ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
Edited by F, LL. GRIFFITH
FO UB TEE NTH MEMOIR
THE EOCK TOMBS
OF
EL A M A R N A
PAET II.-THE TOMBS OF PANBHESY AND MBEYRA II.
BY
N. DE G. DAVIES
FORTY-SEVEN PLATES
LONDON
SOLD AT
Thk OE'FICEH of the EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Gkeat Kussell Street, W.O.
AND PiJSECE Building, CoTley Square, Boston, Mass., U.8.A.
AND BY KECJAN PAUL, TiiENOH, TBUBNBK & CO., Dkvden House, 43, Gerrakd Stkeei, 80110. W.
B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ; ASHER & Co., 13, BEOfoKD Street, Oovent Garden, W.C.
AND HENEY I'llOWDE, Amen Corner, E.G.
PJOO
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atljata, Kew ^nrk
. A.-'o&i^^- 'o^^ J-j-
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The rock tombs of El Amarna ...
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
Edited by F. LL. GRIFFITH
FOURTEENTH MEMOIR
THE EOCK TOMBS
OF
EL AMAENA
PAET II.-THE TOMBS OE PANEHESY AND MEEYEA II.
BY
N. DE G. DAVIES
FORTY-SEVEN PLATES
LONDON
SOLD AT
The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND, 37, Great Eussbll Street, W.G.
AND PlEKCE BiriLDING, CoPLEY SQUAHE, BoSTON, MASS., U.S.A.
AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TEUBNBR & CO., Dryden House, 43, Gerbaud Street, Soho, W,
B. QCTARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ; ASHER & Co., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C.
AND HENRY FROWDB, Amen Corner, E.G.
MH . 1905
UUIVI I vY
LONDON:.
PRINTED BY GIIBEET AND BITINGTON IIMITBD,
ST. JOHN'S HOtrSE, OIEBKBNWEIiL.
EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND.
©tesiOent.
SIE JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., P.E.S., V.P.S.A.
IDiccaipreet&ents.
The Et. Hon. The Eael op Ceomee, G.C.B
Geneeal Loed Gebnfell, G.C.B. , G.C.M.G
SiK E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L.
LL.D.
The Eev. Peof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D
G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt).
The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.).
Peof. G. Maspbeo, D.C.L. (Prance).
Peof. Ad. Eeman, Ph.D. (Germany).
Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia).
■fcon. trreasuters.
H. A. Gbuebek, Esq., E.S.A. Gaednee M. Lane, Esq. (U.S.A.).
1bon. Secretaries.
J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A. Albeet M. Lythgoe, Esq. (U.S.A.).
Members of Committee.
T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D.
0. P. MoBEELY Bell, Esq.
J. E. Caetee, Esq. (U.S.A.).
SoMEES Claeke, Esq., P.S.A.
W. E. Ceum, Esq., M.A.
Louis Dyee, Esq., M.A. (for U.S.A. Com"').
Aethub John Evans, Esq., M.A., P.E.S.
Peof. Eenest A. Gaednee, M.A.
P. Ll. Gbiffith, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.
P. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., Litt.D.
Peof. Alexandee Macalistee, M.D.
Mes. McCluee.
The Ebv. W. MacGeegoe, M.A.
C. MoIlvaine, Esq. (U.S.A.).
The Maequbss of Noethampton,
Peancis Wm. Peecival, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.
P. G. Hilton Peice, Esq., Die.S.A.
SiE Heebeet Thompson, Baet.
Mes. Tieaed.
Emanuel M. Undebdown, Esq., K.C.
John Wabd, Esq., P.S.A.
E. TowBY Whytb, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.
Majoe-Genebal Sie Chaelbs W. Wilson,
K.C.B., K.C.M.G., P.E.S.
CONTENTS
List of Plates
Chapter I. The Site op the Northern Tombs.
1 . The Site
2. The smaller tombs
3. The stone dwellings .
4. Quarries, surface burials, &c.
5. The roads ....
6. The chronology of the tombs
Chapter II. The Tomb oe Panehesy.
A. Architectural Features.
1. The Exterior
2. The Hall .
3. The Inner Chamber
4. The Shrine
5. The Sculpture .
6. Coptic remains .
B. The Sculptured Scenes.
1. The Entrance Portal .
2. The Thickness of the outer wall
3. The HaU. Architraves and abaci
4. „ South portal
5. „ S. wall, W. side .
6. „ „ E. side .
7. „ E. wall
8. „ N". wall .
9. „ N. portal .
10. „ W. wall .
11. The Thickness of the partition wall
12. The Shrine, B. wall .
C. The Religious Texts.
1. The longer prayers .
2. The shorter prayers.
3. Burial petitions
PAGE
vii
1
1
4
4
5
6
9
9
11
11
11
11
13
13
15
16
16
17
17
19
19
20
28
28
29
30
31
CONTENTS.
Chapter III. The Tomb of Meryra (IL)
A. Architectural Features
1. The exterior
2. The HaU ....
3. The Inner Chambers .
B.
PAGE
33
33
33
4. The Sculpture S*
The Sculptured Scenes.
1. The thickness of the outer wall
2. The HaU, S. wall, W. side .
3. „ „ E. side .
4. „ E. wall .
5. „ N. wall
C. The Religious Texts.
1. The longer prayers .
2. A shorter prayer
3. Prayers on the architraves
34
34
36
38
43
44
45
45
Index
46
LIST OF PLATES
WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED
PLATE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
'XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII;
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
PAGE
Greneral survey 1 — 6
Tomb of Panehesy. Plan
.
. 9, 10, 11
Sections, &c
. 9, 10, 11, 19
Fragments
10, 12, 15, 16, 29, 30
Fragments (lintels, &c.) .
. 13, 15, 17, 20, 30
Jambs of entrance door ....
. 12, 13
West thickness
. 13, 14, 15, 29, 30
East thickness
. 14, 15, 29, 30
S. door and ceiling patterns
. 11, 16, 26, 29, 31
S. wall. W. side. Panehesy decorated .
16
„ Lower registers
. 16, 17
„ E. side. The royal family offerii
Qg .
17
E. wall. Key plate ....
17, 18, 19
„ The palace ....
18
„ Princess and train .
18
„ The King and Queen
18
„ The escort ....
. 18, 19
W. wall. The temple (front half) .
. 20—23, 28
„ „ (back half) .
23 26,28
N, wall. King and Queen worshipping
12, 19, 26
N. door and ceiling inscriptions
11, 19, 26, 30, 31, 32
Inner thickness. Panehesy
28
Shrine. Panehesy and family .
. 28, 29
*Exteriors
. . . 1,2,3,5,9
* Smaller tombs
. . . . 1,2,9
*Tomb of Panehesy. N. wall .
9, 10, 11, 12, 19
* „ Sculptures
. 11, 13, 14, 15, 28
Tomb of Meryra ii. Plans.
. 33, 34
Fragments
33, 38, 45
E. thickness. Hymn
34, 44, 45
W. thickness. Hymn
, 34,45
* Photographic plates,
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXY.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XL III.
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVI.
XLVII.
S. wall. W. side. The King drinking
„ B. side. Key plate .
,, ., On the balcony
„ „ The bystanders
,, ,, Meryra welcomed home
Key plate
Tribute of the South
Tribute of the East
Lower registers
Meryra rewarded
Tombs 1a, 1b, &c. Plans
,, 3a, 3c, 3d. Plans
„ 3b, 3e, 6c. Plans
„ 3f, 6b. Plans
*Tomb of Meryra ii. The hall
* „ Sculptures
* Photographic plates.
E. wall.
5)
N. Wall.
33,
PAGE
34
-36
36-
-38
36,
37
37,
39
37
,38,
45
38-
-43
38-
-40
40,
41
33
,41,
42
43,
44
3,4
-,7
2, S
,1
. 1
2,3
,?
2
,^
33-
-36
37
,40,
41
Note — The plans of the tomb of Meryra (Plate xxviii.) and of the smaller tombs (Plates xlii., xliii., xliv.) are
published, with a few alterations and additions, from plans drawn in 1892 by Mr. John Newberry (see Part I., p. 5).
The plates, with the exception of Plates xxxv. and xxxvii. to xli., which are from tracings, are nearly all
reproduced from drawings made on a scale of one quarter and checked by continual measurements from fixed
horizontal and vertical lines.
THE
EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA,
PART II.
CHAPTEE I.
THE SITE OF THE NORTHERN TOMBS.
The Site.
in the former volume, the
As has been said
northern group of tombs at El Amarna lies on
the N.B. side of the desert plain (Plate i.). The
hills here are cleft by a ravine which brings
down the waters of the occasional torrential
rains, formerly of enormously greater volume
than now. The range at this point is not lofty,
only reaching an elevation of about 280 feet
above the level of the plain, and dipping some-
what on both sides to the wady. It affords, as
usual, a more or less abrupt face for the upper
half of its height, and for the lower a steep foot-
slope of looser rock (see photograph, Plate xxiv.).
The rock-hewn tombs naturally lie at the meet-
ing of the two, a little more than half-way up
(approximately 150 feet for No. 5). The lime-
stone is of bad quality, and contains enormous
flint-like boulders, which, freed from the rocks
by denudation, cover the level heights above,
like fallen fruit. It is in most places very sub-
ject to weathering, and many of the rock stelae
have almost disappeared under this process.
The stratification of the range has a dip
approaching the vertical, and the weakness thus
given to the surface of the tomb walls has caused
much injury to the sculptures.
The Smaller Tombs.
Tomb 6c. The earlier tombs of the group are
those furthest to the east. We shall begin,
therefore, with No. 6, the tomb of Panehesy
(No. 1 of Lepsius), leaving this and other large
tombs for separate notice. The cliff at this
point tends to a sheer face or even overhangs.
Near No. 6 it presents a curious appearance
(Plate XXV.), for well above and a little to the
left of that tomb a small rock-chamber, provided
with both doorway and window, has been hewn
in the unscalable I'ock. As the sill is 24 feet
even from the mounds below, it was necessary
to lash two ladders together to effect an entrance.
A small irregular chamber some six feet high
was found, devoid of inscriptions or graffiti
(Plate xliv.). There is nothing to prove that the
excavation was made for purposes of burial, but
this is probable, even if it be of late date. Those
who afterwards made a dwelling-place of it cut
a very neat and serviceable window with con-
verging sides and top. The need for it may have
been due to a partition of the room, of which
there are some traces. Brick houses beneath
perhaps rendered this retreat more accessible
than now, but it is unlikely that they reached
to the full height, and holes which pierce the
B
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
corners of the door- cheek indicate that the
ascent was by a rope-ladder or some such means.
In any case the place must have been singularly
secure. The excavation seems to have been
effected by cutting broad vertical grooves and
then breaking away the intervening mass.
6d. Another small and very similar cham-
ber is found on the ground level a little to the
right of No. 6. It also has a window and
affords no proof of use as a tomb.
6b, 6a. a short distance westward are two
other excavations, one in the cliff-face and one
in the slope below it. The latter (6 a) has been
so much altered in later times that its original
size and shape are quite lost. The former has
a promising doorway, but the interior is un-
finished. A recess in the left hand wall is a relic
of later occupation, as also are the exceptionally
solid and regularly built walls of piled stone
outside. These must have formed an excellent
abode, as homes go iri the Orient, with several
rooms, of which the original chamber was the
inmost and most secure. A part of the dwel-
ling was on an upper level of rock, in which a
rude stairway has been cut. (See Plates xxv.
and xlv.).
A considerable distance separates these from
the next tombs to the west, Nos. -5, 4 and 3 (of
Pentu, Meryra, and Ahmes), which follow one
another at some interval and without any
dependent tombs of smaller size. Beyond them,
where the cliff is much reduced in height,
a series of small tombs was cut in the slope
below it.
3f (No. 5 of Lepsius). The first of these
(Plate xlv.) was not wholly uninscribed. The
decoration of the portal may even have been
completed, but the weathering of the rock has
left us little of it. The type of facade, represent-
ing a portal set in a wall, is repeated in all the
succeeding tombs. The projecting cornice, as
sometimes also the roll below it, was often formed
of stones cemented into a groove instead of being
cut in the living rock.
The lintel shows the cartouches of Aten,
flanked by those of the king and queen, and
apparently also by the figure and prayer of the
deceased. On the upper part of the right jamb
can still be read, — " Life to the father — god and
king — the living Ea, ruler of the two horizons
! " "I give praise to the living Aten
" The open side of the forecourt
has been built up with walls of piled stone to
form a house.
The interior shows hurried preparation,
directed primarily to the provision of a burial
vault. The transverse gallery of which it was
to consist has not been given its full height or
finished at the N, end. The mouth of the burial
shaft is cut in a mastaba of rock, and at the
depth of only a few feet admits to a little cham-
ber on the east. Two little niches for lamps in
the W. wall are relics of the domestic use to
which this and all the other tombs were put in
later days.
3e (Plate xliv.) is the first of a series of
neighbouring tombs cut in a low ledge of rock
and facing a little west of south. It is of
irregular shape, just allowing standing room,
and contains no provision for burial, A lamp-
niche in the wall outside dates from the time
when the court was made a dwelling-place.
3d (Plate xliii.). This tomb is of much
the same shape as the last and shows similar
signs of incompleteness. Later occupants have
fashioned a shelved recess 39 inches high in the
south wall.
3c (Plate xliii.). A tomb of the corridor
type with an inner chamber set transversely.
Only the outer hall has been finished. The
walls outside are rough, and, like those of its
neighbours, have no trace of inscription. The
walls inside are well laid out and finished to a
good surface. The ceiling is highly vaulted
near the doorway, but becomes almost flat at
the N. end. There is a rough trench in the
floor, parallel to the W. wall and deepening
towards the ends, which seems designed (cf. Part
THE SITE OP THE NORTHERN TOMBS.
i. pp. 12, 13). A rough recess has been cut in
the W. wall. The doorway to the inner chamber
has not been completely excavated, and the inner
room is not more than begun, the upper part, as
usual, having been first attacked. Drill holes
are noticeable at intervals in the floor down the
axis of the hall.
3b (Plate xliv.). This, the finest of the
uninscribed tombs, is of the same type as the
last, but of much larger proportions. The
facade has suffered much, but apparently had
never been inscribed. Again we have the arch
of the ceiling flattening towards the N. end
and a trench near the "W. wall. In this case
there is also a corresponding groove in the ceil-
ing for about the same distance, but not exactly
above it. I do not doubt that it is a construc-
tional error, utilized or concealed in the finished
tomb. There are recesses on the W. side, prob-
ably due to the removal of patching stones. As
in 3c, the inner room has not been begun. Evi-
dence of the mode of removing the stone is
affbrded by a circular trench in the floor. It
is about six inches wide and narrows to the
bottom. As the chamber was still extremely
low on this side, no machine of any size could
be used, while the rough character of the groove
indicates hand-work,
3a (Plate xliii.) is now nothing more than
a tiny cave (uncleared). Only a minimum of
work can have been spent on it.
The four remaining tombs are on the W. side
of the gap in the hills. The two inscribed
tombs are hewn in the first available slope ; and
some distance beyond these will be found two
smaller chambers, excavated in a low ledge of
rock, which is cut back deeply in each case for
a width just sufficient to receive the portal.
1b (Plate xlii.). The excavation of the
interior is still unfinished above and below. It
seems to have been the intention to furnish it
with architraves, though without supporting
columns. Evidence of subsequent occupation
is given on the one hand by two recesses, one
of which has two cups to hold water-jars ; and
on the other by two pits excavated in the floor
to the shape of sarcophagi. The dimensions of
these pseudo-cofiins only just allow them to
contain human bodies. A tethering staple has
been formed in the wall at the head of each.
This seems accidental, this corner having been
the stable of the inhabitants. The burial, no
doubt, was of much later date than the tomb.
1a. Tomb of Rudu (Plates xlii., xxiv.). —
This small chamber was never completed, the
front and upper parts being well finished, while
the lower part of the walls and the back of the
room are left in the rough. But although this
tomb was abandoned by the owner without
having been furnished with a place of interment,
the smoothed lintel outside enabled either him
or some usurper to scratch a faint memorial of
his name and hopes. With difficulty one
deciphers" in the presence of the Lord
of the Two Lands, and a good burial by the
gift (?) [of the king ?]^ on the great clifl" of
Akhetaten like any favourite of Ua-en-ra (?).
For (?) the ha of Rudu."^
Scattered Tombs. — Besides this series of
tombs along the hill- side there are a few of un-
known date in the vicinity, within the hills. On
passing through the gap, a wady will be seen
directly opposite and two others to the right
and left. Between that on the left and the
central ravine is a track ascending the hills.
Slightly to the right of this path is a tomb with
a tiny doorway. It consists of a chamber some
1 6 feet by 5, containing an oblong pit, 8 feet
deep. From the E. and W. ends of the pit
two good-sized burial chambers are entered.
Another tomb will be found at the first bend of
the central wady, high up the cliff and facing the
gap. A third and fourth will be found back to
back in a low ridge of rock to the right of the
' Perhaps
2 Of. L. D., Text, ii. p. 141.
]
THE EOOK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
gap. That facing the gap is large but exces-
sively rough, perhaps a natural cave enlarged ;
the other consists of a chamber 7 feet square,
but only 2 feet high.
The Stone Dwellings.
In front of all the tombs just described, walls
of piled stone will be found marking out the
rooms of what were once tolerable dwellings
(Plate xlii.) They are generally considered to
have been built for the convenience of the
workmen engaged on the tombs, but this is
obviously not so. They would in that case have
been cleared away as soon as the tomb was com-
pleted ; and while it is true that every tomb has
ruined huts attached to it, any shelter afforded
by a fallen boulder, a natural cave, or an over-
hanging ledge was also seized upon for a wind-
tight retreat, while roomier chambers were
built on to it to suit the occupants' fancy and
need. Such constructions are found from end
to end of this hill-side, and form colonies far
from any tomb. Some are even placed on the
summit, notably a group above Tomb 6. They
are by no means of the rudest kind, but occa-
sionally represent a considerable expenditure of
labour, massive retaining walls having been
built up to make a level platform, and recesses
formed in the walls for domestic uses. In some
cases substantial cement pavements were laid
down in slabs ; and in all the doorways in the
groups 3a to 3f a step of smoothly plastered
bricks or stones was set, perhaps as a de-
terrent to wandering snakes and scorpions.
Where the owner was fortunate enough to have
secured a tomb for his inmost chamber and a
rock-hewn court in which to shelter his outer
rooms, he cut holes in its fa9ade to receive roof-
beams, recesses for water-jars ^ and lamps, and
staples for tethering his animals. All this is
1 Cf. p. 3. There is a specially neat recess hewn in
the rock-face between Tombs 6 and 6b. It forms a little
rock-cut sideboard, having cups to hold six jars.
clear proof that this hill-side was for some time
the abode of a population numbering several
hundreds. Security seems to have been a
matter of consideration, for some of the little
colonies are built like birds' nests on ledges
of rock at the summit of the cliff, in spite of
great inconvenience and danger. Even at the
very end of the range, an hour's walk from the
river, I found a large cave reached by a stair-
way cut in the rock, which staples for pendant
lamps and the remains of coarse pottery showed
plainly to have been the lonely home of some
anchorite or refugee. A good example of the
solid character of these constructions is found
on the opposite side of the hill from No. 5.
Here, at great labour, a large platform has been
raised on retaining walls of natural boulders
and rough blocks of limestone, and covered with
a solid pavement of slabs of cement.^ A rough
chamber hewn in the hill-side serves for an
inner room, and a neat stairway, cut in the
wall of rock, gives access to the summit just
above. The whole is now much broken up.
Although I have not found a single Coptic
graffito in these houses, I do not doubt that the
builders were Copts ; and if any one questions
the probability of a number of people living so
far from water and in such eyries, he has only
to visit the village of Deir Rifeh, near Assiout,
where the spectacle may still be seen, even in
the security and civilization of these days. So
sundered from the life of Egypt were these
mountain-dwellers that the use of mud bricks is
limited to some buildings outside Tomb 6, which
was then their place of worship. The pottery,
according to Prof. Petrie, is late Roman.'*
Quarries, Surface Burials, Etc.
The one stela (V.) on this site is so completely
weathered away that only a few hieroglyphs
remain. There is a small quarry of coarse
3 Cf. Sheikh Said, p. 4.
3 Peteie, T. A.,p.6.
THE SITE OF THE NOETPIERN TOMBS.
alabaster in the wady behind No. 5, and surface
quarries are numerous between Tomb ] and the
river. In one above No. 6 several loose blocks
about 24 X 14 X 10 ins. remain on the spot.
In the quarry in which Queen Tyi's cartouche
is cut there is also sculptured, high up on a
pillar of rock, a doorway and a figure, both
of the type characteristic of the period.
Other interesting antiquities of the site are
some occurrences of burials on the summit of
the cliff. At several points on both sides of
the gap are large round cairns built of the
globular boulders which strew the hill, some-
times with buttress walls or appended heaps of
smaller size. Most are wrecked, and one on the
western hill T foiind open and filled with a mass
of burial debris^ including cloth, leather, and
fragments of wooden stools and bowls (?). They
seem built on the solid rock, and certainly merit
further examination. Behind No. 3 is an open
shaft, but the large amount of boulders round
it seem to have been removed from the interior
and do not presuppose a cairn.
