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THE ART OF MUSIC

The Art of Music

A Comprehensive Library of Information
for Music Lovers and Musicians

Editor-in-Chief

DANIEL GREGORY MASON

Columbia University

Associate Editors
EDWARD B. HILL LELAND HALL

Harvard University Past Professor, Univ. of Wisconsin

Managing Editor
CESAR SAERCHINGER

Modem Music Society of New York

In Fourteen Volumes

Profusely Illustrated

NEW YORK
THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF MUSIC

THE ART OF MUSIC: VOLUME TWELVE

A Dictionary- Index
of Musicians

Depabtment Editors:

FREDERICK H. MARTENS

MILDRED W. COCHRAN

W. DERMOT DARBY

BOOK II.
M-Z

NEW YORK
THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF MUSIC

Copyright, 1917, by

THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF MUSIC, lao.

[All Bights Reserved]

DICTIONARY-INDEX
OF MUSICIANS

BOOK a

DICTIONARY -INDEX OF MUSICIANS

M

Mabelllnl

MABKIililNI, Teodnlo (1817-1897):
b. Pistoja, d. Florence, where he stud-
led and prod, an opera, Matilda di To-
ledo, 1836. He also lived there and be-
came famous as opera composer, as
well as director of the Philharmonic
Society, court conductor and professor
at the Royal School of Music. He was
a pupil of Mercadante in Novara. His
operas include Rolla (1840), Ginevra
degli Almieri (1841), II conte di La-
vagna (1843), / Veneziani a Constanti-
rKfpoli (1844), Maria di Francia (1846),
II venturiero (1851), // convito di
Baldassere (1852), Fiametta (1857).
He also wrote oratorios, cantatas,
hymns, and many vocal works for the
church, including masses, a Requiem,
psalms, motets, etc.

MACABRVHr, troubadour. Ref.: I.
211.

McCORlHACK, John (1884- ): b.
Athlone, Ireland; operatic tenor; stud-
led with Sabbatini in Milan; first prize
at Feis Ceoil, Dublin (1904) ; operatic
d^but as Turiddu in Cavalleria Rusti-
cana (London, 1907) ; first New York
appearance with Tetrazzini in Rigoletto;
has sung with Metropolitan, Chicago-
Philadelphia, and Chicago Grand Opera
companies, and on concert tours with
extraordinary success. Ref.: Vf. 158.

Mccormick, HaroU: contemp.
American musical patron. Ref.: por-
trait, IV. 172.

McCOY, William J. (1848- ): b.
Crestline, Ohio; American composer,
resident in California, wrote music for
pageants ('Midsummer High Jinks,'
•Forest Festival'), also an opera,
*Egypt'; choral works, chamber music,
piano pieces, songs, etc., and a book
on 'Cumulative Harmony.' Ref.: IV.
396f.

MacCVNN, Hamlsh (1868- ): b.
Greenock, Scotland; studied under
Parry at the Royal College of Music;
conductor of the Hampstead Cons. Or-
chestral Society (1892), the Carl Rosa
Opera Co. (1898-99); the Moody-Man-
ners Opera Co. (1900-1), Savoy Theatre
(1902-4), Lyric Theatre (1904*7). His
compositions include the operas
'Jeanie Deans' and 'Diarmid and
Ghrini'; a musical-comedy, 'The Golden
Girl,' 'The Wreck of the Hesperus,' a
dramatic ballad for chorus and orches-
tra; cantatas, overtures, songs, compo-
sitions for violin and piano and 'cello
and piano, etc. Ref.: III. 425f.

McEwen

MacDGWEIili, Bldward Alexander

(1861-1908): b. New York, d. there;
studied piano with Bultrago, Desver-
nine and Teresa Carreiio in New York;
later at Paris Cons, with Marmontel;
also theory with Savard. At Frank-
fort Cons, he studied piano with Hey-
mann and composition with Raff. He
became teacher of piano at Darmstadt
Cons. (1881-82), lived in Wiesbaden
until 1888 and then in Boston, Mass.,
until 1896, when he was appointed
professor of music at Columbia Univ.,
New York. M.'s compositions include
'Hamlet' and 'Ophelia,' two poems for
full orchestra; 'Lancelot and Elaine,'
symphonic poem; 'Lamia,' symphonic
poem; 'Roland,' symphony; Suite No.
1 for full orchestra; 'In October,' sup-
plement to first suite; Second (Indian)
Suite for orch. ; songs for male chorus
and mixed chorus; for piano 2 con-
certos, 2 suites, 4 sonatas, a prelude
and fugue, an ttnde de Concert, idylls,
sketches and other compositions; also
numerous solo songs. M. spent his
summers in Peterborough, N. H., and
most of his important works were
written there. His residence, together
with a large tract of land, was deeded
by his widow to the MacDowell Me-
morial Association for a colony of cre-
ative artists who are thus given the
opportunity to work under ideal con-
ditions, fief.: n. 347; IV. 225, 267,
281; works, IV. 362; songs, V. 298, 319;
piano works, VII. 340; X. 254, 256;
mus. ex., XrV, 233, 238; portrait, IV.
frontispiece.

MACK, Thomas (ca. 1613-1709) :
clerk at Trinity College, Cambridge ; pub.
'Musick's Monument or A Remembrance
of the Best Practical Musick, both Di-
vine and Civil' (London, 1676), impor-
tant for the information it gives con-
cerning musical practice of its period
in which fell the inception of orches-
tra music. Part 2 contains directions
for lute playing, also lute pieces ; part
3, directions for violin playing. Ref.:
Vn. 395, 470.

McBWESN, John Blackwood (1868-) :
b. Hawick; studied at Glasgow and
London Universities, and the Royal
Academy of Music; composer of a sym-
phony, 2 overtures, symphonic poems
('Grey Galloway'), string quartets,
'Hellas,' 'The Last Chantey,' and Mil-
ton's 'Nativity' for chorus and orch.;
Highland dances, etc. Ref. lU. 428.

Mactarlan6

MACFARI.ANE, Wlliriam] C.

(1870- ): b. London; pupil of
his fatlier and S. P. Warren; toured
as organ virtuoso, organist of various
churcties, and since 1900 of St.
Thomas's, New York; also (from 1898)
of the Temple Emanuel, and conductor
of the Yonkers Choral Society; munici-
pal organist of Portland, Me., since
1912; composer of church music, a
cantata, 'The Message from the Cross,'
songs and choral songs. Ref.: IV. 357;
■VT. 501.

MACFARREN (1) George Alexan-
der (1813-87): b. London, d. there;
pupU, then teacher, at the Royal Acad-
emy of Music, Bennett's successor as
professor of music at Cambridge Univ.
(1875), and director of the Royal Acad-
emy of Music from 1876. He com-
posed operas ('The Devil's Opera,' 1838 ;
■Don Quixote,' 1846; 'Charles H,' 1849;
'Robin Hood.' 1860; 'Jessy Lea,' 1863;
•She Stoops to Conquer,' 'The Soldier's
Legacy,' and 'Helvellyn,' 1846) ; a pan-
tomime; oratorios ('John the Baptist,'
'The Resurrection,' 'Joseph,' 'King
David') ; cantatas (including 'May Day,'
1856, and 'The Lady of the Lake,'
1877) ; anthems, psalms, services, choral
songs, duets, songs, etc.; also 8 sym-
phonies, 7 overtures, string quartets, a
string quintet, trios, violin sonatas, pi-
ano sonatas, a violin concerto, etc. He
edited works of Purcell, Handel, etc.,
Scotch and Irish songs ('Popular Music
of Olden Time'), and pub. 'The RudiT
ments of Harmony' (1860), *6 Lectures
on Harmony'. (1867), 'On the Structure
of a Sonata' (1871), 'Counterpoint'
(1879), 'Musical History Briefly' (1885),
etc.; also contributed to Grove's Dic-
tionary. His lectures were pub-
lished posthumously (1888). His wife
Natalia was an alto singer and trans-
lated German texts, etc.. Into English.
(2) Walter CecU (1826-1905) : b. Lon-
don, d. there; brother and pupil of (1),
also pupil of Holmes and Potter; teacli-
er at the Royal Academy of Music,
whose concerts he conducted; director
of the Philharmonic Society, 1868;
composer of church music, a symphony,
several overtures, chamber music, piano
sonatas, and other pieces, songs, etc.
He also edited piano works of Mozart
and Beethoven and a collection of popu-
lar classics.

McGEOCH, Dalsey: contemp. Eng-
lish song writer. Ref.: UI. 443.

McGIBBOIir, \iruUam ([?]-1756): d.
Edinburgh; studied with Corbett in
London; violinist and concert conduct-
or in Edinburgh; wrote sonatas for
violin and Scotch songs.

McGUCKIN, Barton: tenor, sang
with National Opera Company, New
York, 1888. Ref.: IV. 141.

MACH, Ernst (1838- ) : b. Turras,
Moravia; studied in Vienna; j^rofessor
of mathematics and physics in Graz,
Prague and Vienna; wrote on musical
acoustics and history.

Mackenzie

MACHADO (1) Antonio Xavler

(1756-1828) : b. Tamengos, near Anadia,
d. Caxias; organ-builder of renown.

(2) Raphael Coelho (1814-1887): b.
Angra, d. Rio de Janeiro ; studied in
Lisbon; lived in Brazil, where he com-
posed church music, pub. Brazilian
folk-songs, also a musical dictionary,
piano method and harmony; translated
the methods for piano, flute, violin and
double of Hiinten, Berbiguier, and De-
vinne, Alard and Carcassi respectively.

(3) Angnsto (1845- ): director of
the Lisbon Conservatory and composer
of Portuguese operas (Lurrione, 1883;

1 Doria, 1887; Mario Wetter, 1898; La
Borghesina, 1907) ; also operettas, can-
tatas, organ pieces, piano pieces, etc.

IHACHAVIiT [Machant, Machand,
etc.], Gnillanme (also Gnlllemns de
IffascanOlo) (1300-72) : b. Machault,
Ardennes; cleric, poet and musician at
the court of Johann of Luxemburg, King
of Bohemia, and through him bene-
ficiary of Pope John XXH at Houdain,
Verdun, Paris, Rheims, later at the
court of John of Normandy and of
Charles V of France. He counts as the
first representative of the 14th cent. "
ars nova, as no works of the earlier
Philippe de Vitry have as yet been
found. Riemann finds the influence of
the Florentines in his ballades and
rondeaux, though his motets are still
under the influence of the Paris ars
antiqua. Wolf, in his Geschichte der
Mensuralnotation. von 1Z50 bis H60
gives a detailed description of M.'s pre-
served manuscripts, also 14 complete
compositions (motets, mass movements,
rondeaux, ballades, etc., in 2-4 parts).
Ref.: I. 231; mus. ex., XIH. 11.

MACKAY, Angus (d. Dumfries,
1859) : piper to the English court; col-
lector of tunes for bagpipes.

MACKENZIE (1) [Sir] Alexander
Campbell (1847- ) : b. Edinburgh;
composer, teacher and conductor; stud-
ied at Sondershausen Cons, and played
violin in Ducal orchestra there; subse-
quently studied at Royal Academy of
Music; settled in Edinburgh as teacher
and conductor (1865) ; became princi-
pal of Royal Academy of Music (1888) ;
conductor of Philharmonic Concerts
(1892-1899) ; has also conducted con-
certs at the Crystal Palace, the Hallg
Orchestra at Manchester, the Royal
Church Society, the London Sympihony
Orchestra, and a series of concerts in
Canada (1905). His compositions in-
clude the operas, 'Colomba' (1883), The
Troubadour' (1886), 'His Majesty, or 'The
Court of Vingolia' (1897, comic), and
'The Cricket on the Hearth' (1914) ; the
oratorios 'The Rose of Sharon' (1884),
and 'Bethlehem' (1894) ; 7 cantatas ; in-
cidental music to 'Ravenswood' and
'Marmion'; also Barrie's 'Little Min-
ister' (1897) ; for orchestra, a scherzo;

2 Scottish Rhapsodies; a ballad, ha
Belle dame sans merci; 5 overtures; a
concerto, and a 'Pibroch' for violiQ

Mackintosh

and orch. ; Scottish concerto (piano) ;
also a piano quartet; pieces for violin
and piano; piano music; anthems,
songs, andpart songs. Rej.: III. 415,
il6, 432: Vf aiOf, 368; VII. 339; VIII.
474. (2) [Sir] Morelli Scottish phy-
sician; author of 'The Hygiene of^the
Vocal Organs' (1890). Ref.: (cited)

'ma'cKIIVTOSH (1) John (1767-
1840) : b. London, d. there ; bassoonist.
(2) Robert ([V]-1807): popular Scotch
violinist and composer; teacher and
director in Edinburgh and London;
produced four books of strathspey reels,
including also aires, minuets, etc. (3)
Abraham (1759-after 1807); b. Edin-
burgh, d. Newcastle; son of Robert;
produced (1792) a book of 30 new
strathspey reels.

MACI.X:an (1) John (18th cent.):
American musical pioneer. Ref.: Iv.
70. (2) Charles Donald (1843- ):
b. Cambridge, England; studied with
Hiller in Cologne; Mus. Doc. Oxon.;
organist and director in Oxford and in
London; established the music courses
in Eton College; composed overtures, a
dramatic oratorio, 'Noah,' a Gaelic can-
tata, Sulmalla, a symphonic poem, sin-
fonietta, piano concerto, trio, etc. (3)
Alexander IHorraren (AUcfe Maclean)
(1872- ) : b. Eaton, pupil of Sir Jo-
seph Bamby, winner of the Moody-
Manners prize for, a one-act opera in
189S with 'Petruccio,' prod, at Covent
Garden; also composed 2 other operas,
prod. London and Mayence, choral
works with orchestra, incidental music,
etc. Ref.: VI. 379.

McLEOD, Peter (1797-1859) ; b. West
Calder, d. Bonnington; violinist, com-
, poser for the violin and collector of
Scotch folk-melodies.

MACllIIL.IiAN, Francla (1885- ) :
b. Marietta, Ohio; studied in Chicago,
Berlin and the Brussels Conservatory;
violin virtuoso, touring in Europe and
the United States.

MACFHBRSON (1) Charles Stew-
art (1865- ) : b. Liverpool ; pupil of
Macfarren at the Royal Academy of
Music, where he was teacher, then mem-
ber of the examining board, in which
capacity he travelled in Australia; pro-
fessor at the Institute for the Blind
(1903), and London University; pub.
'Practical Harmony' (1906), 'Evolution
of Musical Design,' 'Practical Counter-
point' (1907), 'Rudiments of Music'
(1907), 'Form in Music' (1908); and
composed a symphony, overtures, piano
pieces, songs, also a mass and other
church music. (2) Charles (1870-):
b. Edinburgh; was sub-organist at
St. Paul's, London, 1895, then teacher of
harmony and counterpoint at The
Royal Academy of Music; composer of
orchestral suites, overture, chamber mu-
sic. Psalm 137 for chorus and orch.,
Gaelic melodies for string instruments
and harp, etc.

MACQITK, Jean de (16th-17th cent.) :

Mahilloii

Netherland composer who was maestro
di cappella at Naples; wrote madrigals,
psalms, etc. Luigi Rossi is of his
school.

MACRAN, H. S.; contemp. English
writer on Greek music, etc. Ref.: III.
431.

McWHOOD, Leonard B. (1870- ) :
b. New York; graduate of Columbia
University and professor of music
there; conductor, lecturer and composer
of unpublished works.

MADEIR, Raoul Maria (1856- ):
b. Pressburg; studied at the Vienna
Cons. ; conservatory teacher, chorus con-
ductor and opera conductor in Buda-
pest; composed and produced one op-
era, 6 operettas and ballets in Vienna
and Budapest.

MADIN (or Madden), Henri (1698-
1748) : b. Verdun, of Irish parents, d.
Versailles; cathedral conductor in
Tours and in the King's Chapel; com-
posed motets.

MAETERLINCK, Maurice. Belgian
poet. Ref.: 105, 145, 199, 322, 359; IX.
XV, 472, 477; X. 257f.

MAFFEL Andreas (19th cent.):
librettist. Ref.: II. 489.

[dnIMAGE (18th cent.) i organist at
St. Quentin; produced Livre d'orgue.

MAGGINI (1) Giovanni Paolo
(1581-ca. 1640): b. -Botticinl, Marino,
d. Brescia; maker of highly prized vio-
lins; especially noted for his double
basses. Ref.: I. 362; VIII. 73. (2)
Pletro Santo: possibly son of (1) ;
maker of violins, violas and basses.

MAGNARD, AlbSrlc (1865-1914) :
b. Paris, d. (shot as franc-tlreur) at
Senlls; pupil of Dubois and Massenet,
also Vincent d'Indy; composed 3 sym-
phonies, orchestral suite, and other or-
chestral works, 2 operas, Yolande
(Brussels, 1893), Berenice (1911), piano
pieces, songs. Ref.: III. 315, 363; VI.
392.

MAGNUS, Desire (correctly Magnns
Dentis) (1824-1884): b. Brussels, d.
Paris; studied with Vollweiler at Hei-
delberg and at Brussels Conservatory;
concert i>ianist in England, Russia and
Spain; pianist, teacher and music critic
In Paris; wrote sonatas, etudes, fanta-
sies, and an elementary pianoforte
method (1879).

MAGUIRE, Hngh (18th cent.): es-
tablished a singing school in Baltimore,
1765; pub. a volume of psalm-tunes.
Ref.: IV. 234.

MAHILLON, Charles Victor (1841-) :
b. Brussels; has been custodian of th,e
museum of musical instruments at the
Brussel Cons, since 1877; author of
Tableau synoptique des voix et de tous
les instruments de musique, etc.; Tab-
leau synoptique de la science de I'har-
monie; Elements d'acoustiqae musicale
et instrumentale (1874) ; De la fl&te
Boehm (1885) ; Catalogue descriptif et
analytique du musiie instrumental du
Conserv. Roy. de Mus. de Bruxelles
(1880); Le matiriel sonore des or-

Mahler

ehestrei de sgmphonle, d'harmonie et
de fanfares (1897) ; Les instruments a
vent (1907) ; editor of L'Echo musical
(1869-98) and director of a large manu-
factory of brass instruments. Ref.:
VIII. 7, 89 (footnote).

MAHLER, Gnstav (1860-1911): b.
Eallscht, Bohemia, d. Vienna, where he
studied at the Univ. and the Cons.
He was conductor at theatres in Hall,
Upper Austria, in Laibach and in 01-
mfitz, conducted a society in Cassel,
became Kapellmeister of the German
National Theatre, Prague, in 1885, and
in 1888 director of the opera in Pesth.
In the meantime he had conducted the
opera in Leipzig for six months as
substitute for Nlklsch. During 1891-
97 he -was first Kapellmeister at the
Hamburg Stadttheater, in the latter year
■went to Vienna as Kapellmeister, then
director, of the court opera. Having
achieved a European reputation, he ap-
peared as guest conductor in various
cities, and 1898-1900 also conducted the
Philharmonic Concerts in Vienna. He
left his Vienna post in 1907 and went
to New York as conductor of German
opera at the Metropolitan Opera House,
1907, becoming conductor of the Phil-
harmonic Society there two years later.
Illness forced him to return to Vienna
in 1911, where he succumbed to his dis-
ease shortly after. As composer his
reputation had steadily grown, but full
and general appreciation was not vouch-
safed to him during his lifetime. Aside
from his youthful works (an opera,
'The Argonauts,' songs and chamber
music) and a fairy play, RUbezahl,
M.'s compositions include 9 symphonies
(I. D maj., 1891; U. C min., 1895;
III. D min., 1896; IV. G maj., 1901;

V. D min., 1904; VI. A min., 1906;
VIL E min., 1908; Vm. E maj., with
chorus and soli ['Symphony of the
Thousand'], 1910; IX. D maj., posthu-
mous, 1912) ; Das Lied von der Erde
for tenor, alto and organ (1911) ; Das
klagende Lied for soli chorus and orch. ;
Lieder eines fahrenden. Gesellen; Kin-
dertotenlieder ; 12 songs from Des
Knaben Wunderhom, 3 books of songs,
Aus der Jngendzeit, and a book of RiicU-
ert-Lieder. He also completed Weber's
opera. Die drei Pintos, from the com-
poser's sketches (1877). His wife. Alma
IHCaria (ne'e ScUndler), a pupU of
Zemlinsky, also wrote 2 books of songs.
Ref.: III. X, xii, xiii, 266ff, 266; (in-
fluence) HI. 196; (in America) IV. 150f,
153, 184; songs, V. 336ff; choral work

VI. 357; symphonies, VIH. 403ff, 465;
opera, IX. 191; mus. ex., XIV, 56; cari-
cature, VUL 404; portrait, HI. 202.

MAHMUD SCHIRASI ([?]-1315):
Persian encyclopedist, author of Durret
et tadsch, which preserves the early
Arabic theory of consonance.

MAHU, Stepham (early 16th cent.) :
singer in the chapel of Emperor Ferdi-
nand I; German composer of chorales,
part-songs, secular and sacred, pre-

Maitlaod

served in J. Walther's Gesangbach
(1551) and other contemp. collections.
A 4-part Magnificat was edited by F.
Conuner.

HAICHEiLBElCK, Franz Anton
(1702-1750) : b. Reichenau, Bodensee, d.
Freiburg; professor of Italian and pre-
bendary at Munster; wrote clavier so-
natas (1736), and a piano school with
exercises (1737).

MAIKAFAR, Samuel (1867- ) : b.
Chersson, Russia; abandoned law for
music, which he studied at the St.
Petersburg Cons., and with Solovieff
and Leschetizky ; concert pianist in Ger-
many and Russia; professor at the St.
Petersburg Cons.; composed piano
pieces (sonatas, poeme variations, nov-
elettes, Etudes, etc.) and songs; wrote
'The Musical Ear,' a method for acquir-
ing absolute pitch (1900).

aiAILLARD (1) Jean (16th cent.) :
French composer of motets and masses,
from one of which Palestrina borrowed
the themes of one of his. (2) Mile.
ballerina. Ref.: X. 92.

MAILLART, Lonis [Alm^] (1817-
1871); b. Montpellier, d. Moulins; opera
composer; studied at Paris Cons, under
Guirln, Elwart and Leborne; won
Grand prix de Rome in 1841 ; wrote six
operas, including Les dragons de Vil-
lars (1856), known also under the Ger-
man title of Das Glockchea des Eremi-
ten. Ref.: IL 212.

MAILLY, Alpbonae Jean Xlmest
(1833- ): b. Brussels; studied with
Girschner; organ virtuoso (praised by
Berlioz), teacher of organ and piano-
forte at Brussels Conservatory; com-
poser for organ, orchestra, etc.

MAINWARIIVG, John (1735-1807) :
d. Cambridge; author of the first biog-
raphy of G. F. Handel, published anony-
mously in 1760.

MAINZER, Joseph (1807-51) : b.
Treves, d. Manchester; priest, later ab-
bot, teacher of singing at Treves Sem-
inary; on account of political troubles
went to Brussels, Paris, then London
and finally Manchester, where he estab-
lished popular music courses after the
manner of Wilhem, and founded a num-
ber of singing schools under his gen-
eral direction. He wrote a number of
pedagogical works (singing school,
singing for children, piano method for
children, choral school, etc.) in Ger-
man, French and English; also founded
'Mainzer's Musical Times,' 1844, con-
tinued as ~ 'Musical Times' from 1846 to
the present, at first by Edward Holmes.

MAIR, Franz (1821-1893) : b. Weik-
ersdorf, Marchfeld, d. Vienna; director
of the Schubert Society of Vienna and
composer of vocal music.

MAITLAND, John Alexander Ful-
ler (1856- ): b. London; A. M.,
Cambridge; writer on musical subjects;
contributor to Grove's 'Dictionary of
Music and Musicians' and the 'Oxford
History of Music'; editor of the 1911
editJ.on of Grove s 'Dictionary.' He

Majo

edited the 'FitzwllHam Virginal Book,'
■Carols of the Fifteenth Century' and
'English Coiintry Songs,' and wrote
'Life of Robert Schumann' (1884),
^Masters of German Music' (1894), 'Eng-
lish Music in the Nineteenth Century'
(1902), 'The Age of Bach and Handel'
(Oxford History of Music, 1902), 'Jo-
hannes Brahms' (1911), etc. Ref.: UI.
430; (cited) I. 447; VIII. 89f.

MAJO, Francesco dl (called Clcdo
dl M.) (ca. 1740-1770): b. Naples, d.
Borne; organist at the Neapolitan royal
chapel; wrote 19 operas, 8 oratorios
and cantatas, 5 masses with double
choirs and orchestras; and other church
music. Ref.: IX. 21, 63.

MAJOR. Jnlins J. (1859- ): b.
Kaschau, Hungary; studied and taught
in Budapest; founder of an Hungarian
Ladies' Singing Society; pianist and
composer of chamber music, piano con-
certo, symphony, songs, etc., also the
operas Ltsbeth (Pesth, 1901), Ergsika
(ib., 1901), Szichi Maria (Klausenburg,
1906) add Mila (Pressburg, 1913). He
advocates a new tonal system.

MAJORAXO. See Caffabelli.

MAKSiriiSVICZ, Vincent (1685-
1745) ; choir director at the Cracow ca-
thedral; cbmposed church music highly
valued in his day.

SIAIiASHKIN, Leonid Dlmltrievltch
(1842-1902): d. Moscow; composed
church music, and songs which have
become popular, also piano pieces,
an opera. Ilia Muromez (Eieff, 1879),
and a symphony in E-flat.

MALAT, Jan (1843- ): contemp.
Bohemian composer of operas produced
in Prague.

MALDBGHEIM, Robert Jnllan van
(1810-1893) : b. Denterghem, Flanders,
d. Ixelles, near Brussels; organist, com-
poser and editor; produced a collection
of 16th-century vocal works of the
Netherlands, Trisor musical (29 vols.,
1865-93).

MALDEIR, Pierre van (1724-1768):
b. Brussels, d. there; chamber musician
to Prince Earl of Lorraine; violin solo-
ist at the court opera of Brussels ; com-
posed , operas, a comic opera for the
Paris ' Op£ra Comique, and especially
successful symphonies, influenced by
the style of the Mannheim school.

MALFATTI, Therese (18th-19th
cent.) : daughter of a physician ; greatly
admired by Beethoven, iief.; n. 140,
145. 150, 159; VU! 517.

JHALHEIRBK, Charles ThSodore
(1853-1911): b. Paris, d. Eure; first
studied law, then music w4th Worm-
ser, Massenet, and Danhauser. with
whom he travelled through Belgium.
Holland and Switzerland to study
methods of teaching singing in schools
for the government. In 1899 he suc-
ceeded Nuitter in charge of the archives
of the Op^ra. He also wrote on music
in various periodicals and bequeathed
his musical autographs to the Conserva-
toire. He wrote L'CEuvre dramatique

MalHnger

de R. Wagner (with Soubies, 1886),
Pricis d'histoire de I'opira comique
(under the pseudonym of B. de Lo-
magne, with Soubies, 1887), also a
prize-crowned Histoire de la seconde
Salle Favart (2 vols., 1892-3) ; also es-
says on works by Massenet, Wagner,
Tschaikowsky (Sixth Symphony) and
Mozart; a biography of Auber, a the-
matic catalogue of Gounod's works, and,
with Saint-Saens, edited the complete
works of Rameau. He composed a
comic opera, 3 operas (MS.), incidental
music, orchestral pieces, chamber mu-
sic, and vocal works.

MALIBRAN, Maria FeUcitft (1808-
1836): b. Paris, d. Manchester; singer;
studied with her father, Manuel Gar-
cia; daut at His Majesty's Theatre.
London (1825). as Bosina in II Barbiere
di Siviglia; thereafter sang in regular
Italian repertory in New York, Paris,
London, Rome. Naples, Bologna and
Milan; composed a number of noc-
turnes, romances, chansonettes, etc..
published under the title of Derniires
Pensies. Ref.: VU. 254. 448; IX. 153;
portrait, V. 98.

MAIilCHEIVSKT, Witold Joaefo-
vltch (1873- ): b. Mogiloff-Podolsk;
studied medicine in Tiflis and music
with Eolotchin and Ippolitoff-Ivanoff
there, later studied composition with
Rimsky-Korsakoif at the St. Petersburg
Cons.; director and teacher of compo-
sition at the music school of Odessa
since 1908; composer of 3 symphonies,
2 overtures, 4 string quartets, a violin
sonata and a 'cello suite. Ref,: HI.
155.

MAIilSHKVSKV. See Malichevsky.

MALLARME;, French poet. Ref.:
Vm. 439.

MALIiUre (1) Jdieen (1836-1905):
b. Copenhagen, d. there; exponent of
the method of Chev6 in Denmark and
translator of Chevd's writings; organ-
ist and music teacher in Copenhagen,
Vienna, etc.; composer of piano and
vocal works, a cantata with orchestra and
operas. (2) Otto Valdemar (1848-) :
b. Copenhagen; brother of Jorgen (1);
pupil of Gade and Hartmann; co-
founder and conductor of the Concert
Society, organist, professor, and from
1899 director of the Institute in Copen-
hagen. He wrote 2 orchestral suites, a
concert overture, 2 fantasies for violin
and orchestra, piano concerto, violin so-
nata, string octet, string quartet, piano
quartet, trio, choral works with orches-
tra, a Riveil for 4 solo voices witti
string orchestra, sacred and secular
songs, organ compositions and piano
pieces; also a ballet, Askepot (Copen-
hagen, 1911). He published a School
of Composition. Ref.: UI. 76; VI.
489f.

MALIilNGFR, MathUde (1847- ) :
b. Agram; studied 1863-65 at the Prague
Conservatory and with Lewy in Vien-
na; operatic soprano at the Munich
court and the Berlin Royal Opera;

Malliot

teacher of singing at Prague Cons.,
then the Eichelherg Cons, in Berlin.

MALMOT, Antolne I^onls (1812-
1867) : b. Lyons, d. Rouen ; studied in
Paris with Choron, Garaud^ and Ban-
derali; tenor and singing teacher in
Rouen; produced two operas there (La
Vendienne, 1857, and La truffomaine,
1861) with success, also wrote La mu-
sique au thidtre (1863).

IHAIiMaviST, Carl Jnlias (1819-
1859): b. Copenhagen, d. Hirschholm;
composer of popular male quartets and
operettas, songs, etc.

MAIiORY, [Sir] Thomas: English
poet. Ref.: VI. 368; IX. 461.

IHAIjTBIV (correct name BfuUer),
Therese (1855- ) : b. Insterburg,
East Prussia; studied with Engel; op-
eratic soprano; made d£but at the
Dresden court opera, 1873, as Pamlna
and Agathe, and sang leading roles there
for many years (including Senta, Elsa,
Isolde, Fidelio, Armida, etc.) ; Royal
chamber singer and honorary member
of the court opera since 1881; sang
Kundry at Bayreuth in 1882.

MALVEZZI, CbTlstofano (1547-
1597) : b. Lucca, d. Florence, where he
was canon of San Lorenzo and maestro
di cappella of the Dukes Francesco
and Ferdinando de' Medici; composer
of madrigals in 5 and 6 parts (1583,
1584), intermedie and concerti for a
festival play for the marriage of Ferdi-
nando de' Medici to Christine of Lor-
raine (1588). He was the teacher of
Jacopo Perl. Ref.: I. 329.

WlAJliXETa (1) Johann Nepomnfc
(1772-1838) ; b. Ratisbon, d. en route
to America ; invented a 'Panharmonlum,'
for which Beethoven wrote his 'Battle
of Vittoria,' also an automatic trum-
peter and an automatic chess player;
constructed the Metronome (1816),
though some of the credit for this be-
longs to one Wlnkel, a mechanic of
Amsterdam; also made ear trumpets,
among them that of Beethoven's. Ref.:
Arm. 204. (2) lieonhard (d. Vienna,
1855) ; brother of (1) and also an able
mechanic. The two brothers probably
worked together to some extent, and
after Johann's removal to Paris the two
have apparently been identified by his-
torians.

MANCHESTESR, Arthnr Ii.: con-
temp, writer on American musical edu-
cation. Ref.: TV. 262.

MANCINELLI, L,nlsl (1848- ):
b. Orvieto; composer; became 'cellist
at the Pergola in Florence and later a
teacher of the 'cello; in 1881 became
director of the Liceo fllarmonlco and
maestro di cappella at the Theatre and
at the Church of St. Petronis in Bo-
logna : conductor at Drury Lane, Lon-
don (1886-1888), and at the Royal TheaJ-
tre, Madrid (1888-1895) ; later at Covent
Garden, London, and the Metropolitan
Opera House, New York; composer of
the operas Isora di Provenza (1884) ;
Ero e Leandro (1896) and Paolo e

6

Man€ii

Francesca (1907) ; an oratorio, Isaia
(1896) ; a cantata, San Agnese (1905) ;
an overture, intermezzi, masses, hymns,
songs, etc. Ref.: UI. 378, 389, 392.

MANCINI (1) Francesco (1674-
1739): b. Naples, d. there; student and
teacher at the Conservatorio di San
Loreto there; conductor at the court;
composer of 25 operas, mostly for Na-
ples, one {Idaspe) for London (1710) ;
oratorios, an 8-part Magnificat, cham-
ber cantatas. (2) Glambattlsta (1716-
1800) : b. Ascoli, d. Vienna; studied
with Bemacchi and Martini; teacher of
singing at the Vienna court; wrote an
important book on coloratura singing.
Ref.: V. 49.

MANCINUS, TItomaa. See Menc-
ken.

MANCIO, Felice (1841-1897) : b. Tu-
rin, d. Vienna; concert tenor and vocal
teacher at the Conservatory of Vien-
na.

JHANDI (1) RlcIiaTd (1862- ):
b. Rossitz, Moravia; studied at the
Vienna Cons, and with Delibes in Paris ;
composed a symphonic poem, Grlset-
idis, an overture, and other orchestral
works (Algiers, 1913; Viennensia, 5
movements) ; chamber music, piano
pieces, several books of songs (German
and French), a comic opera. Rencontre
impriuue (1888), and (MS.) an opera,
Parthenia. (2) Lonla (19th cent.):
German physician, specialist in the
physiology of the voice; wrote Die
Gesandheitslehre der Stimme (1876).
Ref.: V. 58.

MANDIC, Josip (1883- ): b.
Trieste; Slavic composer; produced an
opera, Peter Svacic, at Laibach, 1904.

MANBLIil [dl TivoU], Francesco
(ca. 1595-1670): b. Tlvoli, d. Venice;
chapel singer, then maestro di cappella
at TivoU Cathedral, devoted himself
to operatic composition from 1629, and
settled in Venice, where he pub. Mu-
siche varie a 1-3, comprising cantatas,
arias, canzonets, etc., which show M.'s
efforts in the development of the par-
lando recitative. His opera, Delia, had
been prod, in Bologna, 1630, another,
Andromeda, in 1637 inaugurated the
San Cassiano Theatre, Venice, the earli-
est public opera house. He further
prod. La maga fulminata, in which he
himself appeared as singer with great
success, then Temistocle (Florence,
1642), L'Alcate (Venice, 1642), II ratio
d'EuTopa (Piacenza, 1646), Ercole nelV
Erminto {ib., 1651), Le vicende del
tempo (Parma, 1652), La Filo {ib.,
1660), and La Licasta (ib., 1664). From
1638 M. was bass singer at St. Mark's,
Venice. His wife, Maddelena, was also
a singer. Ref.: IX. 12.

MAJVfiN, Joan de (1883- ): b.
Barcelona; studied violin with Alard;
pianist prodigy, then eminent violinist;
resident in Berlin; wrote 3 operas prod,
in Barcelona, Dresden and Frankfort,
a symphonic poem, violin concerto,
suite for violin, piano and orchestra.

Manet

chamlier music, violin pieces, songs,
etc.

MAUBT, £doaardi Frencli painter.
Ref.: III. 287.

DIANFREDIXI (1) Francesco
(1688- ) : b. Plstoja; was violinist at
Bologna; conductor at Monaco and
Plstoja; composed trio sonatas, ora-
torios, etc. (2) Vlncenxo: son of
Francesco (1737-1799): b. Plstoja, d.
St. Petersburg; imperial conductor;
wrote thorough-bass method, piano so-
natas and concertos.

MANFREIil, FUlppo (18th cent.):
violinist of the Padua school. Ref.:
Vn. 404.

MANGKOT, fidonard Joseph (1834-
1898) : b. Nantes, d. Paris ; piano maker
who at the Paris Exposition of 1878
aroused attention with his piano i
double clavier renversi (having a sec-
ond keyboard with reversed order of
keys), which made extraordinary ef-
fects possible, as afterwards the Janko
keyboard. He pub. Le monde musicale
in 1889.

MANGIN, ffidonard (1837-1907): b.
Paris, d. there; founder of the Lyons
Conservatory, 1870, and the popular
concerts there; conductor of the Paris
Op£ra.

MANGOLD (1) Wllhelm (1796-
1875) : pupil of his father, the court
Musikdirektor, Geobg M. (.1767-1835),
also of Rinck and Abb£ Vogler, and of
Cherubini at the Paris Cons.; chamber
musician, court Kapellmeister, 1825, In
Darmstadt, where he raised musical
activity to a high level. He wrote a
grand opera, Mirope, 2 smaller ones,
also favorite melodies for horn or clari-
net with piano, as well as overtures,
incidental music, chamber music, and
songs. (2) Karl (1813-1889) : b. Darm-
stadt, d. Oberstdorf ; pupil of his father
and brother, also studied in Paris;
violinist in the Darmstadt court band,
later court Musikdirektor, conductor of
the Musical Society and ibe Mozart So-
ciety there; well known by his quartets
for men's voices, also wrote oratorios,
cantatas, and other choral works with
orchestra, 4 operas, 3 concert dramas,
dramatic scenes, and chamber music.
(3) Karl Geore (1812-1887) : b. Darm-
stadt, d. London; pianist, pupil of
Hummel.

HANN (1) Johann Christian (1726-
1782) : d. Vienna ; music teacher for
Count Einsky, Prague, 1766, then in
Vienna; wrote divertimenti, etc. (Cf.
Monn). (2) Frederick A. (1844-1903):
b. Norwich, d. there; violinist, cathe-
dral organist and director. (3) Johann
Gottfried Hendrlk (1858-1904): b.
Hague, d. Coude water; bandmaster in
Leyden; director in Amsterdam; com-
poser of orchestral and vocal pieces;
music critic.

JHAIVIVBORG, Karl Theodor (1861-) :
b. Carlstadt, Sweden; was the founder
of the first harmonium manufactory
in Germany (at Boma, Saxony, 1889).

Manskopf

MANNXIRS (1) Charles rSouthcote
Blanserghl (1858- ) : b. Blockhouse
Fort; Engush opera manager; studied
at the Royal Academy of Music in Dub-
lin and London, and in Italy; d^but
with the D'Oyly Carte ()pera (Jo.; prin-
cipal bass Carl Rosa Opera Co.; ap-
peared at Covent Garden and Drury
Lane and at the Seidl Orchestral Con-
certs, New York (1893): toured South
Africa in opera (1896-1897) ; founded
the Moody-Manners Opera Co. (with
his wife, Fanny ' Moody, singer) in
1897; has given seasons of English
opera at Covent Garden and Drury
Lane. Ref.: TO. 443. (2) Fanny
Hoody (1866- ): b. Redruth; oper-
atic soprano; sang with Carl Rosa
Company; 1890 married Charles M.,
and sang with him.

MANNEiY, Charles Fonteyn (1872-) :
contemporary American composer of
songs, etc., resident in Boston. Ref.:
TV. 401.

1HAN1VING, Edward Betts (1874-) :
b. Saint John, N. B., Canada; violinist
and composer; pupil of Schradieck, of
MacDowell in Columbia Univ., Hum-
perdinck in Berlin and Vidal in Paris;
Mosenthal Fellow in Music, Columbia
Univ., 1910; taught music in Oberlin
Cons., 1905-6, New York Public Schools,
1907-9, Columbia Univ. since 1915;
composed songs, a scena for mezzo-so-
prano and orch., violin pieces, piano
pieces and a piano trio; auxiliary ed-
itor of The Art of Music' (1915-16).
Ref.: IV. 354; mus. ex., XTV. 302.

MANNS, [Sir] An^nst (1825-1907):
b. Stolzenburg, near Stettin, d. London;
learned to play various instruments in
his youth, joined military bands, was
solo violinist in Berlin, band master in
Kdnigsberg, and from 1854 second con-
ductor of the Crystal Palace Orchestra,
London; later also opera conductor in
Leamington and Edinburgh, and finally
conductor of the Crystal Palace con-
certs, which he brought to a high ar-
tistic level. He also conducted the
great Handel festivals, 1883-1900.

MANNSTEIIN (correctly Stelnmann)
Helnrich Ferdinand (1806-72): b.
Berggiesschubel, d. Loschwitz, near
Dresden; teacher and author in Dres-
den; pub. Das System der grossen Ge-
sangschule des Bernaccht von Bologna
(1835), repub. as Die grosse italienische
Gesangschule (1848), and three other
books on singing, others on court mu-
sic In Dresden during the 18th and
19th centuries. Ref.: V. 27, 56f.

MANSFBLDT, Edsar. See Pdsb-

SON.

MANSFIEIiD, Pnreell J.: eontemp.
English organist and organ composer.
Ref.: VI. 495.

MANSKOPF, Jahob Friedrlch
Nikolans (1869- ): b. Frankfort;
studied violin with Ludwig Strauss;
violinist in France and England ; found-
ed a museum of musical history in
Frankfort

Mantius

MAIVTIUS, Eldnard (1806-1874): b.
Schwerin, d. Bad Ilmenau; studied law
at Rostock and Leipzig, singing with
Pofalenz; operatic tenor at tlie Berlin
Royal Opera; teacher of singing and
composer of songs.

MAJfTOVAlVI, Tancredo (1864-) :
b. Ferrara, Italy; studied with Busl;
music-librarian and teacher of musical
history and aesthetics at Pesaro; pub.
Estelica musicale; Orlando dl Lasso;
G. Rossini (1902) ; and edits Cronaca
mnsicale since 1896, in which (and
elsewhere) be pub. historical essays.

MANTOVASrO. See RiPA.

MANZOIVI (1) Cardinal. Ref.: VI.
498. (2) Aleaaandros poet. Ref.: VI.
343.

UANZVOLI, GlOTanml (ca. 1725-):
b. Florence; male soprano in Italian
opera, Madrid and London 1764-65,
where he aroused much enthusiasm
with his powerful but mellow voice;
was court singer In Florence about
1771.

MAPBS, Walter: poet. Ref.: VI. 60.

MAPLESON, James Henry (1828-
1901): b. London; impresario; at first
appeared as singer and played viola in
the orchestra, having studied at the
London Royal Academy of Music. He
became a manager in 1861, first at the
Lyceum Theatre, then of Her Majesty's
Theatre (1862-68), and of Drury Lane
in 1869 and 1871-77. During 1870 he
was associated with Gye, and after 1877
again managed Her Majesty's Theatre,
where he engaged the most eminent vo-
calists of his time. He also brought
his companies to New York where he
provided the operatic seasons from 1879
on. He pub. 'The Mapleson Memoirs'
(2 vols., 1888). Ref.: TV. 135, 137f. 139,
146f, 158, 159.

BfA^UARRE:, Andre (1875- );
b. Molenbeck, St. Jean, Belgium; stud-
ied at the Conservatoire; flutist in the
orchestras of Colonne, Lamoureux and
the Boston Symphony; composed comic
operas, orchestral overture, etc. Ref.:
VI. 486.

[Lia] BIARA. See Lipsius, Marie.

MARA, Gertrnd Elllzabetli <nie
Scliinellng) (1749-1833): b. Cassel, d.
Beval; celebrated singer; first appeared
as infant prodigy playing the violin,
having been educated by her father.
Her voice was discovered by Paradlsi
in London and she studied witb him
for a while, but otherwise was self-
taught; secured an engagement for
Hiller's Grand Concerts in Leipzig,
1766, and in 1771 was appointed for
life to the Berlin court opera at 3,000
Thaler. Through her marriage to the
'cellist Johann Mara in 1773 she in-
curred the displeasure of Frederick the
Great, and subsecpiently fled with her
husband to Vienna, and thence, armed
wdth letters to Marie Antoinette, to
Paris, where she became the rival of
the famous Todi. Both gathered par-
tisans (Todists and Maratists), but

8

Alarcello

neither achieved a decisive victory oyer
the other. M. lived chiefly in London
from 1784-1802; sang at the great Han-
del festivals, at the opera in 1786,
but chiefly in concerts; also visited
Italy; after separation from her hus-
band left England, and after a long con-
cert tour, settled in Moscow where she
lost all her property through fire dur-
ing the French invasion and was
obliged to travel again at the age of
64. Finally she became vocal teacher
in Beval and died in poor circum-

StSQCGS

MABLAIS, Marin (1656-1728): b.
Paris, d. mere; celebrated master of
the viola da gamba, pupil of LuUy in
composition; solo gambist In the royal
chamber music, 1685-1725. He was the
first to use seven strings on the gamba
instead of six. He composed pieces for

1 to 3 gambas with continuo (5 books),
pieces for 2 violins (flute or dessus de
viole) with continuo (1 book), and La
sonnerie de Sainte Geneviive da Mont
for violin, viola and clavecin; also 4
operas (one with Louis Lully), etc., and
(MS.) a Te Deum and pieces for violin
and gamba. His nineteen children were
nearly all musical, bis son Rolandf
becoming his successor as solo gambist;
the latter also pub. 2 books of pieces
for gamba and a Noavelle mithode de
musique pour servir d' introduction aux
acteurs modernes (1711).

MARAZZOIil, Marco (d. Rome,
1662): b. Parma; singer in the papal
chapel, 1637, composer of the 2 first
comic operas on record, Chi soffre speri
(with Virgilio Mazzocchi, Rome, 1639),
and Dal male il bene (with M. A.
Abbatini, Rome, 1654), the texts for
both of which were written by Cardinal
Rospigliosi, afterwards Pope Clemens
IX, as was also that of M.'s allegorical
opera. La Vita humana, or II triomfo
delta pietA (Rome, 1556). M. wrote 2
other operas prod, in Venice and Rome,

2 oratorios and a number of cantatas.
Ref.: rX. 22, 67.

MARBEJCKE:, John. See Mebbecke.

MARCEIiliO, Benedetto (1636-
1739): b. Venice; d. Brescia; composer
and poet; pupil of Gasparinl and
Lotti; filled various government p6si-
tlons; composed settings of Giustini-
ani's paraphrases of the first fifty
Psalms (Estro poetico-armonico ; Para-
frase sopra i cinquanta primi Salmi:
Venice, 1724-1726, 1727, in 6 vols.), for
from 1-4 voices with continuo for or-
gan or clavicembalo, a few with 'cello
obbligato, or 2 violas; be also pub.
5-part Concern grossi (1701), Sonate
per cembalo, Sonate a cinque, e flauto
solo con basso continuo (1712), Can-
zoni madrigaleschi ed Arie per camera
a 2-4 (1717); II teatro alia moda o sia
Metodo sicuro e facile per ben com-
porre ed esequire opere italiane in
musica (1720?) ; the pamphlet Lettera
famigliare (1705), critique of madrigals
by Lotti. Two oratorios, 3 dramatic

Marcellas II

works, and several cantatas remained
unpublished. Ret.: II. 6.

MARCB:iil.i7S II, Pope. Ref.: VI.
64.

MARCHAND, liOnls (1669-1732): b.
Lyons, d. Paris; one of the most emi-
nent of the older French organ and
clavecin masters: organist at St. Benott,
Paris, from 1698, of the Jesuits of Rue
St. Jacques and at the great Franciscan
Monastery, then at St. Honor£ and 1708-
14 to the court. He also travelled as
virtuoso and figures in musical history
for refusing to meet J. S. Bach at Dres-
den in open competition. He puh. 2
books of Piices de clavecin (Amster-
dam, 1699, Paris, 1702-3, etc.); also
wrote a volume of organ pieces (MS.,
new ed. by Guilmant), songs, etc. Ref.:
I. 460; Vif. 444; VII. 60.

MARCHXSSI (1) Lnlgl (called Mar-
dteslnl) (1755-1829): b. Milan, d.
there; celebrated sopranist, sang in Mu-
nich, Rome, Milan, Padua, Florence,
Naples, etc., and by 1780 was recognized
9S Italy's greatest singer. After this he
appeared in Vienna, St. Petersburg, for
several years in London, and in Milan
where he retired in 1806. (2) Salva-
tore, Cavaliere de Castrone, Mah-
CHBSE DELLA Rajata (1822-1908): at
first an officer in the Neapolitan guard,
then studied law, but also music (sing-
ing with Raimondi, Lamperti and Fon-
tana) ; in 1848 had to leave the country
on account of revolutionary activity;
went to America and made his dibut
in New York as baritone in Eriumi.
After further study with Garcia In Lon-
don, he became a concert singer, mar-
ried Mathllde Graumann (3) and,
jointly with her, appeared In Berlin,
Brussels, London and Italy. Both be-
came teachers at the Vienna Cons, in
1854, and M. subsequently followed his
wife to Cologne, Vienna and Paris. He
composed German, French and Italian
songs, vocalises, and pub. a vocal
method. He also translated German
and French operas into Italian, etc.
(3) Mathllde Castrone-BI. Inie Grau-
mann) (1826-1913): b. Frankfort, d.
London; wife of (2); pupil of Nicolai
in Vienna, and Garcia In Paris; was
already esteemed as a singer when she
married M., shared his successes on
the concert stage, and after function-
ing jointly with him at the Vienna
Cons., held teaching posts at the Co-
logne and again in ttie Vienna Cons.
She figured as one of the greatest vocal
teachers of her time; pub. a vocal
method and 54 books of vocalises,
widely recognized and used. She wrote
two volumes of recollections (1877 and
1888). Cf. also "Mathilde Marchesl and
Music, Passages from the Life of a
Famous Singing-Teacher' (Anonymous,
1897).

MARCHXlSim. See Mabchesi (1).

MARCHETTI (1) FlUppo (1831-
1902): b. Bolognola, d. Rome; com-
poser; studied at Cons. San Pietro a

Marenzlo

Majella, Naples; singing teacher in
Rome and Milan; president of the
Academy of St. Cecilia, Rome, from
1881; wrote the operas Gentile da Va-
rano (1856), La demente (1857), 11
Paria, Romeo e Giuletta (1865), Rag
Bias (1869), Gustav Wesa (1875), Don
Giovanni d'Austria (1880); also sym-
phonies, choruses, church music, etc.
Ref.: IX. 155. (2) Fabio ([?]-1879):
composer of operas including Inez de
Castro (1849), and L'Amore alia prova
(1873).

MARCHETTUS OF PADTJA (13th-
14th cent.) : musical scientist identified
with the Florentine ars nova movement.
Two of his tracts (1274 and 1309) are
reprinted in Gerbert's Scriptores III.
He sets up the theory of the four pro-
lations (2/4, 3/4, 3.3 [9/8], 2.3 [6/8]),
which is usually attributed to Philippe
de Vitry. He also taught a very free
use of chromatic notes. He was evi-
dently held in very high esteem as com-
poser by his contemporaries, and in-
deed Beldemandis, who pub. a tract
against M. (1425), calls him a pure
practitioner without ability in theory.

MARCHISXO (1) Carlotta (1836-
1872): b. Turin, d. there; operatic so-
prano in Italian . cities, Paris, London,
Berlin, and St. Petersburg; married the
Viennese singer, E. Kuhn. (2) Barbara
(1834- ): b. Turin; operatic alto;
made her d^but with her sister, and
sang with her in the cities named.

MARCIIiliAC, F. (1817-1876): b..
Geneva, d. there; travelled through
Europe as teacher and secretary; wrote
a history of modem music, an ele-
mentary musical treatise and a pam-
phlet on the Chev£ method (1862).

MARCiCHAL, Henri (1842- ): b.
Paris; studied at the Conservatoire,
where he took the prix de Rome in
1870; composed grand and comic op-
eras, Christmas oratorios, church mu-
sic, choruses, etc., and wrote souvenirs
of Rome (1904) and Paris (1907).

MARBNCO, Romnaldo (1841-1907):
b. Novi Ligure, d. Milan; director of
ballet at La Scala, where he produced
ballets and several operas. His oper-
etta appeared in Paris, 1884.

MARKNZIO, Lnca (c. 1550-1599) : b.
Coccaglio, n. Brescia, d. Rome; com-
poser; pupil of Contini; was in the
service of Sigismund IH of Poland until
1501 when he became maestro to the
Cardinals d'Este and Aldobrandini in
Rome; cantor of the Papal chapel
(1595), His compositions include 9
books of Madrigali a 5 (1580-89); 6
books of Madrigali a 6 (1582-91) ; 1
book of MadTigali a i-6 (1588) ; 1 book
of 5-part Madrigali spirituall (1<584) ;
2 books of Mottetti a i (1588, '92); 1
book of Mottetti a 12 (1614) ; a book of
SacTi concerti a 5-7 (1616) ; 6 books
of Villanelle ed Arte aJla napoletana
(1584-1605), besides antiphones and
other church music. Ref.: I. 275f, 329f ;
VL 72.

9

Maretzek

MARETZEiK, Max (1821-1897): b.
Brilnn, Moravia, d. Pleasant Plains,
Vermont; Impresario; pupil of Sey-
fried in Vienna; orchestral conductor
In Germany, France and London; went
to New York In 1848; from 1849-78,
manager of opera in New Yorlc, Mexico
and Havana; composer of operas 'Ham-
let' (Briinn, 1843); 'Sleepy Hollow'
(New Yorli, 1879) ; orchestral and
chamber music, piano pieces, and songs.
Ref.: rv. 127, 128ir.

aiARIA ANTONIA [WAL.PTJRGIS],
electoral princess of Saxony (1724-1780) :
b. Munich, d. Dresden; daughter of the
Elector of Bavaria, afterwards Emperor
Charles VIl; was a music lover of
great understanding, who composed
(also wrote poetry and painted) under
the pseudonym of E. T. P. A., the in-
itials of her name as member of the
Academy of Arcadians (Ermelinda
Talea Pastorella Arcada) ; pupil of Fer-
randlni, Porpora and Hasse, with whose
assistance she composed an opera, II
triomfo della fedelta, another, Talestri,
being written with the assistance of
Ferrandini (book by M. A,,, also set by
Ferrandini alone). She also wrote
oratorio and cantata texts for Hasse,
Manna and Ristorl.

MARIA THERUSA, Empress of
Austria. Ref.: II. 22. 72: IX. 102.

marie:, Gabriel (1852- ): b.
Paris; pupil, then assistant teacher, at
the Conservatoire, chorus director of
the Lamoure'ux Concerts; conducted at
H4vre exposition, 1887, chef d'orchestre
of the Soci£t£ Nationale de Musique,
choral conductor, etc., at Bordeaux since
1894; composer of orchestral pieces and
pieces for string Instruments. <

MARIE ANTOINETTE, Queen of
France. Ref.: II. 32; IX. 39; X. 148.

MARIE CASIMIRE, Queen of Po-
land. Ref.: VII. 42.

MARIETTE BEY. Ref.: IX. 361.

MARIN, [Marie Martin] Marcel de
(1769-after 1861): b. Bayonne; harp
virtuoso and composer; studied with
Hochbrucker, but chiefly self-taught;
toured throughout Europe; settled
finally in Toulouse; composed sonatas
and variations for harp, piano and vio-
lin duo, songs with harp accompani-
mciits etc

MARINETTI: contemn. Italian 'fu-
turist' composer. Ref.: III. 392.

MARINI (1) Blaglo (1600-after
1655) : b. Padua; violinist in the service
of the Signoria of Venice, at San Eu-
femia, Brescia, at the court of Parma
and to the Count Palatine at Neuburg
and Dilsseldorf. He was perhaps the
first violin virtuoso among composers,
and certainly one of the first composers
of chamber music. His opus 1, Affetti
musicali (1617), contains the oldest
solo violin sonata. His other works
known thus far include Madrigali e
Sinfonie op. 2 (1618), Arie, madrigali e
correnti, op. 3 (1620), Scherzi e can-
zonette a 1-2 v. with continue, op. 5

10

Marius

(1622), he lagrime d'Erminia (opera)
con alcune Ode op. 6 (1623), Musiche
di camera (4-6 part vocal pieces with
instruments) op. 7 (1624 [1634]), Senate
e Sinfonie, op. 8 (1626 [1629]), Madri-
galetti a 1-i v. with continuo, op. 9
(1625 [1635]), Compositioni varie per
musica di camera a 2-5 o. e parte con

2 violini, op. 13 (1641), Corona melo-
dica in 2 to 6 parts, with instru-
ments, op. 15 (1644, 14 vocal pieces
and 4 sonatas). Concerto terzo delle
musiche di camera, 3 to 10 parts, with
instruments, op. 16 (1649), 2- to 3-part
psalms with or without instruments, op.
18 (1653), 4-part vespers a cappella or
with organ, op. 20 (1654), Lagrime di
Davide sparse nel Miserere, op. 21 (3-4
part Miserere, litanies, etc., lo55), and
Sonate da chiesa e da camera, 2-4 v.
with continuo, and a guitar tablature,
op. 22 (1655). Ref.: I. 367; II. 54;
VII. 379, 475f. (2) Carlo Antonio
(17th cent.): b. Bergamo; violinist at
San Maria Maggiore, Bergamo, and
composer of instrumental chamber
music, pub. in Bologna and Venice
(1687-96), later In Amsterdam (.Sonate
a 3, op. 1, 1687; Ralletti, Correnti, Gighe
e Menuetti a 3, op. 2, 1692; Sonate a

3 e 5, op. 3, 1696; Cantate a voce sola,
op. 4, 1695; Suonate alia francese a 3,
op. 5; Sonate a 3 e i, op. 6; Sonate
da camera a 3, op. 7, ana Sonate a v.
solo with continuo, op. 8). Ref.: VII.
478.

MARINtrzZI, Gino (1882- ) : b.
Palermo, Italian opera composer; prod.
II sogno del poeta (Palermo Cons.,
1899), and Rarberina (ib., 1903) ; also a
Siciliana for' orchestra, a symphonic
poem, Sicania, etc. Ref.:, III. 389,
391.

MARIO, Giuseppe [Conte di Candial
(1810-1883) : b. Cagllari, Sardinia, d.
Rome. After ten years in the Turin
Military Academy, he joined the regi-
ment of which his father was the
colonel; fled to Paris with a ballet
dancer in 1836; studied with Bordogni
and Poncharde at the Cons.; d^but at
the Op^ra in Robert le Diable (1838) ;
joined the Italian Opera In 1840; sang
also in London, St. Petersburg and New
York for many years as the partner of
Giulia Grisi, whom he married. Ref.:
n. 193.

MARIOTTE, Antolne (1875- ) :
b. Avignon, pupil of d'Indy at the
Schola Cantorum, organist and orches-
tral conductor at St. fitlenne (Loire),
also supervisor of a finishing class for
piano playing at the Lyons Cons. He
composed a lyric tragedy, Salomi
(1908), the operas Le vieux roi (1 act,
Lyons, 1913) and Nele Dorgn (3 acts),
also Poime de pttii, 6 dramatic songs,
sonata and sonatinas for piano.

MARIUS, Jean (18th cent.) : piano
maker in Paris, who advocated the
hammer mechanism for the piano in-
dependently of its inventor, although,
according to preserved drawings, his

Mark

model was less perfect than that of
Crlstoforl.

MARK, Adalpb Bernbard (19th
cent.) : German vocal teacher; author of
Die Kunst dea Gesanges (1826). Ref.:
V. 56f.

MARKS, Dr. Jarnea Christian
(1835-1903) : b. Armagh, d. Grand Spa,
Clifton; organist and conductor.

MARKUIili, Frledrlch Wilhelm
(1816-87): organist at Danzig; also
choral conductor, teacher and music
critic. He composed 3 operas, 2 ora-
torios, symphonies, organ and piano
compositions, a choral book, songs, and
a setting of the 86th psalm, also ar-
rangements of classical works.

MARMOlVTEJlj, Antolne - Francois
(1816-1898) : b. Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-
de-Ddme, d. Paris; teacher; studied at
Paris Cons, under Zimmerman, Dour-
len, Hal^vy, and composition . with
Lesueur, whose class ho left to accept
a class in solfeggio; he became head
of a piano class, 1848, and among his
pupils were Bizet, Joseph Wieniawski,
d'Indy, Th. Dubois, E. Guiraud, H. Fis-
sot, Paladllhe, Th. Lack, A. and E.
Duvemoy, L. Diemer, F. Thom6, F.
Plants. He pub. much piano music,
including l/art de dichiffrer (100 easy
studies) ; ^cole ilimentaire de mican-
isme et de style (24 studies) ; ttades;
tcole de micanisme; 5 etudes de salon;
L'art de dichiffrer d i mains; also
sonatas, serenades, characteristic pieces,
salon-music, dances, etc. His writings
include a Petite grammaire populaire;
L'art classigue et modeme da piano
(1876, 2 vols.) ; Les pianistes cilibres
(1878) ; Sgmphonistes et virtaoses
(1880) ; Virtuoses contemporains (1882) ;
iliments d'esthitiqae musicale, et con-
siderations sur le beau dans les arts
(1884) ; Histoire du piano et de ses
OTigines (1885). Ref.: II. 24, 33; VH.
(cited) 178, 344; IX. 39, 58.

MAROT, CUinent: French poet
Ref.: I. 294; V. 165.

MARFVRd (1) FTledricIi \|rilhelm
(1718-1795) : b. Wendemark, near See-
hausen (Altmark), d. Berlin; held vari-
ous ofQcial positions in Paris, Ham-
burg and Berlin, and became titular
war councillor. In Paris he came to
know Rameau's system of harmony,
and composed 6 piano sonatas, some
books of organ and piano pieces, a
4-part mass (incomplete) with instru-
ments, also maiiy separate and secular
songs pub. in the various collections
undertaken by him. These include
Neue Lieder zum Singen (1756), Berlin-
ische Oden und Lieder (1756), Geist-
liche Oden in Melodien gesetzt (1758)
and Gellerts Oden und Lieder (1759).
He also edited collections of contem-
porary key-board music and wrote the-
oretical and historical treatises, includ-
ing Anleitung zum Klavierspielen, etc.
(1755), Die Kunst das Klavier zu
spielen (2 vols., 1750-51) ; manuals on
thorough-bass and composition, fugue.

Marslck

Rameau's system, vocal composition,
singing, temperament, also an uncom-
pleted nlstoiy of the organ, and musical
anecdotes. (2) Frledrlch (1825-1884):
b. Paderbom, d. Wiesbaden; great-
grandson of (1), eminent pianist and
violinist In his youth, pupil of Men-
delssohn and Hauptmann m composi-
tion, theatre conductor In EOnigsberg
and Mayence, court Kapellmeister In
Sondershausen, Darmstadt, and con-
ductor of the Cecilia Society, Wies-
baden, from 1875. He composed 3
operas.

MARQUfiS y GARCIA, Miguel
(1843- ) : modem Spanish composer
of operettas (zarzuelas), orchestral va-
riations, etc.

MARS, the Roman god of war. itef.;
X. 74.

MARSCHALK, Max (1863- ): b.
Berlin; music critic there, wrote an
opera. In Flammen (1896), a Lieder-
spiel, 'Aucassin and Nicollette,' and
music to 'And Pippa Dances,' 'Sister
Beatrice, etc.

MARSCHNEIR, Helnrlclt [Angtnatl
(1795-1861) : b. Zittau, Saxony, d. Han-
over; opera composer; studied law at
the Univ. of Leipzig,-but abandoned it
for music; invited to Vienna by Count
Thaddaus von Amadde, who secured
him a place as music teacher in Press-
burg; invited to Dresden by Weber and
was appointed director of German and
Italian opera there, conjointly with
Weber and Morlacchi in 1823; Kapell-
meister at the Leipzig Theatre (1826-
1831) ; court Kapellmeister at Hanover
(1831-1859). His compositions include
the operas Der Kgffhduserberg (1816),
Saidor (1819), Beinrich IV und d'Au-
bigne (1820), Der Vampyr (1828), Der
Tempter und die JUdin (1829), Hans
Heiling (1833), Der Holzdieb (1825),
Lucretia (1826), Des Falkner's Braut
(1832), Das Schloss am Atna (1836),
Der Bdbu (1838), Adolf von Nassau
(1843); Austin (1851); Bjarne der
Sdngerkonig (posth. 1863) ; music to
Kleist's Pnnz Friedrich von Hamburg,
Hall's AH Baba, Kind's Schon Ellen,
etc.; songs, choruses, piano pieces,
chamber music, etc. Ref.: II. 279, 283;
V. 228; Vn. 577; IX. xii; operas, IX.
2i2.

MARSH, J. B. T.s American writer,
author of 'The Story of the Jubilee
Singers with their Songs' (Boston,
1880). Ref.: (quoted) IV. 308f.

MARSHAIili (1) WlUlam (1806-
1875): b. Oxford, d. Handsworth; or-
ganist at Oxford and Kidderminster;
composed sacred part-songs, published
collections of anthem texts and chants,
and wrote on 'The Art of Reading
Church Music' (2) Jolin Fatten
(1877- ): b. Rockfort; studied with
Lang, Chadwlck, MacDowell, Norris;
music professor at Boston University
and organist in Boston; composed for
piano and songs.

MARSICK (1) Martin Flerr^ Jo-

Marsop

sepli (1848- ): b. Jupllle, near
Liege; studied at the conservatories of
Liige, Brussels and Paris; also with
Joacbim in Berlin; virtuoso on violin
throughout Europe; professor at the
Conservatoire and composer for his in-
strument. (2) Armand (1878- ) : b.
Lifege; pupil of Dupuis, Bopartz and
d'Indy, orchestral conductor and teacher
at the Cons, at Athens; composed 2
operas, a lyric scene, 2 symphonic po-
ems, a violin sonata, other pieces for
violin, for 'cello, piano and songs.

MARSOP, Paul (1856- ) : b. Ber-
lin; studied with Ehrllch and Biilow;
writer on Wagner, German art, stage
reform, etc., founder of the Musikal-
ische Volksbibliothek in Munich, 1907,
since taken over by the city.

MARSTOW, Georse W.: contemp.
American composer of church music,
songs, etc. Ref.: IV. 343, 357.

MARSYAS: satyr, mythological dis-
coverer of the ilute (aulos). Ref.: I.
121f.

MARTEATJ, Henri (1874- ): b.
Bheims; pupil of Leonard, and of Gar-
cin at the Paris Conservatoire, where
he received the first violin prize, 1892;
appeared as violin virtuoso in London
and Vienna, toured America and Scan-
dinavia, where he prod, a scene for
soprano, chorus and orchestra, La voix
de Jeanne d'Arc (Gotenburg, 1896) ; also
pub. chamber music, songs with string
quartet, a violin concerto (in form of
suite), and a 'cello concerto. He was
teacher at the Geneva Cons, from 1900,
and became Joachim's successor at the
Royal High School for Music in Berlin.

MARTBNS, Fredericli: Herman
(1874- ) ; b. New York ; studied
musical theory with Max Spicker,
piano with C. Timm and W. H. Barber;
has contributed articles on musical
subjects to various publications; au-
thor of poems which have been set
to music, cantata texts and librettos,
translations of choral works and songs;
contributor to 'American Year Book,'
correspondent for the London 'Musical
Record'; contributing editor to 'The Art
of Music'

MARTIN (1) Jean Blaise (1768-
1837) : b. Ronciire, near Lyons, d.
Paris; baritone in Parisian theatres,
had an excellent voice, but little talent
for acting. (2) Pterre Alexander
([?]-1879): d. Paris; one of the first
makers of harmoniums; invented the
hanuner action (percussion) for im-
proved attack. (3) [Sir] George
Clement (1844- ) : b. Lambourne,
Berks; pupil of Sir John Stainer,
etc.; Mus. D. Cantab, and Oxon. ; or-
ganist at Lambourne, to the Duke of
Buccleuch and of St. Paul's Cathedral
(since 1888) ; professor of organ at the
Royal College of Music, and, since 1895,
the Royal Academy of Music; composed
much church music (services, anthems,
etc.) ; edited a series of organ arrange-
ments for Novello, and wrote 'The Art

13

Martucd

of Training Choir Boys.' Ref.: III. 421;
VI. 493.

MARTIN y SOIiAR, Vicente (1754-
1810): b. Valencia, Spain, d. St. Pe-
tersburg; composer; organist at Ali-
cante; later went to Italy, where his
operas won great popularity; in Vi-
enna La cosa vara (1785) was greeted
with enthusiasm. He directed the Ital-
ian opera at St. Petersburg (1788-1801) ;
on the introduction of French opera he
fell from favor, and supported him-
self by teaching. He composed 10 op-
eras, several ballets, etc. Ref.: IX. 99,
135, 380.

MARTINElIilil, Giovanni: contemp.
operatic tenor, singing leading rdles in
Italy, Covent Garden, London, where he
made his d^but in La Tosco, and the
Metropolitan Opera House, New York.
Ref.: IV. 155.

MARTI]VE:NG0, GIuUo Cesare
([?]-1613): b. Verona, d. Venice; con-
ductor at Udine and Venice; composed
motets, etc.

MARTINENGO-CABSARESCO.
Countess. Ref.: (quoted) V. 70f, 80.

MARTINEZ, Marianne di (1744-
1812) : b. Vienna, d. there; studied with
Metastasio and Haydn; singer, pianist,
composer of church music, sonatas and
concerti for piano, oratorios, etc.

MARTINI, [Padhe] Giambattlsta
(1706-1784): b. Bologna, d, there; com-
poser and author; studied with his fa-
ther. Padre Predieri, and counterpoint
with Riccieri. He became maestro di
cappella at the church of San Francesco
(1725), and took holy orders (1729).
His masses and oratorios rendered him
famous throughout Europe as a com-
poser, and his renown as a theorist
was still greater; students of all
nationalities sought his instruction
(among them Gluck, Mozart, Gritry,
Jommelli, Mattel), and recognized au-
thorities in musical science and history
consulted bis opinion. The greater
part of his musical library went to the
Liceo Musicale of Bologna and the
Accad. Arcadica of Rome. Of his
compositions, the following were pub.:
Litaniee atque antiphoniee finales (with
organ and instruments, 1734) ; 12
Sonate d'intavolatnra per Vorgano e
cembalo (1742), 6 more (1747); Du-
etti da cam^era a diversi voci (1763).
In MS. are 2 oratorios, masses, a far-
setta, 3 intermezzi, etc. His writings
include a Storia delta musica (3 vols.,
1757, 1770, 1781), treating of ancient
music; the Esemplare ossia saggio fon-
damentale pratico di contrappunto (2
vols., 1774, 1775) ; Regole per gli or-
ganisti per accompagnare il canto
fermo (1756?), etc. Ref.: IL 11. 101;
IV. 66f, 69, 75, 79; VI. 458; VII. 96f,
104, 106, 119.

MARTUCCI, Giuseppe (1856- ):
b. Capua; composer; studied with bis
father and made his d^but as a pianist
in 1867; subsequently studied at Royal
Cons., Naples, under Cesi, Costa, Ser-

Marty

rao and L. Rossi; appointed professor
at the Cons. In 1874^; conducted the
orchestral concerts established by
Prince d'Ardore and was director of
the Neapolitan Societd del Quartetto;
travelled as a concert pianist In Italy,
Germany, France and England; di-
rector of the Bologna Cons, from 1886,
of the Royal Cons., Naples, since 1902.
His compositions Include 2 symphonies
(D min., F maj.), a piano concerto,
a piano quintet, string quartets, 2 pi-
ano trios, a sonata for piano and 'cello,
pieces for violin and piano and for
'cello and piano, much music for piano
solo, 2 pianos (fantasy, variations),
string miartet (.Momenta musicale e
Minuetto) ; also an organ sonata, a
piano concerto and an oratorio ('Sam-
uel') In MS., etc. Ref.: III. 387f.

9IARTY, Georges Eugene (1860-
1908): b. Paris, d. there; pupil of
Massenet at the Conservatoire, vrhere
he took the jptIx de Rome, 1882, vfith
a cantata, 'Edith'; leader of the en-
semble classes, then harmony professor
at the Cons., also chorus repetitor at
the Op£ra and chef d'orchestre there,
1895-96; conductor of the Conservatoire
Concerts from 1903; composer of or-
chestral works (overture. Suite To-
mantique, etc.), a pantomime, 2 operas,
piano pieces, songs, etc.

IHARX (1) Adolf Bernliard (1795-
1866) : b. Halle, d. Berlin. He became
a jurist, but early showed talent for
music, studied theory with Tilrk In
Halle and Zelter in Berlin, before
which he had already composed 2 op-
eras. He founded the Berlin Allge-
meine musikalische Zeitung In 1824,
and edited it through its short exist-
ence (tin 1830). He became Dr. phil.
in Marburg In 1827, and was made
professor of music at Berlin Univ.
upon Mendelssohn's recommendation in
1830, also university Musikdirektor in
1832. With KuUak and Stern he
fovmded the Stem Cons, in 1850, taught
composition there, but after 1856 only
privately. He composed an opera, a
melodrame, oratorios, a symphony, pi-
ano sonata, songs, etc., also a Chorale
and Organ Book, none of which was of
much permanent value. But his writ-
ings on theory and musical ssthetics
are valuable. They show the Influ-
ence of Logler, whose 'Musical Science'
M. translated Into German, and Include
Die Lehre von der masikalischen Kom-
positioa (4 vols., 1837-47; new ed.
by Rlemann), Allgemeine Musiklehre
(1839, 10th ed. 1884), Vber Malerei in
der Tonkunst (1828), Die Musik des
19. Jahrhunderts and ihre Pflege (1855,
1873), Ludwig von Beethovens Leben
nnd Schaffen (1659; 6th ed. by Behnke,
1911), Gluck und die Oper (2 vols.,
1863), Anleitung zum Vortrag Beetho-
venscher Klavierwerke (1863; 4th ed.
by R. von Hovker, 1903; new ed. by
Eugen Schmitz, 1912; English transl.
by F. L. Gwinner, 1895), Erinnerungen

Maschera

aus melnem Leben' (2 vols., 1865), and
Das Ideal and die Gegenwart (1867).
A collection of his essays on tone poets
and tonal art was edited by L. Hirsch-
berg (1912). Ref.: VI. 269. (2) Bertlie
(1859- ): b. Paris; pianist in Ber-
lin, then Paris; appeared in chamber-
music soirees with Sarasate, whose vio-
lin compositions she arranged for pi-
ano. Her husband. Otto Goldschmidt (b,
1846), is a pianist, resident In Paris,
and arranger of Spanish dramas for
the German stage. (3) Joseph (1882-) :
b. In Graz; studied with E. W. Deg-
ner and musical science at Graz
Univ. (Dr. phil.) ; composer of over 80
songs (Italienisches Liederbuch), songs
with orchestra, choral songs with orch.,
pieces for string quartet, a trio fan-
tasy, a violin sonata, pieces for piano
quartet, fantasy and fugue for violin
and piano, etc. Ref.: HI. 266; V. 345. -

BfARXSBJV. Eidnard (1806-1887): b.
Nienstadten, near Altona; d. Altona:
studied with his father, Clasing and
Bocklet; teacher and Royal Musik-
direktor In Hamburg.

HARV (1) (tneen of Elngland.
Ref.: VI. 449. (2) 4neen of Scots.
Ref.: VI. 103.

lUARZO, Kdnardo (1852- ): b.
Naples; composer; studied in Naples
under Nacclarone, Mlcell and Pappa-
lardo; came to New York as musical
director with Gazzaniga, Ronconi, Patti,
dl Murska, Tietjens, etc.; vocal teacher,
organist and composer in New York
since 1899; member Royal Academy of
St. Cecilia, Rome; his compositions in-
clude 8 masses, 4 vespers and many
songs for the Catholic church; several
anthems, Te Deums and songs for
Protestant churches ; an orchestral prel-
ude, piano pieces, secular songs, duets,
operettas and cantatas for children's
voices, etc. Ref.: TV. 358.

MASCAGNI, Fletro (1863- ): b.
Leghorn; composer; studied at Soffre-
dini's music school, Leghorn, and at
the Milan Cons, under Ponchielll and
Salasino; conducted a number of small
opera troupes and subsequently be-
came conductor of the musical society
at Cerlgnola; won the prize offered by
the music publisher Sonzogno for a
one-act opera, with his Cavalleria Rus-
ticana (1890), which created a sensa-
tion; director of the Rossini Cons, at
Pesaro (1895-1903). His later operas,
none of which has met with more than
a moderate success, include L*Amico
Fritz (1891), / Rantzau (1892), Gugliel-
mo Ratcliff (1895), Silvano (1895),
Zanetto (1896), Iris (1898), Le Maschere
(1901), Arnica (1905), Isabeau (1912),
Parlsina (1913). Ref.: I. viii: III. Ix,
369, 370f; TV. 148; IX. 451, 481, 482;
mus. ex., XIV. 161; portrait, HI. 372.

MASCHERA, Florentio (16th-17th
cent.) : organist at Brescia, pupil of
Merulo, and one of the first composers
of purely Instrumental canzoni, a book
of which he pub. in 1584, while others

13

Mascheronl

appeared in' collections. iJe/..- Vll.
378, 470; VIII. 123.

MASCHKRONI, ESdnardo (1855-) :
b. Milan; was tlieatre conductor in
Legnano and Rome; composed an op-
era, Lorenza (Rome, 1901), a Requiem
to Victor Emmanuel, etc.

MASBK (1) Vlncenz (1755-1831):
b. Zwikovecz, Bohemia; d. Prague; pu-
pil of Seegert and Dussek; piano vir-
tuoso; organist and music dealer in
Prague. His compositions include Bo-
hemian operas, masses, symphonies,
chamber music, pieces for piano and
harmonica, etc. Ref.: VIII. 200. (2)
Paul (1761-1826) : b. Zwikovecz, d. Vi-
enna; music teacher in Vienna, and
composer in all forms.

MASI, Enrico. See Becker, Rein-
bold (9).

MASON (1) William (1724-1797) : b.
Hull, d. Aston; M. A., Cambridge, 1749;
took orders and became canon and pre-
centor at York Cathedral. He pub. 'A
Copious Collection' of Bible texts, set
as anthems (1782), with an essay on
cathedral music; also essays 'On In-
strumental Church Music,' 'On Paro-
chial Psalmody,* 'On the Causes of the
Present Imperfect Alliance Between
Music and Poetry'; also a biography of
the poet Gray. He wrote tragedies and
lyric poems, and composed anthems.
(2) liOTrell (1792-1872): b. Medfleld,
Mass.; d. Orange, N. J.; teacher and
composer; self-taught; directed church
choir of Medfleld at age of 16; be-
came president of the Handel and
Haydn Society, Boston (1827) ; estab-
lished classes on Pestalozzi's system
(1828); with G. J. Webb founded the
Boston Academy of Music (1832) ; stud-
ied musical pedagogics in Germany
(1837) ; pub. 'Boston Handel and Haydn
Collection of Church Music' (1822),
'Juvenile Psalmist' (1829), 'Juvenile
Lyre' (1830), 'Sabbath School Songs'
(1836), 'Lyra Sacra' (1837), 'Boston
Anthem Book' (1839), 'The Psaltery'
(1845), 'Cantica Landis' (1850), 'New
Carmina Sacra' (1852), 'The Song Gar-
den' (1866), etc.; author of 'Musical
Letters from Abroad' (1853). Ref.: TV.
52ff, 239«f, 245f ; portrait, IV. 332. (3)
WiUlam (1829-1908): b. Boston, d.
New York; son of (2); studied in
Leipzig under Moscheles, Hauptmann
and Richter, in Prague under Drey-
schock, and in Weimar under Liszt;
played in public in Weimar, Prague,
Frankfort, London; founded the Mason
and Thomas Soirees of chamber music
in New York (1855) ; author of 'Touch
and Technic,' a 'Method for Artistic
Piano Playing,' 'A Method for the Pi-
anoforte* (with E. S. Hoadley, 1867),
•System for Beginners' (1871), 'Ma-
son's Pianoforte Technics' (1878), 'Mem-
oirs of a Musical Life' (1901) ; his com-
positions include a Serenata for 'cello
and piano, and numerous pieces for
piano solo. Ref.: IV. 203, 344f. (4)
Daniel Gregory (1873- ) : b. Brook-

14

Massenet

line, Mass.; nephew of (3); studied
at Harvard Univ., music with Clayton
Johns, Ethelbert Nevin, Arthur Whit-
ing, J. K. Paine, G. W. Chadwick, Percy
Goetschius and Vincent d'Indy, in
Boston, New York and Paris; associ-
ate professor of music, Columbia Uni-
versity, since 1916; municipal lecturer
on music. New York; composer of
an Elegy for piano, sonata for vio-
lin and piano. Pastorale for violin,
clarinet and piano. Country Pictures
for piano, a piano quartet, a sym-
phony, etc.; author of 'From Grieg to
Brahms' (1902), 'Beethoven and His
Forerunners' (1904), 'The Romantic
Composers' (1906) ; 'The Appreciation
of Music' (with T. W. Surette, 1907);
'Great Modem Composers' (1916), etc.;
contributor to musical journals ; editor-
in-chief of 'The Art of Music' (1914-
17). Ref.: rv. 358fr; mus. ex., XIV.
290.

MASSAIXI, Tlbnrzio (16th-17th
cent.): b. Cremona; maestro di cap-
pella at Salo, Prague, Salzburg, Cre-
mona, Piacenza and Lodi; composed
masses, vespers. Magnificat, motets,
madrigals, lamentations, etc., also in-
strumental canzoni (incl. one each for
8 trombone^, 16 trombones, and for 4
violins and 4 lutes).

9IASSART (1) Iiambert Joseph
(1811-1892): b. Li6ge, d. Paris; studied
with Kreutzer, teacher of violin in
Paris, professor at the Conservatoire;
taught many famous composers, among
them Wieniawski, Tua, Marsick, Sara-
sate and Lotto. Ref.: VII. 447. (2)
LiOnlse Aglae (n^e IHasson) (1827-
1887)_: b. Paris, d. there; wife of (1);
pianist and teacher of pianoforte at
the Conservatoire. (3) Nestor H. J.
(1849-1899): b. Ciney, Belgium; d. Os-
tende; operatic tenor in Europe and
America.

MASS£, Fe^Iix-BIarle (called Victor)
(1822-1884) : b. Lorient, Morbihan,
France, d. Paris; opera composer; pu-
pil of Halfivy (theory) at the Paris
Cons., winning the grand prix de
Rome: became chorus director at the
Grand Opera, 1860, and professor of
composition at the Cons., 1866; suc-
ceeded Auber in the Academic, 1872.
His works include La Chambre goth-
ique (1849) ; Les noces de Jeannette
(1853); La Chanteuse voilie (1850);
GalatMe (1852) ; La Fiancie du diable
(1855); Miss Fauvette (1855); Les Sai-
sons (1855) ; La reine Topaze (1856) ;
Le cousin de Marivaux (1857) ; Les
Chaises A porteurs (1858) ; La fie Ca-
rabosse (1859) ; Mariette la promise
(1862) ; Le mule de Pidro (1863) ; Fior
d'Aliza (1866); Le flls du brigadier
(1867); Paul et Virginie (1876); Vne
nuit de CUopdtre (1877). Ref.: IL
212; rX. 447.

MASSENET, Jnles [fimile Freder-
ic] (1842-1912): b. Monteaux, near St.
fitienne; d. Paris; pupil of Laurent,
R£ber, Savard and Ambroise Thomas;

Massine

won pTix de Rome 1863; professor of
composition at the Cons. (1878-1896) ;
elected to the .Ac^d^mie (1878). His
works Include the operas La Grcmd
Tante (1867), Don Cisar de Bazan
(1872), te Roi de Lahore (1877), Hi-
rodiade (1884), Le Cid (1885), Esclar-
monde (1889), Le Mage (1891), Werther
(1892), Thais (1894), Le portrait de
Manon (1894), La Navarraise (1894),
, Sapho (1897), Cendrillon (1899), Gri-
selidis (1901), Le Jongleur de Notre
Dame (1902), Jerubim (1905), Therise
(1907), Don Quichotte (1910), Panurge
(1913), Cliopdtre (1914); a sacred
drama, Marie Magdeleine (1873) ; an
oratorio. La Vierge (1880) ; Eve, a mys-
tery (1875) ; Incidental music to
de Lisle's Erinnyes and to Sardou's
Crocodile and Thiodora; orchestral
suites, overtures and fantasies; piano
pieces, romances, etc. Ret.: II. 438;
m. viii, 24, 25ir, 278, 283f; III. 343,
351; V. 317, 358; VI. 206; IX. xiii, 238,
443, 447ff; portrait, HI. 30.

MASSINE, Leonlde: contemp. Rus-
sian dancer. Ref.: X. 232.

MASSON (1) Charles (17th cent.):
church conductor in ChUons (1680) and
Paris; wrote Nouveaa traiti des rigles
pour la composition (1694, etc.), one of
the first French theories. (2) Elisa-
beth (1806-1865): d. London; mezzo-
soprano in concert and oratorio; sing-
ing teacher and founder of a soclefy
for English music teachers, 1835. She
composed songs and published a col-
lection of part-songs. (3) Panl Marie
(1882- ): b. Cette, Hirault; wrote
L'hamanisnie musical en France an
XVI' slide (1907); studied further
under Remain Rolland in Paris and
with d'Indy at the Schola Cantorum.
He was chosen to organize the musical
division of the Instltut Franfais de
Florence in 1910, and became prof essor
of music at Grenoble TJniv. He edited
the Canti cainaseialeschi for the In-
stitut de Florence, 1913; wrote Lullistes
et Ramlstes (1912) ; also a report on
contemporaneous French music (1911)
and other essays.

MASTTTTO (1) Giovanni (1830-
1894) : b. Treviso, d. Venice ; writer
and music critic in Venice; author of
biographical lexicon of 19th century
Italian masters, also Delia musica sacra
in Italia (3 vols.). (2) Renzo (1858-) :
b. Treviso; son of Giovanni; studied
in Parma and Venice; regimental band
leader, performer on piano and violin,
composer of overtures, operas, part-
songs, etc.

MASZK01V8KI, Raphael (1858-
1901): b. Lemberg, d. Rreslau; studied
at the conservatories of Lemberg and
Leipzig; conductor at Schaffhausen,
Coblenz, and Rreslau.

MATKRNA, AmaUe (1847- ): b.
St. Georgen, Styria; dramatic soprano;
sang in churches and concerts at Graz;
dibut in opera as a soubrette; later
engaged at the Carl Theatre, Vienna,

Mathlen

where she sang in operettas; engaged
at the Vienna court opera as prima
donna, 1869-96, and became a famous
impersonator of Wagnerian r61es; later
sang in New York; teacher since 1902.
She created Brilnnhilde (1876) and
Kundry (1882) at Bayreuth. Ref.: IV.

MATHER, Cotton: Colonial Ameri-
can divine. Ref.: (cited) IV. 19, 21.

MATHIAS (1) Hermann. See
Webkbkoren. (2) Georges AmSdCe
Saint-Clalr (1826-1910): b. Paris, died
there; son of a Ger^nan; pupil of Kalk-
brenner and Chopin in piano, and
Halfivy, etc., in composition; piano pro-
fessor at the Conservatoire from 1862.
He composed 2 overtures, 'Hamlet' and
'Mazeppa,* symphonies, piano concertos,
sonatas, etudes and oBier piano works
for 2 and 4 hands, 6 trios, some choral
works and songs. (3) Franz Xaver
(1871- ): b. Dinsheim, Alsace;
took orders and became organist at
Strassburg cathedral; studied art his-
tory at Strassburg Univ. and took the
degree of Or. phil. in Leipzig with
Die Tonarien (1901), with a study on
the 'Strassburg Chronist Konigshofen'
(1903) he earned the degree of Dr.
theol., Strassburg, 1907, and he became
docent for church music at the Cath-
olic theological faculty there, professor
1913, and founder of an institute for
church music. He conducts the Cath-
olic Academic Church Choir, and edits
the periodical Cdcilia (Strassburg).
He made a study of the question of
organ accompaniments for the Grego-
rian plain-chant, has written on the
subject, as well as on modulation (for
organists). He composed Latin and
German vocal works, also choral prel-
udes and variations, as well as a suite
for organ.

MATHIAS I, King of Hungary.
Ref.: III. 187.

MATHIEU (1) JnUen Almable
Ws) (1734-1811): b. Versailles, d.
Paris; violinist at the court, 1770-91,
organist at Versailles; pub. violin so-
natas with continuo, violin duets, trio
sonatas, etc. (2) fimile [Lonls Tlctor]
(1844- ): b. Lille; composer; stud^
ied at the Louvain Music School and
under Bosselet, F^tis and Dupont at
the Brussels Cons.; professor of piano
and harmony at the Louvain Music
School (1867-1873) ; chef d'orchestre at
the Chatelet Theatre, Paris (1873-
1874) : director of the Louvain Music
School (1881-1898); director of the
Royal Cons., iGhent, since 1898. His
compositions include the operas L'i-
change (1863), Georges Dandin (1876),
La Bernoise (1880), Richilde (1888),
and L'Enfance de Roland (1895) ; a
ballet, Les Fumeurs de Kiff (1876) ;
music to S^jour's Cromwell (1874):
cantatas, choral works, orchestral
pieces, a piano concerto, a violin con-
certo, a Te Deum, songs, etc. Ref,: VI.
392.

15

Mattel

HATTBI, [Padre] Stanlalao (1750-
1825): b. Bologna, d. there; pupil of
Padre Martini and his successor as
maestro di cappella of San Francesco;
professor of counterpoint at ihe Llceo
fllarmonico from its foundation in
1804, where he taught Rossini, Doni-
zetti and others. He pub. Pratica d'ac-
compagnamento sopra bassi numeratt
(3 vols., 1829-30). Ref.: II. 180.

MATTHiU, Helnricli AugVMt (1781-
1835) ; b. Dresden, d. Leipzig; virtuoso
on violin, conductor of the Gewandliaus
orchestra and teacher.

MATTHATT, Joseph (1788-1856): b.
Brussels, d. there; inventor of an im-
proved harmonica, called the Matthau-
phone.

MATTBAT, Tobias Ansnstna
(1858- ) : b. Clapham (London) ; pi-
anist and noted piano pedagogue; pupil
of Bennett, Sullivan and Prout at the
Royal Academy of Music, where he
afterwards became professor; composer
of overtures, piano concerto, orchestral,
chamber and much piano music, a
scene for chorus and orch., 'Hero and
Leander'; pub. 'The Act of Touch'
(1903, 1907) and 'First Principles of
Pianoforte Playing* (1905), an excerpt
of the former work.

MATTHBSODr, Johann (1681-1764):
b. Hamburg, d. there; composer and
theorist; studied with Braunmiiller,
Pratorlus, and Kellner; entered the
opera chorus 1690, and 1697-1705 sang
operatic tenor roles, also bringing out
5 operas; befriended Handel in 1703;
(1705 became tutor in the English am-
bassador's family) ; secretary of lega-
tion, 1706; later, ambassador ad in-
terim: musical director and cantor at
the Hamburg Cathedral, 1715-28. His
compositions include 8 operas, 24 ora-
torios and cantatas, a Passion, a mass,
suites for clavichord, 12 flute sonatas
with violin, etc. He wrote Das nea-
eroffnete Orchester Oder grUndliche
Anleitung, wie ein galant homme einen
volkommenen Begriff von der Boheit
und W&rde der edlen Masik erlangen
mdge (1713) ; Das beschUtzte Orchester
[versus Buttstedf s Vt, re, mi, fa, sol,
la, tota musica] (1717) ; Die exempla-
Tische Organistenprobe (1719; 2nd ed.
as Grosse Generalbass-Schule, 1731) ;
Critica musica (2 vols., 1722) ; Der
brauchbare Virtuos (1720) ; Das for-
schende Orchester (1721) ; De eruditione
musica (1732) ; Der volkommene Ca-
pellmeister (1739) ; Grundlagen einer
Ehrenpforte, wortn der t&chtigsten
Capellmeister, Componisten, etc., Le-
ben, Werke, etc., erscheinen sollen
(1740) ; Die neueste Vntersuchung der
Singspiele (1744) ; Mithridat, wider den
Gift einer welschen Satgre des Salva-
tor Rosa, genaimt: La Musica, Ubersetzi
nnd mit Anmerkungen, etc. (1749) ;
Georg Friedrich Bdndels Lebensbe-
schreibung (1761), etc. Ret.: I. 415,
423, 452ff; VI. 118; VH. 7; DC. 30,
31.

16

Mangars

MATTHEMTS, WUIlam Smith Bab-
cock (1837-1912) : b. London, d. Chi-
cago; music teacher in Chicago; con-
tributor to various newspapers and
editor of 'Music,' a monthly. In Chi-
cago, 1891-1902. He was a pioneer in
modem ideas of musical pedagogy:
wrote 'How to Understand Music' (with
E. Liebling; 2 vols., 1880-88), 'One Hun-
dred Years of Music in America' (with
Granville Howe, 1889), 'Popular His-
tory of Music' (1891, 1906), 'Primer
of Music' (with William Mason, 1895),
'Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary
of Music' (1896), 'Outlines of Musical
Forms' (1890), 'The Great in Music'
(1900-1902, 2 vols.), 'The Masters and
Their Music' (1898), 'Music, Its Ideals
and Methods' (1897), 'How to Teach the
Pianoforte,' 'Twenty Lessons to a Be-
ginner in the Pianoforte,' 'First Lessons
on Phrasing and Musical Interpreta-
tion'; 'Course of Piano Study in Ten
Grades, a Complete Pedal Study' (1904),
and a new revision of Mason's 'Piano-
forte Technics' (1903).

MATTHISOIV, Arthur: English poet.
Ref.: VI. 208.

IWATTHISOIV-HAIVSEIN (1) Hana
(1807-1890) : b. Flensburg, d. Roeskilde;
pupil of Weyse at Copenhagen; organist
of Roeskilde Cathedral, 1832; composer
of an oratorio, Johannes, church can-
tatas, psalms with orch., chorales with
variations, organ symphonies (sona-
tas), organ preludes, postludes, fan-
tasias, etc. (2) eotfred (1832-1909) :
son of (1) ; b. Roeskilde, d. Copenhagen,
where he was organist of the German
Frledrichskirche, of St. John's, etc. ; and
organ teacher at the C!ons. ; studied at
Leipzig, 1862-63; with Grieg, Nordraak
and Homeman founded the Euterpe
concert society; toured Germany; suc-
ceeded Hartmann as director of the
Cons.; composed a piano trio, violin
sonata, ballade for piano, fantasia for
organ, 'cello sonata, concert pieces for
organ. (3) Vlggo (1834- ): b.
Roeskilde; son sf (1) ; cantor at St.
Peter's, Copenhagen.

MATZBNAVEIR, Marsarete (18S1-) :
b. TemeSvar, Hungary; operatic mezzo-
soprano; pupil of her mother, Ottilie
M., Georgine Neuendorff, Antonia
Mlelke, and Franz Emerich. She
made her d£but as Puck in Oberon,
Strassburg, 1901; was engaged at the
Munich court opera, Bayreuth and Met-
ropolitan Opera, New York, where she
has sung leading dramatic rdles, in-
cluding Herodias in Salome, Klytenmes-
tra in Elektra, and Brilnnhllde. She
married Edoardo Ferrari-Fontana, noted
operatic tenor, but later separated from
him. Ref.: IV. 155.

MATTDTJIT, Jaqaea (1557-1627): b.
Paris, d. there; composed a Requiem
to his friend Ronsard; lutenlst and
composer of chansons; settings of Ron-
sard's poems (with Claude Lejeune),
etc.

MAUGARS, Andre (17tb cent):

Mauke

secretary to Richelieu; performer on
gamba; wrote on Italian music of his
time (1639).

MAVKX:, Wilhelm (1867- ): b.
Hamburg; abandoned medicine for mu-
sic, which he studied in Basel and the
Munich Academy; critic and song com-
poser; wrote also 2 operas, an operetta
and symphonic poems.

MATTRE:!.. victor (1848- ): b.
Marseilles; studied at Marseilles and
Paris conservatories; baritone in grand
opera at Paris, in Italy, Russia, Amer-
ica, Spain and Portugal; also vocal
teacher, and author of Le chant renovi
par la science (1892), Vn problime
d'art (1893), A propos de la mise en
seine de Don Juan (1896), L'ari da
chant and Dix ans de cairiire (1899,
transl. into German by LiUi Lehmann).

MAVRER, liUdTvls Wilhelm (1789-
1878): b. Potsdam, d. St. Petersburg;
violinist; played in public in Germany,
France and Russia; concert-master in
Hanover; finally settled in Di:esden; his
compositions include a. .Sgmpihonie con-
certante for 4 violins with orchestra;
8 violin concertinos, 2 string quartets,
daos concertants for violins, airs variis,
fantasias, etc., and 3 operas.

MAURI, Rosetta, ballerina. Ref.:
X. 159.

MAURICB (1) Alphons (1862-
1905): b. Hamburg, d. Dresden; pupil
of Dessoff, GrSdener, etc., at Vienna
Cons.; composer of songs, duets, choral
songs (for men's and mixed voices,
some a cappella), pieces for piano,
violin and piano, etc.; also several
small Singspiele and a Volksoper, Der
Wundersteg. (2) Pierre (1868- ):
b. Geneva, where he studied at the
Cons.; also studied at Stuttgart, and
with Lavignac and Massenet in Paris;
composed Picheurs d'lslande, orches-
tral suite after Pierre Lotl; a suite in
fugue style for 2 pianos; Daphne, prel-
ude and scene for orchestra; also 4
operas, including Misi brun (Stuttgart,
1908) and Lamval (Weimar, 1913); a
Biblical drama, 'Jephtha's Daughter';
also songs.

MAtJRICIO, Jose (1752-1815): b.
Coimbra, d. Figuelra; theorist and com-
poser of church musict conductor at
the Coimbra Cathedral and professor
of the University there; wrote Melbodo
de musica (1806).

MAITRIN, Jean Pierre (1822-1894):
b. Avignon, d. Paris; student and vio-
lin teacher at the Conservatoire;
founder of a Beethoven society.

MA-WET (1) Fernand (1870- ):
b. Vaux-sous-Chivremont, Belgium; pu-
pil, then teacher, at Liege Cons.; or-
ganist and composer of an oratorio,
'Abraham,' masses and motets; also a
music drama, Noel Sanglant, 2 comic
operas in Walloon dialect, songs, etc.
(2) Lnclen (1875- ): b. Chaudfon-
taine, Belgium; brother of (1), pupil,
then teacher, at Liige Cons. ; composer of
pieces for wind instruments, songs, etc.

a

Mayer

ifimlle (1884- ): b. Prayon-
'or«, Belgium; brother of (1) and (2) ;
studied at Li^ge and Cologne ' Cons. ;
solo 'cellist in Baden-Baden, then
Strassburg, where he teaches at the
Cons. He composed a cantata, Les
temps sont revolus (1905, prize-crowned,
celebrating Belgium's independence) ;
also an opera, orchestral pieces, string
quartet, organ and 'cello pieces.

MAXIMIUAN (1) (18th cent.):
Duke of Bavaria. Ref.: IX. 85. (2)
Emperor of Mexico. Ref.: VH. 312.

MAXIMIIilAN FRAJfZ, Prince; for
a time patron of Beethoven in Vienna.

MAXIVBR, J.; contemp. Bohemian
composer. Ref.: III. 182.

MAY (1) Edvrard Collet (1806-
1887) : b. Greenwich, d. London: studied
with Adam, Potter and Crevelli; organ-
ist and singing teacher in London. (2)
Florence: daughter of Edward; studied
with Brahms; pianist of note and au-
thor of a 'Life of Brahms' (2 vols.,
1905).

MATBRICK, Michael (pseud.
Stephen Adams) (1844-1913): b. Liv-
erpool, d. Buxton; composer; organ
gupil of Best; studied at the Leipzig
ons. (Plaidy, Moscheles, Richter), and
Nava at Milan; sang at the principal
concerts in London and the provinces,
and toured the United States and Can-
ada in 1884; many of his songs (sung
by himself) had great vogue. Ref.:
IIL 443; V. 327.

MAYFR (1) Charles (1799-1862):
b. Konigsberg, d. Dresden; pupil of
John Field in St. Petersburg; pianist,
accompanied his father on a tour to
Warsaw, Germany, Holland and Paris,
and after living in St. Petersburg, trav-
elled to Stockholm, Copenhagen, Ham-
burg, Leipzig, and Vienna, settling in
Dresden, 1846. He wrote about 350
numbers for piano, including many val-
uable studies and instructive pieces;
also a Concerto, a Concerto sym-
phoniqae, a concert polonaise, Grande
Fantaisie dramatique, toccata, Valses-
itudes and brilliant concert pieces. (2)
Bmllle (1821- ) : b. Frledland,
Mecklenburg; pupil of Lowe, Marx and
Wieprecht; composer of 7 symphonies
and 12 grand overtures, an operetta,
a piano concerto, the llSth Psalm with
orch., 14 string quartets, 2 piano quar-
tets, 12 sonatas for piano and violin,
11 trios, songs, piano pieces, etc. (3)
Wilhelm (pseudonym W. A. R£my)
(1831-1898) : b. Prague, d. Graz; aban-
doned law for music in 1862, after
having taken the degree of Dr. juT, and
held a government post; became con-
ductor of the Graz Musical Society, and
from 1870 devoted himself only to
teaching (among his pupils were Bu-
soni, Klenzi, Reznlcek, Weingartner,
etc.) and composition (3 symphonies;
symphonic poem Helene; overture Sar-
danapel; Slavisches Liederspiel and
Ostliche Rosen; fantasias for 2 pi-
anos with orch., a concert opera

17

Mayerhofl

Waldfrdalein [Graz, 1876]; part-songs,
and songs). (4) Karl (1852- ): b.
Sondershausen ; operatic baritone In
Altenburg, Cassel, Cologne, Stuttgart,
Schwerln; also concert singer (Royal
chamber singer) ; vocal teacher in Ber-
lin. (5) Joseph Anton (1855- ) : b.
Pfullendorf, Baden; pupil of the Stutt-
gart Cons, and Berlin Academy; Musik-
direktor at the Stuttgart court theatre
and theory teacher at the Cons. He
composed operas, incidental music,
choral works, etc.

MAYEIRHOFF, F^anz (1864- ):

b. Chemnitz; studied at the Leipzig
Conservatory; theatre conductor in Xii-
beck, Memel and Tilsit; teacher of nuv
sic, cantor and director in Chemnitz;
composed cantatas, 2 symphonies, sa-
cred choruses, women's chorus, songs
and orchestral works. He composed
the 'Song of Hate' against England
(1915).

MA.YR, [Johann] Simon (1763-
1845): b. Mendorf, Bavaria; d. Ber-
gamo; composer and teacher; pupil of
the Jesuit Seminary, Ingolstadt, of
Lenzl at Bergamo, and of Bertoni at
Venice, where he brought out oratorios,
a Passion, a Requiem and other masses,
and church music; by Piccini's advice,
he wrote the very successful opera
Saffo, ossia i riti d'Apollo Leucadio
(1794), after which he brought out, in
30 years, about 70 others; in 1802 he
became maestro di cappella at Santa
Maria Maggiore in Bergamo, and, at
tlie foundation of the Musical Insti-
tute there in 1805 was appointed its
Director. He was the teacher of Doni-
zetti; pub. Breve notizie istoriche della
vita e delle opere. dt Giuseppe Haydn
(1809). Ref.: II. 180; IX. 119, 135.

MAYRBBRGEIB, Karl (1828-1881):
b. Vienna, d. Pressburg; studied with
Preyer; professor of music at Press-
burg; composed male choruses, an op-
era, a burlesque, incidental music, and
three books on harmony.

MAYRHOFER (1) Isidor (1S62-) :
b. Passau; educated as 'cellist,
organist and priest at Lembach, then
studied at the Ratishon School for
Church Music; choir regent and prefect
at the Monastery of Seitenstetten, Lower
Austria, since 1900. He wrote on
church music reform, on the study of
Bach's organ and piano works, and on
pedal technique. (2) Robert (1S63-) :
b. Gmunden, Upper Austria; studied
law and philosophy, but later de-
voted himself to musical science. He
wrote Psychologie des Klanges und die
daraas hervorgehende theor.-praktische
Harmonielehre nebst den Grundlagen der
kldnglichen Asthetik (1907), Die Or-
ganische Harmonielehre (1908), Der
Kunstklang and Zur Theorie des Scho-
nen (1911).

MATSBDER, Josepli (1789-1863) :
b. Vienna, d. there; violinist and com-
poser; pupil of Suche and Wranltzky;
d^but in 1800; studied piano and com-

Mazzucato

position with E. Forster; played in the
Schuppanzigh Quartet (2nd violin) ; en-
tered the court orchestra in 1816, be-
came solo violinist at the court opera
in 1820, and Imperial chamber-vir-
tuoso in 1835, also playing in the
Stephankirche. His compositions^ in-
clude 3 violin concertos, 2 concertinos,
3 string quintets, 7 string quartets, 4
piano trios, a fantasia for piano and
violin, variations, polonaises, rondos,
duets, studies, etc., for violin. Ref.:
VII. 419, 444.

MAZARIX, Cardinal. Ref.: V. 165;
IX 22

niAZAS, Jacanes-Fer6ol (1782-
1849): b. Bfeiers, France; violinist;
studied with Baillot at Paris Cons.,
where he won first prize; toured Eu-
rope; taught in Orleans; was director
of the municipal Music School at Cam-
brai, 1837-41. He pub. a Violin Method,
a Viola Method, numerous valuable
studies; also concertos, string quartets,
trios, violin duets, fantasias, varia-
tions, romances, and 3 operas.

IHAZZAFISRRATA, Giovanni Bat-
tlsta (17th cent.) : conductor of the
Accademia della morte at Ferrara; com-
posed madrigals, sacred cantatas, can-
zonets, chamber cantatas, trio sonatas,
etc.; also an oratorio. Ref.: VII. 391,
478.

BIAZZINGHI (1) Joaepli (1765-
1844): b. London, d. Bath; studied
with J. C. Bach, Bertolini, Sacchini and
Anfossl; wrote operas, ballets, melo-
dramas, etc., for London (mostly in
collaboration with William Reeve) ;
also piano sonatas, a mass, hynms and
vocal works. (2) Thomas (d. Down-
side, 1844) : violinist; composer of 6
violin solos; perhaps a brotiier of (1),
ennobled in Italy.

MAZZOCCHI (1) Vlrgillo ([?]-
1646): b. Civita Castellana, d. there;
maestro di cappella at the Lateran and
St. Peter's; wrote church music and
collaborated with Marazzoli in compos-
ing the first comic opera, Chi soffre
speri (Rome, 1639). Ref.: IX. 22, 37,
67. (2) Domenleo, brother of above;
wrote sacred and secular part-songs,
also an opera. La Catena d'Adone
(Home, 1626), in which he made little
use of the new monodic style.

MAZZOLANI, Antonio (1819-1900):
b. Ruina, ' Ferrara; d. Ferrara; wrote
operas and choruses produced with
success.

MAZZOLINI (17th cent.) : early Ital-
ian composer of instrumental music.
Ref.: Vn. 390, 478.

MAZZUCATO, Alberto (1813-1877):
b. Udine, d. Milan; studied with
Bresciano at Padua, where his first
opera. La Fidanzaia di LammeTmoor,
was brought out, 1834, followed by six
others, all temporarily successful,
though no match for the works of the
rising Verdi. As a violinist (leader
at La Scala, Milan, 1859-69) and teacher
he was notable. He taught a girls'

18

Mc

vocal class at the Cons.; was teacher
of composition, 1851, lecturer on history
and aesthetics, 1852, and director from
1872; also edited the Milan Gazetta
Musicale and pub. Principt elementari
di musica di Asioli, Tiformati ed am-
pliati, Atlante delta musica antica
(with a historical preface) ; Trattato
d'estetica musicale; and translated
Garcla's 'Singing Method,' Berlioz's 'In-
strumentation,' FStis's 'Harmony,' Se-
gond's 'Hygiene for Singers,' and Panof-
ka's "Vocal ABC into Italian.

Mc. Names beginning with "Mc' are
arranged alphabetically as 'Mac*

MKARNS, Jobn (18th-19th cent.):
American entertainment pioneer. Ref.:
IV. 75.

HEiCK, Mme. Toni patroness of
Tschalkowsky. Ref.: HI. 56.

MBDBR, Jahann Valentin (1649-
1719) : b. Wasungen, d. Riga; abandoned
theology for music and conducted in
Danzig and Eonigsberg; organist at the
cathedral of Riga; wrote motets, pas-
sion music, and capriccl for violins,
highly esteemed by his contemporaries.

MBDKRITSCH, Joliann, sumamed
Gallns (ca. 1760-after 1830): b. Bo-
hemia, d. Vienna; Musikdirektor in
Of en; composed Singspiele produced in
Vienna; wrote chamber music, con-
certos for piano, masses, etc.

JUEDId (1) Catherine de>. Ref.:
X. 10, 86, 121. (2) Ferdlnando de'.
Ref.: Vn. 44.

