Farm expose 30 feet of
false-bedded buff sand, worked apparently to within a few feet
of the Chalk. A ditch north of the first-mentioned pit and at a
somewhat higher level shows red clay ; but red clay is again seen
close to the second pit and apparently just above the Chalk.
This latter, however, may be nothing but a land-shp, for nowhere
in a clear section has red-mottled clay been seen beneath the
marine part of the formation, and the other exposures in this
Map are all high up in the series.

Before leaving the Reading Series it may be mentioned that
the persistence of glauconitic sands with marine fossils through-
out this area makes me now think that the glauconitic sand
which marks the base of the. series nearly as far west as the
formation extends is truly marine and the glauconite of con -
temporaneous origin. The absence of contemporaneous fossils,
as well as the occurrence at Bere Regis of glauconitic sand con-
taining Cretaceous foraminifera, formerly suggested that this
glauconitic material might be entirely derivative and the sands
not necessarily of marine origin.*

* " Geology of the Cuun^ry around Dorchester'' pp. 17-38. Mem, Geol,
Survey, 1899,

LONDON CLAY. 13

CHAPTER IV.— LONDON CLAY.

A general south-easterly dip causes the London Clay to
appear on the Map as a belt parallel to that formed by the
Reading Series, but of about twice its width. The thickness
of the newer deposit is about 120 feet, made up of pyritous blue
loams, alternating with bluish satid. The interstitial matter
which cements the sand-grains and makes the deposit look like
a clay when obtained from a short distance below the surface,
consists mainly of iron-salts, not of clay. When this cement is
removed or oxidised by weathering, the residue makes a more
ssndy soil than would be expected. Beds or seams of flint-
pebbles are not uncommon, and occur at several levels, though
most usually towards the base. Tenacious clay, with fossils and
septarian nodules of the London type is more rare. The land
formed by this division is wet and somewhat heavy ; but the
impervious character is largely due to the smallness and closeness
of the minute sand -grains that form the bulk of the rock, not
to any large admixture of argillaceous matter. A similar
deposit of coarser grain would probably be spoken of as a sand,
instead of as a clay. Most of the area is occupied by woodland
and pasture, over which few sections are to be seen. So little
variation is observable in the London Clay of this district that
it will be needless to do more than describe the good sections
and those that depart from the ordinary type. One novel point,
discovered by Mr. Dixon in the course of the Survey, deserves
particular attention. This is the occurrence around Cranborne
of a distinct overlap and unconformity between the London Clay
and the strata below. Mr. Whitaker has already noticed a
similar overlap on the North Downs, where Oldhaven Beds (the
pebble-beds at the base of the London Clay) occasionally rest
directly on the Chalk, without the intervention of any older
Tertiary strata.* In the Hampshire Basin, however, though
rolled pebbles of red clay had been found in the basement-bed
of the London Clay, no distinct evidence of overlap had
previously been noticed.

Commencing as before with the north-east comer of our area,
we find the London Clay around Lover to have an outcrop of
more than a mile in width. This is due mainly to the coincidence
of the slope of the ground with the dip of the strata, thus
exposing the clay for three times the width of the Reading Beds,
in which the inner and outer margins ooincide in level. The
material thrown out of a well (just completed) about 250 yards
south-west of Lover Church was glauconitic sandy loam, with
ironstone nodules containing a small damaged Cardita and
Corbula obliqiuita ? Desh., both with the shell preserved. It is

* " Geology of the London Basin," Chapter xvii, Mem. Geol. Swvey,
Vol. iv. (1872).

5300 B

GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

unfortunate that the rest of the fossils had been destroyed, for .
little is yet known about the London Clay fauna in the western
end of the Hampshire Basin, where the beds become sandy.

Redlynch Brick Field, situated just at the north end of the

spur over which the Southampton Road passes, exhibits one of

the best sections of London Clay now visible in the district. The

curious relations to the drift above (see Fi^. 2) make it some-

FiG. 2 — Redlynch Bkick Field (West Face).

IVescnt floor of Pit

■ — -

— —

. —

— —

^=5>:

^^^^^U^a^s^^^'^'^^^r^s^^^,

Drift

London
Clay

Reading

Brick e»rth

Rough Gravel

Bedded blue clay with rare
septaria, fossils, and a seam
pebbles (to present floor)

Ditto, said to rest on pebbles

Sand.

re'\

Feet.

7
3 to 5

what uncertain, however, whether the apparent dip is real or
only the result of flow down the slope. This section is interesting
as yielding internal casts of characteristic London Clay fossils,
those found belonging to Xanthopsis Leachi, Gytherea ? Pectun-
culun, Odontaspis miacrotus, and one or two indeterminable
lamellibranchs.

Morgan's Vale Brick Field shows an even deeper section,
though no determinable fossils could here be found in the London
Clay, and those said by the men to occur were unobtainable at
the time of my visit. The pit is worked in stages, the complete
section being as follows : —

i Brown clay (shells at the base) about
Sand
Brown loam with glauconite
Pebbles

Laminated light-grey clay with\
lignite and leaves /

Brown Sand

Reading
Beds

Feet
15

17*
h
3

Hart Hill Brick-kiln (close to Woodfalls) exhibits the top of
the London Clay and its junction with the Bagshot Sands ; but
the oecurrence of marine ifossils in an ironstone near the top of

LONDON CLAV.

the section leaves it somewhat doubtful whether these sandy
beds also should not be classed with the London Clay rather
than with the Earshot Sand. This is a point that remains
uncertam and needs further work, for there is the additional
doubt whether towards the north-east there may not be even an
overlap of Bracklesham on to London Clay* The two fossils
discovered unfortunateljr might belong to either of these
formations. The succession at Hart Hfll is as follows:—

Feet,
about 3

Ins.

Gravelly wash
/Brown loam - - „

Bagshot Bluish loam

or I Fossiliferous ironstone with Tvrri- \
London | tella imibricataria and ' Cardita [ 8
Clay planicosta ? - J

. Buif sand 6

f Flint pebbles ... 02

London ) Grey and brown clay with Oslrea, \
Clay \ Pinna affinis, and Calyptrcea r 10
I aperia . J

The outcrop of the London Clay is tiaceable in the Avon
bluff as far south as Castle Hill. Then crossing the river it
reappears around Fordingbridge, though the most complete
section was that shown in the boring at the Fordingbridge Gas
Works, the material from this boring having been carefully
examined and described by Mr. E. Westlake.f His section is
as follows:- ^^^^^

Soil

Black mould

Eiver
Gravel

J Subangular gravel and sand

Bagshot 1

Fine grey quartz sand, clayey in places-

Grey sandy clay

Sand and pebbles-

Hard stiff clay

Sand, with pebbles at the base

Sandy clay

Septarium containing fossils, Turritella

imbricataria, &c. -

London

Clay

Clay, y

Hard stone -

118 feet

Dark clay

Dark clay with shells, probably Phola-

domya

Dark bluish clay -

Hard stone -

Dark bluish clay with a few small peb-

bles — Cardita planicosta, Bostellaria

ludda, Turritella imbricataria -

See also "Geology of the Country around Southampton," p. 13.
Mem. Geol. Survey, 1901.

t " Outlines of the Geology of Fordingbridge and Neighbourhood.
Fordingbridge, 1889.

esoe

B 2

16 GEOLOGY OF BINGWOOD.

Feet.

Hard stone - - - ■ J

Clay - 8

Brown clay, very hard and compact 4

London Septarium 1^

Clay, I Sand and clay, with water under the stone 20

118 feet \ Sand and water 3

{contmited) Sandy clay 7
Sand, shale, and pebbles (Basement-bed 1
Doubtful if pebbles are more than

6 in. thick) 3

London /Light-greyclaylaminated with grey sand 6
Clay or J Greenish-brown loam with a little glau-

Eeading S conitic sand and lignite- 11|^

Beds [Buff-coloured calcareous stone, 4 inches- ^

iedf °^ }Light-brown clay.

Mr. E. Westlake's classification gives to the London Clay a
thickness of 118 feet; but it is possible that strata both
higher and lower shoiild be included in that division. I should
be inclined to class the beds marked as doubtful with the
Basement-bed, making the London Clay 136 feet thick. Pebble-
beds m this district occur at so many horizons that they cannot
be taken as marking lines of division ; in this section at least
four are found. Glauconitic sand, also, in the Reading Series of
this area seems to be confined to the base of the deposit,
though it is common throughout' the London Clay.

Open sections west of Fordingbridge show similar deposits ;
though it is impossible to obtain good measurements or to
ascertain to what part of the London Clay the strata may
belong. The second railway cutting north-east of the station
passes through carbonaceous and glauconitic sand, apparently
resting on blue sandy clay. Numerous brickyards have been
worked further west, around Sandhill Hill, the best exposure
now visible being in the pit close to Lower Court Wood. This
shows : —

Feet.
Tondon (Bedded brown loam 15

Clav 1 Black glauconitic loam and septaria,
•' [ Turritella imbricataria, Ot/iherea 5

Fossils are rarely to be found, for the best brick-earth is
usually that which has been the most thoroughly weathered.
The unweathered pyritous and fossiliferous clays are of compara-
tively little value. Nearer to the outcrop of the Eeading Series
than the brickyard just described there is a sandpit, probably in
the Basement-bed of the London Clay. Red bricks abd tiles are
made at these yards, one of the kilns south-west of Alderholt
Mill having made formerly even coarse red pottery, though per-
haps for this pottery the plastic clay of the Reading Series was
used.

On the south side of Ashford Water the railway-cuttings are
not sufficiently deep to lay bare the junction of the London Clay

LONDON CLAY.

with the Reading Series, and the liae traced marks only the
approximate boundary between clay and sand. The area around
Cranborne has yielded to Mr. Dixon clear evidence of a gradual
overlap of the Reading Beds, so that London Clay rests imme-
diately on Chalk. The change seems to conunence with the
appearance at the base of the London Clay of coarse pebbly
sand, in which occur numerous small splinters of Hint. These
strata are seen at several spots around Crendell. Outhers at
Noddle Hill and Burwood, north of Cranborne, and Castle HiU
and Creech Hill, south-east and south-west of the same place,
show that the basement-bed of the London Clay has become
still coarser and thicker, has completely cut out the Reading
•Beds, and rests immediately on Chalk.

Except as yielding evidence of this overlap, the London Clay
sections near Cranborne are not of much interest, though one
noted in the pottery-clay pit of Roke HiU (close to the River
Crane) is worth recording. It shows : —

Feet. Ins.

London
Clay

Eeading

Soil

Sandy ironstone, enclosing cotes of "j

glauconitic sandstone. Occa- r

sional small pebbles --'

Buff and pale clay
Ironstone, enclosing pale glauconitic"!

sandstone -/

Clay, buff and pale,

passing down into
Fine grey sand with glauconite
Clay, grey, red, green, etc.
Pottery clay, dark-grey or black,')

stiff dicey -/

Clay with powdery red patches and

hard pale masses.

4 to 6

Half a mile further down the Crane Valley large blocks of
ferruginous sandstone of medium grain occur almost in place,
sandrock occurring also at Hungry Hill. At Smallbridge Farm
casts of Gardita were found in pieces of ironstone in the soil.

The Brickyard adjoining Verwood Station shows the most
interesting sections in the London Clay of Dorset. Just above
the pit, though not seen in the Brickyard itself, occurs the sand
of the Bagshot series, the junction, unfortunately, not being
visible. Then succeeds the following section, noted by Mr.
Dixon : —

Feet. Ins.

London
Clay

Clay with Astarte ? Gt/therea ? and fish"
scale; glauconitic in the lower un-
weathered part. Inconstant thin
bands of fine-grained sandy iron-
stone, one near the base containing
Twritella and a leaf of Eakea ? -
Glauconitic clay and pebbles
Fine glauconitic sand and pebbles -

GEOLOGY OF BINGWOOD.

London

Clay
(continued.)

{" Cockle-bed." "White concretionary ^
calcareous glauconilic sandstone,
full of casts of shells (in places j

( passing into ironstone)
Buif and pale sand and loam, with]
occasional thin clay and iron-
stone seams seen to I

Feet.

Ins.
10

The fossils of the " cockle-bed " were all London Clay species,
including Valuta, Fusus, CerithiuTn, Turritella Dixoni, Cardita
Brongniarti, Modiola elegans, and Ostrea flahellula. A single
damaged leaf found higher in the series has the fine venation
beautifully preserved and is of great interest. The venation is
so peculiar and so like that of an entire-leaved Hakea (compare
H. saligna) that I cannot refer it to anything but this peculiar
and now eharacteristically Australasian proteaceous genus.

Sutton Brickyard, a mile and a half west of Verwood, shows
sections in the lower part of the London Clay, the eastern face
exposing : —

Feet. Ins.
Clay 2

Ironstone - 2

Clay 2

Ironstone 3

Loamy glauconitic clay - 2

Pinkish clay - . - - 2

Dark-grey glauconitic loam with

fossils 1 6

Pinkish clay 2

Glauconitic loam and sand with

fossils 4 6

Pebble-bed, with coarse flint sand - 2
Fine buff sand - 6

Pale-grey loam . - . 1

Slightly glauconitic laminated sand 4 6

London
Clay

The fossils found by Mr. Dixon, mainly in the two ironstone
seams, and determined by Mr. H. A. AHen are :

Fish scale.

Bulla.

Natica ambulacrum, Sow.

Phorus.

Turritella Dixoni, Desh.

„ sp.
Voluta elevata, Sow.

Cardita Brongniarti, Mant.
Glycimeris (Panopaea) inter-
media, Sow.
Modiola 1
Nucula.
Ostrea.
Hemiaster branderianus, Forbes.

The Clay-pits at Holt Wood, near Hinton Martell again
show fossiliferous London Clay, a section noted by Mr. Dixon
40 yards west of the Methodist Chapel exhibiting 10 feet of
brown clay, with, near the base, a thin layer of ferruginous
sandstone containing glauconite, a little wood, and shells, both
unaltered and as casts. The shells are Cardium, Cytherea,
Ostrea, Turritella Dixoni, and a second species of Turritella.

A well at Rook's Hill (three-quarters of a mile east-south-
east of Hinton Martell Church) passed through the lower part

LONhON OLA?.

of the London
Reading Series :—

Clay and perhaps the

London
Clay

^Mottled weathered clay
BuiF loam, passing down into

grey laminated clay with casts

of lignite
Loose buff sand with occasional

clay seams
Laminated loamy clay with casts

of lignite
Glauconitic sand with pebbles

below
Laminated loamy clay with casts

of lignite
Pebble-bed ; flint-pebbles, some

10 in. diameter
Loam with a little glauconite
Glauconitic sand, passing down

into medium - grained sand

without glauconite

upper part
Feet,

of the

Ins

A few feet of the sand without glauconite may belong to the
Reading Beds.

At Wiltshire Wood, north of Hinton Martell, a London Clay
outher again cuts down into the Reading Beds, till in one place
it rests on Chalk. The basement-bed of the London Clay con-
sists there of ferruginous conglomerate and pebbles, well seen in
a pit. A similar pebble-bed at Rye Hill, near Woodlands, yielded
pebbles of greywether sandstone

The development of gravelly beds, the extreme variability,
the tendency to overlap older deposits, and the common occur-
ence of drift-wood (and more rarely of leaves) characterise the
London Clay towards its western limit; but it stiU yields
nothing suggestive of freshwater or brackish-water conditions,
or even of actual shore deposits.