Still more interesting is a cist-tomb, above
No. 6, like a diminutive cromlech, built of
boulders and roofed with pieces of weathered
rock (Plate xxiv.). It measures only 93 ins.
by 69 ins, outside, and about 24 ins. in height,
and as the interior breadth is only about 18 ins.
it could scarcely contain a full-sized body. It
is built on the rock, and its axis is due east and
west, the opening being to the east. I do not
venture to claim an early date for it, but it is in
any case an interesting instance of recourse to a
primitive mode of burial when implements for
any reason fail and only loose stones are to
hand.
A finely-ground limestone axe-head was
picked up at the foot of the hills near Hawata.
The Roads.
The roads which Akhenaten caused to be
laid out in the desert of El Amarna have been
the object of most commendable labour
by Professor Petrie.^ Unfortunately accident
prevented its completion. My own work on
those roads which fall within the limits of
Plate i., has not the exactness I could wish ;
for, though plainly traceable from above and in
certain lights, they become so indistinguishable
near at hand that they are difficult to plan
without help. It is to be hoped that the
Government will include these roads in their
Survey, and note the points at which they strike
the ruins or the river.
The roads are formed simply by the removal
of the loose pebbles to one side ; but, slight as
this preparation was, millenniums have done
little to efface it. In some cases they waver or
change their direction, but often, and for long
stretches, they are ruled as with a pen on paper,
and this is even true of some which have only
the breadth of a narrow track. Very few can
be the result merely of continual traffic between
two fixed points. Such a path would be very
far from straight, as I had occasion to notice.
The track which my water-donkey left on the
plain, and which threatens to be the most
permanent memorial of my three winters' stay,
meanders in a way worthy of the animal and
yet was always followed by the natives.
The larger roads may have been used for
chariots (" wheel roads " the natives stUl call
them), some only by pedestrians, palanquin
bearers or patrols. Nearly all lead to obvious
goals such as tombs or stelae. Some seem to
make for the stone-built hamlets, and there-
fore may be of Christian times, though one
would not have expected carefully laid-out
paths from them. The roads cannot be traced
close to the tombs, as they have there been
disturbed or replaced by tourist paths.
The laying- out of the roads is in good accord
with the priority which will be claimed for
Tombs 3, 5, and 6. Apparently the road N
^ Petbie, T. a., plate xxxv. and pp. 4, 5. See also
L. D., Text, ii., pp. 136, 137.
THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
leading to No. 6 was first made, showing that
that site was one of the first to be appro-
priated. At a point opposite Tomb 3 two short
roads were led off from N to Tombs 3 and 5.
"When Meryra made his tomb, however, he laid
out the great avenue K, thirty-one feet in
breadth and stretching from the foot of the hills
to a great clearing in the plain mid-way to the
river. In this square Professor Petrie found
three mounds, two of them approached by ramps
on all four sides.^ The northernmost has a
square brick foundation, and its eastern side
faces down the avenue. Only the central one is
shaped like an altar, and I am tempted to see in
that mound to which the avenue leads the site
of a great rostrum where Akhenaten's public
appearances were made. This is figured in the
tomb of Huya with four ascents, and as having
a raised shrine opposite it and an altar between
— the exact relation of these remains.
The rest of these roads from the tombs are
far from converging to one point, but make
directly for the river to the north of the city,
perhaps in order to avoid the loose sand of the
watercourses to right and left.^
The roads may be briefly described as
follows : —
A. Road to 1a, 1b from K or C, only trace-
able a short distance. Direction 12^°.
B. Road to Tombs 1 and 2 from the avenue (?),
12 ft. broad. Direction IT.
C. Road along the foot of the hills (?).
D. Road to the wadij from far across the
plain. Not very straight, but well cleared,
16 ft. broad. Direction 23°.
E. Road to the toady from the S. tombs (?),
12 ft. broad. Direction 2°.
F. Road to stela V. Scarcely visible.
' Petrie, T. A., plate xlii.
^ The line which runs parallel to the river from a bay
in the hills, just outside the " North Town " in Petrie's
map, is not a road but the remains of an outer dyke or
wall of the town.
G. Narrow and ill-defined path aiming at
Tomb 3, but bending off to the tombs round 3c.
Direction 92°.
H. Narrow path aiming at Tomb 4, but bend-
ing off towards Tomb 3. Direction 93|^°.
K. Avenue above described. Direction 104°.
L. Broad road to Tomb 4, from the junction
with N.
M. A similar road to Tomb 5.
N. Road to Tomb 6, 14 ft. broad. Direction
102°. It is nearly parallel with K, but makes a
sudden bend away from it, the original direc-
tion being continued by a faint track.
0. Road to Tomb 6 from a different point ;
faint and irregular. Direction 93°.
P. Road to Tomb 6 (?). Fairly broad.
Direction 87°.
Q, R. Two narrow paths, diverging from a
common track. Q leads towards a collection
of stone huts ; R seems intended to ascend to
the top of the hills.
The Chronology op the Tombs.
As dates are specified only in Tombs 1 and 2,
the clearest evidence of sequence is the number
of daughters who accompany the King and
Queen in the various tombs. Although this is
open to error, since even a precise artist might
well ignore infants at any rate, the regulai'ly
increasing family of Akhenaten seems to have
been faithfully noted. The case of failure in the
tomb of Huya, which I cited in Part i, p. 42, is
much ameliorated by my subsequent discovery
of scenes in which four daughters appear ;
but the royal tomb seems to ignore two children.
The sequence of the tombs on this basis, so
far as my information goes, is as follows : —
(N = North group ; S = South group of tombs) .
One daughter. S9 (Mahu); S 11 (Rames).
Stelge of 4th and 6th years.
Two. S 23 (Any) ; stelge of 6th and 8th years.
Three. S 10 (Apy) ; S 25 (Ay. Nezemet-mut
shown); S 8 (Tutu); N 3 (Ahmes) ; N 5
(Pentu).
THE SITE OP THE NOETHBEN TOMBS.
Three and four. S 7 ; N 6 (Panehesy. Neze-
met-mut shown in both).
Four. N 4 (Meryra) ; N 1 (Huya. Baket-
aten shown).
Five and six. N 2 (Meryra ii.).
Seven. (Four?) Royal Tomb.^
Three daughters seem to have been born in
the latter part of the 4th, 6th and 8th years ;
and if we suppose this regularity to have con-
tinued, the youngest and seventh (?) daughter
of Nefertiti, who was in arms at the funeral of
Meketaten, would be born in the 16th year of
the reign. Hence we may assign the tombs of
Ahmes and Pentu to the 9th year, Panehesy to
the 10th, Meryra to the 11th, Huya to the 12th
and 13th (since an event of the mid-twelfth is
recorded in it ; probably the fifth daughter was
just born, but is not depicted), and Meryra ii,
to the 14th and 15th, with a later addition.
This order coincides well with three other lines
of evidence : (1) the position of the tombs, (2)
their character, (3) the form of the cartouches
of Atea. We find that the tombs of the S.
group belong to the three-children period ; one,
at most, may be a little later. The burial-place,
then, was shifted at this period to the opposite
side of the desert, where the bold cliffs afibrded
better sites. The steepest faces of rock would
naturally be first appropriated, and this con-
sideration marks out Pentu, Ahmes, and Pane-
hesy as the earliest. These three were perhaps
begun simultaneously, though that of Panehesy
took much longer to construct. But we cannot
see the reason for abandoning the good sites
near Panehesy ; and still less for removing the
latest tombs far to the west.
(2) The forms of tomb in vogue in the south
' The eldest four children are shown in the royal tomb,
and a suckling whose name ended in t. It must there-
fore either be the fourth daughter, who elsewhere is seen
walking with Meketaten or weeping at her bier, or a
seventh. I do not think the lacuna can possibly admit
Neferneferuaten-ta-sherat.
were: (a) the small tomb with narrow trans-
verse chamber, (b) the tomb in which this was
placed at the end of a long corridor, (c) the
tomb with a more spacious hall crowded with
columns. The first type was retained in the
N. groups only for smaller tombs ; the third was
found too elaborate, till the columns were
reduced to two or four, when it became the
model type. The economical corridor tomb
alone was taken over, with its mode of decora-
tion, from the S. groups, and employed for the
burial of Ahmes and Pentu.
The tomb of Panehesy, which modified the
form of the columned hall, has elsewhere the
closest afiinities with the southern tombs, among
them being the decoration of the entrance with
figures of the worshipping King and Queen as
well as the deceased, the provision of a winding
stairway to the burial vault, and the naos-like
shrines in the hall.
(3) One of the features that distinguishes
the latter half -of Akhenaten's reign is the
changed form of the cartouches of the god.^
The earlier form is almost invariable in the S.
tombs,^ and on the stelss. It appears in the
N. group also, but it is precisely to the tombs
of Ahmes, Pentu, and Panehesy* that it is con-
fined. It fell into complete disuse then, with
the 10th year of Akhenaten's reign.
The uninscribed tombs 3a — 3f, are of the
small T-shaped and corridor types common in
the earlier tombs, but the form of the cartouche
in 3f puts this tomb later than the three just
mentioned. The two tombs 1a, 1b, belong no
doubt to the same period as Nos. 1 and 2.
It will be seen that the 9th year of Akhen-
aten is one of exceptional activity and inventive-
^ Part i., pp. 9, 45.
3 The only exceptions I know are in the tombs of Mahu
(early ?), and on the columns of Tutu.
* This tomb perhaps shows the transition, like that of
Tutu, but the cartouches that seem of the later form
are scarcely legible.
THE EOCK TOMBS OF BL AMARNA.
ness, and no doubt represents the high-water
mark of prosperity in Akhetaten. The public
buildings had been completed, and the officials
having been provided with suitable buildings
in the city, could, plan ambitious "houses of
eternity " in the desert. But the craftsmen of
Akhetaten could not keep pace with the lavish
projects of the King or his courtiers. Not
one of these splendid tombs was quite finished.
The walls were prepared and the hard- driven
artist pacified all his employers by making a
brave beginning in paint where he could not
spare a chisel. Meanwhile, when hopes were
high, Meryra, who as high-priest of Aten had
the post of power and favour at court, usurped
all the talent for his splendid tomb and left
Pentu, Ahmes, and many more lamenting their
half-executed decorations, or halls which had
only half emerged from the rock. The days of
prosperity and leisured luxury were never to
return, either to them or to new favourites in
Akhetaten, and the tombs have come down to
our day as the downfall of Aten-worship left
them, a few years after its inception.
CHAPTEE II.
THE TOMB OF PANEHESY
for
)■
A. Architectural Features.
The Exterior (Plates ii., v., vi.).
Previous plans are : —
Hay, MSS. 29,847, foil. 12, 13 (complete).
L'H6te, Papiers, iii. 279 (unplotted).
The tomb is excavated at the foot of the
boldest of the rock-faces hereabout, though the
full effect is lost by the base being buried under
several feet of debris (photograph, Plate xxv.).
As the tomb was at some period a place of
Christian worship, there has been a consider-
able amount of Coptic building round its door.
The wall of rock has been dressed to a fairly
smooth surface for some distance to right and
left of the doorway, a bank of rock being left
along the foot. The entrance is adorned by
a portal of the type already familiar. Both
lintel and jambs are sculptured, but the latter
are half cut away, and on the right an apse-
shaped niche has been cut out by the Copts.
The Hall (Plates ii., iii., iv.).
The exterior wall is of the customary solidity,
and the thickness has been used for decorative
purposes. .The interior fulfils the Egyptian
ideal by aiFording a suite of three chambers,
the outer hall as a place of public gathering
and worship, an inner chamber containing the
place of interment, and a smaller shrine as a
place of privacy for the deceased. If the plans
be compared with those of Meryra it will be
seen that, but for the addition of an ante-
chamber to that tomb iand the unfinished state
of its inner rooms, the two are closely alike, the
tomb of Panehesy having evidently been taken
as a general model.
The first hall was a room whose breadth little
exceeded the depth, but a rough enlargement
of the lower part at the hands of the Copts has
greatly altered the dimensions of the ground
plan. Other disfigurements too have greatly
changed the appearance of the hall, the chief
being the removal of the two western columns and
' the substitution of an ecclesiastical apse for the
false door which once balanced its fellow on the
east side. This violence, combined with minor
injuries and the wash of grey plaster with
which the Copts obliterated the sculptures, has
given a very sorry aspect to a hall which the
bats, that pest of Egyptian tombs, have, on
their part, not spared.
When fresh from the hands of the designers'
the hall was divided by two rows of two columns
each, leaving about half the area of the hall
between them. The walls were free for
sculpture on all but the north side, where two
false doors occupy half the space. This latter
feature does not recur in any other of these
tombs, unless the uncut doors in Meryra's
ante-chamber and the false doors in the inner
room of Ahmes represent it. Such doorways
are found, however, in the large haUs of the
S. group and contain sitting statues of the
deceased, intended apparently to mark his
presence in the reception room as well as in
his private retreat. Whether the portal now
destroyed contained such a figure cannot be
determined. Its fellow had been only partially
10
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA..
excavated when it was found that a natural
fissure interfered with the work, and in disgust
at this mischance the designer abandoned the
whole corner, including the sculpture on the
adjacent walls, so that it remains a monument
only to his ill-temper. Dissatisfaction with
this part of the hall led, then or later, to a
further disfigurement, by the construction of a
flight of steps descending to a rough burial
chamber just below floor level.
The columns diff"er little essentially, though a
good deal in appearance, from those in Tomb 4
(I. ii.), for in the latter that detail was probably
shown in paint which is here marked by the
chisel. They are much more squat in appear-
ance, being greater in girth though less in
height. Here, too, each of the eight bundles
of papyri which the column represents is again
broken up above the sheathing leaves (not
sculptured here) into four stems. About half-
way between the foot and the bands under the
capital there is a break, the thirty-two stems of
which the column is now built up seeming to
be shifted round by half a stem's breadth (see
drawing of east side). This, however, is due
in reality to the customary insertion of shorter
papyrus stems, three to each of the eight
bundles. Each of these inserted stalks lies
between the original stems and covers them.
One out of the four stems in each of the eight
bundles, however, is left visible and dififeren-
tiated by being coloured yellow, while the
inserted stems are painted conventionally, blue,
red, blue. Thus there are thirty-two divisions,
above as below, twenty-four of them represent-
ing the overlaid stems and eight those under-
lying. The representation, however, is not
congruous with the conditions ; for it is a
division between two stems, and not the surface
of one stem, which forms the centre of a bundle
of four and would be left uncovered by the
inserted stems. This error appears plainly on
the upper part of the capital, where the thirty-
two original stems again become visible ; for
that stem which was left uncovered is seen not
to coincide with any of the thirty-two, but with
a division between them. As the swelling
capital represents the heads of the papyrus,
the leaves of the calyx are represented like
sheathing (red lines on yellow) on the eight
underlying stems which are visible just above
the bands. That the inserted stems consist of
eight bundles of three is plain from the four
bands which imite them (coloured conven-
tionally blue, red, green, blue, whereas the
band of the column itself is a natural yellow).
The colouring of these overlaid stems and their
bands suggests that the architect was ignorant
of their raison d'etre.
The details of the columns on the W. face are
interrupted by a blank space representing an
affixed placard. The device on these tablets is
similar to that on the lintels of the doorways,
except that here a space below the cartouches
is occupied by a design representing the union
of the Southern and Northern kingdoms,
under the symbol of their representative plants.
The sign for " union " occupies the centre. The
whole device on the N. column is shown on
Plate iv. and the ends of that on the S. column.
(See p. 30 for the translations of the prayers.)
It may be well to compare at this point the
picture of a papyrus column from the temple on
the W. A¥all (Plate iv.h)} It will be seen
that the typical column of the artist was of
very difi"erent proportions from those in the
tomb. In reality the columns when biiiU, not
excavated, may have approached this pattern.
As will be seen from the photograph (Plate
xxvi.), even the remaining columns have been
greatly mutilated. A number of cups have
been cut in the base of the S. column, to hold
porous water-jars, with ducts for draining off
' The Plate is inexact. The colouring below the
tablet is correct in the right ' hand column, thus showing
the apparent twist of the bands noted above, but is lost
in its fellow.
THE TOMB OF PANEHBSY.
11
the overflow into a basin in the floor. Of the
destroyed columns only the abaci remain. The
floor of the W. half of the hall is very rough.
The gloom of the hall was once relieved by
the brilliant colouring of the walls, the columns,
the frieze of cartouches, the pediment and the
ceiling. Of this but little now remains, but the
ceiling designs have been recovered as far as
possible (cf. L'Hotb, Papiers iii. 281). The
scheme can be gathered from Plate iii., and the
patterns identified from Plate ix. Pattern B
seems to be identical Avith pattern B of I. xxxix.,
the blue centre, perhaps, excepted.^ What
remains of the columns of hieroglyphs between
the patterns will be found on Plate xxi., and an
attempted translation of these on pp. 30-31.
Innek Chamber. — This is of the same shape
and almost the same size as the outer hall.
The ceiling feigns to be supported by four
columns, carrying architraves. These columns
are of the papyrus-bud type like those of the
hall, but no detail at all is shown, and even the
contracting foot is not represented. A small
pit in the centre of the room is obviously a
subsequent addition.
The place of burial is reached by a stairway
of forty-three steps, which descends along the E.
wall of the room. After reaching a landing
some distance below, it turns at a sharp angle
to the left, and descends as a curving stairway
with a sharp return upon itself at the end. The
chamber is merely a level length of passage.
The depth below floor-level is shown on Plate
iii. The winding stairway is borrowed from
the earlier tombs, and is not repeated in this
necropolis.
The Shrine. — The third room, conformably
to practice, is inscribed, while the second hall
(theoretically only a passage to the burial
chamber) is not. The little chamber contained,
1 In the plates dr. signifies drab, b. = blue, bk. = black ;
r.l. or r.p. indicates that the line is not cut, but only in
red paint.
according to custom, a sitting statue of Pane-
hesy, but it has been completely removed.
The Sculpture. — The work in the tomb, it
must be confessed, was not good, and was,
therefore, less able to bear injury. The figures
have been executed for the most part in the
stone itself, so that, despite the falling away
of the thin coating of plaster, the sculpture
still retains the general outline and, in places,
almost the full measure of the original outline.
Scarcely any plaster is left on the thickness
of the outer walls, for instance, yet the scenes
there are the best in the tomb. The plaster must
have been a mere overlay, giving smoothness to
the whole and filling up irregularities, as well
as enabling details to be elaborated or supplied
in colour. The stiff treatment of the designs
also detracts from the value of the scenes, but
this unattractiveness has been their salvation,
the injury shown in Plate vii. being the only
modern mutilation.
As the architecture, so the scheme of subjects
also was taken over for the hall of Meryra (with
an exchange between the E. and W. walls),
but carried out there with much individuality
and greatly superior technique. The two efforts
show hoAV varied was the skill of the artists, or
the success of their methods of working in plaster.
Coptic Remains. — When the Copts sought a
place of assembly, the W, false door, which they
saw could be adapted to their needs with but
little labour, seems to have drawn them to this
tomb. Retaining the cornice of the original
construction, they fashioned an apse having a
moulded arch resting on pilasters with decorated
capitals (photograph on Plate xxvi.). The apse
seems to have been designed with a view to
baptismal immersion, for a font five feet deep
occupies nearly the whole space. Two rough
steps would enable a person to scramble from
the edge into the inner room through a narrow
aperture which has been cut in the back wall.
But it is not easy to see how any one could be
immersed in, or himself emerge from, the font
THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA,
with any dignity. Thei'e is a shallow niche in
the walls of the apse on each side.
The apse having been made, it was impossible
to leave the pagan sculptures close by it in
naked assertiveness. Yet the earliest wor-
shippers seem to have thought it enough to
daub the sacred cross and an Alpha and Omega
in red paint over the figure of the Queen. A
later generation, however, was more particular,
and, having covered the whole wall with plaster,
(now largely fallen away again), decorated the
surface with the picture of a saint ^ and floral
designs. The decorations in the apse, too, are
not original, but have been renewed on a second
coating of plaster from very similar designs.
All the walls on this side of the hall have been
covered in like manner with a thin wash of
plaster, which on the W. wall has adhered with
deplorable tenacity. Above the cornice there
seems to have been a bird with outspread
wings, not, perhaps, without reminiscences of
the winged scarab, disc, or vulture. On each
side of the apse are decorated staves (?).
The wall of the apse is painted gray, with
darker marbling. Separating it from the dome
are two borders, the lower showing two inter-
twisted bands (Plate vi. c), the upper a branching
■ Plate XX. The name (or merely apa ?) seems to have
been very short (Plate iv. a).
spray of leaf and fruit {d). The latter design is
also applied to the sofl5t of the arch {a, b). The
moulding of the arch is coloured yellow with a
band of white splotches on a black background.
The dome is occupied by the figure of a soaring
eagle (?) sketched in browns of various shades.
Its outstretched wings are tripartite (in allusion
to the seraph of Isaiah's vision ?), and on its
head is a halo or disc (perhaps also a reminis-
cence of the solar hawk). It is much broken,
and none of the graffiti here can be read. The
lower of the two borders is continued on the
wall to the left of the apse. Below this a
singular decoration, viz. a disc of deep blue
glass about five inches across, was added, set in
a bedding of mud-plaster, but at a later time
was covered over again.^ A cupboard has been
cut out in the wall hard by.
Having made their apse in the extreme
corner of the hall, the unsuitability of such a
position became evident, and to make it central
to the congregation the tomb was considerably
enlarged on this side for half its height, and
the two columns broken away to admit light.