MEDTIVBR, Nicolas (1879- ): b.

Moscow, of German parents; pupil of
Sasonoff at the Moscow Cons., pro-
fessor of the Institute there in 1909;
pianist and composer of piano pieces,
etc., of ultra-modem tendency. Ref.:
ni. xli, 154.

MSBRBNS, Charles (1831- ): b.
Bruges; studied the 'cello in Brussels,
Antwerp and Ghent under Bessems, Du-
mont, and Servais; became a tuner in
his father's piano factory, and later
devoted himself to the study of acous-
tics. He pub. La Mitro-mitre, ou moyen.
simple de connattre le degri de Vitesse
d'un mouvement indiqui (1859) ; In-
struction, ilimentaire de calcul musical
(1864) ; Phinomines mustco-physiolo-
giques (1868) ; Hommage A la mimoire
de M. Delezenne (1869) ; Examen ana-
litique des experiences d'acoustique
musicale de it. A. Cornu et E. Mercadier
(1869) ; Le Diapason et la notation
musicale simplifies (1873) ; Memoire
sur le diapason (1877) ; Petite mithode
pour apprendre la musique et le piano
(1878) ; and La Gamme majeure et
mineure (1890; and ed. 1892).

HEIKRTS, liambert Joseph (1800-
1863): b. Brussels, d. there; studied
with Lafont, Habemeck and BalUot;
violinist in orchestras at Antwerp and
Brussels; professor of the violin at
the Conservatory there. He wrote val-
uable etudes for the violin.

MBES, Arthur (1850- ): b.
Columbus, O.; conductor; studied In

Meifred

Berlin with KuIIak, Weltzmann and
Heinrich Dorn; also in Leipzig; has
been conductor Cincinnati May Festival
Chorus, assistant conductor American
Opera and Chicago Orchestra, conductor
New York Mendelssohn Glee Club, Al-
bany Musical Association, Worcester
(Massachusetts) Festival, and Cecilia So-
ciety, Boston; author of 'Choirs and
Choral Music' ; annotated programs New
York Philharmonic Society (1887-1896)
and Chicago Orchestra (1896-1898).
Ref.: (quoted) VI. 162, 243.

MElIILiIG, Anna (married name
Palk) (1846- ): b. Stuttgart; stud-
led with Lebert and Liszt; pianist
throughout Germany, England and
America; lives in Antwerp.

MtiAVIi, etlenne Nicolas (1763-
1817): b. Givet, Arvennes; d. Paris;
opera composer; organist of the Con-
vent des Recollets, Givet, at age of
ten; studied with Wilhelm Hanser and
Edelmann; appointed one of the 4 in-
spectors of Paris Cons, upon its estab-
lishment (1795) and elected a member
of the Academic. His compositions in-
clude the operas Euphrosune et Cora-
din on le tgran corrigi (1790), Stra-
tonice (1792), Le jeune sage et le vieux
fou (1793), Horatius CocUs (1794).
Phrosine et Milidore (1794), La caverne
(1795), Doria (1797), La toupie et le
papillon (1797), Le Jeune Henri (1797),
Le pont de Lodi (1797), Adrien (1798),
Ariodant (1799), Epicure (1800), Bton
(1801), L'lrato ou Vemporti (1801),
Une Folie (1802), Le Trisor supposi
(1802), Joanna (1802), L'Heureux mal-
gri lui (1802), Helena (1803), Le baiser
et la quittance (with Boieldleu, Isouard
and Kreutzer, 1803), Gabrielle d'Estries
(1806), and Joseph, his greatest work
(1807) ; also numerous ballets, over-
tures, symphonies, piano sonatas, choral
works, etc. Ref.: II. 41ff; V. 49, 83;
Vm. 101, 169; K. xi, 3, 112, liSff, 123.
225; portrait, VIH. 166.

MJQIBOM (or Melbomlas), Marcas
(1626-1711) : b. Tonning, Schleswig; d.
Utrecht; learned phllologlan who was
for some years professor and librarian
at Upsala University, after which he
lived principally in Utrecht. He is
mainly noted for his Antiques musicee
auctores septem, gresee et lattne, Marcus
Meibomius restituit acnotis explicavit
(2 vols., Amsterdam, 1652), which con-
tains treatises on music by Arlstoxenus,
Euclid (Introductio harmonica), Nico-
machos, Gaudentius Philosophos, Bac-
chius Senior, Aristides Quintilanus and
M. Capella (hook ix of the Satgricon).
M. ended his career in poverty, and
was compelled to sell part of his
library.

MBIFRBD, Joseph Jean Pierre
emlle (1791-1867) : b. Colmar, d. Paris;
virtuoso on horn, professor at the Con-
servatoire there; improved the valve-
horn, wrote duets for his instrument
and books on the horn and popular
music instruction in France.

19

MeUaud

MBIIiAND, Jakob (1542-1577): b.
Senftenberg, Lower Lusatia; d. Hechln-
gen; conductor to the Ansbach court;
composed motets, songs and a mass,
etc.; one of the best German composers
of his time. Besides 5 books of his
own works (pub. 1564-1577), his pieces
are scattered in various collections; a
mass Is in Praetorius' Liber missarum
(1616).

lUBII/HAC (19th cent.): librettist.
Ref.: II. 393; IX. 238, 248.

aiE)IXARDUS, I^ndTTls [Siegfried]
(1827-1896): b. Hooksiel, Oldenburg; d.
Bielefeld; studied at Leipzig Cons., a
short time in Berlin, and in Weimar
with Liszt. He conducted in theatres,
studied further at Erfurt and Nord-
hausen, and with Marx at Berlin; di-
rected the Singakademie at Glogau;
taught at Dresden Cons.; was composer
and critic in Hamburg, 1874-87, then
lived in Bielefeld; Grand-ducal (Ol-
denburg) Musikdirektor, 1862. He com-
posed an opera Bahnesa (not perf.) ;
the oratorios Simon Petrus, Gideon, Ko-
nlg Salotno, Luther in Worms, and
Odrun; the choral ballades Rolands
Schwanenlied, Fraa Hitt, Die Nonne,
Jung Baldurs Sieg; also Deutsche
Messgesange (chorus and org.) and
other choral works; 2 symphonies, a
piano quintet, 3 piano trios, string
quartets, an octet for wind, violin, so-
natas, a 'cello sonata, piano pieces,
songs. He wrote Kulturgeschichtliche
Briefe uber deutsche Tonkunst (2nd ed.,
1872) ; Bin Jugendleben (1874, 2 vols.) ;
Riickblick auf die Anfange der
deutsehen Oper (1878) ; Mattheson nnd
seine Terdienste um die deutsche Ton-
kunst (1879) ; Mozart: ein Knnstler-
leben (1882) ; and Die deutsche Ton-
kunst im 18.-19. Jahrhundert (1887).

MBISBI,, Kari (1829-1908): b. Ger-
many, d. Boston, Mass.; violinist in
the Boston Symphony orchestra.

[del] MEIi, Raynald (16th cent.):
court conductor at Lisbon, then in
Italy; produced motets and madrigals
in Venice.

MBLAIVI (1) Jacopo (1623-[?]): b.
Pistoja; composer of comic operas, in-
cluding La Tancia (1657), Tacera ed
amare (ib. 1673) and 11 pazzo per forza
(ib. 1658), Gire//o (burlesque, fi>. 1670).
The text of the first three was by Mo-
niglia and of the last by Acciajuoli.
According to Adomollo, he wrote 2
further comic operas to texts by
Monlglia, also an opera seria. La serva
nobile, by the same author (1660). He
Is, next to Mazzocchi, Marazzoli, Ab-
batinl and Sacrati, one of the first com-
posers of comic operas. He is also re-
markable for his arias written over a
basso ostinato. Ref.: IX. 67. (2)
Alessandro (d. Rome, 1703) : maestro
di cappella in Bologna and Rome;
brother of (1) ; also composed comic
operas, oratorios, motets, cantatas, and
concert! spirituali. (3) Bartolomeo
(b. Pistoja, 1634); brother of (1) and

MeUl

(2) ; chapel singer in Mtmlch. (4)
Domenlco and Nicola, brothers of (1),
etc.; were musicians at the Dresden
court. (5) Atto (1626-1714) and Ftllp-
po (correctly Francesco Maria, b. 1628),
brothers of (1), etc.; noted opera sing-
ers (castrati).

MBIiANTS:. Pseudonym for Tele-

MANN (q.V.).

MEI/ARTIIV, Krik Gustav (1875-) :
b. at Kexholm, in East Finland; stud-
ied aesthetics and natural sciences in
Helsingfors, and music with Robert
Fuchs in Vienna; teacher at the Helsing-
fors Cons.; conductor of the Vlborg
symphony orchestra from 1908 and di-
rector of the Helsingsfors Cons, since
1911. He composed 4 symphonies, an
orchestral suite, 4 string quartets, a
violin sonata, a violin concerto, 2 sym-
phonic poems, a cantata, an opera,
Aino (1907), Incidental music, mixed
and men's choruses,_piano pieces and
many songs. Ref.: III. 101; VIII. 471;
X. 205.

MISIiBA, Nellie (correct name Helen
Porter Mltcliell) (1865- ) : b. near
Melbourne, Australia; operatic soprano;
studied in Paris under Mme. Marchesi;
debut at the Theatre de la Monnaie,
Brijssels, in 1887, as Gilda in Rigoletto;
appeared later in London, St. Peters-
burg, Nice, Milan, Stockholm and Co-
penhagen, New York, etc.; her favorite
rdles are Lucia, Oph^lie, Juliette, Nedda.
Ret.: IV. 144, 147, 151; portrait, V. 286.

MEILCHIOR, Edward A. (I860-):
b. in Rotterdam; music teacher; au-
thor of a musical dictionary contain-
ing many biographical sketches of
Dut(di musicians.

MEIiCHISSEDEC. liSon (1843- ) :
was a pupil of the Paris Conserva-
toire, where he taught singing and dec-
lamation from 1893; baritone for 25
years at the Opera Comique.

MBLGOVNOFF, Jnllns N. [von]
(1846-1893) : b. Government of Kos-
troma, Russia ; d. Moscow ; studied piano
with Dreyschock and theory with La-
roche in St. Petersburg, rhythmics with
Rudolph Westphal in Moscow, also at
Moscow Cons. He edited an edition of
Bach fugues and preludes with indi-
cations of rhythmic phrasing accord-
ing to Westphal's system, pub. a col-
lection of Russian folk-songs (2 parts,
1879 and 1885, part 2 with Blaram-
berg). He left 12 choral songs, as well
as a number of rhythmic studies. Ref.:
HI. 136.

MBLL, Gandlo. See Gaudio Mbli..

MELLI (Melil, IHegli) (1) Domenl-
co Maria (16th-17th cent.) : b. probably
Reggio; lived in Padua and Venice as
Doctor of Laws; composer who adopted
Caccini's style in his three books of
Musiche . . . per cantare net chitarrone,
clavicembalo e daltri istr. (1602-09).
(2) Pletro Paolo: b. Reggio; probably
brother of (1) ; was court lutenist in
Vienna, 1612-19, then in Ferrara; pub.
4 books of da^ce-movements for the

20

Mellon

pandora (Liuto attiorbato) in tablature
(Venice, 1614-16).

MELLOIV, Alfred (1821-1867): b.
London, d. there; conductor in London
and in Liverpool; operatic composer.

MBLTZBR, Charles Henry (1852-) :
b. In London; studied at the Sor-
bonne; dramatic and musical critic on
New York newspaper 'American'; as-
sistant and secretary to Helnrich Cou-
ried (1903) ; librettist and translator
of French, German and Italian opera
librettos, including Die WalkUre, Das
Rheingold, Les Contes d'Hoffmann, Die
verkaufte Brant, KOnigskinder, Orfeo,
etc.

yiEtiZl, Prince: patron of Glucb.
Ref.: n. 19.

MEMBR^E:, E:dmond (1820-1882) :
b. Valenciennes, d. Castle Damont, near
Paris; wrote a cantata, songs, comic
operas (Franeois Villon, 1857; L'Es-
claue, 1876; La courte-ichelle, opiia.
comique, 1879, etc.).

MENANTES. See Hcnold, C. F.

MENCKEN (Menken, also Latin-
ized to Manclnns), Thomas (1550-
1620): b. Schwerin, d. Wolf enbiittel ;
cantor in Schwerin; Kapellmeister to
the courts of Giistrow, Brandenburg,
and at Wolfenbiittel, Ducal librarian
from 1604; composer of a Passion
(1608), 2 books of songs, 5;i>art madri-
gals (1605), a number of^ occasional
dIcccs etc

MENDEIi, Hermann (1834-1876) : b.
Halle, d. Berlin; studied at Halle and
Leipzig; founder of music firm in Ber-
lin; contributor to musical journals,
editor of the Deutsche Masikerzeitung
from 1870; wrote biographical studies,
especially of Meyerbeer, and edited the
great Musikalische Konversationslexi-
kon to M. (Vol. VII), completed after
his death by Reissmann.

MENDELSSOHN (1) [-Bartholdl],
[Jacob Ludwig], Felix (1809-1847) : b.
Hamburg, d. Leipzig. He was a grand-
son of the philosopher Moses M., and
son of the banker Abraham M^^ who
removed to Berlin during the French
occupation of Hamburg (1812). He
received his first piano instruction, to-
gether with his sister Fanny, from his
mother. Lea Salomon-Bartholdy, and
then from L. Berger. With Zelter he
studied theory and with Hennings vio-
lin. He joined the Singakademie (con-
ducted by Zelter) as an alto in 1819
and in the same year his setting of
Psalm XIX was performed by the or-
ganization, in which, after the change
of his voice, he became a tenor. A
small orchestra giving Sunday per-
formances at his father's house pro-
duced other of his early works. He
accompanied his father to Paris (for
the second time) in 1825 and there
Cherubini offered to teach him, but the
offer was refused and he returned to
Berlin. He had already made the ac-
quaintance of Weber, and became an
egthusiastic Romanticist. The overture

Mendelssobn

to 'A Midsummer Night's Dream,' pro-
duced when he was seventeen, shows
this tendency as well as his extraor-
dinary talent and early technical mas-
tery. In 1827 he prod, an opera. Die
Hochzeit des Camargo, in Berlin, but
Spontini prevented the , repetition of
the work. In 1829 M. led the first
performance of Bach's 'St. Matthew
Passion' by the Singakademie. In the
same year he visited London, upon
Moscheles' suggestion, who spent some
time in the Mendelssohn's house and
taught Felix piano. From here his
name became known as a composer; on
May 25 he conducted his symphony in
C minor with the London Philharmonic
Society, to which he dedicated it, and
which elected him an honorary mem-
ber. Later he played the Weber Kon-
zertstiick and (for the first time in
England) Beethoven's E-flat concerto.
After this he made a pleasure tour
through Scotland, followed by travels
through Germany, Austria, Italy, Switz-
erland and Paris. On a second visit
to London, he conducted his 'Fingal's
Cave' overture, and played his G minor
concerto and B minor Capriccio bril-
liant. His first book of 'Songs without
Words,' finished in Venice, was pub-
lished in London, 1830. After his re-
turn to Berlin he arranged a series of
concerts for the benefit of the Orches-
tral Pension Fund, himself conducting
his 'Reformation' symphony and three
of his overtures (including 'Calm Sea
and Prosperous Voyage'), but he failed
to obtain the conductorship of the Sing-
akademie in competition with Rungen-
hagen in 1833. In May of that year
he conducted the Lower Rhine Music
Festival at Dusseldorf, where, after a
short visit to London, be took charge of
the church music, the opera, and two
singing societies as municipal Musik-
direktor. In 1835 he went to Leipzig
as conductor of the Gewandhaus Or-
chestra, Here he became the centre of
musical life, reorganized the orchestra,
and, by the aid of Ferdinand David
as concert-master, established the tra-
dition of precision and pliability for
which the Gewandhaus orchestra is fa-
mous to this day. In 1837 M. married
C^cile Charlotte Sophie Jeanrenaud, of
Frankfort, the daughter of a French
Protestant clergyman, and thencefor-
ward enjoyed a happy domestic life, of
which 5 children were the issue. His
oratorio 'St. Paul' had been produced
at the Lower Rhine Festival in the
previous year and was now (1837) re-
peated under his direction at the Bir-
mingham Festival. Friedrich Wilhelm
IV invited him to Berlin to take charge
of the grand orchestral and choral con-
certs in 1841. M. found a hostile at-
mosphere there, wished to resign, but,
at the King's especial request, remained
to organize the music in the cathedral,
laying the foundation of the subse-
quently famous 'Domchor,' and was

2X

Mendelssohn

created Royal Generalmusikdirektor.
His next great task was the organiza-
tion of the Leipzig Conservatory, which
he accomplished In 1842, with von Fal-
kensteln, Keil, Klstner, Schleinltz, and
Seeburg as directors, and with Schu-
mann, Hauptmann, David, Becker, Poh-
lenz (and, when circumstances per-
mitted, Mendelssohn) as teachers. It
was opened on Jan. 16, 1843, under the
patronage of the King of Saxony and
in 1876 became the Royal Conservatory.
M.'s many activities kept him away
from Leipzig frequently, consequently
Hiller conducted the Gewandhaus Con-
certs in 1843-44, and Gade In 1844-45.
Meantime M. conducted the Philhar-
monic Concerts in London (1844) and
appeared in numerous other concerts as
pianist. On his ninth visit to Eng-
land he conducted the first perform-
ance of 'Elijah' (Birmingham, 1846).
He resigned the Gewandhaus conduc-
torship to Gade, and the superintend-
ency of the piano department at the
Cons, to Moscheles upon his return to
Leipzig. Overwork had weakened his
nervous system, and the sudden death
of his favorite sister, Fanny, came as
such a shock that it brought on his
own death a few months later. Besides
Die Hochzeit des Camargo M. left frag-
ments of an opera, Lorelei, an oper-
etta, 'Son and Stranger,' and 5 other
small operas. His oratorios Paulus
(■St. Paul') and Elias CElijah'), op.
36 and 70 respectively, rank as the
greatest works of their kind since Han-
del and Haydn; another, Christus, re-
mained unfinished. Besides these his
important works are as follows: Vocai.
WORKS wrrH orch. : Lobgesang (sym-
phony-cantata) (op. 52) ; Die erste Wal-
pargisnacht, ballade (op. 60), for soli,
chorus and orchestra; 2 Festgesange, An
die Khnstler, for male chorus and brass,
and Zur Sdcularfeier der Buchdruck-
erkunst (Gutenberg Cantata), for male
chorus and orch. ; music to the choruses,
etc., of Antigone (op. 55), Athalia (op.
74), CEdipus auf Kolonos (op. 93), and
'A Midsummer Night's Dream' (op.
61) ; Hymn fbr alto solo, chorus and
orchestra (op. 96) ; Lauda Slon for cho-
rus and orch. (op. 73) ; Tu es Petrus,
for 5-part chorus with orch. (op. Ill) ;
Psalms 115 (op. 31) and 95 (op. 46),
for soli, chorus and orch.; Psalms 114
(op. 51) and 98 (op. 91), for male
chorus and orch; prayer Verleih uns
Frieden, for chorus and orch.; soprano
concert aria Infelice, with orch. (op.
94). Vocal works without orchestra:
Psalm 42, for chorus and organ ; Psalms
2, 22, and 43 (8 parts a cappella);
Funeral Song for mixed chorus (op.
116) ; Kgrie eleison for double chorus ;
6 SpriXebe for 8-part chorus (op. 79) ;
9 motets (3 each for chorus and organ,
female chorus and organ and chorus
a cappella) ; 21 quartets for men's
voices, and 28 quartets for mixed
voices; 13 vocal duets; 83 songs for

Mendelssohn

voice and piano, some of which have
become folk-songs. Orchestral works:
4 symphonies (op. 11, in C min. ; op. 56,
In A min., 'Scotch'; op. 90, in A, 'Ital-
ian' ; op. 107, in D, 'Reformation') ; the
concert overtures 'A Midsummer Night's
Dream' (op. 21), 'Hebrides' (Die Fin-
galshSle, op. 26), 'Calm Sea and Pros-
perous Voyage' (op. 27), 'The Lovely
Melusine' (op. 32), 'Ruy Bias' (op.
95), 'Trumpet' overture (op. 101), and
an overture for wind-band (op. 24) ;
Andante, Scherzo, Capriccio, and Fugue,
for string orchestra (op. 81) ; Funeral
March (op. 103) and March (op. 108) ;
piano concerto No. 1, in G min. (op. 25),
and No. 2, in D min. (op. 40) ; Capriccio
brilliant. Rondo brilliant and Serenade
and Allegro giojoso for piano and or-
chestra (op. 22, 29, and 43); 1 violin
concerto in E min. (op. 64). Chamber
music: Octet for strings, op. 20; 2 string
quintets, op. 18, 87; a piano sextet, op.
110; 7 string quartets, op. 12, 13, 44
[3], 80, 81 ; 3 piano quartets, op. 1, 2, 3 ;

2 trios, op. 49, 66; 2 trios for clarinet,
basset-horn and piano, op. 113, 114; 2
sonatas for 'cello and piano, op. 45, 58;
a sonata for violin and piano, op. 4;
Variations concertantes (op. 17) and
Lied ohne Worte (op. 109), for 'cello and
piano. Pianoforte music: 3 sonatas, op.
6, 105, 106; Capriccio, op. 5; Charak-
terstiicke, op. 7; Rondo capriccio, op.
14; Fantasia on 'The Last Rose of Sum-
mer,' op. 15; 3 Fantasias, op. 16; 'Songs
without Words' in 8 books (op. 19b,
30, 38, 53, 62, 67, 85, 102); Fantasia
in F-sharp min., Sonate eccossaise, op.
28; 3 Caprices, op. 33; 6 preludes and
fugues, op. 35; Variations sirieuses, op.
54; 6 KinderstUcke, op. 72; Variations
in E-flat, op. 82; do. in B-flat, op. 83;

3 preludes and 3 studies, op. 104; Al-
bumblatt, op. 117; Capriccio In E, op.
118; Perpetuum mobile, op. 119, etc.;
also 4-hand Variations in B-flat, op.
83a; 4-hand Allegro brilliant, op. 92;
Duo concertant (with Moscheles) for
2 pianos on the march-theme in Pre-
ciosa. Fob organ: 3 Preludes and
Fugues, op. 37; 6 Sonatas, op. 65; Prel-
udes in C min. Ref.: For life and
works see H. 260ff, 290, 311ff, 344, 349ff,
395ff; III. 2; for songs, V. 254f; choral
works, VI. ISlff; piano works, VII.
212ff; violin concerto, VII. 458; orches-
tral works, Vni. 219fr; opera, IX. 205;
mus. ex., XIII. 334, 335; portraits, II.
394 ; VI. 300. For general references see
individual indexes. (2) Arnold (1855-) :
b. Ratibor, son of a cousin of Felix M.;
pupil of Haupt (organ), Grell, Wilsing,
Kiel, Taubert and Loschhorn; organist
and Musikdirektor at Bonn Univ., Mu-
sikdirektor in Bielefeld, teacher at Co-
logne Cons., and since 1890 Gymnasium
music teacher and ecclesiastical music-
master in Darmstadt. He composed
choral works for orchestra; 3 operas,
prod, in Cologne, Berlin and Mannheim;
a cantata Aus tiefer Not, for soprano,
mixed chorus and orch.; a setting of

Mendes

Psalm 137 for soprano, mixed chorus
and orch. ; 3 S-part madrigals on
Goethe texts, a cappella; choruses, and
a number of songs, etc. He pub.
Schtttz's *St. Matthew Passion," 'St.
John's Passion," and 'Story of Christ-
mas' in free arrangement, and 3 sacred
concertos, newly revised. He is other-
wise noted for his efforts to raise
Protestant church music to a higher
level.

MElNXtesS, Catnlle (1841- ): b.
Bordeaux; has written the libretti of
several popular operas and operettas,
e.g., Le Capitaine Fracasse (Pessard),
Gwendoline (Chabrier), La Femme de
Tabarin (Chabrier), Isoline (Messager),
Le docteuT Blanc (Piern€). Ret.: III.
288, 306.

MBNGAIi, Martin JoBepb (1784-
1851) : b. Ghent, d. there; studied at
the Conservatoire; horn player in Ger-
many arid Paris; director of theatres
in Ghent, Antwerp and Hague and of
the Conservatory of Ghent; wrote op-
eras, chamber music, duos and con-
certos for horn.

MENGELBEIRG, Josef 'Willem
(1871- ) : b. Utrecht; studied at the
Conservatory of Cologne; municipal mu-
sical director at Lucerne, conductor of
the Conc'ertgebouw-Orkest, Amsterdam,
from 1895, of the choral society Toon-
kunst from 1898; conducted the Frank-
fort Museum Concerts from 1907 and
the Frankfort Cecilia Society from
1908. In 1913 he became conductor of
the Queen's Hall Orchestra, London.
He is also a pianist and composer.

HEiNGOZZI, Bernardo (1758-1800) :
b. Florence, d. Paris; teacher and com-
poser; pupil of P. Potenza at Venice;
sang on Italian stages, and at concerts
in -London and Paris, also for years at
the Theatre de Monsieur from 1795;
brought out 13 operas and a ballet in
Paris ; professor of singing in the Cons. ;
wrote the greater part of the Mithode de
chant du Conservatoire. Ref.: V. 49f;
IX. 225.

[dej MEXIIj, Fellden (1860- ):
b. Boulogne-sur-Mer; travelled in Amer-
ica, and India and Africa; Instructor
in musical history at the Niedermeyer
School of Church Music, Paris, since
1899. He composed a comic opera. La
Jaheliire (1894), an operetta, Gosses
(1901), and 2 ballets; wrote historical
studies on Monsigny (1893), Josquin de
Pris (1896) L'ieole contrapunctiste
flamande du XV' siiele (1895), ex-
panded as L'ieole contrapunctigue
flamande an XV' et au XVI' siecle
(1906), and Bistoire de la danse d
travers les Ages (1904).

MBIVTER (1) Joseph (1808-1856):
b. Deutenkofen, near Landshut, d. Mu-
nich; "cellist in the Hechingen court
band and in the Munich court orches-
tra; toured Belgium, Germany, Austria
and England as virtuoso. (2) Sophie
(1846- ): b. Munich; studied with
Niest, Tausig, Biilow and Liszt; mar-

Muriel

ried and divorced from the 'cellist Pop-
per (q. V.) ; pianist and professor at St.
Petersburg Conservatory.

MBNZEIj, Isnaz (early 18th cent.) :
builder of organs in Breslau, Liegnltz,
Nimptsch and Landshut.

MBRBSICKB, John (d. 1585): or-
ganist of St. George's chapel, Windsor;
Calvinist; condemned to death for
heresy but pardoned. Mus. D., Oxford,
1550; author of the ?Booke of Common ■
Prayer Noted' (the first Anglican hymn-
book, 1550, reprinted 1844 in facsimile,
1845 by Rimbault and 1857 by Jebb in
'Choral Responses and Litanies." A
mass by M. is contained in Bumey's
'Musical Extracts' (MS.) tind a 3-part
hymn printed in Hawkins' 'History of
Music* Ref.: I. 305.

MEIRCADANTE:, Giuseppe Saverlo
Raffaele (1795-1870): b. Altamura, d.
Naples; opera composer; pupil of
Zingarelll at the Real coUegio dl musica,
Naples; his first opera, L'apoteosi d'
Ercole, was produced at the Sail Carlo
Theatre, Naples, in 1819; subsecpiently
he lived in Rome, Bologna, Turin, Mi-
lan, Venice, Madrid, Lisbon, Paris and
Vienna, composing operas for these
cities; succeeded Pietro General! as
maestro di cappella at Novera Cathedral
in 1833 and in 1839 became maestro
at Lanliano; succeeded Zingarelll as di-
rector of the Naples Cons, in 1840.
Composed about 60 operas, the best
known of which are II Giuramento
(1837), Elisa e Claudia (1821), J Brtg-
anti (1836) and II Bravo (1839). He
also composed masses and much other
sacred music; funeral symphonies to
Rossini, Donizetti, Bellini and Pacini;
orchestral fantasias; romances for vio-
lin, and other instrumental pieces;
songs, etc. Ref.: U. 187, 196; VT 265f ;
IX. 133 134 lo5.

MESRCKER, ' Hathlas (Merlher)
(early 17th cent.) : organist at Strass-
burg; composed galliards, paduans,
spiritual odes, etc., also a book 4-part
Fantasien and canzonas in tablature
(1604), as well as fugues, etc., not yet
found.

MfiRKAUX (1) Jean-NleolaB-AmC-
dee L.etrold de (1745-1797) : b. Paris,
d. there; organist; composed 7 operas,
oratorios, cantatas, etc. (2) Joseph-
Nicolas (b. Paris, 1767) : organist and
pianist; wrote piano sonatas. (3) Jean-
Am£dee (1803-1874): b. Paris, d.
Rouen; pianist; pupil of Reicha; pub.
a collection ot clavecin music, Les clav-
ecinistes de 1637 A 1790 (1867); com-
posed piano music, etc.

MERBI/Iil, Bartolomeo (19th cent.) :
impresario of La Scala. Ref.: n. 483.

neRIBIi, PanI (1818-1897) : b. Mon-
doubleau, Loire-et-Cher, d. Toulouse;
in his youth a violinist in an orchestra;
later a pupU of Alessandro Napole3.o
and Somma; chef d'orchestre of a trav-
elling orch.; prod, a comic opera, Cor-
nelius I'argentier, at Amiens; brought
out a symphony, Le Taste, in Toulouse,

23

Merikauto

'Where he settled; also a dramatic ora-
torio, Cain, chamber music, and an
opera, L'Armorique (text by himself) ;
later prod, the comic operas Les pri-
cieuses ridicules, he Retour au pays,
L'Orphidn en voyage, and Les Paques
de la Reine (1886). He became director
of Toulouse Cons, and chevalier of the
Legion of Honor.

MEiRIKANTO, Oscar (1868- ) : b.
Helsingfors; studied there, also in Leip-
zig and Berlin; organist m Helsingfors
and conductor of the opera at the Fin-
nish National Theatre; composer of 2
operas (Pobjan neito and Elinan sur-
ma) ; instructive organ compositions,
etc.; also arrangements of folk-songs.
Ref.: III. 101; X. 205.

MBRIMfiE:, Prospers French author.
Ref.: IX. 248.

MERINO, Gabriel: Archbishop of
Bari in 16th cent. Ref.: I. 328.

MERK, Joseph (1795-1852) : b. Vien-
na, d. there; studied with Schindlocker ;
'cellist in the court opera and teacher
at the conservatory of the Society of
Friends of Music, Vienna; yirtuoso of
chamber music there and in foreign
countries; produced a concerto, a con-
certino, variations and £tudes.

IHEiRKKIi (1) Gnstav [Adolf] (1827-
1885) : b. Oberoderwitz, Saxony, d.
Dresden; organist and composer; pupil
of Johann Schneider and Julius Otto;
also helped by Schumann and Reisslger;
became organist of the Waisenhaus-
kirche, Dresden, in 1858, of the Kreuz-
kirche in 1860, and of the Catholic
court church In 1864; teacher at the
Dresden Cons, from 1861; conductor of
the Dreyssig Singakademie (1867-73) ;
his compositions include 9 organ so-
natas for four hands, with double
pedal; 3 organ fantasias; 30 pedal stud-
ies; chorales, fugues, an organ method,
piano pieces, motets, songs, etc. Ref.:
VI. 463. (2) Karl Iindvrls: medical
professor at the Univ. of Leipzig, spe-
cializing in the functions of the vocal
organs; has written Anatomie und
Physiologie des menschlichen Stimm-
und Sprachorgans (1856, 2nd ed. 1863) ;
Die Funktionen des menschlichen
Schland- und Kehlkopfes (1862) ; Physi-
ologie der menschlichen Stimme (1866)
and Der Kehlkopf (1873; with musical
examples). Ref.: V. 58.

MERKLIIV, Joseph (1819-1905): b.
Baden, d. Nancy; organ builder, pupil
of his father, also an organ builder,
worked in Ludwlgsburg and Brussels,
where he won a medal in 1847 and
joined his brother-in-law under the firm
Merklin, Schutze & Co., which merged
with Ducrocquet's factory in 1855 and
is now known as Etablissement anon-
yme pour la fabrication des orgues,
etablissement M. Schutze. The organs
in the cathedral of Murcia and in St.
Eustache, Paris, were built by the con-
cern, as well as many other important
ones.

MERIiO, Alessandro (16th cent.) :

b. Rome (hence called Romano); viola
player (hence also Alessandra della
Viola); pupil of Willaert and di Rore;
papal chapel singer (bass-tenor) of ex-
traordinary range (3 octaves) ; com-
posed Conzoni alia Napoletana a 5 (2
books), madrigals, villanelles, motets,

HBRIMEiT, Ansnste (1810-1889): d.
Paris; studied with Leseuer and Hal-
^vy; produced 4 operas in Paris and
Versailles.

MBRs'bNNB, Karln: b. Oiz£
(Maine), France, d. Paris; Franciscan
monk; wrote Traite de I'harmonie uni-
verselle (1627), later expanded to Har-
monie universelle (1636-7, 2 folio vols.),
Questiones celeberrimee in Genesim
(1623), Questiones harmoniques (1634);
Les prilades de I'harmonie universelle
(1634) ; Harmonicorum libri XII (1635 ;
enlarged ed. 1648), etc. Ref.: VIH. 67.

MEIRITLA, Tarqnlno (17th cent.) : b.
Bergamo; composer for violin; pub.
Cahzoniovvero sonate per chiesa e cam-
era a 2 e 3 (4 books; 1623-51); other
sonatas in his Concerti spiritualt (1628)
and Pegaso musicale (1640). Ref.:
I. 368; VH. 384, 476.

MBRULO (correctly Merlottl), Clan,
dlo (called da Coregglo) (1533-1604) :
b. Coreggio, d. Parma; organist and
composer; pupil of Menon and G.
Donati; organist at Brescia, of the 2nd
organ at St. Mark's, Venice (1557-66) ;
Padovano's successor as 1st organist
there (1566-86) ; thereafter court or-
ganist to the Duke of Parma; his com-
positions include Toccate d'intavola-
tura d'organo (1604 ; 2 books) ; Ricer-
cari d'intavolatura d'organo (1605) ;
an opera in madrigal style. La Trage-
dia (Venice, 1574) ; 4 vols, of madrigals
a 3-5 (1566-1604), 2 vols, of motets a 5
(1578), Aicercort da cantare a 4 (1607,
1608), and Canzoni alia francese (1620).
Among his pupils were Angleria, Boniz-
zi, and Conforti.

MESCHABRT, Johannes (1857-) :
b. in Hoom, Holland; studied in the
conservatories of Cologne, Frankfort-
on-Main and Munich; teacher and direc-
tor in Amsterdam; concert baritone.

MESMBR, Dr. Franz (1733-1815):
the originator of the theory of animal
magnetism; patron and friend of the
youthful Mozart Ref.: 11. 76, 103; IX.
85.

MBSSAGEJR, AndrC [Charles Pros-
per] (1853- ); b. Montluson, Allier,
France; composer and conductor; pu-
pil of the Niedermeyer School and of
Saint-Saens; organist of the choir at
St. Sulpice (1874); Chef d'orchestre
at Brussels (1880); organist at St.
Paul-St. Louis (1881); mattre de cha-
pelle at Sainte Marie des BatignoUes
(1882-1884); orchestral conductor at
the Opera Comique (1898 - 1903) :
director at Covent Garden, London
(1901-1907) ; with Brousseau director
of the Op£ra, Paris (1907-1913); di-
rector of the Conservatoire concerts

24

Messner

since 1908. His compositions include
the ballets Flear d'oTonger (1878), Les
vlns de France (1879), Mignons et Vil-
ains (1879), Deux pigeons (1886),
Scaramouche (1891), La chevalier aux
flears (1897) ; Vne aventure de la Guin-
ard (1900) ; the pantomimes Amants
iternels (1893) and Le proces des roses
(1897) ; the operas Francois les Bas-bleus
(1883), La fauvette da temple (1885),
La Biarnaise (1885), Le bourgeois de
Calais (1887), Le mart de la reine
(1889), 'Miss Dollar' (1893), Mirette
(1894), La flancie en loterie (1896),
Les p'tites Michu (1897), Isoline (1888),
La Basoche (1890), Madame Chrysan-
thime (1893), Le chevalier d'Hermental
(1896), Les Dragons de I'impiratrice
(1905), Foriunio (1907), Beofrice (1914);
a symphony, 2 cantatas, romances,
songs, pieces for piano, violin, etc.
Ref.: ni. 287, 363; IX. 453f.

HSSSNUR. Georg (1871- ): b.
Berlin; studied with van Eijken; com-
posed songs and men's choruses.

MESTDAGH, Karel (1850- ): b.
Bruges; studied with Waelp\it, Gheluwe
and Gevaert; composed overtures and
choruses with orchestra,

MBSTRIJrO, Niccolo (1748-1790) : b.
Milan, d. Paris; solo violinist to Prince
Esterhazy, then Count Erdody, concer-
tized Italy, Germany, and Pans, where
he taught from 1786, and became con-
ductor at the Theatre de Monsieur; pub.
12 violin concertos, violin duets, etudes,
caprices (solo) and sonatas (with bass).

METASTASIO, PietTo Antonio Do-
menico Bonaventnra (real name Tra-
passl) (1698-1782) : b. Rome, d. Vienna;
poet and dramatist; court poet at Vien-
na from 1730 until his death; wrote
numerous opera texts set to music by
Gluck, Hasse, Porpora, Handel, Jo-
melli, Caldara, Galuppi, Mozart, and
others, many of them a number of
times. He befriended Haydn, who lived
in the same house when first in Vien-
na, and secured him employment and
tutelage under Porpora. Ret.: II. 3,
5, 26, 31, 85; IX. 36, 41.

HETCALFE:, James IV.: contemp.
American song writer. Ref.: TV. 355.

METHFKSSEIi, (1) Albert Gottlieb
(1785-1869): b. Stadtllm, Thurlngia, d.
Heckenbeck, near Gandersheim; court
composer at Brunswick (1832-1842) ;
his works include the opera, Der Prinz
von Basra; oratorio. Das befreite Jeru-
salem; sonatas and sonatinas for piano,
songs and part-songs. (2) S'rledTlcIi
(1771-1807): b. Stadtilm, d. there; pub.
songs with guitar accompaniment. (3)
XIrnst (1802-1878) : b. Mulhausen, d.
Berne; conductor.

M^TRA, [JnleB-I.aalB] Olivier
(1830-1889) ; b. Rheims, d. Paris. After
following his father's career of actor
in his boyhood he became in turn vio-
linist, 'cellist, and double-bass player
in Parisian theatres. He then studied
at the Paris Cons. (Thomas), conducted
orchestras at the Th£Mre Beaumarchais,

Meyer

and at various dance halls ; the masked
balls at the Op£ra Comique (1871) ; the
Folies Bergire (1872-77); the balls at
the Theatre de la Monnaie, Brussels
(1874-76), finally the Op^ra balls. He
prod. 18 operettas and ballet-divertisse-
ments at the Folies-Bergere, and a bal-
let, Yedda, at the Opira (1879). M.'s
waltzes, mazurkas, polkas, quadrilles,
etc., became extremely popular (ie tour
du monde. La vague, Les roses, etc.,
etc.).

METTERNICH, Prince. Ref.: H.
184.

METTZGER-FROITZHEIISI, Ottllte
(1878- ) : b. Frankfort-on-Main;
studied in Berlin; operatic contralto at
Halle, Cologne and the Hamburg Stadt-
theater; also toured America.

MBY, Kurt Johannes (1864- ):
b. Dresden; studied in the Universities
of Berlin and Leipzig; lived in Carls-
ruhe, Munich, Berlin and Dresden;
wrote Der Meistergesang in Geschichte
und Kttnst (1892, rev. 1901) and Die ■
Musik als tonende Weltidee (1901),

MEYER (1) GresoT (early 16th
cent.) : composer; highly rated by Glar-
ean. Nothing is known of his com-
positions except some examples in the
Dodekachordon (1547) and one printed
}y Wilphllngseder (1553). (2) Joachim
(1661-1732) : b. Perleberg, Brandenburg,
d. Gottingen as professor of music.
He'wrote Unvorgreifliche Gedanken Uber
die neulich eingerissene theatralische
Kirchenmusik (1726) ; to Mattheson's
reply M. responded with Der anmaass-
liche hamburgische Criticus sine crisi
(1728). (3) (de Meyer), I,eopoId von
(1816-1883) : b. Baden, near Vienna, d.
Dresden; piano virtuoso; pupil of
Czerny and Fischhof; made his dibut
in 1835, then toured throughout Europe
and America (1845-47), staying in Vien-
na 1867-68. His own shallow salon
pieces and dances (Valse de Vienne,
etc.) formed the chief part of his rep-
ertoire, at the expense of the classics.
He had a remarkable technique and his
playing of his own pieces was very
efi'ective. (4) Jnllns Ednard (1822-
1899): b, Altenburg; pupil of Schu-
mann, Moscheles, Hauptmann and Dav-
id at Leipzig; at Mendelssohn's sugges-
tion became a vocal teacher; as such
settled in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1852, re-
fusing offers of a vocal professorship
at the Leipzig Conservatory. (5) Jenny
(1834-1894): b. Berlin, d. there; con-
cert singer, vocal teacher at the Stem
Cons, from 1865; owner and directress
of same from 1888. (6) Albert (1839-) :
b. Soro, Sweden; singer; pupil of Rung
and Lamperti ; sang at Copenhagen, etc. ;
taught smging; opened a conservatory,
1876, which became very successful;
pub. a Vocal Method and instructive
vocal pieces. (7) -vraldemar (1853-):
b. Berlin; famous violinist; pupil of
Joachim; member of the Berlin court
orch., 1873-81, and noted concert player.
(8) Goatav (1859- ) : b. Konigsberg;

25

Meyer-Helmiind

pupil of Robert Schwalm, also of Rein-
ecke and Jadassohn at the Leipzig
Cons.; Kapellmeister in Liegnitz, Gor-
litz, Eisenbach, Dorpat, Breslau, Stet-
tin, and operetta conductor at the Leip-
zig Stadttheater, 1895-1903. He wrote
the operettas, Der Bochstapler (Leipzig,
1897) ; Die Talmigrdftn (1897) ; Pariser
Frauen (1905) ; Onkel Lajos (Prague,
1913), and the ballet, Elektra (Leip-
zig) ; also many pleasing songs. (9)
[Karl] Klemens (1868- ): b. Ober-
Flanitz, Saxony; violinist; concert-mas-
ter in various resort orchestras; first
viola player of Bremen municipal orch.,
solo viola player of the Schwerin court
band, played at Wagner productions in
Bayreuth and Munich; composed several
etudes for viola (also pub. for violin),
trio, viola romanza witi^ orch., a Bo-
hemian Dance for viola d'amore and
piano, male choruses and songs; pub. a
Viola Method, and edited old pieces for
viola, also 2 vols, of violin works;
also 'Peasant Dances' for piano; pub.
a history of the Mecklenburg-Schwerin
court-band (1913).

MEYElR-HELItlTTND, Elrik (1861-) :
b. St. Petersburg; concert singer in
Riga, later in Berlin; composer of
popular melodious songs, of which he
also composed the texts. He prod, the
operas Margitta (Magdeburg, 1899), Der
Liebeskampf (Dresden, 1892), Heines
Traumbilder (Berlin, 1312), etc., also 2
burlesques (Riga, 1894, 1905), a 'dance
( play,' Miinchener Btlderbogen (Munich,
1?10), and a Singspiele, Taglioni (Ber-
lin, 1912). Ref.: V. 312.

]IIX:YX:R-L.T7TZ, -Wlllielm (1829-) :
b. Miinnerstadt, near Klsslngen; pu-
pil of Eisenhofer and Keller, Wiirz-
burg; organist at Birmingham, Leeds,
and London; conductor at the Surrey
Theatre (1851-55) and at Gaiety Thea-
tre from 1869; composer of 8 operas,
masses and chamber music.

MEYEIR VON SCHAXTBNSEE,
[Franz Joseph] Leontl (1720-1789) : b.
Lucerne, d. there; as organist and canon
of the Leodegar foundation, composer
of 2-part sacred arias with instruments
(1748), 4-part offertories with instru-
ments, etc. A biography of him with
a list of his works is contained In
Marpurg's 'Critical Letters.'

HEVERBEEIR, Giacomo (real name
Jakob Llebmann Beer) (1791-1864):
b. Berlin, d. Paris; composer; studied
piano with Lauska and Clementi, and
played in public at age of 7; studied
theory with Zelter, Anselm Weber and
Abbi Vogler. His oratorio, Gott und die
Natur, was produced in Berlin in 1811,
and two operas, Jephthas Gel&bde and
Abiimlek, oder die beiden Kalifen,
were put on in Munich in 1813. The
last named was also produced in Vien-
na, where it was coldly received. Sa-
lieri advised him to lighten his style
vrith Italian melody, and he conse-
quently went to Venice where he wrote
a series ot pperas in the manner of

Michael

Rossini; Romilda e Constanza (1815),
Semiramide riconosciuta (1819), Emma
di Resburgo (1819), Margherita d'An-
giii (1820), L'esule di Grcuiata (1822)
and II crociato in Egitto (1824). The
remonstrance of Weber against his Ital-
ianization put an end to his output in
this style, and a visit to Paris turned
him to a study of French opera. Then
followed his French period, in which he
produced Robert le Diable (1831), Les
Buguenots (1836), Le PropMte (1849),
L'itoile dn Nord (1854), Dinorah, on le
Pardon de Ploermel (1859) and L'Afri-
caine (1865), all brought out in Paris.
In 1842 he went to Berlin as general
musical director to Friedrich Wilhelm
rv. There he produced Das Feldlager
in Schlesien (1843), from which he took
much of the music for L'Moile dn Nord.
In Berlin also he brought out Wagner's
Rienzi. Meyerbeer's non-operatic com-
positions include incidental music to
Struensee (1846) ; choruses to jEschylus'
Eumenides; festival play. Das Half est
von Ferrara; a monodrama, Thevelin-
dens Liebe, for soprano solo, chorus
and clarinet obbligato (1813) ; Gutenberg
cantata; cantata, Maria und ihr Genius;
serenade, Brautgeleite aus der Beimath;
cantata, Der Genius der Musik am
Grabe Beethovens; ode to Ranch, for
soli, chorus and orchestra; 7 sacred
odes by Klopstock, set for 4 parts a
cappella; Festhymnus, for 4 voices and
chorus; Freundschaft, for 4-part male
chorus, and other vocal works; over-
tures, marches, 3 Fackeltdnze for wind
band (also for orchestra), and many
compositions for piano. By his will
Meyerbeer founded a scholarship open
for competition to German students of
the Berlin Hochschule, the Stem Cons,
and the Cologne Cons. Ref.: II. 199,
244; III. X, 278; VH. 191; VIIL 102, 103,
105, 109; rx. xi, 158, 159; operas, IX.
167ff, 183, 235, 262, 263, 442; X. 103,
151; mus. ex., XHL 251; portrait, H.
200.

nifiZERAlf, Iionls-CIiaTles-I/azare-
Costard de (1810-1887) : b. Brunswick,
d. Asni^res, near Paris; second leader
in the Strassburg Theatre orchestra;
conductor at the Ll^ge Theatre, and of
the Conservatory concerts and the Con-
certs Gritry; first conductor of the
court theatre. The Hague (1830) ; after
studying with Reicha in Paris was con-
ductor at Ghent, Rouen, and Marseilles,
and baritone singer at Bordeaux, Mont-
pellier, Antwerp, and Nantes; first con-
ductor of the Grand Theatre, Bordeaux,
for 30 years; founded the Soci^ti Sainte
Cicile (1843) ; composed the operas Le
Sicilien and Guillaume de Nassau
(1832).

MICHAS:!. (1) Rosier (ca. 1550-
1618) : b. Mons ; pupil of J. H. Schein ;
singer and musician in the Dresden
court band, 1575, court Kapellmeister,
1587, as predecessor to Schiltz. He com-
posed chorales in 4 parts, a 6-part Te
Deum, a book of 5-part motets (1603),

26

Mlchalowskl

Psalm 116, occasional compositions,
etc. Two passions, a German mass and
everal 'histories' were lost. (2) Tobias
(1592-1657): b. Dresden, d. Leipzig;
Musikdirektor in Sondershausen, can-
tor of the Thomasschule, Leipzig, as
successor to Scheln, 1631; pub. sacred
concerti, psalm 127, also wedding and
funeral songs.

miGHALOWSKI, Alexander (1851-) :
b. Warsaw; studied music at Leipzig
Conservatory; professor of pianoforte
at the Warsaw Conservatory; composer
of salon music and instructive pieces
for piano.

HICHE:iiAN6EI,0. Ref.: HI. 110.

niICHEL.1, Romano (ca. 1575-1660) :
pupil of Soriano and Nannini; maestro
di cappella at the church S. Luigi de
Frances!; composed Musica vaga ed
artiflciosa (1615; 50 motets and artistic
canons) ; Madrigali a set voct in canoni
(1621) ; Canoni tnnsicali composti so-
pra le vocali di piii parole (1645) ;
masses, complines, psalms, responses,
etc.; wrote Lettere di Romano Micheli
Tomano alii musici della Cappella di
N.- S. ed altri musici romani (1618),
explaining canons of a kind invented
by himself.

MIDDXlIjSCHUIiTE, 'Wllhelm
(1863- ) : b. Dortmund, Westphalia ; or-
ganist; studied with Haupt, Loeschhom
and Julius Alsleben at the Royal Acad-
emy of Church Music, Berlin; organ-
ist of St. Lucas' Church, Berlin (1888-
1891), Cathedral of the Holy Name,
Chicago (1891-1895), Theodore Thomas
Orchestra since 1894, St. James (B.C.)
Church since 1899; director and pro-
fessor of organ and musical theory,
Wisconsin Cons, of Music, Milwaukee,
since 1899 ; concert organist in Germany
and the United States; interpreter of
Bach's organ works. His compositions
include a Passacaglia in D minor, a
Toccata, canons and fugue on a Ger-
man chorale, concerto on a theme by
J. S. Bach, canonical fantasie on
B-A-(i-H, and fugue on 4 themes by
Bach. Ref.: VI. 440 (footnote), 500.

MISIiCK, Ernat (1877-1899): b. Vi-
borg, Finland, d. Locarno; studied in
St. Petersburg, and in Berlin with Ba-
decke. Max Bruch, etc.; left a num-
ber of compositions of Finnish national
character, including a Finnish sym-
phony, a dramatic overture, a Konzert-
stilck for violin and orchestra, a Fin-
nish suite for orchestra, a string quar-
tet, a string quintet, and a Finnish fan-
tasy for chorus and orchestra, also a
'Macbeth' overture. Ref.: III. 101.

MIBLCZB'WSKI, Martin (17th
cent.): composer to the Polish court;
conductor to Carl Ferdinand in Plock;
composed masses and motets in 4-5
parts, some with organ or orchestra.

MIBRSCH (1) [Carl Alexander] Jo-
hannes (1865- ) : b. Dresden, where
he studied at the Cons, with Rappoldi,
also with Abel in- Munich and Massart
in Paris; concert-master at Graz; music

MUdo

teacher in Aberdeen; member of the
Boston Symphony Orchestra, 1892-93;
artistic head of the Athens Cons., 1894-
98; toured Europe, 1898-1902; since
then" lived in America. Composed a
concert polonaise for violin and orches-
tra, etc. (2) Paul Friedrlch Theo
(1868- ): b. Dresden; studied at the
Royal Academy in Munich; solo 'cellist
in the New York Symphony Orchestra,
1893-98, at the Metropolitan Opera
Hou^e from 1898; composed a concerto
and other pieces for 'cello, also or-
chestral works, violin concerto, piano
pieces, violin pieces, songs, etc.

MIHAILOWSKY (19th cent.) : Bus-
sian critic. Ref.: III. 108.

MIHAIiOVICH (1) OdiSn (1842-) :
b. Fericsancze, Slavonia; studied mu-
sic in Pesth, in Leipzig with M. Haupt-
n!iann (theory), and in Munich with
von Bulow (piano) ; director of the
National Dramatic Academy in Pesth,
and director of the National Academy
of Music there as Liszt's successor. He
composed 4 symphonies, overtures, or-
chestral ballads, a piano concerto, a
'Spring Fantasy' for tenor and orches-
tra, etc., and prod, an opera, Hagbarth
und Signe, in Dresden (1882, later as
Eliana in Budapest), also the operas,
Wieland der Schmied (text after Wag-
ner's sketches) and Toldi (Pesth, 1898).
Ref.: m. 190, 191. (2) Mleczyslav
(1872- ) : b. Mielitopol, violinist, pu-
pil of Barcevicz in Warsaw and Auer
in St. Petersburg; teacher in the music
school of the Warsaw Musical Society.

MIKORKY (1) Max (1850-1907) : b.
Weihmichel, Bavaria, d. Munich; stud-
ied with Heinrich Vogl; tenor at the
Munich court opera. (2) Frans (1873-) :
h. Munich; studied music with Herzog-
enberg and Thuille; assistant conductor
in Bayreuth and Munich, conductor at
the German National Theatre, Prague,
In Ratisbon, Elberfeld, then Vienna
court opera; court Kapellmeister (1902)
and Generalmusikdirektor (1912) in
Dessau; composed a piano concerto and
piano quintet and other chamber mu-
sic, also an opera and choral work with
orch.

MIKVI.I, Karl (1821-1897) : b. Czer-
nowitz, Bukowina, d. Lemherg; pianist;
studied under Chopin and Reicha in
Paris ; concert , tours through Russia,
Rumahia, and Gallcia; was appointed
artistic director of the Lemherg Cons,
in 1858; founded a music school of his
own in 1888; published an edition of
Chopin's works, containing numerous
emendations made by Chopin as margi-
nal notes in Mikuli's student copies;
wrote a number of piano pieces.

MII.AN, Don Iiuls (16th cent.):
Spanish lute master at the court of
Valencia; pub. El maestro (tablature
work for lute, 1535) ; also El Cortesano,
a description of court life in Valencia
(1561). He was of noble birth.

MILiDE, Hans Peodor von (1821-
1899) : b. Petronell, near Vienna, d. Vi-

27

Mildenbers

enna; baritone; pupil of Hauser and
Manuel Garcia; creator of Telramund
In Lohengrin at Weimar (1850) and a

and sang at Weimar till 1876

SULDEJIYBBRG (1) Anna -ran

(1872- ) : b. Vienna ; dramatic so-
prano at the Vienna court opera; mar-
ried Hermann Bahr, poet, with whom
she wrote Bayreuth und das Wagner-
Theater (1912), translated into English
by T. W. Makepeace. (2) Albert
(1873- ): b. Brooklyn; studied with
Joseffy, Klein and Muller; composed
orchestral suites, light operas, piano
pieces, songs, etc. Re/..- IV. 395f.

MILDEIR - HAUPTMANN, Panllne
Anna (1785-1838) : b. Constantinople,
d. Berlin; dramatic soprano; taught by
Tomaschelli and Salieri at Vienna;
made her debut 1803; sang in the Vi-
enna Court Opera. Beethoven wrote
the r61e of Fidelio for her; prima
donna In Berlin (1816-29); tourecf Rus-
sia, Sweden, etc.; farewell appear-
ance Vienna, 1836. Ref.: II. 152.

MIIiDNBR. Morltz (1812-1865): b.
Tiimitz, Bohemia; d. Prague; studied
at Prague Conservatory, where he later
taught the violin; among his pupils are
HMmaly, Zajic, etc.

MILLER (1) IldTraTd (1731-1807):
b. Norwich, d. Doncaster; studied music
under Bumey at Lynn; organist at
Doncaster (1756-1807) ; composed 6
solos for German flute (with remarks
on doubly tonguing; 1752), 6 harpsi-
chord sonatas, elegies, songs, an ode
with instrumental parts, psalms and
hymns, etc.; author of 'Institutes of
Music, or Easy Instructions for the
Harpsichord' (1771), 'Elements of Thor-
ough-bass.' (2) Rnssell King (1871-) :
b. Philadelphia; studied music in
Philadelphia and New York; taught
music and served as organist in various
churches; composed many works for
organ, including Symphonic Scherzo
(1895), Festival March (which won the
Amer. Guild of Organists' prize, 1903),
a concert overture (1909), etc.; also
piano pieces and songs. Ref.: \l. 501.

MILiLBT, liUls (1867) : b. Barce-
lona ; studied with Vidiella and Pedrell ;
founded a musical society in Barcelona ;
composed orchestral fantasies on Span-
ish folk-songs.

MIIililGBlV, Simon van (1849-) :
b. Rotterdam; was a pupil of Bar-
giel, etc.; organist at Groningen, mu-
nicipal mifsic-director at Gouda for fif-
teen years, then lived in Paris, later
in Amsterdam as critic of the Han-
delsblad and teacher. He composed 2
operas, a concert overture, cantatas,
sfring quartet, etc.

MILIiOCKBR, Karl (1842-1899): b.
Vienna, d. Baden; opera composer;
studied at Vienna Cons.; conductor
successively of the theatre at Gratz,
the Harmonic-Theater, Vienna, and the

28

Mlnhejmer

Theater an der Wlen. He produced the
operettas Der tote Gast (1865), Die
beiden Binder, Diana, Die Fraueninsel,
Der Regimentstambour, Ein Abenteuer
in Wein, Drei Paar Schuhe, Die Masik
des Tenfels, Ein nagender Wurm (1872),
Das verwunschene Schloss, Grdflu Du-
barrg (1879), Apajune, der Wassermann,
Die Jungfrau von Belleville, Der Bet-
telstudent (1882), Der Feldprediger
(1884), Gasparone (1884), Der Dieb
(1886), Der Vizeadmiral (1886). Die
sieben Schwaben (1887), Der arme Jona-
than (1890), Das Sonntagskind (1892),
Der Probekass (1894), Nordlicht (1896).
Ref.: m. 22.

Mllil/S (1) John Sebastian Bach
(1838-1898): b. Cirencester, England; d.
Wiesbaden; pianist; studied with Stern-
dale Bennett and others in England,
with Moscheles and others at the Leip-
zig Cons., and with Liszt; organist
for a time of the Roman Catholic Ca-
thedral, Sheffield; soloist at a Gewand-
haus concert in 1858 and with New
York Philharmonic Society in 1859;
settled in New York in the latter year
as a teacher, making occasional tours
in the United States and abroad; com-
posed some piano music. (2) Robert
Watkln (ca. 1861- ): b. Painswich,
Gloucestershire; bass baritone; stud-
ied with Wesley, Holland, Blasco In
Milan, Bamby, Randegger and Blume;
popular in oratorio and concert; made
an American tour in 1894-95.

ItllliOlVt French composer and ballet
master. Ref.: X. 91, 94, 101.

MILTON (1) John (d. 1646 or
1647) : composer; father of the poet;
a scrivener in Bread Street, Cheapside,
London; his 6-part madrigal, 'Fayre
Oriana in the Morne,' was published in
the 'Triumphes of Oriana' (1601) ; 4
motets were pub. in 'Teares and Lamen-
tacions' (1614) ; also psalm-tunes In
Ravenscroft's 'Whole Booke of Psalms'
(1621). (2) Jobn: the great English
poet. Ref.: I. xlv; (cited) IV. 12; VL
141, 210, 256, 259; IX. 67.

MINSJRVA: Greek goddess. Ref.:
X. 54.

MINGOTTI (1) Fietro (18th cent):
h. Venice; manager of an Italian op-
era company, which became famous
throughout Europe. Gluck, among oth-
ers, wrote operas for it and conducted
it. Ref.: U. 21. (2) Regtna (nie
Valenttnl) (1721-1808): b. Naples, d.
Neuburg-on-Danube ; famous opera
singer; studied in a convent at Glatz,
then in Dresden with Porpora (at the
expense of the court) after she had
married Pietro M. For some time she
maintained her position as a rival to
Faustina Hasse, went to Madrid, 1752,
sang under Farlnelll, and celebrated
triumphs in London and in Italian cit-
ies. She settled in Munich, 1763, and
Neuburg in 1787.

MINHEUMEIR (Miinchhelmer),
Adam (1831-1904): d. Warsaw; pupil
of Freyer, Alois Tausig and A. B.

Minoja

Marx; ballet master of the Warsaw
Theatre, 1858, professor at the Musi-
cal Institute since 1861 and head li-
brarian of the Warsaw Theatre from
1902. He is one of the founders of the
Warsaw Musical Society and the com-
poser of 4 operas, 5 sets of incidental
music, a ballet (with Moniuszko), also
a mass, an offertory and other church
music, 4 overtures, 4 funeral marches,
an orchestral polonaise, etc. He also
made some valuable orchestral arrange-
ments, and re-orchestrated Chopin's E-
mlnor concerto.

MISrOJA, Ambrosia (1752-1825): b.
Ospedaletto near Lodl, d. Milan; pro-
fessor of composition at the Royal Con-
servatory, Milan (1814-1824); maestro
al cembalo at La Scala (1789-1809) ;
composer of an opera, Tito nelle Gallie
(1787), a symphony, cantatas, hymns,
a 3-part De Profundis, solfeggi, etc.;
author of Lettere sopra il canto (Milan,
1812).

MIRBCKI, Franz (1791-1862): b.
Cracow, d. there ; pupil of Hummel, and
of Cherubini in Paris; after sojourns
in Milan and Geneva director of a
newly established school for opera
singers in Cracow, composer of several
operas produced in Warsaw, Genoa,
Lisbon, Milan and Cracow, also 3 bal-
lets, written for the Milan Scala (1823).
He also pub. ' 50 psalms of B. Mar-
celli with accompaniments by himself,
revised by Cherubini (4 folio vols.,
Paris), also edited works by Clarl and
Durante, and wrote variations, sonatas
for piano and for violin, a trio, and
other chamber music, polonaises, ma-
zurkas and a grand mass. He pub.
an Italian treatise on instrumentation
(Milan, 1825).

MIRUS, Eldnard (1856- ): b.
Klagenfurth, Austria; singing teacher
in Vienna, where he produced his own
songs and collected choruses, etc.

MIRY, Karel (1823-1889): b. Ghent,
d. there; composed Flemish and French
operas, operettas and ballets; pro-
duced in Ghent, Antwerp and Brussels;
professor and director of Ghent Con-
servatory.

MISSA, EJdmond-Jean-Iionls (1861-
1910) : b. Rheims, d. Paris ; pupil of
Massenet at Paris Conservatoire; won
the Prix Cressenti; taught in Paris from
1899. His compositions include the
operas Juge et Paitie (1886), Lydia
(1887), Le Chevalier timide (1887), La
Belle Sophie (1888), La Princesse Nan-
gara (1892), Mariage galant (1892), and
ToTaraboum-revue (1892) ; the panto-
mimes Doctoresse (1888) and L'Hdie
(1893) ; Le dernier des Marigny (1896) ;
Les deux Peuples (1896) ; Ninon de
Lenelos (1895); L'Hdte (1897), Babette
(1900), Muguette (1903) ; also orchestral
music, piano pieces, songs, etc.

MITTAe, August (d. Vienna, 1867) :
performer on bassoon, which be taught
at the Vienna Conservatory.

MITTXILBEJRGKR, Gottlieb (18th

Mlynarskl

cent.) : German writer on America.
Ref.: rv. (cited) 68.

miTTEJRER, Ignaz Uartln (1850-) :
b. St. Justina, in the Tyrol; was edu-
cated by various choir-masters, etc.,
especially in Brixen where he con-
ducted choirs at the Gymnasium and
the Theological Seminary; became

griest in 1874, studied further at the
atlsbon School for Church Music; be-
came chaplain at the Chiesa dell'Anlma,
Rome; was cathedral Kapellmeister at
Ratisbon, 1882-85, then chorus master
and Musikdirektor at the cathedral in
Brixen. He cultivates the Palestrina
style, and has made a 4-part arrange-
ment of the Missa papae Marcelli. His
compositions include 5-part masses a
cappella, Missa solemnis (5 parts) with
orchestra, 4-part masses for mixed
chorus and organ (some a cappella),
4-part masses for male voices, masses
for children's voices. Requiems, re-
sponses, litanies, offertories, Te Deums,
lamentations, hymns, vespers, antipho-
nles, magnificats, Stabat Mater, a num-
ber of other sacred songs, also secular
songs. He wrote a practical guide for
teaching Roman choral song, a practical
choir-school (4th ed., 1908), etc.

MITTBR'WURZBR, Anton (1818-
1876) : b. Sterzing, Tyrol, d. Dobling,
near Vienna; operatic baritone, pupil
of his uncle, Gansbacher, was a choir
boy in St. Stevens Cathedral, Vienna,
and made his d^but in Kreutzer's
Nachtlager zu Granada at Innsbruck.
After singing in various small theatres
he became a member of the Dresden
court opera, 1839-70. He excelled espe-
cially in the operas of Marschner and
Wagner.

MITTIiBR, Franz (1893- ): b.
Vienna; composer of a 'cello sonata,
a trio, a string quintet, piano pieces
and songs.

MITTMANJf, Pan! (1868- ): b.
Habelschwerdt ; studied there; organ-
ist at Breslau; music critic and com-
poser of choruses, Silesian dialect
songs, etc.

MIZLBR, Lorenz Chrtstoph (1711-
1778) : b. Heidenheim, Wiirttemberg, d.
Warsaw; pupil of J. S. Bach; lecturer
at the University of Leipzig, 1736; es-
tablished the Societat der musikalischen
Wissenschaften (1738) ; private tutor in
Warsaw from 1743; his Neu eroffnete
musikalische Bibliothek, etc. (1736-54)
was one of the earliest music period-
icals; author of Dissertatio, quod mu-
sica ars sit pars eruditionis musicae
(1736), Die Anfangsgriinde des General-
basses, nach mathematischer Lehrart
abgehandelt (1739), and a transl. of
Fux's Gradus ad Parnassum (1742).

MI.Y1VARSKI, EmU (1870- ): b.

Kibarty, Government of Suwalki; stud-
ied at the St. Petersburg Cons.; second
conductor of the opera and conductor
of the Symphony Orchestra in Warsaw,
1894-97. After teaching in Odessa, he
returned to Warsaw as chief stage man-

29

Mockler-Ferryman

ager of the opera, ' and directed the
Warsaw Philharmonic Concerts, 1901-
05; was director of the Conservatory,
1904-07 ; then went to London and be-
came director of the Choral and Or-
chestral Union of Glasgow in 1910. He
pub. numerous violin pieces, and a
violin concerto in D minor, which re-
ceived the Paderewski prize in 1898;
also wrote a symphony and several
operas. Ref.: VTII. 465.

MOCKL.BR-FElRRirniAN', A. F.:
traveller. Ref.: (cited on primitive
music) I. 11.

MOCKWITZ, Friedrich (1785-1849) :
b. Lauterbach, Saxony, d. Dresden ;
wrote the flrst 4-hand pianoforte ar-
rangements of classic orchestral pieces.

MODEiRNTTS, Jacobus [Jaciines
Moderne, Grand Jacques, or J. M. de
Piu^nento] ; znattre de chapelle at
Notre Dame, Lyons; music printer there
(1732-58) ; composed 4-part chansons,
and 5- or 6-part motets.

MODBRWEiL,!., Hiram Kelly
(1888- ) : b. Fort Wayne, Ind. ; jour-
nalist and writer on music and drama;
studied music privately, also theory,
composition and musical history at
Harvard Univ., musical correspondent
to the 'Boston Transcript' from 1913,
contributor to the 'New Republic,'
'Vogue,' etc.; pub. 'The Theatre of To-
day' (1914) ; contributing editor to
'The Art of Music' (1914-16).

MOFFAT, Alfred Bdward (1866-) :
b. Edinburgh; studied music in Berlin;
has lived partly in England, partly in
Germany. He composed cantatas for
women's chorus, duets, school- songs,
piano pieces, a piano quartet, etc., and
pub. a collection of 200 Scotch songs,
'The Ministrelsie of Scotland,' also '40
Highland Reels and Strathpeys' for
piano, also sonatas by Handel, Purcell,
and old Italian composers, with the
figured basses written out, and a trio
master school.

BIOHR (1) Hermann (1830-1896):
b. Nienstedt, d. Philadelphia; pupil of
the Teacher's Seminary, Elsleben; In
1850 went to Berlin where he founded
th^ Luisenstadt Cons.; taught in Zeck-
wer's Cons., Philadelphia, from 1886.
He wrote a cantata Bergmannsgruss ;
male choruses, Jauchzend erhebt sieh
die Schopfnng, Am Altare der Wahrheit,
etc.; Instructive piano pieces, songs,
etc. (2) Adolf (1841- ) : b. Munich,
was reared in Copenhagen; abandoned
medical study for music on Gade's ad-
vice, and studied with Billow, Weltz-
mann and Wuerst in Berlin; became
conductor in Riga, Dilsseldorf, Ham-
burg, etc. ; composed several operas, etc.

BiaHRIlVG, Ferdinand (1816-1887) :
b. Alt-Ruppln, d. Wiesbaden; pupil of
the Berlin Akademie; appointed organ-
ist and musical director at Saar-
briicken, in 1840; Royal Musikdirektor
there In 1844; became organist and
singing teacher at Neu-Ruppin in 1845;
composed the operas Das Pfarrhaus

30

HoUtor

and Schloss WoTTen, many male cho-
ruses, etc.

SIOJSISOTICS, Roderlcb von

(1877- ): b. Graz; where he studied
music with Degner, then at the Cologne
Cons., and at the Munich Academy with
Thuille, etc.; became Dr. Jur. Graz,
1900; conductor of men's chorus in
Brilnn, 1903, director of a music school
in Pettau, 1908, critic of the Leipzig
Volkszeitung, 1910-11, and director of the
Styrian Musikverein, Graz, since 1912. He
composed a romantic fantasy for organ,
a symphonic poem, Stella, 2 sympho-
nies, a melodrame, 'Nlnlon' (Pressburg,
1907), an opera Tcuitchen Rosmarin
(Briinn, 1913), melodramatic harp mu-
sic to Sophocles' 'King CEdipus,' an-
other melodrame and an unperformed
opera; also a sonata each for violin
and for organ, a violin concerto, a
string guartet, a serenade for string
trio, choral works, songs and piano
pieces. He also pub. opera and con-
cert guides, and studies on E. W. Deg-
ner, 1909, and Max Reger (1911).

MOIiCK, Helnricb (1825-1889): b.
Gross-Himstedt, d. Hanover; studied
with Hauptmann; composer of male
choruses and organist at Hanover,
where he produced a collection of 300
chorale m^odies.

MOIilfiRE:. Ref.: I. 208. 407, 410;
IX. 94, 439, 445; X. 86.

MOIilWA, Tlrso le. Pseudonym of
Tbllez f CI V )

MOIiiailiBli Wilhelm Bernliard
(1802-1869) : b. Nuremberg, d. Kann-
stadt; violinist and composer; studied
with Rovelll and Spohr; member of
the court orchestra in Vienna, and suc-
ceeded Rovelll as leader of the Munich
Orchestra (1820) ; Musikdirektor In
Stuttgart; concert tours in Germany,
Holland, Russia, England and France.
His compositions Include the oratorio,
Abraham, 2 masses, a symphony, 2
piano trios, 6 concertos for violin, a
concertino for violin, 8 string quartets,
concertantes for violin and piano and
violin and flute, violin duets, fantasias,
rondos, etc., for solo violin, a concerto
for violoncello, concertantes for flute
and piano, etc. Ref.: VII. 450.

MOLITOR (1) Slmoni musician liv-
ing in Vienna about 1800; collected
valuable materials for a musical his-
tory, preserved in the Vienna court
library. (2) liudwls (1817-1890): b.
Zweibriicken, d. there as judicial coun-
cillor ; studied at the Munich Cons., and
wrote a grand mass and other church
music, also men's choruses, songs and
piano pieces. (3) [Padre] Gregor Fer-
dinand (1867- ) : b. SIgmaringen,
son of JoHANN Baptist M., composer
and reformer of Catholic church music,
in Constance (d. 1900) ; prior of the
arch-abbey of Beuron, whose electro-
pneumatic organ he himself con-
structed; pub. church music, also a
manual on the harmonization of Grego-
rian melodies. (4) [Padre] Rafael

MoUenbauer

Fldeliis (1873- ): b. Slgmaringen,
brother of (3) ; entered the Benedictine
monastery of Beuron, took orders, be-
came organist, prior of the Benedictine
abbey of St. Joseph at Coesfeld, West-
phalia, from 1904. He wrote Die nach-
tridentinische ChoTalreform (2 vols.,
1901-02), in which Ulrich Hahn is
proved to be the first printer of a
missal with music; also other studies
on choral reform, printing and notation,
Gregorian chant, etc. He was made
consultor of the Papal Conunission for
the publication of the new chorale
books (Editio Vaticana) by Pope
Plus X.

MOIiliBITHATTKR (1) Jobann (1798-
1871): b. Fulda, d. there; founded in
his native town a factory for wqod-
wind instruments, J. Mollenhauer &
Sohne. (2) Thomas (1840- ) : son
of (1), ^rorked with Ottensteiner in
Munich and studied with Theobold
Bohm (q.v.) in accordance with whose
ideas he further Improved clarinets,
oboes, flutes and especially piccolos.
Ref.: VIII. 104. (3) Emll (1«55- ):
b. Brooklyn, N. Y. ; violinist in Booth's
theatre at 14, Theodore Thomas orches-
tra at 16; later successively member of
New York Philharmonic and Boston
Symphony orchestras; conductor Ger-
mania Orchestra, Municipal Concerts,
Brooklyn, till 1903; now conductor of
Handel and Haydn Society, Apollo
Club and Boston Festival Orchestra in
Boston, also oratorio societies in
Boston, Lynn, Brockton, Newburyport
and Salem, Mass. Ref.: TV. 208.

HOLiIiBR [or Miiller], Joachim.
See BuKGK.

MOIiliO, TranqnUlo (18th cent.):
partner in the firm of Artaria & Co.,
Vienna. This he left to found his own
firm of T. Mollo & Co., of which
Dom. Artaria became a member, and
which bought the business of Artaria
& Co. They separated In 1804, and each
managed his own firm. M. left his
business to his sons, Eduard and Flo-
rian, who divided it, as 'Eduard M.'
and 'Florian M.' in 1833. The latter
retired in 1839 and Eduard joined O.
Witzendorf, under whose name the firm
was continued after Eduard M.'s death.
In 1882 it became O. Lacoin.

HOIiNAR, Gezai contemp. Hunga-
rian musicographer. Ref.: TH. 200.

MOIiTElR, Johann Melcliior (1733-) :
became court Kapellmeister in Durlach ;
church musical director in Eisenach,
1743, and from 1765 again in Durlach;
extraordinarily prolific composer, of
whose works 169 symphonies, 14 over-
tures, 61 concertlni a 5, 12 concerti a i,
and 22 concerti a 3 are preserved in
MS.

MOMOIiEiTTO. See Albertini.

MONASTERIO, Gesll (1834-1903) !
b. Potes, province of Santander, Spam,
d. Santander; violinist; studied under
de B^riot at the Brussels Cons.; suc-
cessful concert tours; founded the

Monk

Quartet Society In Madrid^ (1861) ; pro-
fessor and director at Madrid Cons.;
composed Chanson mauresque for vio-
lin and orchestra, . and various other
works for violin.

MONBESLIil, Maidie (1843- ): b.
Cadiz; studied with Mme. Eugenie
Garcia in Paris ; prima donna at Covent
Garden, London; successful concert
singer.

MONCKTOIV, Lionel (1862- ): b.
London; composer; has written songs
for many popular musical comedies. In-
cluding 'The Shop Girl,' 'The Geisha,'
'The Greek Slave,^ 'San Toy' and 'The
Clngalee'; part composer (with Ivan
Caryll, Howard Talbot) of 'The Tore-
ador' (1901), 'The Orchid' (1903), 'The
Spring Chicken' (1905), 'The New Alad-
din' (1906), 'The Girls of Gottenberg'
(1907), 'Our Miss Glbbs' (1909), 'The
Arcadians' (1909), 'The Mousme' (1911),
etc., etc.; sole composer of 'The (juaker
Girl' (1910) and 'The Dancing Mistress'
(1912). Ref.: III. 433.

MONDAY, JoaepU (1851-1909) : Eng-
lish organist and conductor.

MONDONVILLEI, Jean-Joseplt Cas-
sanea de (1711-1722) : b. Narbonne, d.
Belleville, n. Paris; violinist at the
Concerts spirltaels, Paris; succeeded
Gervais in 1744 as intendant of the
musique de la chapelle at Versailles;
1755-72, conductor of the Concerts
spirituels (1755-1772) ; composed op-
eras, oratorios, motets, etc.

MONFXIRRATO. Natale (17th
cent.) : chapel singer at St. Mark's,
Venice, vice-maestro di cappella, and
from 1676 maestro there; pub. 5- and
8-part psalms (1647), 8-part psalms,
1653, 2- and 3-part motets, Motetti a
voce sola, Motetti concertati 2-3 p.
(1669), Salmi concertati 3-8 v., 8-part
Salmi brevi, 4-5-part masses a cappella,
Missae et Magnificat.

MONITJSZKO, Stanlslav (1819-
1872) : b. Lithuania (Government of
Minsk), d. Warsaw, where he studied
with the organist Freyer, also with
Bungenhagen in Vienna; organist and
music teacher in Vilna, then opera con-
ductor in Warsaw and later professor
at the Warsaw Cons. He composed
20 operas, including Balka (Vilna,
1847 in concert, 1854 in theatre), the
first Polish National opera; also 5
ballets, 6 cantatas, as well as masses,
requiems, litanies, church hymns, in-
cidental music to Shakespeare's 'Ham-
let' and 'The Merry Wives of Windsor,'
some large works for chorus, an over-
ture 'Bajka,' piano pieces, some 400
songs, and a Polish treatise on har-
mony. A 'Section Moniuszko' in the
Warsaw Musical Society, founded 1892,
provides for the publication of all
found manuscripts by M., also sup-
ports a M.-Museum in Warsaw, awards
prizes and stipends and gathers mate-
rials for an extensive biography of M.

MONK (1) X!dwln George (1819-
1900) : b. Frome, Somersetshire, d. Bad-

31

Monk of Salzburg

ley, near Oxford; organist and com-
poser; pupil of G. A. Macfarren;
organist of York Minster (1859-1883) ;
composed a number of choral works,
etc.; edited 'Anglican Chant Book,'
•Anglican Choral Service Book,* 'Angli-
can Hynm Book' (with Singleton), 'The
Psalter and Canticles pointed for
Chanting* and 'Anglican Psalter Chants'
(the last two with Ouseley). (2)
William Henry (1823-1889) : b. Lon-
don, d. there; pupil of T. Adams, J. A.
Hamilton, and G. A. Griesbach; organ-
ist in various London churches; choir-
master, organist, and professor of vocal
music In King's College, London; pro-
fessor of music at the School for the
Indigent Blind, professor in the Na-
tional Training College, and Bedford
ColL, London; edited for the Church
of Scotland 'The Book of Psalms in
Metre,' 'Scottish Hymnal,' 'The Psalter,'
and 'Book of Anthems'; music editor
of 'Hynms, Ancient and Modern'; com-
posed many popular hymn tunes, an-
thems, chants, etc.

[The] HONK OF* SAIiZBURG,
(Hermann, Benedictine monk and poet
living at the court of Archbishop Pil-
grim n of Salzburg, 1365-96) : poet of
sacred and secular songs, a great many
of whose secular songs have been pre-
served with melodies, some in two
parts, in mensural notation. A portion
of the songs of the Mondsee-Vlenna
song manuscript (Vienna Court Library
No. 2856) are his, as well as 11 poems
with melodies contained in the Sanges~
weisen der Colmarer Handschrift, etc.,
edited by Paul Runge (1896).

niOXI.E:ONE, Domenicoi contemp.
Italian opera composer (CavalleTia rus-
ticana, 1907, rev. as La giostra dei fal-
catori, 1914; Arabesca, an Alba eroica,
1910).

MOIVN, OeoTS MattUas (1717-
1750) : b. Lower Austria, d. Vienna,
"where he was organist of the Karls-
kirche. He composed instrumental
works. Including symphonies, trio so-
natas, and quartet fugues, of which a
symphony (1740) and a trio are pub.
in -flie Denkmdler der Tonkunst (vol.
XV. 2). Of 2 other symphonies, one
(in E-flat) Is ascribed by Riemann to a
younger namesake, G[iovanni] M[atteo]
Monn (Mann). This authority also dep-
recates the attempt of certain cham-
pions to credit him rather than Johann
Stamitz with the foundation of the
modem Instrumental style (Viennese
school), fie/.; VIH. 139.

BIOIVNEIT, Jean (1703-1785) : b. Con-
drieux, d. Paris, where he was reared
In the house of the Duchesse de Berry.
After being imprisoned for his publi-
cation of the Annales amusantes, he be-
came director of the Opera Comique,
1743, subsequently managed the theatre
in Lyons (1745), the French Theatre
In London (1748), and again the Com-
ique (1752-58), where he cultivated es-
pecially the Frendh Vaudeville, then in

32

Monte

its Infancy. He pub. the celebrated
Anthologie franeaise (selected chansons
from the 13th cent, on) in Paris (1765),
comprising 4 vols, of texts and melo-
dies, with a historical introduction by
Meusnier de Querlen. He also pub. 2
vols, of memoirs (1772).

MONFOU [Frangols-Lonis] Hlp-
polyte (1804-1841): b. Paris, d. Or-
leans; choir boy in Notre-Dame; pupil
of Choron's school in 1817, becommg
later accompanist and 'coach' in the
institution until 1830; composed songs
and light operas. Ref. : II. 265.

MOIVRO, D. B.: contemp. English
writer; pub. 'The Modes of Ancient
Greek Music' (Oxford, 1894). Ref.: HI.
431.

MOIVSIGIVY, Pierre Alexandre
(1729-1817) : b. Fauquembergue, near
St. Omer, d. Paris; one of the important
composers of the early period of French
comic opera (opira bouffon) ; studied
with Gianotti. He was maltre d'hfltel
to the Duke of Orleans; steward of
the Duke's estate in the Revolution;
inspector of instruction at the Paris
Cons., dected to the Acadimie (1813).
His compositions include Les Aveux
indiscrets (1759), Le Mattre en. Droit
(1760), Le Cadi dnpi (1760), On ne
s'avise jamais de tout (1761), Le Roi
et le fermier (1762), Rose et Colas
(1764), Aline, reine de Golconde (1766),
L'tle sonnante (1768), Le Diserteur
(1769), Le Faucon (1772), La Belle
Arsine (1773), Le rendezvous bien em-
ploy i (1774), Filix, ou I'enfant trouvi
(1777). Ref.: II. 24, 41, 106; V. 116,
180; IX. 70, 72, 225.

MOIVTAGXAIVA, Domenlco (ca,
1700-1740): violin maker in Cremona;
with Bergonzi the most eminent pupil
of Antonio Stradivari, also noted for
his violas and 'cellos. His instruments
frequently bear the mark of Guanerl or
Bergonzi.

MONTAIGNE; French author. Ref.:
VII. 375.

MGNT'AIiBANO, Bartolomeo (early
17th cent.) : Italian composer of in-
strumental music (Sinfonie, 1629).
Ref.: Vn. 384, 476.

MONTANARI, Francesco (d. 1730) :
b. Padua, d. Rome; violin soloist at St.
Peter's, Rome, from 1717; composed 2
violin sonatas with bass.

MONTAUBRY, Aehtlle (1826-1898):
d. Angers; tenor at the Opira Comique;
singing teacher; composed 2 operet-

MONTB, FiUppo de tPhlUppe de
Mons, or Phllippns de Monte] (1521-
1603) : b. Mons (or Mallnes), d. Vienna;
Kapellmeister to Emperor Maximilian
II and later to Rudolf H; his extant
compositions include 5- to 8-part
masses (1557), 6-part mass, Benedicta
es (1580), 4- to 5-part masses (1588),
6 books of 5- and 6-part motets (1569-
84), 2 of 6- and 12-part motets (1585,
'87), 19 of 5-part madrigals (1561-88), 8
of 6-part madrigals (1565-92), canzonets

Monteclair

and madrigals, La fiammetta (1598),
Madrigali spirituali (1581), French
chansons and Sonnets de Pierre de Ron-
sard (1576).

MOWTECIiAIR, Michel Plgnolet
de (1666-1737) : h. Chaumont, d. St.
Denis; pupil of J. V. Moreau, douhle-
bass player of the Paris Opira; com-
poser of a ballet opera, Les fetes de
I'iti (1716) and the opera JephU
(1732); pub. 3 books of French and
Italian cantatas, 6 concertos for 2 flutes,
12 suites for flute -with continno, 3
suites en trio; also a requiem and
motets. He wrote an excellent music
method (1700, revised 1709 and 1736),
also a violin method (1720, 1736), one
of the first on record.

BIONTEIFIORB, Tommaso MosS
(1855- ) : b, Leghorn ; studied in
Florence; critic and editor in Rome
('Puck') ; composed 2 operas produced
In Florence and Ravenna.

MONTKIHEZZI, Italo (1875- ) : b.
Verona, studied at the Milan Cons.,
composed a choral work, Cantico dei
canttct (Milan, 1900), the operas, Gio-
vanni Gallurese (Tvirln, 1905), Hellerea
(Turin, 1909) and L'amore dei tre re
(Milan, 1913; New York, 1914). Ref.:
in. ix, 378; IX. xiv, xv, 503f.

HONTEIVERDI, Claudio [Giovanni
Antonio] (1567-1643) : b. Cremona, d.
Venice; started his career as viola
player in the orchestra of the Duke
Gonzaga at Mantua, and studied coun-
terpoint under the Duke's maestro,
Ingegneri; succeeded Igegneri in 1602;
succeeded Martinengo as maestro di
cappella at St. Mark's, Venice, in 1613.
Monteverdi was an iconoclast in har-
mony, being the first to introduce un-
prepared dissonances. He was thor-
oughly in sympathy with the ideas of
Peri and Caccini, and his first music
drama, Crfeo (1607), written for the
wedding of the Duke Gonzaga's son
with Margherita of Savoy, marks an
epoch in the history of opera, as well
as of instrumental music, being written
for a combination of instruments that
clearly foreshadows our modem orches-
tra. He also introduced into orchestral
practice the tremolo and other special
effects. His other dramatic works in-
clude 11 combattimento di Tancredi e
Clorinda (1624), Prosperine rapita
(1630), Adone (1639), Le Nozze di Enea
con Lavinia (1641), II retorno di
Vlisse in Patria (1641), t'lncoronazi-
one di Poppea (1642). Of his operas,
only Orfeo and Vlisse are extant. He
also composed music for Rinuccinl's
Arianna (1608) ; a ballet, Ballo delle
ingrate; 5 dramatic intermezzos on epi-
sodes from Bradamante and Dido, tor
the court of Parma (1627); a large
number of madrigals, motets, masses,
psalms, etc. Many of his compositions.
Including Vlisse, are preserved in MS.
in the Vienna Library. Ref.: I. 275,
336/7, 376, 379f, 382; XL 27; III. vu,
307; V. 43, 155, 159, 172f; VL 101; VH,

Mordktn

6, 378; VIII. 82, 83, 120, 124; IX. 8, SfT,
187; X. 82; mus. ex., XIII. 56; portrait,
I. 338.

MONTPORT, Graf Huso von (1357-
1423) : one of the later minnesingers.
His songs, with melodies by his jong-
leur Burk Mangolt, have been edited
by Paul Runge (1906).

MONTIGIVY -RE MAURY, Fanny
MarcelUne Caroltne (1843- ) : b.
Pamlers, Ari^ge; studied at the Con-
servatoire; pianist.

9I01VTRESS0R: French tenor who
In 1832 managed a season of opera in
New York. Ref.: IV. 121.

MOODIE:, Jolin ■W. D.: traveller.
Ref.: (cited on primitive music) IV.
290.

MOODY, Fanny. See Manners
(2).

MOODY-MAXNERS CO. See Man-
ners, Charles,

MOOR (1) Karl (1873- ' ) : com-
posed 2 Czech operas produced in
Prague, 1903, 1905, also operettas. (2)
Emanuel: contemporary Bohemian
composer resident in Munich; produced
2 operas. Die Pompadour (1902) and
Andreas Hofer (1902), with success in
Cologne, and another, Hochzeitsglock-
en, in Cassel; also a symphony, or-
chestral Improvisations on an original
theme, a piano concerto, a violin con-
certo, chamber music, etc. Ref.: III.
196; VH. 466; portrait. III. 192.

MOORE (1) ThomaH (1779-1852) : b.
Dublin, d. near Devizes; poet; wrote
numerous songs to old Irish melodies
(modernized), besides composing the
music of a number of songs, short con-
certed vocal pieces, a 3-part glee, etc.
Ref.: V. 113f ; VI. 163; VH. 375; IX. 407.
(2) Graham Ponsonby (1859- ) : b.
Ballarat, Australia; pupil of Kullak,
X. Scharwenka and Moszkowski in Ber-
lin; teacher of piano at the Royal Acad-
emy of Music; composer of piano
pieces, pub. 'The Candidate's Practical
Scale and Arpeggio Handbook.' (3)
Mary Carr: contemp. American com-
poser resident in Seattle, composed an
opera, Narcissa (Seattle, 1912), also
songs, etc.

MORAES, Joao da Silva (1689-
1747) : b. Lisbon, d. there, as cathedral
musical director; wrote church music
(a mass a 5, a Stabat Mater o i, re-
sponses, lamentations, Misereres, Mag-
nificats, Te Deums, hymns, etc., 180 in
all) ; ranks as one of Portugal's most
eminent composers.

MORANDI, Rosa (nie MoroIU)
(1782-1824): b. SInlgaglla, d. Milan;
studied with her husband, Giov. Mo-
randi, the first teacher of Catalanl, M.'s
rival prima donna In Italian cities and
Paris.

MORDKIN, Mlkailt contemporary
Russian dancer, successfully appeared
with Pavlova In Russia, on the conti-
nent, in London and the United States.
Ref.: rV. 154; X. 185, 187, 220, 221, 222,
248; portrait, X. 186.

33

Ikiorell

MOREILL, [Rev.] Thomas I librettist
to Handel. Ref.: VI. 254.

IHOREJIil.!, Glacomo (1745-1819) : b.
Venice, d. there; librarian of St. Mark's
who discovered the fragments of Arls-
toxeuos' 'Rhythmics,' which had long
been forgotten, and published them at
his own expense.

MORGAN (1) George Washbonrne
(1823-1898): b. Gloucester, England, d.
Tacoma, Washington; organist and
composer; articled to John Amott; or-
ganist in several churches, conductor
of the Gloucester Philharmonic about
1845 ; went to New Yorli in 1853, where
he was organist at various churches
1854-86. He wrote church music, bal-
lads and songs, organ and piano pieces.
Be/.: VI. 460, 497. (2) Robert Or-
lando (1865- ): b. Manchester; stud-
ied Guildhall School of Music, where
he toolc several prizes; professor of
piano and theory there; composed can-
tata, an oratorio, 'The Crown of
Thorns,' 3 sonatas for violin, one for
piano, violin pieces, songs and part-
songs; pub. 'Exercises in the Elements
of Music and Harmony.'

MORIGIilA (16th-17th cent.) : libret-
tist of early Italian comic operas, etc.
fief.; IX. 67.

mORIKi:, Eldnard (19th cent.):
German poet. Ref.: V. 331.

MORIN, Jean Baptlste (ca. 1677-
1745); b. Orleans, d. Paris; one of the
first composers of French cantatas, of
which he piib. 3 books with ritomels
(1-3 parts in 1706, 1707 and 1712) ; also
composed motets, with ritomels, and a
Chasse an cerf (1709).

MORITZ, I<andgrave of Hesse.
Sec Hesse

MORLACCHI, Francesco (1784-
1841): b. Perugia, d. Innsbruck; com-
poser; pupil of Mazzetti, Caruso, Zinga-
relll and Padre Martini; Kapellmeister
for many years of the Italian opera,
Dresden; wrote a large number of op-
eras, a cantata for the coronation of
Napoleon as King of Italy, a Requiem
for the King of Saxony, 10 grand masses
with orchestra, 3 oratorios, several can-
tatas, a Miserere, a Te Deum, and other
church music, organ pieces, songs, etc.
Ref.: n. 180; IX. 133, 134, 190.

MORIiAYE:, Gnillaniue (16th cen^.) :
French lutenist, pupil of Alberto da
Ripa, pub. works in tablature, Incl.
Ripa's compositions (1550-58).

MORIiEY, Thomas {ca. 1557-1604) :
English composer; studied with Byrd;
Gentleman of the Chapel Royal (1592),
Epistler and Gospeller. His published
compositions include 'Canzonets, or
Little Short Songs to three Voyces'
(1593), 'Madrigalls to foure Voyces'
(1594), 'The First Booke of Ballets to
five Voyces' (1595), 'The First Booke of
Canzonets to Two Voyces' (1595), 'Can-
zonets, or Little Short Ayres to five and
sixe Voyces' (1597), 'The First Booke
of Aires or Little Short Songes to sing
and play to the Lute with the Base

34

Moscbeles

Viol' (1600). Morley edited 'Canzonets
or Little Short Songs to Foure Voyces,
selected out of the best approved Italian
authors' (1598), 'Madrigals to five
Voyces, etc' (1598),' and 'The Triumphs
of Orlana, to five and sixe voyces, com-
posed by divers, several authors' (1601).
He was the author of 'A Plaine and
Easie Introduction to Practicall Mu-
slcke' (1597), and edited 'The First
Book of Consort Lessons, made by
divers exquisite Authors for sixe In-
struments to play together, viz., the
Treble Lute, the Pandora, the Citterne,
the Base Violl, the Flute, and the Treble
VioU' (1599, rev. 1611). Ref.: 1. xlvli,
306, 369f; IV. 5; VII. 22; VIII. 122, 125.

MORXINGTON, Garrett Colley
"Wellesley, Earl of (1735-1781) e the
father of Wellington; b. Ireland, com-
posed glees and madrigals,, a complete
collection of which were pub. by H. R.
Bishop (1846). He won several prizes
in the Catch Club, was Mus. D. and
1764-74 professor at Dublin Univ.

MORPTJRGO, Alfredo: contemn.
Italian song composer. Ref.: III. 400.

MORTIEiR DE: FONTAINB, Henrl-
Lonls-Stanlslas (1816-1883) : b. Vol-
hynia, d. London; pianist of extraor-
dinary technical ability and one of the
first to play works of Bach, Handel
and other old masters In public, lived
in St. Petersburg, Paris, Munich and
London.

IHORTimxSR, Peter (1750-1828): b.
Puttingham, Surrey, d. Dresden; teach-
er at Ebersdorf, Niesky and Neuwied,
later living in Hermhut, wrote a valu-
able book on the church modes, Ber
Choralgesang zur Zeit der Reformation
(1821-23), etc.

MORZIIV, Count (18th cent.) : Vien-
nese music patron. Ref.: 11. 86.

IHOSGA, Giuseppe (1772-1839): b.
Naples, d. Messina; opera composer;
pupil of Fenaroll; accompanist at the
Theatre Italien, Paris (1803-9) ; maestro
di cappella at Palermo Theatre (1817-
21) ; musical director of Messina The-
atre from 1823; wrote 44 operas (coniic
or serious) and 2 ballets, fief.; IX.
133.

MOSCHE:i,x:S, Ignaz (1794-1870) : b.
Prague, d. Leipzig; pianist and teacher;
studied at Prague Cons., and under
Albrechtsberger and Sallerl in Vienna;
concert pianist in Munich, Dresden,
Leipzig, Paris and London; pioneer of
the 'orchestral' school of piano playing;
gave piano lessons to Mendelssohn and
joined teaching staff of the Leipzig
Cons, in 1846; composed 8 piano con-
certos and other works for piano and
orchestra; piano septet, sextet and trio;
duets for piano and violin; piano and
horn, piano and guitar; sonata for
piano and 'cello; Homage A Handel, for
2 pianos; duo concertant on Preciosa;
Les Contrastes, for 2 pianos, 8 hands;
2 piano sonatas, for 4 hands ; sonatas,
studies, etc., for piano solo; made the
piano score of Fidelia under Bee-

Mosenthal

thoyen's supervision. Ret.: Vll. 64,
132, 176^ 182, 285; portrait, VII. 182.

MOSENTHAIi (1) Salomon Her-
mann [von] (1821-1898): b. Cassel, d.
Vienna; studied in Marburg and be-
came government official in Vienna.
He wrote a number of plays and come-
dies, and also the libretti of Nicolal's
Die Lustigen Weiber von Windsor,
Goldmark's Kdnigin von Saba, etc.
Re/.: IX. 421. (2) Josepb (1834-1896):
b. Cassel, d. New York; violinist, or-
ganist and composer; conducted the
Mendelssohn Glee Club, New York,
1867-1896.

JHOSEiR (1) Karl (1774-1851): b.
Berlin, d. there; violinist; pupil of
Bottcher and Haack; member for many
years of the Royal orchestra; held the
title of Royal Kapellmeister. (2) An-
smst (1825-1859) : b. Berlin, d. on tour
In the United States; violinist; son of
(1) ; composed a few pieces for violin.

MOSES. Ref.: X. 43, 44.

MOSONYI. Michael Brandt (1814-
1870) : b. Wieselburg, Hungary, d.
Pesth; composer; his works include the
Hungarian opera, Szep llonka (1861),
Almos (not performed), a funeral
symphony for Count Szechenyi, a sym-
phonic poem, 'Triumph and Mourning
of the Honved,' an overture with the
national song, Szozat, plano-pleces
(Studies for the Improvement of Hun-
garian music; Childhood's Realm), etc.
Ref.: HI. 190.

MOSZKO\irSKI . (1) Alexander
(1851- ): b. Pllica, Poland; was
music critic of the Deatsches Montags-
blatt and associate editor of.the Berliner
Wespen; editor of the Lustige Blatter,
Berlin; author of the humorous Anton
Noteaguetscher (9th ed., 1904), A.
Notenquetschers neue Hamoreskeh
(1893), Musiklexicon von Prof. R.
Lauer, Poetische Musikgesehlchte (3rd
ed., 1891), Schulze und Muller im Ring
der Nibelungen, Heitere Dichtungen
(1894), Lustige Fahrten (1895)>, Satyr
(1898), Das Vberbiichl (1901), Flatter-
minen (19,05) ; in serious vein. Die
Kunst in 1000 Jahren (1910) and Bin
verlorenes Paradies (1912) ; he trans-
lated H. R. Haweis' Music and Morals
(1892) into German as Die Tonkunst
und Hire Meister. (2) Morltz (Man-
rice) (1854- ); b. Breslau; brother
of the preceding ; pianist and composer ;
studied at the Dresden Cons, and at
the Stem and KuIIak Cons, in Berlin;
taught in the last named for several
years; d^but in Berlin (1873); made
tours of German cities, Warsaw and
Paris; in Paris since 1897; associate
of the Berlin Academy. His composi-
tions include the opera Boabdil (1892),
the ballet Laurin (1896), the symphonic
poem Jeanne d Arc, 2 concert pieces and
a scherzo for violin and piano, 3 con-
cert pieces for piano and 'cello, a piano
concerto, 2 suites for orchestra, Phan-
tastischer Zag tor orchestra, orchestral
suite Aus alter Herren Lander; 6 or-

35

Mottl

chestral pieces to Grabbe's Don Juan
und Faust, Prilude et fugue for string
orchestra, a violin concerto, a large
number of concert pieces, dances, etc.,
for piano and songs. Ref.: III. 212;
V. 326; VII. 321, 323f; VIII. 451f; IX.
XV, 387ff.

MOTTA, Jose Vlanna da (1868-) :
b. on the African Island of St. Thomas;
studied at the Lisbon Conservatory,
and at fourteen exhibited such abil-
ity that King Ferdinand sent him to
Berlin to study with the Scharwenkas
(piano and composition). He also
studied with Liszt, von BUow and
others; toured through Europe and
South America as pianist and is court
pianist in Berlin. He pub. a number
of piano pieces ('Portuguese Scenes,'
'Portuguese Rhapsodies'), also a sym-
phony, a string quartet, works for cho-
rus and orchestra, and songs; also ar-
ranged some of Alkan's pedal piano
works for piano (2 hands, 4 hands, 2
pianos), and is revising Listz's piano
works for the great complete edition
of Breitkopf and Hartel. He also wrote
on Bulow, Liszt, the development of
the piano concerto, and on other sub-
jects in German periodicals. Ref.: HI.
408.

MOTTBUX, Peter (17th cent.) : pub.
The Gentlemen's Journal or The
Monthly Miscellany by Way of Letter
to a Gentleman of Country,' 1692-94, an
index of which was pub. by Arkwrlght
In the "Musical Antiquary' (July, 1911).

MOTTL, Felix (4856-1911) : b. Unter-
St. Velt near Vienna, d. Munich. He
was boy-soprano in Lowenberg Kon-
vikt; pupil of Hellmesberger in con-
ducting, of DessofT in composition,
Bruckner in theory, and Scheuer and
Door in piano, at the Vienna Cons.;
conductor of the Academic Wagner-
verein, then court Kapellmeister at
Karlsruhe as Dessoff's successor, con-
ducting also the Philharmonic concerts
until 1892; appointed Grand-ducal Gen-
eralmuslkdlrektor In 1893; conductor-
in-chief at the Bayreuth Festival, 1886,
achieving a tremendous success; de-
clined offers of the post of court Ka-
pellmeister of the Berlin Opera, but ac-
cepted a call to Munich in a similar
capacity, directing also the Royal Acad-
emy of Music with Bussmeyer. He
went to the New York Metropolitan
Opera House and in 1903 prepared the
American production of Parsifal for 5
months, retiring, however, before the
performance. He became director of
the Munich court opera in 1907. M.
composed the operas Agnes Bernauer
(Weimar, 1880), FUrst und Sanger
(Karlsruhe, 1881), a Tanzsplel, Pan im
Baseh (Karlsriihe, 1900), a string
quartet, songs, etc. He revised Cor-
nelius' 'Barber of Bagdad' for Munich
(with Levi, 1885) ; Bellini's 'Norma' for
Munich' (1910); revised Donizetti's Eli-
sir d'Amore and Wagner's overtures
Konig Enzio, Polonia, Christoph Colum-

MouBSorgsky

bus and Rule Britannia for their first
publication; also orchestrated the 5
songs of Wagner, concertos of Handel
and Rameau, songs and ballads by
Mozart, Schubert and Loewe, and piano
pieces by Schubert; edited ballet so-
natas from dances of LuUy, Rameau,
Gr^try, and Gluck, and made piano ar-
rangements of Wagner's operas (pub.
1914). He married the singer, Henri-
ETTE Standthartner; then after sepa-
rating from her, Zdenka Fassbender,
Royal Bavarian chamber singer (on his
death bed). Ref.: II. 382; IX. 150; por-
trait, VIU. 444.

IHOUSSORGSKY, Madest Petro-
•vttch. (1835-1881): b. Kareff, Govern-
ment of Pskoff, d. St. Petersburg, where
he was educated at the school of St.
Peter and St. Paul. He entered the
army, but after being introduced to Dar-
gomijsky and mieeting Balakireif, he
decided to devote himself to music and
study with Balakireff. He was, how-
ever, obliged by material circumstances
to re-enter Government service in 1863.
He became, nevertheless, one of the most
powerful figures in the neo-Russian
movement, though his lack of thorough
musical training prevented him from
bringing his reform ideas to concrete
perfection. Among his experiments was
a prose opera, "The Marriage,' after
Gogol's comedy, of which he completed
only one act (1868). The powerful,
though sometimes crude Boris Godou-
noff (text by M., after Poushkin) was
prod, at St. Petersburg (1874), was
later revised and reorchestrated by
Rimsky-Korsakoff (1896) and has since
been performed at all Russian theatres,
also In Breslau, Paris, London and New
York. His other operas are Khovans-
tchtna (5-act music drama) and 'The
Fair of Sarochinsk' (fragment). He
also wrote for orchestra an Intermezzo
in modo classico, a Scherzo in B, a
Turkish march, 'A Night on the Bald
Mountain'; for chorus 'The Defeat of
Sennacherib' (mixed voices with orch.),
'Jesus Narinus,' women's chorus from
Salammbo and mixed chorus from
CEdipus; for piano '10 Pictures from
the Art Exhibition'; 'A Children's
Prank'; 'The Sempstress'; 'Intermezzo';
'The South Shore of the Krim'; 'In the
Village'; 'Mediation'; «A Tear'; etc.
Especially original are his songs, in-
cluding the cycles, 'Where No Sun
Shines' and 'Songs and Dances of
Death' and 'The Nursery' (seven songs,
texts by M.). Ref.: III. x, xiv, xvi, 38,
107, 109, 125, i66ff, 250; (influence) HI.
286, 320; songs, V. 128, 365, 367f; choral
works, VI. 395; piano music, VH. 330,
331; orchestral works, VIII. 461f; opera,
IX. 387ff; ballet, X. 104, 171, 181, 224;
mus. ex., XIV. 118; portrait. III. 122.

MOUTON, (Jean de HoIIin^ne,
called Mouton) ([?]-1522): b. Holling,
near Metz, d. Saint-Quentin ; pupil
and follower of Josquin; chapel
singer to Louis Xn and Francis I;

36

Mozart

canon at Thirouanne and St. Quentin;
teacher of Willaert. His compositions
include nine masses, 5 printed by Pe-
trucci (1508; 2nd ed., 1515), 2 in At-
taignant's collection (1532) ; one in
Antiquis' XV Missae (1516), one in J.
Moderne's Liber X missarium (1540), 2
in MS. (MSS. of most of these are in
the Munich Library) ; many motets
printed by Petrucci, Le Roy and Bal-
lard, Attaignant, Ott, Montan-Neuber,
etc. Ref.: I. 297f.

IHOUZIX. Fierre-Xlcolas (called
£douard) (b. Metz, 1822) ; studied in
the Metz branch of the Paris Cons.,
where he became teacher in 1842, and
director in 1854. From 1871 he taught
in the Paris Cons. He wrote 2 operas;
cantatas, symphonies, church music,
songs; pub. historical sketches of the
Metz Music School and the Metz Sociiti
Chorale de I'Orphionj also a Petite
grammaire musicale (1864).