20 GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

CHAPTER v.— BAGSHOT SAND.

The Bagshot Sand consists mainly of light-coloured or buff
quartz-sand, becoming more coarse in grain towards the south-
west. Here and there lenticular masses of whitish sandy pipe-
clay or of shaly loam are intercalated, and these sometimes
yield leaves of deciduous trees ; though clean fine-grained pipe-
clay, like that of Poole, is missing within the area here described.
In fact, if we leave out of account the marine bed of Hart Hill,
doubtfully referred to this division, and the marine glauconitic
sands and loams of Daggons lload Brick Works, the deposit
would appear to be in the main of fluviatile or estuarine origin.
The thickness is somewhat difficult to estimate, for where Bagsnot
Sand comes to the surface the land is mainly barren heath,
sparsely inhabited, and with few sections such as would allow the
dip to be ascertained in deposits so fuU of current-bedding.
Perhaps the thickness may be taken as not less than 200 feet ;
though in the district around Hart Hill the upper part of the
series may be cut out.

If we commence as before with the north-east corner of the
Map, we find around Hamptworth waterlogged sandy heaths,
over which thin seams of white clay occur sufficiently often to
hold up and throw out water at various levels. Good sections
ar'e rare ; but white sands are found below the Bracklesham
Series in the road-cuttings and stream-beds, especially near
Heathfield Farm. On following the outcrop westward we meet
with fair exposures of laminated white and carbonaceous loams
in the small road-cutting between Loosehanger Copse and the
road to Lover. This loam looks like a plant-bed and is worth
further examination, though in the short tiine at my disposal
no plants could be found.

The large pit on the north side of the ridge at North Charford
is in gravel, but a small adjoining pit close to Whiteshoot Farm,
exhibits under the gravel 22 feet of fine current-bedded sand,
with seams of white loam and pebbles of lignite and of flint.
The Hart Hill Brickyard, half a mile further north, has already
been described (p. 15), and it need only be repeated that the
marine ironstone nodules there observed are only referred with
great doubt to the Bagshot Sands.

No section of interest was noticed at Hale, but a pit at the
east end of Woodgreen Common exposes 15 feet of false-bedded
buff sand. Somewhat higher in the series, on the west side of
Millersford Bottom, a bed of white and carbonaceous clay,
persistent for at least a mile, throws out water and makes a
distinct feature on the hillside. Associated with the clay-bed
occurs a seam of coarse quartz-sand, an association usual in the
case of pipe-clays, though not easy to explain. Towards the
junction of Millersford Bottom with the main valley, dark-grey
or purplish sandy clay crops out in the stream bank, a section a

BAGSHOT SAND. 21

quarter of a mile south-east of Folds Farm showing 3 feet of
this clay, overljang 15 feet of sand and ferruginous sandstone.
This clay-bed would appear to lie about 80 feet below the band
in the hill above.

The steep bluff overhanging the river at Sandy Balls shows
an excellent section (part landslip, part pit) at its southern end,
near the Fordingbridge Road. Tne bluff exposes : —

Feet.
' Buif and red sand 15

Bagshot Shaly carbonaceous clay (formerly
Beds dug for bricks) 20

Sandy loam.

A small overgrown pit at a lower level, close to the bend in
the river, shows another seam of laminated carbonaceous sand
and loam

Pits around Blissford and Frogham exhibit the deposits
immediately below the Bracklesham Series, a brick-pit at Chilly
Hill, a quarter of a mile soiath-south-east of Blissford Cross,
passing through : —

Feet.
Bracklesham Glauconitic green and buff loam 20

Bagshot White sand 20

Another junction-section in the scarp south-west of Hyde is
somewhat different, showing : —

■p. 1 1 , / Glauconitic loam, with flint and quartz

\ pebbles at the base.

Tj , , / Laminated whitish clay and sand,

*° \ coarse-grained above.

Another pit, a hundred yards to the north, continues the section
downward with 10 feet of current-bedded white sand, containing
small pieces of decayed flint.

On crossing the Avon we again find numerous small
exposures, especially in the river-bluff south of Fordingbridge,
hard white or brown loams with ironstone-nodules being
associated with carbonaceous sands, and these sands become
noticeably coarser as we trace them towards the south-west. It
is not necessary to describe in detail all these sections, few of
them being deep or fossiliferous ; perhaps the most curious is
that seen in the road-cutting down the oluff half a mile north-
north-west of Somerley. In this we meet in descending
sequence : — Feet.

Plateau Gravel 9

T, , . ("Sand.
tF ^ ° \ Carbonaceous shale and plant-remains.
I Sand and ferruginous sandstone.

The plant-remains seem to be quite indeterminable; those I
obtained were only obscure impressions of dicotyledonous
leaves, in a matrix too sandy and weathered for study.

The railway-cuttings and pits around Alderholt exhibit
numerous sections somewhat lower in the series ; but there is no

22 GEOLOGY OF KlNGWOOC.

noticeable change in the character of the deposits, which here
also consist of white or buff sand in which are intercalated thin
lenticular masses of carbonaceous clay and loam. One of the
best sections is exposed in the brick-yard east of Charing Cross,
the upper pit showing laminated carbonaceous clay with much
pyrites, dtig to a depth of 10 feet ; the lower pit showing 20 feet
of white sand.

One of the best sections of the lower part of the Bagshot
Sand, and its junction with the London Clay, is to be seen in
the Pottery and Brick Works close to Daggon's Road Station.
Mr. Dixon there noted the following succession : —

' Clay and laminated loam, passing laterally into coarse

flinty sand ; lower part glauconitic, with masses of

concretionary calcareous sandstone containing shells

Bagshot J (according to workmen) and plant remains. A seam

Beds ) of flint-pebbles and small contemporaneous greywethers

with chalcedonic cement near the bottom, another

with logs of drift-wood and a block of Pholas-hored

^ sandstone at the base.

On an eroded surface of
London Clay? Fine white glauconitic sand, 13 feet seen.

A few feet above, a sand-pit close to the high-road shows : —

Feet.
Bagshot / Laminated loam and fine sand 5

Beds. 1 Fine buff sand with occasional glauconite - 7 J

The occurrence of glauconitic sand is noteworthy, for it will
be observed that the glauconite extends well above the eroded
surface, which is the only line which can here be taken to
divide the London Clay from the Bagshot Sand. Possibly the
whole of these strata may be referable to the Bagshot Sand,
which in that case in its lower part is here of marine origin.
Another section, near the railway, a quarter of a mile west of the
station, gives : —

Feet. Ins.
■ Sand and sandstone 1

Pipe-clay ^ to 6

Laminated clay and sandstone 6

Bagshot
Beds

Fine to medium-grained glauconite
sand - 8

Many other sand-pits, all varying, will be found near King
Barrow; none of them has yielded fossils.

On Cranborne Common and Boveridge Heath the base of the
Bagshot Sand seems to be distinguished from the sandy London
Clay by its coarser texture and the looser nature of the soil ;
but it IS impossible to say whether there is a gradual passage or
a sharp division. The higher strata are more characteristic,
Mr. Dixon having discovered plant-beds like those of Bourne- .
mouth at Mount Ararat on Boveridge Heath. The exposures
are very small, and the deposits much weathered ; but at one
spot on the east side of the Mount is seen some finely laminated
snuff-coloured loamy shale, with sand-partings and carbonised

BAGSHOT SAND 23

plant-remains. The leaves are preserved in so coarse a matrix
and are so 'much decayed that it can only be said that they
are thick laurel-like leaves of more than one species. Clay seams
appear and thin out over Boveridge Heath just as they do
in Bournemouth Cliff, but no one bed is traceable for any
distance.

The Verwood Potteries do not now use the clays of the Bag-
shot Series, except for brickmaking. The pottery-clay is carted
a considerable distance, being obtained from the Reading Beds
near Cranborne. One section, on the north-east side of Black
Hill, will suffice to show the general character of the clay-beds
at Verwood : —

Feet.

Bagshot
Beds.

/
Buff and grey dicey clay, with masses of

septarian clay-ironstone - 9

Laminated loam and sand 10

Dark-grey and buff clay, with masses of

ironstone in a layer -- 5

Carbonaceous clay 1

\ Dark tough clay 3J

Similar carbonaceous or white clays have been proved at
various points over Verwood Common, their presence account-
mg for the very wet nature of much of this Common. The well
at Verwood Parsonage (see p. 56) is probably sunk in Bagshot
Sand for the upper 110 feet, though the details are not clear and
two accounts do not agree.

Horton Common calls for no special remark, except that a
good deal of the Bagshot Sand there is very coarse. Holt Heath
shows few sections, but a fairly clear feature distinguishes the
sandy Bagshot area from the London Clay.

When looked at in a broad way there is a striking resemblance
between the Bagshot Sand of the area described in this Memoir
and the fluvio-marine and very variable " Bournemouth Beds "
of Bournemouth cliffs, but it is impossible yet to say whether
the pipe-clays of Poole and Alum Bay are or are not represented
also. Beyond a few badly preserved leaves and obscure casts of
moUusca the Bagshot Sands of the Ringwood area have yielded
no fossils.

24 GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

CHAPTER VI.-BRACKLESHAM BEDS.

The buff and white Bagshot Sands are succeeded by a series of
alternating clays and sands, darker-coloured, glauconitic and
more or less pebbly at the base. Though fossils are scarce within
the present area, this seems to be more due to the dissolving
action of percolating water than to original rarity ; for they occur
abundantly below the water-level at Brook and Bramshaw,
just outside our district, and hollow moulds are plentiful in hard
clay above Moekbeggar. The fossils of the Bracklesham Series
are marine, and the common occurrence of granular glauconite
throughout points also to marine conditions. At the same time
beds of flint-pebbles, drift-wood, and bones of the sea-snake are
met with suflaciently often to suggest that the shore was not far
distant. The thickness of the strata, as measured by their dip,
is approximately 200 feet in the Ringwood district: but the
outcrop being sparsely-inhabited heath-land or forest, over which
there are neither deep wells nor open sections, .it is not possible
at present to obtain more accurate measurements.

Little can be said as to the northern part of the area over
which Bracklesham Beds appear at the surfece, except that glau-
conitic sand and loam can readily be traced by the use of the
spud, and that a fairly accurate boundary can be traced at the
junction of a mass of glauconitic clay with the whitish sands
below. This horizon, which has been taken to represent in all
probability the junction between Bracklesham and Bagshot, is
commonly marked by a slight scarp formed by the hard clay on
the loose sand. Occasionally, also, this clay contains scattered
pebbles ; but only in the area west of Ringwood do these pebbles
form a definite shingle-bed, like that seen in Bournemoutn cliff.
The clay is used for brick-making, and was formerly dug for
making " dob " walls.

About a hundred feet higher in the Bracklesham Series some
glauconitic loams, seen in the stream-bed below Picket Corner,
contain a number of partially-rolled masses of fine-grained grey-
wether sandstone, having a peculiar wavy or banded structure,
and often showing vertical cylindrical hollows evidently once
occupied by roots. The exact mode of occurrence of these
masses of grejrwether is not easy to make out. They were at
first thought to be derived from the Plateau Gravel on the hiU
above. But the greywethers in the Plateau Gravel are rarer, far
more angular, and larger than those from the Bracklesham
Beds, though the microscopic character is identical. It is
evident, therefore, that the two deposits have derived their
boulders independently from the same source, which probably
might be found in the Reading Beds of Salisbury Plain. Similar
greywethers, smaller and perfectly rounded, are not uncommon
m the pebble-bed of Ashley Heath, a few miles to the south-
west of Ringwood.

BRACKLESHAM BEDS. 25

The next open section met with is a small pit above the
school at Godshill, where, however, only 2 feet of ferruginous
and glauconitic loam is seen, and the material is too much
weathered for fossils to be preserved. At Blissford nearly a
mile further south, these basement-beds are again dug in the
Brick Fields, where about 20 feet of dark-green glauconitic loam
with ironstone nodules rests on white sand of the Bagshot
Series. Another pit, on the hill above Hyde Farm, shows : —

f Glauconitic loam with flint and quartz pebbles
at the base.
Laminated whitish clay and sand, coarse
grained above.

These seem to rest directly on, or perhaps form a passage
into, the white Bagshot Sand, dug in a small pit a hundred
yards to the north. Glauconitic loam of similar character, with
large quartz-grains and occasional flint-pebbles, must constitute
much of the lower part of .the Bracklesham Series in this
neighbourhood, for it is again seen in the road-cutting at
Abbot's Well, between Frogham and Windmill Hill, where it
must occur 50 feet or so above the base. The basement-bed
just described is readily traceable past North and South
Gorley till it disappears beneath the valley gravel near New
Town. Up till now it has yielded no fossils m this area ; but
where un weathered sections of the hard clay are exposed these
deserve more minute search, especially for impressions or hollow
moulds of mollusca.

About 150 yards north-east of Mockbeggar Farm a small
pit opened in the steep bank by the roadside gives the only
fossiliierons section yet met with in our area. The strata ex-
posed are probably about 60 or 70 feet above the base of the
Bracklesham Series ; their succession is as follows : —

Feet.
/ Brown and yellow loam 10

Carbonaceous loam 1

Greenish loam, with much coarse granular ■,
glauconite in nests. Hollow moulds of I _
Valuta, Plewotorm, Twrritella, Cm-hula, j
LunuUtes J

Grey clay with ferruginous concretions \ , j
and moulds of Cardita mitis ? I ^

Grey and brown clay 4

The fossUs are in the state of hollow moulds, somewhat com-
pressed, but with the sculpture well preserved, found in a hard
clay or claystone. Those I obtained, as determined by Mr. E. T.
Newton and myself, were : —

Turritella. Corbula pisum, Sow.

Voluta recticosta ? Soiv. Crassatella Bronni 1 Desk.

cf mutata, Dfish. ^grignonensis, Desk. .

Pleurotoma. Solecurtus Deshayesi 1 des Afoul.

Natica. Lunulites urceolatus 1 Lam.

Dentalium. Serpula.

Cardita mitis 1 Lam. Hemiaster branderianus, Forbes.

Cardium. Nummulites variolarius 1 Lam.

Brackles-
ham Beds.

26 GEOLOGY OF BINGWOOD.

The higher strata ill the Bracklesham Series are more sandy,
and though still glauconitic they tend to form heathy land with
a subsoil of buff or ferruginous sand. Hasley Inclosure is
surrounded by a belt of bright-red sand and sandstone, and
numerous small exposures on each side of Dockens Water
tend to show that in that neighbourhood the upper half of the
series is mainly sand. Pits at Poulner and Hightown have
been opened in the sands immediately below the Barton Clay,
and show these to be light-coloured and of moderately line
grain.