Several grooves in the wall and floor suggest
that a partition was erected outside the line of
the architrave. Other relics of this occupation
are the arched recess in the S. wall near the
entrance and a similar one outside. To judge
by the putlog holes and a deep recess in the E.
wall, the stairway was bridged over and the
space behind the columns put to some special
use. It may be added that the spectacle of a
Christian church thus quartered in a heathen
tomb may still be seen under very similar con-
ditions at Deir Eifeh.
On the S. wall of the inner room are painted
two crosses with the Alpha and Omega in the
It is now gone. When it vyas perceived under the
plaster, the guard was specially charged with its pre-
servation, but it disappeared before my return. It can
be guessed what measure of safety antiquities enjoy
which are not under lock and key 1
THE TOMB OF PANBHESY.
13
corners, and one or two indecipherable words or
symbols. To the Copts is probably also due a
strange squaring out of the W. side of the S.
wall, and a still more irregular marking out of
the W. wall. All this is in black paint.
B. The Sculptured Scenes.
1. The Entrance Portal (Plates v., vi.).
Cf. L'HoTE, Papisrs, xi. 36.
The decoration here is somewhat out of the
common. Instead of columns of prayers and
the divine and royal cartouches, scenes of wor-
ship by the royal family are exclusively por-
trayed. On e'ach of the broken jambs are two
pictures of the royal family worshipping the sun,
with a border below of the symbolical relchyt
birds (cf. L. D, iii. 109), The upper panels
exhibit the King with the crown of the North
(on the left, i.e., more northerly jamb), and of
the South (on the right). In the lower panels
he wears the Jchepersh helmet. The royal pair
lift up offerings of food to the deity from the
tables or stands of provisions which are before
them. They seem to have been accompanied
in these scenes by Merytaten alone.
The lintel shows the same subject in a design
which for purposes of symmetry is repeated
with slight variation on both sides of a central
table of offerings, on which the rays of the Aten
stream down. The King and Queen stand beside
the table, the materials for the ceremony being
laid on stands near them. On the left they are
engaged in burning incense to the god, throwing
aromatics with the right hand into the flaming
bowl of the censing-spoon, which is held in the
left. On, the right the censers have been laid
aside, and libations are being poured from the
spouted vases taken from the stands. The titu-
laries of Aten and of the royal pair are inscribed
above them. The long laudation of the Queen
(most of the phrases of which may be restored
from Plate vii.) shows the position which was
accorded to her as the royal heiress. The three
eldest princesses shake sistra behind the Queen
under the care of their nurses. A younger,
but here unnamed sister of the Queen is also in
the train, attended by two shade-bearers and
two female fan-bearers. Two misshapen female
dwarfs who are of the party seem, also among
her attendants (Plates vii., viii. ; and twice in
the tomb of Ay). Their names, which in this
tomb are greatly damaged, can fortunately be
recovered from the tomb of Ay ; for no little
satirical humour has been shown in the nick-
names given to these ill-favoured favourites.
One is the " The Queen's Vizier (?), ' For ever,' "
and the other " His mother's Vizier (?) ' The
Day ' (or ' The Sun ') ! "'
" His mother" would seem to mean the King's
mother Tyi, and " the Queen " may also desig-
nate Tyi or some other Queen of Amenhotep III. ;
for as the sister of Nefertiti is only mentioned
in tombs of this period, and the dwarfs only
shown in her company, it is likely that she was
at this time on a lengthened visit to Akhetaten,
and had brought these attendants from the
Theban court of Tyi.
2. The Thickness of the Outer Wall.
Plates vii., viii., xxvii.
Previous copies are : —
BuBTON, Exoerpta, plate vi. (upper part of W. side).
L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 35 (the B. side is reproduced in
Am^lineau, Sepulture, plate Ixxxiv., p. 610).
Lepsius, D. iii. 91 (E. side, upper part).
West Side (Plates vii., xxvii.). — The wall
surfaces in the entrance to the tomb are fittingly
reserved for representations of the worship of
the sun. As naturally as the dweller in the
town or village comes to his doorway at dawn
and evening to see the sun rise in fresh bright-
ness or set in splendour, the occupant of the
1 ft O fi and
o
14
THE ROOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
tomb leaves its dark recesses and greets the
appearing or departing deity at the entrance.
But here, as often in the earlier tombs, the King
and his household also are seen engaged in wor-
ship. This may be due, not only to the impulse
of the Egyptian King to self-commemoration,
but also to the need to create traditions for the
new form of faith by giving prominence to the
example of the Court. Therefore the figure of
Panehesy and his prayer are relegated here to
the lower part of the walls (for a translation of
both texts, see pp. 29, 30), while the upper part
shows the royal family offering to the radiant
Disc. The King and Queen are extending their
sceptres towards the god as if in acknowledg-
ment of their delegated power (cf. I., xxvii.).
Before them is a loaded table, having little
figures holding ofFering-bowls at the two front
comers. The table having first been spread
with jars, flat round loaves have been placed on
their mouths, and the rest of the offerings laid
on top and crowned with flowers and bowls of
burning spices. The King's person is adorned,
as often, with the cartouches of the god. These
were probably inserted in light jewellery or
fastened on ribbons ; for they always occupy
the place of armlets and pectorals, though the
attachments are rarely shown.
The elaborate titulary of the Queen written
over her head reads : —
" The heiress, great of favour, mistress of the district
of the South and North, fair of face and gay with the
two feathers, soothing the heart of the King at home (?),'
pleased at all that is said, the great and beloved wife of
the King, Lady of the Two Lands [Nefertiti]."
The three eldest princesses shako the sistrum
behind their parents.^
East Side (Plates viii., xxvii.). — The change
in the royal attire on this wall may have been
prescribed by the ritual ; for the King is here
'If n
fl Q
/VWWi
is intended.
2 The (injured) sistrum of Merytaten has been omitted
by error in Plate viii.
burning spices in the hawk-headed censing-
spoon towards the sun, while the Queen presents
a bouquet of flowers.^ Both wear an elaborate
variety of the Atef crown, into which, as in a
coat of arms, forgotten history and symbolism
are crowded. Two or three shocks, somewhat
resembling those familiar to us in the khelcer
ornament, and each flanked by two plumes,
occupy the centre, standing upright on the com-
bined horns of the bull and the ram. In the
King's head-dress each is also crowned by the
solar hawk, identified with the god of the A.ten
cult by the double cartouche. Erect on either
side, and pendant also from the horns, are
figures of the crowned uraeus. The whole is
attached to the head by a broad base, adorned
with uraei. The King has thrown a flowing
mantle over his shoulders, and his tunic shows
a flap adorned with uraei and the attachment of
the bull's tail behind (not often assumed by
him). The Queen is again distinguished by an
encomium : —
" The heiress, great of favour, mistress of all women —
when she saith anything it is done* — the great wife of
the King whom he loveth [Nefertiti] , living for ever and
ever."
The register beneath this scene is practically
in duplicate on the two walls. The point of
interest is a female figure in the centre, at-
tended by two dwarfs of her sex, and identified
by this as the sister of Queen Nefertiti, already
seen on the lintel outside. This interpretation
is supported by the broken inscription which
evidently ran, " the sister of the great wife of
the King, Nefertiti, who lives for ever and ever,
Nezemet-mut." ^ She is attended by two shade-
s The drawing of the figures in the Denkmaler utterly
misrepresents the original.
* This phrase is applied to a queen in the very earliest
times (Peteib, Boyal Tombs ii., pi. xxiv., seal 210), and
again to Queen Hatshepsut (Naville, B. el Bahari ii.,
p. 16).
= Eestore "^ ^ | "^ | 3* ^^- ^- -^- "^- ^°^- ^^^
appears also twice in the tomb of Ay, and apparently
in that of Tutu (L. D. iii. 106i).
THE TOMB OF PANEHBSY.
15
bearers, four fan-bearers, three nurses, and a
detachment of police, and is being received by-
one or two officials, including, no doubt, Pane-
hesy himself. On closer inspection, however,
the impression of deference to the royal sister is
seen to be mistaken. The row of figures really
forms part of the scene above, so that the
homage of the officials and the train of servants
belong to the royal party as a whole, the nurses
being attached to the three daughters of Nefer-
titi. Both here and on the lintel Nezemet-mut
stands aloof from the act of worship, and thus
seems to belong to the adherents of the old
polytheism, as her name, " the pleasant one of
Mut" probably implied. She appears to be
older than her nieces, as might be expected,
and even if she had been resident at the court
of her sister in Akhetaten, her disappearance
henceforth would be naturally accounted for
by marriage. It is a pity that the accompany-
ing inscription does not anywhere show her
parentage, and so decide that of her sister
Nefertiti. There is no strong ground for
supposing it to have been foreign. The
Queen's rights as heiress rather imply a royal
Egyptian descent on both sides. She is more
likely to have been a daughter of Amen-
hotep III. by an Egyptian heiress whom the
King's strong preference for Tyi kept quite in
the background. The marriages with Syrian
princesses were purely political alliances, and
possibly were not always consummated (cf.
WiNCKLER, Tell El Amarna Letters, No. i.) ;
so that even if Nefertiti is not the princess of
Mitani whom Akhenaten seems to have married,
she may after all have had no real rival in
the harem.
3. — The Hall. Aechiteaves and Abaci.
(Plates iv., v.)- Previous copies are : —
Hay, MSS. 29,847, fol. 63. L'Hote, Papiers, iii. 280.
Lbpsius, B. iii. 91 i.
The same inscription in large blue hiero-
glyphs runs along both architraves, with but
slight differences of spelling. It enumerates
the revered powers in heaven and on earth
thus : —
" Life to the good god having pleasure in Truth, Lord
of the Solar Circuit, Lord of the Disc, Lord of Heaven,
Lord of Earth, the great living Aten who illumines the
two Lands!' Life to the Father — God and King^ —
( Ea-Horakhti, rejoicing on the horizon I ( in the name
of the Brilliance which is in the Aten J , who gives life
for ever and ever, the great living Aten, abiding in
the se<f -festivals,^ Lord of Heaven, Lord of Earth, within
the temple of Aten in Akhetaten ; (and to) the King,
&c., Akhenaten, great in his duration ; (and to) the great
wife of the King, &c., Nefertiti, living for ever and
ever ! ' '
The faces of the four abaci towards the nave
are engraved with the name and offices of
' A pleonastic introduction to fill out the space.
^ Further experience shows that the ■ translation in
Part i., p. 8, cannot be sustained, and that this is to be
taken as a double determinative, explanatory of the word
"father "in this connection. The strange group must
be due to the unfamiliar application of the double royal
cartouche to the title of the god. We must recognize in
the double cartouche a conscious dualism in the religion
of Akhenaten (cf. seten dy hetep prayers to Aten and to
Ea, ruler of the two horizons, on Stela 324 of the British
Museum). The need of explaining the relation of the
new to the old faith, and of the Aten to the well-known
god Ea, was the practical necessity out of which the
use grew. The cartouches which showed the double
nature of the King as divine son and earthly regent, were
used to prove that the new religion was still the worship
of Ea, but in his visible form, " The Brilliance from the
Sun-disc (Aten)." The cult, therefore, was that of the
visible Aten. The two determinatives apply to the two
cartouches ; the sign of the god to the first, that of the
ruler to the second (cf. PI. iv.g ; more clearly differen-
tiated in III. xxvii., L. B. iii. 1006, 105&, and Sharpb,
Eg. Inscriptions, ii. 48). Naturally this fine distinction
was apt to be lost, and in later tombs (I. xxv.. III. xxi.)
the word is determined by two kingly figures. It may
be observed that this recurring laudation of the two
natures of the Father-god, along with the divine-human
son, and not omitting the highest female power, is a
strange anticipation of Christian Trinitarian worship in
its most popular form, and suggests that the faith of
Akhenaten was much more than a personal eccentricity
or a freak in religious thought.
3 Variant
16
THE EOCK TOMBS OP BL AMARNA.
Panehesy, and the same treatment also was
proposed for the N. and S. faces also, as traces
of writing in blue paint are observable. With
great difficulty parts of three of these were
deciphered (Plate iv., c, d, e, with enlargements
b and/), c and d being from the N. side of the
S. and N. columns respectively, and e from the
S. side of the N. column. These are of interest
as giving two fresh titles to Panehesy :
"Superintendent of the oxen ( [ ^3 i) ^^
the Aten " (d), and " superintendent of the
granary of the Aten in Akhetaten" (c).
The other four abaci have "The [great]
favourite of the good god, the chief Servitor of
Aten in the temple of A.ten in Akhetaten,
Panehesy, maakheru."
4. — South Portal.
Plates V. (lintel) and ix. (jambs). Earlier copies
are : —
Hay, MSS. 29,847, fol. 63 (lintel). L'Hotb, Papiers,
xi. 36.
The door-framing has no cornice, but reaches
to the ceiling. The lintel is adorned in the
way made familiar by Part I., the central
part being occupied by symmetrically- arranged
cartouches, and the ends by prayers and pray-
ing figures of the deceased. Each jamb is
occupied by four prayers in as many columns,
addressed to the Aten, the King under both
names, and the Queen. (See pp. 30, 31 for
translations of all the prayers.)
5. — Panehesy rewarded by the King.
South Wall. West side. Plates x., xi.
Of. L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 34.
The reward of the faithful official by the King
(a scene which is seldom or never omitted from
a fully inscribed tomb at El Amarna) is set
forth on this wall. It differs in no essential
from other representations of the kind (regard-
ing the building, etc., see Part I., pp. 20-22).
Pour princesses are present, the youngest, Nefer-
neferu-aten, being depicted as very small ; and
as she does not appear with the other three in
Plates v., vii., viii., xviii., she may have been
born while the tomb was in process of decoration.
The three youngest children are lovingly linked
together. Merytaten, the eldest, has the privilege
of being taken by her parents into the window,
over the cushion of which she just manages to
reach.^ With that frank naivetfe which is so
characteristic of the scenes at El Amarna, the
Queen encircles her husband's waist with one
arm and passes the other round the daughter's
shoulders.
Panehesy, happy under a weight of golden
necklaces, stands outside the porch with, arms
uplifted in homage. The servants are still in
the act of receiving further favours for him from
the King, while a whole chest-full of other
presents are set out on stands behind him, or
are in the hands of his retinue. This largesse
of collars, necklaces, bracelets, pectorals, and
of other personal ornaments is being duly
inventoried by the scribes. In the iipper
registers Syrians and negroes (possibly ambas-
sadors or hostages) wait along with the sunshade-
bearers. The inscription over Panehesy is
obliterated.
The pictorial narrative is continued in the sub-
sidiary registers below (Plate xi.). In the centre
is shown a further array of royal gifts, amongst
which tables loaded with provisions for a ban-
quet are to be noted. On the right is another
group of Panehesy's friends and retainers, and
on the left his chariot waits to conduct him
home. Having left the presence of the King
and gained the public streets or his own home,
Panehesy descends from his chariot and is hailed
by the populace, or by his household, with
^ The signature " Nestor L'Hote, Janv. 1839," is
written in pencil on this cushion ; and though modern
graffiti are to be discountenanced, we can more than
pardon this modest memorial of one who alone of the old
copyists had the thoroughness to copy this dull tomb w
extenso.
THE TOMB OF PANBHBST.
17
unrestrained acclamations. The men wave
branches and make demonstrations of joy and
devotion ; the women have formed themselves
into a choir, or have engaged professional
performers to represent them. (cf. Part I.,
pp. 22, 29). A little escort of soldiers marches
behind Panehesy in double file. The farther
rank, which is naturally hidden by the nearer,
is rendered visible in the picture by the simple
device of raising the men head and shoulders
above their fellows. Two military standards
are borne by the squad.
In a short inscription attached to the scene,
Panehesy is designated as usual " the great
favourite of the Lord of the Two Lands and the
chief Servitor of the Aten." What seems to be
the cry of the crowd is almost illegible "
health, life, prosperity (?) to Pharaoh ! Aten !
grant it for ever." ^ The wall has been made
unsightly by the Copts, who cut an arched recess
near the doorway and two long upright grooves
in the wall. They were perhaps contemplating
a doorway or window at this point.^
6. — The Royal Family making Offerings
TO THE Aten.
South Wall. East side. Plates xi., xii.
Previous copies are : —
L'HoTB, Papiers, xi. 2 (reproduced by Am^lineau,
Sepulture, pi. Ixxxiii., p. 608). Lepsius, Z>. iii. 91w (head
of servant at top of Plate xii.).
The treatment of this familiar subject offers
no features of exceptional interest. In face of
these altar-stands loaded with meat offerings,
one feels that Akhenaten had scarcely succeeded
in finding a ritual in harmony with the severely
simple and natural conception of deity which
he had introduced. But if this massing of food
and drink offerings is felt to be an inheritance
Conjecturing [1 J -^ „ n f i ^ '^^' ^'
XXX.
and the tombs of Mahu and Pentu.
2 For the mode of decorating the top part of the S. wall,
see Plate v.
of old traditions and crass anthropomorphism,
it is redeemed by the preference given to flowers
and fruits as objects acceptable to the god.
The presentation of those products of the soil
whose grace and colour is their chief attraction,
and which are so obviously called into being and
beauty by the sunlight, bears witness to a finer
sentiment, which even Christianity approves.
Its prominence here is obvious. Not only are
the meat-offerings covered with flowers and
grapes, and the stands set about with bouquets
and lotus-blooms, but the offerings of the King (?)
and Queen consist of such. The princesses too
are provided with these fit emblems of " the
beauty of the Aten," whose fragrance Ankhes-
en-pa-aten Avould have her little sister enjoy
once more before parting with them to the god.
Nor is the King content to devote one bouquet
only. Panehesy (indicated by his name and
familiar titles) and his attendants bring yet
others for the King to dedicate. As " Chief
Servitor of the Aten " he assists the King in the
rites, and it may be in commemoration of such
occasions that the scene is pourtrayed in his
tomb. The faces of two of the shade-bearers
high up on the wall have escaped injury, and
present very characteristic El Amarna pro-
files, (Consult the large reproduction in L. D.
iii. 91n).
The subjoined register (PI. xi.) only contains
the usual figures of attendants, and a repetition
of the figures of Panehesy (?) and his fellow-
priests (?) The royal chariot is distinguished
by size and decoration from the private car of
Panehesy.
7. — The Royal Family deiving out.
Bast Wall. Plates xiii. to xvii.
Cf. L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 6, 28.
The scene on this wall remains unfinished on
the left hand, and, as there is no inscription, the
object of the public appearance which it depicts
is uncertain. But it seems to be the original
c
18
THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
of the design on the "W". wall of Meryra's tomb
(I. X., x.a). Probably a representation of the
temple set vertically, as there, should have filled
the blank space. The subject, therefore, seems
to be a State visit to the temple. The palace is
seen in the top right-hand comer (Plate xiv.).
The interesting variations from other pictures of
the building which it offers have been dis-
cussed in detail in Part I., pp. 23 to 25. The
ostensible reason for its inclusion in the picture
is as the point of departure of the cortfege, but
the repeated representation of the buildings of
Aihetaten wherever any pretext offered itself
betrays that it was to the order of the royal
builder of the city that these tombs and sculp-
tures were executed.
Akhenaten himself standing in his chariot,
under the guardianship of the ever-solicitous sun,
and guiding in person his bounding horses,
makes a worthy centre-piece to the picture, in
spite of the mutilations of the sculpture. There
is little to add to the comments made upon the
design on its occurrence in Part I. The animals
in these larger examples create a vivid impres-
sion of motion and of the grace of strength, and
if this stereotyped design is far from affording
a correct study of the horse, it exhibits all the
Egyptian power of proving triumphant, in spite
and even by means of glaring inaccuracies.
The artist is very much less happy when he
shows the animal in slower movement. The
disproportion given to the neck there becomes
glaring (Plates xv. and xvii.).^
The details of the harness are made specially
clear here. The guiding rein is seen to pass
through the loop of a leather thong attached to
the pad, and also apparently through the orna-
mental ring of the yoke, which fixes over the stud
of the pad. The curved end of the yoke termi-
nates prettily in a lotus-bloom and buds. The
' There is a considerable amount of correction by the
sculptor on this wall. The false lines have not always
been indicated in the plates.
stay, which extends from the front rim of the
car to the pole, is adorned with a row of uraei
in what seems a dangerously slender design.
(The block at the King's knee represents the
uraei which are sewn on the hem of his tunic ;
they have been left uncarved).
The saises who run before the horses have
been placed beneath them in order to make the
picture more compact.
The Queen also (in representation at least)
drives her own chariot and pair, which are in
every way the counterpart of the King's on a
smaller scale.
Six chariots follow. The foremost of these,
which contains only a driver or an official, is
being urged at a gallop like those of the King
and Queen ; the rest follow more leisurely.
Two of these (underneath and behind the
Queen's chariot) contain the four princesses,
who, like her, for dignity's sake, are feigned
capable of driving themselves. The three
remaining cars carry six fan-bearers, one for
each of the party .^ Three of the police bring
up the rear.
In front of the King and in the register below
are shown the military escort and the retinue.
(The wall here is in a very bad condition.) The
advanced guard consists of a detachment of five
Egyptian spearmen in charge of a sergeant, and
preceded by a Syrian and a Lybian as types of
the army. One of the number is attached to
the three standard-bearers as a guard. Below
on the left is another armed escort led by a
negro (?) bowman and a Syrian spearman (I. xv.,
III. xxxiv.) and four bearers of military stand-
ards. The soldiers are very variously armed
but the state of the wall leaves the weapons
very uncertain in some cases.