MOZART (1) [Johann Georg] tieo-
pold (1719-1787) : b. Augsburg, d. Salz-
burg; composer, father of Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart; choir-boy at Augs-
burg and Salzburg; violinist in the or-
chestra of the Prince Bishop of Salz-
burg; appointed court composer and
vice Kapellmeister in 1762. His com-
positions include 12 oratorios, a num-
ber of symphonies, serenades, diverti-
menti, chamber music, organ music,
piano pieces, sacred music, etc. ; and he
wrote an important method for violin,
Yersuch einer griindliehen Violinschule
(1756). Ref.: IL 65, 72fF, lOlfif, 114f ; VIL
374, 413, 416f ; port., II. 102. (2) Wolf-
gang Amadens (Johannes Chrysosto-

MVS WOLFGANGUS ThEOPHILUS) (1756-

1791) : b. Salzburg, d. Vienna; began to
study the clavichord with his father at
the age of four and made public appear-
ances in Munich and Vienna at the age
of six. In Vienna he learned without
instruction to play on a small violin
which had been given to him, and he
also taught himself to play the organ.
In 1763 he went to Paris, playing at
public and private concerts there and
en route. At a concert in Frankfort he
played concertos on both the harpsi-
chord and the violin, accompanied sym-
phonies on the harpsichord, and fin-
ished with long improvisations. His
first published compositions, 2 harpsi-
chord sonatas, with violin ad lib., ap-
peared in Paris in 1763. In 1764 he
visited England, where he remained for
about fifteen months, composing six
sonatas for violin and harpsichord, and
his first symphonies. He returned to
Salzburg in 1766 and in the following
year composed his first oratorio. In
1768 he revisited Vienna where, at the
Emperor's request, he wrote his first
opera. La flnta semplice (produced at
Salzburg in 1769). His Liederspiel,
Bastien and Bastienne was privately
performed in Vienna. There, in 1768,
he made his first public appearance as
a conductor, directing his own Solemn

Mozart

Mass. Upon his return to Salzburg he
was appointed concert-master to the
Archbishop. At the end of 1769 he un-
dertook an Italian tour, and was re-
ceived everywhere with enthusiasm.
His opera, Mitridate, ri di Ponto, was

Sroduced at Milan in 1770. He revisited
[ilan in 1771, to bring out his dra-
matic serenade, Ascanio in Alba. In
the same city Lucio SUta and La ftnta
giardiniera were produced In 1772 and
1775 respectively. II ri pa^tore was
brought out at Salzburg In the latter
year. Disappointed over the unsym-
pathetic treatanent accorded to him by
the new Archbishop of Salzburg, who
succeeded his old protector in 1772 and
for whose installation he composed II
sogno di Scipone, he resigned his posi-
tion as concert-master In 1777 and tried
his fortune successively in Munich,
Augsburg, Mannheim and Paris. In
Paris he wrote a symphony for one of
the Concerts spirituels (Paris Sym-
phony), as well as much other occa-
sional music. But he failed to attract
serious support and resumed his post
as concert-master at Salzburg in 1778,
becoming also court organist in the
following year. His opera, Idomeneo,
was produced at Munich in 1781. In
the same year he finally left the service
of the Archbishop, whose treatment had
become unbearable, and settled in Vi-
enna, where under commission from
the Emperor he wrote Belmonte und
Constance, oder Die EntfUhmng aus
demSerail (1782). Der Schauspieldirek-
tor was produced at Schonbrunn in
1786 and Le Nozze di Figaro at Vienna
in the same year. For Prague, where
Figaro first met with success, he wrote
Don Giovanni (1787), following which
the Emperor appointed him chamber
composer. In 1789 he went to Berlin
with Prince Carl Llchnowski, playing
en route at the Dresden court and at
the Thomaskirche in Leipzig. He was
offered the lucrative post of first Boyal
Kapellmeister by King Frledrlch Wll-
helm II, but patriotically declined.
Cosi fan tutte appeared at Vienna in
1790, and La clemenza di Tito, written
for the coronation of Leopold II as
King of Bohemia, at Prague in 1791.
His work ended with Die Zauberflote
(Vienna, 1791) and the Requiem. The
list of his compositions is enormous.
It includes 41 symphonies, 15 masses,
7 string quintets, a quintet for violin,
2 violas, horn and 'cello, a quintet for
clarinet and strings, 26 string quartets,
a quartet for oboe with string trio, a
quintet for piano, oboe, clarinet and
bassoon, 2 piano quartets, piano trios,

1 piano trio with clarinet and viola,
6 violin concertos, a bassoon concerto,
a concerto for flute and harp, 2 flute
concertos, 4 horn concertos, a clarinet
concerto, 25 piano concertos, a concert
rondo for piano, a double concerto for

2 pianos, a triple concerto for 3 pianos,
17 piano sonatas, 5 sonatas for piano

Mnffat

4 hands, 17 sonatas for organ, and a
large number of other sacred and secu-
lar compositions in all forms. His
dramatic works comprise 3 opere serie,

5 opera buffa, 7 German operas and
Singspiele, 1 Llederspiel, 2 'serenades,'
a Latin comedy and a dramatic cantata.
A complete edition has been published
by Breltkopf & Hartel (1876-1886).
Ref.: For life and work see IL 100 ffj
songs, V. 187ff, 205; choral works, VI.
131f ; piano works, VH. lOOf, 131f, 134f,
iilff; chamber music, 424ff, 426ff, 496,
591f ; orchestral works, VIII. 96ff, 157 ff,
operas, DC. Siff; mus. ex., XIH. 179, 181,
187, 190, 293; portraits, H. 120, IX. 88,

VI. 330, n. 102; MS. facslm., V. 178.
See also indiv. indexes.

MRACZSK, Joseph Gnstav (1878-) :
b. Briinn; studied at the Vienna Con-
servatory and at the Briinn Musical
Society School, where he became violin
teacher in 1898; toured as violinist; was
concert master at the Briinn Stadtthea-
ter ; prod. 2 operas in Briinn and Berlin,
and pub. a tiiird; also wrote music to
Kismet, a symphonic burlesque. Max
und Moritz, a piano quintet, violin
pieces, piano pieces and songs.

MUCK, Karl (1859- ): b. Darm-
stadt; conductor; student of philosophy
at Heidelberg and Leipzig {Dr. phil.) ;
pupil of the Leipzig Cons. ; conductor at
Ziirich, Salzburg (1881), Briinn (1882),
Graz (1884, Styrlan Music Society), and
Prague (1886, German Opera) ; court
Kapellmeister of the Royal Opera, Ber-
lin, 1892-1912; conductor of the Sileslan
Music Festival, 1894-1911; German Op-
era, Covent Garden, London, 1899; In-
terchanged with Mottl as conductor of
the Philharmonic concerts of tiie Royal
Opera Orchestra, Vienna, 1903-6: con-
ducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra,
seasons of 1906-7 and 1907-8; also con-
ducted in Paris, Madrid, Copenhagen,
Brussels, etc.; conductoz of the Boston
Symphony Orchestra since 1912; di-
rected the production of Parsifal at
Bayreuth in 1901 Ref.- IV. 191; por-
trait, VIII. 488.

mUDIB, Thamas MoUeson (1809-
1876) : b. Chelsea, England, d. Lon-
don; pupil of Crotch and Potter at
the Royal Academy of Music; professor
of piano there (1832-44) ; taught in
Edinburgh and London; composed 4
symphonies, string quintets, quartets,
trios, piano music, anthems, sacred
duets, songs, etc.

MTJFFAT (1) Angnst Gottlieb
(1683-1770): d. Vienna; pupil of Fux;
Imperial court organist at Vienna ; com-
posed 72 Versetten oder Fugen santmt
12 Toccaten (1726, for organ) ; and Com-
ponimenti musicali (1727, for harpsi-
chord, with treatise on graces). Ref.:

VII. 36, 37. (2) Georg (d. Passau,
1704): composer; studied in Paris; or-
ganist of Strassburg Cathedral until
1675, to the Bishop of Salzburg until
1687; later organist and Kapellmeister
to the bishop of Passau; composed

37

Mugelltnl

Armonico tribuio (1682) ; Suavioris kar-
moniae instTumentalis hyporchematicae
florilegium (1685, 50 dance-pieces for
4 and 8 violins) ; do.. Part 11 (1698, for
do., 62 pieces) ; Apparatus musico-or-
ganisticus (1690, 12 toccatas, a cha-
conne and a passacaglia) ; and Auser-
lessener . . . Instrumentalmusik erste
Versamblung (1701; 12 concertos for
strings). Ref.: VI. 432; VII. 336f;
VIII. 133.

MUGELLINI, Bruno (1871-1912) : b.
Potenza, d. Bologna; pupil of Tofano,
Busi and Martuccl, pianist touring Italy,
teacher of higher piano playing at the
Liceo Musicale, Bologna, of which he
became director in 1911. He revised edi-
tions of Bach's piano works (Ricordi),
Kessler's and Czerny's Mudes, de-
menti's Gradus ad Parnassum (Breit-
kopf & Hartel), and composed a sym-
phonic poem and other orchestral
pieces, a piano quartet, a 'cello so-
nata, sonatas and ballade for piano,
and church music.

9It)HL.FE:i/D, Rlcbard (1856-1907):
b. Salzungen, d. Meiningen; where be
was a member of the Hofkapelle from
1873, first as violinist then as clarinet-
tist, having taught himself the instru-
ment, and on it reached extraordinary
perfection. He was first clarinettist at
Bayreuth, 1894-96. His j>laying inspired
Brahms to compose his op. 114, 115,
and 120. Ref.: VII. 579, 603.

MtTHLiING, August (1786-1847): b.
Baguhne, d. Magdeburg; Royal Musik-
direktor and caUiedral organist In the
latter city; composed oratorios Aba-
donna and Bonifacius, orchestral pieces,
sacred duets and songs.

BftflilCH OF PRAGUE:: German
poet of the transition period between
Minnesang and Meistergesang. His
songs, with melodies by R. Batka, were
pub. by Paul Runge (1905).

MtriiLBR (1) Christian (18th cent.) :
celebrated organ builder of Amsterdam,
1720-70, who constructed at Haarlem the
great organ having 60 stops (1738).
(2) \irtiiielm Christian (1752-1831) : b.
near Meiningen, d. Bremen, where he
was Musikdirektor ; wrote on the mu-
sical history of Bremen (1799) and
musical aesthetics (1830). (3) Wtmelm
(1794-1827) : German poet; familiar to
musicians as the author of Schubert's
Milllerlieder, and other lyrics. (4)
August Eberhard (1767-1817) : b.
Northeim, Hanover, d. Weimar; pian-
ist, flutist and organist (lit the Ulrichs-
kirche, Magdeburg and the Nikolal-
kirche, Leipzig) ; J. A. Killer's suc-
cessor as cantor of the Thomasschule,
Leipzig; court Kapellmeister in Wei-
mar from 1810; pub. concertos and so-
natas for piano, a sonata and two books
of pieces for organ, chorale variations,
violin sonatas, piano trios, variations
for piano, and especially 6 caprices and
fantasies for piano; also concertos for
flute, flute duos and a fantasy for flute
and orchestra, and vocal pieces. He

Miiller

also pub. a piano school based on that
of Lohleln (1804), which later served
as basis for Kalkbrenner's method, a
flute method, and other instructive
works. (5) Weuzel (1767-1835) : b.
Tyrnau, Moravia; d. Baden near Vi-
enna; theatre conductor at Brilnn and
Vienna, Leopoldstadter Theatre; com-
poser of- numerous vaudevilles, 'magic'
operas and farces, which were extraor-
dinarily popular in their time (Das
neue Sonntagskind, Die Sehwestem von
Prag, Die Zaubertrommel, Die Teu-
felsmiXhle, etc., etc.), also instrumental
and vocal pieces of every sort. (6)
Ivan (1786-1854): b. Reval, d. Bucke-
burg as court musician; inventor of
the clarinet with 13 ventlls and the alto
clarinet (superseded by the bassett-
hom). His factory for the construc-
tion of the improved instruments, estab-
lished in Paris, 1809, failed because
the French Academy rejected M.'s in-
vention, although soon after they were
generally applied. He left Paris, 1820,
lived in Russia, Germany, Switzerland,
London, etc., and pub. a method for
his instruments, also compositions for
clarinet in various combinations. (7)
Frledrlch. (1786-1871) : b. Orlamiinde,
Altenburg; d. Rudolstadt; clarinettist;
member, then Kapellmeister, of the
court orchestra in Rudolstadt; com-
posed 2 symphonies, concertos, con-
certinos and other pieces for clarinet,
including etudes, variations for clari-
net and string quartet, ditto for bassoon
and orchestra, horn trios, and band
music. (8) Miiller quartet: the broth-
ers Karl (1797-1873), Gustav (1799-
1855), Theodor (1802-1875) and Gears
(1808-1855) ; natives of Brunswick and
members of the orchestra there;
played as string quartet in all the
large German cities, Vienna, Paris, Co-
penhagen, St. Petersburg and Holland.
(9) [second] miiller quartet: four
sons of Karl (8): Karl (1829-1907),
Hugo (1832-1886), Bernliard (1825-
1895) and Wllhelm (1834-1897); court
quartet at Meiningen and after extend-
ed tours settled at Rostock, where they
became members of the orchestra. The
quartet was broken up by the appoint-
ment of Wllhelm as first 'cellist of the
Royal Orchestra and professor at the
Hochschule in Berlin. Karl was Mu-
nicipal Musikdirektor at Rostock and
a composer of some note. His works
include an operetta, the cantata Jeph-
thCLs Tochter, an overture to Fiesko, a
symphony, concert pieces for violin
and for 'cello, songs, etc. (10) Jo-
kannes (1801-1858): b. Coblenz, d.
Berlin; physiologist; author of Vn-
tersuchungen iiber die menschliche
Stimme (1837), Obsr die Kompensa-
tion der pjiysisehen Krafte am men-
schlichen Stimmorgan (1839), Hand-
bach der Phgsiologie des Menschen (2
vols., 1833-40). Ref.: V. 56. (11)
AdoU (correctly Schmld) (1801-1886):
b. Tolna, Hungary; d. Vienna, where.

38

Miiller-BeuteF

after being an actor, he became Kapell-
meister and composer to the Theater an
der Wien; composed music for no less
than 640 stage pieces (farces, peasant
comedies by Anzengruber, etc.). as well
as a lot of inferior pieces for piano, and
songs. (12) Franz (1806-18761 : b. Wei-
mar, d. there; author of several books
on Wagner and his works. (13) Karl
Christian (1831- ): b. Melningen;
theory teacher in New York since 1854;
pub. 'The Correct Order of Fundamen-
tal Harmonies,' supplemented by 'Three
Series of Tables for Writing Harmonic
Exercises.' He composed symphonies,
a string (juartet, organ sonatas, violin
sonatas, songs and male quartets. (14)
Otto (1837- ): b. Augsburg; stud-
ied at Munich Cons.; organist and
theory teacher in Vienna; composed the
Stabat Mater with orchestra, an 8-part
Te Deum a cappella, masses, chamber
music, etc. (15) Adolf (1839-1901) ; b.
Vienna, d. there; sou of (11) ; conductor
of the German opera in Rotterdam, then
the Vienna Theater an der Wien. He
wrote 3 operas and a number of oper-
ettas, prod, in Vienna. (16) Richard
(1853- ): b. Kamenz, Saxony; vocal
teacher; studied natural sciences, etc..
In Leipzig {Dr. phil.), studied singing
with Luise Ress in Berlin, became vocal
teacher at the Dresden School of Mu-
sic, 1890; Royal professor, 1902; teaches
privately since 1904. (17) Hans (1854-
1897) : b. Cologne, d. Berlin; son of the
Rhenish poet, Wolfgang M.; studied

? philosophy and art history in Leipzig
Dt. phil.) ; devoted himself to musical
science; travelled extensively in Ger-
many, France, Belgium and Switzer-
land; became instructor in musical his-
tory at the Royal High School in Ber^
lin, 1886, Royal professor, 1889. Be-
sides Hucbalds echte nnd nnechte
Schriften uber Uusik (1884), he pub.
several treatises on medieval musical
theory, measured music, etc. (18)
TEarl Wllhelm] Bmst (1866- ): b.
Leipzig, where he studied at the Cons,
and Vtie Univ.; cantor, organist and
music critic in Leipzig; composer of
piano pieces, violin pieces, organ pieces,
cantatas, male choruses, motets; also
2 orchestral suites (one with chorus).
(19) Hermann (1868- ): b. Dort-
mund, where he studied theology, and
music at the school for church music;
domiciled in Paderbom since 1893, as
chaplain, vicar, cathedral choir director
and professor of theology; editor of
Theologie und Glaube since 1909;
president-general of the General Ger-
man Cecilia Society and editor of its
organ since 1910; wrote valuable es-
says for the German 'Church Music
Annual.' (20) JHax. Ref.: (cited) X.
60, 62.

Mfi-IiLiER-REIxrTElR, TbeodOT
(1858- ): b. Dresden; studied piano
with F. Wieek and A. Wieck, composi-
tion with J. Otto and Meinardus, also at
the Hocb Cons., Frankfort; taught piano

Miiri9

and theory at Strassburg Cons., 1879-87 ;
conducted the male chorus Orpheus^
Dresden, 1888, and also the Dreysslg
Slngakademie, 1889; teacher in the
Cons., 1892; conducted the Concert So-
ciety at Crefeld, 1902, was director of
the Cons, there from 1897, Royal pro-
fessor, 1907. He wrote the operas On-
dolina (Strassburg, 1883), and Der'
tolle Graf (Nuremberg, 1887) ; Paternos-
ter for mixed chorus and orch. ; Ruth,
and Lied des Sturms for double chorus
and orch.; orchestral suite Auf dem
han.de; female choruses with piano;
male choruses with and without ac-
companiment; songs, piano pieces and
£tudes, piano trio; also arranged works
by Bach, Schubert and Brahms for
orch., and wrote a study of Beethoven's
C-minor Symphony, Liszt's Legende
von der heiligen Elisabeth (1905), etc.,
and a Lexikon der deutschen Konzert-
LiteratuT (vol. I, 1909).

MtJJLIiER VOX DER OCKBR,
Fritz (1868- ) : b. Brunswick, where
he studied with H. Riedel; violinist in
the Magdeburg orchestra, conductor of
the Volks-Singakademie and the Kitzel
Quartettverein there ; prod. 4 operas and
an operetta; also orchestral works, a
choral work, chamber music, songs,
ballades, choral songs, etc.

nitJNCHHOFF, Mary: b. Omaha,
Neb.; studied in Germany; contemp.
coloratura soprano in Austria and the
United States. v

[de] aiinvCK. See Deuunce.

MtJlVNICH (1) Rudolf (1836- ):
b. Berlin; after studying philology, be-
came a pupil of Kullak and Wiierst;
pianist, teacher and choral conductor
in Berlin; composer of a large choral
work witii orchestra. Das Ideal nnd
das Leben; also smaller choral works
and songs. (2) Richard (1877- ) :
b. Steglltz, near Berlin; son and pupil
of (1) ; studied music and psychology
in Berlin (Dr. phil.), composition with
Grabert, etc.; teacher at the Riemann
Cons., Stettin, vocal teacher in schools
near and in Berlin, theory teacher at
the Klindworth-Scharwenka Cons., etc.,
Berlin, and conductor of the Charlot-
tenburg Choral Society. He re-discov-
ered the lost musical collections of the
churches of St. John and St. Catherine
in Danzig; wrote Johann Kuhnau (1902)
and Die Entmicklung der Riemannschen
HaimOnielehre, etc. (1909), and com-
posed motets.

MURAVIEITA: Russian ballerina.
Ref.: X. 151.

MURGBR, Henri: author of Vic de
Bohime. Ref.: HI. 374; JX. 488.

MT7RIS, Johannes de (14th cent.) :
musical theorist; disciple of Franco;
author of a treatise Speculum musicae,
written about 1325, in 7 books (I. 'Mis-
cellaneous'; H. 'On Intervals'; III. 'Mu-
sical Ratios'; IV. 'Consonance and Dis-
sonance'; V. 'Theory of Ancient Mu-
sic', after Boetius; VI. 'Church-modes
and Solmisatlon'; VII. 'Measured Mu-

39

Murscbbauser

sic and Dlscant') ; printed by Cousse-
maker in Scriptores, vol. 11; 2 MSS. are
In the Paris Library. Ref.: I. 299.

MTJRSCHHAtrSER, Franz Xaver
Anton (ca. 1670-1724) : b. Zabem, near
Strassburg; d. Munich; Kapellmeister
at the Frauenkirche, Munich; composed
organ pieces and vloUu music; author
of theoretical works.

MITSARD, Philippe (1793-1859): b.
Paris, d. there; composer of dance
music; pupil of Relcha; conducted the
Opira balls (1835-36) ; very popular
in France as a conductor of promenade
concerts and dance composer; conducted
promenade concerts at Drury Lane and
the Lyceum, London; his quadrilles and
galops enjoyed great popularity.

MUSIN (1) Bdnaventnra. See Fxm-
LANETTO. (2) Ovide (1854- ) : b.
Mandrln, near Ll^ge; violinist; stud-
ied at conservatories of Ll^ge and
Paris; won gold medal at latter for
solo and quartet playing; taught at
Paris Cons.; toured Europe and Amer-
ica; made a world tour, 1896-97; be-
came head of the advanced class for
violin at lAige Cons, in 1897; suc-
ceeded C6sar Thomson as violin pro-
fessor there In 1898; established a vio-
lin school In New York In same year.

MUSSET, Alfred de: French poet.
Ref.: V. 261.

MUSTAFA, Domenlca ([?]-1912) :
b, Montefalco; singer at the Vatican
and composer of church music.

MTTSTFL, Victor (1815-[?]) : b.
Havre; founded a manufactory for har-

Mysz-Gmetuer

monlums in Paris, 1853 ; inventor of the
double expression and other improve-
ments; also invented the 'Typophone,'
a keyboard instrument in which tuning
forks are the sound-producing bodies.
It was patented by his son under the
name of Celesta.

MVTHEIi, Johann Gottfried (b.
Mellen, 1720) ; chamber musician and
court organist in Schwerln; pupil of
Bach in Leipzig, 1750; also visited
C. P. E. Bach in Potsdam and Telemann
in Hamburg; settled In Riga, 1753,
where he was conductor of a private
band, later organist of the principal
church. He pub. 2 clavier concertos
(1757), 3 clavier sonatas, a duetto for
2 claviers or pianofortes (N, B., 1771),
also cantatas and a book of odes and
songs (1759).

MYSIilWECZBK, Josepli [called U
Boemo or Venatorlnl] (1737-1781) : b.
near Prague, d. there; composer; stud-
led with Habermann, Segert and
Pescettl; wrote about 30 operas, some
popular in Italy for a time, 6 sym-
phonies, 2 oratorios, 12 string quar-
tets, 6 string trios, piano sonatas, etc.
Ref.: in. 165.

SIVSZ-GDIEIINEIR, liOla {nie Gmel-
ner) (1876- ): b. Kronstadt, Tran-
sylvania, where she studied violin and
singing, later becoming a pupil of Gus-
tav Walter in Vienna, and of Emllle
Herzog and Etelka Gerster in Berlin;
concert alto, noted for her interpre-
tation of Brahms' songs. She married
an Austrian marine offlcer.

40

N

Naafl

NAAFF, Anton E. Ansnst (1850-) :
b. Weltentrebetitsch, Bohemia; noted
poet, lawyer and editor of the Musilcal-
ische Welt in Vienna. Settings for his
poems have been made by Abt, Speidel
and others.

NABICH. Morltz (1815-1893): b.
Altstadt-Waldenburg, d. Gross-Llchter-
felde near Berlin; trombone-virtuoso.

NACHBAUR, Fram (1835-1902) : b.
Schloss Geissen near Tettwang, d. Mu-
nich; tenor in theatres at Lun^ville,
Mannheim, Prague, Darmstadt, Vienna,
etc., and Royal chamber singer in Mu-
nich, 1866-90; received his training
at the Stuttgart Polytechnic, where he
was a pupil of Pischek. In 1868 he
created Walter in the Meistersinger.

NACHBK, Tlvadar (1859- ): b.
Pesth; distinguished violinist. After
studying with Sabatil, Joachim and
Leonard, he settled in London, and
toured as virtuoso. His style exag-
gerates somewhat the technical side.
He is also the composer of 2 Gypsy
dances and arranged 2 of Vivaldi's con-
certos (A min. and G min.).

JVACHTIGALL, Othmar. See Lus-

CINIUS.

NADAUD, Gnstave (1820-1893): b.
Roubalx, France, d. Paris; chansonette
poet and composer of salon operettas.

NADERMANN (1) Francola Joseph
(1773-1835): b. Paris, d. there; famous
virtuoso on harp and composer. He
studied with Krumpholtz, became court
harpist and professor at the Conserva-
toire. He published 2 concertos for the
harp, 2 quartets for 2 harps, violin and
'cello, trios for harps and other instru-
ments, sonatas, etc. (2) Henri (b.
1780) : brother of Francois, maker of
harps and associated with his brother
in the Conservatoire and at the Royal
Chapel; prolific composer of harp mu-
sic.

NAGEI^ (1) Jnllns (1837-1892): b.
Gotha, d. St. Petersburg; 'cellist, teach-
er and composer. (2) -fVilllbald (1863-) ;
b. Miihlhelm; noted music historian,
teacher and conductor. He studied in
Berlin with Ehrlich, Trelbs, Spltta and
Bellermann, then went to Zurich as
teacher of musical history. Later he
studied old English music in England,
and after his return to Germany as
teacher of musical history in the Tech-
nical High School of Darmstadt, he
published the result of his researches

Naninl

in Geschichte der MnsVk in England
and Annalen der Englischen Hofmnsik.
He is the author of other historical
criticisms, as well as Beethoven und
seine Klaviersonaten (2 vols., 1903-5) ;
Johannes Brahms; Chr. Graupner als
Sinfoniker (1912) and numerous other
studies.

NAGEJLI, Hans Geore (1773-1836):
b. Wetzikon, near Ziirlch, d. there;
teacher of the Pestalozzian vocal sys-
tem; founded the Swiss Union for the
Cultivation of Music, of which he was
also president; editor of old instru-
mental music (Bach, Handel, etc.), and
author of four books on vocal teaching,
etc.^ and the pamphlet, Der Streit
zwischen der alien und neuen Musik
(1827), directed against Thibaut. Ref.:
n. 147; V. 229.

NAGILIiESR, Matthaus (1815-1874):
b. Munster, Tyrol, d. Innsbruck; con-
ductor of a music society there, coin-
posed an opera, and works for orches-
tra and for chorus.

]VAGI<E]R, Franzlskns (1873- ):
b. Prausitz, near Riesa; soprano soloist
in the Leipzig Thomanerchor; pupil of
the Leipzig Cons.; member ^nd as-
sistant conductor of the Paullnerchor
imder Kretzschmar; cantor at Limbach,
1898, at Leisnig, 1902, Royal Musikdi-
rektor, 1910; composer of male chor-
uses, church festival cantatas, 'simple
church music'; also small Slngspiele
for societies, festival plays for chil-
dren, women's choruses, children's
choruses and children's songs, etc., etc.

NAICH, Hubert (16th cent.) : [prob-
ably] Netherland composer who pub. a
book of 4-5 part madrigals (.Exercitium
Serafieum) , which are perhaps the very
first to be printed (ca. 1535). Collec-
tions of 1537-1563, also contain single
madrigals and motets by N.

IVANIIVI (Nanlno) (1) Giovanni
Maria (ca. 1540-1607) : b. Vallarano, d.
Rome; Italian composer -at the Pales-
trina epoch; pupil of Palestrina and
his successor at Santa Maria Magglore;
maestro di cappella at Vallerano and
in Rome; founder of a composition
school _in Rome, 1580, with Palestrina
as director of studies; tenor in the
papal chapel, 1577, and maestro of the
Slstine chapel, 1604, His compositions
include a book of motets (3-5 voices)
in canon form with cantns flrmus
(1586), 3 books of 5-part madrigals, 1

41

Nantier-Didite

book of 3-part canzonets; some 8-part
psalms reprinted in Constantini's Salmi
a 8 di diversi (1614) and other works
piib. in contemporary collections. He
ranks among the best representatives of
the 'Palestrina style.' His pupils in-
clude Ant. Brunelli, Ant. Cifra, Greg.
Allegri, Pier Francesco Yalentini and
G. B. Nanini, his brother. (2) Glo-van-
ni Bernardino (ca. 1560-1624) : b. Val-
lerano, d. Rome; brother and pupil of
Giovanni Maria N. (1) ; maestro di cap-
pella in Rome, taught in his brother's
school; composer of 5-part madrigals,
(3 books) 1- to 5-part motets with or-
gan bass (1608-1618), etc., which ex-
hibit 'modernistic' tendencies; 4- to 8-
part psalms and a 3-part Venite exulte-
mu« with organ (1620), and other works
in MS.

NANTIUR-DIDieB, Constance
Betsy B. (1831-1867) : b. He de la
Reunion, d. Madrid; successful mezzo-
soprano.

NAPEBR, Hampden: librettist to
Weber. Ref.: VI. 148.

SIAP01.EA0, Arthur (1813- ) : b.
Oporto; Infant prodigy in Lisbon and
England; studied with Halli at Man-
chester,, toured Europe and the Ameri-
can continents as a pianist; abandoned
his career and established a music
business in Rio de Janeiro; composed
for piano and orchestra.

NAPOLEON (1) I. fie/.; H. 15, 150,
181, 238ff; V. 183, 260f; VI. 259, 339;
VIII. 179; IX. Ill, 115, 157, 358; X.
102, 148. (2) III. Ref.: H. 210, 493.

IVAPOliETANO, Danlelo (1868- ) :
b. Savino, near Nola; modem Italian
composer of operas (11 prof eta di Kor-
asaa, Naples, 1893; Bajardo, L'nomo
chi ride. La flnta malata, and Clara
d'Arville, not yet performed), also a
hymn, Igea (1900).

NAPRAVNIK, Ednard Franzovlteli
(1839- ): b. Bejst, near Konigsgratz;
studied and taught in Prague; con-
ductor and organist in St. Petersburg,
since 1869 second conductor of the Rus-
sian Opera; 1869-1882 conductor of the
symphony concerts of the Imperial
Russian Musical Society. He has writ-
ten four operas, including Dubrowski
(1895) and Francesca da Rimini (1903) ;
four symphonies; "The Demon' after
Lermontoff (1874) ; folk dances, sym-
phonic poem 'The Orient,' a suite, over-
ture, marches, 3 string quartets, 2 trios,
a piano quartet, a string quintet, a vio-
lin sonata, 2 suites for 'cello and piano,
a piano concerto, a fantasy for piano
and orch. on Russian themes, a fantasy
for violin and orch. on Russian motives,
a suite, do., music for Tolstoy's 'Don
Juan,' vocal works with orch., mixed
chorusefs a cappella, men's choruses,
many songs, duets, piano pieces (some
with violin, others with 'cello) and
other instrumental solo pieces. Ref.:
HI. 134f; IX. 405f.

NARBAEZ, I/ulz de (16th cent.) :
Spanish lute master, composer of lute

Nanbert

arrangements of vocal music, differen-
cias on Spanish romances, fantasias,

NARDINI. Pietro (1722-1793): b.
Fibiana, Tuscany, d. Florence; studied
with Tartini; solo violinist, then (from
1770) conductor at the court chapel of
Florence; virtuoso with extraordinary
purity of tone. His compositions were
concertos, sonatas, duos, and soli for
the violin, 6 flute trios, 6 string quar-
tets, etc. Ref.: VII. 403, 428, 430.

NARES, James (1715-1783) : b. Stan-
well, Middlesex, d. London; organist
and composer in London and York;
composer of harpsichord lessons, piano
and organ school, 6 organ fugues,
catches, canons, glees, church music and
a dramatic ode 'The Royal Pastoral.'
Ref.: VI. 472.

NARET-KONING, Johann Josepb
David (1838-1905): b. Amsterdam, d.
Frankfort; studied with Bunten and
David ; violinist and conductor at Mann-
heim apd Frankfort; director of the
Mannheim singing society and member
of the Heermann Quartet. He pub.
songs.

JTARODNY, Ivan (1874- ): b.
Werro, Russia; active as musical critic
and journalist in St. Petersburg, 1893,
Berlin, 1905, then New York; regular
contributor to 'Musical America' for 3
years, also to various New York news-
papers, especially on Russian music
and dancing; author of 'Memories of
Myself (1909), and contributing editor
to 'The Art of Music'

NASOLIJVI, Sebastlano (1768-1799):
b. Piacenza, a. Venice; composer of 38
Italian operas for various Italian cities
and Dresden.

NASSARE, Pablo (1664- ): b.
Aragon; Franciscan monk at Saragossa;
author of 2 valuable works on tteory.
Ref.: VI. 445.

NATALE, Pompeo (17th cent.):
composer of madrigals in the style of
the Roman School; singer in the chapel
of Santa Maria Magglore there.

NATHAN, Isaac (1792-1864): b.
Canterbury, d. Sydney; opera singer in
Covent Garden; writer of musical essay
and a 'Life of Madame Malibran de
B^riot'; composer of one comic opera,
an operetta, etc., and popular musical
pieces for a comedy 'Sweethearts and
Wives.' (2) Adolph (1814-1885): b.
Copenhagen, d. Aalherg; pianist teacher
and composer for pianoforte.

NATORP, Bernhard Cbristian Lnd-
wlg (1774-1846): b. Werden, d. Miin-
ster; teacher, priest and councillor;
author of works on the art of singing,
evangelical church music, chorals, etc.

NATJ, Mana Dolores Benedicta
Josefina (1818- ) : b. New York;
studied at the Paris Conservatoire, dra-
matic soprano at the Paris Op^ra, in
Brussels and London and America on
a visit; retired 1856.

NAUBERT, Frledrlch August
(1839-1897): b. Schkeuditz, Saxony, d.

42

Xaudlu

Neubrandenburg; studied at the Stem
Conservatory, Berlin; organist, singing
teacher and composer of songs at Neu-
brandenburg.

NATIDIN, Biiitllo (1823-1890): b.
Parma, d. Bologna; studied with Pa-
uizza; operatic tenor in Italy, Europe
and Uie Th^&tre Italien, Paris; created
Vasco in L'Africaine at the Opdra, 1865.

NA1TB, Jobann Friedrlch (1787-
1868) : b. Halle, d. there; Musikdirek-
tor at Halle University, organist and
collector of a musical library; vrrote
on musical liturgy, collected a book of
choruses, composed church music, piano
pieces, choral and orchestral works,

NAUBSTBURG, Gustav (1803-after
1862): b. Halle; baritone singer and
vocal teacher; wrote instructive vocal
works (Tdgliche Gesangstudien, Tan-
llche Coloraturstudien) , and wrote on
church music, etc. Loewe wrote some
vocal pieces expressly for N.

NAVMANN (1) Jotaann Gottlieb
(1741-1801): b. Blasewitz, d. Dresden;
pupil of the Kreuzschule; went to Italy
with recommendation to Padre Martini
and prod. 2 Italian operas in Venice
(1763, 1764) ; became church composer
to the Electoral Court of Saxony, 1764,
chamber composer, 1765; returned to
Italy, 1765, and wrote further Italian
operas for Palermo, Dresden, Venice
and Padua. He was made Royal Saxon
Kapellmeister in 1776, went to Stock-
holm, 1777, to reform the orchestra
and produced operas there in 1777, 1780
and 1785. In all he wrote 23 operas to
1801, besides a ballet, 10 oratorios,
masses, psalms, a Te Deum and other
church music, including his master-
piece, a setting of Klopstock's Vater
Unser; also 18 symphonies, sonatas for
piano, violin, harmonica; trios, violin
duets, songs 'to be sung at the piano';
Freemason songs, and an elegy 'Klop-
stock's Grave." Only a few of his
works were printed. (2) Bmll (1877-
1888) : b. Berlin, d. Dresden ; grandson
of (1), pupil of 'old Ries' (father of
Ferdinand), etc., in Bonn, of Wartensee
in Frankfort and of Mendelssohn, both
privately and at the Leipzig Cons. He
composed an opera, JudiOi (Dresden,
1858), another, Lorelei, prod, after his
death, of which the overture was pub-
lished; an oratorio Christus, der Fried-
ensbote (1848), a mass, a cantata,
songs and piano pieces. N. received
the post of Royal court Musikdirektor
for an essay on the introduction of
psalm-singing in the Evangelical
church (1856), and as such wrote
psalms and motets for the Berlin Dom-
chor, also pub. psalms for all Sundays
and holy days of the church i year, as
vols. 8-10 of Commer's Musica sacra.
Das Alter des Psalmengesanges, an-
other essay, brought him the doctor's
degree, and the book Die Tonkunst in
der Kttlturgeschlchte, 1869-70, the pro-
fessor's title. This was followed by a
numfier of sesthetlc-historlcal works.

43

Naylop

'including Italienische Tondichter von
Palestrina bis auf die Gegenwart
(1876, 1883), lllustrierte Musikgeschichte
(1880-85, Engl, trans, by Prager with
addenda by Ouseley, 1886 [1898], also
Dutch and Russian; new edition by
Eugen Sctamitz, 1908) ; Das Goldene
Zeitalter der Musik in Venedig (1876),
etc. He lectured on musical history at
the Dresden Cons, sbme time after set-
tling there, in 1873. Ref.: (cited) I.
245, 302; VI. 24, 47, 49, 85. (3) Karl
Brnst (1832-1910): b. Freiberg, Sax-
ony, d. Jena; also a grandson of (1);
pupil of Hauptmann, Richter, Wenzel
and Langer in Leipzig; took the degree
of Dr. phil. at the Univ. in 1858 for bis
dissertation: Vber die verschtedenen
Bestimmungen der Tonverhaltnisse und
die Bedeutang des pythagoreischen oder
reinen Qaintensgstems filr unsre Musik.
He further studied organ under Job.
Schneider in Dresden, and was then
made Musikdirector and organist at
Jena Univ., becoming titular professor
in 1877. N. wrote the first sonata for
viola and piano; also other chamber
music, including a serenade for nonet
(strings, flute, oboe, bassoon and horn)
and some sacred choral works; also
pub. many valuable revisions and ar-
rangements of classical works, espe-
cially for the Bach-Gesellschaft. Ref.:
V. 143; VII. 143.

NAUMBOITRG, Salomon: published
songs of the Jewish temple at Paris,
1863 ; produced the works of Rossi with
historical references, 1877.

JVAUSICAA. Ref.: X. 52.

NAVA. Gaetano (1802-1875): b. Mi-
lan, d. there; studied with his father,
PoUini and at Milan Cons., where he '
taught solfeggio (1837), and was
maestro of the alumni choral singing;
wrote solfeggi, vocalizzi, church music,
piano music, also a Metodo practico
di vocalizza.

NAVRATIIi, Karl (1836-1914): b.
Vienna, d. there; jurist, musical ama-
teur, studied with Xottebohm; com-
posed a concert overture, chamber mu-
sic and a setting of psalm xxx, for
soli, chorus and orchestra, also a mass,
motets, orchestral and piano pieces
and songs. He taught, and among his
pupils were Mme. Essipoff, Schtitt and
Riickauf. Ref.: HI. 181,

IVAYIiOR (1) John (1838-1897): b.
Stanningley, near Leeds, d. at sea; Mus.
D., 1872; church organist at Scarbor-
ough and York Minster, he conducted
the York Musical Society; composed 4
cantatas, anthems, part-songs, church
and organ music. (2) Bdvrard Wood-
all (1867- ) : b. Scarborough, son
and pupil of (1) ; also pupil of Royal
College of Music, Mus. D., Cambridge,
1897, organist at Emanuel College, Cam-
bridge, since 1897; author of 'Shake-
speare and Music' (1896) ; 'An Eliza-
bethan Virginal Book' (1905); etc.; also
lectures on Schiltz, Sallus, etc., in the
Proceedings of the Musical Assp, His

Neate

English opera, 'The Angelus* (1901)
received the prize in Bicordi's compe-
tition. He also •wrote a cantata, a
dramatic scene, church music, choruses
a cappella, and a piano trio. (3) Sid-
ney (1841-1893): b. London, d. Shep-
herd's Bush; London organist and
noted accompanist; toured with Sim
Reeves. His wife, Blanche (nie Cole),
was a concert soprano.

NEATE, Charles (1784-1877): h.
London, d. Brighton; pupil of William
Sharp and John Field; one of the
founders of the Philharmonic Society
(1813) ; lived in Vienna a short time to
enjoy Beethoven's society and was a
keen champion of the master in Lon-
don; he wrote 'An Essay on Finger-
ing' (1855).

NEBELONG, Johann Hendrlk
(1847- ) : b. Copenhagen ; studied
with Holm, Thielemann and Barth; or-
ganist at Christianshaven and Copen-
hagen; virtuoso on the organ, founder
of a society of organists; composed
songs, patriotic songs and pianoforte
pieces.

IVEDBAI., Oscar (1874- ) : b. Ta-
bor, Bohemia, studied at Prague Cons,
(comp. under Dvof Ak) ; viola player in
the Bohemian String Quartet; composer
of a Scherzo-Caprice for orch.; sonata
for piano and violin, etc. Ref.: HI.
181; VIII. 382.

NBBB, Helnrich (1807-1878): b.
Lich, Upper Hesse, d. Frankfort; stud-
ied with P. Muller and A. Schmitt; con-
ducted quartets, male choruses, etc.;
composed 3 operas, a cantata, ballads,
etc.

NEEDHAM, Alicia A.: contemporary
composer, b. near Dublin; studied at
Royal Academy of Music, London, win-
ner of prizes for songs at the Irish
Musical Festival, and for the best song
in celebration of King Edward VII's
coronation (1902) ; composer of over
600 songs, duets, quartets, piano pieces,
etc. Ref.: III. 443.

NEEDLER, H. (1685-1760) : b. Lon-
don; pianist, violinist and composer.

NBBPE, Christian Gottloh (1748-
1798): b. Chemnitz, d. Dessau; con-
ductor in Leipzig, where he had stud-
ied with Hiller, in Dresden, Bonn and
at the Dessau opera. In Bonn he was
appointed deputy organist and musical
director, and succeeded van den Eeden
as the teacher of Beethoven. He wrote
8 vaudevilles and operas, a melodrame,
a (4- part and orch.) setting of Klop-
stock's ode, Dem Unendlichen, a double
concerto for piano, violin and orch.,
piano sonatas, variations, fantasias,
songs, children's songs; made piano ar-
rangements of operas by Paesiello,
Gr^try and others, etc. Ref.: II. 131,
137, 138; IX. 83.

NEF (1) Karl (1873- ): b. St.
Gall; studied at the Leipzig Cons., and
devoted himself to musical science. He
wrote Die Collegia musica in der
deutscben ref. Schweiz (1897), which

Xeitzel

earned him the Dr. phil. He edited the
Yolksgesang in St. Gall, and became
collaborator of various musical periodi-
cals, etc., in Basle, where he became
docent (1909, professor) of musical
science at the Univ. He wrote on F.
F. Huber (1898), German instrumental
music of the late 17th cent., etc. (2)
Albert: brother of (1) ; Dr. phil. with
Dos Lied in der deutschen Schweiz im
letzten Drittel des IS. and zu Anfang
des 19. Jahrhunderts (1908).

NEPF, Fritz (1873-1904); b. Dur-
lach, d. Munich; studied in Carlsruhe
and Munich; wrote songs and choruses,
works of great promise.

IVEHRLICH, Christian Gottfried
(1802-1868) : b. Ruhland, Upper Lu-
satia, d. Berlin; founded singing school
in Leipzig, which he removed to Ber-
lin; wrote two books of vocal peda-
gogy.

NEIDHARDT, Johann Geors (ca.
1685-1739) : d. Konigsberg, as Royal
Prussian Kapellmeister; conductor, and
author of books on temperament
(monochord), harmony and composi-
tion. Of his compositions a set of
penitential psalms (1715) and a
chorale, Metnen Jesu lass ich nicht
(1722) are preserved.

NBIDHARDT VON BEUENTHAIi.
See NlTBABT VON RlUWENTHAL.

NEID1.I1VGER, William Harold

(1863- ): b. Brooklyn, New York;
studied with Dudley Buck; vocal teach-
er in Paris, Chicago and New York;
composer of church music, choruses,
songs, etc., and 2 operas, 'Ulysses'
(1898) and 'Sweet Anne Page' (1900).
Ref.: IV. 353f.

NEILISSOFP, Ivan Themlstoklo-
Tltch (1830-1880) : b. Russia, d. St.
Petersburg; studied with Henselt, Dehn
and Liszt; Russian court pianist and
professor at the St. Petersburg Con-
servatory.

NEITHARDT, August Helnrich
(1793-1861): b. Schleiz, d. Berlin;
studied under Ebhardt and Graner in
Schleiz; oboist in the Garde jager Corps
in the War of Liberation, and band-
master in 1816; bandmaster of the
Kaiser Franz Grenadier Regiment in
1833-40; teacher of singing for the
Berlin cathedral-choir, 1843; and con-
ductor, 1845; composed an opera,
Julietta (1834) ; music for military
band; ma^e choruses; songs including
music for Thiersch's Ich bin ein
Preusse; horn quartets and trios, piano-
music ; wrote 3 vols. (V, VII, XII) of his
collection Musica sacra: Sammlung re-
ligioser Gesange dlterer uad neuerer
Zeit.

NEITZEIi, Otto (1852- ) : b. Fal-
kenburg, Pomerania ; studied at EuUak's
Academy, also at the University, Ber-
lin; (Dr. phil., 1875); made a concert
tour as pianist with Pauline Lucca and
Sarasate; conductor of the Musikverein
at the Strassburg, 1878; conducted in
the Municipal Theatre 1879-81; taught

44

Nejedly

at the Moscow Conservatory until 1885;
later at the Cologne Cons.; critic for
the KSlnische Zettung since 1887; com-
posed operas Angela (Halle, 1887),
Dido (Weimar, 1888), and Der alte
Dessauer (Wiesbaden, 1889) ; -wrote
Ftihrer durch die Oper (3 vols., 1890-3).
Ref.: HI. 249.

NElJXiDIiY, Zdenek (1878- ): b.
Leitomischl; pupil of Zdenko Fibich;
studied musical science in Prague and
became docent for musical science at
the Czechish Univ. there in 1905. He
wrote on Bohemian musical history (3
vols., Hussite song, etc.), Smetana,
Fibich, Mahler, Strauss operas, Bee-
thoven's string quartets, modem Czech
opera, etc.

NBKRASSOFF; contemp. Russian
poet. Ref.: VI. 395.

NULSOIV, Dora (19th cent.) : found-
er of Cincinnati College of Music. Ref. :
IV. 193, 254.

NEOPTOIiBMlTS: reputed inventor
of the Pyrrhic dance. Ref.: X. 60.

NERI (1) [Saint] Flllppo (1515-
1595) ; b. Florence, d. Rome, where he
went at the age of 18 and lived in a
monastery, devoting himself to the care
of poor pilgrims. He became priest in
1551 and established meetings in the
oratorio of the monastery of San
Girolamo and later in Santa Maria,
Valllcella. His lectures on Biblical
history became the nucleus of a school
for lay-priests, recognized by Gregory
XIII as the Congregation of the Ora-
tory. The musical part of N.'s courses
consisted at first of hymns written for
the meetings by Animuccia, whose
place, after his death, was taken by
Palestrina. Cavalieri's mystery Anima
e corpo was first performed in this
oratory in 1600, whence the name ora-
torio subsequently applied to this form
of composition. Ref.: I. 334; VI. 224.
(2) IHasslmlUano (17th cent.) : organ-
ist at St. Mark's, Venice, 1644, court or-
ganist to the elector of Cologne, 1664 ; en-
nobled by Emperor Ferdinand II; pub.
a book of 2- to 3-parts motets with
continuo (1664), also a book of 4-part
Sonate e canzoni . . . in chiesa & in
camera (1644), which are considered
among the best of the instrumental mu-
sic of the early 17th cent. Ref.: VII.
385, 477.

TfBRO: Emperor of Rome. Ref.: I.
132; VI. 399; X. 74, 75.

IVEiRITDA [Johann Baptist] Geors
(1707-1780) : b. Bossiez, Bohemia, d.
Dresden; composer; concert-master in
Dresden for over 30 years; wrote a
large number of trio sonatas, sym-
phonies, violin concertos, solo pieces
for violin, etc. Ref.: VIII. 140.

IVEISSLBR, Victor B. (1841-1890) : b.
Baldenheim, Alsatia, d. Strassburg;
studied theology and music at Strass-
burg, devoting himself to the latter
after the success of his opera, Flenrette
(1864). He became chorus master at
the Stadttheater in Leipzig and con-

45

Neubauer

ductor of the Sangerkreis there. He
prod, a number of operas Of popular
sentimental character, including the ro-
mantic fairy opera Domroschens Braut-
fahrt (1867), the operettas Die Hoch-
zeitsreise (1867), Nachtwachter und
Student (1868), and Am Alexandertag
(1869) ; and the operas Irmingard
(1876), Der Rattenfdnger von Hameln
(1879), Der wild Uger (1881), Der
Trompeter von Sakkingen, Otto der
Schiitz (1886), and Die Rose von Strass-
burg (Munich,' 1890). Of these the
Trompeter von Sakkingen is still a
popular favorite in German theatres.
He also wrote a choral ballad, Der
Blumen Rache, a double chorus for
men's voices; a part-song cycle, etc.
Ref.: in. 21; IX. 222, 423.

1VBSTI.br, [August] JuUas (1851-) :
b. Grumbach, Germany; pupil of the
Leipzig Cons. He founded a musical
institute in that city in 1878, which he
still conducts. Two years later he be-
came singing teacher of the Royal Gym-
nasium, and in 1892 was made Royal
Musikdirektor. He composed songs,
choral songs, a cantata (with orch.), a
Hgmnus, motets and military marches.

NBSVADBA, Josepb (1824-1876) : b.
Bohemia, d. Darmstadt; conductor at
Karlsbad, Briinn, Prague, Berlin, 'Ham-
burg, and court conductor at Darmstadt.
He wrote an opera, 'Blue Beard' (1844)',
also songs and choral songs. Ref.:
m. 180.

XBSVBRA, Josepb (1842-1914): b.
Proskoles, Bohemia, d. Olmiitz; musi-
cal director of the Episcopal Church
in Koniggratz since 1878; Kapellmeister
at Olmiitz Cathedral; wrote masses; a
De profundis for soli, chorus and or-
chestra; male and mixed choruses; Bo-
hemian songs; idyll for 3 violins, 2
violas, 'cello and bass; violin concerto,
other violin music string serenade, a
symphony, other orch. pieces, piano
pieces and 6 operas; Bratrdnek Mlg-
narski (Brunn, 1884) ; Waldeslust (01-
mulz, 1896) ; Perdita (Prague, 1897) ;
Der Bergmonch (1906), and an oratorio,
'Job' (Prague, 1913).

JVBTKBR, Joseph (1808-1864) : b.
Imst, Tyrol, d. Graz; studied with
Gansbacher and Sechter, Vienna ; com-
posed the operas Die Belagerung von
Gothenburg (1839), Mara (1841), and
Die Eroberung von Granada (1844) ;
assistant Kapellmeister to Lortzing at
the Theater an der Wien, Vienna (1846),
where he produced the opera Die seltene
Hochzeit; Kapellmeister at Mayence,
1849, Graz, 1853; wrote symphonies,
overtures, string-quartets, and more
than 100 songs.

NBTTBATTBR (1) Johann (17th
cent.) : composer of a set of suites,
dedicated to the Landgraf William of
Hesse (1649), in which each suite has
6 movements, each in the variant of
the principal key. (2) Franz Chrls-
toph (1760-1795) : b. Bohemia, d. Biicke-
burg; prod, an opera Ferdinand und

Nenendorff

Yariko in Munich, 1784; led a restless
life, became Kapellmeister to the
Prince of Weilburg; later Kapellmeister
as Chr. Fr. Bach's successor at the
Lippe court. He pub. 12 symphonies,
10 string quartets, trios, duos, sonatas,
ilute and piano concertos, etc.

NEUBNDORFP, AdoM (1843-1897):
b. Hamburg, d. New York; studied vio-
lin under G. Matzka and J. Weinlich;
piano under Dr. Schilling; d^but as
pianist, 1859; first violin In the old
Stadt Theatre, New York; toured Brazil
as violinist, 1861; musical director of
the German Theatre, Milwaukee, 1863;
conductor of German opera. New York,
1864-7; was conductor of Stadt The-
atre, 1867-71, where Lohengrin was
given for first time in America; con-
ducted opera in Academy of Music,
1872; manager of Germania Theatre,
1872-4; director of the Wagner Festival
in New York, 1877, when Walkiire was
given for first time; conductor of N. Y.
Philharmonic, 1878; concert director
in Boston, 1884-89; cond. of the Juch
English Opera Co., 1889-91; English
grand opera, N. Y., 1892; conducted in
Vienna, 1893-5, where his wife, Geok-
GiNB VON Januschowsky was prima
donna at the Imperial Opera; director
of Music in the Temple Emanu-El, New
Yoric, 1896; succeeded Seidel as con-
ductor of the Metropolitan Permanent
Orchestra; composed the comic operas
The Rat-charmer of Hamelin (1880) ;
Don Quixote (1882) ; Prince Woodruff
(1887); The Minstrel "(1892); also 2
symphonies, overtures, cantatas, male
quartets, many songs, etc.

NETJHOFF, I/udwlg (1859-1909): b.
Berlin, d. Gargone; pupil of Sandler
(a pupil of Rheinberger) and the Leip-
zig Cons.; composed a mass for mixed
chorus, a violin sonata, a string quar-
tet, a symphony, a 'cello concerto, two
organ sonatas, male choruses with or-
chestra, vocal quartets, duets and
songs. '

NEUKOMM, Slslsmand [Bitter
von] (1778-1858): b. Salsburg, d.
Paris; studied organ under Weissauer,
composition under M. Haydn; univer-
sity organist at 15; chorus-master at
the opera at 18; studied at Vienna un-
der J. Haydn from 1798; was elected
a member of the Stockholm Academy,
1807; conductor of German opera, St.
Petersburg; pianist to Talleyrand, aft-
er Dussek, 1809; received the cross of
the Legion of Honor from Louis XVII,
1815, for his requiem in memory of
Louis XVI (Vienna, 1914) ; court musi-
cal director in Rio de Janeiro, 1816;
composed 7 oratorios, 15 masses, 5 can-
tatas, psalms in German, English, Ital-
ian and Latin and other church music;
produced 10 German operas, including i
Alexander am Indus, 3 Italian dramatic
scenas, a symphony, 5 overtures and 7
orch. fantasias, military marches,
chamber music, a concerto and many
other pieces for piano, 57 organ pieces,

46

Xeusiedler

and some 200 French, English, Italian
and German songs.

NEUniANlV (1) Angelo (1838-1910):
b. Vienna, d. Prague; singer and im-
presario; pupil of Stilke-Sessl, engaged
as lyric tenor for Cologne, where the
burning of the theatre prevented his
appearance, then successively at Cra-
cow, odenburg, Pressburg, Danzig, and
the Vienna Court Opera (1872-76). He
became director of the opera in Leip-
zig under Forster, and from there
travelled to Berlin, London, etc., in
order to produce Wagner's Nibelungen
for the first time outside of Bayreuth.
In 1882 he established his own trav-
elling Wagner theatre, which , he took
as far as Italy, but soon settled i in
Bremen. Thence he went to Prague to
direct the German National Theatre,
which he brought to great eminence,
and there he also conducted his cele-
brated May Festivals. He wrote Erin-
nerungen an R. Wagner (1907, English
by E. Livermore, 1907). (2) Franz
(1874- )-: b. Prerau, Moravia; stud-
ied at the Leipzig Cons.; chorus repetl-
tor at Karlsruhe and Hamburg, Kapell-
meister in Ratisbon, Linz and Reichen-
berg, and since 1904 second Kapell-
meister at the Frankfort opera house;
prod, the operas Die Brautwerbung
(Linz, 1901), and Liebelei (Frankfort,
1910) ; also wrote another opera, Leger
und Schwert (1901), 2 ballets, choral
works and chamber music.

NEXJMEISTBR, Erdmann (1671-
1756) : b. tJchtritz, near Weissenfels, d.
Hamburg; Lutheran pastor, important
in development of Evangelical church
music, since he was the first to apply
the poetic form of the secular cantata
to the sacred text. He wrote 4 annual
series of church cantata texts (1700-
14), the first without choral move-
ments, the second with short rhyming
verses for choral setting, the third and
fourth with biblical citations verbatim,
or with chorales. Thus the choral
cantata received its form, and Tele-
mann, J. S. Bach, and others composed
N.'s texts. C. F. Henrlci (q. v.), with
the assistance of Bach himself, gave
the choral cantata its final shape.

NEVFERT, Edmund (1842-1888) : b.
Christiania, d. New York; pianist and
teacher; studied at Kullak's Academy,
Berlin, and the Stern Cons.; succeeded
Anton Rees as teacher of piano at the
Copenhagen Cons.; succeeded Nicolas
Rubinstein as first piano teacher at the
Moscow Cons. (1881) ; settled in New
York as music teacher (1883) ; well
known on the European concert stage;
composed numerous technical studies,
etc., for piano. Ref.: III. 88.

NEUSIEDIiER (1) (IVewsidler),
Hans (ca. 1608-1563) : b. Pressburg,
d. in Nuremberg, where he lived from
1530; lute maker and lutenist; pub.
Bin newgeordent kUnstlich Lautenbuch,
in zwen thegl getheglt (1536), the first
part of which contains the explanation

IfeuTllle

of the lute and Its tablature, and the
second 'fantasies, preambles, psalms
and motets' in tablature; also Ein
newes Lautenbilchlein (1540), another
do. (1544, 2 parts). (2) (Neysldler),
Melchior (1507-1590) : b. Fressburg, d.
Nuremberg, elder brother of (1) ; first
lived for some time in Nuremberg, then
Augsburg, and from 1565 in Italy, where
he pub. 2 books of lute pieces (Venice,
1566), reprinted by Phalise, in Li^ge,
1571, and Jobin in Strassburg; also
pub. Deutsch Lautenbuch, etc. (1574,
1596), and 6 motets by Josquin in lute
tablature (1587).

NBVVIIiliE:, Valentin (1S63- ) :
b. Rexpoede, French Flanders; studied
at Brussels Conservatory, organist at
Lyons and composer of church music,
an oratorio, 6 operas, 2 string quartets
and 2 symphonies.

IVEIVE:, Paul de (1881- ): b. Steg-
litz, near Berlin; conductor at Wies-
baden court and Ascbersleben ; com-
poser of an opera, a melodrame, cham-
bciF ixiusic etc

NEVIn' (l)'i:thelbert Vtroodbrldgre
(1862-1901): b. Edgeworth, Fenu., d.
New Haven, Conn.; composer. He
studied piano with von der Heide and
W. Gunther at Pittsburg; voice with
von Boehme at Dresden, and later be-
came a pupil of B. J. Lang and Stephen
A. Emery in Boston, and of Bijtlow,
Klindworth, and K. Bial in Berlin
(1884-6). He taught and composed
chiefly in New York. His works in-
clude several cycles of piano pieces
('Sketch Book,' 'In Arcady,' 'A Day in
Venice,' 'Water Scenes,' etc.) ; waltzes
for piano; and many songs, some of
which ('The Rosary,' "Little Boy Blue,'
'Mighty Lak' a Rose,' etc.) are very
popular. Ref.: IV. 349fr; V. 322f; VII.
340; mus. ex., XIV. 245, 247. (2)
Arthur Finley (1871- ): b. Vine-
acre, Edgeworth, Pa.; brother of Ethel-
'bert (1), composer; studied at the New
England Cons., and with Kllndwocth
and Boise in Berlin, where he prod,
an opera, 'Poia," at the Royal 0]pera.
He also composed songs, piano pieces
and orchestral works. N. has been pro-
fessor of music at the Univ. of Kansas
since 1915. Ref.: TV. 424; mus. ex.,
Xrv. 280.

NEWMAN (1) Ernest (1869- ) :
b. Liverpool; writer; studied for the
Indian Civil Service, and was in busi-
ness until 1903 when he adopted a
musical career, joining the teaching staff
of the Midland Institute, Birmingham;
became music reviewer of the. Man-
chester 'Guardian' in 1905, and of the
Birmingham 'Daily Post' in 1906 ; au-
thor of 'Gluck and the Opera' (1895),
•A Study of Wagner' (1899). "Wagner'
(1906), 'Musical Studies' (1905), 'El-
gar' (1906), 'Hugo Wolf (1907), 'Rich-
ard Strauss' (1908) ; translated Wein-
gartner's Vber das Dirigieren, Schweit-
zer's. J. S. Bach, and Wagner's music
dramas (for Breltkopf & Hartel); ed-

MchoU

ited The New Library of Music'; con-
tributing editor 'The Art of Music."
Ref.: III. 431; (cited, etc.) V. 334; VI.
354; VIII. 284; IX. 17, 268. (2) Cardl-
naL Ref.: (cited) VL 362.

NBWMARCH, Rosa: contemp. Eng-
lish writer; b. Leamington Spa; author
of 'Borodin and Liszt' (1896), 'Life of
Tschaikowsky' (1900), 'Horse Amorls
Songs and Sonnets' (1903), 'Songs to a
Singer* (1906), 'The Russian Opera'
(1914) ; translated Deiters' 'Johannes
Brahms,' Modest Tschaikowsky's biog-
raphy of his brother, and Vincent
d'Indy's Cisar Franck; contributor to
various musical works and periodi-
cals; since 1908 has written program
notes for Queen's Hall Promenade Con- '
certs. Ref.: (cited) VII. 465; IX. 379.

NEWSIDIiER, Neysldler. See

NIBELliK, Adolpbe AndrS (1825-
1895) : b. Gien, Loiret, d. Paris, where
he studied law, also music at the Cons. ;
practised law, but also composed op-
erettas, music for plays, a symphony-
cantata, Jeanne d' Arc, songs, etc.

NIBIiO, William, American enter-
tainment pioneer. Ref.: IV. 126f, 129ff.

NICCOLINI (or NlcoUnl), Giuseppe
(1762-1842) : b. Piacenza, d. there; stud-
ied under Insanguine at the Conserva-
torie di San Onofrio, Naples, prod, his
first opera. La Famiglia stravagante, at
Parma 1793; maestro of Piacenza Ca-
thedral, 1819 ; composed about 60 operas,
7 oratorios, 40 masses, 2 requiems, 3
Miserere, 2 De profundis, 6 litanies, 100
psalms, cantatas, also sonatas for pi-
ano; string quartets, arias and 3 collec-
tions of canzonets.

NICCOIiO. See Isouabd.

NICETAS, Bishop of Remesiana.
Ref. : VI. 322.

NICHEJIilHANN, Chrlstopli (1717-
1762) : b. Treuenbrietzen, Brandenburg,
d. Berlin; studied at the Leipzig
Thomasschule under J. S. Bach, etc.;
appointed second cembalist to Freder-
ick the Great, through the reconunen-
dation of C. P. E. Bach, 1744; author of
Die Melodic nach ihrem Wesen sowohl
als nach ihren Eigenschaften (1755),
which he successfully defended against
the attacks of G. Leopold, writing un-
der the pseudonjrm of 'Caspar Diinkel-
feind'; composer of a serenade, /{
sogno di Scipione, a pastoral play,
Galatea (with Graun and Quantz),
songs, piano pieces, etc.

NICHOLIi, Horace Wadham (1848-) :
b. Tipton, near Birmingham, England;
composer, pupil of his father John
N. and the organist, Samuel Prince.
He was successively organist at Dud-
ley, near Birmingham, at Stoke-on-
Trent, and Pittsburg, Pa., having gone
to America in 1870. He gave many re-
citals in Pittsburg, Indianapolis, and
other cities, then (1878) became organ
editor of the 'Music Trades Review' in
New York, where he was also organist
of St. Mark's, 1879-80. He also con-

47

Xflcholson

tributed regularly to various American
musical journals and from 1883 -was
reader for G. Schirmer. He also taught
at Miss Porter^s School, Farmington,
and elsewhere. He composed an organ-
fantasia, a suite for full orch. (op. 3),
a Cloister-Scene (op. 6, chorus and
orch.), a symphonic poem 'Tartarus,'
2 symphonies, a cycle of 4 oratorios,
•Adam' (op. 16), 'Abraham' (op. 17),
•Isaac' (op. 18), and 'Jacob' (op. 19), a
piano concerto and other piano pieces,
preludes and fugues, sonatas and many
other pieces for organ. Ref.: VI. 500.

NICHOI.SON, Charles (1795-1837):
b. Liverpool, d. London; flutist and
composer for flute.

NICODfi, Jean-Iionls (1853- ): b.
Jerczik, near Posen; comjposer and
pianist ; studied piano -with Kullak, har-
mony with Wuerst, composition with
Kiel at Kullak's Academie der Ton-
kunst, Berlin, 1869; teacher and pianist
in Berlin; toured Galicia and Roumania
■with Mme. Artot (1878), taught at
Dresden Cons, and conducted the Phil-
harmonic Concerts there till 1888; also
in 1897 the Riedel-Verein. He com-
posed for orchestra a symphonic poem
Maria Stuart, op. 4; Faschingsbilder,
op. 24; Sinfonische Variationen, op. 27;
2 pieces (string orch. with 2 oboes and
2 boms), op. 32; symphonic suite for
small orch., op. 17; also a symphonic
ode with male chorus and solo. Das
Meer; also a hymn for alto with orch.,
op. 33; 2 'cello sonatas, op. 23, 25;
piano pieces (2 and 4 hands) ; songs,
etc. Ref.: III. 268; VHL 416ff.

JTICOIiAI, Otto (1810-1849): b.
Konigsberg, d. Berlin; studied with his
father, then with Zelter and Klein at
Berlin. Appointed organist of the em-
bassy chapel at Rome, he further stud-
ied under Baini. In 1837 he became
Kapellmeister at the Karnthnerthor
Theater, but returned to Rome in the
following year to devote himself to the
composition of Italian opera, and prod,
successfully Rosmonda d' Inghilterra
(Turin, 1838) ; II Templario (after
'Ivanhoe,' Turin, 1840) ; Odoardo e
Gildippe (Turin, 1841), and II Proscrit-
to (Milan, 1842). German versions of
some of these were also prod, in Vi-
enna, where he was court Kapellmeister,
1841-7, and founded the Philharmonic
Soc. in 1842. Here he also began his
most famous opera. Die lustigen Weiber
von Windsor, but Interrupted this
work to follow a call to Berlin (1847)
as Kapellmeister of the opera and of
the newly established Domchor. There
the work was brought out in 1849, two
months before his death, and has
maintained its position on the German
stage till to-day. N. also wrote a mass
(dedicated 1843 to Friedrich Wilhelm
IV), a Festival Overture on Ein' feste
Burg (1844), a piano-concerto, and pi-
ano pieces ; also a symphony, a re(iuiem,
and a Te Deum (MSS.), part songs, and
songs. Ref.: U. 379; IX. 222.

Nielsen

IVICOLAtJ, Antonio (1858- ): b.
Barcelona, concert conductor of the
Catalonian Society in Barcelona, then
director of the municipal music school
theatre; composed operas, choral
works, and orchestral compositions.

NICOIiB, liOuis (1863- ) : b. Ge-
neva, studied at the Leipzig Cons, and
with Litolff in Paris, settled in Athens,
1890, where he lectured on musical his-
tory at the Cons., and prod, several
operas; also arranged the first Hymn
to Apollo (found in Delphi) ; and
wrote a choral symphony La bataille
du Liman (Geneva, 1893), a symphonic
poem Edelweiss, 1885, a Stahat Mater,
and Psalm 148 for chorus and organ,

NICOIjIJVI (stage-name of Ernest
Nicholas) (1834-1898) : b. Tours, d.
Pau; operatic tenor; studied at the
Paris Cons., taking a second accessit
for comic opera in 1855; sang at the
Opfira-Comique 1855-59, then went to
Italy, where he appeared as Nicolini.
He sang at the Salle Ventadour, Paris,
1867-70; visited London in 1866; sang
in opera at Drury Lane, 1871, and for
several years at Covent Garden. He
toured with Adelina Patti, and mar-
ried her in 1886. Ref.: IV. 138.

NICOIiO. See Isouard.

NlCOIiSOlV, Richard ([?]-1639) :
English organist.

NICOMEDES OP PITHYNIA. Ref.:
X. 55.

IVIBCKS, Frederick [Friedrich]
(1845- ) : b. Dusseldorf ; studied vio-
lin under Langhans, Griinewald and
Auer; organist at Duriifries, Scotland,
1868; attended Leipzig University, 1877-
78; critic for 'The Monthly Musical
Record' and 'Musical Times'; Ried Pro-
fessor of music in Edinburgh Univer-
sity, 1891, where he gave his inaugural
lecture, 'Musical Education and Cul-
ture,' which was later published; wrote
'Dictionary of Musical Terms' (2nd ed.
1884) ; 'FrMiric Chopin as a Man and
a Musician' (1888; German ed. 1889);
'The Flat, Sharp and Natural' (1890;
in Proceedings of the Mus. Assoc).

NIEDERIUEYER, liOais (1802-
1861): b. Nyon, Switzerland, d. Paris;
studied piano in Vienna under Mo-
scheles and composition under Forster;
also studied with Fioravanti in Rome,
1819, and Zingarelli in Naples, where
he knew Rossini; prod, there the opera
11 Reo per amore (1821) ; also 4 other
operas in Paris, La Casa nel bosco
(1828), Stradella (1837), Maria Stuart
(1844), and La fronde (1853); reorgan-
ized Choron's institute for church mu-
sic as the icole Niedermeger, also
founded with d'Ortigue a journal for
church music. La Mattrise; pub.
Uithode d'accompagnement du plain-
chant (1855 ; 2nd ed. 1876) ; composed
masses, motets, hymns, etc.; romances,
Le lac; Le soir; La mer; L'automne,
etc. ; organ preludes, and piano pieces.

NIELSEN (1) Angrusta (b. 1823,
Copenhagen) : Danish ballet dancer.

48

Niemann

SeA: X. 164. (2) Carl (1864- ): b.
Norre-Lyndelse, Island of Ftinen; com-
poser; secured through Gade a position
In the court orchestra at Copenhagen;
became second Kapellmeister there in
1904; has composed two symphonies, a
suite for orchestra, An den Schlaf for
chorus and orchestra, an overture, a
suite for string orchestra, string quar-
tets, a violin sonata, a fantasy for oboe
and clarinet, the operas 'Saul and David'
(1903) and Maskeraden (1907), Hymnns
AmoTis for chorus and orchestra, piano
pieces, songs, etc. Ref.: III. 73, 75f;
Vm. 351, 470. (3) I,iidolf (1876- ) :
b. Norre Tvede, Zeeland; composer;
studied at Copenhagen and Leipzig
Cons.; viola player in Andersen's Or-
chestra and member of the Bjorvig
Quartet; has composed 3 symphonies,
several symphonic poems, 2 orchestral
suites, a concert overture, 2 string
quartets, etc. Ref.: HI. 76; Vm. 470.

NIEMANN (1) Albert (1831^ ):
b. Erxleben, near Magdeburg; operatic
tenor; sang in the chorus and minor
roles at Dessau, then studied with F.
Schneider and the baritone Nusch, and
later with Duprez at Paris, singing in
the meantime at Hanover!, later at
Halle and other towns; was again at
Hanover as dramatic tenor and from
1860 at the court opera in Berlin. He
created the roles of Tannhauser at
Paris, 1861, and Siegmund at Bayreuth,
1876. Niemann was a fine actor and
interpreter of dramatic rSles as well as
an able singer. He visited America in
1886-7 and retired in 1889. Ref.: TV.
141. (2) Walter (1876- ) : b. Ham-
burg; studied with Humperdinck, and
at the Leipzig Cons, with Riemann and
Relnecke ; teacher at the Hamburg Cons.,
1906-7; concert reviewer of the Leip-
ziger Neueste Nachrichten since 1907;
author of Musik und Masiker des 19.
Jahrh. (1905), Die Musik Skandinaviens
(1906), Das Klavierbuch (1907; 3rd ed.
1913), Grieg (with Schjelderup, 1908),
Die musikalische Renaissance des 19.
Jahrh. (1911), Taschenlexicon filr
Klavierspieler (1912; 2nd ed. 1913);
Die Musik sett R. Wagner (1913) ; ed.
4th edition of KuUak's Asthetik des
Klavierspiels (1905) ; critical ed. of Ph.
Em. Bach's Versuch fiber die wahre Art
das Klavier zu spielen (1906) ; collec-
tions of old piano and organ music;
has written a number of pieces for
piano and a serenade for string orches-
tra and horns. Ref. : (cited) : II. 429,
458; VII. 333, 334; VHI. 275, 277.

NIEMETSCHEK, Franz Xavler,
friend and biographer of Mozart. Ref.:
(quoted) VIL 143.

NIBSSEN, WUhelm (1867- ): b.
Cologne, studied at the Stern Cons, in
Berlin, and at the Univ. under Spitta;
Dr. phil. 1891, with the dissertation
Das Liederbuch des Leipziger Staden-
ten Clodins vom Jahre 1669; teacher
and conductor of the Niessen Choral
Society and the Berlin Orchestervereln'

Xlklsch

Igung, etc.; theatre Kapellmeister In
various places from 1893, conductor of
societies in Glogau and in Milnster,
where he has charge of choral and or-
chestral performances and the annual
Cecilia Festival; lecturer on music at
the Univ. from 1902, Univ. Musikdl-
rektor, 1907; chorus-master of the
Westphalian Provincial Sangerbund.
He composed an opera, Sesostris, songs,
choral works and piano pieces. ^

NIETO, Manuel: contemporary
Spanish composer of more than 150
operettas (zarzuelas).

NIETZSCHE, FrledTich, the Ger-
man philosopher (1844-1900) ; b. Roc-
ken, n. Liitzen, d. Weimar; was keenly
interested in music and also tried his
hand at composition. He was at first
a warm partisan of Wagner, and gave
vent to his enthusiasm in Die Geburt
der Tragodie aus dem Geiste der Mu-
sik (1872) and Richard Wagner in Bay-
reuth (1876). His opinion of Wagner
suffered a total reversion, and in Der
Fall Wagner (1888) he opposes his
former idol as radically as he cham-
pioned him. Shortly after this he be-
came Insane. His philosophical writ-
ings contain much matter of interest to
musicians. Ref.: H. 422; III. 84; VHI.
396, 399f, 409; IX. 475.

NIGOND, Gabriel (poet). Ref.: VI.
389.

NIJINSKV, Waslav (1889- ): b.
Kieff, Russian dancer; appeared in the
Imperial Theatre, Fetrograd, from age
of 11; joined Diaghlleff's Ballet Russe
and appeared with great success in
London, Paris and the United States.
Ref.: X. 220, 221, 222, 224, 226, 229,
248; portrait, X. 224.

NIKEL., Emll (1851- ) : b. Sohrau,
took orders in Prague, 1877, studied at
the Ratisbon School of church music;
incumbent of various religious offices
in Bamberg, Breslau, Zabrze, Thorn,
Marienau and again Breslau, where he
is president of the Central Silesian Ce-
cilia Societies; Royal professor, Mon-
signor and honorary Dr. theol. He
composed much church music, includ-
ing 5 masses, 2 requiems, 4 litanies, 2
Te Deums, 6 vesper psalms, a Venl
creator (8 parts), 2 Easter offertories
and numerous hymns for various oc-
casions; also a cantata, Cdcilias Gebet,
for 8-part mixed chorus with orch., mo-
tets, preludes and marches; also wrote
a Geschichte des gregorianischen Chor-
als (Breslau, 1908).

NIKISCH, Artnr (1855- ) : b.
Szent Miklos, Hungary; composer and
conductor; studied composition with
Dessoff, violin with Hellmesberger al
the Vienna Cons.^ graduating in 1874
with prizes for violin-playing, and for
a string sextet. He became violinist in
the Vienna court orch., then second
conductor in the Leipzig Stadttheater
(1882-89). During 1889-93 he was con-
ductor of the Boston Symphony Orches-
tra and 1893-95 director of the Royal

49

Nikomachns

Opera at Pesth. Since t895 he has
conducted the Gewandhaus concerts in
Leipzig, and has also been regularly
engaged as guest conductor in Berlin,
Hamburg, St. Petersburg, etc. He ap-
peared with the entire Berlin Philhar-
monic Orchestra on tour in various
cities, incl. Paris, Geneva, Zurich,
Basle, etc. He was director of studies
at the Leipzig Cons., 1902-7 and also
director of the Stadttheater, 1905-6. He
has also conducted the leading Eng-
lish orchestras and prod. Wagner's
'Ring,' etc., at Covent Garden, 1914.
He became Royal Saxon professor in
1901. N. composed an orchestral fan-
tasy on themes from Nessler's Trom.-
peter, a symphony, a cantata, a string
quartet, violin sonata, etc. His wife,
AmCIie (nie Heusner), opera singer
(soubrette) in Cassel and Leipzig, now
teaches singing and dramatic interpreta-
tion. She also wrote music for 2 Christ-
mas legends. Ref.: IV. 190f; YHL 485;
portrait, VIII. frontispiece.

NIKOMACHITS, surnamed Gerase-
nns, after his birthplace, Gerasa (Syr-
ia) (2nd cent.) : Greek writer on music.
His tract, Harmonices Enchiridion, was
reprintedf by Meursius (1616) and Mei-
bom (1652) ; also a crit. text by Jan
(Scriptores, 1895), and a French text
by C. E. Ruelle (1884).

NIIiSSON, Christine (1843- ): b.
near Wexio, Sweden, famous operatic
soprano. She studied with Baroness
Lewhausen at Stockholm and F. Ber-
wald there and in Paris. She made her
d^but (as Violetta in La Traviata) at
the ThMtre Lyrlque, Paris, ■ 1864, and
remained there 3 years. She visited
London, sang at the Paris Op^ra, 1868-
70; then made long tours with Stra-
kosch in America (1870-2), sang in the
principal European cities, and revisited
America in 1873, 1874, and 1884. She
created Edith in Balfe's Talismano
(1874) and Elsa in the London pro-
duction of Lohengrin (1875). Margue-
rite and Mignon were her best rdles. N.
was twice married. Ref.: IV. 133, 136.

TfIN, Joaehun (1859- )s b. Ha-
vana, Cuba; studied in Barcelona, and
in Paris with Moszkowski and d'Indy;
toured Europe "extensively as pianist,
exponent of old keyboard music; advo-
cates the revival of the old cembalo,
having written Clavecin ou piano? He
composed an opera, L^Autre, in "which
he follows the Spanish national tend-
ency of Albeniz and Pedrell. He was
teacher at the Schola Cantorum in
Paris, 1906-8, and became honorary pro-
fessor at the Univ. in Brussels, where

NINI, Alessandro (1805-1880) : b.
Fano, Romagna, d. Bergamo; pupil of
Palmerlnl at Bologna; director of the
School of Singing at St. Petersburg, and
maestro di cappella at Bergamo Cathe-
dral from 1843. He composed the op-
eras Ida della Torre (1837), La Mares-
cialla d'Ancre (1839), Cristina di Svezia

Nissen

(1840), Margherita di York (1841),
Odalisa (1842), Virginia (1843), and 11
Corsaro (1847) ; also a ' flne Miserere
(a cappella), masses, psalms, etc. Ref.:
n. 503 (footnote).

NISARD, Theodore (pseudonym of
Ahbi Th^odnle-Eieazar-Xavler Nor-
mand) (1812-1887) : b. Quaregnon, n.
Hons, d. Paris; chorister at Cambrai,
studied in Douai; director of a high
school at Enghien from 1839, occupying
his leisure with the study of church
music. He became second chef de chant
and organist at St. Germain, Paris,
1849; but soon devoted himself to lit-
erary work exclusively. He wrote Man-
uel des organistes de la campagne
(1840); Le bon Minestrel (1840; songs
for church seminaries) ; Le plain-chant
Parisien (1846) ; De la notation propor-
tionelle an moyen-dge (1847) ; Diet,
liturgique, historique et pratique du
plain-chant et de musique d'iglise au
moyen dge et dans les temps modernes
(1854 with , d'Ortigue) ; MHhode de
plain-chant pour les ecoles primaires
(1855) ; etudes sur la restauration du
chant grigorien an XIX' siicle (1856) ;
Du rhgthme dans le plain-chant (1856) ;
Mithode populaire de plain-chant ro-
main et petit traiti de psalmodie (1857) ;
L'aecompagnement du plain-chant sur
I'orgue (1860) ; Les vrais principes de
l'aecompagnement du plam-chant sur
I'orgue d'apris les maltres du XV et
XVI' slides (1860) ; also monographs
on Franco of Cologne, Odo de Clugny,
Palestrina, LuUy, Rameau, Alibi Vog-
ler, Pergolesi, etc., also pub. with Le
jlerq a revised ed. of Jumilhac's Science
et pratique du plain-chant (1847). He
discovered the Antiphonary of Mont-
pelier (neumes and Latin letter-nota-
tion from A to P). Ref.: VI. 467.

]VISSi:]V (1) Georg NIcoIans Ton
(1761-1826): b. Hardensleben, Den-
mark, d. Salzburg; Danish Councillor
of State; married the widow of Mozart
in 1809; prepared a biography of Mo-
zart, pub. as Biographic W. A. Mozarts
nach Originalbriefen (1828). (2) (Jfis-
sen-Saloman), Henrlette (1819-1879) :
b. Gothenburg, Sweden, d. Harzburg;
studied piano under Chopin, 1839; sing-
ing under Manuel Garcia at Paris; Ai-
but at the Italian Opera as Adalgisa in
fiorma, 1843; toured Italy, Russia, Nor-
way, Sweden, and England, 1845-48;
sang at Gewandhaus Concerts in Leip-
zig, 1849-50 and 1853; married Siegfried
Saloman in 1850; teacher of singing at
the St. Petersburg Conservatory, 1859;
pub. a Vocal Method In French, German
and Russian (1881). (3) inie Lie),
Srica (1845-1903) : b. Eongsvinger, n.
Chrlstianla, d. Christiania; teacher
and concert pianist; studied piano un-
der Kjerulf, 1860, and Kullak, Berlin,
1861-66; teacher in Kullak's Academy
and toured Germany, Copenhagen and
Stockholm, where she wais elected a
member of the Royal Academy of
Sweden.

50

mthart

NITHART VON RITJWB3NTHAL

(12th-13th cent.) : Minnesinger, and per-
haps the earliest German composer. A
MS. of the 14th cent, contains songs
with melodies by him; reprinted in fac-
simile in von der Hagen's MiimesSngeT
and in modern notation by Riemann
(Masikaltsches Wochenblatt, 1897), who
also arranged 10 of the songs in 4
parts. Ref.: I. 219.

noble:, Thomas Tertlns (1867-) :
b. Bath, England; noted organist and
composer; studied at Royal College of
Music under Sir Walter Parratt, Sir
Charles Stanford and Sir Frederick
Bridge; successively organist of All
Saints', Colchester and St. John's, Wil-
ton. Road, assistant organist Trinity
College, Cambridge, organist and mas-
ter of the choir, Ely Cathedral, and
organist York Minster; founded York
Symphony Orchestra (1898) ; revived
York Festival; conducted York Musical
Society until 1912; organist and choir-
master St. Thomas's ^iscopal Church,
New York, since 1913; has composed
cantata, Gloria Domini, music to York
Pageant (1909), comic opera, 'Killibegs'
(1911), anthems, services, piano and
violin solos, etc. Ref.: III. 442; lY. 357;
IX. 160.

NODBRMANN, Preben (1867- ):
b. Hjorring, Denmark; studied at Lund
Univ. (Sweden), Dr. phil., 1894; prod,
an opera, Konig Magnus, in Hamburg,
1898; became organist in Malmo, 1899,
teacher there, and from 1893 calliedral
Kapellmeister in Lund; also wrote an
opera, Gunnlogs Saga, an operetta, Prinz
Inkognito (Copenhagen, 1909, pub. as
Die Jungfernstadt) ; also children's
songs, children's choruses, Kinderspiele,
sacred choruses, motets, organ pre-
ludes, violin serenades, violin duets,
piano pieces, etc.; wrote a pedagogical
treatise, studies on Swedish hymnology,
on the dramatic versions of the Orpheus
legend, etc. (all in Swedish).

NODNAGBI., Ernst Otto (1870-
1909) : b. Dortmund, d. Berlin ; studied
at Heidelberg and Royal High School
of Music, Berlin; critic and vocal
teacher at the Cons, in Konigsberg;
lieder singer, composer of lyric recita-
tives, two symphonic poems and other
orchestra pieces, vocal solos with or-
chestra. He wrote analyses of works
by Schilling, A. Mendelssohn and Mah-
ler; also Jenseits von Wagner und
Liszt (1902) and other studies.

NOGTIERAS, Costa: contemp. com-
poser of 3 Spianish operas, produced in
Barcelona. Ref.: HI. 407; IX. 478.

NOHIi, Karl Frledrich LndTrlgr
(1831-1885) : b. Iserlohn, d. Heidelberg;
studied jurisprudence at Bonn, Heidel-
berg, and Berlin; music with Dehn
and Kiel, Berlin; lecturer at Heidel-
berg (Dr. phil.), 1860; honorary profes-
sor at Munich, 1865-68; professor at
Heidelberg, 1880 ; pub. Beethovens Leben
(3 vols., 1864-77); Brief e Beethovens
(1865); Mozarts Brief e (1865, 2nd ed.

Noren

1877); JVeae Brief e Beethovens (1867).;
Musikerbriefe (1867) ; Mozarts Leben
(2nd ed., 1876) ; Beethoven, Liszt, Wag-
ner (1874) ; Beethoven nach den Schil-
derungen seiner Zeitgenossen (1880) ;
Mosaik (1882) ; R. Wagners Bedentung
flir die nationale Kunst (1883) ; Das
moderne Musikdrama (1884) ; and other
works, including biographies of Haydn,
Mozart and others.

NOLA, [Giovanni] Domenico [de
Glovane] da (16th. cent.) : composer of
4-part and 5-part madrigals (1545,
1564) ; motets ; 4-part villanelles (pub.
by Claudio Merulo in 3 and 4 parts,
1570) ; canzoni; villaneschi (1541).

NOIiOPP, Tl^erner (1835-1903): b.
Stendal, d. Magdeburg; school teacher
and composer of male choruses of wide
popularity.

NORDICA, UUlan tstage name of
Lillian Norton[-Gower-Doeme]- Young)
(1859-1914): b. Farmlngton, Me., d.
Australia; operatic soprano; pupil of
John O'Neill and New England Cons.,
and later of San Giovanni, in Milan.
She first appeared in concert in Boston,
1876, and in 1878 travelled in Europe
as soloist with Gilmore's Band. She
made her operatic d^but at Brescia in
La Traviata, sang with success in Ge-
noa, St. Petersburg, Danzig, Konigsberg,
Berlin and Paris, where she first sang
Marguerite at the Opdra in 1881. In
1887 she first appeared at Covent Gar-
den, London, and in 1893 at the Metro-
politan Opera House, New York, where
she became famous for her magnificent
impersonation of leading Wagnerian
rdles. She also sang in oratorio and
in concert in America, England, and the
Continent. She was married three
times. Ref.: IV. 138, 142f, 147. 152;
portrait, IX. frontispiece.

NORDQ,VIST, [Johann] Conrad
(1840- ) : b. Venersborg, Sweden,
studied at the Stockholm musical acad-
emy, afterward acting as military band
master In Dresden and Paris, by virtue
of state subvention; organist in Stock-
holm, 1875, choral conductor, 1876, and
second Kapellmeister, 1879, at the royal
theatre there, also teacher of harmony
at the royal academy, and court Kapell-
meister, 1855. After ceding the direc-
tion of the opera to Hall^n in 1892,
he resumed it in 1898, retiring in 1908.
He wrote orchestral works, piano pieces
and songs.

NORDRAAK, Richard (1842-1866):
b. Christiania, d. Berlin; studied with
Kiel and Kullak; composer whose pre-
mature death put an end to a career
of great promise; wrote music to
Bjomson's 'Maria Stuart in Scotland'
and 'Sigurd Slembe,' national songs,
piano pieces, etc. Ref.: III. xv, 92.

NOREN, flelnrlch Gottlieb (1861-) :
b. Graz; noted violinist and composer;
pupil of Massart in Paris, Gernsheim
in Berlin and Otto Klauwell in Cologne ;
concert-master in Belgium, Spain, Rus-
sia and Germany; founded a conserva-

51

Norllnd

tory In Crefeld (1898) ; teacher in Stern
Cons., Berlin (1902-1907) ; has com-
posed Kaleidoskop (orchestral varia-
tions on themes from Strauss's Helden-
leben), a symphony. Vita, a violin con-
certo, suite for violin and piano, piano
trio, violin sonata, 'cello sonata, sere-
nade for large orchestra, divertimento
for 2 violins and piano; an opera, Der
Schleier der Beatrice; pieces for violin,
piano, 'cello, harmonium, choruses,
songs, etc. Be/.; VIII. 420.

IVORUND, Tobias (1879- )! b.
Hvellinge, Sweden; studied in Lund, at
the Leipzig Cons, and with Thuille in
Munich, also musical science at the
univ. there, in Paris, London, Berlin,
Upsala, and Lund. After teaching in
public high schools and investigating
the gymnasium in Sweden he became
docent for musical science at Lund
Univ. (Dr. phil., 1909). He pub., in
Swedish, a Swedish musical history
(1901; German, 1904), a study on the
history of the recitative, and studies
on school singing In Scandinavia,
Swedish folk-lore, etc.; also, in Ger-
man, a number of historical articles
in the Sammelbande of the Int. Mus.
Soc, also pedagogical studies. An All-
mdnd Musik-Lexikon, containing much
valuable material concerning Scandina-
vian musicians, appeared in parts, be-
ginning 1913.

NORMAN, Lndnlg: (1831-1884): b.
Stockholm, d. there; pupil of Lindblad
and the Llepzig Cons.; teacher of com-
position at the Royal Academy, Stock-
holm, 1857; conductor of the New Phil-
harmonic Society, 1859; Kapellmeister
at the Stockholm Opera, 1861, and con-
ductor of the symphony concerts there.
He composed 4 symphonies (No. 2, E
maj., and No. 3, D min. pub.), 4 over-
tures, 4 marches, 4 sets of Incidental
music, a string octet, string sextet,
string quintet, 6 string quartets, a piano
sextet, a piano quartet, 2 trios, f vio-
lin sonatas, a viola sonata, a 'cello so-
nata, a suite for 2 violins; 9 cantatas
with orch., an oratorio, choral songs,
songs (11 books), etc. Ref.: III. 69, 79.

NORMAND. See Nisakd.

NOROJVBA, Francisco de Sfi (1820-
1881) : b. Vianna do Castello, d. Bio
de Janeiro; celebrated violinist; self-
taught, also as composer; prod, comic
operas, operettas, vaudevilles, etc., in
Portugal and Brazil, and wrote a num-
ber of compositions for the violin.

NORRIS, Homer Albert (1860-
1911) : b. Wayne, Me. ; noted com-
poser and writer; studied at New Eng-
land Cons, of Music, and in Paris
with Dubois, Guilmant, Glgout and
Godard ; teacher, lecturer and organist
of St. George's Episcopal Church, New
York; author of 'Practical Harmony on
a French Basis' (1896), "The Art of
Counterpoint' (1899), "The Flight of
the Eagle' (1905) ; contributor to mu-
sical periodicals; composer of about 50
songs, sacred music, etc. Ref.: rv. 437f.

52

Nonrrlt

NOSKOWSKI, Slslsmund (1846-
1909): b. Warsaw, d. Wiesbaden; stud-
ied at the Warsaw Musical Institute,
1864-7; under Kiel and Raif at Ber-
lin, 1873; conductor of the Bodau So-
ciety, Constance, 1876; director of the
Musical Society at Warsaw, 1881; pro-
fessor at the Conservatory there, 1888 ;
second Kapellmeister of the Philhar-
monic Society (1904), and the opera
(1906), Warsaw; invented a musical
notation for the blind; composed an
opera Livia (Lemberg, 1898) ; sym-
phonies; ballet-music; overture Das
Meerauge; string quartet and piano
music.

NOTKEIR, called Balbnlas (the
Stammerer), (840-912); n^onk at St
Gall, and composer of 'sequences,'
of which some, including the Media
in vita in morte sumus, are still ex-
tant (reproduced in Schubiger's Die
SSngeTschule von St. Gallen, 1858).
Four treatises by N. (or by Notker
Labeo). De octo tonis, De tetrachordis,
De octo modis, and De mensura ftstu-
laram organicaTum are printed in Ger-
bert's Scriptores; another, on the di-
vision of the monochord (as well as
the first and last of the above), is
given in Riemann's Studien zur
Geschichte der Notenschrift. Ref.: I.
149f; VII. 369.

NOTTBBOHSI, Martin GnataT
(1817-1882): b. Ludenscheid, West-
phalia; d. Graz; pupil of Berger and
Dehn at Berlin, of Schumann and Men-
delssohn at Leipzig, of Sechter at
Vienna, where he taught and wrote
chiefly on Beethoven. He pub. Eia
Skizzenbach von Beethoven (1865) ;
Thematisches Verzeichniss der im Druck
erschienenen Werke von Beethoven
(1868); Beethoveniana (2 vols., 1872,
1887); Beethovens Studien (vol. i, 1873;
B.'s exercises, etc., under Haydn, AI-
brechtsberger and Salierl, after the
origi MSS.) ; Thematisches Verzeichniss
der im Druck erschienenen Werke
Franz Schuberts (1874) ; Neue Beetho-
veniana (1875) ; Mozartiana (1880) ;
Ein Sktzzenbuch von Beethoven aus
dem Jahre 1803 (1880). Ref.: (quoted)
H. 140, 158; VI. 150.

NOUGTJfiiS, Jean (1876- ): b.

Bordeaux; resident in Paris; composer
of ot)eras, including La mart de Tin-
tagilio (Paris, 1905), Chiquito (Paris,
1909), and Quo Vadis? (Nice and Paris,
1909, also Berlin and United States),
La vendetta (Marseilles, 1911), L'i-
claircii (Paris, 1914), etc., etc.; also
2 ballets, and a pantomime, Le disiri.
La Chlmire et I'amour, (Paris, 1906).

NOTJRRIT, Adolpbe (1802-1839): b.
Paris, d. Naples; operatic tenor; pupil
of Garcia; made his debut at Opira,
as Pylades in Gluck's Iphiginie en
Tauride in 1821. In 1825 he became
leading tenor as successor to his fa-
ther, Louis N. (1780-1831), but resigned
in 1837 because Duprez was associated
with him for the interpretation of prin-

NovaSek

cipal rdles. He was so disturbed men-
tally by this supposed slight, that in
spite or a successful tour in Belgium,
southern France, and Italy, he commit-
ted suicide after singing at a benefit
concert in Naples. He taught in the Paris
Cons, for ten years, being an excel-
lent teacher as well as a remarkable
singer, and composed the ballets La
Sulphide, La TempHe, Le diable boi-
teux, L'lsle des pirates, etc., danced
by Taglloni and Fanny Elssler. The
roles of Robert, Masanlello, Arnold,
Eleazar, Raoul, and many others, were
written for him. Ref.: H. 185; IX.
160.

NOVACEK, Ottokar (1866-1900) : b.
Weisskirchen, Hungary; d. New York;
studied with Dont in Vienna, Schra-
dieck and Brodsky in Leipzig; winner
of the Mendelssohn prize, 1889; mem-
ber of the Brodsky Quartet, member
of the Boston Symphony Orchestra,
1891; first viola player in the New
York Symphony Orchestra and again
member of the new Brodsky Quartet,
retiring because of falling health in
1899; composed 3 string ouartets, a
piano concerto, Bulgarian dances for
piano and violin, a 'Diabolic' Per-
petuum mobile for violin and orchestra,
violin pieces, piano pieces, etc.

3VOVAK, VitSslav (1870- ): b.
Kamenitz, Bohemia; composer; stud-
ied at Cons, of Prague under Jir&nek,
Stecker and Dvofdk; teacher of com-
position at the Prague Cons, since
1909. His works Include a string quar-
tet, a piano quartet, a piano trio;
suite. Exotica; Sonata eroica; over-
tures; symphonic poems. In der Tatra,
Von ewiger Sehnsucht and Toman und
die Waldsee; Der Sturm and Die To-
tenbraut for soil chorus and orchestra;
compositions for chorus, Slavic and
Gypsy songs, dances, etc Ref.: III.
182, 183f; Vn. 589; VIII. 382.

NOVAKOTSKI, Joseph (1800-1865) :
b. Mniszck, near Badomsk, Poland; d.
Warsaw, where he studied at the Cons,
and was professor at the Alexander
Institute; toured extensively as pianist;
composer of chamber music, piano mu-
sic, songs, an overture and church
music, about 60 works in all.

NOVBIiliO (1) Vincent (1781-1861):
b. London, d. Nice; chorister in the
Sardinian Chapel, later deputy organ-
ist to Webbe and Danby, and organist
at the chapel of the Portuguese Em-
bassy, 1792-1802. He was pianist to
the Italian Opera, 1812; co-founder and
occasionally conductor of the Phil-
harmonic Society, and organist at the
Roman Catholic Chapel, Moorflelds,
1840-43, retiring in 1849. In 1811 N.
founded the London music publishing
house of Novello & Co. (now Novello,
Ewer & Co.). He composed some sa-
cred music (masses, motets, anthems,
etc.), and pub. some notable collec-
tions. Including 'A Collection of Sa-
cred Music' (1811, 2 vols.); 'Purcell's

^ Nnx

Sacred Music' (1829, 5 vols.); 'Croft's
Anthems'; 'Greene's Anthems'; 'Boyce's
Anthems'; also masses by Haydn, Mo-
zart and Beethoven. Ref.: VI. 332, 475.
(2) Clara Anastaala (b. London,
1818) : daughter of (1) ; soprano who
sang in oratorio and concert till 1860.

NOVBRRB, Jean-Georgea (1727-
1810): b. Paris, d. St. Germain; dancer
who introduced dramatic action into
the ballet (ballet pantomime). He was
also solo dancer at Berlin; ballet-
master at the Op£ra-Comique, Paris,
1749; at London, 1755; at Lyons, Stutt-
gart, Vienna, Milan, and (1776-80) at
the Opira, Paris. Ref.: II. 13, 104;
IX. 37; X. vi. 10, 87, 89, 91, 99, 151,
152, 180, 196.

NOVIKOFF: Russian ballet dancer.
Ref.: X. 185.

NOVITZKAYA: Russian ballerina.
Ref.: X. 151, 181.

NOVOTNY, Wenzel (1849- ): b.
Pocaterl, Bohemia; writer and editor;
studied at organ school of Prague; for
several years editor of the Bohemian
musical journal, Dalibor, and contrib-
utor to other journals; translated into
Bohemian about 100 opera librettos,
including those of Wagner; has collect-
ed Bohemian folk-songs and composed
several songs and works for violin.
Ref.: in. 182.

NOWOWIE]JSKI, Felix (1877- ) :
b. Wartenburg, Ermeland; conductor
and composer; studied at Stem Cons.,
Berlin, at Ratisbon with Bellermann
and at Max Bruch's school in Berlin;
violinist of the regimental chapel at
Allenstein; travelled in Austria, Italy,
France, and Belgium; teacher of com-
position and director of choruses In
Berlin; director of the Musikallsche
Gesellschaft at Cracow and Kapell-
meister of the symphony concerts
there since 1909. His compositions in-
clude Quo Vadis, for soli, chorus, or-
chestra and organ (1907); Die Auffln-
dung des heiligen Kreuzes, for aoU,
chorus, orchestra and organ (1906) ;
Slovenische Volkszene, for chorus and
orchestra; Der Kompass, an opera; an
overture, Polnische Rrautwerbung ; 2
symphonies, songs, works for organ,
etc. Ref.: VI. 396.

NUOEUS. See Gavcqieb.

NIJITTEiR (anagram pseudonym for
Trnlnet), Charles liOnla fitlenne
(1828-1899) : wrote scenarios for ballets:
translated texts of Weber's 'Oberon'
and 'Preciosa,' Bellini's 'Romeo and
Juliet,' Wagner's 'Rienzi,' 'Flying Dutch-
man,' 'Tannhauser' and 'Lohengrin,*
etc., into French; arranged the archives
of the Paris Op^ra and wrote Le nouvel
Opira (1875), and, with Thoinan, Les
origines de I'Opira franfais (1866).
Ref.: X. 151, 152. , , ^

KTUMAs mythical founder of Roman
sacred dance. Ref.: X. 10, 73.

NUX, Paul (1853- ): b. Fontaln-
bleau; composer of opera successfully
produced in Stuttgart.

53

o

Oakley

OAKI.BT, [Sir] Herbert Stanley

(1830-1903): b. Ealing, Middlesex; d.
Eastbourne, London; studied at Christ
Church, Oxford, with Elvey, with
Schneider in Dresden and at the Leip-
zig Cons. Besides knighthood, hon-
orary titles were bestowed upon him
by Archbishop of Canterbury and the
universities of Oxford, Dublin, Edin-
burgh, etc. During 1856-1891 he held
the professorship of music at Edin-
burgh Universily, then became pro-
fessor emeritus. He gave regular or-
gan concerts in Edinburgh and pub-
lished arrangements of Scotch folk-
songs, also vocal vrorks, some with
orchestral choruses, part-songs, an-
thems, orchestral works, piano pieces,
etc. Ref.: VL 493.

OBER, Blargaretet contemp. oper-
atic soprano, singing in Germany and
the United States (Metropolitan Opera
House). Ref.: IV. 155.

OBBRDORFFBR, Bfartlm (1865-) :
b, Hamburg, Germany; music dealer
and publisher in Leipzig, 1888-1900;
then studied with Gudehus in Dresden,
etc., and became a concert baritone;
also composed songs.

OBERHOFS'KR (1) Helnrlch (1824-
1885) : b. Pfalzel, near Treves, d. Lux-
emburg; professor at Luxemburg Semi-
nary; organist at Treves and at St.
Michael's, Luxemburg; composer of
church music; author of text-books for
pianoforte and composition; founder
of the musical journal Cdcilia (Treves).
(2) Emll: b. Bavaria; contemp. Ameri-
can conductor; founded the Minneapo-
lis Symphony Orchestra in 1905, and
has been its conductor since then, ap-
pearing not only in regular annual
series of concerts in Minneapolis, but
also in New York and other cities.
Ref.: TV. 198.

OBKRIiBJITHNER, SfaxTon (1868-) :
b. in Schonberg, Moravia; composer
of the operas Erlost (1 act, Diisseldorf,
1899), Ghitana (Cologne, 1901), Aphro-
dite (Vienna, 1912), Ahbi Mouret
(Magdeburg, 1908) and La ValliiTe
(Bremen) .

OBSSRMBYEIR, Josepli (174g-after
1816) : b. Nezabudicz, Bohemia ; d.
Prague; pupil of Kamel and Tartini,
he was greatly Influenced by the latter;
violinist to Count Waldstein.

OBBRTHVR. Karl (1819-1895): b.
Munich, d. London; harp virtuoso and
composer; studied in Munich; played

Ochs

at Wiesbaden, Zurich, Mannheim and
Frankfort; settled in London In 1844,
where he taught and composed. His
works number more than 200, includ-
ing cpiartets for 4 harps, trios for harp,
violin and 'cello, a concertino and other
solo pieces for harp, a nocturne for
3 harps, 2 overtures, violin, 'cello, pi-
anoforte pieces, a mass (with harp),
a Legend (with harp), cantatas, songs
and an opera, Floris de NamuT.

OBIN. I^onls (1820-1895): b. near
Lille; d. Paris; singer (basso cantante).

OBRBCHT. See Hobrecht.

OBRIST, Aloys (1867-1910): b. San
Remo; pupil of Miiller-Hartung and
Becker, Dr. phil., Berlin, 1892; con-
ductor at Bostock, Briinn and Augs-
burg; in 1895 court Kapellmeister at
Stuttgart; from 1900 custodian of the
Liszt Museum and collector of musical
instruments In Weimar; again con-
ductor in Stuttgart, 1907-08. He com-
mitted suicide after killing the singer,
Anna Sutter, in a fit of jealousy. His
valuable collection of old instruments
was turned over to the Bach Museum in
Eisenach by his brother.

O'CAROIiAN, Turlosh (i670-1738) :
b, Newtown, Meath ; d. Alderford House,
Roscommon; a blind itinerant harpist
and singer of nationalistic melodies
composed by himself. A few of his
songs were preserved and published by
his son (1747).

OCHS (1) Transott (1854- ): b.
Altenfeld; studied with Stade, Erd-
mannsdorfer, Kiel and at the Royal In-
stitute for Church Music; organist,
teacher and director at Weimar, Guben
and Briinn; in 1900 municipal Musik-
direktor at Bielefeld, where four years
later he founded a Cons. In 1907 he
became court conductor and Cons, di-
rector at Sondersheim. In 1911 he
founded his own Conservatory in Ber-
lin. His compositions include choruses
for orchestra and for male voices, a
Requiem, organ works, etc. (2) Sieg-
fried (1858- ) : b. Frankfort-on-
Main; studied at Darmstadt Polytech-
nic, Heidelberg Univ. and the Berlin
Royal High School; founder and con-
ductor of the Philharmonic Chorus in
Berlin; composer of a light opera
(prod. 1888, Hamburg), songs, duets,
etc. (3) Erich: son of (1) ; conductor
of the Kurkapelle in Kolberg, 1912-13,
of popular concerts in Berlin; since
1914 conductor in Stockholm.

54

Ocbsenkubn

OCHSBNKUHIV, Sebastian (1521-
1574): d. Heidelberg; lutenlst; pub. a
Tabalaturbuch containing 77 motets,
Lieder, French chadsons, etc., in lute
arrangements.

OCHSIiBR. KUas (1850- ): b.

Spielberg, Bavaria; music teacher in
Bamberg seminary, then at the Uni-
versity in Erlangen, and director of
the Church Music Institute there.

OCKE3NHBIM. See Okeghem.

ODHNWALD, Robert Theodor
(1838-1899): b. Frankenthal, near
Gera; d. Hamburg; singer, vocal teach-
er and choir leader at Elbing and
Hamburg; composer of psalms and
part songs.

ODINGTON, -WalteT de (Tbe Monk
of Sivesbam) (13th cent.) : b. Oding-
ton, Gloucestershire; author of De
Specnlatione musicae. Important as one
of the few documents extant on meas-
ured music of that period preserved in
Christ College, Cambridge, but first re-
printed by Coussemaker in 1864 (Scrip-
tores, I). It contains the first explana-
tion of the relations of major arid
minor third (4:5, 5:6), with a demon-
stration of the comma 80:81 and the
consonant triad. Ref.: I. 228.

[St.] ODO DX: CLUGNY (d. 942):
pupil of Remi d'Auxerre; canon and
chapel singer at Tours; abbot succes-
sively of Aurlllac, Fleuri and at
Clugny (927-942). The Diidogus de
mnsica or Enchiridion Imusicesi, re-
printed in Gerbert's Scriptores (I), was
written by him or under his authority;
also a Tonarius and another tract con-
cerned with music, not yet published
He appears to have introduced the pres-
ent letter notation from A to G (in-
stead of the A-G signifying our C-D) ;
also the first to use the Greek t
(gamma) for the note A, as well as
the dual form of the b as rotundum
and quadratum ICf. I, 156).

OESTBRLE:. Otto (1861-1894) :> b.
St. Louis, d. Darien, Conn.; flutist
in the New York Philharmonic and
Thomas orchestras; teacher at the Na-
tional Conservatory, New York.

OFFKNBACH (1) Jacqnea (1819-
1880): b. Cologne, d. Paris; studied
the 'cello with Vaslin at the Conserva-
toire; became 'cellist at the Op£ra-
Comique; conducted at the Th£&tre
franfais, where he made his first suc-
cess with the Chanson de Fortunio, in-
terpolated in Musset's Chandelier; then
founded the Bouffes Parisiens, which
he conducted first in the Salle Lacazes,
then the Theatre Comte (1855-66),
where he prod, many of his best-known
works. In 1872 he became manager of
the Galtd, continued by Vlzentlni in
1876 as Theatre lyrlque. He then made
a tour of America, which he describes
in his Notes d'un musicien en voyage
(1877), He wrote in all 102 stage
pieces of light and often frivolous
character, aptly termed by the French
musiquettes. Their style Is superficial.

55

Okeghem

as is their content, but they escape
bathos through a certain piquant
charm. They also have historical sig-
nificance because of ttie light they throw
upon the life of Paris during the two
Empires. The most popular among
them are Orphie aux enfers (1858),
La belle Hiline (1864), Barbe-bleue
(1866), La vie parisienne (1866), La
Grand-duchesse de Girolstein (1867),
Madame Favart (1879) and Les alcoves.
Marietta and Pepito are of a more seri-
ous character, as is his posthumous
work Les contes d'Hoffmann (1881),
still frequently performed. Early in
his career O. wrote some 'cello pieces,
'cello duets, piano pieces, and songs.
Ref.: II. 392fr; (in America) IV. 134;
IX. 233f, 236, 247. (2) Jnles (1815-
1880) : brother of (1) ; was conductor
at the Bouffes Parisiens for some years.

OGINSKI (1) [Count] Michael
Caslmlr (1731-1803): b. Warsaw, d.
there; maintained an orchestra on his
estate, Slonln, Lithuania; also im-
proved the harp. (2) [Count] Mlcbael
Cleopbas (1765-1833): b. Gutzow, d.
Florence; pupil of Kozlowski and Vi-
otti; composer of polonaises, romances,
marches and operas. (3) Prince Ga-
briel (1788-1843): b. Lithuania, d.
there; a violinist of the same family.

OGIilN, Erbard (16th cent.): print-
er of music at Augsburg; used types
in the printing of measured music (the
Melopceiae sive harmoniae tetracenticae
of Peter Tritonius, 1507, and the Ger-
man polyphonic song book of 1512).

OHNESORG, Karl: contemporary
conductor (Stadttheater, Halle, 1912-13) :
composer of operas, a ballet and oper-
ettas prod, in Liibeck, Riga, Dresden
and Nuremberg.

OKBGHEiM (Ockenbelm, Okekem,
Okemsbem, Okegnan, Ockegbelm,
etc.), Jean de (ca. 1430-1495): b. Ter-
monde. East Flanders; d. Tours; con-
trapuntist and founder of the second
Nettierland School. He was chorister
at Antwerp Cathedral, probably a pu-
pil of Dufay at Cambrai about 1450
and 1454, composer and premier chapel-
lain to Charles VII at Paris, 5 years
later treasurer of the Abbey St. Mar-
tin of Tours, 1465 court conductor
in Paris. He travelled in Spain (1469)
and in Flanders (1484) as a repre-
sentative of Louis XI. He is the oldest
master of the consistently imitative
a cappella style in church music (the
secular chanson adhering to the instru-
mentally accompanied style for an-
other generation). His extant compo-
sitions consist of 15 masses, 7 motets,
19 chansons, 4 canons, a 36-part Deo
gratio. Only some movements of the
mass Cujusvis toni have been newly
printed (Fcrkel, Ambros, etc.), besides
the riddle canon in various histories,
and the chanson Sevostre cceur in Am-
bros. O. was the teacher of many fa-
mous pupils, among them Josquln des
Pr^s, Brumel and Compare. Ref.: I.

Oldberg

244, 246ff, 250, 256; VI. 48f; mus. ex.,

oLdberg, Arne (b. 1874): b.

