Indian names in New-York, with a selection from other states, and some Onondaga names of plants, etc..

CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

F 117.B37
Indian names in New-Yorl(, with a seiectio

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INDIAN NAMES

-IN-

NBW = YORK,

■WITH A SBLECTION FROM

OTHKR STATKS,

-AND SOME-

Onondaga Names of Plants, Etc.

■ BY-

■W. M. BKAUCHAMP, S. T. D.,

BALD-WINSVILLE, N. Y.

Fellow of the American Association for the A dtati cement of
Science, etc.

PRIKTED BY H. C. BEAUCHAMP,

RKCORDKR OKKICK,

rATETTEVIIiLE, N. T.

F

111
b37

COPYllIQHT, 1893,

BY

AV. IVI. BBAUCHAIVIP.

PREFACH.

T^HE FAVORABLE RECEPTION of Cusick's History of
-*■ the Six Nations, with its accompanying notes, has led to the
preparation of this volume on New York Indian local names.
Nearly thirteen hundred of these are mcluded, with the addition
of about two hundred and sixty general names. To these has
been added an interesting collection of Onondaga names in
natural history, obtained on the Onondaga reservation in New
York. Full notes on the antiquities of New York, with thous-
ands of drawings of sites and relics, are in hand for a future vol-
ume of this series on the New York Iroquois, as well as a care-
fully prepared history, the result of many years' work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Indian Names in New York i

General Observations, i

Counties 6

Supposed Iroquois Towns 92

Additional New York Names 93

General Indian Names 94

Onondaga Names of Plants, Quadrupeds, Birds and

Reptiles ii.

Addenda 123

Index 125

Indian Names in New York.

T^HERE are more Indian names of places in use in New York
-*■ than is commonly supposed, though many are of Uttle im-
portance, and some are much changed from their original sound.
This causes a difficulty in obtaining their true meanings when
once forgotten. They are referable to the two great Indian
families, the Iroquois and Algonquin, the former mainly prevail-
ing from Albany westward, and the latter being principally con-
fined to the Hudson river valley and the shores o£ Lake Cham-
plain, though some will be found along the St. Lawrence and
the Susquehanna. Near the former river and m the Adiron-
dacks, they are mostly of recent introduction through Algonquin
hunters and guides. In a general way the latter class may be
recognized by the use of m, b, p, and sometimes by terminations
like ick, ing, uck, an, etc. Some names have been introduced, as
Alabama, Osceola, Wyoming, and others, but these are few.

On the uncertain and trivial character of many Indian narnes
Mr. Golden made some good observations in his land re-
port of 1732, saying, "There being no previous survey of the
grants, their boundaries are generally expressed with much un-
certainty, by the Indian names of brooks, rivulets, hills, ponds,
falls of water, etc., which were and still are known to very few
Christians ; and what adds io their uncertainty is that such

2 INDIAN NAMES.

names as are in these grants taken to be the proper name of a
brook, hill, or a fall of water, etc., in the Indian language signi-
fy only a large brook, or broad brook, or small brook, or high
hills, or only a hill, or fall of water in general, so that the Indians
show many such places by the same name. Brooks and rivers
have different names with the Indians at different places, an3 often
change their names, they taking the name often from the abode
of some Indian near the place where it is so called."

This statement is fully confirmed by observation, nor is it
strange in our own experience. Contrary also to a common
opinion, the Indian had little poetic taste in giving names, and
they might be descriptive, practical, or very odd, as suited him
best. They' often seem absurd, because we do not know how
they first came into being.

Mr. L. H. Morgan refers to a feature mentioned by Golden :
" The method of bestowing names was peculiar. It frequently
happened that the same lake or river was recognized by them
under several different names. This was eminently the case
with the larger lakes. It was customary to give to them the
name of some village or locality upon their borders. The Sen-
eca word Te-car-ne-o-di, means something more than ' lake.' It
includes the idea of nearness, hterally, ' the lake at' Hence, if
a Seneca were asked the name of Lake Ontario, he would an-
swer, Ne-ah-ga Tecar-ne-o-di, 'the lake at Ne-ah-ga.'' This
was a Seneca village at the mouth of the Niagara' river. If an
Onondaga were asked the same question, he would prefix Swa-
geh to the word lake, Hterally, ' the lake of Oswego.' The same
multiplicity of names fiequently arose m relation to the principal
rivers, where they passed through the territories of more than
one nation. It was not, however, the case with village* and other
localities."

In the Onondaga dialect I find the prefix commonly shortened
into Vkah, equivalent to "where," Or "the place at which."

INDIAN NAMES. 3

- The Mohawks and Oneidas use the liquid L, and as they were
most in contact with the whites their orthography has been
largely followed in common use. Mr. Morgan says, "It has
been customary to exclude the liquid R from the Iroquois alpha-
bet, as not common to the several dialects, but this is clearly
erroneous. Although it is principally found in the Mohawk, Sen-
eca, and Cayuga, it is yet occasionally discovered in each of the
others." I am glad to fortify my published views on this point
with the words of so high an authority. Several eminent writers
have said that this letter has altogether disappeared from the On-
ondaga tongue, yet I have sometimes found it there in words
carefully-pronounced for me, and the Onondagas agree in telling
me that it is occasionally used by them.

In the " League of the Iroquois," Mr. L. H. Morgan has
given the best general list of Iroquois local names extant, care-
fully taken down from native sources, arid generally with the
meaning added. As the Iroquois themselves do not always pro-
nounce or define these alike, his list will not always agree with
others,- but it will generally be found reliable, though he has a
preference for the Seneca sounds. Mr. O. H. Marshall, of Buf-
falo, pubHshed a good list of those along the Niagara frontier,
and others are found scattered through many volumes, or maybe
obtair.ed from the Indians themselves.

In compiling my own hst from many sources, most of them
were placed irta body under the names of their authors, but-this
could not well be done in arrangmg them by counties, nor was it
convenient to- ipecify the authority for each word. A few are
given in an indefinite way, just as they occur, scattered through
books and papers, and' some of these seem purely fanciful, but
doubtful ones wiil be 'noted, and probably nine- tenths of the
New York names are well' sustained.

The name of a village was often of a trivial character, and yet
was retained through many removals, -whether applicable or not.

4 mitlAN NAMES.

In this case it often became practically meaningless, as so many
of our own names have become ; a name, and nothing more. It
was very natural that towns should often have more than One of
these, for we have no difficulty in recognizing states, cities, and
villages, by titles not conferred by law. Indeed, in our intet-
course with the Indians, we know many places better as the resi-
dence of their chiefs than b^ their own proper titles. Little
Beard's, Catharine's, and Cornjjlanter's towns are cases in point.
Aboriginal practice was much like our own.

In a Hst of 1,885 la-kes of the United States, published for the
Fish Commission, 285 have Indian names, but a larger propor-
tion is shown in rivers and streams. In a list of principal rivers
flowing into the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic, but excluding
those of the St. Lawrence basin, 724 have Indian names. By
adding those of this valley, the Pacific coast, and a multitude of
small streams, the list might be doubled.

OC pur States and territories half have Indian titles, and the
names of most of our lar^e' lakes come from the same source.
This is all the more remarkable in the latter casef, from the vary-
ing practice of the aborigines, and the "early use the French
especially made of other names. In this and other instances, it
will be found that early names were sometimes applied quite
differently from what they are now.

Mr. Morgan carefully noted the sounds of letters, as well as
the accented syllables, while Mr. Marshall paid attention only to
the latter in affixing signs. This is good as far as it goes,, but
only by a peculiar alphabet can we represent all the sounds. In
those which I have taken down from the Onondaga, and occa-
sionally from other dialects, I have endeavored to represent the
sound by the spelling, though not with perfect Success. The effort
to do this is one cause of the length of Indian names 'as at first
written. In most cases the penult is accented, but there are many
exceptions, and this may vary frcm the first to the last syllable.

INDIAN NAMES. 5

In collecting early names there is another source of perplexity
in the nationality of various writers. The French did not spell ,
as we would, and allowance has to be made for this fact. They
learned the Huron language in Canada, which closely resembled
the Mohawk, and their first intercourse with the Iroquois, as mis-
sionaries, was with the latter nation. The result was that when
they first came to Onondaga, they Wrote down local names in the
Mohawk form. The Dutch and English writers did much the
same, -following their own linguiktic usage. The Moravians had
niarked peculiarities of spelling, but also followed the Mohawk
dialect. Zeisberger studied the Mohawk before the Onondaga
tongue, yet it is quite curious to find that most of his large On-
ondaga lexicon is composed of Mohawk words, and this after he
had spent many months at the Onondaga capital.

It is not easy to take down Iroquois words accurately, and
many names were written under adverse circumstances, and by
those whose learning was very limited. It is a common thing to
find a name spelled several different ways, in a document of a
few hundred words.

Besides the lists of Messrs. Marshall and Morgan, many names
will be found in the Jesuit Relations. Clark appended quite a
list to his History of Onondaga. Hough furnished many in bis
|ie%l!ral works. A few occur in Schoolcraft, and a number in De
Schweinitz's Life of David Zeisberger. Hoffman has a mixed
collection of Adirondack names, partly fanciful it would seem, in
his Vigil of Faith. Quite a collection was published by S. G.
Boyd in 1885, under the title of "Indian Local Names." But
few of this list belong to New York. Heckewelder, Conrad
Weiser, Spangenberg and others, furnish some, and many will be-
found in the publications of various historical societies. To all
these I am indebted, while I have had valuable aid from the Rev.
Albert Cusjck, of the Onondaga nation. His early kinsman,
David Culick, preserved quite a number in his Sketches of

6 INDIAN NAMES.

Ancient History of the Six Nations, often with the meaning, but
those without were so essentially correct that it was easy to in-
terpret most of them.

Experience hasjjroved that a false interpretation cannot easily
be set aside, if it is a favcMrite. It pleases the fancy, and will be
allowed as at least a harrnless fiction, when found not to be a
fact. Some names, however, reveal the truths of history, but
these are very few. On the whole we do not always gain by
learning the meaning of a name which pleases the eye, however
satisfactory it may be to do so. Some names have been pruned,
to suit our civilized tastes, and have not. their early forms.
Schoolcraft took this liberty with Cusick's names, saying: "I
abbreyiate these names from the originals, for jthe sole purpose
of making them readable to the ordinary reader." In general,
however, this has been less deliberately done, but, changed or
unchanged, our Indian names are among the most satisfactory !
we have. In common use they are likely to increase, but due
regard should be had to their meaning, and the plaices to which
they are assigned. There are Indian names almost as foreign to
New York as Syracuse and Utica.

ALBANY COUNTY.

Both banks of the Hudson were in the territory of the Mohe-
gans, and many of the names are early. This nation was known
as Wolves to the,pthers, and called Loups by the French, and,
with their kindred,, , tribes, occupied the whole of the Hudson
river until driven /rpm its upper waters by the Mohawks. Near
Albany they had. come forts and much cultivated land. Their
language was ^radically different frop\ the Iroquois.

Pas-pa-pe-nock, below Albany, is now Bear island.

Sne-ackx island is above the city. These marked the north
and south limits of the tract purchased west of (he river in 1630.

INDIAN NAMES. 7

The Mo-en-em-in-es castle was on an island: at the tnouth of
the Mohawk, at that time.

Co-hoes Falls had this name at an early day, and it means a
shipwrecked canoe, the owners of which had, a very remarkable
escape, described in the old annals.

Ga-asch-ti-nick was a Delaware name for Albany.

Pem-pot a-wut-hut is another name for the same place, mean-
ing fireplace of the nation.

San-a-ha-gog is Rensselaerwyck.

Ha-an-a- kroiSj or Haw-na-kraus creek. This is one of the
names which have both an European and Indian air. On the
map of the New York grants it is Ham-cram kill.

On-is-ke-thau was an early name for Coeyman's creek;

Hag-gu-a-to appears between Coeyman's creek and the Batten
kill, on the map of New York grants.

Nis-cat-ha is on the Helderberg mountains on the same map,
and probably has some reference to Indian corn.

Ach-que-tuck, or A-que-tuck, was an early name for Coeyman's
Hollow.

Ta-wa-sent-ha, or Ta-wai-sont-ha, is doubtfully said to mean a
place of many dead. Norman's kill.

Ta-was-sa-gun-shee has been interpreted as Look-out hill, ap-
phed to Kidd's Heights.

Shat-e-muc, or Pelican river, was one of the many names given
to the Hudson, but properly belongs farther down. The pelican
occasionally reaches the small lakes of the State even now.

Skah-neh-ta-de, River beyond the pines, and Skagh-negh-ta-da,
End of the pine woods, are among the many forms and defini-
tions of the name of Schenectady, originally applied to the Hud-
son at Albany. A good rule will work both ways, and the name
is just as appropriate where it is now fixed, provided the journey
is made westward. Morgan gives the name as meaning Beyond
the openings, in the Seneca dialect. David Cusick gave it as

8

INDIAN NAMES.

Shaw-na-taw-ty, Beyond the fineries, and I received substantially
the same definition at Onondaga. San-a-ta-tea and Ko-hs-ta-tea
seem other forms of the same word.

l-SMt-che-Ta., Hill of oil. Trader's Hill, three miles west of Al-
bany.

Oi-o-gue, Beautiful river; applied to the Hudson above
Albany, but mentioned still farther up by Father Jogues in 1646. '
They passed Lake George by land ; " Six leagues from the lake
they crossed a small river that the Iroquois called Oiogue : the
Hollanders who are settled on it, but farther down, have named
it river Van Maurice," now the Hudson.

ALLEGANY COUNTY.

Loskiel says of the Allegany, " the Delawares call this river
Al-li-ge-wis-i-po, which the Europeans have changed to Al-li-ghe-
ne, and the Iroquois call it Ohio, that is, the beautiful river."
Heckew.elder also says, "The Delawares call the former Al-ld-
ge-wi Si-pu, the River of the Al-li-ge-wi." Some have thought
these the mound builders, who were driven off by the northern
nations. The name is not uniformly spelled.

Ga-ne-o-weh-ga-yat, Head of the stream, Angehca,
' Ga-o-ya-de-o, Where the heavens rest upon the earth,
Caneadea. A wide opening in the forest, at this, place,
gave a pecuhar appearance to the earth and sky, on which the
name is founded.

0-wa-is-ki, finder the banks, Wiscoy creek.

Shan-a-ha^-gwa-i-kon creek. An affluent of the Genesee, men-
tioned in Morris's deed of 1793.

]3.-go-yo-gth, Hearing place. Black creek. The name of this
stream seems to have been continuous.

Kar-at-hy-a-di-ra, a Seneca villag-e at Belvidere, in 1765.

Con-e-wan-go, Indian village of 1779.

Tagh-roon-wa go, another of the same year.

On-ogh-sa-dada-go, Where buried things are dug rtp. Meaning

INDIAN NAMES. 9

given me by Rev. Albert Cusick. A Seneca town near Canawa-
go, in 1744.

On-on-dar-ka, Village on a hill, north of Karathyadirha, on a
map of 177 1, defined by the same person.

R. Sis-to-go-a-et. Part of Genesee nver, on Pouchot's map.

Che-nun-da creek, Shon-go, and Canaseraga are other names.

brOome county.

Nan-ti-coke was one of the early Indian names farther south,
and is equivalent to U-necht-go, or Tide water people ; which is
very nearly tile meaning of every name given this nation. They
were conquered by the Iroquois, and were removed by them to
the vicinity of Binghamton about the middle of the last century.
Their reputation was bad.

Ot-se-ningo, a village near Binghamton in 1779. O-se-win-go
is the same, and there are several other forms.

Che-nan-go, Bull thistle, is the present spelling of the preced-
ing, and essentially the same name appears much farther west.

Chug-nutts, or Cho-co-nut, was a village below the last, de-
stroyed in 1779. A. Cusick thought the meaning was Place- of
tamaracks.

On-oh-agh-wa ge is a mountain near Oquaga.

Oquaga, On-ogh-qua-ga, or On-ocl>ge-ru-ge, was a village at
Windsor, burned in 1779. Cusick thought it meant Place of
hulled corn soup. 1

Skow-hi-ang-to, near Windsor, was destroyed at the same time.
It means simply Tuscarora town.

Ok-kan-um, Kil-la-wog, and Cook-qua go, are other names.

_ CATTARAUGUS COUNTY.

Ga-da-ges-ga-o, Stinking water. Cattaraugus creek.
Con-e-wan-go creek. In the rapids. This may be compared
with the Mohawk, Caughnawaga. A fanciful interpretation is They

lO INDIAN NAMES.

have been long gone. In various forms it was a common name.

O-hee-yo, Beautifid river. Allegany river.

He-soh, Floating nettles. Ischuna creek.

0-da-squa-wa-teh, Small stone beside a lat-ge one. Little Valley
creek.

Te-car-nohs, Dropping oil: Oil creek.

O-so-a-yeh, Pine forest. Oswaya creek.

Je-ga-sa-neh. Burton creek, so called after an Indian.

Te-car-no-wun-do, Lime lake, which is the present name.

De-as-hen-da-qua, Place of courts. Ellicottville.

0-so-a-went~ha, By the pines. Hasket creek.

De-o-na-ga-no, or Te-on-i go-no, Cold Spring. An Allegany
village..

To-ne-a-dih, Beyond the great bend. Another village on the
same reservation.

Da-ude-hok-ta, At the bend. Bend village. ,

Ga-qua-ga-o-no Wa-a-gwen-ne-yuh, Trail of the Kahrkwahs^
often called Eries. Another village. The words are reversed in
translation.

Che-na shun-ga-ton. Name of the junction of Cold Spring
creek and Allegany river in Mary Jemison's early days.

Tu-ne-un-gwant, or Tu-ne-ga-want, An eddy not strong. In
CarroUton, and also applied to a valley.

Tu-nes-sas-sa, Clear pebbly stream. A village.

Go-wan-da and Allegany are other names.
CAYUGA COUNTY.

Te-car-jik-ha-do, Place of salt. Montezuma, where there are
salt springs. For a long_ time the Indians used no salt, and
sometimes the Iroquois objected to eating Europeans because of
their salty taste.

De-a-wen-dote, Constant dawn, called Cho-no-dote in 1779.
Aurora. It is odd that the Indian and European names should
thus correspond.

INDIAN NAMES. H

Was-gwas, Long bridge. Cayuga bridge, once the longest in
the world.

Ga-weh-no-wa-'na, Great island. Rowland island, the largest
in Seneca river. Compare with this one Iroquois name of the
Susquehanna.

Squa-yen-na, A great way up; i. e., from the Seneca river.
Otter lake and Muskrat creek.

Dats-ka-he, Hard talking. North Sterling creek. We know
nothing of this wordy war.

Te-ga-hone-sa-o-ta, 'Child in baby frame. Sodus Bay creek.

Kan-a-ka-ge, Black water. Owasco inlet. By itself black is
kahonji in Mohawk, osuntah in Onondaga, and sweandaea in
Cayuga, but a similar meanmg may be otlierwise expressed, and
Morgan gives Two Sisters creek, in Erie county, as Te-car-na-ga-
ge, or Black waters, the Indian name being essentially the same.

De-a-go-ga-ya, Where men were killed. Owasco outlet.

Os-co, Bridge over water. . Auburn.

Dwas-co. Bridge on the water, or floating. Auburn. This
differs a little from Morgan, but A. Cusick told me that
both of tliese are used, with this distinction. Kirkland, in 1764,
mentioned Owasco as Lake Nascon.

Ge-wau-ga, Point running out. Union Springs.

Ga-ya-ga-an-ha, Inclined downwards. A village three miles
south of Union Springs.

Goi-o-guen, the same place. . An early name of the nation
and lake. The interpretations vary greatly, as will appear from
what follows.

Goi-o-gogh, Mountain rising from the water; perhaps in allu-
sion to the sight of the distant hills from the marshes. David
Cusick.

Ca-yu-gSf, Where they haul boats oitt, after passing the marsh-
es. Albert Cusick. See also Niagara county, where Morgan

12 INDIAN NAMES.

renders Gwa-u-gweh as Taking canoe out, at the Tonawanda por-
tage. The name closely resembles another.

Gwe-u-gweh, Lake at the mucky land. This is Mr. Morgan's
interpretation, but his name can hardly be distinguished from the,
preceding. I think these are rather expressive of an idea than
an exact interpretation, the passage of the marshes and the firm-
er land beyond being kept in view.

Gan-i-a-ta-re-ge-chi-at was also a name for the lake given by
Zeisberger. In this the first five syllables mean -lake. He. also
mentions the villages of San^ni-o, On-da-cha-re, Tga-a-ju, and
Gan-a-ta-ra-ge, the last being a-village on the laike'and nearest
Onondaga. In the name preceding this will be recognized the
prefix tga.

On-i-o-en was a name for the whole Cayuga country in 1654I

Ti-che-ro was given as the name of Cayuga lake in 1677, by
Greenhalgh, but was probably- the same ai the following:

Thi-o-he-ro, River of rushes. - Seneca river, in the same year,
and also a village of the same name, so called from the abun-
dance of flags. The Onondaga Eel tnbe is said to have origin-
ated here.

Cho-ha-ro, a village Of 1779, is probably the same name.

On-on-ta-re, a village on the Seneca river in 1656. The name,
refers to a conspicuous hill, probably Fort Hill, south of Savan-
nah, where there is a small earthwork.

Ther-o-tons, or Chrou-tojns, Little Sodus bay.

Chou-e-guen. The earliest appearance of the name of Oswego
in the French fornj, was at Cayuga in 1760. "The river Choue-
guen, which rises in this lake, soon branches into Feveral canals."
It had many names farther down its course. .^ ,

CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY.

Chaut-au^qua.has become one of the best known of our In-
dian names, and has many interpretations. Mr. Albert S. Gats-.

INDIAN NAMES. 1 3

chet was told, on high authority, that "To spell it 'Chatakwa'
would conform better to scientific orthography, for the first two
syllables are both pronounced short;" but this 'seems a mistake.
Alden wrote it as pronounced by the Seneca chief Cornplanter,
" Chaud-dauk-wa." Mr. O. H. Marshall added to this, " It is a
Seneca name, and in the orthography, of that nation, according
to the system of the late Rev. Asher Wright, long a missionary
among them, and a fluent speaker of their language, it would be
written 'Jah-dah-gwah,' the first two vowels being long, and the
last short." Mr. L. H Morgan gives the name in all but the
Oneida dialect, with slight variation. In all he makes a sound
as 'vt\far. The French spelling might prove but Httle, but Sir
William Johnson wrote it "Jadaghque," and thus it appears on
the boundary map of 1768.

It first appeared historically in De Celoron's expedition of 1749)
and was applied to the lake, the portage, and to the terminus of
this on Lake Erie. The prevailing French form wasChadakoin.
Mr. Marshall gave the various meanings ascribed to the name,
as " The place where a child was swept away by the waves, "
" the foggy place," " the elevated place," " the sack tied in the
middle," in allusion to the lake's outline. He preferred the one
given him by " Dr. Peter Wilson, an educated Seneca." Dr.
Wilson was a Cayuga chief, who furnished material for many of
the notes in Street's " Frontenac. " This is the chiefs account,
which agrees with the most reliable interpretation: "A party of
Senecas were returning from the Ohio to Lake Erie, while pad-
dling through Chautauqua lake, one of them caught a strange
fish and tossed it into his canoe. After passing the portage into
Lake Erie they" found the fish still alive; and threw it in the water.
From th^t time the new species became abundant in Lake Erie,
where one was never kiiown tefore. Hence they called the place
where it was caught Jah-dah-gwah, the elements of which are
Ga-joh, " fish," and Ga-dah-gwah, " drawn out." By dropping

14 INDIAN NAMES.

the prefixes, according to Seneca custom, the compound name,
" Jah-dah-gwah,'' was formed.

In the main this interpretation will stand. Mr. Gatschet sim-
ply reverses the story, taking the fish from Lake Erie. On the
other hand, Morgan interprets it as Place where one was lost.
On Pouchot's map of 1758, the Conewango, flowing from the lake,
appears as the River Shatacom.

Kas-an-ot-i-a-yo-go, or Jon-as-ky, was at one end of the Chau-
tauqua portage, in 1753.

Di-on-ta-ro-ga, or At-to-ni-at, was on the same at that time.

Can-non-dau-we-gea seems the next creek south of Cattarau-
gus, as mentioned in the land purchases, but the distance is not
given, and it was ,probably the following :

Ga-na-da-wa-o, Running through the hemlocks. Can-a-da-wa
creek and Dunkirk. /*,

Ga-a-nun-da-ta, A mountain levelled. Silver creek.

Ga-nowun-go, In the rapids. A favorite name here given to
Chautauqua creek and Conewango river.

Gus-da-go, Under the rocks. Cassadaga lake and creek.

Ka-e-ou-ag-e-gein is on Pouchot's map for Cattaraugus creek.

CHEMUNG COUNTY.

Che-mung, £ig horn, from a collection of large elk horns in
the water there. The village was burned in 1779.

Ru-non-ve-a, destroyed in the same year. Big Flats. Cusick
thought this Ru-nonrdea, Place of a Xing; perhaps a rendezvous
for royahsts.

Con-e-wa-wa, Ka-no-wa-lo-hale, and Kon-a-wa-hol-la, are dif-
ferent forms of a favorite name, occunng near Elmira at the
same time, and meaning Head on a pole. This was an Oneida
name, but the nations, in extending their settlements, carried-
names with them, as we have done.

She-do-wa, Great plain. Elmira.

INDIAN NAMES. 15

Gan-at-o-che-rat, a Cayuga town on the Chemung river in
1750. Possibly a name derived from a town on Cayuga lake.

Sing Sing creek is said to have been the name of a resident'
Indian, but is more likely to have been taken from the Monsey
town of 1750, which was not far off, and was called As-sin-nis
sink.

CHENANGO COUNTY.

0-che-nang, Bull thistles. Chenango rivef.

Otselic, Capful. It has also been rendered Plum -creek, biit
shows no resemblance to the Onondaga word for plum.

Sa-de-ah-lo-wa-nake, Thick necked- giant. Oxford. This
seems connected with Cusick's story of the troublesome giant,
whom his friends were obliged to banish, and at last destroy.
According to the story he built a fort here, and then at Sidney
Plains. There were earth works at both places.

Ga-na-da-dele, Steep hill. Sherburne.

Ga-na-so-wa-di, The other side of the sand, as given to me.
Norwich.

Gen-e-ganst-let and Cari-a-sa-was-ta are creeks.

CLINTON COUNTY.

Squin-an-ton^ or Sque-on-on-ton, rendered a deer, to which the
name has some resemblance. The Mohawks call this animal
Oskoneantea. Cumberland Head. This is Cape Sco-mo-ti-on
on the map of the New York and New Hampshire grants.

Seri-hah-lo-ne, Plattsburgh. Cusick thought ,this He is still
building. <>'

Sar-a-nac. An old form is Sal-a-sa-nac.

- COLUMBIA COUNTY.

Most of the names of this county are in old patents, and are
of httle importance. Nearly all of the following are in tho.se of
L ivingston Manor, and vary much, in the several copies.

1 6 ' - INDIAN NAMES.

Sank-he-nack, an early name of Jansen's Kill.

Kick-u-a, or Kick-pa, and Wa-han-ka-sick, were near this, •

Min-nis-sich-ta-nock was north of this creek.

A-hash-a-wagh-kick^ a hill in the north-east corner of the manor,
with a stone-heap.

Ma-nan-o-sick, another in the south part.

Ma-wan-a-gwa-sick, or Wa-wan-a-quas-sick on the north Une,
"where the heapes *of stones lie, * * which the Indians
throw upon another as they pass from an ancient custom amongst
them."

Wa-han-ka-sick, a creek near Jansen's Kill.

Ac-a-wa-nuck, or Ac-a-wai-sik, a rock in the south-east corner.

Ma-hask-a-kook, a cripple bush in the south part. I find no
definition of cripple bush in any dictionary or botany, but it
means a creeping bush, perhaps a species of Viburnum. In the
patent some Indians are called Cripple Indians.

Na-cha-wach-ka-no, a creek in the south part.

Qui-sich-kooh, a small creek.

Pott-kook, a creek south of Kinderhook.

Wack-an-e-kas-seck, a creek opposite Catskill.

Ska-an-kook, a creek.

Ta-was^ta-we-kak, the same farther' down. —

Kach-ka-wa-yick, west of the mountains.

Ma~which-nack, a fiat at the junction of two stream?.

No-wan-nag-qua-sick, a flat with a large stone at one end.

Ni-chan-kook, a 'plain.

Sa-ask-a-hamp-ka, or Sack-a-ham-pa, a dry gully opposite Sau-
gerties.

Sa-cah-ka, a stream at the extreme east point, near five lime
trees.

Wich-qua-pak-kat, at the south-east corner of main part of
the manor.

Nup-pa, Wuh-quas-ka, and Wa-wy-ach-t's-nock are other names.

» llSTDIAN NAMKS. 1 7

Tagh-ka-nick lias been interpreted Water enough, from springs
there, but others render ta-con-ic, s& forest or wilderness.

Scom-pa-muck, in the town of Ghent.

Co-pake appears on the map of 1798 as Cook-pake lake, and
the. three following are on the same map.

Na-na pa-ha-kin kill.

Che-co-mm-go kill.

Wash-bum mountain.

Kah-se-way, Mat-tas-huck, and Wy-o-ma-nock are other
names.

CORTLAND COUNTY.

Te-yogh-a/-go-ga, early form of Ti-ough-ni-o-ga, Meeting of
waters. In various forms a frequent name at the forks of rivers.

0-nan-no-gi-is-ka, Shag bark hickory. Onondaga name for the
Tioughnioga river.

Te-wis-ta^no-ont-sa-nea-ha, Place of silver smith. Homer.

0-no-wan o-ga-wen-se, a tributary of the Tioughnjoga from the
west, mentioned in land treaties. It may be a form of a name
of the latter already given.

Ragh-shough, a creek north of the last, and mentioned with it.

Gan-i-o-ta-ra/-gach-rachrat, a small lake mentioned in Spang-
enberg's journal of 1745. ■ Mr. Jordan thought this Crandall's
pond. Albert Cusick translated it as Long long.

Gan-ner-at-ar-as-ke, from the same journal. Cusick thought
this meant 2he way to the long lake, and. Mr. Jordan identified
it with Big lake; in Preble.

Che- nin-go creek and Skan-e-at-e-les inlet are other names.

DELAWARE COUNTY.

Skah-un do-wa, /« /V5(?//a?«j. Delaware river.
Cook-qua-ga, or Cak-qua-go a branch of the same stream.
Cusick gave me the meaning as the place of a girl's skirt.
Te-whe-ack, affluent of the west branch of this river.

ig INDIAN NAMES.

As-tra-gun-te-ra, another tributary, may derive its name from
Atrakwenda,' a flint.

Oul-e-out creek was Au-ly-ou-let in 1768. Given me as a con-
tinuing voice, as though that of water.

Che-hoc-ton, or Sho-ka-kiii, at the branches of the Delaware
river in Hancock, has been said to mean Union of streams.

O-wa-ri-o-neck, tributary to the Susquehanna, 1779.

-A-wan-da creek belongs to the east branch of the Susquehanna.

Ti-a-dagh-ta is a stream flowing into the west fork of this
branch.

Ad-i-qui-tan-ge, a branch of the Susquehanna in Kortwright.

Ad-a-geg^tin-gue, or Ad-a-gugh-tin-gag, a brook in Davenport.
The name may- be the same as the preceding.

Ad-a-quag-ti-na. The Charlotte river. Given as Ad-a-qui-tan-

gie in 1790.

On-o-wa-da-gegh, a Mohawk village of 1766, interpreted for
me as white clay or muddy place.

Coke-ose has been rendered OwVs nest, and from this Cook-
house is said -to have been derived. Deposit.

Pak-a tagh-kan, an Indian village formerly existing at Mar-
garetville, on the Delaware.

Ga-shick-a-tunk, a village on Fish creek, which is a branch of
the Delaware. 1788.

Ut-sy ant-hi-a lake. _ Apparently the same as the next.