Alluvial deposits, hide the Bracklesham Beds around Ring-
wood; but where the latter reappear in the cliff at Ashley they
consist of laminated blue loam and ironstone, seen to a depth of
15 feet in an old brickyard. It is not easy to malce out the suc-
cession west of the Avon, for the deposits appear suddenly to
have become exceedingly variable, and a thick pebble-bed like
that of Bournemouth Cliff, is traceable for a short distance over
Ashley Heath. Whether this pebble-bed represents the true
base of the series is doubtful, for though the relations are not
clear, the pebbles seem to come in above the laminated loams
and sands which are seen at Ashley, in the railway-cutting to
the west, and also just outside the map near the Poole road.
Over part of Ashley Heath, especially around the Tumulus, the
pebble-bed seems to thicken and scoop through lower beds, so
as ultimately to rest directly on Bagshot Sand and form a steep
scarp overlooking Lower Common. The composition of the
shingle seen in the pit close to the Tumulus (the only clear
section) is also in mvour of this view, for it contains many
rolled pebbles of the fine-grained greywether sandstone, of which
larger and more angular blocks occur near Picket Corner, some
distance up in the Bracklesham Series. The sandstone at both
places contains cavities left by the decay of roots, and at Ash-
ley Heath I also found associated with it a piece of silicified
exogenous wood. Under the microscope it is seen to be com-
posed of small angular sand-grains and rare splinters of flint
cemented by crystalline quartz. The absence of any fossils
besides vertical roots, combined with the curious wavy bedding,
suggest that the rock is a consolidated and silicified desert-sand
of Lower Eocene age ; but beyond this we cannot at present
go. A rock of exactly this character has not j^et been found in
place, though an allied form occurs at Stonehenge and in rare
pebbles at the base of the London Clay. The majority of the
pebbles on Ashley Heath are of chalk flint ; both angular flint
and Greensand-chert, so common in newer gravels, being
entirely absent ; the greywether pebbles do not exceed about
1 per cent.

BARTON CLAY AND SAND. 27

CHAPTER VII.— BARTON CLAY AND SAND.

These deposits are only preserved, in the south-eastern corner
of our area, where they occupy the surface, or are more or less
hidden by Drift. Confined as they are to an almost unculti-
vated and sparsely inhabited part of the New Forest, it is not
surprising that few exposures are visible, and that the boundaries
are somewhat obscure. Even in districts where continuous
cliff-sections can be examined the line between Bracklesham
and Barton is difficult to trace, for it depends entirely on a
gradual and almost imperceptible change in the fauna, not on
any marked stratigraphical or lithological break. Throughout the
Ringwood area, however, as already mentioned, the uppermost
beds of the Bracklesham Series are sandy, while the lowermost
Barton Beds consist of clay ; but whether the line traced at this
junction is on exactly the same horizon as that taken elsewhere
is somewhat doubtful, for only one fossiliferous section has yet
been discovered in the Barton Clay of the Ringwood district,
and that section is near the top.

The fossiliferous section just alluded to will be found in
Seymour's Brickyard, near the Ringwood and Romsey road,
three-quarters of a mile east of Poulner. The deposits worked
are the transition beds between Barton Clay and Barton Sand ;
but fossils seem only to be preserved in the lowest stratum
reached, and this lies below the section usually visible. In 1899
the beds exposed were : —

Q n f ®^iid and sandy loam (irregular) 8

Barton J Blue clay (contorted), fossils at the
Clay. \ base- 7

The contortion of the blue clay is very marked ; but this
characteristic is obviously due not to deep-seated movements
of the strata ; it is clearly an instance of the " creep " or " sag "
towards a free edge, which happens wherever a plateau com-
posed of soft strata is cut through by deep valleys. Between
Seymour's Brickyard and Hightown there is a fall of about
160 feet. The following fossils were obtained from masses of
shelly glauconitic loam thrown out in working ; but no doubt a
much larger series might be obtained when the pit is open to its
full depth. The species have been determined by Mr. H. A.
Allen:-

Odontaspis macro tus, Ag. Corbula pisum, Sow.

Dentalium. Cardita sulcata, Sol.

Natica ambulacrum, Sow. Crassatella sulcata, Sol.

Turritella. Limopsis scalaris, Sow.

Metula juncea, Sol. Pectunculus deletus, Scl,

Voluta luctatrix, Sol. Ostrea,

Pleurotoma crassicosta, Edi'-, Serpuki
Hippochrenes amplus, SJi

28 GEOLOGY OF BIN6W00D.

Mr. G. H. Fowler, of Ringwood, informs me that he had
obtained a considerable number of moUusca here when the
fossiliferous bed was exposed. He has given to the Museum a
fine specimen of the tooth of Odoniaspis macrotus, found with
them. The other specimens he had already given away.

No other sections of Barton Clay are visible within our area,
though with the aid of a spud it is easy to trace this slippery
glauconitio clay over a good many square miles. The junction
with the Barton Sand above is clearly marked by a line of
springs and swampy ground. The total thickness of this
division is about 130 feet.

The Barton Sand is an extremely fine-grained, often ahnost
dust-like, white or buff sand, having a maximum thickness of
about 60 feet at Picket Post. At that place nearly the whole
thickness must be preserved, though no trace of the overlying
Oligocene strata could there be found. Mention has already
been made of the section in Seymour's Brickyard, where 8 feet
of the lower part of the sand is visible. Other pits on the ridge
above show similar fine-grained sand about 30 feet higher in the
series ; but these are the only sections which show clearly the
character of the deposit. The black loamy and fossiliferous
"Becton Bunny Beds," which form a marked division in the
middle of the series on the coast, are apparently absent in the
Ringwood area ; for here there is no trace in the sands of any
definite bed which can throw out water, though a good deal of
this fine-grained deposit is thoroughly waterlogged and over-
grown by peaty vegetation.

PHYSICAL FEATURES, 29

CHAPTER VIII— ORIGIN OF THE EXISTING
PHYSICAL FEATURES.

The exposure of the Cretaceous and Eocene strata at the
surface in the Hampshire Basin is due to tilting and subse-
quent denudation, not to the original mode of deposition. It
may be taken that the Upper Cretaceous and Eocene strata,
at any rate in the district here described, were laid down in
nearly horizontal layers of fairly uniform thickness, with only
slight irregularities between. After the deposition of the Middle
Oligocene rocks, and probably in Miocene times, there came
a long period of disturbance, during which the whole of the
strata previously formed were bent, tilted, and folded into ridges
and troughs having axes approximately east and west -Tne
principal result of this disturbance is seen in the main anticline
of the Weald and in the main syncline of the Hampshire Basin.
The south-eastern part of the area here described belongs to
the main syilcline, which causes a general fall towards the south-
east, so that the same stratum lies about 1,500 feet lower at
Burley than at Berwick St. John. The smaller subordinate
folds, so conspicuous in districts further south, are less notice-
able in our present area, though one of them, already referred
to, is seen in the anticline of Bower Chalk.

The folding and tilting, to which allusion has just been made,
resulted in the exposure of the strata thus elevated to the denuding
action of sea and rivers. The exact course of events is not to
be made out within the limited area now under consideration ;
but the study of adjoining -areas suggests a long period during
which the ridges were planed down by the sea. This was fol-
lowed by a period of elevation, apparently from Newer Pliocene
onward, durmg which the gently undulating plain thus formed
was trenched and cut into by rivers, whose initial direction was
south vard and eastward, towards the ancient Solent River, the
remains of which still occupy the middle of the main syncline of
the Hampshire Basin.

The long periods of folding, elevation, and erosion above
referred to have left but little trace within our district as far as
contemporaneous deposits are concerned. Naturally, an area
raised and cut into in the way described has been mainly an
area of erosion, not of deposition ; nevertheless, we have relics of
certain ancient valley deposits which may possibly date back as
far as the Newer Pliocene period, though the stages earlier in
time are represented by erosion alone. The most ancient deposit

Preserved is perhaps the sheet of Plateau Gravel which caps the
igh ridge betAveen Downton and Picket Corner. This gravel
consists of a mass of subangular flints, mixed with a consider-
able proportion of flint and quartz-pebbles, much Grcensand-

5300. C

30 GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

chert, a tew greywethers, and rare fragments ol silicified shell-
limestone of Purbeck age. The subangular flint is obviously
derived from the erosion of the extensive Chalk-area which hes
to the north and north-west, and includes Sahsbury Plain. The
pebbles of flint, quartz, and Palaeozoic grit, as well as the angular
blocks of greywether sandstone, point to th« destruction of
Eocene strata lying in the same direction. From the same
source may be derived many of the harder rolled fragments of
Greensand-chert, pebbles of which are known to occur in Eocene
gravels. Most of the Greensand-chert, however, and probably all
of the softer cherty sandstone, which occurs in masses of several
pounds weight, must have been brought direct from the Green-
sand outcrop in the Vale of Wardour, from which region only can
also be derived the fossiliferous Purljeck chert. The occurrence
of these pieces of fossiliferous rock of .Upper Greensand and
Purbeck age raises curious questions as to the level at which the
ancient river flowed, its course, and its relation to the existing
drainage' channels.

The gravels with which we are here dealing occupy a ridge
running north-west and south-east from Woodfalls to Long
Cross above Bramshaw. The ridge is more than 400 feet above
the sea, and 300 feet above the valleys on either side ; it seems
to mark approximately the ancient course of a stream which
connected m a direct hne the Sahsbury rivers with Southampton
Water. If we leave out of account the material derived from
the Chalk or Eocene strata and concentrate attention on the
Greensand and Jurassic fragments, we arrive at the following
results : — The highest point at which the ancient river bed has
been preserved is 419 feet above Ordnance Datum, and Purbeck
rocks have now been discovered in it up to 386 feet. This is
about 290 feet above the level of the existing alluvial plain oi
the Avon. Allowing a hke fall (7J feet in the mile) for the
ancient as for the modern river, we should find the only
Purbeck strata in the basin, those in the Vale of Wardour,
entirely overlapped and hidden by Cretaceous rocks, so that
they could yield no fragments to be carried down by tha
ancient river. But in a sluggish river, whose bed has
nearly reached its permanent gradient (unlike the Avon,
which is a fairly rapid salmon-stream) a less fall would
be found. The drop between the highest Purbeck ex-
posure of the Vale of Wardour and the gravel near Picket
Corner is equivalent to a fall of about 5J feet in the mile ; quite
sufficient to account for the transportation of Purbeck and
Greensand material from the Vale of Wardour, especially with
the occasional aid of anchor- or bottom-ice in winter. It may
be observed also that near Picket Corner the fragments of
Purbeck chert are extremely small and rare, as though the old
River Nadder in the Vale of Wardour had only just begun to cut
into that rock. At lower levels, in the gravel-terraces nearer
Fordingbridge, the fragments are both larger and more
abundant. Greensand-chert and cherty sandstone, on the other
hand, occur abundantly in the highest gravels; but as the

, PHrSICAL FKATUREP. 31

Greensand outcrop in the Vale of Wardour l-ises fulty 200 feet
above the highest point reached by the Purbeck rocks, there is
no difficulty in accounting for the presence of Greensand-chert
over the highest ground in the New Forest.

If the reasoning above applied be correct, we obtain an
insight into the physical geography and river systems of the
southern counties at a period when the Salisbury rivers flowed
nearly 300 feet above their present level, and joined an old
Southampton River, which emptied into the River Solent, whose
water reached the sea far to the east of the present Isle of
Wight.

It still remains for us to explain the relation of the existing
Avon, which holds so different a course, to the more ancient and
important river ; and in order to do so it will be necessary to
refer to the general structure of the Hampshire Basin, most of
which lies outside the district more immediately dealt with in
this Memoir. During Pliocene times the Hampshire Basin, now
cut into on the south" by the sea, was enclosed by a high rim of
Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks, which connected the hills of
Purbeck with those of the Isle of Wight. Through the basin
thus enclosed flowed the River Frome, at a level and inclination
corresponding roughly with those of the ancient Salisbury Rivers.
This river received on its northern side the drainage of great
part of Dorset, Wiltshire, and Hampshire, including the ancient
Avon, then a stream of minor importance rising probably some-
where near Fordingbridge. As long as the rocky barrier on the
south side of the basin remained intact the Avon flowed at a
high level, as a mere upland tributary of the Stour ; while the
drainage of Salisbury Plain followed its natural course, through
the middle of the syncline to the sea east of Spithead. When,
however, the sea breached the ridge of rock west of the Needles,
there must have been an immediate or extremely rapid lowering
of all the river-courses belonging to the upper half of the old
system of the Solent. For many of the rest also, Southampton
Water was no longer the shortest route to the sea. The Avon,
with its short direct north and south course, and its mouth
nearly opposite the g^p, must have received an enormously in-
creased fall per mile, which enabled it rapidly to cut back the
head of its valley, till it breached laterally the main Salisbury
valley north of Fordingbridge, tapped the much larger river,
and diverted it into a direct channel to the sea, saving probably
at least 20 miles of its course.

The sudden diversion of a river-system in the way just
described is not a thing that ought lightly to be postulated. A
close study of the whole of the basin of the ancient Solent River
shows, however, that there is no escape from this conclusion,
unless there is a flaw in the reasoning, or unless the apparently
clear evidence now obtained has somewhere been misinterpreted.
The result arrived at has only been reached unexpectedly, and
as a necessary sequence to researches into the old course of the
Solent, commenced many years since, continued by Mr. Strahan
and myself in the Isle of Wight, and subsequently followed up

5300 c 2

32 GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

in each successive district examined.* The former continuity
of the Needles with the Chalk hills of Studland in Dorset ; the
existence of an ancient River Solent, with a basin nearly as
large as that of the Thames ; the breaching of the southern
rim of this basin by the waves of the English Channel ; and the
consequent diversion of the SaUsbury group of rivers, through
the flank attack of the Avon, all hang together as connected
parts of one series of consequent changes.

In order better to explain the changes in the Avon Valley, I
have added a sketch-map, (Fig. 3) showing the probable relation
of the ancient to the modem river-systems. The exact position
of the coast-line at the period here dealt with is, of course,
unknown, as is the position of the mouth of the ancient Solent
River. The mouth of that river may then have been as far east
as Beachy Head ; but until we can ascertain the sea-level for
that period, we cannot fix even approximately the position of
the long-destroyed river-mouth. If the faU from the Purbeck
outcrop in the Vale of Wardour (5| feet in the mile) were con-
tinued, and the sea stood then at its present level, the mouth
of the Solent should be reached in about 70 miles, i.e., opposite
Brighton; but, of course, other things being equal, as a river
increases in volume its fall per mile must decrease, and the
mouth of the Solent should be looked for even further to the
east. On the other hand, what little evidence is available as to
■ the Pliocene geology of the south of England suggests that when
the stream-bed was at the high leyel described, the sea-level
also was somewhat higher than now, in which case the mouth
of the Solent would be found no further east than is shown on
the sketch-map. -"

A few words will explain how the map of the ancient River
Solent has been made. In the first place, it has been accepted
as a safe rule that rivers once started continue to occupy
approximately the same sites, however much the valleys may be
lowered ; except in the rare cases where they are captured by
other rivers, their valleys are breached by the sea, or have been
tilted by movements of the earth's crust. The ancient rivers,
therefore, have been shown as following their present courses,
except that the later Middle Avon is indicated by a dotted line,
and the courses of all the rivers have been continued seaward to
accord with the then more distant sea-coast. The peculiar
courses of the reconstructed rivers south of the Solent corres-
pond with the fragments preserved, and with the known geological
structure of the area, which consists of narrow ridges and furrows
of alternating hard and soft rocks. A faint line indicates the
present coast, and shows its relation to the old topography.