Youngstown, O. ; teacher and composer;
studied In Chicago, Vienna and Munich;
professor of music in North-western
Univ., 111.; has composed chamber mu-
sic, a piano sonata, etc.; also 2 sym-
phonies, 2 overtures and 12 orchestral
variations. Ret.: IV. 373ff: portrait,
rv. 368.

O'LEARY (1) ArthoT (1834- ):
pupil of Leipzig Conservatory and Lon-
don Royal Academy; 1856, professor at
the same, and later at the National
Training School for Music. His works
Include compositions for orchestra and
for piano. (2) Rosetta (wife of
Arthur) : King's scholar at the Acad-
emy, 1851; composer of popular songs.

OL.IBRIO, Flavlo Anicio. See
Agbicola, Johann Fbiedbich.

[dall'] OLIO, Cesare (1849-1906):
b. Bologna, d. there; professor at the
Llceo Musicale; comp. several operas.

OLIPHANT, Thomas (1799-1873) :
b. Condio, Perthshire; d. London; pres-
ident of the Madrigal Society; writer of
madrigals; pub. a collection La Musa
madrigalesca (400 numbers), also Tal-
11s' 40-part motet Spent alinm and other
vocal works; translated Fidelia into
English.

OLIVER, Henry Kemble (1800-
1885): b. Beverley, Mass.; d. Boston;
organist and musical director at Law-
rence and at Salem, Mass.; composed
hymn tunes, motets and a Te Deum;
pub. (1848, 1860, 1875) three collec-
tions of national tunes, church music
and original hymn tunes respectively.

Id'] OLLONB, Max (1875- ): b.
6esan(on; pupil of Lavignac and Mas-
senet at the Conservatoire, where he
took the Prix de Rome, 1897. He has
written a cantata, Fridigonde; a lyric
scene, Jeanne dArc ct Domrimy; an
opera, Le retour (Angers, 1913) ; a pan-
tomime, Bachus et Siline (Bfiziers,
1901) ; an oratorio, Franeois d'Assisi;
songs and chamber music.

OLSCHLEGEL, Alfred (1847- ):

b. Anscha, Bohemia; conductor and
composer; studied at the Prague Organ
School; conducted in Hamburg, Carls-
bad, Vienna, etc.; wrote 4 operettas,
prod, between the years 1884-1898.

OLSEX, Ole (1850- ) : b. Ham-
merfest, Norway; inspector of army
bands in Chrlstiania since 1899; com-
poser of 2 symphonic poems, a sym-
phony In G, the operas Legla (1908),
Stallo, Stig Hvide, Svein Vrad; an ora-
torio, Nidards (1897); also piano
Sieces, 'Rumanian Songs,' etc. Ref.:
I. 98; VIH. 353f.

O'MARA, Josepli (1866- ): b.
Limerick; operatic tenor in London;
toured England and America.

ONDRICZEK, Franz (1859- );
b. Prague; violinist; pupil of his fa-
ther, the Prague Cons., also of Massart
at the Conservatoire (premier prix) ;

Oplenskl

made concert tours; in 1908 he founded
the Ondriczek Quartet in Vienna; with
the physician, S. Mittelmann, wrote a
violin metliod based upon anatomic-
physiological principles; composed an
orchestral rhapsody, a violin concerto,

O'XEILIi (1) Norman (1875- ):
b. Kensington; pupil of the Hoch Cons.,
Frankfort; composer of music for
'Hamlet,' 'Lear,' Maeterlinck's 'Blue
Bird,' etc.; concert overtures for orch.;
2 suites for string orch., 'In Spring-
time' and 'Miniatures'; orch. varia-
tions, Scotch Rhapsody, trio variations,
'cello sonata, trios, works for piano and
violin; piano pieces; French songs; a
choral fantasy, 'Woldemar' (with
orch.), and La belle dame sans merci,
for baritone and orch. (2) Adine,
wife of Norman; pianist; studied with
Clara Schumann.

ONOFRI, Allessandro (1874- ):
Italian composer of the operas Bianca-
fiore (Venice, 1910), L'assiuola (Rome,
1912), and an operetta. La famiglia
modello (Leghorn, 1914).

ONSLO-W, Georges (1784-1852); b.
Clermont-Ferrand, Puy de Dome; d.
there; was of aristocratic English de-
scent; passed some of his youth in
London and there studied with HilU-
mandel, Dussek and Cramer; also
passed much time in Paris and on his
estate near Clermont, where he culti-
vated ensemble music, playing the
'cello himself. He composed much
chamber music greatly admired In
Paris, including 34 string quintets {ad
lib. for 2 violins, viola and 2 'cellos,
for 2 violins, 2 violas and 'cello, or
2 violins, viola, 'cello and bass, the
difflcult bass part being intended for
Dragonetti) ; also 36 string quartets,
10 piano trios, 6 violin sonatas, 3 'cello
sonatas, a sextet for piano, flute, clari-
net, horn, bassoon and double-bass (or
string quartet instead of the wind
parts), a nonet for wind and strings
(with bass), also 3 piano sonatas, 2
sonatas for piano, 4 hands; 4 sym-
phonies, a solo scene for bass and or-
chestra. After a number of these had
already appeared, O. studied dramatic
composition with Reicha, but his 3
comic operas, prod, in Paris, 1824-37,
were not successful. In 1842 he was
elected to the Academy as Cherublni's
successor. Ref.: VHI. 233.

OPBLT, FrledrlcK Virillielm (1794-
1863): b. Rochlitz, Saxony; d. Dresden;
author of 2 works on music (1834,
1852), Opelt's treatment is purely sci-
entific, dealing with the mathematical
and physical sides of music.

OPIENSKI, Heinrlch (1870- ):
b. Cracow; studied with Zel^nski
there, d'Indy in Paris, Urban in Ber-
lin, Biemann and Nikisch in Leipzig;
teacher of musical history at the school
of Music and since 1908 conductor of
the opera at Warsaw. He wrote a can-
tata, a symphonic poem, an opera,

56

Opltz

Maria, songs, violin pieces, 2 sym-
phonic poems (tlie second, 'A King's
Love,' being prize-crowned) ; also or-
chestrated the Tatra Album of Pader-
ewskl. He became Dr. phil., Leipzig,
1914, -with a study on the lute-master,
Valentin Grapp, having written also
studies on Jacob polonais et Jacobus
Keys (1909), Chopin (2 In Polish, 1 In
German), also a 'Polish Manual of
Musical History* (1912).

OPITZ, niartln (17th cent.): Ger-
man poet, who was commissioned to
translate Blnuccini's Dafne for Dres-
den, his version being set to music
by H. Schutz. Ref.: IX. 29.

ORDBNSTEIN. Helnrlcli (1856-) :
b. In Worms; studied at the Leip-
zig Cons., later in Paris; toured as
pianist; teacher In Carlsruhe and Kul-
lak's Academy, Berlin; founded the
Grand-Ducal Conservatory in Baden;
titular professor and court councillor;
pub. a FfiArer durck die Klavierlite-
ratur (1912).

ORSFICB, Glacomo (1865- ): b.
Vicenza; Italian composer of operas, in-
cluding MttTiska (Turin, 1889), Consuelo
(Bologna, 1895), 11 glddiatore (Madrid,
1898), Chopin (Ml&n, 1901), Cecilia
(Venice, 1907), Radda (Milan, 1912),
and a ballet. La soubrette (Milan,
1907). Ref.: IIL 378.

[deU'l ORKFICE, Glnseppe (1848-
1889): b. Fara, Abruzzlo, Chietlno; d.
Naples; conductor and dramatic com-
poser.

ORGENI, [Anna Maria] Aslala
(real name von GOrger St. Jorgen)
(1848- ): b. Tismenice, Galicia;
coloratura soprano, who was trained
by Mme. Vlardot-Garcla ; sang at the
Berlin court opera, 1865, and 'guest'
rdles elsewhere; teacher of singing at
the Dresden Cons.; the first woman to
receive the title of professor in Ger-
many.

ORIiANDI, Fernando (1777-1848) :
b. Parma, d. there; composer of 26
operas; singing teacher at Milan Cons,
and Munich and Stuttgart.

ORIiANDINI, Ginseppe IWarla
(1685-1750): b. Sologna, d. Florence;
composer of 3 oratorios and 44 operas,
prod, at Venice, Florence and Bologna,
including a comic opera, II giocatore
(1719), historically significant.

ORIiAITDp DI liASSO, or ORIiAlV-
D17S LASSUS. See Lasso.

ORLOFF (1) Gregor Vladimir
(1777-1826): b. St. Petersburg, d. there;
author of an essay on the history of
Italian music (2 vols., 1822), translat-
ed into German by Ad. Wagner two
years later. (2) V. C: contemp. di-
rector of the Metropolitan choir in St.
Petersburg. Ref.: III. 143.

ORNITHOPARCUS (Greek form of
Vogelsang), Andrears (16th cent.) : b.
Memmingen; 1516 Magister artium in
Tubingen; author of one of the best
16th cent, works on theory, still ex-
tant. Musics activee micrologus (print-

57

Ordz

ed in 1517, etc.; translated Into Eng-
lish by Dowland, 1609). He travelled.
It appears, extensively in Germany,
Austria-Hungary and Russia,

ORIVSTEilN, Leo (1895- ): b.
Krementschug, South Bussia; studied
at St. Petersburg Cons, and with Mrs.
Bertha F. Tapper in New York; toured
France, England, Norway and America
as pianist, playing also his own com-
positions. These consist chiefly of
characteristic pieces and 'impressions'
for the piano, of predominately dis-
sonant or so-called 'futuristic' tend-
ency; also a string quartet, 'cello
pieces, etc. Ref.: HI. 393; TV. 442.

OROIiOGIA, Alessandro: name of
two 17th cent, composers of madrigals.
One became court vice-chapelmaster at
Prague, 1603, the other was at the
Electoral court of Dresden.

ORPHEIUS: Greek mythical charac-
ter, the son of Apollo, who is especially
connected with song to the lyre. The
tradition that the oldest Greek music
came from the north is embodied in
O. The family functioning as singers
and priests at the Eleuslnlan myste-
ries traced its genealogy to Eumolpos,
a son of Musaios, the pupil of O,
The supposed poetic works of O. are
forgeries by &e priest Anomakritos.
The story of Orpheus and Eurldlce
has been the theme of innumerable
operas. Ref.: I. 92f, 111.

ORTH (1) , John: b. Auweiler, Ba-
varia; studied with Eullak, Deppe,
Kiel and others; piano teacher in Bos-
ton from 1875; composer of piano
music. (2) Llzette E. [Blood]: wife
of (1) ; composer of children's oper-

[d'] ORTIGTTB;, Joseph lionls

(1802-1866): b. Cavalllon, Vaucluse; d.
Paris; musicologist, chiefly concerned
with church music; also contributor to
musical reviews and joint founder with
Nicdermeyer of La Mattrise (its sole
editor 1858-60, resumed it in 1862 as
Journal des Mattrises, 1 year only).
He pub. De la guerre des dilettantt,
on de la rivolution operie par M. Ros-
sini dans I'opira franfais (1829) ; Le
balcon de I'opira (1833) ; and Diction-
naire liturgique, historique et thio-
fique du plam-chant (1854 and I860,
partly with Nlsard) ; Introduction a
I'itude comparie des tonalitis et prin-
cipalement du chant grigorien et de la
musique moderne (1853) ; La musigne
a Viglise (1861) ; also, with Nieder-
meyer, Traiti thiorique et pratique de
Vaccompagnement du plain-chant (1856;
2nd ed., 1876), etc., etc.

ORTIZ, Diego (16th cent.); b. To-
ledo; Neapolitan court maestro about
1553, also private maestro to the Duke
of Alba; composer of church music
(hymns. Magnificat, motets, psalms in
4 to 7 parts, 1565) ; also directions for
Improvising variations of melodies on
string instruments (1553). Some sacred
vocal pieces in lute tablature and In

Ortlepp

MS. are contained in Valderrabano's
Selva de Strenas (1547).

ORTIiKPP, Ernst (1800-1864) : b.
Droyssig, near Zeitz; d. Almrich; pu-
pil, then organist In the monastery
school at Pforta; studied theology in
Leipzig; became author, poet and mu-
sical critic; wrote Beethoven, eine
phantastische Charakteristik (1836),
Grosses Instrumental und Yokalkon-
zert (16 brochures, 1841), and Action
dealing -with Haydn, Mozart and Beetho-
ven.

ORTO, BfarliTiano (correctly GlO'
TannI) de (16th cent.) : chapel singer
at Bome and at the court of Philip
the Fair of Burgundy; composer of
masses (1505), motets, chansons (1500-
1503), a lamentation, etc., printed by
Petmcci and still extant in MS. in
the Papal and the Viennese libraries.
His birth name was Jean Dujardin.

OSBORIV-HAXNAH, Jane: contemp.
concert and operatic soprano; ap-
peared in Leipzig, London, New York
and with the Chicago-Philadelphia Op-
era Company (Wagnerian r61es, etc.).

OSBORlVi: (1) George Alexander
(1806-1893): b. Limerick, d. London;
pupil in Paris of Pixis, Kalkbrenner
in piano, and F^tis in composition;
composer of 3 operas, 3 overtures,
many duets for piano and violin (43
with de B^riot, etc.), trios and other
chamber music, fantasies, variations,
rondos, and salon music iPluie de
Perles, etc.) for piano. (2) (nie e:Is-
1>eln, married Kranss) Adrlenne: b.
Buffalo, N. Y. ; dramatic soprano;
trained In Leipzig, where she has sung
at the Stadttheater and the Gewand-
haus.

OSGOOD, George Lanrle (1844-) :
b. Chelsea, Massachusetts; studied in
Europe; tenor in Germany and Amer-
ica; toured with the Theodore Thomas
Orchestra; teacher of voice in Boston;
conductor of the Boylston Club; com-
poser of songs and choral works; au-
thor of 'Guide in the Art of Singing.'
Ref.: IV. 249.

O'SHAVGHIVESSY, Arthnr: author
of text of Elgar's 'Music Makers.' Ref.:
VI. 367.

OSIAIVDDR, I^ncas (1534-1605): b.
Nuremberg, d. Stuttgart; Protestant ab-
bot of Adelburg; prod. 50 'Spiritual
Songs and Psalms in Contrapuntal
Manner' (1586) ; was the first to place
the chorale melody into the upper
voice. He also built organs. Ref.:
I. 291; VI. 83 (footnote).

'OSSIA]V.» Ref.: H. 129, 139, 223.

OSTEN (1) Tbeodor (1813-1870):
b. Berlin, d. there; a prolific and medi-
ocre composer of salon music. His
teachers were Bungenhagen and A. W.
Bach. His Kindertrdume was repub.
by Walter Niemann (1913). (2) Max
Otto (1843- ): b. Berlin; son of
(1) ; studied at the Boyal Institute for
Church Music, with A. W. Bach, Grell
and Taubert.; organist jo Berlin; choral

58

Otbmayr

conductor In Coburg and Konlgsberg,
now cantor there; composer in the vein
affected by his father.

OSTERIiBIN, Nlkolans (1842-1898):
b. Vienna, d. there; collector of Wag-
neriana, founder of a Wagner Museum,
located after his death in Eisenach;
author of Katalog einer Wagnerbibli-
othek (4 vols., 1882-95), also Schick-
sale , . . des Wagner-Museums in Wien
(1892).

OSTERREJICHER, Geors (1563-
1621) : b. Wiebelsheim, near Wind-
sheim, d. Windsheim; cantor; pub. a
KantoTbuchlein, containing sacred songs
(1615, 1623).

OSTERZEE, Cornelia van (1863-) :
b. Batavia: was a pupil of Nicolai,
Radecke, de Lange and Urban; com-
poser of a symphonic poem, Norse fan-
tasy, chamber music, choruses, etc.;
also an opera. Das Gelobnis (Weimar,
1910).

OSTRCIL, Ottokar (1879- ): b.
Smichov, Prague; studied piano at
the Cons, there; pupil and assistant of
Zdenko Fibich, 1895-1900; professor
at the Czecho-Slavic Commercial Acad-
emy, conductor of an amateur orches-
tra since 1909. He composed for or-
chestra 'A Peasant Festival,' a suite
'The Tale of Schemnick,' a symphony
in A, an impromptu; also 2 melo-
dramas, a string quartet, a ballet with
orch. and 3 Czechish operas prod, in
Prague (1904. 1908, etc.). Ref.: HI.
182.

OSTROGIiAZOFF, BI.s Contempo-
rary Russian composer, Ref.: in. 155.

OSTROVSKY: Russian dramatist.
Ref.: in. 108; IX. 398, 405, 409; X.
104f, 171, 177.

O'SULLITAIV, Denis (1868-1908) : b.
San Francisco, d. Columbus, O. ; con-
cert and operatic baritone; pupil of
Ugo Talbo and Carl Formes in San
Francisco, Santley and Shakespeare in
London, Vannucini in Florence, and
Sbriglia in Paris; first appeared 1895;
popular as Gaelic singer and a favorite
at Welsh music festivals; had com-
mand of 8 languages.

OS^^TALD, James ([?]-1769): d. in
Enebworth; was a dancing master in
Edinburgh, Dumferline and London;
popular composer; 'God Save the King'
has been falsely attributed to him.

[La] OTERO: Spanish dancer. Ref.:
X. 210, 211.

OTHEGRATEN, Angnst von
(1864-) : b. Cologne ; was a pupil, then
teacher, at Cologne Cons., where he won
the Mozart scholarship; composer of a
fairy play. Die schlafende Prinzessin
(Cologne, 1907) ; an operetta (Cologne,
1912) ; also Meine Gottin, for baritone,
chorus and orch.; Der Rhein und die
Reben and other men's choruses; also
songs, arrangements of folk-songs, etc.

OTHIHAYR, Caspar (1515-1553): b.
Amberg, d. Nuremberg; composer of
secular and sacred works of which
an Ode auf den Tod Lathers, a book

Otho

Tricinl and a book Bicina, as well
a« a number of songs In G. Forster's
collections, are preserved. O. stud-
led In Heidelberg (Maglster In 1536),
rector of the monastery school m
Heilbronn and canon In Ansbacb, but
later married and lived In Ansbacb.

OTHO. See Odo.

OTT (OttI or Otto). Hans (ca.
1533-1550) : Nuremberg publisher, whose
publications, being printed by Gra-
phSus, bear the imprint Arte Hierong-
mi Graphei. He himself printed 115
gate unci neue Lieder (1554), contain-
ing works by H. Isaak, Sentl, etc., etc.

OTTANI. Abbate Bernardino (1735-
1827) : b. Bologna, d. Turin; maestro
di cappella at Bologna, then Turin;
composer of church music, 2 oratorios,
46 masses, vespers and other church
music; also 12 operas for different
Italian cities^ He was a pupil of Padre
Martini.

OTTBRSTROBM, Thorwald (1868-) :
b. Copenhagen; studied piano in St.
Petersburg; composer for piano (24
preludes and fugues, 6 concert £tudes,
etc.) ; also a piano quintet; elegy, cho-
rale and fugue for orch., etc. Since
1892 O. ha$ resided in Chicago.

STTINGEN, Artlinr Joachim von
(1836- ): b. Dorpat; student of as-
tronomy, physics, physiology, mathe-
matics; professor of physics at Dorpat
University (1865-94), later at Leipzig.
In Dorpat he was president of a mu-
sical society and conductor of a good
amateur orchestra. He wrote Das Har-
moniesgstem in dualer Entwicklung
(1866, 2nd ed. as Das duale Harmonie-
sgstem, 1913), in which he led the way
for Blemann, Thurlings, Hostinsky and
others in their radical reform of mod-
ern harmony teaching, proving the in-
adequacy of the theories of Helmholtz
to explain the minor consonance and
the dissonance. O., like Hauptmann,
but more thoroughly, went back to the
dual basis of harmony already estab-
lished in the 16th cent, by Zarlino. O.
also pub. a German translation of
O. Sefferl's "New Rational Vocal Meth-
od* (1894).

OTTO (1) Valentin (16th cent.):
cantor of the Thomasklrche, Leipzig,
1564-1594. (2) Valerias (16th cdnt.):
perhaps a son of (1) ; scholar at
Schulpforta at the expense of the city
of Leipzig; Lutheran organist at Prague,
1607; court musician at Lichtenberg,
1611; pub. Mttsa Jessaia 5 v. (psalms)
and Newe Pavanen, Galliarden, Intraten
und Couranten (1611). (3) Stephen
(ca. 1594-[?]); b. Freiberg, Saxony;
composer of 'dialogue' pieces and sa-
cred vocal works, and theoretical
writer. He was cantor successively in
Freiberg, Weesenstein and Schiindau.
(4) Ernst Jnliua (1804-1877): b. K6-
nlgsteln. Saxony; d. Dresden; pupil of
the Kreuzschule (Weinlig) and music
student in Leipzig; teacher, then can-
toc, of the Kreuzklrche, Dresden; musl-

Ouseley

cal director of the principal evangelical
churches there, and conductor of tiie
Liedertafel. He composed many male
choruses, some pub. In his famous col-
lection, Ernst und Scherz, others in
cycles; also composed church music, 3
oratorios and 2 operas, as well as the
music for Hofmann's 'Children's Festi-
vals.* (5) Franz (1809-1842): b. Ko-
nigstein, d. Mannheim; brother of (1) ;
composer of favorite male choruses.
(6) Rudolph Karl Julius (1829-) :
b. Berlin; in his youth was a boy so-
prano; tenor and teacher in Berlin.

OTTO-ALVSLEBEN, Melltta (.nie
Alvslehen) (1842-1893) : b. Dresden, d.
there; dramatic soprano; studied at the
Dresden Cons.; sang at the Dresden
court theatre (first coloratura, later
dramatic r61es) ; concert singer also in
England and Scotland, 1873-75; prima
donna at the Hamburg Stadttheater,
then again at the Dresden court the-
atre (honorary member, 1874).

OTTOBONI, Cardinal (17th-18th
cent.) : patron of Corelli.' Ret.: VI.
453; \n. 42.

OTTDIIV, EngSne [EspSrence]
(1858-1894): b. New York, d. London;
baritone and pianist in London and
St. Petersburg (1893) ; composed songs.

OTTDRID [y Segura], Chrlstobal
(1829-1877): b. Badajoz, d. Madrid;
popular writer of operettas and con-
ductor of the Italian opera, then the
zarzuela theatres in Madrid, finally the
Teatro del Oriente; wrote over 30 zar-
zuelas (some in collaboration with oth-
ers) for Madrid.

OTJIilBICHEFF. See Ulibicheff.

OURY, Antotne James (1800-1883) :
b. probably London, d. Norwich; pupil
of the German violinist, Chr. Gottfried
Kiesewetter, also of Kreutzer, Baillot
and Lafont In Paris; violin virtuoso
in London, where he married the pi-
anist Anna Caroline Belleville {Cf,
Belleville-Oury ) .

01TSEL.ET, Sir FredeTlck Arthur
Gore (1825-1889) : b. London, d. Here-
ford; studied at Oxford, where he
graduated M.A., 1849, Mus. Bac, 1850,
Mus. D., 1854; professor of music at
Oxford from 1855, also precentor at
Hereford Cathedral; noted as pianist
and organist, especially for his ability
to extemporize counterpoint. He pub.
mostly church music (anthems and
services) ; also several books of glees,
as well as songs, chamber music (pi-
ano quartet, 2 trios, etc.), piano so-
natas, nocturnes; also a number of
fugues, preludes and other pieces for
organ, and 2 oratorios, 'St. Polycarp'
and 'Hagar.* His theoretical works in-
clude a text-book on 'Harmony' (1868;
3rd ed., 1883), 'Counterpoint and
Fugue* (1868; 2nd ed., 1884), and
'Form and General Composition* (1875 ;
2nd ed., 1886) ; collaborated on Grove's
'Dictionary,* and supplemented the
English translation of Naumann*s "Mu-
sical History* as regards England

59

Overend

(1887). He left a large library. Ret.:
VI. 476f.

OVEREND, Marmadnke ( [73-1790) :
organist of Isleworth; composer of
12 violin and 'cello sonatas; theoreti-
cian.

OVID. Be/.; II. 71.

Owst

OWST, Wllberfoss G. (1861- ):
b. London; studied with Fanning,
Gadsby and Faisst, Goetschius Klengel,
etc., at Stuttgart: organist at various
churches in Baltimore, Md. ; composer
of church music, male choruses, songs,
etc.

60

p

Pabst

PABST (1) An^nst (1811-1885): b.
Elberfeld, d. Riga, where he was di-
rector of a conservatory; previously
cantor and organist at Konigsberg. He
composed 4 operas. (2) I^ouls (1846-) :
b. Konigsberg; son of August (1) ; pro-
tSgi of Rubinstein and Billow; toured
Germany as pianist, appeared In Liv-
erpool and Riga, where he founded the
Riga School of Music. He went to
Australia, 1885, and founded the Mel-
bourne Academy of Music and the
Rlsvegliato Society; 1897 he was called
to the music school of the Moscow Phil-
harmonic Soc, and became professor,
with the title of court councillor, 1903.
He composed piano pieces, songs, melo-
drames and a trio. (3) Panl (1854-
1897): b. Konigsberg; 2d son of (1);
pianist, pupil of Liszt, teacher at the
Moscow Cons. He composed a trio, a
piano concerto and brilliant para-
phrases of Russian operas.

PACCHIAROTTI (1) Gaspare [Pac-
cUerottl] (1744-1821): b. Fibriano,
d. Padua; celebrated male soprano,
who from 1770 on sang in the princi-
pal Italian theatres; visited London,
1778, 1785 and 1790; retired, 1792, to
devote himself to philanthropy. (2)
Ubaldos contemporary Italian com-
poser of operas, the most recent being
II Santo (Turin, 1913).

PACCHIOIVI, Antonio Maria (1654-
1738): b. Modena; composer of ora-
torios, etc.

PACBIiI.1, Asprilio (1570-1623): b.
Varciano, Umbria, d. Warsaw, where he
was maestro di cappella to King Sigis-
mund in of Poland, having previously
been chorus master at the German
College in Rome, later in the Vatican
basilica. He wrote many motets,
psalms and madrigals.

PACHK (1) Johannes (1857-1897):
b. Bischofswerda, d. Limhach: cantor
and organist. He composed songs, cho-
ruses, chamber-music and a short op-
era, Tobias Schwalbe. (2) Joseph
(1861- ): b. Friedland, Silesia; pu-
pil of the Royal Academy, Munich,
Scharwenka Conservatory, Berlin and
of Max Bruch; came to New York where
he founded an oratorio society in
1903; became conductor of the Balti-
more Oratorio Society, 1904.

PACHBI/BEili (1) Johann (1653-
1706) : b. Nuremberg, d. there as or-
ganist of St. Sebaldus' Church; stud-
ied music in Nuremberg, Altdorf and

61

Pachymeres

Ratlsbon; assistant organist at St.
Stephen's, Vienna, organist at the
Eisenach court, in Erfurt, at the Stutt-
gart court, at Gotha, and St. Sebaldus'
Church, Nuremberg. He is one of the
most important organ composers in
Bach's style, his toccatas, chaconnes
and chorale arrangements coming very
close to those of the master. He pub.
Musikalische Sterbensgedanken (4 cho-
rale variations, 1683), 8 Chorale zum
Praambulieren (1693), Hexachordum
Apollinis (1699, 6 themes [arias] with
variations) and Musikalische Ergotzung
(1691, 6 Partien for 2 'verstimmte'
violins with continuo). Other works
are preserved in MS. A number of
pieces have been reprinted by Com-
mer, Ritter, Korner, Trautwein, Seiffert,
etc., as well as in different Denkmdler
editions (Bqyern, Osterreich). Ret.: I<
361. 451; VI. 429, 430f, 436; VIL 16.
(2) Wlllielm Hieronymos (1685-1764) :
b. Erfurt, d. Nuremberg; was organ-
ist of St. Sebaldus church in Nurem-
berg, and wrote music for organ and
for organ and piano (Uusikalisches
Vergnixgen) .

PACHLER-KOSCHAK, Marie I.eo-
poldlne (1792-1855): b. Graz; pianist
and composer, and an ardent admirer
of Beethoven. She married the lawyer
Karl Pachler, of Graz, in 1816.

PACHMAlVHr, Vladimir de (1848-) :
b. Odessa, studied music with his fa-
ther, later with Dachs, Vienna Con-
servatory; appeared 1869 in Russia as
a concert pianist, and has since played
in European capitals and In the United
States with great success; chiefly cele-
brated as a Chopin interpreter. He
married his pupil, the pianist Maggie
Oakey, in 1884.

FACHTTIiSKI, Heinrlch (1859- ):
b. Lasa in the Government of Sedletz;
pupil of Strobl and Zelenskl, Warsaw,
and of Taneieff, Nicolas Rubinstein
and Pabst, Moscow; since 1886 teacber
of piano at the Moscow Conservatory;
has composed a suite and fantasy for
orchestra, a fantasy for piano and or-
chestra^ and a number of songs and
other instrumental compositions. His
second wife, Margnerlte, now mar-
ried to the celebrated Parisian lawyer
Labori, was a pianist and composed
an opera, Yato (Monte Carlo, 1913).

PACHYMBREIS, GeorgrioB (1242-
1310) : b. Nicea, d. Constantinople; By-
zantine author, biographer of the Em-

I>adiil

peror Michael Palaeologus, wrote an ex-
tensive work 'Concerning Music,' pub-
lished by A. J. H. Vincent in 1847.

PACINI (1) Antonio Francesco
Gaetano Saverlo (1778-1866): b. Na-
ples, d. Paris; educated at the Con-
servatorlo della Pietk, Naples; was di-
rector of a theatre in Nlmes and went
to Paris in 1804. Here he became a
favorite singing teacher at the court of
Napoleon, and produced several operas.
(2) Giovanni (1796-1867) : b. Catania,
d. Pescia; opera composer, pupil of
Marchesl, Bologna, and Furlanetto, Ven-
ice; wrote some 90 operas for the best
Italian theatres; also oratorios, can-
tatas, masses, a symphony for orches-
tra, string quartets, etc.; was the au-
thor of many articles on musical sub-
jects for Italian journals and of a text
book on harmony. His best operas
are: Saffo (Naples), Medea (Palermo,
1843), La Regina di Cipro (Turin, 1846)
and Niccold de'Lapi (Rio de Janeiro,
1855). Ref.: II. 196; IX. 133f.

PACIVS, Friedriclt (1809-1891): b.
Hamburg, d. Helsingfors, where he was
director of music at the university;
excellent violinist and pupil of Spohr.
Two of his operas, 'The Hunt of Charles
XH' (1854), and 'Lorely' (1887), were

5 reduced at Helsingfors. Ref.: lU.
00.
PADERESWSKI, Ignaz Jan (I860-) :
b. Kurilova, in the Government of Po-
dolsk; was a pupil of the Warsaw
Conservatory (1872-78 under Jandt and
Roguski), and became a teacher there
in 1879. After studying composition in
Berlin (1883) with Kiel and Urban,
he taught for a short time at the Strass-
burg Conservatory, then prepared him-
self under Leschetizky for the career
of a piano virtuoso. Concerts In Vi-
enna (1887), Paris, London and New
York (1891), Chicago (1893), followed
by several world tours established his
reputation as one of the leading con-
cert pianists of the present day. As a
composer he is known by his opera
Manru (Dresden, 1901), an orchestral
symphony, a Fantasy-Polonaise for
piano and orchestra, a piano concerto,
a trio and a piano sonata, together with
many piano pieces and songs. In 1909
he assumed for a time the directorship
of the Warsaw Conservatory and since
his resignation has devoted himself to
composition and concert work. Ref.:
Vn. 338; portrait, VII. 364.

PADIIiliA Y RAMOS. See ABxdT.
PAfiR, Ferdtnando (1771-1839): b.
Parma, d. Paris; pupil of Ghiretti in
Parma; composer of 43 operas which
had a great vogue in their day, but
which are now forgotten. The first
of these was Circe (Venice, 1791), fol-
lowed by the comic opera L'astazia
amoTosa (La locanda de vagabondi,
Parma, 1792) and 1 pretendenti burlati
(1793), which is one of his best works
and established his reputation. He
became opera conductor in Venice, con-

I>aesieUo

tinued to write first In the style of
Pagslello and Cimarosa, then, after his
removal to Vienna, yielded to Mo-
zart's influence. In this period he
wrote his most famous opera, Camilla
(1799), also Sargino (1803). In Dres-
den, where he became court Kapell-
meister in 1802, he prod. Leonora, ossia
I'amore conjugale (1804), on the same-
theme as Beethoven's Fidelio. P. fol-
lowed Napoleon from Dresden to War-
saw and back to Paris, where he be-
came Imperial conductor and suc-
ceeded Spontlnl as conductor of the
Italian Opera, but Rossini became his
superior in 1823. He resigned, 1827,
being made responsible for the de-
cline of the institution, but was elect-
ed to the academy and appointed
director of the Royal chamber music.
He also wrote a Bacchic Symphony and
other compositions for orchestra,
marches and dances for military band,
2 oratorios, cantatas and songs. Of
his operas only Le mattre de chapelle
(1821) is still sometimes given in Paris.
Ref.: II. 181; IX. 119, 123, 133, 134.

PA£SIBL,£.0 (or Falsiello), Gio-
vanni (1741-1816): b. Tarento, d. Na-
ples. A pupil of Durante,. Cotumacci
and Abos (Conservatorio Sant' Onofrio,
Naples), he soon discarded the com-
position of masses, psalms and ora-
torios for that of operas. Though prac-
tically all his earlier scores were suc-
cessful, he was not counted among the
first composers of Italy until the ap-
pearance of his L'idolo Cinese (1767,
Naples). From 1776 to 1784 he was
attached to the court of Catherine II
of Russia, as director of the Italian
opera in Petrograd, for which he wrote
a number of operas. Among them was
n barbiere di Siviglia (1782), which
became such a favorite throughout
Italy that Rossini was sneered at when
he decided to write an opera to the
same theme. After his return from
Russia, P. was successively in the em-
ploy of the Bourbon king of Naples,
Ferdinand IV, Napoleon (Paris) and
Joseph Bonaparte and Murat (Naples).
He wrote 100 operas in all, which in-
clude, besides II barbiere di Siviglia,
the comic opera La PupUla and 11
Mondo a Rovescio (Bologna, 1764), fol-
lowed by Le virtuose ridicole, 11 negli-
gente and / bagni d'Albano (Parma,
1764), II Ciarlone, I Francesi brillajiti,
Demetrio (1765), La finta contessa
(1766), L'idolo Cinese (1767), 11 duello
(1774), Lucinda ed Armidoro and Nl-
netta (1777), La finta ciarlatana and La
finta amante (1780), La serva padrona
(1786), Nina, o la Pazza d'Amore, 1 Zin-
gart in flera (1789), La molinara, II re
Teodoro, Proserpina (1803), etc. In ad-
dition to his church music he wrote
many compositions for the orchestra,
strings and piano. Ref.: II, 15, 181,
182; V. 161f; IX. xil, 39, 69, 88, 123,
130f, 139, 380; X. v; mus. ex., xm.
135.

62

Paetow

PABTOW, Walter (1869-1914): b.
Rostock, d. Berlin; Dr. phil., edited
the Deutsche Rundschau (1895-1908),
and was correspondent for a number of
musical journals.

FAGANINI (Paganino), NlccolO
(1782-1840) : b. Genoa, d. Nice; the most
celebrated of all violin virtuosos; be-
gan to play In public at an early age.
He ran away from home In 1798, and
when he returned to Genoa in 1804, to
devote a year to arduous study and
practice, brought with him the Guane-
rlus violin which remained his favorite
instrument until he died. From 1805
to 1808 he was court violinist and
teacher of Prince Bacchiochi; but from
1809 to 1839 he covered all Europe in
restless concert tours which brought
him an Immense financial return. This
fortune was inherited by his only sou
Achille, whom he had by his wife An-
tonia Blanchi, the singer. P. was ava-
ricious in the extreme, and, though a
gambler, played only for the sake of
gain. The many fantastic legends cur-
rent about his life and personality are
probably apocryphal. As a virtuoso he
seems to nave united In his playing
all the individual qualities of other
great violinists. Among his works are
the 24 capricci per violino solo, tran-
scribed for the piano by Schumann and
by Liszt; 12 sonatas for violin and
guitar (P. was a virtuoso upon the
guitar) ; the Concerto Mo. 7 (d la
clochette) ; Le streghe, op. 8 ; variations
on 'God Save the King,' 'Carnival of
Venice,' Nan piii mesta and Tanti pal-
pitt, and the Moto perpetuo, op. 11.
Ref.: II. 76 (footaote), 249, 323; VII.
243, 299, 318, 430, 433, 435, 437ff, 443,
446, 448; VIII. 291; portrait, VH. 438.

page: (1) John ([?]-1812): was
solo tenor at St. George's Chapel, Wind-
sor, from 1790-95; later (1801) attached
to St. Paul's choir, London; edited va-
rious collections of Anglican church
music: Harmonia sacra, 'A Collection
of hymns by various composers' (1804) ;
'Festive Harmony'; ana others. To-
gether with W. Sexton he edited a new
edition of Handel's Chandos anthems
(1808). (2) Nathaniel CUflord (1866-) :
b. San Francisco; composer of an op-
era produced in San Francisco, 1889,
other light and serious operas, suite for
orchestra, incidental music, etc.; com-
posed and conducted 'Japanese' music
in Prince of Wales Theatre, London,
Daly's Theatre, New York, 1903. Ref.:
IV. 399.

PAGKIiliA, Giovanni (1872- ):
b. Spezia, studied at the Schola Can-
torum, Paris, and the Batisbon Church
Music School; became choirmaster and
organist at the church of St. John the
Baptist in Turin. Composed 119 works,
among them 14 masses, sacred and sec-
ular songs, two sonatas for organ and
a sacred drama 'Job.'

PAGIN. Andre NoM (1721-[?]) : b.
Paris; a pupil of Tartini and chamber

Falestrlna

musician to the Ouke of Clermont;
published a set of six violin sonatas
In 1784 (revised In 1770 and pro-
vided with obbligato piano accompani-
ment). Ref.: VII. 408.

PAGIilARA, Rocco (1857-1914): b.
Castellamare di Stabla, Naples, d.
there, as director of the San Pietro
k Majella Cons. Has done much
toward making the rich musical library
of this institution generally accessible;
and distinguished himself as a de-
fender of Wagnerian ideals.

FAINK, Jobn Knowles (1839-
1906): b. Portland, Me., d. Cambridge,
Mass.; was a pupil of Kotzschmar at
Portland and Haupt, Fischer and Wie-
precht in Berlin; organist in Boston,
1861; teacher of music at Harvard
Univ. and organist at Cambridge,
Mass., 1862; professor of music. Har-
vard Univ., from founding of chair
(the first in America) in 1876. He
published a Mass in D, an oratorio,
'St. Peter,' a Centennial Hynm, music
to Sophokles' (Edipus tgrannus (male
voices and orch.), 4 cantatas for soli,
chorus and orch.; a symphony (an-
other In MS.), characteristic pieces for
piano, variations and fantasias for or-
gan; motets, part-songs, and songs, 2
symphonic poems, an overture and a
quantity of chamiber music remained
unpublished. Ref.: IV. xii, 262, 336f;
VI. 314, 460, 497; mus. ex., XIV. 197;
portrait, IV. 342.

PAISIBLX: (Christian name un-
known) (1745-1781) : b. Paris, d. (a sui-
cide) in St. Petersburg. A pupil of
Gavinl^s, he composed two violin con-
certos and a set of twelve string
quartets.

PAISIBIiliO. See Paesiello.

PAIX, Jacob (1550-[?]): b. Augs-
burg; was organist at Laulngen 1575-
1601, then court organist, Neuberg, dis-
missed 1617 and probably died soon
after; composed and arranged much
music for organ and for the voice,
among them Thesaurus moieltarum,
containing 22 motets by various com-
posers and two of his own masses.
Ref.: VI. 428.

FAIiADHIIiG!, ffimlle (1844- ) : b.
near Montpelller; studied at Paris con-
servatory with Marmontel (piano) and
Hal^vy (composition) ; in 1860 won
prix de Rome with a cantata, Ivan IV.
Became a member of the Acad^mie in
1892, succeeding Guiraud. Among his
compositions are 4 comic operas, all
produced in Paris, and the grand opera
Patrie (Paris, 1886) ; -also a symphony,
two masses, songs and piano pieces.
Of the last-named, his Mandolinata has
attained wide popularity. Ref.: 11.
107.

FALBSTRIIVA, Giovanni Flerlnlsl
(called da P., also Giannetto F.,
family name Flerlnlgl) (1526-1594):
b. Palestrina, d. Rome. Litfle is
known of his early life. From 1544
to 1551 he was organist and cholnnas"

63

Palestrina

ter in his native town, then called to
Rome as singing teacher and director
of the boy choir (Magister puerorum)
of the Julian Chapel at St. Peter's, with
the title maestro di cappella. Pope
Julius VI recognized his genius and
commanded his acceptance as singer in
the Sistine Chapel, in spite of the
fact that he was married, but after
Pope Marcelli's death, Paul IV ordered
his removal with two other married
singers. After ■ a severe illness he was
made maestro of San Giovanni in the
Lateran (1555), and left this post for
a similar but better paid one at Santa
Maria Maggiore (1561-71). The coun-
cil of Trent (1540-63) offlcially sanc-
tioned his style of composition as the
recognized reform style of the church
and gave him the honorary title of
maestro compositore to the Papal
Chapel, an honor which Felice Anerio
has been the only one to gain since.
In 1571 he succeeded Anlmuccia as
maestro di cappella of St. Peter's,
which position he held until his death.
Sixtus V desired P. to become maestro
of the Sistine chapel, but the oppo-
sition of the singers to any layman as
their leader prevented the appointment.
P. was also the composer for the 'ora-
torio' of Filippo Neri (q.v.), and acted as
concert-master of the Prince Buoncom-
pagni (1581) and director of the music
school established by G. M. Nanini in
1580. He was also summoned to col-
laborate in the revision of the reform
of the Gregorian chant, and actually
began the revision of the Gradual with
Anibale Zollo in 1577, but the reform
was rescinded in 1578. His son Hy-
ginus completed and added to P.'s
preliminary work in this revision.
(For a later revision cf. Suriano.)
Palestrina's works (of which a monu-
mental complete edition in 33 vols,
was pub. by Breitkopf and Hartel,
Leipzig, 1862-1903) comprise, as orig-
inally printed, 12 books of masses (4-
to 6-part, 1554-1601, the celebrated
6-part Missa papse Marcelli being in
Book n, 1567), and another book of
4- to 8-part masses (1601) ; 2 books of
4-part motets and 5 books of 5- to
8-part motets. (The complete edition
contains 93 masses [39 4-part, 28 5^part,
21 6-part, 5 8-part] and 179 motets
[63 •4-part, 52 5-part, 11 6-part, 2
7-part, 47 8-part and 4 12-part]). To
these must be added a book of 4-part
Lamentations (1588), 2 others in 4 to
6 parts being preserved in MS., a book
of 5-part offertories, 2 books 4-part
MagniBcats (1 other preserved in MS.),
2 books 4-part litanies (1600, another
in MS.), a complete collection of ves-
per psalms, 2 books 5-part sacred
madrigals, 2 books 4-part secular
madrigals. Selections and critically
revised and popular reprints have
been prepared by Alfleri (1841-46),
Bellermann (1563, Chrysander's Denk-
mdler), Proske and Bauerle, Re/.: I.

64

Palmer

243, 3Uff; V. 38; VI. 17, 49, 60ff, 91,
422; mus. ex., XIH. 42, 45; portrait, I.
316. For additional references see in-
dividual indexes.

FAliICOT, Georges: is the composer
of several operas and pantomimes.
Among the former are Alcyone, Rose
de Provence, La balafre and La ven-
detta (Paris, 1903).

PALliAVICIXO (or Pallavlcinl)
(1) Benedetto (16th-17th cent.): b.
Cremona, 1581 in the service of Vespasl-
ano Gonzaga in Sabbioneta; 1582 singer
in Mantua; beginning 1596 maestro di
cappella there ; still living 1616. He pub-
lished various collections of madrigals
and motets for 8-16 voices, and was
one of the first composers to write
vocal music for as many voices. (2)
Carlo (1630-1688): b. Salo, d. Dresden;
wrote at least twenty operas for the
Italian stage and the court theatre at
Dresden, where he was director of the
Italian opera established there in 1686.
(3) Stefano (1672-1742): b. Padua, d.
Dresden; son of (2); at sixteen court

goet, Dresden; wrote librettos for
:asse, Porpora and Schiirer. 1691 went
to court of Johann Wilhelm, Elector
Palatine, at Diisseldorf, returning to
Dresden in 1719.

PAIiM (1) Johann Fredrlb: (1753-
1821) : b. Stockholm, d. Edsberg; teach-
er (piano, voice) ; accompanist. Royal
Theatre, Stockholm; composer of many
songs (36 included in the collection
Skaldestycken) . (2) Karl Herman
(1863- ) : b. Kyrketorps Forsamling
(West Jutland) ; cathedral organist at
Upsala 1898-1904, prison chaplain 1905-
11, minister at Upsala 1911; composed
many male quartets, songs, children's
songs; pub. a 'Military Song Book'
(1910) and two volumes of 'Folksongs
from West Jutland'; wrote on the his-
tory of music in the church.

PAIiMA, John (18th cent.): Amer.
pioneer in musical enterprises. Ret.:
IV. 68f .

PALME}, Rudolph (1834-1909) : h.
Barby, d. Magdeburg; pupil of Ritter,
Royal Musikdil'ektor, professor and
church organist at Magdeburg. P. wrote
organ mettiods and many compositions
for organ, sacred and secular choruses
for female, mixed and male voices,
songs, pieces for violin and organ,
'cello and organ and organ transcrip-
tions of classical works.

PALMBR (1) Bessie [Elizabeth
Annie] (1831- ): b. London; con-
tralto; studied at Royal Academy of
Music and with Garcia ; made her dibut
in 1854; sang in oratorio and concert
until 1870; in opera from 1870; teach-
er from 1877. (2) Horatio Richmond
(1834- ) : b. Sherburne, N. Y.; taught
music at Rushford Academy, 1857, set-
tled in Chicago after the Civil War, pub-
lished a musical paper, 'Concordia,'
and founded various societies in the
Northern states and Canada. Conductor
of N. Y. Church Choral Society, 1873,

Palmgren

director of tlie summer music school,
Chautauqua, 1877; Mus. Doc. from Chi-
cago and Alfred universities; has
written many elementary text-books of
music ('Theory of Music,' 'Class Meth-
od,' Manual for Teachers, Brief State-
mients, Musical Catechism, etc.), also
pub. collections of school songs ('The
Song Queen,' 'The Song King,' 'The
Song Herald,' 'Concert Choruses,' etc.).
PAIiMGRKN, Selim (1878- ): b.
at Bjorneborg, Finland; pianist and
composer of piano music, educated at
Helslngfors University and Conserva-
tory, also studied with Eonrad Ansorge,
W. Beyer and Ferrucio Busoni in Ber-
lin. Among his compositions are a
piano concerto in G min., piano sonata
In D min., 'Finnish Suite' and shorter
numbers; songs, male choruses, music
to the fairy play Takkino, symphonic
tone poem Floden; and two operas
Daniel Hjort (Abo and Helslngfors,
1910) and Peter Schlemihl. He mar-
ried the singer Maikki Pakarinen.
Ref.: III. 101.

PAL.MO, Ferdinand (19tfa cent.):
Amer. operatic impresario. Ref.: IV.
125f.

PALMSTEDT (1) Erik (1741-1803):
b. Stockholm, d. there; violinist to the
court chapel; also esteemed as pianist
and organist. (2) Karl (1785-1870) : b.
Stockholm, d. there; son of (1), studied
at Stockholm Musical Academy; lived
in GotenbUrg 1828-52; In 1856 induced
the Stockholm Academy to accept the
Paris pitch; lectured on musical sub-
jects and was director of the Academy
from 1857-61.

PAIiOSCHI, Giovanni (1824-1892):
d. Milan; published Annuario musicale
universale (musical calendar, with ne-
crologies, etc., of celebrated musicians)
in 1876 (2nd ed. 1878) and a small
operatic dictionary. P. was attached
to the editorial staff of the Gazetta
musicale, Milan, and was active as
editor and translator for the publish-
ing house of Bicordl.

PAL.OTTA, Matteo (1680-1758): b.
Palermo, d. Vienna; was a pupil of
Conservatorio Sant' Onofrio, Naples,
1733 court composer, Vienna, where he
was dismissed 1741 and reinstated 1749.
He composed 4- and 8-part masses in
Palestrina's style, and wrote a tract
on the Gregorian chant.

PAIiS, van der. See Addenda under
Van der Pats.

FAMINGER, Ijeonliardt (1495-
1567) ; b. Aschau, Upper Austria, d.
Passau; left 4 books of motets, pub-
lished by his sons in Nuremburg, also
psalms and other music for the church.
PANCERA, Ella (1875- ): b.
Vienna, of Italian descent; studied
piano with J. Epstein, theory with
Vockner; began her career as a piano
virtuoso at the age of thirteen, and In
1892 undertook extensive European con-
cert tours which were crowned with
success. She was especially a favorite

Panzner

in England; married Dr. Krill, Berlin,
and retired from the concert stage.

PAXIZZA, Ettore (1875- ): b.
Buenos Aires; operatic composer; prod.
II fldanzeto del mare (Buenos Aires,
1897), Medio evo latino (Genoa, 1909),
Auroro (Buenos Aires, 1908), and pub-
lished a revision of Berlioz'^ Traiti
d'Instrumentatlon (3 vols., Milan,
1913).

PAJTNY, Joseph (1794-1838): b.
Kolmitzburg, Austria, d. Mainz, where
he had founded a violin school after a
life of restless wandering; was for a
tim^ the teacher of Peter Cornelius,
wrote a Scena, violin and orchestra for
Paganini, also easy string quartets,
trios and pieces for violin, songs,
masses, a requiem and choruses.

PANOPKA, Helnrlch (1807-1887) :
b. Breslau, d. Florence; studied violin
with Mayseder, composition with Joa-
chim Hoffmann in Vienna, also in Mu-
nich emd Berlin, and settled in Paris,
1834. Here he devoted himself to the
study of methods of vocal instruc-
tion and together with Bordogni founded
a singing school in 1842. During 1842-
52 he lived In London, where he be-
came famous as a singing teacher, and
from 1866 on in retirement at Florence.
Among his works his method 'The
Practical Singing Tutor,' L'arte del
canto, the preliminary course Abici-
daire vocal, and the several series of
vocalises (24 V. progressives, 12 V.
d'artiste, etc.) are the best known; pub.
some church music. In his younger
years he also wrote much for the vio-
lin. P. contributed to various musical
periodicals and translated Baillot's
'Violin School' into German.

PANSERON, Angnste MaiMen
(1796-1859): b. Paris, d. there; was
awarded the prix de Rome in 1813,
studied in Italy under Mattel, and be-
came successively professor of solfeg-
gio (1826), professor of vocalization
(1831), and professor of singing (1836),
at the Paris Cons.;' wrote much in-
structive music for the voice, notably
the ABC musical (a solfeggio meth-
od) ^ a 'Method of Vocalization' in 3
parts, a 'Treatise on Practical Harmony
and Modulation' (1855), motets, hymns,
masses for the church, and three unim-
portant one-act operettas.

PANTAliEON. See Hebenstbeit.
PANTJM, Hortense (1856- ): b.
Kiel; a pupil of V. E. Bendix, August
Winding (piano) and Orla Bosenhoff
(theory) ; has specialized in the study
of the history of music, and lectured
since 1885 on musico-historical sub-
jects; contributed many essays and ar-
ticles to European musical periodicals,
and published various monographs and
books on questions of musical in-
terest. Hex 'Concerning the Old String
Instruments of Northern Europe' ap-
peared In 1903.

PANZNER, Karl (1866- ): b.
Teplitz, Bohemia; pupil of the Dresden

65

l*aolnccl

Cons.; successively theatrical conductor
at Sondershausen, Elberfeld, Bremen,
Leipzig; succeeded Georg Schumann as
director of Bremen Philharmonte, 1899;
also director of Berlin Mozart Orches-
tra from 1907; municipal Musikdirek-
tor, Dusseldorf, from 1909, at the same
time acting as conductor of Hamburg
Philharmonic Society.

PAOIiTJCCI, Giuseppe (1726-1776):
b. Sienna, d. Assist, as maestro of the
Franciscan monastery; a pupil of
Padre Martini who published poly-
phonic choruses for the church and an
important treatise on counterpoint.
Arte pratica di contrappunto dimostrata
con esempj di varij antori (3 vols.,
1765-72) with examples from the works
of 16th-18th cent, masters.

PAPAVOIJVE ([?]-1793): d. Mar-
seilles; according to F£tis active as a
violinist In Rouen in 1750, and in
1760 a member of the orchestra of the
Comidie Italienne in Paris; wrote a
number of concerted pieces and solos
for the violin, as well as clavecin pieces
'with violin accompaniment.*

PAPE (1) Helnrlcli ([?]-1663): b.
probably Altona or Hamburg, d. Stock-
holm, as organist of St. Jacob's church;
a pupil of Prsetorius; married a sister
of Johannes Rlst, and made a number
of song settings of the latter's poems.
(2) Johann Helnrlch (1789-1875): b.
Sarstedt, Hanover, d. Asniires, near
Paris; pianoforte manufacturer, first
worked for Pleyel, from 1815 on his
own account. P. made many Improve-
ments in piano construction, Uiough
most of his ideas have not had a per-
manent influence. Only the use of felt
on the hammers and the crossing of
the strings, which he introduced, were
soon generally taken up by other

PAPENDIEK, Gnstav Adolf (1839-
1908) : b. Nassaudorf, near Tilsit, d. in
Berlin, where he had lived since 1846.
A pupU of Ch. Voss and Th. Kullak,
he was a good pianist and wrote a
number of compositions for the instru-
ment.

PAPIER, Rosa [Panmgartner-]
(1858- ) : married Dr. Hans Paum-
gartner (g.v.) in 1881; was singer at
tile Court Opera, Vienna, retiring from
the stage in 1891 and since active as a
teacher of singing at the Vienna con-
servatory.

PAPIIiLOlV DE L.A FERTfi ([?]-
1793) : was Intendant of the court fes-
tivities imenu-plaisiTs) of Louis XVI,
1777; inspector of the £cole Royale de
chant (afterward the Conservatoire),
and managing director of the Op£ra.
He lost his position through the Revo-
lution, and was guillotined. After the
restoration of the Bourbons a son of
the same name was made intendant of
music.

PAPOFF, Vladimir de (1878- ):
b. Perm; from 1902-9 was pupil of H.
Barth, Berlin, and after further studies

Parent

with Godowsky and others appeared
successfully as a concert-pianist; now
teacher of piano at the Scharwenka-
Klindworth conservatory, Berlin.

FAFPERITZ, Benjamin Robert
(1826-1903) : b. Pirna, Saxony, d. Leip-
zig; studied under Hauptmann, Rich-
ter, Moscheles and at the Conservatory
there, at which institution he became
professor of harmony and counterpoint
in 1851; 1882 Royal professor, 1868-99
also organist of St. Nicholas' church,
Leipzig; wrote songs, choruses and
organ music.

PAQUB (1) Guillanine (1825-1876):
b. Brussels, d. London, where from
1863 on he taught 'cello at the Wyldes
London Academy, and was a member of
the Royal Orchestra. He was a pupil
of Demunck, first taught 'cello at the
Barcelona Conservatory and then be-
came solo 'cellist at the Royal Theatre
in Madrid. (2) Marie Joseph L^on
Desire (1867- ) : b. Li^ge, studied
at the conservatory there, active as
teacher of piano and organ in lAige,
Sofia, Athens, Lisbon. He wrote or-
chestral works, chamber music and an
opera, Vaima (prod, in Bremen and
Berlin), also pieces for piano, organ,
violin and voice; now lives in Gen-
eva.

PARABASCO, Girolamo: poet.
Re/.; I. 328.

PARADIES (or Paradisi), Fletro
Domenlco (1710-1792): b. Naples, d.,
Venice; was a pupil of Porpora and
wrote several operas. After his Fen-
tonte was unsuccessfully produced in
London, 1747, he lived in that city as a
piano teacher until, in his old age, he
returned to Italy. He wrote a set of
excellent Sonate di gravicembalo, pub-
lished 1754; also many other composi-
tions, preserved in MS. in the Fitz-
william Library in Cambridge. Ret.:
VII. 97. 116.

PARADIS, Maria Theresa -von
(1759-1824): b. Vienna, in which city
she died; was a godchild of the Em-
press Maria Theresa. Among her teach-
ers were Salieri (voice) and Abb£ Vog-
ler (composition). P., blind since her
fifth year, sought and found consola-
tion in music. In 1784 she made a
great concert tour for the benefit of the
first institution for the blind to be
founded (by Valentin Hauey), playing
at the courts of Paris, London, Brussels,
Hanover, Berlin, etc. She wrote a fairy
opera, a melodrama, a funeral ode for
Louis XVI, sonatas for the piano, a
trio and songs.

PARADISI. See Pasadies.
PARBJA, Ramls de. See RamiS.
PARENT (1) Ch. Fr. Hortense
(1837- ) : b. London, pupil of Mme.
Farrene at the Paris Cons., noted as
pianist and piano teacher. She is the
author of a piano method (ttade da
Piano, 5th ed., 1907), various books of
studies, and a guide through the litera-
ture of the piano. (2) Armand (1863-) :

66

t>arepa-Rosa

b. L16ge, violinist, studied at L16ge
Conservatory, 1882-3, concert-master of
the Bilse Orchestra, Berlin, 1883-89,
solo violinist of Colonne Orchestra,
Paris; where he instituted quartet eve-
nings (1890) and founded a Mozart
Society: an ardent exponent of the mu-
sic of Brahms and of the Neo-French
school; composed 2 quartets, a quintet,
violin sonata, violin pieces and songs. H^
teaches at the Schola Cantorum, Paris.

PARBPA-ROSA, Mrs. Knplurosyiie
(proper name Parepa de Boyescn)
(1836-1874): b. Edinburgh, d. London;
married the operatic impresario Carlo
Rosa in 1867; daughter of a Wallachlan
bojor and the singer Seguin, she made
her d^but in Malta at the age of six-
teen, and sang with increasing suc-
cess in the theatres of Italy, then in
Madrid and London (1857) where she
remained, making occasional tours to
America, Germany, etc. She was
equally celebrated as a dramatic singer
and as an oratorio singer.

PARIS (1) Alm&e and Manine.
See Chev£. (2) Gaston (1839-1903) :
b. Paris, where he died; was professor
of old French at the ColUge de France,
and, together with Gevaert, published
Recueil de chansons da XV sUcle; like
his father, an authority on Romance
languages. (3) Panlln, also professor
of old French at the Collige de France.

FARISH-AI.VARS, Bllas (1808-
1849) : b. West-Teignemouth, England,
d. Vienna; a celebrated harp virtuoso,
studied with DizI, Labarre and Bochsa,
made concert tours through Europe and
the Orient; established himself per^
manently in Vienna in 1847 and was
appointed imperial chamber virtuoso.
P. was also an excellent pianist. His
compositions are classed among the best
written for the harp and include 2 con-
certos, a concertino for 2 harps and
orchestra, and many smaller pieces,
among them the Voyage d'un harptste
en Orient (Greek, Bulgarian, Turkish
and other melodies).

PARISINI, Federlco (1825-1891) ; b.
Bologna, where he died as president of
the Accademia fllarmonica, was a
writer of reputation on musical sub-
jects and also cbmposed operas and
church music. He was the author of
a treatise on elementary harmony and
of a biography of Padre Martini.

PARKS (1) J. (1745-1829): English
oboist and composer. (2) Wm. Thomas
(1762-1847) ; b. London; brother of (1) ;
oboist, composer and writer. (3)
Maria Hester (1775-1822) ; daughter of
(1) ; singer, composer, writer.

PARKBR (1) James Catler Dnnn
(1828-1916) : b. Boston, d. Brookllne,
Mass.; after first instruction in Boston,
studied at Leipzig conservatory, 1851-54,
since then living in Boston. Here he
founded the Parker Club (a choral so-
ciety) in 1862, was organist of Trinity
Church (1864-91), of the Handel and
Haydn Society, and examiner for the

JJew England Conservatory of Music;
composed large choral works (Redemp-
tion Hymn, 'St. John," 'The Life of
Man ' cantata 'The Blind King*) ; trans-
lated Rlchter's Manual of Harmony
Into English, and wrote two works on
harmony himself. Ref.: TV. 343; VI.
497. (2) Horatio [William] (1863-) :
b. Auburndale, near Boston; was a. pu-
pil of Stephen A. Emery (piano) and
Chadwick (composition), studied with
Rheinberger at the Munich Academy,
1881-84, for eight years organist and
choirmaster. New York, and taught at
the National Conservatory under
Dvofik; organist and choir director
Trinity Church, Boston, 1893, professor
of music at Yale University since 1894.
His oratorio Hora Novissima, per-
formed throughout the U. S., also
found its way into the repertory of the
English music festivals, and earned
him the Mus. D. from Cambridge (1902).
He has written a number of choral
works, among them 'The Legend of St.
Christopher' and the Christmas can-
tata 'The Holy Child.' His opera
'Mona' was prod, in New York (1912),
another 'Fairyland' in Los Angeles
(1915). 'Mona' won the prize of $10,-
000 offered by the Met. Opera House,
New York, for the best opera by an
American in 1911. He also wrote a
symphony in C, concert overture, heroic
overture 'Regulus,' overture to 'Count
Robert of Paris,' 'Cobal Mar' for bar.
solo and orch., 'A Northern Ballad' for
orch., a cappella choruses, chamber
music, pieces for organ, for piano and
songs. Ref.: IV. 155, 265ff. 3i0ff, 357;
choral works, VI. 221f, 464, 499; mus.
ex., XrV. 429. (3) Henry Taylor
(1867- ): b. Boston; music critic of
New York 'Globe,' 1904, Boston 'Tran-
script' since 1905; contributor of mu-
sical articles to magazines. Ref.:
(cited) rv. 220.

PARKINSON', KUzabeth: b. Mis-
souri; studied with Mrs. Lawton In
Kansas City and with Carvalho and
de la Nux in Paris; made her d£but as
Dlnorah, 1896; has sung at the Op^ra
Comlque and elsewhere.

PARKS, Kdna R.: contemp. Ameri-
can composer. Ref.: TV. 355.

PARIiOW (1) Albert (1822-1888):
b. Torgelow, d. Wiesbaden; military
band director, finally conductor of a
concert orchestra in Hamburg. (2)
Eidmnnd (1855- ) : b. Mayence;
since 1887 choral conductor in Frank-
fort, composed many unpretentious pi-
ano pieces and choruses. (3) Kath-
leen (1890- ) : b. Calgary, Canada,
violinist, studied in California, where
she made her d^but at the age of 6;
appeared In London in recital and with
London Symphony Orch. at 15 ; studied
further with Auer and has toured as
virtuoso since 1907.

PARMA, Vletori contemp. composer
of the Croatian operas Xenia (1897),
'The Old Song* (1898), and 'The Ama-

67

Parodl

zons of the Tsarina' (1904), all given
in Agram.

FARODI, liorenzo (1856- ) : b.
Genoa, studied there and with Guiraud
in Paris. P. is director of the Liceo
musicale Amilcare Zanella in Genoa,
where he also teaches aesthetics and
history of music. He has composed
masses, hymns, oratorios (Joannes Bap-
tista, Calvario), a Stabat Mater, songs,
a Greeis suite and an overture for or-

PARRAT, [Sir] "Walter (1841- ) :
b. Huddersfleld, Yorkshire; played
Bach's 'Well-tempered Clavichord' by
memory at the age of ten; organist
St. George's Chapel, Windsor (1882),
Master of the King's Music (1901),
Parry's successor (1908) in the chair
of music at Oxford. P. has composed
much church music, incidental music
to 'Agamemnon' and 'Orestes' of jEs-
chylus, and contributed articles to
Grove's 'Dictionary of Music* Be/.;
m. 421; VI. 493.

PARRY (1) John ([7]-1782): b.
Rhuabon, North Wales; domestic harp-
er of Sir Watkin Williams Wynn of
Wynnstay; pub. 'Ancient British Mu-
sic of the Cimbro-Britons' (1742) ; 'Col-
lection of Welsh, English and Scotch
Airs' (1761), and 'Cambrian Harmony'
(1781), traditional remains of old
Welsh bardic song. (2) Jolin (1776-
1851): b. Denbigh, North Wales, d.
London; a Welsh bard, for many years
leader of the Welsh Eisteddfods, 1821,
proclaimed Bardd Alaw (master of the
bards) ; composed many pieces for the
tiarp, also operas, pantomimes, piano
pieces, songs, glees. His principal
work, Thfe Welsh Harper,' is a com-
prehensive collection of Welsh melo-
dies. (3) John Orlando (1810-1879):
b. London, d. East Moseley, son of (2) ;
was a good harpist, pianist and singer;
composed comic songs, romances, etc.,
also organist at St. Juda's, Southsea.
(4) Joseph (1841-1903): b. Merthyr-
Tydvil, Wales, d. Penarth, near Cardiff,
composer; of humble parentage, was
discovered by Brinley Richards (1868)
and placed in the Royal College of Mu-
sic, London; became professor of mu-
sic. University College, Aberystwith,
1872, Mus. D. Cambridge, 1873; wrote
operas ('King Arthur,' 1897), oratorios,
cantatas, and symphqnic music. He
also edited 'Cambrian Minstrelsie' (6
vols.). (5) [Sir] [Charles] Hubert
H[astinss] (1848- ): b. London,
educated at Eton and Oxford, where he
graduated Mus. Bac. in 1870, having
studied music under Elvey, H. H. Pier-
son in Stuttgart and Macfarren and
Dannreuther in London. In 1891 he
I)ecame professor of composition and
musical history at the Royal College of
Music, and since 1894 has been its di-
rector. The honorary degree of Mus.
Doc. was conferred on him by Cam-
bridge (1883), Oxford (1884), Dublin
(1891) and Durham (1894) and he was

68

Pasdeloup

knighted in 1898. His compositions in-
clude the choral works 'Promethus Un-
bound' (Gloucester festival, 1880),
'Judith' (Birmingham, 188S), 'Job'
(Gloucester, 1892), 'King Saul' (Bir-
mingham, 1894), 'The Lotus Eaters,'
'Ode to St. Cecilia,' etc., besides church
music (re Deum, Magnificat, De pro-
fundus. Voces clamantium) ; also sym-
phonies, music to ^schylus' 'Agamem-
non,' the 'Birds' and 'Frogs' of Aris-
tophanes; a 'Modern Suite' and 2 over-
tures (.'Ginllem de Cabenstanh' and
'Symphonic') ; a piano concerto, and a
nonet for wind instr., a string quintet,
a string quartet, a piano quartet, 3
piano trios, a violin sonata, a partita
for violin and piano, a 'cello sonata;
characteristic tunes of the British Isles,
for 2 pianos, duo for do., 2 piano so-
natas, piano variations, cantatas, songs,
odes, etc. He is the author of a 'Sum-
mary of the History and Development
of Mediaeval and Modern European Mu-
sic' (Novello Primer, 1896), 'The Evo-
lution of the Art of Music' (1896), 'The
Music of the Seventeenth Century'
(Vol. Ill of the 'Oxford History of
Music,' 1902), and 'Style in Musical Art'
(1912), and is a contributor to 'The
Art of Music' (1915). Ref.: mus. ex.,
XrV. 174; portrait, IH. 424.

PARSONS (1) Robert ([7]-1569) :
English composer of church music, who
was a member of the Chapel Royal in
1563, Some of his compositions^ are
still extant in MS., others are pub-
lished in Barnard's 'Church Music'
(2) Albert Ross (1847- ): b. San-
dusky, Ohio; American pianist and
teacher; studied 1867-69 at Leipzig
Cons.; 1870-72 with Tausig and Rullak
in Berlin; organist and piano teacher in
New York, 1874-90; president of the
American College of Musicians, 1893.
P. has composed choruses, translated
Wagnet's 'Beethoven' into English
(1870) and he also wrote 'Parsifal, or
Hie Finding of Christ through Art.'

PASCH, Oscar (1844- ): b.
Frankf ort-on-Oder ; studied in Berlin
(Royal Institute for Church Music,
Royal Academy) ; won the Meyerbeer
prize (Psalm 130, for soli, chorus and
orchestra, 1874) ; became Royal Musik-
direktor, 1884, and lives in Berlin as
organist and vocal teacher. P. has
composed a symphony, oratorios and
church music.

PASCTTCCI, Giovanni Cesare
(1841- ) : b. in Rome ; is the com-
poser of several comic operas, among
them Ersilia (Rome, 1882) ; especially
known in Italy as the composer of a
large number of operettas in the Roman
dialect.

PASDELiOUP, Jnles £tlenne (1819-
1887): b. Paris, d. Fontainebleau ; pu-
pil of Paris conservatory, where later
he taught ensemble singing, 1847-50;
celebrated as orchestral conductor;
founded the Soci£t£ des jeunes artistes
du Conservatoire In 1851; in 1861 his

Pasbalofl

Concerts populalres of classical music
gave Parisians the first opportunity to
hear good music at moderate pricey. In
these concerts P. gave special attention
to the compositions of contemporary
French composers (Saint-Saens, Mas-
senet, Bizet, Xalo), as well as to novel-
ties by foreign composers. During
1868-69 he vfas director of the Theatre
lyrlque. His popular concerts were
gradually thrust into the background
by the competition of the Colonne and
Lamoureux orchestras, and came to an
end in 1884. He attempted to revive
them, unsuccessfully, in 1886 and did
not long survive ms disappointment.
Ref.: m. 278.

PASHALOFF, TlctoT IVlkandro-
vltcli (1841-1885): b. Saratoff, d.
Kazan; was the composer of a num-
ber of songs which have attained wide
popularity in Russia.

PASHKBVITCH (or Paskievltcli),
Vasslly (18th cent.) : chamber musi-
cian to Catherine II of Russia, engaged
as violinist at the St. Petersburg thea-
tre, 1763, later court composer. He
wrote various operas, among them The
Miser' (1811) and a number of songs.
Ref.: IX. 380.

PASKIBVITCHiVassUy. See Pash-

KEVITCH.

PASI^BR (correctly passler), Karl

(1863- ): b. Wustewaltersdorf, Si-
lesia; received his musical education in
Schweidnitz (Eonig), Breslau (Machtig,
Lustner) and Berlin (Spitta, Beller-
mann, R. Radecke) ; taught at Stem
Cons, and Royal High School, Berlin;
composed a sonata for violin, a trio,
piano pieces and songs; and edited the
pianoforte compositions in the complete
edition of Haydn's works.

FASMORB, H. Blckford (1857-) :
b. Jackson, Wis.; pupil of J. Paul Mor-
gan, Jadassohn, Reinecke, Frau Unger-
Haupt, W. Shakespeare and R. H. Cum-
mings; organist and professor of sing-
ing in San Francisco; composer of an
overture for orchestra, masses, etc.

PASaUALI, Nflcolo ([V]-1757): d.
Edinburgh, where he setUed in 1740;
published an opera, arias, a 'Dirge on
Romeo and Juliet,' 12 sonatas for violin
with figured bass, various concerted
numbers for strings and other instru-
ments; a work on harmony, "Thorough-
bass made easy' (1757), and "The Art of
Fingering' (1760).

PASaVAIilNI, Hare Antonio
(1610[?]-[?]): b. Rome; was a cele-
brated male soprano who sang in the
Papal Chapel 1630; accompanied his
friend Luigi Rossi to Paris in the train
of Cardinal Mazarin (1646) and sang the
rdle of Aristeo in Rossi's Orfeo (1647).

PASQ,U£, Eraat (1821-1892): b. Co-
logne, d. Alsbach; was educated as a
singer at the Paris Cons., made his
d^but in Mayence, 1844, sang at Darm-
stadt until 1855, acted as stage manager
at the Weimar opera, 1856; theatre di-
rector, Darmstadt, 1872-74. He wrote

PatU

opera librettos, novels and romances as
well as a 'History of the Theatre at
Darmstadt (1559-1710)', and other
books on music.

PASQUINI, Bernardo (1637-1710):
b. Massa di Valdinievole, Tuscany, d.
Rome; was pupil of Loreto Vittoril
and Antonio Cesti. For many years
organist at Santa Maria Maggiore,
Rome, P. was considered one of the
greatest teachers of his time, among his

gupils being Georg Muffat, Durante and
asparini. He wrote 10 operas and 8
oratorios, as well as toccatas, suites and
sonatas for harpsichord. Ref.: VI.
425f; VII. 6, 37, 43, 90.

PASSY, [LuDViQ Anton] Bdvard
(1789-1870): b. Stockholm, d. Drott-
ningholm; pupil of L. Piccinl in Stock-
holm, was an excellent pianist and
teacher; for a time teacher of Prince
and Princess Oskar of Sweden, and
organist of the Court Chapel, Stock-
holm; composed much music for piano
(including 2 concertos), also for organ,
string quartets, choruses and a number
of songs.

PASTA, Glndltta (1798-1865): b.
Saronna, near Milan, d. Lake Como;
celebrated opera singer, studied under
Asioli at Milan conservatory and made
her d£but in 1815. She did not become
famous until she sang in Paris in 1822.
From then till 1829 she spent most of
her time there and in London, where
she was a favorite. She then built a
villa on Lake Como and seldom ap-
peared in public. When she was again
heard in London, in 1837, her voice was
already ruined, aespite which she sang
in St. Petersburg in 1840 and again in
London, 1850. Her voice had an ex-
traordinary range. Ref.: H. 185, 187,
194, 195; VH. 254; IX. 145.

PASTERWTTZ, CteoTg (1730-1803):
b. Bierhiitten, Passau, d. in the Abbey
of Kremsmunster, where he was Ka-
pellmeister. He composed several organ
fugues and preludes, and left MSS. of
a number of vocal compositions for
the church.

PASTOU, £stlenne Jean Baptlste
(1784-1851) : b. Vignan, (iard, d. Temes,
near Paris; teacher of singing, pub-
lished £cole de la lyre harmonique
(1821), a practical method for ensemble
instruction which secured for him the
appointment of professor at the Paris
Conservatoire (1836).

PATTI (1) Carlotta (1840-1889); b.
Florence, -d. Paris; first studied piano
under Henri Herz, then singing, and
made her d^ut in New York in 1861.
Numerous concert tours in Europe and
America established her fame as a
coloratura singer. She married the
'cellist Demunck in 1879. (2) Adellna
(Adela Jnana Maria) (1843- ): b.
Madrid, sister of (1); studied singing
with M. Strakosch, husband of her sis-
ter Amelia, and made her d^but as
Lucia in New York in 1859. Her fame
was definitely established with her ap-

69

Paner

pearance In London (1861), and suc-
ceeding concert tours to Paris, Vienna,
Russia, Italy, America, etc., have main-
tained it until comparatively recent
times. A coloratura singer of the first
rank, her voice was noted chiefly for
Its sweetness. In 1868 she married the
Marquis de Caux, Master of the Horse
to Napoleon III; separated from him
In 1885, she married the tenor Nicolini
the following year; and after his death
m 1898, the Swedish Baron Cederstrom.
She lives in her castle near Brecknock,
Wales. Ref.: IV. 133, 137, 139, 144ff,
160, 163, 166, 171; portrait, V. 152.
_PATJER (1) Ernst (1826-1905): b.
Vienna, d. Jugenheim, near Darmstadt;
studied with Franz Lachner, Munich
(1845-46), became Musikdirektor in
Mayeuce in 1847 and there wrote the
operas Don Riego (1850) and Die rote
Maske (1851). During the same year
he appeared successfully in London as
a concert pianist, married the singer
Andreae of Frankfort, and settled in
the British capital. After a long career
as a performer and teacher he retired
in 1896 to his villa in Jugenheim. He
edited much music by the older clas-
sical composers, wrote on 'The Ele-
ments of the Beautiful in Music' (1876),
also various theoretical works, and
composed a symphony, chamber music
and piano sonatas. (2) Max [von]
(1866- ): b. London, son of (1) ;
studied with Vlncenz Lachner, Karls-
ruhe, till 1885, then made various con-
cert tours in which he won a reputa-
tion as a pianist; successively teacher
at Cologne Conservatory (1887), and
Stuttgart Conservatory (1897), of which
institution he became the head in 1908.
He has composed some pieces for the

Eiano and edited a new edition of the
ebert and Stark piano method (1904).

PATJIi, Archdnke ot Russia. Ref.:
Vn. 493; X. 178f, 181.

PAUI^ (1) Hermann Daniel (1827-
1855): b. Brandenburg, d. Helsingfors;
first travelled as a violinist^ then estab-
lished himself as a music dealer in
Helsingfors (1862), and was made lec-
turer for the German language in Hel-
singfors University, 1867. He was active
as a music teacher, wrote various books
on musical instruction and translated
the Kalevala and other Finnish poems
Into German. (2) Jean. See Richteh.

(3) AdoU: dramatist. Ref.: X. 257.

(4) Oscar (1836-1898): b. Freiwaldau,
Silesia, d. Leipzig; studied at Leipzig
Cons, "with Plaidy (piano), Hauptmann,
Richter (theory), and became teacher
there in 1869; wrote a text-book on
harmony, a 'History of the Piano'
(1868), translated Into German the five
books of Boetius' De Musica, and was
for a number of years musical editor
of the Leipzig Tageblatt. (5) Ernst
JoKann (1867- ) : b. Bornersdorf ,
Saxony; studied at Dresden Cons.;
since 1896 musical head of the Dresden
Teachers* Seminary, is prominent as

70

Paumgartner

piano and vocal teacher, music critic
and musical editor.

PAUIi IV., Pope. Ref.: VI. 66.

PAVIil (1) Heinrtcli (1865- ) : b.
Mtinster; since 1892 cathedral organist
at Trier; founded a periodical Der Or-
ganist in 1892, wrote organ composi-
tions and a method for the organ. (2)
Walter (1880- ): b. Berlin; studied
there and in Munich, was active as a
teacher and writer on musical subjects
in Berlin (1906) ; conductor following
year at Erfurt; third conductor of the
court theatre, Cassel, since 1908; wrote
a short study on J. Brahms (1907).

PAULLI, Simon Holger (1810-
1891): b. Copenhagen, d. there; pupil
of Klaus Schall, and Wexschall, was
successively violinist, concert-master,
conductor of the royal orchestra and
one of the founders and directors of
the Royal Cons. (1866). He conducted
the first Danish performances of Lohen-
grin (1870), Die Meistersinger (1872)
and Tannhduser (1875). He is es-
teemed as a composer in his own coun-
try and wrote a Slngsplel, a concert
overture, violin etudes, also songs, etc.

PAULUS, Olaf (1859-1912): b.
Christianla, d. Stavanger; was a pupil
of Svendsen and the Leipzig Cons.;
organist of the cathedral church, Stav-
anger, 1889; composed 'Mission' can-
tata, large choral works for male
voices, songs, choruses and piano
pieces; also pub. a collection of 1,000
Finnish songs (1888). He visited
America in 1902 and directed concerts
in Minneapolis and St. Paul. Ref.: X.
152.

PATTIjUS de FliORENTIA, also
known as Dom Paolo, Dom Pasbollo;
one of the chief representatives of the
Florentine Ars nova of the fourteenth
century, which he exemplified In a
number of compositions, only a few of
which have so far been recovered (MSS.
British Museum and Paris).

PAUMAJTN (1) Conrad (ca. 1410-
1473) : b. Nuremberg, d. Munich; highly
esteemed composer, credited by Virdung
and Agricola with being tlie inventor of
the German lute tablature (alphabetical
tablature), an assertion based only on
hearsay. He left three books of or-
gan compositions, entitled Fundamentum
organisandi, the first dated (1452) re-
printed in Chrysander's Jahrb&cher,
No. 2, the other two in the Buxheimer
Orgelbuch (Munich) ; also a few other
pieces preserved in Wernigerode and
reprinted by Arnold. Ref.: VI. 427;
VII. 372. (2) Jacob (16th cent.): b.
Nuremburg, known to have been in the
service of the cathedral chapter of
Augsburg, 1596, and a teacher of
repute.

PAUMGARTNER (1) Dr. Hans
(1843-1896) : pianist and musical editor
in Vienna; married the singer Rosa
Papier-P. (q.v.). (2) Bernhard, son
of (1), conductor and composer of an
'Overture to a Play of Chivalry,' etc.

Paumgartner-Papier

PAUMGARTNER-PAPIER, Rom.

See Papieb.

„ PAUR (1) EmU (1855- ) : b.
Czemowltz, Bukovlna; studied -with his
father, then at Vienna Cons., distin^.
guished pianist and violinist: 1876 con-
ductor at Cassel, 1880 Mannheim, 1891
municipal theatre, Leipzig, 1893 suc-
ceeded Niklsch as conductor of the Bos-
ton Symphony Orchestra, 1898 suc-
ceeded Seidl as conductor of the New
York Philharmonic Society; returned to
Europe 1903, directed concerts in Mad-
rid and Berlin; conductor of Pittsburg
Symphony Orchestra from 1904, con-
ductor Boyal Opera, 1912-13. He com-
posed a symphony, a piano concerto
(1909). etc. Be^.-rV. 184; 191, 197. (2)
Marie (n^e Rfirger) (1862-1899): b.
Gengenbach, d. New York; pianist; pu-
pil of Lebert, Pruckner and Lesche-
tlzky. (3) Knrt: son of (1) and (2),
pianist.

PATTWEIiS, Jean Enselbert (1768-
1804) : b. Brussels, d. there; studied un-
der Le Sueur in Paris (1788), violinist
at the Italian Opera there, but went
to Strassburg as conductor in 1790;
appeared in Brussels in concerts of his
own compositions, 1791; and was en-
gaged as conductor of the opera in
1794. He composed three operas, string
quartets, horn and violin concertos and
established regular concerts of high
technical standard.

PATBSI. Stefano (1779-1850): b.
Casaletto Vaprio, Cremona, d. Crema;
-lupil of the Conservatorlo della Pietk,
laples, and from 1818 to the time of
his death cathedral organist at Crema.
From 1826-1830 he filled annual engage-
ments as theatrical director in Vienna.
He composed over 60 operas. Including
Ser Marc Antonio (1810) and La donna
Bianca d'Avenello (1830), given in Na-
ples, Venice and Milan.

PAVIiOWA, Anna, contemporary
Hussian ballerina. Ref.: TV. 154; X. vl,
171, 175f, 183, 185, 186f, 187, 215, 220,
222, 247 ; portrait, X. 174, 186.

PATER, Hleronymns (1787-1845) :
b. Meidllng, Vienna, d. Wiedburg; suc-
cessively organist in his native town,
conductor of theatres in Vienna and
Amsterdam; gave concerts in Paris and
elsewhere on the 'physharmonlca' ; com-
posed operas, piano trios, piano pieces,
fugues and concerts for organ, masses,
motets, etc.

FAlfNfi (1) Alberts founder and
publisher of 'Payne's Small Score Edi-
tion of Chamber Music' (1886), since
acquired by Eulenburg, Leipzig (1892),
now also including scores of orchestral
and choral works. (2) Albert (1842-) :
b. Leipzig, son of E. H. Payne, a native
of London; studied violin, Leipzig con-
servatory, then with Massart, Paris.
Entered his father's publishing busi-
ness in 1862. His wife, Marie (1845-) :
b. Vienna; was a dramatic singer,
a favorite in Leipzig and Hamburg,
retired in 1877.

PedreU

pXzDIREK. See Gotthabd.
PEACE, Albert I^later (1844- ):

b. Huddersfleld; organist at Holmflrth
at 9; at Trinity church, Glasgow, in
1866, Glasgow cathedral, 1870; became
organist of St. Georges' Hall, Liver-
pool, in 1897. He has composed a
cantata 'John the Baptist,' services, an-
thems, organ fantasies and vocal church
music. Ref.: VI. 493.

PEARCE (1) Stephen Austen
(1836-1900): b. London; studied with
J. L. Hopkins; organist in London;
vocal teacher at Columbia College, New
York; lecturer at Peabody Inst, and
Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore; or-
ganist of the Collegiate Church, New
York, 1879-85; composer of a 3-act
opera, a children's opera, an oratorio,
a church cantata, an overture, etc. (2)
Charles 'William (1856- ) : b. Salis-
bury, England; studied with Ayluard,
Hoyte, Bead and Prout; organist of
various London churches and from 1882
professor at Trinity College; author
of text-books and composer of an
oratorio.

PEARSAIil,, Robert I,ncas (1795-
1856): b. Clifton, d. Castle Wartensee,
Bodensee, an English music-lover who
wrote choruses, madrigals, a 'Catholic
Song Book' (1863), also an essay on the
English madrlgalists, etc.

PEARSON (1) Martin (ca. 1590-
1651) : b. Cambridgeshire; published
'Private musicke . . . ayres and dia-
logues' (4- to 6-part), with instruments
(1620), and 'Moottetts' or 'Grave Cham-
ber musigue' in 5 parts with instru-
ments (1630). Compositions by him
are in the Fitzwilllam Virginal book.
(2) Henry Hnsb. See Pierson.

PEASE, Alfred Hnrnphries (1838-
1882): b. Cleveland, d. St. Louis; pi-
anist and composer.

FECHATSCHEK (1) Francois (18th
cent.) : conductor in Vienna ; composer
of popular dance music, ballets and
operas. (2) Francois (1793-1840): b.
Vienna, d. Karlsruhe; son of (1) ; court
Kapellmeister at Baden; composer of
a violin concerto, etc.

PECOWi (17th cent.) : ballet dancer.
Ref.: X. 87, 88.

FEDERSON, Mogenm (called Main>o
Petreo) (ca. 1580-1630) ; was educated
in Venice at the expense of King
Christian IV of Denmark; choirmaster
in Copenhagen, 1618: pub. 5 books of
madrigals (Venice, 1608) and a book of
five-part psalms and motets (Copen-
hagen, 1620).

FEDREIili, Felipe (1841- ): b.
Tortosa, largely • self-educated music-
ally, began his career as an opera com-
poser in 1874, became professor at the
Madrid Cons, and member of the Mad-
rid Academy (1894). Of his various
works the monumental trilogy Los
Piraneos (Barcelona, 1902) is Uie most
important. Besides, he prod. El attimo
Abencerrajo (Barcelona, 1874), Quasi-
modo (ib., 1875), El Tasso a Ferrara,

71

Pedrotti

CUopatra, Mazeppa (Madrid, 1881), La
Celestina (1904) and La Matinada
(1906). He has also composed many
choral works, solo vocal works with
piano, etc., and pub. 'Instrumentation
Exercises' (1902), a study of old Span-
ish musical instruments (Barcelona,
1902), and Diccionario bio-blbliograftco
de las musicas espanoles (Vol. I [A-C],
1894-97), Catalich de la Bibliotheca de
la dispoTtacid (2 vols., 1898-9), etc.,
and edited a new critical issue of old
Spanish church music and old Spanish
operas (Theatro lirico espaHol anterioT
al siglo XIX, 4 vols. pub.). P.'s col-
lected writings and criticisms were pub.
as Jornadas de arte (Paris, 1841-91).
He edits La miisica religiosa en Espafia
(periodical) and was collaborator on
the Illustriacion masical Hispano-
Americana. Ref.: III. 404; VI. 396;
rx. 477.

PEDROTTI, Carlo (1817-1893): b.
Verona, d. there (by suicide) ; was a
pupil of Domenico Foroni; from 1869
on conductor at the Royal theatre,
Turin, conductor of the popular con-
certs (orchestra) in that city, as well
as head of the Liceo musicale and of a
school for the study of counterpoint.
He prod, a great number of operas in
Italian cities, including Clara del Main-
land (Verona, 1840) ; Mathilde (Amster-
dam, 1841) ; La figlia dell'arciere (Ve-
rona, 1846) ; Fiorina (Verona, 1851) ; 11
perrachiere della reggenza (ib., 1852) ;
Gelmina (ib., 1853) ; Genoveffa (Milan,
1854); Tutti in maschera (Verona, 1856;
Paris, 1869) ; Isabella d'Airagona
(Turin, 1859) : La guerra in qnattro
(Milan, 1861) ; Mazeppa (Bologna,
1861) ; Marion de Lorme (Triest, 1865) ;
11 favoTito (Turin, 1870) ; Olema
(Milan, 1873). Ref.: U. 503 (footnote);
IX. 155.

FEEIiIiABRT, Aainut Philipp, Bar^
on von (1793-1876) : b. Bruges, d.
Brussels; studied with d'Ennery at
Lille and Momigny in Paris; became
member of the board of managers of
the Brussels Cons, in 1832; wrote a
number of operas, most of them pro-
duced in Brussels.

PEKIEIi, Bartholomans (circa
1650) : was a composer of church mu-
sic in the style of the Roman school.
Some of his masses and motets have
been preserved.

FBLISSIER (1) Victor (late 18th
cent.) ; composer of 2 operas prod, in
America 1796 and 1799. Ref.: IV. 112f.
(2) Olympe. Ref.: II. 191.

PEIiliBGRIIV, Simon Josepb (1661-
1745): b. Marseilles, d. Paris; wrote
tragedies, comedies, also seven lib-
rettos for Destouches, Desmarets, Ba-
meau, Villeneuve, Lacoste and Mon-

4|a aI jail*

PElLiIiElTAlV, Fanny (1830-1876) : d.
Passy; the music patron who insti-
tuted the edition de luxe of the prin-
cipal works of Gluck.

PEIiOSI, Vincent M. (18th cent.):

Pentenrieder

pioneer in American musical enter-
prises. Ref.: rv. 75.

PEMBATTR (1) Joseplt (1848- ):
b. Innsbruck; studied music at Vienna
Cons, and Munich Royal Music School
(Buonamicl, Hey, Wiillner, Rheinber-
ger) ; director and head of the music
school of the Innsbruck Musikverein
since 1875; composer of large choral
works with orchestra, a symphony, a
melodrama, piano and organ compo-
sitions and; various works on the the-
ory of music. His opera 'Gipsy Life'
was prod, at Innsbruck In 1898. (2)
Joseph, Jr. (1875- ) : b. Innsbruck;
son of (1) ; pianist; pupil of his fa-
ther, Rheinberger land Thuille, and
active as a teacher at the Leipzig Cons.
(3) Karl (1876- ): b. limsbruck;
son of (1) ; organist; pupil of his
father; court organist, 1901, Dresden,
1910-13, and conductor of the R. Schu-
mann Singakademie. He has pub-
lished a mass with orchestra and a
number of male choruses.

FEJ^A r G05n, Antonio (1846-) :
b. San Sebastian, Spain; since 1866
music critic of the Madrid daily El
Imparcial; author of a number of es-
says and studies on musical subjects
and a cantata, Vive Hernani (Madrid,
1875).

PENALiOSA, Francisco: Spanish
composer who flourished between 1470-
1535; choir-master of Ferdinand the
Catholic, after his death a singer in
the Papal Chapel. Six of P.'s motets
were published by Eslava.

F£NAVAIRE:, Jean GrSgotre (1840-
1906): b. Lesparre, Gironde; d. Paris;
was a pupil of Willem Sivori, Morel
and F£tis; theatre director at Nantes;
composed dramatic overtures and a
symphonic poem with choruses for
orchestra, also several comic operas
and a ballet. La Folie espagnole (1874).

PENET, Hylaire (16tta cent.): a
Poitiers clergyman, singer in the pri-
vate choir of Pope Leo X, 1514-22,
especially engaged for the performance
of secular music. A mass and six
motets by him are extant.

PENFIEIiD, Smltb Nevrell (1837-) :
b. Oberlin, O.; studied with James
Flint In New York, at the Leipzig
Cons, and in Paris; founded the Cons,
and the Mozart Club, Savannah, Ga.,
and the Arion Cons., Brooklyn, N. Y.;
organist of the Broadway Tabernacle,
New York; composer of the 18th psalm
with orchestra, an overture, etc.

PBNIVA, Lorenzo (1613-1693): b.
Bologna, d. Imola; entered the Carme-
lite monastery, Parma, became maestro
di cappella there, and later held a
similar position at the Imola cathedral;
wrote a number of masses, psalms and
other numbers for church use.

FENTEllVRIEiDBR, Franz Xaver
(1813-1867): b. Kaufbeuren, Bavaria;
d. Munich, as conductor and organist
at the court theatre; wrote masses, mo-
tets, cantatas and two operas, the first

72

Pepin

of which, 'A Night on Paluzzl,' was
given in many German theatres.

PEPIN I king of the Franks. Be/.;

PEPUSCH. Joliaiin Chrlstoph
(John Chrlstoplieir) (1667-1752): b.
Jierim, d. London, son of an Impe-
cunious Protestant clergyman, and only
able to obtain meagre instruction in
music; nevertheless secured employ-
ment at court when 14, and became a
practical musician, as well as an au-
ttority on musical theory and history.
He left Berlin in 1698 for an unknown
reason, went to Holland, then (1700) to
England, where he remained and be-
came Influential in musical life, and
became the founder of the Academy of
Ancient Music (1710). He was at first
violinist in the orchestra of the Drury
Lane Theatre, then also accompanist
and composer (compiler of 'English'
operas from Italian fragments), then
became organist and composer of the
chapel of the Duke of Chandos at
Cannons, where he prod, anthems,
services, cantatas, etc. He was then
for a number of years musical director
of the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre, for
which he wrote the masques "Venus
and Adonis' (1715), 'Apollo and Dafne'
(1716), "The Death of Dido' (1716) and
The Union of the Three Sister-Arts'
(1723), and, more important, the 'Beg-
gar's Opera* (text by Gay), which was
intended for a parody of English opera
but gave the impulse to an entirely
new school, of which the German Sing-
spiel was a development. Its success
caused the ruin of Handel's opera ven-
ture; it was followed by 'The Wed-
ding' and many other similar works.
P., after an ill-fated sea journey
(headed for Bermuda), retumled to
London and married fbe singer Mar-
garita de rapine, whose weaHh helped
him over his financial troubles. He
also composed sonatas for flute and
for violin, trios, airs (dance move-
ments), Concerti grossi for 4 flutes
(_'i bee* and 'cross'), oboe and con-
tinuo, and occasional pieces. He pub.
'A Treatise on Harmony* (1731); 'A
Short Document of the 12 Modes of
Composition and their Progression in
Every Octave' (MS., lost), etc. Ref.:
I. 430; IX. 74, 75, 76.

PEPYS. Ref.: (cited) IX. 28.

PERABO, Joh. Ernst (1845- ):
b. Wiesbaden; was educated in New
York; went to Hamburg In 1858, and
to Leipzig Cons, in 1862, where he was
a pupil of Wenzel. P. returned to
New York a finished pianist; settled
in Boston, 1866, as pianist and teacher;
has written original compositions for
the piano, as well as a number of
transcriptions.

PERCY, Bishop. Ref.: II. 129, 223.

PEREXRA (1) MarcoB Scares
([?]-1655): b. Caminha, d. Lisbon;
was court conductor to King John IV
of Portugal; one of the best musicians

73

Pergolesl

of his time; composed a 12-part mass
as well as many other works for the
Roman service. (2) Thomas S. J.
(1645-1692): b. Barcellos, d. Pekln;
missionary in India and China: wrote
a practical music method in Chinese,
which the Emperor of China had trans-
lated into the Tartar tongue. (3) Do-
mingos Nnnes ([?]-1729): b. Lisbon,
d. Camarate; was for many years
maestro di cappella of the Lisbon ca-
thedral and composed requiem masses,
villanclcos, responses, etc.

FEREPEIilZYlV, PoUcaTp Dmltrle-
vltch (1818-1887): b. Odessa, d. St.
Petersburg; left the army to devote
himself to musicology. He is the au-
thor of a "Musical Lexicon' (1884), an
Illustrated history of Russian music
(1889), anfi of numerous musical es-
says and articles which have appeared
in the periodical press.

PEREZ (1) Jnan Gines (1548-
1612) : b. Orihuela, Murcia: d. in the
same city as choirmaster of the cathe-
dral. Pedrell has included composi-
tions by P., motets, psalms, magnificats,
in his Hispaniae Schola Musica Sacra.
(2) Davlde (1711-1778): b. Naples;
studied with Francesco Mancini;
maestro di cappella at Palerma; later
Portuguese court conductor; made his
debut in Naples as an opera composer
in 1735 with La nemica amante; wrote
some 62 serious and 33 comic operas,
most of them successful, including
Siroe (1740), Demofoonte (Lisbon,
1750) and Solimanno (1757). He is
generally considered to be on a par
with Jommelll. As a composer of
church music P. is hardly less impor-
tant, and his works include masses,
psalms, motets, etc. Ref.: IX. 39.

PERFAIiIi, Karl (1824-1907) : b. Mu-
nich; studied with Hauptmann in Leip-
zig; founded and conducted the Ora-
torio Society there, 1854-64; court Ka-
pellmeister, 1864; Kapellmeister of the
Court Theatre, 1867-93; composer of 4
operas, 3 fairy cantatas, etc.

PERGER, Richard von (1854-1911) :
b, Vienna, a. there. He was a pupil
of Zellner (composition), Fr. Schmldt-
ler ('cello) ; director in Rotterdam
(1890), Vienna (1897); became an offi-
cer of the French Academy (1904). P.
was influenced as a composer by
Brahms; his works include an opera,
shorter dramatic pieces and chamber
music; also wrote a short biography of
Brahms.

PERGI1V, Marlanna: wife of Gluck.
Ref.: n. 22.

PERGOLESI, Giovanni Battlsta
(1710-1736) : b. Jesi, d. Pezzuoli, near
Naples; was a pupil of Mattel, Greco,
Durante and Feo, and, though he had
written oratorios, trio sonatas and a
solemn mass, first won real fame with
his celebrated opera La serva padrona
(1773), which not only became a model
for the Italian opera buff a composers
who followed him, but was also of

Peri

historical importance for Paris and the
creation of the French comic opera.
P.'s remaining operas are comparatively
unimportant, but his last work, the
expressive Stabat mater, would be
sufflcient to establish his fame, had
his La serva padrona not been writ-
ten. P. wrote much music for the
church, and some cantatas with ac-
companiment of string quartet. His
short life was uneventful, with the ex-
ception of the triumph of La serva
gadrona; but the lack of success of
is other operatic scores reacted on his
naturally weak constitution and brought
about his death. His remaining operas
for Naples include II maestro di ma-
sica, II geloso schemito, Lo frato 'nn-
amorato, II prigioniere superbo, Adri-
ano in Siria (opera seria, with Inter-
mezzo Livietta e Tracollo, or La conta-
dino astuta) and Flaminio (posthu-
mously prod.) ; for Rome, Olimpiade
(1735). He also wrote trio sonatas,
important in the development of the
sonata for their introduction of the
'singing allegro' (12 pub. by Bremner
in London as one set, and 2 others as
the beginning of a collection "The
Periodical Trio,* others are MSS. in
Naples). For the church he also wrote
a 4-part and a 5-part mass with orch.,
a 2-part mass with organ, a 4-part
Miserere with orch.. Dies irae, Laa-
dates, Domines, etc., for various com-
binations. Ref.: n. 7, 8, 52, 55f ; (Infl.
on Mozart) II. 125; V. 161; VI. 137,
327; VII. lOlf, 107; IX. xl. 37f, 39, 68;
mus. ex., XIII. 131.

FBRI (1) Jacopo (1561-1663): b.
Rome, d. Florence; was educated musi-
cally in Lucca, by Cristofore Malvezzi,
and was 'master of music and musi-
cians' at the courts of Francesco, Fer-
dinand I and Cosimo 11, of Florence.
He belonged to the group. Including
Bardi and Corsi, who discovered the
recitative style (stilo rappresentativo)
in the course of their xsthetic discus-
sions. In 1597 he composed his
Dafne, the first work in the new man-
ner and really the first opera. Its
success was duplicated in that of
Euridice, the first opera on the story
of Orpheus, written for the marriage
of Henry IV of France and Maria de'
Medici, and printed in 1601. A niun-
ber of other compositions by P., in-
cluding operas, cantatas and shorter
numbers with cembalo and organ ac-
companiment have also been preserved.
Ref.: I. 329fr, 343. 378; II. 26, 27; VI.
100, 101, 405; VII. 474; VIII. 82, 120;
IX. 9, 10, 13, 29, 42; mus. ex., XIII. 63.
(2) AcMUe (1812-1880): b. Regglo, d.
there; was an operatic conductor in his
native city and wrote a series of operas
in the sWe of Verdi, of which Ester
d'Engaddi (1843) was the first real
success.

PERINET. Ref.: IX. 101.

PERKINS, Henry SoatbTvIck
(1833- ) : b. Stockbrldge, Vermont;

PerottI

studied at the Boston School of Music,
was active as a teacher in Iowa, Kan-
sas and Illinois, and in 1890 founded
the National College of Music, Chi-
cago, P. has been prominent as a di-
rector of music festivals, and as a
music critic, and is one of the found-
ers of the American National Music
Teachers' Association (1876). He has
composed songs and choruses and
edited various collections of songs.

PERIiET, Herman; contemp. Amer-
ican composer resident In San Fran-
cisco. Ref.: TV. 398f.

PERNE, Francois liOuls (1772-
1832): b. Paris, d. there; entered the
chorus of the Paris Opfira in 1792,
but soon began to make a name for
himself as a composer, writing a num-
ber of short Instrumental works and
In 1801 a grand festival mass. In
1811 he succeeded Catel as professor
at the Paris Conservatoire, of which
he became inspector-general In 1816.
He retired in 1822. Besides piano com-
positions (including easy sonatas, a
remarkable invertible triple fugue, a
book of variations), he pub. a Piano
Method and a work on harmony; also
wrote articles in F^tls' Revue musicale
on Greek notation. Troubadour songs,
etc.; also a study on the songs of
Chatelain de Coucy In Michel's mono-
graph on this Troubadour (1830). His
MSS. are In the Conservatoire, and his
library was bought by Fitis.

FEROSI (1) [Don] Lorenza (1872-) :
b. Tortona, Italy; entered the church,
studied at Milan Cons. (1892-93), at
Ratisbon under Haberl (1893-94) ; be-
came director of the Royal Chapel and
maestro di cappella at St. Mark's,
Venice, and in 1898 director of the
choir of the Slstine Chapel, Rome. In
addition to 25 masses, P. has com-
posed an oratorio triology, 'Passion'
(St. Mark), 'Transfiguration of Christ,'
'Resurrection of Lazarus,' which at-
tracted great attention at the church
music congress, Milan, 1897, a num-
ber of other oratorios and cantatas, and
works for orchestra, strings, organ, vio-
lin, voice and piano. Perosi's style
shows the Influence of Wagner as well
as that of Bach. Ref.: IH, 395f; VI.
392f. (2) Marzlano (1875- ): a
brother of (1); made his dibut as a
composer in Vienna, 1912, with a grand
opera, Pompei, and has written various
other compositions, both sacred and
secular.

PEROTIN, or Ferotlnns (sur-
named JHagnuB): organist and choir-
master of the church Beatae Mariae
Virginis, in Paris (before the cathedral
of N6tre-Dame was erected), is consid-
ered one of the most notable repre-
sentatives of the Ars antiqua of the
12th century. Coussemaker has in-
cluded some of his pieces in his L'art
harmonique an XII' et XIII' siicles.
Ref.: 1. 184.

PEROTTI, Giovanni Aeoatlno

74

Perrln

(1769-1855): b. VercelH, d. Venice;
studied with Mattel In Bologna, made
a name as an opera composer, acted
for a time as accompanist at the Ital-
ian opera in Vienna and London, then,
from 1801 on, lived in Venice, where
he succeeded Furlanetto as cholr^
master at St. Mark's (1817). Beside
operas and ballets, he wrote works
for the church and a prize-crowned es-
say, Sullo stato attuale delta musica
(1812), also a poem entitled II buon
gusto della musica.

PEKRIIV, Pierre (1620-1675): b.
Lyon, d. Paris; supplied the poems
for the first French attempts at opera,
by Camhert, and received from Louis
XIV authorization to conduct an oper-
atic enterprise (1669). This was the
Acadimie de musiqne. He was, how-
ever, obliged to resign his patent to
Lully (q.v.). Since the Academie has
enjoyed a continual existence till to-
day, P. and Cambert must be regarded
as the founders of the Paris Grand
Op6ra. {Cf. Cambert.) Ref.: I. 405f;
IX 23

FSRRON, Karl (1858- ): b.
Frankenthal, Palatinate; studied sing-
ing with Hey and Hasselbeck, Munich,
and attained a reputation as a con-
cert, and opera singer. He won espe-
cial recognition in the rdles of Wotan
and Amfortas at Bayreuth (1896), and
since 1913 has made a number of con-
cert tours.

PERROT (1) (16th cent.) : organ
builder. Ref.: VI. 405. (2) (19th
cent.): ballet dancer and master. Ref.:
X. 152, 154, 158.

PERRY, George Frederick (1793-
1862): b. Norwich, d. London; was
music director at the Haymarket The-
atre, and organist at Quebec Chapel,
London, 1832-47 ; from 1846 to his death
organist of Trinity Church; composed
three oratorios (among them 'The Fall
of Jerusalem'), a cantata, the opera
'Morning, Noon and Night' and an over-
ture, 'The Persian Hunters.'

FERSIAIVI, Fanny (nie Tacchlnar-
dl) (1812-1867) : b. Borne, d. Passy;
studied with her father, Nicola, mar-
ried Giuseppe P. (1799-1869, composer
of 11 operas) and appeared for the
first time as a singer on the stage in
Leghorn (1832), where she scored an
instant success. In a few years she
was one of the most celebrated singers
in Europe, and from 1837 to 1848 a
favorite in Paris and London. She also
made concert tours in Holland, Russia
and other countries. Ref.: II. 185; por-
trait, rx. 150.

PERSINGBR, lionis (1887- ) : b.
Rochester, 111.; violinist; studied with
Hans Becker, Ysaye, Thlbaud, and at
the Leipzig Cons.; concert-master of
the Bllithner Orchestra, Berlin; made
concert tours in Europe and America.

PERSVIS, Lionis liUC Iiolsean de
(1769-1839): b. Metz, d. Paris; son of
Jean Nicolas L. de P.; composer of

Petcbnlkoff

the oratorio Le passage de la mer
rouge (1759); went to Paris in 1787,
became coach at the Opera In 1804,
succeeded Bey as conductor, 1810, and
was made director of the Opera, 1817;
also held positions as teacher in the
Paris Cons, and in Napoleon's private
chapel. P. wrote some 20 operas and
ballets, of which Jirusalem dilivrie
(1812) is the most important.

PERTI, Jacopo Antonio (1661-
1756) : b. Bologna, d. there, as choir-
master of San Petronio. A pupil of
Padre Petronio Franceschini, P., like
the majority of church musicians of his
time, wrote a number of operas (24)
and oratorios (19), also many cantatas.
Of some of these and of his masses
copies exist in MS. Ref.: IX. 20.

PESCETTI, Giovanni Battlsta
(1704-1766): b. Venice; a pupil of A.
LotU, became organist of the second
organ at St. Mark's in 1762. During
1726-37 he brought out an opera at
Venice nearly every year. During the
three years following he lived in Lon-
don, where he also wrote operas and
cantatas. He also pub. nine harpsi-
chord sonatas.

PESCHARD (19th cent.) : organ
builder. Ref.: VI. 407.

PESCKKA - L.BT7TNBR, Minna
(1839-1890): b. Vienna, d. Wiesbaden;
pupil of H. Proch, made her d^but in
Breslau, 1856, sang in Dessau, where
she married Dr. Pesckka in 1861, and
at the Vienna Court Opera; studied col-
oratura with Frau Bochkoltz-Falconi ;
then prima donna in Darmstadt and
Leipzig (1868-76), where she was also
the leading concert favorite, finally in
Hamburg and Cologne.

PBSENTI, Hlchele (late 15th cent.) :
b. Verona; composer, of whose works
Petrucci's Frottola collection (1504-19)
contains 33 pieces. His Del lecto mi
levava, re-published in Riemann's
Bandbuch der Musikgeschichte, may
have served as an example for the
chanson and villanelle writers of the
sixteenth century.

PBSSARD, fimlle Iionls Fortnne
(1843- ): b. Paris; pupil of Bazin
and Carafa at the Paris conservatory,
won the prix de Rome (1866), became
inspector of singing in the Paris
schools, and wrote many operas and
operettas (the most recent is L'ipave)
(1903) as well as a mass, a cantata,
Dalila (1867), an orchestra suite, quin-
tet, trio, piano pieces and songs.

PBSTBR-PROSKY, Bertka (1866-) :
b. Frankfort; studied with Frau Drey-
schock; dramatic soprano; married
Reinhold Pesteb, the han>lst, with
whom she toured.

PBTCHNIKOFF, Alexander (1873-) :
b. Jeletz, in the Government of Orel,
Russia; violin virtuoso, pupil of
Hrimaly at Moscow conservatory; long
resident in Berlin. In 1913 he became
teacher at the Royal Academy in
Munich.