Those who carry shields for defence are
probably also in every case armed with the
spear. They are meant to meet spearmen, and
^ I am in error in not placing fans in the left hand of
the attendants in the lowest row of chariots in Plate xv.
THE TOMB OF PANE HE SY.
19
carry a falchion in addition, so that they may
not be defenceless when their spears have been
hurled. Others have as arms the square-headed
axe and the club. The position of the escort
implies that it is attached to the royal chariot.
The same may be said of the three foremost
chariots, whose speed conforms to that set by
the King and Queen. The anxiety in face and
attitude of the official in the first car is comical,
and perfectly justified, one would think, by the
over-horsing of so light a vehicle. The official
on the second chariot seems to be the secretary
in attendance, for he carries on his shoulder a
little box, such as would hold a scribe's materials.
The succeeding chariots, containing an official
and body-servants, move at the slower pace of
the princesses to' whose train they belong. The
posture of the six men of the police who run
alongside is intended to show the action of
running, and not the stealthy scouting which to
our eye it suggests.
As has been said, the objective of the ride has
not been sculptured. Fragments, however, of
the greeting crowd are seen at the top of the
wall and in face of the advanced troop, and
justify us in supposing that the lost design
■ would have closely resembled that of Meryra.
8. — The King and Queen Worshipping the
Aten,
North "Wall. West Side. Plates xx., xxvi.
Cf. L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 31.
This, the only sculptured scene on the N.
wall, now presents a strange appearance, though
one not infrequent in Egypt. Christianity has
often thought to easily efface the pagan decora-
tions by covering them with plaster and sub-
stituting its own emblems. But the tenacious
life of the painstaking work of antiquity has
reasserted itself with time ; and where the
reappearance is only partial an incongruous
medley of pagan and Christian symbols and
portraiture results, which is often highly
ludicrous, and is itself symbolic of the very
imperfect victory of the higher creed in this
early mission-field of the faith.
The original scene showed the King and
Queen making offerings to the sun. Akhenaten
stands before two altar-stands, and uplifts an
oblation arranged on a platter. It is a varied
gift of bread, meat, fowl, and vegetables, topped
by a flaming bowl. The latter would seem to
be a lamp rather than a censer ; for it appears
to contain wicks or tubes from which the flame
is fed.^
The Queen appears to be presenting a
bouquet. The titulary of the Aten was written
to the left of the disc, and there followed a
series of cartouches, divine and royal, which
filled the space between the sky and the cornice
of the shrine (Plate iii.).
The space under the main scene is occupied
by figures of Panehesy, who holds a jar of
milk (?), and of two attendants. The inscrip-
tion commences with the usual panegyric of the
deceased, " The royal acquaintance (?) beloved
of his lord, the great favourite of the Lord of the
two Lands, etc., Panehesy possessor
of love " (or "... Ua-en-ra, thy
child ").
The decorations on the Coptic plaster, which
in places still clings to the walls and lends to
the scene its bizarre aspect, have already been
commented upon (p. 12).
9. — North Portal.
Plates xxi., xxvi.
The form and decoration of the doorway to
the inner chamber is of the kind already
familiar. The cartouches on the lintel are
arranged between a sky above and a mat below.
(For translations of the prayers on the jambs
and lintel see pp. 30, 31, 32.)
' I do not understand the graffito on the loaf.
20
THE EOCK TOMBS OP EL AMANITA.
10. — A Royal Visit to the Temple oe the
Aten.
West Wall. Plates xviii., xix.
Cf. L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 30. (A sketch ; the altar is
shown in Lettres Rentes, p. 63.)
We have here a subject which, may be the
same as that on the opposite (East) wall, but
treated in a wholly different way. There the
royal figures and their train were made so pro-
minent that the temple to which they were
bound was altogether omitted. Here, on the
contrary, that building occupies the whole
available space, and what was all-important
there becomes here a mere accessory. Ob-
viously economy has come into play, the subject
being spread over the two walls with as little
repetition as possible. Meryra, however, as we
have seen, did not hesitate at the laborious
duplication of the royal train, the palace and
the temple.
Here the escort of the royal party is reduced
to a few soldiers and policemen, a charioteer or
two, and a few groups of shade-bearers and
attendants. The two troupes of female musi-
cians are familiar to us already from I. xiii.
The royal family, accompanied by a few attend-
ants, have entered the Court of the Great
Altar, and are seen engaged in worship there.
The three elder children assist in suitable
ways: the King and Queen, standing side by
side at the top of the steps of the altar, scatter
fragrant spices on to the flaming lamp-bowls,
which crown the pile of offerings. A number
of the priesthood assist ; the two who are pro-
minent being perhaps Meryra and Panehesy,
the High Priest and the Chief Servitor, The
radiant sun which blesses the sacred building is
three times repeated, perhaps with significance
(see p. 27). The following description of the
temple is drawn from the two pictures in the
tomb of Meryra, equally with that now before
us.
The south group of tombs contains no repre-
sentation of the temple whatever. Though the
building was in an advanced state, drawings of
it may not yet have reached the portfolios of
the decorators. Besides the three complete
pictures in the northern tombs, the smaller of
the two sanctuaries of which the temple was
composed is shown in Tombs 3 and 5 and twice
in the Royal Tomb, and an abbreviated copy of
it seems given in Tomb 1.^ The three prin-
cipal views of the temple present it in as many
aspects ; in bird's eye view from the front
D
UXXXX
•0
D
rrn .n^r
B
1 LJ "•■- LJ — Z.
3 D B i D £
-**-
The Temple op the Atbn.
(I. x.a), from the left (I. xxv.), and from the
right hand (II. xviii., xix.). If the tombs are
supposed to be oriented east and west (which,
though far from being the case, is still the im-
pression of the natives), the temple is repre-
sented on the walls in six out of the eio-ht
occurrences in its actual orientation. The
^ This fuller enumeration must replace that in Part I.,
p. 29. The picture in Tomb 1 (Huya) will be referred to
under III. ix.-xi. (L. D. iii. 101, 102) ; that in Tomb 3
(Ahmes) under III. xxx. ; that in Tomb 5 as Pentu.
THE TOMB OF PANEHBSY.
21
remarkable correspondence in detail, -which all
the laxity exhibited by the artists does not
invalidate, makes it plain that these are studied
views of the great building. Though it cannot
be claimed for them that they satisfy the re-
quirements of architectural plans, in the main
they present us with a clear and complete
knowledge of the building.
To facilitate references to the temple, it may
be divided as follows. As there is no proof
that any section of the building was roofed,
its divisions have been merely termed courts.
Roofed colonnades are shaded in the adjoining
plan.
A. Ambulatory,
B. Outer Court with Greater Sanctuary, con-
taining —
1. Court of the Great Altar.
2. Forecourt to the Colonnaded Court.
3. Colonnaded Court.
4. Forecourt to 5 and 6.
5. Fifth Court.
6. Sixth Court.
C. Inner Court with Lesser Sanctuary —
1. Portico of the Royal Statues.
2. Corridor.
3. Court of the Altar.
4. Corridor.
5. Adjoining Chapel (?).
The Ambulatoet. — The temple enclosure
appears to have been surrounded, except on its
frontage, by two high enclosing walls, parallel
to one another and leaving only a narrow
ambulatory or ward between them. To this
ward there was admittance from without only
at the two ends, where it met the frontage.
The outer wall is drawn in the two sectional
plans with a cornice (II. xviii., xix., and
I. xxv., where the gaps are only to admit the
hieroglyphs, etc.). This must signify a high
corniced wall, not a roofed building. In I. x.a
this cornice is not marked, as it should have
been, at the back of the building, but instead
there is a building extending beyond the wall
and affording a through passage from the out-
side to the interior. The other plans, however,
show plainly that this building lay within the
enclosing wall. Similarly, the door shown on
the extreme left in I. xxv. can only indicate an
entrance to the inner court from the ambu-
latory, not from the exterior ; for, apart from
other testimony, it is unlikely that the security
of the building would be weakened in this way.
The narrow ward is represented in I. x.a as
absolutely clear of encumbrance, and forming a
passage round three sides of the building. From
a side view such a passage would be plainly
visible on the near side but almost invisible
on the other. This natural aspect is reflected
in both cases. In I. xxv. the corridor on the
near side is faithfully shown at the bottom of
the picture as a narrow blank space, to which a
little door on the right admits. Its existence
on the other side is only indicated by a similar
doorway above (i.e. beyond) the great entrance-
gates. In II. xix. it is not indicated at all. The
inner wall apparently was not corniced, but it
stood quite free, being separated by an open
court from the walls of the sanctuaries within.
The Entrance. — The area enclosed within
the double wall was divided into two unequal
parts by a partition wall which stretched across
from one side to the other, the space nearest the
entrance being by far the larger. Each of these
two courts contained a sacred edifice : the outer
being occupied by the temple proper, while the
smaller space behind was reserved for a temple
of the Royal Spirits, which I think may be
identified with the " temple of the Benben."
The front wall of the sacred enclosure was
single. It was pierced at the extreme ends
by two tiny doorways which admitted to the
ambulatory and to this alone, and in the centre
by the great gateway. " Pylon " it can scarcely
be called, for, whether with correctness or not
the ruins unfortunately do not show, this and
all succeeding gateways are represented with
vertical sides. All the gateways in the building
THE BOOK TOMBS OP EL AMAENA.
are constructed after one pattern, diiFering only
in size and the possession of a single or double
set of gates.^ They consist of two solid cor-
niced towers with jambs projecting from the
inner face, between which double-leaved doors
swing, their upper pivots secured by the heavy
overhanging cap.
The Outer Court. — The entrance admitted
immediately to an open court, in the midst of
which the greater sanctuary lay, leaving a free
space all round it. This was devoted to various
purposes. Just within the gates to right and
left (I. x.a) were two villas, the residences, no
doubt, of officials of the temple. The plans,
though inexact, show what were considered the
essentials of such a dwelling. There is a large
reception room, extending across the breadth of
the house, its ceiling carried on several columns.
Three inner rooms were accessible from it on
the one side. The other and outer wall con-
tained the entrance, and was shaded by a
columned portico. According to I. xxv. it had
also at one end the large balcony window with
which we have been made familiar. On the
left-hand side of the great gateway was the
slaughter-house. Its purpose is unmistakable,
for the artist has shown the carcase of the ox,
the severed head, the flayed skin, the trussed
birds, and the tethering stones. . Along the
whole length of the temple on both sides, the
court is shoAvn crowded with altar-tables, each
accompanied by a lamp-stand. The tables are
set out with loaves, a joint or two of meat, and
a bowl of burning incense. Presumably they
are offerings of private persons, which the
priests were under contract to serve. At the
back of the temple are seen eight oblong lavers
or bathing tanks, and all the material for a
^ The artists by no means agree -which entrances had
additional gates. Meryra assigns them only to the door-
way of the greater sanctuary, Panehesy to those of both
sanctuaries, others to all the chief gateways. No further
notice will be taken of this variation.
ceremonial oifering, a rite prescribed . perhaps
before entering the second sanctuary. Such an
offering we see being made by the King before
the gate of the greater temple (I. xxv.).
The Gtrbater Sanctuary, The Faqade. —
The entrance to this building was by a gateway
immediately opposite the outer gate. It was
an imposing structure, finding room on each
broad face for five masts, from the high tops of
which red pennants gaily fluttered.^ These
masts were firmly secured to the towers by
being passed through two rows of pierced stones
projecting from the masonry, and by having
their feet stepped in heavy pedestals. The
passage was barred by two double-leaved gates.
The inner one being high a,nd unwieldy, a
similar but smaller gate was set within its
jambs, contracting the passage.^
Meryra's artist indicates the open door by a
free passage merely, but the other artists both
by line and colour (deep ochre) show the leaves
flung back against the wall, in a way which,
in the case of double gates at least, is quite
impossible.
A feature of the pylon has been left un-
noticed, viz. the eight columns, which in I. xxv.
are seen between the flagstafFs on both sides,
arranged in two tiers of four. This, however,
is a mere architectural convention, signifying
that a portico of such columns, two deep and
four broad, ran along the frontage on both
sides. This interpretation is furnished by the
entrance pylon to the second temple. Else-
where it is shown as a pylon of this form, with
two tiers of two columns ; but in I. xxxiii. a
side-view in perspective reveals that this
signified to the initiated a portico of four
^ The evidence of the foundations, suggesting greater
depth than breadth for this pylon, does not seem com-
patible with the pictures and is in itself surprising. Can
they be foundations for colossal statues ? (Pbteie, T. A.
§ 35.)
8 L. D, iii. 243 shows such an arrangement for a door-
way between pylons.
THE TOMB OF PANEHESY.
23
columns two deep extending along the fagade.
Unfortunately the device could also represent a
colonnade on the inside of the wall. But in face
of the above unmistakable explanation ^ we are
obliged to apply it to the greater sanctuary also
and imagine its frontage formed by a portico of
columns, eight in line and two deep, broken by
the entrance, and with the towers and masts
reaching high above it in the centre. Such a
unique facade Ave find actually portrayed in
the building shown in I. xxxii.,^ which, indeed,
may be a minor sanctuary built in general on
the model of the great temple, but comprising
only its first three courts, throwing these into
one, and substituting an elaborate platform for
the great altar of the Aten.
The Court oi" the G-reat Altar. — The
temple, though extensive, was very simple in
arrangement, consisting of a succession of seven
courts, each entered by a gateway in the axis
of the temple. The first court seems to have
been bare of adornment, three of its sides being
occupied by a series of little chapels or maga-
zines, each separate and of the same pattern.
Shown in elevation as little pylon-like erections
but in plan as mere cells, they must represent
side-chapels or store-chambers open to the sky.
The contents of the room are seen, not only
through the open doorway, but, by fictionary
drawing, through the front walls.^ A stand,
piled with joints of meat and accompanied by
a large water-jar or two, forms the unit of
provision, and five or six such occupy each of
' Yet III. xi. (L. D. iii. 102) perversely puts this
colonnade of the second temple inside. II. xviii. also
leaves the great pylon blank, suggesting that the portico,
if there, was within. I. x.A shows an alignment of four
columns only, perhaps by confusion with the second
temple.
= In the illustration in Part I., p. 40, I set the first
colonnade inside, but I now think that the elevation
given in I. xxxii. must be taken as an exact picture of the
fa9ade.
■^ II. xviii. again refrains from adopting such a con-
vention.
the little magazines. The centre of the court
is occupied by the great altar, probably four-
square, like its earlier model at Deir el Bahari.
It is set on a wider base, has panelled sides,
a cavetto-cornice surmounted by a parapet
sculptured with open lotus flowers, and finally
a series of rounded castellations which serve to
retain the offerings. To this altar a flight of
nine (?) steps* ascends, guarded by a ramp.
It ends, according to II. xviii., in a little
platform, but this is probably only introduced
as a convenient base for the figures of the King
and Queen. The altar is piled high with joints
of meat, fowl, bouquets, and bowls of incense.
In I. XXV. it seems as if the space within the
altar and under the steps was used for storage
of meat-offerings, but more probably these are
only sculptured on the sides. Near the altar
are four erections, two of which appear to be
lavers, divided into four basins each, corres-
ponding to those at the gate of the smaller
temple. The other two appear to be empty
tables or slabs. Numerous subsidiary places of
offering are also shovni in this court.
The Colonnaded Court.^ — The second court
appears to have only been a forecourt to the
third. It is occupied by small tables of offer-
ing and magazines of the type just described,
each artist depicting as many as his space
admitted. The third court was colonnaded,
but it is hard to realize the arrangement from
the very diverse representations. The earliest
picture (II. xix.) gives a clear and natural dis-
position, the back of the court being occupied by
a colonnade of eight columns ® two deep (as on
the fapade). As the central passage is closed,
not only by the gate of the court but also by a
small gate flush with the outer row of columns,
* In I. xii. the altar is in plan, but the steps are shown
by the colouring to be at once in plan and elevation.
Seventeen steps are improbable besides.
5 It is evident that the space below the apparent base
of the temple does not show the court outside it, but con-
tinues the representation of the interior.
24
THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
it seems that this row was linked by a dwarf
wall (corniced), and it must be this that is
shown like a pillar between the last column
and the end (top) wall. A little three-roomed
building is placed under the colonnade at this
end, and another close by it in the open
court.
The two pictures in Meryra's tomb, however,
show arrangements which differ considerably
from this and partially from one another, but
agree in the number of columns. Huya's
colonnaded court (III. x. ; L. D. iii. 101), if
identical with it, shows a greater divergence.
While the first two pictures represent a
colonnaded space which does not occupy the
whole of the court, Huya's court is completely
colonnaded, the little door and the dividing
waU having disappeared. The plans in Pane-
a
I. XXT.
I. xii.
III. X. (L. D. iii. 102)
Colonnaded Couet.
hesy and Huya (earliest and latest), though di-
vergent, are both simple and in accordance with
Egyptian architecture. Those of Meryra are
themselves divergent and difficult to reconstruct
intelligently. The simplest explanation is to
suppose a complete change of this court during
the interval, and that I. x.a and I. xxv. reflect
either the progress of the change (or changes),
or a compromise between the final form and the
original plans. I suggest then, that after the
court had been built with a simple colonnade
of sixteen columns on one side, it was decided
to turn it into a place of adoration of royal
statues, with a colonnade round all four sides.
If the plan in Huya's tomb does not represent
the court in question, we should still have to
suppose a change in construction from the 8 by
2 colonnade of II. xix. to one 6 by 4 (I. xxv.),
or 6 by 3 (I. xii.), with gaps in the inner rows,
forming an irregular hypostyle hall within this
court.
The Remaining Courts. — The fourth court
only contains a few offering-tables and seems
to be a mere forecourt to the succeeding two,
which are furnished in an almost exactly
similar way. A great altar (ascended by steps
in II. xix. ?) occupies the centre of each court
and is piled high with varied meat and drink
offerings, &c. Round the walls are sixteen
little magazines,^ each having its table and
lamp-stand. The vacant spaces of the court
are set out with small altars, and with stands
containing the materials, vessels, and vestments
used in the various ceremonials.
With this court the end of this sanctuary is
reached. In order to enter the building which
lies behind, the suite of courts must be re-
traversed to the gates and one of the side
avenues taken.
B. The Lesser Sanctuary. The Court. —
The gateway to the smaller sanctuary lies at the
back of the larger building, but in the same
axis. In front of it are the offerings and lavers
already mentioned. It admitted, like that of
the first temple, to an open court, in the midst
of which the building stood. The uses to which
this space was devoted are manifest from the
various drawings, which differ but little, and
evidently follow a common exemplar. On the
left hand of the gateway was a great stela set
on a high pedestal and reached by a flight of
steps or a ramp. Of this stela, which may have
been the " Benben " (I. xxx.), we perhaps possess
fragments found on the site, and showing figures
of the King, Queen, and princesses.^ By the side
of the pedestal was a sitting statue of the King
(coloured black in II. xix. ; omitted in I. x.a ;
possibly accompanied by others in III. xxx.).
By the side of the temple here were set, as in
1 The number eight seems to be favoured.
■■' Peteie, T. a. § 33.
THE TOMB OP PANEHE8T.
25
the Case of the other sanctuary, a slaughter-
house and a three-roomed villa (with two
columns on III. xxx. ; with an official emerging
in II. xix.). On the other side are shown
several sets of offerings, each consisting of a
table of beer-jars, a stool with a stand of offer-
ings and a lotus-shaped drinking cup (?). The
space on the right of the gateway is generally
occupied by a choir led by a harpist. (I. x.A,
I. XXV., III. xxx., and the Royal Tomb : per-
haps desti'oyed in II. xix.). A second band,
led by a player on the guitar, is shown in
III. xxx. Both player and singers are invariably
depicted with shut eyes, indicating blindness.
The menials of the temple are also shown in this
courtyard, busy at their tasks ; one sprinkling
the yard with water, and another sweeping and
gathering up the refuse, a third replenishing
the offerings, others bringing animals for
sacrifice.
The Poktico of the Royal Statues. — The
entrance to the temple was by a great pylon,
adorned like the first by a portico on the
exterior, which is realistically shown in
I. xxxiii., but elsewhere by the strained conven-
tion already noticed. The temple being less
broad than the other has only four columns in
alignment instead of eight. In front of each
pillar were placed standing statues of the King,
holding the crook and fly-flap, and wearing the
crowns of the South and of the North in the
two rows respectively. Small female statues
are shown accompanying his own (I. x.A,
III. xxx.) ; from their size they might be
ascribed to his eldest daughter Merytaten, who
we know had a shrine in this temple,^ but
more probably they are the Queen's (cf. III. xi.,
xxx.). The statues of the King are sometimes
shown of the stiff Osirian form ; at other times
as natural figures of a living King. It is a
1 Shaepe, Egyptian Inscriptions, ii. 48. The inscrip-
tion on this block suggests, too, that it is the base of a
statuary group of the King and his daughter.
testimony to the fidelity of the picture that
pieces of colossal statues of the King carrying
these insignia were found on the spot by Pro-
fessor Petrie.^
For the protection of these statues, no doubt,
there was a walled forecourt, entered by a little
gate, in front of and enclosing the pylon. Several
tables of offerings are shown in it. The same
protective purpose apparently was served by a
flanking wall, which we find built out from the
main edifice on both sides of the forecourt, so as
to enclose a small space on all sides but the
front. This addition is shown in all copies
^
^
\
K
Q
n
&
EoYAL Tomb.