* See the following Menvnrs of the Geological Survey : — " Isle of
Wight," 2nd edit., chaps, xiii. and xiv. (1889) ; " Bognor," pp.' 9-11 (1897) ;
"Isle of Purbeck," chaps, xiv. and xvi. (1898); "Bournemouth," p. 10
(1898) ; " Dorchester," chaps, vii. and viii. (1899) ; " Southampton,"
chap. X. (1901) : " Salisbury " (in preparation) ; see also Codrington, " On
the Superficial Deposits of the South of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight,"
Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvi., pp. 528-551 (1870) ; and Prestwicn,
'■ The Solent River," Geol, Mag., 1098, p. 349,

PLATEAU AXD TERRACE GRAVELS. 83

CHAPTER IX.— PLATEAU AND TERRACE GRAVELS.

The last Chapter described briefly the initiatory stages of the
existing river-system ; but the only deposits which can wLth
any probability be referred to those stages are certain high-level
gravels. These gravels, unfortunately, have been so thoroughly
decalcified by the action of percolating rainwater that no trace
of contemporaneous fossils can be found in them ; and as they
are derived from the same river-basin, and composed of the same
materials as the newer and lower terraces, it has been found
impossible yet to make on the Geological Map any distinction
between the stages. All the high-level or Plateau Gravels will
therefore be described together in this Chapter ; but as far as
possible the successive stages will be taken in order of date.
Moreover, it seems advisable here to deal with the heterogeneous
deposit, overlying the Chalk, known as " Clay-with-FlLnts." This
consists ot a thin sheet, seldom more than 5 feet thick, of black
or ochreous 'day, full of unworn or broken flints, mixed
with a large but varying percentage of quartz-sand and of rolled

febbles, evidently derived from the destruction of Eocene strata,
t is not, in this district at any rate, the product mainly of the
solution on the spot of the superficial parts of the Chalk, for the
percentage of its material which cannot be so derived is very
large. Ihe material seems to have been derived partly from the
Chalk exposed in the neighbourhood (though sometimes from
lower beds cropping out at higher levels), partly from destroyed
Eocene outliers. It does not usually show signs of having been
moved any great distance. Like the Plateau Gravel overlying
the Eocene strata, it probably represents various stages in the
denudation of the country — stages which at present we cannot
differentiate.

The oldest river-gravels now preserved, as remarked in the
last Chapter, are those occupying the ridge at 400 feet between
Woodfalls and Picket Corner. To the same period, when the
main valley was nearly 300 feet less deep than at present, may
belong the extensive sheet of Clay-with-Mints around Cranbome
Chase. This occupies gently sloping ground at various levels up
to 680 feet, dominated by still higher Chalk Downs towards the
north, from whence were probably derived both the Chajk
flints and the Eocene material. This correlation is only sug-
gested on the ground that each deposit seems to point to a
similar early stage in the valley erosion, and that the difference
in the material is only such as might be expected in comparing
the gravel of a flowmg river with the rainwash and subaeriEd
deposits which accumulate on upland slopes not far from the
watershed. The Clay-with-Flints, like the Plateau Gravels, has
been deeply trenched by valleys of later date. Neither of the
deposits ,]ust described nppetu-K yet to have yielded implements

34 UEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

made by man; but it may be observed that these ancient
gravels have been so often channelled and reconstructed at a
later period, that the exact mode of occurrence of any specimens
found will need careful examination. The oldest implements
vet recorded in the district seem to belong to the stage next
to be described.

Directly the Avon was enlarged to many times its former
volume, through receiving the drainage of Salisbury Plain, its
rapidity and consequent erosive power must also have increased
greatly. Its valley through soft Tertiary strata would quickly be
deepened, till the river-gradient became more gentle. To this
period of rapid lowering belong, I believe, the large sheets of
coarse gravel which in gentle slopes or in ill-defined terraces
border the Avon high above its present level. The circumstance
that no other river in the Hampshire Basin shows similar tier
above tier of sloping terrace, suggests that we are dealing with
something quite outside the ordinary routine of valley erosion.
We find, it is true, small outliers of gravel at levels nearly as

Fig. 4. — ^Diagram" Section of the Terraces of the Avon.

'" ' ■^■^0 - I (EQUTHIC).

I ?J TERRACE
^00 .. \l PALAEOLITH IC).

250 " n VALLEY GRAVEL
\aMEQLACIAL),
fO~^'~-

> , „~T~,.. _ ALLUVIUM.

100
SEA LEVEL . - ' .

high ; but find no such extensive and continuous sheets of coarse
gravel as those of the Avon. Everything suggests an abnormally
rapid erosion of this valley, with but short delays such as would
enable the stream to swing from side to side and destroy its pre-
viously formed gravel-flats and erode well-defined bluffs and
terraces.

It will be seen from what has just been written that I speak
of both river-terraces and of sheets of gravel sloping towards the
valley. The structure of the Avon Valley is very curious ; but
though sufiiciently striking in the field, it is difficult to explain
without constant reference to a large-scale closely-contoured
map. A glance at the 1-inch Geological Map will show,
however, that the sheet of high-level gravel described in the
last Chapter is continued by long spurs, which slope down-
wards towards the Avon, till they end in a steep bluff,
which everywhere separates them from the newer Valley Gravel.
A closer examination shows, however, that the slope is not con-
tinuous, but is broken here and there by steeper tails, and that
tliese breaks become more and more sharply defined towards the
river, till, as above mentioned, they tend to separate distinct

PLATEAU AND, TERRACE GRAVELS. 35

terraces at different levels. The best way to study this structure
is to walk, or better still to bicycle, for the bicycle is a good indi-
cator of slight changes of gradient, along each of these spurs.
Starting from the Avon we lirst cross a flat of Valley Gravel,
which has a gentle eastward rise, but ends suddenly against an
old river-bluf^ the foot of which is usually 30 or 40 feet above
the recent Alluvium. On climbing this steep bluff, which is
about 80 feet high north of Fordingbridge, but is somewhat lower
south of Kingwood, we suddenly reach the first terrace. This has
a westward slope nearly as gentle as that of the gravel plain
below, and, hke that plain, it ends eastward against a well-defined
bluff, approximately parallel to the lower one, but on a level
about 120 feet higher.

Though since its formation the first terrace has been a good
deal trenched .and cut into by small tributaries of the Avon, yet
its resemblance to the plain of river-gravel below is so strikmg
that no one would hesitate to call it a terrace of the Avon. The
next step, however, is less clearly defined. After ascending this
second bluff, which makes a noticeable rise even where the gravel
above and below are continuous, we travel over a gravel slope
broken here and there by slightly steeper gradients, till we reach
the top of the ridge, at 400 feet. The slight changes of gradient,
however, appear never to have marked the limits of well-defined
terraces, for these breaks occur at different levels on the different
spurs.

J'he meaning of the second bluff and of the terrace imme-
diately below cannot be explained from a study of the Ringwood
area alone. But on following these features continuously
ttiroughout a much wider district, we discover a similar terrace
tind bluff in the valleys of the Frome, Stour, Avon, Test, Itchen,
and we find that the foot of the older river-bluff descends sea-
ward to the level of about 145 feet, at which height it merges
into a feature y/hich has been traced eastward right across
Hampshire into Sussex, till at Goodwood it runs into an
undoubted sea-cliff, with marine deposits banked against the
Chalk.* The " first terrace " in the Avon Valley would seem,
therefore to mark the period of repose, when the sea stood
about 140 feet above its present level and this interglacial sea-
cliff was being cut. While this subsidence lasted the fall. of the
river- valleys was slight, and there was time for the rivers, like
the sea, to cut out definite terraces. The first terraice in the
Avon Valley is not itself a marine deposit ; but it bears the
same relation to the ancient sea-level and to the old marine
deposits as the modern Alluvium does to the existing sea-level
and to the now-forming beach deposits.

The composition of the gravel at all levels is so uniform that

there is little to add to the description already given of the

'highest series. In one small point, however, they vary. As the

river cut its valley deeper, a larger area of the Jurassic rocks was

* See also Eeid, "Geology of Dorchester," pp. 39,40, Memoirs Oeol.
Survey (1899) ; and " Pleistocene Deposits of the Sussex Coast," Qvxirt.
Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xlviii., pp. 344—364 (1892).

36 GEOLOGY OF.RINGWOOD.

exposed in its upper reaches ; consequently, a greater proportion
of the silicified Purbeck limestone occurs in the lower than in
the higher deposits. The higher gravels are also less stratified
than the lower series ; though this may be merely due to the
greater amount of subsequent disturbance to which the older
gravels have been exposed. All the higher gravels show sign of
" sag " towards the free edge of the plateau, or of " creep " down
the slopes. In fact, ancient soil-cap motion seems to have-
played an active part in the formation of some of the slopes, and
may also account for the partial obliteration or obscurity of the
more ancient terrace features.

It is unfortunate that the whole of the gravels just described
are so porous that any fossils originally contained in them have
been destroyed by percolating ramwater ; but though bones and
shells have disappeared, the presence of man is indicated by the
occurrence on some of the terraces of rude implements of
Paleolithic type. The highest elevation from which implements
have yet been recorded is from the gravel at the top of the
chalk-pit north of Eedlynch. As the exact conditions under
which this implement were found are important, Prestwich's
account will be quoted. Speaking of the gravel, which is 320
feet above the sea and 200 feet above the Avon at Downton, he
says that " This consists, as usual, of subangular flints and a few
pebbles of quartz, with some worn fragments of iron sandstone
and flint pebbles from the adjacent tertiary strata. It reposes upon
a worn and furrowed surface of the chalk, and is from 2 to 7 feet
thick. A portion of this bed had slipped down ; and on examining
the talus for the constituent parts of the gravel I found a small
flint implement, very well finished, and of the ovoid type,
colour, and aspect common to those found at Waren's Pit, St.
Acheul. _ It is 3^ inches long by If broad, finely pointed, and
white, with a porcellaneous lustre. It shows no wear."* Four

J)oints are noteworthy in this description : the implement was
ound at a level considerably higher than the terrace which
^uelds the well-known Palaeolithic implements of the Avon
Valley ; it is weU-made, and belongs to a type generally
considered as characteristic of somewhat late stages in the
Palaeolithic period ; it is white and porcellaneous, like a bleached
surface specimen ; and it was not found in place, but picked
up among fallen material. At such a height above the river
within our district no other implements have yet been recorded ;
but at the same level 3| miles north of the chalk-pit (though
not so high above the river in the neighbourhood), a gravel at
Alderbury has yielded at all depths to the researches of Dr.
H. P. Blackmore multitudes of implements of extremely rude or
"Eolithic" type," unmixed, however, with any of the well-
known Palaeohthic forms.i- The Alderbury gravel, judging from

* Prestwich, " . . on the occurrence of a FUnt Implement on a high
level at Downton." Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. xxviii., pp. 39, 40 (1872).

f Blackmore in BuUen, " EoUthic Implements." Trans. Victoria Inst.
1900. The deposit at Dewlish, correlated with that of Alderbury, is, I think,
much older.

PLATEAU AND TEKEACE GRAVELS. 37

its less elevation above the river, is probably n^wer than the
supposed Palaeolithic gravel north of Redlynch ; yet it yields
implements of more ancient type.

The Alderbury gravel is apparently continued southwards in
the "second terrace" of Godshill Inclosure, Sandy Balls,
Hyde Common, Ibsley Common, Rockford Common, and east
of Ringwood, all which localities deserve careful search for
implements of the Eolithic type.

A well-marked low^r terrace, strongly developed and covered
with gravel, which is extensively dug for road-metal, has already
been described as the " first terrace." It has yielded numerous
Palaeolithic implements of the ordinary St. Acheul and West
Norfolk types, especially in the large gravel-pit at Woodgreen,
east of Breamore. The height of this terrace on the east of the
Avon is about 100 feet above the river at Woodgreen. South
of Fordingbridge it covers an extensive area on the west side of
the river at a slightly lower elevation ; and as it is traced south-
ward it falls somewhat more rapidly than the present river, till
it merges into the wide sheet of implement-bearing gravel so
well seen in Bournemouth and Barton Cliffs.

The Plateau and Terrace gravels vary so little in composition,
that full descriptions of every exposure are needless. But as
the Ringwood and Fordingbridge district is of exceptional im-
portance for the study of the anti(juity of man and of his
relation to ancient changes in physical geography, notes will
be given of all good sections visible at the time of the Survey
(1896-1900). Perhaps the most convenient method of doing
this will be to take the deposits in approximate order of anti-
quity, though it must again be remarKed that it is impossible
to vouch for the relative age of many parts. Channellmg and
tilling up must have gone on throughout the Glacial Period,
even on the highest plateaus, and I believe that much of this
reconstruction belonged to a late stage, represented by the
Coombe Rock of Sussex, by the lower River Gravels still to be
described, and by the loam at Fisher ton, near Sahsbury, which
yields so many Arctic mammals.

East of the Avon.

High Plateau.

Taking first the high-level deposits of the old Southampton
River, which crossed the highest part of the existing New
Forest plateau, south-east of Downton, we find the following
sections : —

Woodfalls, between the main-road and Hart Hill Brickyard, a pit at
about 370 feet, shows 5 feet of gravel, dug for road-metal, and in the
Brickyard below there is 3 feet of wash or slip from the same gravel.

North Charford, east of the village, a large brickyard and gravel-
pit, the highest part of which touches 380 feet, shows :— Feet
Reddish sandy loam - - 5
Gravel with large unworn 'flints and flint-pebbles 18
Sand (Bagshot).

38 GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

A smaller pit, immediately to the north, shows 10 feet of the sandy

loam, resting on 8 feet of gravel. Another, lower, to the south-east

and close to Whiteshoot Farm, exposes the bottom of the gravel as

follows :— Feet.

Loam and gravel mixed 3

Gravel 4

Fine false-bedded sand, with seams of white loam

and pebbles of lignite and flint (Bagshot) 22

These sections are of the greatest importance, for the lower part of
the gravel at any rate seems never to have, been disturbed since it
was laid down. If implements can be found in it, they will carry
back the antiquity of man to a period which probably must be classed
as Preglacial or Newer Pliocene. Though I spent some time in the
search, I could find none. In this connection it may be observed that
the Eoliths found by Dr. Blackmore at from 486 to 533 feet at
Laverstock, near Salisbury, which may be of this date, were found on
the surface, and that the flints associated with Elephas meridionalis at
Dewlish are so battered that their artificial origin is open to much
doubt. The specimens of these implements are mostly preserved
in the Blackmore Collection in the Salisbury Museum.

Hatchet Green. — A large gravel-pit at about 340 feet shows
coarse flint-gravel 15 to 17 feet thick, on Bagshot Sand. Much of
this gravel is cemented into a ferruginous conglomerate.