75

Peter the Great

PETER. THB 6RBAT, Emperor of
Russia. Ref.: in. 40; IX. 221f, 380,

PETERS "CD Carl Frledrlcb ([?]-
1827) : music publisher who acquired
in 1813 from the heirs of Ambrosius
Kiihnel of Leipzig the 'Bureau de mu-
sique,' founded by Hoffmeister and
Kuhnel in 1800, which, having begun
Its activities with publications of worlts
by Bach and Mozart, and brought out
some of Beethoven's in original edi-
tions (op. 19-22), is to-day one of the
leading publishing houses of the
world. Peters' daughter sold the busi-
ness to Cabl Gotthelf SnSGMUND
BoHME (1828), who willed it to the
City of Leipzig for charitable purposes
(1855), and in 1860 it was bought by
Julius Friedlander. The entry of Dr.
Max Abraham (b. 1831) brought new
life into the enterprise. He established
the 'Edition Peters' of classical master-
pieces in 1867, to which modem works
were soon added, was sole owner dur-
ing 1880-1900, and was succeeded by his
nephew and associate Henri Hinrich-
SEN (b. 1868). Besides its fine and ac-
curate edition of the classics, the firm
has published the works of Grieg
(nearly all), Hugo Wolf (taken over
from Heckel), Brahms, Sinding, Reger,
Moszkowski, etc. The famous Peters
Musical Library in Leipzig was estab-
lished by Dr. Abraham in 1893, or-
ganized and arranged by Dr. Emil
Vogel to 1900, then by Dr. Rudolph
Schwartz. Its continued maintenance
under the supervision of the City of
Leipzig is assured by a fund of 400,000
marks left by Dr. Ahraham. (2)
Gnldo (1866- ): b. Gratz, pupil of
the Vienna Cons., pianist and composer,
1901-5 in Munich as teacher at the
Royal Cons., but established in Vienna
since 1905. He has composed 2 sym-
phonies, string quartets, songs, etc.

PETERSEIW (1) Peter IVifeolaiia
(1761-1830) : b. Bederkesa, near Brem-
en; d. Hamburg; flute virtuoso who im-
proved the flute by the addition of
several valves; also pub. a flute
method, as well as itudes, variations
and duets ' for his instrument. (2)
Dory, pianist, married R.

PETERSIIiEA, Carlyle (1844-1903) :
b. Boston, Mass., d. Tropico, Cal.;
studied at Leipzig Cons, and (in 1884)
with Liszt at Weimar; toured Ger-
many as concert pianist and subse-
quently returned to Boston, where he
established the Petersilea Academy of
Music, 1871, and was teacher at the
New England Cons.; composer of piano
pieces.

PETERSON, Franklin Sivcwright
(1861- ): b. Edinburg; pupil of
K. A. Fischer, Dresden, 1884; active
as a teacher, organist and examiner in
various institutions; Ormund professor
of music at the University of Mel-
bourne, 1901. P. wrote various musi-
cal handbooks, among them 'Elements

Petri

of Music' (1895, etc.), 'Introduction to
the Story of Music' (1897), 'Pianist's
Handbook' (1899) and 'Catechism of
Music' (1900).

FETERSON-BERGER, [Olop] WII-
lielm (1867- ) : b. UllSngar, Inger-
manland; pupil of J. Dente and O. Bo-
lander, Stockholm, and E. Kretschmer
and H. Scholtz, Dresden. Since 1895
resident of Stockholm, where he is ac-
tive as composer, conductor and music
critic. P. has composed 2 symphonies,
2 violin sonatas, nationalistic piano
pieces, and songs ('Swedish Lyrics'),
also two music dramas. Ran (Stock-
holm, 1903) and Arnljot (ib., 1910), a
festival play, Svea galdrar (i&., 1897),
and a fairy play. He has translated a
selection of Wagner's writings, his
Tristan, and Nietzsche's 'Birth of Trag-
edy' Into Swedish. Ref.: IIL 80, 81£r.

PETIPA, Marlns (19th cent.): b.
France; ballet-master of Imp. Russian
ballet from 1849; reformer of ballet.
Ref.: X. vi, 21, 151, 182f, 196, 219;
(quoted on Petrograd Imperial Ballet
School), X. 173f.

PETR, Vyetclieslav Ivanovltch
(1845- ): b. Bohemia; studied phi-
lology at Prague and St. Petersburg,
has been teacher at the Univ. of Kieff
since 1885. Has written (in Russian)
various monographs on ancient Greek
music, and composed choruses with
orchestra accompaniment.

PETRAI/I, VSneenzo 'Antonio
(1832-1889): Italian organist. Ref.: VI.
491.

PETRARCH. Ref.: VI. 71 (foot-
note) ; VIL 318.

PETRE, TOTsten (1863- ): b.
Hanunarby, Uppland; educated in Up-
sala, is active as a music critic, and
has composed chamber music, songs,
piano pieces and choruses.

PETREJUS, Joliannes ([?]-1550):
b. Langendorf, Franconia; d. Nurem-
burg; was an important sixteenth-
century music publisher and printer
in that city. He initiated music print-
ing in 1536 with the issue of Newsld-
ler's lute book.

PETREIiliA, Enrico (1813-1877): b.
Palermo, d. Genoa; opera composer;
pupil of Costa, Bellini, Fumo, Ruggi
and Zingarelli; made his d£but with
II diavolo color di rosa (Naples, 1829)
and soon became one of the most cele-
brated composers in Italy. He wrote
25 operas in all, of which he precauzi-
onl (1851), Marco Visconti (1854),
lone (1858), and La contessa dAmalfi
(1864) are the most important. Ref.:
IL 503 (footnote); DC. 155.

PETRI (1) Johann Samuel (1738-
1808): b. Sorau, d. Bautzen, as cantor;
wrote an organ method (1802). His
compositions are in MS. (2) Henri
(1856-1914): b. Zeyst, near Utrecht; d.
Dresden; was a pupil of Joachim,
Berlin, 1871-1874, concert-master at
Sondershausen, 1877, Lauterbach's suc-
cessor as court concert-master in Dre$-

76

Petrie

den, 1898. Until 1912 he -was first
violin of a string quartet and teacher
at the conservatory. He has written
violin music and songs. P.'s son
Xigon is a pianist, his daughter Helsa,
a concert soprano.

FETRIK (1) George (1789-1866):
b. Dublin; musical scholar; one of
the first collectors of Irish folk-melo-
dies ; most of the melodies set to words
by Thomas Moore were taken from his
collection. (2) Flinders, historian.
Ref.: (cited) VIH. 56.

PBTRINI, Franz (1744-1819): b.
Berlin, d. Paris; was a harp virtu-
oso; son of the harpist of the Berlin
court orchestra. He established him-
self in 1770 in Paris as a teacher of
the harp, and published concertos, so-
natas, variations and a method for the
instrument, as well as a book on
harmony.

PBTROFF, Ossip Afanassievltcb
(1807-1878): b. Elisabetgrad, d. St. Pe-
tersburg; Russian opera singer (bass),
for whom Glinka wrote the part of
Russian in 'Russian and Ludmilla,' his
voice having the extraordinary range
of B-g"-sharp, and being of great
beauty throu^out. He madfe his dibut
as Sarastro in Mozart's 'Magic Flute';
created a number of leading r61es in
Russian operas, notably that of War-
laam in Moussorgsky's 'Boris Godou-
noff.'

PBTRONIUS: Roman writer of the
time of Nero. Ref.: (cited) VI. 499.

PBTRTJCCI, Ottavlano del (1466-
1539) : b. Fossombrone, near tirbino,
d. there; in 1498 secured from the
Council of Venice a 20-year privilege
for printing mensural music with metal
types; worked in that city 10 years,
disposing of his privilege to Amadeo
Scotto and Niccolo da Rafael, and, se-
curing a 15-year privilege from the
Pope for the Papal State, worked under
it in Fossombrone during 1513-23.
Though not the inventor of music type
printing (cf. Hahn and Beyseb) it is
he who first employed it for figured
music. His work is extremely clear
and accurate, and examples of it to-
day are rare and highly prized. His
Venice publications include: Harmonice
musices Odhecaton [A] (1501), Canti
[B] Motetti [A] (1502), Misse Josqnin
Canti [C] (1503), Misse Alexandrl
Agrlcola, Motetti [C], Frottole lib. I
(1504), Frottole lib. II-V, Missarum
Josqnin lib. II, Misse de Orto, Motetti
libra IV, Motetti a 5, Fragmenta mis-
sarum (1505), Lamentationum Jeremie
prophete liber l-II; Misse Henrice Izac,
Frottole lib. VI (1566), Frottole lib.
Vll-Vni, Missarum diversorum auc-
torum lib. I; Frottole lib. II, III, IV
(2nd ed.); Frottole lib. IX; Intabola-
tura de lanto lib. I-IV; Missae diver-
sorum auctorum (1508) ; Tenori e con-
trabasse intabolati col soprano in canto
flgurato . . . Francisci Bossiiiensis
opus (1509), Misse Gaspard (van Wer

, fetterson

berke] ; Fragmenta missarum; Laudi
lib. II ilib. I pub.?) and Frottole de
messer Bartolomeo Tromboncino, etc.
(no date). P.'s Fossombrone publica-
tions include 4 vols, of masses (1513,
as chorus book, sop. ^nd alto on the
left hand page, tenor and bass on the
right) ; Missarum Joannis Mouton lib.
I; Misse Antonii de Fevih, Missarum X
a clarissimis musicis . . . libri II;
Motetti della corona (83 motets by the
most eminent masters, lib. I, 1514; lib.
II-IV, 1519) ; and finally 3 masses (or
books of masses, as choir books, 1520-
23), Among the masters represented in
P.'s collections are Josquin, Hayne, de
Orto, Obrecht; La Rue, Busnois, Com-
pare, Ghiselm, Alexander Agrlcola,
Brumel, Isaac, Okeghem, Tinctoris,
Regis, Caron, Lapicida, Japart, de
Lannon, Infantis, Lourdois, de Stap-
pen, Fortuila, Gregoire, Jo. Martini,
Reingot, Pinarol, de Vlgne, Stockhem,
Ninot, Phillpon, Hancart, Asel, Bour-
don, Vincinet, de Wilder, Tadinghem,
Bulkyn, Nic. Craen, Mathurin, Va-
queras. etc. Ref.: I. 245, 271, 285f; VII.,
469.

PFTRUS de CRT7CE: (13th cent.):
b. Amiens; a very early composer of
whom little more is known than that
he was a contemporary of the two
Francos; one of the creators of the
mensural system.

FETRTJS dlctns palma ociosa (14th
cent.): b. Bernaville; a Cistercian
monk, who in 1336 wrote a Compen-
dium de discantu mensarabili, pub-
lished for the first time in 1914 by
Johannes Wolf (Sammelbande of the
Int. Mus. Soc). It Is remarkable es-
pecially for the fact that it develops
12 dilTerent kinds of time measure
(modi) by means only of the division
periods, with the minima as the lowest
value, without the measure signs of
de Vitry or the many different kinds
of notes then used by the Italians.

PBTRUS PEIiOFONNEiSIUS. See

LUIPADABIOS (2).

PB3TRUS • PICARDUS (flourished
1250) : writer on measured music,
whose extract from Franco's Ars cantus
mensurabilis, entitled Musica mensu-
rabilis, handed down through Hierony-
mus de Moravia, has been printed in
Coussemaker's Scriptores (Vol. I).

PETTERSOJr (1) Petter (Pehr),
(1813-1891): b. Uppland, Sweden; d.
Karlberg, as a teacher at the military
school and organist of the castle chapel.
Has published songs for male chorus
and a cantata. (2) Hans (1830-1907):
b. Gylle, Lund; d. Stockholm; active
as 'cello player and teacher in Stock-
holm, organist of the Hedwlg Eaenore
church in that city. (3) Anders (1814-
1898): b. Gylle, d. Hull, England;
brother of (2) ; was a pupil of Randal,
David and Hauptner; settled in Eng-
land in 1865, and taught at Rugby,
1866-1891. (4) (P.-Persfcldt), Bror
(1881- ): b. Stockholm; distin-

77

Petuchoff

guished 'cellist, pupil of Anton Ander-
sen, Hugo Becker and B. Cossmann;
taught, 1904, at the conservatory in Of-
fenbach, then at the Helsingfors Mu-
sical Institute; has toured as virtuoso.

PETtJCHOKF, Michael (1843-1895):
b. St. Petersburg, d. there; left the
army to enter civil service and devote
his leisure to music; wrote many ar-
ticles, essays, etc., on musical subjects
('Berlioz In Russia,' instruments in the
St. Petersburg Cons., etc.) for French
and Russian periodicals; translated
Helmholtz's work on acoustics into
Russian.

FETZBLT, Joseph (1884- ): b.
WoUstein, Posen; studied church mu-
sic at Ratisbon (Haberl, Haller) and
Munich; taught in various German
cities, and since 1913 has been In
charge of music at the Paderbom Gym-
nasium; has composed for orchestra,
strings, also for chorus.

PETZET, Walter (1866- ): b.
Breslau; is a pupil of Eleifel, Rheinber-
ger. Billow; active in Minneapolis, Chi-
cago, New York as a piano teacher,
1887-96; succeeded Busoni at Helsing-
fors Conservatory in 1896; at the
Grand-ducal Music School, Weimar,
1910-13; on the staff of the Signale
in Berlin. He has composed orchestral
and chamber music, also an opera,
songs, 2 piano concertos and other
piano pieces.

PETZOI.D (Bezeld, Pezellas) (1)
Jobann (late 17th cent.) : town piper
at Bautzen and an industrious com-
poser of instrumental music, especially
for wind instruments. A great num-
ber of his compositions are extant, in-
cluding Musica vespertina Lipsica in
1-5 parts (1609), flora decima . . .
masikalische Arbeit zum Abblasen. (40
'sonatas* in 5 parts, in reality a set of
suites without dance movements) and
similar collections; also a single vocal
work, Jahrgang Uber die Evangelia von
3-5 Vokalstimmen nebst 2-5 Instru-
menten (1678). He also wrote Observa-
tiones musicee (1678-83), Infelix musi-
cas (1678) and Musica politicopractica
(1678). Ref.: VII. 473; VIII. 125. (2)
Clirlstian (1677-1733) : b. Eonigstein,
Saxony; d. Dresden; Royal Polish oi>
ganist and chamber musician; com-
posed a number of piano concertos
(without orchestra) and chamber mu-
sic works. (3) (Petzhold), WU-
lielin liebereclit (1784-[?]): b. Lich-
tenhaln. Saxony; was associated with
J. Pfeifler, Paris, 1806-14, as piano
builder, then worked alone; his square
pianos were much sought after up to
the advent of Pape, as P. had been in-
strumental in the perfection of this
type of instrument (especially by the em-
ployment of larger and stronger strings)
and indirectly of the grand piano.
(4) Easen Carl (1813-1889) : b. Ronne-
burg, d. Zoflngen; studied in Leipzig;
was theatrical director at Bautzen,
1839; organist in Murten, Switzerland,

78

Pfeiffer

1842; musical director and organist at
Zoflnger, 1844; established subscription
concerts there; composer in various
forms.

PEURL (Btturl, Benrlln, Bfiwerl)
Paul (early 17th cent.) : organist at
Steyer; generally considered to be the
originator of the German suite with
variations, since proceeding from the
old custom of adding a galliard to the
pavane, he (as the first) joined four
dance movements together, keeping the
same theme, freely varied, throughout;
pub. Newe Paduan, Intrada, Diintz una
Galliard, in 4 parts for string instr.
(1611), Ettliche lustige Padovanen, In-
trada, Galliard, Conranten und Diintz,
etc. (1620), and Weltspiegel, das ist
Neue teutsche Gesange (1613). Ref.:
Vn. 473.

PEVERIITAGE, Andreas (1543-
1591): b. Courtray, d. Antwerp; Bel-
gian contrapuntist of note, successively
church conductor at Courtray and
choirmaster at the church of N6tre-
Dame, Antwerp. Many of his compo-
sitions, chansons, madrigals, Laudes,
masses, motets, etc., have been pre-
served. He also pub. Harmonta celeste,
a collection of madrigals by different
composers (1583).

PETRON, Albertina Fredrike (Ika)
(1845- ) : b. Timra, West Norrland ;
composer of songs, violin and piano
pieces; pupil of J. Hallstrom, Boom
Sjogren, and Anton Andersen.

PEYSER, Herbert F. (1886- ):
b. New York; music critic; was edu-
cated in Europe and America; gradu-
ated from Columbia Univ., where he
studied musio under McWhood and
D. G. Mason; member of staff of 'Musi-
cal America' since 1909; author of mag-
azine articles, program notes, etc.

PFANlVrSTIEHIi, Bernhard (1861-) :
b. Schmalkalden, Thuringia; blinded in
infancy; pianist and organist, stud-
ied music with Eniese and Elessej
noted as an interpreter of Bach and
modem composers for the organ. Since
1912 he has been organist and choir-
master of the Ereuzkirche, Dresden.

PFEIFFER (1) Johann (17th
cent.) : German composer of instru-
mental music. (2) Michael Trangott
(1771-1850): b. Sulzfelden, Wiirzhurg;
d. Aargau; was eminent as a pedagogue
and teacher of music; founded in 1804
a private school in Switzerland, in-
spired by the theories of Pestalozzi, and
in 1810 published (together with Na-
geli) his 'Method of Singing after
Pestalozzi's Principles.' The Swiss
government recognized P.'s merits with
an appointment as teacher of singing
and organ at the teachers' seminary at
Aargau. (3) Marianne. See Spohk. (4)
Georges Jean (1835-1908) : b. Ver-
sailles; d. Paris: studied with his
mother, Claba P. (a pupil of Ealkbren-
ner), Maleden and Damcke; appeared,
1882, in the conservatory concerts with
great success, and published an era-

Kefl

torio, comic operas, among them Le
ligataire universel (Paris, 1900), a
ballet, Madame Bonaparte (1900), a
symphonic poem, symphony, overture
and piano compositions; part-owner of
the piano house of Pleyel, Wolff & Cle.
(5) Theodor (1853- ) : b. in Hei-
delberg; is a pupil of Seldl, Stutt-
gart, and Billow, Frankfort; active as
a teacher of piano in Baden-Baden
since 1889; has composed piano pieces
and written musical essays.

PFEIL (1) Helnrlch (1835-1899) : b.
Leipzig, d. there; author of various
books on music and short musical
biographies; composer of many popu-
lar male choruses. (2) Anna Doris
(1847- ): b. Copenhagen; made her
d^ut as a singer at the Royal Theatre
(1867) and, after studying with Wartel
in Paris, returned to the Copenhagen
Opera, where she was held in high
esteem. She married the opera singer
Erhard Hansen in 1873 and retired
1885.

PFITZNESR, Hans (1869- ): b.
Moscow, of German parents; pupil of
his father, of Kwast and Knorr, taught
at Coblenz Conservatory 1892-93, active
as theatrical director, Mayence, during
1894-95, taught conducting and compo-
sition at Stern Cons., Berlin (1897), at
the same time conductor at the Theater
des Westens; conductor of subscription
concerts in Munich (Kaim Orchestra),
1907; succeeded Stockhausen as mu-
nicipal Musikdirektor and head of the
Strassburg Conservatory in 1908; Royal
Prussian professor; Dr. phil. h.c. from
Strassburg Univ. He pub. a 'cello so-
nata, an orch. scherzo, music for Ib-
sen's 'Festival of Solhaug' (1889) and
Klelst's Kathchen von Heilbronn (1908),
a string quartet, piano quintet, choral
works (Der Blamen Rache, with orch.;
'Columbus,' a eappella) ; ballades (bar-
itone, bass) with orch., and two music
dramas: Der arme Heinrich (Mayence,
1895), and Die Rose uom Liebesgarten
(Elberfeld, 1901, also Mannheim,
Bremen, Munich, Vienna, Strassburg,
Leipzig and Weimar). A third opera,
Palestrina, is not yet performed. He
also revised Marschuer's Tempter und
Judin (1912). Ref.: HI. Till, 243, 247/'
(cited) ; IV. 429; IX. xiv, 421; mus. ex.,
Xrv. 70; portrait, IH. 246.

PFIiUBGEiR, Carl; contemp. Ameri-
can composer of light opera. Ref.:
IV. 462.

PPttTGHATJPT, Robert (1833-
1871) b. Berlin, d. Aachen; pupil of
Dehn in Berlin, Henselt in St. Peters-
burg, Liszt in Weimar; pianist of re-
pute. His wife, Sophie Stchepln
(1837-1867), was also a pianist, a pupil
of Henselt and Liszt.

PFOHIi, Ferdinand (1863- ): b.
Elbogen, Bohemia; studied philosophy
and music (Leipzig), became promi-
nent as a music critic, music editor of
Daheim (1891) and of the Hamburger
Nachrichten (1892). Since 1908 he is

Fhllidor

one of the directors of the Vogt Cons.,
where he teaches theory, aesthetics, in-
terpretation and style; Royal professor,
1913. He has written numerous essays,
articles and books on musical sub-
jects, including Die moderne Oper
(1894); A. Nikisch (1900), guides to
Beethoven's Fidelia and various Wag-
ner operas; also Richard Wagner, sein
Leben und Schaffen (1911) and Karl
Grammann, ein KUnstlerleben. (1910),
and has composed 3 symphonic poems.
Das Meer, a symphonic fantasy in 5
movements, songs, choral works and
piano pieces.

PFT7XDT, Ernst Gottliold Benja-
min (1806-1871) : b. Donunitzsch, near
Torgau, d. Leipzig; a celebrated kettle-
drummer; active as piano teacher and
choirmaster in Leipzig, where he also
played the kettle-drum in the Gewand-
haus orchestra under Mendelssohn. He
was the inventor of a mechanical ket-
tle-drum, and wrote a method for his
instrument, also for the snare-drum.

PHAI/ESE or Phalesius (correctly
van der Phaliesen), Pierre (or
Petrus) (ca. 1510-1573[?]) : b. Louvaln,
where he established a music publish-
ing business, one of the most important
of its time. He printed his own prod-
ucts from 1556, became associated with
Jean Bell£be (d. 1595) in Antwerp, the
partners remaining in their own cities.
P.'s son PiEBBB (d. 1629) moved the
Louvaln business to Antwerp, the firm
becoming Piebbe P. et Jean Bell£re.
After the younger P.'s death the busi-
ness was managed by his daughter
MAGDAtENE till 1650, when she died.
However, as late as 1669 we find a
publication bearing the imprint of P.'s
heirs.

PHANTY! 18th cent, writer. Ref.:
IX. 209.

PHBIiPS, Els-worti C. (1827- ):
b. Middletown, Conn.; self-taught; or-
ganist in Brooklyn and for 30 years
teacher in the public schools; composer
of 2 comic operas, 2 symphonies, 4
symphonic poems. Psalm 145 with or-

rtY^Acfpa etc

PHli^AluiHON: myth. Greek musi-
cian. Ref.: I. 111.

PHIIilBERT JAMBE DE FER. See

Jambe de Fee.

PHIIilDOR: a musical family, orig-
inally named Danlcan, whose earliest
known member (Jean or Michel) was
sumamed P. by Louis XIH or XIV, in
memory of a famous Italian oboist,
Filidori, and which continued to carry
the original name sometimes in hy-
phenated form (Danican-Philidor). (1)
Jean Danlcan- ([7]-1679): b. Paris,
d. there; grandfather of F. A. D. (5) ;
was royal flageoletist, phiphre de la
grande icurie, and a performer on the
bombard, oboe and trumpet-marine.
(2) Andre Danlcan-P. ([71-1730): suc-
ceeded his uncle, Michel Danlcan, as
bombard player in the grande icurie,
was member of king's chamber music

79

Philip

and of the royal chapel, composed army
marches, dances, opera ballets (Le
Canal de Versailles, La princesse de
Crite), masques, etc., for the Versailles
court. He was placed in charge of the
Royal Musical Library at Versailles, in
■which he gathered a rich collection of
early Instrumental works, performed
at the court since Francois I (1515). A
part of this has since heen scattered,
the remainder being a priceless 'monu-
ment.' Andr^ is called the elder, to
distinguish him from his younger
brother, Jacqnes-Danican (1657-1708),
who played a wind instrument in the
king's chamber music. (3) Anne
Danlcan- (1681-1728): b. Paris; eldest
son of (2), composed pieces for flutes,
violins and oboes, pastoral operas
(Danai, 1701), and was the foimder of
the Concerts spiritnels in 1725. (4)
Pierre Danican- (1681-1731) : a son of
Jacques P., flutist, who published three
books of suites for the flute (1717,
1718) and some flute-trios. (5) Fran-
cois Andre Danican- (1726-1795) : b.
Dreux, d. London; was the youngest
son of (2), the most celebrated of the
family and equally renowned as a chess
player and musician. Though he stud-
ied with Campra, he was already con-
sidered the foremost chess player In
the world before his musical talents
attracted attention. He did not come
forward as a dramatic composer until
1759, when he wrote a series of one-act
operettas (Blaise le savetier, etc.),
whose success, together with that of
following works, made him the chief
representative of comic opera during
several decades. The list pf his scores
is a long one. Chief among them are
'Tom Jones' (1765, first opera to contain
an a-cappella quartet) ; Le sorcter (1764,
first opera given in Paris at which
the composer received a curtain call) ;
Le marichal ferrant (1761) Le jardinier
de Sidon (1768), L'amant diguisS
(1769), Le bon flU (1773), Zimire et
Milide (1773), Les femmes vengies
(1775), Le puits d'amour (1799), Persie
(1780), L'amitii an village (1785),
Thimistocle (1786), La belle esclave
(1787), Le mari comme il les faadrait
tons (1788) ; also with Gossec and Bot-
son, Berthe (Brussels, 1775), and the
unfinished Bilisaire (prod. 1796 with
3rd act by Berton), and ErneZinde, prin-
cesse de Norvege (grand opera). His
only instrumental work is L'art de la
modulation (quartets for oboe, 2 vio-
lins and bass, 1755). He spent much
of his time in London, where his
operas were also popular. He was
the champion of the London Chess
Club, which pensioned him. Ref.: II.
24, 41, 65 (footnote); V. 180; IX. 70,
73f.

PHIIilP. See also Phh-ipp, Philippe.

PHILIP II, Kins of Spain. Ref.:
VI. 404.

PHILIP AtTGUSTUS, King of
France. Ref.: V. 133.

Piattl

PHILIP OP MACEiDOIVIA. Ref.:
X. 55.

'pHILIP OF VITRY. See Vitry.

PHILIPP, Isidor (1863- ) : b.
Pesth; pupil of Mathlas, Theodor Bitter
and Stephen Heller, and a distinguished
piano teacher and player in Palis,
where since 1903 he has been a pro-
fessor at the Conservatoire. He has
written many studies for the piano, has
edited an anthology of old and new
French piano music, transcribed organ
and orchestral compositions for the
piano, composed a suite for orchestra
and written pedagogic and critical arti-
cles for French musical magazines.
Ref.: VII. 343.

PHILIPP de: CASFRTA. See
Caserta.

PHILIPP DE MONTE. See MoNTE.

PHILIPPE DE VITRY. See VlTRY.

PHILIPPS (1) Peter [Petrus
Pliilippus, Pletro Filippo] (1560?-
1633) : English composer, organist to
Prince Albert at Antwerp, 1596, canon
at Bethune, 1621. He wrote madrigals,
masses, motets and organ compositions.
(2) Adelaide (1833-1882): b. Stratford-
on-Avon, d. Carlsbad; opera singer
(contralto), educated in Boston, where
she first appeared as a dancer and
actress. On the advice of Jenny Lind
she became a pupil of Manuel Garcia
in London, and made her d^but as a
singer in Milan (1854). Thereafter she
sang in New York, Havana and ,
throughout continental Europe. Her
sister Itlathilda was also an excellent
contralto. (3) Montague, contemp.
English song writer. Ref.: III. 443.
(4) Stephen. Ref.: III. 135.

FHILODEMOS: a native of Gadara,
Syria, and an Epicurean philosopher in
Rome in the first century; appeared
as an enemy to music in a tract of
which only some fragments have been
preserved and pub. in Naples (1793),
Leipzig (1795), etc.

PHILOLAOS: lived about 540 B. C,
a disciple of Pythagoras of Samos, the
oldest known (ireek authpr writing on
music; fragments of his works, pre-
served in citations of later writers, give
valuable data concerning the pentatonic
period before Terpander.

PHILOMATHES, Wenzeslans (16th
cent.): b. Neuhaus, Bohemia; wrote a
short treatise on the theory of the
Cantas planus and measured music in
verses, which were often reprinted
(1518, 1534, 1543).

PIATTI, Alfredo (1822-1901): b.
Bergamo, d. there; a 'cello virtuoso,
studied at the Milan Cons., 1832-37,
played with Liszt in Munich (1843),
Paris and London (1844) and was es-
pecially successful in the last-named
city, where he settled and 1859-98 was
a leading figure in the 'Popular Con-
certs.* He composed a concerto, a^ con-
certino and many shorter compositions
for 'cello, as well as songs with 'cello
obbligato; also edited compositions for

80

Piave

strings by the older classical compos-
ers.

PIAVE. librettist. Ref.: II. 488; IX.
354.

PICANDBR. See Henrici.

PICCINI (or Plcclnni) (1) Nicola
(1728-1800): b. Barl, Naples, d. Passy,
Paris; educated at the Cons. Sant' Ono-
frio, Naples, after the Bishop of Barl
had prevailed upon his father to let
him adopt music as a profession; pupil
there of Leo and Durante; made his
d^but as a dramatic composer with
Le donne dispettose in Naples (1754),
and following it came a succession of
no less than 131 operas which are
known to-day, besides others whose
names are unrecorded. His Cecchina
nubile (La buona figluola), prod, in
Rome, 1760, had an extraordinary suc-
cess throughout Europe and won him
the recognition of even his older rival
Jommelli. P. is credited by historians
with the introduction of the extended
developed finale consisting of different
movements with change of tonality and
tempo, also with the extension and
dramatic development of the duet. An-
fossi's success with the Roman public,
at P.'s expense, caused the latter's ill-
ness, and his vow to forsake the Italian
capital for life. Having come to Paris
on the invitation of Marie Antoinette,
he scored a success with his Roland
(1778), despite the opposition of the
'Glucklsts'; was made director of the
Italian opera company, which shared
the boards of the Acad^mie with the
native school, and prod, his best
works, while the fight of Gluckists and
Picinnists (cf. Gluck) raged. His
Iphtgenia in Tauride, which he was
commissioned to set in rivalry with
Gluck, could not support comparison
with the latter's, however, and was
received with coolness. His other
French operas, previously prod., include
Phaon (Cholsy, 1778), Le fat miprisi
(Paris, 1779) and Atgs (1780); those
prod, later in rivalry with Sacchinl
comprise Adile de Ponthiea (1781),
Didon (1783), Le dormeur iveille and
Le faux lord (1783) ; the remaining
ones (Laeette and 6 others, including
one revision) were not successful, the
last three failing of performance. His
other works Include oratorios, psalms
and other church music. Though placed
in rivalry with Gluck and Sacchini P.
gave evidence of very generous feeling
toward them, imlike his partisans, rec-
ognizing their genius fully. He was
made professor at the ficole royale de
chant (later the Conservatoire) in 1878,
lost his position and all his property
through the revolution, returned to Na-
ples, where his daughter's revolution-
ary marriage connections brought him
into disfavor, and again went to Paris,
where he was finally given an inspec-
tor's place at the Cons., half the pro-
ceeds of which, after his death, went
to his widow (the former singer Vin-

Pielke

cenza Sibilla, who taught singing for
it). Ref.: II. 14f. 35, ,37, 122; IX. xii,
21, 39, 44, 58, 65, 69, 498 (footnote);
mus. ex., Xrv. 208. (2) Lnlgl (1766-
1827) : b. Passy, near Paris; son of (1) ;
composer of several French and Ital-
ian operas of mediocre value. (3)
liouls Alexandre (1779-1850) : b.
Paris, d. there; natural son of the eld-
est son of (1) ; composer of over 200
stage pieces prod, at Paris theatres,
from the Op^ra to the cheapest houses.

PICCINIJVI, AlessandTO: b. Bo-
logna; known to have been at the
court of Modena in 1581, later at that
of Ferrara, was, according to Giustinl-
ani, the inventor of the theorbo (pan-
dora, chitarrone, arch lute), and pub-
lished a book of chitarrone and lute
tablatures in 1623, a second being pub.
by his son Leonardo (1639).

PICCOLEiLIilS, Giovanni: pub-
lished a work on ancient and modem
lutes (Florence, 1885), and in 1889 an
essay on the 'Authenticity of the String
Instruments included in the Collection
of the Royal Institute of Music in
Florence.'

PICCOIiOMINI, Maria, (19th cent.):
operatic singer, sang in New York,
1858, etc. Ref.: IV. 133.

PICHL,, Weaxel (1741-1805): b.
Bechin, near Tabor, Bohemia, d. Vi-
enna, where since 1796 he was vio-
linist at the court theatre. He com-
posed over 700 works, including 88
symphonies, serenades, a vast amount
of chamber music, of which much was
printed (12 string quintets, 12 string
quartets, etc., etc.), clarinet concertos,
sonatas for piano, also 7 Italian operas,
masses, psalms, etc., none of which has
much depth.

PICftUOT, ti.s music-lover and spe-
cial admirer of Boccherini's music,
collector of Boccheriniana ; wrote a
valuable monograph Notice sur la vie
et les ouvTages de Luigi Boccherini,
with catalog, 1851. Ref.: VII. 488.

PIBL, Peter (1835-1904) ; b. Kes-
senich, near Bonn; d. Boppard; from
1868 on teacher at Boppard Teachers'
Seminary; composed much church mu-
sic (masses, motets, 8 magnificats in
the church modes, antiphonies, litanies,
a Te Deum; also preludes and trios
for organ, etc.). He is also the author
of a 'Harmony' (10th ed., 1911), and
of several violin and piano pieces.

piBIiKB, Walter (1848- ); b.
Dessau; entered Leipzig Conservatory,
1872, studying with Konewka, Grill,
Richter, Reinecke, Kretzschmar. He
appeared at the Leipzig Municipal The-
atre as lyric tenor (1874-80) ; but, los-
ing his voice, he studied mediciile and
held clinical positions as throat and
nose specialist in Hamburg and Ber-
lin. In 1910 he was made teacher of
hygiene and physiology of the voice at
the Royal Institute of Church Music;
has written various books on the voice
from the standpoint of the physiologist.

81

Werlnigi

FIERLITIGI, Giovanni. See Pales-
Tbina.

PIBRNfl, [Henbi Constant] Ga-
briel (1863- ): b. Metz; Is a pupil
of Lavlgnac, Marmontel, Emmanuel
Durand, C£sar Franck and Massenet at
the Paris Cons.; gained the prix de
Rome in 1882, -with the dramatic can-
tata Edith; was organist of St. Clo-
thilde. Pans, where he succeeded C^sar
Franck, 1890-98; 1903 assistant con-
ductor, and 1910 successor of Colonne
as director of the Colonne concerts.
He has written many dramatic works,
including a dramatic legend Les Elfes
(1883), operas, including La coupe en-
chantie (1895, rev. in 1 act, 1905), On
ne badine pas avec I'amour (1910),
Yendie (1897) and La fllle de Tabarin
(1901), several pantomimes and oper-
ettas including Salomi (1895), Le col-
lier de saphirs (1891), Les jogeuses
commires de Paris (1892), Bonton d'or
(1893) and Le docteur blanc (1893),
also music to Hostand's La Princesse
Lointaine (1895) and La Samaritaine
(1897), of Pierre Loti's Ramixntcho
(1908), etc.; a number of symphonic
compositions including an overture, a
suite and a poem, and a group of ora-
torios. These are La Nnit de Noel de
1870 (1895); Les enfants i BietUem
(1907) ; La croisade des enfants (1902) ;
and Franfois d'Assisi, for solo, chorus
and orchestra, crowned by the French
Academy (1912). P.'s reputation rests
in particular on his effective Croisade
des enfants ('Children's Crusade') in
which he makes very clever use of chil-
dren's choruses, some of which are
based on old French folk-songs. He
also wrote a choral symphony L'an mil,
a piano concerto, a violin sonata, a
concertante for harp, pieces for violin
and piano, 'cello and piano, clarinet
and piano; fantasy-ballet for piano and
orch., scherzo, caprice do., symphonic
overture, orch. suite, symphonic poem
for piano and orch., Ballet de Coar,
piano pieces and vocal compositions,
some for 3 and 4 women's voices.
Ref.: HI. xlv, 285, 361, 362: V. 318;
VI. 355, 386, 388f; VII. 353, 604; IX.
453; portrait, V. 346.

PIERO DI FIRENZE or Fetrns de
Florentla: an interesting master of the
fourteenth century ars nova of the
Florentines, of whose madrigals and
caccias examples are to be found in
MS, in the British Museum. One of
the latter has been reprinted, with a
German translation, in Biemann's Alte
Hansmusik.

PIERRE, Constant (1855- ) : b.
Passy; pupil of the Paris Conservatoire
and active as an oboist in various
Paris orchestras, has been since 1881
assistant secretary at the Conservatoire;
contributor to musical magazines and
editor of the Monde Musical; author of
many books on musical subjects,
among them: Les Noels populaires
(1886) ; Histoire de I'orchestre de

82

PUottI

VOpira de Paris (1889, crowned by the
Soci^y des Compositeurs) ; and Le con-
cert spirituel, 1725-1790 (crowned by
the French Academy, 1900). He has
also written many musical monographs
and pamphlets.

PIERSON (1). See La Rue. (2)
Helnrlch Hngo (correctly Pearson,
Henry Hagh) (1815-1873): b. Oxford,
d. Leipzig; studied music with Attwood
and Corfe at Cambridge and published
a book of songs while a student there.
In 1839 he went to Germany, studied
with Binck, Thomaschek, Reissiger, re-
turned to England, and in 1844 became
professor of music, Edinburgh. Soon,
however, he went back to Germany and,
living successively in Vienna, Ham-
burg and Leipzig, devoted himself to
composition. He wrote four operas,
oratorios ('Jerusalem,* given Norwich
Festival, 1852), overtures for orchestra,
church music, choruses and songs. He
also used the pseud. Edgab Mansfeldt.
Ref.: III. iU. (3) Bertha. SeeBsETHOi..

PIETEREZ, Adrian (15th cent.):
b. Bruges; the earliest known organ
builder in Belgium.

PI£TON', lioyset: b. in the last
quarter of the 15th cent, at Bemay,
Normandy, hence sometimes called le
Normand; wrote church music which
has been preserved in collections dat-
ing from 1531-1545. It Includes masses,
motets, sequences, etc.

PIKE, Tbomas. Ref.: TV. 77.

PII/ATI, Angnste (1810-1877); b.
Bouchain, d. Paris; was a pupil of the
Paris Cons., from which he was dis-
missed; conductor at different smaller
Paris theatres; wrote some 40 operas
and ballets (mostly In one act) for
Paris, part of them prod, under the
nom de plume of A. P. Juliano. Ref.:
rx. 232.

PIIiGER, Karl. See Spazier.

PILKINGTON, Francis ([?]-1638) :
is known to have been baccalaureus in
Oxford!?], 1595, chorister at the cathe-
dral in Chester, 1602, in which town he
died. He published 'The first book of
Songs and Ayres of 4 Parts, with
tablature for lute, orpharion or gamba'
(1605) ; 'The first set of Madrigals and
Pastorales of 3, 4 and 5 parts' (1613).

PlliO, Mario (1859- ) : b. Pal-
lanza. Lake Maggiore, lecturer on aes-
thetics at the university of Bologna,
and teacher at the college in Belluno,
is the author of Estetica psicologica
(MUan, 1892) ; Estetica (1894, French
ed., A. Dietrich, La psychologie du
beau et de I'art 1895, new ed. [It.],
1907) ; Psicologica musicale (1903) ;
and of various valuable essays in the
Rivista musicale.

FILOTTI, Giuseppe (1784-1838): b.
Bologna, where he died, son of the
organ-builder and organist Gioachino
P., studied counterpoint with Mattel
and was elected at 21 a member of
the Bologna Philharmonic Academy.
Though he wrote two successful operas.

Plnalre

his compositions are mainly for the
church; succeeded Mattei as organist at
San Petronio, Bologna, 1826, and from
1829 to his death was active as pro-
fessor of counterpoint at the Liceo fllar-
monico. Beside his compositions, P.
also pub. a hook on instrumentation.

PIN aire: (18th cent.) : a composer
of symphonies in the Mannheim man-
ner, left 6 three-part and 6 four-part
symphonies, one of which is known to
have been performed at a concert spir-
ituel in 1751.

PINDAR: ancient Greek poet-musi-
cian. Ref.: I. 118f ; mus. ex., Xin. 3.

PINEI^Iil (1), or Plnello de Ge>
radis, Flnelliu. GloTannl Battista
(1544-1587) : b. Genoa, d. Prague; was
cantor at Vicenza cathedral, 1571; later
imperial court singer, Prague, 1580-86;
court conductor at Dresden, where he
succeeded Scandelli, but was dismissed
because of temper and returned to
Prague; composed much sacred and
secular choral music, masses, magnifi-
cats, motets, napoletanas, madrigals
and 'little German songs.' (2) E^ttore
(1843- ): b. Rome, where/ he was a
pupil of Ramacciotti, also of Joachim,
in Hanover; distinguished Italian vio-
linist and conductor; founded, with
Sgambati, a society for classical cham-
ber music in Rome, 1866, and in 1877
became professor of violin at the Liceo
musicale, Rome. In 1874 he organized
the Rome Symphony Orchestra. As a
composer he is known by a string quar-
tet, an overture and an Italian rhapsody
for orchestra.

PINSUTI, Ciro (1829-1888) : b. Sina-
limga, Siena, d. Florence; studied piano
and violin with Cyprian Potter and
Blagrove, London; returned to Bologna
1845, attended the Liceo and had pri-
vate lessons of Rossini. From 1848
on he lived in England, prominent as
a vocal teacher and a composer, and
1856 received an appointment as pro-
fessor of singing at the Royal Acad-
emy of Music, London. Several of
his operas were produced in Italy (II
mercate di Yenezia, Bologna, 1873;
Mattia Corvino, Milan, 1877; Mar-
gherita, Venice, 1822) ; and his printed
compositions include more than 200
Italian and English songs, duets, trios
and choruses; as well as a 'Festival
Te Deum' (1859), commemorating the
incorporation of Tuscany in the king-
dom of Italy. Ref..- V. 266.

PIOMBO, Sebastlano del. Ref.: I.
327f.

PIOZZI, Gabriel (t?)-1809) : b. Flor-
ence, d. England; teacher and com-
poser; husband of Dr. Samuel John-
son's friend, Mrs. Thrale.

PIPEIGROP, Heinricli (1481-1655):
b. Wemlgerode, d. Quedllnburg; was a
pupil of cantor John Kruger and or-
ganist Paul Becker of Wemlgerode; be-
came assistant rector and city cantor
in Quedllnburg, 1606; left various com-
positions and some musical essays.

83

Hrro

among them Isagoge mastca (Magde-
burg, 1609?); Plejades musicae (Hal-
berstadt, leiSJ ; and Ars canendi (Leip-
zig, 1630). His Work has been praised
by Calvislus, Schiitz and Michel Prae-
torius.

FIPEHiARB, Matthans (15th-16th
cent.) : Netherland composer whose
only printed works are a mass,
L'homme axitii, 4 v. (published in An-
dreas de Antiquls Missae XV, 1516) ; a
Missa de feria (1541) ; a flve-part Ave
Maria (1505) ; a four-part Magnificat
(1544) ; and some shorter numbers.
Other works, a mass, a Sa<i;e Regina,
etc., are extant in MSS.

PIPPINGSKOI.D, Joban J. (1792-
1832): b. Abo, Finland, d. there; stud-
ied law in Abo and Upsala, then music
with Haffner (1817-18), and 1819
founded the first Finnish male chorus
society on the model of the Vpsala
students' glee club, reorganizing his
male chorus as a mixed chorus in
1820.

PIQ,UX:, liOnls FranQolB (1758-
1822) : b. Roret, d. Charenton-St. Mau-
rice; violin maker in Paris. ,

PlftUOT. See PiCQuoT.

PIRANX, Bagenlo (1852- ): b.
Bologna ; pianist and composer, studied
at the Bologna Liceo musicale; also, in
1870, with Th. KuUak (piano) and Fr.
Kiel (composition) in Berlin, where he
was a teacher at the Eullak Cons, until
1880. Since that time P. has been active
as a contributor to musical periodicals
and as a member of various musical
academies, Florence, Bologna, the St.
Caecilia Society of Rome, etc. Since
1905 P. directs his own conservatory
in New York, together with Alma Web-
ster Powell and Jason Powell. As a
composer he is known by his orchestral
suite, Im Heidelberger Schloss, Airs
bohimiens, the opera Das Hexenlied
(Prague, 1902) ; also pub. a piano
method, 'The High School of Piano
Playing,' and numerous piano compo-
sitions, songs, etc.

PIRKKR, Marianne (1717-1782): d.
Eschenau, near Heilbronn; was a cele-
brated singer, the wife of the Austrian
violinist Fbanz P. She sang in Italy
(1744-47) ; in London (1747) ; Hamburg
and Copenhagen (1748-50) ; and after
1750 in Stuttgart. From 1756-64 she
was kept a prisoner as an adherent of
the Duchess of Wiirttemberg, then being
divorced by her husband. After her
release in 1765 she resided in Heil-
bronn as a singing teacher.

PIRRO. Andre (1869- ): b. St.
Didler, Haute-Mame, abandoned the
study of law for that of music, and
1894 won the prize offered by the
Academic des Beaux-Arts for his essay
L'orgae de J. S. Bach (1897, with pref-
ace by Widor; 1902, English transl. by
Goodrich). In 1896 he became director
and teacher at the Schola cantorum,
where he lectures on the history of the
organ. In addition to many articles

Pisa

dealing -with phases of musical history
contributed to the periodical press, he
has published biographies of such older
French organists as Titelouze, A.
Raison, du Mage, Daquin, Roberday,
Glgoult, Couperin and Marchand in
Guilmant's Archives des mattres
d'orgue. Among his recent works are
Descartes et la masigue (1907), his
most important book thus far, L'es-
thitiqne de J. S. Bach (1907) ; Dietrich
Buxtehude (Paris, 1912), and Beinrich
Schiitz (Paris, 1913). Since 1904 P.
has lectured at the music department of
the Hautes £tudes Sociales (under the
direction of Romain Holland) on music-
al teaching about 1600.

PISA, Agostino: a Roman doctor of
law who flourished about 1600, wrote
Breve dichtarazione della battuta mu-
sieale (Rome, 1611), the oldest detailed
treatise extant on conducting.

PISARI, Pasqnale (1725-1778): b.
Rome, d. there: pupil of Biordi, maestro
di cappella of the Spanish church of
St. James in Rome; was admitted as a
supernumerary in the Papal Chapel,
and spent his whole life in abject pov-
erty. He wrote valuable a cappella
music for the church, including a 16-
part Dixit and a set of 4-part motets
covering the entire year, the last-named
for the court of Lisbon. A splendid
honorarium for these motets reached
Rome after the composer had died.

PISARONI, Benedetta Rosamonda
(1793-1872) : b. Piacenza, where she
died; first appeared in Bergamo, 1811,
as a soprano, but in 1813 her voice In
consequence of illness turned to a con-
tralto of wonderful quality. In spite
of a repulsive appearance, due in part
to a pock-marked face, she triumphed
on the French and Italian stage, though
in London (1829) she did not please.

FISCHXIK, Johann Baptist (1814-
1873} : b. Mscheno, Bohemia, d. Sig-
maringen ; was an excellent baritone who
sang in Prague, Brunn, Pressburg, Vi-
enna and Frankfort-on-the-Main, and
also held a position as court singer at
Stuttgart for a munber of years.

PISCHNA. See PiSna.

PISEiXDEIi, Jobann Geors (1687-
1755): b. Karlsburg, d. Dresden; was
pupil of Plstocchi and Torelll and re-
ceived an appointment as violinist at
Dresden, 1712. In 1716 went to Venice
(where he studied with Vivaldi), 1717
to Rome (where he took lessons from
Montanari) and also to Naples. In
1728 he became concert master at the
Dresden court. He was a violinist of
great reputation and has been praised
by Quantz and other contemporaries.
A number of P.'s compositions are pre-
served in the Dresden Royal Music
collection, among them eight concertos
for the violin, two for two oboes and
strings, concern grossi and symphonies.
Ref.: Vn. 413.

PISKACXIK, Adolf (1874- ): b.
Prague; composer of the Czech op-

Pltsch

eras Divd Bdra ("Wild Barbara'),
Prague, 1910; Uhglu, Prague, 1914;
and of the operettas Jen tfi drig (1908)
and Osudny Uaniar (1912), also of a
ballet, Damdk (1911), all prod, in
Prague.

PISNA, Johann (1826-1896): d.
Prague; was educated at the conserva-
tory there (1840-1846), lived in Moscow
for several years as a teacher of piano
at the Nicolaieff Institute for Young
Ladies of Noble Birth, and eventually
returned to Prague. Of his composi-
tions the '60 Exercises for the Piano*
are especially well known, and prized,
and have appeared in a number of edi-
tions.

PISTOCCHI, Francesco Antonio
(1659-1726): b. Palermo, d. Bologna;
was the celebrated founder of the
school of singing in the last-named city
(circa 1700), which represented the first
attempt to teach singing after strict
method and in class, and was imitated
throughout Italy. When twenty he
made an unsuccessful d^but as a pub-
lic singer, then entered the order of the
Oratorians, was conductor at Ansbach,
where he produced the operas Narciso
(1697) and Le pazzie d'amore (1699).
He also saw his oratorio II martirio di
S. Adriano given in Venice (1699), and
the opera Le rise di Democrito in Vi-
enna (1700) ; composed a number of
other operas, French, Italian and Ger-
man arias (Scherzi musicali), duets,
trios, etc. Ref.: TK. 20.

PITONI, Glnseppe Ottavlo (1657-
1743): b. Rieti, d. Rome; a pupil of
Pompeo Natale and Foggla, was re-
spectively maestro di cappella of
churches in Terra di Rotondo, Assisi,
Rieti, San Marco, Rome (1677), Sant'
Apollinare and San Lorenzo in Damaso
(1686), the Lateran (1708) and, finally
(1719), St. Peter's. Like the majority of
the Roman composers, P. was a master
of polyphonic writing and has left a
number of masses, psalms, oratorios,
motets, etc., in MSS., only one book
of two-part motets being printed dur-
ing his life-time. The original MS. of
his Guida armonica, of which only 108
pages have been printed, has been
lost.

PITRA, Dam Jean Baptlste (1812-
1889) : b. Champfergeuil, near Autun,
d. Frascati; entered the Benedictine
monastery at Solesmes ; became member
of the commission for the Eastern
church and papal librarian, 1862; car-
dinal in 1863; and cardinal bishop of
Frascati, 1879. His principal works
are Spicilegium Solesmense (3 vols.,
1852-60) ; Juris ecclesiastiei Graecorum
historia et m^onumenta (1864) ; Tri-
odion katanaktikon (1879), and Hymn-
ographie de Viglise grecque (1867).

PITSCH, Karl Franz (1789-1858):
b. Senftenberg, Bohemia, d. Prague, as
organist of St. Nicholas' Church and
teacher and director at the organ
school. Of his compositions some pre-

84

Pitt

ludes and fugues for organ and a mass
have become known.

PITT, Percy (1870- ): b. Lon-
don; studied in Paris, In Leipzig with
Reinecke and Jadassohn; and in Mu-
nich with Rhelnberger. He has lived in
London since 1893, where he has been
organist of the Queen's Hall concerts,
and on occasion conducted at Covent
Garden. His principal compositions
are the symphonic prelude Le sang des
crepuscules (1900) ; overture to "The
Taming of the Shrew' (1898) ; an or-
chestral suite (1895) ; Oriental rhap-
sody, Sinfonletta (1906) ; symphonic
poems Les Fites galantes (after Ver-
lalne, 1896) ; 'Cinderella' (1899) ; and
■Dance Rhythms' (1897) ; incidental
music to 'Paolo and Francesca,' 'Flod-
den Field' and 'Richard II'; a ballad,
'Hohenlinden,' for male chorus and
orchestra, another choral ballad,
'Schwerting the Saxon'; compositions
for string orchestra, songs, etc.

FITTRICH, GeoTse "Washington
(1870- ) : b. Dresden, studied at
Royal conservatory In that city, be-
came choral drillmaster at the Dresden
court opera, 1890, for which he wrote
incidental music to a number of plays,
and where his 1-act opera Marga was
presented, 1894. He was conductor at
the Hamburg Stadttheater, 1898;
Frankfurt Opera, 1901; Central the-.
atre, Dresden, 1904; Wintergarten, Ber-
lin, 1912. P. has composed 5 Christ-
mas fairy-plays, a ballet Pechvogel und
Lachtaube (Dresden, 1901) ; as well as
songs, orchestral music, etc.

PIUS X., Pope. Ret.: VI. 6.

PIUTTI, Karl (1846-1902): b. El-
gersburg, Thuringla^ d. Leipzig; organ-
ist, excelling especially as an Impro-
visator. He studied at the Leipzig
Conservatory, became a teacher there In
1875, and succeeded Rust as organist
of the Thomaskirche, Leipzig (1880).
He wrote sonatas, preludes, interludes,
characteristic pieces, chorale improvisa-
tions, etc., for organ, also composed
motets, secular choruses, songs and
piano pieces; and pub. Regeln und Er-
Idutemngen znm Studium der Musik-
theorie. Ref.: VI. 487.

PIVA, Gregorlo ([?]-1740) : is
known as the copyist of Agostino Stef-
fani, with whom he came to Dusseldorf
in 1703, and where he played in the
orchestra as late as 1714. In 1719
he secured a position in the court or-
chestra at Bonn, of which he became
copyist in 1726. An autograph cantata
by P. has been preserved In Sonders-
hausen.

PIXfiRlSCOURT, Rene Charles
Gnilbert de (1773-1844): b. Pix^ri-
court, near Nancy, d. Nancy; was a
gifted librettist who wrote the texts of
21 comic operas, 17 vaudevilles and
63 melodrames. These last were very
successful during 1825-27, when P. di-
rected the Opira-Comlque.

PIXIS (1) Frledrlcb WUhelm

85

Plancbet

(1786-1842): b. Mannheim, d. Prague;
was a violinist, orchestral conductor
at the municipal theatre of that city
(1810), and later teacher at the Prague
Conservatory. Ref.: VIL 418. (2)
Johann Peter (1788-1874): b. Mann-
heim, d. Baden-Baden, brother of (1);
was a virtuoso pianist. He toured with
his brother, and resided successively in
Paris and Baden-Baden. The brothers
wrote a number of chamber-music
works. Johann Peter P. also had three
romantic operas and a Slngsplel pro-
duced in Vienna (1820-36). His adopted
daughter, Francllla P.-Giihringer was
prominent as an opera singer in Mu-
nich; and a son of (1), Theodor
(1831-1856; b. Prague, d. Cologne), was
teacher of violin at the conservatory
of the last-named city.

PIZZI, Emillo (1862- ): b. Ve-
rona; pupil of the Milan Cons. (Pon-
chielll, Bazzini) ; since 1897 director of
a conservatory at Bergamo and choir-
master of St. Maria Maggiore; composer
of a number of operas, among them Lina
(prize-crowned, Milan, 1885), Guglielmo
Ratcliff (Bologna, 1889), Gabriella,
title-role created by Patti (Boston,
1893); and Vendetta (Cologne, 1906).
Two string quartets by him (1887,
1889), were awarded prizes in Flor-

piiAICHINGER, Thila (1868- ):
b. Vienna; pupil of the Vienna Cons.;
sang at the Hamburg opera, 1893; at
the Strassburg municipal theatre, 1894-
1901; dramatic soprano of the Berlin
court opera, 1901-1914. In 1896 she
sang in Bayreuth.

FliAIDV, Louis (1810-1874): b.
Hubertusburg, near Wermsdorf, Sax-
ony, d. Grimma; was pupil of Agthe
(piano) and Haase (violin), in Dres-
den first appeared as a virtuoso vio-
linist, but soon made the piano his
chief instrument and gave special at-
tention to the technical foundation of
piano playing as a teacher. At the
founding of the Leipzig Conservatory
(1842) Mendelssohn appointed him
teacher of 'piano, which post he held
until 1865, attaining notable results.
P.'s 'Technical Studies for the Piano-
forte' is a highly valued work of In-
struction, and has been much imitated.
P. also wrote an essay Der Klavier-
lehrer (1874).

PLANCHC:, J. R., author of text of
Weber's 'Oberon.' Ref.: IX. 205.

PL.A1VCHE:T, D, Ch. (1862- ): b.
near Toulouse, studied at the Nieder-
meyer School for Church Music, Paris;
became cathedral choirmaster and or-
ganist at Versailles, and later (1898)
choirmaster at St. Trinity, Paris. He
is a teacher at the Niedermeyer school
and secretary of the French Soci^t^ des
Compositeurs. His works include a
violin sonata, a piano trio; Le Grand
Ferri, for solo, chorus and orchestra;
the symphonic poem Breize, and a
number of songs. For Lavignac's En-

Planck

cgclopidie du Conservatoire, he has
■written an essay on conducting: L'art
du mattre de chapelle.

PLAXCK (1) Stephan: a native of
Passau, -was one of the first printers of
missals with music notes (1483, Rome),
and used the large Roman notes,
square in form (Nota quadrata), in his
•work. (2) Fritz (1848-1900) : b. Vi-
enna; studied at the Vienna Opera
School; sang at Mannheim for three
years, then at the Carlsruhe court op-
era till his death; sang Hans Sachs,
Titurel, Kllngsor, Kurvenal, etc., at
Bayreuth.

PliANCOIV, Pol Henri (1854- ):

b. Fumay, Ardennes, operatic baritone;
pupil of Duprez and Sbriglia; made
his dibut at Lyons, 1877; sang at the
Paris Opira 1891-1904, Covent Garden
and the Met. Opera House, New York,
in 1893-1906; noted as Mephistopheles
and other leading French roles. Ref.:
rv. 144, 147.

PliAJfER, Minna, the wife of Rich-
ard Wagner. Ref.: 11. 405.

PtAWaUETTE, Robert (1848-
1903) : b. Paris, d. there; studied at the
Paris Cons., first achieved popularity
by writing various romances, made a
piano score of Liszt's Hilolse et Abi-
lard, but soon turned his attention to
stage music. From 1872-97 he wrote
23 operettas, among them the celebrated
Les cloches de Corneville (*The Chimes
of Normandy,' 1877), his best-known
work, Le Chevalier Gaston (1879), Les
voltigenrs de la XXXII (1880), La canti-
niere. Rip van Winkle (1882), Nell
Gwynne (1884), The Old Guard' (Eng-
lish, 1887), La cocarde tricolore (1892),
Le talisman (1893), Panurge (1895) and
Mam'zelle Quat' Sous (1897). He left
a posthumous score, Le Paradis de
Mahomet, which was produced in Paris
in 1906. Ref.: IH. 363 (footnote); IX.
234f.

PliANTADE (1) Charles Henri
(1764-1839): b. Pontoise, d. Paris; first
made a name as a song composer, then
taught at Mme. Campan's Institute (St.
Denis), where Hortense Beauhamais
was his pupil, and later gave him a
position as conductor at her court (Hol-
land). After her husband's abdication
as king of Holland, Queen Hortense re-
tained P. in her service in Paris (1810-
15). He became teacher of singing
at the Paris conservatory the following
year, and succeeded Perslus as con-
ductor of the royal orchestra. He wrote
12 operas, masses, motets, a requiem,
a harp sonata, twenty romances and
three books of nocturnes. (2) Charles
Frangols (1787-1870) : b. in Paris, d.
there; son of Charles Henri (1); held a
high official position in the imperial
household and was minister of fine arts.
P. made a reputation as a composer of
romances and was one of the founders
of the Concerts du Conservatoire
(1828).

PLANTS, Francis (1839- ) : b.

PUttt

Orthez, Lower Pyrenees; entered Mar-
montel's classes at the Paris Cons.
1849, received a first prize in seven
months, and was selected as pianist by
Alard and Franchomme for their trio
soiries. In 1853 he took a course In
harmony and thoroughbass with Bazin,
and then disappeared for ten years
from the eyes of the Paris world, to
reappear as a piano virtuoso of the
first rank, having developed his tech-
nique and style In retirement.

PLASS, I/ndvrls (1864- ): b.
Osterode in the Hartz mountains; a
virtuoso trombonist; pupil of A. Wach-
tarz, Eatisbon; studied zither with Max
Albert; 1893 solo tenor trombone In
the Royal orchestra, Berlin; 1905 Kos-
lek's successor as director of the wind
instrument society and the wind instru-
ment players at court; 1914 P. intro-
duced 'tower music,' on tower balcony
of the Berlin Rathaus. P. has com-
posed 23 works for wind instru-
ments, and has written a number of
essays and pamphlets on them, nota-
bly his Was die Geschichte der Posaune
lehrt, which is a study of tower-music'
(1913).

PliATAlVIA, Pletro (1828-1907); b.
Catania, d. Naples; was director of the
conservatories of Palermo and of Ven-
ice, wrote various operas, among them
Spartaco (1891), a requiem symphony
in honor of Pacini (1868), a festival
symphony with chorus for the induc-
tion of King Humbert (1878), and a
book on canon and fugue. Ref.: II.
503 (footnote).

PLATEIi, Nicolas Joseph (1777-
1835): b. Versailles, d. Brussels; was
a pupil of L. Dupont and Lamare, and
In 1801 was considered the best 'cellist in
Paris. In 1805 he made a concert tour
and, after living in smaller cities, be-
came first 'cellist at the Antwerp opera;
went to Brussels in the same capacity,
1824, and also became teacher of 'cello
at Royal Music School (since 1831
Royal Conservatory). Servals, Batta
and Demunck were his pupils. He
wrote a number of concertos, sonatas,
variations, romances for his instru-
ment, as well as string trios and duos
for 'cello and violin.

PliATElV, Angmst von, German
poet. Ref.: VI. 172.

PliATO (429 B.C.-347 B.C.): Greek
philosopher, pupil of Socrates and
teacher of Aristotle, assigned an im-
portant place to music in his specu-
lations. The most Important of^ P.'s
references to music have been collected
in an interesting article by Deyks
(Gottfried Weber's Cacilia, VIIL 1828).
P. may be considered the veritable
founder of an ordered philosophy of
the arts (aesthetics); but his ideas as
well as his methods were the legacy
of his great master, Socrates. Ref.:
I. 77, 89f; V. 167.

PLiATTI, Giovanni: chamber musi-
cian of the Prince-Bishop of Bamberg

86

Platz

and Wflrzburg, flourished ca. 1740, and
published in Nuremhurg 6 clavecin so-
natas 'in the Italian taste,' six clavier
concertos and various other instru-
mental compositions.

PliATZ, Wllhelmt contemp. German
composer of choral works, etc. Ret.:
\I. 355.

PliATZBBCKElR, Helnricli Angnst
(1860- ) : b. Merzenhausen, Jullch ;
composer of a number of operettas,
among them Die Kuchenfee (1910), Die
Tante aus Amerika (1912) and Der
Schatz (1913), as well as of incidental
music to plays, fairy pantomimes, etc.,
male choruses, songs and piano pieces.
He has also written analyses of Lohen-
grin and Bungert's Circe, is editor of
the Dresden Salonblatt and a contrib-
utor to musical periodicals.

PIiATJTrs, Greek dramatist. Ret.:
I. 325f.

PliAYPORD (1) Jolin (1623-1686):
b. London, d. there; early English mu-
sic publisher who issued 'A musical
banquet' (1651) ; 'Catch as catch can'
(1652) ; 'Select muslcall ayres and dia-
logues' (1652) ; 'Muslck's recreation on
the viol, lyra way' (1652); 'Choice
Ayres and Dialogues' (5 books, 1676-
85) ; 'Brief introduction to the Skill of
Musick' (1654) ; also excerpts from the
theoreticEil works of Morley, Butler and
others; also a collection of psalms,
hymns and anthems, including 'The
whole Booke of Psalms, with the usual
hjmojis and spiritual songs' (3-part,
1673, 20th ed., 1757), 'Psalms and
Hymns in Solemn Musick' (4-part,
1671), '6 Hymns for 1 voice to the organ'
(1671), The Musical Companion' (1673),
and Cantica sacra (1674), ayres, dia-
logues, etc. Ref.: VII. 395. (2) Henry
(1657-1720) : son of (1), inherited his
father's publishing business. He Issued
The Theatre of Music' (1685) ; Orpheus
Britannicns (1698-1702) ; Amphion Ang-
licus- also Purcell's 10 sonatas, his
Te Deum and Jubilate (1697), and
Blow's Ode on Purcell's death.

PliSW, Johannes (1847-1895): b.
Heiligenbell, East Prussia, active as
high school teacher in Bischweller, Al-
sace, and Strassburg; vocal pedagogue,
who pub. Didaktik and Methodik des
Gesang-Vnterrichts (1895).

PliEYEL. (1) Ignaz Josepli (1757-
1831) : b. Ruppersthal, Lower Austria,
d. near Paris; received an excellent mu-
sical education, studying with Van-
hall and Haydn in Vienna; in 1777
was appointed conductor of the orches-
tra of Count Erdody, but received per-
mission to spend four years in Italy,
where he studied and made the ac-
quaintance of the greatest Italian com-
posers and singers. In 1789 he be-
came Kapellmeister of Strassburg ca-
thedral; in 1792 he was brought to
London by the 'Professional Concerts'
Society, especially to introduce some
new symphonies of Haydn. In . 1795
P., whose numerous works the pro'

87

Poccl

duced largely from 1783-93) had capti-
vated the public taste, settled in Paris
and established a music business In
which his compositions were sold.
Gradually he turned his entire atten-
tion to business, built a piano fac-
tory and ceased to compose. Though
he knew how to please the public, his
music is lacking in genuine artistic
content. It Includes symphonies, sere-
nades, violin and piano concertos,
many string quartets and quintets, a
sextet, septet and a piano method
(1797), which attained great popularity.
Ref.: II. 90. (2) Camllle (1788-1855):
b. Strassburg, d. Paris; a son of (1),
wrote a number of works in his fa-
ther's style, but is better known as the
owner of the great Pleyel piano manu-
factory, which reached its zenith under
his own direction and that of Ealk-
brenner. (3) Marie Feilcite Denise
(1811-1875): b. Paris, d. St. Josse ten
Noode, near Brussels; a distinguished
pianist and wife of (2), had already
made a reputation as a virtuoso under
her maiden name of Moke. She was a

gupU of J. Herz, Moscheles and Kalk-
renner, and for a time was engaged to
Berlioz. Her talents were also fur-
thered by her husband's artistic taste
and the advice of Liszt, Thalberg, etc.
During 1848-72 she was professor of
piano at the Brussels conservatory.

PLCDDEMAIVN, Martin (1854-
1897): b. Kolberg, d. Berlin; pupil of
the Leipzig Cons.; after short activity
as conductor in St. Gallen studied sing-
ing "with Hey in Munich; became con-
ductor of the Singakademie, Ratlbor,
1887, teacher of singing at the Styrian
music school (Gorizia), 1890; known
as a composer of songs, eM>eclally note-
worthy ballads (in the German sense
of the word), choruses and musical
essays.

Pl^tSMEU, Ferdinand (1881- ):
b. Barnstorf, Hanover; is a violinist,
from 1900-05 student at the conserva-
tory of Sondershausen, since 1910 con-
ductor of the court orchestra.

PLUTARCH (50 A.D.-120 A.D.) : b.
Charonea, Boeotia, d. there; early
Greek author and historian; in addi-
tion to his parallel lives of Greek and
Roman generals and rulers wrote a
number of short essays, among which
is a sketch of the oldest history of
Greek music: De musica, published by
Wyttenbach (1795), Volkmann (1856),
R. Westphal (with German translation
and clever commentaries, 1865) ; and
Weil and Reinach (with commentaries,
1900). Ref.: I. 114.

POCCI. Franz (1807-1876): b. Mu-
nich, d. there; was a nobleman of
ancient Roman extraction (count), a
poet, artist and musician. He wrote,
numerous songs, piano pieces (praised
by Schumann), and choruses, for which
last he wrote the poems and supplied
charming drawings. Some of his chil-
dren's songs are among the best of their

Pocbliaininer ^

kind. Among his collections are:
Sechs altdeutsche Minnelieder <1836),
Bildertone fur Klavier (1835), Alte und
neue Kinderliedei" (1852) ; also wrote an
opera 'The Alchemist,' which was pro-
duced in Munich.

FOCHHAMSIBR, Adolf (1864- );
b. Rheine, Westphalia; pupil of J.
Pyllemann, Oscar Raif, and O. Tiersch,
Herlin, and the Hamburg Cons. He
followed H. Rlemann to Sondershausen
and Wiesbaden, where he was active
as conservatory teacher, critic and cho-
ral director and studied singing with
Bussard and Jilarie Betzer. He became
teacher at the Frankfort Music School
in 1897; and director of the High
School for Music, Aachen, in 1902. P.
has written Einfuhrung tn die Musik
(5th ed., 1906), Musikalische Ele-
mentargrammatik, and a number of
analyses and opera guides.

PODBBRTSKY, Theodor (1846-
1913): b. Munich, d. there; pupil of
Rheinberger and Franz Wullner; cho-
ral director at court opera, Munich,
from 1876; lived in Furstenfeldbriick,
1887-94, then returned to Munich where
he directed male choral societies, 1901-
1910. He composed many male cho-
ruses, and an opera Des Liedes Ende.

POE:, Eldgar Allan. Ref.: III. 152;
Vl. 376, 396; IX. 374.

POBWITZ, EVanz (1850- ): b.
Bischof swerda ; studied with Wertz-
mann In Berlin; harpist at the court
opera there; composer.

POGMBTTI, Alessandro (17th
cent.) : was court organist at Vienna
ca. 1661, and was murdered by Tartars
during the siege of that city by the
Turks (1683). Of his clavier pieces
some have been published together with,
others by Pasquini and Kerll (Toc-
cates et suites) by Roger, Amsterdam,
others in the Detikmaler der Tonknnst
in Osterreich, xiii, 2, while still others
exist in MS.

POGOJBFF, W.: contemp. Russian
composer of chamber music, etc. Ret.:
m. 55.

POHIi (1) Karl Ferdinand (1819-
1887) : b. Darmstadt, d. Vienna, where
he studied with Sechter. He was or-
ganist there, 1849-55, lived in London,
1863-66, and there made historical
studies on Mozart's and Haydn's Lon-
don activities. He became librarian
and custodian of archives of the Vi-
enna Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde
1866, and published various books,
among them Mozart und Haydn in
London (2 vols., 1867) ; an uncompleted
biography of Haydn (1875, 1882, con-
cluded by Mandyczewski) ; also Znr
Geschiehte der Glasharmonika (1862),
and a valuable historical sketch on Die
Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde . . . und
ihr Konservatorium (1871). He pub.
with Eitner and Lagerberg, a Bibliog-
raphie der Musiksammelwerke des 16.
und n. JaJirhunderts (1877). Re}.:
n. 94; VI. 166. (2) Richard (1826

Poise

1896) : b. Leipzig, d. Baden-Baden,
musicologist, friend of Liszt, active as
a writer on musical subjects and the
author of numerous important books
and also as a composer. Among his
principal works are a collection of
essays (1852-82) ; studies and recollec-
tions of Richard Wagner (1883) ; Franz
Liszt (1883); and Hector Berlioz (1884),
also 'Bayreuth Recollections' (1877).
He translated Berlioz's complete writ-
ings into German (4 vols., 1864), also
Saint-Saens' Samson et Dalila (Weimar,
1877), and wrote a number of songs,
a melodrame, a reverie for string or-
chestra and two salon pieces for 'cello
and piano. P.'s wife, Johanna Byth
(1824-1870; b. Karlsruhe, d. Baden-
Baden), was a distinguished harp vir-
tuoso (1854 with Liszt in Weimar, 1864
in Karlsruhe). (3) Barncli. See
POLLINI (2).

POHIiB, Max Bdnard Hermann
(1852-1909) : b. Leipzig, d. Chenmitz;
chorus master at the municipal theatre,
Cologne (1869) ; director of the Belve-
dere concerts, Dresden, 1870; conductor
of the Lowenthal Orchestra, Berlin,
1871; regimental bandmaster, 1872-
1888; municipal Kapellmeister, Chem-
nitz, 1889-1909.

POHIiBNZ, ' CliriBtlan An^nat
(1790-1843): b. Salgast, d. Leipzig; or-
ganist of the Thomaskirche, Leipzig;
conductor of the Gewandhaus concerts
till relieved by Mendelssohn (1835),
who when he founded the conservatory
gave P. charge of the vocal department.
He "wrote some songs, which became
popular, also male choruses.

POHL.IG, Karl (1864- ): b. Tep-
litz, pupil of Liszt in Pesth and in
Rome, active as a conductor in Gorizia,
Hamburg, London (Covent Garden),
Coburg and Stuttgart (1900-1907). In
1907 he went to Philadelphia as con-
ductor of , the symphony orchestra;
conductor of the municipal theatre,
Hamburg, 1913 ; court conductor, Bruns-
wick, 1914. He has composed songs,
choruses and orchestral music, notably
a symphonic poem. Per aspera ad astra.

POINTBR, John: contemp. English
song-writer. Ref.: III. 443.

POIRfiB, fille £mile Gabriel
(1850- ) : b. , in Villeneuve St.-
Georges, Seine-et-Oise; conservator of
the Bibliothique St.-Genevl6ve, Paris,
and director of the Paris section of
the Int. Mus. Soc, 1907-8; has writ-
ten L'ivolution de la musique (1884) ;
Essais de technique et d'esthitique
musicales; Le chant gnostico-magique
des sept voyelles (with Charles Ruelle,
1901) ; One nouvelle interpretation de
la seconde hymne delphique (1901) ;
Chopin (in the collection of Musiciens
cilibres, 1907) ; also pub. a string
quartet (1908).

POISB, Jean-Alexandre-Ferdinand
(1828-1892): b. Nlmes, d. Paris; pupil
of the Paris Cons.; wrote 12 comic
operas and operettas for Paris, among

88

Polsot

them JoH Gilles (1884) ; also an ora-
torio, Cieilie (Dijon, 1888).

POISOT, Charles ffimlle (1882-
1904): b. Dijon, d. there; composer,
pianist and writer on musical suh-
jects; studied with Senart, L. Adam,
Stamaty, Thalberg, Leborne and with
Halivy at the Conservatoire; was one
of the founders of the Paris Soci£t£
des Compositeurs; director of his own
conservatory in Dijon since 1868; com-
posed operas, chamber music, church
music, a cantata, Jeanne d'Arc; pub.
articles and essays, also Histoire de la
musique en France (1860), Lecture sur
Mozart (1872), etc.

FOISSL, Johann Nepomnk Frei-
herr von (1783-1865) : b. Haukenzell,
Bohemia; d. Munich; pupil of Franz
Danzl there; after serving as assistant
intendant and chief intendant at the
court opera, he retired in 1848 ; wrote I sic at the Naples Cons, in 1874. In

PoUaroIo

Hungarian opera *Vagabond and Prin-
cess' (Pesth, 1903; Leipzig, 1910), and
of various fairy-plays for the young.
He has also published some 20 books
of piano music.

POIiB, William (1814-1900) : b. Bir-
mingham, d. London; civil engineer
and musician; organist at St. Mark's,
London, 1836-66; examiner for music
at Oxford; writer on music, contributor
to Grove's 'Dictionary' and to periodi-
cals; pub. 'Philosophy of Music' (4th
edition, 1896), 'Diagrams and Tables'
(1868), and 'The Story of Mozart's Re-
quiem' (1879). He also composed
psalms and motets.

POIilDORO, Federigo (1845-1903):
b. Naples, d. San Giorgio a Cremano;
studied piano and singing with his
father, Giuseppe, and was made teach-
er of aesthetics and the history of mu-

14 operas and, like Danzi, is interest-
ing as a representative of the transi-
tion period between Mozart and Weber
in German operatic composition, though
textually his German scores are fash-
ioned after French and Italian models.
His last operas, Die Prinzessin von
Provenz (Munich, 1825), Der Unters-
berg (1829) and Zagde (1843), were
unsuccessftil excursions into the do-
main of romantic opera. He also wrote
an oratorio and music for the church.

POITEVIIV, GnlUaume ([?]-1706):
b. Aries, d. Aix, Provence, where he
was mattre de chapelle at St. Sau-
veur; was the teacher of Andri Campra.
Of his compositions only some frag-
ments of masses have been preserved.

POtACCO, Giorgio (1878- ): b.
Venice; studied at the Milan Cons.;
conductor in London, Italy, Spain and
South America, at the Royal Opera,
Wiesbaden in 1907, the Berlin Royal
Opera in 1908, with H. W. Savage,
1911-12, and at the Metropolitan Opera
House, New York, since 1912; com-
poser of the operas Rahab and For-
tunatas.

POIiAK, A. J. (1840-1907): d. Rot-
terdam; was a merchant who dedicated
his leisure hours to music. He wrote
on consonance, harmony and tonality,
rhythm and voice leading, and pub-
lished Die HarmonisieTung indischer,
tunesischer und japantscheT Melodien
(1906), and Die musikalische Intervalle
als sheziflsche GefUhlseireger (Leip-
zig, 1909).

POIiCHAU, Georg (1773-1836): b.
Cremon, Livonia; d. Berlin; a musical
bibliophile and collector, became li-
brarian of the Singakademie in Berlin
in 1813. His valuable musical library
was aciiuired, after his death, in part
by the Royal Library in Berlin, in part
by the Singakademie.

POIiDlNI, Kdnard (1869- ): b.
Pesth; studied at the National Conserva-
tory, Pesth, and with Mandyczewski
in Vienna; lives in Bergeroc,, near
Vevey, Switzerland; composer of the

1889 his essay on 'The Netherland
School and Its Influence on Italian
Music* was awarded a prize, and in

1890 he became a member of the Ac-
cademia Pontaniana, to whose annual
reports he contributed various essays
on musical subjects. P. composed mu-
sic for the church, of which but little
has been printed.

POLiIsrSKI, Alexander (1845- ):
b. VlostofT, Badom; Polisb musfcogra-
pher who has been music critic of the
Warsaw Courier since 1899, and teacher
of musical history at the Warsaw con-
servatory since 1904. He has written
various books on musical subjects in
Polish, among them an 'Outline of
Polish Musical History* (Lemberg,
1907).

POIiIZIANO, Italian Renaissance
poet and dramatist. Ref.: I. 326f;
IX 3

Po'l/KO. Ellse (1822-1899): b. Leip-
zig, d. Munich; a sister of Ed. Vogel,
the African explorer; studied singing
with Garcia in Paris, appeared on the
stage in Frankfort, then married the
railroad ofQcial Polko and left the
stage. She wrote a number of senti-
mental musical romances and novels,
also several musical biographies. Die
Klassiker der Musik (1880), Meister
der Tonkunst (1896).

POLIiAK, Bgon (1879- ): b.
Prague; studied music with KnltH in
Prague (1900) ; became choral director
in that city (1901); first conductor,
Bremen mimicipal theatre (1905) ; was
active in the same capacity in Leip-
zig (1910-12) ; and since then is con-
ductor of the opera in Frankfort.

POI/IiAROIiO (1) Carlo Francesco
(1653-1722) ; b. Brescia, d. Venice; a
pupil of Legrenzi; sang in St. Mark's,
1665; organist of the second organ
there, 1690; and from 1692 to his
death second maestro di cappella of
the cathedral. P. was one of the most
popular and prolific opera composers
of his time, and wrote at least 73 op-
eras, all produced between 1684 and

89

Polledro

1722; also 10 oratorios. (2) Antonio
(1680-1746): b. Venice, d. there; son
of (1) ; succeeded Ills father at St.
Marie's, and in' 1740 Lotti as first
maestro dt cappella of the cathedral;
■wrote 13 operas and 7 oratorios, pro-
duced between 1700 and 1729.

POIiliBDRO, Giovanni Battlsta
(1781-1853): b. Piova, near Turin; d.
there; a piipll of Paganlni, violinist
in the court orchestra, Turin, 1804^ solo
violinist at the Bergamo theatre ; trav-
elled from 1799 on as a virtuoso, vis-
iting Moscow, where he remained for
five years; 1814 became concert-master,
Dresden; and 1824 court conductor,
Turin. His compositions include vio-
lin concertos, variations for violin and
orchestra, violin duets, studies, a mass
and a Miserere with orchestra.

POIiliBRI, Giovanni Battlsta
(1855- ): b. Genoa; music teacher
in America, 1877-94, then returned to
Genoa, became a church organist and
director of the conservatory there in
1898; wrote piano pieces, organ pieces,
sacred and secular vocal music, which
has been awarded prizes.

POLIilNI (1) Francesco (1763-
1846): b. Leybach, Krain; d. Milan;
pianist and composer, pupil of Mozart
in Vienna; studied with Zingarelli In
Milan; was appointed professor of
piano at the Milan Cons, shortly after
its erection (1809). P. was the first
to write for the piano using a system
of three staves, in which Thalberg and
Liszt in particular imitated him.
Among his compositions are 3 piano
sonatas, sonata, caprice and variations
for 2 pianos, introduction and rondo
for piano 4 hands, and many other pi-
ano compositions (rondos, caprices,
fantasies, variations, etc.) ; and he pub.
a piano method, and an Italian Stabat
Mater for sop., alto, 2 violins, 2 'cellos
and organ. (2) Bemhard (pseudonym
forBarnch Pohl) (1838-1897): b. in
Cologne, d. in Hamburg; operatic bari-
tone and impresario; for some years
director of Italian opera, St. Petersburg
and Moscow, and of the Hamburg mu-
nicipal theatre from 1874. (3) Cesar6,
Cavaliere de» (1858- ): b. Padua;
Italian composer of chamber music;
for many years director of the mu-
nicipal conservatory, Padua, where he
introduced H. Riemann's methods. He
has done much to revive interest in old
Italian chamber music by giving his-
torical concerts. He is a contributor to
the Rivista mnsicale.

POLiUTZER, AdoU (1832-1900) : b.
Pesth, d. London; studied violin with
Bohm and composition with Preyer in
Vienna; concertized in Europe, then
studied further under Alard; became
concert-master at Her Majesty's Theatre,
London, 1851, and taught violin at the
London Academy of Music; wrote a
violin concerto and various concert
pieces for violin.

POI»IiF;x, Jqllns: a Greek writer

Poniatowskl

who flourished toward the end of the
2nd century of the Christian era and
wrote a dictionary (Onomastwon.);
which is a valuable source for the
history of ancient music (modem edi-
tions by Dlndorf, 1824, and Becker,
1846).

POIjYBItrS (2nd cent. A.D.):
Graeco-Roman writer. Ref.: I. 95.

POMASANSKI, Ivan Alexandro-
vltch. (1848- ): b. Kieff; studied
at St. Petersburg; harpist and choral
director at the Imperial opera since
1868. Among his compositions are a
cantata, 'Samson's Death,' a Russian
overture and many songs.

PONCE, Jnan: a Spanish composer
of about 1500, who is represented in
the Spanish musical collection, Canci-
onero musical, of the 15th-16th cent.

PONOHARD (1), Lonls Antolne
fiieonore (1787-1866): b. Paris; d.
there; celebrated tenor; son of An-
tolne P. (1758-1827); pupil of Garat;
made his d^but in 1812 at the Op^ra-
Comique, and appeared there until
1837. In 1819 he was made professor
of singing at the Paris Cons., and was
the first stage singer to receive the
cross of the Legion of Honor. His
wife, Marie Sophie [Callault] (1792-
1873), was a member of the OpSra-
Comique company, 1818-36. (2) Felix
Andre (1793-1886): d. Nantes; possibly
a brother of (1) ; wa,s also an esteemed
singing teacher. (3) Charles (1824-
1891): b. Paris, d. there; originally
ah actor, but joined the opera, and at
last became professor for comic opera
at the Paris Conservatory.

PONCHIBLIjI, Amllcare (1834-
1886) : b. Pademo Fasolare, near Cre-
mona, d. Milan; studied at the Milan
Cons.; made his dibut as a dramatic
composer with I promessi sposi (Cre-
mona, 1856). His other operas, the
best known of which is La Gioconda
(1876), include La Savojarda (1861,
rev. as Lina, 1877), Roderico (1864),
Bertrand de Born (not prod.). La Stella
dal Monte (1867), II parlatore eterjio
(farce, 1873), I Lituani (1874, rev. as
Alduna, 1884), 11 flglaol prodigo and
Marion Delorme (1885) ; also the post-
humous / Mauri di Valenza (completed
by A. Cadora, prod. 1914). He also
prod, the ballets Le due jemelle (1873)
and Clarma (1873). Another of his
well-known compositions is the 'Gari-
baldi Hymn' (1882). P. was conductor
at Bergamo cathedral from 1881. Ref.:
IL 478, 503; IX. 481f.

PONIATOWSKI, Josepb Michael
Xavler Francis John, Prince of Monte
Rotondo (1816-1873): b. Rome, d.
Chiselhurst, where he had followed the
Emperor Napoleon III into ej^ile;
nephew of the Prince Poniatowskl who
fell in the battle of Leipzig; wrote a
number of operas for the Italian stage,
among them Ruy Bias, Esmeralda, Gio-
vanni da Procida (Florence, 1838) ; four
for Paris, among them Pierre de Me-

90

Ponltz

diets (1860) ; and one for London,
Gelmlna (1872).

PONITZ, Franz (1850-1913): b.
Blschofswerda, West Prussia; d. Ber-
lin; studied violin -with his uncle,
Helnrich Ponltz, Berlin; then harp
with Louis Grimm. Appeared In pub-
lic, 1857; became member of the Kroll
orchestra, 1858, and, after successful
concert tours, was made harpist of the
Royal orchestra, 1866; chamber virtu-
oso, 1891; -wrote compositions for the
harp (Vineta, fantasy with orchestra),
an opera, Cleopatra, a 'sinfonietta' for
violin, 'cello and harmonium, etc.

PONS, Charles: contemp. French
composer of operas: L'ipreave (Nice,
1904), Laura (Pau, 1906), Mourette
(Marseilles, 1909), La voile da bonheur
(Paris, 1911), Frangalse (Lyon, 1913);
also the oratorio La Samaritaine (Nice,
1900), the dramatic scene Loin du bat
(Paris, 1913), and incidental music to
the drama L'enfant du Temple (Paris,
1907).

POWTE. See Da Ponte.

PONTfiCOXJIiANT, I Louis Adolphe
I^e Donlcet, Marquis de, (1794-1882) :
b. Paris, d. Bois Colombe, near Paris;
was a writer on musical subjects; par-
ticipated in the Russian campaign of
1812; active during the 'Hundred Days'
of 1815; emigrated to America after
the Bourbon restoration, took part in
a Brazilian revolution, was condenmed
to deatb, escaped to Paris, where he
devoted himself to serious scientific
study. He took an active part in the
Belgian revolution In 1830 and was
wounded. From 1831 he devoted him-
self entirely to scientific work, but first
turned his attention to the history of
music and instrument making In 1837,
thenceforth contributed to various mu-
sical journals and wrote a number of
books, among them: Organographie
(1861), liusie instrumentale du conser-
vatoire de musique; histoires et anec-
dotes (1864) ; La musique a I'exposi-
tion nniverselle de 1S61 (1868), and Les
Phinom^enes de la musique (1868).

PONTOGIiIO, Clprlano (1831-
1892) : b. Grumello del Piano, d. Milan ;
a pupil of Antonio Cagnoni, was the
director of a Milan school of music,
wrote 6 moderately successful operas
(Edoardo Stuart, Milan, 1887), and a
ballet.

POPE: English poet. Ref.: VI. 210..

POPEIiINI£RE. See lii. POUPLINI-

£be.

POPOFP, Ivan Gegorovitcli (1859-) :
b. Ekaterlnodar, Russia; studied at
Moscow Philharmonic School, in 1900
became director of a music school of
the Russian Imperial Society of Mu-
sic at Stavropol (Caucasus). He has
composed a symphony in E. min.;
an Armenian Rhapsody, an Oriental
Suite, Spanish Dances, symphonic poem
'In Freedom,' overture 'Ivan the Terri-
ble,' for orchestra; an Andante religi-
oso for strings, harp and harmonium.

Porpora

and a number of unpublished songs.

POPPER, David (1843-1913): b.
Prague, d. Baden, near Vienna; cele-
brated 'cellist; pupil of Goltermann;
became successively chamber virtuoso
to the Prince of Lowenberg and concert-
master of the Vienna court opera, andj,
after he began his concert tours of
Europe In 1863, was recognized as the
greatest 'cellist of his time. In 1872
he married the pianist, Sofle Menter
(divorced 1886). After 1873 he lived
for a long time as a concert artist,
appearing In London, Petrograd, Berlin,
Paris and Vienna. Then he became
professor at the National Academy of
Music in Pesth, where an imperial de-
cree appointing him a Hungarian court
councillor reached him on the morn-
ing of his death. He composed some
graceful and eifective solos for his in-
strument. Ref.: portrait, VII. 596.

PORGES, Heinrlcli (1837-1900): b.
Prague, d. Munich; studied piano with
Coelestln Miiller, harmony with Rum-
mel, and counterpoint with Zwonar.
In 1836 he went to Leipzig as associate
editor of the A^eue Zeitschrift fur Mu-
sik, and was introduced by Brendel
into the circle of Wagner admirers;
for a time teacher at the Royal Music
School, Royal Muslkdlrektor, 1871;
founded the Porges Gesangvereln in
1886, with which he carried on a strong
propaganda for Berlioz, Liszt, Cor-
nelius and Anton Bruckner, but also
produced works by Bach, Palestrlna,
etc. He composed songs and wrote
several books on music, among them
a study on Tristan und Isolde (1906).
P.'s daughter Else (Frau Bernstein)
is the author of the book of Humper-
dinck's Konigskinder. Ref.: III. 237.

PORPHYRITJS: wrote a commentary
on Ptolemy's musical work in the 3rd
cent.

PORPORA, Nicola Antonio (1686-
1766) : pupil of Gaetano Greco, Padre
Gaetano of Perugia and Francesco Han-
cinl at the San Loreto conservatory.
He prod, his first opera, Agrippina, In
Naples, 1708, and two years later was
commissioned to - write Rerenice for
Rome, which moved Handel to com-
pliment its author. It was followed by
a number of other operas and church
music. P. was given the title of
chamber virtuoso to the Prince of
Hesse-Darmstadt, and for a time was
active at the Sant' Onofrio conserva-
tory In Venice as teacher of singing
(1719). With 1725 began the most rest-
less portion of his existence. He was
successively teacher of singing at the
delta Pieta conservatory, Venice, then
in Vienna, then returned to Venice,
teaching at the Incurabili conservatory,
where his Siface was produced (1726).
In 1728 he again went to Vienna and
Dresden and occupied important court
positions. He visited London in 1729
and lived in that city, 1733-36. In
1744 he was director of the Ospedaletto

91

Porro

girls' conservatory in Venice, having
previously produced Annibale (1731)
and Mitrldate (1733) there. In 1745
he returned for several years to Vi-
enna; in 1747 went to Dresden as sing-
ing teacher of the Electoral Princess
Maria Antonia; was appointed court
conductor, 1748, ranking next to Hasse,
and was pensioned, 1752. In 1755 he
returned to Naples, became choirmas-
ter of St. Mark's and director of the
Sant' Onofrio conservatory (1760) and
saw his last opera, // Trionfo di Ca-
mila, produced^ He is especially re-
memhered as one of the greatest vocal
teachers of all times. The traditional
Italian art of bel canto had reached
its high period with him, and his pu-
pils, such as Caffarelll, reached a de-
gree of technical perfection which ap-
pears almost miraculous to us. He
wrote, in addition to his 35 operas and
6 oratorios, masses and other church
music, as well as cantatas for solo
voice and harpsichord, of which 12,
the best, appeared in London (1735).
P.'s works for chamber music are briK
liant and written in virtuoso style,
and he has composed a vigorous trio
sonata in D (included in Riemann's
Collegium musicum), violin sonatas
and some clavier pieces. Ref.: I. 400f,
436; n. 4ff, 85; VII. 51; IX. vi, 33, 35,

PORRO, Pierre (1750-1831): b.
B£ziers, d. Montmorency; one of the
principal representatives of the short
florescence of guitar virtuosity. He es-
tablished himself as a guitar teacher
in Paris, in 1783; published a periodi-
cal devoted to the guitar (1787-1803);
wrote a guitar method and composed
a number of pieces, including sonatas,
for the guitar alone and in connec-
tion with other instruments; also a few
songs.

PORSIIii:, Ginseppe (1672-1750) : b.
Naples, d. Vienna; composer of the
Neapolitan school, was court choir-
master to Charles III of Spain (till
1711), court composer in Vienna (1720),
and wrote for that capital 6 operas, 13
serenades, 12 oratorios, as well as can-
tatas, canzonettas and other numbers
in a simple and expressive style.

PORTA (1) Constanzo (1530-1601):
b. Cremona, d. Padua; was a composer
of importance, a pupil of Willaert in
Venice, and successively maestro di
cappella in churches at Osimo, Padua,
Ravenna, Loreto and again Padua.
Among his pupils were Viadana, Padre
Tommaso (Sratiani, Bagnacavallo, and
Balbi. He published various books of
masses, motets, madrigals and hymns,
and wrote a book on counterpoint
(MS.). Ref.: I. 304. (2) X'raiicesco
della (1590-1666): b. Milan, d. there;
organist and church music composer.
He published collections of villanelles
(1619), motets (1645, 1648), and psalms
(1657). (3) Creole (17th cent.): Bo-
lognese composer in the monodic style;

92

Portngal

also published a number of collec-
tions of sacred and secular choral mu-
sic; also Hore di recreazione musicale
(1- and 2-part secular songs, 1612), and
a sonata. (4) Giovanni (1690-1755):
b, Venice, d. Naples; was active in
London, 1720-36, and from 1738 to his
death court conductor in Munich; com-
posed 32 operas for Venice, London,
Munich, etc. The library of the Mu-
nich court orchestra contains a num-
ber of masses, psalms, etc., by him.
(5) Bernardo P. (1758-1832): b.
Rome, d. Paris; composer of 2 Italian
and 14 French operas and much cham-
ber music (string trios, flute trios,
quartets for two flutes and strings, and
'cello duos).

PORTER, Walter (1595-1659): b.
London, d. there; singer in the Chapel
Royal (1617) and choirmaster of West-
minster Abbey (1639) ; pub. 'Madrigals
or Ayres . . . with Toccates, Sinfonies
and Ritornellos . . . after the manner
of Consort Musique, with Instruments'
(1632; new ed., 1639); also motets for
two voices with figured bass (1657).

PORTJMAN, M. V. Ref.: (cited)
I. 9.

PORTMANIV, Johann Gottlieb
(1739-1798) : b. Oberlichtenau, near
Dresden; d. Darmstadt; was court
singer and cantor at the Darmstadt
Pddagogium and the author of a num-
ber of theoretical works, among them
Die neuesten und michtigsten Entdec-
kungen in der Harmonie, Melodic und
dem doppelten Kontrapunkt (1798) ;
also arranged a piano score of (iraun's
Tod Jesu and composed a Musik aaf
das Pfingstfest.

PORTUGAIi, Marcos Antonio (also
Portugal da Fonseca, Marc' An-
tonio Portogallo) (1726-1830) : b. Lis-
bon, d. Rio de Janeiro; the most im-
portant composer that Portugal has
produced; studied music with an Ital-
ian, Borselli, and with J. Sousa-
Carvalho, paying especial attention to
the writing of arias, canzonets and
church music. On Borselli's recom-
mendation he was appointed accom-
panist at the Madrid opera in 1782.
For Lisbon he wrote 17 dramatic
works, operettas and occasional music
during 1784-91. In 1793 he appeared
in Italy and produced in all 20 operas
on the stages of Milan, Leghorn, Como,
Naples, Modena and Ferrara, whereon
he returned to Lisbon and obtained his
position as conductor. At the San Car-
los theatre, Lisbon, 13 new Italian op-
eras by P. were produced between 1799
and 1810. In 1801 the Theatre Italien
in Paris was opened with P.'s Non irri-
tar le donne, at the command of Na-
poleon, then Consul. Catalanl sang'
under P.'s direction at the Lisbon San
Carlos Theatre from 1801-1806. When
the French invasion drove the royal
family to Brazil in 1807, P. remained
and was obliged to direct a perform-
ance of his Demofootite on Napoleon's

Posa

name-day, Aug. 15, 1808. In 1810 he
followed his king to Rio de Janeiro,
refusing flattering offers made him by
other courts: and in 1813 the newly
opened Royal Theatre of Sao Joao, Rio
de Janeiro, produced two new operas
by P., which brought the number of
his scores to 40. In 1813, together with
his brother Sunao, he assumed the di-
rection of the conservatory of Vera
Cruz. He once more visited Italy in
1815, but returned to Rio and remained
there, ill, when the court returned to
Lisbon (1821). Beside his operas, P.
wrote many operettas produced at
minor theatres of Llshon and Rio; 5
great masses, 5 organ masses, 2 Te
Deums with orchestra, psalms with
grand orchestra, misereres, seouences,
etc. Ref.: IX. 135.

POSA, Osfcar E. (1873- ) : b. Vi-
enna; originally studied law, then
turned his attention to music and be-
came a song composer (texts by Lilien-
cron, Dehmel, etc.). Aside from 70
songs and ballads, some with orchestral
accompaniment, he published a violin
sonata, and a theme, variations and
fugue for piano, as well as other num-
bers. He was active as concert and
operatic conductor in Gorizia, 1911-13,
and now lives in Vienna.

POSCH, Isaak (17th cent.) ! organist
In Lalbach; pub. Harmonia concertans
(1-4 part concertos with figured bass),
as well as works in suite form: Musi-
kalische Ehrenfreude (1618) and Ma-
sikalische Tafelfreude (1621).

FOSELT, Robert (1873- ) : b.

New Sandec, near Cracow; pupil of the
Lemburg conservatory and of Obdrlc-
zek in Prague, Garcin and Marsick,
Paris; violin virtuoso and composer of
solo pieces for the violin. He resides
in Cracow as director of his own vio-
lin school.

POSSE, \irillielm (1852- ): b.
Bromberg; reared in Berlin, where, at
the age of 8, he appeared in the Eroll
opera orchestra as harp soloist. Later
he studied harp .with Louis Grimm and
in 1872 became harpist at the Royal
opera; was teacher of harp at the
Royal High School for Music (1890);
Royal professor, 1910; composed many
etudes, characteristic pieces and con-
cert numbers for his instrument; also
arranged compositions by Liszt {Lie-
bestrdame, 'Consolations,' 'Angelus')
for the harp.

POSSENTI, Pellegrlno (17th cent.) :
wrote monodies (Canora sampogna),
2- and 3-part songs (1623), Accenti
pietosi d'Armillo, arias and canzonetti
(1625), and a sonata work, Concentus
armonici, in 2 to 4 parts (1628), all
pub. in Venice.

POTHIEH, Dom Joseph (1835- ) :
b. Bouzenmont, near St.-Dle; the most
important Investigator in the field of
the Gregorian chant: entered the Bene-
dictine order at Solesmes (1859) ; be-
came sub-prior (1862) ; professor of

Potnloff

theology (1866), and abbot of St. Wan-
dril's Benedictine monastery (1898).
A pupil of Dom Gu^ranger, he is the
middle link in the chain made up by
his master, himself and Dom Mocque-
reau. The results of his studies have
been laid down in various highly valu-
able and authoritative publications:
Les milodies Grigoriennes (Tournai,
1880) ; Liber gradualls (Tournai, 1883) ;
Cantus Mariales (1902) ; Mithode da
Chant Grdgorien (1902). Dom Pothier
is the head of the commission for the
issue of new editions of the Roman
chants (Editio Yaticana).

POTJfiS. Eduard: contemp. com-
poser; prod, the operas Ariane (Ghent,
1903) and Lorenzo Murano (Antwerp,
1912).

POTT (1) An^nst (1806-1883): b.
Northcim, d. Gorizia; violinist, pupil
of Kiesewetter and Spohr in Cassel;
member of the court orchestra, Han-
over, 1822; concert-master at Olden-
burg, 1832-61. He laid the foundation
of the Mozart Memorial Fund, with
the proceeds of a concert given at Salz-
burg, 1836. (2) Therese (1880- ) :
b. Cologne; a pupil of Max Pauer; has
been appearing publicly as a pianist
with success since 1900, In Germany,
England, Holland, Dutch East Indies.
She lives in Cologne.

POTTER, Philip Cipriani Hambly
(1792-1871): b. London, d. there; pi-
anist and composer; Studied piano with
his father and Worn; theory with Att-
wood, Calcott and Crotch; also, at
Beethoven's suggestion, with E. A. For-
ster in Vienna; was appointed teacher
of piano at the Royal Academy of Mu-
sic, London, 1822; succeeded Crotch
as director in 1832, and resigned in
favor of Stemdale Bennett, 1869. He
published a quantity of piano fan-
tasies, romances, dances, etc., 2 piano
sonatas, 2 toccatas, 9 rondos, six sets
of variations; music for two and three
pianos, for piano and. strings, three
piano trios and sonatas for violin and
horn; also left many works in MS.,
including 9 symphonies.

POTTGIESER, Karl (1861- ) : b.
Dortmund; studied music with H. Rie-
mann, and since 1890 has lived in
Munich as composer; pub. orchestral
works, including a symphonic poem.
Brand, after Ibsen; chamber music; an
opera, Heimkehr (Cologne, 1903) ; an
oratorio, cantatas; a festival play, Sieg-
fried von Xanten and Kriemhild (1892) ;
male choruses, songs, etc. As a writer
on musical subjects he has made in-
teresting contributions to the biography
of J. S. Bach.

POTVI.QFE', Xlcolas ISIIcIiallovltch
(1810-1873) : is known for his attempts
to harmonize old Russian ritual songs
(on the basis of Prince Odojewski's
theories) ; pub. 5 volumes of a 'Col-
lection of Church Song' and a 'Method
for the Practical Study of the Old Rit-
ual Song' (1872).

93

Poueigh

POUBIGH, Maria Octave G£rand
Jean (1886- ) -. b. Toulouse; studied
at the Paris Conservatoire in 1898 (G.
Caussade, Lanergeau, G. Faur£) ; in
1902 also took lessons from Vincent
d'Indy. He has written a violin sonata,
an orchestral suite FUnn (1909) ; Les
Lointains, for solos, chorus, and or-
chestra (1910) ; songs with piano and
with orchestra and piano pieces and an
opera Le meneur de loaves (not prod.).
He is collaborator on various journals
and edited a collection Les chansons de
France (Paris, Rouart, 1907-8). Under
the pseudonym of Octave Seri he pub.
Musiciens franeais d'aujouTd'hui
(Paris, 1911). Ret.: (cited) VHI. 325,

POUGIN, Arthnr (properly Fran-
«;ois AaEraste Artbur Paroisse-Pon-
gin) (1834- ) : b. Chateauroux, De-
partment Indre; musicologist; studied
at the Paris conservatory; became con-
ductor at the Beaumarchais theatre,
1855; second conductor, Folies-Nou-
velles, 1856; violinist at the Opira!-
Comique, 1860 ; but later dedicated him-
self altogether to literary work; was
musical critic of the Soir, the Tribune,
the Journal offlciel, and contributor to
Le MineslTel, France musicale. Art
musical, Thidtre, Chronique musicale.
Since 1885 he has been editor-in-chief
of Le Minestrel, editor of the musical
section of Larousse's Nouveau diciion-
naire, and lecturer on music at the
Sorbonne. He has written many mu-
sical biographies (Rameau, Adolphe
Adam, Perrln et Camhert, Rossini, Au-
ber, L£on Kreutzer, Grisar, Mehul, G.
Verdi, 1881, a detailed biography) ;
also Essai hlstorique sur la musique de
Russie (1897; new ed., 1904); /. /.
Rousseau musicien (1901) ; La Comidie
franeaise et la revolution (1902) ;
Monsigny et son temps (1908), and
many others. He attempted (1876-77)
to establish a new musical paper.
Revue de la musique, but was unsuc-
cessful. He has also supplied the sup-
plements to Fitis' Biographie univer-
selle (1878-80), and to Clement and
Larousse's Dictionnaire lurique (1899ff),
Ref.: n. 209.

tLA] POVPIiINieRi:. Alexandre
Jean Josepb Le Riche de* See La
Pouplini£re.

POUSHKIIV. See Poshkin.

POWELL. (1) Maud (1868- ): b.
Peru, Illinois; pupil of William Lewis,
Chicago; Leipzig Cons. (1880-81), where
she studied with Schradiek, Hermann,
Reckendorf and Richter; also of
Dancla, Paris; and Joachim and Jacob-
son at the Berlin Royal High School
(1883-84). In 1882 she toured in Eng-
land; appeared with Theodore Thomas
in New York in 1884; with the Berlin
Philharmonic in 1885; and Is since
internationally renowned as a violinist.
In 1892 she made an extensive Euro-
pean tour with the New York 'Arion,'
under Frank van der Stucken; married

Prsetoriua

Godfrey Turner in London, 1904. (2)
John (1882- ): b. Richmond, Va.;
pupil of Navratil and Leschetizky; pi-
anist in Europe and U. S. ; composer
of 2 violin sonatas, 4 piano sonatas,
other piano pieces, symphonic works,
etc. Ref.: IV. 431f; mus. ex., XIV.
329.

POWER, Lionel or Llonello Pol-
l»ero (15th cent.) : English composer,
contemporary of Dunstable and the
author of various polyphonic compo-
sitions (MSS.) as well as of a treatise
on the English manner of employing
discant, which is given in vol. 2 of
Hawkins' 'General History.*

POZXAXSKI, Barrett Isaac (1840-
1896): b. Charleston, Va., d. London;
violinist and composer; studied with
Vieuxtemps; composer of violin pieces,

PRADHER, Lonis BarthSlemy

(1781-1834) : b. Paris, d. Gray, Haute-
Saone; pianist and composer; pupil of
Gobert (piano), of the 6cole royale de
chant, and the Conservatoire, where he
studied theory with Berton; succeeded
Jadin as professor of piano at the
Cons., 1802, where his pupils included
the two Herr, Dubois, Rosellen, etc.
P. was also accompanist at the courts
of Louis XVIII and Charles X. P.'s
first wife was a daughter of Phllidor.
After his second miarriage to- the sing-
er Feiiclte More (1800-1876), he re-
tired with a pension to Toulouse, in
1829. He composed several comic op-
eras, much piano music and 22 books
of songs.

PR.^TORIUS (1) Gottschalk (1528-
1573) : b. Salzwedel ; professor of phi-
losophy in Witttenberg; together with
Siegfried Sack published the posthu-
mous motets and instrumental works
of Martin Agricola: Melodiae scholas-
ticae . . , in usum scholae Magde-
burgensis (1556, 1584). (2) Christoph
([?]-1609): b. Bunzlau; was for many
years cantor at the Johanneum, Lune-
burg; composed many church songs
(chorales) and festival songs. (3)
Hieronymns (1560-1629): b. Hamburg,
d. there; studied with his father, or-
ganist of St. James's church, then in
Cologne; cantor in Erfurt (1580); as-
sistant, then successor, to his father in
St. James'. Among his published works
are Cantiones sacrae (5- to 8-part),
Cantiones variae (5- to 20-part, 1618,
1623) ; motets, a mass, magnificat, etc.
Together with his son Jacob (q.v.) and
the famous organists J. Decker and
D. Scheidemann, P. published a Afe-
lodeyen-Gesangbuch (Hamburg, 1604).
(4) Bartholomiins (17th cent.) : musi-
cian at the electoral court of Branden-
burg; published Newe liebliche Padu-
anen und Galllarden mit 5 Stimmen
(Berlin, 1616), which show him to have
been a thorough harmonist. (5) IHlcIi-
ael (1571-1621) : b. Kreuzburg, Thurin-
gia; d. Wolf enbuttel ; was privy sec-
retary to the Duke of Brunswick, and

94

Prager

conducfor to the courts of Brunswick,
Saxony and Magdeburg; an extraor-
dinarily competent musician, Important
both as a composer and a writer on
musical subjects. He c6mposed a great
number *of hymns, motets, psalms,
aside from his Musss Sioniee, a gigantic
work in 9 parts, containing 1,244 sa-
cred songs; Terpsichore (containing 4-
to 6-part dance pieces by P. and by
French composers) ; Polyhymnia ca-
duceatrix et paneggrica ('Songs of
Peace and Joy,' 1619) ; Polyhymnia ex-
ercitratrix (2- to 8-part, 1619) ; Urania
(19 4-part songs, 1613), and many other
collections, all of which attest P.'s
importance In the development of the
new style of vocal music with accom-
panying Instruments. As a writer he
is best known by his great work Syn-
tagma musicum (3 parts, 1615-20),
which is considered one of the most
important sources for the music, the
instruments and the Instrumentation of
the 17th century. The first part (1615)
is a historical treatise In Latin, valu-
able for its own period; the second (De
organographia, 1619), to which the Il-
lustrations of instruments (Theatrum
instrumentorum sea Sciaqraphia) be-
long, is of the. highest interest; the
third (1619), dealing with musical the-
ory, hardly less so. The Syntagma fur-
nishes Indispensable data concerning
the practice of music at the beginning
of the 17th century. Ref.: VI. 86, 402,
421; Vn. 375, 468, 472; VIII. 67, 70,
71; illus., facsimile pag6 from Syn-
tagma musicum, Vin. 66. (6) Jacob
(1586-1651) : d. Hamburg as organist
of St. Peter's; son of (2); pupil of
Georg Muffat; famous as organist and
composer. Ref.: VI. 432 (footnote).