Ote-se-on-te-o, a spring at the head of Delaware river. Given
me as Beautiful Spring, cold and pure..

Pe-pach-ton river. Po-pac-ton and Pa-po-tunk.

Ca-do-si-a creek. Given me as Covered with a blanket.

Mongaup valley.

The names and settlements on the Delaware were mostly of
that nation. It is curious how the name of a British nobleman
has become so completely identified with an Indian people as to

f

INDIAN NAMES. 19

seem almost native-to the soil. It became at last the leading
name of the Mohegan tribes, but I have no personal interpreter
speaking this language.

DUTCHESS COUNTY.

The names in this county are of the Algonquin family, but are
not numerous.

Ap-o-keep-sink has been rendered Deep water and safe harbor,
but doubtfully, for Poughkeepsie. Early forms arc Pi-cip-si and
Po-kip-sie.

She-kom-e-ko, a Moravian Indian town of 17 50, at Pine Plains.
The creek is sometimes sp>elled Che-kom-i-ko.

Ap-o-quage, Round lake. Silver lake.

Mat-te-a-wan, Council of good fur.

Hack-en-sack, Low land. A New Jersey name.

Shen-an-do-ah Corners. Recent application of a Virginia
name.

Wic-c6-pce Pass.

Wap-pin-ger's creek, Opossum.

Stis-sing mountains.

S.e-pas-co lake.

Was-sa-ic, Pough-quag and We-ba-tuck are other names.

Ma-re -gond pond, 1779.

ERIE COUNTY.

The name of Erie, meaning a Cat, was applied to the nations
destroyed by the Iroquois in 1655. They .are usually identified
with the Kah-kwahs, although some have thought the latter the
Neutrals, who at one time had three villages east of the Niagara
river. On a map of 1680, the "Ka Koua-go-ga, a nation de-
stroyed,'' is located near Buffalo. If this was the Neutral nation,
whose villages were mostly in Canada, if not entirely so at that
time, this map fakes no notice of the populous and destroyed

20 INDIAN NAMES.

Eries. Charlevoix said of the lake, " The name it bears is that
of an Indian nation of the Huron language, which was- formerly
seated on its banks, and who have been entirely destroyed' by
the Iroquois. Erie in that language signifies Cat, and in some
accounts this nation is called t^e Cat nation. This name comes
probably from the la,rge quantity of these animals formerly found
in this country. Some modern maps have given lake Erie the
name of Gonti, but with no better success than the names of
Conde, Tracy, and Orleans, which have been given, to the lakes
Huron, Superior and Mi^chigan." Albert C-usick tells me that -
Kah-kwah means an eye swelled like' a cafs or prominent rather
than deep set. The Eries may thus have had both names, the
one from a fancied resemblance to fhat ai'iifaal ■ Before -this .1
think no definition of Ifcah-kwah has been given. It applfears ■ ■
several times in combinations of local names, and tendS' to
strengthen the behef that this was one name of the Eries, con- "'■
cerning whom Seneca traditions alone remain. ''^- '""' '-■

A large proportion of the following names are in O. H. Mar-
shall's list, many of them practically agreeing with Mbrgaii's.'' A;
few are froni other sources. ,-,. ., , , . ■; -

, To-na.-wa.n-da. creek, AlfAe raptds,oi^ougA wafer; a frequent
name in various forms.

Mas-ki-non-gez, from the fish of that ham e, which is spelled
in so many ways. An early'Chipp&wa.B'ameof thesame stream, ,•
a part of this nation' having ;lti.'^" villages /in -New York over a ,
hundred years ago. ' '' ■-a": -.i.i.-.--. ..'jt,..'.'- ,-,-^. ,. \.-'\.. . ,,r^■; ,-

Ni-ga-we-nah-a-ah, ^S^za/Z^w/a^/^ri ••Tonawanda island. ; ,-,j^

Swee-ge.was an early name'-fdr Lake'Erie-usedby the English, ■.; -
and equivalent to Oswego, in which fprnS' it 'also ^ appeased in -:
1726. It seems to have been derive'd fromtiie'India'fe*n'arhe--Qf-.? ■
Grand river in Canada. In the beaver Ifind deed of 1701, it
reads, " The lake called by the natives -Sahiquage, and by the

INDIAN NAMES. 21

Christians the lake of Swege." That of 1726 is a' little different:
"Beginning from a" creek callecl Canahogue on the Lake Os-
weego.''

Sa-hi-qua-ge was an Indian name for this lake, given as above,
and seems equivalent to the next.

Kau-ha-gwa-rah-ka, A Cap. This is given in Cusick's histofy,
and I have had its accuracy confirmed in its translation. It is
apphed to the same" lake, and one would infer that it is nearly
two thousand years old, from David Cusick's account, which
does not agree with Marshall's story. A Seneca name has much
the same sou-nd, Ga-i-gwaah-geh. , In the deed of 1726 the for-
mer name essentially is applied to the upper part of Niagara
river, Ca-ha-qua-ra-gha. As ' Niagara' means a neck, and this
word a cap, it may refer to the position of this portion of the
river. > ., . . • . '

Marshall, however, relates a story connected with the naiiie
which should not be omitted,' thojigh perhaps fanciful. It was
applied t'o Fo):t Erie, and he translates it 'PlcKe of hats. " Seneta
tradition relates, as its origin, that in olden time, soon after^ the ,
first visit of the white man, a ba,ttle faccurred on' the lake be-
tween a party of French in batteaux and Indians in canoes. The
latter were victorious, and the French boats' wfeire sunk and the
crews drowned. '. 'Their Ka,ts floated ashore' where thefortwas'
subsequently biiilt, and attracting the attenfioh of the Indians
from their nov'ejlty, they called the locality the place of hats."
There seprhs no historical foundation for this story.

Ga-noh-hoh-geh, The place filled up, is sometimes applied to
the lake, but j fcpeily belongs tO'Long Point; There Was .an
Iridiari tradition that the 'Great Beaver .'built a- dam' across the
lake, of which LongPSint and Tresque Isle 'sEre the fragments;

■ Do-sho-weh, Splitting the forks. Buffalo. ' This is from Mor-
gan, but is not well EUfctaihed; " Mars'liall gives- the usual dfefin-
ition.

2 2 INDIAN NAMES.

It will not be amiss to give a few statements regarding the
eastward r^,nge of the buffalo, of which fhe first New York ac-
count is in Wassetiaer's history, 1621-1632. He is speaking of
the Indians among the highlands of the Hudson : " On seeing the
head of Taurus, one of the signs of the Zodiac, the women know
how to explain that it is a horned head of a big, wild animal,
which inhabits the distant country, but nat theirs." In "Van der
Donck's New Netherlands, not much later, he says that " Buf-
faloes also are tolerably plenty. The animals keep towards the
south-west, where few ^ieople go." He speaks of ihem intel-
ligently at that early day.

In 1 718, M. de Vaudreuil said l3iat "Buffaloes abound on the
south shore of Lake Erie, but not on the north." At that time
theSre were Buffalo creeks in New York and Pennsylvs^nia. These
animals wer^ a}5und?.^it in the open forests of Ohio a hundred
years ago, as tvell as in WeSt Virginia. They frecfiiented salt
licks. In 1688, La Hontan said that at the foot of Lake Erie, .
" We find wild beeves, upon the bf nfcs of two rivers that dis-
charge into it without cataracts- or rapid currents." HoWever
rare east of the Apalachian range, Lawson relates that two wer-e
killed in one year on the Appomatox, a branch of the James
river. It seems reasonable, therefore, to suppose that Buffalo
had Its name from the occasional presence of this animal.
Do-syo-wa, Place of basswood% From their abundance.
To-se-o-way and Te-ho-se-ro-ron are among the other forms.
Tick-erack-gou-ga-ha-un-da, Buffalo creek,'' is apphed to the
stream only. It is disputed whether buffaloes were ever found
there, or whether the stream was not called after a Seneca In-
dian of the Wolf clan, named De-gi-yah-goh, or Buffalo, who
Hved there. As Oak Orchard cjeek, still further east, was known
as Riviere aux Boeufs, or Buffalo creek, as early as 1721, the
probability is that buffaloes reached that part of New. York at
least.

INDIAN NAMES. 23

Gah-gwah-ge-ga-aah, or Gah-gwah-geh, Home of the Kah-
kwahs. Eighteen Mile creek. This is Kogh-quau-gu, in the
land purchase of 1797, otherwise Ga-gwa-ga creek, Creek of the
cat nation, Kah-kwah meaning an eye swelled like a cafs.

Ta-nun-no-ga-o, Full of Hickory bark, is another name for
this creek.

Sca-ja-qua-dy creek, named after an Indian. It is called
Scoy-gu-quoi-des in the land treaties, arid flows into the Niagara
east of Grand Island.

^ Gen-tai-e-ton was an early Erie village, where Catharine Gan-
di-ak-te-na, an Oneida convert, was born. A captive girl, she
married an Oneida, and after a life of great piety died in 1673.

Ga-da-geh, Through the oak openings. Cayuga creek. Foi
the same name and place Marshall gives Fishing place with a
scoop basket.

-Ji-ik-do-waah-geh, Place of crab apple tree. Chicktawauga
creek.

De-on-gote, Hearing Place. Murderer's creek at Akron. See-
un-gut, Roar of distant waters, is the same.

Ga-yah-gaawh-doh, The smoke has disappeared, the name of
Old Smoke, a noted Seneca chief, who lived on this creek.

Ue-dyo-deh-neh-sak-do, A gravel bend,' is beyond Smoke's
creek. It is called also Da-de-o-da-na-suk-to, essentially the
same, but defined as .a Bend in the shore.

Hah-do-neh, Place of June berries. Seneca creek.

Ga-e-na-dah-daah, Slate rock bottom. Cazenovia creek.
Morgan translates Ga-a-nun-deh-ta as Mountain flattened down,
which may have been intended for a flat rocky surface. The
different interpretations have often similar harmonies.

De-yoh-ho-gah, Forks of the river. The junction of Cayuga
and Cazenovia creeks; a common name.

Ta-kise-da-ne-yont, Place of the bell.. Red Jacket's, village.

24 INDIAN NAMES.

where the mission house was. Marshall renders it Tga-is-da-ni-
yont, Place of the suspended bell.

Tgah-sgoh-sa-deh, Place of the falls.. Falls above. Upper
Ebenezer. «

Dyo-nah-da-eeh, Hemlock elevation. Upper Ebenezer village.

Tgsi-des' Zong prairie. Meadows above the last.

De-dyo-na-wa'h, The ripple. Middle Ebenezar village.

On-on-dah-ge-gah-geh, Place of the Onondagas. A former
village of that nation, west of Lower Ebenezer.

K.an-hai-ta-neck-ge, Place of many streams. The same place,
as given by David and interpreted by Albert Cusick. This was
occupied by the Onondagas a hundred years a^go;

Sha-ga-nah gah-yeh, Place of the Stockbridges, east of the last.
^De-as-gwah-da-ga-neh, Lamper eel place. Lancaster village)
after a person who lived there.

Ga-squen-da-geh, Place of the lizard. This is the same name,
slnd Morgan gives it for the same place. It may refer to one of
Cusick's stories. ^

De-yeh-ho-ga-da-ses, The oblique ford. Old ford at the Iron
bridge.

Tga-non-da-ga-yos-hah, Old village. Site of the first Seneca
village on Buffalo creek, on Twichell's flats. They had no vil-
lages west of the Genesee valley for a long time after the Erie
war.

Ni-dyio-nyah-a-ah, Narrow point. Farmer's Brother, Point.
This chief was a noted orator of recent times.

Yo-da-nyuh-gwah, A fishing place with hook and line. Beach
above Black Rock.

Tga-si-ya-deh, Rope ferry. Old ferry over Buffalo creek.

Tga-no-so-doh, Place of houses. An old village in the forks of
Smoke's creek.

Dy-os-hoh, Sulphur spring, which is the present name.

INDIAN NAMES. 2$

He-yont-gat-hwat-hah, Picturesque place. Cazenovia bluff.

Gah-da^ya-deh, Plcue of misery. Williamsville, in allusion to
the bleak and open meadows. An old chief, however, referred
it to the open sky, where the trail crossed the creek.

Ga-sko-sa-da-ne-o, Many falls, is another name for this place.

Gar-we-not, Great island, is an early name for Grand island,
but Morgan gives Ga-weh-no-geh, On the island.

0-gah-gwah-geh, Home of the sunfish. Mouth of Cornehus
creek. The Indian name .is from a negro who lived here at an
early day, and whom they called the sunfish, because of a red
spot in one of his eyes. He married among them, and became
influential, lieaving many descendants.

Ken-jock-e-ty creek. Beyond the multitude, called after the son
of a Kah-kwah. He lived to a great age, and was an influential
chiefl More exactly the name is Sga-dyuh-gwa-dih, and this
illustrates the frequent changes of names in our use of them, but
this has been written in several other ways.

Ga-noh-gwaht-geh. Wild grass of a particular kind, is another
name for the same stream.

De-o-steh-ga-a, A. rocky shore, is that at Black Rock, so called
from the outcrop of dark corniferous Umestone.

Te-car-na^ga-ge, Black water. Two Sisters' creek.

Ga-da-o-ya-deh, Level heavens. EUicott creek.

Pon-ti-ac, the name of the celebrated western chief, has been
introduced as the name of a post-office.

Dyos-da-o-dah, Rocky island, was the name of Bird island, but
the stone of which it was composed has been removed and util-
ized.

Dyo-e-oh-gwes, Tall grass, ox flag island. Rattlesnake island.

Dyu-ne-ga-nooh, Cold-water. Cold Spring.

De-dyo-we-rio-guh-do, Divided island. Squaw island, so called
from being crossed by a marshy creek.

Marshall uses more letters in his spelling than seems necessary.

26 INDIAN NAMES.

and Morgan's is far simpler, though not so exact in inflections.
The hardening of some sounds will be observed in comparison
with words among the eastern Iroquois, though Morgan gener-
ally followed the Seneca pronunciation.

ESSEX COUNTY.

Ka-ya-dos-se-ras, a tract long in dispute about and north of
Saratoga. It will be referred to again.

Ad-ir-on-dacks, Tree eaters. The present Onondaga name,
with the same meaning, is Ha-te-en-tox.

Ti-con-de-ro-ga has a bewildering variety of forms. Morgan
gives it as Je-hone-ta-lo-ga,' Noisy. It has also been rendered
Tsi-non-dro-sie and Che-non-de-ro-ga, with the meaning of brawl-
ing waters. The French called it Carillon from the bell-like
sound of the falls, and they also called it Ti-on-di-on-do-guin in
1744, applying the name to Lake Champlain. On the map of
the land grants it is called, " R. Tycofaderoge, or tale of the
Lake." It does not seem, in early sound, essentially different
from Tionondorage, or Teondeloga, the early name of the village
near Fort Hunter.

Hunck-sook, Where every one fights, has been given as a Mo-
h&gan name for the same place.

Lake Champlain has naturally many names. One of the
present ones is O-ne-a^da-lote. Another earlier name was Can-
ia-de-ri Gua-run-te, the first word^meaning lake.

Teck-ya-dough Ni-gar-i-ge, was applied to the narrows be-
tween CrOwn Point and Ticonderoga.

Ro-tsi-ich-ni, Coward spirit, is another name, more recent
which is given to the lake, referring to an evil spirit who is said
to have Uved and died on one of its islands.

Ro-ge-o was another rather early name for the lake, after the
Mohawk chief, Rogeo, who was drowned at Split Rock. The
rock was also called after him, and marked the north-east corner

INDIAN NAMES. 27

of the Mohawk territory. It was sometimes called Re-gi-ogh-ne
and the point on the east shore by the same name. The Mohawks
had a legend that an old Indian lived under this rock, who' re-
ceived offerings .and controlled the winds and waves. Corlaer
made fun of this story and was drowned, leaving the Indians to
warn all scoffers by his fate.

Cough-sa-gra^-ge has been given as Dismal Wilderness, and
Coux-sa-chra^ga, which is the same, as Their'hunting grounds.
Both relate to the wilderness of New York in general, and Albert
Cusick thought them a form of Mohawk, having reference to a
child. It would seem, however, that the word might be derived
from Kogh-se-rage, Winter, from the coolness of the mountain
tract. , •

Ju.-t o-west-hah, Hunting place, is the present Onondaga name
foi the whole wilderness, a? received by me.

Ag-an-us chi-on has been rendered Blach mountain range, and
applied to the Adirondaeks, but it seems to be the old name
which the Iroquois gav^ to their country j»and which means a long
house.

Kas-kong-sha-di, Broken water, is a rift of the Opalescent
river.

Skagh-ne-tagh-ro-wah-na, Largest lakes. Thjs has been given
as the name from which ^ Schroon lake was derived, and it was
interpreted for me as The lake itself is large. Some think it de-
rived from the French. Sknoona-pus has also been given as a
name for this lake.

Skon-o-wah-co. Schroon river.

She-gwi-en-daw-kwe, or Gwi-en-dau-qua, Hanging spear, are
the same names for the falls of the Opalescent river.

Pa-pa-guan-e-luck, River of cranberries. Au Sable river.
• San-da-no-na mountain has been thought a corruption of St.
Anthony^ but no reasons have been given for this opinion. The
interpretation I received was .52^OT^?/«f^m.

2.8 INDIAN NAMES.

Ir-o-quois and Al-gon-quin are names recently applied to two
mountains. The latter is usually translated Lake, and th^ for-
mer will be defined on a later page.

Pit-tow-ba-gonk is a little known name for Lake Champlain,
probably given by recent hunters.

Ou-no-war-lah, Scalp mountain.

Ta-ha-wus, He splits the sky. Mt. Marcy. The post office is
Ta-ha-wes.

Me-tauk, Enchanted wood. Adirondack Pass.

Wa-ho-par-te-nie. White face mountain. I believe th e name
of The-a-no-guen has been recently given to this, and it is much
better, as meaning White Head, and being the name of Old
Hendrick, the noted Mohawk chief, who lived to a great age,
and was killed at the battle of Lake George in 1755. He. was
so called from the remarkable whiteness of his scalp. The
French spelling was The-yarno-guen, etc. In the account of his
condolence at Canajoharie it, is Ti-ya-no-ga. On the deed of
the beaver lands in lyoi, his name^is Te-o-ni-a-hi-ga-ra-we.

FRANKLIN COUNTY.

To-na-wa-deh, Swift water, or rapids, is the Rack'et or Rac-
quette river, which has its common name from the French term
for the Indian snow-shoes. The name of Ni-ha-na wa-te. Rapid
river, is but a slight variation of the first! In Masta-qua, Lar-
gest river, we have an Algonquin name.

Tsi-tri-as-ten-ron-we, "Natural dam, is applied to the lower
falls of this river.

Ou-lus-ka Pass was interpreted for me as Marching through
grass and burrs.

Ou-kor-lah, Big eye. Mt. Seward. I received the definition
of Its eye.

Am-per-sand pond and mountain.

Kar-is-tau-tee, an island .near St. Regis, and in the St. Law-

INDIAN NAMES. 29

rence, oflf the mouth of Salmon river, is so called after an Indian
banished there by his tribe.

Kil-lo-quaw, With rays, like the sun. Ragged lake.

Win-ne-ba-go pond. Stinking-water. A western name.

Con-gam-muck, Lower Saranac lake.

Pat-tou-gam-muck, Middle Saranac lake.

Sin-haJo-nee-in-ne-pus, Large and beautiful lake. Upper Sar-
anac lake.

Pas-kon-gam-muc, Pleasant lakes. Applied to the whole
group.

Wah-pole Sin-e-ga hu, the portage from Saranac lake to Rock
river.

Ak-wis-sas-ne, Where the partridge drums< St. Regis. From
the abundance of partridges, or the booming of ice with a sim-
ilar sound.

Ken-tsi-a-ko-wa-ne, Big fish river. Salmon river.

Te-ka-swen-ka-ro-rens, Where they saw boards. Hogansburgh.

Te-ka-no-ta-ron-we, Village on both sides of a river. Malone_

Sa-ko-ron-ta-keh-tas, Where small trees are carried on the
shoulder. Moira.

0-sar-he-han, A difficult place which struggles make worse.
Chateaugay. ^

FULTON COUNTY.

Sa-con-da-ga river, ^rcze/K^^ /««</j. A. Cusick gave me the
meaning as swampy or cedar lands^ equivalent to a cedar swamp-

Can-i-a-dut-ta creek. Stone standing out of the water. It is
also rendered Ca-ya-dut-ta, and Ca-i-jut-ha.

Ken-ne-at-too, Stone lying flat in the water. Fonda's creek.
Ken-ny-et-to, sometimes appUed to Vlaie creek and Lake Sacon-
daga, hardly differs.

Te-car-hu-har-lo-da, Visible over the creek. East Canada
creek.

30- INDIAN NAMES.

Was-sont-ha, Fall creek, near Johnstown.

Des-hont-ha, an early name for West Stony creek, may be the
same as the last.

Ko-lan-e-ka, a name for Johnstown in 1750. A. Cusick inter-
preted this, Where he filled his bowl, with food or drink, perhaps
alluding to Sir WiUiam Johnson's, hospitaUty. Morgan defined
it simply Indian Superintendent.

GENESEE COUNTY.

Gen-e-see, often written Che-nus-si-o at one time, is the saipe
as Gen-e-se-o, Beautiful valley^ but the name should have been
given to another county.

'Yo-Xidi.-^zxi-Aa. cye.(^, Swift running water.

Qheck-a-nan-go, or Black creek, given me as Chuck-un-hah,
was also interpreted Place of Fenobscots, or perhaps some, other
eastern Indians.

■Ja-goo-yeh, Flace of hearing. Near Batavia, but also applied
to Stafford.

De-o-on-go-na, Great hearing pMce, is another name for this,
and Jo-a-ikj Raccoon, was Once another.

Ge-ne-un-dah-Sa-is-ka, Mosquito, is also give.n as a name of
Batavia.

Te-ga-tain-asgh-gue, Double fort. Kirkland received this from
the Senecas, as the name of'sorne ruined "earthworks near Ba-
tavia, which he saw in the last century.

0-at-ka creek. The opening.

Canada, Alabama,, Wyoming and Roanoke are introduced
names. . , . .

Gas-wa-'dah, By the cedar swamp. Alabama. ^

Te-car-da-na-duk, Flace of many trenches. Oakfield, r

Gau-dak, By the plains. Caryville.

Gweh-tara-ne-te-cAr-nun.-doTdeh, iP<^z;27/fl_^tf. . Attica.

Da-o-sa-no-geh, Flace without a name. Alexander.

INDIAN NAMES. 3 1

Te-car-ese-ta-ne-ont, Place with a sign-board. Wyoming.
Te-car-rio-wuii-na-da-ne-o, Many rapids. Le Roy.
O-a-geh, On the road. Pembrpke.
O-so-ont-geh, Place of turkey^. Darien.

GREENE COUNTY.
- Po-tick hills. The name is said to mean round. -

Cox-sack-ie has been given as Owl-hoot, but has also been
written Kux-a-kee, Cut banks.-

Chough-tigh-ig-nick, the original name of Batavia creek.
Kis-ka-tam-ena-kook, a stream in the Catskills in 1794, has
been interpreted Place of shelled nuts. It is now Kis-ka-tom.
Wa-wan-tap-e-kook, High' and round hill, was near this.
Wa-chach-keek, Hilly land, was a plain near Catskill.
On-ti-o-ra, or Mountains of the sky, is mentioned by Lossing
as a name of the Catskills, and is now applied to one peak. A.
Cusick did not know oT this name, but said it would mean Very
high mountain.

HAMILTON COUNTY.

Pi-se-co has been rendered Fish lake, which is more than
doubtful. It is also said to have been called after an Indian
named Pezeeko.

U-to-wan-na lake, near the head-waters of the Racquette river.
This was given to me at Oo-ta-wa-ne, or Big waves, perhaps
alluding to a storm at some particular time.

Mo-ha-gan pond is near Racquette lake.

Kag-ga-is, Ta-co-lago, Pi-wa-ket, and AU-na-pook-na-pus are
other small lakes.

Ju-to-west-hah, Hur^ting place, is the present Onondaga name
for the whole wilderness, and to the names already given may be
added that of Tysch-sa-ron-di-a, " Where the Iroquois hunted
beaver, " though this is not a definition. It means Where they
shoot.

32 INDIAN NAMES.

The following will be found in Hofifman, but some of them
are occasional elsewhere, and all are not exactly located.

Inrca-pah-cho, Basswood lake ; or the more euphonious name
of linden trees may be used, from their abundance on Long lake.

To-war-loon-dah, Hill of storms. Mount Emmons.

No-do-ne-yo, Hill of the wind spirit.

Yow-hale, Dead ground, the name of a river.

Ti-o-ra-tie, Sky like, applied to a lake.

Ca-ho-ga-ron-ta, Torrent in the woods.

Twe-nun-gas-ko, Double voice, applied to an echoing glen.

Nu-shi-o-na, the name of a valley.

Nes-singh and Tes-su-ya are names of ponds.

At-a-te-a, applied to a sluggish stream.

Tu-na-sa-sah, Place of pebbles.

HERKIMER COUNTY.

Teugh-tagh-ra-row, Muddy creek as given to me^ was an early
name of West Canada creek. Te a-ho-ge, or Te-u-ge-ga, At the
forks, is another name, and on a patent of 1768 it is called Tioga
brook. Much of its course is through sandy loam and clay, but
it includes the noted Trenton falls.

Te-car-hu-har-lo-da, Visible over the creek, is the East Canada
creek ; Ci-o-ha-na is another name for the same stream, meaning
Large creek; an4 Sa-go-ha-ra is still another, given me by the
same authority as Where I washed.

Cat-ha-tach-ua creek would be She had a path, if written Cot-
ha-tach-ua, as my interpreter conjectures.

No-wa-da-ga creek, was defined forme Creek of mud turtles,
and In-cha-nan-do, another name, as Fish under water. On an
early map it is Can-o-we-da-ge creek.

Mo-hawk is an eastern name for Bear, of which more will be
said.

INDIAN NAMES. 33

Kou-a-ri was a name for Fort Herkimer about 1756, probably
from 0-qua-ri, A bear.

Ots-qua-go creek, Under a bridge.

Wa-i-ont-ha, now Little Lakes. A name much like this ap-
pears in Montgomery county, on an early map.

Wa-co-ni-na, was interpreted for me as There used to be a bridge.
Little Lakes, on the map of New York grants.

Tal-a-que-ga, Small bushes. Lfttle Falls. Several local
names appear here, of which Cusick gave me definitions,

As-to-ren-ga, On the stone. Hills at Little Falls. As-tb-ro-gan
or As-ten-ro-gen, Place of rocks, has also been interpreted Rock,
in the water, and Under the rock. In the last case it is applied
to a rock at the foot of the falls, but generally it is a name for
the whole place.

Da-ya'-hoo-wa-quat, Carrying place, or more exactly Where
the boat is lifted, applied to the river above the falls.

Hon^ne-da-ga lake, formerly. Jock's lake.

Can-ach-a-ga-la, One sided kettle. A recent clearing between
Moose and WoodhuU lakes, and also a noted spring-hole.

Rax-e-cloth, referring to a boy, raxaa. A creek in Schuyler.

Ka-hek-a-nun-da, Hill of berries, in the town of Mohawk.

Ohio and Chepachet are introduced names.

Ne-ha-sa-ne Parle, Crossing on a stick of timber.

JEFFERSON COUNTY.

Et-cat-ar-a-gar-en-re, Sandy creek, 1 755. In 1687 it was written
Cat=-ar-gar-en-re, Cata-ga-ren, and Cad-rang-hi-e. A. Cusick
gave me the meaning as Mud raised like a chimney, but ^slanting
to one side. There were many prehistoric forts near its banks.
Te-ka-da-o-ga-he is another name, perhaps but another forrh of
those above, and meaning Sloping banks. This name might re-
fer to the banks of the stream, or to the unequal slope of an
earthwork, on the outside of which was a deep ditch, ■

34 INDIAN NAMES.

Te-can-an-ou-ar-on-e-si, the south branch of this creek, where,
according to Pouchot, the Iroquois said they came out of thC'
ground. The definition given me was A long time ago this
swamp was divided. It is every way probable that the Onon da-
gas first lived in this county.

Oiit-en es-son-e-ta, an early name for a stream north of Sandy
creek, and in the town of Henderson. It is on Pouchot's map,
and A. Cusick says it means Where the Iroquois League began to
form. This would probablymake the first conception of union
one originating among the Onondagas, and before their removal
to their later territory. The interpretation is interesting as har-
monizing with the tradition attached to a neighboring stream.

Ge-nen-to-ta, or Ga-nen-tou-ta, appears on several early maps
as the Assumption river, apparently Stony creek. The same in-
terpreter renders it Pines standing up.

The various names of Chaumont bay are somewhat perplex,
ing. On early maps it appears as Ni-a-ou-re, Ni-a-wer-ne,- with
other forms, and at last as Ni-ver-nois bay. The last of these of
course refers to the Due de Nivernois, but the earlier French
usage would seem to favor its being originally an Iroquois_name.
Ka-hen-gou-et-ta is another name, which A. Cusick defines as
meaning Where they smoked tobacco.

At-en-ha-ra-kweh-ta-re, Place where thefeive or wall fell down,
is the French creek at Clayton. Wet-er-ingh-ra-guen-te-re,-
Fallenfort, is the same name, referring to an Oneida tradition
of a fort which they destroyed there.

Ka-hu-ah-go, Great or wide river. Black river. Ni-ka-hi-on-
ha-ko-wa. Big river, is the same. It also has the name of Pee-
tee-wee-mow-gues-e-po.

Ga-hu-a-go-jet-wa-da-a-lote, Fortatthe mouth of the great river,
is the name of Sacket's Harbor, from the Jefferson barracks.

On-on-to-hen, A hill with the same river on each side. Ox-
bow, at a bend of the Oswegatchie.

INDIAN NAMES. 35

KINGS COUNTY.
Ca-nar-sie, after an Indian tribe.
Mc-rey-cha-wick, Sandy place. Brooklyn.

LEWIS COUNTY.
/ Os-we-gatch-ie, Black river.

Ta-ka-hun-di-an-do, Clearing an opening. Moose river.

Da-ween-net, Otter. Otter creek.

Ga ne-ga-'to-do; Corn pounder. Deer river. It is also called

Qie-ka-ront-ne, or Trout river.

Ne-ha-sa-ne, Crossing on a stick of timber. Beaver river.

Os-ce-o-la is called after the celebrated Seminole chief.

LIVINGSTON COUNTY.

At first the Senecas lived mostly in Ontario county, but after
the overthrow of the Eries they gradually began to occupy the
Genesee valley, though they had no forts there until the eight-
eenth century. As usual, the villages were moved from place to
place, but oftep retained their names. The various journals of
Sullivan's campaign, in 1779, preserve the names of Seneca
towns in many forms, for some places had, several titles at the
same time. ' ' ,.

Ga-ne-a-sos, Place of nanny berries, according to Morgan, is
Conesus creek. This is a local name for Viburnum nudum, and
I have also received the definition of Long strings of berries.
Besides Kan-agh-sas, the village was termed Ad-jus-te, York-
jough, and Yox^saw, in 1779, ^^^ ^^^ ^^^° called On-is-ta-de by.
Pouchot.

Ga-nus-ga-go, Among the milk-weeds. Canaseraga creek.
Kanuskago was also an early name of a Seneca town at Dans-
ville. ^

Can-a-se ra-ga, Among the. slippery elms. Morgan here gives
quite a different meaning from the one he assigns to the same

36 INDIAN NAMES.

name in Madison county, but a slight change of sound will often
materially alter the sense.

Ko^ho-se-ra-ghe, an early Seneca village, seems the same, but
it appeared elsewhere in 1687, as would be expected.

O-neh-da., Hemlocks, is Hemlpck lake. In a journal of 1779,
the name of " Konyouyhyough, Narrow gutt," seems applied
to this lake.

O-ha-di, Trees burned, is Geneseo. The name of Gen-e-se-o,
or Che-nus-si-o in an early form, Beautiful valley ., also belongs to
this place.