Mount Pleasant Farm. — At the edge of the escarpment above
Loosehanger Copse, at about 380 feet, a small pit shows coarse gravel
of unworn flints and flint-pebbles, with a few pebbles of greywether
sandstone and Greensand.

Wvndyeats.—Yd\\.owiT\g the Southampton road south-eastward, one
finds a pit by the road-side just before the open common is reached,
and close to the bench-mark 386 feet shown on the Map. The gravel
has been dug to a depth of 4 feet. It is composed of unworn flints
and flint-pebbles, much Greensand, and a few small quartz-pebbles ; it
also yielded one pebble of quartz-grit (perhaps greywether), and one of
silicified shell-limestone from the Purbeck Beds. The ground on the
opposite side of the farm rises to 399 feet, and I am not sure that the
whole of the gravel seen in this pit may not be reconstructed.
Another pit a quarter of a mile south of Windyeats Farm, and half
that distance west of the high-road, lies at about the same level, and
shows 6 feet of gravel.

Hale Purlieu. — A small pit at about 350 feet just outside Millers-
ford Plantation shows 4 feet of gravel of large flints, flint-pebbles,
Greensand-chert, and grey wethers containing roots.

Beadman Hill. — South of the small depression called on thfe 6-inch
map Rushy Flat, the ground rises to 400 feet, and just above the
contour-line there is a small pit close to the Downton road. It shows
angular flints, much cherty sandstone (Greensand), flint-pebbles, small
quartz-pebbles, one greywether pebble, and one small angular grey-
wether. Another larger pit at about 356 feet on the south side of the
Fordingbridge road shows 7 feet of coarse gravel, in which were
observed two pebbles of greywether and one of black Palseozoic grit.

Ashley Walk. — Small pits 5 or 6 feet deep will be found at Lodge
Hill at 345 feet, and on Cooper's Hill at 360 feet ; they call for no
remark.

PLATEAU AND TEBHACE GRAVELS. 39

Some of the best sections of the gravel at heights over 400 feet will
be found just east of the area described in this Memoir, on Black Bush
Plain and Longcross Plain, in Bramble Hill Walk.

Highest Terrace.

We will follow next the highest and ill-defined terrace of the
Avon, which lies 350 feet above the sea near Downton ; but,
unfortunately, sections in this terrace-gravel happen to be few.

Redlynch. — The terrace commences with a small plateau on the
watershed at Eedlynch House, at a height of just 350 feet. The only
exposure is in an overgrown pit behind the Infant School. Wash from
this terrace seems to form the slightly lower deposit at the top of the
chalk-pit immediately to the north, where Prestwich found the
Palseolithio implement already alluded to. At about the same level
as this terrace (350 feet) occurs the gravel seen in Eedlynch Brick-
field (see Fig. 2, p. 14), which, however, is so curiously disturbed
as to suggest slipping in mass from a higher level.

Wood/alls. — Here the terrace distinctly passes into the Avon Valley,
being separated from other districts by the high plateau already
described. It gradually descends southward, passing through the spurs
north and south of Hale at about 330 feet.

Oi-avel Pit Hill (over which the Fordingbridge road passes) is sepa-
rated from the higher plateau by a slight but distinct bluff, which
occurs at the point above Stone Quarry Bottom where the Map shows
a break in the continuity of the gravel at 340 feet. There is a large
pit, 5 feet deep, close to the high-road at the point where a height of
324 feet is marked on the map.

Hampton Ridge shows a similar slight break at about 340 feet, and
the gravel just below has yielded a fragment of silicified oolite of
Purbeck age, though no clear section is visible.

Hasley Incloswe. — Thia outlier at 325 feet belongs to the same
terrace.

Broomy IFalk shows a similar slight but well-marked fall at 335
feet, the spur south-east of Broomy Plain, from 326 down to 310 feet,
belonging to the terrace here described. The fall towards the river is
very slight ; but at 310 feet there is another sharp drop.

Bratley Plain and the long spur that stretches southward towards
Burley, being parallel to the valley, are nearly level, having only a
slight fall towards the south. The height is 348 feet at Broomy
Walk, and 345 near the " Tumuli " marked on the Map, east of which
lies a small pit in subangular flint gravel, with many flint-pebbles,
much 'Rreensand-chert, and some Palseozoic (radiolarian f) chert.
Bratley Plain is 344 feet, Backlej' Holmes 338, the thirteenth
milestone near Handy Cross 332. Sections are rare, the only one
being a small pit at Lazy Bush.

Picket Post. — The plain here lies at 314 feet, and there is a small
gravel-pit north-west of the road near the houses. At the disused
"Picket Post Turnpike" there is a drop of about 15 feet to the
next terrace.

Vereley Plill has a flat top at 312 feet. A large gravel-pit close to
the high road at the south end of this spur, exposes 10 feet of sub-

40 GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

angular gravel t)f flint and chert, with many flint-pebbles, a few
veined Palaeozoic grits, and silicified Purbeck limestone. The gravel
here is ferruginous, and its bedding is obscure.

It is wortli notice that the fall of this terrace between North
Charford and Vereley Hill (40 feet) is just the same as the fall
of the gravel flat in the valley 200 feet below. The flat is
120 feet near Downton, and about 80 at Hightown. There is
also a similar fall towards the river in each. case. The
coincidence is striking, for this angle of slope does not
characterise either the implement-bearing terraces immediately
below or the recent Alluvium, both of which fall more sharply
towards the south. Do similar slopes point to similar conditions,
the highest terrace marking the earliest cold period, as the
valley gravel marks the latest, the implement-bearing deposits
coming between ?

Eolithic Terrace.

The terrace next below appears to coincide with the Eolithic
gravel of Alderbury, which lies on the left bank of the Avon,
about two miles north of our limits and at a height of 320 feet.
Unfortunately clear sections are not abundant on this terrace.

Barfwd Park. — An outlier cut through by the railway lies on or just
below the 300 foot contour. The cutting shows 6 feet of gravel and
chalk-rubble containing much Greensand-chert.

Downton. — Gravel between 250 and 290 feet caps the ridges east of
Downton, and a fair section of it can be seen at the top of the Chalk-
pit in the hollow north of the high road. Other outliers just touching
300 feet occur under Wobdfalls.

Godshill. — The upper limit of this terrace is marked by a distinct
bluff at the 300 foot contour in Densome "Wood and Godshill Inclo-
sure, its lower by the drop and gap between Densome Wood and
Woodgreen, continued southward by a bluff passing through the wood
and seen also at Godshill on each side of the valley. On the north
of the valley a pit at 270 feet will be found close to the road leading
up the hill. It shows 7 feet of gravel of the usual character.

Hampton Ridge. — The extreme west end of this ridge is cut off from
the rest by a sudden drop which occurs at 290 feet. Below this drop
the gravel belongs to the terrace here described.

Ihsley Common.— T^ho, upper edge of this terrace has been entirely
destroyed ; the lower edge is defined by a steeper slope just below
240 feet, but the division from the newer terrace is somewhat
obscure.

Rockford Common.— A. distinct but slight bluff marks the lower limit
of the terrace. This bluff runs across the plateau from north to south
from near New Buildings to a point a quarter of a mile north-east of
Highwood Farm, where it is cut off by a lateral valley.

Picket Post. — The part of the spur west of the old Turn Pike belongs
to the upper half of this terrace, which is here fairly level at about
380 feet. The large gravel-pit near Bellevue Nursery shows 7 feet of
gravel, of subangular flint, flint-pebbles, Greensand-chert, PalEeozoic
grit, &c., resting on Bagshot Sand.

PLATEAU. AND TERRACE GRAVELS. 41

The pits in the gravel of this terrace are worth careful
search K)r Eolithic implements like those found at Alderbury.
At present none have been recorded in this part of the Avon
Valley.

Pakeolithic Terrace.

We now come to the first or Palaeolithic terrace, to which
belongs the well-known pit at Woodgreen, where so many fine
specimens have been obtained. This gravel is somewhat more
angular, and also somewhat cleaner than the gravels above, but
otherwise not noticeably different in composition.

Charfard. — North of Charford this teij-ace has been entirely cut into
and destroyed by the Avon ; but near Searchfield Farm it appears as
a narrow ledge, on which patches of gravel have been preserved. Its
upper limit lies at about 220 feet. A pit will be found in the
northernmost outlier, just above the road to Lodge Farm, the section
being nearly 10 feet deep. The next outlier, just east of Searchfield
Farm, also shows a pit, in clean gravel 8 feet deep. The other small
outliers are not at present dug.

Woodgreen. — As the Avon swings to the west, the terrace widens
perceptibly ; but there is no section in the level platform of Wood-
green Common, which lies at about 210 feet. The celebrated Wood-
green pit lies a little to the south, just on the 200-foot contour, close
to the Godshill Road. The pit is a very large one, nearly 20 feet deep
in places, with many small blocks of greywether lying about, these
blocks showing root cavities. The gravel is very coarse, mainly of
unworn flints, but having flint pebbles and Greensand-chert in about
equal quantities. I found also rare pebbles of quartz, and of the schorl-
rock, so widely scattered in the Hampshire Basin, and one of grey-
wether sandstone. A large series of the implements from this pit will
be found in the Blackmore collection in the Salisbury Museum, and
others have been obtained by Mr. Ernest Westlake.* They include all
the common Palaeolithic types. From the pit a long spur of this
gravel extends southward to Folds Farm, having a height of 100 feet
above the Alluvium. The upper edge of the terrace has already been
mentioned as passing through Godshill Inclosure.

Godshill. — The wide spread of gravel which covers the plateau
between Godshill Green and Sandy Balls slopes from 265 feet down to
210 feet at its lower edge. It seems to form a connecting link between
the Eolithic and Palseolithic Terraces, or, perhaps, should be considered
an independent terrace coming between. There is one excellent sec-
tion, 15 feet deep, at its lower edge, close to the road to Fording-
bridge.

Hi/de Common lies at about the same level, and shows several good
sections. A pit at the upper edge of the terrace at Frogham Hill lies
at about 260 feet above tho sea and exposes 6 feet of gravel ; another
at 205 feet close to the Church is dug to 7 feet. There are others at
250 feet at Hungerford, and 200 feet at Gunville The last-mentioned
is 15 feet deep and very like the Woodgreen section. As at Godshill
no clear feature here separates the upper from the lower part of this
terrace, tho gravel sloping continuously towards the Avon.

* " Geology of Fordingbridge," pp. 16, 17 (1889).

42 . GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

nsley Common forms a plateau isolated by the destruction of th^
bluff which formerly bounded it on the east. Like all this terrace it
shows a slight southward fall combined with a more decided slope
towards the Avon. The highest part of this plateau lies at about
260 feet ; but at 240 feet a division can be traced into an upper
(Eolithic f) and a lower (Paleolithic f) plateau, this division being
marked by a steeper slope. Pits on the lower plateau will be found
on the roaid to Furze Hill, at about 230 feet; at New Town, at
220 feet (a large pit 8 feet deep) ; and at the road to Mockbeggar, at
220 feet (two pits).

Rochford Common has a similar structure, the feature between upper
and lower plateau, as already mentioned, being well defined. At
220 feet on the road to Moyle Court a large pit nearly 9 feet deep has
been opened; and two smaller ones at 212 feet will be found at High-
wood. The lower edge of this plateau descends to 190 feet.

Poulner. — The outliers here indicate a terrace sloping from 205 feet
near its upper edge to 140 feet towards the Avon. A few miles south
the old valley opens out, and the bluff, the foot of which has sunk still
further, turns to the east, forming the upper boundary of the Palaeo-
lithic gravels of Barton Cliff.

Terraces West of the Avon.

The more complete preservation of the series of ancient ter-
races east of the Avon has made it convenient to describe that
side first. It still remains, however, to deal with the gravels west
of the river, where the first terrace (Palasolithic) has an even greater
development, though the more ancient ones are but poorly
represented by sheets of gravel capping isolated plateaus within
the Tertiary area. The whole of the sheets of gravel lying
between the County boundary and the Avon flat from Ring-
wood to Fordingbridge belong to the Palaeolithic series. They
fall southward and slope towards the river in the same way as
the eastern terrace just described ; but owing to more extensive
denudation the upper edge of the western terrace is nowhere
preserved, and instead of the gravel abutting against rising
ground it ends in _ the air and forms usiially a distinct escarp-
ment facing west.

It will be convenient in this area also to describe the gravels
in order of antiquity, premising, however, that the correlations
of the higher gravels on the two sides of the Avon are merely
suggestions, Miich the complete isolation of the plateaus and
the destruction of all terrace features make it impossible to carry
further from stratigraphical evidence alone. West of the Avon,
no river deposits equivalent to those capping the high ground
at Picket Corner, nor even to those of the highest terrace, a re
found. The most ajicient of them may represent the Eolithic

f ravel of Alderbury ; but can scarcely be more ancient. These
lolithic outliers were mostly examined by Mr. Dixon, from
whose notes the following description has been compiled.

Eolithic Terrace.
- Pistle Down lies a mile and a-half north-east of Verwood Station. It
is a flat topped hill,, everywhere rising above the 300 foot contour, but

PLATEAU AND TERRACE GRAVELS. 43

whose highest point is only 316 feet. Mr. Dixon notes four pits in
) all at about the same level. The largest is on the road east of
farrow Farm ; it shows 9 feet of gravel, resting on fine clean Bagshot
if ff ■'^°^* °^ *^® stones are lying with their longer axes vertical, in
a butt sandy matrix. By far the greater number of the stones are
pebbles, chiefly flint, but they also include quartz, Greensand-ohert,
rare quartzite, greywether, and Palaeozoic rocks. The subangular material
includes Greensand-chert, as well as the more abundant flint. In the
old gravel-pit on the north-eastern side of the plateau, near the bridle-
way that crosses it, these pebbles from the Eocene strata make up 95
per cent, of the gravel. Another pit on Pistle Hill shows 7| feet
of gravel, resting on coarser sand of Bagshot age. The propor-
tion of pebbles among the larger stones of the gravel is here about
60 per cent.

Furze Common Copse. — -The next outlier in point of height is that
capping the hill immediately east of Edmondsham. It just touches
300 feet, and most of it is not much below that level. The spur
descending southward to 230 feet, near Smallbridge Farm, is so
narrow that its lesser height may well be due to gradual sagging and
settlement of the clay foundation. The whole outlier, which rests on
London Clay, is less flat-topped than those resting on sand. The best
section is in the Gravel-pit near the north-west corner of Mill Copse,
where the coarse material is imbedded irregularly in an abundant
loamy matrix, and consists in equal proportions of pebbles and of
angular stones. A thickness of 5 feet is seen. The level of this
outlier being lower than that of Pistle Down, though the outlier
is further from the Avon, suggests that it may belopg to a tributary
of somewhat later date rather than to the main river ; but it is
impossible to say how much of its lower elevation is duetto the
settlement of its foundation, clay always tending to settle to a
greater extent than sand.

Woodlands Common. — This outlier rises apparently to over 250 feet,
but its height has not been determined. In the large gravel-pit south
of the high road as much as 7 feet has been dug at one point without
reaching the bottom ; though in other places the total thickiiess is
only 4 feet. The coarse material consists chiefly of pebbles, including,
besides flints, greywethers, which form the majority of the large
pebbles, as well as the usual pebbles of quartz, quartzite, chert, &c.