PRAGBR (1) Heinrich. Aloys (1783-
1854): b. Amsterdam, d. Magdeburg;
violinist and guitar player; con-
ductor in Leipzig and Hamburg. He
composed an opera. Die Versohnung,
incidental music and ballets, also
church music, and edited the musical
paper Polyhymnia in Meissen (1825-30).
(2) Ferdinand Christian IVillielm
(1815-1891): b. Leipzig, d. London; son
of (1) ; was originally 'cellist, but took
up the piano on Hummel's advice. . He
settled in London in 1834; was a cor-
respondent of the Neue Zeitschrift fiir
Musik from its foundation by Schu-
mann; an enthusiastic admirer of
Wagner, and instrumental In having
him called to London, in 1855, as con-
ductor of the Philharmonic concerts.
He composed violin duets, a prelude to
Manfred, a trio, an overture, Abellino,
and a symphonic poem, 'Life and Love,
Battle and Victory' (1885) ; also a num-
ber of piano pieces. His "Wagner as
I Knew Him' was removed from the
publisher's catalogue because of proven
unreliability.

PRXTORIUS. See PnETOHros.

PRATT (1) Silas Gamaliel (1846-) :
b. Addison, Vermont; was a pupil of

Preindl

Kullak, Bendel and Klein in Ber-
lin (1868-71), with Liszt and Heinrich
Dorn (1875-76). He founded the Apollo
Club of Chicago in 1872; and is the
composer of three dperas ('Zenobia,'
'The Triumph of Columbus,' 'Lucille'),
3 symphonies, overtures and other or-
chestral numbers, as well as songs;
active as a teacher in New York from
1889 to 1907, when he retired to Pitts-
burg. Ref.: IV. 346. (2) Waldo Sel-
den (1857- ): b. Philadelphia; edu-
cated at Williams College and Johns
Hopkins Univ., assistant director at the
Metropolitan Museum, New York; regis-
trar at Hartford Theological Seminary
(1885-95) ; teacher of phonetics at Trin-
ity College (1891-1905) ; lecturer on mu-
sic at Smith College, the Institute of
Musical Art, etc.; professor of music
and hymnology at Hartford since 1882;
also organist in Hartford and conductor
of Hosmer Hall Choral Union (1882-91)
and St. Cecilia Club (1884-88) there.
He wrote 'Musical Ministries in the
Church' (1901) and 'The History of
Music,' a useful handbook for stu-
dents (1907) ; edited St. Nicholas Songs
(1885), Songs of Worship (1887), etc.
Ref.: (quoted) VI. 62; IX. 243 (foot-
note). (3) Jolin Harradan: contemp.
American composer of chamber music,
etc. Ref.: TV. 399.

PRATTfi, [Anton] Edvard (1799-
1875) : b. Hadja, Bohemia; d. Odensnas,
East Gotland; was a harpist, son of
a mechanician who came to Goten-
burg with automatic musical Instru-
ments in 1809. He composed for harp:
a concerto, a fantasy and other pieces;
also an Idyllic symphony, Stormndtten,
for harp and orchestra (1852), songs
with orchestra, Napoleon pd St. Helena
(melodrame with chorus and orches-
tra), etc.; conducted the municipal mu-
sical society in Llnkoplng and Nord-
koping, 1835-36.

prb:die:ri (1) Glacomo (17th
cent.) : minster organist at San Petro-
nio, Bologna; member of the Academia
fllarmonica, 1666; maestro of the archi-
fratemlKi S. Maria delta Vita, S. Paolo
and S. Bernardo di Porta Ravegnana;
was elected president of Philharmonic
Academy, 1693. (2) Gfacomo Cesare
([?]-after 1743): perhaps a son of
(1) ; pupil of G. P. Colonna; choir-
master San Petronio, Bologna, 1698;
wrote nine oratorios; also pub. a vol-
ume of 3-part Canzoni morali e spir-
ituali (1696). (3) Angelo (1655-1731);
d. Bologna; was a Franciscan, teacher
of Padre Martini and a distinguished
composer, of whose works but few
have been preserved. (4) liuca Anto-
nio (1688-1767): b. Bologna, d. there;
principe (president) of the Philhar-
monic Academy of that city, 1723; court
conductor at Vienna, 1726-47 ; wrote, 24
operas and serenades and 9 oratorios
for Bologna, Venice, Florence, Turin,
Milan, Rome and Vienna (1710-40).

PREIIIVDL, Joseph (1756-1823): b.

95

Preiss

Marbach, Lower Austria; d. Vienna;
composer, conductor and theoretician;
pupil of Albrechtsberger; Kapellmeister
at St. Peter's, Vienna (1780), and at
St. Stephen's (1809); pub. masses, of-
fertories, a Requiem, a Te Deum, and
other church music; 2 piano concertos,
sonatas, variations, etc., for piano; also
wrote a singing method and a Wiener
Tonschule ('Instructions in Thorough-
bass, Harmony, Counterpoint and
Fugue'; posthumously pub. by Sey-
fried, 1827, 2 parts; new ed., 1832).

PRBISS, KorneUns (1884- ): b.
Troppau; pupil of J. Nesvera at
Olmiitz and Anton Seydler at Gorizia;
teacher of the history of music at the
Cons, of the Styrian Musical Society,
and at the Buwa Institute, Gorizia,
1908-12; teacher of music at the Girls'
Lyceum, Gorizia, 1914; wrote a num-
ber of biographical monographs and
studies on musical subjects, among
them Beit^dge zar Geschiehte der Op-
erette (1908), and Anton Rubinsteins
pianistische Bedeutnng (1914).

PREIITZ (1) Franz (1856- ): b.
Zerbst, Anhalt; studied at the Leipzig
Cons. (1873-76) ; concertlzed success-
fully as an organ virtuoso; teacher at
Stern Cons., Berlin, 1879; teacher and
cantor at Zerbst since 1885, also con-
ductor of the Oratorio Society there;
Ducal Musikdirelitor at Anhalt, 1897;
has composed songs, duets, motets,
psalms, incidental music, pieces for
violin and for organ. (2) Gerhard
(1884- ): b. Zerbst; son of (1) ;
has written songs and organ numbers.

PRE:LiIiE;iJR, Peter (18th cent.):
organist of St. Alban's, London, In
1728; cembalist at Goodman Fields
Theatre, for which he wrote dances
and incidental music; first organist
Christ Church, 1735; pub. 'The Modern
Husick Master or Universal Musician'
(1730), in part used as the basis of
Geminlanl's violin school.

PREINTICE], Thorns Ridley (1842-
1895) : b. Paslow Hall, Ongar; d. Hamp-
stead; was pupil of the Macfarrens at
London Academy of Music; taught
there; appeared successfully as a con-
cert pianist; was for a time organist
Christ Church; teacher of piano at
ihe Guildhall school, 1880; at Black-
heath Cons., 1881; wrote many songs,
piano pieces, and edited an instructive
collection of piano works with analy-
ses, also 6 cantatas by Carissimi.

PRSlOBRASHElBrSKI, Antonln Blb-
torovltch (1870- ) : attended the
Kazan Ecclesiastical Academy; teacher
at ihe Moscow synodal school from
1898, and since 1902 librarian of the
court choir in St. Petersburg; pub.
various articles and books on Russian
church music, among them a 'Bibli-
ography of Russian Church Music'
(2d ed., Moscow, 1900).

PRBSCOTT, Ollveria Linlsa (1842-) :
b. London; pupil of Macfarren, teacher
and composer; has written t>saljns.

96

Preyer

orchestral compositions, string quar-
tets, choral works, etc., and a book
'About Music' (1903).

PRBSSEl., Gnstav Adolf (1827-
1890): b. Tiibingen, d. Berlin; studied
music with Silcher and with Sechter
in Vienna; produced his operas Die St.
Johannisnacht (1860) and Der Schnei-
der von Vim (1866) in Stuttgart, and
lived in Steglitz, near Berlin, from
1868; wrote a number of songs and
ballads and endeavored to prove that
Mozart himself completed his 'Requiem'
in every detail.

PRX:SSE:]VDA, Johannes Francls-
cns (1777-1854) ; b. Lequio-Berria,
Piedmont; d. Turin; was a distin-
guished violin maker, to whom a me-
morial was set up in his native town
in 1912.

PRKSSBR, Theodore (1848- ):
b. Pittsburgh; teacher and writer, then
publisher of music and books on mu-
sic in Philadelphia; studied in Boston
and Leipzig; has published 'The
£tude' since 1883, a monthly musical
magazine devoted to the Interests of
music teachers and students.

PRESTON (1) John: London pub-
lisher, who succeeded Robert Bremner
(d. 1789). (2) James M. (1860- ):
b. Gateshead-on-Tyne; since 1883 or-
ganist at Newcastle-on-Tyne ; 1888 at
Jesmond; distinguished organ virtuoso,
pianist and choir director.

PRfiVOST (1) [L'Abb^] Antolne-
Franeolse (1697-1763). Ref.: II. 210;
IX. 450, 487. (2) [Mme.] (18th cent.) :
famous dancing teacher in Pans.
Ret.: X. 100. (3) E^agSne Prosper
(1809-1872): b. Paris, d. New Orleans;
conductor and composer; studied at
the Paris Cons.; won the prix de Rome
in 1831; became opera conductor at
Havre (1835), lived in New Orleans,
1838-62, then returned to Paris as con-
ductor at the Bouifes Parislens, later
of the concerts at the Champs-Elys^es,
returning to New Orleans in 1867. He
prod, several operas in Paris, New
York and New Orleans; also composed
masses and oratorios.

PREVOSTI, Franceschlna (1866- ) :
b. Leghorn, Italy; dramatic and con-
cert singer, famous as Violetta in Ver-
di's Traviata (Milan) ; now teaches
singing In Berlin.

PREYER (1) Gottfried [von]
(1807-1901) : b. Hausbrunn, Lower Aus-
tria; d. Vienna; conductor and com-
poser; pupil of Sechter; court organist
(1846) ; director of the conservatory of
the Gesellschaft der Muslkfreunde,
1844-48; Kapellmeister at St. Stephen's
Minster, 1853-76; composed a sym-
phony, several masses, 'Hymns of the
Greek Catholic Church' (3 parts, 1847) ;
other church music, a string quartet,
piano pieces and songs; also an ora-
torio, Noah. (2) \iriihelm Thierry
(1841-1897): b. Manchester, d. Wiesba-
den; professor of physiology at Jena,
1869-94; among whose writings Vber

Prlblk

die Grenzen tfer TonwahTnehmnng
(1876), is of interest to musicians.

PRIBIK, Joseph (1853- ) : b. Bo-
hemia; studied at Prague Cons, and
Libenski's piano academy; successively
operatic conductor in Eliarkoff (1880),
Lemberg (1882), Kieff, Tiflls, Moscow
and, since 1894, conductor of the Odessa
symphony concerts; composer of 2
suites for orchestra, a trio, quartet,
quintet, sonatas and other compositions
for piano, songs and cantatas.

price:, IValdemar (19th cent.);
Danish ballet dancer. Ref. : X. 164.

PRIBGGR, Elrlch (1849-1913): b.
Kreuznach, d. Bonn; musicologist, au-
thority on Beethoven and Bach; pub-
lished a number of essays and mono-
graphs, in one of Vrhich, Echt oder
Unecht? (1889), he proved the Tas-
sion according to St. Luke,' credited to
Bach, to be a spurious work. In 1S97
he saved for the German Empire the
splendid Artaria collection of Beetho-
ven autographs, purchasing it for 200,-
000 marks and turning it over to the
Royal Library, Berlin. He refused to
accept interest on the capital laid out
when four years later the government
returned it to him.

PRIIili (1) Panl (1860- ): b.
Berlin; solo 'cellist in the Bllse or-
chestra, 1882-85, then conductor; subse-
quently operatic conductor in Rotter-
dam, Hamburg and Nuremburg; court
conductor at Schwerin, 1901-06; con-
ductor of the Mozart Orchestra, Berlin,
1906-08, and since 1908 of the Munich
Konzertverein Orchestra. (2) Karl
(1864- ) : b. Berlin; a brother of
(1) ; violinist, pupil of Helmich, Wirth
and Joachim; concert-master of Bilse's
orchestra; concert-master and conductor
in Magdeburg; concert-master of the
Gewandhaus orchestra, Leipzig, 1891;
concert-master of the Vienna court op-
era and Philharmonic Society, and pro-
fessor at the Royal and Imp. Academy
(1897). (3) BmU (1867- >: b. Stet-
tin; brother of (1) and (2); virtu-
oso flutist, pupil of his father, Gan-
tenberg and Joachim Abdersen; teacher
at the Eharkoff Music School (1888);
first flutist, Berlin Royal Opera, 1892;
teacher at the Royal High School for
Music, 1903; Royal chamber virtuoso,
1908, and professor, 1912. Has writ-
ten transcriptions and etudes for flute,
flute methods (old system and Bohm
system), and compiled a 'Guide
Throu^ Flute Literature.'

PRIMAVBRA, Giovanni lieonardo
(16th cent).: b. Barletta; concert-mas-
ter to the governor of Milan, 1573;
pub. 4 books of 3-part Napoletanas
(1565, 1566, 1570, 1574); a book of 4-
part Napoletanas (1569); and 7 books
of 5-part madrigals (1565, 1566, 1573,
1578, 1585).

PRINTZ, 'Wolfgang Kaspar [von
^Valdtbnrnl (1641-1717): b. Wald-
thum. Upper Palatinate, d. Sorau; after
an adventurous existence became cantor

Prod'Boiiiine

at Promnitz, went later to Triebel, then
to Sorau (1665). Few of his composi-
tions are extant, but many books on
music, theoretical and practical, have
been preserved, including three musi-
cal novels, one of them Musicus curi-
osus Oder Battalua, der vorwitzige Mu-
sikaitt (1691).

PRIORIS, Johannes (16th cent.): a
composer of the Netherland school (pu-
pU of Okeghem), of whom a Requiem,
an Ave Maria, masses, motets and other
church music exists in MS. and in print.
Some secular songs (chansons) by P.
are described in Ambros' Geschichte
der Musik.

FROCH, Helnrlch (1809-1878): b.
Leipa, Bohemia, d. Vienna; was a
once Celebrated song writer, now for-
gotten. He was conductor at the Jo-
sephstadter Theater, 1837; then ob-
tained a position at the Vienna court
opera, where his comic opera Ring nnd
Maske was produced in 1844. This
as well as three 1-act operettas, and
among his songs, Fon der Alpe tont
das Horn, were once very popular. One
of his numerous singing pupils, Mme.
Peschka-Leutner, shone for a long time
in a set of vocal coloratura-variations
with obbligato flute by P.

FROCHAZKA, Rndolf Frelherr von
(1864- ): b. Prague; composer, mu-
sicologist, member of many impor-
tant musical societies; was General-
referent for the department of exami-
nation and approved of the first Aus-
trian music-pedagogical congress in
Vienna (1911); in the same year or-
ganized an important musical exposi-
tion in Prague in connection with the
centenary jubilee of the Prague Cons.
He has written many songs, piano com-
positions, choruses and choral works;
'symphonic songs' (an essay in a new
orchestral form) ; variations for or-
chestra and a string quartet. His suc-
cessful dramatic 'tone fairy-tale' Das
GlUck (Vienna, 1898) represents a new
development of the allegorical opera;
and his mystery Christus is an at-
tempt in a new melodramatic form.
He has written many musical essays
and biographies, among the latter one
of Robert Franz, and is the author of
the complete revision of Kothe's Musik-
geschichte (1909).

PROD'HOMIHE:, Jacanes Gabriel
(1871- ) : b. Paris ; studied philology
and history of music; has written
many books dealing with musical sub-
jects and personalities, and contributed
numerous articles to musical journals;
edited the Deutseh-franzosische Rund-
schau in Munich, 1897-1900 ; pub. Berlioz
studies under the title Le cycle Berlioz
(1. La Damnation de Faust, 1896; 2-3.
L'enfance du Christ, 1898), and a biog-
raphy. Hector Berlioz, sa vie et ses
oeuvres (1905) ; also wrote Les sym-
phonies de Beethoven (1906) ; an analy-
sis of Wagner's Gotterdammerung
(with Ch. A. Bertrand, 1902); and a

97

Profe

biography of Paganini (1907) in the
series Musiciens cilibres.

profe: (or Proflns), Ambrosins
(1589-1661): b. Breslau, where he died;
was Lutheran cantor in Jauer; then re-
turned to Breslau (1629) and became
organist St. Elizabeth's church. P. pub-
lished 4 valuable collections: 'Sacred
Concerts and Harmonies' (1649), a
supplement Corollarium gesittUcher
Collectanearum (1649), a collection of
Christmas songs (1646), and a small
edition of Heinrich Albert's arias.

PROHASKA (1) Lndwlg (1837-
1888): b. Klattau, Bohemia; d. Prague;
originally municipal official in Klattau;
went to Hamburg with his wife, who
was engaged there as an opera singer,
and lived for many years as vocal
teacher in that city, ^nong his com-
positions are Bohemian songs and du-
ets; also pub. a collection of Slavic
folk-songs. (2) Karl (1869- ): b.
Modling, near Vienna; studied piano
with Anna Assmayer and Eugen d' Al-
bert; composition with Erenn, Mandy-
czewski, Herzogenberg; teacher at
Strassburg Conservatory, 1894-95; di-
rector of the Warsaw Philharmonic Or-
chestra, 1901-()5; teacher I at the Royal
and Imperial Academy of Tonal Art,
Vienna, since 1908; pub. a violin so-
nata; a string quartet; Fruhlingsfeier,
cantata for soli, chorus, orchestra and
organ; 8-part motets; choruses for male
voices and pieces for piano 4-liands.

PROKOFIEPF, S. (1891- ): con-

temp. Russian composer; pupil of
Glifere and Liadoff. Ref.: HI. 155.

PROKOP, Liadlslavr: contemp. com-

Soser of Czechish operas, 'Woodland
iream' (Sen lesa} and 'The Question'
(Otdzka), produced at Prague, 1907 and
1910 respectively, for which he also
wrote the texts.

PROKSCH, Josef (1794-1864): b.
Reichenberg, Bohemia; d. Prague; was
a renowned piano instructor, though
blind from nis thirteenth year; a
pupil of Kotzeluch, studied Logier's
system of ensemble-playing in Berlin,
and established a piano school in
Prague (1830), which was conducted
after his dealb by his son Tbeodor
(1843-1876) and his daughter Marie
(1836-190O) . Besides many masses, can-
tatas, church songs, sonatas, arrange-
ments for 4-8 pianos, P. wrote a piano
method, a musical Vade mecam and
other books. His brothers, Anton
(1804-1866) and Ferdinand (1810-
1866), were also teachers at his
school.

FRONT, Gaapard Glalre Francois
Marie Riche (1755-1839) : b. Chamelet,
Rhone; d. Paris; an engineer and math-
ematician; professor at the Polytechnic
Institute and member of the Academy,
for which he wrote a Rapport sur la
noavelle harpe & double mouvement
(1815, Erard's 'double-pedal harp').
He was ail enthusiastic harpist him-
self and the author of an important

98

Prout

Insiraction itementaire sur les moyens
de calculer les intervalles musicaux ■
(1822).

PROSKE!, Karl (1794-1861): b.
Grobnig, Upper Silesia, d. Ratisbon; at
first a physician (regimental doctor
during the Wars of Liberation), then
(1826) became priest in Ratisbon, in
1827 vicar choral and in 1830 canon;
did much for musical research. In
Germany (1834-38) he gathered a fine
library, especially of 16th and 17th
century compositions; first published
Palestrina's master-work, the Missa
Papae Marcelli in three editions (orig-
inal six-part edition, four-part arrange-
ment by Anerio and eight-part double
choir arrangement by Suriano). In
1853 he began the publication of bis
great collective work Musica divina;
and a further selection of 4- and 8-part
masses appeared 1855-59. . His valuable
library P. willed to the Episcopal choir
of Ratisbon, where since 1909 it has
been available for research and study.
Ref.: VI. 323, 467.

PROSNIZ, AdoU (1829- ): b.
Prague; pupil of Proksch and Tomas-
chek; professor of piano and musical
history at Vienna Conservatory, 1869-
1900; has published valuable in-
structive works, among them a Kom-
pendium der Masikgeschichte, 2 vols.,
and a Handbach der Klavierliteratur.

PROtJT, Ebenezer (1835-1909): b.
Oundle, Northamptonshire; d. London;
pupil of J. Locke Gray; first held sev-
eral minor organ positions; taught
piano at Crystal Palace Art School,
1861-85; became professor of harmony
at the National Training School for
Music, 1876; professor of composition
and harmony at Royal Academy of Mu-
sic, 1879, at the same time teaching
piano at the Guildhall Music School.
During 1876-90 he was also conductor
of Hackney Choral Union; was pro-
fessor of music at Dublin University,
1894, and was made honorary Dr. mas.
by Dublin Univ., 1895, and Edinburgh
Univ., 1895. P. edited the 'Monthly Mu-
sical Record,' 1871-74, and was also a
contributor to 'The Academy' and 'The
Athenaeum,' in which he published
many valuable essays. His string quar-
tet (op. 1) and bis _piano quartet (op.
2) were awarded prizes by the Society
of British Musicians (1862, 1865). He
also wrote a second string quartet, two
other piano quartets, a piano quintet,
sonatas for clarinet and for organ, an
organ concerto with orchestra, an eve-
ning service and various cantatas and
choral works, as well as 4 symphonies
and shorter compositions for orches-
tra. As a theoretician he brought out
an elaborate imposing series of in^
structive works, including 'Instrumen-
tation' (Ilovello primer, 1876) ; 'Har-
mony' (1889, revised 1903); 'Coxmter-
poinf (1890) ; 'Double Counterpoint
and Canon' (1891); 'Fugue' (1891);
'Fugal Analysis' (1892) ; 'Musical Form'

Prouty

(1893); 'Applied Forms* (1894) and
'The Orchestra* (2 vols., 1898-99). He
also contributed a biography of Mozart
to Bell's 'Miniature Series of Musicians'
(1903) and wrote 'Some Notes on Bach's
Church-cantatas' (1907). Ref.: HI. 421.

PROUTY, Bllzah K. (19th cent.) :
American singing teacher; with M. E.
Cheney organist first musical 'conven-
tion* hi the V. S.

PROVENZAIiBJ, Francesco, proba-
bly identical with Francesco della
Torrei was manager (with Gennaro
della Chiave) of the San Bartolomeo
theatre, Naples, 1669-81, and director
of the Naples conservatory, 1669-1704.
He was the true founder of the Nea-
politan school of opera composers, hav-
ing written a number of operas, among
them Ciro (Naples, 1653), Serse (Na-
ples, 1.655), Artemisia (£&.. 1657), Teseo
(1658), L'BritTea (Naples, 1659), II
schiavo della sua moglie (ib.. 1679),
La Stellidanra vendicata {ib., 1678),
and Candaule, re di Lidta (Naples,
1679), as well as oratorios, motets,
hynms and cantatas. Specimens of his
style are given by Romain Holland in
his Bistoire de I'opira avxait Lullg et
Scarlatti (1895). Ref.: IX. 17, 67f.

PRVCKNFR (1) KaroUne (1832-
1908) : b. Vienna, d. there; was active
as singer at the court theatres of Han-
over and Mannheim (1850-54) ; then
suddenly lost her voice and estab-
lished herself in Vienna as a dlstin--
guished vocal teacher. She published
Theorie nnd Praxis der Gesangskunst
(1872) and Ober Ton- nnd Wortbildung
(1897; new ed., 190t). (2) Dionys
(1834-1896): b. Munich, d. Heidelberg;
studied with Franz Niest; appeared at
the age of 17 as a concert pianist. In
the years following (until 1855) he
studied with Liszt in Weimar, then
settled in Vienna, and from there made
many concert-tours. In 1859 he be-
came professor at the Stuttgart 0>ns.,
and in 1869 was appointed Royal court
pianist.

PRUDENT, fimlle Beanie (1817-
1863) : b. Angoulime, d. Paris; pianist
and composer of piano music; pupil of
Lecouppey, Laurent and Zimmermann
at the Conservatoire; enjoyed a great
reputation as piano teacher in Paris.
His compositions in general belong to
the better class of 'salon* music, but
he also wrote a concert symphony for
piano and orchestra, a piano concerto
in B-flat major and a piano trio.

PRt)FFR (1) Hermann (1844-
1914): b. Neusalz, Silesia; d. Berlin;
pupil of Eduard Grell, choral director
at the Twelve Apostles Church, Berlin;
second director and teacher (1892),
then first director (1899-1909) of the
Domchor. (2) Arthur (i860- ): b.
Leipzig, where he studied at the Con-
servatory, 1887-88; also with Spitta in
Berlin, 1888-89; lecturer on musical
science. University of Leipzig, 1895;
assistant professor, 1902; pub. numer-

99

Pselloa

ous monographs and essays, including
Johann Sebastian Bach and die Ton-
kunst des 19. Jahrhanderts, and has
edited various important collections of
16th and 17th century German songs
and other music.

PRUMB, Francois Hubert (1816-
1849): b. Stavelot, Liige; d. there; vio-
lin virtuoso, pupil of the Li^ge con-
servatory (1827), of the Paris conserva-
tory, and professor of violin at the
Lifege Cons. (1833). P.'s concert-tours
(since 1839) established his reputation
as a violinist. Among his composi-
tions are the celebrated Milancholie for
violin and orchestra, etudes and 2
Konzertstiicke.

PRUMIKR (}) Antoine (1794-1868):
b. Paris, where he died; was a harp
virtuoso, pupil of the Conservatoire;
1835 harpist at the Op£ra-Comic[ue and
Nadermann's successor as harp profes-
sor at the Paris Conservatoire; wrote
many fantasies, rondos, etc., for his in-
strument. (2) Ange Conrad (1821-
1884) : b. Paris, d. there ; was son and
pupil of (1), succeeded him as harpist
at the Op^ra-Comique (1840), then went
to the Op^ra and became professor of
harp at the Conservatoire, 1870. He
wrote many harp solos, studies, noc->
tumes for harp and horn, and various
choral numbers for church use.

PRUNICiRFS, Henri (1886- ): b.
Paris; studied musical history with
Romain Holland; licentiate, 1907; Dr.-
is-lettres, 1913, since 1909 lecturer at
the icole des hautes itudes sociales,
Paris. He has written Lullg (1910),. a
biography in the series of Musiciehs
cilibres; L'opira italien en France
avant Lullg (1913), an important work;
Le Ballet de cour en France avant Ben-
sirade et Lullg (1914, richljr Illus-
trated) ; also contributed introductoir
and explanatory essays to various col-
lections of older French music and to
numerous French and Italian musical
periodicals.

FR«\PE:R,JaIln8(1874- ): b. Vi-
enna; studied piano with Arthur Fried-
helm and Moritz Rosenthal, theory
with Robert Fuchs, Franz Krenn (also
Joh. Brahms), and followed Hans Rich-
ter (with whom he studied conducting)
to Bayreuth; became conductor at Bie-
litz, opera conductor, Cologne (1894) ;
Kapellmeister of the Breslau Stadt-
theater since 1896; directed the first St
Petersburg performance of Tristan
(1898) ; also the tournie at the Breslau
opera company with Strauss's Salome
(1907); and produced many novelties;
also wrote a guide to Strauss's Elektra.

PSElLIiOS, Michael (11th cent.): a
Byzantine writer, tutor of the flmperor
Michael Dukas, living in Constantinople,
ca. 1050; wrote a short compendium of
mathematics, the second part of which
is devoted to music. It was pub. In
Greek, in Alard's De musica veterifm
(1636) and in German in Mitzler's
Musikalische Bibliothek, 3 vols. A dis-

ttolemy

sertation on rhythm by P. was pub-
lished, together with the fragments of
Arlstoxenus' theory, by Morelli (1785).

PTOIiEMT, Claudlns (early 2nd
cent.) : Greek mathematician, astrono-
mer and geographer, of Alexandria,
wrote a work on music in 3 books,
which is accounted one of the most
Important theoretical documents of an-
cient music. It was first published in
a poof Latin version by Gogavinus
(1552) : and individual portions have
since Deen issued at various times.
Ref.: I. 110, 132.

PUCCINI, Glacomo (1858- ): b.
Lucca, where his great-grandfather,
Giacomo P., the teacher of Guglielmi,
was maestro di cappella, and both his
grandfather and his father (Mlchele
P.) were distinguished musicians. He
studied at the Milan Cons, under Baz-
zlni and Ponchielli and has been in-
ternationally successful as a composer
of operas. His works include Le Villi
(Milan, 1884); Edgar (Milan, 1889);
Manon Lescaut (Turin, 1893), La Bo-
hime (Turin, 1896) ; Tosca (Rome,
1900) ; Madama Butterfly (Milan, 1904) ;
and La fanciulla dell occidente, better
known as 'The Girl of the Golden West'
(New York, 1910) ; also a solemn mass
and a number of chamber music works.
Ref.: in. viii, ix, 250, 335, 369, 370,
372/; VU. 366; IX. 453f, 481, 482; op-
eras, K. i86ff; portrait. III. 372; fac-
simile MS., IX. 488.

PUCCITKLIjI, Italian opera com-
poser. Ref.: IX. 53.

PUCCITTA, Vlncenzo (1778-1861):
b. Civitavecchia, d. Milan; pupil of
Fenaroli and Sala, Naples; wrote 30
operas for Venice, Milan, Rome, Lon-
don and Paris.

PUCHAliSKI, VladlmiF Vletclies-
la-rttcli (1848- ): b. Minsk; studied
at the St. Petersburg Conservatory,
taught there for two years; director of
the Music School of the Imperial Rus-
sian Musical Society in Kieff since
1876; composer of an opera, Valeria,
a 'Little-Russian Fantasy' for orches-
tra, a liturgy, songs and piano pieces.

PtJCHAT, Max (1859- ) : b. Bres-
lau; pupil of Friedrich Kiel and Liszt,
music director in Hanun, 1886; con-
ductor of the Paderbom Oratorio So-
ciety, 1896; of the German Musical So-
ciety, Milwaukee, 1903; head of a con-
servatory in Breslau since 1910; has
written songs, an overture, a Fuga
solemtiis, 3 symphonic poems and some
cbamber music.

PTTCHTIiElR, Willielm Maria (1848-
1881) : b. Holzkirchen, Lower Fran-
conia, d. Nice; studied at the Stuttgart
Cons., 1868-73; lived as music teacher
and conductor at Gottingen till 1879;
wrote various virtuoso piano composi-
tions, and a choral work, Der Geiger
von Gmiind.

PUDOB (1) J. Friedricli (1835-
1887): b. Delitzsch, d. Dresden; owner
and administrative director of the

100

Pugno

Dresden conservatory from 1859. (2)
Heinrich (1865- ) : son of (1) ; sold
the conservatory to E. Krantz (1890),
and first attracted attention as a writer
on music, then (1898-1900) lived in
Glasgow and St. Petersburg as 'cellist;
since then once more active in a literary
capacity, but not dealing with musical
suJd iccts

PTTEiNTE:, Ginseppe del (1845-
1900): b. Naples, d. Philadelphia;
operatic baritone and teacher.

PVFEiNDORF, Samuel, Freiherr
von (1632-1694) : early German author-
ity on law and politics. Ref.: II. 47,

PUGET (1) Lolsa (ca. 1810-[?]):
b. Paris; studied with Adam; composer
of the operettas Le mauvais veil (1836)
and La Veilleuse and popular songs.
(2) PanI Chas. M. (1848- ): b.
Nantes; studied at the Paris Cons.,
where he won the prix de Rome; com-
poser of the opera Beaucoup de bruit
pour Tien (1899), the comic opera Le
Signal, incidental music to Lorenzaccio,

PtTGNANI, Gaetano (1731-1798): b.
Turin, d. there; celebrated violinist,
pupil of Somis; concertized 1754-70 and
spent several years in London, where
he was concert-master at the Italian
opera, and had an opera of his own
produced. Altogether he wrote 7 op-
eras, a ballet, a dramatic cantata and
an oratorio; also sjrmphonies, string
quartets, quintets, violin duets, etc.,
which were more successful and have
appeared in various editions in Lon-
don, Paris and Amsterdam. Among
his pupils were Viotti and Bruni.
Ref.: VII. 402, 404, 410.

PUGNI, Cesare (1805-1870): b.
Genoa, d. Petrograd; studied at the
Milan Cons.; wrote more than 300 bal-
lets, 10 operas and 40 masses. He was
appointed ballet composer at the Im-
perial Theatre, St. Petersburg, in 1851,
and his ballets attained wide popular-
ity. Among the best-known are 'Esme-
ralda,' 'The Magic Steed' and 'The
Daughter of Pharaoh.' Ref.: X. 152.

PUGNO, Stephen Raonl (1852-1914) :
b. Montrouge, lie de France, d. Mos-
cow; distinguished French concert pian-
ist, began to appear in ptiblic at an
early age; studied at the Paris Con-
servatoire (piano with G. Mathias, or-
gan with Benolt, composition with Am-
broise Thomas) ; became organist at St.
Engine, 1871, maitre de chapelle there,
1878; professor of harmony at the
Cons., 1892-1901. In 1893 he appeared
at a conservatory concert as a piano
virtuoso of the first rank and there-
after maintained his reputation in a
number of concert tours, being espe-
cially noted as interpreter of classical
music. He composed an oratorio,
'Lazarus' (1879), and 12 operettas, bal-
lets and fieries, prod, at various Paris
theatres, and left an unpub. opera La
cite mart; also wrote many piano
pieces and songs.

Pujol

PUJOIi, Juan Bantlsta (1836-1898)
d. Barcelona; Spanish pianist and
teacher; composer of piano pieces and
author of a technical work, Nueuo
mecanismo del piano (1896).

PVIiIASCHI, GlOTannl Domenlco
(16th-17th cent.) : celebrated singer,
■whose voice -was distinguished by its
phenomenal range. According to Solerti
(Musica e hallo) he was a singer in
the Papal Chapel and sang in three
vocal^ ranges, 'contralto, tenor and

PirUTI, teto (1818-1875): b. Flor-
ence, d. there; pub. several valuable
monographs in the 'Proceedings of the
Academy of the Royal Institute of Mu-
sic in Florence,' among them Cenni
storici dilla vita del Serenissimo Fer-
dinando del Medici (1884), citing im-
portant documents relating to Cris-
tofori, the inventor of the pianoforte,
also on madrigals by Trombonclno and
Arcadelt. He left an uncompleted His-
tory of Music in Florence.

PTTIiITZBR, Joseph (1847-1912): b.
Budapest, d. New York; American jour-
nalist, owner of N. Y. 'World,' and
musical benefactor. He made a bequest
of 1500,000, which permanently estab-
lished the New York Philharmonic
Society. Ref.: portrait, IV. 172.
PTJNTO, Giovanni. See StiCH.
PUPPO, Giuseppe (1749-1827); b.
Lucca, d. Florence; was an eccentric
violin virtuoso who led a most adven-
turous life. For a time he stayed in
London, later conducted the orchestra
of the Thidtre de Monsieur, Paris, also
taught in the best Parisian circles, un-
til 1811; then conducted at the San
Carlo Theatre, Naples (1811-17). He
died in poverty. Of his compositions 3
concertos, 8 studies and 3 duets for
violin and 6 fantasies for piano have
been printed.

PURCX:i/Ii (1) Henry (1658-1695):
b. Westminster, London, d. there;
He received his musical education
from Henry Cooke and P. Humphrey
as choir boy of the Chapel Royal, and
was also tauglit by Blow. He did not
begin to write for the stage until 1680,
and much of his 'operatic' music was
in reality incidental music to dramatic
pieces and plays (Dryden's 'Am-
phitryon,' Lee's 'The Massacre of
Paris,' 1691, Betterton's 'Dioclesian,'
etc.). Only 'Dioclesian,' 'The Fairy
Queen' (after Shakespeare's 'Midsum-
mer Night's Dream'), 'The Indian
Queen' (Howard and Dryden), and
'King Arthur' (Dryden) may be con-
sidered 'half-operas.' His one true
opera, 'Dido and iEneas,' was probably
first given in' 1688 or 1689. In 1680 he
was appointed organist of Westminster
Abbey, 1682 of the Chapel Royal, and
in 1683 was made composer to the
court. While holding these positions he
wrote various incidental cantatas (some
28 in all) and 12 sonatas for 2 violins

Pychovskl

of high quality. It had a decided in-
fluence on Handel after he had estab-
lished himself in England. It includes
3 services, 20 anthems with orchestra,
32 with organ, 19 songs, 2 duets, a trio,
11 3- and 4-part hymns, 2 Latin psalms
and 5 canons. His instrumental music
mcludes, besides the 12 trio sonatas
already mentioned, 10 quartet sonatas
?9J„?> violins, 'cello and figured bass
(1697), the nmth of which is the cele-
brated 'Golden Sonata'; 'Lessons for
the harpsichord or spinnet,* and many
harpsichord pieces. His style is a
happy union of French and Italian in-
fluences, yet with a notable personal
note and deeply serious tendency. He
also wrote a theoretical essay on 'The
Art of Dlscant.' In 1876 the Purcell
Society began the juillcation of a com-
plete edition of P.'s works. Ref.: I.
385, 388 ff, 431, 433; I. 439; IV. 64; V.
169f; VI. 133, 322; VIL 21, 392, 479;
opera, IX. 27ff, 32; mus. ex., XIII. 69,
94; portrait, I. 388. (2) Bdward (1689-
1740): son of (1); organist at St.
Clement's Church, Eastcheap. (3)
Daniel (ca. 1660-1717): brother of
(1); also a distinguished musician;
organist at Magdalen, Oxford, 1688;
came to London after his brother's
death, and took his place as a com-
poser of music for the stage; became
organist St. Andrew's Church, 1713;
wrote incidental music, a funeral ode
for his illustrious brother; and pub.
'The psalm tunes full for the organ
or harpsichord," six anthems, songs, etc.

PURDAY, Charles Henry (1799-
1885): b. Folkstone, d. London; com-
poser of 'Lead, Kindly Light,' etc.

PUSCHMANX, Adam (1532-1600) :
b. Gorlitz, d. Breslau; cantor at Gor-
litz, 1570-80; pub. Griindlichger Bericht
des deutschen Meister-Gesanges (1574).

PUSHKIN: Russian poet. Ref.: HI.
107, 121, 128, 145, 152; VI. 395; IX. 94,
382, 385, 390, 398, 410, 413, 414.

PUTEANUS, EJrlclns (van de Pntte.
Dnpny) (1574-1646): b. Venloo, Hol-
land, d. Louvain; philosopher, scientist
and musicologist; one of the oldest op-
ponents of solmization; wrote various
books on musical subjects, among them
Iter Noaianum sea dialogas qui Mu-
sathenae epitomen comprehendit, etc.,
1602.

PUTTMANIV, Max (1864- ): b.
Herlin; pupil of the Scharwenka con-
servatory, active in various German
cities as a music teacher, littiratenr and
critic. Succeeded Gottschalg as editor
of Urania, is at present musical editor
of the Leipzig Volkszeitang, and has
contributed largely to musical period-

PYCHOVSKI. Jan Nepomncene

(1818-1900) : b. Grazen, Bohemia, d.
Hoboken, N. J.; pianist and teacher;
studied at the Prague Cons, and with
Tomaschek; taught in New York from
1850 and in Hoboken from 1855; com-

and figured bass. P.'s church music is I poser of a violin sonata, etc.

101

Pyk

PYK. liOnlse (1849- ) : b. KuUa,
near Helslngborg, is a coloratura singer,
pupil of Arlberg, Mme. Vlardot-Garcla,
Stockhausen, etc.; has sung in Stock-
holm, Leipzig, Copenhagen, England
and America, where she married Cap-
tain William B. Newson (1884, divorced
1891). Among her best rdles were Aida,
Donna Elvira and Queen of the Night.

PYTHAGORAS (1) (P. of Samoa)
(b. ca. 582 B.C.): the celebrated phi-
losopher who founded a religious-po-
litical community at Croton (529 B.C.)
and whose dogmas were related to
those of the Egyptian priests among
whom he had studied. The Pythagorian
conception of music is a strictly mathe-

Pythagoras

matical one; it identifies the theory of
consonance with numerical relations of
the length of the strings or the peHods
of vibratory motion. The Pythagorian
musical theorists — Archytas, Eratos-
thenes, Dldymos, Ptolomy, Euclid, etc.
— are contrasted as the 'canonists'
with the Arlstoxenlan group, the 'har-
monists.' Ret.: I. 90fr, 105fF; VH. 2;
VIII. 58. (2) (P. of ZakynthoB) I
younger contemporary of (1), a pro-
fessional musician, who constructed a
triple kithara tuned in the Dorian,
Phrygian and Lydian modes, the so-
called Tripod of P., evidently used by
G. B. Doni as model for liis Lyra Bar-
berina.

102

Qnadflieg

aUADFLIElG, Gerliard Jakob

(1854- ): b. Breberen; trained in
the Ratisbon Church Music School; or-
ganist and teacher in Holland; rector
in Elberfeld from 1898, also choral
conductor and organist there; conk-
poser of 7 masses, motets, a 5-part Te
Deum, a collection Pange lingua (3- to
5-part), organ pieces, etc.; also organ
accompaniments for the Graduale
Romanum and other services, and a
book containing organ preludes and
postludes for the Munster diocese
chorales.

dVASRI, Domenlco (1801-1843): b.
Vicenza, d. Milan; pub. La ragtone
armonica (1830) and Lezione d'armonia
(1832, 3rd ed., 1841).

QVADRIO, Francesco Saverlo
(1695-1756): b. Ponte, Valtellina, d.
Milan; Italian author, whose Delia
atoria e della ragione d'ogni poesia
(7 vols., 1738-59) contains much con-
cerning the cantata, opera and oratorio
(vols. 2-3).

. QUAGLiIATI, Paolo (d. 1627 or
later) : organist in San Maggiore, Rome,
ca. 1608, composer of 3-part canzonets
(2 books,. 1588), 4-part madrigals, mo-
tets and dialogues (2 books, 1620, 1627),
and monodies (Ld sfera armoniosa,
1623) some with violin bbbligato; also
CoTTo di fedelta d'amore, 1611, a dra-
matic cantata (1606, printed 1611), con-
taining both monodies and polyphonic
movements. Some 2-part vocal pieces,
pub. by Paolo Tarditi (against Q.'s
wish, apparently) anticipate the can-
tata da camera and the chamber duet
with obbligato instruments. Ret.: Vn.
381

eivAKTDT, Christian E^ledrlcb
(1766-1806) : b. Hermhut, Saxony, d.
Nlesky, near Gorlitz; musical amateur
and theorist; wrote on the natural
foundations of harmony in the Allge-
meine mustkalische Zeitung (1798-
1800), etc.

Q,UA9rTZ (1) Johann Joaclitm
(1697-1773) : b. Oberscheden, Hanover,
d. Potsdam; flutist and composer for
the flute; apprenticed at ten to his
uncle, Justus Q., town musician at
Merseburg. After learning to play va-
rious instruments, including clavier, he
became 'journeyman' in Rafleberg and
Pima, entering the Dresden town band
under Heine in 1716. During leave he
studied with Zelenka and Fux in Vi-
enna; then became oboist and later

103

Qnatremdre de Qulncy

flutist in the Royal Polish Orchestra in
Dresden and Warsaw. He was sent to
Italy by the court, studied with Gas-
parmi, and also went to France. He
visited all the important cities of Italy,
also Lyons and Paris, where he pub.
some sonatas, finally to London, where
Handel's opera was still flourishing,
and returned to Dresden, 1727. In
1741 he became chamber musician and
court composer to Frederick the Great,
who was induced to learn the flute
after hearing Q. and who had already
engaged him intermittently. Q. wrote
for him more than 500 pieces for the
flute, for which he was extremely well
paid. He wrote also a' famous text-
book for the flute, Versuch einer An-
weisung die Flote traversiire zu spielen,
which was first printed in 1752, was
translated into French, Dutch and Eng-
lish. He worked on the improvement
of the flute, invented a sliding top for
its tuning and sold many instruments
to the king. He pub. 6 trio sonatas
for 2 flutes and bass, 6 flute duets and
12 chorale melodies for Gellert's odes
(1760). Ref.: 1. 468; XL 58; VI. 474f,
456; vn. 415, 432, 515; Vlrf. 87. (2)
Albert (1837-1891): b. Liebenau, d.
Gottingen; a postal secretary, who
wrote a biography of (1), his grand-
uncle. His brother. Otto, was the
author of Zw Geschichte der neuen
chromatischen Klaviatur and Noten-
schrift (1877).

(lUARANTA (1) Constantino (1813-
1887) : b. Brescia, d. there; composer
of vocal church music, little of which
was printed, and one opera, prod, in
Venice, 1839. (2) Francesco (1848-
1897): b. Naples, d. Milan; professor
of singing at Milan Cons.; composed an
opera, a grand mass with orchestra and
songs.

(tVARKlVGHI, Gnellelmo (1826-
1882): b. Casal Maggiore, d. Milan;
professor of the 'cello at Milan Con-
servatory; teacher, author of a 'Cello
Method (1872), maestro di cappella at
the Cathedral, and composer of church
music and one opera (1863).

QUARI/ES, Cbarles (d. at York,
1727) : graduate of Cambridge Univ.,
where he was later organist at Trinity
College; organist at York Minster; 'A
Lesson,' written for the harpsichord by
him, was pub. 61 years after his death.
Q,TTATRE:1II£:RE3 de QXIIKCY, An-
tolne Cbrysostome (1755-1849): b.

Quet

Paris, d. there; secretary of the Paris
Academie des Arts; wrote De la nature
des opiTos bouffons (1789), also several
biographical sketches of deceased mem-
bers of the academy, among them the
musicians Paeslello, Monslgny, Gossec,
M^hul, Catel, Boleldleu.

Q.ITEF', Charles: contemporary
French organist (Trinity, Paris), and
composer for the organ. Ref.: VI. 486.

aiTBISSEB (1) Carl Trangott
(1800-1846) : b. Doben, near Grlmma,
d. Leipzig; trombone player; first trom-
bonist In the Gewandhaus orchestra
from 1830, later also viola player,
leader of the town band, also of his
own band, later united wlUi the former.
(2) Frledricli Benjamin (1817-1893):
b. Doben, d. Dresden; brother of (1);
virtuoso on the trumpet, which he
played in the Dresden Artillery Regi-
ment, and the Royal Orchestra, Dres-
den. He taught at the Conservatory
for more than 25 years; was highly
esteemed by Wagner. (3) Jobann
Gottlieb; brother of (1) and (2) :
trombonist in court orchestra of
Dresden.

dUERCU, Simon de (Latin form of
van Bljcken or da Chesne) (16th
cent.): b. Brabant; court chapel singer
to Ludovlco Sforza in Milan, accom-
panied Maximilian and Francesco
Sforzo to Vienna, where he published
Opusculam musices perquam brevis-
simum de Gregoriatia etfigarativa atque
contrapuncto simplici (1509 [1513, 1516,

Quittard

1518]) and Vigilae cum vesperis et exe-
quiis mortuorum (1513).

ftUIDANT, Alfred (1815-1893): b.
Lyons, d. Paris; pianist; composer of
brilliant piano pieces; author of L'dme
du piano, essay sur les deux pedales.

Q,TJII.T£:r, Roger (1877- ) : b.
Brighton; studied with Iwan Knorr at
Frankfort; composer of a Serenade,
'Three English Dances,' suite and inci-
dental music, all for orch. ; also part-
songf, 'Seven Elizabethan Lyrics,' etc.
Ref.: n. 443.

ftUlNACLT (1) PhilUppe (1635-
1688): b. Paris, d. there; poet and
librettist for LuUy. His texts have real
literary merit. Ref.: II. 34; IX. 24, 39,
47, 59. (2) Jean Bapttste Maurice
([7]-1744): d. Glen; singer, actor and
composer, sang and acted at the Thidtre
franeais, composed about 20 stage
pieces, among them a 4-act ballet given
at the Op^ra, 1728. His sister, Marie
Anne, sang at the Opira from 1709,
later at the Com^die franfalse.

tttriNTILIAN. Ref.: (quoted) X. 72.

QUITTARD, Henri Charles £:tlenne
(1864- ) : b. Clermont Ferrand,
Puy de D6me; studied with C^sar
Franck In Paris and devoted himself to
studies in musical history, especially
French music of the 17ui century;
wrote Henry Dumont, un musicien
franeais dn XVII^ s. (1902), and Les
Couperins, edited selected works of
Carlsslmi, M£hul, etc., and contributed
to various French musical periodicals.

104

R

Raab

RAAB, Axel Arrld (1793-1836):
founded the Bellman Society in Stock-
holm (1824), prominent as a Bellman-
singer, and a distinguished member of
the 'Par Bricole' order.

RAABK, Peter (1872- ): b.
Frankf ort-on-Oder ; studied with Bar-
giel; theatre and opera conductor in
Konigsberg, Zwickau, Elberfeld and
Amsterdam; orchestral conductor at
Munich and to the Weimar court. His
compositions consist of songs and
works for pianoforte; also wrote mu-
sical and dramatic essays.

RAAFP (1714-1797): b. Holzem, d.
Munich; tenor; studied with Ferrandini
and Bernacchi; sang in Bonn, at the
Vienna court, in Italian opera at Lis-
bon (under Farinelll), In Madrid and
in Munich. Mozarfs Idomeneo was
written for him.

RABA17D, Henri (1873- ): b.
Paris ; conductor of the Op^ra-Comique ;
composer of La fllle de Roland (Opera-
Comique, 1904) Le premier glaive
(1908), and Marouf, le savetier de
Caire (Paris, 1914), also an oratorio
Job (1900). Be/.; III. 363.

RABICH, EIrnst (1858- ): b.
Herda, Werratale; music teacher, court
organist and conductor of the Lie-
dertafel (900 members) ; founder of
the Gotha Church Choir Union, 1889,
established popular church concerts in
Gotha, leader of school and church
choruses; composer of large choral
works with orchestra; pub. collection
of motets, male choruses and master
songs; editor of Blatter fiXr Hans- und
Kirchenmusik since 1897.

RACHSIANINOFF, Sergei [Serge]
VassiUevltch. (1873- ) : b. Novgorod;
studied at the Conservatory of St. Pe-
tersburg and Moscow (Siloti, Taneieff,
Arensky) ; pianist and teacher at the
Maria Institute, Moscow; then lived at
Dresden for a time. He has composed
the operas Aleko (St. Petersburg, 1893) ;
'The Parsimonious Knight' (Moscow,
1900), Francesca da Rimint <ib., 1906) :
the cantata 'The Bells' (chorus ana
orch., 1914), a trio, a 'cello sonata,
pieces for piano and 'cello,' also for
piano and violin, 2 piano concertos, 2
symphonies, an orchestral fantasy, 'The
Mountain,' a Bohemian Caprlccto for
orch., 2 piano sonatas, piano pieces for
2 and 4 hands, and songs. He has
lived In Moscow and London, and from ]
1912 In St. Petersburg as chief con

105

Radnal

ductor of the opera. Ret.: HI. xi, xii,
xiv, xvli, iSlff; V. 128, 369; VI. 395;
VII. 334, 338; VIII. 463, 464; IX. 414;
mus. ex., XIV. 127; portrait. III. 150.

RACINE, Jean: the great French
dramatist. Ref.: I. 409; IL 31; IX. 24,
54.

RADECKE: (1) Rudolf (1829-1893):
b. Dittmannsdorf, near Waldenburg, d,
Berlin; studied at the Breslau Royal In-
stitute for Church Music and at Leip-
zig Cons.; teacher at the Stem Cons,
and conductor of the Cecilia and Ra-
decke societies; published songs and
choruses. (2) [Albert] Robert Martin
(1830- ) : b. Dittmannsdorf; studied
at the LeU)zig Cons., violinist and di-
rector in Leipzig, organ and piano vir-
tuoso in Berlin, where he directed the
music of the Royal Theatre and con-
ducted the court chapel; also he di-
rected the Stem Cons, and the Royal
Institute for Church Music. He wrote
2 overtures, a symphony, a capriccio,
2 scherzl, songs and choruses. Ref.:
HI. 212. (3) Lulse (1847- ): b.
Celle, Hanover; operatic soprano at
Cologne, Weimar, Riga and the Munich
court opera; married Baron von Briim-
mer and abandoned the operatic field.
(4) EIrnst (1866- ) : b. Berlin; son
of (2) ; studied there at the Stern Cons.,
at Jena and Munich; philologist and
writer on 16th cent, secular song in
Germany; directed a music society
and taught singing at Winterthur; since
1908 lecturer on music at Ziirich Univ.;
pub. 'Robert Kahn' (1904) and revised
K. Eschmann's iOO Aphorismen.

RADEiGIilA, Vittorlo (1863- ):
b. Constantinople; composed 3 operas
(Colomba, Suprema i>is,_ Amore occulta)
produced respectively in Milan, Turin
and Constantinople.

RADICATI, Felice Alessandro
(1778-1823): b. Turin, d. Vienna; stud-
ied with Pugnani; violin virtuoso, or-
chestral and church conductor at Bo-
logna; teacher at the Llceo fllarmonlco;
composer of chamber music, operas
and vocal scenas.

RADICIOTTI, Giuseppe (1858- ):
b. Jesi, Le Marche; studied music and
taught in Rome; professor of history at
the Tivoli Lyceum; wrote on Italian
dramatic music and on the life of
Pergolesi (1910).

BADlVAIs contemp. Hungarian com-
poser of a symphonic suite, chamber
music, etc. Ref.: III. 200.

Badom

RAD09I, Nlkolans von (14th-15fb
cent.) : composer of 6 3-part pieces for
the church, preserved in MS. at War-
saw, which show him to have been
a contemporary of Zacharlas, Ciconia,
etc.

RADOUX, Jean Tbeodor (1835-) :
b. Liige, Belgium; student and teacher
of the bassoon at the conservatory
there; and, after further study in Paris
with Halivy, director of the same in-
stitution. He composed 3 symphonic
tone pictures, a Te Deum, an oratorio,
2 cantatas and 2 operas. He wrote
also a life of Henri Vieuxtemps.

RADZIWILIi, [Prince] Anton (1775-
1833): b. Vilna, d. Berlin; musical
amateur, friend and patron of Beet-
hoven and Chopin; composer of French
romances (1802), vocal duets (1804),
songs with guitar and 'cello, male
guartets, and music for Goethe's Faust
(printed 1835).

RAFF, Joseph Joacblm (1822-
1882) : b. Lachen, Lake of Zurich, d.
Frankfort. He was the son of an or-
ganist, educated at Weisenstetten,
Wilrttemberg, and at the Jesuit Lyceum
in Schwyz, and continued the study of
composition, piano and violin by him-
self while acting as school teacher.
Encouraged by Mendelssohn, who se-
cured the publication of his piano
Sieces, op. 2-14 by Breitkopf and
iartel, 1843, he gave up school-teaching
for the career of a composer, but de-
spite great industry was hampered by
material circumstances. By invitation
he accompanied Liszt on a concert tour
as far as Cologne (1846), where he re-
mained for a time, writing reviews for
Dehn's Cacilia, after having his plans
to join Mendelssohn spoiled by the lat-
ter's death in 1847. After several futile
attempts to secure remunerative em-
ployment, he was much aided by Bil-
low's playing of his Koncertstuck; but
his opera, Konig Alfred, failed of per-
formance at Stuttgart because of the
Revolution of 1848. Joining Liszt at
Weimar in 1850 he entered heart and
soul into the neo-Romantic movement,
which he championed in the Netie Zeit-
schrift fur Musik. Konig Alfred was
prod, by Liszt at Weimar. In 1854, R.
pub. a pamphlet. Die Wagnerfrage, and,
after marrying the actress Doris Genast
in Wiesbaden in 1859, he became a
popular piano teacher there. His first
symphony. An. das Vaterland, won the
prize of the Vienna Gesellschaft der
Musikfreunde in 1863, a second comic
opera. Dame Kobold, was prod, in
1870; and in 1877 he was made director
of the Hoch Cons, at Frankfort. R.'
wrote over 230 works of very unequal
merit, partly sufiering from the effects
of^too great a productivity. Among his
best works are the 3rd and 5th sym-
phonies, the overtures op. 101 and 194,
the piano concerto, op. 185, the 'cello
concerto, op. 193. The complete list of
his compositions includes 11 sympho-

106

Rahlvrea

nles; a sinfonietta for wind instr.; 13
overtures (4 in MS.) ; Festmarsch, an
orch. rhapsody Abends; an orch. Elegte
(MS., unfinished) ; Ode au printemps,
for biano and orch.; piano concerto
in Cf min.; suite In E-flat for piano
and orch.; La fete d'Amour, for violin
and orch.; 2 violin concertos (B min.
and A min.) ; suite for violin and
orch.; 2 'cello concertos (one in MS.);
1 string octet, 1 string sexteL 1 piano
quintet, 10 string quartets, 4 trios, 5
violin sonatas, suite and other pieces
for piano and violin (incl. 3 books on
Wagner operas) ; 2 Fantasiestiicke for
piano and 'cello; duo for piano and
'cello; 'cello sonata; 2 romances for
horn or 'cello and piano; also a great
number of piano pieces, including 2
sonatas, 7 suites, three sonatinas, Hom-
mage aa nio-romantisme, suite of 12
pieces without octaves, Capriccio,
Elegy, Romance and Valse, Tanz-Cap-
ricen, Messngers da printemps. Chant
d'Ondine (arpeggio tremolo £tude). Airs
suisses, Introd. and Allegro scherzando,
6tude de salon, Valse in C, Fantaisie-
Polonaise, Hungarian and Spanish
rhapsodies, etudes, tarantella, scherzo,
cavatina, polkas, variations, impromp-
tu, and Reisebilder, and many para-
phrases of operas, etc.; also, for 4
hands, 12 salon-pieces without octaves;
Marche brillante, Chaconne, Humor-
esques in waltz form, Reisebilder, Aus
dem Tanzsalon: Humoreske Totentanz;
and, for 2 pianos, a Chaconne and
a Fantasia. Among his vocal works
are an oratorio, Weltende, Gericht,
neue Welt (Revelations) ; a cantata,
Deutschland's Auferstehung; male cho-
ruses and mixed choruses with or-
chestra and church music; also 4 un-
performed operas. Die Eifersilchtigen
(book by R.), Die Parole, Benedetto
Marcello, and Samson, and many songs,
including the cycles Sangesfrilhling,
Maria Stuart, Blondel de Neslej besides
12 duets, 6 terzets for female voices
and piano, part-songs, and 30 male
quartets. He also wrote Incidental mu-
sic to Genast's Bernhard von Weimar
and arranged works by Bach and Han-
del. Ref.: n. 322, 346f; ///. 22fr; V.
312; VII. 321, 322f; YIII. SlSff; mus.
ex., XIH. 358; portrait, VIII. 250.

RAGUBIVIIT, Francois (late 17th-
early 18th cent.) : French abbot, who
wrote Parallile des Italiens et des Fran-
fois en ce qui regarde la musique et les
opiras (1702, etc.; English, 1709, etc.),
much cited as the first of a large
literature on the subject, and a sort
of prelude to the guerre des bouffons.

RAHLWES, Alfred (1878- ): b.
Wesel; pupil of Wiillner, Gustav Hol-
lander, Willy Hess at the Cologne Cons.,
then active as a theatrical director In
Stuttgart, Liegnitz, Eonigsberg, con-
ductor of the Elbing Choral Society,
1902, Royal Musikdirektor, 1910, suc-
ceeded Otto Reubke as Musikdirektor
of the University of Halle, 1913; com-

Ralck

posed a piano quintet, a comic opera
Jungfer Potiphar (Essen, 1907), cho-
ruses and songs.

RAICK, Dlendonne (1702-1764): b.
Liige, d. Antwerp; vicar choral; com-
poser of suites and piano sonatas.

RAID A, Karl Alexander (1852-) :
b. Paris; studied music in tlie con-
servatories, of Stuttgart and Dresden,
conductor of Berlin tiieatres and writer
of successful light dramatic works.
He went to Munich, where he became
musical director of the Deutsches The-
ater (1895-97).

RAIF, Oscar (1847-1899) : b. Zwolle,
d. Berlin; studied in Berlin, where he
taught and became Royal professor at
the Royal High School. He composed
a piano concerto, a violin sonata, etc.

RAII^IiARD (1) Abb6 F. . . . (1804-) :
b. Montormentier, n. Langres ; tiieologian
and physicist at Paris; writer on early
notation (1852) and the restoration of
Gregorian chant (1861, 1862). (2)
Tkeodor (1864- ) : b. Konigsberg;
student of theology and of music in
the Royal High School of Berlin;
teacher of music in Uppingham, Eng-
land, director of a musical institute in
Leipzig; composer of motets, canta-
tas, male choruses, duets, and piano
pieces.

RAIMANIV, Rndolf (1861- ): b.
Vessprim, Hungary; dramatic composer
of 15 operas and operettas, also vaude-
villes, farces, etc., produced in Ham-
burg, Vienna, Munich and Pesth.

RAIMOJVDI (1) Ignazlo (ca. 1733-
1813) : b. Naples, d. London ; violinist
and directon of concerts In Amsterdam
where he prod, his program symphony
La battaglia; composed symphonies,
string trios and quartets, trio sonatas,
duets and vocal pieces. (2) Fletro
(1786-1853) : b. Rome, d. there; studied
at Naples Cons.; composer of 62 operas
and 21 ballets, produced in the largest
of Italian cities. He directed the Royal
Theatre of Naples, taught counterpoint
in Naples and Palermo conservatories;
in 1862 became maestro at St. Peter's.
His sacred compositions consist of 8
oratorios, 4 orchestral masses, 2 masses
for double-choir a cappella, 2 Requi-
ems with orch., 2 others for 8 and 16
voices respectively, a complete book of
psalms in the Palestrina style (15
vols.), a 16-part Credo, etc. Especially
remarkable are his settings for a great
nimiber of integral parts, which can
be divided into several works of a
lesser number of parts, each division
making a complete movement in itself.
Among such master-pieces are 4 4-part
fugues which may be executed together
as a 16-part quadruple fugue, and 6
4-parl fugues that may be combined
into a 24-part sextuple fugue, etc., the
biggest of this kind of works being in
64 parts for 16 4-part choirs. His chef
d'oeuvre, however, is formed by the 3
biblical dramas Potiphar, Giuseppe and
Giacobbe, prod, first separately, then

Rameaa

simultaneously on a stage of 3 divi-
sions (Rome, 1852).

RAINFORTH, Elisabeth (1814-
1877): d. Redland, Bristol; English
soprano.

RAISON, Andre (late 17th cent.):
eminent French organist (at St. Gin«-
vleve and the Jacobin, Paris) ; wrote
Livre d'orgue (for the church service)
published 1687, and followed by an-
other in 1714. The first was repub-
lished by Guilmant iArchives des
mattres d'orgue). Ref.: VI. 442.

RAUANN (1) Bruno (1832-1897) : b.
Erfurt, d. Dresden; poet, dramatist and
composer of songs and pieces for the
pianoforte; also a teacher of singing.
(2) l,ina (1833-1912): b. Mainstock-
heim, near Eltzingen, d. Munich; pian-
ist and music teacher in Gera, the
United States, at Gliickstadt and Nu-
remberg, where she foimded the Ra-
mann-VoIkmann School, later sold to
August Gollerich. She wrote on the
work and teachings of Liszt, on Bach
and Handel, and musical pedagogy in
general; also pub. an extensive biog-
raphy of Liszt (2 vols, in 3 parts, 1880-
94), also edited that master's complete
writings (6 vols., 1880-83) ; as a com-
poser pub. 4 sonatas, also 2 study
works for the piano.

RAJHBAU. Jean-FUIippe (1683-
1764): b. Dijon, d. Paris ; creator of
the modem science of harmony, dra-
matic composer; in 1701 joined the or-
chestra of a travelling opera troupe
as violinist; returned to Paris in 1717
when he began taking organ lessons
from Louis Marchand, after which he
became organist at Lille. Here he de-
voted himself to a theoretical study of
music and after four years returned
to Paris where he published a treatise
on harmony which attracted wide at-
tention. Became organist at Salnte-
Croix de la Bretonnerie and began
writing for the stage with songs and
dances for pieces by Piron. His
Nouveau systime de musiqae thioriqjie
(1726) marked a new epoch in music:
the leading ideas expounded are chord
building by thirds; classification of a
chord and all its inversions as one
and the same; invention of a funda-
mental bass, which does not corre-
spond to our thorough-bass, but is an
imaginative series of the root tones
forming the real basis of the varied
chord progressions employed in a Com-
position. In 1733 his Hippolgte et
Aricie was produced at the Op^ra, but
it was unfavorably received, in spite
of its undoubted merits. In 1735 he
brought out the opera ballet Les Index
galantes. His masterpiece. Castor et
Pollux, appeared in 1737 and for a year
held its own with the operas of Gluck.
For the next thirty years his operas
dominated the French stage; the King
created for him the ofdce of cabinet
composer and later raised him to the
peerage. He also wrote Tralti de I'har-

107

Ramls de Pareja

monie (1722) ; Nouveau sgstime de mn-
sique thiorique (1726); Plan abrigi
d'une mithode nouvelle d'accompagne-
meat (1730); Les diffirentes mithodea
d accompagnement pour le clavecin on
pour I'orgue (1732); Giniration har-
monique (1737); Dimonstration du
princlpe de I'harmonie (1750) ; Nou-
velles riflexions sur la dimonstration
(1752) ; Riflexions sur la maniire de
former la voix (1752) ; Observations
sur notre instinct pour la musique
(1754) ; Code de musique pratique
(1760) ; and many pamphlets, essays,
etc. Beside the four operas already
mentioned he composed Les fetes
d'Bibi, oa les talents Igrtques (1739) ;
Dardanus (1739) ; La princesse de Na-
varre, Les files de Polyhymnie and Le
temple de la gloire (1745) ; Les fetes
de I'Hgmen et de I'Amour, on les dieux
d'tgypte (1747) ; Platie, on Jnnon
jalouse, Nais and Zoroastre (1749) ;
Acanthe et Ciphise, ou la sympathie.
La guirlande, ou les fleurs enchanties,
and La naissance d'Osiris, ou la fete
de famine (1751) ; Daphnis et ^gli,
Lycis et Dilie, and Le retour d'Astrie
(1753) ; Anacrion, Les surprises de
I'amour, and Les Sybarites (1757) ; Les
Paladins (1760) ; and various others.
Among his other published works are
Primier livre de pieces de clavecin
(1706) ; Piices de clavecin avec une
mithode pour la micanique des doigts;
Piices de clavecin avec une table pour
les agriments (1731) ; and Nouvelles
suites de piices pour clavecin avec des
remarques sur les diffirents genres de
musique; etc. Ref.: I. 398, 413ff; II. 1,
21, 68, 351; UI. 307, 334, 358, 360; VI.
444f; VII. 8, 61f, 131; VIH. 84f, 285,
324; IX. X, 26f, 158, 237; mus. ex., XIII.
71, 72; portrait, I. 414.

RAMIS DB PARBJA (Ramos)>
Bartolomeo (ca. 1440-after 1491) : b.
Baeza, Andalusia; lectured on music in
Salamanca, Bologna and Rome, where
he lived probably till his death. He
pub. a theoretical work in Spanish, not
yet recovered; also one in Latin Musica
practica (1482; repub. by Joh. Wolf in
Beiheft 2 of the Int. Music. Soc, 1901).
A second part to this Musica theorica
was promised by its author, but not
pub. R. was instrumental in the adop-
tion of a new method of determining
the ratios of intervals, establishing the
proportions 4: 5 and 5: 6 for the major
ana minor third, besides the hitherto
only recognized ratio of 2:3 for the
fifth and 3 : 4 for the fourth, thus giv-
ing the first definition for the triad and
establishing the point of departure for
the science of harmony. Ref.: I. 269;
V. 37; VI. 445.

RAMPINI (18th cent.) : Italian opera
composer. Ref.: IX. 59.

RA1VDAI.I. (1) Jolm (1715-1799):
singer, composer and Cambridge pro-
fessor of music. (2) Richard (1736-
1828) : tenor in Handel's oratorios.

RAXDEGGBR, Alberto (1832-1911) :

108

Bappoldl

b. Trieste, d. London: pupil of Lafont
and Luigi Rlcci; conductor in theatres
at Flume, Zara, Sinigaglla, Brescia and
Venice; professor of singing at Royal
Academy of Music in 1868; later a di-
rector and member of its committee
of management; also professor of sing-
ing at Royal College of Music; director
of the Italian Opera, 1857, 1879-85,
1887-98; director of the Queen's Hall
Choral Society, 1895-97; conductor of
the Norwich Festival, 1881-1905. He
wrote an opera, Bianca Capello (1854) ;
a comic opera, 'The Rival Beauties'
(1863) ; a dramatic cantata, 'Fridolln'
(1873); 3 vocal scenes with orchestra;
psalm 150 for soprano solo, chorus,
orch. and organ (1872) ; funeral an-
them in memory of the Prince Consort,
and much other vocal music.

RANDHARTIIVGBR, Benedlkt
(1802-1893): b. Ruprechtshofen, Lower
Austria, d. Vienna; student of music
and law; tenor and conductor at the
Vienna court chapel; composed masses,
motets and chorals, also one opera,
symphonies and string quartets.

RANDLiES, Bllzabetli (1800-1829):
b. Wrexham, d. Liverpool; daughter of
a blind harpist; infant prodigy, per-
forming on the piano In public at the
age of two. She studied later with
John Parry and became a music teacher
in Liverpool.

RANDOIiPH, Harold (1861- ):
b. Richmond, Va. ; studied in the Pea-
body Conservatory of Baltimore, of
which in 1898 he became director. As
pianist he has played with the Boston
Symphony orchestra, etc.; was also or-
ganist and choirmaster of the Roman
Catholic Cathedral in Baltimore, 1885-
90, and of the Emmanuel Protestant
Episcopal Church, 1890-1906.

RANSFORD. EJdvrin (1805-1876): b.
Gloucestershire, d. London; baritone.

RAOTJIi DE COUCY. See CouCY.

RAPBCAXili, the great painter. Ref.:
I. 327.

RAPFOLD, Marie (nie TVinteroth):
b. Brooklyn, N. Y. ; contemporary op-
eratic soprano; sang in London when
only 10 years of age, studied with
Oscar Sanger; since 1905 has sung dra-
matic rdles, including Wagnerian, at
the New York Metropolitan Opera.

RAPPOLDI (1) Bduard (1831-1903) :
b. Vienna, d. Dresden; studied with
Jansa, Bohm and Sechter at the Vienna
Conservatory; violinist in the court op-
era there, concert-master at Rotterdam
and at the Dresden court; conductor in
Lubeck, Stettin and Prague; teacher in
Berlin Royal High School and the Dres-
den Conservatory; for a time member
of the Joachim Quartet. He composed
and published a small amount of cham-
ber music. Ref.: VII. 445, 451. (2)
lianra (nie Kahrer) (1853- ) : b.
Mlstelbach, near Vienna; wife of Ed-
uard, student of pianoforte in the Vi-
enna Conservatory and with Liszt;
teacher at the Dresden Conservatory.

Raselius

RASBLIUS, Andreas (16th cent.):
b. Amberg, Upper Palatinate, d. Heidel-
berg; teacher at Heidelberg, 1553,
whither he returned, after a year as
cantor at Ratlsbon, to become court
Kapellmeister. He composed and pub-
lisned a book of 5- to 9-part Cantwnes
sacrae (1595) ; 5-part Tentfche Sprttch
aus den Evangelien (1594), Regens-
burgischer Kirchenkontrapunkt (5-part
Lutheran chorales, 1599), and wrote
Hexachordum sive quaestiones mustcae
practicae (1589) ; other tiieoretical
works in MS.

RASMADSB, Alexander Salomono-
vltch (1845-1896) : b. Pensa, d. Mos-
cow; studied in Moscow University and
with Hauptmann and Moscheles; lec-
turer on musical history in Moscow
Conservatory; contributor, editor and
author on subjects relating to Russian
music; composed songs and piano
pieces

RASOUMOWSKY (1) Count (after
1815 Prince) Andrei KyrlUovItcIi
(1752-1836) : Russian ambassador to Vi-
enna; maintained (1808-16) the cele-
brated 'Rasoumowsky Quartet' of
which Schuppanzlgh, Weiss, Lincke,
and R. himself were the members. In
1815 his palace was burned, after
which he lost interest in music, the
Quartet being reorganized with Sina
taking his place as second violin. Ref.:
Vn. 419, 513. (2) Demetrlns Vassll-
ievltch (1818-1889): b. Kieff, d. Mos-
cow; professor of the history of church
music at the Moscow Conservatory;
published 6 books on his subject.

RASSB, Francois (1873- ): b.
Brussels; composed a 4-act opera
(Deidamie) produced there in 1906.

RASTRBI^LI (1) Vlncenzo (1760-
1839): b. Fano, d. Dresden; studied
with Padre Mattel at Bologna; pro-
duced church works and songs in Dres-
den, where he was composer to the
court band. (2) Joseph (1799-1842):
son of Vincenzo, b. Dresden, d. there;
conductor of the Dresden court opera,
court Kapellmeister, 1830; wrote church
music and operas which he produced
in Ancona, Milan and Dresden.

RASTJMOWSKT. See Rasoumow-

RATEZ, £mlle Pierre (1851-1905):
b. Besancon, d. Lille; studied in Lille
and at the Paris Conservatoire; viola
player in the orchestra of the Op^ra-
Comique: director at Cologne and Lille;
composed 3 operas, a 'cello sonata, a
piano quartet and other instrumental
music.

RATH, Felix TOnt (1866-1905): b.
Cologne, d. Munich; studied with
Pauer, Relnecke and Thullle; friend of
Schilling and Strauss in Munich, where
he lived as pianist and composer.
His works include a string quartet,
piano concerto and other works for the

Eiano, a violin sonata and a large num-
er of songs.
RATHGKBEIR, Valentin (1682-

109

Bavanello

1750): b. Oberelsbach, d. Banz, Fran-
conia; Benedictine monk and composer
of church and instrumental music.

RATZBNBESRGBR, Theodor (1840-
1879): b. Grossbreltenbach, d. Wies-
baden; studied with Liszt; Court pian-
ist at Sondershausen and in Lausanne;
director of a singing society in Dilssel-
dorf and composer of piano pieces and
songs.

RAUCHBNEICKEIR, Ceore Vm-
lielm (1844-1906) : b. Munich, d. mber-
feld; studied with Lachner, Baum-
gartner and Walter; violinist, con-
ductor and director of the Wlnterthur
Music College, of the Berlin Philhar-
monic, and the orchestral society of
Barmen; founder of a school of music
in Elberfeld, and conductor of an In-
strumental Society; Royal Musikdirek-
tor, 1905. He composed a cantata, sev-
eral operas, symphonies, quartets, sex-
tets, etc., for string Instruments, songs
and choruses.

RAUGEIi. FSIlx (1881- J; b.
Saint-Quentin, studied in Lille (dharles
Queste, Frederic Lecocq) and Paris
(Henri Libert, d'Indy) ; founded, with
E. Borrel, the Soci£t£ Haendel (1908),
for the cultivation of the music of
the 16th-18th centuries, and became
mattre de chapelle at St.-Eustache in
1911. Raugel is also active as the di-
rector of Ihe Lille SociM£ de musigue
ancienne, contributes musical essays to
the Annie masicale and the Tribune de
St.-Gervaise, and has written some lit-
anies and organ pieces.

RATTPACH, Hermann Friedricli
(1728-1778) : b. Stralsund, d. St. Peters-
burg, where his father, Chbistoph R.,
was composer of oratorios, cantatas,
etc., and a writer on musical theory;
conductor of the court opera there;
composer of a Russian opera, Alceste,
an Italian opera, Siroe, ballets, cho-
ruses to the dramatic jprologue "New
Laurels', etc. Ref.: VHlT 230; IX. 221.

RAUTFNSTRATTCH, Johannes

(1876- ) : b. Grossenhaln ; studied
at Grinuna and Leipzig, where he be-
came Dr. phil. with a mesis on Luther
and Church Music in Saxony in the
16th cent.

RATJZZIIVI (1) Venanxio (1747-
1810): b. Rome, d. Bath; tenor in
Rome, Munich and London, where he
lived as vocal teacher, 1778-87. He pro-
duced 8 operas in London and Munich
and wrote 3 string quartets, a piano
quartet, violin sonatas and 4-hana pi-
ano sonatas. (2) Matteo ([71-1791):
brother of Venanzio, dramatic com-
poser.

RAVANBI/IiO, Oreste (1871- ):
b. Venice; pupil of Paolo Agostlnl, An-
drea Glrardi, and the Liceo Benedetto
Marcello, organist of the singing school,
2nd organist, then first organist at St.
Marks, Venice, maestro di cappella at
San Antonio, Padua, since 1902 organ
teacher at the Liceo Benedetto Mar-
cello, Venice; director of the Municipal

Ravel

Institute of Music at Padua since 1914.
He composed 23 1- to 6-part masses
with organ or orcliestra; orchestral, or-

rn and piano pieces, chamber music,
large cantatas with orchestra, mo-
tets, etc.; pub. Harmonium Method
(with L. Bottazzo) and a Choir School,
studies for organ, and edited a period-
ical for organists.

RAVBL, ManTice (1875- ): b.
Clboure, Lower Pyrenees ; studied at the
Paris Conservatoire with de Birlot
(piano), E. Pessard (harmony) and G.
Faur6 (composition), also with G6-
dalge; composer of ultra-modern, im-
pressionistic tendency, having written
for piano Mennet antique (1896),
Pavane pour nne infante difunte
(1899); Jeux d'eaux (1902), Miroirs
(1907), GaspoTd de la nuit (1908), La
Mire I'Oie (suite for piano 4 hands,
also for orchestra), Sites auriculaires
(for 2 pianos, 1895) ; for orchestra
Shihirazade, fairy overture (1898),
Rhapsodie espagnole (1907), Daphnis et
Chloi (choreographic symphony, 1906-
1911), and Valses nobles et Sfnti-
mentales; for voice and piano Sainte,
Sur I'herbe, Histoires naturelles and
Les grands vents d'oatre-mer, and other
songs; for voice with orchestra Shihir-
azade and Noel des jouets; also a string
quartet, an Introduction and Allegro
for harp, string quartet, flute and pi-
ano, also 2 operas, L'Beure espagnole
(1 act), and La Cloche engloutie. He
arranged 5 Greek folli-songs for voice
and piano. Ref.: III. xiv, xviii, xxi,
318, 321, 328, 335f, 341; songs, IV. 358,
362f; piano compositions, VH. 353,
364ff; orchestral works, Vin. 116, 336,
443; opera, IX. 390,' 475; mus. ex., XTV.
105; portrait. III. 298.

RAVENSCROPT (1) Thomas

(1593-ca. 1635): Mus. Bac. Cambridge,
1607; collector of f^nglish rounds and
catches, writer on theory; pub. 'Pam-
mella Musickes miscellanle, or mixed
varietie of pleasant rondelays and de-
lightful catches of 3-10 parts in one'
(1609, 1618), and 2 similar collections,
'Deuteromelia,' etc. (1611), and 'Meliso-
nata' (1611) ; also "The whole booke of
psalmes, with the hynuies evangelicall
and spirituall, etc' (1621, 1633). (2)
Jolin (late 17th cent.) : Roman com-
poser of 12 trlosonatas, reprinted by
Roger in Amsterdam.

RAVKRA, mcolo Tereslo (1851-) :
b. Allessandria, Italy; studied music
at the Conservatory of Milan; com-
poser of 6 French operas produced in
Paris (5) and in Allessandria (1).

RATIIVA (1) Jean Henri (1818-
1906): b. Bordeaux, d. Paris; studied
and taught at the Conservatoire, piano
virtuoso who toured and Was assist-
ant teacher at the Cons.; composer of
salon pieces, £tudes, variations, etc.
(2) lisetltla, nie Sari (1822-1893):
wife of (1) and composer of piano
pieces.

RAVTAir, Brasme (1850- ): b.

Bebello

Li6ge; took boly orders, taught at the
theological seminary at St. Trond, then
retired to near Lidge, later Brussels;
composer of church music, also orches-
tral works, a muslco-dramatic dialogue,
Freya (1908), and songs.

RAWLIXSOIV, George (historian).
Ref.: (cited) I. 78.

RAYMOND (1) Georses Marie
(1769-1839): b. Chambiry, d. there;
teacher of history and mathematics in
Geneva; Gymnasium director at Cham-
biry; author of books on the physico-
mathematlc basis of musical art, re-
form of notation, etc. (2) Joseplit
writer on musical notation; pub. Essai
de simplification musicographe (Paris,
1834), and Nouveaa systime de notation
masicale (1846).

REA (1) WUliam (1827-1903): b.
London, d. Newcastle-on-Tyne ; studied
with W. Stemdale, Bennett, Moscheles,
Richter and Dreyschock; organist in
London, choral conductor (founder of
the Polyhymnlan Choir), etc., organist
and musical director in Newcastle-on-
Tyne; received honorary doctor's degree
from Durham University. (2) Emma
Mary, nie Woolhouise, wife of Wil-
liam, (d. 1893) : pianist of distinction.

READ (1) Daniel (1757-1836): b.
Rehoboth, Mass., d. New Haven, Conn. ;
music teacher and composer. (2)
Samnel (18th cent.) : American com-
poser of psalm tunes. Ref.: XV. 521.

READING (1) John ([?]-1692): or-
ganist at Winchester and composer of
part-songs and violin pieces on a
'ground' (Playford's 'Division Violin-
ist'). (2) John (late 17th cent.): or-
ganist at Chichester from 1674-1720;
composed vocal pieces, pub. in collec-
tions of 1681-88. (3) John (1677-
1764): b. London; chorister in the
Chapel Royal; organist at Dulwlch and
singing teacher In Lincoln Cathedral;
organist in London, where he published
'A book of New Songs with Sympho-
nies and a Thorough-bass fitted for the
Harpsichord,* and 'A Book of New An-
thems.'

REAY, Samuel (1822- ): b. Hex-
ham, England; organist, singing teach-
er, conductor and composer of a com-
munion service.

REBEL (1) Jean Ferry (1669-
1747): b. Paris, d. there; violinist at
the Op^ra, one of the 24 •Vlolons du
rpi'; court composer of chamber mu-
sic; produced one grand opera, Vlysse,
4 ballets: and was one of the earliest
French chamber music composers, hav-
ing pub. PUces pour le violon avec la
B. c. (3 suites, 1705), 2 books of 12
sonatas do. (1712) ; and 5-part Caprices
(1711). Ref.: VIL 406. (2) FrangolB
(1701-1775): son of (1), collaborated
with Francoeur on 10 operas, violin-
ist, concert-master, inspector and di-
rector at the Paris Opera; also com-
posed cantatas and church music.
Ref.: Vn. 406.

REBELIiO, JoSo Iionrenso (1609-

110

Rebep

1661): b. Camlnha, d. San Amaro;
teacher of King John IV of Portugal to
whom his Defensa de la musica Is dedi-
cated (1649) ; composer of church mu-
sic (psalms, magniflcats. Misereres
printed; masses in MS.).

RKBER, Napoieon-Henrl (1807-
1880) : b. Miihlhausen, Alsatia, d.
Paris; studied with Reicha and Le
Sueur at the Conservatoire; professor
of harmony there, 1851; succeeded
Halevy as professor of composition,
1862; inspector of the branch-conserva-
tories from 1871; elected to the Acad-
emic, 1853; prod, at the Opera-Comique
a ballet, Le diable amoureux (1840) :
the comic operas La nuit de Noel
(1848), Le Pire Gaillard (1852), Les
papillottes de M. Benoist (1853), and
Les dames capitaines (1857) ; composed
instrumental works including 4 sym-
phonies, an overture, a suite, and the
scenes lyriques, Roland, for orch. ; a
string quintet, 3 string quartets, a
piano quartet, 7 piano trios, pieces for
violin and piano music for 2 and 4
hands; also wrote songs, choruses and
a Traiti d'harmonie (1862).

REBICEJK, Josef (1844-1904): b.
Prague, d. Berlin; studied at Prague
Conservatory; violinist in the Weimar
court band; concert-master in Prague,
Wiesbaden and Warsaw; Kapellmeister
in Pesth; court Kapellmeister in Wies-
baden; conductor of the Berlin Phil-
harmonic Orchestra; composed a sym-
phony in B minor.

RESBIKOFF, Vladimir Ivanovltcli
(1866- ): b. Krasnojarsk, Siberia;
studied at Moscow Cons, and in Ber-
lin; directed the KlshenefT division of
the Russian Music Society, later resid-
ed in Berlin and Vienna; pub. many
piano pieces, songs and 4-part cho-
ruses, also melodramatic pieces, also
an opera, 'Narcissus' (op. 45) and
a 'musico-psychological drama,' 'The
Woman and the Dagger* (op. 41) be-
sides lyric scenes with mimicry (Melo-
mimic) and songs with mimicry. More
recently his work has been of decided
ultra-modem tendency (whole-tone
scale, etc.). Ref.: HI. 159, 160f; IX.
415; portrait, HI. 150.

REHIRING (1) Gostav (1821-1902):
b. Barby, d. Magdeburg; studied with
Schneider; organist, director and teach-
er at Magdeburg; composed church
music, 'cello sonata, pieces for piano
and for organ, songs, etc. (2) Frled-
Tlcli (1835-1900) : b. Barby, d. Leipzig;
studied in the conservatory there and
with Gotze; lyric tenor at Rostock,
K5nlgsberg, Breslau and Leipzig; where
he taught singing at the conservatory
from 1877.

REBNER, Adolf (1876- ) : b. Vi-
enna, studied at Vienna Conservatory,
and with Marsick in Paris; estab-
lished in Frankfurt since 1896 as first
teacher of violin at the Hoch Conserva-
tory. He has a great reputation as
solo performer and chamber music

SeeveS

player, and the Quartet of which he Is
first violin has made successful tours
of _ Germany, France, England and
Spain; for some years concert-master at
the Frankfort Opera and member of
the Museum Quartet.

RBBOURS, [P^re] Jean Baptlstet
contemporary writer, pub. Traiti de
psaltiqne, TbiOTie et pratique du chant
dans Vtglise grecque (1907).

RKCKENDORF. Alois (1841-1911):
b. Trebitsch, Moravia, d. Leipzig; stu-
dent, then teacher of pianoforte and
theory at Leipzig Conservatory, pub.
some piano and vocal works.

RED AN, Karl. See Convebsb (1).

RBDDING, Josepb D.: contemp.
American composer (California grove
play 'The Man in the Forest,' 1902,
etc.). Ref.: IV. 399.

REDFORD (1) J. (1491-1547): Lon-
don organist and composer. (2)
Thomas ([?]-before 1559): organist
and choirmaster of St. Paul's, London,
ca. 1535; composer of organ and other
instrumental music. Ref.: VI. 448.

REDHFAD, Rlehard (1820-1901) :
b. Harrow, Eng., d. there; studied at
Oxford, London organist and composer.

RAE (1) Anton (1820-1886): b.
Aarhus, d. Copenhagen: studied with
Schmitt and Krebs in Hamburg; pian-
ist, teacher and composer of piano
pieces at Copenhagen. (2) Iionls
(1861- ): b. Edinburgh; cousin of
(1) ; studied at Stuttgart Conservatory
and with Leschetizky in Vienna; con-
cert pianist appearing with his wife,
Snsanne (nie Fllz), in concerts of
music for 2 pianos. R. himself has
written a Suite champStre for 2 pianos,
also a piano concerto and pieces for
piano solo, and songs.

REEiD (1) Thomas German (1817-
1888): b. Bristol, d. St. Croix; pianist,
singer in concert and opera at Bath;
teacher, pianist and composer in Lon-
don, where he directed the opera at the
Haymarket and established church con-
certs; also "Mr. and Mrs. Reed's Enter-
tainments' at Martin's Hall, later St.
George's Hall (theatrical performances
of intimate nature). (2) Priscllla
Horton, wife of Thomas (1818-1895) :
b. Birmingham, d. Bexley Heath; singer
and associate of her husband in the
production of his theatricals in Lon-
don. (3) and (4) Robert Hophe and
W^llllam: brothers of Thomas; 'cel-
lists. (5) Alfred Hermann (d. 1895) :
son of Thomas; continued the enter-
tainments established by his parents.

RFFVE, William (1757-1815): b.
London, d. there; organist in Devon-
shire and London; composer of light
dramatic works, pantomimes, etc., for
Covent Garden; organist at St. Martin's,
1792; owner of Sadler's Wells Theatre,
1802.

RFBVFS, John Sims (1822-1900) : b.
Woolwich, d. London; tenor; organist
of North Cray Church, Kent, at 14;
d£but at Newcastle-on-Tyne as Rodolfo

111

Regan

in Sonnamhula, 1839; studied with
Hobbs and Cooke and sang minor tenor
rdles at Drury Lane In 1842-43; later
studied with Bordognl In Paris and
Mazzucato In Milan; sang major rdles
at La Scala, Drury Lane and Her Maj-
esty's Theatre; subsequently famous
for years as concert and oratorio
singer; author of 'Life and Recollec-
tions' (1888) and 'On the Art of Sing-
ing' (1900).

RBGAN, Anna. See Schimon-Regan.

RBGEm, Max (1873-1916) : b. Brand,
Bavaria, d. Jena; pupil of his father,
the organist Lindner in Weiden and
later Hugo Riemann, whose treatises
he had already studied by himself;
teacher at Wiesbaden Cons, till 1896.
After a protracted illness he became
teacher of counterpoint at the Royal
Academy of Music in Munich, 1905;
in 1907 went to Leipzig as Univ. Mu-
slkdirektor and composition teacher at
the Cons. (Royal professor, 1908) ; then
became court Kapellmeister (court
councillor, 1911 Generalmusikdirektor,
1913) in Melningen, while continuing to
teach at Leipzig Cons. He retired from
the Melningen post and settled in Jena
in 1914, where the Univ. had conferred
upon him the honorary Dr. phil. in
1908 (also Dr. phil. h. c. Heidelberg
and Dr. med. h. c. Berlin). As a com-

Soser he was extraordinarily prolific,
is works include: For Oechestra: a
sinfonietta, a serenade, variations on a
theme by J. A. Hiller, do. on a theme
by Mozart, Symphonic Prologue for a
tragedy. Patriotic Overture (1915) ;
Concerto in antique style. Romantic
suite, 4 tone poems after Bocklin, Bal-
let Suite, violin concerto, and 2 violin
romanzas. Chamber Music: 5 violin
sonatas, 11 sonatas and a prelude and
fugue for violin alone, prelude and
fugue for violin, 3 sonatas for clarinet
and piano, 2 piano trios (one with
viola and 'cello), 4 string quartets,
piano quintet, 3 'cello sonatas, 3 string
trios, serenade for flute, violin and
viola, 2 suites for piano and violin
(in antique style), 2 pieces for do.
VocAt Solo: a number of songs
(Schlichte Weisen, etc.) ; sacred songs
with organ, others with piano. Cho-
RAi.; 'Hymn to Song' (male chorus and
orch.) ; Gesang der Verklarten (5-part
and orch.). Psalm 100 and Die Nonne
(mixed orch. and organ) ; 'Roman Song
of Triumph' (male and orch.) ; 4 books
folk-songs (2 for male, 2 for mixed
voices) ; 7 and 12 sacred German folk-
songs (mixed), 'Palm-Sunday Morning'
(5-part a cappella) ; also Evaug. church
choruses and choral cantatas. Organ:
2 suites, fantasies on various chorales,
fantasy and fugue In C mln., do. on
B-A-C-H, prelude and fugue in G-sharp
mln., 3 sets variations, symph. fantasy
and fugue, 2 sets preludes and fugues
(5 [easy] and 4), other organ pieces
(trios, monologues, romance, etc.), 52
easy chorale preludes, 2 sonatas; also

Behberg

arrangements of Bach piano works.
Piano 4 Hands: Waltz caprices, German
Dances, Waltzes and Piices pittor-
esques, 6 Burlesques and 6 StUcke;
Variations and fugue on a Beethoven
theme, and Introduction, Passacaglla
and fugue for 2 pianos; for 2 hands:
Waltzes (op. 11) Lose Blatter, Humor-
esques. Character pieces. Intermezzi,
Variations and Fugue on a Theme by
Bach, sonatinas, preludes and fugues;
Mudes for the left hand, also difflcult
transcriptions of Bach organ works
(2 hands and 4 hands). There are
also 14 books of pieces for piano and
violin and piano and 'cello (op. 79),
other special piano studies (arrange-
ments of Chopin works) and piano
transcriptions of songs by Wolf, Jen-
sen and Brahms, of Bach's orch. suites
and Brandenburg concertos (4 hands).
Wolf's Penthesilea overture and Italian
Serenade, etc. He pub. Beitrdge zur
Modulationslehre (1903). Be/.; III. xl,
xii, ZSijf, 243, 266, 269, 318, 335; songs,
V. 340ff, 371; choral works, VI. 352f,
429, 440 (footnote) ; piano pieces, VII.
321, 466; chamber music, VII. 598, 604;
mus. ex., XrV. 74; portraits. III. 226;
VL 464.

RBGGIO, Pletro ([?]-1865) : b.
Genoa, d. London; lutenist to Christina
of Sweden and at Oxford; composed
songs.

RBGIIVO [PRXJMIENSIS] ([?]-
915): Abbot In Prum and Treves;
writer of a chronicle from the time of
Christ to 907, printed in 1521 in May-
ence, etc., also De disciplina ecclestas-
tica oeterum (pub. by Hildehrand, 1659,
etc.) ; and Epistola de harmonica insti-
tutione ad Rathbodum Episcopum
Trevirensem, ac Tonarius stve octo
toni cum suis differentiis (MS. in Leip-
zig Municipal Library). Ref.: I. 145.

RE:GIS, JohanneB (15th cent.) : Bel-
gian contrapuntist; Magister puerorum
at the Cathedral of Antwerp, 1463;
canonicus at Soignies, from 1474; wrote
the masses Ecce ancilla domini, Dum
sacrum mysterium, and L'homme armi
— all preserved in the papal archives in
Rome, also a Credo, motets and a chan-
son, printed by Petrucci.

REIGNAL, Frederic. See [d'] Er-

LANGEB.

RBGONDI, Glnllo (1822-1872): b.
Geneva, d. England; composer and vir-
tuoso on guitar and concertina.

RBHBAirnf, Theobald (1835- ):
b. Berlin; chorister in 'Berlin Royal
cathedral choir ; pupil of Ries and Kiel ;
wrote a Viola Method and instructive
violin compositions, also songs, cho-
ruses, and 7 operas (Don Pablo, Dres-
den, 1880; Das steinerne Herz, Magde-
burg, 1885; Turandot, Berlin, 1888;
Oberst Lumpus, Wiesbaden, 1892, etc.),
for which he wrote the texts. R. was
the author of other librettos and dramas.

REHBERG, Willi (1862- ): b.
Morges, Switzerland; student at the
Music School in Zurich, and Leipzig

112

Behfeld

Cons.; teacher of pianoforte there. In
Geneva and (since 1907) the Hoch
Cons., Frankf ort-on-Maln ; ' also con-
ductor of the subscription concerts of
the Altenburg court band and of the
Stadttheater of Geneva. He composed a
violin sonata, etc.

RE:HFE:L.D. Fabian (1842- ): b.
Tuchel, West Prussia; pupil. Royal
chamber violinist and professor in
Berlin; studied with Zlmmermami and
Griinwald, composer for the violin,

REIICHA, Anton (1770-1836): b.
Prague, d. Paris; Instrumental com-
poser, theorist; nephew and pupil of
Joseph R. (1746-1795; b. Klattau, Ba-
varia, d. Bonn; 'cellist and composer).
He was flutist in the Bonn orchestra
(1788-94), then piano teacher in Ham-
burg (1794-99). During this period
he wrote an opera and took it to
Paris, but was successful only in
having two symphonies produced. In
1801 he went to Vienna, where he lived
for seven years, but returned to Paris
at the time of the French invasion.
In 1818 he succeeded M^hul as profes-
sor of counterpoint and fugue at the
Conservatory; in 1835 he was appointed
to Boleldieu's chair in the Academic.
He brought out two comic operas, Cag-
liostro (1810) and Natalie (1816),
though his reputation is more firmly
based on his theoretical writings ana
his abilities as a teacher; among his
many pupils were Jelensperger, Le-
febvre, Elwart and Dancla. His com-
positions comprise 2 symphonies; an
overture; a diecetto and an octet for
string and wind Instruments; a clari-
net guintet; 6 string t^uintets; 20 string
?iuartets; 24 wind quintets; 6 quartets
or flute and strings; a quartet for
piano, flute, 'cello and bassoon; a
quartet for 4 flutes; 6 string trios; 24
wind trios; a string trio; 6 violin
duets; 22 flute duets; 12 violin sonatas;
etc. His theoretical writings are ttudes
on thiOTies pour le pianoforte, dirigees
d'une maniire nouvelle (1800) ; Traiti
de milodie, abstraction faite de ses
rapports avec I'harmonie (1814; 2nd
ed. 1832) ; Cours de composition musi-
cale (1818) ; Traiti de haute composi-
tion musicale (1824-26, 2 vols., ed-
ited in 1834 by Czemy in French, and
in German as Vollstandiges Lehrbuch,
4 vols.) ; L'art du compositeur dra-
jnatique (1833) ; Petit traiti d'harmonie
pratique. Ref.: III. 165, 168; IX. 232.
REIICHARDT, Johann FTtedTlch
(1752-1814): b. Kenlgsberg, d. Glebich-
ensteln, near Halle; pupil of C. G.
Rlchter and Velchtner; became Kapell-
meister to Frederick the Great in 1775.
In 1782 he visited Italy and in 1783
be founded the Concerts spiritiiels
for the performance of new works.
During a visit to London and Paris
(1785-6) he brought out his Passion
music in both cities, and wrote 2 op-
eras, Tamerlan and Panthie, tor the
Op£ra. The death of Frederick caused

Reicbert

his hasty return to Berlin and the
operas were not produced. In 1794
Wllhelm II 1 dismlsstad him from his
old post because of his sympathies for
the cause of the French Revolution.
Living in Altona till 1797, he was then
appointed Inspector of the salt works
at Glebichensteln, where he remained
until the French invasion drove him
to Konigsberg, 1806, and then joined
Jerome Napoleon at Cassel as court
conductor. During a long leave of ab-
sence he produced his operas and Slrig-
splele in Vienna, but failed of suc-
cess. R. composed numerous German
and Italian operas, Incidental music
to plays and German Slngspiele, the
latter having much Influence in the
development of German opera. He
also wrote a Passion; sacred and secu-
lar cantatas; psalms, and 2 Te Deums;
set about 60 of Goethe's lyrics to mu-
sic; also composed 7 symphonies; a
'Victory' overture; 14 piano concertos;
concertante for string quartet and or-
chestra; a quintet for piano, 2 flutes
and 2 horns; 2 piano quartets; 6 string
trios; a violin concerto; sonatas for
violin, for piano and for flute. He ed-
ited a number of musical periodicals
and piib. Vber die deutsche komische
Oper (1774) ; Vber die Pflichten des
Ripienviolinisten (1776) ; Briefe eines
aufmerksamen Reisenden, die Uusik
betreffe^d (2 parts, 1774, '76); Schrei-
ben After die Berlinische Musik (1775) ;
letters from Paris and Vienna (1804-
10) and an autobiography (in the Ber-
linische ' mnsikalische Zeitang, 1805),
Ref.: U. 277, 374; III. 62; V. 192f, 195;
Vli. 494; IX. 82; portrait, V. 192.

RBICHE3, Gottfried (1667-1734) : b.
Welssenfels, d. Leipzig; town musi-
cian and first trumpeter In Leipzig;
composed 2i neue Quatricinia mit 1
Kornett und 3 Trombonen , . . auf das
Abblasen (1696).

REJICHBIi (1) Adolf (1817-1896):
b. Tursnitz, West Prussia; d. Berne;
conductor of the Dreysslg Slnga-
kademle, Dresden, and later of the
Cecilia Society of Berne; also author
of a Harmonielehre (1862), etc. (2)
Frledrlch (1833-1889) : b. Oberoder-
witz, Lausatla; d. Dresden; studied
with F. Wieck, J. Otto, J. Rletz; taught
in Poland and Dresden, where he was
director, organist and cantor; composer
of church music, male choruses, etudes,
a 'Spring Symphony' and an operetta;
also (MS.) 2 string quartets and an
octet for wind.

REICHER-KINDERlMiANlV, Hed>
wig (1853-1883): b. Munich, d. Trieste;
daughter of the baritone, A. Kinder-
Mann; sang in the Munich Court The-
atre, in the Gartnerplatz theatre at Mu-
nich; then at Hamburg; at Leipzig,
1880-82; later in A. Neumann's trav-
elling Wagner theatre; married the
actor Emmanuel Relcher.

REilCHBRT (1) Mathlen-Andre
(1830- ) : b. Maestricht; flute-vlrtu-

Belclmiaiiii

oso; studied at Brussels Cons., taking
first prize in 1847; toured Europe and
America extensively ; composer of dif-
ficult pieces for the flute. (2) Arno
Jnllns (1866- ) : b. Dresden; pupil
of Hopner, Rischbleter, Draeseke ; teach-
er of singing and concert singer; libra-
rian of the music section of the Royal
Library, Dresden, 1904. He composed
a comic opera, 'Uncle Sam,' numerous
songs, choruses and piano pieces; also
arranged some 450 folk-songs for
mixed and male voices. (3) Johannes
(1876- ) : b. Dresden; became pupil
of Draeseke (1893), of Nicod6 and
Buchmayer (1894-1898) ; and was con-
ductor of orchestra classes In the
Dresden Music School (1896-1906);
conductor Dresden Yolkssingakademie
from 1899. He was teacher of the crown
prince of Saxony, 1905-13, and from
1906 on municipal conductor at Tep-
litz-Schonau. He has composed or-
chestral works (overture, suite), large
choral works (Helge's Traum, Traum-
sommernacht) , choruses and piano
pieces, and edited Handel's Samson
and BelshcuzoT in partial conformily
with Chrysander's principles.

REICHIHANIV, Theodor (1849-
1903) : b. Rostock, d. Marbach, on the
Bodensee; studied in Berlin and Mi-
lan; operatic baritone in Magdeburg,
Berlin, Rotterdam, Strassburg, Ham-
burg, Munich and Vienna court opera;
sang in Bayreuth, where he created
Amfortas, 1882.

REICHWBIIV, lieopold (1878- ) :
b. Breslau; conductor in Mannheim and
the Carlsruhe court opera; produced
2 operas in Breslau, also music to
'Faust' in Mannheim.

RBID, [General] Jabn (1721(7)-
1807) : b. Straloch, Perthshire, d. Lon-
don; founder of a chair of music in
Edinburgh University by a gift of
£52,000 in 1839, which also provided
for an annual concert of his own com-
positions. Those who have held the
R'eid professorship are Sir John Thomp-
son, 1839; Henry Bishop, 1842; Henry
Hugo Pierson, 1844; John Donaldson,
1845; Sir Herbert Stanley Oakeley,
1865, and Frederick Niecks, 1889-1914.

REIFJVEIR, Vlncenz (1878- ) : b.
Theresienstadt; studied in Prague and
with Cyrill Kistler in Eisslngen; mu-
sic critic in Teplltz; composer of 3
symphonic poems, a ballet overture, a
Ballade for soli, chorus and orchestra,
songs, etc.

REIJNVANIV, Jean Verscliaere
(1743-1809) : b. Middelburg, d. \aissin-
gen; abandoned law to become organ-
ist and carillonneur; author of the
first Dutch musical lexicon (1789),
completed only to M, and a musical
catechism (1788) ; composed violin so-
natas, psalms, motets, etc.

REIMANIV (1) Matthleu (1544-
1597) : b. Lowenberg, d. Prague; doctor
of laws and councillor to Emperor Ru-
dolf II; was the author of two works

Belnecktt

for the lute: Nodes masicae (1598) and
Cithara sacra psalmodiae Davidis ad
usum testudinis (1603). (2) Ignaz
(1820-1885): b. Albendorf, d. Rengers-
dorf ; was choral director and teacher.
He composed 74 masses, 24 requiems, 4
Te Deums, 37 litanies, 4 oratorios, 83
offertories, 50 graduals, many Elegiac
songs, nuptial cantatas and other
church music, as well as 9 overtures
and lesser instrumental works. (3)
Helnrlcli (1850- ): b. Silesia; at
first Gynmasium teacher, became as-
sistant librarian of the Royal Library,
Berlin; organist of the Philharmonic
Society there; teacher of organ and
theory at the Scharwenka-Elindworth
Cons, and, since 1895, organist at the
Gnadenkirche. He is widely known
for his musical criticisms in the All-
gemeine musihalische Zeitung; also
wrote a biography of Schumann (1887) ;
Zar Theorie und Geschichte der bg-
zantinischen Masik in the Vterteljahrs-
schrift fur Masikwissenshaft (1889) ;
revised Vol. U. of Ambros's Masik-
geschichte for a new edition; pub.
collection of old songs arranged for
concert performance. Das deutsche Lied.
Ref.: (cited) V. 125f; VI. 323. (4)
Wolfsangr (1887- ) : b. Neusalz on
the Oder; pupil of Earl Straube, Leip-
zig Conservatory; is organist of the
Jerusalem Church in Berlin since 1910,
and organist of the Bremen Philhar-
monic Chorus.

REIXACH, Theodore (1860- ):
b. St.-Germain-en-Laye ; musical his-
torian; since 1886 editor of Rivue des
etudes Grecgues: is one of the most
distinguished scholars in the field of
Greek music. With Eichthal he has
written an essay on pseudo-Aristotelian
musical problems, and with H. Weil
a study on Plutarch (Paris, 1910), as
well as Seconde Hgmne Delphique d
Apollon (with L. Boellmann, 1897) , and
other studies of ancient Greek music.

REINAGIiE], Alexander (18th
cent.) : American musical pioneer. Ref.:
IV. 66f, 72, 74, 81.

RSHNKCKE: (1) Lieopold Carl
(1774-1820): b. Dessau, d. Giisten;
studied violin with Rust and compo-
sition with Naumann; leader and Mu-
sikdirektor at Dessau from 1798; prod,
operas at Dessau, also symphonies and
chamber music. (2) Karl [Heinrlch
Karsten] (1824-1910) : b. Altona, near
Hamburg; d. Leipzig; was pupil of
his father, Johann Peter Rudolf R.
(an excellent teacher) ; concertized as
a piano virtuoso in Denmark and Swe-
den, 1843; was court pianist to Eing
Christian VIII of Denmark, 1846-48;
teacher at Cologne conservatory, 1851;
Musikdirektor, Barmen, 1854-59; aca-
demical Musikdirektor and conductor
of the Singakademie, Breslau, 1859-60;
conductor of the Gewandbaus concerts
in Leipzig and teacher of piano and
free composition at the Leipzig conser-
vatory from 1860. The conductorship

4

Reiner

he resigned to Niklsh In 1895, but did
not retire from the conservatory until
1902. He was an excellent conductor,
a composer of Importance and as pi-
anist a fine Interpreter (especially of
Mozart). He was a prolific composer,
writing In nearly all forms. His com-
positions include 4 piano concertos, a
Konzertstuck for piano, and many books
of studies, a concerto each for vio-
lin, 'cello, harp; sonatas for violin
(1), 'cello (3), harp, flute (1), piano
(1 four-hand, several solo), etc.; also
sonatinas, fantasy pieces, caprices, etc.,
for piano; 5 trios (2 for piano, violin
and 'cello; 1 for piano, oboe, uom; 1
for piano, clarinet and violin; 1 for
piano, clarinet and horn) ; also 2 sere-
nades for piano, violins and 'cello;
2 piano quartets, 1 piano quintet, 1 sex-
tet and 1 octet for wind; also a grand
opera, K6nig Manfred (Wiesbaden,
1867) ; 3 comic operas, Der vierjShrige
Posten (Barmen, 1855), Auf hohen
Befehl (Hamburg, 1886) and Der Gou-
verneur »on Tours (Schwerin, 1891);
a Singspiel Ein Abenteuer Bdndels,
incidefatal dramatic music ; many choral
works, including the oratorio Belsazar;

2 masses, cantata for male chor., etc.;

3 symphonies, serenade for string
orch., 10 overtures and other composi-
tions for orchestra, and many choruses
and songs, among them the very popu-
lar Kinderlieder; a cycle Von der
Wiege bis zum Grdbe (soli and piano) ;
Mdrchendicbtangen for women's voices
and piano, 20 canons for 3 women's
voices and piano, etc. He was the
Leipzig correspondent for the London
'Monthly Musical Record' for years,
and wrote Znr Wiederbelebangder Mo-
zartschen Klavierkonzerte (1891), Die
Beethovenschen Klaviersonuten (1899,
6th ed. 1912), Meister der Tonkunst
(1903), Atts deal Reich der T6ne (1907),
etc. Ref.: H. 263; HI llff, 257; V.
255f ; VHL 249; mus. ex., XIV. 370, 371;
portrait, VHL 250.