Gen-e-see, a Seneca village west of the river, was Little Beard's
town. It was also called De-9-nun-da-gaa, Where the hillis near.
In 1754 it was called Che-non-da-nah, and Che-nan-do-an-es
twenty years later. It was the largest Genesee village of the
Senecas, and seems identical with the Sin-non-do-wae-ne of 1720.
Another form is Dyu-non-dah-ga-seh, interpreted Steep hill creek.
^ So-no-jo-wau-ga, Big kettle, was at Mount Morris, and was
called after a noted Seneca warrior who made his home there.

This is Morgan's note. In Doty's History of Livingston the
name is said to have come from a very large copper kettle,
brought here by the first settlers for distilHng purposes, and
which called forth the admiration of the remaining Indians. The
village was at first known as Allen's Hill.

De-o-de-sote, The spring. Livonia.

Gan-noun-a-ta, sometimes called by the name just given, was
in Avon, two miles north of Livonia.

Ska-hase-ga-o, Once a long creek. Lima. Another form slight-
ly differs from this.

Go-no-wau-ges, or Can-a-wau-gus, Fetid water, is a name for
Avon Springs, referring to the sulphur springs, and thence given
to the country around.

De-o-na-ga-no, Cold water. Caledonia. These springs were
well known to the Iroquois.

INDIAN NAMES. 37

Near the Caledonia springs calcareous tufa is so abundant as
to be used in making fences, and a church in a neighboring vil-
is built of travertine. The Rev. Mr. Kirkland took notice of
this in 17^8, speaking of "the magic spring so denominated by
the Indians becaused its water was said to petrify, almost every-
thing that obstructed its current. A pagan tradition prevailed,
of an evil spirit having resided here, in former times, bellowing
with a horrid noise, and ejecting balls of liquid fire. The spring
emptied into the Genesee, and its fountain was about three
miles north of Kanawageas." It may have been the " Negateca
fontaine,'' appearing on a map of 1680, a possible derivative
from .Walietkea, anything evil, though this may have applied to
Avon as well.

Gan-ea-di-ya, Small dear lake. Caledonia big spring.

Na-gan-oose, Clear running water, is the outlet of the spring.

Ga-neh-da-ont-weh, Where hemlock was spilled. Moscow.

Co-sha-qua or Ke-sha-qua creek. This seems the same as the
next, being a tributary of the Canaseraga.

Gaw-she-gweh-oh, A spear, and thence a rattlesnake. A vil-
lage site near William sburgh. Casawavalatetah, Gaghchegwala-
hale, Kasawasahya, etc., are some of the many forms given in
Sullivan's campaign^ ,

Hon-e-oye creek, Finger lying. The lake and town are in
Ontario county, but the name may be noticed here, because
that of the creek. The village gradually moved westward, and
was known as On-agh-e, An-ya-ye, An-ja-gen, etc. It was named
from a trivial incident, but the title was maintained.

Tus-ca-ro-ra, Shirt-wearers. An Indian village.

Nun-da, Hilly, or O-non-da-oh, Where many hills come to-
gether.

Squa-kie Hill, near Mount Morris, after the Squatch-e-gas who
lived there, supposed by some to be a remnant of the Kah-kwahs
or Eries. In Cusick'sv history their name is Squawkihows. The

38 INDIAN NAMES.

place has other names, and one of these is Da-ya-it-ga-o, which
Morgan interprets Where the river comes out of the hills, from
the river's leaving its rocky banks and entering the broad and
beautiful valley of the Genesee. Another writer interprets it
'differently, but with the same idea, Where the valley widens.

Hach-ni-age, a Seneca town of 1750. A. Cusick defined this
as A man did bravely.

0-ha-gi, Crowding the banks. A Tuscarora village which may
have been the next, as the Tuscaroras and Oneidas lived much
together, but it was on the west side of the river.

Dyu-hah-gaih, The stream devours it; i. e., the bank. Oneida
village on the east side of the Genesee river in 1779.

De-o-wes-ta, a neck of land below Portageville.

Gah-ni-gah dot. The pestle stands there. A recent village near
East Avon.

Young-haugh, open woods eleven miles west of Honeoye in
r779.

Besides the ab'ove, Pouchot gives Con-nect-si-o, which may be
Geneseo, Kan-va-gen, and Ka-nons-ke-gon. The last has been
interpreted for me as Empty house. \

MADISON COUNTY. .
Chu-de-nang, Where the sun shines out, according to Morgan.
Chittenango .creek. Others, however, have defined it as Where
the waters divide and run north, which is really without any true
meaning. On a map of 1825 it is called' Chit-e-riing, and in land
treaties Chit-i-lin-go creek.* A. Cusick thinks this means Marshy
place, the stream passing for many miles through low lands be-
fore it reaches the lake. After the Tuscaroras came into Mad-
ison county it was sometimes called Tuscarora creek, from them-
In 1767 Sir William Johnson said, "I met the,Indians at the
Tuscarora creek, in Oneida lake." The Indians now know it as
0-wah-ge-nah, or Perch creek.

INDIAN NAMES. 39

Scan-i-a-do-ris, Long lake. A small lake in the eastern part
of the county, near Oneida creek, and mentioned in an early
treaty. This seems the Skonyatales lake mentioned by D.
Cusick, where the mammoth bear and water hon fought.

Sgan-a-te-es, a Tuscarora town of 1750, may have been on
this lake. A frequent name with the same meaning.

Ov-ir-ka creek, the outlet of this lake, which had two branches.

O-hi-o-ke-a, Place of fruit. An early village mentioned by D.
Cusick, west of Oneida creek. The earliest Oneida village
seems to have been ia.that direction.

Can-a-se-ra-ga, Several strings of beads, with one string lying

across. Canaseraga. ""Thus given by Morgan and Sevier, and

recently approved, but it has been interpreted Big elkhorn.

' Kan-agh,-se-ra-gy was the Tuscarora castle of 1756. On old

maps the creek appears as Can-as-sa-de-ra-ga.

Ah-wa-gee, Perch lake. Cazenovia lake. Also rendered Ho-
wah-ge-neh, Where the yellow perch swim.

Kan-e-to-ta, Pine tree standing alone. Canastota. The On-
ondagas, however, know the place as Kan-os-ta, the Frame of a
house, from their admiration of the first one built there. A
swamp north of the village was called still water by the Indians,
and another definition of Canastota has been made from this, as
though it were Kniste, A group of pines and stota, standing still.

The following statement occurs in the History of Madison
county, by Mrs. L. M. Hammond. "Captain Perkins repaired
one of the block houses, which stood on an eminence near
where Dr. Jarvis now lives, built on an addition, and moved in
* * * Not far from Capt Perkins' house stood the cluster of
pines, from which, it is said, Canastota derived its name."

Co-was-e-lon creek. Bushes hanging oner the water.
Otselic cjeek has been translated a Capful, but doubtfully.
On-ei-da, People of the stone, from the Oneida Stone and their
representative sign. Some render it the Standing stone. The

40 INDIAN NAMES.

early homes of the nation were in this county, and here they
hospitably received the Stockbridges and Tuscaroras. There
were several of these emblematic stones.

Gan-o-a-lo-hale, Head on a pole. Oneida Castle. This fa-
"vorite name has been a{>pUed to Oneida lake, and varies much
in speUing.

Te-thir-o-guen, an early name of Oneida lake will have far-
ther attention. Goi-en-ho, another early name, has been de-
fined for me as Crossing place, either alluding to the ford at
Brewerton, or the crossing on the ice. .»

Chaniplain crossed at Brewerton in 1615, Fathes LeMoyne in
1654, and two others the following yeas? one of whom passed
Oneida lake on the ice, on his return to Cariada in the spring of
1656. Both were customary crossings according to the season'
of the y£ar.

Ne-wa-gegh-koo, an old name of the bay at the south-east
angle of Oneida lake. Interpreted for me as Where I ate heart-
ily; a good name for a pleasure resort.

A-on-ta-gil-lon, Brook of the pointed rocks. Fish creek.

Can-a-das-se-o-a, an early village east of Canaseraga, and on a
stream midway on the south side of Oneida lake. Cusick in-
terpreted this as a Village spread out as though daubed on, some-
what as butter is spread on bread.

Da-ude-no^sa-gwa-nose, Round house. Hamilton-

She-wa-is-la, Point made by bushes. Lenox-

Ah-gote-sa-ga-nage, village of Stockbridges.

Besides the abovie Zeisberger mentioned the Tuscarota villages
of An-a-jot, Ti-och-rung-we, and Gan-a-tis-go-a, the last of which
may be rendered Large or long village; if it does not prove to be
Can-a-3as-se-o-a, as seems probable.

MONROE COUNTY.
I-ron-de-quoit bay is variously spelled and interpreted. In
Onondaga it is Che-o-ron-tak. Morgan gives it as Neo-da-on-da-

INDIAN NAMES. 4 1

quat, A bay. Kan-i-a-ta-ron-to-quat, Opening into the lake, is
quite literal. Spafford, in his gazetteer,' perhaps mistook a name
of Toronto for this, and made it Te-o-ron-to, Where the waves
die. Early variations are many in number and' Charlevoix called
nt the bay of the Tson-nont-houans, or Senecas. He described
it as a beautiful place. In a journal of 1759 it appears as'Ni
denindequeat.

Ga-sko-sa-go, Atthe falls. Rochester. Ga-skon-chi-a-gon, was
a frequent early name for the Genesee, or Little Seneca river, in
allusion to the falls, the same name being given to Gswego Falls.
From this is derived Tsi-nont-chi-ou-ag-on, applied to ' the
mouth of the river on early maps. Charlevoix described the
lower part of the river in 1721, and regretted that he knew noth-
ing of the falls until he had passed the place. " This river i^
called Cas-con-chi-a-gon, and is very narrow and shallow at its
discharge into the lake. A little higher it is 240 feet in breadth,
and it is affirmed that there is water to float the largest - ships.
Two leagues (French) from its mouth you are stopped' by -a- fall,
which seems to be about sixty feet high, and 240 feet broad;- a
musket shot above this you find a second of the sam6 -breadth,,
but not so high by a third ; and half a league higher still a third,
which is full a hundred feet high, and 360 feet' broad.^'

Je-don-da-go was a place somewhere on the lake east of Irdn-
dequoit bay.

Go-Ao\s-m., Flace of minnows. Salmon creek.

O-neh-chi-geh, Long ag(>. Sandy creek.

Sko-sa-is-to, Rebounding falls. Honeoye falls. While Mor-
gan applies this name to Honeoye Falls, Mr. George H. Harris
assigns essentially the same term, Sgo-sa-is-fhah, Where the
swell jdashes against the precipice, to a rift on Irondequoit creek,
above the dugway mills. It may very well belong to both places.
I follow his division of syllables, as he is well versed in Seneca
usages, but the Onondagas do not unite the th.

42 INDIAN NAMES. |

Gin-is-a-ga was an early name for Allen's creek. Allen was |
a noted and unscrupulous man who lived among the Senecas at
and before the white settlement.

O-hu-de-a-ra, a Seneca name for Lake Ontario.

Gweh-ta-ane-te-car-nun-do-leh, Red village. Brockport.

Ne-a-ga Wa-ag-wen-ne-yu, Footpath to Niagara, or Ontario
trail.

Da-yo-de-hok-tp, A bended stream, is the same as the early
village of To-ti-ak-ton, or The-o-de-hac-to, in 1677, in the town
ofMendon.,

MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

Albert Cusick interpreted Ga-ro-ga creek as Creek on this'
side. At one time there were no Mohawk villages west of this.

Chjic-te-nun-da creek has been erroneously interpreted Twin
sisters. Mr. Pearson defined it Stone houses, in allusion to the
sheltering cliiFs, but the meaning given to me was simply Stony.

Co-wil-li^ga creek, Willow creek.

Tie-on-de-lo-ga, or I-con-de-ro-ga, Two streams coming toget/her.
Also Ti-on-on-do-ra-ge, and various .other forms. Mohawk river
at Schoharie creek and Fort Hunter. Also called Og-sa-da-ga.

Ju-ta-la-^a, Amsterdam creek.

Os-seu-nen-on, or O-ne-on-gon-re, early site of the eastern-
most Mohawk' cagtle. '

Ogh-rac-kie, Auries' creek.
; Co-daugh-ri-ty, Steep banks, or wall. A land-slide on Scho-
'harie creek, called Ca-da-re-die in 1779.

Ots-qua-ga creek, Under the brids^e.

Ots-que-ne, tributary to the last.

Ots-tun-go, another tributary.

Ta-ra-jor-hies, Hill of health. Site of an Indian village just
east of Fort Plain, called also Ta-re-gi-o-ren, in 1726, after its
chief, being the same name already given. At one time this
was the Indian village of Canajoharie.

INDIAN NAMES. 43

Twa-da-al-a-ha-la, Fort on a hill. Fort Plain.

Da-den-os-ca-ra creek, or Da-to-sca-re, Trees having excres-
cences.

•Kan-a^da-rauk creek, Broad.

Can-a-jo-ha-rie, Washing, the basin, according to Morgan. The
word, however, has reference to a kettle, and other definitions
have been Kettle shaped hole in the rocks, Pot that washes itself,
alluding to a large pot-hole in the Canajgharie creek. Like
othei Indian villages this tpwn was removed from time to time, ^
still retaining the name. Morgan located it at Fort Plain, but
said that one would naturally have expected to have found this
village on Canajoharie creek. It really was just jvest of this
creek at one time, as local antiquarians have abundant proofs.
In 1677 Can-a-jor-ha was a village on the north side of the Mo-
hawk, enclosed with a single stockade.

Te-ko-ha-ra-wa, means a Valley, as interpreted for me, and is
applied to a tributary of Canajoharie creek, and sometimes to
the stream itself.

An-da-ra^-gue was an early Mohawk village, and most of their
towns had several names.

De-kan-a-ge, another early village, defined for me as Where I
lil)e, may be the next.

Te-non-at-che, Flowing through a mountain, which is David
Cusick's interpretation. He assigns it to the Mohawk river, in
giving an account of the settlement of the Five Nations.

Mo-hawk, or Ma-qua, A bear. This is not an Iroquois name,
though borne by one of the nations. In 1676 this nation was
mentioned as "'Maugwa-wogs, or Mohawks, i. e. man-eaters." A
later writer supposes it to be Muskrat river, but he also inore
properly derives it from moho, to eat, ^.nd makes it Cannibal
river. The nation was certainly quite fqnd of human flesh. The
French, called them Ag-ni-ers, but their name was Can-ni-un-ga-es,
Pcssessors of the flint. They were the first to use guns, and

44 INDIAN NAMES.

gathered flints on- Lake Champlain to be used in strikin g" fire.
Their sign was the flint and steel, and they usually drew the lat-
ter as the national totem.

Con-ne-o-ga-ha-ka-lon-on-i-ta-de, another name for the Mo-
hawk river. The first part sounds Uke the name of the nation,
but A. Cusick was quite sure it meant a Small continuing sky,
perhaps in allusion to the glimpses of the heavens afforded by
the reflections in the water.

Tu-ech-to-na,.a creek south of Amsterdam.

Tingh-to-nan-an-da, a creek east of tKe same place.

Sdian-a-tis-sa, a village near the middle Mohawk castle, on
a map of 1655. The interpretation given me was rather odd.
Little long short village, but ih the Indian way of speaking this
might be rendered, " Not a very long, in fact a very short village."

Cung-stagh-rat-han-kre, Creek that never runs dry, at Stone'
•Arabia, 1753.

Tha-yen-dak-hi-ke, a cliif on the Mohawk, near the Nose.

Et-a-gra-gon, a rock on the south bank of the river.

0-na-we-dake, a great flat on the south side.

Was-Gont-ha ajJpears on the map of N. Y. grants, south-east
of Canajoharie, and seems the same name as that given by
French for Little Lakes, Wa-ri-cont-ha. It means _/"a//r.

Ki-na-qua-ri-o-nes, She arrowmaker, " Where the Last Battle
was between the Mohawks and the North (river) Indians,'' men-
tioned in the Schenectady grant of 1672. Gen. J. S. Clark
says this " is the steep rocky hjll on the north side of the Mo-
hawk river, just above Hoffman's Ferry. • * The ancient
aboriginal name is still preserved in the contracted form of To-
we-re-ou-ne." This battle was in 1669, after the unsuccessful
- Mohegarf attack on Gan-da-oua-gue. Pearson gives two other
forms of the name, and the three vary in sex or person, accord-
ing to Albert Cusick.

INDIAN NAMES. 45

Hin-qua-ri-0-nes is He arrowmaker, and Can-a-qua-ri-o-ney is
I arrow maker, as though the one or the- other dwelt there.

Caugh-na-wa-ga, or Gan-da-oua-gue, On the rapids. Fonda.
A frequent name, here given to one of the Mohawk castles. It
has been erroneously rendered Stone in the water, perhaps from
t}ie location of the town on the stream next mentioned.

Ca-y^-dut-ta, or Can-i-a-dut-ta, Stone standing out of the water.

Besidps other villages mentioned already, Ca-ha-ni-a-ga and
Ti-on-op-do-gue, double stockaded towns, and Ca-na-go-ra, a
single stockade, wgre on the north side of the river in 1677.
Oiveu-gi-Ou-re, or Os-ser-ue-non, were among the names of one
>townin 1645. Megapblensis, in 1644, assigns As-ser-ue, the
same as the" last, to the Turtl& clan. The Bear clan occupied
Ba-na-gi-ro, undoubtedly an erroneous rendering of Cahagora.
The Wolf clan, derived from the JBear, dwelt at The-non-di-6-go;
The Mohawk villages varied much m number, and their situation
was often changed. Theie were no villages in their home ter-
ritory until about the end of the sixteenth century.

NEW YORK COUNTY.

Man-hat-tan, The island, on which New York city is built.
Prc^bably from the Delaware word Man-a-tey, an island. Hec-
kewelder could not find that there was ever a nation of this
name, and 'concluded that the island still called Man-a^hit-ta-ni
by the Delawares, was inhabited by them. DeLaet, however,
in 1625, said that 'the Manatthans were a wicked nation, and
deadly enemies of the Sankikani, who liveid opposite, on the
west shoreof the river.- Other early writers take notice of them.
The Monseys also called the site df the city La-ap-ha-wach-king,
Place of stringing wampum beads. Heckewelder observes that
" They say this name was given in consequence of the distribu-
tion of beads among them by ' Eurbpeans, and that after the
European vessel returned, wherever one looked, the Indians

46 INDIAN NAMES.

were seen stringing beads and wampum the whites gave them.'

The same author also gives to New York the name of Man-a-
hat-ta-nink, Place of general intoxication, .from a great carousal
there in early days.

By way of variety part of Washington Irving's observations ;
may be quoted, "The name most current at the present day, and '
which is likewise countenanced by the great historian Va,nder-
Donck, is Manhattan; which is said to have originated in a cus-
tom among the squaws, in the eaily settlement of wearing men's
hats, as is still done among many tribes. ' Hence,' as we are
told by an old governor, who was somewhat of a wag,. and flour-
ished almost a, century since, and had paid a visit to ,the wits of
Philadelphia, ' hence arose the appellation of man-hat-on, first
given to the Indians, and afterwards to the island' — a stupid
joke! — but well enough for a governor. * * * There is an-
other, founded on still more ancient and indisputable authority,
which I particularly delight in, seeing it is at once poetical, me-
lodious, and significant, and this is recorded in the before-men-
tioned voyage of the great Hudson, written by master Juet; who
clearly and correctly calls it Manna-hatta, that is to say, the is-
land of Manna, or in other words, 'a land flowing with milk and
honey.'"

The Sankhicanni, before mentioned, were the Fire workers.
The name of Tam-ma-ny has become local in New York, in a
sense, and can hardly be omitted. He was an early and em-
inent Delaware chief, so virtuous that "his countrymen could
only account for the perfections they ascribe to him by suppos-
ing him to be favored with the special communications qf the
Great Spirit." More than a century ago he was greatly admired
by the whites, and they conferred on him the title of St. Tam-
many, keeping his festival on the first of May. The Philadelphia
society wore buck-tails in their hats, and went to the wigwam on
that day, where the calumet was smoked, and speeches and dan-

INDIAN NAMES. 47

ces followed. Out of all those formed the New York society
alone survives, Heckeweld.er says that most of the stories about
him were made up by the whites.

Min-ha-hau-ock, At the island. Blackwell's island.

Ka-no-no is the Onondaga name for New York, but the mean-
ing has been lost, ^and it is applied to the city only.

0-jik-ha-da-ge-ga, Salt water. Atlantic ocean.

Hoboken, said to mean Smoke pipe, or tobacco pipe, may be.
not{ed here, but Zeisberger defines Ho-po-a-can, as Pipe or flute,
and gives quite a different word for tobacco pipe. In the New
England dialects, however, Hopuonk meant a pipe, or pipes and
tobacco.

Wee-haw-ken has been called Maize land, but the translation
may not be sound.

NIAGARA COUNTY.

Though recently in possession of the Senecas this county w,as
originally part of the territory of the Neutrals, who had three
villages east of the river in 1626, most of their towns being in
Canada. They called themselves Akouanke, but the Hurons
termed them MCvu-asv&sxovik, A people with a speech a little dif-
ferent from their own. They were destroyed by the Iroquois im-
mediately after the Huron war. In 1640 they had a village at the
mouth of the Niagara river called On-gui-a-ah-ra, and they gave
the river the same name. The variations of this are many. Ni-
, a-ga-ra means A n^ck, and has no relation to the cataract. It
was written 0-n.e-i-gra and O-ni-a-go-rah in 1687. The Tuscar
roras call Lewiston, Ne-ah-ga. The. carrying place was formerly
called Ja-ga-ra, or. On-j a-ga-ra. Sometimes it had the nanie of
Och-swee-ge.

0-ne-a.-\3i, A neck. The mouth of the river.

Ga-sko-sa-da, The falls; BaXe-cnT-sVo-sast, HigJiest falls ; Kas-
sko-scr-wah-nah, Great^fall, are all applied to the cataract.
Ca-ha-qua-ragh-e was a name applied to the upper part of the

48 INDIAN NAMES.

river, in i'726, and A. Cusick thinks it means the Neck just under
the chin. ■ This is the same as D. Cusick's name for Lake Erie,
interpreted a cap. It appears as A-qua-ra-ge in 1687.

Shaw-nee, Southern people, is the name of an early nation
which has been applied to a hamlet.. They were once subject
to the Iroquois.

Date-ge-a-de-ha-na-geh, Two creeks near together. Eighteen

mile creek. .

Te-car-na-ga-ge, Black creek, the east branch of the Tuscaro-
ra creek. ,

De-yo-wuh-yeh, Among the reeds. West branch, of the Tus-
carora creek.

0-yon-wa-yea, or O-non-wa-yea, Johnson's creek; A. Cusick
called it O-yong-wong yeh, and thought it meant Something sunk
to the bottom of the water. This' might allude to somethmg done
at the siege of Fort Niagara.

A-jo-yok-ta, Fishing creek. This is Morgan's name for the
same stream. The British army landed here in 1759 -

De-o^o-sote, The spring, referring to the Cold Spring two
miles north-east of Lockport. Morgan gives this, but adds De-
o-na-ga-no as the name of the spring, and Ta-ga-ote as that of
Lockport. There is often quite a difference in his' list and
itinerary.

Kah-ha-neu-ka, or Ki-eri-u-ka, Where the cannon point down,
as given me. David Cusick describes the fort as existing under
this name about 800 years ago. A supposed old fort on the
rocks on the Tuscarora reservation. Turner defines Kiennka as
Fort with a fine view, and it may have been derived frpm Gaano-
geh, mentioned below.

Gwa-u-gweh, Place oftdking but boats. Carrying place at the
falls.

Duh-jih-heh-oh, Walking on all fours. Liewiston Heights,' in
allusion to carrying burdens up the ledge, at the old portage.

INDIAN NAMES. 49

Te-ka-on-do-duk, Place ■with a signpost. Middleport.

0-gea-wa-te-kae, Place of the butternut R'Syalton Centre.

Ga-a-no-geh, On the Mountains. Tuscaroia village near Lew-
istoa.

Hate-keh-neet-ga-on-da. Golden Hill creek.

Chu-nu-tah, Where the water comes and overflows all, as given
me by A. Cusick. Bloody lane.

Ga.-ovfa,h-go-wa.a.h, Pig canoe island. Navy island, so called
from the early French ship buildmg there.

Ti-yan-a-ga-run-te. A. Cusick interpreted this Where she-threw
a stick at me. A river next east of Johnson's Harbor, perhaps
Six Mile creek.

Dyus-da-nyah-goh, Cleft rocks. Devil's Hole and Bloody
Run.

Dyu-no-wa-da-se, The current goes round. Whirlpool.

Ouar-o-ro-non, the last village of the Neutrals, which wg,s one
day from the' Iroquois in 1626. A. Cusick interpreted this A
separate people, for it was really an Indian nation.

Ou-non-tis-as-ton. De la Roche's residence in 1626. On the
same authority I render this The thing that made the hill high.

Near by, on the Canada shore, Chipipewa creek was called
Jo-no-dak, Shallow water. Pouchot called it Che-non-dac, and
it had its present nam'e from the Ojibways, or Mississaugas, who
lived there.

ONEIDA COUNTY.

Ta-ga-soke, Forked like a spear. Fish creek.

Te-ge-so-ken, Between two mouths. Really the same name,
and applied to the same stream.

On-ey-da river, an early name of this creek. The meaning
has been already given.

A-pn-ta-gil-lon, Creek at the point of rocks. Another name of
the same.

50 INDIAN NAMES.

Oa-ei-yu-t4, Standing stone. Oneida. It was often spelled
On-ei-out at an early day. With aug added, it properly means
People of the stone. The council name of the nation was- some-
times applied to the principal village, and in this way it appear-
ed as, Ni-ha-run-ta-quo-a in 1743. In general Oneida is best do^
fined as simply a stone, referring to the one around which the
nation first grouped itself, the idea of standing being added when
a smaller stone became its emblefn.

Skan-an-do-wa creek, Great hemlock, after the old Oneida
chief Skpnandoah, the friend of Kirkland. He pathetically said,
in allusion to his grey hairs, that he was an old hemlock, dead at
the top. It is retained as a common farnily name.

Skun-an-do-wa, Great hemlock. Vernon Centre.

Ska-nu-sunk, Place of the fox. Vernon. •

Te-ya-nun-so-ke, Beech free standing. Nine mile creek.

Orris-ca, on early maps for Oriskany, has been interpreted
Where there was a large field. On the other hand, Morgan calls
it 0-le-hisk, Nettles. An Cusick told me it meant something
growing large in the field, and thus might be applied to this
weed. The Mohawk word for nettle is Oh-rhes. . It is 0-chris-
ke-ney creek on the map of 1790.

Sau-quoit, or Sa-da-quoit creek, . Smooth pebbles in a stream.
It is Sa-dagh-que-da on the map just mentioned.

Skan-o-wis, Long swamp. Sangerfield.

Kan-go-dick, or Kan-e-go-dick, is Wood creek.

Date-wa-sunt-ha-go, Great falls. Trenton Falls. These have
also been called Kuy-a-ho-ra,, defined as Slanting waters.

Ho-sta-yun-twa. Camden.

Nun da-da-sis, or TJ-nun-da-da-ges, Around the hill Utica.
It was so called because of the peculiar way in which the great
trail wound around the hill east of the city.

One-te-a-dah-que, In the bone. Trenton.

Twa-dali-ah-lo-dah-que, Ruins of a fort, given to Utica from

INDIAN NAMES. 5 1

the ruins of Fort Schuyler, of revolutionary days.

The-ya-o-guin, Wkife head. Mentioned iu French documents
of 1748, and It may have been Rome, but possibly a little far-
ther west. This was King Hendrick's name.

0-je-en-rud-de, On the other side of the fire, was mentioned as
the proposed site of a French fort, in 1700, on a branch of our
(English) river. This would be either the Mohawk or Hudson,
but it was probably Ticonderoga, as the Enghsh governors' ideas
of American geography were not always clear. '

Che-ga-quat-ka, Kidneys. Whitestown creek and New Hart-
ford.

Ga^nun-dag-lee, Hills shrunk together. Paris Hill.

Ka-da-wis-dag, or Ka-de-wis-day, White field. Clinton.
! Te-o-na-tale, Fine forest. Verona.

Da-ya-hoo-wa-quat, Carrying place. Rome. - A Cusick, how-
ever, distinguished between this and De-o-wa^in-sta, which is
translated in the same way and applied to the-same place. The
former is Lifting the boat; the latter. Setting the boat down. In
early days boats were carried from the Mohawk to Wood creek.

Can-o-wa-rog-ha-re, Head on a pole. Oneida Castle, and
sometimes applied to the lake. Many forms of this will be found,
and it was given to many villages, though the allusion is not
clear. ^ Kan-o-wa-lo-ha^-le.

De-ose la-ta-ga-at. Where the cars go fast. Oneida, after the
opcHing of the railroad. This is not far from the modern Oneida
castle, the nation originally living much farther south.

Kun-yous-ka-ta, Foggy place, with suggestions of a rainbow, as
given to me. White creek.

Egh-wag-ny, a branch of the Unadilla, in this county, in 1701-

Can-a-da creek. A. 'Cusick rendered this Kan-a-ta, Dark
brown water. It is capable of another interpretation in this
form.

Kan-agh-ta-ra-ge-a-ra. Dean's creek.

£2 INDIAN NAMES.

Ka-ny on-scot-ta, given me as Rainbow in a misty place. A
branch of Oriskany creek, and perhaps identical with a name
previously mentioned.

ONONDAGA COUNTY.
0n-6n-da-ga, People of the mountain in its complete form
The principal village always had this name, called by the French
On- on-ta-e, or On-on-tah-que. Among themselves the Ononda-
gas use the broad a in the third and fourth syllables, but not in
talking with whites. It was first used in the south-east part of
the county about A. D. 1600, remaining near the Limestone
creek for over seventy years, and then being transferred" to a
village on Butternut creek. Early in the i8th century it crossed
over to the east side of Onondaga creek, and about 1750 it was
established on the west side. The nation has occupied that
valley less than two hundred years, and their present home about
a century. The Oneida and Oswego rivers were once called by
this name. A. Cusick gave me the name as On-on-dah-ka, Up
on a hill. In 1743, the council name of the nation, Sa-gogh-sa-
an a-gech-they ky, was apphed to the village. -^ ''

Ga-nunt-a-ah, Material for council fire, according to Morgan ;
but A. Cusick interprets the early form of this, Ge-nen-ta-ha,
as Near the village on a hill. Oh-nen-ta-ha is the present In-
dian name of this, and Ka-ne-en-da the early EngUsh forin for a
village on the inlet. As applied to the principal village, it may
be remarked that Onondaga was descriptive only of the earlier
towns.

Kotch-a-ka-too, Lake surrounded by salt springs, according to
Clark. More exactly it is Ka-chik-ha-to.

Te-ya-jik-ha do, Place of salt, applied to Salina, is the same.

Nat-a-dunk, Broken pine with drooping top, Syracuse. It was
given me as Tu-na-ten-tonk, Hanging pine. Some have imade it
Oh-na-ta-toonk, Among the pines, and used it for the vicinity of
Syracuse and the mouth of the creek.

INDIAN NAMES. 53

Kah-ya-hoo-neh, When the ditch full of water goes through;
more correctly Ken-tue-ho-ne, A creek or river that has been
made. Syracuse. The Indians pronounce the name of the city
■Sy-kuse.