III. xxx.
(with the cornice of the wall curiously indicated
in II. xix., and perhaps also in III. xxx.). The
little villa before-mentioned is set within the
court so formed in III. xxx. ; II. xix. also shows
it occupied.^
A similar feature is shown in I. x.A, behind
the pylon, and in I. xxxiii. assumes a mysterious
form. The construction becomes plain in III. xxx.
(supplemented by a less injured representa-
tion in the Royal Tomb), and again gives evi-
dence of anxiety for the safety of this sanctuary.
2 Peteie, T. a. § 34.
* It must be due to injury that the pile on the altar here
resembles a cow !
2.6
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
It indicates two covering walls like those just
noticed, the ends of which, instead of merely
approaching and leaving a passage, overlap
considerably, and so form a tortuous approach,
by means of which the entrance could be
easily defended or concealed. The drawing in
T. xxxiii. harmonizes with this explanation, if the
single covering wall there shown, furnished with
a gate, falls within the corridor behind the
pylon. That corridor then forms the second
turn of the path. The visitor to the sanctuary,
after passing the forecourt and pylon, was
obliged to turn sharply to one hand down a
narrow passage, and as this itself lay within a
corridor, he had to double back before he could
find an entrance to the inner rooms. The copy
in II. xix. also shows a very devious instead
of a direct ingress, but omits the protecting
wall.
Court of the Altar. — This presents much
the same appearance as the 5th and 6th courts
of the outer temple, chapels or magazines being
ranged round three sides, and the open space in
the centre occupied by a great altar of offerings
and by smaller articles of furniture connected
with the oblations. All the copies agree in
allowing no entrance to the temple from the
rear.^
The Adjoining Shrine. — There remained,
however, another building, outside the boundary
wall according to I. x.a, but within and joined
to the back of the temple in all other plans ; yet
marked by all as independent of it.^ To safe-
guard the sanctuary from violation under cover
of this building, its rooms were separated from
the temple by an empty passage (double or
treble according to II. xix.), which was only
^ Owing to injury the exact arrangement of the build-
ings at the rear in I. xxxiii. and II. xix. is open to
question.
^ The eariier plans of the temple ruins by Eebkam not
only show the smaller sanctuary as a distinct edifice, but
also this dependent building jutting out at the rear of
it (cf. L. D. i. 64).
entered by doors in both sides of the temple,
and so could be easily patrolled. The true
entrance to this subsidiary building was by a
door at the rear. In the tombs of Panehesy
and Meryra it is furnished only with the smaller
paraphernalia of worship. In III. xxx. the
interior is left a complete blank.
The question as to the identity of the elabo-
rate building shown in Huya's tomb must be
reserved for the next volume. There remain
for discussion the terms under which the temple
or temples of the Aten are referred to in the
texts.^
The references to the temple, other than as
"the temple (per) of Aten" are as follows : —
(1) " The splendid places which Pharaoh made in the
Sanctuary of the Benben in the temple of Aten." I.,
p. 36, PI. xxx.
(2) " The singers and musicians in the court of the
Sanctuary of the Benben, and (in) every Shade of Ea in
Akhetaten (?) " [var., " every sanctuary in Akhetaten "J.
I., p. 51, PL xxxvii. (where the rendering should be as
above).
(3) " May she (the Queen) grant . . . . water and offer-
ings in the Sanctuary of the Benben" [var. "in the
temple of Aten]. PI. xxi., p. 32.
(4) " May he (the King) grant . . . . an offering at every
festival of the living Aten in the Sanctuary of the Ben-
ben." PI. ix., p. 31.
(5) " The elect who hear thy sweet voice (the King's) in
the Sanctuary of the Benben." Becueil, xv., p. 47.
(6) " Conducting Queen Tyi, to let her see her ' Shade
of Ea.' " L. D. iii. 101.
(7) "The Aten .... in the 'Shade of Ea' of the
Queen mother . . . Tyi." L. D. iii. 102.
(8) "The Aten .... in the 'Shade of Ea' of the
Princess .... Merytaten .... in the ' House of Ee-
joicing ' of the Aten in the temple of Aten in Akhetaten."
Shaepb, Egyptian Inscriptions, ii, 48. (Brit. Mus.
1000.)
(9) " The Aten in the midst of the ' House of
Eejoicing' of the [AtenJ .... Petbib, T. A., pi. xii.
Further, in the stelae K and X, by the
decay of which a complete story of the doings
of Akhenaten at Akhetaten seems to have been
' The interesting article of Prof. Bbbastbd on this
subject {A. Z. xl., pp. 106-113) only came into my hands
when this chapter was already in print.
THE TOMB OF PANEHESY.
27
lost to us, the King enumerates seven buildings
whicli he has made for the Aten: —
1. " The Temple of Aten."
2. "The [Sanctuary?] of Aten" (a very short name).
3. " The Shade of Ea " (of the Queen ?).
4. " The ' House of Eejoicing ' of Aten .... in the
island (?) 'Aten, eminent in sed-festivals ' in Akhetaten."
5. " The ' House of Eejoicing ' " (in the same locality).
6 and 7. (Possibly not buildings, but dues, &e.)
This is an imposing list for the few years ^ at
Akhetaten, but let us consider how many of
these represent separate buildings.
It is to be observed that both the Sanctuary
of the Benben and the House of Rejoicing are
" in the temple of Aten," and the " Shade of
Ra of Merytaten " is within the House of Rejoic-
ing. The " Shade of Ra " of Tyi was also in
the same place, if Huya's building is taken as
an abbreviated picture of the temple. The
finding of pieces of about seventeen royal
statues at one side of the temple site, when that
picture shows sixteen such statues on each side
of the court, is a remarkable coincidence.^
Moreover, one fragment from the same spot
bears the record, " the Aten ... in the House
of Rejoicing." ^
What is " the Shade (or Shadow) of Ra " ?
The meaning "spirit of Ra," or "image of Ra,"
is here inapplicable. In a religion which recog-
nizes only the beneficent Sun a grateful shade
could not be regarded as a conquest of the hos-
tile action of the Sun, but must be attributed,
however illogically, to the action of the Sun itself.
The "sun-shade" then may have its natural
meaning of a shelter from the sun's heat and
light, and as it is evidently applied here to a
building, it must be a covered building. Pro-
bably the only screened buildings in the temple
of the Aten were the porticoes under which the
royal statues were placed ; and as we see Queen
' The date of the stelae is doubtful ; probably the fourth
year (post-dated).
2 Peteie, T. a. § 34.
8 Ibid, and pi. xii.
T)?! being led towards such a portico containing
her statues among others, it is almost certain
that " her sun-shade " is equivalent to " her
colonnade." Perhaps Merytaten also at a later
date had a portico in this colonnaded court,
but this cannot be asserted, and the " House of
Rejoicing " remains unidentified.
Since it is evident from the pictures that
" singers and musicians " had very special
duties in the courts of the second temple, the
quotation (2) above affords a strong proof that
that is the " sanctuary of the Benben " ; to
say nothing of the presence in that court
of the only monument to which the word
Benben can apply. This smaller temple must
have been the chief centre of worship. Here
are the singers and the servants. It is to this
alone that the King pays most of his visits.
On the other hand, the offerings which are
besought for the dead, and which seem to be
granted from amongst those made to the King
and to the Aten, are expected to come from the
sanctuary of the Benben. There also the
King's voice is most often heard and the festivals
held, we are told.
The " House of Rejoicing " signifies probably
no more than a place of worship ; for the cult
of the Aten seems to have been specially marked
by demonstrations of joy. " The House of the
propitiation (sehetep) of Aten," of which one
May is steward,* is more likely to refer to some
storehouse of the temple than to a sanctuary.
(Cf. I. XXX.)
The representation of the smaller sanctuary
so often by itself shows that this was a perfectly
independent part of the temple and of great
importance. The addition to this of the
colonnaded court of the temple in the tomb of
Huya suggests that this also had a certain
separateness, and it may not be fanciful to see
a real significance in the three suns whose out-
* Daeessy, Beciieil, xv. 41 ; cf. Peteie, T. A. p. 33,
pi. xxii.
28
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
stretched arms mark off the house of the Aten,
as it seems, into three parts (11. xviii, xix ;
less decisively in Pentu). Certainly the three
divisions so made might well correspond with
the three definite sanctuaries : —
(1) "The Temple of the Aten" proper, viz.,
the enceinte and the court of the great altar.
(2) " The House of Rejoicing," containing the
" Sun-Shade " of Tyi and comprising courts 3 to
6 of the greater Sanctuary.
(3) " The Sanctuary of the Benben," coin-
ciding with the smaller Sanctuary.
Panehesy.
11. Thickness op Pabtition Wall.
Plates xxii.,
Of. L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 29 (reproduced in Am^lineau,
Sepulture, pi. xcix., p. 644).
Only the left side of the passage to the inner
chamber is sculptured. Here a large figure of
Panehesy (unnamed) is given, which by its
marked difference from the conventional figure
which has elsewhere stood for him, seems to
be a real attempt at portraiture. The shape of
the head shows us how consciously conventional
the typical El Amarna head is, and how far
from being founded on racial peculiarities or
realism. It shows also that if Panehesy's name
has any racial significance it must be taken in
its more general meaning " Southerner," not
" Negro " ; for both he and his sister (Plate
xxiii.) show the utmost contrast to the negro
type. In front of Panehesy is a little female
figure, in whom we may recognize his daughter,
though she is unaccompanied by any inscription.
It is the only tomb at El Amarna where a
recognition of the deceased's descendants is
permitted.
Panehesy's Household.
Sheine. Bast Wall. Plate xxiii.
Previous copies are : —
Hay, MSS. 29,847, fol. 63. (inscription). L'Hote,
Papiers, xi. 29. Lbpsius, D. iii. 91k, m, and Text, ii,
p. 132 (inscription).
With the exception of the tomb of Huya, this
is the only case in which the walls of the shrine
are decorated ; and here the sculpture is con-
fined to the Bast wall, where Panehesy and his
household are shown sitting at table, con-
formably to the use which this little apartment
was hoped to serve for those buried in the
tomb.
We may gather from the scene that Panehesy
was a widower with one little girl, and allowed
his house to be managed by his sister, who had
been left a widow with two daughters. These
all appear with him therefore in this banqueting
scene, sitting together before a low table, which
is spread with a blue table-cloth and various
viands. Panehesy is seated on a slender leather-
bottomed stool and his little daughter on a
joint-stool at his side. " His beloved sister, the
house-mistress Abneba (Abka ?), maatkhera,"
sits behind her brother on a chair, her two
daughters standing by her side. They appear
from their dress aad headgear to be older than
their cousin. Akhenaten's attraction to women,
and the chance that made him father of a large
family of daughters, may, not improbably, have
strengthened the importance attached to the
female line at his court, which flattered him by
giving prominence to its women also. It may
even have gone so far that on the monuments
they ignored the existence of sons, as daughters
■were neglected in earlier times.
A male figure in front of Panehesy offers a
bouquet, that he may inhale its perfume. No
name or description is appended ; for the
writing above him seems only to contain his
pious wish, "His reward from the Aten (?).
May he grant thee a good old age as to a
favourite." Over the head of Panehesy is
written " Unto ^ the great favourite of Ua-en-
ra, the Chief Servitor, etc., etc., Panehesy, maa-
hheru." The figure is apparently set there
' Correcting to aa«~vv
THE TOMB OP PANEHESY.
29
merely to suggest that ministration and inter-
cession wliicli Panehesy hoped to receive often
within this shrine from friends and visitors.
An enormous bouquet is painted on the wall
behind this figure, more for decoration of a
blank space than as part of the picture. It is
repeated also on the door-cheek close by, and a
border of similiar kind is traceable on the back
wall, where scarcely a vestige remains of the
seated statue of Panehesy, which once, no doubt,
occupied the room.
It need hardly be said that we know nothing
more of Panehesy than may be gained from his
titles in this tomb, and his possession of one
of the few spacious tombs presented to the
favourites of Akhenaten. His offices may fitly
be collected here : —
(1) Chief Servitor of Aten in the temple of
Aten in Akhetaten (passim).
(2) Servitor of the Lord of the Two Lands,
Nefer-kheperu-ra, in the temple of Aten (Plates
iv.e, xxi,).
(3) Second priest of the Lord of the Two
Lands, N., who giveth life (Plate ix.).
(4) Intimate of the King (Plates viii., xx.).
(5) Superintendent of the Granary of the
Aten in Akhetaten (Plate iv.c).
(6) Superintendent of the oxen of the Aten
(Plate iv.d).
(7) Chancellor of the King of the North
(Plate xxi.).
Panehesy seems, then, to have taken only
second rank to Meryra in Akhetaten, and in
view of the titles 5 and 6 we are probably not
making a great assumption if we suppose that
the lower half of the W. wall contained much
the same scene as that which fills the space
under the picture of the temple on the E. wall
of Meryra, viz. his reward for the excellent ad-
ministration of these two departments. Meryra,
indeed, is there probably sharing the credit
and reward of his subordinate's successes ; a
share, however, which may have been due to
him.
C— The Religious Texts.
1. The Longer Prateks.
1. (Outer thickness. W. side. Plate vii.)
"An adoration of [Ea-Horakhti, &c.], who giveth life
for ever and ever, at his dawning on the Eastern horizon
[and] a propitiation of him at his setting on the Western
horizon. Homage to thee ! Thou dawnest in the sky
and shinest in the morning ' on the horizon of heaven,
coming in peace, the Lord of Peace. All mknkind lives
at sight of thee, the whole land assembles at thy rising ;
their hands salute thy dawning."
(Said) by the Chief Servitor of Aten in Akhetaten,
Panehesy, maakheru. He says : —
"Praise to thee, my god who has formed me and
dispensed good to me ; he who fostered me and gave
food to me and provided my goods by his ka;" the
ruler who made me among mankind, who caused me to
associate with his favourites, and caused ^ every eye to
know me.*
" Thou didst bring me to the front from the rear,^ making
me powerful when I was of no account. All iny neigh-
bours 8 (rejoiced ?) because I became the favourite of
him who did it (?). My city came (?) to me. I was
supplicated (?) and grew great thereby (?), by a decree of
the Lord of Truth.7
" I give praise to the height of heaven, I adore the
Lord of the Two Lands, Akhenaten, the Fate who gives
life, and is Lord of ordinances ^, the Light of every land
in whose time there is Ufe, the Nile-god of the land of
men by whose spirit one is fed, the god who maketh
Beading
>^
O
For the
whole salutation, cf. III. ii. and L'Hdte, Papiers, iii. 294
(Pentu).
^ The ascription of beneficent activity to the ka of the
King is frequent in these tombs. A striking analogy in
the Proverbs of Ptahhetep is noted in Pbteib, Beligion
and Conscience, p. 179.
3 Beading j|
* The Plate is completed from L'Hotb (v. AmAlineau,
Sepulture, pi. Ixxxiv.)
(?)
5 Beading ^
« Beading fD "^ |^sS
7 Beading <:3> ( """^ ? Cf. L'Hote's copy)
m^^n
(S. I.
J©
?"r
1^:
8 See Plate viii. col. 12.
30
THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
princes and formeth the humble, the Breath of all
nostrils,' by whom men breathe !
" For the ha of the Chief Servitor of Aten in the temple
of Aten, Panehesy."
2. (Outer thickness. E. side. Plate viii.)
" [An adoration of the living Aten] and of the King of
the South and North (here follow the two titularies of
the King and that of the Queen). Praise to thee, O
TJa-en-ra the whole [land] [they
live at seeing thee]
(column 7) . . . him thy favourite."
" (Said) by the great favourite [of the good god] ^ the
Chief Servitor of Aten in the temple of Aten
in Akhetaten, Panehesy. He says —
" ' Hail [each one in] Akhetaten who desires good
fortune 3 (?). Eelate to one another the benefits which
my ruler did to me. He caused me to associate with
princes and companions. I was promoted to praises (?).
When I knew not the companionship of princes I was
found to be an intimate of the King. His Majesty is
Ea, who formeth the humble at his pleasure, and creates
princes by his Tia. (He is) the Fate who confers life,
the Lord of wholesome ordinances. When he is appeased
every land has joy, when (?) is provided in
the house of the King, power arises in the palace ...
reward. The silent man becomes loud of voice * by his
teaching (?), the possessor of daily favours. His body
thrives at sight of thy goodness then others
after me shall say ' How is the intimate of the King,
the Chief Servitor of the Aten, Panehesy, prospered ! ' "
2. The Shoetbe Prayers.
1. (Plate V. Lintel of S. Door. Left side).
" Praises mankind [gives] praises (?)....
mankind. They live because of thy dawning. Thriving
and firm of countenance is he who seeth thee ; he in-
creases wealth (?) ^ in the palace.
" Said by the Chief Servitor, &c., Panehesy."
Eeading
£) III— pg^
\
^ Eeading |1[] ] I. <"=> should have been
printed in the plate.
3 Conjecturing ¥ J - — D ^H, (?). Cf. ceiling inscrip-
tion. No. 3, PI. xxi.
* Eeading ^^ j^{-
5 Emending to nff"!
doubtful.
as the first
IS
2. {Ihid. Eight side.)
"Praise to thee, the living Aten, who illumines
heaven and earth by his dawning. Lord of Eternity,
Maker of Everlastingness. When he rises all the land
is in joy. His rays produce eyes for all that he has
created. Men say ' It is life to see him ; there is dea,th
in not seeing him.'
" The Chief Servitor, &c., Panehesy maakheru."
3. (Plate xxi. Lintel of N. Door. Left side.)
" 'Praise to thee, the living Aten, Lord of that which
is. Creator of that which exists. When thou dawnest
all mankind live, their hands giving praise to thee;
the whole land gathers together at thy rising. Health «
to Ua-en-ra thy fair child. Give to him millions of
sed-iestWals.'
" (Said) by the Chief Servitor, &c. [Panehesy]."
4. {Ibid. Eight side.)
" ' Praise to thee, the Aten, [Lord] of Eternity, Maker
of everlastingness, and (to) the ka of the King, who lives
on Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra, who
giveth life, my Lord who formed me, fostered me, gave
me a happy life in the service of his ka.'
" (Said) by the Chancellor of Lower Egypt, the beloved
of the Lord of the Two Lands, praised daily by his
Lord, the Chief Servitor of Aten, &c., Panehesy."
5. (Plate iv. Tablet of N. Column. Left side.)
" ' Praise to thee, the living Aten, Lord of Eternity,
Maker of everlastingness. I give praise to Ua-en-ra.
I propitiate the good ruler.'
" (Said by) the Chief Servitor, &c., Panehesy."
6. {Ibid. Eight side.)
" 'Praise to thee, the living Aten, who illumines the
Two Lands with his beauty (and to) the ka of the King.
Thou art Ua-en-ra, the son of the Aten. Life, prosperity,
and health in the daily affairs of every day ! '
" (Said) by the Chief Servitor, &c., Panehesy."
The two prayers in the S. column are too broken to
be of use.
7. (Plate xxi. Ceiling Inscription, 2.)
"Praise to Thy ka [my] Euler, Light (?)8 clothed in
love like the Aten, producing eyes for the land (so that)
r\ AAAAAA
Eeading 1 j| .
7 Eeading ^ ^j^.
8 Conjectural reading (i ^ ©• Cf. Plate vii. and
I. xxxviii. The three inscriptions are so defaced that
the whole text is more or less conjectural.
THE TOMB OF PANBHBST.
31
they (the people) see by means of it>; their Nile-god
who makes them live (?), the Breath of life who hears
the desire (?) Nefer-kheperu-ra. Grant
that my two eyes may see thee daily, my lord, and that
I may not fail (but) be firm (?)
There is life in the service of the lord ; life is not in
possessions.
" For the ka of the Chief Servitor, &c., Panehesy."
8. (Ihid. Inscription No. 3.)
"The great favourite of the good god, the Chief
Servitor, &c., Panehesy, maakheru, says —
" ' Ho ! one and all who are in Akhetaten, desiring
[Eelate] to one another the benefits which
the ruler, my lord, did to me " ; namely, that he gave to
me gold from the daily bounty (?) whom
his lord advanced (?) in rank,^ whom the King of the
South made, and the King of the North fostered,* whom
the Lord of the Two Lands made by his ka.' "
BuRiAii Petitions.
(To be recited by visitors on behalf of the dead.)
1 — 4. (Plate ix. South Door. Left jamb.)
A seten dy hetep of —
(1) Ea-Horakhti.
"May he (the god?) grant ^ entrance with the right
(conferred by) the Lord of the two Lands, advance-
ment (?) in rank by his Lord,^ and the accomplishment
of his designs."
(2) Nefer-kheperu-ra.
" May he grant a term of old age, and vigour of body,
and that old age be decreed for thy relatives (?) "
(3) Akhenaten.
" May he grant [a reception of the loaves] ' that are
offered in the Presence, and purity of his hands at the
prostration in the court."
1 Beading ^ [] J
2 Cf. prayer 2, p. 30.
1 1 I
3 Cf. petition 1, below.
* Cf. Part I., p. 49.
5 The t inserted into the word in these four columns
must be a blunder. Yet see ceiling inscription 3.
PI. xxi.
6 Ibid.
Cf. petition 1, Part i..
p. 53. The space is blank, the hieroglyphs not having
been cut.
(4) Nefertiti.
" May she grant a laudation (?) » of the King in his
house, my lord who forms, makes, fosters."