REINBR (1) Adam (15th[?]-16th
cent.) : church composer in Li^ge ; mo-
tets, masses, hymns, etc., still extant in
collections of 1541 and 1545. (2)
Jakob (before 1560-1606): b. Altdorf,
near Weingarten; d. Welngarten, Wilrt-
temberg, in the monastery there; stud-
ied at the monastery school and with
Orlando di Lasso in Munich; singing
teacher, choir-director and composer in
the monastery, which he never joined
as a priest; pub. several hooks of mo-
tets, psalms, and other vocal church
music, 1579-1608. (3) Ambrosiaa
(1604-1672): b. Altdorf-Weingarten, d.
Innsbruck; son of (2) ; Kapellmeister
at the Innsbruck court, for which he
composed psalms, masses and motets.

REJINHARD (1) Andreas (early
17th cent.): organist in Saxony: pub-
lished 2 works on theory. (2) B.
Francois (early 19th cent) ; prmter
in Strassburg, the first to use stereo-
type in music printing.

Belser

RBINHARDT, Helnrlcli (1865- ) :
b. Pressburg, composer of the oper-
etta Das siisse Mddel (1901) and 3
others prod, in Vienna, also Ein Mad-
chen far alles (Munich, 1908) and
Prinzessin Gretl (Berlin, 1914) ; for a
time critic of the Neues Wiener Journal
and writer on music.

REINHOLD (1) Theodor Christ-
Iteb (1682-1755): d. Dresden; cantor,
teacher and composer. (2) Hugo
(1854- ) : b. Vienna; chorister in
the court chapel; pupil of the Vienna
Conservatory; composer of piano
pieces, orchestral prelude, minuet and
fugue, suite for piano and string in-
struments, etc.; now professor of piano
at the Imperial and Royal Academy of
Tonal Art, Vienna.

REIIlVKEiX (or Relnfee, Relnlcfce)
Jam (Jobann) Adam (1623-1722): b.
Deventer, Holland; d. Hamburg; or-
ganist; pupil of Sweelinck, in Amster-
dam; became assistant (1658) to Schei-
demann, then succeeded him (1663) as
organist at the Katharinenkirche, Ham-
burg, where he achieved country-wide
renown. His works comprise Hortus
musicus for 2 violins, viola and bass
(1704), and Partite diverse, a toccata
for organ, 2 arrangements for chorales
and 2 variations for clavichord. Ref.:
I. 451. 457; VI. 432 (footnote): VIIL
125.

REINTHAI^BR, Karl (Martin)
(1822-1896): b. Erfurt, d. Bremen;
composer; pupil of G. A. Ritter and
Marx. In 1849 he was granted a
stipend by the King to study singing
at Paris under Geraldi and Bordognl,
and for 3 years at Rome. He was then
made teacher of singing at Cologne
Cons.; in 1857 appointed municipal
Musikdirektor, organist and Kapell-
meister ai. the cathedral and conductor
of the Singakademie in Bremen, where
he later became conductor of me Lle-
dertafel; 'Royal Prussian Musikdirek-
tor,' member of the Berlin Akademie,
and 'Royal Professor"; prod. 2 operas,
Edda (Bremen, 1875) and Kitchen von
Heilbronn (Frankfort, 1881) ; an ora-
torio, Jephtha; a 'Bismarck Hymn'; the
choral works In der Waste, Das
Madchen von Kolah (both with orch.)
and Die Rosen von Hildesheim (for
4 male voices with orch.) ; a symphony
in D; male choruses, psalms and songs.
Ref.: in. 256.

RBISCH, Georg (late 15th-early
16th cent.) : prior in Freiburg; writer
on musical meory (Principa musicae,
Musica ftaurata, 1496; separately, 1508
and 1523).

RBISE:1VAT7ER, Alfred (1863-1907) :
b. Konigsberg, d. Libau; studied law j
and music in Leipzig, the latter with
Kohler and Liszt; concert pianist of
world-wide reputation; professor of
piano at the Leipzig Conservatory, and
composer of many piano ijleces, songs,
also (MS.) orchestral variations.

RBISEIR (1) JSrg. See Reyseb.

115

Reiset

(2) FrledTlcli Hermann (1839-1879) ;
b. Gammertlngen, d. Rheinf elden ; sou
of Heinsich R, (composer of masses,
author of a piano method, etc.; Mu-
sikdirektor at Rheinfelden) ; wrote
choral church music, also a piano
method. (3) Ausnst Frtedrlcli (1840-
1904): brother of (2); b. Gammertin-
gen, d. Haigerloch; pupil of his fa-
ther; editor of the Neae Musikzeitung
(1880-1886) ; composer of male cho-
ruses, 2 symphonies, 4 overtures, etc.
(4) Alois: contemporary Bohemian
composer of an opera, Gobi, a 'cello
concerto, violin pieces, chamber music,
etc. Ref.: m. 182.

REIISET (1) Marie F£Uce Clem-
cnce (1830- ): b. Cour du Bois,
Sarthe; pupil of Saint-Saens; composer
of several operas (Atala, 1888), sym-
phonies and church music. (2) [Connt]
(19th cent.) : French envoy in Darm-
stadt, Hanover, etc.; composer of sev-
eral operas, produced in Darmstadt
and Brunswick.

RBISS (1) Karl Helnrlcb Adolf
(1829-1908): b. Frankfort-on-Main, d.
there; studied with Hauptmann in
Leipzig; assistant conductor in thea-
tres in Mayence, Beme, Basel, Wurz-
burg and Cassel; conductor of the
court bands in Cassel and Wiesbaden;

Srod. an opera. Otto der Schutz, in
[ayence. (2) Albert: b. Berlin; stu-
dent of law, actor; then, 'discovered'
by Pollini, studied singing with Lie-
bau and Stolzenberg; tenor in Wag-
nerian and other operas at Eonigs-
berg, Posen, Wiesbaden, and at pres-
ent at the New York Metropolitan
Opera House; especially successful
as Mime, and as DaVld in Meister-
singer.

RBISSIGKR, Karl GottUeb (1798-
1859) : b. Belzig, near Wittenberg, d.
Dresden; composer, director; studied
under Schicht; went to Vienna (1821),
where he wrote an opera. Das Rocken-
iveibchen (not performed), and ap-

fieared as vocalist and pianist; in
822 went to Munich, where he studied
dramatic composition under Winter
and brought out, with success, an over-
ture and entr'actes to Nero. In 1824
he was sent by the Prussian Govern-
ment to make a tour of Inspection in
Italy and submitted a plan for a con-
servatory; taught at the Berlin Royal
Institute for Church Music; in 1826
established a conservatory at the
Hague, which still flourishes. In the
same year he succeeded Marschner as
conductor of the German Opera at
Dresden, then was appointed court
Kapellmeister, to succeed Weber.
Among his works are the operas
Didoae abbandonata (Dresden, 1823),
Der Ahnenschatz (1824), Yelva (melo-
drama, 1827), Libella (1828), Die Fel-
senmiihle von Etaliires (1829), Taran-
dot (1835), Adile de Foix (1841) ; Der
Schiffbruch der Medusa (1846); the
oratorio David; 10 grand masses, a

1

BeUe

symphony, an overture, a clarinet and
a flute concerto, a piano and a string
quintet, 6 piano and 8 string (Quar-
tets, 27 piano trios, 3 violin, 2 'cello
and 1 clarinet sonatas; and, for piano,
3 solo and two 4-hand sonatas, many
songs, etc., etc. Ref.: U. 409; VIII.
249.

RBISSMANX, Angnst (1825-1903):
b. Frankenstein, Silesia, d. Berlin;
music historian; studied in Franken-
stein and Breslau; lived successively in
Weimar, Halle, Berlin, Leipzig, Wies-
baden, and again in Berlin; lectured
on the history of music at the Stern
Cons., Berlin, 1866-1874; his writings
include Das deutsche Lied in seiner
historischen Bntwicklung (1861), Von
Bach bis Wagner; zur Geschichte der
JUttsik (1861), Allgemeine Geschichte
der Musik (3 vols., 1863-64), Allgemeine
Musiklehre (1864), R. Schumann (1865),
Lehrbnch der musikalischen Kompo-
sition (3 vols., 1866-71), Grundriss
der Musikgeschichte (1865), Felix
Mendelssohn-Bartholdg (1867), Franz
Schubert (1873), Die Konigliche Hoch-
schule far Musik in Berlin (1876),
Letchtfassliche Musikgeschichte in
zwolf Yorlesungen (1877), Joseph
Haydn (1879), Zur Xsthetik der Musik
(1879), lllustrierte Geschichte der
deutschen Musik (1880), Die Oper in
ihrer Kunst und Kultarhistorischen
Bedeutang (1885), Joh. Seb. Bach
(1881), G. F. Handel (1882), Chr. W. v.
Glack (1882), Weber (1883), Die Haus-
musik (1884), Die Musik als Hilfsmit-
tel der Erziehung (1887), Fr. Lux
(1888), Dichtkunst und Tonkunst in
ihrem Verhdltnis zu einander (1889),
Die Kunst und die Gesellschaft (1882);
pub. some musical dictionaries and
practical works on music; composer
of 3 operas, an oratorio, a ballet, choral
works, a suite for violin and orches-
tra, a violin concerto, 2 violin sonatas,
piano pieces, songs, duets, etc.

REIITBR (1) Bmst (1814-1875): b.
Baden, d. Basel; professor of violin at
Wurzburg Conservatory, Muslkdirektor
in Strassburg and Basel; composed 2
string quartets, songs, an oratorio and
an opera, prod, in Wiesbaden (1865).
(2) Joseph (1862- ): b. Braunau;
composer of many male and mixed
choruses, choral works with orch.,
ballades, and four operas {Der Bund-
schuh, Vienna, 1892; Klopstock in
Z&rich, Linz, 1894; Der Totentanz,
Dessau, 1908; Ich aber preise die Liebe,
ib., 1912). He lives in Vienna. .

RCKAI, Ferdinand: contemporary
composer of 2 Hungarian operas, A
Nagy-ldai czigdngock (1906) and Frater
Georg (1911), produced in Pesth. Ref.:
HL 200.

RBLFEl, John (1763-ca. 1837): b.
Greenwich, London; member of the
King's Band and music teacher in Lon-
don; published books on harmony and
pedagogy; also 2-hand and 4-hand pi-
ano sonatas, vocal works, etc. He

Rellstab

proposed a reform of thorough-bass
figuring.

RBLI^STAB (1) [JoBANN Cabi.]
FrledTlch (1759-1813): b. Berlin, d.
there; studied under F. Agrlcola and
Fasch: added a music printing and
publisnlng department, also a circu-
lating library of music to his father's
printing business; gave music lessons,
lecturea on harmony, and wrote criti-
cisms for the Vossiche Zeitung; pub,
Versuch uber die Yereinigung der mu-
sikalischen und oratorischen Deklama-
tion (Vienna, 1875); Anleitang fur
ClavierspieleT, den Gebrauch der
Bach'schen Fingersetzung, die Manieren
und den Vortrag betreffend (1790), and
a pamphlet on the music of his time
(Berlin, 1789). (2) [Heinrioh Fbied-
RiCB] Lndwis (1799-1860): b. Berlin,
d. there; famous novelist, son of (1) ;
artillery offlcer, teacher of mathematics
and history in the Brigade School, Ber-
lin ; left the army in 1821 ; was a writer
in Berlin from 1823; then editor and
music critic of the Yossi^che Zeitung
from 1826; wrote 2 satirical pamph-
lets (1826-27), which caused him to he
imprisoned for a time. H. edited a
musical periodical. Iris im Gebiet der
Tonkunst (1839-41), and contributed to
various papers; his collected works
include various biographies of Liszt,
Ludwig Berger, and others, as well as
criticisms on opera and concert for the
period 1826-48.

REMBT, Jobann Urnst (1749-
1810) : b. Suhl, d. there; organist there,
and composer of fuguettas, chorale
preludes, trios, etc.

RElUBTrYI (correctly Hollmann),
XJdaard (1830-1898) : b. Heves, Hun-
gary, d. San Francisco; studied in
Uie Vienna Conservatory; emigrated
to America after the revolution of
1848; after his return (1853) associated
with Liszt, and travelled with Brahms;
solo violinist in the Royal orchestra,
London; settled in Paris, 1875, and
made world-tours which established his
international reputation as a virtuoso
of the first rank. Ref.: U. 451; VII.
445.

RBm d'AUXE^RRXIi scholar and
monk at Auxerre, Hheims and Paris;
wrote a commentary on the musical
part of Martianus Lapella's Satgricon,
reprinted in Gerbert's Scriptores, I.

REMHIBRT, Martlia (1854- ) : b.
Grossschwein, near Glogau; studied
with Kullak, Tausig, and Liszt; pi-
anist and chamber-music player.

RfiMTTSAT, Jean (1815-1880): b.
Bordeaux, d. Shanghai; solo flutist
at Queen's Theatre, London; composed
solos, duos, etc., and opposed the use
of me Bohm flute. (2) Bernard
Martin (1822- ): b. Bordeaux;
brother of (1); flutist.

RKMT (1) VT. A. See M&TEB, Wn.-
HBLM. (2) Alfred (1870- ) : b. EI-
berfeld, Germany; studied music with
Bruno Oscar Klein in New York; mu-

Bestorl

sic crlUc for 'Vogue,' 1895-97 ; instructor
and lecturer on musical theory and Iiis-
tory in musical colleges In New York,
1895-98: musical editor of 'New Inter-
natlonu Year Book' and 'New Inter-
national Encyclopedia' since 1906:
editor 3rd ed. of 'Baker's Biographical
Dictionary of Musicians' (1917), and
contributor to various musical journals.

RENARD (correctly PSIzI) Marie
(1864- ) : b. Graz ; soprano at Graz,
Prague, the court operas of Berlin and
Vienna; among her chief r6Ies were
Carmen, the 'Daughter of the Regi-
ment,' Zerlina, etc.

REXATTD, Albert (1855- ): b.
Paris; studied with Franck and De-
libes; organist and composer for or-
gan, orchestra, and chorus. He also
wrote light dramatic works, a ballet
pantomime, an operetta, a fairy play,
Aladin, etc. (2) Maurice (1862- ):
b. Bordeaux; studied at the Conserva-
toire; operatic bass with large repor-
toire; sang at Brussels and in comic
and grand opera at Paris, also New
York and other American cities. Ref.:
IV. 152.

RBNDANO, Alfonso (1853- ): b.
Carolei, near Consenza; studied with
Thalberg and at the conservatories of
Naples and Leipzig; concert pianist,
noted as Bach player in Leipzig, Lon-
don and Paris ; composed piano pieces
and an opera, Consuelo (1902).

RUNEiR, Adam. See Reiner.

RENNER (1) Josef (1832-1895): b.
Schmatzhausen, Bavaria, d. Ratisbon;
studied with Mettenleiter and Proske;
founder and director of a madrigal
quartet in Ratisbon to revive the
a-cappella singing of the 16th cent.;
edited collections of male quartets and
madrigals; wrote offertories. (2) Josef
(1868- ): b. Ratisbon; son of (1);
studied with Rheinberger; cathedral or-
ganist, teacher of organ in the Church
Music School; composer of sacred vo-
cal music and sonatas, trios, etc., for
the organ. He composed besides male
choruses, songs, a piano and violin
serenade, a Singspiel, Joseph Hagdn,
and wrote essays on Modem Church
Music and Rheinberger's Masses.

RESPIGHI, Ottorlno (1879- ):
b. Bologna, where he was pupil of the
Llceo Musicale (Frederigo Sard, Gius,
Martucci) ; has been teacher of com-

?osition at the same institution since
913; composer of 2 three-act operas.
Re Enzo (Bologna, 1905), and Semirdma
(1910), and has recently completed a
third, Maria Vittoria; as well as can-
tatas, suites and lesser compositions for
orchestra and strings, songs, organ
compositions and piano pieces.

RESTORI, Antonio (1859- ): b.
P6ntremoli, Massa Carrara; studied in
Parma and Bologna; became professor
of Romance languages at the Univer-
sity of Messina in 1897. Aside from
many non-musical publications, he has
written much on the secular music of

117

[De] Reszke

the Middle Ages; In addition to essays
and studies contributed to periodi-
cals, his writings include Notazione
musicale dell' antichUsima Alba bilin-
oua (1892); Musica allegra di Francia
net secoli XII e XIII (1893); and La
Muslque des Chansons franeaises (1895,
in Pettt de Juleville's Hist, de la langue
et de la litUrature franc, I, 370), and
La Gaiti de la Tot, aubade del sec. XIII
(1904).

[de] RBSZKK (1) Jean (correctly
Jan Mleczislav) (1852- ) : b. War-
saw; studied with CiafFel, Cotogni,
Sbriglia; made his d^but as baritone
In Venice and London (under the name
DE Reschi) ; became first tenor at
the Paris Op^ra, then sang in London,
Hev^ York, Warsaw, St. Petersburg,
Madrid, etc. His d^but as baritone was
made in Favorita (Alfonso) and as
tenor in Robert le Diable (title rdle).
He created Massenet's Cid; now teaches
singing in Paris. Ref.: TV. 143f, 146f.
(2) Bdonard (1855- ): brother of
Jean; b. Warsaw; studied with Ciaffei,
Steller, Colettl; dramatic bass; made
his d^but at Warsaw; has sung in
Paris, Italy, London, America; singing
teacher in London since 1907. (3)
Josephine (d. In Warsaw, 1891) ;
studied in the St. Petersburg Cons.;
appeared as coloratura singer m Paris,
Madrid, Lisbon and London from 1875
to 1884, when she married Leopold von
Kronenburg in Warsaw.

RUTTBKE:, Adolf (1805-1875): b.
Halberstadtj d. there; organ builder
at Hausneindorf, near Quedlinburg;
built the organs In the cathedral (88
stops) and in the Jakoblkirche (53
stops) at Magdeburg. (2) Emil (1836-
1885) : b. Hausneindorf, d. there ; son
of (1) ; succeeded his father, making
improvements in pneumatic tubes. (3)
Jnllns R. (1834-1858): b. Hausnein-
dorf, d. Pillnitz; another son of (1) ;
pianist; was pupil of Eullak and Marx,
In Berlin, and later of Liszt; wrote
ai piano sonata, an organ sonata, the
94ui Psalm, other piano pieces and
songs. Ref.: VI. 463. (4f Otto R.
(1842-1913): b. Hausneindorf, d. Halle;
third son of (1) ; was a pupil of von
Bulow and Marx; Muslkdirektor at
Halle University from 1892, and con-
ductor of the Singakademie there.

REJUCHSEL, (1) Joliann (1791-
1870) : b. Bavaria, a. Lyons ; theatrical
conductor in Wurzburg; went to France
in 1824 and lived in Ljrons from 1853.
His numerous compositions are all in
MS. (2) liSon (18^- ) : son of (1) ;
b. Vesoul, Haute Sadne; pupil of the
Lyons organist Batiste; director of the
local Cecilia Society, for which he com-
posed large choral works, and the afi-
ihor of numerous masses, cantatas,
motets, as well as pedagogical booklets:
Chef da parfait micanisme, , L'Art
pianistique. (3) AmSdee (1875- ):
b. Lyons; son of (2); pupil of Tinel,
Pupont and Mailly at Brussels Con-

ai8

Bens9

servatory and of Gabriel Faurfi in
Paris: organist of St.-Denis, Paris; re-
ceived the Chartier prize for chamber
music in 1008. Among his composi-
tions are a piano quartet, a string
quartet, sextat for wind instruments, a
trio, sonatas for 'cello and for violin,
a Poime hirolqne for 'cello and or-
chestra, 3 sonatas and other organ com-
positions, an oratorio, Daniel, some 40
choruses for male voices, songs and
piano pieces, as well as an opera. La
moisson sanglante (1913). He also
wrote a Thiorie abrigie de la musique
and edited the collection Solfige cias-
sique et modeme tor the Conservatoire.
(4) Bfanrlce (1880- ): b. Lyons;
brother of (3) ; violinist, pupil of his
father and of the Paris Cons.; ap-
peared with success in France, Lon-
don, Turin, etc.; composed for violin
and orchestra (.Poime iligiaque. Suite
italienne. Suite dans le style ancien),
a trio, string quartet, songs, church
music and organ pieces. He is editor
of the Express musical de Lyon since
1903, and is the author of La masique
i Lyon (1903), L'icole elassique du
violon and other books.

RETTIilNG, L.ndvrlg WUhelm (1802-
1879): b. Darmstadt, d. Munich; con-
ductor at the Vienna court opera; com-
posed about 55 dramatic works (operas,
operettas, ballets), prod, in Vienna.

REVSIVBR. Elsajas (1636-1679): b.
Lowenberg, Silesia, d. Colln-on-Spree ;
educated by a French lutenist at the
Court of the Polish princess Badziwill;
ducal SUeslan Court lutenist, 1655;
court lutenist at Brandenburg, 1671;
pub. a number of suites in 1667, 1676,
1670, partly for lute, partly for other
string instrtunents with continue, some
of which have a prelude or a sonatina
preceding the dances. He also pub. 100
sacred melodies of evangelical songs in
lute tablature. Ref.: \U. 473.

REUSS (1) Bdnard (1851-1911): b.
New York, d. Dresden; studied with
E. Kriiger in Gottingen and with Liszt;
teacher of music at Karlsruhe, Wies-
baden and the Dresden Royal Conserva-
tory; for a time directed the conserva-
tory at Wiesbaden; conducted in Amer-
ica (1901-02), then became professor at
the Dresden Cons.; arranged Liszt's
concert solo in C min. for piano and
orch.; wrote articles on Liszt, etc. (2)
liuiae [R.-Belce] (1863- ): b. Vi-
enna; wife of (1); singer at the Royal
Theatre in Wiesbaden, while her hus-
band directed the Cons, there; also
sang at Bayreuth; teacher of singing in
Berlin. (3) Angnst (1871- ): b.
Lillendorf, near Znaim; pupil of
Thuille in Munich; theatre conductor
in Augsburg and Magdeburg; teacher
in Charlottenburg, then Munich; com-
poser of songs (some with orch.), a
ballade, male choruses, a melodrama
with orch., a symphonic prologue, 2
symphonic poems, an opera (Graz,
1909), a piano quintet, a string quar-

Beuss

tet, trio, violin sonata. Barcarole for
'cello and piano, and piano pieces.

RS:USS [-KSstrltzJ, Helnricb XXIV,
Prince of (1855- ) : b. Trebschen,
Brandenburg, d. CasUe Ernstbrunn,
Lower Austria; studied with his fa-
ther. Witting, Herzogenberg, Rust; com-
posed 2 string quartets, 2 string quin-
tets, a piano quintet, a string sextet,
a trio, a violin sonata, 6 symphonies
and a mass.

REUTBR, Florlzel (1890- ) : pu-
pil of Bendlx and Marteau; violinist
of repute in America, where he has
toured extensively.

REUTTBR (1) GeoTS (1656-1738):
b. Vienna, d. there: organist; theorbist
in the court orchestra (1697-1703) ;
court organist in 1700, later also sec-
ond Kapellmeister; first cathedral
Kapellmeister at St. Stephen's in 1715;
6 capricci, 2 canzoni and a fuga, a
ricercar and a toccata for clavier or
organ by him are pub. in the Denkmd-
ler der Tonkunst in osterreich. (2)
[Johann Adam Karl] QeoTS (1708-
1772): son of (1); b. Vienna, d. there;
court composer in Vienna, 1731; his
father's successor at St. Stephen's, also
at the Gnadenblld (2nd Kapellmeister) ;
court Kapellmeister, 1757; ennobled,
1740 (Edler von R.) ; composed 31 op-
eras and serenades, 9 oratorios, can-
tatas, masses, motets, etc., a symphony
being pub. in the Denkmaler der Ton-
kunst in Ssterreich. Ref.: n. 62, 84;
Vm. 139.

REVBRK, Paul (18th cent.) : Amer-
ican patriot; was also the first music
engraver in America. Ref.: IV. 29.

REY (1) Jean Baptiste (1734-1810) :
b. Lauzerte, Tamet-Garonne ; d. Paris;
mattre de chapelle at Auch Cathedral,
1827; opera conductor at Toulouse,
Mon^ellier, Marseilles, Bordeaux and
Nantes from 1754; assistant to Fran-
coeur at the Op6ra, Paris, 1776-81, when
he succeeded nim; cond. the Concerts
spirituels, 1781-85; cond. of chamber
music to Louis Xvl; professor of har-
mony at the Cons., 1795-1802; Napo-
leon's mattre de chapelle from 1804;
prod. 2 operas, ballets, orchestral
masses, motets, etc. (2) Jean Baptlste
(ca. 1760-C?]); b. Tarrascon; 'cellist at
the Opdra, 1795-1822; pub. Cours iU-
mentaire de musique et de pianoforte
and Exposition ilimentaire de ■ I'har-
monie: thiorie ginirale des accords
d'apris Id. basse fondamentale (1807).
(3) V-P-S. (ca. 1762-[?]): pub. Sys-
time harmonique . . . d'apris les prin-
cipes du cilibre Ramean (1795) and
L'art de la musique thiori-physico-
prattque (1806). (4) Brneat. See
Reyeb. (5) (I<e R.)j FredSrlc: con-
temp, composer of operas and oper-
ettas, including Dans les nuages (Ro-
ven, 1885), Stinio (ib., 1887), Eros (ib.,
1889), Hermann et Dorothie (ib., 1894),
La dame au bois dormant (ib., 1895),
La redingote (Paris, 1895), La migaire
apprivoisie (ib., 1896), Soeur Marthe

Bhaw

(Paris, 1889), Thi-Then (Paris, 1899),
and (with Clarice) Les petites Vestales
(ib., 1900).

RBlfBR (or Rey), I/onla £tlenne
Brnest (1823- ): b. Marseilles;
studied from 6 to 10 in the free rha-
nicipal school of music; studied at
Paris with his aunt, Mme. Farrenc, in
1848; prod, in 1850, at the Theatre
Italien, a symphonic ode with cho-
ruses, Le Selam (poem by Gautier) ;
later followed a one-act comedy opera,
Mattre Wolfram. (1854); a 2-act ballet
pantomime, Sacountala (Op^ra, 1858) ;
a 3-act comedy opera. La Statue (1861),
and the operas Prostrate (Baden-Baden,
1862), Sigurd (Brussels, 1884), Sa-
lammbo (Brussels, 1890). He also
wrote a cantata, Victoire (1859) ; a
hymn, L' Union des arts (1862) ; male
choruses; a dramatic scene. La Made-
leine au disert (1874) ; church music.
He succeeded Berlioz as librarian at
the OpSra, and was elected to David's
chair in the Academic in 1876. His
collected essays are published under the
title Notes de musique (1875). Ref.:
n. 390, 438; IX. 238, 442, 443, 454, 455.

REYSBR (Ryser, Reiser), JSrg
(15th cent.) : music printer in Wiirz-
burg; the first to employ Gothic chorale
types in printing mass books (1481).

RBZNICEIK, Bmil Nlcolans, Frel-
herr von (1861- ) ; b. Vienna ; stud-
ied at Graz; music at the Leipzig Cons.;
Kapellmeister in theatres at Graz, Zu-
rich, Mayence, Stettin and Weimar;
first Kapellmeister at the court thea-
tre, in Mannheim, 1896-99. He estab-
lished the Orchestral Chamber Concerts
in Berlin, 1902; became teacher at the
Scharwenka Cfons., 1906, and was
Kapellmeister of the Berlin Comic Op-
era, 1909-11. He composed the operas
Die Jangfraa von Orleans (1887), Sata-
nella (1888), Emmerich Fortunat (1889),
Donna Diana (1894), all prod, at
Prague, and Till Eulenspiegel (Berlin,
1902) ; also the operetta Die Angst vor
der Ehe (1914) ; also a Requiem (1894) ,
a mass for Emperor Francis Joseph's
50-year jubilee (1898) ; Rnhm vnd Ewig-
keit (Nietzsche), for tenor and orch.;
Der Sieger, for alto, solo chorus and
orch. (1914), and 2 symphonic suites
for full orch. (in E min. and D), Lust-
spielouvertUre, Idyllic overture, 2 sym-
phonies ('Tragic,* D min.; 'Ironic,' E
maj., 1915), a symphonic poem, Peter
Schlemihl (1912), Introduction and
Valve Caprice for violin and orches-
tra, prelude and fugue for orchestra,
nocturnes for 'cello, harp, 4 horns and
string quartet, serenade for string or-
chestra, 2 string quartets, songs and
piano pieces. Ref.: III. 181; VIII.
423f; IX. 429.

RECABANVS MAURUS (9th cent.):
bishop of Mayence. Ref.: I. 137.

RHA-W [Rhan], Georg (1488-1548) :
b. Eisfeld, Franconia, d. Wittenberg;
cantor of the Tbomasschule, Leipzig,
until 1520; brought out a 12-part mass

119

Rheinberger

and a Te Deum at the disputation of
Luther and Eck; established a music-
printing business at Wittenberg, 1524,
-where he pub. Protestant compositions,
including Bicinia gallica, 1544, which
contains the earliest known version of
,the Rata des vachesj wrote an En-
chiridion musices (1518-20).

RHKIIVBKRGSIR, Joaepli Gabriel
von (1839-1901): b. Vaduz, Liechten-
stein; d. Munich; was an able organ-
ist at 7; studied at the Royal School
of Music, Munich, under Herzog, Leon-
hard, and J. J. Mayer, 1851-58, and be-
came teacher of theory there in 1859;
acting as organist at the court church
of St. Michael, and conductor of the
Oratorio Society as well. He was
repetitor at the Court Opera, 1865-67;
received the title of Royal professor,
and became inspector of the School of
Music; Kapellmeister of the Royal
Chapel-Choir, celebrated for its per-
formances of early vocal music from
1877. He was ennobled and became a
member of the Berlin Academy. R.
wrote a romantic opera. Die Sieben
Raben (Munich, 1869) ; a comic opera,
Des ThUrmeTS TochteTlein (Munich,
1873), a vaudeville. Das Zauberwort;
music to Calderon's Der Wnnderthd-
tige Magus and Raimund's Die unheil-
bringende Krone; an oratorio, Chris-
tophorusj 12 masses (incl. one for 2
choirs, 3 a cappella, 3 for women's
chorus and organ, 2 for men's chorus) ;
a Heguiem for soldiers of the Franco-
Prussian War; a Requiem a cappella;
2 Stabat Maters, and much other church
music; the cantatas Montfort, Wald-
morgen, Toggenbnrg and Kldrchen auf
Eberstein, for soli, chorus and orch.;
Das Tha.. des Espingo, Johannisnacht
and Wittekind for male chorus and
orch.; also a symphonic tone painting,
Wallenstein (op. 10), a symphonic fan-
tasy (op. 79), 3 overtures, a piano con-
certo, 4 piano sonatas, a 4-hand piano
sonata, variations for string quartet,
a string quintet, 4 trios, a piano quin-
tet, a piano quartet, a motet for wind
and strings, 2 string quartets, 2 violin
sonatas, a 'cello sonata, a horn sonata,
and numerous highly valued organ
works. Including 20 sonatas, 2 con-
certos (w. orch.), a suite for organ,
violin, 'cello, and orch., 12 trios, 12
fughettas, 12 Taeditations,' 6 pieces for
organ and violin (oboe or 'cello) ; also
choral songs, vocal quartets, piano
pieces and songs. Kef.: III. 209, 210f,
257; VI. 201f, 324; portrait, VI. 464.

RHEINXICK, Christopli (1748-
1797) ; b. Memmingen, Wurttemberg, d.
there; successful as an opera composer
in France, in particular with L'amant
Statue (Le Nouveau Pygmalion) (Ly-
ons, 1774), but returned to his native
town after the death of Ms father.
M. Friedlander (Das deatsche Lied im
18. Jahrhundert) considers Rheineck
one of the most gifted song composers
of his day.

120

Rloclas

RICCATI. Giordano, Conte (1709-
1790): b. Castel Franco, near Trevlso;
d. Trevlso; writer on musical acoustics,
harmony, counterpoint, also a biog-
raphy of Agostino Steffanl.

BlCd (1) Federlco (1809-1877): b.
Naples, d. Conegliano; operatic com-
poser; pupil of Fumo, Zingarelli and
Raimondi at the Royal Cons, of San Se-
bastiano; invited to St. Petersburg in
1853 as musical director of the Im-
perial theatres. Produced 19 operas, 5
in collaboration with his brother,
Luigi, 72 Colonello (Naples, 1835);
M. de Chalumeaux (Venice, 1835),
and Disertore per amove (Naples, 1836) ;
L'Amante di richiamo (Turin, 1846),
Crispino e la comare (Venice, 1850).
In his own works are Included La
Prigione d'Edimburgo (1837) ; Corrado
d'Altamura (Milan, 1841), Una follia a
Roma; 6 masses, a cantata and several
smaller vocal works. Ret.: II. 503;
IX. 155. (2) Lnlgi (1805-1859) : b. Na-
ples, -d. Prague; brother of (1); dra-
matic composer; pupil of Furno and
Zingarelli at the Conservatory of San
Sebastiano and of Generali; prod, an
opera buffa, L'Impresario in angustie,
in 1823; appointed (1836) maestro of
the cathedral at Trieste and chorus-
master at the theatre; in 1844 he mar-
ried the singer Lina Stoltz, of Prague;
became insane and died in an asylum.
Among his important operas, of which
there are 30 in all, are: 71 Colombo
(Parma, 1829), Amina o I'orfanello di
Ginevra (Rome, 1829), Chtara di Ro-
semberg (La Scala, Milan, 1831), Chi
dura vince (Rome, 1834), 77 Birrajo di
Preston (Florence, 1847), Crispino e la
comare (with his brother Federico,
Venice, 1850), La festa di Piedigrotta
(Naples, 1852), 77 diavolo a quattro
(Trieste, 1859), several masses, a Re-
quiem, choruses, songs, etc. Ref.: IX.
155.

RICCI-SIGIVORINI, Antonio (1867-) :
b. Massalombarda, in Ravenna, Italy;
pupil of F. Parisini, Busi and G. Mar-
tucci at the Liceo Musicale, Bologna;
composed characteristic pieces for or-
chestra, Atala, Gli amori di Dafni e
Cloe, etc., a number of piano pieces,
songs (6 books), and pieces for strings.

RICCIO, Antonio Teodoro (ca.
1540- ); b. Brescia; church con-
ductor there and at the Ansbach court
band; composed madrigals, motets,
psalms, magnificats, and a book of
masses (1579).

RICCirrS, Ansnst Ferdinand (1819-
1886): b. Bemstadt, Saxony; d. Karls-
bad; Vocal teacher; conducted the Eu-
terpe Concerts, Leipzig, 1849; Kapell-
meister at the Stadttheater there, 1854-
64; and at the Hamburg theatre; musi-
cal critic of the Hamburg Nachrichten;
wrote an overture to Schiller's Braut
von Messina, a cantata. Die Weihe der
Kraft, choruses, vocal trios, duets,
songs and piano music. (2) Carl An-
'gust (1830-1893): b. Bemstadt, d.

Rice

Dresden; nephew of (1); studied un-
der Wleck and Carl Eragen; piano and
violin -with Schubert at Dresden, Men-
delssohn, Schumann, David at Leipzig
Cons., 1844-46; violinist in Dresden
court orch., 1847; chorus-master in
1863; third Kapellmeister in 1887; suc-
ceeded Fiirstenau as librarian of the
Royal Music Library in 1889; wrote the
comic opera Es spukt (Dresden, 1871),
music to Schneewittchen, Ddumling,
AschenbTodel, Der gestiefelte Kater,
Ella, etc., ballets, music to Schiller's
DlthgTombe (1859), songs and piano
pieces.

RICE (1) BlUm S. (1827-1912): b.
Genesee Co., N. Y.; d. Logansport, Ind.;
a merchant, who wrote popular hymns,
among them 'Shall We Meet Beyond the
Kiver?' <2) Fenelon B. (1841-1901):
b. Green, Ohio, d. Oberlin, O.; stud-
ied in Boston and Leipzig; director of
the Oberlin Conservatory of Music.

(3) J. B. (19th cent.) : American pio-
neer operatic manager. Ref.: IV. 169ff.

(4) TV. D.: (19th cent.) : American
'negro' comedian. Ref.: TV. 314f.

RICHAFORT, Jean (early 16th
cent.): pupil of Josguin; maestro di
cappella in Bruges, of whose works
only a few masses, motets and a re-
quiem have been printed, others pre-
served in MS.

RICHARDS, Brlnley (1817-1885) : b.
Carmarthen, Wales; d. London; studied
at the Royal Academy of Music; concert
pianist and teacher; composed salon
music, sacred songs and choruses, or-
chestral works and the popular hynm
'God Bless the Prince of Wales."

RICHARDSON (1) Vaaghan (d.
1729) : London organist and composer.
(2) Josepb (1814-1862): London flutist
and composer.

RICHAIJIiT (1) Charles Simon
(1780-1866): b. Chartres, d. Paris;
founder of the Paris music-publishing
firm which printed the first scores of
Mozart's concertos and Beethoven's
symphonies. (2) Gnlllaoine Simon
(1806-1877) and liSon: sons of (1); b.
Paris, d. there; members and co-heirs
of father's business, which by 1877 had
published over 18,000 numbers, among
them works of Thomas, Berlioz, Reber
and many of the important German

IliE!]' RICHE:, a. See Divms.
RICHBFIIV, Jean: modem French
poet. Ref.: HI. 293. .

RICHTER (1) Ferdinand Tobias

(1649-1711): b. Wurzburg, d. Vienna,
court organist, teacher of the Imperial
children, organ virtuoso; composer of
dramatic cantatas, church music, 2 ora-
torios, organ suites and toccatas, bal-
lets, etc. (2) Franz Xaver (1709-
1789): b. Holleschau, Moravia, d.
Strassburg; member of the band of the
prince-abbot of Kempten, 1740; of the
electoral band at Mannheim, 1747 (vio-
linist and chamber singer, later with
the title chamber composer).. He was

Ricbter

Kapellmeister of the Strassburg min-
ster, 1769-89. As a composer he belongs
to the famous Mannheim school, his
style foreshadowing that of the Vien-
nese classics and his works rivalling
those of Stamltz in strength and bold-
ness. They include, as far as known,
69 symphonies (ranging from string
scoring to addition of full wood-wind
[without clar.] and horns), also 6
string quartets, 12 trio sonatas, 8 trios
for piano, flute and 'cello, 6 flute or
violin duets, solo sonatas for flute and
continuo, 6 piano concertos with string
orchestras, also much church music,
including 28 masses, 2 Requiems, 38
large motets, a Te Deum; 16 psalms.
Lamentations, 2 cantatas, 12 Passions,
all with orchestra or organ, etc. Carl
Stamitz was probably his pupil. Ref.:
U. 67; VU. 112, 413, 487; portrait, Vn.
488. (3) Johann Christian Chrlstopb
(1727-1779) : b. Neustadt, d. Schwarzen-
bach; father of Jean PAul R. ; played
in the band of the Prince of Thum
and Taxis while studying in the
Gymnasium poeticum in Ratishon.
After studying jurisprudence and teach-
ing in Bayreuth he became organist and
'Tertius' (assistant teacher) in Wun-
siedel, later pastor In Jodiz, then
Schwarzenbach ; composed vocal works
(MS.). (4) Jean Panl (1763-1825):
the (xerman poet, inherited a profound
musical sense from his father (3), and
is closely connected with the Romantic
movement in music (i.e., his Influence
on Schumann, etc.). Ref.: II. 263, 306;
III. 218, 321; Vm. 245. (5) Esnst
Frledrlch [Eldaard] (1808-1879): b.
Gross-Schonau, Lausatia, d. Leipzig;
intended for the church, but turned to
music In which he was self-taught; be-
came teacher of theory in the newly
founded Leipzig Cons., 1843; conductor
of the Singakademie till 1847; organist
in various churches and cantor of the
Thomasschule in 1868, also successor
of M. Hauptmann as musical director
of the principal churches, and titular
professor. He composed motets, masses,
a Stabat Mater, an oratorio, Christus
der Erloser, Schiller's Dithyrambe
(1859, Schiller Festival, Gewandhaus),
organ pieces, piano pieces, songs, aliso
string quartets, violin sonata, 'cello so-
nata, etc. His widely used theoretical
writings include Praktische Studien
zur TheoTie der Musik (I. Lehrbuch der
Harmonie, 1853, 26th ed., 1911; II. Lehr-
buch des einfachen and doppelten
Konirapunkts, 1872, 13th ed., 1912; in.
Lehrbuch der Fuge, 1859, 7th ed.,
1911). The entire work was translated
into English by Franklin Taylor (1864.
1874, 1878), the separate parts into
Swedish, Russian (I, II), French (I),
Italian (I), Spanish (I) and Dutch (I).
R. also wrote a catechism of the organ
(4th ed., 1876). Ref.: WI. 88. (6) Hans
(1843-1916) : b. Raab, Hungary, d. Bay-
reuth; conductor; was choirboy in the
Court Chapel, Vienna (1853); studied

121

Ricieri

composition under Sechter (1860-5) and
piano and Frencli horn at the Con-
servatory. In 1866-7 he was In Lu-
cerne making a copy of the Meister-
singer score for Wagner, who recom-
mended him to the position of chorus-
master at the Munich Opera; became
court conductor under von Btilow
(1868-9) ; conducted rehearsals and in-
itial performance of Lohengrin, at Brus-
sels, 1870; was appointed 10 months
later Kapellmeister at the Pesth Na-
tional Theatre; then succeeded DessofF
as Kapellmeister at the Imperial Op-
era, Vienna, becoming Kapellmeister on
Hellmesberger's death in 1893. From
1875 he was also conductor of the con-
certs of the Gesellschaft der Musik-
f reunde ; was chosen by Wagner to con-
duet the Ring at Bayreuth, 1876, and
was the master's alternate in conduct-
ing Wagner's concerts at Albert Hall,
London, 1877. He was conductor-in-
chief of the Bayreuth Festivals from
that time, and from 1879 gave an an-
nual series of concerts in London. He
conducted several of the Lower Rhenish
Festivals, and from 1885 the Birming-
ham Festivals, succeeding Costa; re-
ceived the honorary Mus. D. from Ox-
ford in 1885. Ref.: II. 422; VUl. 486;
protralt, VIII. 444.

RICIERI, Giovanni Antonio (1670-
1746) ; b. Venice, d. Bologna ; male so-

Erano at Bologna, where he was a mem-
er of the Phflharmonic Academy (later
expelled for his sharp criticism of
his colleagues) ; became conductor to
a Polish nobleman; for a short time
Franciscan novice. Of his composi-
tions 4 oratorios are known, and a 5-
Sart fugue was cited as model by Padre
[artini.

RICKBTT, Edmond (1869- ): b.
Birmingham; studied lliere and in the
Royal College of Music, London; di-
rector of music at Garrick Theatre,
London; organist and choir-master in
Birmingham; since 1910 director of
musical faculty at the Bennett School,
South Mlllbrook, N. Y. His composi-
tions include music for Shakespearean
plays produced in London, 'Snow
White,' produced at Little Theatre, New
York, and 'The Masque of Spring,*
1914. He has published also music
for pianoforte, orchestra and voice.

RICORm, Giovanni (1785-1853): b.
Milan, d. there; founder of the music
publishing house of Ricordi and Co.,
originally 'Stabilmento Ricordi,* now
the largest house of its kind in Italy
and one of the most important in the
world. It is the original publisher of
operas by Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti,
Verdi, Puccini, etc., and its catalogue
at present comprises over 100,000
items. R. began his career as a poor
copyist and laid the foundation of his
fortune through the purchase of the
score of Luigi Mosca's I pretendenti de-
lusi, copies of wliich he sold at high
prices. He left his business to his son.

122

Riedt

Tito R. (1811-88), who in turn retired
in favor of his son, Giulio Ricordi.

(2) Ginlio (1840-1912): b. Milan, d.
there; editor of the Gazetta Musicale;
also the composer of a prize-crowned
string quartet in G (1864), and other
music, pub. under the pseudonym of
Burgmein. A second son of Gio-
vanni R., Bnrlco, died in Milan, 1887.

(3) Tltot b. Milan; present head of the
firm of Ricordi & Co.; also librettist
(Zandonai's Francesca da Rimini, etc.).
Ref.: III. 381.

RIDDEI. (1) Jolin (1718-1795): b.
Ayr; a blind Scotchman who composed
dance-music. (2) Robert (d. Friar's
Carse, 1794) : Scotch soldier; composer
of dances and songs ; a friend of Bums.

RIDEIR-KBIiSBY, Corinne (1880-) :
b. Le Roy, New York; concert and
oratorio soprano in New York and
other American cities.

RISDEL (1) Carl (1827-1888): b.
Elberfeld, d. Leipzig; pupil of Earl
WUhelm, then the Leipzig Cons. In
1854 he founded a society for the per-
formance of older vocal church works
(Riedel-Verein), which began as a male
quartet, grew rapidly to a mixed chor-
us of large proportions and great tech-
nical perfection, and which already in
1859 performed Bach's B-min. mass.
He also became president of the Allge-
meiner deutscher Musikverein and be-
came chairman of the Leipzig Wagner-
verein.i He pub. some songs, choral
works and organ pieces; also edited a
series of excellent new editions of old
compositions (Schiitz, M. Franck, Ec-
card, Pratorius, etc.), and pub. 'Old
Bohemian Hussite and Christmas Songs'
and '12 Old German Songs.' He was
made titular professor, an honorary
Dr. phil. (Leipzig) and ducal Saxon
Kapellmeister. Ref.: VI. 238. (2)
Hermann (1847-1913) : b. Burg, near
Magdeburg, d. Brunswick; studied at
the Vienna Conservatory, repetitor at
the Vienna Court Opera, court Musik-
direktor, then court Kapellmeister in
Brunswick; wrote an opera, chamber
music, etc., and settings of the songs
from Scheffel's Trompeter von. Sdkkin-
gen. His son, 'WoUgans R., was thea-
tre conductor at Erfurt, where he prod,
an opera. Das Losegeld, in 1914. (3)
Fiirclitegrott Bmst Angnat (1855-) :
b. Chemnitz^ Saxony; studied Leipzig
Cons.; music teacher at the Leipzig
Institute for the Blind, and conductor
of the Quartettverein (mixed chorus),
Leipzig, since 1888; seminary teacher,
then mimicipal cantor, etc., then RoyaL
Musikdlrektor in Plauen; composed
cantatas and other choral works, songs
and educational piano compositions.

RIEDER, Ambroslns (1771-1855) :
b. Doblingen, near Vienna; d. Perch-
tolsdorf; friend of Schubert's brother,
Ferdinand and of S. Sechter; prolific
composer of masses, requiems, etc.

RIBDT, FrledTicb \«ril]ielm (1712-
1784): b. Berlin, d. there; flutist and

Biegel

chamber musician to Frederick the
Great; composer for flute and writer
of theoretical, critical and polemical
articles

RIBGBIi (Rlgel) (1) Henri Joseph
(1741-1799): b. Werthelm, Franconia,
d. Paris; pupil of F. X. Rlchter in
Mannheim, and of JommeUl in Stutt-
gart; resided in Paris from 1768 and
attracted attention with several sym-
phonies which were presented by Gos-
sec. During 1782-86 he was director
of the Concerts spirltuels and of those
of the Lege Olymplque, and was one
of the first to cultivate piano ensem-
ble music. He composed piano quar-
tets, string quintets, chamber music,
symphonies and various little operas
and oratorios. His sons were; Louis
(1769-1811), pianist and teacher; and
Henri-Jean (1772-1852), court pianist
to Napoleon, who made him conductor
of the French opera in Cairo (1798-
1800), produced Les deux meuniers
(Cairo, 1799), Le duel nocturne (Paris,
1808), piano concertos, sonatas and
smaller pieces for piano. (2) Anton
(late 18th cent.) : presumably a brother
of (1) ; pvLblished, after 1780, string
quartets, sonatas for violin and piano,
etc.. In Mannheim, Speler, HeilSronn,
and Paris.

RIEHL., 'Wllhelm Helnrlclt Ton
(1823-1897): b. Biebrich-on-Rhine, d.
Munich; professor of political economy
at Munich Univ., 1854; director of the
court theatre at Wiesbaden for a time;
director of the Bavarian National Mu-
seum, 1885; lectured on musical his-
tory at the Royal Music School; wrote
on the history of civilization; pub.
Musikalische Charakterkopfe, , 3 vols.
(1853, '61, '78).

RIKM, Friedrlch Wllhelm (1779-
1857): b. EoIIeda, Thuringia, d. Brem-
en; studied with Hiller in Leipzig;
organist there and at the Bremen cathe-
dral; directed the Bremen Singakad-
emle; wrote chamber music and pieces
for piano and organ.

RIEJMANX (1) Jakob (early 18th
cent.) : court musician in Cassel at the
beginning of the eighteenth century.
He published suites for gamba and
contfnuo, 6 violin sonatas with con-
tinuo and trio sonatas for violin,
gamba and continuo. (2) An^nst
(1772-1826) : b. Blankenhain, Thurin-
gia; d. Weimar; first violinist in the
Weimar court orchestra, 1790; repetitor
of the court opera, 1806, and court Mu-
sikdirektor, 1818. His violin compo-
sitions are in MS. (3) [Kabl Wilhelm:
Julius] Hngo (1849- ) : b. Gross-
mehlra, near Sondershausen ; historian,
theoretician, teacher and composer;
studied theory under Frankenberger at
Sondershausen; piano under Barthel
and Ratzenberger; entered the Leipzig
Cons. In 1871; two years later took the
Dt. phil. degree at Gottlngen with a
thesis on 'Musical Logic'; in 1878 quali-
fied as university lecturer on music at

Riemann

Leipzig; taught music at Bromberg and
Hamburg conservatories till 1890; at
Wiesbaden Cons, until 1895, then re-
sumed lectures at Leipzig, He became
professor, 1901; director of the newly
rounded Collegium Musicum, 1908, and
of the newly founded State Research
Institute for Musical Science in 1914.
R. ranks as one of the leading theoreti-
cians and musicographers of the time.
Among his highly valuable theoretical
works are: Skizze einer neuen Methode
der Barmontelehre (1880, end. ed. en-
larged as Handbuch der HarmonielehTe,
1887), Die Natur der Harmonik
(1882), Sgstematische Modulationslehre
(1887), Katechismus der Harmonielehre
(5th ed., 1914), Yereinfachte Harmo-
nielehre (1893, English 1895), Das
Problem des harmonischen Dnalismus
(1905), Elementarschulbuch der Har-
monielehre (1906, 1915) ; also Elemen-
larmusiklehre (1882), Neue Schule der
Melodik (1883) ; Lehrbuch des ein-
fachen doppelten und imitierenden
Kontrapnnkts (1888, 3rd ed. 1915, Eng.
1904), Katechismus der Musik (1888,
rev. and enlarged as Allgem.eine Mu-
siklehre, 5th ed., 1914), Katechismus
der Fuge (3 parts, 3rd ed., 1914; Eng-
lish by Shedlock), Katechismus der
Gesangskomposition (2nd ed., 1911),
Grosse Komposltlonslehre (3 vols.,
1902-03, 1913) ; also catechisms on mu-
sical instruments, figured-bass play-
ing, musical dictation, orchestration,
score playing (some transl. into Eng-
lish). Rlemann's Musiklexikon, the
standard work of its kind, was first
pub. in 1881, the 8tli edition in 1915,
various Intermediate editions having
been translated into French, Russian,
English, etc. R. further pub. a num-
ber of pedagogical works chiefly con-
cerned with piano-playing and musical
phrasing: Yergleichende Klavierschule
(1883), Der Ausdmck in der Musik
(1883), Musikalische Dgnamik und
Agogik (1884), Praktische Anleitung
zum Phrasieren (1886; rev. as Vademe-
cum der Phrasierung, 1911), Katechis-
mus des Klavierspiels (1888; 4th ed.,
1909), Neue Klavierschule, Technische
Studien fiXr Orgel (with Aiinbrust), etc.
also 'phrasing* editions of various
classics. His historical works com-
prise Studien zur Geschichte der Noten-
schrift (1878), Die Entwickelung un-
serer Notenschrift (1881), Opernhand-
buch (1884-93), Katechismus der Mu-
sikgeschichte (2 parts, 1888; 5th ed.,
1914; also English); Notenschrift und
Notendruck (1896), Geschichte der Mu-
siktheorie im 9-19. Jahrhundert (1898),
Epochen und Heroen der Uusikge-
schichte (1900), Geschichte der Musik
seit Beethoven (1901), the great Hand-
buch der Mttsikgeschichte (2 vols., 5
parts, 1901-1913), Kleines Handbuch
der Musikgeschichte (1908; 2nd ed.,
1915), and Die bgzantinische Noten-
schrift im 10-15. Jahrhundert (1909;
2nd book, 1915). R.'s musico-historical

123

Rlemenscbneider

researches have resulted in epoch-
maMng discoveries, such as the estab-
lishment of the importance of Schein
and Ahaco (demonstrated in the coll.
of Alte KcunmeTmusik, i vols., and
similar collections), and the correct
valuation of Johann Stamitz and the
Mannheim school as precursors of the
Viennese classics (Symphonien der
pfalz-bayerischen Tonschule, arrange-
ments for the Denkmaler der Tonkunst
in. Bayern, HI. 1. VII. 2 and VIII. 2
[1902, 1907, 1908] and MannheimeT
Kammermusik des 18. Jahrhunderts,
ih., XVI..1 and 2). Other collections of
importance are Haasmusik aus alter
Zeit and Collegium musicum, selected
works of Johann Schobert, etc. R.'s
larger •writings are supplemented by a
great number of special studies pub.
in various musical and musico-scien-
tiflc journals. His compositions, writ-
ten chiefly for study purposes, include
piano etudes, sonatinas, Yademecum
far den ersten Klavierunterricht, Sys-
tematische TTeffUbangen fiir den Ge-
sang; also 2 string ijuartets and Varia-
tions on a Beethoven theme for string
quartet, a violin sonata, a piano trio,
a piano sonata, character pieces for
piano, variations for 2 and i hands,
arrangements of 10 songs of Nithart for
mixed chorus and male chorus, also
original songs, etc. Ref.: (quoted) I.
88, 115, 121, 137, 165, 207, 225, 229,
231. 264, 274, 303f, 438, 443, 476; H.
8, 25, 66, 117f, 120, 125; III. 232; VII.
512, 521; VIII. 124; IX. 6. (4) I^ndwlg
(1863- ) : b. Liineburg; studied vio-
lin with his father and with Herman
Schroder; piano with Griiters qnd
Loeschom, and composition with Alsle-
ben, Haupt and Bargiel; studied at
the Royal Academy for Church Music
and became teacher of singing at Essen
Gymnasium in 1889. His essays on
acoustics include: ttber eigentHmliche
bei NatuT- und orientalischen Kultur-
volkern vorkommende Tonreihen und
Hire Beziehung zu den Gesetzen der
Harmonie (1889), Populare Darstellung
der Akastik in Beziehung zur Musik
(1896), Das Wesen des Klavierklanges
(1911).

RIX:BIX:]VSCHN£:IDKR, Georg
(1848-1913): b. Stralsund, d. Breslau;
studied with Haupt and Kiel; conduct-
ed theatres at Lijbeck, Danzig, Basel,
Amsterdam and Diisseldorf ; directed
the Orchesterverein in Breslau; com-
posed among other pieces 5 for the
orchestra and a one-act opera pro-
duced in Danzig.

RIEHSDIJK, J. C. M. van (1843-
1895): d. Utrecht; president of the So-
ciety for North Netherland Musical His-
tory; wrote arrangements of Netherland
dances and folk-songs, also a history
of the Utrecht Music School; and newly
edited the first and second Muziek-
Boexken of T. Susato [1551], also
Beinken's Bortus musicus and Partite
diverse.

124

Bieter-Biedemiaiui

RIEPKL, Joseph (1708-1782): b.
Horschlag, Upper Austria; d. Ratisbon;
as chamber-musician to the Prince of
Thum and Taxis; pub. many books on
the theory of music, including An-
fangsgrixnde zur musikalisehea Setz-
kunst; other works in MS.

RIBS (1) Franz (1755-1844): known
as 'Old Bies* (der alte Ries) ; leader
and musical director to the Elector
Max Franz at Bonn. Ref.: U. 131.
(2) Ferdinand (1784-1836): b. Bonn,
d. Frankfort; son of (1) ; piano pupU
of Beethoven at Bonn, at Vienna (1801-
05) ; studied theory under Albrechts-
berger; lived 2 years in Paris; toured
as pianist in North Germany, Scandi-
navia, and Russia, and lived in Lon-
don from 1813-24, prominent as a
player, teacher and composer; then went
to Godesberg, near Bonn, and 1830 to
F'rankfort, where he directed several
of the Lower Rhine Music Festivals.
He then became Municipal Musikdlrek-
tor in Aachen and finally conductor of
the Frankfort Cecilia Society. He com-
posed over 200 works, which, hpwever,
show little originality. They include 3
operas, 2 oratorios, 6 symphonies, 3
overtures, 9 piano concertos, a violin
concerto, 6 quintets for various com-
binations, octet, septet, 2 sextets, a
quintet, 3 quartets, 5 trios, etc., with
piano, 14 string quartets, 20 violin
sonatas, a 'cello sonata, a trio for 2
pianos and harp, many sonatas, ron-
dos, etc., for piano solo. Ref.: VII.
182; VIIL 182, 208. (3) Hubert (1802-
1886) : youngest son of (1) ; was a
vioillu pupil of Spohr and studied com-
position with Hauptmann, Royal con-
cert-master in Berlin, 1836, teacher at
the Royal Theatre Instrumental School,
1851-72; pub. excellent study works
for violin ('15 Violin Studies of Me-
dium Difficulty^' '50 Intonation Exer-
cises,' '12 Studies in Form of Concert
Pieces'), duets, etc. (4) I^onls (1830-
1913) : b. Berlin, d. London; son of
(3) ; second violin in the Popular
Monday Concerts, London, (5) Franz
(1846- ) : son and violin pupil of
(1) ; studied composition with Kiel,
also Massenet at the Paris Cons.; Iiad '
to abandon the career of a violin vir-
tuoso because of a nerve malady ; estab-
lished a music house (Ries & Erler) in
Berlin; composed orchestral works,
chamber music, songs and piano
pieces; edited sonatas of Corelll, or-
chestrated works of Schumann, etc.
Ref.: III. 212.

REESBMANX, Bemliard Oskar
(1880- ): b. Reval; studied music
and the history of art at the Munich
Royal Academy and University; phi-
lology and law in Moscow and music
in Berlin and Leipzig, where he re-
ceived his Dr. phll. for a thesis on Die
Notationen des altrussischen Kirchen-
gesanges; music critic in Moscow.

RIEJTElR-BIEIDBRalAiyN, J. Mel-
cMor (1811-1876): b. Winterthur, d.

Rletscb

there; founder of a music publishing
firm at Winterthur, the headquarters
of which are now in Leipzig.

RIETSCH, Helnrtelt (1860- ) : b.
Falkenau-on-the-Eger; pupU of Hans-
lik, G. Adler, Fr. Krenn, E. Man-
dyczewski and Robert Fuchs; succeeded
Adler as professor at the German Uni-
versity in Prague in 1905. He has
composed string quartets, an orches-
tral serenade, songs, choruses and pi-
ano pieces (an opera, Walther von der
Vogelweide, is in MS.) ; has written
musico-historical treatises, among them
Die deutsche Liedweise (1904), Die
Gnindlugen der Tonkunst (1907), and
edited various collections of medieval
music.

RISTZ (1) Xldnard (1802-1832):
violinist; the friend of Mendelssohn's
youth; member of the Royal Orches-
tra and also tenor in the Slngakademie ;
founded the Philharmonic Society, 1826,
and became its conductor. Ref.:
III. 11. (2) JnUns (1812-1877): b.
Berlin, d. Dresden; son of Johann
Fhiedrich R., royal chamber musi-
cian; composer; 'cello pupil of
Schmidt, Bemhard Romberg and M.
Ganz; in 1828 joined the orchestra of
the K5nigsstadter Theater, for which
he wrote the incidental music to Hol-
tei's play, Lorbeerbaum und Bettelstab;
became second conductor of the Diis-
seldorf opera under Mendelssohn,
whom he succeeded as first in 1835,
becoming municipal Musikdirektor the
next year; became theatre Kapellmeis-
ter at Leipzig, 1847; conductor of the
Gewandhaus Concerts and professor of
composition at the Conservatory, 1848;
succeeded Relssiger as court Kapell-
meister at Dresden in 1860, conducting
the opera and the music at the court
church; later became artistic director
of the Dresden Cons. His works (in-
fluenced by Mendelssohn) include 4
operas. Das Mddchen atis der Frem.de
(1839), Jerg und Batelg (18407), Der
Corsar (1850), and Georg Neumark und
die Gambe (1859) ; also 3 symphonies,
2 'cello, 1 violin and a clarinet con-
certos, a string quartet, a Capriccio
for violin with orchestra, a Koncert-
stuck for oboe with orchestra, another
for orchestra; a piano concerto, a
violin, a flute and a piano sonata,
masses, motets, psalms, chorals and
church music, choruses and songs.
Ref.: HI. 10; Vm. 249.

RIGA. Pramgols (1831-1892): b.
Li£ge, d. Schaerbeck, near Brussels;
church conductor at Brussels, where
he had studied at the conservatory;
composer of sacred orchestral music,
cantatas, choruses for male and female
voices, overtures, etc. (2) Florence
([7]-1893); wife of (1) and pianist
of distinction.

BIGBT, Georse Vernon (1840-) :
b. Birmingham; tenor in opera and
concert; appeared in England, Ger-
many and Italy,

Rimbanlt

RIGHI]VI, Vlncenso (1756-1812) : b.
Bologna [?], d. there; was a pupil of
Padre Martini; made his d£but las a
singer in Parma (1775), sang in
Prague, and soon began to compose.
In 1780 the Emperor Joseph II called
him to Vienna as teacher of the Arch-
duchess Elizabeth, and director of the
Italian opera buffa. During 1788-92
he was active as electoral conductor at
Mayence; and after the success of his
opera Enea nel Lazio in Berlin became
conductor of the Royal Opera there,
which post he retained until his death.
He composed. In addition to cantatas,
a mass, songs, etc., some twenty operas
of which Tigrane (1799), Gerusalemme
Uberata (1802) and La selva incantata
(1802) have been published.

RIGTTIEIR, Gnlrant (1250-1294) :
last of the Troubadours. Ref.: I. 211.

ftlHOVSK*. Adalbert (1871- ):
b. Dub, Moravia; studied in Olmtitz
and Prague; organist of the Archdean-
ery and teacher of music at the Teach-
ers' Institute of Chrudim, Bohemia;
composer of church music (masses,
ofi'ertories, Te Deiuns, etc.), also organ
pieces, instructive compositions for pi-
ano, a piano trio, and a festival march
for orchestra.

RIKEIR, Franklin; contemp. Ameri-
can song-writer. Ref.: TV. 355.

RIIjIi£. Fran<;olB Anatole lianrent
de (1828- ): b. Orleans; composer;
studied with Comoglio and Elwart
in Paris; inspector of vocal instruction
in the Paris public schools; has com-
posed a large number of chaeurs or-
phioniques, operettas, short masses,
etc.; author of a musical novel, Olivier
I'orphioniste, and a handbook of choral
singing; editor of the JEcAo des Or-
phions.

RIMBA17LT, Eidvrard Francis
(1816-1876): b. London, d. there;
writer and editor; son of Stephen
Francis R., organist and composer
(1773-1837) ; studied under his father,
Samuel Wesley and Dr. Crotch; organ-
ist of the Swiss Church, Soho, 1832;
gave lectures on English musical his-
tory, 1838; founded with E. Taylor
and W. Chappell the Musical Antiqua-
rian Society, 1840; editor to the Motet
Society, 1841. R. was elected F.S.A.
in 1842, made a member of the Stock-
holm Academy, and received the' de-
gree of Dr. phil. from Gottingen; aisp
LL.D., Harvard, 1848; lectured at the
Royal Institute; at the Collegiate Insti-
tute, Liverpool; the Philosophic In-
stitute, Edinburgh, etc.; prod. 2 small
stage pieces, 'The Fair Maid of Isling-
ton' (London, 1838) and 'The Castle
Spectre' (1839); a cantata, 'Country
Life'; part-songs, and various other
songs, including 'Happy Land'; wrote
'Bibliotheca Madrigaliana' (1847), 'First
Book of the Pianoforte' (1848), 'The
Organ, Its History and Construction'
(1855), 'The Pianoforte;" Its Origin,
Progress, and Construction' (1860) ;

125

Rimsky-Korsakofl

"The Early English Organ-Builders and
Their Works' (1864), 'J. S. Bach'
(1869), a 'Singing Tutor,' and works
on the harmonium; ed. 'Cathedral
Chants of the 16th-18th Centuries,' with
biographical notes (1844), 'Christmas
Carols with the Ancient Melodies'
(1847), 'Old English Carols' (1865);
much church music; Morley's 'First
Book of Ballets for 5 Voices' of 1595;
Bateson's 'First Set of Madrigals for
3-5 Voices'; O. Gibbon's 'Fantasias of
3 Parts for Viols'; Purcell's opera
Bondnca (with history of dramatic
music in England) ; 'Parthenla' ; Pur-
cell's 'Ode for St. Cecilia's Day'; 'The
Ancient Vocal Music of England' (2
vols., 1846-49); 'Little Book of Songs
and Ballads, Gathered from Ancient
Musick Books' (1840) ; music books
for children; various collections of
ancient music; also Handel's Samson,
Saal, and Messiah for the London Han-
del Society; operas by various com-
posers; many works for the Percy So-
ciety; edited and wrote for 'The Choir'
for a number of years; contributed to
the 'Imperial Dictionary' and Grove's
'Dictionary'; as well as a quantity of
other works.

RIMSKT- KORSAKOFF, Nikolai
Andrelevitcli (1844-1908) : b. Tikhvin,
Govt, of Novgorod; d. St. Petersburg.
He studied at the Naval Institute in
St. Petersburg, at the same time study-
ing the piano, and in 1861 became a
pupil or Balakireff. After travelling
around the world as a midshipman of
the Russian navy, his first symphony
(the first Russian symphony) was
prod., 1865; and he was made pro-
fessor of free composition and instru-
mentation at St. Petersburg Cons., re-
taining this post till his death. He
also acted as Inspector of Marine
Bands, 1873-84. In 1879 he became
director of the Free School of Music,
and conductor of the concerts there;
in 1883 became assistant to Balakireff
as conductor of the Imperial Orches-
tra, in 1886 conductor of the Russian
Symphony Concerts. His compositions
include the operas Pskovitianka CThe
Maid of Pskoff,' St. Petersburg, 1873),
'A May Night' {ib., 1880), Snegou-
rotchka ('Snow Maiden,' 1882), Sadko
(1897), 'Mozart and Salieri' (Moscow,
1898), "Christmas Eve' (Moscow, 1895),
Vera Sheloga (1898), 'The Czar's Bride'
(1899), 'The Tale of Czar Saltan'
(1909), 'Servllia' (Petersburg, 1902),
'The Immortal Koshtshai' (Moscow,
1902), 'The Voyevode' (St. Petersburg,
1904), 'The Tale of the Invisible City
Kitesh and the Princess Ferrosina' (St.
Petersburg, 1907), and Le cog a'or
(1908) ; also the opera ballet Mlada (St.
Petersburg, 1893) ; also 3 symphonies
(E min.; 'Antar"; C ma|.) ; a sinfoni-
etta in A min.; 2 overtures ('Russian'
and La Grande Pdque Russe) ; Serbian

fantasy; Spanish capriccio; Sadko, mu-
sical tebleau (1876; rev., 1891); 'Fairy

126

Btnuccinl

Tales'; 'Scheherazade'; also a piano
concerto in C-sharp min.; a concert
fantasia for violin; a 'cello and piano
serenade; a string quartet; a piano
quintet (posthumous) ; piano pieces;
choruses a cappella and with orches-
tra; church music; cantatas; about 30
songs; and a collection of 100 popular
Russian songs. M. orchestrated Dar-
gomijsky's 'Stone Guest,' Moussorgsky's
Khovanstchina, and Borodlne's Prince
Igor (all posthumous operas) ; revised
and re-orchestrated Moussorgsky's Boris
Godounoft; and pub. a treatise on Har-
mony and a very valuable 'Fundamen-
tals of Orchestration' (Russian, 1913;
French, 1914) ; also a vol. of 'Annals
of My Musical Life' and 'Essays.' Ref. :
II. 35, 53; IIL ix, x, xiv, 48, 107, 112,
119, i23ff, 134, 143, 319; (influence)
HI. 138, 145, 162; choral works, VI.
395; piano music, VH. 330f; Balaieff
quartet, VII. 555; orchestral works,
VIII. 155, 456ff, 460; operas, IX. 386,
389, 390, 393, 396f!: mus. ex., XIV. 122;
portrait, IIL 122.

RINALDI, Giovanni (1840-1895): b.
Reggiolo, d. Genoa; studied at Cor-
reggio and at Milan Conservatory; pi-
anist and composer of character pieces
for the piano (.Intermezzi, Pagine d'Al-
bum, Pifferate, etc.).

RINALDO m CAPUA (early 18th
cent.) : operatic composer for Rome,
Venice, Milan, Florence and Paris;
wrote 25 operas known only by their
titles, canzonets, etc. Two of nls op-
eras were in the repertoire of the Ital-
ian buffoonists who appeared in Paris,
1852. One of them contained the fa-
mous canzonet Jre giorni, falsely as-
cribed to Pergolesi.

RINCK (1) Jolumn Christian
Hetnrlcli (1870-1846) : b. Elgersburg,
Thuringia; d. Darmstadt; famous or-
ganist; studied under Eittel in Er-
furt (1786-89); town organist at Gies-
sen, 1790; same at Darmstadt, 1805,
also teaching at the Seminary; became
court organist there in 1813; chamber
musician in 1817; composed many or-
gan works; wrote Orgelschule (new
edition by Otto Dienel, 1881) ; two
ChoralbucheT ; many preludes to chor-
ales; Der Choralfreund (7 annual is-
sues) ; a 4-part Paternoster with organ,
a mass, motets, hymns, figured chor-
ales, sacred songs; also sonatas for
piano, for violin and 'cello; piano
trios, etc. Ref.: VI. 458, 459. (2)
Gnstave (1832-1899): b. St. Jean de
Luz; French composer and pianist at
Bordeaux; composed a piano concerto,
a piano quartet and a comic opera
prod, in Bordeaux.

RINUCCIIVI, Ottavlo (1562-1621) :
b. Florence, d. there; a member of
the Florentine 'camerata,' meeting at
the houses of Bardi and Corsi; col-
laborator in the first operatic attempts;
librettist of Peri's and Cacclhrs
Dafne (1594), Peri's Euridice (1600).
and Monteverdi's Ariatuia (1608). R.

Biotte

stood In high favor with Maria de'
Medici, and was made chamberlain by
Henri IV In Paris, where he visited
several times during 1600-1605. Ret.:
I. 328, 332f, 343; n. 3; IX. 5, 9, 44.

RIOTTB, PMUpp Jakob (1776-
1856): b. Treves, d. Vienna; theatre
conductor in Vienna; composer of 5
grand operas, 8 Singspiele, ballets (in
all over 50 stage pieces), prod, in
Prague, Briinn, Vienna, etc.; also a
symphony, 3 trios, 2 string quartets,
6 violin sonatas, 9 piano sonatas, etc.

RIPA, Alberto de, (also known as
Alberta Mantovana) Seigrneur de
Carrels (16th cent.) : court lutenist to
Francis I of France; virtuoso and com-
poser. His Tablature de luth in 6
books (1553-58) was edited by his
pupil, Gulllaume Morlaye, and printed
by Ballard.

RIPFEI,, Karl (1799-1876): b.
Mannheim, d. Frankf ort-on-Maln ; 'cel-
list in the Frankfort orchestra: said
by Romberg to be the greatest techni-
cian on his instrument; also composer.

RIPPON, John (1751-1836) : b. Ti-
verton, d. London; clergs^man and
composer of an oratorio, 'The Cruci-
fixion.*

RISCHBIBTBR, Wilhelm Albert
(1834-1910) : b. Brunswick, d. Dresden;
studied with Hauptmann; taught for
nearly 30 years at the Dre^en Con-
servatory; published books and arti-
cles on musical theory.

RISE:I.E:Y, Georse (1844- ): b.
Bristol, England; contemp. choral con-
ductor; assistant and later successor
to John Corfe, organist of Bristol Ca-
thedral; succeeded Charles Hall£ as
conductor of the Bristol Musical Fes-
tival; official organist of the Colston
Hall Co. from its inception; for many
years conductor of Uie old Queen's
Hall Choral Society and director of
music at the Alexandra Palace, iief.:
in. 422.

RISIiESR, Hdnard (1873- ): b.
Baden-Baden; studied at the Conserva-
toire, with Dlmmler, Stavenhagen,
Klindworth and d' Albert; member of
the council of the Conservatoire since
1906.

RIST, Johann (1607-1667): b. Ot-
tensen, near Hamburg; d. Wedel-on-
the-Elbe; was a minor composer of
songs, but important because his sa-
cred poetry exercised a notable effect
on the song composition and popular
musical taste of his day, since it was
set by such composers as Scheidemann,
Jacob Schultz, Peter Meier, Michael
Jacobl, G. Staden and many others.

RISTORI, Giovanni Alberto (1692-
1753) : b. Bologna, d. Dresden; director,
conductor of the 'Polnische Kapelle';
chamber organist, church composer
and vice-Kapellmeister (under Hasse)
from 1750; was one of the first com-

?osers of comic operas (Calandro,
726): wrote 20 operas and intermedie,
3 oratorios, 15 masses, 3 requiems, 15

Ritter

cantatas and much other music for
the church.

RITTBR (1) Christian (ca. 1650-
after 1725) : vice-Kapellmeister and
court organist in Dresden, 1683; Royal
Kapellmeister in Sweden from 1688;
in Hamburg probably after 1704; im-
portant composer, said to have influ-
enced J. S. Bach; wrote a 'Sonatina'
(toccata) pub. in Andreas Bach's Kla-
vierbuchlein; 19 church compositions
(partly in tablature), preserved in Up-
sala Univ.; vocal pieces, of which 4
(incl. a Te Deum for double choir and
orch., dated 1672) are In the Berlin
Royal Library, and a cantata in the
Liineburg Library. (2) Gears Wenzel
(1747-1808): b. Mannheim, d. .Berlin;
bassoonist; pub. 2 bassoon concertos
and 6 quartets for bassoon and
strings. (3) Peter (1763-1846): b.
Mannheim, d. there; nephew of (2);
toured as 'cellist in boyhood; joined
Mannheim Orchestra, 1784; became its
concert-master, and 1803 Kapellmeister.
In composition a pupil of Vogler; he
prod. 21 Singspiele, an oratorio ('Para-
dise Lost') and chamber music; notable
as the composer of the chorale 'Grosser
Gott, dich loben wtr.' (4) Angnat
Gottfried (1811-1885): b. Erfurt, d.
Magdeburg; organist at Erfurt, Merse-
burg, and Magdeburg; edited the
Urania, 1844-48; co-editor of the Or-
gelfreund and Orgelarchiv; pub.
Geschichte des Orgelsviels im H.-i8.
Jahrhundert (1884) and Kunst des Or-
gelspiels (2 vols., 9 editions) ; also 4
organ chorales; preludes, other organ
pieces, and 4 choral books; wrote a
piano concerto, a quartet, 2 sym-
phonies, 3 overtures, etc. (5) Alex-
ander (1833-1896) : b. Narva, Russia;
d. Munich; violinist; was conductor
at Meiningen, Weimar, Stettin and
Warzburg. The season 1868-69 he
spent in Paris and 1872-73 in Chemnitz,
otherwise remaining in Wiirzburg,
where he established a music business
in 1875, but sold it in 1885, having
entered the Meiningen orchestra under
Billow in 1882. After Billow's death
he lived in Munich. R. was a pioneer
in the neo-German movement. His
early works were not published, a
string quartet of 1865 appearing a$
Op. 1. After several operatic attempts
he prod. 2 short operas, Der faule Hans
and Wem die Krone? both success-
fully produced at Weimar, 1890, under
Richard Strauss; also Seraphische Fan-
tasia, for orchestra; Olaf's Hochzeits-
reigen (a symphonic waltz) ; orchestral
fantasia, Sursum corda, Kaistr Rn-
dolphs Ritt zum Grabe; also many
songs, etc. Ref.: III. 213, 214; IX.
420f. (6) Frederic liOnls (1834-1891):
b. Strassburg, d. Antwerp; pupil of
Schletterer and Hauser at Strassburg
and of J. G. Eastner at Paris; became
professor of music at F^n^strange Prot-
estant Seminary, Lorraine, 1852; went
to Cincinnati, Ohio, 1856, where he or-

127

Blvafinoli

ganized the Cecilia Society and the
Philharmonic Orchestra; became con-
ductor of the Sacred Harmony - Society,
New York, 1861, and of the Arion;
appointed professor of music at Vas-
sar, 1874; wrote 'The Student's His-
tory of Music' (1884), 'History of Mu-
sic in the Form of Lectures' (Boston,
1870-74), 'Music in England' (New
York, 1883), 'Music in America' (1883,
1890, 1893), 'Music in its Relation to
Intellectual Life' (1891) ; also 5 sym-
phonies, overtures, a 'cello anci a
piano concerto; piano quartet, string
quartet. Psalm 4 and 46 for sop. solo,
chorus and orchestra; Psalm 45 for
female voices with organ; Hafls, Per-
sian song cycle, over 100 German songs,
etc. Ref.: (citations, etc.) IV. 2, 22,
32f. 37, 50, 52, 89, 92fF, 102, 112f. 216.
(7) (Raymond-Rltter) Fanny (1840-) :
b. Philadelphia, Pa.; American au-
thor; wife of Dr. F. L. Mtter; pub.
"Woman as a Musician, an Art-Histori-
cal Study' (1877), 'Some Famous Songs,
aa Art-Historical Sketch,* etc.; transl.
Schumann's 'Music and Musicians' and
Ehlert's 'Letters on Music to a Lady'
(1877). (8) (correctly Bennet), Theo-
dore (1841-1886) : b. near Paris ; d.
Paris; pianist; pupil of Liszt; made
successful concert tours; pub. numer-
ous solo pieces for piano, also dra-
matic scenes and other vocal pieces,
and operas, which were not successful.
(9) Hermann (1849- ): b. Wismar;
teacher at the Ro:raI School of Music,
Wiirzburg, who introduced a larger
type of viola, with fuller and less
nasal tone; pub. Die Gesehichte der
Viola Alia and die Grundsdtze ihres
Baues (1877) and other less important
writings. (10) Felix (1860- ) : b.
Schneeberg ; pupil of the Leipzig Cons. ;
founder of the Coblentz Conservatory
(with Moszkowski), 1889, where he
teaches. He is also organist at the
Christus Kirche, and the Concert Hall,
Coblentz, etc.

RIVAFINOM, Chevalier (19th
cent.) : adventurous Italian operatic
manager in London, Mexico, New York,
etc. Ref.: TV. 122.

RIVARDB, Serge Aehllle (1865-) :
b. New York City; studied with
Dancla at the Conservatoire and with
Ondrlcek; solo violinist, 1885-1890, in
the Lamoureux orchestra; in 1899 pro-
fessor in the London Royal College
of Music.

RIV£-KI1VG, Julie (1857- ): b.
Cincinnati, Ohio; pupil of William
Mason, S. B. Mills and Carl Relnecke
in Leipzig; concert pianist of inter-
national reputation; writer of piano
music (.Impromptu, Polonaise heroique,
etc.).

ROBBRDAY, Frangols (17th cent.) :
church organist in Paris and chamber
musician to the Queen-Mother; teach-
er of Lully and composer of fugues,
etc., for organ (1660).

JUtBEBT, Blcliaid (1861- ): b.

128

Rockstro

Vienna; pupil of Epstein, Bruckner,
etc.; director of the "New Conserva-
tory' in Vienna since 1909; composer
of an opera, Rhampsinit, songs, piano
pieces and chamber music.

ROBBBT OF NORMANDY. Ref.:
I. 205.

ROBINEAU, L>Abb£ (18th cent.) :
French violin composer. Ref.: VII.
409.

ROBITSCHEIK, Robert (1874- ) :
b. Prague; pupil of Dvofik; chorus
director and conductor at the Prague
National Theatre and various court
theatres; settled in Berlin, 1902; was
active until 1904 as director of the Ber-
lin Toukunstler Society, and then ac-
quired the Kllndworth - Scharwenka
Conservatory, which he managed to-
gether with Kllndworth and Ph. Schai^
wenka. He has composed songs, piano
pieces, chamber music, symphonic va-
riations and an overture for orches-
tra and an opera, Ahasver.

ROBLiEj, Garcia: contemp. Spanish
composer. Ref.: III. 407.

ROCHLiITZ, Johann Frledrlch
(1769-1842): b. Leipzig, d. there; pu-
pil of Doles in the Thomasschule ;
first wrote some Action dealing with
musical matters; founded the Allge-
meine musikalische Zeitung, 1798,
which he edited till 1818; director of
the Gewandhaus Concerts from 1805.
His best known work is Fiir Freunde
der Tonkunst (4 vols., 1824-32; 3rd ed.,
1868). He composed songs for male
chorus; 23rd Psalm; wrote many books
for operas, oratorios, cantatas, etc.
Ref.: VI. 146.

ROCKFIi, Ansnst (1814-1876): b.
Gorlzia, d. Pesth; studied with his
uncle, J. N. Hununel, in Weimar, and
after acting as conductor in Weimar
and Bamberg, went to Dresden in the
same capacity. His Farinelli, which
he had submitted to the Dresden Op-
era, he withdrew when he heard Wag-
ner's music. Condemned to death in
1849 as one of the leaders of the popu-
lar party, Rockel spent 13 years in
imprisonment in Waldheim, and on
his release was active only in a lit-
erary way. Twelve letters from Wag-
ner to Rockel have been published by
La Mara (1894; second ed., 1903).

ROCKSTRO (correctly Rackatravr),
-William Smyth (1823-1895): b. North
Cheam, Surrey; d. London; studied at
Leipzig Cons. (1845-46) under Men-
delssohn, Plaidy and Hauptmann; re-
turned to London and taught piano
and singing; organist and honorary
precentor at All Saints, Babbicombe,
from 1867; from 1891 gave lectures at
the Royal Academy of Music, London,
and at the Royal Conservatory of Mu-
sic, taking a class in plain-song at the
latter; one of the foremost English
musical antiquaries; wrote 'History of
Music for Young Students' (1879),
'Practical Harmony' (1881), 'Rules of
Counterpoint' (1882), 'Life of G. F.

Roda

Handel' (1883), 'Mendelssohn' (1884),
'A General History of Music' (1886;
3rd ed., 1897), 'Jenny Llnd' (with
O. Goldschmldt, 1891); contributor to
Grove's 'Dictionary' and to periodicals.
Be/.: (quoted) I. 233, 427, 440; VI. 23;
VIII. 312" IX. 2

r'oda' (1)' Panlna de (late ISth
cent.) : a German composer of whom
a three- and a four-part composition
respectively are to be found in the
Leipzig mensural codex of 1494, as
well as in the Cod.O.V. 208 of the Bibl.
Casinat. (2) Ferdinand von (1815-
1876) : b. Rudolstadt, d. on the Bulow
estate, near Kriwitz; pupil of Hummel
in Hamburg from 1842, founding the
Bach-Vereiu in 1855; Musikdirektor at
Rostock Univ. from 1857; composed
an oratorio, Der Sunder; a cantata,
Theomela; a Passion; Das Siegesfest,
and scenes from 'Faust,' for chorus;
church music; symphonies; also piano
pieces, etc. (3) Cecillo de (1865-1912) :
b. Albunol, Granada, d. Madrid; musi-
cologist; president of the musical sec-
tion of the Madrid Ateneo (1904) ; mem-
ber of the Madrid Academy of Arts
(1906). He first attracted attention by
his critical articles in the Epoca, and
has published Los instrumentos, las
danzas g las canciones en el Qaijote
(1905), La evolucion de la masica
(1906), Las sonatas de piano de Beetho-
ven (1907) and Los Cuartetos de cuerda
de Beethoven (1909).

RODK [Jacques] Pierre [Joseph]
(1774-1830): b. Bordeaux, d. Chateau
Bourbon, near Damazon; famous vio-
linist; pupil of Fauvel and Viotti;
made his d^but In 1790 with a con-
certo by Viotti, at the Theatre Feydeau.
where he became leader of the second
violins (1790-94) ; toured the Continent;
professor of violin at the newly opened
Conservatoire; solo violinist to Napo-
leon, 1800; with Boieldieu in Russia
(1803-04), becoming first violinist to
Czar Alexander. His final appearance
in Paris, 1828, was a failure. R.'s
works include 13 violin concertos;
Thimes variis with orchestra; Cava-
tine et rondeaa with quartet; the fa-
mous 24 Caprices en forme d*&tades;
3 books of violin duos; Romances
frangaises, and Mithode dtt violin (with
Baillot and Kreutzer). Ref.: VII. 412,
430, 432f, 451, 456.

RODBR (1) Johann Michael (d.
ca. 1740) : famous organ-builder of
Berlin, who built the great organ in
St. Maria Magdalena, Breslau (58
stops). (2) Fmctnosus (1747-1789):
b. Sinunershausen, d. Naples; master
of the novices and school director at
the monastery of San Lorenzo; noted
organist and composer of Der Tod
Jesu, and other church music. (3)
Georg Vincent (1780-1848): b. RMi-
mungen, Franconia; d. Altotting, Ba-
varia; court Kapellmeister and opera
conductor at Wurzburg, 1805-24; Mu-
sikdirektor at Augsburg, 1840; Kapell-

Rodolphe

meister to King Ludwig, 1830; com-
posed church music (oratorio La Mes-
siade, cantata Caeilia; masses, psalms,
motets, etc.) ; an opera. Die Schweden
(Prague, 1842), and a symphony. (4)
Carl Gottlieb (1812-1883): b. Stot-
terits, near Leipzig; d. Gohlis; found-
ed the great Leipzig establishment for
music engraving and printing, 1846, the
business being perhaps the largest of
its kind in the world to-day, employ-
ing over 1000 workmen and serving
publishing firms in all countries. R.
retired in 1876, his sons-in-law, C. L. H.
Wolff and C. E. M. Rentsch, having
become partners in the firm. Rentsch
died in 1889 and a son-in-law of Wolff,
Kakl Joh. Reichel (b. 1853) entered the
firm, and later became its h^ad. (5)
Martin (1851-1895): b. Berlin, d. Bos-
ton, Mass.; studied at the Royal Hoch-
scbule, Berlin, 1870-71; chorus-master
at the Teatro dal Verme, Milan, 1873-
80; organized the Society del Quartetto
Corale, giving performances of classi-
cal music, 1875, and conducted opera in
various cities; taught singing m Ber-
lin, then taught at Scharwenka's Cons.;
became professor at the Royal Acad-
emy of Music, Dublin, in 1887, and
director of the vocal department in the
New England Cons., Boston, in 1892.
He composed 3 operas, including Vera
(Hamburg, 1881) ; 2 mysteries, Santa
Maria apple delta croce (after Tasso)
and Maria Magdalena (libretto by R.) ;
2 symphonic poems, etc. He pub. es-
says on the condition of music in
Italy (in Waldersee's Sammlang, 1881) ,
Studj critici raccolti (Milan, 1881) and
excerpts from his diary (in German,
1882). (6) Karl (1860- ): b. Han-
gard, Rhine Province; studied at the
Royal Inst, for Church Music in Ber-
lin; seminary teacher in Siegen and
Herford; wrote elementary music meth-
ods for schools; also on singing in
schools, a Kleine Musikgeschichte, and
revised Zimmer's Orgelschule; also
composed songs, choruses, piano pieces,
and organ pieces. (7) Evrald (1863-) :
b. in Waldau, Silesia; studied at
the Royal Inst, for Church Music; can-
tor and organist, and since 1898 Royal
Musikdirektor at Lauban; composed an
organ sonata, motets, etc.

RODIO, Rocco (b. Calabria, ca.
1530) : writer on counterpoint (1600) ;
composer of masses (1580) and 2 books
of madrigals.

RODOIiPHE (6r Rndolph), Jean-
Josepb (1730-1812) : b. Strassburg, d.
Paris; studied horn and violin under
his father; violin with Leclair at
Paris; first violin in theatres at Bor-
deaux, Montpellier, and elsewhere;
studied under Traetta, 1754; under
Jommelli in Stuttgart, 1760; prod, sev-
eral Ballets hiTOlqnes; first horn in
the Opira orch., 1765; royal chamber-
musician, 1771; professor of harmony
at the Ecole royale de chant, 1784;
later the Cons.; professor of solfige

129

Rodriguez iJedesma

in 1799; pensioned In 1802; composed
3 operas for Paris; 2 horn concertos;
fanfares for 2 and 3 horns; duos and
studies for yioliu, and other music;
wrote Solfige (1790) and Thiorie d'ac-
compagnement et de composition (1799).

RODRIGUEZ liEDXiSlUA, Mariano
(1773-1847): b. Saragossa, d. Madrid;
Royal court conductor in Madrid; sing-
ing teacher of the Princess of Wales,
later the Infanta Luise Carlota in
Madrid; wrote a Stabat Mater, Lamen-
tations, and a Colleccion. de ejercieios
de vocalizacion.

RODWKIili, George Herbert Bo-
naparte (1800-1852): b. London, d.
there; studied with Novello and Bishop;
taught harmony at the London Royal
College of Music. His compositions
include operettas, farces, etc.

ROGEI., Jose (b. Orlhuela, Ali-
cante, 1829) : prolific Spanish composer
of zarzuelas (65 produced, 1854-80).

ROGER (1) £tlenne (ca. 1665-
1722 or later) : Amsterdam music pub-
lisher associated with J. L. Delorme,
then independent; succeeded by Michel
Charles Le Cene (d. ca. 1741). His
earliest publications were probably the
Sonate da camera at A. Steffani (ca.
1695). (2) Gnstave-Hlppolyte (1815-
1879) : b. La Chapelle St. Denis, near
Paris; d. Paris; famous operatic tenor,
pupil of Martin and Morin in the
Cons.; made his d^but at the Op£ra-
Comicpie (1838), where he sang till
1848; then sang at the Ovira., creat-
ing the title r61e of Le Prophite in
1849; also toured Germany from 1850;
became professor of singing at the
Conservatoire in 1868. (3) Victor
(1854- ): b. Montpellier, France;
pupil of the £cole Niedermeyer; com-
poser of light operas, including Made-
moiselle Louloute (1897), L'Agence
Crook & Co., La petite Tdche and Poale
blanche (1899) ; critic of La France.

ROGER-DUCASSE, Jean-Jnles
(1875- ) : b. Bordeaux; studied at
tile Conservatoire under Fauri; won
second prix de Rome, 1902; composed
Variations plaisantes sur nn thime
grave. Suite frantaise. Petite Suite, Le
joli jeu de Furet, Sarabande, Au jardin
de Marguerite, Prilude d'an ballet, the
ballet Orphic, a string quartet, a piano
quartet and other piano pieces. Ret.:
HI. xviii, 363.

ROGERI. See RuGiERi.

ROGERS (1) Benjamin (1614-
1698); b. Windsor, d. Oxford; organ-
ist of Dublin Cathedral, 1639; singer
in St. George's chapel, Windsor, 1641;
Mus. D., Oxford; composed 4-part
Airs for violins (1653), anthems, serv-
ices, etc., repub. in collections by
Boyce, Page, Ousely and Rimbanlt.
(2) Roland (1847- ): b. West
Bromwlch, Staffordshire; organist of
St. Peter's Church there at 11; organ-
ist of the principal church, Bangor,
1871-92; Mus. D., Oxford. (3) Ed-
mnnd (1851- ): b. Salisbury; or-

130

Roitzscb

ganist of London churches since 1869,
now at St. Michael's; conductor of a
school chorus, composer of church mu-
sic, cantatas, operettas, etc. (4) Jamea
Hotchblss (1857- ) : b. Fair Haven,
Conn.; studied In Berlin and Paris;
composer of two cantatas, songs, piano
pieces, anthems, part songs, and music
for organ and violin. Ref.: IV. 355;
VI. 500.

ROGIVONE-TABGIO (1) Rlccardo
(late 16th cent.) : violinist and com-
poser at Milan; pub. Canzonettc alia
Napolctana (1586), etc. (2) Giovanni
Domenlco . (early 17th cent.) : son of
(1) ; conductor in Milan; comijoser of
a mass and 2 books of madrigals in
5 and 8 parts respectively (1605, 1619),
also a mass (1624). (3) Francesco
(early 17th cent.) : also son of (1) ;
xhurch conductor in Milan; composer
of masses, motets, psalms, madrigals,

ROGUSKI, Gnstav (1839- ): b.
Warsaw; studied with Marx, Kiel and
Berlioz; professor of composition in
Warsaw Conservatory; composed a
[Symphony, masses, motets, 2 string
quartets, a piano quintet with wind
instruments, a trio, etc.; part-songs
and some 50 songs; writer of Polish
book on harmony (with Selenski, 1906).

ROHDE, Frledricb Wlllielm
(1856- ): b. Altona; studied at the
Leipzig Cons.; member of the Balatka
Quintet in Chicago, 1878-86; member
of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and
teacher at the New England Cons.,
Boston; returned to Germany (Ham-
burg, Schwerin) ; composed a .sym-
phony, orch. serenade, and other pieces,
piano trio, Irish folk-songs for mixed
chorus, sacred choruses, male chor-
uses, trios for women's voices and pi-
ano, canonic duets and piano pieces.

ROHI/EDER (1) Jobann (18th
cent.) : pastor at Friedland, Pomer-
anla; composed a Te Deum and made
attempts to reform the piano keyboard
and the existing system of notation;
author of Erleichterung des Klavier-
spiels vermoge einer neuen Einrich-
iung der Klaviatur und elites neaen
Notensgstems (1792). (2) Frledrlcb
Trangott (19th cent.) : pastor at Lahn,
Silesia; author of Die musikalische
Litargie in der evangelisch-protestan-
tischen Kirche (1831), Vermischte
Aufsdtze zuT Beforderung wahrer
Kirchenmnsik (1833), and various ar-
ticles in the Eutonia (1819 et sea.).

ROHR, Hugo (1866- ): b. Dres-
den; studied at the Conservatory there;
conductor in Augsburg, Prague and
Breslau; court conductor in Mannheim,
where he directed the Academy Con-
certs; conductor of the Munich court
opera; wrote songs, a choral ballad,
an oratorio and one opera, Vafer
unser (Munich, 1904).

ROITZSCH. F. Angnst (1805-
1889): b. Gruna, near Gorlltz; d. Leip-
zig; editor of classics, including the

Rokltanskl

complete Instnunenial works of J. S.
Bach (Peters).

ROKITANSKI (1) Viktor, Frelherr
von (1836-1896): d. Vienna; singer,
vocal teacher and composer of songs;

?ub. Vber SSnger und Singen (Vienna,
891; 2nd ed., 1896). (2) Hana, Frel-
herr von (d. 1909, Styria) ; bass at
Vienna court opera (1864-93).

ROIiANDT, Hedwlg (1858- ): b.
Graz; coloratura soprano; sang in
Wiesbaden and the Gewandhaus; her
maiden name was Wachutta, her mar-
ried name Schaaf.

ROIiliA, Alessandro (1757-1841) : b.
Pavia, d. Milan; violinist, Paganlni's
teacher; pupil of Renzi and Conti;
court solo violinist at Parma, 1782;
later leader of the Ducal orchestra;
maestro at La Scala, Milan, 1802; solo
violinist to the viceroy, 1805; professor
of violin and viola at Milan Cons,
from its foundation, in 1807. His
works Include the ballets Adelasia
(1779), Pizzarro (1807), Eloisa e
Roberto (1805), etc.; symphonies,
church music, 3 violin and 4 viola
concertos, 6 string quartets, a quintetto
concertante for strings, etc. Ref.: VII.
437.

BOL,I.AXD, Remain (1868- ): b.
Clamecy, Niivre; educated in Paris and
Rome; Dr. is lettres, and instructor in
history at the feole normale supirleure,
Paris, since 1895; founder and head
of the musical division of the £cole
des hautes etudes sociales, and lecturer
on musical history there; organized
the first international congress for mu-
sical history in Paris, and, with J.
Combarieu, edited its transactions;
co-editor of the Revue d'histoire et
critigiue musicales. He pub., 1895, Les
OTigines du thi&tre Igrique moaerne
(Bistoire de I'opira en Europe avant
Lullg et Scarlatti), which was his dis-
sertation for the doctorate, and which
received the prix Kastner-Bourgault
(1895) ; also Les musiciens italiens en
France sous Mazarin et I'Orfio de
Luigi Rossi (printed 1901) ; Beethoven
(1903), Vie de Beethoven (1907), Mu-
siciens d'autrefois (1908, 1912), Musi-
ciens d'aujourd'hai (1908; 5th ed.,
1912) ; also critical studies on B.
Strauss, d'Indy, Saint-Saens, Perosl,
etc., in the Revue de Paris, a biography
of Handel (1910), etc. His great psy-
chological novel, Jean-Christophe (10
vols., 1906-12), dealing with the life
of a German musician, is full of saga-
cious musical criticism and aesthetic
comment. It has been translated Into
English, as also his 'Musicians of Yes-
terday' and 'Musicians of Today.' He
also wrote several dramas, of which
some were prod, in Paris and Munich.
Ret.: (cited, etc.) I. 312f, 325, 336; U.
253, 254, 283f ; VI. 348; VIII. 286, 294.

ROI,L.e:, Johann Helnrlch (1718-
1785) : b. Quedllnburg, d. Magdeburg;
abandoned the study of law and phi-
losophy for a musical career; viola

tlonald

player In the Berlin court band; or-
ganist and municipal Musikdirektor In
Magdeburg; composer of Passion mu-
sic, oratorios, a symphony, etc.

ROIililG (1) Johann Georg (1710-
1790): b. Berg-Glesshubel, Saxony; d.
Zerbst; pupil of the Dresden Kreuz-
schule, musically educated at the ex-
pense of Count Brtthl von Zaienka und
Heinhold, became court organist and
chamber musician to the Prince of An-
halt-Zerbst; succeeded J. F. Fasch as
Kapellmeister (1758). He composed 14
symphonies, 24 Konzertstucke for va-
rious instr., cantatasj etc. (2) Carl
Leopold (1761-1804): b. Vienna, d.
there; harmonica player and Inventor
of the 'Orphlka' and "Xanorphlka'
(pianos with bows instead of ham-
mers) ; introduced his instrument on
tours; obtained a position In the Vi-
enna court library, 1797. He wrote a
comic opera, Clarissa (Hamburg, 1782) ;
pieces for harmonica and Orphlka;
also pub. Vber die Harmonica (1787),
Vber die Orpbika (1795), etc.

ROJMAIHr, I<onls de (1845-1912): b.
Angers; d, Freiburg, Switzerland; stud-
ied with Mange, Gulraud, Vogt and
Reichel; editor of the periodical An-
gers artiste, writer of analyses, etc.;
advocate of the decentralization of
French music, and president of the
Angers Cecilian Socie^; pub. only or-
chestral dance music.

ROMANI (1) FeUce (1788-1865) : b.
Genoa, d. Moneglla, Riviera; first stud-
ied law, but soon turned his attention
to drama and became one of the most
popular opera librettists of his time,
writing over 100 librettos for Mayr, .
Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Mercadante,
Ricci, etc. J2) Pletro (1791-1877): b.
Rome, d. Florence; pupil of his fa-
ther, Gaetano Romani and of Fenaroll;
became conductor in Florence about
1817 and wrote the music for a num-
ber of ballets, among which Gabriella-
di Vergy (Milan, 1822) and Ottavia
(Milan, 1823) were most successful.
(3) Carlo (1824-1875): b. Avellino, d.
Florence ; nephew of (2) ; pujiil of his
uncle and of Falafutl and Picchianti;
wrote recitatives for the first Italian
performance of Freischutz (Florence,
1842), and produced his own operas,
Tutti amanti (1847) and II mantello
(1852), with a success not duplicated
by later works (2 operas, an oratorio).
A collection of his posthumous songs
has been edited by Venturini. (4)
Romano I contemporary Italian com-
poser; wrote the operas Rosana (Leg-
horn, 1904) and Zulma (ib., 1909).

ROMANINA. See Albertini (3).

RONAIiD, Landon (1873- ) : b.
London; conductor and composer;
studied at the Royal College of Music
under Parry, Bridge, VlUiers Stanford
and Parratt; toured as conductor of
comic operas; maestro al cembalo at
the Italian Opera, Covent Garden, un-
der Augustus Harris; conducted a

131

Xtonchettl-MonteTitl

grand opera company on tour, and
subsequently became accompanist to
Mme. Melba; has conducted at Covent
Garden and Drury Lade, London, and
In Amsterdam, Berlin, Vienna, Leip-
zig, Bremen and Rome; conductor of
New Symphony Orchestra since 1908,
and for several seasons has directed
concerts In Birmingham and Blackpool;

arincipal of the Guildhall School of
usic since 1910; has composed songs
for musical comedies, orchestral pieces,
ballets, etc. Be/.: in. 422, 443.

RONCHETTI - MONTEVITI, Ste-
lano (1814-1882): b. Astl, d. Casale
Monferrato; studied In Milan, where
he lived as professor and director of
the Cons. He composed church mu-
sic and secular part-songs, among them
a national hymn (1849).

ROXCONI, Domenlco (1772-1839) :
b. Lendinara, Rovigo; d. Milan; stage-
tenor; sang in St. Petersburg, 1801-05;
Vienna, Paris, and the chief cities of
Italy, appearing at La Scala, Milan,
in 1808; director of the Italian opera,
Vienna, in 1809; sang in Paris and
Italy; at Munich, 1819-20, -where he
was singing-master to the royal fam-
ily; founded a singing school at Mi-
lan, in 1829; pub. vocal exercises.
His son Giorgio (1810-1890; b. Milan),
who was a famous baritone, opened
a music school at Cordova, Spain, in
1863; taught singing In New York for
some years after 1867; pub. songs and
vocal exercises.

RONG, IVlllielm Ferdinand (early
19th cent.) : chamber musician to
Prince Henry of Prussia; taught music
In Berlin and composed sacred songs,
hymns, romances, a duo-drama and
songs for patriotic occasions. He
wrote text-books on theory and piano
playing.

RO]VG£, Jean Baptiste (18257 ) :
b. Ll^ge; won second prix de Rome in
Brussels, 1851; composed occasional
pieces; then devoted himself with
Andr£ Hasselt) to the rhythmic transla-
tion of the texts of dramatic master-
pieces, such as Figaro, Fidelio, Frei-
schixtz. Norma, Barbiere di Siviglia,
etc. These are not merely free rendi-
tions, but careful re-compositions which
attempt a perfect parallelism of words
and music. He also composed an op-
era. La comtesse d'Albany (Ll^ge, 1877).

RONISCH, Karl (1814-1894): b.
Goldberg, d. Blasewltz; founder of a
pianoforte factory in Dresden, 1845.

RONSARD, Pierre de (1524-1585):
b. Ch&teau la Polssonlfere, Verman-
dols; d. Tours; celebrated French
poet; was an ardent defender of the
unl^ of poetry and music in the style
of ancient lyricism and supplied his
Amours (1552) with an appendix of

golyphonic settings of the love-songs
y P. Certon, Claude Goudlmel, Janne-
quin and Muret. Ronsard was one of
the French poets whose verse has most
frequently been set to music, and dur-

132

Root

ing his own time whole collections of
his poems were given musical settings
by Pierre Cl^reau, Phil, de Monte, N.
de la Grotte, Jean de Castro, Fr.
Regnard, as well as Individual num-
bers by Lassus, Lejeune, Costeley, etc.

RONTGEN (1) Engelbert (1829-
1897) : b. Deventer, Holland; d. Leip-
zig; violinist; studied with F. David
in Leipzig Cons.; first violin in the
Gewandhaus Orch., 1850-89; succeed-
ed R. Dreyschock as second concert-
master; succeeded David as first con-
cert-master, 1873; teacher in the Cons.
(2) Jnlios (1855- ): b. Leipzig; son
of (1) ; pianist; studied with E. F.
Richter, Plaidy, and Relnecke; compo-
sition under Lachner, Munich; pub. a
violin sonata in B minor about 1871;
gave a series of concerts with J. Stock-
hausen, Stuttgart, 1875; teacher in the
Music-School in Amsterdam, 1878; suc-
ceeded Verhulst as concert conductor
to the Society for the Promotion of
Music, in 1886 (retired, 1898) ; cond.
the concerts of the Felix Merltis Society
for several seasons; was a co-founder
of the Cons., 1885. R. has composed
much piano music, including 2 so-
natas, and a suite; an operetta, Tos-
kanische Rispetti; an opera, Agnete
(Amsterdam, 1914); a piano concerto
in D major, a 'cello concerto, a sym-
phony, a serenade for wind instru-
ments; Gebet and Sturmesmgthe for
mixed chorus and orch.; a, piano trio
in B-flat; 3 sonatas for violin and
piano; Oud Nederlandsche amorense
Liedekens; songs, etc. His sons are
Jnllns and Engelbert, violinist and
'cellist respectively, the former for a
time member of the Knelsel Quartet, the
latter 1st 'cellist of the New York Sym-
phony Orch.

RONTSCH, Pan! (1843- ): b.
Leipzig; jurist; director, then presi-
dent of the Royal Conservatory at
Leipzig.

ROOKB, "WilUant Mlcliael (1794-
1847) : b. Dublin, d. London ; teacher,
pianist, chorus-master at Drury Lane
and Vauxhall, London; conductor at
Birmingham; operatic composer. Ref.:
TV. 124 (and footnote).

ROOSEVEIiT, Hilbome li.t Amer.
organ builder. Ref.: VI. 408, 411.
, ROOT, George F^ederlclE (1820-
1895): b. Sheffield, Mass.; d. Barley's
Island; pupil of George J. Webb, Bos-
ton; assistant organist at Boston; or-
ganist of the 'Church of the Strangers,'
and teacher in New York, 1844. After
a year's study in Paris (1850) he suc-
cessfully produced his cantata, 'The
Flower Queen.' In 1859 he founded
the music publishing firm of Root &
Cady in Chicago (dissolved in 1871).
His works include the cantatas 'Dan-
iel' (1852), 'The Pilgrim Fathers'
(1854), 'Belshazzar's Feast' (1855),
'The Haymakers' (1857) ; popular
songs, 'The Battle Cry of Freedom,'
'Tramp, Tramp, Tramp,' 'Just Before

Rootham

the Battle, Mother,' etc. Ret.: IV.
222, 246; (patriotic songs) IV. 329.

ROOTHAM, CyrU Bradley (1875-) :
b. In Bristol, England; composer;
studied at Koyal College of Music un-
der Stanford and Parratt; organist of
St. John's College, Cambridge, and
conductor of the University Musical
Society, His compositions include an
overture and rhapsody for orchestra,
four Irish sketches for solo violin and
small orchestra, a string quartet, a
string quintet, rhapsody for string
quartet, works for chorus and orches-
tra, for solo voice and orchestra, for
violin and piano, and for organ; also
songs, church music, etc. Ret.: III.
442; VI. 379.

ROOY. See Van Rooy.

ROPARTZ, J. Guy (1864- ): b.
Quingamp, C6tes du Nord; studied
with Dubois and Massenet at the Paris
Cons.; also C^sar Franck; conservatory
director at Nancy since 1894; composed
music to Pierre Loti's Pecheurs
d'Islande (1893), a 1-act Briton legend
Le diable cuturier (1894), and other
small operas; also the 3-act Le pays
(Nancy, 1912; Paris, 1913); Psalm 36
for chor., orch. and organ; a sym-
phony (on a Breton chant) and
smaller pieces for orch. (Les landes,
Le convot da fermier, A Marie en-
dormie, Carnaval, Marche de fete,
Dimanche breton) ; a fantasy for
strings, a string quartet, a violin so-
nata, organ pieces, piano pieces, songs
and part-songs. Ref. : mus. ex., XIV. 101.