Skan-e-at-e les, Long lake; in the Onondaga form Skan-e-a-ti-
es ; not an uncommon name, but also given to much smaller
lakes. "In this case it comes from its river-like appearance as
seen from some points. It has been erroneously asserted thafc
it means beautiful squciw, and this may be persisted in, as it has
long been in the past"! A curious memorial of this conflict of
opinion may be added, in the form of a statement procured by
Mr. J. V. H. Clark, intended to settle the question, but which
had little effect. It was made and subscribed by' two Onondaga
chiefs, and is as follows : —

" Our attention has been lately called to two or three articles '
in the Skaneateles Democrat of March 13th, 1862, which articles
aver that the name of Skaneateles means ' Beautiful Squaw.'
The authors made the statement, and persevere in it, from in-
formation purporting to be derived from Indians many years ago.
We would here distinctly state that we have never known among
Indians the interpretation of Skaneateles to be 'Beautiful Squaw,'
nor do we know of any tradition among the Onondagas, connect-
ed with Skaneateles, that has any allusion to a ' Beautiful Squaw,'
or 'Tall Virgin,' or any 'Female of graceful form.' The Onon-
dagas know the lake by the name Skeh ne a-ties, which, literally
rendered, is ' Long Water.' Nothing more or less. We have in-
quired of several of our chief men and women, who say that it is
the first time they have ever heard that Skaneateles meant ' Beau-
tiful Squaw.' They, as well as ourselves, believe such interpre-
tation to be a fiction.

Totowahganeo,- (Henry Webster)

Principal Chief Onondaga Nation.
Honoeyahteh, (Capt. George)

Prmcipal Chief Onondaga Nation. ■

Onondaga Castle, March rSth, 1862."

Kai-yahn-koo, Resting place, where they stop to smoke. Green
lake near Kirkville, from its being a resting place between Onon-

54 INDIAN NAMES.

daga and Oneida Castle. Mr. Clark interpreted this Satis-lied
with tobacco, and assigned it to Green pond west of Jamesville.
He said the Indians made an offering'of tobacco there. I give
the name as the Indians now place jt.

Tue-yah-das-soo, Hemlock knots in the water. This is the
name now given by the Onondagas to the pond last mentioned
above, and its propriety is evident on looking down from the
edge of the cliff. The same name was given in 1743, to a small
village a few miles south. Weiser called the village Ca-chi-a-
dach-se, in 1743, and it was also known as Ti-a-tach-tont. It
was about four miles east of the present council house.

Te-a-une-sa-ta-yagh, is given simply as Deep spring, or Fort at
deep spring, but there is no evidence of any fortification. It is
also rendered De-o-sa-da-ya-ah, Deep basin spring. It has lost
its beauty, but was a noted spot in early days, the water coming
in on one side of a deep basin and passing out on the other.

0-tis-co lake has many names, the nearest to the present form
being Ots-kah, which is equivalent to Us-te-ka, Bitter-nut hickory'
On a map of 1825 it is spelled Os-tis-co, which approaches the
original. Morgan gives Ga-ah na, another name, as A drowning
man rising and sinking. A. Cusick interpreted this as The last
seen of anything, with somewhat of the same idea. The name
of Kai-oongk has also been appUed-to it.

Usteka, Bitter nut hickory, the name of Nine Mile creek,
flowing from this lake. I also received the names of Kai-ehn-
tah, Trees hanging over water, and T'ka-sent-tah, The tree that
hangs over, or One tree falling into another. The name of its
estuary at Onondaga lake is Ki-a-heun-ta-ha. The present name
of this beautiful stream simply refers to its distance west of On-
ondaga creek, and many New York streams were named in a
similar way.

T'kah-ne-a-da-herneuh, Many lakes on a hill, was given me
as the proper term for the Tully lakes. Teka-ne-a-da-he, Lake

INDIAN NAMES. 55

on a hill, is the simplest form, but others vary slightly. The In-
dians place one Hiawatha story here, and one of the lake ser-
pent, following the general tendency to locate traditions in fa-
miliar places.

0-nun-o-gese, Long hickory. Apulia.

De-is-wa-ga-ha, Place of many ribs. ■ Pompey.

Ote-gega-ja-kee, A ^assy place,hs& also been applied to this,
and Ote-queh-saJi-he-eh, Field of blood, is said to have been an
early name. A. Cusick did not know it by this name, but gave
this the meaning of Blood spilt. Applied also to Lafayette. The
early Onondaga villages were in this tpwn, but theje were no
early battles there. It had many open fields ?ind cemeteries.

De-o-wy-un-do, Wind mill. Pompey Hill, there having been
one there in early days. It was defined for me more exactly, as
Windy place, bemg very much exposed. I have seen monu-
ments in the cemetery there swaying in a spring wind, when not
made secure.

0-ya-han, Apples split open. Camillus.

Ka-no-wa-ya, Skull on a shelf. Elbridge.

Ha-nan to, Small hemlock limbs on the water, or more briefiy
Hemlock creek. Skaneateles creek. Clark called it Ha-naut-too.

U-neen-do, Hemlock tops lying on the water, the name of
Cross lake according to Morgan. It is Yu-neen-do on Thur-
ber's map. Clark calls it Te-ungk-too, and defines it Residence
of the wise man, otherwise Hiawatha. A. Cusick, however, ren-
dered it Teunen-to, meaning At the cedars, being just beyond
■a great cedar swamp.

Ga-do-quat is an Oneida name for Brewerton,. interpreted for
me as I got out of the water, thisbeing a well known fording place.

Te wa-skoo-we-goo-na, Long bridge. Present name of Brew-
erton.

Goi-en-ho was a nime for Oneida lake in 1654, and perhaps
for this spot, interpreted for me as , Crossing place. Clark also

56 INDIAN NAMES.

calls it Oh-sa-hau-ny-tah-Se-ugh-kah, Where the waters run out
- of Oneida lake.

Xou-en-hO was a neighboring village in 1688.

Among the early names for Oneida lake are Te-chir-o-guen,
and Tsi-ro-qui, which are Mohawk forms of the Onondaga name.
They have been defined as White water, but erroneously, though
with a reference to the true meaning. Clark gives the definition
of the Onondaga name, Se ugh-ka, as Blue and white lines meet-
ing and parting, and refers this to such lines frequently seen on
its surface. A. Cusick, however, called it Se-u-ka, String divided
in two (by islands) and uniting again. , On Thurber'^ map it is
Ka-no-a-lo-ka lake, a name derived from that of Oneida Castle.
In a journal of VanSchaick's expedition it is called Oni-da-hogo,
and in one old map it appears as Ca-hung-hage lake. It w.as
commonly known, however, by its present name, derived from
the People of the stone.

Se-u-ka Kah-wha-nah-kee, Frenchman's Island, the latter word
meaning island.

Se-u-ka Keh-hu-wha-tah-dea, Oneida river, the suffi* meaning
river. Clark calls it also Sah-eh. On Thurber's map it is Ta-
gu-ne-da.,

Qui-e-hook,^ We spoke there, is mentioned as the creek flow-
ing out of Oneida lake in 1700.

Kach-na-ra-ge, or Ka-que-wa-gra-ge, was a ledge on this stream
where it was proposed to build a fort in 1700. A. Cusick de-
fined this as the J?ed,or Bloody place. He gave the same mean-
ing to Qua-quen-de-na, which appears on the map of 1779, be-
tween Brewerton and Caughdenoy. It probably belongs to the
latter place. In 1792 Ke-quan-de-ra-ga was said to be the only
rapid in Oneida river, Probably named from the color of the
banks. ,:

Ra-rag-hen-he, a place on the Oneida river in 1788, rftay come

INDIAN NAMES. 57

from the last, but Cusick thought it meant Place where he con-
sidered. • >■

Te-yo-wis-o-don, Ice hanging from the trees, according to my
informant. A place east of the last.

Teu-ung-hu-ka, Meeting of the waters. Three River Point,
according to Clark. I received it as Teu-tune-hoo-kah, Wh»re
the river forks. The place has had its present English name for
nearly two centuries.

Ga-no-wa-ya, Great swa7np. Liverpool.

T'kah-skwi-ut-ke, Where the stone stands up, xti^mxyg to the
high brick chimneys, as given me. This is a Seneca name for
Liverpool.

TUn-da-da-qua, Throum out. According to Morgan a creek
at Liverpool, but it may mean the excavation of the Onondaga
outlet.

So-hah-hee, for Onondaga outlet, is Uke a' chiefs' name which
means Wearing a weapon in his belt. '

Ga-sun-to, Ka soongk-ta, or Ka-sonda, Bark in the water, is
Butternut creek at Jamesville. It refers to the practice of plac-
ing bark in the water there in the spring to soak, so that it might
not curl when required for making cabins. The village of On-
ondaga, which was burned in 1696, was just east of the reservoir.

De-a-o-no-he, Where the creek suddenly rises. Limestone
creek at Manlius. Clark calls it Te-a-une-nogh-he, with the
same meaning, but also abbreviates it to mad or angry stream.

Ga-che-a-yo, Place of fresh-water crayfish, locally known as
crabs. The same stream at Fayette ville.

Swe-no-ga, A hollow. South Onondaga. This I' had from
Cusick, with many others in this county. Clark renders it Swe-
nugh-kee. Cutting through a deep gulf, applying it to the west
branch of Onondaga creek. The location and meaning are the
same.

Sta-a-ta, Coming from between two barren knolls. Clark gives

S8 INDIAN NAMES.

this for the east branch. He also has Kah-yungk-wa-tah-toa for
the whole stream, interpreted foB me as A creek. Kun-da-qua,
on Thurber's map, means the same. Heckewelder and Zeisber-
ger called it Zi-noch-sa-a. Cusick told me this meant House on
the bank, the Onondagas having gradually removed to the west
bank of the creek by 1750, commencing the settlement a few
years before.

De-o-nake-hus-sink, Never clean. Christian Hollow.

Gis-twe-ah-na, Little man. Onondaga Valley, in allusion to
the tradition that the friendly pigmies inhabit the ravine just
west of the present village, but this I learned quite recently.

Teu-a-heugh-wa, Where the path crosses the road, the name of
Onondaga Valley according to Clark. Morgan renders it Te-o-
ha-ha-hen-wha. Turnpike across the valley; and I received it as
Tu-ha-han-wah, To the crossing road.

Te-ga-che-qua-ne-o n-ta, Hammer hanging. Onondaga West
Hill. Kah-che-qua-ne-ung-ta is the same, but the allusion is
now forgotten. On Mitchell's map these hills appear as the Te-
gerhunkserode mountains, but this name belongs a little farther
west.

Ta-gooch-sa-na-gech-ti appears as the name of the lower On-
ondaga town in 1750, but this is the council name of the nation
already mentioned. It may have had this, however, as being
the place of the council-house. There were then two villages in
the valley, and afterwards three.

Nan-ta-sa-sis, Going partly round a hill. According to Mor-
gan a village three miles south of the castle, by which he may
have meant the one occupied a century ago, though his map
would place it near Cardiff. The name would be significant in
either case.

Ka-na-ta-go-wa, Large village, is now applied to the settle-
ment around the council-housfe, or Kah-na-tah-koon-wah.

Te-uh-swen-kien-took, Board hanging down. Castle Hotel,
alluding tQ-a swinging sign.

INDIAN NAMES. 59

Ta.\\-te-nen-yo-n.es, I'/ace 0/ making stone. Reservation quar-
ries.

Te-ka-wis'-to-ta, Tinned dome. Lafayette village.

Ka-na-sah-ka, Sandy place. Brighton. In the sand there were
the foot-pririts of Ta^enyawagon and the great mosquito, for-
merly frequently renewed.

Ta-ko-a-yent-ha-qua, Place where they used to run. The old
race course at Danforth.
' 0-ser-i-gooch, a large lake in TuUy, having this name in 1745.

Ka-nugh-wa-ka, Where the rabbits run. Cicero swamp.

Ka-na-wah-goon-wah, In a big swamp, is another name for
this.

T'kah-koon-goon-da-nah-yeh, Eel lying down. Caughdenoyi
in allusion to the fisheries there.

Teu-nea-yahs-go-na, Place of big stones. Geddes, where large
stones were used for the canal.

Ste-ha-hah, or Sta-ha-he, Stones in the water. Baldwinsville,
in allusion to the rifts, or perhaps two huge bowlders in the river
above the village.

Kah-yah-tak-ne-t'ke-tah-keh, Where the mosquito lies. Cen-
terville, and connected with the story of the great mosquito.

Ta-te-EO-weh-nea-ha-qua, Where they made guns. Navarino.

Ar-non-i-o-g're, a place from which Lamberville dated a letter,
giving Onondaga news, in 1684.

The following are reservation names:

Ku-na-tah, Where the hemlock bushes grow, is near A. Cusick's
house, the hemlocks being small there.

T'kah-skoon-Bu-tah^ To the falls, applied to the creek coming
from the east, on which there are some pretty falls. ♦

T'kah-neh-sen-te-u, Stony place, or Stones thrown on the road,
on the road to Cardiff.

T'kah-nah-tah4cae-ye-hoo, At the old village, on the east side
of the reservation.

6o INDIAN NAMES.

Ku-ste-ha, To the stony place, near William Printup's.

Unimportant Ideal names, like some of these, are frequent
about all reservations, and many places have: more than one
name. Even among the Onondagas, however, some early names
are now altogether forgotten.

ONTARIO COUNTY.

"Father Hennepin twice mentions- the meaning of the name
applied to Ontario county, and which should have been given to
one bordering on the lakci " TBe river of St. Lawrence derives
its- source fron* Lake Ontario, which is likewise called in the Iro-
quois language, Ska,nadario, that is to sa.y, very pretty lake." A\so^
"The great river of St. Laurence, which I have often mentioned,
runs through the middle of the Iroquois country, and makes a
great .lake there, which they call Ontario, viz: the beautifullake."
It had other names to be noted elsewhere, but the Senecas some-
times called it 0-hu-de-a-ra, and in 1615 Champlain termed it
the lake of the Entouhonorons, whom he placed west of the Ir-
oquois. "The Antouhonorons are 15 villages • built in strong
positions. '* * * 'phe Yroquois and the Antouhonorons
make war together against all the other nations, except the Neu-
tral nation." They were thus probably the Senecas, who were
the last to enter the Iroquois confederacy, and who may have
even then been but loosely attached to it. Otherwise they
would have been the Eries, but these were too far west. The
Dutch gaive the name of Senecas to all the Iroquois but the Mo-
hawks. This name will be considered later.

^ Son-nont-ou-ans, an early name of the Senecas, was often ap-
pUed by the French to their prmcipal town.

Can-a-dice, or Skan-e-a-tice, Long lake, is the same name as
Skaneateles. The lakes to which this name was so often given,
are not among the largest. They are simply long for their width,
or by comparison with others near.

INDIAN NAMES, 6 1

Can-an-dai-gua, Place chosen for a settlement, has many forms,
all easily identified. As its name implies it was not an early
village.

Ka-shong creek, on the west side of Seneca lake, was a place
where successive villages existed, and the name varied. Gagh-
sough-gwa is as near the present form as any. Gagh-congh-wa,
another of these, is interpreted The limb has fallen. It was one
of the villages burned in 1779.-

Hon-e-o-ye lake, Finger lying. This odd name may be re-
cognized by its sound through many early forms.

Honeoye outlet is O-neh-da, Hemlock, from the trees along its
course.

Ga-o-sa-ga-o, In the basswood country, is applied to the town
of Victor, with a more distinct meaning in the next.

Gan-na-ga-ro was the principal Seneca village in 1677, and. was
situated on Boughton Hill in Victor. It was also called Gan-
non-ga-rae. A. Cusick was hardly certain whether to call this
She lived there, or Many animals. The French had other names
for these villages. Te-ga-ran-di^es was another for this one.

Ko-ha-se-ragh-e and Ka-he-s^-ra-he-ra, Light on ci,hill, ■fiexe
names for the same place in 1691. (}reenhalgh called it Cana-
gora, which would mean the Greatvillage. In 1847, Mn O. H.
Marshall had another name for the village site, which has been
applied to Victor in general. It was given him by the Seneca
chief Blacksnake, and wa.s Ga-o-sa-eh-ga-aah, The basswood bark
lies there. According to the old chief the village was supplied
by one fine spring on the hillside, and conductors of basswood
bark brought the water to convenient points, the town being
quite large. It was burned when De Nqnville invaded the Sen-
eca country, and was occupied a long time.

Ga-nun-da-ah, Village on a hill. West Bloomfield. Most of
the Seneca names and villages are quite recent.

Axa-quen-ta, Firestone creek, as given by Zeisberger, was the

62 INDIAN NAME%

name of Flint creek. A. Cusick at first thought it meant A
child lying down, but the Cayuga name for flint is Atrakwenda,
and this fairly agrees with other forms of the name, as Ah-ta-
gweh-da-ga.

Jen nea-to-wa-ka, or To-na-kah, People of the large hill Fort ■
Hill in Naples. Another form is Nun-da-wa-o, Great hill, ap-
plied to the same place, where the Senecas said they had their
origin.

Ne-ga-te-ca was a spring in the Seneca country, according to -
an old map. It was not exactly laid down, and may have been
the well-known burning spring ; but there are other reasons for
identifying it with the springs at Caledonia. I am inclined to
think it the former.

0-toch-shi-a-cho, a stream near Oun-a-chee, in 1750, was Fall
Brook.

Kan-a-de-sa-ga, or 'Ga^nun-da-sa-ga, near Geneva, was New
settlement village. It was burned in 1779. Seneca lake was
called by this name for some time.
, Ga-en-sa-ra was one name of the Seneca capital in 1687.

Other towns mentioned by G*eenhalgh were To-ti-ak-ton or
The-o-de-hac-to, meaning' the Bended river ; Ca-na-en-da, and
Ke-int-he, the latter meanmg a river. It was afterwards given
to an Iroquois town on the north shore of Lake Ontario, and
then transferred to the Bay of Quinte.

The Seneca dialect is considered to be nearest akin to the
Cayuga, asmight be expected. The indications are that both
these nations had dwelt longer in the Iroquois country than the
three eastern nations, and that they were a different branch of
the family, allied to the Fries and Neutrals, as their traditions
affirmed. Their early separation from those near the St. Law-
rence would account for their differing dialects, and there was
nothing to bring them into contact with the others until the
forming of the confederacy. This early separation may have
occurred either at the eastern or western end of Lake Erie.

INDIAN NAMES. 63

ORANGE COUNTY.

Cheese-cocks was the early name of a natural meadow.

Ma-hack-e-meck was a name of the Neversink, ■ which is an-
other Indian- name. It was also called Mag-gagh-ka-mi-sek in
1694.

Basher's kill is said to have been named after a squaw called
Basha. She fell into the water under a deer she was bringing
home, and was drowned.

Quas-sa-ic creek derives its name from Qussuck, stone, and*
v^s., place, and is properly rendered Stone creek, or Place of the
rock.

Wa-wa-yan-da has only been interpreted in a half joking way
as though it were broken English from an Indian looking out on
the fine prospect, and saying "Away, way yonder."

M,at-te-a-wan mountains. White rocks. Schun-e-munk moun-
tain probably means the sahte.

Pon-chunk mountain.

Cush-i-e-tank mountains appear on a map of 1768.

Pit-kis-ka-ker and Ai-a-skaw-os-ting were names for the high
hills west of Murderer's kill.

Mis-tuc-ky was an Indian village in Warwick. *

Sin-si-pink, a lake near West Point.

Min-i-sink has been interpreted Land from which the water
has gone, which may be fanciful.

Mon-gaup river was also called Mon-gaw-ping, etc. It means
Several streams irom its three branches.,

Other streams were Ramapo river, Potuck, Monwagan, and
Paughcaughnanghsink creeks.

ORLEANS COUNTY.
Da-gea-no-ge-anut, Two sticks coming together. Oak Or-
chard creek.

De-o-wun-dak-no, Where boats were'burned. Albion.

Date-geh-ho-seh, One string across another. Medina.

64 INDIAN NAMES.

OSWEGO COUNTY.

O-swe-go, Osh-wa-kee, Swageh, are among the forms of a well-
known name. It means Flowing out, or Small water flowing
into that which is large. The name belongs to the river, but-
was applied to the lake by the Onondagas, in which case it meant
the lake at Oswego. J. V. H. Clark interpreted it " I see every-
where and see nothing," applying it to the view, and connecting
it with the story of Hiawatha.- This definition will not stand;
L. H. Morgan said it had this name throughout its descending
course, but in ascending, the river was called by the name of the
nation to which its various parts led. This seems to have been
the case. The name was also applied to Lake Erie and the
Grand river in Canada. The French sometimes spelled it O-
choue-guen. Frontenac first mentioned the port of Oswego by
the latter name in 1682, but Raffeix had thus termed the Sen-
eca river, near Cayuga lake, in 1676. Le Moyne descended the
river in 1654, but did not ascend it, 'It was often called the
river of the Onondagas.

Lake of En-tou-ho-no-rons^ Champlain called Lake Ontario
by this name in 1615, at which time he landed at the mouth of
Salmon river, and crossed the county to the foot of Oneida lake.

Cat-a-ra-qui, or Cad-a-ra-qui, Fort in the water, was a common
name for the same lake, derived from Fort Frontenac at King-
ston. This was long a French stronghold.

Ne-at-a-want-ha is a name recently apphed to Fish lake, a few
rods west of Oswego Falls, and much above the river. A, Cu-
sick interprets this as a Lake hiding from the river, which is cer-
tainly appropriate,

Caugh-de-noy, Eel lying down, according to the same author-
ity. A village on Oneida river where there are several eel-weirs.
The Indians made some on this riyer. ■ ,

On-ti-a-han-ta-gue, Large clearing, is the earliest and appro-
.priate name for the mouth of Salmon river. It was also called

INDIAN NAMES. 65

Ca-no-hage, A-con-hage, and Ga-hen-wa-ga, meaning a creek.
Other -names were Kahiaghage, Keyouanouague, Ahanhage, and
Asonhage, with Cajonhago in 1687, and Cayhunghage in 1726.
In Clark's Onondaga it is confused with the Oswego river. The
French commonly called it La Famine, and Charlevoix said that
the river' had its name from the half famished condition of De la
Barre's troops, when encamped at its mouth lin 1684, but the
name appears earlier. It probably, came from the hunger of the
French colonists of 1656, as they coasted along on their way to *
Onondaga. Two years before the Onondagas had a fishing vil-
lage of Huron captives there, and it was the place first intended
for the French settlement.

He-ah-haw-he, Apples in the croieh of a tree. Grindstone
creek.

Ka-dis-ko-na, Long marsh. New Haven creek.

Ga-nunt-sko-wa, Large bark, was an early name for Salmon
creek, and is, essentially the same as Cassonta Chegonar, Great
bark. A. Cusick interpreted this more exactly as Large pieces
of bark lyin^ down, ready for building.

Kuh-na-ta-ha, Where pine trees grow, is the present Indian
nan\e of th'e village of Phoenix.

Kah-skungh-sa-ka, Many falls following, is the present Onon-
daga name of Oswego Falls. It had several names in early
chronicles, some of which are but variations of the present one,
and it was called Gatkon-thi-a-gue a little later, and A-ha-oue-
te in 1656, if the latter is not the name of another rapid. David
Cusick called the place Kus-keh-saw-kich.

Ten-ca-re Ne-go-ni was interpreted for me as He will scatter
his people everywhere, and was an early name for the River de la
Planche, or Sandy creek.

Kan-a-ta-gi-ron, defined for me as The creek is already there,
is a small creek between Salmon river in this county and Big
Sandy creek in Jefferson.

66 INDIAN NAMES.

Ga-so te-na, High grass. Scriba's creek.

Te-qua-no-ta-go-wa, Big marsh. Bay creek.

De-non-ta-che river, Flowing through a mountain, a name of
uncertain location on a map of 1670, is either Oswego or Salmon
river, but David Cusick assigned it to the Mohawk. - The name
appears near Oswego.

Ke-hook, or Qui-e-hook, We spoke there, a village mentioned
in 1665, either at Oswego Falls or Phoenix, These fishing vil-
lages were temporary, and the name appears near Oneida lake
in 1700. There was a summer fishing village at Phoenix in 1654.

Kag-ne-wa-gra-ge, The ledge ov^r which the waterfalls, has
been applied to Oswego Falls, and also to a spot on the Oneida
river.

Ka-so-ag is the name of a post office, and Lycoming an ap-
plied name.

OTSEGO COUNTY.

Ote-sa-ga is Otsego lake, and traditionally is supposed to refer
to a large stone at the outlet. In the last century the name also
appeared as Os-ten-ha, which A. Cusick tells me is something
about a stone, and Cooper, in the preface to Deerslayer, . says
that the stone above mentioned still retained the name of the
" Otsego Rock."

Schen-e-vus, called Shen-i-va creek on a map of 1790, was
rendered Se-ha-vus, ox First hoeing of corn, by A. Cusick. It
varies in form.

Nis-ka-yu-na is a name which appears also in Schenectady
county. It was interpreted for me as Corn people, but the mean-
ing is given elsewhere as Extensive corn flats. I quote also a
conjectural meaning, which is erroneous, from French's Gaz-
etteer, on the locality in Otsego county : "About 2 miles north
of Clarksville is a rock called by the Indians Nis-ka-yu-na, (prob-
ably meaning Council Rock,) where various tribes fiom the S.

INDIAN NAMES. 67

were accustomed to meet the Mohawks in council. In former
days the rock was covered with hieroglyphics, but from its shaly
nature .all are now obliterated." Of course the Mohawks held
councils in no such places*
O-ne-on-ta, A stony place.

De-u-na-dil-la, or U-na^dilla, Place of meeting, perhaps of the
Mohawks and Oneidas in southern expeditions, or merely of the
streams. Among the early forms of the name were Ti-an-der-ra
and Te-yon-a-del-hough. It ■w^s AefrntA a& Meeting of the waters,
at an early day.

To-wa-no-en-da-lough, the iirst Mohawk town on the Susque-
hanna in 1753. seems the same name.
Wau-teg-he was a village farther down.
Orte-go may be the same as the last.
. A-di-ga- creek on the map of 1790, and A-te-ge creek on a
map of 1826, flows through Otego township, and is the same
name.

Kaghne-an-ta-sis, give'n n»&as Where the water whirls, was a
whirlpool six or eight miles below Wautgghe.

Te-yon-e-an-dakt was three miles north of UnadiMa,
O-wa-ri-o-neck creek, east of Pnadilla, was interpreted for me,
Where the teacher lives.

Ti-on-on-da-don, a small branch of the Susquehanna, near Ot-
sego lake, was defined for me as Where she gave him something.'
On the map of the N. Y. grants the country about Unadilla is
called To-wa-nen-da-don. -

Can-i-a-da-ra-ga, On the lake, was the early name of Schuyler's
lake. It has been revived as Can-a-da-ra-go and Can-da-ja-ra-go.
Con-i-hun to, or Gun-ne-gun-ter, was a village of 1779, four-
teen miles below .Unadilla. Golden also gives Co-hon-go-run-to
as a name of the Susquehanna, but it probably means the river
at that place.

Ka-un-seh-wa-ta-u-yea, David Gusick's name for the Susque-

68 INDIAN NAMES.

hanna. Albert Cusick, however, gave it to me as Kau-na-seh-
wa-de-u-yea, Sandy ; and in Onondaga as Kah-na-se-u, Nice sand.
Ga-wa-no-wa-na-neh, Great island river, is another Iroquois
name. They called it Scan-an-da^na-ni in 1775, referring to
Wyoming.

Quen-isch-achsch-gek-han-ne, River with long reaches. Heck-
ewelder says that Susquehanna is corrupted from this. On the
map of the N. Y. grants it is called the Sus-que-han-ock, and it
had this name at an early day among the shore Indians. Capt.
John Smith met the gigantic people who lived on its banks and
were called by this name. To the Iroquois they were known as
Andastes, and seem to have been the Conestogas.

Sogh-nie-jah-die, He is lying in the sun again, according to my
informant. An east branch of the Susquehanna.

Oc-qui-o-nis, He is- a bear, as interpreted for me, is now Fly
creek. If this were a Delaware name it would relate to a.fox.

Ots-da-wa creek.

On a recent postal map Otsego lake appears as Do-se-go lake.

A small lake is laid down on Pouchot's map, south of Otsego
and Schikyler lakes, called Lake Sa-tei-yi-e-non, which may be
Utsyanthia.

PUTNAM COUNTY.

Os-ka-Wa-no, so called from an Indian, is now Lake Canopus.

Ma-cook-pack was an early form of Lake Mahopac. It varies
somewhat, and was the name of an Indian tribe.

Wick-o-pee pond was also called from an Indian tribe.

Ti-o-run-da, Place where two streams meet. Fishkill.

Kil-lal-e-my was an early name for the southern part of the
county;

Pus-sa-pa-num, or Pus-sa-ta-num,

Sim-me-wog hill.

Lakes To-net-ta, (?) Kish-e-wa-na, and Mo-he-gan.

Lake Osrce-q-la, between the last and Lake Mahopac.

INDIAN NAMES. ^9

Lake Mo-hen-sick. Crum pond. Of late there has been a
disposition to replace local appellations with Indian names.

QUEENS COUNTY.

Sa-cut, an early name of Success pond.
Rock-a-way beach, Bushy.

Mer-ic, Mo-roke, or Mer-i-koke, the name of Mer-rick, from
an Indian tribe there.

Can-o-ras-set was the' name first proposed for Jamaica, and^
the latter is said to mean Za«^ of wood and water in the Wesf
Indies, but. here it is founded on a local name.

Mas-peth, sometimes Mis-pat.

Man-has-set, sometimes called Sint Sink by the Indians.

Mat-in-i-cock Point, 1661, may be derived from Martinne-
houck, an Indian village on Martin Gerritsen's bay in 1650.
• Mock-gon-ne-kouck, 1645.

Ca-um-sett, early name of Lloyd's Neck.

Se-a-wan-ha-ka, Island of shells, Mat-tan-wake, Long tslana,
Pau-man-acke, and Me-i-to-wax, are names for Long Island.

Suns-wick, Indian name of a stream near Astoria.

Lu-sum, early name of Jencho.

Mar-se-ping or Mar-se-peague Indians.

Se-que-tanck Indians, 1675.

Mat-se-pe, 1644. Now Mas-se-pe river.

So-pers and Sy-os-set are other names.

RENSSELAER COUNTY.

Tom-han-nock creek is Tom-he-nuck on Tryon's map.

Pon-o-kose kill.

Ti-er-ken creek, Noisy stream.

Paps-ka-ifee island is also Poeps-ken-e-koes, etc. It is Pop-

she-ny on an early map.

Pe-ta-qua-po-en, an early Indian name for Greenbush. Jus-
cum-ea-tick is another for the same place.

70 INDIAN NAMES.

Me-sho-dac peak, in Nassau.

Psan-ti-coke swamp is in the same town.

Hoo-sick or Ho-sack, Place of stones. The name of an early
settler, however, was Alexander Hosack. It has also been de-
fined Along the kettle.

Pan-hoo-sick, north of Troy, and included in Van Rensselaer's
purchase of 1646.

Pa-an-pa-ack, Field of corn, was the site of Troy, and includ-
ed in the same purchase.

. Tou-har-na, a tributary of the Hoosick, was interpreted for me
as Hook or spear caugHt in the water.

Na-chas-sick- qua-ack, or Na-cha-quick-quack, an early name
at the falls of this river.

Qua-quick, early name of Hoosick falls, like the last.

Ma-roon-ska-ack, a stream tributary to the Hoosick at Sank-
hoick.

Ma-qua-con-kaeck, another near the last.

Ma-quain-ka-de-ly, another tributary.

Per-i-go Hill.

Tsat-sa^-was-sa creek, sometimes called Tack-a-wa-sick.

Pat-ta-was-sa creek.

Wal-loom-sac river is variously spelled on old maps.

Ty-o-shoke church, at San Coick, is mentioned early. Ti-a-
shoke.

Deepi and Kaola kills seem more than doubtful names.

On-ti-ke-ho-mawck, an early village of Stockbridge Indians.

Scagh-ti-coke, Land slide, is variously spelled. Some New
Ettgland Indians settled there in 1672. Pah-ha-koke is the
Stockbridge "hame for this place.

Wit-ten-a-ge-mo-ta, or Council free, a large oak in the town of
Scaghticoke.

Pa-en-sic Kill.

Po-quam-pa-cake creek, flowing into Hoosick river, 1779.

INDIAN NAMES. 7 I

Scho-duck island, near Albany. Scho-dack, Fireplace, was
the old seat of the Mohegans, and was situated at Castleton on
the Hudson, said to have been so called from the Indian castle
on the adjacent hills. Is-cho-da is also given as a varying name,
meaning Fire meadow.