Wedge Hill, Harton Plantation, and Mamiington. — These outliers
show a rapid southward fall, from the level of the Woodlands Common
plateau to 120 feet south of Mannington. They are more probably
connected with the Stour than with the Avon. They may include
terraces of two dates, for there is a sudden drop to a lower plateau
at Mannington, and further south there is a similar drop between the
two outliers at Holt Heath. Mr. Dixon notes a pit at Wedge Hill
showing 4 fee: of unstratiiied gravel, containing 50 per cent, of pebbles
of the usual character. Another at Redman's Hill shows 8 feet of
gravel, in which Mr. Dixon found a fragment of Purbeck chert. A
pit on the south side of the Ringwood road at Clump Hill gave the
approximate composition of the coarser material of the gravel as
follows :— Per cent.

Flint-pebbles G8

Angular and subangular flint 29

Angular and subangular Greensand chert ' « 2

6360 3

44 GEOLOGY OF RtNGWOOB.

the remaining 1 per cent, consisting of quartz, greywether, Tertiary
ferruginous grit, and probably schorl-rock. Numerous other sections
will be found in these outliers, but it is needless to describe them.

Holt Heath. — Here also two plateaus seem to be represented, the
Small outlier at 131 feet being separated from the larger one at 152 to
1 85 feet by a distinct bluff. lu each case the gravel consists mainly of
fiint-pebbles derived from the Eocene strata. Numerous pits are open.

Chattmry Hill. — There still remains this outlier, which rises to 330
feet, but is so far away as to be in all probability quite unconnected
with the ancient Avon. The gravel has now been worked out and the
pits are overgrown ; but from an examination of the ploughed fields
Mr. Dixon was able to ascertain that the pebbles and the angular con-
stituents were about equal. The other materials were of the usual
character, and may have been derived entirely from Eocene strata.

PalceoUthic Terrace.

The wide sheet of gravel between Fordingbridge and Eingwood
is so uniform in composition and so nearly continuous that a
general description and a note of the principal sections is all that
will be needed. The gravel covers a plateau which at its upper
edge on Plumley Heath just reaches 200 feet above the sea ; but
at that height it is doubtful whether it is a true Avon gravel,
It yields 90 per cent, of Tertiary pebbles, though immediately to
the east, at a level of 160 feet, the proportion is only 50 per cent.
The true terrace perhaps does not rise above 170 feet towards
Fordingbridge and 130 feet near Riiigwood. At 160 feet on
Ashley HeaQi it ends against a bluff of Eocene strata ; elsewhere
this old bluff has been entirely destroyed and the gravel caps
isolated plateaus. On the side towards the Avon this terrace
ends abruptly at the top of a steep bluff which overlooks the
river-flat.

The gravel is composed so entirely of material derived from
the elder terraces, or from the underlying Eocene strata higher up
the valley, mixed with angular flints and chert derived from the
higher reaches, that it will be needless to note in detail its com-
position at different spots. The following are the best sections
now visible : —

Fordinglridge.—M.idghajm Farm, at 165 feet 12 feet of rough
ferruginous gravel, dug in a pit at the edge of the river-bluff.

Alderhelt gravel-pit, close to Drove End, at 165 feet. A large pit in
ferruginous gravel dug to 12 feet. About 30 per cent, of the stones are
subangular.

Bleak Hill. — Pit at 158 feet. G-ravel of subangular flint, flint-
pebbles and much Greensand chert, dug to 7 feet.

Plvmley. — At North Plumley Farm, at 150 feet, gravel with 50 per
cent, of pebbles is dug to 6 feet ; a small pit at 200 feet near the
"Tumuli " marked on the ]^ap shows 90 per cent, of pebbles j Hare-
field at 170 feet gives 80 per^cent. of pebbles, and at 160 feet they form
about 50 per cent.

PLATEAU AND TERRACE GRAVELS. 45

Somerhy. — Pit on the edge of the scarp on the road to Nea Farm
shows 9 feet of gravel ; others will be found a quarter of a mile west
of the School, on the high road a quarter of a mUei south of Ivy Lodge
at 150 feet, a quarter of a mile north-west of South Lodge at the
lame level, and at 120 feet above Sunderton Cottage. A pit at 130
feet at Baker's Hanging shows 18 feet of subangular flint-gravel, the
upper part sandy and with pockets of sand (perhaps blown sand).

Ashley. — A pit on the Poole Eoad at 90 feet shows tho gravel ir-
regular and rubbly above, bedded and clean below. Another pit
showing 8 feet of gravel will be found just at the edge of the Map.

53(X> • D 2

46 aEOLOaT OF BINGWOOP.

CHAPTER X.— VALLEY GRAVEL, ALLUVIUM, AND

PEAT.

Valley Gravel.

Though the ancient Terrace Gravels of the Avon are cut_ oft' so
sharply from the later River Gravel, yet in all probability no
great lapse of time intervenes. The change, which led to the
formation of the marked river-bluff, which everywhere like a low
vvair bounds the Avon flat, both on the west and on the east,
was probably a mere change of climatic conditions, perhaps
accompanied by a slight change in the sea-level. The climate
became Arctic, the river was far .more liable than before to
iloods in the spring, when the snow and ice thawed,
and its rush, aided by floating ice, cut into the banks on
either side. The River Gravel thus deposited has now been left
as a broad sheet, one and a-half to two miles in width, through
which winds the modern river with its more narrow alluvial
flat.

The Valley Gravel of the Avon, though everywhere clearly
distinguished from the older series, is not all of the same age.
Certain parts of it may form a low terrace, defined above and
below by noticeable bluff's, and in the gravel of this terrace*, as
well as on the one above, Palaeolithic miplements are not un-
common. The Valley Gravel, not being so thoroughly decalci-
fied as the Plateau Gravel, contains m places teeth of the
jiiammoth and a few fresh water shells. Within our district,
ho\vever, it has yielded no fauna approaching to the numerous
Arctic mammals found in the contemporaneous brick-earth of
Fisherton, near Salisbury. In describing this deposit, we will
first follow the river downward, and then take the tributaries of
the Avon, followed by those which flow southward into the
Stour.

Downton. — The gravel here forms flats, sloping gently from east and
west towards the river and rising near the bluffs about 30 feet above
the modern Alluvium. A quarter of a mile south of Downton, on the
left bank of the Avon, the stream has cut into the lower edge of this
gravel, forming a low cliff, in which is seen some gravelly sand and
marl with freshwater shells.

Breamore. — Here, in addition to the flat seen at Downton, there is a
low terrace 30 or 40 feet higher, or 50 feet above the present river.
This • is the " 50-foot terrace " of Mr. Westlake.* It can be traced
from North Charford on the north to Fordingbridge on the south,
always divided from the flat below by the slight bluff marked on the
Gtologiftal Map. Its gravel can be examined in a pit north-west of
Breamore and in another at Outwick. The flat below is very little
above the level of the recent Alluvium, into which it merges im-
perceptibly.

* " Uutlitie« of the Q^tA^gn nS. li^oirdiiigl^ddge," gp. 16 (1168).

VALLEY GRAVEL. 47

Fordingbridge. — The lower gravel-flat increases in width southward
and slopes gently upwards away from the river to 110 feet, or about
30 feet above the Alluvium. In it, at the Workhouse, a tooth of
mammoth was found in 1887 just below the water-level. The low
terrace has its lower edge at 120 feet, rises to 135 feet at the railway-
cutting, and to 150 feet near Friern Court, where a pit will be found
at 140 feet. The best sections, however, were those formerly seen in
the railway-cutting near the station and now visible in the ballast-pit
close by. These have yielded numerous implements, and also teeth of
mammoth.* Several of the implements can be seen in the Blackmore
Museum at Salisbury, and one is figured by Sir John Evans. Two
other pits, at about the same level as the railway cutting, will be found in
the small outlier of the low-terrace gravel on the road to Bower Wood.

Bickton. — The left bank of the Avon is here a low cliff cut in clean
rough gravel, which is exposed to a depth of 10 feet in a pit a quarter
of a mile north of the Mill. Between Bickton Weir and the Mill Mr.
Westlake found in the gravel a seam of marl with land-shells {Pupa) ;
he also mentions that the gravel is 16 feet thick, and yields but
few implements.

Ihsley. — Near Ibsley Church the river again cuts into the gravel
forming a low cliff, in which a gravel-pit has been opened.

Blashford. — Here the flat on the east of the river has widened con-
siderably, but at the foot of the bluff it is still only 30 feet above the
recent Alluvium. Towards the river it seems to merge imperceptibly
into the Alluvium, or, perhaps, we should say that the Alluvium is
encroaching on the gravel, and tending to level up its lower hollows.
The same peculiarity is noticeable to the south of Blashford, and
becomes more marked as the mouth of the river is approached.

Ringwood. — A large ballast-pit is open between Ringwood Station
and the Cemetery; its depth is about 12 feet. Here there is a ten-
denc}' for the wide flat, no part of which is more than 30 feet above
the recent Alluvium, to split up into several minor terraces, bounded
by slight features, which soon disappear when traced in either direc-
tion.

The small tributaries east of the Avon show Httle gravel
beyond the relatively modern wash from the surrounding
gravelly uplands. These valleys show no terraces, and nothing
that clearly indicates a former higher level of the streams, or
unmistakably points to a flow of water in places now dry ; any
such indications seem to have been obscured by subsequent
erosion.

Conditions are different west of the Avon ; for the wide Chalk
Downs are full of winding valleys, deeply eroded by water, but
having their bottoms far above the level of saturation in the
porous rock below. The flats in these valleys are covered to a
depth of several feet with gravel swept from the Downs above ;
but no stream now disturbs the gravel in the higher vaUeys,
which remain unchanged from year to year, and often show old
houses arid walls built ^across the former channel. Only under
one rare set of conditions are vaUeys such as these occvipied by

* See A. H. Stevens, "Flint Chips," p. 47; Sir John Evans, "Ancient
S^pne Implements," 2nd edit., pp. 632-634 (1897) ; and Westlake, op cit.

48 GEOLOGY OP RIN6W00D.

streams. After long-continued severe cold has frozen the wet
surface-rock to a depth of several feet, the first spring rains fall
on strata rendered completely impervious to water. _ Under
these circumstances each upland valley will be occupied by a
short-lived mountain torrent, which will rapidly thaw, tear up,
and carry away the surface layer of chalk already shattered by
the frost ; but as soon as the' stream has cut through the frozen
layer it will disappear, as all rain falling on the Chalk does at the
present day.

In Hampshire and Dorset such a combination of circum-
stances is of extremely rare occurrence ; but in the Chalk Avoids
of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire several instances are on record,
and in more Arctic climates the greatest amount of erosion
occurs in the spring, when rain falls on a frozen impervious
soil, or snow covering such a soil melts rapidly. We have
already mentioned that the fossil mammals of Fisherton show
that the Avon Valley had an Arctic chmate at the period with
which we are now dealing ; to that period, therefore, belong
probably the present surface-contours of the Downs and the
deposition of the gravel in the dry valleys.

The Map shows so clearly the distribution of these gravels
that it is unnecessaiy to describe them in detail. It must be
observed, however, that at lower levels they merge imperceptibly
into the gravels of existing streams, and it is impossible to
separate them or to make any satisfactory division between
them and the recent Alluvium. In their upper stages, however,
they point, like some of the gravels of the Avon, to a gradual
lowering or even diversion of the streams. For instance, a
sheet mapped by Mr. Dixon in the Crendell valley has been
left dry, apparently by the diversion of the water into a lower
and more easterly course, north of Buddlesgate Farm.

In addition to the Valley Gravel of the Chalk area above
described, we find between Verwood and Woolsbridge an
extensive gravel-covered flat at a height of about 10 feet above
the stream. The underlying stratum is Bagshot Sand, and the
gravel, usually not more than 4 feet in thickness, consists
mainly of Eocene pebbles. Mr. Dixon, who mapped the greater
part of it, found that near Verwood Farm it occupies a
distinct terrace a few feet above the recent Alluvium and
separated from that Alluvium by a small bluff. It has evi-
dently been cut into and partly destroyed by the modern
stream. A good section 5 feet in depth is exposed in the
terrace north of the Crane, opposite Verwood Manor Farm.
The mode of occurrence of this gravel corresponds exactly with
that of the low terrace of the Avon Valley Gravel already
described.

Allijbviunn and Peat.

The Alluvium of the Avon cannot be described in much
detail, for though it probably fills a channel which cuts
considerably below the present bed of the river in the valley
south of Fordingbridge, yet we have no sections or borings

ALLUVIUM. 49

which prove the depth of this particular channel. We can only
say that all the valleys of the south of England that have been
examined show in their lower reaches land - surfaces or
" submerged forests " well below the present sea-level, and where
borings are available we can often prove the existence of
channels 50 feet or more below the existmg rivers. In Neolithic
times the land stood 50 feet above its present level ; it has since
sunk (or the sea has risen), so that the parts, of the old
channels beneath the sea-level have been silted up, or now form
estuaries and harbours.

The Avon being a fairly swift salmon-stream, its Alluvium
consists largely of gravel, with occasional areas of peaty-loam, or
seams of shell-marl. These deposits merge imperceptibly into
each other, and there do not seem to be any deposits of either
peat or marl worth digging in the part of the valley we are now
describing.

The tributaries of the Avon are more sluggish, and conse-
qtiently there Alluvium tends to take the form of peaty loam
or of workable peat. Along Dockens Water, for instance, we
find a peat-bog 150 yards wide, and in the stream-bank we can
examine sections of this peat 4 or 5 feet deep. The peat,
however, runs up the slope on each side, and is a true vegetable
growth on waterlogged sand, as are nearly all the peat-bogs of
the New Forest, ihe only other areas of peat worthy of notice
are those connected with the Moors River, which also runs over
sands. Over two of the begs on Verwood Common, examined
by Mr. Dixon, the peat has now been almost entirely removed
for fuel, leaving exposed many masses of bog-iron-ore which
occurred beneath. Another bog and alluvial flat, in Wild
Church Bottom, showed a stream-section at its lower end a few
yards from the first enclosure. This exposed, according to Mr.
Dixon, 4 feet of pale unstratified loamy clay, stained with rust
about the rootlets which penetrate the top. Beneath this clay
was dark carbonaceous loam, finely laminated and crowded
with leaves of willow, belonging to Salix aurita, S. repens, anc
S. cinerea. These do not suggest climatic conditions differin,'
from those now holding in the district*

50 GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

CHAPTER XI.— ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

Building Materials.

The building material throughout the area included in
Sheet 314 is now mainly brick, though many of the older houses
are built of "dob" or mud, and a few are of flint-rubble. The
deposit of brickearth most used is the loamy and sandy London
Clay, which, when thoroughly weathered and decalcified, makes
excellent bricks. It is dug throughout the area wherever there
is a market for the bricks. The brickearths in the Reading
Beds and Bagshot Sand are more uncertain in quality, varying
greatly from place to place, and consisting bf irregular lenticular
masses of limited extent. In the neighbourhood of Fording-
bridge the glauconitic loam which forms the base of the Brackle-
sham Series has been dug. Barton Clay is used in a brickyard
near Poulner, and a brickearth associated with the gravel of the
high plateau is used at North Charford. ,

Rough flints and masses of Tertiary ironstone are still occa-
sionally used, though not to any great extent' at the present
day. Large flints suitable for dressmg are not readily obtained
in the Chalk af this area. Sandstone and chert from the
Upper Greensand are quarried in the Bower Chalk and Berwick
St. John district.