Close : " For the ka of (the favourite of the Lord of
the Two Lands) the Chief Servitor of Aten in the temple
of Aten in Akhetaten, Panehesy."
5 — 8. Eight jamb.
Introduction. As before.
(5) Ea-Horakhti.
" May he (the god?) ^ grant entrance and exit from the
King's house. May he (the deceased) be established,
and his turn not fail (?), until he becomes amakh (the
state of the rewarded dead) in the peace which the
favourites of the Lord of the Two Lands enjoy."
(6) Nefer-kheperu-ra.
" May he grant a sight of the living Aten^" at his rising
and an adoration of him, and that he may listen to what
thou'sayest as (he listens to) his favourites."
(7) Akhenaten.
"May he grant a reception of loaves, presented at
every festival of the living Aten in the hall of the
Benben."
(8) Nefertiti.
" May she grant the entrance of favour and the exit
of love," and a happy recollection in the presence of the
King, and that thy name be welcome in the mouth of the
Companions." ^°
Close: "For the ta of the Chief Servitor of Aten in
the temple of Aten in Akhetaten (or, in cols. 2 and 4,
"the second priest of the Lord of the Two Lands, Nefer-
kheperu-ra, who gives life "), Panehesy, maakheru."
9—12. (Plate xxi. North Door. Left jamb.")
Introduction. "Praises to thy ka, Nefer-kheperu-ra
(9 and 11), Akhenaten (10), Nefertiti " (12), with the
proper titularies.
(9) " May he grant a happy old age and a journey
with favours to the hill of Akhetaten, thine everlasting
seat."
(10) " May he grant a long life, seeing thy beauty :
may the sight of thee not fail any day."
** Supply I) ^ ^ "5 (?)■
8 Or the King of the seten dy hetep, for on both jambs
the requests are for court favours.
'" Note the rare determinative of Aten, a figure of the
god Ea ; but whether with the head of a hawk or a man
is not clear.
" I.e. the entree of an established favourite who never
falls into disgrace.
'* It will be noticed that these court favours, though in
the gift of the King, would largely depend on the good-
will of the Queen.
" Consult the duplicate copies from both jambs in
Part I., pp. 52, 53.
32
THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMABNA.
(11) " May he grant that thy offerings be abundant in
thy tomb-chamber ; may thy name ' be celebrated for
ever and ever."
(12) "May she ^ grant a reception of loaves, that
which has been offered in the Presence, a drink-offering
and meat-oifering in the sanctuary of the Benben."
Close: "l^or the ka of the great favourite of the Lord
of the Two Lands (2 and 4 ' his lord ' ; 3 ' the good
ruler'), the Chief Servitor of Aten in Akhetaten " (2 and
4, " the Servitor of the Lord of the Two Lands, Nefer-
kheperu-ra, in the temple of Aten ").
^ The sculptor has only half erased an error.
' The later copy in Tomb 4 changes this to " he." If
this has been done because the address there is to the
Aten as well as Nefertiti, it shows that the petition is to
the god.
13—16. {Ibid. Eight jamb.)
Introduction (as on the other jamb).
(13) " May he grant entrance of favour and exit of
love, and a reception of the favours of the Lord of the
Two Lands, the daily dues,"
(14) " May he grant thy tomb of everlasting, thy
seat of eternity : may thy name not be forgotten for
ever."
(15) " May he grant a good burial after [old age] and
interment in the favoured burial-ground."
(16) " May she grant a pleasant recollection before
the King, and his favour every day, and that
the children of the house pour out libations for thee at
the entrance to thy tomb-chamber."
Close : (as on the other jamb).
33
CHAPTBE III.
THE TOMB OF MERYRA II. (
O
O
A.' — AuCHITECTURAL FEATURES.
Exterior (Plates xxviii., xxix.). — The position
of the tomb has already been described (p. 3). No
great labour was expended on the exterior. The
bank of rock in which the tomb was excavated
was low ; and as it was cut back for a very short
distance, the portal had to be correspondingly
low, and unprotected by a cornice of rock. It
has suffered severely in consequence, the sur-
face being in most parts quite weathered away.
It can just be seen that the jambs were inscribed
in three columns. On the left the titulary of
the Aten can be recognized, and on the right
familiar phrases of prayer, such as " grant him
a duration like (Aten)." On the left these were
terminated by the figure of the deceased and
his prayer. (Plate xxix. For a translation
see p, 45.)
The Hall (photograph, Plate xlvi.). — This
is the only tomb of the north group which has
kept its columns intact, and the outer hall pre-
sents in consequence a very pleasing aspect
architecturally. The walls, too, owing to their
unfinished and unpainted condition, present a
cleaner surface and reflect the light freely. The
columns which, conformably to the small size of
the wall, are only two in number, support archi-
traves parallel to the axis of the tomb, and
decorated with a
running inscription on the
1 So called here in order to distinguish him from the
chief priest of this name (Part I.). The tomb is No. 2
(No. 6 of Lepsius). Cf. L. D. Text, ii., pp. 137, 138.
outer side (Plate xxxvi., translation on p. 45).
The ceiling between them is higher than at the
sides, and slightly arched. The columns are of
the type elsewhere used, and in appearance most
nearly resemble those in the tomb of the other
Meryra (I. ii.). In this case, however, the sheath-
ing is not marked, the tablet is placed lower
down and so as to face the incomer, and the
heads of the inserted bundles of three stems
each are shown in sculpture above the bands.
Neither abacus nor tablet has received inscrip-
tions. The entrance from outside has no fram-
ing, but that to the second chamber is decorated
with the usual portal, and the pediment above is
adorned in paint with the usual series of car-
touches and figures of the deceased at prayer (a
short inscription lost ?). The top of the door-
Avay has been broken away in order to admit
more light to the inner rooms. This Avas done,
no doubt, by later occupants, who have also cut
a neat recess in the wall close by, and drawn
two rough sailing-boats in ink. The west wall
of the tomb is quite blank of sculpture or design.
The north wall is also bare, except for the
sculpture and sketch given in Plate xli. The
pit found in this room is probably not con-
temporary, and is sure to have been violated. I
therefore left it uncleared.
The Inner Chambers. — These are of the nar-
row transverse pattern adopted for the corridor
type of tombs. Two rock-cut architraves cross
the ceiling. A mastaba was left at the east end
to receive the mouth of the burial shaft, but of
this there is only the merest commencement.
D
34
THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
The shrine also is only partially hewn out, but it
gives sign of the intended statue of the deceased.
The doorway to the shrine was to have been
furnished with a decorated door of the type
shown in tombs 1 and 3 (III. xix., xxvi.) ;
but it was only begun, even the jambs being
only marked out in paint. Here also a recess
has been made in the wall close to the
door.
The Sculpture. — If the sculptures in many
places betray haste, the best parts show con-
siderable powers of drawing the human figure,
though those of animals are failures. The arms
and hands and Akhenaten's lolling attitude in
Plate xxxii. are skilfully rendered, and even
the rough execution of the crowded scenes on
the east Avail does not destroy this power
(notably the groups of wrestlers and the leap-
ing children in Plate xxxviii,). The technique
is very poor, the final coating of plaster being
allowed to fill up the outlines, so that only the
larger figures are successful. Wilful injury has
robbed us of many important fragments that
Lepsius and others copied ; and the upper parts
of the walls, where the bats congregate, are
almost destroyed by their agency.
B. The Sculptured Scenes.
1. The Peayebs oe Meryra.
The thickness of the outer wall, Plates xxx., xxxi.
Previous copies are : —
Hay, MSS. 29147, fol. 63 (name and titles only).
L'HoTE, Papiers, iii., 290, 291 (from which the plates
are restored).
Lepsius, D. Text, ii., p. 137 (name and titles).
The walls are greatly damaged both by time
and violence, but, thanks to Nestor L'H6te, the
modern thefts are partially recoverable. It will
be seen that the walls were already patched
with better stone in ancient time. The figures
show nothing distinctive. For translations see
pp. 44, 45,
2. The King at Home.
South wall. West side. Plates xxxii., xlvi. (photo-
graph).
Previous copies are : —
L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 9 (published in AmAlineau,
Sepulture, pi. xcv., and partially in Lettres ]Scrites, p. 66).
Lepsius, D. iii. 98b,
Peissb, L'Art :Egyptien, ii., pi. xvi.'
The scene engraved on this wall has no very
obvious connection with the life of Meryra. Its
presence here is due to the curious practice of
Akhenaten of dispersing the scenes which
should have occupied the walls of his own tomb
throughout those of his courtiers. As a result,
instead of seeing the deceased and his family
enjoying the burial provisions, or those earthly
banquets which were to be the standard and
pattern for post-mortem delights, it is the royal
family whom we find at the richly furnished
tables ; while the deceased, as in life, serves his
royal master. If his own repast is remembered
at all, it is relegated to the walls of his private
chamber, the narrow inner shrine.
The King's repast is not an infrequent subject
in these tombs, but the scene here shown forms
an especially charming picture of royal recrea-
tion. Akhenaten sits in one of the kiosks,
which were an indispensable part of an Egyp-
tian garden. The light roof is borne on columns,
the sides being left open. It was a pleasant
custom to hang the ceiling of these garden pavi-
lions with flowers and foliage, and this habit
passed into a decorative device. Here we see
nature and convention united ; for while sprays
hang from the roof-beam in all the irregularity
of nature, the alternating bud and flower of the
lotus form part of the carved design. The
stifily arranged bouquets which are mixed with.
^ I wish to modify my description of Prisse's drawings
at El Amarna as reproductions of the plates of Lepsius
(I., p. 4). They seem to have been originally indepen-
dent drawings, often superior to Weidenbach's in detail,
but Prisse, or his editor, has added to the plates every
additional feature found in the Denkmaler, and so has re-
produced every inaccuracy of that edition.
THE TOMB OP MBEYRA IT.
35
the sprays show the transition from nature to
art.
The columns of the kiosk show one of those
elaborate patterns which are known to us only
in picture, no examples having survived. This
is natural ; for the open-work design of the
capitals, often representing, as here, the open
flower, could not be executed in stone, and was
not, so far as we know, in metal. It must then
have been of wood, and very fragile at the best.
That shown here is a papyrus column of very
peculiar shape. The shaft is solid, and has the
peculiar contraction at the foot, where the
sheaths of the papyrus are seen. But similarity
to the ordinary type ends at the neck, where
the shaft is abruptly cut off and furnished with
a kind of abacus. On this rests an open-work
design representing three open papyrus-heads
on slender stems, which gain the needed support
by being attached to the interior rim of a ring.
(This we must suppose to lie in a horizontal
plane, not as in the picture, where the two very
different forms given to it show how subjective
the representation is.) To the outer rim (?) of
this ring or disc are fastened three pendant
ducks and as many bunches of lotus, which,
while appearing to hang from it, form a clever
means of support.^
The motive seems to be taken from the sports-
man's shelters, hastily constructed in the marshes
from the abundant material found there, and to
the pillars of which (made also of papyrus), the
birds which had been secured were naturally
hung ; hence the strange combination. The
attempts of Akhenaten's artists to escape from
current conventions, or their imperfect training
' The rough execution of the scene has led Weiden-
bach and L'Hote to a curious misrepresentation of the
capital. Prisse gives it correctly, but elaborates it in
plate xviii. of his first volume, as is his wont. I may
add here that I found Max Weidenbach's signature on
the east wall of this tomb under the scene which he
copied there, dated " d. 14 Juni 1845."
in them, often resulted in forms still more false
to nature and devoid of grace. This is one of
their least happy innovations. Equally regret-
able are the substitution of three loose sashes in
place of the tight bands under the capital, and
the attachment of ribbons to the ring of the
capital. This feminine impulse to beribbon
everything without regard to fitness is very
noticeable under Akhenaten, and may easily be
paralleled in our own times as the distorted
echo of a real movement towards naturalistic
art.
Akhenaten sits under the shelter of this light
pavilion, or rather he lolls in that attitude of
slack repose which his artists seem to have
judged to be characteristic of him, in a cushioned
chair (again with irritating drapery round the
carved legs), his feet resting on a soft footstool.
The Queen, " living and healthy for ever and
ever," and her little daughter, no less than the
officials of the household, are assiduous in minis-
tering to all his pleasures. He has already in one
hand a few flowers from the plentiful supply
which little Ankhes-en-pa-aten has brought.
The other hand holds out a shallow patera,
which the Queen fills with some choice bever-
age from a little jar, filtering the liquid through
a strainer as she pours. His eldest daughter,
Merytaten, stands at his knee, offering some
additional gratification,^ and Meketaten (?)
brings the cap of ointment (?) for the head
(frilled, like everything else).
It may easily have been that at such enter-
tainments Meryra performed the office of
chamberlain, receiving the viands from the
servants and tasting them before presenting
them to the monarch. At any rate, in the un-
finished scene which is appended predella-wise
to the main group, an officer appears to be dis-
charging this function. Two vessels are before
him on pedestals near a high lamp-stand (p), and
he is taking a large goblet from the hands of
' Not from a-bag : this is the end of her father's sash.
36
THE EOOK TOMBS OP EL AMA.RNA.
a servant. Here, too, are shown the musicians
of the harem, who divert the King with music.
These female performers, six in number, are all
furnished with stringed instruments, two play-
ing the harp of seven strings, two the lyre, and
two the lute (or the viol with the bow ?).
The picture is framed in the familiar border,
the blue sky stretches above, and the free space
under the ceiling is filled in with coloured
bands.
3. Meryra rewarded by Akhenaten.
South wall. East side. Plate xxxiii. (comprising
Plates xxxiv. to xxxvi.) and xlvii. (photograph).
Previous copies : — ■
L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 15 (published in Am^linbau,
Sepulture, pi. xciv., p. 634) ; iii. 130, 131, and Lettres
lEcrites, p. 70 (captives only).
Lepsius, D. Text, a., p. 138 (Princesses' names).
The scene on this wall is that repeated on
almost every tomb of Bl Amarna that offers
scope for it. The bestowal of golden necklaces
and other costly articles of dress or plate (dishes,
goblets, cups, gloves, signet-rings, bracelets,
fillets, &c., in L. D. iii. 103, and perhaps even
gold itself in L. D. iii. 106) was the traditional
proof of royal favour. Except in special cases
the scene of this presentation is the verandah of
the palace. The building may be altered by
omissions and rearrangement, but the essential
features are always the same, and point unmis-
takably to a single impression on the memory
of the artist (see Part I., pp. 23-25, 41).
Generally only the verandah or only the facade
of the palace is shown, but wherever there is
space some part of the interior is added behind.
In the tombs of Ay, Tutu and No. 7 the whole
complex of the royal establishment is depicted ;
even, in the case of the two first, in duplicate.^
Here the space was desired for the princesses ;
yet the artist has managed to place one of the
' Partially in L. D. iii. 106a (one-half was never cut)
and 109.
store chambers at the top of the picture, and so
indicate the palace interior by sample. Above
the serpent-crowned framing of the balcony are
seen the four columns which support the roof,
and, to the right, the two columns of the porch.
The two doors underneath seem to be the side-
doors of the facade, placed there for conveni-
ence.^ The ascent to the balcony is not shown,
though the doors are some distance from the
ground.
The decorations on the framework of the win-
dow correspond, in the main, to that shown in
I. vi. Divine and royal cartouches and titu-
laries within variegated borders make the sur-
face rich with fine detail and bright colours.
The panel of the front, which is usually filled
by a geometric design (I., vi. ; TIL, xvii.), is here
filled with a characteristic Egyptian design, the
faint ink of which is only partially recoverable.^
In the centre is the sam sign of union. On the
right of it is a clump of the plant of the South,
growing in the fields (or on trellis-work ?) while
on the left, a group of papyrus stems, the plant
of the North, springs from the clods. Some of
the stems grow up straight, others bend over
and meet them flower to flower, and yet others
fetter the necks of captives ; of whom there are
three on each side. The captives bound by the
plant of the North represent races of the North
(three diff'erent types ?). Similarly those on the
right belong to the negro races of the South
(cf. Plate iii.). The design thus combines two
ideas ; the union of the two Bgypts and the
subjection to each of its neighbour races. The
captives walk on tiptoe, whether in indication
of their half-throttled state, or whether, like
Agag, they walk delicately in apprehension of
the worst.
The interest of the royal family in the reward
given to one, Avho as superintendent of the
° The space between has been cut away in ancient
times, as if on account of something objectionable.
3 Of. L. D. iii, 109.
THE TOMB OF MEEYRA II.
37
Queen's houseliold was so well known to them, is
made evident. The King, who from the balcony
hands down the necklaces one by one to Meryra,
receives them from the hands of the Queen ; she,
in her turn, having been supplied with them
by the princesses Merytaten and Meketaten.
Their younger sisters, Ankhes-en-pa-aten,
Nefer-neferu-aten the younger, and Nefer-
neferu-ra are also present.^ Very little exagge-
ration has been shown in the drawing of these
childish figures ; far from being flaccid, they
are notably thickset and sturdy (Plate xlvii.).
The King's sash is richly worked, as in I, xvii.
The ties at his breast seem to indicate some
upper garment too thin or close-fitting to be
represented. The triple sets of armlets which
Ankhes-en-pa-aten wears are only uncommon
because this painted detail has so often perished.
The thick cushion of the balustrade is uphol-
stered in red, with diamonds of blue and another
colour.
In the courtyard of the palace (Plate xxxv.),
one of the outer gates of which is seen in the
right-hand top corner, are assembled the King's
train, two royal chariots, and the indispensable
scribes and attendants of Meryra. This official
himself stands in the porch close under the
balcony, and receives a great double necklace
from the hands of the King to add to the two
which are already upon his neck. Three scribes
are busy making entries of the gifts.^ It will
be noticed that the ancient Egyptian servant,
like the modern fellah, was wont to save his
precious shoes from wear as much as possible,
carrying them with him merely for use when his
foot- soles gave out.
The group . of foreigners (ambassadors ?) is
interesting for the variety of dress and head-
gear which they exhibit. Unfortunately, the
painted detail is imperfectly preserved. The
■t The names are now destroyed : they are completed
in the plate from L. B. Text, it. p. 138.
2 For details of the chariots and trappings see Part I.,
pp. 26, 27.
picture of the bearded Semite with a heavily-
fringed garment wound round and round his
body in graceful folds, and secured round the
waist by a broad girdle into which a hand-
kerchief (?) is tucked, is unmistakable. The
negro tribesmen wear the white jibbeh with red
sashes and belts, or else tunics from which one
or more real or imitated tails dangle. It is
impossible to say if the men in the topmost
register carry weapons or only wands of office.^
The dado (Plate xxxvi.) shows, as usual, the
by-incidents of the scene ; in this case, the
return of Meryra to his home, and his acclama-
tion by the household there. The \o\Yest register
shoAvs Meryra arriving at the gates in his
chariot, his neck laden with the king's bounty.
Men and women have come out to meet him.
The former raise their arms and applaud the
new fortunes of their master ; the latter, form-
ing into a choir, dance, beat cymbals and wave
branches.
Above this is shown the next movement in
the little drama. Meryra has passed through
the gates and, on descending from the chariot, is
again saluted with exuberance by his servants.
Unable to contain themselves, they dance and
shout, and one falls on the ground to kiss his
master's feet. Even the charioteer joins in the
acclaim : the grooms show a more practical
devotion, and are already busy rubbing down
and feeding their charges.
Meanwhile the servants bring the whole
bounty of the king, set out on tables, that
Meryra may see its full extent. It includes a
grand repast, sent from the royal kitchen. The
picture which we gain here of the villa of an
official of Akhetaten is interesting. It is shut
in from the outside world by enclosing walls
and a high gateway, in front of which two trees
have been planted. The space immediately
3 Red hair is observable here and in other tombs, but
I am inclined to think that it is due everywhere to the
disappearance of the black pigment, which generally
fades first and leaves the red of the preparatory sketch.
38
THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
within the gates is pleasantly laid out, date-
palms, alternated Avith shade-giving trees, being
set in rows on both sides of a "J~-shaped tank.
A gateway in a cross- wall (shown in section)
admits to another courtyard, at the back of
which is a small building. The walls carry no
roof, and the gateway also implies an open
enclosure: yet the porch and the contents
within suggest a ceiled room. Behind this
again is seen a fragment of the harem ; whose
occupants, not being permitted to share in the
demonstration outside, are giving themselves to
dancing and mirth within the walls. The
building above represents the main building,
containing the dining-hall. The staff of ser-
vants is cleverly suggested by the house-boy,
who leisurely sprinkles the floor with water
from a jar, and the hatvivab (doorkeeper), who
has nothing to do but lean idly against the
door-cheek and gossip.
4. The Tkibute or the Nations.
East Wall. Plates xxxvii. (comprising Plates xxxviii.-
xl.) and xlvii.
Previous copies are : —
Hay, MSS. 29,814, foil. 47, 48 ; 29,847, fol. 64 (inscrip-
tions).
L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 3 (published in Ami!;linbau,
Sepulture, pi. xcvi., p. 638).
Lbpsius, D. iii. 996 (pavilion only).
The scene on this wall not only is new in kind
and manifestly records an historical event, but a
descriptive note and a date are appended to it.
The one, it is true, is brief and very bald,
and the other too broken to be reliable ; but
fortunately there is in the adjoining tomb a
second, though very differently treated version
of the same or a similar occurrence, the dating
of which is clear, and agrees with what remains
of the numbers here. The inscription is as
follows : — ^
'* Year [twelve, second month of the winter
season, eighth day] of the King of Upper and
' Eeversed by accident in the revised copy on Plate
xxix.