Un-se-wats castle, on the river bank in Rensselaer's map.

Pis-ca-wen creek.

Sem-es-seer-se, or Se-me-se-eck, was opposite Castle street,
Albany.

Pe-ta-nock, a mill stream above.

Ne-ga-gon-se, three miles north of the last. These four ap-
pear on Van Rensselaer's patent, 1630.

Pot-quas-sic, Sheep-sha-ack, and Ta-es-ca-rae-a-sick, are all
names for Lansingburgh.

RICHMOND COUNTY.

Mo-ta-nucke. Mo-nock-nong, Aque-hon-ga and Egh-qua-ous
were early names of Staten Island, the last two meaning, High
sandy banks. There were several small Indian tribes along
New York bay.

ROCKLAND COUNTY.

The Ka-ki-ate Patent is said to have been "called by the In-
dians, Whor-i-nims, Pe-ruck, Ge-ma-kie, and Na-nash-nuck."

Hack-en-sack river. Low land.

Minis-ce-on-go, or Min-is^con-ga creek.

Tap-pan naturally suggests an English name, but is Indian.
Heckewelder says, " This is from the Delaware language, and de-
rived from Thup-hane, or Tup-hanne, 'Cold Spiring.'"

Mon-sey, A wolf, from the Muncey Indians, is variously
spelled.

Ma-haick-a-mack or Ne-ver-sink, Ny-ack, Pas-ca'ck, Ram-a-po,
Mat-te-a-wan, Mi-nas, and Scun-ne-mank are other names.

72 INDIAN NAMES.

ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY.

Os-we-gatch-ie river is Black water, and is locally pronounced
Os-We-gotch-ee. It was called La Presentation by the French,
who founded a mission there in 1749. It appeared as Swe-ga-
gein 1750, and also So-e-gas-ti. J. Macauley told J. Sims that
the name meant Going around a hill, but this was On-on-to-hen,
a local name on the river at Ox-bow, in Jefferson county. '

0-tsi-kwa-ke, Where the asfi tree grows with lar^e knots, is a
name for both Indian river and Black lake. O-je-quack, Nut
river, is another name for Indian river.

Che-gwa-ga, In the hip. Black lake.

Kan-a-waga, Rapid river, is the St. Lawrence, from its numer-
ous and great rapids, which the Iroquois once thought insur-
mountable by large boats.

0-ra-co-ten-ton, or O-ra-co-nen-toji, is Chimney island. This
was the scene of the last fight between the French and English
in 1760, and the ruins of the fort may yet be seen.

Chip-pe-wa bay.

Pas-kuu-ge-mah is Tupper's lake, called also A-re-yu-na. An-
other name is Tsit-kan-i-a-ta-res-ko-wa, Largest lake.

Tsi-kan-i-on-wa-res-ko-wa, Long pond, a small lake below the
last. The names differ but slightly.

Gar-on-ou-oy, the Long Sault in 1673, '^ almost identical with
the next. It probably means Where one speaks with a loud
voice, or A confused voice.

Ka-ron-kwi is the lower Long Sault island, and scarcely differs
. from the last.

Tsi-io-wen-o-kwa-ra-te, High island. Upper Long Sault island.

Ka-wen-o-ko-wa-nen-ne, Big island. Cornwall.

O-ton-di-a-ta was interpreted for me as Stone stairs, an appro-
priate name. It was applied to Grenadier island as early as
1673, and with slight variations was always prominent.

Gan-a-ta-ra-go-in, Big lake. Indian Point, in Lisbon.

INDIAN NAMES. 73

0-sa-ken-ta-ke, Grass lake, accurately represents the present
name, and in it the name of Kentucky will be observed.

Kat-sen-e-kwar, Lake covered with yellow lilies. Yellow lake.
• Tsi-ia-ko-ten-nit-ser-ront-ti-et-ha, Where the canoe must be
pushed up- stream with poles. Gallop rapid.

Tsi-hon-wi-net-ha, Where the canoe is towed with a rope. Isle
au Rapid, opposite Waddmgton.

Kan-a-ta-ra-ken, Wet village, Waddington.

0-was-ne, Feather island. Sheik's island.

. Ti-o hi-on-ho-ken. Place wher^ the river divides, Brasher's
Falls.

Kan-a-swa-stak-e-ras, Where the mud smells bad. Massena
Springs. Indians seem to have been much impressed with the
bad odor of mineral springs of all kinds.

Kan-a-ta-se-ke, New village. Norfolk. The same as the
early name of Geneva.

Te-wa-ten-e-ta-ren-ies, Place where the gravel settles under the
feet in dragging up a canoe. Potsdam.

. Mas-sa-we-pie lake.

Point aux Iroquois, in Waddington. Charlevoix says that
" Tlie name of Iroquois is purely French, and has been formed
from the term hiro, ' I have spoken,' a word by which these In-
dians close all their speeches, and koue, which, when long drawn
out, is a cry of sorrow, and when briefly uttered is an exclama-
tion of joy." This really makes it an Indian word compounded
by the French, as Ha-wen-ne-yu was formed by them as a name
for the Great Spirit. Horatio Hale, however, properly objects
that they had this name when Champlain came, and it appears a
little later on maps as Irocoisia. He would derive it from Gar-
okwa, a pipe, or else from the indeterminate verb lerokwa, to
smoke. Tfie conjecture is ingenious. He suggests, alsOj less
probably, the word Bear, which is ohkwari in Mohawk, okwai

74 INDIAN NAMES.

.in, Cayuga. On the Dutch map of i6i6 Lake Champlain is in-
scribed ." Hcf Meer Vand Irocoisen."

Ni^kentrsi-a-ke has also been applied to Grass river, and in-
terpreted Full of large- fishes.

SARATOG-A COUNTY.

The meaning of Saratoga is now purely conjectural, and the
conjectures are wild enough. One is Hillside springs ; another
Sivift water, apphed to the settlement near Schuylerville ; an-
other is Sah-rak-ka for Side hill; but there seems no foundation
for any of these. Sar-a-ta-ke, or Sar-a-to-ga, Where the tracks of
keels may be seen, from impressions in the rocks, may be better,
for an early Iroquois word for heel was E-rata-ge. Among
other names the place was called Sar-ach-ta-gue iti 1687.; and
Schur-o-tac-qua, an early name for a musical pipe, may have
some relation to the meaning. The French mentioned it as
Sarastau in 1747, and it always varied much in form. Mr. W.
L. Stone, in his "Reminiscences of Saratoga," derives it from
Saragh, swift wafer, a,nd a.gA,, a place or people. He makes it
equivalent to Kayaderoga and Saraghoga, and illustrates his de-
finition by calling Sacondaga, Place of roaring water ; Ticonder-
oga, Place where the lake shuts itself in ; and Niagara, Place of
falling waters. These definitions do not agree with the best
authorities. Tonawadeh or Kanawaga is the proper term for
swift water, and I do not recall the word he gives.

Twek-to-non-do hill was at an angle of the Kayaderosseras
Patent.

Nach-te-nack, is applied to Waterford and the mouth of the
Mohawk.

Fee-go-wese and Ka-ya-wese creeks.

Can-is-ta-qua-ha, interpreted for me as People of pounded corn.
Half Moon.

Chic-o-pee, A large spring. Saratoga Springs.

INDIAN NAMES. 75

Chou-en-da-ho-wa, or She-non-de-ho-wa, A great plain. Clif-
ton Park. Shan-and-hot is another form.

« Os-sar-a-gas, or Wood creek, was mentioned as Os-sar-a-gue,
a fishing place between Glen's Falls and the Mohawk river in
16.42. The meaning given me is Place of a knife.

Sco-wa-rock-a was the north part of Maxon hill in Greenfield.

Ka-ya-de-ros-se-ras creek flows into Saratoga lake, but the
name covers a wide territory.

A-dri-u-cha was a name at Crane's village.

SCHENECTADY COUNTY.

Schenectady is the proper name for- Albany, meaning Beyond
the pine plains, but it is appropriate here in coming from the
east. Several- names follow which have been assigned to Schen-
ectady, all of which. I consider unfounded except the last.
Bruyas defined Skannatati as The other side, and One side of a
village, considered merely as a noun.

On-o-a-la-gone-na, Iti the head, has been applied to Schenec-
tady. This was defined for me as Big head, but is found else-
where.

0-ron-nygh-wur-rie-gugh-re is another name, perhaps like the
next.

Con-nugh-ha-riTe-gughha-rie, ■ A. great multitude collected to-
gether, was the a,ncient Mohawk capital "on this spot, according
to Macauley. There seems no foundation for this, and the name
suggests Canajoharie. Pearson gives the same story, slightly
altering the name and meaning to Con-no-cho-rie-gu-ha^rie,
Driftivood, which is the meaning of Schoharie. The Mohawks
probably never had a town here, and I cannot imagine how the
story originated. Oh-no-wal-a-gan-tle is said, by Macauley, to
have bpen a considerable Mohawk town at Schenectady when
the Dutch bought lands there between i6r6 and 1620, but this
happened many years laj:er. As far as known there were no
villages east of Schoharie creek.

y6 INDIAN NAMES.

Scho-no-We, Great flat, was the name of Schenectady when
sold to Corlaer, in 1661.

Tou-a-reu-ne, a name given to the neighboring hills.

Wach-keer-hoha, the fourth flat near Schenectady.

Nis-ka-yu-na, Extensive corn flats. A. Cusick called it Corn
pebple, and it is said to be a corruption of Nistigioune, or Con-
istigione.

Te-quat-se-ra is Verf kill, translated for me as Wooden spoon.

SCHOHARIE COUNTY.

Scho-har-ie, Driftwood. There are many early forms of ttiis-

Ken-han-a-ga-ra, given me as There lies the river, the travelter
having arrived at the Mohawk. Another name of the same
creek, at its mouth,

On-con-ge-na, Mountain of snakes, is near Middleburgh.

On-is-ta-gra-wa, Corn mountain, is neat thfeaanssffeeer

To-wok-how-ra is now- SgHBg^hinr

Mo-he^gon-ter, or a Falling off, is part of Mohegan hill.

Ots-ga-ra-gu, Hemp hill, is a name for Coble's Kill.

As-ca-le-ge, defined for me as Black cloth, is the same place.

Gog-ny-ta-nee, a hill in Seward.

O-ne-en-ta-dashe, Round the hill. Another hill in the same
town.

O-wa-ere-sou-ere, a hill in Carlisle.

Ka-righ-on-don-tee, defined for me z.% A line of trees, being a
chief's name given to a recent castle in Vrooman"s Land.

0-n^-yz.-^\Vie., A stone. Stone creek.

Sa-ga-wan-nah, a mountain in this county.

On-its-tah-ra-ga-ra-we, or On-nits-teg-raw, was a name given
to Vrooman's Nose in 17 11, much Hke one already mentioned.

Kan-jea-ra-go-re, or Can-jea-rag-ra, is a hill south of the last.

Kah-owtt-iia-re, a hill west of Schoharie creek in 1734.

Ga-la-ra-ga. another hill siniilarlv situated.

INDIAN NAMES. 77

: Chaw-tick-og-nack, a creek between the Catskills and the
Schoharie, on an early map.

SCHUYLER COUNTY.
Ca-yu-ta lake and creek.

Che-o-quock. Catharine's town, near Havana. This was-
burned in 1779.
Con-daw-haw. Appletown in Hector, also destroyed in 1779.

SENECA COUNTY.

Sin-ne-ke, or Sen-e-ka, is an Algonquin name for the nation,
^nd appears on the Dutch maps of 1614 and 16 16 as Sennecas.
Some have identified this with the Sickenanes, which is clearly
erroneous, as this was a different name of a New England tribe.
Gen_J. S. Claik^amL^on. George S. Conover derive it from
the Algonquin word shine, to eatj asJxL We-sith-ne, we eat. The
reference then might be figurative, or to their character as men-
eaters. Mr. Horatio Hale says that Sinako means stone snakes
in th? Delaware, but that Mr. Squier was told that, in this con-
nection, it meant " Mountain snakes." As the Delawares called
all their enemies snakes, they simply added this term to the
proper name of the Senecas. The meaning of stone snakes,
however, would not be that they were petrified, but that they in-
habited rocks or hills. The snake stories of the Senecas may be
connected with this translation.

Ca-no-ga is said to mean Sweet water by some, while others
interpret it as Oil on the water. It is. the reputed birth place
of Red Jacket, and is marked by a monument. ,

Sha-se-ounse, Rolling water. Seneca Falls.

Skoi-yase, Place of Whortleberries, according to Morgan.
Waterloo. The name, however, appears, in 1779, with the
meaning oi Long falls, which is accepted.. It is also defined
Rapids in the river.

78 INDIAN NAMES.

Skan-na-yu-ten-a-te,' a village of 1779, on the west shore of
Cayuga lake, near Canoga. A. Cusick rendered this, On the
other side of the lake, most of the Cayuga towns being on the
east side.

Ken-dai-a, a village of the same date, in Romulus.

Swah-ya-wa-na was another near the last, which was defined
for me as Place of large fruit.

Oe-yen-de-hit, on the west side of Cayuga lake, on Pouchot's
map. The meaning given me was There are favorable signs.

Nu-qui-age, a Cayuga village near Seneca lake, mentioned by
Zeisberger.

STEUBEN COUNTY.

Tuscarora creek means Shirt wearers, the Tuscaroras having
come from the south, and perhaps needing more clothing than
others.

Te-can-as-e-te-o, Board on the water. Canisteo river.

Te-car-nase-te-o-ah, A board sign. Painted Post. The well
^known painted post was at the confluence of Tioga and Conhoc-
ton rivers, and marked the grave of a great chief, who is said to
have died of his wounds in the Revolutionary war. On it were
painted various rude devices, and it remained for many years
after the white settlemesnt. Graves were often marked in this
way. In the account of the Iroquois in 1666, it is said of the
dead, "When it is a man they paint red calumets, calumets of
peace on the tomb ; sometimes they plant a stake on which they
paint how often he has been in battle : how many prisoners he
has taken ; the post ordinarily is only four or five feet high, and
much embellished." The name of Canisteo, however, was well
known before the Revolution.

Con-hoc-ton river. Trees, in the water. Morgan makes this
Ga-ha-to, Log in the water, and apphes it to this and the Che-
mung river.

Michigan creek, in Thurston, is an introduced name.

■INDIAN NAMES, 79

K.e-u-ka, a landing on Crooked lake, which is also now quite
commonly known by the same name.
Ka-nona, defined for me as On my skin. Five Mile creek.

Go-non-gue is a name for the Chemung river, the latter name
being rendered Big horn, or Horn in the water.

As-sin-nis-sink was a Monsey town of 1750, at or near Pairjted
Post. On Guy Johnson's map of 1771, it is given as Sin Sink.
It seems an error to derive it from John Sing Sing, a friendly
Indian.

Ga-wan-is-que, Briery. A creek entering the" Chemung at
Painted Post.

Do-na-ta^gwen-da, or Ta-nigh-na-quan-da, Opening in an open-
ing. Bath. This is a good description.

Cataw-ba, a southt*l:iuname introduced.

On Pouchot's map are the villages of Kay-gen, Kna-e-to and
Kan-es-ti-o ; and also the Kay-gen river.

SUFFOLlt COUNTY.

Pat-chogue, from Pochough Indians. It is doubtfully said to
mean Where they gamble and dance.

Co-met-i-co is now Old Field Point.

Mi-nas-se-roke is Little Neck.

Po-quott is now Dyer's Neck.

Cum-se-wogue, Cedar hill cemetery.

So-was'-sett is noiy Port Jefferson.

Wo-po-wag, an early name of Stony Brook.

No-no-wau-tuck is now Mount Sinai.

Man-ow-tuss-quott. Blue Point.

Se-taU'ket is Sa-ta-tuck on a map of 1825 ; named from Seca-
togue Indians.

Mas-tic was formerly occupied by the Poospatuck Indians.
Parts of this large tract are Sabonock, Necommack, Coosputus,
Paterquos, Uncohoug and Mattemoy.

8o INDIAN NAMES.

Co-ram is a hamlet named from an Indian chief.

Wamp-mis-sic is an Indian name for a neighboring swamp.

Quaw-no-ti-wock, Great pond.

Konk-hong-a-nok, or Kon -go-nock. Fort pond,near Sag Harbor

Mon-cho-nock, or Ma-shon-go-muc. Gardiner's island.

Mon-tauk Point is so called from the Montauk Indians. Is-
lafid country, or perhaps better, Fort country.

Nach-a-qua-tuck. Cold Spring.
• Osh-ma-mo-mock, north-west of Greenport.

Sun-quams, an early name of Melville.

Pen-at-a-quit. A small stream.

Con-et-quot river, sometimes written Connecticut.

Sam-pa-wam. Thompson's creek.

Pan-qua-cum-suclc. Wading river.

Nom-mo-nock hills. Nominick, near Neapeague.

Mi-a-mog, or Mi-an-rogue. . Jamesport.

Man-hon-sack-a-ha-quash-u-wor-nook, An island sheltered by
islands. Shelter island.

Ga-wa-na-se-geh, A long island. . Long Island, so called by
the Five Nations.

Mat-o-wacks, Periwinkle, applied to the same in 1682.

Se-con-tagh. Foreland of Long Island.

O-jik-ha-da-ge-ga, Salt water. The ocean. In general, how-
ever, the Iroquois term for this was Caniataregowa, Big lake.

Kit-o-a-bo-neck, or Ketch-a-bo-neck.

A-que-bague, or Oc-ca-pogue. A creek.

Ag-wam, Place abounding in fish. Southampton.

Hop-pogue, or Haup-paugs is said to mean Sweet waters.

Man-has-set comes from a nation living on Shelter island.

Shin-ne-cock bay and hills.

Yen-ne-cock, a part of Southold, east of Cutchogue.

Cut-chogue may be from the Cor-chogue Indians, who lived
east of Wading river. The principal place.

r, INDIAN NAMES. 8 1

Po-qua-tuck isnow Orient. This was bouglit in 1641..

Mat-ti-tuck, jP/ace without ioood.

Lake Ron-kon-ko-ma, Sand pond, from the shores. ^'

Ae-ca-po-nack from Occapand'k, a kmd of ground nut: Sa-ga-
pu-n'ak, another kind ; Se-pu-n'ak bluffs, another kind still, at
Shinnecock;,Ket-che-pu-n'ak, the largest kind of all, was ap-
plied to WesthamptonV

I have not undertaken the; difficult work of defining' names in
the shore dialects, but liave takeh those that came in my way.
Mr. W. W. Tooker, of Sag Harbor, "has done some good work of
this kind. ^^'■

Other names are Ne-a-peague, Am-a-gah-sett, Mi-an-ti-cutt,
Cor-cha-ki, Noy-ack, Quan-tue, Nis-se-quague, Me-cox, Spe-onk
Quogue, Pon-quogue, Shag-wan-gb, Sagg, and Coni-mack or
Co-mack.

SULLIVAN COUNTY.

Mon-gaup river is Man-gam-ping or Ming-wing, on some early
maps. It has been defined Several streams, in allusion to its
three branches.

Cal-li coon river, Turkey. This is KoUi Koen on a map of
1825. Although generally considered an Indian name, with the
above meaning, it has been claimed as a derivative from two
Dutch words, with some show of reason. I suppose it, however,
to have come from the Delaware word Gulukochsoon, a turkey.

Co-chec-ton has been translated Low grounds, and also Fin-
ished small harbor, the former being preferable. The Cashigton
Indians formerly lived on the Delaware river, near this place-

Ma-ma-ka-ting is said to have had its name from an Indian
chief, and has been interpreted Dividing the wafers. The In-
dian village is called Mame Cotink on the map of 1779.

Ne-vef-sink has been interpreted Mad river, and also Water
between highlands, as well as Fishing place. Some have thought

82 INDIAN NAMES.

the name merely an English allusion to the waters of the stre9,m,
but it is clearly aboriginal. It is also Mahackamack on the map
of 1779.

Ki-am-e-sha is now Pleasant pond.

Sba-wan-gunk, from Shongum, white, making the name of the
mountains, White stones.

Po-ca-toc-ton, River almost spent.

Kon-ne-on-ga, White lake, in Bethel, so called from its white
sands.

Chough-ka-wa-ka-no-e, a small creek mentioned in 1665.

Al-as-kaye-ring is the continuation of the Shawangunk
mountains southward.

Ba-sha kill. Basha was an old squaw whose husband killed
a deer, and left her to bring it home. She fastened it securely
on her back, but in crossing the stream fell under her burden,
and being unable to disengage herself was drowned.

Other names are Me-ton-gues, Ho-mo-wack, Lack-a-wack, and
Wil-low-e-mock, the latter in Rockland township.

TIOGA COUNTY. ,

Cat-a-tunk creek, or Ti-a-tach-schi-unge.

O-we-go has been translated Swift water, and also given as
Ah-wa-ga, Where the valley widens. N. P. Wilhs mentions Ca-
ne-wa-na as a village between his home at Glenmary and Owego.
The name has ' disappeared. There are several early forms of
the name of Owego. The village was burned in 1779, to cel-
ebrate the union of Chnton's and Sullivan's armies.

Ti-o-ga, At the forks.

Chemung aiid Susquehanna have been defined before.

Manck^at-a-wang-um, or Red bank, was opposite the site of
Barton in 1779.

Ga-now-tach-ge-rage, interpreted for me as There lies the vil-
lage. West creek, 1745.

INDIAN NAMES. . 83

Gen. J. S. Clark thinks Spanish Hill, at Waverly, the ancient
Car-ant-ou-an, a village of the Andastes.

Other names are Nan-ti-coke and Ap-a-la-chin or Ap-pa-la-con.

TOMPKINS COUNTY.

Ca-yu-ga lake and inlet from, the nation of that name, who ad-
vanced their villages to the Susquehanna after the conquest of
the Andastes.

Ne-o-dak-he-at, Head of the lake. Ithaca.

Taug-han-ick, or Taug-han-nock falls, a name from Columbia
county.

To-ti-e-ron-no, interpreted for me as Where guns were made,
but it is the name of a nation also. The Iroquois placed a
southern nation, called Te-de-righ-roo-nas, at the head of the
lake in 1747.

Co-re-or-go-nel was a village near Ithaca in 1779.

Ga-nont-a-cha-rage, was a stream between Ithaca and Owego,
in 1745, elsewhere defined.

Some have thought that Poney Hollow came from the name
of the Saponeys, who may have had a village there.

ULSTER COUNTY.

E-so-pus, once Sopus, comes from See-pu, a Delaware term
{or river. It has been called See-pus, Sopers, and So-pus, but
the present name prevailed at an early day. The Esopus nation
was of Algonquin stock, as all the river Indians were.

At-kar-kar-ton, or At-kan-kar-ten, wasan early name of Esopus
-creek and Kingston, a;nd is said to mean Smooth water.

Kuy-kuyt moimtain, or Lookout mountain.

Sho-kan, a village in Olive.

Mom-bac-cus, Indian name of the town of Rochester.

Sh.an-da-ken, Rapid ivater.
': Sha-wan-gunk, White rocks, but some have thought it came

84 INDIAN NAMES.

from Showan or Shawnee, meaning south, and Gunk, mountain,
thus making it South mountain.

Wa-war-singlis said to mean, Blackbird's nest. Wa-wa-sink
in 1779.

O-nan-gwack creek, east of Rondout creek.

Ker-honk-Bon, or Ka-hank-sen, 1665.

Ponck-hock-ie, a place near Kingston.

Wilt-meet, an Indian fort supposed to have been in Marble-
town.

Ka-ha-kas-nik, a stream north of Rondout creek.

Ma-go-was-in-ginck, another north of the last.

Ma-ha-ke-negh-tuc, Continually overflowing water. Hudson's
name for Hudson's river, as is said, but it is better Mo-hi-can-it-
tuck. River of the Mohicans.

Other names are Ky-ser-ike, Nap-a-nock, Ho-mo-wack, Lack-
a-wack, Min-ne-was-ka, Ma-chack-a-mock, Met-ta^ca-honts, and

Mo-honk.

WARREN COUNTY.

Te-o-ho-ken, equivalent to Tioga, west branch of the Hudson,
and alluding to the forks,

At-a-te-ka, east branch of the same river.

Hor-i-con seems an early misprint, quite doubtfully said to
mean Silver water, and sometimes erroneously applied to Lake
George. Cooper is responsible for this, his " Last of the Mohi-
cans" being a tale of the vicinity. Some old maps had Horicon
for Hir-o-coi.

At-al-a-poo-sa, Sliding place. Roger's Slide, but also applied
to Tongue mountain.

Ka-yan-do-ros-sa, said to be the Indian name of Glens Falls.
A. Cusick translated it Long deep hole, which might apply to
the ravine, or the cave below the bridge. Pan-gas-ko-link is also
given as a name for this place. Che-pon-tuc, Hard climbing,
is another.

INDIAN NAMES. 81;

Can-i-a-de-ros-se-ras, the -country north of Schenectady, per-
haps having a reference to a lake. This or the preceding may
give light to the meaning of Kayadejpsseras, the patent of which
so long caused trouble.

Bou-to-keese. Falls at Luzerne.

Te-kagh-we-an-ga-ra-negbirton. A mountain west of Lake
George, in lyys.

Kah-che-bon-cook. Jessups falls.

Moos-pot-ten-wa-cha, Thunder's nest. Crane mountain.

Waw-kwa-onk. Caldwell.

Gan-a-ous-ke, Where yoi^j^ s;prinkled, as interpreted for me.
Northwest bay in Lake Georgav
,f. Ti-o-sa-ron-da, Meeting of waters; at Luzerne.

Oregon is an introduced name.

Se-non-ge-wah, Great upturned pot, a mountain four miles
from Luzerne.

O-i-o-gue, Beautiful river. The Hudson in the narrative of
Father Jogues, who called its upper waters by this name in 1645.
Bruyas, however, defined Ohioge, At the river, which may be
preferable.

Can-i-a-de-ri-oit, Tail of the lake. Lake George, but some-
times better applied to the south end of Lake Champlain, where
it has a striking significance. I thmk this the proper application.
Father Jogues arrived at Lake George in 1645, ^"^ incident de-
scribed in the relation of the following year. "They arrived on
the eve of Corpus Christi, at the foot of the lake which connects
with the great lake Champlain; the Iroquois call it Andiatarocte,
which signifies. There where the lake is shut in. The Fathers
named it lake St. Sacrement,'' from the day, referring to the Eu-
charist, and not to baptism as some have supposed. Part of the
name only, first given, is identical with that mentioned by
Jogues. '

Lake Champlain was often called Lake of the Iroquois by

86 , INDIAN NAMES.

both the Dutch and French, but if had many names.
WASHINGTON COUNTY.

An-di-a-ta-rac^te, Where the lake is shut in. An early name
of Lake George before mentioned, Caniadare meaning lake.

On-ja-da-rac-te was mentioned as the head of Lake ChamplaiH'
iu 1688, aiid a place where the English might build a fort, ap-
parently at Ticonderoga. It is the same as the preceding.

O-je-en-rud-de, where the French proposed building a fort in
1701, seems the same name much modified.

" R. Tyconderoge or' tale of the lake," appears on the iB^p.ofr
New York, grants. The lake seems to have had many tails..
The place was called Chi-nan-de-roga in 1691, and Di-on-da-jQ-.
gain 1755.

Cos-sa-yu-na, Lake at bur pines. A lake in Argyle.

Wam-pa-chook-glen^OrSuck. Whitehall.

Wam-pe-cock creek seems derived frorn the last.

Kah-cho-quah-na, L'lat^e where they dip fish. Whitehall

Lake Rod-si-o-Ca^ny-a^ta-re. Lake Champlain ; the^ last
word meaning lake, and the first being the name of a Mohawk
chief who was drowned there,

Ta-kun-de-wi-de. Harris' bay, on Lake George.

Ty-o-shoke, a name for pa,rt of Cambridge.

Tom-he-nack, a creek in the same town.

Di-on-onrda-ho-wa falls, interpreted for me as She open^ the
door for them.

Met-to-wee river is the Paw let.

An-a-quas-sa-cook is the name of a patent granted in 176*

Pom-pan-uck is said to have been the original form of Pump-
kin Hook, and to have been so called from Connecticut Indla:ns
who settled there.

Po-dunk is a name introduced from New England.

Kin-gi-a-quah-to-iiee was the portage between Fort Edward
and Wood creeks.

INDIAN NANES. 87

On-da-wa means Coming again, according to my informant.
White creek.

On-de-ri-gue-gon is a name for the drowned lands ol this
county.

Tigh-til-li-gagh-ti-kook is the south branch of Batten kill.
Wah-co-loos-en-cooch-a-le-ra. Fort Edward. Fis-quid is a
name for the same place on an old powder horn.

WAYNE COUNTY.

•

As-sor-o-dus has been translated Silver water, but there seems
no reason for this. It is Aserotus on a map of 1771, but Sodus
bay has other names. On PouChot's map it is " Baye des Goy-
ogoins," or Cayugas, and was commonly known by this title. In
1759 it was termed Osenodus. On a map of 1662 it is Ganaatio
which would be Beautiful water. A map of 1688 calls it Char-
aton. According to Morgan the name of Sodus Bay creek was
Tegahonesaota, Child in a baby frame. The first two syllables
simply mean The place at, and Sodus may have come from the
last three syllables. This is the simplest theory which occurs to
me, but it may have come, in another form, from Asare, A knife.
The Indians can now give no meaning to the word. The bay
was the Cayuga landing place.

(jan-ar-gwa, A village stiddenly sprung up. Palmyra and Mud
creek.

Je-donrda-go, a place east of Jerondakat bay, at an early day.

Te-ger-hunk-se-rode^ a hill belonging to the Cayugas in 1758,
and east of Sodus bay. This may be Morgan's name for Sodus
Bay creek above mentioned.

Squa-gon-na. Montezuma marshes. This may have cOme
from the Cayuga, Naskwagaonta, Toad or frog : . but more prob
ably is an abbreviation of the Onondaga Skahhoosootiah, Yellow

catfish.

WESTCHESTER COUNTY.

The most of the names in this county will be found in Bol-

88 INDIAN NAMES.

ton's History of Westchester, and they are nearly all Mohegan
words, several tribes of this nation having dwelt here.

Os-sin-sing, or Os-sin-ing; Stone upon stone, the name of a
Mohegan tribe. It is s?rittea Sing Sing, with many other forms.

Sint Sink creek has the same meaning and also Sen-si-nick,-pr ;
Stony place.

Ma-har-n'es river. Me-ha-nas seems the same name.

'W&ec-qaa.&s-gnck.^' Place of a bark kettle,, has many 'forms, of
which Wes-sec-ca-now may be the most extreme, Weckquas-
keck representing the medium. t)obb's Ferry.

Ma-cook-nack point.

Ki-wig-tig-nock, an elbow of Crdton river, called also Ke-wigh-
teg-nack. He-wegh-ti-quack is another form. It i& west of
Pine's bridge.

Am-a-walk, an abbreviated Indian name for the east part of
Yorktown.

Ac-que-a-ho-unck, Hed cedar tree. Hutchinson's creek.

A-que-a-no-unck, for East Chester creek, seems the same.

Po-nin-goe, Indian name of Rye.

Ma-nur-sing, called Min-ne-wies, or Pine island, by the In-
dians. Another form is Mi-nu-sing, an island.

Mus-coot river. Mus-coo-ta mountain is also near Croton Ts-
land.

Sach-wra-hung. A brook near West Farms.

Quan-na-hung, a neck of land in the same town."

Ar-men-pe-rai is Sprain river.

Mos-ho-lu IS Tibbett's brook.

Among the lakes are Mo-har-sic, Mo-he-gan, Cob-a-mong,
Wac-ca-back, Wam-pus, and Ma-gri-ga-ries. The last is also the
early name of a stream near Peekskill.

Sa-chus, or Sack-hoes, is the vicinity of Peekskill.