Lime for building can be made from any part of the Upper
or Middle Chalk. The Lower Chalk yields hydraulic lime, for
which purpose, however, the only exposures of this rock within
our area are placed too inconveniently to supply the towns.
Hydraulic lime is more cheaply brought by rail

Rough sands are commonly obtainable from the Reading
Series, or from the cleaner parts of the gravel. The Bagshot
Sands are commonly whiter and of somewhat finer grain ; those
of the Barton Series are usually buff, extremely fine, and often
dust-like. Even the London Clay is occasionally dug for
sand. In the Bower Chalk and Berwick valleys the
glauconitic sand of the Upper Greensand is dug; it usually
weathers rusty.

Pottery and Tiles.

In the Verwood potteries stoneware, terra-cotta, and rough
earthenware pipes and tiles are made from the plastic clay of the
Reading Series, the pipe-clay found in the Bagshot Sands of this
dintrict not being sufficiently good for pottery. Tiles and pipes
»ie also manufactured from the more clayey parts of the
London and Barton Clays.

Road Metal.

There is seldom much difficulty in obtaming road-metal
throughout this area. Over the Tertiary half of it the Plateau
or Valley Gravel is always to be had, though the value of this

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 51

gravel decreases greatly where the proportion of pebhles is
large. Pebble-gravel is found in the base of the London Clay-
around Cranborne and is extensively used for roads. The ease
with which Drift or Tertiary gravel can be obtained from the
outliers and carted dowii hill, leads to its use even where much
better material is obtainable. ' Weathered flints picked off the
fields over the Chalk make far better road-metal than the
Eocene gravels, but are more expensive. This is one of the
reasons of the extreme badness of many of the roads in the
district.

Water Supply.

Though powerful springs are thrown out at points where
Chalk at a low level is overlapped by impervious Eocene strata,
these springs have not be utilised for the supply of the towns,
wells being dug everywhere. Taking the springs in order, the
most copious will be found at Burgate, where the Avon finally
passes from Chalk to Tertiary strata. Then following the escarp-
ment towards the south-west we find Sagles Spring, in a similar
position in the small valley below Kockboume. The next valley
shows similar springs below South Damerham. Another set
appears in the Crane Valley at Holwell ; others at Edmondsham
and Horton, all these being perennial. Away from the Tertiary
escarpment the springs given out by the Chalk tend to vary their
position according to the season, or rather according to the rise
or fall of the plane of saturation. Thus after an exceptionally
wet season springs burst out in the Chalk valleys at points con-
siderably higher than usual ; while an exceptionally dry season
stops the flow of the normal springs and only leaves the lower
ones.

Throughout the Tertiary area, though there is a great deal of
swampy and boggy land, the water is generally given out as a
" soak ' over a considerable area, not as clearly defined spriags.
There are some good springs, however, one of the best being
given out in the valley north of Rockford Common, apparently
from a sand which rests on the impervious glauconitic clay near
the base of the Bracklesham Series. About this level a good
deal of water oozes out in other places. Nearly all the springs
from the Tertiary strata are more or less ferruginous ; those from
the Chalk are hard from the dissolved carbonate of lime ; the
•gravel springs vary considerably in quality, and tend to fail in
dry seasons.

A supply from wells can be obtained anywhere over the Chalk
area, the only difficulty being the great depth to which it is often
necessary to sink before the plane of saturation is reached in this
porous rock. Where, over the Tertiary area, the Chalk can be
reached within a reasonable distance, water is also readily
obtained, as in the Fordingbridge well, which commences at the
base of the Bagshot Sand. Where, however, the outcrop of the
Chalk is more distant, and the depth to be bored is greater, the
chance of obtaining water from the Chalk becomes very
uncertam. Few deep wells have been sunk within our area,

52 GEOLOGY OF RINGWOOD.

except over the Chalk downs. Those about which we have been
able to obtain information are mentioned in the Appendix.

Soils.

The connection between the geology as laid down on the
Geological Map and the nature of the soil is by no means a
direct one. Over most of our district the slopes are dominated
by higher gravel-capped plateaus, the downward wash from
which causes gravelly soil to overlie strata of all sorts. Thus the
area occupied by heavy clay land is much less than the width of
outcrop of the Barton Clay, London Clay, and the clays of the
Reading Series would seem to indicate. Taken as a whole, the
district is one of light soils, dry and chalky in the north-west
half, gravelly, loamy, poor in lime, and often very wet in the
south-east. Even over the Chalk there is usually so much
gravelly and clayey debris from the Tertiary strata as entirely
to alter the character of the soil, sometimes for the better, some-
times for the worse, for the lower Tertiary strata are extremely
variable.

The Bagshot Series, though in the main sandy, contains so
many seams and thin beds of impervious clay, which throw out
water, that it seldom forms a soil dry at all seasons. In fact
over the whole area it tends to form waterlogged or wet light
land of poor character, which, however, may scorch through the
failure of the springs during long-continued drought. Wide
expanses of nearly level gravelly land form one of the most dis-
tinctive features of the Ringwood area, but even these vary
greatly in quality, according as they are covered with loamy
soil, as in the valleys, or form stony and often wet commons, as
on the plateaus.

APPENDIX.

WELL SECTIONS AND BORINGS
(principally collected by Mr. F. J. Bennett).

BAEFORD.-^Home Farm.
Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs, Ilm^'nster. 12 feet of water.

Feet.
Gravel 21

Chalk • 9

Berwick St. John. — Bridmore Farm, at Blind Ditch Bottom.
Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. Chalk, 232 feet.

Breamoee. — Dairy Farm at Upper Street.
Sunk and communicated by Mr. .John Works. 4 feet of water.

Feet,
'travel 16

Chalk 34

Chalbuey, see p. 11.

Ckanboene, half-mile north of the Manor House.

About 280 or 290 feet above O. D. Water at 100 feet, rose 5 feet.
Soft white chalk, occasional seams of nodular flints, a few thin tabular
flints, and two thin marls. 100 feet.

DowNTON. — At Dr. Whiteley's, near the Church.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs.

Feet
Gravel 18

Chalk 32

DowNTON. — Near Bull Inn.
Sunk by Mr. Hobbs. Gravel, 14 feet. Water, 3 feet.

DowNTON. — Hill, half a mile south-east of the station.
Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. Chalk, 153 feet.

Faenham. — New Town.
Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. Soft white chalk, 170 feet.

F0EDI»GBEIDGE. — IJ mile north of.
Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. Water, 2 feet.

Feet.
Gravel - - - - - 9

Black clay full of oyster shells [Heading Beds] 26

FoEDiNGBEiDGE. — Bower Wood.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs.

Feet.

[Plateau] Gravel : 4

[Ba^hot f Yellow clay- 20

Beds] \ Light coloured sand 36

[London f Bkck clay - - 8

Clay]\ Yellow sand 2

GEOLOGY OF RIN6W00D.

FOEDINGBEIDGE.— Gasworks, 1887.
Bored by Messrs. Tilley & Co. From Westlake's " Geology of Fording-
bridge," p. 28. Level, 88 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water from the
sand at 125 feet rose to 13 feet above the ground. Thickness. Depth.

Feet.

Soil. Black mould - . - 2

River /Broken subangular gravel in a good deal) ^g
Gravel. \ of sand - - J

Bagshot, I -pjj^g gj.gy qyg^j(-2 g^nd, chyey in places [• 6

/Grey sandy clay 8

Sand and pebbles
Hard stiff clay -
Sand, with pebbles at the base -
Sandy clay

Septarium, contaming fossils, Twrritella}
iinbricataria, &c- J

Clay

Hard .stone

Dark clay - - -

Dark clay with shells, probably Pkola-\
domya - j

London Dark bluish clay

Clay, / Hard stone
llSfeet. 1 Dark bluish clay, with a few smalH
pelibk'S — Cardita planicosta, Hostel- V
laria lucida, Titrritella imhricataria )
Hard stone

Clay - -

Brown clay, very hard and compact -
Septarium -

Sand and clay, with water under the stone
Rand and water
Sandy clay

Sand, shale, and pebbles (Basement")
bed V) Doubtful if pebbles are more V
than 6 in thick . - - J

Light grey clay laminated with grey sand
Greenish - brown loam ' with a little"!
glauconitic sand and lignite -/

Buff-coloured calcareous stone, 4 inches
Light-brown clay
Brown clay

Whitish - grejr or pale-green")
clay, with occasional [
streaks of red J

Mottled Light-grey pipe clay

clay; 1 Red clay
31 feet. \ Yellow clay, greyer towards"!
the bage - - J

Dark - brown or chocolate \
coloured clay - - J
Purple clay streaked with ochre
I Pale buff-coloured marl
Marl, White highly-calcareous marl -
9 feet. 1 Pale green or olive- coloured"!
\ marl with calcareous lumps/
Qreensand (glauconitic quartz and iron\
grains with oyster shells) J

Chalk ... 4

Reading
Beds.

Feet.
2

14
20

-44

84i

91i

100

104

105^

125i

128|

135i

138i

144i

156

156J

160

162

176

177

180

188

190

193
196

200

202

212
219

GussAGE St. Michael.— Ryall's Farm.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. John Weeks. 4 or 5 feet water.
Soft Chalk, a few flints - 43 feet

APPENDIX. 55

Hale. — Manor House, in kitchen garden.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs.

Feet.
Gravel - - . 3

Sharp yellow sand [Bagshot] 37

Hale. — Home Farm.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. 3 feet of water.

Feet.
Yellow loam [London Clay ?] - 27

Handley.

Communicated by Mr. Weeks. At the bottom of the village, 85 feet.
Can nearly dip the water when the springs are high, and when the water
runs in the " bottom " lower down. At the Fishponds 80 feet, runs over
at times. At Oakley Down, soft chalk with few flints, 80 feet; the
water runs over the road at the eleventh milestone when the springs are
high.

Handley.— Woodcutts.
Two Eoman wells cleared out, 140 and 180 feet deep, dry now.

HaTCHEtT GitEEN.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs.

Feet.
Gravel ... . 2

Soft light-coloured sand [Bag.>ihot? I *- 42

Lover.— At Randalls.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. 5 feet of water.

Feet.
London /Loam - 10

Clay \ Black clay 20

Odstook Down.— Great Yews.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. 4 to 40 feet of water.

Feet.
Chalk 101

RocKBOURNE. — Pebble Pit Cottage.

Sunk by Mr. Hobbs. 3 feet of water.

Feet.
Sandy loam, with pebbles [Reading BedsJ 20

Chalk 30

RocKBOURNE. — Cottage i mile east-north-east of West Park Farm.

Feet.
Sand 10

Bluish loam - "1

Glaueonitic loam with Ostrea bellovacina bored by!- 13

Pholadidea ? - j

Chalk -. 4

RocKBOURNE. — Down Farm, near Knap Barrow.

Sunk by Mr. Hobbs. 5 feet water.

Feet.
Gravel ...•■.-. . g

6hai!k .«.;;-.■.» e

56 GEOLO^y OP RINGtWOOl).

KoKE Hill, see p. 17.
Kook's Hill, see p. 18,

RusHMOEE House.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. Jolin Weeks. Chalk, 270 feet. Plenty
of water, though none in the well in the kitchen garden Sunk to
300 feet.

Someeley.— At Dairy.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. 4 feet of water.

Feet.
Gravel - - - - - - 20

Light-coloured sand [Bagshot] - - 22

ToLLARD Faenham.— Hand-in-Hand public house.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. John Weeks. Soft thick-bedded chalk.
178 feet.

Veewood.— Rectory, 1897.

Sunk by Messrs. Isler and Co. Communicated by Mr. J. W. Titt.
Bore 415 feet deep, 3 inches diameter at bottom.

Feet.

(Sandy loam 20

Clay and stone - - - - 10

Grey sand 75

Sand and pebbles 5

{Dead green sand - 53

Pebbles and dead sand 6

Sand and stone - 28

Sandy clay - 3

("Dead sand - 62

[Reading Beds, ■< Mottled clay - 7

100 feet.] (.Dead green sand 11

Chalk and flints - - 135

WOODFALLS.

Wells sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs, of Ilminster.

(1) Farm, 1 m. south-east of Downton Station. 8 feet of water. [

Feet.

Yellow clay [London Clay] - 32
Yellow sand, with a layer of white about every 5 feet

[Reading Beds] - - . . - 41

Sand and pebbles [Reading Beds] - - - 19

Upper Chalk - ... - 130

(2) Woodfalls Hill, near the Saw Mills. 9 feet of water.

Feet.
Gravel - - - - 7

Yellow clay [London Clay] . q

(3) Near the Old Inn. 15 feet of water.

Feet.
Gravel - - - . - . . 5

Yellow clay [London Clay] - - - - 10

Black clay [London Clay] - - 20

(4) At the Corn Mill. 60 feet of water.

Feet.
Gravel - - - - - . . 5

Yellow clay [London Clay ?] - - 15

Black clay [Reading Beds - . . , qq

APPENDIX. 57

(5) At th« Brickyard. 50 feet of water.

Feet.
Light-yellow sharp sand [Keading Beds] - 18

Slate-coloured clay [Reading Beds] - 30

Pebbles [Reading Beds] - 22

Chalk - - . . . . 132

(6) At the Blacksmith's Shop at the cross roads north of North
Cnarford. 4 feet of water.

Feet.
Gravel - - - .4

Soft light-coloured sand [Bagshot] 39

WooDGEEEN.— At east end of Common.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. 2j feet of water.

Feet.
Gravel - - - - .... is

Light sand [Bagshot] - - 17

WooDGBEEN. — At south-east end of Common.

Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. 3 feet of water.

Feet.
Gravel - - - 13

Blue clay - - 9

Woodlands.— Knowle Hill. Two wells close together.

Communicated by Mr. H. Hayter. (1) No water.

Feet.
Soil and pebbles [London Clay] 3

Red clay [Reading Beds] - 12

Dry white ( and [Reading Beds] - - 10

Blue marly clay and greensand [Reading Beds] 15

(2) Water found.

Soil and red clay (slip) - 14

Chalk 131

INDEX.

Abbot's Well, 25.

Actinocamax quadratus, Zone of, T).

Adur, Eiver, 32.

Agriculture, 1, 4, 13, 52.

Alderbury, 36, 37, 40-42.

Alderholt, 21, 42.

Mill, 16.

Allen, H. A., 11, 18, 27.
Allen Eivtr, 2.
Alluvium, 40, 46-49.
Alum Bay, 23.
Alvediston, 3, 4.
Anchor-ice, 30, 46.
Arctic conditions, 37, 46, 48.
Area of the district, 1.
Arun, River, 32.
Ashes Farm, 10.
Ashford Water, 2, 16.
Ashley, 45.

Heath, 24, 26, 44.

Walk, 38.