Lower Egypt, living on Truth, Lord of the Two
Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra, Son of the San, living
on Truth, Lord of [Diadems], Akhenaten, great
in his duration, and the great wife of the King,
his beloved, Nefertiti, living for ever and ever.
His Majesty appeared^ on the throne of the
Divine and Sovereign Father, the Aten, Avho
lives on Truth ; and the chiefs of all lands
brought the tribute ^ praying favour
at his hand (?) in order to inhale the breath
of life. The inscription in the tomb of Huya
records the event as the bringing of tribute
from Kharu and Kush (Syria and Ethiopia),
the East and West, and the islands of the
sea ; a description probably more rhetorical
than exact.
The scene is cleverly set out. The King,
drawn to a large scale, sits enthroned in the
middle of the picture, accompanied by his
family. On the right the tribes of the South
(Plate xxxviii.), on the left the nations of the
North (Plate xxxix.), approach the platform
humbly. The dado (Plate xl.), shows the
foreground— the crowd on this side of the
pavilion. The canopied platform on which the
King sits to receive the gifts is similar to several
shoAvn on these tombs, and yet cannot be identi-
fied with any of them (PI. xxxii. ; I. xxxi. ;
IIL xiv.) ; for the light columns here are as
unique as those on the south wall (PI. xxxii.).
They carry a triple capital, formed by the
papyrus, the lotus (?), and the lily, super-
imposed one upon the other in an ungraceful
combination.* The royal pair sit on cushioned
"^ A
" Conjectural reading ^ V
3Eeading (j ^ ^^ || I g^-j ^^ ^
^o"?i.)...."°^Ji^if, ^..
A (9 III r\ /WVAAA
Y^ T « • Ttie word might mean "gift"
I «vwv\ I w ° °
merely, but, in view of the scenes, forced gifts must be
meant.
* The capitals are very roughly out, and their shape is
somewhat indeterminate.
THE TOMB OF MERYEA II.
39
chairs side by side, with their feet resting on
double hassocks. Even at this public appear-
ance before men of foreign nations their atti-
tude to one another is still most amatory. The
Queen has her right arm thrown round her
husband's waist, and her left hand reposes in
his. So much is perceptible ; but the bodies of
both have been almost erased from the hips
upwards in ancient time. As usual, all but the
bare outline of the farther figure was covered
by the nearer.
Six princesses are shown, a number greater
than is found elsewhere. The new comers are
Nefer-neferu-ra, whom we have already seen 'on
the south wall, and Setep-en-ra. The pretty
groups have been injured by timq and ruined by
thieves, but the names and attitudes are pre-
served in several earlier copies and squeezes.^
Meketaten turns her head to her sister, and so
shows us the side without the hanging lock.
Attracted by the smell of a pei'sea- fruit (pome-
granate P) which Ankhes-en-pa-aten is holding
to her nose, she is stretching out her hand for
another which is in her sister's right hand.
Nefer-neferu-aten seems to be holding up a tiny
gazelle, and her sister behind has a similar pet
on her right arm, which Setep-en-i"a is tickling.
Both hold flowers in the other hand. The
diiferent ages of the children is not indicated
by their height or demeanour. As Setep-en-ra
does not appear on the south wall, it may be
that she was born during the decoration of the
tomb, about the fourteenth year of the reign.
Three nurses of the children stand by the side
of the platform.
The titulary of the sun above contains some
indecipherable additions to what is usual (per-
haps " in the great desert of Akhetaten " on the
left).
In front is depicted, in six registers, the
bringing of gifts by negro tribes of the South,
and though the picture does not convey the
' The additions to the plate are from L, D. iii. 99&.
idea of a spontaneous and unforced payment of
tribute, this may be a mistaken impression. In
the topmost register are specimens of the gifts.
On native initiative and artistic impulse, appar-
ently, the tribute of the South was wont to be
made more presentable by the inclusion of set
pieces, which were sometimes very complex and
even, in a barbaric way, picturesque (cf. L. D.
iii. 118). One of the commonest and simplest
methods was to decorate a yoke with skins and
tails of animals, and with rings of gold sus-
pended in long chains or sewn on a foundation
of skin or cloth. These hung from the yoke,
while a row of ostrich feathers adorned the
upper side. One such pole is seen resting on a
stand, and two others are being borne by
negroes.
A second tropliy, of which an example is seen
here, takes the form of a representation of the
dom palm, presumably in precious metal. In
L. B. iii. 118, also, it is set in a basket, but here
the blocks (ingots of silver?) instead of being
built into an elegant pyramid are merely placed
in two rough piles. Behind these trophies are
seen trays holding ingots (?), bags of gold dust,
and rings of gold ; also shields, bows, and
arrows, &c. Below, similar gifts are being pre-
sented by negro chiefs, from Wawat or Mam in
Ethiopia, to judge by their dress (cf. Plate xxxv.
and L. D. iii, 118). Ivory, and the eggs and
feathers of the ostrich, form part of the tribute,
and the Egyptian love of animals is gratified by
the inclusion of tame leopards, a wild ox (P), and
an antelope (?).
In the third and fourth registers we see
prisoners taken in a raid, or perhaps slaves as a
natural item of the tribute. About a dozen
male negroes are being dragged forward by
ropes tied round their necks and fettering the
wrists also. Half that number of women are
being led in the same way, except that their
hands are left free. Each is accompanied by
three or four children, the elder ones led by the
hand, the youngest one or two carried in a
40
THE EO0l<: TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
pannier which rests on the back, but is supported
by a band passing round the forehead. This
seems to have been a custom general among
several tribes (cf. Newberry, Beni Hasan, ii.,
plate xlv. ; Wilkinson, Manners and Customs,
l, p. 272).
The next register exhibits a war-like scene,
but as weapons are absent, it is to be interpreted
as a series of athletic exercises by the troops,
who show their prowess in this more pacific
form. The sports are of three kinds, wrestling,
singlestick, and boxing. In the first competi-
tion, two out of the eight combatants have
thrown their men, who lie helpless on their
backs as dead. Two of the contests are still
being stubbornly disputed, though the victors
can be easily foretold. The execution of these
scenes is very rough, but their vigour is
unmistakable. There are only two rivals in
the fencing, and one of thgm has already re-
ceived a decisive blow on the head. Of the
three sets of boxers, one pair is still struggling
for the victory, but the victors of the other
rounds are already jumping for joy and loudly
proclaiming themselves.
Meanwhile Meryra (?) and four other officials
are humbly ascending the platform to present
themselves to the King. They are followed by
their shade- and fan-bearers, and by others who
may be a select body of the troops which took
part in the expedition, or formed the escort to
the mission. In the midst the street boys give
unrestrained expression, after the manner of
their kind, to their delight at the whole pro-
ceedings (cf 111. xiv. ; L. D. iii. 104). A little
group also shows proleptically the intended
decoration of Meryra with the double necklace.
Honours appear to be reserved for his com-
panions also ; for as many necklaces are dis-
played on stools, and the closed coffer may also
contain something more in the way of reward.
On the left of the platform (Plates xxxix. and
xlvii.) the peoples of the North (our East) are
seen. Those in the six registers immediately
behind arc evidently Syrians, to whom the
Egyptians applied the loose term Retnu.
Nearly all have the bushy hair and full beard,
and the robe wound in several turns round the
body from ancles to neck. Some, however,
have the head shaven, though the beard is long ;
— a type which Professor Petrie classes as
Amorite.
At the top of the picture we see a large part
of the gifts grouped, consisting of those Aveapons
of war which their Syrian campaigns had taught
the Egyptians to prize and use. There are
bows and quivers (?), falchions and daggers (?),
spears, shields, coats of mail (?), and a chariot,
with its two horses. Beneath, we see other
presents in the hands of men of the Retnu.
Three young girls who form part of the tribute
are pushed forward in front, as likely to win
favour for the rest. The kneeling figures in
this and succeeding roAvs show, no doubt, the
leaders of the embassy.^ Among the gifts here
are a metal vase, a casket, an elephant's tusk, a
bow and arrows, and three animals, an antelope,^
an oryx, and a lion. In the next row nine
captives or slaves are led forward by Egyptians :
their hands are fettered by handcuffs. The two
vases shoAvn here may have had ornamental
covers (Hay credits the shorter with a panther's
head), but the state of the wall prevents the
exact forms of the vessels on it being ascertained
Avith accuracy.
The next register seems to shoAv a separate
deputation, perhaps from the land of the
Amorites. Their gift comprises tAvo maidens, a
chariot and pair, and various vases of fine work-
manship, including a mounted trophy Avith the
head of a lioness on the lid. The loAver two
registers may show still another tribe of the
■ These figures often seem to have had their hands
amputated, and though this would be quite credible in
prisoners of war, it is rather to be set down to clumsy
drawing and decay. The wall seems to have suffered
since the early copies were made.
° A stag, according to L'Hote.
THE TOMB OF MERYRA If.
41
Retnu, but there are no means of distinguishing
it. Their gift consists chiefly of vases in fine
metal work. Besides these, there are two ante-
lopes, and a file of slaves, including women and
children.
The enumeration of the tribes of the north
who presented tribute at this time is continued
in the long registers below, perhaps with this
difference, that there is no longer any show of
force, but a much greater likeness to embassies
of peace.
In the topmost of these three rows (PI. xl.)
a small deputation of seven men is seen, who
are clothed simply, and much after the Egyp-
tian fashion. Their offerings are of an equally
simple nature, and clearly from a fertile, but
not a manufacturing land. There are calves (or
calf-shaped metal weights), piles of grain or
incense shoulder-high, which two men are
measuring up, and precious metal (?) formed
into a flattering imitation of the two character-
istic Egyptian structures, the pyramid and the
obelisk. It seems certain from these offerings
that they are sent from the land of Punt,^ its
people being grouped here with the northerners
as a non-negro race.
The next embassy is as plainly that of a
desert population. The eggs and feathers of
the ostrich are all they have to offer. Their
flowing, open mantle, and the side-lock, and the
feather in the hair pi'oclaim them to be Temehu
or Lybians.
While the dress of the remaining nation marks
it out as Syrian, the queue into which the hair
is drawn behind indicates the formidable Kheta
(Hittites ?) of the distant north. So far, how-
ever, from appearing as members of an invading
horde, the elaborate and tasteful metal-work
which they have to offer, as rich no doubt in
material as in form, betokens the highest
civilization.
When we seek a more definite origin for
' Of. ViEETf, Bekhmara, pi. iv.
these vessels by a comparative study of the
metal-work of Syria we find it a difl&cult task,
though vessels of similar types are often seen
on Egyptian monuments.^ They are generally
attributed there to the Retnu, a term which at
its loosest could cover all Syria ; for to the
Egyptians, as to us, these racial names Avere
largely only rough geographical distinctions.
The vase, adorned by. a bounding bull, as well
as that in which the full-faced head of a bull
with a disc between the horns forms the cover,
is seen in the tribute of Rameses III. at Karnak,
where they are attributed to the Retnu. Hit-
tites, however, are seen to be included there
under this name. In the tomb of Rekhmara,
where a more careful classification is to be
looked for, the finely-chased vases with richly
ornamented rims are put in the hands both of
the Keftiu (Cretans ?) and of the Retnu ; but
the use of animals, or animals' heads, as orna-
ments, and the more elaborate creations, are
assigned to the Keftiu. Amongst them are
pieces which are almost duplicates of the heads
of the ox and the lioness found in our picture.
The long-necked lipped jug here brought by
the Kheta is carried both by Keftiu and Retnu
elsewhere.
Where, then, was the centre of this cultured
manufacture ? The answer may be supplied
by a scene in a Theban tomb,^ Avhere the chiefs
of the Kheta, the Keftiu, Kedesh and Thenpu
(probably Tunip, a city which in Akhenaten's
time was in the hands of the Kheta), are present-
ing vases very similar to those shown here. " A
sculptor " follows the chief of Tunip, carrying
a piece of plate. He wears the dress of the
Keftiu, and most of the men who follow, bearing
vases, are of the same nationality. A few
^ See I. xxxi. ; Peteie, History, ii., pp. 109.123, &c. ;
Peisse, Histoire de L'Art iSgyptien, ii. plates 73-78;
EosELLiNi, Mon. Civ., plates Ivii., Iviii., Ixii. ; L. D. iii.
115, 116 ; Mission Frangaise, v., plate iv.
2 ViEEY, Mission Frangaise, pp. 202-205. The semi-
publication of these tombs is to bs deplored.
42
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
resemble in face and dress " the chief of the
Kheta " there shown ; but he does not show the
peculiar Hittite face or garb. From this and
other evidence we might gather that the country
of the Keftiu was the home of the craft, and
that the neighbouring nations, the Hittites,
Retnu, and others imported these splendid pro-
ducts, and perhaps even learned to imitate the
less elaborate forms ; so that it was as much by
their agency as by direct trade with the Keftiu
that they were introduced into Egypt.^ The
recent discoveries in Crete render this hy-
pothesis extremely likely by pointing to that
island as the home of the Keftiu.
There is no reason, then, why such vases
should not be found in the hands of the Kheta,
though it is just possible that our artist has
erroneously drawn Hittites for Keftiu ; for the
Hittites, by reason of distance, are less likely to
have sent tribute, and while they are not named
or seen in the tomb of Huya, the people of
" the islands of the sea " there named are not
depicted.
The remaining groups on the wall do not
form part of the embassies, but are Egyptian.
Below, i.e. on this side of the royal pavilion, is
ranged a large body of troops. The six men
drawn up in line in front show, perhaps, the
number of files, but of these only two are
actually depicted. They are curiously armed.
Some men of the first file are dressed in the
short tunic of the Egyptians, and carry a long
staff curved at the upper end, and a battle-axe.
Two feathers are worn in the hair. Others
wear a longer tunic and carry only a javelin or
curved staff. The hair is worn short and a
ribbon attached to the back of the head. The
men of the second file carry a spear and a hooked
staff alternately.^ As the curved staff is a
^ In the interesting fresco shown by Daeessy, Bevue
Arch. 1895, p. 286, a ship bringing vases of these shapes,
including a dish with a walking bull on the cover, is
manned by men in the dress of the Eetnu.
^ Of. ViEBY, Tomheau de Pehsuker, p. 296.
Bedawi weapon, according to Wilkinson,^ Ave
probably have here the troops who have escorted
the embassies into Egypt.
The two palanquins of the King and Queen
rest beside the platform. They take the form
of state-chairs, each of them carried by two
strong poles. Sphinxes bearing the head and
crowns of the King of the two Egypts, serve as
arm-rests, and the chair is guarded on each side
by the carved figure of a walking lion. The
floor on which the creature stands is attached
to the poles before and behind by a uaz column,
and, in the King's larger chair, by the figure of
a kneeling captive also.
Here we meet also the personal attendants of
the King, his censing priest, his servants, whose
backs are loaded and hands full of all that
he may call for, and the police. The two
royal chariots wait in front of the platform,
gaped at by a little crowd. Here also is the
military escort, and several servants who bring
forward, for sacrifice or feasting, bouquets, fowl,
and three stalled oxen, whose misshapen hoofs
show their fat condition.
It has been made a severe reproach against
Akhenaten that by sheer indolence or incapacity
he let slip all the conquests that his ancestors
had won in Syria. But his policy might be
given a very different aspect ; for it is clear that
a firm hold on Syria, and the compulsion of a
heavy tribute, could only be obtained at the
cost of repeated military expeditions on the
largest scale and in face of enormous risks.
That the priesthood at Thebes had reaped the
largest advantage from such a policy was little
likely to recommend it to Akhenaten, who well
knew that there was a method of diplomacy also,
which, by preventing a confederation of the
Syrian peoples against Egypt, secured to her
a supremacy of a less vainglorious sort, and a
tribute which, though moderate in amount, was
still of considerable value and much less provo-
3 Manners and Customs, iii. p. 218.
THE TOMB OF MERYRA II.
43
cative. The Tell el Amarna letters may not
give us a high idea of the skill or spirit with
which this policy was carried out by Akhenaten ;
yet it seems to have been fairly successful till
towards the end of the reign. The nations
may have " saved their face " by paying tribute
in the form of gifts for which they pretended to
expect a full exchange, and their rulers adopted
an attitude which to us seems intolerable in
vassals. Nevertheless, so long as the gifts were
sent, Egypt prudently took her revenge in the
same cheap form, and with an exaggerated
assumption of overlordship, spared her depend-
ent States no humiliation in her chronicles.
We should probably then be equally wrong in
taking this pictorial record as a faithful mirror
of Egypt's foreign relations at this date, or as
an elaborate falsehood without any real basis
in fact.
There is no sufficient ground for refusing to
believe that at this time the nations here
represented made a formal acknowledgment of
Egypt's suzerainty by valuable gifts,^ or even
that the Kheta, who were already feeling their
strength, veiled their hostile intentions under a
guise of humility. We may be even more sure,
however, that the most has been made of it here,
and should be chary of accepting to the full the
construction put upon it.
Although it is given the aspect of a payment
of tribute in due course, the depiction of the
scene in these tombs alone shows that it was
exti'aordinary, and that its presence here is
' Dr. Budge's assertion in his History iv. p. 204, that
the embassy from Dushratta, King of Mitani, arrived
with presents " in the first month of winter in the twelfth
year of the reign," would be of great interest in this
connection, were it authoritative. But the date on the
tablet in question is broken. The fractured number, the
statement that " the court was in the Southern Capital "
(Thebes), and the contents of the letter, all speak
for the year 2, not 12. This early date in Akhenaten's
reign is itself important. I am obliged to Dr. Schaefer,
of the Berlin Museum, for a copy of the fragment.
much less due to any part Meryra or Huya had
in it than to the stir which it caused. It may
have been that missions from such widely
separated regions as Coele- Syria, Ethiopia and
Punt met by chance in Egypt, and that the
opportunity was taken for a parade of Egypt's
greatness. Or, late as it was, it may have been
the first time that Akhenaten was able to con-
vince the nations that he was firmly seated on
the throne of his fathers, and to arrange an
exhibition of loyalty. Or, not unlikely, it was
the result of timely military demonstrations on
the N. and S. frontiers. The promptitude and
the liberality with which the tribute was paid
by many tribes probably always depended on
such significant hints. Even if we regard the
prisoners in these scenes as slaves, not captives
of war, the military sports suggest that there
had been some such expedition on the S.
frontier at least. But whether the inducement
to bring tribute was more warlike or diplo-
matic, Meryra seems to have taken a leading
part in it. Some unnamed official at any rate
is being rewarded, and we may hope that
Akhenaten had this excuse for making a
political event so prominent in the eternal house
of his servant i
5. Meryea rewarded by King Se-aa-ka-ra.
North Wall : East side. Plate xli.
Previous copies are : —
Hat, MSS. 29847, foil. 63, 64.
L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 14 (partial).
Lbpsius, D. iii. 99, a (partial).
Pbissb, Monuments JSgyptiens, p. 3 (cartouches).
The unfinished picture on this wall seems to
reflect the troubles which gathered round the
new capital in the later years of the reign
or upon the death of Akhenaten. Hastily
executed, or left in the rough ink-sketch, the
figures of the King and Queen, with the
familiar cartouches of Akhenaten and Nefertiti
replaced by those of Merytaten their daughter
44
THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMABNA.
and her husband, Aukh-kheperu-ra/ the in-
terrupted project speaks of events, actual or
menacing, in which leisured art could have
no place. It is somewhat difficult to decide
whether the design as well as the cartouches
belong to Se-aa-ka-ra's reign, and whether,
therefore, these figures represent Akhenaten
and his wife or their successors on the throne.
In the absence of sufficient grounds of suspicion,
we must assume that the whole belongs to the
reign, or at least to a co-regency of the new
King. Yet it is not obvious why not even one
small design should be completed by him, or
why the sun and the royal pair should be left
untouched. The cartouches seem somewhat
large and clumsy in comparison with the rest of
the inscription, but the execution of the whole
also is very different from that of the other
Avails. (We cannot object to there being two
scenes of the rewarding of Meryra ; because
that occurs in the neighbouring tomb, and there
is, therefore, even a presumption in favour of
it.) It might be put forward as a plausible
theory that the King's sculptors were called
away to work in the tomb of Meketaten, and
returned later to complete the scenes. But the
execution of the work coincided with an illness
of the King, which threatened to prove fatal,
and under the circumstances the royal cartouches
and figures were not proceeded with ; then,
"^ These cartouches have been removed by thieves, only
the Queen's cartouche surviving. For the King's we
must have recourse to the four copies, which unfortunately
give as many readings for the personal name. There is
little doubt, however, that the reading of Lbpsius, Se-
aa-ka-ra — zeser-kheperu (D. Text, ii., p. 138), must be
adopted, as the others are only imperfect readings of
this. A squeeze exists among the papers of L'Hote
(Papiers, xviii. 1), and though the third sign is broken,
CM is much the most satisfactory reading. It appears
that the state of the cartouche was due to time and rough
cutting, not to mutilation, and that it was fairly legible
to a practised eye. The two rings of this King (Peteie,
T. A. pi. XV.) cannot shake this evidence, since each
suggests a different hieroglyph. The cartouche of the
Queen is set a little too high up in the Plate.