Kitch-a-wan, Large and swift current. Croton river, called
also Kick-ta-wank. Craton has the appearance of an European

INDIAN NAMES. , 89

name, but is said to have been changed from Ken-o-tin, Win/i.

Sen-as-qua neck is Croton point.

As-pe-tong, a hill in Bedford.

Ka-to-nah, or Can-ta-toe. The Jay homestead.

Mount Kis-ko comes from Kes-kis-ka. There is also a Cis-
qua creek.

Os-ca-wa-iia island.

Me-an-agh is the vicinity of Verplanck's point. ,

Ap-pa-magh-;pogh, lands near the same.

Ap-pa-ragh-pogh, for the county east of Cortland town, scarce-
ly differs.

Tam-mo-e-sis, a small creek near Verplanck's: point.

A-que-hung. Bronx river.

Tuck-a-hoe is said to mean Where deer are shy. it is the
name, however, of a kind of Indian bread.

Al-ip-conck, Place of^elms. Tarrytown.

Nep-er-han creek. Also Nep-er-a.

Mock-quams, now Blind brook.

Mam-ar-o-neck is said to mean Place of rolling stones.

Wa-i-man-uck. Orienta.

Ran-ach-que. Bronck's land.

Shap-pa-qua, or Chap-pa-qua, is said to mean a vegetable
root. It is in Newcastle.

Po-can-ti-co, or Po-can-te-co river.

Ar-monck, Beaver, is now Byram river.

Tit-icus river is otherwise Mugh-ti-ti-coss, from the name of
an Indian chief. Po-ti-ti-cus is in Bedford.

Wis-sa-yek, Rocky place. Dover.

Ke-ke-shick. Yonkers.

Many of the following are from Bolton's map of 1609, in
which he gave the names of places and tribes of that date, as
well as they could be ascertained.

The Tan-ke-ten-k,es then lived back of Sing Sing.

go INDIAN NAMES.

Ma-cok-as-si-no was a part of the country along the Hudson.

Shor-ack-ap-pock was another place along the river,

Pep-pen-eg-hek lake is now Cross pond.

To-quams was a place mentioned in 1640.

Ship-pan, in New Rochelle, also appears in that year.

Rip-po-wams is of the same date.

Qua-haug comes from Po-quau-hock, a round clam.

Mon-ak-e-we-go. Greenwich point.

Sigg-hes is a great rock in Greenburgh.

There are many places mentioned, as Kensico, Wennebees,
Tanraken, Keakatis, Caranasses, Conoval, Petuquapaen, Be-
tuckquapock, Sioascock, Suckebout in Bedford. Cohansey, Nan-
ama, Potamus ridge, Pasquashic, Noapain, and Manunketesuck,
in the Sound. f

Of creeks there are Wishqua or Canopus, Kestaubaiuck, Sas-
sachem, Sepeachim, Bissightick, Weghquegtick. Maennepis,
Mangopson, Wanmainuck, Apawquammis or Mockquams, Me-
hanas, Tatomuck, Cisqua, and Wepuc. ,

Of islands there are Manakawaghkin, and in the East river
Wikisan and Minnahenock.

Among early villages are Pechquenakonck, Cantitoe, Nanich-
iestawack in Bedford, Pokerhoe, Hokohongus near Pocanteco
creek, Nipnichsen, Kikeshiek, and Nauasin.

Ap-a-wa-mis is applied to Rye Neck, and also to a stream.

Quar-op-pas is now White Plains.

Honge was the upper part of Blind brook.

E-kuck-etau-pa-cu-son is now Rye Woods.

Pock-e-o-tes-sen was a name for Stony brook.

Ra-ho-na-ness. A plain in Rye in 1720.

Ha-seco has been given as an Indian name of a meadow on
Byram river, but it has been thought to be simply hassocky, from
hassock, alluding to the tufts of grass. The next would imply
that it was really an Indian name.

INDIAN NAMES. 9I

Mi-os-e-has-sa-ky, another meadow on the same.

La-ap-ha-wach-kirig, I'iace of stringing beads. Though this
has been applied to New York, it is claimed especially for this
county.

WYOMING COUNTY.

G^-da-ges-ga-o, Fetid banks. Cattaraugus creek.

Q-jat-ka creek, Opening.

Cayuga creek has been defined.

Ga-na-yat.' .SiLver lake. This at first seems an abbreviated*
form of the wpr^./aAe, but A. Cusick translated it Stone at the
bottom of the water.

Ga-da-o, or Gar-dow, Bank in front, /lyas a recent village on
the Genesee river, in the town of,Castile, and.near the land-slide.
Cusick tells me this means 3. Miiddy place. The Gardow reser-
vation was here, and embraced the 10,000 acres which the Sen-
ecas reserved in 1797, for Mary Jemison, the celebrated "White
woman." She died in Septemberj 1833, ^""^ ^^^ buried in the
old Indian cemetery at Bufra,lo.

Chi-nose-heh-geh, On the side of the valley. Warsaw.

Peoria and Wyoming are introduced names.

YATES COUNTY.

Ah-ta-gweh-d^-ga, Flint creek

0-go-ya-ga, Promontory projecting into the lake, from the long
and elevated. Bluff point. Crooked lake, often called Lake Ke-
u-ka, which probably came from this word, by slightly altering
the sound of Go-ya-ga.

Ke-u-ka. A. Cusick gave this the same meaning as Cayuga,
Boats drawn ortt, and it so strongly resembles it in sound that
it may be the same. We so often change Indian names, hoiv-
ever, that my conjecture may prove true. Otherwise it might
refer to a portage, saving the long, voyage around the point,
which is so prominent a feature of the lake.

92 INDIAN NAMES.

SUPPOSED IROQUOIS TOWNS.

In Mr. Hale's "Iroquois Book of Rites," is a list of Iroquois
towns in the condoling song of the,. Elder Brothers, and these
are here added from John Buck's manuscript, with the supposed
meanings. They comprise only the three principal clans, com-
mon to all of the Six Nations, and each divisiou may include
those of kindred clans.

First come those of the Wolf tribe. Karhetyonni, Tfie broad
woods; Oghskawaseronhon, Grown up to bushes again; Geadiyo,
Beautiful plain; Onenyodeh, Protuding sione; Deseroken, Be-
tween two lives; Tehodijenharakwen, Two families in a long
house,, one at each end; Teyoweyendon, Drooping wings; Oghre-
kyonny is of doubtful meaning, but may be Oriskany.

The following are of the two turtle clans. Kanesadakeh, On
the hillside; Onkwiiyede, A person standing there. Kahkekdoh-
hon, Weghkerhon, Thogwenyoh, a,nd Kahhewake, are not de*
fined.

In the Bear clan are Deyaohen, The forks; Jonondeseh, // is
a high hill; Otshwerakeron, Dry branches fallen to the ground:
Oghnaweron, The springs.

These were early villages as supposed, and the following were
added later, being of the same clan: Karhowenghradan, Taken
over the woods; Karaken, White; Deyohero, Place of rushes;
Deyosweken, Outlet of the river; and Ox-den-ke, To the old
place. Some of these names will be recognized, and others may
be alternate names for known villages, but no history records the
names of all Iroquois towns, even in recent times. The Mo-
hawks had several, in the seventeenth century, whose names are
unknown, and the same is true among all the rest. It will be
observed, however, that less than two villages are assigned to
each of these clans in each nation, allowing almost nothing for a
succession of villages. Six towns only are given to the two tur-

INDIAN NAMES. 93 ^

tie clans, which are practically one, and this for the whole period
of "Iroquois history. Usually the name went with the town in all
its removals, but some of the best known names are not in this
list.

ADDITIONAL NEW YOK NAMES.

The following names, mostly of Greene county, I received
from Mr. Henry Brace, of New York city, too late for insertion
in their proper place.

Ma-wig-nack, The place where two streams meet. The low
lands at the junction of the Katskill and Katerskill. Also
spelled Manchwehenoc.

Och-quich-tok or Ac-qui-tack, supposed to mean a stony place.
A small plain west of the Katskill, opposite Austins's paper mill.

There are five plains mentioned in the Catskill patents of 1680
and 1688, just beyond the stone bridge at Leeds. The first of
these is Wa-chach-keek, House-land, or Place of wigwams. Wich-
qua-nach-te-kak is the second.

Pach-qui-ack is the third, and probably means Clear land.

As-sis-ko-wach-keek is the fourth.

Po-tick, the fifth, he supposes to be a waterfall Elsewhere
it has been given as round.

Early in the eighteenth century the Indians called the first
four plains Qua-jack, The Christian corn-land.

Pas-ca-kook or Pis-ta-kook, was the site of the present village
of Leeds, and first appears in an Indian deed of 1675.

Quat-a^wich-na-ack or Ka-ta-wig-nack, supposed to mean
Place of the greatest ozierfiow, is a. wdAer-ia\\ on the Katerskill,
near the bridge on the road to High Falls.

Ma-cha-wa-nick was at the north-east corner of Corker's Kill

patent.

Na-pees-tock, a pond in the west part of Cairo, is equivalent

to Nip^is-auke, Small Me place.

Can-a-senc is the Sager's Kill.

94 INDIAN NAMES.

Pes-quan-ach-qua is now Maquas Hook.
Ta-bi-gicht and Mag-quam-ka sick are the Sandy Plains in
South Cairo.

Po-tam-is-k as-sick was a plain above the last.
Can-is-kek, a plain-west of Athens. 1665.
Stich-te-kook or Stigh-kook, a plain west of Coxsackie.

GE'NERAL INDIAN NAMES.

Algonquin names naturally' prevail along the Atlantic coast,
with all the usual varieties of dialect, and names originating in
the same great family are found far inland. Certain features of
these will strike the most careless observer. Michi, with its
variations, for great; Auke, etc., for land; Sepe, Gan, and
Minne, for water or river, will be among these, and to the-latter
may be added Hanne, or Hannock. There is no intention now,
however, to give a treatise on the structure of names, although
this slight reference to their composition may direct attention to
their. origin.

Our first clear knowledge of the Huron-Iroquois tongue came
from the French missionaries, who made a study of its various
dialects at an early day. The Dutch -and English did a less
conspicuous work in the seventeenth and, eighteenth centuries,
and still more in the nineteenth. Much of the Bible and the
Prayer Book, and various hymnals and text-books were printed
m the Iroquois tongue in the course of this work, and all are
still used.

Father Bruyas made a vocabulary of the radical words of the
Mohawk language, at an early day, wHich is excellent. Zeisber-
ger's Onondaga dictionary is of far less value, but many other
writers have supplemented these. A few examples from Bruyas
may be of interest. Twasentha is a waterfall, and Twasenthon
means to lament, or to groan. The latter seems a poetic adap-
tation, as though the falling water suggested falling tears, or the

INDIAN NAMES. 95

hollow sound resembled a mourner's groans. In this way the'
application of this name to Norman's Kill might refer either to
the stream, or a neighboring burial place.

Askati means one side ; Skannatati, the other side, and thetfce
we have the name of Schenectady. Garonta is a tree; and Ga-
rontiagon, to strike a tree. Ohare is to wash; and Gaksohare,
to wash a plate. This word will be recognized in Schoharie and
Canajoharie.

While Indian Agent, Sir William Johnson pointed out somf
features of these combinations. Echin meant a man, and Go-
wana, great. Thence was formed Echingowana, a great man.
Caghyunghaw was a creek, and Caghyungha a river; thence
were derived Caghyunghaowana, a great river, and Caghyung-
heo, a fine river. Haga stood for the inhabitants of a place,
and "tierhan for the morning. Thence the people of the eastern
countries were called Tierhansaga, People of the morning, or
Eastern people.

' Mr, L. H. Morgan gave some examples of these combinations
in the Seneca dialect. Oya if. fruit, and Ogauh is sweet; from
these comes Oyagauh, sweet f-uit.

From Ganosote, house, and Weyo, good, comes Ganoseyo, a
good house. A more erratic combination is from Ganundayeh, a
village, aud Newaah, small, from which results Neganundaah, a
small village.

I have noticed that the Onondagas use Goona and Gowa al-
most indifferently for great. Usually a syllable is dropped in
combination. Thus the Onondaga name for the soft maple is
Ahwehhotkwah, Red flower, from Ahwehhah, flower, and Hot-
kwah, red. It is usual to place the adjective after the noun.
Names are often derived from resemblances. The Onondaga
name for the bobolink is Neettus, a skunk, from having the col-
ors of that animal.
A few general names follow, but only those of which the mean-

96 INDIAN NAMES.

ing can be given, while many of little importance are omitted,
though their sense is known. , As before, poetic interpretations
are not to be expected, and Mark Twain had the right idea, if
no more, in speaking of one well known name. " Tahoe means
grasshoppers. It means grasshopper soup. , It is Indian, and
suggestive of Indians. People say that Tahoe means- 'Silver
lake,' 'Limpid water,' 'Falling leaf.' Bosh! It means grasshop-
per soup, the favorite dish of the Digger tribe."

Was-to-heh-no is the present Onondaga name for the United
States, meaning the People of Boston, probably from their prom-
inence at the time of the Revolution. The Iroquois had no
labials, and Wasto seems an attempt to pronounce Boston, the
remainder of the word referring to the people.

Ashaagoona, Big knife, or Sword, is now their name for Penn-
sylvania and the states farther south. It was formerly given to
Virginia, and is thus described in the conference of 1721: " As-
sarigoe, the name of the Governors of Virginia, which signifys a
Simeter or Cutlas, which was given to Lord Howard, anno 1684,
from the Dutch word Hower, a Cutlas." Tlie name however, is
purely Iroquois, but thence came the term of "Long Knives,"
rather than from Gen. Wayne's campaign. The Iroquois were
fond of playing upon words.

The name for Pennsylvania is thus described in the same con-
ference: "Onas, which signifies a Pen in the language of the 5
Nations, by which nane they call all the Governors of Pennsyl-
vania, since it was first settled by William Penn."

The Iroquois name for Massachusetts, in 1724, meant Broad-
way. The Governor was Yehowanne in 1748.

Jaquokranaegare was a name used by the same people for
Maryland, in 1684.

Manhatans and Corlaer were irequent names for New York.
The former was a Delaware name, and the latter came from a
Dutchman who was a great favorite with the Mohawks.

INDIAN NAMES. 97

Massachusetts is Blue hills, according to Roger Williams, but
others have defined it Much mountain place. The meanings are
reconcilable.

Connecticut has varied from the old pronunciation, and is de-
fined Lon^ river, or Land at long tidal river.

Kansas has been interpreted Smoky waters, but some such
definitions may not be correct, and many of the following must
be taken for what they are worth.

In the same way Iowa has been rendered Sleepy ones<, hardlj*
the name for a wide awake State. It has also been interpreted
Beautiful land. The lowas called themselves Pahucha, Dusty
noses.

Kentucky is an Iroquois word, and is variously rendered Head
of a river. Prairies, Among the meadows. I had it from Albert
Cusick as Kentahkee, Big Swamp. Yates and Moulton defined
it River of blood.

Minnesota is interpreted Cloudy water, or that which is slight,
ly whitish.

Nebraska is rendered Shallow water, and also the Place of
broad waters, these being naturally shallow.

Tennessee, The river of the great bend. It was often called
the River of the Cherokees.

Wisconsin, Wild, rushing river. The French termed it the
Beautiful river.

The meaning of Oregon has been much discussed. Jonathan
Carver heard of a river by this name m 1766, but it does not
belong to the Oregon dialects, though Okanagan is a river in
that State. The former name may have come from an Algon-
quin dialect, with the meaning of Great water. Carver men-
tioned it as a. great river flowing into the Pacific, and called it-
" Oregon, or the river of the West." W. C. Bryant first used it
after Carver, in his poem of " Thanatopsis," written in 1817.
Some have thought it came from Origanum, an herb, but this is

98 INDIAN NAMES.

an error. Nor does it come from the Spanish word, Huracan, a
wind, derived from the Mexican, and familiar to us as hurricane.
A popular interpretation has been from the Spanish word Orejon,
A pulling of the ear or Lop ears. Bancroft decides against this,
on good grounds, and Carver's first meaning should be accepted
in a general way. A full discussion of this will be found in Ban-
croft's Pacific States.

Alabama is usually called The place of rest, or Here we rest.
It has also been, rendered Thicket clearers, as though cleared up
for an abiding place. When interpreted A place of rest, as seems
best, the reference is to the sluggish nature of the lower part of
the river.

Arizona has been derived from Arizonac, a native.,naine fora
place on the frontier of Sonora. It is capable of several proper
interpretations, and among these are Maiden's valley, Mace of
few fountains.

Alaska has a flayor of both the American and SibSriaxi coasts,
but came from the latter. It is now an English corruption of -
the original Alaksha, Great land. . " ■ '

Mississippi is plainly the Great river, irom MXssx,'' great, and
Sepe, river. The Onondagas call it Kahnahweyokah, with the
same meaning.

Missouri, Great muddy river.

Michigan, Great water.

Da-kota., .Many nations united in one government ; or more sim-
ply, Confederate people. ;,

Idaho has been derived from two Nez Perce words, Edah and
Hoe, Light on the mountains, from the first appearance of sun-
light on the high peaks, and thence has come the fanciful inter-
pretation, Gem of the mountain.

Wyoming, Broad plains, from those on the Susquehanna. The
Iroquois name means essentially the same, and is properly Scha-

INDIAN NAMES. 99

hentoa, or Schahendowane, Great plains. In the report of a
council in 1775 it is written Scanandanani.

Arkansas would probably differ but little from Kansas. The
Arkansas Indians were the early Quapaws.

Illinois is Real men, a name assumed by many Indian tribes.
The Ongwe Honwe ot the Six Nations meant the same thing.

Ohio, Beautiful river. It has quite as much the meaning of
that which is good or great, and in this way is used to express^
fruit, something attractive to the sight and taste.

Utah has been defined They who live on the mountains, but I
am under the impression that it has a more prosaic meaning.
Dwellers in the mountains, however, has good authority.

Texas was known by this name to La Salle, who visited it in
1687.

Mexico is from Mexitli, the tutelary divinity of the na.tion.

Quebec is often rendered Fearful rock, but Charievoix said
that the name "in the Algonquin language signifies a strait or
narrowing. The Abenaquis, whose language is a dialect of the
Algonquin, call it Quelibec, that is to say, shut up," because as
they approached the port of Quebec it appeared like a great
bay. The name of Te-kia-tan-ta-ri-kon, Twin or Double moun-
tain, has also been given to the town.

Potomac has been defined Place of burning pines, and also.
They are coming by water, which are sufficiently different for a
choice. In 1722 the Iroquois called the river Kahongoronton;
It has been rendered Pathamook, People arriving by water:

Agioochook, Place of the Great Spirit of the forest.

Monadnock, Place of spirits.

Amoskeag, Fishing place.

Cohasset,, Place of pines.

Merrimac, Swift water.

Nashua does not at first seem an Indian name, but with its

lOO INDIAN NAMES.

equivalent, Nashuock, it is defined Where water runs over the
stones.

Pawtucket, Where there are many deer; and a\so, At the falls.

Housatonic, River beyond the mountains.

Katahdin, Great, or Chief mountain. Rendered also, High-
est land, the sense being often given instead of the literal mean-
ing.

Penobscot, Rocky river, or Falls of the rock.

Chesapeake, with its early form of Cicapoa, has been inter-
preted Great waters, and A place where a large body of still
water is spread out.

Aroostook, Good river.

Muskingum, EWs eye, according to Heckewelder. Some say
that it means A town on the river side, and that the Shawnee
name, Wakatamo sepe, means the same. These Indians also
called the Ohio, Kiskepila sepe, or Eagle river.

Ossipee, Stony river.

Winnepiseogee, or Winnepesaukee, ^^a«A/«/ /«/Ji? of the high-
lands. Whittier calls it The smile of the Great Spirit. It has
also been defined Good water outlet.

Pemigewasset, Crooked place of many pines.

Pennacook, Crooked place.

Pentucket, Prooked place of d(er.

Piscataquog, Place of many deer. Although having good au-
thority, some of these definitions have a doubtful look.

Squam, The water; a name occurring by itself and in combina-
tions.

Cataraqui, usually defined as Fort in the water, but given me
as a £ank of clay rising from the water. Kingston, in Canada.
The Indians applied this to Fort Frontenac, and thence to the
lake.

Chicago, Wild garlic, but nieaning also A skunk. It is sup-
posed to have its name from the early abundance of these odor-
ous vegetables.

INDIAN NAMb'-S. lOI

Montreal, the ancient Hochelaga, has been called Oserake.
Beaver dam, but more commonly Tiotiake, which Morgan de-
fines Almost broken. The meaning given me, however, was
Deep water beside shallow, referring to the still water below the
rapids. In Hochelaga the last two syllables probably refer to
people. I have no equivalent for the rest.

Mississippi, Great or many mouths, as of a rivet. Quite a
class of words exists with the same prefix.

Ottawa. Traders. This word has changed much from the
original form, and was given by the French to several nations.

Shawnee, Southern people, or place. This nation was so mi^
gratory that its members have been termed American Gipsies.
For this reason the name is found in many parts, Suwanee, Se-
wanee, and other forms being familiar.

Accomac has been assigned two meanings, one of which is As
far as the woods reach. The other is quite different, but seems
the true one : On the other side, as of the Chesapeake.

Winnipeg is Dirty or Foul water. The meaning of this is old
and interesting, but was more strictly Stinking water ; that is,
not fresh. In the Jesuit Relation of 1639-40, it is said, "Now
they (the Algonquins) thus call the waters of the sea ; therefore
these people call themselves Ouinipigon, because they came
from the shores of a sea of which we have no knowledge ; and
consequently we must not call them the Nation of the Stinkards,
but the Nation of the Sea." This is several times related in the
old chronicles.

Winnebago, Filthy, is much like the last ; indeed it is nearly
identical with the early form.

Kineo, Flint, is much like the Mohawk word.
Keokuk, «/afc-4>/>a;, the name of a noted chief of this cen-
tury. Also Munning fox.
K enosha is simply Pickerel.
Pisrataauis. Branch of a river.

I02 INDIAN NAMES.

Piscataway, It is growing dark.

Winona is said to mean First born, if a daughter.

Yankton, Town at the end.

Keweenaw, Portage of canoes.

Yemassee, Gentle.

Yazoo is rendered Leafy.

Lackawanna, Forks of streams. The Iroquois called this
Haziroth.

Lackauwaxen, Forks of road.

Lycoming, Sandy creek.

Wissahickon, Catfish stream.

Wyalusing, Home of the old warrior.

Chesuncook, Where many streams enter in. Another defini-
tion is Big lake. Still another is derived from Chesunk or
Schunk, a goose, and Auke, a place.

Sebago, Large open water.

Umbagog, Lake doubled up, from its form.

Minnehaha, Laughing water.

Assineboin, Stone roaster, from the custom of heating stones
for cooking.

Sacs, Those who emigrated. This is derived from Osaukee, •

They went out of the land.

Saginaw, from Sacenong, Country of the Sacs. It is also de-
fined Pouring out at the mouth, perhaps in reference to this em-
igration, or the flowing out of the water. It suggests Oswego
and its meaning.

Saco, Pouring out, is suggestive in the same way.

Ojibway or Chippewa, from Odji and Bwa, voice and gather-
ing up.

Menominee, Wild rice Indian, from Monomonick, Wild rice.

Pawnee, Shaved heads, the scalp lock alone being left.

Arapaho, Good hearts.

Cherokee is said to mean Fire nation. Their own name was
Tsaraghee.

INDIAN NAMES. 103

'^^^^\hocken, Land of turtles or Plenty of turtles.

Kittatiny hills, Endless hills, is also" defined Great mountain.
These and kindred words have conflicting definitions, as will be
seen, though' with a certain harmony. .

Kittaning'or Kittany, C-^z^Aiw/e, or Large stream. In the
forni of Kithanne, or Largest stream, it Was applied to the Del-
aware; and may signify prominence of any kind.

' Pahaquarry, 'End of two mountains, with a stream between
theth, as at the Delaware' Water Gap. ^

Passaic, A valley. , , •

Ramapo relates to the many tributary round ponds.

Pequannock, Dark river.

Raritan, Forked river.

Kearsarge, Pointed pine mountains.

Hock-hocking, Place of a bottle like a gourd. Hocking is
contracted frpm this.

Chepachet, Where they separate.

Cheyenne, Speaking a different language.

Kennebec, Large zvater place.

NarraganseU. Roger Williams could get no distinct meaning
for this, only learning that the name came from a small island.
The most probable definition seems At the point, but some have
called it The other side of the river; and others, Smooth water
place.

Mystic, Great stream.

Naugatuck, One tree.

Milwaukee, Good land. From Mannawahkie.

Mauch Chunk, Bear mountain.

Mopacan, A spade. • ' '

Monocacy, Stream with many large bends.

Monongahela, High banks breaking off and falling. It comes
from Mehmannauwinggehlau,- J^/ij land slides.

Ashtabula has been rendered Fish creek.

"04 INDIAN NAMES.

Tuscarawas has been defiped Open mouth, but is apparently
the same as Tuscarora, Wearing a shirt.

Canada is literally a village, and the meaning is Where they
live. It was probably the word which Cartier most frequently
heard on the St. Lawrence appUed to the homfes of the people.
It is a Mohawk word. Perhaps because the villages were most-
ly on streams, one name for creek scarcely differs from this.

Maskoutens was defined Fire nation, or Place of fire, in 1670.
Charlevoix interpreted this as.prairies, which owe their origin to
fire.

Gananoqui, in Canada, has been interpreted Wild potatoes, or
ground nuts, but it is also rendered Kahnonnokwen, Meadow
rising out of the water.

Toronto, or Thorontohen, Timber on the waters. Morgan
gives it as Deondo, Log floating upon the water. It is quite an
old name in its present form, appearing on early maps.

Shamokin and Shackamaxon are both defined Place of eels.

Seminole, Runaway ; a name given this people because they
left the Creeks. It is derived from Isti semole, Wild men.

Sheboygan, River flo%ving out of the ground.

Shenandoah, Spruce stream.

Tobyhanna, Alder stream.

Yantic, One side of the tidal river.

Youghiogheny, Stream which runs round about.

Kenzua, They gobble.

Loyalhanna, Middle stream.

Loyalsock, Middle creek.

Octarora, Where presents were given, a place naturally long
remembered.

Roanoke was called Konentcheneke by the Iroquois in 1722.
Chickahominy, Turkey creek.
Chickamauga, River of death.

Chigoes, Oldest planted gromict, dm early name for Burlington,
New Jersey.

INDIAN NAMES. 105

Geauga., Jiaccoon. This was originally Sheauga sepe, or Rac-
coon river.

Walhonding river, White woman.

Cuyahoga, Crooked, but the earlier forms are more like the
Iroquois word for creek, or riyer.

Cuyahoga Falls were called Coppacow, defined as Shedding
tears.

Miami, a name for mother in Ottawa.

Suckasunny, Black creek.

Whippany, Arroiti creek

Neshannock, Two streams near each other.

Niantio, Fiver where the tide flows.

Niobrara, Broad river.

Nipsic, Place of a pool.

Nockamixon, At the five houses.

Omaha, Up stream.

Patapsco, Black water.

Voti\ia.ta.n, At the falls 0/ the stream. Powathanne, the James
river, differs but slightly from this, yet has been interpreted Biver
of pregnancy.

Pensacola, Hair people.

Pequod, Destroyer. New London, in Connecticut, was called

Pequot, arid also Manie^ag and Tawawog.
'J '■ - '
Pocasseti Where the strait expands.

Quantico, Dancing.

Rappahannock, Current returning and flowing agaifi.

Muskegoe, &£/«/«/. ' ■

" Tuscaloosa, froin Tushka, Warrior, and Lusa, black:

Ta.mpsi,. CJ!ffse to it.

TonoDigbee, Cq^n makers, though this' seei\is an odd meaning
fqr an Indian name. ■'■•'■.■ ■>

Towanda, At the burfing place. ""■ ' ; "

Vfenango had its nariie'from an obscene pic'f&r'e' painted"^ on a
tree, by the stream. '■'.,';''

Jtofi INDIAN NAMES.

Wampanoag, East land.
' Wheeling. Although this has every appearance of an Europe-
an name, yet it has been derived, by some, from Whilink, At/Ae
head of the river.

Willimantic, Good cedar swamp.

Skippack, Stinking pool.

Taniaqua, Beaver (reek.

Tunkhannock and Tunkhanna, Smafler stream.

Moyamensing, Maize land.

Natchez, One running to war.

Ocoligo, Where shakes hibernate in holes.

Absecumb bay. Plenty of swans.

Chillicothe was the name of a principal tribe of the Shawnees,
transferred to the town.

Catasauqua, Thirsty land.

Catawissa, Becoming fat.

Andes has been said to mean Copper, or metal in general.

Apache, Poor. In the Indian sign language the appropriate
gesture for this expresses extrepe poverty. The name itself is
from Eepache, Man.

Machhanne, Largest stream.

Mahoning is Place of the lick, and Mahanoy is simply the lick
itself.

Matapony, No bread to be had.

Nepaug is Fishpond..

Otsiketa was a name for Lake St. Clair.

Teton, Dweller on the plains, as it is said. It seems quite
doubtful.
\ , Tippecanoe, At the great clearing.

Monayunk, A p'lace of rum, is one of several names for Phil-
adelphia. Coaquannock, Grove of tall pine trees, has been given
as another.

Sandusky. The Wyandots said it mesLut At the cold 7mter.

INDIAN NAMES. , . 10?

. It.has also been rendered Saundustee, Water within water pools.
It, IS an^early name, -being called Sandosquet in 1718.

, , -Cussawago, Snake with a large belly,

, Con,ewago, rendered L^^trip, but jt has been defined more

iproperly as the rapids. ^^ jj^N ^

Ontonagon. This .f ..-rtame, according to Schoolcraft, had a
very ^simple origin. There is a small bay at the mouth of the
river. " An Indian woman had left her wooden dish, or Onagon,
on the sands, at the shore of this little bay, where she had be^
engaged. On coming back from her lodge, the out flowing cur-
rent had carried off her valued utensil. Nia Nin-do-nau-gon !
she exclaimed, for it was a curious piece of workmanship. That
is to sa,y— Alas ! my dish !"

Conneaut has been rendered Many fish, and also It is long
since they met. Conneauet lake, Snow lake. There is some
ground for the second definition,. but all may be wrong.

Hackensack has been defined Streams gradually uniting in
low land,, which is expressive. Some simply call it Low land.

Piquais the name of a Shawnee tribe, signifying A man form-
ed of ashes. The Shawftees were seated around a great fire at

■J;heir a,nnual feast, and when this burned down there was a great

■ puffing in; the ash^s., -- Out of these came a mature man,., who

■ was the .first of the Piq.ua tribe, i Froryi this name Pickaway is
; derived; • • • . ■ ' ,-. t ; ^~■, '

Agamenticusmay be defined ^Beyond the river.

NipissLng, Still waters^'jind. Place of waters.

In 1673 there were some JrpquoiSi villages on the north side

of Lake Ontario, (ranatoheskiagon was at Port Hope; Gan-

eraski at the. jiiouth--pf Trent river; Kente at. the Bay of

Quinte, and Galieious at Nappa.ne. . These, were mostly, oc-

.'Cupied by Cayugas. ,, .

The Minatar.ees a^rejhe People of the willp^if. .

'I'he Mandans, or'Mifchtanees, were the People of the bank-

I08 INDIAN NAMES.

They called themselves however, See-pohs-nu-mah-kah-kee, Peo-
ple of the pheasant. Catlin adopted the idea that they were
partly descended from the Welsh companions of Prince Madoc,
of traditional fame, and conjectured that the name of Mandan
was derived from Madawgwys, ]j ' ^ wers of Madoc. Curious
and prevalent as has been the r' f the Welsh Indians, it
seems to have a very slender founaut o>^

The Sioux called the Winnebagoes, Hotanke, Big-voiced peo-
ple.

In addition to the accepted definition, Mohegan has been ren-
dered The good canoe men, by Catlin.

The Delawares call themselves Lenape, Real men, like many
others. In the transactiohs of the Buffalo Historical Society,
for 1885, is a statement by some Delawares of Canada, which
differs much from others. The Senecas termed the Delawares,
Dyo-hens-govola, From whence the morning springs.