Avenue Lodge, 6.
Avon, 1, 2, 49.

, Arcient course of the,

29-48.

bluff, 15, 21, 26, 34, 35, 45, 46.

channel, Depth of the, 49.

, Middle, 32.

Backley Holmes, 39.

BagshotSand, 15, 20-23,50.

Baker's Hanging, 45.

Barford Park, 40, 53.

Barrow Farm, 43.

Barton Clay and Sand, 27, 28, 50,

52.

^Cliff, 37, 42.

Basement-bed of the London Clay,

13, 14, 16-19, 55.
Becton Bunny Beds, 28.
Belemnitella mucronata, 4-7.

quadrata, 5.

Bellevue Nursery, 40.

Bellows Cross, 10.

Bennett, F. J., 3, 5, 53-57.

Bere Eegis, 14.

Berwick St. John, 3, 4, 29, 50, 53.

Bickton, 47.

Black Bush Plain, 39.

Hill, 23.

Blackmore collection, 41, 47.
,Dr. H. P., 36-38.

Blaehford, 47.
Bleak Hill, 44.
Blissford, 25, 44.
Bognron-orei 49i

Bournemouth, 23, 24, 26, 37.

Waterworks, 7.

Boveridge Farm, 6.

Heatb, 22, 23.

Bower Chalk, 3, 4, 29, 50.

Wood, 47.

Bracklesham Beds, 15, 24-26, 50, 51.

Bradford Barrow, 7.

Bramble Hill Walk, 39.

Bramshaw, 24, 30.

Bratley Plain, 39.

Breamore, 6, 37, 46, 53.

Bricks and brickearth, 16, 24,50.

Bridmore Farm, 53.

British Village, 7.

Brook, 24.

Brookheatb, 6.

BroomyWalk, 39.

Buddlesgate Farm, 48

Building materials, 50.

Bullen, Rev. R. A , 36.

Burgate, 51.

Burley, 29, 39.

Burwood, 17.

Pit, 6.

Calyptrcea aperta, 15.
Cardita Brongniarti, 16.
-^mitis, 25.

planicosta, 15.

sulcata, 27.

Castle Hill, 6, 15, 17.
Chalbury Hill, 6, 11, 44.
Chalk, 3-7, 50-52.

Downs, Valleys of the, 47, 48.

Rock, 4, 5.

, Water from the, 51, 52.

Chapman, F., 11.
Charford, 41.
Charing Cross, 22.
Chert for building, 50.

in Greens .nd, 3.

, Radiol -irian, 39.

boulders in Eocene, 14, 26.

in Drift 30, 31, 38-41,

43, 4-4.
Chilly Hill, 21.
Clay-with-Flints, 33.
Climatic chang^s, 37, 46, 48.
Clump Hill, 43.
Coal Measures, Depth to, 2.
Coccospheres in Cbalk, 6.
Codrington, Thos., 32.
Coombe Rock, 37.
Cooper's Hill, 38.
Cerbvla oUiquatai 13i

INDEX.

59'

Gorbula pisvrni, 27.

Court Farm, 10.

Cranbirne, 6, 10, 13, 17, 23, 51, 53.

Chase, 1, 4, 5, 22, 34.

Crane Eiver, 2, 17, 48.

Valley, 51.

Crassatella grignonensis, 25.

sulcata, 27.

Creech HiU, 17

' Creep ' in soft strata, 27, 36.

Crendell, 10, 17.

Cretaceous, 3-7.

Crichel, 7.

Daggons Eoad, 20-22.
Damerham, 51.

Knoll, 10.

Dearlman Hill, 38.

Decalcification, 9, 10, 24, 33, 36, 46.

Densome Wood, 40.

Denudation, 29-49.

Dewlish, 36, 38.

Diastopora, 10.

Disturbances, 29.

Dixon, E. E. L., 4, 11-13, 17, 18, 22,

42-44, 48, 49.
" Dob " for building, 24, 50.
Dockens Water, 26, 49.
Down Barn, 5.

Faiin>' 55.

Downton, 29, 36, 37, 40, 46, 53, 56.

Drove End, 44.

Dry valleys. Erosion of, 47, 48.

EcMnocorys scutaius (vulgaris), 6, 7.
Economic geology, 1, 5, 50-52.
Edmondsham, 43, 51:
Elephas meridionalis, 38.

primigenius, 46, 47.

Eolithic implements, 36-38.

terrace, 40-44

Erosion, Marine, 29, 31, 32.

, Valley, 29-49.

Evans, Sir J., 47.

Farnham. 53.
Fisherton, 37, 46, 48.
Flints for building, 50.

road-metal, 50, 51.

in'ChaIk,M-7.

Flint-splinters in' Eeading beds, 8,

9.
Folds Farm, 21, 41;.
Foraminifera in Chalk, 6- ■

Heading Beds, 11, 12:

Fordingbridge, 8, 15, 16, 21, 30, 31,

35, 37, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51, 53,

54.
Formations, Table of, 2.
Fossils, Lists- of, 11, 12, 18, 25, 27.
Fowler, G. H., 28.

5.S00

Freshwater shells in gravel, 46, 47.

Friern Court, 47.

Frogham, 21, 25^ 41.

Frome Eiver, 31, 32, 35.

Frozen soil, 48.

Furze Common Copse, 43.

HiU, 42.

Gault, 2.

Gaunt's House, 12.

Glacial Period, 37, 40, 48.

Glauconite, 8-12, 16-20, 22, 24-28.

Godshill, 25, 37, 40, 41.

Goodwood, 35.

Gorley, 25.

Gravel, Composition of the, 29-31.

Pit Efill, 39.

Great Yews, 55.
Greehsand-chert, 3.

in Plateau Gravel,

30, 31, 38-41, 43j 44.

in Eeading Beds,

10.

Greywether pebbles in Bracklesham
Beds, 24, 26.

— — r- London Clay,

15.

■ Plateau Gravel,

24, 30, 38, 41.
Greywether sandstone, 11.
Gunville, 41.
Gussage, 6, 54.

Hahea in London C ay, 17, 18.
Hale, 20, 39, 55.
Purlieu, 38.

Hampshire Basin, 1, 13, 14,
Hampton Eidge, 39, 40.
Hamptworth, 20.
Handley, 55.
Handy Cross, 39.
Harefield, 44.
Hart Hill, 14, 15, 20, 37.
Hasley Inclosure, 26, 39
Hatchet Green, 38, 55.
Hayter, H., 11, 57.
Heathfield Farm, 20.
Hemiaster branderianus, 18, 25.
High-level gravels, 33-45.
Hightown, 26, 40.
Highwood, 42.

Farm, 40.

Hinton Martell, 7, 12, 18.

Parva, 7.

Hippochrenes amplus, 27.
Hobbs, Mr., 53, 55-57.
Holaster planus, 5.
"Hollows," 4.
Holt Heath, 23; 43, 44.

Wood, 18.

Holwell, 51. .
Farm, 10.

31.

INDEX.

Horton, 6, 11, 51.

dommon, 23.

Plantation, 43.

Hungerford, 41.
Hungry Hill, 17.
Hyde, 21.

Common, 37,41.

Farm, 25.

Ibsley, 47.

Common, 37, 40, 42.

Ice, Anchor or bottom, 30, 46.

Implements in Drift, 33, 34, 36-38.

Ironstone, 50.

Isle of Wight, 31, 32.

Isler & Co., 56.

Itchen Kiver, 35.

Ivy Lodge, 45.

Jukes-Browne, A. J., 4, 5.
Jurassic pebbles in Drift, 30-32, 35,
36, 38-40, 43.

Kimeridge Clay, 2.
King Barrow, 22.
— — Down Farm, 7.
Kingena lima, 6, 7.
Knap Barrow, 6, 55.

Land-shells in Drift, 47.
Landslips, 9, 11, 21, 27, 43.
Laverstock, 38.
Lazy Bush, 3&.
Lime, 50.
Lodge Farm, 41.

Hill, 38.

London Clay, 13-19, 50-52.
Long Cross, 30.
Longcross Plain, 39.
Loosehanger Copse, 20, 38.
Lover, 13, 20, 55.
Lowden Copse, 9.
Lower Common, 26.

Court, 16.

Pensworth, 5, 9.

I/ummlites v/rceolatus, 25.
Lydite pebbles, 9.

Mammoth, 46, 47.
Man, Antiquity of, 37.
Mannington, 43.
Marine erosion, 29, 31, 32.
Marsupites, 5.
Melbourn Bock, 4.
Micraster coranguirvwm, 5.

coHeilwiinariv/m, 5.

Mil Copse, 43.
Millerstord Bottom, 20.
Plantation, 38.

Mill Hill Copse, 7.
Mineral products, 1, 50, 51.
Miocene disturbancep, 29.
Mockbeggar, 24, 25, 42.
Morgan's Vale, 9, 14.
Moore Crichel, 7.
Moors Eiver, 49.
Mount Ararat, 22.

Pleasant Farm, 38.

Moyle Court, 42.
Mud Walls, 24, 50.
Mutton Hole, 10.

Nadder River, 30.

Nea Farm, 45.

Needles, The, 31.

Neolithic Period, 49.

New Buildings, 40.

Newer Pliocene, 29-39.

New Forest, 5, 27, 37, 49.

Newton, E. T., 11, 25.

New Tovra, 25, 42.

Noddle Hill, 17.

North Charford, 20, 37, 40, 50, 57.

Downs, 13.

Nummulites variolarius, 25.

Oakley Down, 55.
Odontaspis macrotus, 14, 27, 28.
Odstock Down, 55.
Oldhaven Beds, 13.
Ostrea bellovacina, 8-12.

flahellula, 18.

Outwick, 6, 46.

Overlap, Eocene, 13.

Oxidation of glauconitic sands, 9, 10.

Oysters in Reading Beds, 8-12.

PalEeolithic implements, 36, 37, 46.

terrace, 41-45.

Palaeozoic rocks, 2.

pebbles in Drift, 30, 38-

40, 43.

■Reading.

Beds, 9, 10,
Peat, 49.
Pebble Pit, 10.

Cottage, 55.

Pectunculus deletus, 27.
Pholadidea, 10.

Phosphatic granules in Chalk, 6.
Physical features, 1, 2.

Origin of, 29-48.

Picket Corner, 24, 26, 29, 30, 33, 42.

— ^ Post, 28, 39, 40.

Pinna affimis, 1 %.
Pipe-clay, 20, 23.
Pipes and tiles, 50.
Pistle Down, 42.

Hill, 43.

Plants in greywether sandstone, 24,

26,

INDEX.

Plants in the Bagshot, 21, 23.

London Clay, 18.

Eeading Beds, 9.

Plastic Clay, 8-12.

Plateau Gravel, 29-45.

Pliocene, 29-39.

Plumley Heath, 44.

Poole, 23.

PorospJuBra globularis, 6.

Potteries, 50.

Poulner, 26, 27, 42, 50.

Preglacial, 29-39.

Prestwich, Sir J., 32, 36.

Proteaceous leaf in London Clay,

17, 18.
Purbeck Beds, 2.

Isle of, 31, 32.

pebbles in Plateau Gravel,

30-32, 35, 36, 38-40, 43.
Pyrites in Chalk, 6.

Eadiolarian chert, 39.
Raised Beach, 35.
Eandalls, 55.

Eeading Beds, 8-12, 50, 52.
Redlynch, 9, 14, 36, 37, 39.
Eedman's Hill, 43.
Eed-mottled clays, 8-12.
Ringwood, 24, 26, 27, 37, 42, 44, 47,

52..
Eiver system. Origin of the, 29-48.
Eoad metal, 37, 50, 51.
Eockbourne, 9, 51, 55.
Eockford Common, 37, 40, 42, 51.
Eoke Hill, 17.
Eook's Hill, 18.
Eoots in greywether sandstone, 24,

26.
Bostellaria lucida, 15.
Rushmore, 5, 56.
Eushy Flat, 38.
Eyalrs Farm, 54.
Rye Hill, 19.

Sagles Spring, 51.

"Sag" of strata, 9, 27, 36, 43.

St. Acheul, Implements from, 36,

37.
St. Giles's Park, 6, 11.
Salisbury, 37, 38, 46, 48.

Museum, 38, 41, 47.

Plain, 24, 30, 31, 34.

Rivers, 30-32.

Salisc in Alluvium, 49.
Sandhill Hill. 16.
Sands for building, <fec., 50.
Sandstone for building, 50.
Sandy Balls, 21, 37, 41.
Scenery, 1.

Schorl-rock in Drift, 41, 44.
Searchfield, 6, 41.
Selbornian, 3.

Septaria, 13.

Seymour's Brickyard, 27, 28.
Shtll-marl, 49.
Silicified wood, 26.
Smallbridge Farm, 17, 43.
Soil-cap motion, 36.
Soils, 1, 4, 13, 52.
Solent Eiver, 29-32.
Somerley, 21, 45, 56.
Southampton Eiver, 37.

Water, 30, 31.

South Damerham, 6, 51-

Spithead, 31.

Springs, 51.

Stevens, A. H., 47.

Stonehenge, 26.

Stone Quarry Bottom, 39.

Stoneware, 50.

Stour Eiver, 2, 31, 35, 46.

Strahan, A., 31, 32.

Strata, Table of. 2.

Studland, 32.

Sturt's Copse, 6, 11, 12.

Sunderton Cottage, 45.

Sutton Brickyard, 18.

Table of strata, 2.
Tarrant Crawford, 5.

Monkton, 5, 7.

Terebratulina striata, 7.
Terrace Gravels, 33-45.
Terra-cotta, 50.
Test Eiver, 35.
Tiles, 50.
Tilley & Co., 54.
Titt, J. W., 9, 56.
Tollard Church, 5.

Farnham, 56.

Trow Hollow, 4.

Upper Greensand, 3, 50.

Vale of Wardour, Stones from the,

30-32
Valley Gravel, 34, 46-49.
Valleys, Erosion of the, 29-49.
Vereley Hill, 39, 40.
Verwood, 9, 17, 23, 42, 48, 49.
Voluta elevata, 18.
luctatrix, 27.

Water supply, 51-57.
Wealden, 2.

Anticline, 29.

Weathering of the London Clay, 13,

16.
Wedge Hill, 43.
Weeks, J., 54, 56.
Wells, 6, 8-11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 51,

57.

liTDEX.

Westlake, E., 6, 8, 15, 16, 41, 46, 47,

54.
West Park, 6, 10, 55.
Whitaker, W^- 13.
Whiteshoot Farm, 20, 38.
Whitsbury, 6.
Wild Church Bottom, 49.
Wilkins's Copse, 10.
Willow-leaves in Alluvium, 49.
Wiltshire Wood, 19.
Wimborne, V.

St. Giles, 6

Windmill Hill, 25
Windyeats, 38.

WinkeHjpry, 1.

Woodcutts, 12, 55. .

Woodfalls, 14, 30, 33, 37, 39, 40, 56,

57.
Woodgreen, 37, '40, 41, 57.

— — Common, 20.

Woodlands, 6, 11, 19, 57.

Common, 43.

Woodmintoh, 4.
Woolsbridge, 48.

Xanthopsis Leachii, 14.

Zones in the Chalk, 5.

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