Avhen the apprehension concerning the King
was justified, the cartouches of his successor
were hastily inserted as a date ; though events,
or the disinclination of the new King, stopped
any further progress with the tomb. The
burial shafts were never made, and Meryra's
hopes of a splendid interment here shared the
general ruin. The roughly sketched figures of
of the King and Queen, the ink of which is now
almost invisible,^ stand under the radiating sun
in the centre of the picture. Behind them is
the palace and before them their faithful palace
official, with his friends and attendants. A part
of the group has been removed by the formation
of a recess here at a later date. Meryra is
standing on a stool, or uf)borne by his friends
with officious care, to receive the guerdon of
golden necklaces from the king. His breast is
already covered Avith these marks of royal
favour ; and it was no doubt a wise proceeding
on the part of the new monarch to make sure of
the devotion of an official so influential in the
royal harem.
D.- — The Religious Texts.
The Longer Peayees.
1. (Thickness of Outer Wall. East side. Plate xxx.)
"When thou settest alive' [the Earth]* worships
thee. West and East give praise to thee, Ea-Aten,
who givest life for ever and ever. Thy setting, O Thou
that livest upon Truth, is They raise
shouts to the height of heaven at seeing Akhetaten which
Ea made for his son, ' He who lives on Truth.' He
gives him rule over all countries on which the sun
shines. He transmits to him all the circuit ^ that he
may gladden his heart therewith " They are
' All existing lines were traced and included in the
plate, though many of them must be false lines and
the figure restored on them somewhat of a travesty.
2 In contrast to the idea of a sun that dies at setting.
* Conjecturing " ,
5 I.e. the land traversed by the sun. Eead shenewt
(from a squeeze, L'Hote, Papiers, xviii. 1.).
° Cf . Plate xxxvi. and I. xh.
THE TOMB OP MERYRA II.
under the feet of Ua-en-ra, beloved like the Aten, who
shall live (?) until the ocean goes on foot, and until the
mountains rise up to travel by land and water, ' the good
ruler of the Aten. Thou art the Aten. 3 He
appoints as thy boundaries, the Southern
the breezes, thy Northern (boundaries ?) as far as Aten
shines. It is thy strong arm that protects the Two Lands,
thy valour that makes the rehhyt to live; Ua-en-ra, be-
loved like Aten, great (in his duration ?)
"The royal Scribe and Superintendent of the royal
harem, the Steward Meryra, maakheru."
2. ("West side of same. Plate xxxi.)
" [Aten] lord of love, who bare, him
do thou grant his duration like thy duration
in of the giving of the Lord of (?) Eternity
and Everlastingness in all herds and flocks
that go upon four feet, led to the temple of Aten, the
Aten has ordained them for ' Him who is great in his
duration,' the great and good Nile-god of [the people]
..,'..,■. grant his duration among the living
[until] my' coming [with] reward in peace. Ordain for
him his mansion of [eternity] in the great cliff of
Akhetaten,- as (for) a favourite of the King.
Eor the ka of the Steward, the Superintendent of the
Treasury, the Superintendent of the royal harem of the
great wife of the King [mistress of the Two Lands]
Nefertiti, who lives for ever and ever, the royal Scribe,
Meryra, viaakheru."
' Cf. III. xxix. (L'HoTE, Papiers, iii. 287 ; Bubton,
Excerpta, plate vii.)
- Prom this point cf. III. xxix.
2 It should be "his," but the scribe has followed the
formula of the E. architrave (Plate xxxvi.).
A Shoeteb Peayeh.
(Outer jamb. W. side. Plate xxix).
"I give praises to the Euler (?). He sets on the
Western horizon of heaven. May he give pleasant airs
to the Ea of the royal Scribe, the Superintendent of the
royal harem of the great wife of the King, Nefertiti,
living for ever and ever."
Aechiteave Insceiptions.
1. (West Architrave. Plate xxxvi).
"A Seten dy hetep of the living Aten who illumines
the Two Lands with his beauty. He dawns to give
life to all the circuit, Aten, fair of forms, radiant with
colour. Eyes have life at sight of his beauty ; hearts
have health when he shines for them. May he give
the pleasant airs of the north wind, the milk which
appears oh the altar, all kind of offerings, all kind of
vegetables, bread (?), beer (?), and food at (?) all thy
shrines, everything good and sweet, for the ka of the
Superintendent of the harem= of the King, the royal
scribe and steward Meryra, maakheru in Akhetaten."
2. East Architrave.
"Praise to thy ka, Nefer-kheperu-ra, the good ruler
beloved of Aten, the great Nile-god of the whole land,
at sight of whom they (i.e. the people) have life, Ua-en-
ra beloved like Aten. Every day Ea giveth unto thee,
whenever he dawneth, hundreds of thousands of sed-
festivals. Aten protects his offspring. Thou art his son,
' He who lives upon Truth.' He delegates to thee all his
circuit to gladden thy heart therewith. Grant that my
life may be with happiness, and that I may see thy
beauty until my arrival at the mansion which I have
made in the great cliff of Akhetaten for the ka of the
royal. Scribe Meryra."
46
INDEX.
Abneba ....
. 28
Bats ....
9, 34
Ahmes, tomb of
2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20
Benben, the
. 20, 24
26
, 27, 28, 31, 32
Akhenaten (see also Eoyal)
. 5, 6, 26, 34, 43, 44
Birds in Coptic designs .
. 12
,, daughters of .
. 6, 7, 28
,, pendant from capitals
. 35
,, foreign policy of
. 42, 43
Blind choir
. 25
,, foreign marriage of
. 15
Bouquets ....
. 14, 17
19
23, 28, 29, 34
,, his prominence in the scenes . 18, 34, 43
Brickwork
. .1,4
,, prayers to
16, 26, 30, 31, 32, 45
Budge, Dr.
. 43
,, statues of .
24, 25, 27
Bull's tail as ornament
. 14
Akhetaten, ruins of .
5, 6, 22, 26, 27
Burial pits
. 3, 11, 33
Altars ....
6, 20, 23, 24, 26, 28
,, on surface
. 5
Ambassadors
16, 38, 41
,, shafts
2, 5, 33, 45
Ambulatory of temple
. 21
,, vaults
2, 7, 10, 11
Amelineau, M. .
13, 17, 28, 34, 36, 38
Burton ....
. 13
Amenhetep III .
. 13, 15
Amorites ....
. 41
Cairns ....
. 5
Animals .....
18, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42
Captives depicted
37, 40, 41
Ankh-es-en-pa-aten, Princess
. 20, 36, 37, 39
Cartouches of Ea-Aten, form ol
. 7
Ankh-Kheperu-ra, King .
. 44
,, as ornaments .
. 13
Any, tomb of . ,
. 6
Ceiling vaulted .
. 2, 3, 38
Apse, Coptic
9, 11, 12
,, designs .
. 11
Apy, tomb of .
. 6
Cement pavements .
. 4
Artists ....
. 6, 8, 11, 35, 36, 37, 42
Censing ....
13, 14, 19, 43
Atef crown
. 14
Chamberlain, office of
. 36
Aten, cartouches of .
7, 15
" Chancellor of the North "
. 29, 30
,, Chief Servitor of . 16,
17, 20, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
Chariots ....
16-20, 37, 38, 43
,, determinative of
. 31
"Chief Servitor of Aten " .
. 16,
17,
20, 28, 29, 31
,, dualism in worship of
. 15
Christianity, relations with
15, 17, 19
,, high -priest of .
8,20
Chronology of the tombs .
5, 6, 7, 45
„ offerings to 13, 14, 17, 19
. 20, 22-27, 31, 32, 42, 45
Cist-tomb ....
. 5
,, prayers to 2, 15, 16, 17,
19, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 44,
Colonnaded court, plan of .
. 23, 24
45
Columns ....
. 7-12,33
„ styled " Father " .
. 2, 15, 38
,, representation of
10,
22,
23, 24, 35, 38
,, temple of.
. 16, 18, 20-28
Coptic emblems
12, 13
,, worship of . . .
8, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20
,, designs
. 12, 19
Avenue in desert
. 6
,, place of worship .
4, 9, 11, 12
Axe-head ....
. 5
,, saint . . . .
. 12
Ay, tomb of ... .
. 6, 13, 14, 36
Copts, mutilations by
Corniced walls represented
9,17
21, 22, 24, 25
Baketaten ....
. 7
Corrections of scenes
. 18
Balcony
. 16, 22, 36, 37
Corridor-type of tombs .
. 2,7,33
INDEX.
47
Crete, evidence from
Cups for holding jars
Date, record of
Deir Eifeh
Dress . . 13, 14, 16, 18, 28,
Dushratta, King
Dwarfs ....
Dy hetep seieii formula
Ethiopia ....
Excavation, methods of .
False doors
Females, importance given to
Elagstaffs of temple .
Flowers as offerings .
,, as decorations.
Foreign relations of Egypt
Gateways, contruction of .
Glass as decoration .
Graffiti .
Harness .
Hatshepsut, Queen .
Hawata .
Hawk, the solar
Hay, Eobert ... 9, 15,
Hittites .
Horses, drawing of .
Hostages .
" House of Eejoicing "
" House of the Propitiation of Aten "
Houses on the hillside
. 42
. 3, 4, 10
38, 44
4, 12
36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42
. 43
. 13, 14
15, 31, 46
39, 40, 44
. . 2,3
9, 11
. 28
. 22
. 14, 17, 19, 23
15, 23, 29, 34, 38
. 15, 42, 43, 44
. 22
. 12
4, 12, 16, 19, 33, 35
. 18, 37
. 14
. 5
. 12, 14
16, 28, 34, 38, 41, 44
. 42
18, 34
. 16
26, 27, 28
. 27
• 1, 2, 4
Huya, tomb of .
Ink sketches
Intimate of the King
Ka of the King
Keftiu
Kharu
Kheta
Kush
6, 7, 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 39, 42, 44
. 16, 33, 36, 37, 43
19, 29
. 29, 30, 31, 46
42
39
42, 43
39
Lamps . . ... 2, 4, 19, 20, 36
Lepsius, E. . .1, 2, 13, 15, 17, 28, 34, 36, 38, 44
Letters, Tell el Amarna 1 5, 43
L'Hote, Nestor 9, 11, 13, 15-20, 28, 34, 35, 36, 38, 44
Lybians 18, 42
Mahu, tomb of
May, the scribe
Meketaten, Princess
Meryra ii.
. . 6,7,17
. 27
7, 8, 35, 36, 37, 45
. 8, 20, 29
„ tomb of 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 29,
33,34
Merytaten, Princess . . 13, 16, 25, 26, 36, 37, 44
Mitani 15, 44
Musicians .... 17, 20, 24, 25, 36, 38
Mut 15
Mutilations, ancient 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 36,
39,44
modern 11, 12, 33, 34
Nefer-neferu-aten, Princess
Nefer-neferu-ra, Princess .
Nefertiti, Queen (see also Eoyal)
,, ,, family relations of
,, ,, laudation of
,, ,, prayers to
Negroes ....
Newberry, Mr. J.
Nezemet-mut, Princess
7, 16, 37, 39
. 37, 39
25, 30, 45
13, 14, 15
. 13, 14
16, 26, 31, 32
16, 18, 28, 37, 38, 40
. viii
6, 7, 13, 14, 15
Paint, use of
Palace, the
Palanquin
Pavilions depicted
Pentu, tomb of .
Petrie, Professor
8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 28, 34, 37
18, 20, 36, 37, 38, 45
43
. 6, 35, 39, 42
. 2, 6, 7, 8, 17, 20, 28, 29
. 4, 5, 6, 25, 41
Pilasters H
Plaster, use of 11, 12, 19, 34
Police 15, 18, 19, 20, 42
Portico, mode of showing. . . . 22, 23, 25
Portraiture . . . . . . . 17, 28
Pottery 4.
Prayers . . 2, 3, 13, 14, 16, 19, 29-32, 33, 34, 45
Priest, High ......
„ "Second"
Princesses (see Eoyal Family and names)
Prisse d' Avenues .....
Proverbs of Ptahhotep ....
Punt, land of
Pylons, entrance .....
Quarries
Ea (see also Aten) .....
Eames, tomb of .....
Eecesses in walls
Eekhmara, tomb of .
Bekhyt, the
•
H,
20
29
34,
35,
44
29
.
41,
44
21,
22,
25,
26
. . . 4,5
15, 30, 44
6
2, 3, 4, 12, 17, 33, 34, 44
42
. 13,45
48
INDEX.
Eelations of deceased pictured
Eetnu, the
Eeward of officials, the
Eibbons, use of
Eoads in desert
Eoman remains
" Eoyal acquaintance "
Eoyal Family at home
,, „ receiving tribute
,, „ rewarding officials
„ ,, visits the temple .
,, „ worships Aten
"Scribe"
,, statues .
,, tomb
Eudu, tomb of .
Euins of Akhetaten .
Scenes, lack of variety of
,, re-use of
Schaefer, Dr. .
Sculpture, character of
Se-aa-ka-ra, King
" Servitor of the Lord of the two Lands
Seten dy hetep prayer
Setep-en-ra, Princess
" Shade of Ea "
Site of tombs
Slaves depicted
Soldiers .
Sports, military.
Stairways . . • • 2, 4,
Staples
Statues
Stelae
"Steward"
Stone, condition of .
. 28
. 41, 42
16, 36, 38, 41, 45
. 35, 36
. 5
. 4
19, 29
34, 35
. 38
16, 36, 37, 40, 44
18, 20
13, 14, 17, 19
. 45
, 22, 24, 25, 26
6, 7, 20, 25
. 3
5, 6, 22, 26, 27
20, 36
11, 18, 20, 38
. 43
11, 34, 40
. 44
. 29
15, 31, 46
. 39
26, 27
1-5, 9, 38
40, 41
17, 18, 20, 40, 43
. 40
7, 10, 11, 12, 23, 36, 40
. . .. .3,4
9, 11, 22, 24, 25, 27, 34
1, 4, 5, 6, 24, 26, 27
. 45, 46
. 1, 10, 33
Stone, walls of piled ....
" Superintendent of the granary of Aten
" Superintendent of the oxen of Aten "
" Superintendent of the royal harem "
" Superintendent of the treasury " .
Syria, policy regardiag
Syrians depicted
T-shaped tombs
Tanks
Technique
Temple (see Aten)
,, divisions of
Temples of Akhetaten
Tomb No. 7
Tombs 1a, 1b
„ 3a-p
,, 6a-c
, , scattered
,, as dwellings
,, southern group of
Trenches in floor
Tribute, articles of
,, of Eameses III
Tutu, tomb of .
Tyi, Queen
Ua-en-ra
Union, symbol of
Vases depicted .
Villas pictured .
Weapons .
Weidenbach
Wilkinson
Windows .
2, 4
. 16, 29
. 16, 29
. 45, 46
. 45
. 43-
16, 18, 37, 41, 42, 44
. 2, 3, 7
22, 23, 24, 38
. 11, 34
21, 26, 27
26, 27, 28
7,36
. 3, 6, 7
2,7
1,2
3,4
1, 2, 3, 4, 33
6, 7, 9, 11, 20
2, 3
40, 41, 42
. 42
. 6, 7, 14, 26
5, 15, .26, 27, 28
3, 19, 28, 30, 45, 46
. 10, 37
. 41, 42
21, 25, 38
. 18, 19, 41, 43
. 34, 35
. 40, 43
. 1, 2, 16, 17, 22, 37
rUINTXS UY GILBERT AND BIVINUTON LIMITED, ST. JOHN'S HOIISK, CLKRESNWELL, E.G.
PLATES.
NOTE.
An index to the passages in the text which are explanatory of the several plates
will be found on page vii.
El Amarna II.
GEf
Brick [ilatforr
SSo
Plate I.
lO SMALL PAINTED PAVEflENT
El Amarna II.
TOMB OF PANEHESY-PLAN.
Plate II.
Scale -i-
100
El Amarna II.
TOMB OF PANEHESY-SECTIONS, Etc.
Plate III.
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El Amarna II.
PANEHESY-JAMBS OF ENTRANCE DOOR.
Plate VI.
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El Amarna II.
PANEHESY-
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Plate VII.
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Plate VIII
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Pattern D (Ceiling of Entrance)
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Pattern A (Soffit of Architrave).
CEILING DESIGNS. Scale i
Plate IX.
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El Amarna II.
PANEHESY-
T
PANEHESY DE(
, W. SIDE.
Plate X.
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THE KING.
El Amarna II.
PANEHESY-S, WaI
WES
SEMili\l*3
Scale ;
EAST
REGISTERS.
Plate XI
:7vi
TT
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Scale i
THE ROYAL FAMIl
kLL, E. siut.
Plate XII.
q
tf
p
ERING TO THE SUN.
El Amarna II.
PANEHi
THE ROYAl
Scale ■
Plate XIII.
DRIVING OUT.
El Amarna II.
PANEHESY-EAST WALL.
PLATE XIV.
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THE PALACE.
El Amarna II.
PANEHESY-EAST WALL.
Plate XV.
A PRINCESS AND HER TRAIN.
Scale X
El Amarna II.
PANEHE5
Seale-ju
THE KING AND QUE
PLATE XVI.
THEIR CHARIOTS.
El amarna II.
PANEHESY-E. WALL.
Plate XVII.
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THE ESCORT.
El Amarna II.
PANE
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THE TEMI
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PLATE XVIII.
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Plate XIX.
T
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El Amarna II.
PANEHESY-N. WALL.
Plate XX.
COPTIC
APSE
Scale -
THE KING AND QUEEN WORSHIPPING {Coptic overlay).
El Amarna It.
PANEHESY-N. DOOR.
Plate XXI.
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Ceiling Inscriptions.
El Amarna II,
PANEHESY-INNER THICKNESS.
Plate XXII.
Scale
PANEHESY.
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EXTERIORS.
Plate xxiv.
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El Amarna II.
SMALLER TOMBS.
Plate XXV.
Tomb 6 b.
Tombs 6, 6 c.
Stela J.
El Amarna II.
TOMB OF PANEHESY.
PLATE XXVI.
North Wall and Columns.
North Wall.
El Amarna II.
TOMB OF PANEHESY.
PLATE XXVII.
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TOMB OFMERYRA II.
Plate XXVIII.
Transverse Section on A.B.
Transverse Section on CD.
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Scale ^
Plan.
El Amarna II.
MERYRA ll.-FRAGMENTS.
Plate XXIX.
West Column— East Face.
Inscription— E. Wall.
Scale
Unclearotl rubtr'w
R75>
Facade— Elevation.
Fragment— Outer Jamb.
El Amarna II.
MERYRA II, E. THICKNESS.
PLATE XXX.
Scale |l
HYMN TO THE SETTING SUN.
El Amarna II.
MERYRA II, W. THICKNESS.
Plate XXXI.
Seale J
MERYRA ADORING THE SUN.
El Amarna II.
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III III III IIT
El Amarna II.
MERYRA ll-SOUTH WALL, EAST SIDE.
Plate XXXIII.
Scale i-
13
THE REWARD OF MERYRA.
El AMARNa II.
MERYRA
•---:^
VALL. E. SIDE.
Plate XXXIV.
'Axxx nnd
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MERYRA ll-S.
Plate XXXir.
_L, E. SIDE.
Plate XXXV.
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El Amarna II.
MERYRA II
Scale I
[\f\[\\
MERYR/s
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Scale 1
EAS'
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Plate XXXVI.
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El Amarna II.
MERYR/
Seale i
i4
THE PRESEN1
NALL.
Plate XXXVII.
F TRIBUTE.
El Amarna II.
MERYRA
?::
te
^i o
a
OOQ9
THE TRIBUTE OF THE SOI
Scale i
EAST WALL.
Plate XXXVIII.
IW
/.
'3 »>%#M%!5%}
^ I ^^SMfe^ ^
■H BROUGHT TO THE KING.
El Amarna II.
MERYRA II, EAST WALL.
Plate XXXIX.
^/- V
if' "I
<3
El Amarna II.
MERYRA
\
/
'fw ;c\L L-\^ In.^ -^^
_i^
_i»>"i
L
Scale '■
LOWER
ikst wall.
Plate XL.
ISTERS.
El Amarna II.
MERYRA
MERYRA REW
'Icalc i
E. SIDE.
Plate XLI.
Missing Cartouches from L.D. III. :
THE KING.
El Amarna II.
TOMBS 1A, 1B. Etc.
Plate XLII.
^-"^"^^,
''''''''^^:e^^,,^.-,,,,,,,,,^,,,,y,,M,.,,,,/ at^^^-«^^-ai
Section,
Section.
Plan.
lO '9 7
/? 'U ^l
IW ^„ tt_#
Inscription on Facade.
Elevation
Elevation
Tomb 1a.
Scale i
P6
Tomb "SA
Scale i-
-180
Rubble Walls outside Tombs 3a-e.
El Amarna II.
TOMBS 3a, 3c, 3d.
Plate XLIII.
Plan.
Elevation
Tomb 3d.
Longitudinal Section
Tomb 3a.
Plan.
Elevation
Section on A.B.
Tomb 3c.
Scale L
El Amarna II.
TOMBS 3b, 3e, 6c.
Plate XLIV,
a
'M
Section on A.B.
Tomb 6c.
Plan.
Tomb 3e. Elevation
Elevation. Tomb Sb.
Plan.
Scale ,
Section of Ceiling on A.B.
Tomb 3b.
Section of Ceiling on CD
El Amarna II.
TOMBS 3f and 6b.
Plate XLV.
Tomb 6b, Plan,
Scale i
Tomb 3f, Plan.
El Amarna II.
TOMB OF MERYRA II.
Plate XLVI.
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El Amarna II.
TOMB OF MERYRA II.
PLATE XLVII.
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0.
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