The Delawares said : " We often speak of ourselves as the
Wapanachki, or People of the morning, in allusion to our
supposed eastern origin. Our traditions affirm that at the
period of the discovery of America our nation resided on the is-
land of New York. We called that island Manahatouh, The
place where timber is procured for bows and arrows. The word
is compounded of N'manhumin, I gather, and tanning. At the
place. At the lower end of the island was a grove of hickory
trees, of peculiar strength and toughness. Our fathers held this
timber in high esteem, as material for constructing bows, war
clubs, etc. When we were driven back by the whites, our nation
became divided into two bands ; one was termed Minsi, The
great stone ; the other was called Wenawmien, Down the river,
they being located farther down the stream th^ji our settlement.
We called the Susquehanna, AthethquaneeJ" The roily river.
The Monongahela was called Mehmannauwinggehlau, Many
landslides. The Alleghany mountains were called by us AUicke-

INDIAN NAMES. |09

wany, He is leaving us and may never return. Reference is
made, I suppose, to departing hunters or warriors, who were
about to enter the passes of those rugged mountains."

Besides other meanings, Algonquin has been derived from -A^l-
gomequin, Those on the other side of the river.

The Caddo Indians have their name from Kaede, A chief.

The Chitimacha, a Louisiana tribe, have their name "from
tchuti and masha. They possess cooking vessels.

Eskimo is from Eskimantik, Eaters of raw flesh.

Kiowa has been defined as a rat and as 2, prairie hen.

Sioux is a corruption of Nadowessiwag, a term of r^prfakch,
meaning The snake-like ones or The enftnies.

Apalachian and Apalachicola are from the Apalaches, a tribe
mentioned by De Soto. From this people the Spaniards gave
the name of Apalachin to a species of Cassia.

Yuma, Sons of the river.

Zuni, People of the long nails, because the Zuni surgeons keep
their finger nails long.

Athapasca, Place of hay and reeds.

Attacapa, Mati eater.

Anahuac is said to mean Near the water.

Osceola, Black drink.

Tucson is probably Black creek.

Otonabee river comes from the name of a fishi.

Wapsipinicon river from an edible nut of that name.

Oshkosh was the name of one great division of the Sacs alrid
Foxes.

Nicaragua was the name of a great chief whom Gonzales met
in 1522. The lake was called Cocibolca.

In the New England States the old Indian names of many

places are known, but are disused, and some have been ' tfanfe-
ferred to other places. In Massachusetts, Charlestown was
Mishawum ; Oxford, Manchage ; RehoBoth, ' Secunk ; Lynn,

110 , ^ INDIAN NAMES.

,S^ugus;„ Dorchester, Mattapan; Milton, Unquety; Salem,
Naumkeag; Plymouth, Patuxet ; Pembroke, Namasakeeset.;
■Falmouth,. Sokonesset ; New Bedford, Acushnett.

The early name of Boston Was Shawmut ; Natick was the
Place of Mils, and others might be cited.

f. In Connecticut, Simsbury was Mussauco; Guilford, Menun-
katuck; New Haven, QuilUapiack.

Providence; R. I., was originally Mooshausick.

Martha's Vineyard was Nope, and also Capawack.

Detroit, or the Strait, as the French termed it, was called
Teuchsagrondie by the Iroquois, The turned channel. The
Chippewa. naaie was Waweatunong, with the same meaning. In
the early, form it. was Wamyachtenock.

Winooski river is the Onion river of Vermont.

Navajo means both a pool, and a level piece of ground, b,eing
.expressive pf fl3.tness. It has thus been rendered Lake people
'and corn-field people, but might be supposed to be descriptive
of their celebrated blankets, when stretched in the loom.

Mobile comes from Mavilla, a village mentioned by Garci-
lasso de la Vega, in his history of Florida. In De Soto's day
the Mauvilians were very powerful.

Charlevoix gives Michinipi, Great water, as the Indian name
of Lake Superior.

Schoolcraft has it Gitshiguma, with the same meaning. In a'
foot note in Tanner's Narrative, it is said, " Lakes of the largest
class are called by the Ottawwaws, Kitchegawme ; of these they
reckon five; one which they commonly call Ojibbeway Kitche-
gawme,, l^ake Superior; two Ottawwaw Kitchegawme, Huron
and Michigan ; and Erie and Ontario. Lake Winnipeg, and the
countless lakes in the north-west, they call Sahkiegunnun." Their
, name for a small lake is Sahkiegun.

The Chippewas termedthe Minnetarees, the Agutchaninne-
wug, or Settled people.

INDIAN NAMES. Ill

Pembinah was Nebeninnah-ne-sebee, High cranberry river.

The Chippewas call Montreal, Moneong.

The Nottoways were called Rattlesnakes.

Tanner calls tne SioUx, Roasters.

Minisotah means Turbid water, by contraction Mendote mini-
sotah became Mendota.

In Capt. George B. McClellan's general report on the western
division of the survey of the Cascades, in Washington Territory,
1853, he gives a large uumber of Indian names, but withou^
their meanings. He says, "The Indian names of these streams,
lakes, prairies, etc., were carefully obtained by Mr. Gibbs, dur-
ing the trip. They have been adopted in the map and the re-
ports as preferable to any names we could give them ; partly for
the purpose of endeavoring to perpetuate them, and partly for
the reason that they will be of service to persons travelling
through the country." Mr. Gibbs also gave the names of the
Indian tribes, with their location.

Carver gave the meaning of MichiUmackinac as Tortoise, but
the prefix meant Great, and his definition properly belongs to
the usual contracted form of the word. According to him, the
Indian name of. Lake Pepin is Wakonteebe, Dwelling of the
Great Spirit. In his vocabulary, Wakaigon, Fort, might be ap-
plied to Waukegan.

Col. Dodge gives the names of several Indian tribes and bands-
Yankton is Village at the end; the Brules are ^^ Burnt thighs ;
the Ogallallas are the Wanderers ; the Cheyennes are the Pai-
kandoos or Cut wrists ; the Arrapahoes, Dirty noses ; the Kio-
was, Prairie me7ij and the Comanches, Serpents.

It would be an endless task to give the true or conjectural
meanings of all the remaining Indian names of this land. Those
which survive are vastly more in number than is commonly sup-
posed, and they are among our very best, as far as sound goes.
Of a large proportion the meanings cannot be recovered.

Onondaga Names of Plants and
Animals.

'T^HE Rev. Albert Cusick suggested to me that Indian names
■*■ should not be confined to mere English equivalents, but
should be defined. A good beginning was made in this way, but we
soon found it was impossible to recover the meanings of many.
The difficulty will be appreciated by studying our own common
names. Why is a fish thus called? What was the first meaning
of a bird ? While the original design thus failed, the actual re-
sults were too valuable to be lost, and there may come no better
opportunity for their publication and preservation than that now
afforded.

Indian names, being descriptive, are not everywhere the same,
even in the same language or its dialects, and yet the name will
be recognized by all. One of the Six Nations calls the elephant,
"That great naked animal," while another terms it the "Beast
with a long nose." In a similar way our common names of
plants are not everywhere the same, but are readily recognized
when descriptive.

It is curious to see how many names of plants' and animals
have become obsolete through disuse by the Indians. Since
they have, been practically confined to their reservations they
have lost all knowledge of some plants not found upon them.

114 INDIAN NAMES.

Nor does their early knowledge seem as great as has been
supposed. One name will answer for several things which look
much alike, and many species are unnoticed. Of some plants,
reputed to be of medicinal. use among them, they seem to have
no knowledge.

Cowslip, (Caltha,) Ka-nah-wah-hawks, It opens the swamps,
from blossoming in the spring.

Blood-root, Da-weh-ne-quen-chuks, It breaks blood.

Strawberry, Noon-tak-tek-hah-kwa, Groiuing where the ground
is burned, or Knoll burned.

Gooseberry, Ska-hens-skah-he-goo-na, Large currant. The
wild kind has also something to express the thorny fruit.

Wild grape, Oh-heun-kwe-sa, Long vine.

Cultivated grape, Oh-heun-kwe-sa-goo-na ; Goona meaning
large.

Burdock, Oo-nuh-kwa-sa-wa-nehs, Big burr.

Stick-tights, Ne-uh-noo-kwa-sa-sa-ah, Small burr.

Red clover, Ah-seh-ne-u-neh-toon-tah,^ Three leaves. The
white clover d,dds the word for white.

Timothy grass, Oh-teh->a-hah, Tail at the end.

Jack in the pulpit, Kah-a-hoo-sa, Indian cradle. This is very
good, the Indian cradle board having a bow near the upper end,
over which a coveriiig is drawn to protect the baby's head.

Ja-e-goo-nah, White or sweet cherry. Big cherry.

Choke cherry, Ne-a-tah-tah-ne, Something that chokes.

Pear, Koon-de-soo-kwis, Long lip.

Peaches, Oo-goon-why-e, Hairy.

Cucumber, Oot-no-skwi-ne, With prickles.

Musk melon, Wah-he-yah-yees, Thing that gets ripe, from
changing its color.

Water melon, Oo-neoh-sa-kah-te, Green melon, ox Melon eaten
raw.

Squash. This itself is a New England Indian name. In On-

INDIAN NAMES. II5

ondaga it is Oo-neoh-sah-oon-we, The real melon; perhaps that
which they first 'had.

Skomatose, a name for tomatoes derived from our own.

Boneset, Da-uh-kah-t£th-ais-te, Leaves that come together, an
expressive name.

The wild onion has a long name, Oo-noh-sah-kah-hah-koon-wa-
ha, Onion that grows in the woods. Oonohsah is simply onion
and from this comes the name of leeks, growing in low lands,
Oo-noh-so-yah, A queer onion.

Lettuce is Oo-na-tah-kah-te, Jiaw leaf, that is, one that is
eaten raw.

O-je-kwa for the turnip, is Hound or Hammer root.

The beet is Oke-ta-ha, Root. By adding syllables distinctions
are made in kinds.

The yellow lady's slipper, or moccasin flower, is Kwe-ko-heah-
o-tah-qua, Whifpoorwill shoe, Oddly enough this is a New
England name for the same plant.

Ginseng is Da-kien-tookeh, The forked plant, from its root.

May-apple, or mandrake, is 0-na-when-stah, Soft fruit.

The boft maple is Ah-weh-hot-kwah, The red flower, from Ah-
weh-hah,yf(?K^^, and Hot-kwah, red.

0-neh-tah is the pine, Like porcupines holding to a stick, from
the needle-like leaves spreading out.

0-ne-tah, the hemlock spruce, means Greens on a stick.

O-wah-kwens-tah, njilkweed, is Milk that sticks to the fingers.

Ta-keah-noon-wi-tahs is the name of violets. It means Two
heads entangled, in allusion to their childish game of interlocking
the flowers, and pulling them apart. The Cherokee name for
this flower is much like this in meaning.

Slippery elm, Oo-hoosk-ah, It slips. The Iroquois madp their
canoes out of the bark of this.

Swa-hu-na, the apple tree, means Big apple, by contrast with
thorns.

Il6 INDIANNAMES.

Yellow willow, Cheek-kwa-ne-u-boon-too-te, Yellow tree.

Red osier, Kwen-tah-ne-u-hoon-too-te, Red-tree.

Witch hazel, Oo-eh-nah-kwe-ha-he, Spotted stick.

Spice bush, Da-wah-tah-ahn-yuks, Stick that breaks itself;
that is, one that is brittle.

Sassafras, Wah-eh^nah-kas, Smelling stick.

Green osier, probably either Viburnum or Cornus, Tweh-ha-
he-he, Broken flower, or leaf.

Bull thistle, Ooch-ha-neh-too-wah-neks, Many big thistles.

Thistle, Ooch-ha-ne-tah, Something that pricks.

Panada thistle, Ooch-ha-ne-tas-ah, Small thistle.

Thimble berry, O-nah-joo-kwa-goo-na, Big cap.

Red raspberry, O-nah-joo-kwa, Caps,

Blackberry, Sa-he-is, Long berry.

Huckleberry, 0-heah'che, Black berry.

Poke weed, Oo-juh-gwah-sah, Color weed.

Canoe Birch, Ga-nah-jeh-kwa, Birch that makes canoes.

Basswood,. Ho-ho-sa, It peels. The inner bark of this is much
used for fine strings and mats.

Chestnut, 0-heh-yah-t ah. Prickly burr. Add goona for horse
chestnut.

Peppermint, Kah-nah-noos-tah, Colder, or That which makes

you coldjm zSS.wsxo'o. to the first sensation. Spearmint has the

same name, but is distinguished by naming the stem.

Wild thorn. Je-kah-ha-tis, Long eye-lash; that is, Long

thorns.

Sarsaparilla. Ju-ke-ta-his, Long root. Other plants have this

name.

Elder. Oo-sa-ha, Frost on the bush.

Partridge berry. Noon-yeah-ki-e-oo-nah-yeah. The name is

the same as with us, the first four syllables being the name of the

bird.

Moss. 0-weh-a-stah, or Owenstah, (JwK/z>z^a//(7Z)(?r. Lichens

have the same name.

INDIAN NAMKS. 1 1?

Wintergreen. Kah-nah-koon-sah-gas, Birch smelling plant.

Plantain. Tu-hah-hio-e, It covers the road.

Ironwood. Skien-tah-gus-tah, Everlasting wood.

Aspen. Nut-ki-e, Noisy leaf.

Catnip. Ta-koos-ka-na-tuks, Cat eating leaf.

Tulip tree. Ko-yen-ta-ka ah-ta, White tree.

Creeping blackberry. 0-kah-hak-wah, ^« (j;;?, or Ball of an
eye.

Tamarack. Ka-neh-tens, The leaves fall, it beingour only de-
ciduous conifer. The name of tamarack or hackmatack is an
Algonquin word.

Balsam fir. Cho-koh-ton, Blisters, on the bark.

J'lax. Oo-skah, Threadlike, or Making threads.

Water beech. O-tan-tahr-te-weh, A. lean tree. This is very
expressive, the tree looking hke a very thin beech.

Black 1 aspberry. Teu-tone-hok-toon, The plant that bends over

Ginseng. Da-kieen-too-keh, The forked plant. In the Oneida
tongue this is Ka-lan-dag-gough.

May apple, or Mandrake, 0-na-when-stah, Soft fruit.

Mullein. Ki-sit-hi, Flannel. Also, Oo-da-teach-ha, Stockings.

Yellow dock. Tea-tah, She stands over yonder.

Sycamore. Oo-da-te-cha-wun-nes, Big stockings. Ka-nen-
skwa is another name.

White oak. Ki-en-tah-eh-tah, White looking tree,

Hop. Ah-weh-hah, Flower. It is 0-je-jea in Oneida, Zike a
flower.

Dicentra, including Dutchman's breeches, and SquirreV corn.

Hah-ska-iiah-ho-ne-hah, Ghost corn or food for ghosts. A good
name for this spectral flower.

White wake robin. 0-je-gen-stah, Wrinkles on the forehead.
The purple species is only distinguished by color, and its reputed
medicinal virtues seemed unknown to the Onondagas. I was
surprised at this, but their best medicine woman knew nothing
of it in her practice.

Il8 INDIAN NAMES.

Elecampane, or perhaps Artichoke, Ook-ta-ha-wa-ne, Big root
This has another name, Kah-a-wa-soont-hah, Flower coming from
a sunflower.

Red maple, small variety. Oot-kwen-tahhe-ehn-yo, New
grdwth is red.

Blue Cohosh, as well as the others, Oo-kah-ta, Not ripe.

Cat-tail. Oo-na-too-kwa, Rushes that grow high, or Plenty of
flags growing. Perhaps Much rushes, in the Onondaga idiom,
applying to either size or quantity. Another name is sometimes
used.

Wild Aster. Ka-sa-yein-tuk-wah, /jf brings the frost.

Wild Plum. Ka-ha-tak-ne, Dusty fruit.

Hound's Tongue. Teu-te-nah-ki-en-tun-oo-noo-kwa-ea, Sheep
burr. The first six syllables stand for sheep.

Indian tobacco, Nicotiana rustiea. 0-yen-kwa hon-we, Real
tobacco. This species is used in religious ceremonies, and is the
kind commonly grown by the Onondagas. Oyenkwa conveys
no meaning beyond that of a name.

Black walnut. Deut-soo-kwa-no-ne, Round nut.

White cedar, or Arbor Vitsel. Oo-soo-ha-tah, Feather leaf.

Cohosh. Ka-koh-sah-tes-cha-kas, Smells like a horse. It may
be some other plant, but was given me as this.

Che-ka-se is Rotten wood in Tuscarora, and seems applied to
Dirca palustris.

Wild rose. Ah-weh-ha-tah-ke, Red flower. This is also called
from its medicinal use, Ko-tot-hot-ah, It stops diarrhoea.

Ka-nus-ta-che, Black stick, may be Black Alder, or perhaps a
Viburnum.

Crab apple. 0-yah-hon-we, Real apple. This is the old name
for the wild crab, but is now transferred to the Siberian crab
apple.

Beech-drops. Och-ke-ah-kfck-hah, It grows on beech ground^.

American Yew. 0-ne-te-o-ne, Hemlock that lies dojvn.

INDIAN NAMES. II9

Samphire. 0-heah gwe-yah, Fingers. Commonly used with
Kit-kit, thus meaning Chicken's fingers, or toes.

Bladder-nut. Oost-tah-wen-sa, Rattles.

Buckwheat. Te-ya-nah-cha-too-ken-ha, Square seed.

Crinkle root. (Dentaria.) 0-ech-ken-tah, £raid, in allusion to
its zig-zag form.

Carrot. O-jeet-kwah-ne-uk-ta-ha-ta, Yellow root

Mustard and Ox-eye daisy. Ko-hen-tuk-wus, It takes away
your field. This is applied to some other troublesome weeds.

Grass. O-win-oka is grass grown to its full height. Short
grass, as in turf, is 0-je-go-chah.

Flower is Ah-weh-hah, but flower-seed is O-tach-ha.

Forest is Kah-hah, and Kah-hah-goon-wah, /« the woods.

Ash. Ka-hen-we-yah. This differs somewhat from another
form, and seems to have reference to a boat. It is the Black
Ash.

White Ash is Ka-neh, and a variety growing by the water and
used for baskets is Ka-neh-ho-yah, Another kind of Ash.

Of the following I could not obtain the primary meaning.

Sugar maple. Ho-whah-tah.

Beech. Oech-keh-a.
. Butternut tree. Oo-ha-wat-tah. The nut is Oo-sook-kwa.

Late grey willow. Oo-seh-tah.

Sumac. Oot-koo-tah.

Currant. Ska-hens-skah-he.

Maize. Oo-ne-hah. White corn is Oo-na-hah-keh-ha-tah, and
there are names for other varieties.

Sweet flag is Oo-a-hoot-tah. The name of the wild iris diff"ers
but little.

Peas are O-na-kwa, and beans, Oo-sah-ha-tah.
\ Wild cherry. A-e. The red cherry is Ja-e.
: Potato. Oo-neh-noo-kwa.
t Birch. Oo-na-koon-sah.

I20 INDIAN NAMES.

Hickory. A-nek. The bitter nut kind is Us-teek, while the
common nut is Oo-sook-wah.

Golden rod. 0-yun-wa.

Snake root. 0-skwen e-tah.

Sunflower. O-ah-wen-sa.

Prickly ash. Ke-un-ton.

Elm.. Oo-koh-ha-tah.

Alder. Too-see-sa.

A tree is Kai-en-ta, and a shrub 0-hoon-tah.

Horse. Koo-sah-tis, Rider, perhaps one ridden.

Cow. Teu-hone-skwa-hent, Bunch on the face, from the protu-
berance in chewing the cud.
■ Beaver. 0-no-ka-yah-ke, It cuts off trees.

Fox. Ska-nux-ha, Mischievous.

Porcupine. 0-ne-ha-tah,- Full of prickles.

Sheep. Teu-te-nah-kien-tun, Horns on.

Rabbit. Tah-hoo-tah-na-ke, Two ears together. The smal*
kind is Kwa-ye-eh-ah.

Skunk. Neet-tus, He breaks wind.

House mouse. Che-ten-ah, Small mouse. To this add Ske-
non-to, Deer, for the wood mouse. The field mouse is Jun"
kwi-se, and the rat, Che-ten-goo-nah, Big mouse.

Mole. Che-neugh-kae-ha, Bad nose and bad hands.

Bat. Tah-hun-tike-skwa, Ear biter.

Flying squirrel. Tok-wah-soon-tun, Flies and spreads itself.

The black and grey squirrels are Juk-ha-tah-kee; the red, Hi-
se; the chipmuck, Tuch-he-yuh.

Raccoon. Ju-a-kuk, and- the woodchuck, 06-nok-kent.

Bear. Oo-kwa-e.

Wolf Tab-he-yp-ne.

Deer. Ske-non-to.

Cat. Tah-go(3s. I'he dog is Che-pah, and two dogs, Ta-heech-
e-hah.

INDIAN NAMES. 121

Weasel. Chu-tah-kwa-haen-ke.

Mink. Chu-jah-kok.

Muskrat. An-nook-keah.
' The Onondagas have comparatively few bird names. Bird it-
self is KaAyu-huh.

Rpbin. Jis-kah-kah, from its note. It varies slightly in the
varibus dialects.

Crow. Kah-kah, also from its note, but with a slower utter-
ance.

Henhawk. Ta-ka-yah-tach-kwa, It picks up the body, or any-
thing else.

Eagle. Skah-je-a-nah, Big claws.

Humming bird. Che-hone-wa-ge. Shining'-tail, or perhaps re-
ferring to the whole form.

;Heron. Ne-ah-sa-kwa-tah, Crooked neck.

Pwl. K.aek-hoo-iyah, Big feathery thing.
^ Long eared owL Tah-hoon-too-whe, Putting his ears in water^
or. bringing them together. The screech owl is Kwi-yeh.

Oriole. — Jo-heung-ge.

. Bobolink. Neet-tus, Skunk, from its color, this being the name
of that animal.
• Quail. ,Koo-koo-e, from its note. The last syllable is quite
emphatic.

Partridge. Noon-yeah-ki-e, Noisy step.

Swallow. Ta-kah-na-ke-kwa, Picks up water.

Wild pigeon. Chu-ha. The common dove is Ju-ha-ah.

Snipe. Tah-wish-tah-wish, from its not^i

Turkey. No-ta-ha-wha.

Toad. Nees-kwah-k'wien-te, Full of warts.

Green Snake. O-je-gooch-jah-ah, Green snake.

Rattlesnake. Sa-kwe-ehn-tah, He has a spear, alluding to

the appended rattle.

Black snake. Ski-yea tis. He is a long snake. Oo-si-is-tah,
SnakCi is to be prefixed to some of these:

122 INDIAN NAMES.

Ring snake. N'yeo-hine-kwen, Redneck.

The milk snake is Nees-heh-seh, and the water snake Hah-
nah-to.

Whale. Ose-wah-ka-hen-tah, Hole in the back.

Sturgeon. Ken-chea-go-nah, Big fish.

Black bass. O-when-tah, Big body.

Sun fish. Ta-you-chees- tah, Fire in the head, in allusion to
the red spot.

Common sucker. O-noo-whie-you, Good head.

Mud sucker. 0-chu-tas-sen, Fat fish. Also Teuch-hoke-tah,
Without a full mouth.

Trout. Nah-wan-hon-tah, Has the fast running water in his
mouth.

Pike. Che-go-sis, Long face. Pickerel the same. In Oneida
the former is Ska-kah-lux, Bad eye.

Red nose chub. Skah^neust-kwa, Prickles on the nose.'

White chub. Oo-kah-ah, Bark.

Eel. Q-koon-ta-na, Slippery fe^oiv.

Yellow catfish Skah-koo-soo-nah, Big face.

White catfish. T'kwe-a-ke, Two limbs separated.

Mullet, or Red-fin. O-ses-to-wan-n^s, Large scales.

White fish. Wah-haste-tah, White fish. ,

The common bull-head (small catfish) is Ohn-kah-neh : the
perch, Ah-wah-gee; and the bony pike, Neu-ju!i-to-tah

Fresh water lobster. O-ge-a-ah, Claws.

Oysters and fi-esh-water clams. Q-noo-sah. There seems a
reference to a shining shell jn their niinds, and the name closely
resembles that of the onion. It may refer in both cases to the
peeHng off of the outer envelope.

Snail. Ge-seh-weh, Brains. A story belongs to this.

Cricket. Ge-noo-se-na, Housekeeper.

Grasshopper. Chees-tah-a.

, Butterfly. Hah-nah-wen, He feels warm, because it delights in
the sun.

INDIAN NAMES. 1 23

The sun is An-te-kah Ka-ah-qua, Day sun; and the moon,
As-so-he-ka Ka-ah-qua, Night sun.

Bog. Ka-nah-wah-ke, Place of much water. From this sense
it is applied to the rapids of a river, as at Lachine on the St.
Lawrence, and Caughnawaga on the Mohawk.

Thunder. Ka-wen-non-tone-te, Voices we hear.

Lightning. Ta-wen-ne-wus, // makes light.

ADDENDA.

In the preceding pages a few omissions have been made in.
New York names, and some slight errors may have occurred, in
spite of all care. The only serious one may be a misprint of
Mississippi for Mississauga, on page loi. The Delawares called
their river, Lenapewihittuck, or River of the Lenape. The word
Hittuck iaea.r\% a rapid river. The village of Sannio, mentioned
by Zeisberger, was probably Gannio, which would be Beautiful
stream, and may refer to a hamlet on the Seneca river, near Cay-
uga lake. Cajucka is the same as Cayuga, giving the soft
sound to the second syllable.

In Cattaraugus county is Odasquadossa, Around the stone, ap-
plied to Great Valley creek.

In Dutchess county are Metambesem, now Sawkill ; Tan-
quashquieck, now Schuyler's Vly; Waraukameek, now Ferer
Cot, or pine Swamp.

Lossing calls an island in Schroon lake, Caywanot, and Waw-
beek Lodge is a summer resort on the Upper Saranac. In his
narrative of 1689, Col. Schuyler mentioned the following places,
not far from tlje west shore of Lake Champlain : Kanondoro,
Oghraro, and Ogharonde farther north.

The village of South Onondaga is called T'kahentootah, Where
f he pole is raised.

On page 12, twenty'Seventh line, chapge 1760 to 1670.

124 INDIAN NAMES.

Page 1 6, read Quisichkook, and Wawyachtonock.

Page 17. twenty-third line, read Long lake. " '

Page 44, read Waiontha.

Page 72, read Paskungemah.

Page loi, seventh line, read Mississauga.

Peconic river is the principal stream in the east part of Suffolk
county. In the same county is Moriches, and Yaphank is a
tributary of the Conetquot, or Connecticut river there.

The Siwanoys were a tribe on Long Island Sound and the
East river. Nappeckamack was also an InjSian village in West-
chester county. Near New York many local nam^s have la'tely
been revived, especially for hotel and villa purposes. This is
becoming the case in the Adirondack wilderness,' where Some
have been introduced.

A curious factor in the recent spread of Indian nani^s, has
been furnished by the Post Office Department. It has (ioillected
lists from which to select names for new offices,' and wfiile most
of these are really old, one of my Indian friends formed a num-
ber of new, simple and significant names for this purpdse. With
a moderate knowledge of Indian dialects this mdy -easily be done.
For such purposes the Iroquois language is unsurpassed, though
some others are not far behind. Many Delaware words are
quite as melodious, though less stately. It is gratifying to know
that so many of our native dialects are now being placed in per-
manent form, and may thus be drawn upon in- the future.

THE END.

INDKX.

PAGE.

Absecumb io6

Accaponack 8i

Accomac ioi

Achquetuck 7

Acqueahounck 88

Acquitack 93

Acushnett no

. Acawanuck 16

Adaquagtina 18

Adiga 67

Adiquitange 18

Adirondack z6

Adjuste 35

Adrincha. . . ; 73

Agamenticus 107

Aganuschion 27

Agioochook 99

Agwatn 80

Ahanhage 65

Ahashawaghkick 16

Ahgotesaganage 40

Ahtagwehdaga 62--,!

Ahwagee 39

Aiaskawosting. 63

Ajoyokta 48

PAGE.

Akwissasne 29

Alabama 30-98

Alaska ng

Alaskayering 82

Algonquin 28-109

Alipconck 89

Allegany. .■ 8

Allickewany 108

Allnapooknapus . ; \ 31

Amagansett 81

Amawalk 88

Amoskeag 99

Ampersand 28

Anaquassacook 86

Anahuac 109

Anajot 40

Andarague 43

Andes ..;....;........ 106

Andiataracte 86

Andiataroete 85

Anjagen 37

Aontagillon-. 40-49

Apaehe. xo6

Apalachian .-109

Apalachin . . .- 83

126

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

PAGE.

Apalachicola 109

Apawamis 90

Apokeepsink 19

Apoquague , 19

Appamaghpogh 89

Aquarage 48

Aquebague .'... 80

Aquebonga 71

Aquehung 89

Arkansas 99

Armonck 89

Armenperai 88

Arnoniogre 59

Aroostook 100

Arrapaho 102-1 1 1

Axaquenta 61

Ascalege 76

Aserotus 87

Ashaagona 96

Ashtabula 103

Aspetong 89

Assineboin , . 102

Assinnissink . . 79

Assiskowachkeek 93

Assorodus 87

Astenrogen 33

Astorenga 33

Astraguntera 18

Awanda 18

Atatea 32

Atateka 84

Atalapoosa 84

Atenharakwehtare 34

Athapasca 104

Athethquanee 108

Atkarkarton 83

Attacapa 109

Attoniat 14

Basher 63-82

Betuckquapock 90

Boutokeese 85

Brule Ill

Cachiadachse 54

Cadaraqui 64

Caddo 109

Cadosia 18

Cadranghie 33

Cahaniaga 45

Cahaquaragha 21-47

Cahogaronta 32

Cahunghage. 56

Callicoon 81

Canachagala 33

Canada 30-51-104

Canadasseoa 40

Canadice 60

Canaenda 62

Canagora 45

Canajoharie 43

Canandaigua 61

Canarsie 35

Canasawasta 15

Canasenc 93

Canaseraga 9-35-39

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES,

127

PAGE.

Canassaderaga 39

Canastota 39

Canawaugus 36

Caneadea 8

Canewana 82

Caniadaraga 67

Caniaderi Guarunte 26

Caniaderioit 85

Caniaderosseras 85

Caniadutta 29

Caniskek 94

Canistaquaha 74

Canisteo 78

Canniungaes 43

Canoga 77

Canohage 65

Canopus 68-90

Canorasset 69

Canowaroghare 51

Canowedage 32

Cantitoe 9°

Capawack no

Caranasses 90

Carantouan 83

Casawavalatetah 37

Cashickatunk 18

Cashigtoti 81

Cassontachegona 65

Cataraqui 100

Catasaugua 106

Catatunk 82

Catawba , 79

PAGE.

Cathatachua 32

Cattaraugus 9-9 *

Catawissa 106

Caughdenoy 64

Caughnawaga 45

Caumsett 69

Cayadutta . . , 29-45

Cayuga 11-85-91

Cayuta., 77

Chadakoin 13

Chadaqueh 13

Charaton 87

Chautauqua 12

Chawtickognack 77

Checkanango 30

Checkomingo '. . 17

Cheesecocks 63

Chegaquatka 51

Chegwaga 72

Chehocton 18

Chemung 14-82

Chenango 9-19

Chenashungaton 10

Cheningo 17

Chenondac 49

Chenondanah 36

Chenonderoga. 26

Chenunda 9

Cheoquock 77

Chepachet 33-103

Chepontuc 8

Cherokee 102

128

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

Chesapeake loo

Chesuncook loa

Cheyenne 103-111

Chicago 100

jChicopee 74

ChickahoHiiny 104

Chickamauga . ...... 104

Chictawauga 23

Chigoes 104

Chillicothe 106

Chinosehehgeh gi

Chippewa 72-102

Chitimacha 109

Chittenango 38

Choconut 9

Choharo 12

Chonodote 10

Choueguen 12-64

Chouendahowa 75

Choughkawokanoe 82

Choughtighignick 31

Ci;routons 12

Chuctenunda 42

Chugnutts . . 9

Chutonah 49

Chunutah 49

Cicapoa 100

Ciohana 32

Cisqua 90

Coaquannock 106

Cobamong 88

Cochecton '. . 81

Codaughrity 42

Cohansey -i. ■ • 9°

Gohasset .,,...... 99

Cohoes . . 7

Cohongorunto 67

Cokeose , 18

Comanches m

Cometico . . 79

Commack .81

Condawhaw 77

Conesus 35

Conetquot 80

Conewago 107

Conewango i 8-9

Conewawa 14

Congammuck 29

Conhocton 78

Conihunto .' 67

Conistigione 76

Conneaut 107

Connecticut 97

Connectsio 38

Conneogahakalononitade 44
Connondauwegea . .. 14

Connughhariegughharie . . 75

Conongue 79

Conoval 90

Cookquago ...... 9-1 7

Copake 17

Coppacow 105

Coram 80

Corchaki 81

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

129

Coreorgonel 83

Coshaqua 37

Cossayuna 86

Coughsagrage 27

Cowaselon 39

Cowilliga 42

Coxsackie 31

Croton 88

Cumsewogue 79

Cungstaghrathankre 44

Cushietank 63

Cussawago 107

Cutchogne 80

Cuyahoga 105

Dadeodanasukto 23

Dadenoscara 43

Dageanogeanut 63

Dakota 98

Daosanogeh 30

Datecarskosase 47

Dategeadehanaghe 48

Dategehhosoheh 63

Datewasunthago 50

Datskahe 1 1

Daudehokta 10

Daudenosagwanose 40

Dayahoowaquat 33-5°

Dayaitgao 38

Dayodehokto 42

Daweennet 35

Deagogaya, 11

Deaonohe 57

Deasgwahdaganeh 24

Deashendaqua 10

Deawendote 10

Dedyonawa'h 24

Dedyowenoguhdo 25

Deiswagaha 55

Dekanage 43

Denontache 6ft

Deodesote 36

Deodosote 48

Deonagano 10

Deonagono 36

Deonakehussink 58

Deoongona 30

Deongote 23

Deonundagaa 36

Deoselatagaat 51

Deostehgaa 25

Deseroken 92

Deshonta 30

Deowainsta 51

Deowesta 38

Deowuudakno 63

Deowyundo 55

Deyaohen 92

Deyehhogadases , 24

Deyoherp 92

Deyohhogah 23

Deyosweken ; . . . 92

Deyowuhyeh 48

Dionondahowa 86

Diontaroga 14

I30

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

Donatagwenda 79

Doshoweh 21

Duhjihhehoh ^ 48

Dyoeohgwes 25

Dyohensgovola io8

Dyonahdaeeh 24

Dyosdaodoh 25

Dyoshoh 24

Dyuhahgaih 38

Dyuneganooh 25

Dyuaoadahgaseh 36

Dyunowadase 49

Dyusdanyahgoh 49

Eauketaupuckuson 90

Eghquaous 71

Eghwagny 51

Entouhonorons 60-64

Erie 19

Eskimo 109

Esopus 83

Etagragon 44

Etcatars^arenre 33

Feegowese ." 74

Fisquid -.. 87

Gaahna 54

Gaanadahdaah 23

Gaanogeh 49

Gaanundata 14

Gaaschtinick 7

Gacheayo 57

Gadageh 23

Gadagesgao 91

Gadaoyadeh 25

Gadoquat 55

Gaensara 62

Gaghconghwa 61

Gahdayadeh 25

Gaheawaga 65

Gahgwahgeh 23

Gahnigahdot 38

Gahuagojetwadaalote 34

Galaraga 76

Ganadadele 15

Ganadawao 14

Ganaouske 85

Gananoqui 104

Ganargwa 87

Ganosawadi 15

Ganatarage 12

Ganataragoin 72

Ganaatio 87

Ganatisgoa 40

Ganatocherat 15

Ganatoheskiagon 107

Ganayat 91

Ganeadiya 37

Gaaegatodo 35

Ganehdaontweh 37

Ganentouta 34

Ganeowehgayat ; 8

Ganeraski 107

Ganiataregechiat. ....... 12

Ganiotaragaehrachat 17

Gannagaro 61

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

131

PA09

Ganneidus .* 107

Gannerataraske 17

Gannongarae 6i

Gannounata. 3Q

Gauoalohale 4P

Ganohgwahtgeh 25

Ganolihohgeh 2X

Ganqwaya 57

Ganowtecbgerage 8^

Ganowungp . , 14

Gaaundaah 61

Ganundaglee, 51

Ganuntskowa 65

Goosachgaah ,61

Gaosagao 6i

Gaowahgowaah; 49

Gaquagaono lO

Garoga , . .. 42

Gafonouoy. 72

Gaskonchiagon 41

G'askosada 47

Gaskosadaneo 25

Gasotena 66

Gasquendageh 24

Gaswadah 30

Gaudak 30

Gawanasegeh. 80

Gawanowananeh 68

Gawehnogeh 25

Gawehdowana 11

Gawenot 25

Gawshegwehoh 37

Gayagaanha 11

Gayagaawhdoh 23

Geadiyo 92

Geauga ..105

Geneganstlet 15

Genentaha ... 52

Genesee;. ,. 30-36

Geneseo 30-j6

Geneundahsaiska 30

Gentaieton 23

Ginisaga. 42

Gitshiguma - no

Gusdago 14

Godokena i 41

Gognytanee 76

Goienho. 40-SS

Gowanda 10

Gowanisque 79

Goyogoins 87

Gwaugweh , 48

Gwehtaanetecarnundodeh

30-42

Gwisteahna 58

Gweugweh r^

Haanakrois. , . . . 7

Hachniage ; 38

Hackensack 19-71-107

Hagguato. 7

Hahdpneh.. 23

Hamcram. 7

Hananto .-. .' . . 55

Haseco ■ 90

132

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

FAQK.

Hateeotox 26

Hatekehneetgaondo 49

Heahhawhe '. • 65

Hesoh 10

Heweghtiquack 88

Heyontgathwathah 25

Hoboken . -.- 47

Hochelaga lor

Hockhocking .-103

Hokohongus 9°

Hom'oiyack .. 82-84

Honeoye ■ 37-^^

Honge , 90

Honnedaga 33

Ho.osick ...,,.,. 70

Hoppogu.e r . ■ - ■ ■ 8°

Horicon 84

Ho.stayun.twa, . ; , 50

Hotanke .... ......;;. .108

Housatonic 100

Huncksook 26

Iconideroga. . . . 42

Idaho. .-.. . 98

Illinois 99

Incapahchp.. 32

Iowa 97

Irondequoit ... . 40

Iroquois. ......... 28-40-73

Ischoda 71

Ischuna . , 10

Isutchera 8

Jagooyeh. 30

PAQ>.

Jagoyogeh 8

Jamaica 69

Jaquokranaegarae 9.6

Jedpndago . .• 41-87 ^

Jegasaneh 10

Jehonetaloga 2^,;

Jeqneatowaka 62

Joaik 30

Jonasky 14 .

Jonondeseh 92

Juscumeatick 69

Jutalaga 42

Jutowesthali. 27-31

Kachkawayick 16

Kachnarage 56

Kadewisday 51

Kadiskona 65

Kaeouagegein 14

Kaggais 31

Kaghneantasis :■'.' 67

Kaliakasnik ...'.'' 84

Kahcheboncook 85

Kahchoquahna 86

Kahekanumda ".'.' 33

Kahengouetta 34

Kahesarahera 61

Kahbewake 92

Kahkekdohhon 92

Kahkwah . , 19-20

Kahnaseu .*.... 68

Kahowtthare 76

Kahseway. 17

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

133

Kahskunghsaka 65

Kahuahgo ,^

Kahyahooneh 53

Kahyungkwatahtoa 58

Kaiehntah ^4

Kaioongk ^4

Kaiyahnkoo 53

Kakiate ,

71

Kakouagoga 19

Kanadarauk 43

Kanadesaga 62

Kanaghtarageara 51

Kanakage 11

Kanasahka 59

Kanasedahkeh 92

Kanatagiron 65

Kanatagowa 58

Kanataraken 73

Kanataseke 73

Kanataswastakeras 73

Kanawaga 72

Kanawahgoonah 59

Kaneenda 52

Kangodick 50

Kanhaitaneckge 24

Kaniatarontoquat 41

Kanjearagore 76

Kanona 79

Kanono 47

Kanonskegon 38

Kanov^alohale 14

Kanowaya 55

Kansas 97

Kanughwaka 59

Kanuskago 35

Kanvagen ." 38

Kanyonscotta 52

Karathyadira 8

Karaken •. . . 92

Karhetyonni 92

Karhowenghradon 92

Karighondontee 76

Karistaulee 28

Karonkwi 72

Kasanotiayogo 14

Ktisawasahya 37

Kashong 61

Kaskongshadi 27

Kaskosovyahnah 47

Kasoag 66

Kasoongkta 57

Katahdin 100

Katawignack 93

Katonah 89

Katsenekwar 73.

Kauhagwarahka 21

Kaunasehwadeuyea 67

Kawenokowanenne 72

Kayaderoga 74

Kayaderosseras 75

Kayadosseras 26

Kayandorossa 84

Kayawese 74

Kaygen 79

134

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

Keakatis 90

Kearsarge 103

Kehook 66

Keinthe..,.. 62

Kekeshick 89

Kendaia. 7^

Kenhanagara 76

Kenjockety 25

Kennebec 103

Kenosha loi

Kensico 90

Kente 107

Kentsiakowane 29

Kentucky 97

Kentuehone 53

Kennyetto 29

Kenzua ..104

Keokuk , . loi

Kestaubaiuck 90

Kerhonkson 84

Ketchepun'ak 81

Keuka. 79-91

Keweenaw 102

Kiaheuntaha 54

Kiamesha 82

Kicktawank 88

Kickua. 16

Kienuka 48

Killalemy 68

Killawog 9

Killoquaw 29

Kinaquariones 44

PAQE.

Kineo ^°^

Kingiaquahtonee 86

Kiowa 109-111

Kishewana 68

Kiskatamenakook 31

Kiskatom 3^

Kisko 89

Kitchawan 88

Kitoaboneck 80

Kittaning 103

Kittatiny 103

Kiwigtignock 88

Knaeto 79

Kohatatga 8

Kohpseraghe 36

Kolaneka 30

Konkhonganok 80

Konneonga 82

Kpnyouyhyough 36

Kotchakatoo 52

Kouari ^ . . . . 33

Kuhnataha 65

Kunatah 53

Kundaqua 58

Kunyouskata 51

Kusteha $0

Kuyahora 50

Kuykuyt . . . . , 83

Kyserike 84

Laaphawachking 45-9^

Lackawack 82-84

LackawaPAa, .ipa

INDEX TO

PAOB.

Lackauwaxen 102

Lenape.. 108

Loyalhanna. . . , 104

Loyalsock 104

Lusum 60

Lycoming 66-102

Machackamock 84

Machawanick 93

Machhanne 106

Macokassino 90

Macooknack 88

Macookpack 68

Maennepis 90

Magowasinginck 84

Magquamkasick > 94

Magrigaries 88

Mahockamack 7 j-82

Mahackemeck 63

Mahakeneghtue 84

Mabaska.kook 16

Masoning 106

Mahopac 68

Mamakating 81 -

Mamaroneck 89

Mam.ecotink 81

Manakawaghkin 90

Manahatouh , 108

Mananpsick 16

Manphage 109

Manckatawangum 82

Mandans , . 107

JJangopsoa 90

LOCAL NAMES. 135

PAOE.

Manhasset 69-80

Manhattan 45-96

Manhonsackahaquashuwor-

nook . , 80

Manowtussquott 79

Manunketesuck 90

Manursing 88

Maqua 43

Maquaconkaeck 70

Maquainkadely 70

Maregond 19

'Maroonskaack 70

Marseping 69

Ntaskinongez .20

Maskoutens 104

Maspeth 69

Massachusetts 97

Massawepie 73

Massepe 69

Mastaqua 28

Mastic 79

Matapony 106

Matinicock 69

Matowacks 80

Mattapan no

Mattashuk 17

Mattituck 81

Matteawan, 19-63-71

Mauch Chunk 1 03

Mawanagwasick 16

Mawhichnack 16

Mawignack 93

U6

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

Meanagh 89

Mecox 81

Mehanas 88

Mendota. 1 11

Menominee ^ . 102

Menunkatuck xio

Mereychawick 35

Merrick 69

Merrimac 99

Meshodac 70

Metongues. 82

Mettacahonts ,84

Mettowee. 86

Mexico i . . 99

Miami 105

Miamog 80

Mianrogue 80

Mianticutt 81

Michigan 78-98

Miehilimackinac in

Michinipi no

Milwaukee 103

Minas 71

Minasseroke 79

Minatarees 107

Mingwing 81

Minisceongo 71

Minisink 63

Minnahauock 47

'Minnahenock 90

•Minnesota 97

Minnehaha 102

Minnetarees no

Minnewaska 84

Minnewies 88

Minnissichtariock t 16

Minsi 108

Miosehassaky. 91

Mishawum 109

Mississauga loi

Mississippi 98

Missouri 98

Mistucky 63

Mobile no

Mockgonnekouck 69

Mockquams 89

Moenemines ,. 7

Mohagan 31

Moharsic 88

Mohawk 3*-43

Mohegan 68-88-108

Mohegonter 76

Mohensick 69

Mohonk 84

Mombaccus 83

Monacan 103

Manadnpck 99

Monakewego 90

Monayunk 106

Monchonock 80

Moneong in

Mongaup. 18-63-81

Monocacy 103

Monocknong 71

JNDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

137

Monongahela . . 103

Monsey 71

Montauk 80

Monwagan 63

Mo.oshausick no

Mdospottenwacha 85

Mosholu 88

Motanucke 71

Mayamensing 106

Muscoota , 88

Muskegoe 105

Muskingum 100

Mussauco no

Mystic T03

Nachaquatuck 80

Nachaquickquack ........ 70

l^achassickquaack .70

S'achawachkano 16

Nachtenack 74

Naganoose 37

Namasakeeset .'.... 1 10

Nanama 90

Nanapahakin 17

Nantasasis 58

Nanticoke 83

Napanock 84

Napeague 81

Napeestock 93

Narragansett 103

Nascon 11

Nashua 99

Nata4u'nk 52

FAOB.

Natchez 106

Natick no

Nauasin 90

Naugatuck , . .103

Naumkeag no

Navajo no

Neaga Waagwenneyu 42

Neatawantha 64

Nebraska 97 ^

Negagonse 71

Negateca 37-62

Nehasane 33-35

Neodakheat 83

Nepaug 106

Neperhan 89

Neshannock 105

Nessingh ■. . 32

Neversink 63-71-81

Nev/ageghkoo 40

Niagara 47

Niantic '. . . ..105

Niaoure 34

Nicaragua 109

Nichankook . . . , 16

Nidyionyahaah 24

Nigawenahaah 20

Nihanawate 28

Niharuntaquoa 50

Nikahionhakowa 34

Nikentsiake 74

Niobrara 105

Nipissing 107

'38

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

PAGE.

Nipnichsen 90

Nipsic 105

Niscatha 7

Niskayuna 66-76

Nissequague 81

Noapain 90

Nockamixon 105

Nodoneyo 32

Nominick 80

Nonowautuck 79

Nope..... no

Nowadaga ...... ...... 32

Nowannagquasick 16

Noyack 81

Nunda 37

Nundadasis 50

Nundawao 62

Nuppa. 16

Nuquiage 78

Nushiona 32

Nyack . . 71

Oageh 31

Oatka ..30-91

Ochquichtok 93

Ochsweege '. 47

Ocoligo , . 106

Ocquionis 68

Octarora 104

Odasquawateh 10

Oeyendehk 78

Ogahgwahgeh 25

Ogallallas in

Ogeawatekae 49

Oghnaweron 92

Oghracfcie 42

Oghrekyonny 92

Oghskwawaseronon 92

Ogoyaga 91

Ogsadaga. . . ; 42

Ohadi i 36

Ohagi 38

Oheeo j 10

Ohio 33-99

Ohiokea 39

Ohnentaha. . i . . 52

Ohnowalagantle 75

Ohsahaunytahseughka. . . 56

Ohudeara 42-60

Oiekarontne 35

Oiogue 8-85

Ojeenrudde 5 1-86

Qjequack ....... w ..... . 72

Ojibway 102

Ojikhadagega 47-80

Okkanum 9

Omaha 105

Onaghe... '. . . 37

Onangwack 84

Onannogiiska ; 17

Onas. 96

Onawedake 44

Ondachare 12

Ondawa 87

Onderiguegon 87

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

139

Oneadalote 26

Oneaka 47

Oneentadashe 76

Onehchigeh 41

Onehda 36-61

Oneida 39-5°

Onenyodeh 92

Oneongonre 42

Oneonta 67

Oneteadahque 50

Oneyagine 76

Onguiaahra 47

Onioen 12

Oniskethau 7

X)nistade 35

Onistagrawa 76

Onitstahragarawe 76

Onjadaracte 86

Onkwiiyede 92

Onoalagonena 75

Onoghquaga 9

Onoghsadadago 8

Onondaga 52

Onondahgegahgeh 24

Onondarka 9

Onontare 12

Onontohen 34

Ono wadagegh 18

Onowanogawense 17

Ontiahantague 64

On-ikehQsiawck 7°

Ontiora 31

Ontonagon 107

Onunogese 55

Oquaga 9

Oracotenton 72

Oregon 85-97

Oriskany 5°

Osakentake 73

Osarhehan 29

Oscawana 89

Osceola .35-68-109

Osenodus 87

Oserake loi

Oserigooch. ; 59

Oshkosh 109

Oskawano 68

Osoawentha 10

Osoontgeh 31

Ossaragas 75

Osseunenon 42

Ossinsing 88

Ossipee lob

Oswegatchie 35-72

Oswego .■ . - 64

Ostenha - - - . 66

Oswaya 10

Otegegajakee 55

Otego 67

Otequehsahhteh 55

Oteseonteo. '. 18

Otisco S4

Otochshiacho ■. 62

Otonabee : 109

140

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES,

Otondiata. 72

Otsdawa 68

Otsegb 66

Otselic 15-39

Otseiiingo 9

Otsgaragu 76

Otshwerakeron 92

Otsikwake 72

Otsiketa 106

Otsquaga 33-42

Otsquene 42

Otstungo 42

Ottawa loi

Ouaroronon 49

Oucongena 76 .

Oukorlah 28

Ouleout 18

Ouluska 28

Ounontisaston 49

Outenessoneta 34

Ovirka 39

Owaeresoueri 76

Owahgenah • »/, 3^.

Owaiski 8

Owarioneck 18-67

Owasco ,. . II

Owasne 73

Owego t 82

Oxdenhe , 92

Oyahan : . SS

Oyonwayea 48

Paanpaack 70

Pachquiack 93

Paensic . . .' 70

Pahaquarry 103

Pahhakoke. 70

Pahiicha 97

Paikandoos m

Pakataghkan 18

Pangaskolink 84

Panhoosick 70

Panquacumsuck 80

Papaguanetuck 27

Papotunk 18

Papskanee 69

Pascack , 71

Pascakook 93

Paskongammuc 29

Paskungemah . . . . ; "72

Pasquashic 90

Passaic i xoj

Passapenock 6

Patapsco , iQj

Patchogue 79

Patomus go

Pattawassa 70

Pattougammuck ........ 29

Patuxet , 1 10

Paughcaughnanghsink. . . 63

Pawnee 102

Pawtucket 100

Pechquenakonck 90

Peeteeweemowguesepo ... 34
Pembinah m

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

141

Pemigewasset 100

Pempotawuthut 7

Pennacook 100

Penataquit 80

Penobscot 100

Pensacola 105

Pentucket ..100

Peoria 91

Pepachton 18

Peppeneghek 90

Pequannock 103

Pequod 105

Perigo 70

Pesquanachqua 94

Petanock 71

Petaquapoen 69-90

Pickaway 107

Piqua 107

Piseataquis loi

Piscataquog 100

Piscataway 102

Piscawen 71

Piseco 31

Pitkiskaker. 63

Pittowbagonk 28

Piwaket 31

Pocanteco 89

Pocasset. . . ; 105

Pocatocton 82

Pockeotessen 90

Podunk, 86;

PokerHoe 90

Pompanuck 86

Ponchunk 63

Ponckhockie 84

Poningoe . 88

Ponokose 69

Ponquogue 81

Pontiac 25

Popsheny 69

Poquampacake . 70

Poquatuck 81

Poquott 79

Potick . . 3 1-93

Potamiskassick 94

Potiticus 89

Potquassic 71

Pottkook 16

Potuck 63

Potomac 99

Poughkeepsie 19

Poughquag 19

Powhatan 105

Psanticoke 70

Pussapanum 68

Quahaug 90

Quajack 93

Quannahung 88

Quantico 105

Quantuc 81

Quapaws 99

Quaquendena 56

Quaroppas 90-

Quassaic. 63

142

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

Quawnotiwock 80

Quiehook 56-66

Quisichkooh 16

Qmlliapiack no

Quin te 107

Quebec , 99

Quequick 70

QuenischacHschgekhanne 68

Quogue. 81

Raghshough 17

Rahonaness qo

Ramapo 63-7 1-103

Ranachque ■ ■ 89

Rappahannock' 105

Raraghenhe 56

Raritan 103

Raxetoth .., 33

Regioghne 27

Rippowams 90

Roanoke 30-104

Rockaway 69

Rodsio 86

Rogeo 26

Rokonkoma 81

Rotsiichni 26

Runonvea 14

Sac 102

Sacahka 16

Sachus 88

Sachwrahung. 88

Sackahampa. 16

Saco 102

Sacohdaga 29

Sacut 69

Sadeahlowanake 15

Sagawannah 76

Sagapun'ak 81

Sagg 81

Saginaw 102

Sagohara 32

Sagoghsaanagechtheyky . . 52

Sahiquage 21

Sahrakka 74

Sakorontakehtas 29

Sampawam 80

Sanahagog 7

Sanatatea 8

Sandanona.. 27

Sandusky 106

Sankhenack 16

Sankhicanni 46

Sannio 12

Saranac 15

Saratoga 74

Sasachem 90

Sateiyienon 68

Saugus. no

Sauquoit 50

Scajaquady 23

Scaniadoris 39

Scaghticoke 70

Schanatissa 44

Schenectady 75

Schenevus 66

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

143

FAQE.

Schodack 7 x

Schoharie 76

Schonowe y6

Scompamuck, 17

Scowarocka 75

Scunnemank 71

Sebago 102

Secontagh 80

Secunk 109

Seepohsnumahkahkee 108

Seeungut 23

Semesseerse 71

Seminole 104

Senasqua 89

Seneca 77

Senhahlone 15

Senongewah 85

Sensinick 88

Sepasco 19

Sepeachin 90

Sepun'ak 81

Sequetanck 69

Setauket 79

Seuka ■ 56

Sganatees- 39

Shackamaxon 104

Shaganahgahyeh 24

Shagwango 81

Shamokin -. 104

Shanahasgwaikon 8

Shanandhot 75

Shandaken 83

Shappaqua 89

Shaseounse 77

Shawangunk 82-83

Shawmut no

Shawnee 48-101

Sheboygan 104

Shedowa 14

Sheepshaack 71

Shegwiendawkwe 27

Shekomeko 19

Shenandoah 19-104

Shenondehowa 75

Shewaisla 40

Shinnecock 80

Shippan 90

Shokakin 18

Shokan 83

Shongo 9

Shorackappock 90

Sadaghqueeda 50

Sigghes.. 90

Simnmewog 68

Sing Sing 15-88-

Sinhalon eeinn epus . . 29

Sinnondowaene 36

Sin Sink 79

Sinsipink 63

Sint Sink 69-88

Sioascock 90

Sioux 109-1 1 1

SiStogoaet 9

Skaankook 16

144

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

Skagh netaghrowahna .... 27

Skahasegao 36

Skahnetade 7

Skahundovva 17

Skanadario. 60

Skanandowa 50

Skaneateles i7-S3

Skaneatice 60

Skannayutenate 78

Skanowis 50

Skanusunk 50

Skenandoah 50

Skippack 106

Sknoonapus 27

Skoiyase 77

Skonowahco 27

Skonyatales 3q

Skosaisto 41

Skowhiangto 9

Sneackx 6

Soegasti 72

Sohahhee 57

Sokonesset no

Soghniejahdie 68

Sonhontouans 60

Sonojowauga 36

Sopers bg

Sowassett 79

Speonk 81

Squagonna .87

Squam 100

Squakie 37

Squayenna 11

Squinanton 15

Staata 57

Stehahah 59

Stichtekook 94

Stissing 19

Suckasunny 105

Suckebout 90

Sunquams 80

Sunswick 69

Susquehanna 68-82

Suwanee loi

Swahyawana 78

Sweege 20

Swenoga 57

Swenughkee 57

Syosset 69

Tabigicht 94

Tacolago 31

Taescameasick 71

Tagaote 48

Taghanick 17

Tagoochsanagechti 58

Taghroonwago 8

Taguneda 56

Tahoe „ 96

Takahundiando 35

Takisedaneyont 23

Takoayenthaqua 59

Takundewide 86

Talaquega 33

Tamaqua 106

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.
FAOB.

Tammany 46

Tammoesi^ 89

Tampa 105

Tanketenkes 89

Tanraken 90

Tanunnogao 23

Tappan 71

Tarajorhies 42

Tatesowehneahaqua 59

Tatomuck 90

Taughanick 83

Tawasentha 7

Tawassagunshee 7

Tawastawekak. , . : 16

Teahpge 32

Tecananouaronesi. 34

Tecardanadujc 30

Tecaresetanpont 31

Tecarhuharloda 29-32

Tecarjikhado lo

Tecarnagage 25-48

Tecarnohs 10

Tecarnowundo 10

Tecarnowunnadaneo .... 31

Techiroguen 56

Teckyadough Nigarige. . . 26

Tegachequane'Qnta 58

Tegahonesaota 11-87

Tegarandies 61

Tegatainasghgue 30

Tegerhunkserode 87

Tegesoken 49

14s

FAOB

Tehodijenharakwen 92

Tekadaogahe 33

Tekaghweangaraneghton 85

Tekanotaronwe 29

Tekaondoduk 49

Tekaswenkarorens 29

Tekawistota 59

Tekiatantarikon 99

Tekoharawa 43

Tencare Negoni •. 65

Tennessee 97

Tenonatche 43

Teohoken 84

Teonatale 51

Teondeloga 42

Teoronto 41

Tequanotagowa 66

■^equatsera 76

Tessuya 32

Tethiroguen. 40

Teton 106

Teuchsagrondie ....110

Teughtaghrarow 32

Teuhswenkientook 58

Teuneayahsgona 59'

Teunento 55

Teaungesatayagh 54

Teutunehookah 57

Tewaskoowegoona 55

Tewatenetarenies 73

Tewheack 17

Tewistanoontsaneaha . . . ^7

146

INDEX' TO LOCAL NaMESi

PAGE.

Teyajikhado 52

Teyanunsoke 50

Teyonadelhough 67

Teyoneandakt 67

Teyowey'eridon 92

Teyowisbdon 57

Texas 99

Tgaajii : . 12

Tgades 24

Tganondagayoshah .... 24

Tgahsgohsadeh 24

Tganosodoh. 24

Tgasiyadeh 24

Thayendakhike 44

Theyaoguin 51

Therotons 12

Thiohero , 12

Thogwenyoh . 92

Tiadaghta 18

Tiatachschiunge 82

Tiatachtont 54

Tichero 12

Tickeackgougahaunda . . . 22

Ticonderoga 26

Tierken , . 69

Tightilligaghtikook 87

Tingbtonananda 44

Tiochrungwe .... ^ 40

Tioga '. 32-82

Tiohionhoken 73

Tiondiondoguin 26

Tionondadon 67

Tionondogue 45

Tionondorage. 42

Tioratie -. 32

Tiorunda 68

Tiosaronda 85

Tiotiake loi

Tioughnioga r?

Tippecanoe 106

Titicus 89

Tiyanagariinte 49

T'kahkoongoondanahyeh 59
T'kahnahtahkaeyehoo ... 59
T'kahneadah.erneuh . . .54

T'kahnehsenteu 59

T'kahsenttah 54

T'kahskoonsutah 59

T'kahskwiutke 57

Tombigbee 105

Tobyhanna , 104

Tomhannock 69

Tomhenack 86

Tonawadeh 28

Tonawanda .... . . 20-30

Toneadih 10

Tonetta 68

Toquams 90

Toronto 104

Toseoway. 22

Totiakton 62

Totieronno 83

Touareune 76

Touenho 56

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.

147

Touharna. 70

Towarida ....'.. 105

Towarlot)nda.h 32

Towoknowra 76

Tsatsawassa 70

Tsihonwiiletha 73

Tsiiakotehhitserronttietha 73

Tsiiowenbskwarate 72

Tsikanionwareskowa .... 72

Tsitiontchioaagon 41

Tsii'bqui. ■....'. . , 56

Tsitkaniatareskowa 72

Tsitriastenrotiwe 28

Tuckahoe 8g

Tucson. 109

Tuechtona 44

Tueyahdassooi 54

Tuhahanwah 58

Tuneungwant 10

Tunasasah 32

Tunatentonk 52

Tundadaqua 57

Tunessassa 10

Tunkhannock 106

Tupelhockenr 103

Tuscaloosa 105

Tuscarawas 104

Tuscarora 37-38-78

Twadaalahala . , . : 43

Twadahahlodahque 50

TwektoHondo 74

Twenungasko 32

Tyconderoge 86

Tyoshoke 70-86

Tyschsarondia , . 31

Umbagog 102

Unadilla 67

Unechtgo 9

UneendO 55

Unquety iio«

Unsewats 71

Unundadages 50

Usteka 54

Utah 99

Utowanna 31

Utsyanthia 18

Venango . . .' 105

Waccaback 88

Wachachkeek 3 1-93

Wachkeerhoha 76

Wackanekasseck 16

Waconina 33

Wahankasick 16

Wahpole Siriegahu 29

Wahcoloosendoochalera . . 87

Waimanuck 89

Waiontha 33

Wakonteebe iii

Walhonding 105

Walloomsac 70

Wampachookglenosuck . . 86

Wampanoag 106

Wampecock 86

Wampmissic 80

I4S

INDEX TO LOCAL NAMES.
PAGE.

Wampus 88

Wanmainuck 90

Wapanachki 108

Wappinger iq

Wapsipinicon 109

Wascontha 30-44

Wasgwas 11

Washburn 17

Wassaic 19

Wastohehno 96

Waukegan iit

Wauteghe 67

Wawantapekook 31

Wawarsing. 84

Wawayanda 63

Waweatunong no

Wawkwaonk 85

Wawyachtenock i6

Webatuck 19

Weecquaesguck 88

Weehawken 47

Weghkethon . 92

Weghquegtick 90

Wenawmiea.' 108

Wennebees 90

Wepuc 90

Weteringhraguentere 34

Whippany 105

Wheeling 106

Wichquanachtekak 93

Wichquapakkat 16

Wickopee 19-68

PAOE-

Wikisan 90

Willimantic 106

Willowemock 82

Wiltmeet. 84

Winnebago 29-101-108

Winnepeg loi

Winnepiseogee 100

Winona 102

Winooski no

Wisconsin 97

Wiscoy 8

Wshqua 90

Wissahickon 102

Wlssayek 89

Wittenagemota 70

Wopowag , . 79

Wuhquaska 16

Wyalusing 102

Wyomanock 17

Wyoming 91-98

Yankton 102-111

Yantic. . ; 104

Yazoo. 102

Yemassee 102

Yennecock 80

Yodanyuhgwah 24

Younghaugh , . . . 38

Youghiogheny 104

Yoxsaw

■•••• 35

Yuma 109

Zinochsaa eg

Zuni 109