ROPI2R, Virginia: contemp. Amer-
ican song writer. Ref.: IV. 406,

ROttUElT, Antolne-Brneste (1827-
1894) : b. Nantes, d. Paris ; collector
of a musical library; author of ten
works on musical subjects. Including
criticism, history and bibliographical
notes on the war of Gluckists and
Plccinists (pseud. Ebneste Thoinan).

RORK, Ciprlano de (1516-1565) : b.
Mechlin, d. Parma; composer; pupil
of Willaert; maestro di cappella at
St. Mark's, Venice; appointed assist-
ant maestro to Willaert, 1559; suc-
ceeded him, 1563, but soon resigned;
became chori preefectus to Ottaviano
Famese, then Duke of Parma; pub-
lished his first book of madrigals in
1542, a second In 1543; 5 books of
Madrigali cromatici (1542-66) ; Le vive
flamme (1565) ; 3 books of motets in
1544, 1547 and 1559 respectively;
Sacrae cantion.es sen motetta (1573) ;
masses, psalms, etc. Ref.: I. 273, 275,
302f.

RORICH, Karl (1869- ): b.
Nuremberg; studied at the Wfirzburg
Royal School of Music; teacher in Wei-
mar, and since 1914 director of the
Municipal School of Music, Nurem-
berg; composer of a symphony, ' or-
chestral suites, overture. Academic
Festival March, etc., for orch., chor-
uses, fairy play Ilsa, chamber songs
with string quartet, wind quintet.

BoseHen

string quartet, etc., piano pieces and

ROSA (1) Salvator (1615-1673): b.
Renella, Naples; d. Rome; painter and
musician; composed madrigals, can-
tatas, satires. (2) Carlo (or Carl Roae)
(1842-1889); b. Hamburg, d. PaMs;
when 12 made tour of England, Den-
mark and Germany as violinist; stud-
ied at the conservatories of Leipzig and
Paris; concert-master at Hamburg,
1863-65; played in Crystal Palace,
London, 1866; made a concert tour of
United States with Mr. Bateman, meet-
ing Euphrosyne Parepa and marrying
her in New York, 1867. They or-
ganized an English opera company and
toured America till 1871, then returned
to London. After his wife's death, in
1874, R. continued English opera in
leading London, theatres. Ref.: HI.
443.

ROSCH, Frledrlcb (1862- ): b.
Memmingen, Bavarian Swabia; pupil
of Wohlmuth and Rheinberger (Mu-
nich) ; founded, together with Richard
Strauss and Hans Sommer, the Genos-
senschaft deutscher Tonsetzer (1898),
and was awarded the honorary title
of Dr. jur. by the University of Jena
In 1913. He has written madrigals
for male chorus and mixed chorus and
songs; pub. Musikdsthetische Streitfra-
gen (1897), and a study of Alexander
Rltter (Masikal. Wochenblatt, 1898).

rose: (1) Carl. See Rosa, Cablo.
(2) Algernon: traveller. Ref.: (cited)
1. 31.

ROS£ (1) Arnold Josef (1863-) :
b. Jassy, Rumania; violinist; pupil of
Helssler at Vienna Cons.; first violin
in the Ros£ Quartet; leader and solo-
ist in the Vienna court orch. since
1881, and leader at the Bayreuth Fes-
tivals since 1888. (2) Bdnard (1865-) :
solo 'cellist of the Weimar court or-
cliestra since 1900.

ROSEINGRAVS:, Thomas ([?]-
1750): b. Dublin, d. London; organist
at St. George's, Hanover Square, 1725-
37, whose compositions include "Vol-
untarys and Fugues, Made on Purpose
for the Organ or Harpsichord' (1730),
'Solos for the German Flute, with a
Thorougli Bass for the Harpsichord,'
'8 Suites of Lessons' for harpsichords,
a concerto for same, fugues for or-
gans or harpsichords (1750). Ref..
VII. 43, 44.

ROSBL, Rudolf Arthur (1859-) :
b. Miinchenbemsdorf (S.-W.-E.) : stud-
ied music in Weimar; violinist in or-
chestras at Hamburg, Lugano, Weimar,
Rotterdam, and Berlin; court concert-
master at Weimar and teacher at the
Ducal school there; wrote concertos for
violini for viola and for clarinet, 2
operas, overtures, and quartets.

ROSKIiliBN, Henri (1811-1876): b.
Paris, d. there; studied at the Con-
servatoire; composed about 200 pieces
for piano, for violin; also a trio coi»-
certant (piano, violin and 'cello) ;

133

Roselll

wrote also piano method and a Manael
des pianL-tes.

ROSEIilil, Franceaco (16th cent,):
was from 1548 to 1550 maestro di cap-
pella of St. Peter's, Rome, and Magister
pueTOTum of the Julian Chapel. Only
a few motets In MS. remain to bear
witness to his skill as a composer of
sacred music; but of his secular mu-
sic various collections of madrigals
(five- and six-part) published In Ven-
ice and Rome, as well as Chansons
nouvelles (4, 5, and 6 part) published
In Paris, are extant.

ROSBNFELD, lieopold (1850-1909):
b. Copenhagen, d. there; studied In
Germany; composer and teacher of mu-
sic In Copenhagen. He wrote choral
works (some with orch.), songs with
German and Danish words, duets and
piano pieces.

ROSBNHAIN (1) Jacob [Jacques]
(1813-1894): b. Mannheim, d. Baden-
Baden; noted pianist; studied under
Schmitt at Mannheim and Schnyder \.
Wartensee at Frankfort; lived In
Frankfort, Paris and Baden-Baden;
made several long tours; composed 4
operas, Der Besuch in Irrenhans
(Frankfort, 1834), Liswenna, Le Dimon
de la nuit (Paris, 1851), and Volage
et jaloux (Baden-Baden, 1863) ; and 3
symphonies, 3 string quartets, much
piano music. Including a concerto, sev-
eral sonatas, trios, etc.; wrote Erin-
nerungen an Nicold Paganini (1893).
(2) Fdnard (1818-1861): b. Mannheim,
d. Frankfort; brother of (1); pianist
and teacher; pub. a serenade for 'cello
and piano; piano music, and other
works.

ROSENHOFP, Oria (1845- ): b.
Copenhagen; studied with Lund and
Gade; taught theory at the Cons.;
wrote chaniber music and study works
for piano; also pub. 450 4-part exer-
cises, for theoretical study.

ROSElNIiECKFR, Georees (1849-) :
b. Havre; studied composition with
Franck; wrote songs, pianoforte pieces
and a lyric opera. La ligende d'Ondine
(LiJge, 1886).

ROSENMtTI/IiBR, Johann (1615-
1682): d. at Wolf enbfltlel ; was 'col-
laborator' at the Thomasschule, organ-
ist, and substitute cantor at the Thom-
asklrche, Leipzig, 1648-55; fled to
Hamburg and Italy because of a crime
against morality, became Kapellmeister
at Wolfenbilttel, 1647. He wrote
Paduanen, Allemanden, Conranten, Bal-
letten, Sarabanden (3-part, with con-
tinuo, 1645) ; Kapellmeister at the
time of his death; wrote Kernspruche
mehrenthetls ans heiliger Schrift
(1648) ; Studentenmasik von 3 and 4
Instrumenten (dance music, 1654) ; f 2
Sonate da camera a 5 stromenti (1671
lost) ; dance suites with Italian sin-
fonle, and occasional pieces. Be/.;
VII. 473; Vin. 125.

ROSENTHAL., MoTltB (1862- ):
b. Lemberg; pianist; youthful prodigy.

134

Bossbach

playing In concerts at 13 (Vienna, War-
saw, Bucharest, 1878 In Paris and St
Petersburg) ; studied with MikuU,
Joseffy and Liszt; pianist with Euro-
pean and American reputation; emi-
nent both as technician in the higher
sense (tonal color, etc.) and Interpreter
of masterpieces; pianist to the Ru-
manian court.

ROSBR [von Relter], Franz de
Paula (1779-1830) : b. Naam, d. Pesth:
conductor of theatres In Vienna and
Pesth; composer of stage works of
every description (about 100), produced
in Vienna, Llnz and Pesth,

ROSBR. Valentin (18th cent.):
chamber musician to the Prince of
Monaco, also for a time established
in Paris and In Vienna; published
trio sonatas (In Stamitz's style) in
1768; various sonatas for piano and
violin; a number of works for wind
instruments; and a French edition of
Leopold Mozart's famous 'Violin
School' (1770).

ROSBS. Jose (1791-1856): b. Bar-
celona, d. there; organist, composer

ROSBTTI (1) Steflano (16th cent.) :
b. Nice; maestro in Novara; composer
of madrigals (1560, 1566), canzonl
(1567) and motets (1573). (2) Fran-
cesco Antonio. See RSssleb.

ROSIBR. Charles (17th cent.): vio-
linist and vice-conductor at the Bonn
court; produced 12 6-part sonatas (2
dessas, haute-contre bass, continuo and
trumpet), other instrumental pieces,
motets, and a guitar method.

ROSIiBR, Gnstav (1819-1882): d.
Dessau; teacher of music and composer
of the opera Bermann und Dorothea,
prod, in Dessau.

ROSPIGI^IOSI (or RnsplsUosi).
Marchese Glnlio, prince of Cervetero
(1600-1669); b. Pistoja, d. Rome; was
Papal nuncio In Spain, cardinal, and
in 1667 became pope, as Clement IX.
He was an ardent music lover, and
wrote opera text-books for the Roman
stage (antedating the Venetian opera
and largely overlooked), his work an-
ticipating that done In connection with
the Neapolitan comic opera of the 18th
century by some fifty years. He was
the librettist of the comic opera Chi
soffre speri (1639, music by Mazzocchi
and Marazzoli), Dal male il bene (1654,
Abbatinl and Marazzoli), Marazzoli's
La vita humana (1656), and Luigi
Rossi's Palazzo incantato (1642). Be?.;
IX. 22, 37, 67.

ROSSARO, Carlo (1828-1878): b.
Crescentino, Vercelli; d. Turin; pianist
and composer of piano sonatas, char-
acter studies, a fantasy for piano and
double-bass, and an opera.

ROSSBACH, Ansnst (1823-1898) ;
b. Schmalkalden, d. Breslau ; professor
of classic philology at Breslau; joint-
author with Westphal of Metrik der
grlechischen Dramatiker und Lyriker
(3 vols., 1845-65).

Rossetor

ROSSESTOR (or Roseter), FMIlp

(d. 1652) : lutenlst at the London Royal
Chapel; wrote a book of airs (1601)
and 'Lessons for Consort, etc' (1609).

ROSSI (1) GloTannl Battlsta (early
17th cent.) : monk at Genoa, who pub.
a book which contains the solution of
certain problems of mensural notation;
Organi de contort per intendere da se
stesso oqni passo difficile, etc. (1618),
also in book of 4-part masses (1618).
(2) Salomone (Ebreo) (early 17th
cent.) : Instrumental composer (of Jew-
ish descent) at the court of Mantua ca.
1587-1628; pub. 3-part canzonets (1589)
and 4-parf madrigals (1614), also 5
books of 5-part madrigals (1600-1622,
some repub.) ; 2- to 3-part madrigaletti
with continuo (1628), 4 books of so-
natas (Sinfonie e gagliarde; Varie
Sonate Sinfonie, etc.) and 3- to 8-part
Cantica, psalms, hynms and Laudes
(1620). He was also the composer of
the intermezzo of a drama L'Idroptca
(prod, at court marriage festivities,
Mantua, 1608, where R.'s sister sang
in Monteverdi's Arianna) ; and joint
composer with Monteverdi, Muzzio
Effrem and Alessandro Guivizzanl, of
a sacred music drama Maddalena.
Ref.: Vn. 474. (3) Ntchel Angelo
(17th cent.): pupil of Frescobaldl;
prod, a sacred opera, Erminia. sal Giro-
dano, in Rome (1625, printed 1637) ;
pub. Toccate e correnti d'intavolatura
d'organo e cembalo. Certain harpsi-
chord pieces ascribed to him In mod-
em collections are by Guiseppe di Rossi
(ca. 1730). (4) linlgt (Aloyslna Rn-
bens) (1598-1653) : b. Torremagglore,
Naples, d. Rome; went to Paris as one
of 20 singers invited by Mazarln; there
prod, the opera Le mariage d'Orphie
et d'Eurtdiee (1647); also composed II
palazzo d'Atlante (Rome, 1642), an ora-
torio, Giuseppe, over 100 cantatas and
some church music. He did impor-
tant work In the development of the
cantata form and his arias are fre-
quently in the da capo form. Ref.:
I. 327, 385f; VI. 104; IX. 19, 20, 22;
mus. ex., Xni. 59. (5) Francesco,
Abbate (ca. 1645-[?]): b. Rarl della
Puglia; was canon there; composer of
operas, including II Sejano moderno
(Venice, 1680), Floridea (with P. S.
Agostini and L. Rusca ; Venice, 1687) ;
La pena degli Occhi (Venice, 1688), Mi-
trane (lb., 1689) ; also of oratorios (La
caduto dei Giganti), a Requiem and

gsalms. (6) Lnlgl Felice (1805-1863) :
. Brandizzo, Piedmont, d. Turin; pupil
of Raimondi and Zingarelli at Na-
ples ; composed church music, masses.
Requiems, Te Deums, etc.; translated
theoretical works, contributed to the
Gaxzetta Mnsicale of Milan, etc. (7)
lianro (1810-1885) : b. Macerata, d.
Cremona; pupil of Crescentini, Furno
and Zingarelli; conductor at the Teatro
della Valle at Rome; eminent composer
of operas, of which La Casa disabitata
(I falsi monetari) was the flrst suc-

Bosslnl

cessful one (his 10th), being prod, at
the Scala, Milan, 1834, and then
throughout Italy, in Paris, etc. After
a failure (with Amelia, 1834) he went
to Mexico as conductor of an opera
troupe, which he later directed through-
out Mexico, Havana, New Orleans, Ma-
dras, etc., returning to Italy, 1844,
where he became director of Milan
Cons., 1850, and of Naples Cons., 1871.
He wrote In all 29 operas, including
the successful La contessa di Mons;
also an oratorio, Saul, elegies on Bel-
lini's and Mercadante's death, a mass,
6 fugues for string quartet, songs, vo-
calises, etc. (8) Giovanni Gaetano
(1828-1886): b. near Parma, d. Parma;
studied at the Milan Cons.; concert-
master at the theatre, organist of the
court chapel and director of the Cons,
there; municipal conductor in Genoa,
1873-79; composed the operas Elena di
Toronto (Parma, 1852), Giovanni Gis-
eala (b. 1855), Niccold de' Lapi (An-
cona, 1865), La contessa d'Altemberg
(Genoa, 1875) ; a symphony, Saul
(Paris, 1878), an oratorio, a Requiem,
3 masses, etc. Ref.: II. 187, 196. (9)
Carlo (1839- ) : b. Lemberg (of a
Polish mother) ; studied violin with
Menzel in Vienna, then studied art in
Venice, but returned to music, study-
ing counterpoint with Tonassi. He
wrote a comic opera, symphonies, 2
string quartets, pieces for violin, piano
and songs. (10) Ceaare (1842- ) :
b. Naples, where he became theatre
conductor in 1870; composer of the
operas II . ritratto di perla (Naples,
1879) and Babiles (lb., 1879). (11)
Cesare (1864- ): b. Mantua; com-
poser of operas, including I fuggitivl
(Trent, 1896) and Nodega (Prague,
German Theatre, 1903).

ROSSINI, GloaccUno Antonio (1792-
1868) : b. Pesaro, d. Ruelle, near Paris;
studied under a piano teacher named
Prinettl, with poor results; in 1802
studied under Angelo Tesei ; entered the
conservatory at Bologna, 1807, studying
composition under Padre Mattel and
'cello under Cavedagni the following
year; won first prize with cantata II
pianto d'Armonia per la morte d'Orfeo.
His first opera (one-act opera buffo). La
cambiale di matrimonio, was produced
successfully at San Mos6 Theatre, Ven-
ice, 1810. The next year he produced
in Bologna a two-act opera buffa,
L'eguivoca stravagante, and wrote 5
operas during 1812. He scored his first
great success with Tancredi In 1913,
Venice, followed by L'ltaliana in Al-
geri. Next he set uie famous Barbiere
de Sivlglia and brought it out as
Almaviva, ossia I'inutile precauzione
(Rome, 1816), out of respect for Pa-
eslello's memory, who had set his mas-
terpiece to the same text. Nevertheless,
it was hissed the first night, but was
a tremendous success the second, and
made the rounds of European cities.
In Elisabetta (Naples, 1815) R. dls-

135

iRossinl

pensed with dry recitative, a great
InnoTatlon. From 1815-23 he was un-
der contract to write two operas a year
for Barbaja, at 12,000 lire per annum.
During these 8 years he composed 20
operas. He went to England in 1823
for 5 months and returned with $35,-
000; then undertook the management
for 18 months of the Theatre Italien,
Paris, where he produced several op-
eras with success; was appointed
Premier compositeur du rot and In-
specteuT-gineral du chant for France,
to which a salary of 20,000 francs was
attached. These positions he lost by
the revolution, 1830, but received pen-
sion of 6000 francs. In 1829 he prod.
Guillaume Tell at the Op^ra with im-
mense success, then closed his career
at age of 37 and passed the rest of his
life in the enjoyment of his material
wealth. His famous Stabat mater,
written in 1832, was produced in 1842.
His works include La cambiale di
matrimonio (1810) ; L'equivoco strava-
gante (1811) ; L'ingaiino felice, L'occa-
sione fa it ladro, ossia II cambio della
valigia. La scala di seta, Demetrio e
Polibio, and La pieira del paragone
(1812) ; Tancredi (Venice, 1813) ; L'ltal-
iana in Algeri (1813) ; 11 flglio per az-
zardo (1813) ; Aureliano in Palmira
(1814); II Turco in Italia (Milan, La
Scala, 1814) ; Blisabetta, regina d'lnghil-
terra (Naples, San Carlo Th., 1815) ;
Sigismondo (1815) ; II Barbiere di
Siviglia (Rome, Argentina Th., 1816) ;
Torvaldo e Dorliska (1815) ; La Gaz-
zetta (Naples, 1816) ; Otello (Naples,
del Fondo Th., 1816) ; La Cenerentola
(Rome, Teatro Valle, 1816) ; La gazza
ladra (Milan, La Scala, 1817) ; Ar-
mida (1817) ; Adelaide di Borgogna
[or Ottone, re d'ltaliai (Rome, 1818) ;
Adina, o II califfo di Bagdad (Lis-
bon, 1818) ; Mose in Egitto (Naples,
1818; Paris, as Moise en iggpte, 1827);
Ricciardo e Zoraide (1818) ; Ermione
(1819) ; Edoardo e Cristina (Venice,
1819) ; La donna del lago [after Scott]
(Naples, San Carlo Th., 1819) ; Bianca
e Faliero (1820) ; Maometto II (Naples,
San Carlo, 1820; Paris, revised as Le
Siige de Corinthe, Op^ra, 1826); Ma-
tilda di, Ciabrano (1821) ; Zelmira
(1822) ; Semiramide (Venice, Fenice
Th., 1823; Paris, Grand Op^ra, as
Simiramis, 1860) ; 72 viaggio a Rheims,
ossia L'albergo del giglio d'oro (Paris
Th. Ital., 1825) ; Le comte Org (augm.
and revised version of preceding;
Paris, Opira, 1828); Guillaume Tell
(Opera, 1829). Cantatas: 11 pianto
d'Armonia (1808) ; Didone abbandonata
(1811); Giro in Babilonia (1810); Egle
ed Irene (1814) ; Teti e Peleo (1816) ;
Igea (1819); Partenope (1819); La
riconoscenza (1821) ; // vero omaggio
(1822); L'augurio felice (1823); La
sacra alleanzd (1823) ; II Bardo (1823) ;
II Ritorno (1823) ; II pianto delle Muse
(London, 1823) ; 1 Pastori (Naples,
1825): /{ serto votivo' (Bologna, 1829)

Roth

Besides these he wrote canzonets and
arias; also, Soiries musicales, 8 ariet-
tas and 4 duets, Gorgheggl e solfeggi
per soprano per rendere la voce agile,
hymns, short cantatas, and songs; a
Chant des Titans for 4 basses with
orch,; Tantum ergo for 3 male voices
with orchestra, Quoniam for solo bass,
with orch; O salutaris, for solo quar-
tet. Ref.: II. 180ff, 503; VI. 339f; VII.
292; VIU. 32; IX. 65, 69, 88, 131, 134,
159, 167, 169, 345, 369; operas, IX.
137ff, 163ff; mus. ex., XIII. 236; por-
trait, n. 188.

R0SSL, Damlan von (1852- ):
b. Belts, Russia; studied with Liszt;
Russian pianist, teacher and composer
in Odessa.

ROSSIiER, Franz Anton [Bosetti]
(1750-1792): b. Leitmeritz, Bohemia;
d. Ludwigslust, Mecklenburg-Schwerin ;
abandoned the priesthood for music,
and after long wanderings became
member of the band of the Count (later
Prince) of Ottingen in Wallenstein;
became Kapellmeister, then accepted a
similar post in Ludwigslust, the court
of Schwerin. He wrote a Requiem
(which was perf. in memory of Mo-
zart at Prague), 2 oratorios, 34 sym-
phonies and several operas, concertos
for piano, for bassoon, for clarinet,
for oboe and for horn; string quartets,
trios and violin sonatas with piano,
etc. His works had considerable vogue
in Paris, along with those of the
younger Mannheim composers.

HOST (1) Nlkolans: pastor at Eos-
menz, Altenhurg; piihlished 30 geist-
liche nnd weltliche teutsche Gesang
(1583, 4 to 8 parts) ; 30 newe liebliche
Galliardt (4 parts, 2 divisions, 1593-
94) ; and Cantiones selectissimae (6- to
8-part motets, 1614) ; Psalm 127 (1603)
and (MS.) other sacred works. (2)
E^ledrlcb Wllhelm Khrenfrled (1768-
1835): b. Bautzen, d. Leipzig; rector
at Plauen, then at the Thomasschule,
Leipzig; pub. De insigni utilitate ex
artos musicae studio in puerorum edu-
catione redundante (1800), Oratio ad
renouandam Sethe Calvisii memoriam.
(1805), De necessitudine, quee litterarum
studiis cam arte musica intercedit
(1817) and, in German, "What Has the
Leipzig Thomasschule Done for the
Reformation?" (1817, with a biog. of
Rhaw) .

ROTH (1) Franz (1837-1907): pi-
anist who toured America with Ole
Bull; founded a concert orchestra in
1858; conductor at theatres in Vienna
and Berlin; composer of music for
numerous farces, also dance music.
(2) l.onls (1843- ): b. Vienna;
brother of (1) ; theatre Kapellmeister
in Berlin; composer of 12 operettas
and many other stage pieces. (3)
Phillpp (1853-1898) : b. Tarnowltz, Si-
lesia, d. Berlin; 'cellist, pupil of Wil-
helm Miiller and Hausmann at the Ber-
lin Hochschule; made many concert
tours; founded the Freie musikalische

136

Bothlg

Verelnigung In 1890; pub. FOhreT
duTch die Violoacell-Litteratur. (4)
Bertrand (1855- ) ; b. Degershelm,
St. Gallen; pianist; studied at Leip-
zig Cons, and with Liszt; teacher at
the Hoch Cons., Frankfort; with
Schwarz and Flelsch founded the Raff
Cons, in 1882; taught at the Dresden
Cons. 1885-90; then opened a private
music-school at Dresden.

ROTHIG, Bnino (1859- ): b.
Ebersbach, Saxony; studied theory,
organ and singing in Berlin; cantor
and Musikdlrelitor in Leipzig: founder
of a 'Solo Quartet for Church Songs,'
comprising his wife, Frl. H. Rlsch,
himself and E. Tannewitz, with which
he toured as far as Roumania, Turkey,-
Palestine, Egypt, also the United States.
He composed only a few songs and
motets, and pub. Von Kontinent zu
Kontinent (1900).

ROTHSTBIIV, James (1871- ):
b. Konigsberg; studied there under
Leimer and Berneker, and with Bar-
giel and Bruch in Berlin. He has com-
posed a lyric parody opera Ariadne
auf Naxos (1903), a one-act comedy
Jasmine, a 3-act popular opera Die
Zarenbraat; chamber music, choral
works, over 200 songs, as well as pieces
for 'cello and piano.

ROTTBIVBESRG, lindvrls (1864-) :
b. Czemowitz, Bukovina; studied under
Hfimaly, Fuchs and MandyczewsKi;
orchestral director in Vienna, conductor
at the Brunn Stadttheater, then the
Frankfort opera; pub. 30 songs (1914).

ROTTEIR (1) I.ndvrlg (1810-1895):
b. Vienna, d. there; organist in Vi-
enna and at the court there; composer
of church music, vocal and instru-
mental, and author of a thorough-bass
method. (2) Knrt (1885- ): b. Vi-
enna; studied there and in Berlin;
Dr. phU., 1912, with Der Schnadahiipfl-
Rhythmns.

ROTTHANIVBR, Bdnard (1809-
1843) : b. Munich, d. Speier, as cathe-
dral organist; wrote several masses;
a Requiem, a Stabat Mater with organ
and strings; a 4-part Ave Maria with
strings, organ, and 2 horns ad lib.;
and many other works in MS.

ROT7GBT Ttm lilSIiK, Claude Jo-
seph (1760-1836): b. ChoIsy-le-Roi,
near Paris; military engineer in Strass-
burg who wrote botli text and music
of the Marseillaise in 1792. He lived
later in Paris and composed Hymne
dithgrambique sut la conjuration de
Robespierre et la revolution du 9 ther-
midor (1794) ; Chant des vengeances
(1798) ; Chant du combat (for the Egyp-
tian army, 1800) ; 20 romances for
voice, piano and violin obbllgato and
50 Chants franeais. He wrote the texts
of 3 operas composed by Delia Maria
and by Chelard. Ref.: V. 182.

ROVLIiXIT, lie Blanc dn. See Le
Blanc.

ROVSSBAU (1) Jean (17th cent.) :
gamba player, in Paris; pub. 2 books

Bonssel

of Piices de viole, with exercises and
directions for tuning the gamba; also
a Traiti de la viole (1687) and Methode
Claire, certaine et facile pour ap-
prende d chanter la musique sur des
tons naturels et transpose (1678, etc.).
(2) Jean Baptiste (1660-1741); b.
Paris, d. Brussels; poet of odes, etc.;
also opera texts for Colosse and Des-
marets. (3) Jean Jacanes (1712-
1778) : b. Geneva, d. Ermenonvllle,
near Paris; the celebrated encyclope-
dist and author of the Contrat Social;
had no musical training, but at the
age of 29 read a paper, Dissertation sur
la musique moderne, before the Acadi-
mie, in Paris, suggesting reforms in
musical notation. He also composed
an opera, Les Muses galantes (1745),
which was produced privately; revised
the intermezzo La reine de Navarre
(by Voltaire and Rameau), which was
a failure; and wrote a comic opera,
Le Devin du village (Op^ra, 1752),
which cbntinued a success 60 years.
He wrote musical articles for the En-
cyclopidie, which were improved by
revision and published under title
Dictionnaire de musique (1768) ; en-
gaged in lengthy controversy over rel-
ative merits of French and Italian op-
era, in favor of latter (guerre des
bouffons). R. also prod, the melo-
drame Pygmalion (1773) with great
success, which through misunderstand-
ing of the author's purpose became the
model of spoken melodrame; wrote 6
new arias for Le Devin du village and
a collection of 100 romances and duets.
Crude as a musician, his Influence on
French music has nevertheless been
strong. Ret.: I. 162; II. 24. 28f, 32, 35;

V. 179f; ES. 85; mus. ex., XIII. 74. (4)
Samuel Alexandre (1853-1904): b.
Neuvemaison, Aisne; d. Paris; studied
in the Paris Cons.; won the Prix Cres-
sent, 1878, also second prix de Rome;
prod, a 1-act comedy opera, Dianorah,
at the Op^ra Comigue, 1879; his opera
Merowig won the prize of the City of
Paris, 1891; became first conductor at
the Tb^&tre Lyrigue, 1892, and acted
as mattre de chapelle at Ste. Clotilde,
harmony professor at the Conserva-
toire, choral conductor of the Cons,
concerts, and music critic of Eclair,
He also produced a lyric drama. La
cloche du Rhin, at the OpSra with
great success, and left another, Leone
(prod. Paris, 1910) ; has also written
a solemn mass, songs, chamber music,
organ pieces, piano pieces, etc. Ref.:

VI. 485f.

ROTTSSEIIj, Albert Charles Paul
(1869- ) : b. Tourcoing (Nord) ; at
first naval ofllcer, since 1894 devoted
himself to music: pupil of E. Gigout
and Vincent d'Indy at the Schola can-
torum, Paris, where he became teacher
of counterpoint later. He wrote 2
violin sonatas (1 pub.), a quintet with
horn, 4 madrigals (prize of the So-
ci^t£ de compositeurs), and pub. a pi-

137

Roassier

ano trio, a violin sonata, a divertisse-
ment for piano and wind instr., a
piano sonata, a piano sonatina, piano
pieces; 12 vocal Milodies (1 with
orcli.) ; also, for orch., a Prflude Sym-
phonique Resurrection, 2 symphonies
(Poime de la forit, i movements, and
Les ioocations, 3 movements with final
chorus), and music for Aubry's Le
marchand de sable qui passe. Ref.:
III. xviii. 315, 363: VUI. 445f.

ROVSSIEiR, Abbe Fierre-Josepli
(1716-ca. 1790): b. Marseilles, d. as
canon at £couis, Normandy; pub.
Sentiment d'un harmoniphile sur dif-
ferents ouvrages de musique (1756) ;
Traiti des accords et de leur succes-
sion (1764) ; Observations sur diffi-
rents points de I'harmonie (1765) ;
Memoire sur la musique des anciens
(1770) ; tiotes et observations sur le
mimoire du P. Amiot concernant la
musique des chinois (1779) ; Memoire
sur la nouvelle harpe de M. Cousineau
(1782) ; Mimoire sur le clavecin chro-
ntatique (1782) ; etc.

ROVBLI/I, PletTO (1793-1838) : b.
Bergamo, d. there, as maestro at the
church of S. Maria Magglore; studied
under R. Kreutzer; teacher of Molique
while leader at Munich, 1817-19; first
violin in theatre orchestra, Bergamo;
pub. etudes for violin.

ROVBTTA, Giovanni ([?]-1668) : d.
Venice; studied with Monteverdi; suc-
ceeded him as first maestro at St.
Mark's, Venice, in 1644; composed 2
operas, Ercole in Lidia (1645) and
Argiope (1649) ; pub. much church mu-
sic, including madrigals, motets,
masses, etc., during years 1626-62.

ROTfTALDT, Johann Jakob (1718-
1775) : organist St. George's Church,
Marienburg, West Prussia, and a no-
table composer of sacred cantatas, for
the greater part preserved in MS. in
Marienburg. They contain valuable
arias with obbllgato solo instrument
or orchestral accompaniment. The
recitatives are purposely unrhymed.

ROWBOTHAM, Jolm Frederick
(1854- ) : b. Edinburgh; studied at
Oxford, Berlin (Stem Cons.), Paris,
Dresden and Vienna; author of 'A His-
tory of Music' (3 vols., 1885-87), 'How
to Write Music Correctly' (1889), 'Pri-
vate Life of Great Composers' (1892),
'The Troubadours and Courts of Love'
(1895), 'A History of Music to the Time
of the Troubadours' (1899) and 'The
Lives of Great Musicians' (1908) ; also
composed a mass for double-choir with
orch. songs, etc. Ref.: (cited) VHL 63.

ROYBR, Josepk Nicolas Pancrace
(1705-1755): b. Savoy, d. Paris; teacher
in Paris, 1725; orchestral conductor
of the Paris Op^ra, 1741; opera in-
spector, 1753; also took part in the
Concerts spirituels (1748). He com-
posed operas and ballets (Pgrrhus
[1730], Zaida [1739], Almasis [1747]),
clavechi pieces and songs.

ROZ£ [Abbe] Nicolas (1745-1819):

138

Bubert

b. Bourg-Neuf near Chalons, d. St.-
Mand£ n. Paris; Langl^'s successor as
librarian of the Conservatoire from
1807; pub. vocal church music and a
Mithode de plain-chant.

ROZKOSNY, Josef Richard (1833-) :
b. Prague; was a pupil of Jirdnek,
Tomaschek, and Klttl; toured as pian-
ist in Austria, Hungary, Rumania, etc.;
settled in Prague and there prod, the
operas Ave Maria, Mikuldi (1870),
Svat ojanski, ZdvUz FalkenStejna, Pgt-
Idci, Popelka (1885), Ebba, RUbezahl
(1889), and Satanella (1898), Stoja and
Der Schwarze See (1906) ; also wrote
overtures, piano pieces, 2 masses for
male voices, many songs and choruses.
Ref.: in. 180.

ROZYCKI (1) Jacek (late 17th
cent.) : Polish composer and court
conductor for King John Sobieski In
Warsaw. He wrote masses, hymns and
sacred concertos a cappella and with
instruments. (2) Lndomlr (1883- ) :
b. Warsaw; was a pupil of the Warsaw
Conservatory and Humperdinck (Ber-
lin) ; since 1908 opera conductor and
teacher at the conservatory in Lem-
berg; has composed a music-drama,
Boleslaus der KUhne (Lemberg, 1909) ;
a series of symphonic poems for or-
chestra, sonatas for violin, for 'cello
and for piano; a piano trio and quar-
tet and many individual pieces for
the piano.

RITBBNS, Paul A. (1876- ) ; Eng-
lish librettist and composer; contribut-
ed songs to 'Florodora' (1899), 'A Coun-
try Girl,' 'The Blue Moon' (1905), 'The
Dairymaids' (1906) and other musical
comedies; composer of 'Lady Madcap'
(1904), 'Miss Hook of Holland' (1907),
'My Mimosa Maid' (1908), 'Dear Lit-
tle Denmark' (1909), 'The Balkan Prin-
cess' (1910) and 'The Sunshine Girl'
(1912) ; part composer of 'Three Little
Maids' (1902), 'Mr. Popple [of Ipple-
ton]' (1905) and 'The Girl from Utah'
(1913) ; sole or part author of a num-
her of other musical comedies. Ref.:
III. 433.

RUBBIVSOHIV, Albert (1826-1901):
b. Stockholm, d. there; pupil of David
at the Leipzig Cons.; violinist in the
court orch., Stockholm, later director
of the Cons, there; composer of music
for Hostrup's En Nat mellem Fjedene
(1858) and Bjomson's Halte H^lda
(1865), also a symphony in C, an over-
ture ('Julius Caesar'), a string quartet,
songs, and male choruses. Ref.: III.
78f.

RUBERT, Johann Martin (ca.
1614-1680) : b. Nuremberg, d. Stralsund;
studied in Hamburg and Leipzig; or-
ganist in Stralsund; pub. 4-part arias
Friedens-Freude (1645), Musikalische
Arien (2-3 parts with 2-3 instr. and
continuo, 1647), Musikalische Seelener-
quickung (2-4 parts with 2-6 instr.,
1664), etc.; also (according to Wal-
ther's Lexikon) Sinfonien, Scherza,
Balletten, Allemanden, Couranten and

Rablnl

Sarabanden for 2 violins and bass
(1650), and suites which are Impor-
tant for the 'symphonies,' which f^rm
the opening movement (not recovered).
Ref.: VII. 473.

RUBim. Giovanni Battlsta (1795-
18S4) : b. Romano, Bergamo ; d. at his
castle near Romano; famous tenor;
studied under Rosio; made his d^but
at Pavia, 1814, then sang for a time
at Naples; appeared In Vienna, 1824,
in Milan 'Uie following year; then sang
with huge success at the ThMtre Ital-
ian, Paris, 1825-26. He had further
successes in London and Paris, was
then secured by Barbaja for Italy, who
paid him 60,000 francs; sang in Lon-
don and Paris, 1832-43; accompanied
Liszt to Berlin, 1843; returned to Italy
a millionaire, 1845. He pub. IS Lezi-
oni di canto moderno per tenore o
soprano, and an album of 6 songs,
L'Addio. Ref.: 11. 158, 194; VH. 254;
portrait, V. 98.

RVBINSTBIIV (1) Anton Kregoro-
vitcb (1830-1894) : b. Wechwotynecz,
Bessarabia; d. Peterhof, near St. Pe-
tersburg; began studying piano at 7
under Alexander Vllloing, who took
him to Paris, 1839, where in 1840
played before Chopin, Liszt and oth-
er notables. Liszt was much impressed
and advised further study In Germany;
master and pupU went on tour to Hol-
land, England, Scandinavia and Ger-
many, arriving in Moscow, 1843. He
went to Germany with his brother
Nikolai, 1844, where R. studied com-
position under Dehn; returned to Rus-
sia, 1848, where he enjoyed the patron-
age of Grand Duchess Helen and pro-
duced the operas Dimitri Donskoi
(1852) and Sibirskije Ochotnikie
(1853) ; next year gave concerts in
Paris and London; returning in 1858,
was appointed court pianist and con-
ductor of the court concerts; assumed
the direction of the Russian Musical
Society, 1859; founded the Imperial
Conservatory at St. Petersburg, 1862,
remaining director till 1867. He then
toured Europe till 1870; made an ex-
tended tour of America, 1872, where he
played 215 concerts. On Davldoff's
resignation, in 1887, R. resumed the
directorship of the Imperial Conserva-
tory for ttiree years, after which he
removed to Berlin and, in 1892, to
Dresden. As pianist R. has in some
respects hardly been surpassed, but
in his ambition to be recognized as a
composer he Was disappointed. He at-
tached especial importance to his crea-
tion of the 'sacred opera' — virtually
oratorio with costumes and scenery.
His operas include Foma Duratehok
(The Fool') (1858) ; 'Revenge' (1858) ;
Die Kinder der Halde (5-act (ierman
grand opera, Vienna, 1861) ; Feramors,
or Lalla Rookh (3-act German lyric op-
era, 1863) ; D«r Thurm zu Babel, Ger-
man sacred opera (Konlgsberg, 1870) ;
'The Demon' (3-act Russian fantastic

J39

Bnblnstetn

opera, St. Petersburg, 1875) ; Die Mak-
kabaer (3-act German opera, Berlin,
1875); Da* verlorene Paiadies (Ger-
man sacred opera, Dusseldorf, 1875) ;
Nero (4-act German opera, Hamburg,
1879) ; 'The Merchant of Moscow' (3-
act Russian opera, St. Petersburg, 1880) ;
Sulamith (German Biblical stage play,
Hamburg, 1883) ; Unter Raabern (1-act
German comic opera, Hamburg, 1883) ;
D«r Papagei (1-act German comic op-
era, Hamburg, 1884); Moses, German
sacred opera (1887) ; Christus (German
sacred opera, Bremen, 1895) ; also a
ballet. La Yigne. His instrumental
works comprise 6 symphonies (op. 40,
'Ocean' in 6 movements with a 7th
added); op. 56, op. 95, Dramatigue;
op. 107; op. Ill, A min., the tone
painting Russij (1882), an orch. fan-
tasy (Eroica), an orch. suite in E-flat
min,; the musical character pictures
'Faust,' 'Ivan IV,' and 'Don Quichote,'

4 concert overtures, 3 violin sonatas,
a viola sonata (arr. for violin by
David), 2 'cello sonatas, 5 trios, a pi-
ano quartet, a piano quintet, 10 string
quartets, a piano quintet with wind
instr., a string quintet, a string sextet,
an octet; also a violin concerto, 2 'cello
concertos and a Romance et caprice
for violin and orch. Fob piano solo
there are 4 sonatas, a theme and var.,
6 preludes, «udes (op. 23, 81), 6 Bar-
caroles; Soirees de St. Petersburg (3
books), Miscellanies (9 books), Le bal.
Album de danses populaires. Taran-
tella, caprices, serenades and various
other pieces (Kamenoi Ostrow, op. 10,
etc.) ; also Russian Serenade, Valse
Caprice in E-flat, Hungarian Fantasy,
3 Morceaux caract£ristiques, 6 Preludes,

5 cadenzas to Beethoven concertos and
the Mozart D min. concerto, etc., with-
out opus numbers; also 4-hand pieces
(Bal costami, op. 103), a fantasy for
2 pianos, 5 piano concertos (£ min.,
op. 25; F maj., op. 35; G maj., op. 45;
D min., op. 70; E maj., op. 94), a
KonzeTtstuck, op. 113, Caprice Russe,
for piano and orch.; a fantasy in C,
do. His SONGS comprise 17 opus num-
bers, his duets two. These are male
choruses, some with orch., 6 mix6d cho-
ruses, and scenes with orch. (Hekaba
and Hagar in der WUste). As a writer
B. is noted for his sharp incisiveness,
notably in Die Mvsik und ihre Meister
(1892) and his 'Memoirs of 50 Years'
(Russian, 1892, Ger. 1895); also pub.
'A Guide to the Use of the Pedal' (1896)
and 'Masters of the Piano' (1899). Ref.:
II. 459; UI. xvi, 47ff; songs, V. 127,
323ff, 369; piano works, VII. 295, 331;
trio, 579f ; orchestral works, VIII. 250f ;
opera, IX. 406f; mus. ex., xlv, 21; por-
trait, III. 48; his hand (illus.), VII.
332. (2) Nicolas (1835-1881): b. Mos-
cow, d. Paris; brother of (1); pupil
of KuUak in piano and Dehn in com-
position (Berlin, 1844-46), studied
jurisprudence in Moscow. He was in-
strumental in the establishment of the

Riibner

Moscow Division of the Imperial Rus-
sian Musical Society, in which he or-
ganized music classes that were the
nucleus of the Conservatory (estab.
1866). He was director of the Cons,
till his death. He was also a re-
markable pianist, having frequently
been compared with his brother, but
still more Important as a conductor
(concerts of the Imp. Russian Mus.
Soc, etc.) and a teacher (Taneieff,
Siloti and Sauer being among his pu-
pils). Two concerts annually in Mos-
cow are devoted to his memory. Ret.:
III. 18, 111. (3) Josepb (1847-1884):
b. Staro Eonstantinoif, d. (a suicide)
at Lucerne; pupil of Hellmesberger
and Dachs in Vienna; lived in Wag-
ner's circle from 1872, and helped to
popularize his music through piano
transcriptions. He made the piano
score of Parsifal.

Rtl^BlVBR, Cornelias (1855- ):
b. Copenhagen; composer and educator;
studied with Gade and Hartmanu in
Copenhagen, and with Reinecke and
David in Leipzig; later with Hans von
Billow and Rubinstein; professor of
music and court pianist at Baden-
Baden; director of the Philharmonic
Society at Karlsruhe from 1892; suc-
ceeded MacDowell as professor of mu-
sic at Columbia tiniversity. New
York, In 1904. His compositions in-
clude a piano trio, songs, piano pieces,
a festival overture, a symphonic poem,
Friede, Kampf und Sieg, a festival
cantata, a violin concerto, a 3-act ballet.
Prince Ador (1903). Ref.: IV. 267.

ReCKATTF, Anton (1855-1903) : b.
Prague, d. Alt-Erla; pupil of the
Prague Organ School and Proksch, of
Nottebohm and NavratU; lived In Vi-
enna and Is reckoned among notable
modem song composers because of the
expressive cast of his melodies and the
thorough construction of his piano
accompaniments. Beside numerous
songs, he composed duets, a cappella
and accompanied choruses, a violin so-
nata, a piano quintet and piano pieces;
also an opera. Die Rosenthalerin
(Dresden, 1897).

RXrCKERS, celebrated family of
harpsichord makers at Antwerp, ac-
tive in the 16th and 17th centuries. (1)
Hans (senior) ([?]-ca. 1640) ; mem-
ber of the guild of St. Luke In 1579;
his four sons were (2) Hans (jun.)
(b. 1578); (3) F^anz (b. 1576); (4)
Andreas (b. 1579) ; and (5) Anton
(b. 1581). (6) Andreas, the Younger
(1607-1667), the son of (4), was the
last prominent member of the family,
whose Instruments were especially pop-
ular in England.

Rt^CKXIRT: German poet. Ref.:
IX. 188.

RUCSICSKA. See Rbzicska.

RITDERSDORFF, Hermlne [Kii-
chenmeisier] (1822-1882) : b. Ivanov-
sky, Ukraine; d. Boston, Mass.; so-
prano; daughter of the violinist, Jo-

Rufer

SKPH R. (1788-1866: concert-master in
Konigsberg) ; pupil of Bordogni, Paris,
and de Mlcherout in Milan; made her
d^ut in Mendelssohn's 'Song of
Praise' in the Leipzig Gewandhaus;
sang In opera at Karlsruhe, Frankfort,
Berlin and London; settled as teacher
in Boston, 1871 (teacher of Emma
Thursby) .

RT7DHART, Franz Michael (d. Mu-
nich, 1897) : writer on the history of the
Munich court opera (only 1 vol., pub.
1865); also on 'Gluck in Paris' (1864).

RCDIXGER, Gottfried (1886- ):
b. Lindau, Bodensee; studied compo-
sition with Max Reger; has written
pieces for piano, for violin and piano,
'cello and piano, choruses, chamber
music and a symphony for 'cello and
orchestra (op. 11).

RTJDOIiPH (1) Emperor of Ans-
trla (16th cent.). Ref.: VI. 430. (2)
Arcbdnke of Austria (18th-19th
cent.). Ref.: U. 133; VIL 575.

RUDOIiPH (Rodolphe), Johann
Joseph (1730-1812): b. Strassburg; d.
Paris; virtuoso horn-player and com-
poser; was active in orchestras in Bor-
deaux, Montpellier and Parma (1754),
where he studied with Traetta; at
Stuttgart (1761-66), where he was a
pupil of Jomelli; then went to Paris,
where he became first horn-player at
the Opira and (1770) royal chamber
musician. He was professor of har-
mony at the £cole royale (1784), and
lost his position in the Revolution, but
was appointed professor of solfige at
the Conservatoire in 1799. He com-
posed 6 operas, 2 ballets, Rinaldo and
Medea (Stuttgardt, 1761, 1763), con-
certos and other pieces for the horn,
violin duets and studies; also pub.
some theoretical works, at one time
highly valued.

RUDORBF, Elmst Friedrfcli Karl
(1840- ): b. Berlin; composer; stud-
ied under Bargiel at the Leipzig Cons.,
with Moscheles, Plaidy and Rietz, and
under Hauptmanu and Reinecke; teach-
er of piano at the Cologne Cons., 1865-
1869; head of the piano department.
Royal High School, Berlin, 1869-1910;
director , of the Stem Gesangverein,
1880-1890; founded the Bach-Verein,
1867. He composed 3 symphonies, 3
overtures, a ballade for orchestra, 2
serenades for orchestra, works for
chorus and brchestra, songs for chorus,
piano pieces, songs, etc.; published
Briefe von K. M. von Weber an Hin-
rich Lichtenstein (1900-) ; revised the
academic Urtextansgabe of Mozart's
concertos and piano sonatas, had a
share in the Brahms edition of Chopin,
and published the first edition in
score of Weber's Euryanthe; also or-
chestrated Schubert's F-sharp Fantasie.

RI^FEiR, Philippe Bartholome
(1844- ): b. Li6ge; pianist and
composer; studied at the Li^ge Cons.;
Musikdirektor at Essen, 1869-1871;
successively teacher of piano at the

140

Rufto

Stern Cons., at the Eullak Cons., and
again at the Stern Cons., from 1871;
has composed a symphony, 3 overtures,
a scherzo for orchestra, a string quar-
tet, a violin sonata, a trio, 2 suites
for piano and 'cello, an organ sonata,
the operas Merlin and Ingo, songs,
piano pieces, etc.

RUFFO, VlnceuKo (16th cent.): b.
Verona, d. there as maestro of the
cathedral; pub. much church music.
Including 5-part motets, masses, madri-
gals, psalms, magnificats, etc., during
the years 1551-78.

R1JFI1VATSCHA, Johann (1812-
1893): b. In the Tyrol, d. Vienna;
teacher of note. Briill was among his
pupils. He wrote 5 symphonies, 4
overtures, a piano concerto, songs,
etc.

RUGGBRI, or Rng^eri, Giovanni
Maria: Venetian composer; brought
out 10 operas from 1696 to 1712; pub-
lished Scherzi geniali ridotti a regola
armonica in 10 sonate da camara a
3, cioi, 2 violini e violine o cembalo
(1690) ; Saonate da chiesa a due vio-
lini e violone o tiorba, con il suo
basso continuo per I'organo (1693) ;
also 12 eantate, with and without vio-
lin (1706). Ret.: VH. 391, 402, 478.

RUGGI, Francesco (1767-1845): b.
Naples, d. there; studied with Fena-
roll; conductor In Naples; taught coun-
terpoint and composition at the Royal
Conservatory there, Bellini and Garafa
being among his pupils. He wrote sa-
cred music and also 3 operas.

RITGGIXSRI. See RuGGEBi and Rfr-

GIEBI.

RTJGIBRI: Cremonese family of
violin builders, the most eminent being
Francesco (ca. 1670-1692) and his son
Vlncenzo (both having detto il Per
added to their names). Two other
makers of violins, Giovanni Battlsta
[Bononiensis] and Pletro Glacomo
[Brixiae] Roserl, the former of
whom worked in Cremona and the
latter in Brescia, are not related to the
R. family.

RttHIi, Frledricli Wtllielm (1817-
1874) : b. Hanau, d. Frankfort; founder
of the 'Rilhlsche Gesangverein' ; wrote
an elementary Singing Method.

RttHI/MANN, [Adolf] Jnllns (1817-
1877): b. Dresden, d. there; stud-
ied under Tillmann and Otto; tenor
trombone in the royal orch., in 1841;
Royal Inspector of Instruments, 1873;
co-founder of the Dresden Tonkuustler-
verein; president from 1855; professor
of piano and history of music at the
Cons.; wrote Geschiehte der Bogenin-
stmmente (1852); also a series of his-
torical essays for the Neue Zeitschrift
fUr Musik.

RXrjKBir, Jan W.t contemporary
Dutch opera composer {Norma, Rot-
terdam, 1809; Der. falsche Zar, Deven-
ter, 1895).

RUMaUJIi (1) Christian (1787-
1849): b. Brichsenstadt, Bavaria; d.

Riingenhagen

Wiesbaden, where he was Kapellmeis-
ter, 1815-41; pianist, violinist and
clarinettist; composer for wind instru-
ments. (2) Josepb (1818-1880): b.
Wiesbaden, d. London; son of (1);
ducal Nassau court pianist, composer
for piano. (3) August (1824-1886):
b. Wiesbaden, d. London;, also son of
(1); pianist. (4) Franz (1853-1901):
b. London, d. Berlin ; son of (2) ; stud-
led at Brussels Cons.; pianist; teacher
at Stern Cons., Berlin; Ducal (Anhalt)
professor; composer for piano. (5)
Walter Morses contemp. American
composer; resident in Berlin; wrote
songs, piano pieces, etc. Be/.; IV.

RtnVCIMA]V, John (d. London,
1916) : distinguished English music
critic and writer, from 1894 music
editor of the 'Saturday Review,* which
for a time he himself published; he
was also the editor of the musical
quarterly 'The Chord,' and of 'The Mu-
sicians* Library'; author of 'Richard
Wagner, Composer of Operas' (1913) .\
His collected essays appeared in 1889
under the title of 'Old Scores and New
Readings.'

RUNG (1) Henrlfe (1807-1871): b.
Copenhagen, d. there as chorus-master
at the opera; cond. of the Cecilia So-
ciety for old church music, foimded by
R. In 1852; wrote 7 operas, popular
songs and incidental music to plays.
(2) Frederib (1854-1915): b. Copen-
hagen, d. there; son of (1) and active
in the Danish capital as conductor
and choral director. He composed a
ballet, Aditi, incidental music for
dramas, a symphony and suite for or-
chestra, piano pieces, and many Dan-
ish, (Czechish, French and German
songs.

RtTNGE, Paul (1848-1911): b. Hein-
richsfeld, Posen; d. Colmar, Alsace;
pupil of the Royal Institute for Church
Milsic and Julius Schneider (Berlin) ;
was active from 1873 until his re-
tirement as a teacher of singing at
the Colmar Gymnasium, in Alsace. He
composed a few choral works, but at-
tracted greater attention with his
musico-historical Writings. These deal
principally with medieval music and
include Gesdnge der Geisler des
Pestjahres 13i9 (1899); Die Notation
des Meistersangs (1907) ; and Die
Sangesweisen der Colmarer Hand-
schrift, etc. (1896), which offered new
points of departure in the reading of
Minnesinger and Troubadour notation.

RUNGE:NHAGE:]V, Carl Frledrich
(1778-1851): b. Berlin, d. there; pupil
of Benda; vice-conductor of the Sing-
akademie, 1815, succeeding Zelter as
first conductor, 1833; soon appointed
teacher in the School of Composition:
composed 4 operas, 3 oratorios, several
sacred and secular cantatas, a mass
for male voices, a Te Deum, 30 mo-
tets, 30 four-part songs and chorales,
over 100 sacred and 1000 secular songs.

141

Biinger

symphonies, quartets, etc. Ref.: Etl.

'rWNGER, Jnlliu (1874- ): b.
Holies, Hungary; studied conducting
and organ in Prague and after Angelo
Neumann's discovery of his voice (bari-
tone) singing with Gianlni (Milan) and
Vogl (Prague). R. sang In opera in
Mayence, Magdeburg, Berlin, and made
tours in South America, India and
Australia, singing Wotam in the Mel-
bourne production of Die Walkilre

(1906). He has composed songs,
masses, compositions for orchestra,

RUXZE:, maximllian (1849- ) : b.
WoXtersdorf, Pomeranla; well known
as biographer and student of Loewe
and his works. He has edited a com-
plete edition of the ballads, legends
and songs of Loewe (17 parts, 1899-
1903) ; and a number of books and
essays on phases of Loewe's artistic
activity: Goethe und Loewe (1901),
Die musikalisch,. Legende (1902), C.
Loewe, eine dsthetische Beurteilung
(1884) and others.

RUOIiZ, Henri (1808-1887) : b.
Paris, d. there; pupil of Berton,
Lesueur, Paer and Rossini; made his
d^but with the comic opera Attendre
et conrir (Paris, 1830), and his great-
est success with Lara (Naples, 1835) ;
also wrote other operas, a cantata,
'Joan of Arc,' songs, choruses, trios
and a string quartet (1830).

RUPFF, Konrad (16th cent.): Ger-
man composer of chorales, etc.; asso-
ciate of Luther and Walther. Ref.:
I. 290f.

RTJSKIN, John. Ref.: (quoted)
n. 267.

RITSFIGIilOSI. See Rospighiosi.

RirSSESIili (1) lillUan (1861- ):
b. Clinton, la.; soprano; studied with
Mme. Scheremburg and Leopold Dam-
rosch; engaged as a ballad singer by
Tony Pastor and later sang In the
chorus of 'H. M. S. Pinafore'; after
appearing for some time in burlesque
at Tony Pastor's she joined the Mc-
CauH Opera Co., with which she toured
in 1881-1882, singing the title role in
'Patience,' etc.; sang in London in
1883-1884, and subsequently, after a
short concert tour in the V. S., joined
the Casino Theatre Co., New York
(1885) ; well known in New York for
the next twenty years in comic opera
and with the burlesque company of
Weber & Fields; later appeared in
vaudeville and drama. Ret.: TV. 178.
(2) Henry: b. London, England; opera
director; studied singing at the Royal
College of Music and subsequently en-
gaged in teaching, among his pupils
being Ben Davis; also treated the
voices of Eleonora Duse, Alice Nielsen,
Mary Garden and others; directed two
seasons of opera at Covent Garden
(1903-04) ; subsequently brought his
San Carlo Opera Co. to Boston and
made annual tours until 1909, when he

142

Rata

was appointed director of the newly
erected Boston Opera House; elected an
advisory associate of the Metropolitan
Opera House, New York; has given a
season of opera at the Th£&tre des
Champs filysfes, Paris. Ref.: IV. 172f.
(3) AlexandeTi contemp. American
organist, choral conductor and com-
poser of songs, etc. Ref.: IV. 439f.

RTTST (1) Frledrlcb WUIielm
(1739-1796): b. Worlitz, near Dessau;
d. Dessau ; pupil of the violinist Hockh,
Zerbst, 1762, and of Franz Benda, 1763,
at Berlin, under the patronage of Prince
Leopold III of Anhalt-Dessau, whom
he accompanied to Italy, 1765, and
who Appointed him court musical di-
rector, 1775; composed for his instru-
ment (sonatas), also piano sonatas;
also brought out several stage pieces
and wrote incidental music to plays
and considerable instrumental music.
One of his violin sonatas was pub. by
his grandson (4), who revised it and
added details, so that the judgment on
R.'s Importance was falsely influenced.
Ref.: VII. 98, lOOf, 117, 129, 416. (2)
Joliann Iiudvrig Anton: brother of
(1); pupil of Bach; composer. Ref.:
Vn. 117. (3) (Rustl), Glacomo (1741-
1786) : b. Rome, d. Barcelona ; was a
pupil of the della Pietk conservatory,
Naples; from 1767 on, cathedral choir-
master in Barcelona and produced, in
part before his Spanish appointment,
in part after it, in Venice, Milan, etc.,
some 26 Italian operas (1763-1786).
Of his sacred compositions nothing
is known. (4) -WUhelm Carl (1787-
1855) ; son of (1) ; organist at Vienna,
1819-27; then teacher in Dessau; pub-
lished pieces for piano and organ. (5)
Willielm (1822-1892): b. Dessau, d.
Leipzig; grandson of (1), nephew
and pupil of (4), later pupil of F.
Schneider; music teacher in a Hun-
garian nobleman's family, 1845-48;
taught in Berlin, 1849; entered the
Singakademie and joined the Leipzig
Bach-Vereln, 1850; organist of St.
Luke's, 1861; conductor of the Berlin
Bach-Verein, 1862-74 ; , Royal Musik-
direktor, 1864; teacher of theory and
composition at Stem Conservatory,
1870: organist of the Thomaskirche,
Leipzig, 1878; also teacher in the Con-
servatory there; succeeded Richter as
cantor of the Tuomasschule, 1880; was
editor of several volumes of the Bach
edition prepared bjr the Bach-Gesell-
schaft. His compositions include mo-
tets, sacred choruses, vocal soli with
orchestra or organ, songs, etc. Ref.:
VI. 88.

RTTTA, nuchael (1827-1896): b. Ca-
serta, d. Naples; pupil of Mercadante;
composer of patriotic hymns during the
Lon3)ardy campaign, in which he par-
ticipated; professor at the Naples
Cons.; composer of several operas,
much church music, including masses
in the Palestrina style, others with
orch., vocal works of various kinds,

Ruthard

piano pieces; author of several theo-
retical works.

RtTTBCARD (1) Frledrlch (1800-
1862): d. as oboist In the Stuttgart
court orch.; pub. 2 books of chorales;
comp. for oboe and for zither. (2)
Jnllns (1841-1909): son of (1): vio-
linist In the court orch., 1855; Kapell-
meister in the theatre at Riga, 1871, at
Leipzig, 1882, and at Bremen since
1885; wrote songs and incidental mu-
sic to BjSmson's Hulda. (3) Adolf
(1849- ): b. Stuttgart; son of (1) ;
studied at the Cons.; music teacher in
Geneva, 1868-1885; teacher of piano at
the Leipzig Cons, since 1886; composed
much piano music, including Menaet;
Romanze; Morceaux de genre; 6 pre-
ludes, 2 preludes and fugues ; Nordisches
StOndchen; 3 rondos; Deux milodies
tntimes; Soirie dansante: 6 waltzes;
Schritt fur Schritt (12 4-hand pieces) ;
sonata for 2 pianos; Trio pastorale for
piano, oboe, and viola; wrote Das
Klavler; eiti geschichtlicher Abriss; a
Chormeisterb&chlein of short biogra-
phies; 3rd and 4th editions of Weg-
weiser by Eschmann.

RTTTINI, Giovanni JHarco (or Fla-
cldo?) (ca. 1730-ca. 1797): b. Flor-
ence, d. there; composer for the piano;
pub. a series of books of sonatas, each
containing six, also produced several
operas. There is some confusion con-
cerning his given names and it may
be that two brothers existed, of whom
one was called G. Marco, the other
G. Placido.

RUZICSKA: Hungarian composer;
one of the first to write a Hungarian
national opera ('Bala's Flight,' 1833).
Ref.: HI. 189.

RYBA, Jakob Jan (1765-1815): b.
PrzessUez, Bohemia; d. Rocsmlttal, as
rector of the Gynmaslum; composed

ftyeUuidt

much church music, including masses,
motets, offertories, etc.; also 6 comic
operas and melodramas, 35 symphonies,
38 concertos for different instruments,
and a large quantity of chamber mu-
sic.

RYBAKOFF, Sergei (1867- ):
studied history and philosophy at St.
Petersburg University, music at the
Conservatory. After extensive travels
in the East of Russia and in Turke-
stan, he wrote 'Poetic Metaphor Among
the Tarars and Baschklrs' (St. Peters-
burg, 1895, with 40 melodies, in Rus-
sian) ; 'The Kurai, a Musical Instru-
ment of the Baschklrs' (1896) ; 'The
Music and Songs of the Ural Moham-
medans' (1897, 204 melodies) ; and va-
rious essays in periodicals; also orig-
inal songs.

RYCHNOVSKY, XSmst (1879- ):
b. Janowltz, Bohemia; studied in
Prague and Berlin; editor of the
monthly Deutsche Arbeit in Prague and
music critic of the Prague Uontagsblatt.
He has published muslco-hlstorical and
biographical works, among the latter,
biographies of Spohr, Schumann, Leo
Blech, Haydn, Kittl, Liszt; has writ-
ten a study of 'Beethoven's Ninth Sym-
phony,' analytical guides to operas,
and edited a reissue of F. Nie-
metschek's biography of Mozart (1905).

RYDBBRGt Finnish poet. Ref.:
m. 102.

RYXlIiANDT, Joseph (1870- ):
b. Bruges; studied with Tinel in Brus-
sels; pub. a violin sonata, a 'cello
sonata, a piano guintet, a sonatina
for oboe and piano, and other pieces
for piano; choral works with orch., sa-
cred songs and Idglle mgstique for so-
prano and orch.; also 2 symphonies,
3 quartets, and other chamber music
(In MS.).

143

Saar

SAAR, lionls Victor [Franz]
(1868- ) : b. Rotterdam; studied mu-
sic with Rlieinberger and Aber at the
Munich Academy, and with Brahms in
Vienna; also in Berlin as Mendelssohn
scholar (1891); accompanist at the
Italian Opera, teacher at the National
Cons, and critic of the Staats-Zeitung
In New York; teacher at the Cincinnati
College of Music since 1906. His com-
positions include songs, ballads, piano
pieces (incl. a suite, also scored for
orch.) and 4-part choruses.

SABATIER, Caroline. See Ungeb.

S ABB ATA, Vlttore de (1892- ):
b. Trieste; studied with Saladino and
Oreflce at Milan Cons.; comp. Risveglio
mattutino, a suite in 4 movements, Tra
fTonda e fronda, Idtlio and Merrigio.
Ref.: m. 382, 389, 391.

SABBATINI (1) Galeazzo de (17th
cent.): b. Pesaro; maestro to the Duke
of Mirandola; composer of madrigals
(1625-26), Socroe laudes (1637-41), do.
with organ (1642), 3 books of madri-
gals with instruments (1627, 1630,
1636), litanies (1676), and SacH laudi
e motetti a voce sola (1639). (2)
liiilgl Antonio (1739-1809): b. Albano
Lizlale, d. Padua; studied with Padre
Martini and with Vallotti in Padua;
became maestro at the church of the
Twelve Apostles, Rome, and succeeded
Vallotti as maestro at the Antonio Ba-
silica in Padua. He adopted Vallotti's
system of theory, and pub. Gli elemente
teoTici della musica colla pratiea de
medesimi in duetti e terzetti a canone
(1789), La vera idea della mnsicali
numerichi signatare (1799), Trattato
sopra le fughe musicali, etc. (1805),
Notizie sopra la vita e le opere del
R. P. Ft. a. Vallotti (1780). His
compositions (Requiem for 3 tenors
and bass, etc.) are MS.

SABIIV, Wallace: contemp. Ameri-
can composer; wrote music for grove
play 'St. Patrick at Tara,' 1909, etc.
Ref.: rv. 398.

SACCHETTI, Iilberlna (1852- ):
b. Kensar, Govt. TambofF; studied at
St. Petersburg Conservatory (Davidson,
Johannsen, Rimsky- Korsakoff), teacher
there, 1878, professor, 1886; lectured
on aesthetics at the Academy of Art,
1887-94; was made assistant librarian
St. Petersburg Public Library, 1895;
honorary member Bologna Philhar-
monic Academy, 1888. In addition to
works on theory, be has written 'Short

144

Sacbs

Chrestomathy of Musical History' (St.
Petersburg, 1900), 'Handbook of Mu-
sical Theory' (1897), and 'From the
Realm of ^Esthetics and Music' (St.
Petersburg, 1896).

SACCHI, Glovenale (1726-1789): b.
Barflo, Como; d. Milan; monk and the-
oretician; pub. Del numero e delle
misure delle corde musiche e oro cor-
rispondenze (1761) ; Della divisione del
tempo nella musica, nel ballo e nella
poesia (1770) ; Della natura e per-
fezione dell' antica musica de' Greet
(1778) ; Delle quinte successive nel con-
trappunto e delle regale degli aecom-
pagmtmenti (1780) ; Don Placido, dia-
logo dove cercasi se lo studio della
musica al religioso convenga o dis-
convenga (1786) ; also biographies of
Carlo Broschi, 1784, and Benedetto Mar-
celli, and epistolatory criticisms and
apologias.

SACCHIWI, Antonio Maria GaB-
paro (1734-1786) : b. Pozzuoli, Naples;
d. Paris; studied violin with Fiorenza,
singing with Manna, and composition
with Durante (together with Piccini
and Guglielmi). He first composed op-
eras for minor theatres; then Semi-
ramide (1762) for Rome; Alessandro
nelV Indie (1763) for Venice, and by
1770 had already written 50 works.
He left Italy in 1771, wrote operas for
Munich and Stuttgart; celebrated a tri-
umph in London with 72 0ran Cid,
Tamerlano, Lucio Vero, Niteti, Perseo
(1772-82), fell into debt and went to
Paris. There he composed under
Gluck's Influence Dardanus (1784), and
Oedipe a. Colonne, his most important
work, produced m 1786. Beside his
many operas, which were not alone
melodious but of almost classic work-
manship, he wrote masses, psalms and
other church music; trio sonatas and
chamber music, among the last-named

6 attractive quartets (op. 2) which pre-
figure Mozart. Ref.: IL 14; IV. 74, 79;
IX. xii, 21, 39, 40, 41, 59, 130.

SACHS (1) Hans (1494-1576): b.
Nuremberg, d. there; the most famous
of the Meisterslngers, was in reality
(as Wagner has pictured him in his
Meistersinger von NUrnberg) a shoe-
maker by trade. As poet he was so
prolific that by 1567 he had written
more than four thousand poems (Meis-
terschulgedichte), 1700 tales and 200
dramatic poems. The melodies of
these are printed in G. Miinzer's edition

Sachse-Hofmelster

of Puschmann's Singebuch (1906).
Re/..- I. 223ff; H. 421; III. 190; V. 146;
VI. 27; IX. 289. (2) Melchlor Brnst
(1843- ) : b. Mlttelslnn, Lower Fran-
conia; student at Milan Cons, and with
Rhelnberger; conductor, teacher of
harmony; founder of the Tonkiinstler-
vereln there and conductor of a male
chorus; composed one opera, Palestrina
(Ratisbon, 1886), a choral ballade with
orch., a PaternosteT for chorus, an ora-
torio in 7 dlTlslons, Kains Schuld and
S&hne (Munich, 1912), also a sym-
phony, music for piano, songs, etc.
T3) JnlliM (1830-1888): b. Waldhof,
Melnlngen; d. Frankfort; studied with
Eessler and Rosenhaln; concert pian-
ist, composer of piano music. (4)
Knrt (1881- ) : b. Berlin: studied

giano and composition with Schratten-
olz, clarinet with Bausch and art and
musical history at the Univ.; Dr. phil.,
1904; pub. Musikgeschichte der Stadt
Berlin bis zum Jahre 1800 (1908), Afu-
sik and Oper am kurbrandenburgischen
Hofe (Berlin, 1910), Reallexikon der
Musikinstrumente (Berlin, 1914), Die
Musikinstrumente Indiens nnd Indi-
onesiens, zugleich eine EinfUhmng in
die Instrumentenkunde (Berlin, 1915)
and essays on similar subjects in mu-
sical periodicals; also composed songs.
Ref.: (cited) Vin. 77.

SACHSS-HOFMBISTER, Anna
(1852-1914) : b. Gumpoldsklrcben, near
Vienna; d. Berlin; dramatic soprano;
studied in Vienna; d^but in Wurz-
burg, 1870, in Les Bugaenots; sang at
Frankfort; married (1878) Dr. Max
Sachse, a Berlin tenor; after further
studies with G. B. Lamperti was en-
gaged in Leipzig, then as prima donna
at the Berlin court opera.

SACK, Johann PhUlpp (1722-1763) :
b. Harzgerode, Anhalt; d. Berlin; stud-
led with E. H. Graf; assistant organ-
ist in the Berlin Cathedral, 1747, then
organist, 1755; composed songs and pi-
ano pieces.

SACKS, 'Woldemar (1868- ) : b.
Riga; at first followed a commercial
career; self-taught in music, composer
of widely sung Lieder.

SACRATI, Francesco [Paolo] (d.
Modena, 1650) : court conductor at Mo-
dena; composed the operas Delia
(1639), La finta paxza (1641; also prod,
in Paris by the troupe invited by
Mazarin, 1645), Bellerofonte (1642),
La Venere gelosa (1643), Vlisse errante
(1644), Proserpina rapita (1644),
Semiramide (1648), L'isola d'Alcina
(1648) ; also 2 books of 1- to 4-part
madrigals (not preserved). Ref.: IX.
22

SAEIRCHINGER, C£sar (1884- ) :
b. Aachen; studied at Francke Stiftung,
Halle (music under Prof. Zehler), in
New York and Paris, also singing with
his mother, Mme. Anna S. (1858-) :
and piano and theory with Benja-
min Lambord, with whom he founded,
in 1912, the Modem Music Society of

145

Saint-Foix

New York (secretary, 1912-15) ; con-
tributed musical articles to American
biographical encyclopedias (Appleton's,
etc.) ; musical editor of the Interna-
tional,' 1913-14; of 'Current Opinion'
from 1916; managing editor of 'The
Art of Music* (14 vols., 1913-16),
editor "Who's Who in Music' (1916-17) ;
author of 'The Opera Since Wagner.'

SAFFIElDDIir. See Aed el Mumin.

SAFONOFF, Vastly Ilyltcli (1852-) :
b. Iziursk, in the Caucasus; son of a
Cossack general; studied piano with
Leschetlzky, theory with Slke and
Zaremba; graduated at St. Petersburg
conservatory, 1880. After concertizing
with Davidoff (1880-85), he taught at
the St. Petersburg Cons.; since 1889
successor of Taneieflf as director of
Moscow Cons.; conductor of the Rus-
sian Imperial Musical Society or-
chestra for some time; conductor of
the New York Philharmonic Society,
1906-09, and has appeared as 'guest'
conductor in various other cities. Ref. :
IV. 184.

SAGH, Josepb (1852- ) : b. Buda-
pest; pupil and son-in-law of Cor-
nelius AbrAnyi; writer of dictionary
of musicians in Hungarian (1877) and
a School Singing Method (1873) ; editor
of Zenelap, a musical paper which he
founded.

SAGITTARITTS. See SchCiz.

SAHLA, Richard (185S- ): b.
Graz'; studied at Leipzig Cons., vio-
linist in Leipzig, concert-master in
Gotenburg, member of the Vienna court
opera orchestra; Royal concert-master
in Hanover; conductor at Biickeburg,
founder of the orchestra school and
an oratorio society there. His compo-
sitions include a Rumanian rhapsody,
violin Konzertstucke, songs, i etc.

SAHLEiRTZ, liVdwlg Ferdinand
(1812-1886): b. Copenhagen, d. there;
bperatic tenor in Copenhagen, created
Gluck's Orpheus in Danish (1846).

SAINT (abbr. St.). For persons
canonized by the church see their
proper names.

SAINT-AMANS, Iionis Joseph
(1749-1820): b. Marseilles, d. Paris;
composed 24 operas and ballets, also
oratorios, cantatas, chamber music,
etc.; conducted opera in Brussels,
1778-79; teacher at the Royal School
of Music (later the Conservatoire),
1784-1802.

ST. DBNIS, Rath: contemp. Ameri-
can dancer. Ref.: X. 208, 212; por-
trait, X. 28.

SAINT-FOIX, rMABiB Olivieb] Geor-
ges Fonllaln, Comte de (1874- ) :
pupil of Vincent d'Indy; wrote with
H. de Wyzewa Vn mattre inconnu de
Mozart (1908) and the conspicuously
fundamental work, W.-A. Mozart, sa
vie musicale et son aeuvre (1911) ; also
with L. de Laurencie, Contribution a
I'historie de la symphonie frangaise
vers 1750; and Chronologie de I'ceuvre
instrumentale de J. B. Sammartini

Saint-Georges

(1914), all important for the musical
history of the 18th century. Ret.:
(cited) n. 67 (footnote), 103; VH. 425.

SAINT-GEORGBS, ChevaUer de
(1745-1799) : b. Guadeloupe (his mother
a negress), d. Paris; was a pupil of
Leclalr, excellent violin virtuoso; wrote
melodious sonatas for violin and pi-
ano; string quartets; sonatas for 2
violins and accomp. ; and concertos for
one and two violins and orchestra.
Ref.: VII. 407.

SAINT-HTJBERTY, Antoinette C6-
cile (nie Clavel) (ca. 1756-1812): b.
Toul, d. (murdered) London; soprano
in Warsaw, Berlin, Strassburg, then
at the Paris Op6ra, where she appeared
as Melissa in Gluck's Armide in 1777.
Gluck recognized her dramatic talent
and favored her despite her indiffer-
ent success with the public. After her
marriage she followed her husband,
the Count d'^ntreigues, to Vienna,
Graz and London, where both were
assassinated by a servant, perhaps for
political reasons.

SAINT-IiAMBElRT, micbael de
(17th. cent.) : Parisian clavecin teach-
er, on the technique of which he pub-
lished two books, Traiti de I'accom-
pagnement du clavecin, de I'orgue, etc.
(1680) and Prtncipes de clavecin (1697).

SAUVT-IifiON, diaries Victor Ar-
tknr (1821-1870): b. Paris, d. there;
celebrated ballet dancer, also libret-
tist of ballets in which his wife, the
dancer Fanny Cerrito (q.v.), appeared.
He was, besides, celebrated as violin
virtuoso and composer of violin con-

SAIlVT-IilTBIlV, I,eon de (1805-
1850): b. Turin, d. Berlin; studied the
violin with PoUedro and Spohr; con-
cert-master in Vienna, and after
further studies (having heard Paga-
nini) at Berlin, composed several
operas, a melodrama, pantomimes,
ballets, 5 violin concertos, 19 string
quartets, an octet and caprices for
violin (edited by Jeno Hubay, 1910).

SAINTON (1) Prosper PhUlppe
Catbarine (1813-1890) : b. Toulouse,
d. London; studied at the Conserva-
toire with Habeneck; violinist in the
Opera orchestra and the Conservatoire
concerts; professor of violin at Tou-
louse Cons, and the Royal Academy
of Music, London, where he was also
concert-master at Covent Garden; also
chamber virtuoso to the Queen. Among
his compositions are two concertos for
the violin, a concert solo for violin
and orchestra, variations, fantasias,
etc. (2) (S.-Dolb7), Charlotte Helen
(1821-1885): b. London, d. there; wife
of (1), whom she married in 1860;
contralto in oratorio and concert;
sang at the Gewandhaus, Leipzig, Hol-
land, France; founded a vocal acad-
emy in London, 1872; composed three
cantatas, songs, etc. The alto part in
Mendelssohn's '£lijah' was vrritten for
her.

146

Salnt-Saens

SAINT-SAeNS [Charles] CamUle
(1835- ): b. Paris; pupil of Stamaty
(piano), Maleden (theory), B^noist
(organ), Halivy and Reber (composi-
tion) at the Paris Conservatoire; also
privately a pupil of Goimod; organ-
ist at St. Mary's, 1855; at the Made-
leine (1858-77), and at the same time
instructor at Niedermeyer's Institute
for Church Music; since 1877 has trav-
elled extensively as organist, pianist,
conductor. In 1897 he founded the
Saint-Saens Museum at Dieppe; in
1907 he witnessed the inauguration of
his statue at Beziers; has received nu-
merous honors, including the Prussian
order pour le mirite. S.-S. has com-
posed chiefly in the classical forms,
though his works are not devoid of
modem color. His symphonic poems,
Le roaet d'Omphale (1871), Phaeton,
La jeanesse d'Hercule, have become
very popular. Besides these, his works
include, fob obchestba: Rhapsodic
bretonne, 5 symphonies (2 of which
are MS.), 2 suites, marches, overtures,
hymns, and various small works; for
PIANO AND obchestba: 5 concertos. Al-
legro appassionato. Rhapsodic a'Au-
vergne, fantaisies, caprices, etc; fob
VIOLIN AND ORCH.: 3 conccrtos, concert
piece, Havanaise, Rondo capriccioso
and Romance; for 'ceixo and obch.: 2
concertos, Romance (for 'cello or
horn) ; also a concert biece for horn,
Romance for horn ana orch., do. for
flute or violin and orch.; and Taran-
tella for flute, clar. and orch. Cham-
BEB music: 2 violin sonatas, a 'cello so-
nata, a suite, a Romance and a Chant
siraphiqae for 'cello and piano (or
orch.) ; piano quintet, piano quartet,
Caprice on Danish and Russian melo-
dies for piano, flute, oboe, clarinet
and string quartet. Barcarolle for pi-
ano, harmonium, violin and 'cello, 2
piano trios. Berceuse for piano and
violin, Triptique suite for do., "Wed-
ding Cake' for piano and string quar-
tet, Romance for piano, organ and
violin, do. for violin and piano, do.
for piano and 'cello, septet for trum-
pet, piano and strings, serenade for
piano, organ, violin and 'cello (viola) ;
also pieces for harmonium, fantasies
for harp (1 with violin), etc.; for 2
pianos: variations on a theme by
Beethoven, Polonaise, Scherzo, Caprice
Arabe, Souvenir d'Ismailia, Caprice
hiroique; fob piano: pieces for 4 hands
(Harold Barfalgar, etc.), etudes, va-
riations, rhapsodies, fantasies, preludes
and fugues, and other pieces for 2
bands. VocAi. wobes: Messe solennelle
(with soli, orch. and organ), iletiuiem
(with soli and orch.). Oratorio de
Noel, 'The Promised Land' (Glouces-
ter, 1913), Tantum ergo, several mo-
tets and other church music (4 Ave
Maria, 3 Ave veram, etc.), psalms 18
(Lat.) and 150 (English), with orch.,
also several cantatas (Les noces de
Promithie, NuU peraane, etc.), a bymn

Sala

to Victor Hugo, etc., also songs with
piano. Dramatic wobks: La Priacease
jaune (1872), Le timbre d'argent
(1877), Samson et Dalila (Weimar,
1877), ttieaae Marcel (Lyons, 1879),
Henri Vlll (1883), Proserpine (1887),
Ascanio (1890), Phrgne (1893), Fri-
digonde (Guiraud, finished by S.-S.,
1895), Dijantre (incid. music to Gal-
let's tragedy, 1898; rev. as opera, 1911),
Les Barbares (1901), Parysatis (drama
•with music, B^ziers, 1902), HiUne (1-
act poime Igrique, 1904), L'Ancetre
(1906), Lola (dram, scene, op. 116);
also music to Antigone, Andromaque,
etc., and the ballet Jaootte (1896). His
writings Include Notice sur B. Reber
(1886), Matirialisme et musigue (1882),
Notes sur les dicors de thidtre dans
I'antiquiti romaine (1886), Charles
Gounod et le Don Juan de Mozart
(1893), Harmonie et milodie (collected
essays, especially on Wagner), Intro-
duction suT Niedermeyer [1802 k 1881]
(1892), Problimes et mystires (1894),
Essai sur les lyres et cithares antiques
(1902) and Portraits et souvenirs
(1900) ; also a small vol. of lyric
poems (Rimes familiires). Ret.: HI.
31ff; songs, V. 315ff; oratorio, VI. 302f;
organ music, VI. 480; piano music,
VII. 341f ; violin music, VII. 462; cham-
ber music, vn. 581, 589, 598; opera,
IX. 238, 442, 443; mus. ex.. XIV. 3;
portrait. III. 30.

SALA, Nicola (1701-1800): b. Bene-
vento, d. Naples; studied with l.eo,
etc.; taught composition in Naples;
composed 3 operas, Yologeso (Rome,
1737). Zenobia (1761), Merope (1769);
one oratorio, Giuditta (1780) ; also
masses, litanies, duets, fugues, sol-
feggi, etc., and pub. a 3-Tolume work
on counterpoint (1794; French by
Choron, 6 vols., 1808).

SAI.A1HAN (1) CharleB Kensing-
ton (1814-1901): b. London, d. there;
studied with Binault and Herz; taught
in London, founded there the 'Concerto
da Camera* and an amateur choral
society; contributed to musical jour-
nals, composed songs, choral and or-
chestral works, some of which are still
popular, also vocal works for the Jew-
ish temple service. He founded the
Society of Musicians in 1882; lectured
on musical history and xsthetics. (2)
Hector (1838- ): b. Strassburg;
studied with Jonas, Marmontel, Bazil
and Hal^vy; accompanist and chorus-
master in Paris; composer of operas,
songs and pieces for piano with vio-
lin or 'cello, etc.

SAI<AZAR, Don Joan Garcia (16th-
17th cent.) : cathedral musical director
at Zamora, about 1691; notable com-
poser of church music. Several of
his motets vrerk published by Eslava in
his collection. Lira sacro-hispana.

SAIiBIiIirGXiR. See Salhingeb.

SAI/DONI, Don Baltshaaar (1807-
1890) : b. Barcelona, d. there; com-
poser, singing teacher and musical

14Z

SaUerl

historian; pupil of Andrevl and the
music school of the monastery of
Monserrat. In 1829 he began his ca-
reer as an organist in Santa Maria del
Maro, Madrid; was elementary in-
structor of the Madrid conservatory,
1830-39; studied in Paris and became
first professor of singing In Madrid,
1840. He wrote a history of the mu-
sic school in Monserrat from 1456 to
1856, and a biographical dictionary;
also composed Italian operas, Span-
ish zarzuelas, masses and other church
music, a symphony, compositions for
orchestra, organ and chorus; also pi-
ano pieces and a vocal method, and 24
vocalises. Ref.: III. 404.

SAIiB, Frangols (16th cent.): Bel-
gian composer; sang in the Imperial
Chapel at Prague; pub. masses (1589),
motets (1593), 3 books of Introltus
Hallelujah and Communion (1594-96),
a Christmas motet, and a mass on the
same tenor, Patroctnium tnasices
(1598) ; salutations, dialogues and 3-
part canzonets (1598).

SAIiKS, [Pietro] Pompeo (1729-
1797) : b. Brescia, d. Hanau ; went to
Germany after an earthquake in his
birthplace; was employed at various
courts and till 1763 by the Bishop of
Augsburg; prod, an opera in Padua,
went to ^gland, then became Electoral
Kapellmeister in Treves; prod, operas
in Coblentz, Munich (Le nozze d'Amore
e di Norizla, Antigono, Achilla in Sciro)
and England (1777), also oratorios
(Gioas, Ri de Giuda, Giuseppe ri-
conosciuto), church music, 2 sym-
phonies, clavier concertos, etc.

SALEIZA, Albert (1867- ): b.
Bruges; studied at the Paris Conserva-
toire; tenor at the Op£ra-Comique, in
Nice and from 1892 at the Paris Op^ra;
sang Faust, Masaniello, Romeo. Sieg-
mund. Otello. etc.

SAIilBRI, Antonio (1750-1825): b.
Legnano, d. Vienna; received instaruc-
tlon from his brother Francesco, a vio-
lin virtuoso, and the organist Simoni
in Legnano; pupil of Pescetti and Pa-
cini in Venice, 1765. In 1766 Gassmann
brought him to Vienna, instructed him
in composition and took charge of his
education. In 1770 he prod, his first
opera. Le donne litteraia, which was
lauded by Gluck. Another. La flera
di Yenezia (1772, in Vienna and later
in other cities), became popular and
established his fame. It was followed
by many others and, at Gassmaim's
death (1774). S. became director of the
Italian opera in Vienna. Gluck. whose
style Salieri imitated, occasioned his
introduction to the Paris public. The
opera Les Danaides was first pub-
lished as a work by Gluck and Salieri.
S. composed several other operas for
Paris and after his return to Vienna
(1788) was promoted to the position
of court conductor, which he held till
1790. He retired in 1824. He wrote
in all about 40 operas, the best known

SaUmbeni

of which are Armida (1771), Semira-
mide (1784), Falstaff (1798). Les
Horaces (1786). Besides he composed
5 masses, a passion, some oratorios
('Saul,' 'The Last Judgment'), many
Latin church compositions, secular
canons and arias, as well as instru-
mental pieces for organ, piano and
other Instruments. His antagonism and
his intrigues against Mozart have great-
ly Impaired his reputation. Be/.; II.
37. 3«, 92, 225, 228; VH. 454; K.
65, 119, 167.

SAI^IMBEINI, Felice (1712-1751) : b.
Milan, d. Laibach; sopranist; studied
with Porpora, made his debnt in
Basse's Cajo Fabrizio, Rome, 1731,
sang at the Vienna Court, 1733-37, in
Italy, 1743-50, at the Berlin Italian
opera, 1751, and Dresden. He died on
his way to Italy to restore his voice.

SALIXAS, Francesco (ca. 1512-
1590): b. Burgos, Spain; d. Salamanca;
blind from childhood; was taken to
Rome by Card. Sarmiento, and became
organist to the vice-roy of Naples.
After returning iio Spain he became
professor of music at Salamanca Uni-
versity, and there pub. his De Musica
libri YII, etc. (1577), in which he de-
velops Zarlino's teachings concerning
the dual foundation of harmony.

SALLANTIN, A. (b. Paris, 1754):
virtuoso on the oboe, which he taught
at the Conservatoire from 1794 to
1813; for a time member of the Op^ra
orch., then studied with Fischer in
London, He published a concerto for
a flute.

SAIiMINGEIR (or Salbllnger), Sls-
mnnd (16th cent.) : a monk who came
from Bavaria to Augsburg, 1527. He
published a collection entitled Selec-
tissimae nee non familiarissimae eaA-
tiones ultra centum (Augsburg, 1540),

SALMOIV, Thomas (17th cent.):
M. A. Oxford, rector in Mepsall, Bed-
ford; author of 'Essay to the Ad-
vancement of Muslck' (1672), in which
he advocates a system of writing music
by means of letters as an innovation,
though this had already been done in
the 11th cent, by Guido. Also wrote
'A Proposal to Perform Muslck in Per-
fect and Mathematical Proportions'
(1688), and 'The Theory of Musick
Reduced to Arithmetical and Geometri-
cal Proportions,' in 'Philosophical
Transactions' (1705).

SAIiO, Gasparo da. See Gaspaso.

SAIiOmAN, Slesfrled (1816-1899) :
b. Tondem, Schleswig; d. Stockholm;
studied in Copenhagen and Dessau;
violinist, lecturer and composer of op-
eras {ToTdenskjeld, 1844r; Die Herzen-
probe, 1846; Das Diamantkreuz, 1847;
Dos Korps der Rache, Weimar, 1850;
Der verliebte Teufel, Moscow, 1867;
Der FlUchtling von Estrella, Stockholm,
1867), overtures, violin pieces, songs,
etc. He toured Russia and Holland,
and after 1869 setUed in St. Peters

Salzburg

burg with Us wife, the singer Henri-
etta Nlssen-S.

SAI^OMfi, ThCodor CSsar (1834-
1896): b. Paris, d. St. Germain: stud-
ied at the Conservatoire, where he won
the second prix de Rome in 1861; or-
ganist in Paris, composer of a sym-
phony and works for the organ. Ret.:
VI. 485.

SAXOMON . .

1731) : b. Provence,

(1)

(ca. 1661-
Marsellles ;

gambist at the Paris Op£ra, composer
of operas (Jason et Midie, 1713, given
till 1749; TMsie, 1715). (2) Jobann
Peter (1745-1815): b. Bonn, d. Lon-
don; was a fine violinist and began
his career as member of the Elector's '
orchestra in Bonn; was solo-violinist
of Prince Henry of Prussia in Bheins-
berg, 1765; later in Paris; in London,
1781, where he was very successful,
especially as a quartet player, and
where he gave concerts. He composed
violin sonatas, short songs and several
operas, Le sejour du bonheur (1773),
La reine de Golconde (1776), 'The Fair
Maid of Kent' (1795) ; also an ora-
torio, 'Ezekiel,* etc. For a time he was
concert-master of the Professional Con-
certs, but later managed independent
concerts, for which he brought Haydn
to London. Ref.: U. 89; VII. 416, 496;
Vni. 95.

SAIiOmONIS [BUas] (late 13th
cent.) : author of a valuable tract,
Scientia artis musieee (1274), reprinted
in Gerbert's Scriptores.

SAI/TBR (1) Snmner (1856- ):
b. Burlington, Iowa; studied in Bos-
ton; organist, musical director at Wil-
liams College (Mass.) ; composer of
church music, songs, etc. (2) Mary
Turner (1856- ): b. Peoria, HI.;
wife of (1) ; studied at the College of
Music and with Mme. Rudersdorf in
Boston; taught singing and sang (so-
prano) at various churches in Bos-
ton, New York and New Haven; com-
poser of about 100 songs (also author
of texts). Ref.: IV. 405f.

SAIiVAI (18th cent.): Italian

opera singer in London, etc. Ref.: I.
434.

SALVATRE:, Gervals Bernard Gas-
ton (1847- ): b. Toulouse; studied
at the Mattrise of the cathedral and at
the Cons, branch there; then at the
Conservatoire, where he took the grand
prix de Rome in 1872; chorus-master
and operatic composer; music critic of
Gil Bias and chevalier of the Legion
of Honor. His works include 6 operas
iLe bravo, 1877; Salah-ed-Din, Rich-
ard III, Egmont, 1886, La dame de
Monsoreau, 1887, SoZonffe, 1909), pro-
duced in Paris and St. Petersburg, 2
ballets, a ballet pantomime, a musical
comedy, a symphonic overture, a Stabat
Mater, the 113th psalm for soli chorus
and orchestra, piano pieces and songs.

SALZBURG (1) Slgismnnd, Arch-
bishop of. Ret.: VI. 332f. (2) BlanlE
of. See Monk of Salzbubg.

148

Samara

SAMARA, Spiro (1861- ): b.
Corfu; studied In Athens, and with
Delibes at the Conservatoire; operatic
composer; produced operas In Milan
(Flora mirabilU, 1886), Rome, (Medgi,
1888), Naples (La martire, 1894),
Genova (Mademoiselle Belle Isle, 1905),
Florence (Rhea, 1908), and Athens
(La guerra in tempo di guerra, 1914),
where he lives; also songs and works
for piano. Ret.: IX. 482.

SAIHAROFF, Olga. See Stoeowski.

SAMAZEUIIiH, Gofitave (1877- ) :
b. Bordeaux; pupil of Ernest Chaus-
son and Vincent d'Indy; composer
and author of musical works; wrote
a string quartet, a Poime (Som-
meil de Canope) and an Mude Sgm-
phonique for orchestra, a suite for
piano, variations (theme of Bach) for
organ. La Barque, a song with orches-
tra; and other songs with piano ac-
comp. He is also music critic of the
Ripiiblique franfaise and contributor
to various musical journals. Ret.:
III. 315, 362.

SAMMARTINI fSan Sfartlno), (1)
Pletro (17th cent.) : Florentine court
musician who pub. motets (for solo
voice, 1635: 2- to 5-part, 1642; 1- to
5-part, 1643) also 8-part Salmi con-
certati, 1643, and 3- and 4-part Salmi
brevi concertati, 1644. (2) Giuseppe
(ca. 1693-ca. 1770 ['40?]): oboe vir-
tuoso; went to London, 1727, where he
conducted, with Arrigoni, the Thurs-
day concerts in Heckford's Hall and
became chamber-music director to the
Prince of Wales. His works (pub.
partly ia London, partly In Paris)
Include Concerti grosii for 2 oboes,
violin and 'cello, op. 1 (same as Con-
certino, op. 2), trio sonatas, piano con-
certos, flute duets and flute sonatas
with continuo. He is known as 'the
Londoner* to distinguish him from his
brother (3). (3) Giovanni Battlsta
(ca. 1704-ca. 1774): b. Milan, d. there;
brother of (2) ; organist at Milan
churches; maestro di cappella at the
convent of Santa Maria Maddalena,
1730-70; teacher of Gluck; composer
of symphonies, 6 trio sonatas, noc-
turnes for 2 violins and continuo, do.
for flute, 2 violins and continuo, flute
duets, violin concertos and concerti
grossi; also masses, psalms, 2 operas
(L'ambizione superata delta virtu and
Agrippina, Milan, 1743), etc. Ref.: II.
19, 114; VH. 498, 499.

SAMUBIi, Adolphe (1824-1898): b.
Li^ge, d. Ghent; studied at Li^ge and
Brussels conservatories (pria: de Rome
at the latter, 1845), harmony professor
at Brussels Cons.; director of Ghent
Cons, from 1871; founder in Brussels
of popular concerts and organizer of
the first large musical festivals there;
composed several operas, 7 symphonies,
a mystical symphony (with choirs)
Christus, symphonic pieces, overtures,
2 string quartets, piano compositions,
etc.; wrote a text-book on figured bass

149

Sandberger

(1867) qnd a report on the musical in-
struments exhibited In Paris in 1878.

SANCBS, Giovanni Felice (ca.
1600-1679): b. Rome, d. Vienna; one
of the first composers to designate solo
song as 'cantata.* He was tenor in
the court orchestra of Vienna, 1637;
became vlce-Kapellmelster, 1649, and
Kapellmeister, 1669; composed motets,
psalms, 3 operas, 4 oratorios, etc.

SANCTA MARIA, Thomas de (d.
1570): Spanish organist and composer;
b. Madrid; pub. Arte de taRer fan-
tasia (for lute, Vallidolld, 1565); also
church music (faux bourdon).

SANCTIS, Cesare de (1830- ):
b. Albano, near Rome; studied with
Baini in Rome; member of the exam-
ining board of the St. Cecilia Academy
from 1860, maestro di cappella at
churches, then theatres in Rome,
Verona, etc.; professor of counterpoint
at the Liceo musicale, Rome, since
1877; composed a 4-part Requiem
(Turin, 1872), masses, fugues, canons,
a concert overture and a Trattato
d'armonia.

SAND, Georges: French author.
Ref.: n. 257.

SANDBIJRG (1) Helge (1856- . ) :
b. Bjuf (Skane), lived in Boston 1884-
94, where he was co-founder and
leader of Swedish choral societies,
since 1896 music critic and composer
(songs, choruses, cantata with orch.)
in Stockholm. (2) Oscar Theodor
(1870- ): b. Christianstadt, studied
at the Stockholm Cons, and composi-
tion with J. Dente, studied in Germany
1897 and 1910; cantor and choirmas-
ter in Stockholm 1903; school music
teacher, leader of Worklngmen's Popu-
lar Concerts since 1909 and critic of
the Aftonbladet, also conductor of the
Swedish Singers' Union, composer of
cantatas with orch., motets, male cho-
ruses and songs. (3) Hilma (1S75-) :
b. Stockholm, wife of (1), violinist who
founded the first Swedish women's
string quartet in 1910.

SANDBBRGBR, Adolf (1864- ):
b. Wiirzburg; studied there, in Munich
and at Berlin Univ. (mus. science un-
der Spitta). Dr. phil., 1887; custodian
of the music department in the Munich
library and musical lecturer at the
University there in 1894; professor ex-
traordinary in 1900, full professor
1909. He directs the edition of the
Denkmdler der Tonkunst in Bayem
and has revised several of its vol-
umes (Abaco, Pachelbel, etc.), and is
member of various academies, etc.
His compositions include songs, piano
pieces, choruses for mixed voices and
men's voices, a violin sonata, a trio
sonata, a piano trio, 2 string quartets,
a dramatic overture, a symphonic pro-
logue, a symphonic poem, a three-act
opera Ludwig der Springer (Coburg,
1895), etc. He wrote essays for mu-
sical journals, edited Lasso's complete
works, Cornelius* Cid, and Is th*

§;

Sandby

author of a history of the Bavarian court
chapel under Orlando di Lasso (3 vols.,
1894-95), a small biography of Lasso
(1894), a life of Peter Cornelius (1887),
as well as studies on the Haydn string
quartet, and masses formeMy ascribed
to Mozart.

SANDBY, Hermann (1881- ): b.
Sandby, near Holbaek, 'cellist pupil of
Hugo Becker, Frankfort (1895-1900),
toured Europe and the United States,
pub. 2 string quartets.

SANDEJR, C. See Lbuckast.

SANDBRS, Prof. W. D. (19th cent.) :
American educator, founder of a con-
servatory in Jacksonville, 111., 1871,
later merged with minols College.
Ref.: IV. 253.

SANDERSON (1) Sibyl (1865-
1903) : b. Sacramento, California ; stud-
ied in Paris with Sbrlglia and Mme.
Marches! and Massenet, who wrote the
title role of Esclarmonde for her
(1889): sang first at The Hague, 1888,
then In Paris and New York with
great success. She married Antonio
Terry. (2) lillUan (1867- ): b.
Milwaukee; studied with Stockhausen
in Frankfort; soprano in Berlin and
the largest European cities. She mar-
ried a Herr Rummel and settled in
Berlin. (3) Wilfred (1878- ); pu-
ll of Sir Frederick Bridge In Lon-
on; organist and conductor of a mu-
sical society at Doncaster; composer
of piano pieces, organ music, and
about 70 songs.

SANDONI. See CvzzONI.

SANDT, Max van de (1863- ):
b. Rotterdam; studied with his father
and with Liszt; concert pianist who
toured Germany, Austria, Switzerland
and France, and in 1889 settled as
teacher of piano at the Stem Cons.,
Berlin; whither he returned after a
period at the Cologne Cons. He com-
posed piano pieces and cadenzas for
Beethoven concertos.

SXNGXIR, Bertrand Kngent con-
temp, composer of operettas prod, in
Prague (1892), Vienna (1905), and Mu-
nich (1906).

SANGIOVANNI, A. (1831-1892): b.
Bergamo, d. Milan; studied in the
Cons, there, vocal teacher in Milan
from 1854.

SANKEY, Ira David (1840- ):
b. Edinburgh, Pennsylvania; American
(Methodist Episcopal) evangelist, asso-
ciated with Dwight L. Moody as evan-
gelistic singer; vrrote, arranged or
adapted a number of hymn-tunes and
•sacred' melodies of trivially senti-
mental cast. His 'Sacred Songs and
Solos' is said to have had a larger
circulation than any other book of
hynms, the texts being translated into
various languages. Ref.: IV. 243.

SANNB, Vlsgo (1840-1896): b.
Chrlstianla, d. Copenhagen; studied
with W. Toste and Chr. Gebauer;
member of the royal orchestra; sing-
ing teacher in public schools; choir

150

Saran

leader of the Women's Church, 1874;
singing Inspector of the Danish public
schools, 1880. Aside from various
works on the teaching of singing, he
has published many songs, among
which his children's songs became very
popular.

SANTA MARLA. See Sancta Makia.

SANTINI. Fortnnato, Abbate (1778-
1862): b. Rome, d. there; distinguished
as a collector of one of the richest
musical libraries in the world, now in
the cathedral church at Munster. The
first volume of a catalogue of it ap-
peared in 1910 (by Joseph Killing).
Ref.: Vn. 44.

SANTLEY, [Sir] Charles (1834-) :
b. In Liverpool; baritone who stud-
ied with Nava and Garcia; sang first
as Adam in the 'Creation,' 1857; toured
America and Australia and sang in
festivals (Three Choirs, Worcester,
1863-1906) and the Carlo Bosa Opera
Company; composed a mass for soli
chorus and orchestra, an Ave Maria
and other religious music; madrigals
and songs under the name 'Ralph Bet-
terton'; pub. 'The Singing Master'
(1900) and 'The Art of Singing' (1908).

SANTNER, Karl (1819-1885) : b.
Salzburg, d. there; superintendent of
the Royal Prison at Garsten and Suben,
church musical director in Salzburg,
1870, and secretary of the Mozarteum,
used music as a therapeutic medium;
composer of male choruses, masses,
etc., pub. a Bandbuch der Towietzkunst
(Leipzig, 1866).

SANTOI,IQ,i;iDO, Francesco t con-
temp, Italian composer of songs, etc.
Ref.: m. 405.

SANTTJCCI, Marco (1762-1843): b.
Camajore, d. Lucca; pupil of Fenaroli;
maestro and canon in tiie Lateran and
at the Cathedral of Lucca; composed
vocal church music, including masses,
motets, psalms, canons (to 7 v.) ; also
symphonies, sonatas for organ, etc.;
arranged the old melodies of the
Stabat Mater and Dies Irae with orch.
Ref.: VI. 490f.

SAPEIiLNIKOFS', Vasally Ijvo-
vltch (1868- ): b. Odessa; studied
with Eessler and at the St. Peters-
burg Cons.; pianist; played the
Tschaikowsky B-flat concerto In Ham-
burg under the composer's direction;
toured Europe; taught at Moscow Cons.,
1897-99; composed piano pieces and an
opera, 'The Khan and His Son.'

SAPPHO: ancient Greek lyric poet
and singer. Ref.: I. 115.

SARAN (l) Angnnt [Frledrich]
(1836- ): b. Altenplathow, near
Genthln, Province of Saxony; studied
at Magdeburg and in Halle; teacher,
army chaplain in Konigsberg; superin-
tendent at Zehdenick, Brandenburg,
since 1885 at Bromberg where he him-
self conducted the church choral so-
ciety, being otherwise engaged in en-
couraging musical activlfy. He has
written songs and compositions for

Sarasate

piano; also arrangements of old Ger-
man songs, and is the author of a
brochure on 'Robert Franz and the Ger-
man Folk- and Church-song' (1875).
(2) Frans IjndTrlg (1866- ) : b.
Altranstadt, near Liktzen; studied at
Halle, Leipzig and Freiburg (Breisgau) ;
professor of German language and lit-
erature In Halle; since 1913 in Er-
langen. Study of the metrics of the
Minnesinger -verses and the Greek
choral lyrics led him to musico-scien-
tlflc studies and he pub. Aristoxenos'
von Tarent Melodik und Rhythmik
(Vol. n, 1893); Ober Bartmann von
Ane, and other rhythmical studies; also
deciphered and pub. with G. Holz and
E. Bernoulli, the Jena Minnesinger MS.
(2 vols.. 1901).

sarasate:, Pablo de (in full,
Pablo Martin Meleton S. y- UTa-
-vascnes) (1844-1908) : b. Pamplona, d.
Biarritz; played at the age of ten be-
fore Queen Isabella of Spain, who pre-
sented him with valuable Stradivari
violin; pupil of the Paris Conserva-
toire (Alard), 1856-59, gaining a first
prize in 1857. After a sojourn in
Spain, he made extensive concert tours
which took him to the Orient and to
America; was in Germany in 1876,
where he played with great success.
Lalo and Bruch dedicated concertos to
him. As a virtuoso he is remarkable
for the purity of his intonation and
an astounding technique. He wrote
various violin compositions, the best
known of which are his 'Gipsy Songs*
and 'Spanish Dances,' as well as a Jota
de San Fernim for orchestra. Ret.:
Vn. 451, 452, 462, 465; portrait, VO.
464.

SARDKRI, Salvatore (1845- ):
b. Terranova, Italy; composer of pop-
ular songs, among them the well-
known serenata Dormi pure.

SARDOir, Victorleni French au-
thor. Ref.: E. 492.

SARO, J. Heinrlcb (1827-1891): b.
Jessen, province of Saxony; d. Berlin;
bandmaster noted as the winner in
the international band contest in Paris
in the exposition of 1867, and of a
gold medal five years later at the Bos-
ton Jubilee. He pub. a Lehre vom
mnsikalischen Wohlklang und Ton-
mtz (1883).

SARRBTTE. Bernard (1765-1858):
b. Bordeaux, d. Paris; founder of the
Paris Conservatoire; formed the nu-
cleus of the band of the National
Guard by bringing together 45 musi-
cians, July, 1789, which organization
was increased to 70 members, 1790,
and later became a National Insti-
tute of Music, and a Conservatory in
1795. S. assumed the directorship of
the Conservatoire in 1796, when he in-
troduced advanced methods of instruc-
tion, established the school of decla-
mation, the concert hall and the grand
library, thereby raising the Cons. _to |
an institution of the first rank.

Sass

biography, B. Sarrette et les origines
du Conservatoire national de musique
et de declamation (Paris, 1895), was
written by Pierre Constant.

SARRI, Domenlco (b. Tranl, Na-
ples, -1678): pupil of Provenzale;
maestro at the Neapolitan court, where
he produced many operas, oratorios,
serenades and cantatas.

SARTI, Giuseppe (1729-1802): b.
Faenza, d. Berlin; pupil of Padre Mar-
tini in Bologna; wrote his first suc-
cessful opera, Pompeo in Armenia, In
1752; was court conductor and vocal
teacher in Copenhagen, 1755-75, during
which time he wrote 20 Italian operas
and 4 Danish melodramatic pieces.
Exiled on account of an attempt at
bribery In which he was involved, he
succeeded Sacchinl in Venice as di-
rector of the Ospedaletto, was musical
director of Milan Cathedral, 1779-84,
and court conductor in St. Petersburg,
1784, where a number of his operas
were performed, among others Arm We
e Rinaldo (1782), He also wrote cho-
ruses, an intermide, arias and a pref-
ace on the Greek tone-system to his
historical opera 'First Years of Oleg's
Reign* (text by Catherine II). In 1787
he founded a music school on the estate
of Prince Potemkin, after whose death
(1791) he returned to St. Petersburg.
He established a conservatory in
Ekaterlnoslav, 1793; left St. Petersburg
in 1801 on account of ill health and
died in Berlin on his way to Italy. He
was the teacher of Cherubini. Ref.: II.
40; DC. 39, 99, 380.

SARTO (1) Jobannes de (15th
cent.) : probably identical with Jo-
hannes Dusart, or Dussart, who was
singing-master at Cambral, 1458-64.
Two of his compositions appear in the
Cod. Bologna 37, the Oxford Can. 213
and Trent 92. (2) Andrea del, the
Renaissance painter. Ref.: I. 327.

SARTORIO, Antonio (ca. 162D-ca.
1681) : Ducal Kapellmeister in Hanover
(the first), then vice-moesfro at St.
Mark's, Venice; one of the chief rep-
resentatives of the Venetian school of ^
opera composers after Cavalli and
Cesti. Ref.: IX. 45.

SARTORITTS (1) (Schneider) Enm-
mns (1577-1637): b. Silesia, d. Ham-
burg; choir director of the Marien-
kirche, Rostock; choir leader and
Muslkdirektor, Hamburg, 1590-1604 ;
author of Belligerasmns (1622) ; also an
elementary music method, Institutionum
musicarum (1635). (2) Panl (16th
and 17th cent.) : organist to the Grand
Duke Maximilian of Austria, 1600;
published a book of madrigals (1609) ;
Sonetti spirituali (1601), and Nene
deutsche Liedlein (1601). (3) Chris-
tian (17th cent.) : chamber musician
to the Prince of Brandenburg; pub-
lished Tentscher Fest und Dankan-
dachten Zusammenstimmung (1658).

SASS (also Sax or Saxe), Marie
His I Constance (1838- ) ; b. Ghent, 4>

151

Satle

Paris; chansonette-slnger In Paris
caf^s, 'discovered' and trained as
French operatic soprano; sang at the
TM&tre-Lyrique (d^but as Countess In
Figaro), and at the Op£ra, where she
celebrated great triumphs; married the
singer Castelmary in 1864, whom she
divorced three years later. After the
Franco-German war she sang chiefly in
Italy. She died in great poverty.

SATIB, Erlfe (1866- ): b. Paris;
studied at the Conservatoire for a
short time; played in Cafis Chantants
on Montmartre, wrote piano pieces dis-
tinguished chiefly by their eccentric,
grotesquely satirical titles, otherwise by
classic simplicity and charm. Ret.:
III. 336, 36*/; VII. 366f.

SATTER, Gnstave (1832- ): b.
Vienna; studied in Vienna and Paris;
abandoned medicine for music and
toured as concert pianist the U. S.
and Brazil, 1854 to 1860; lived In
Paris, Vienna, Dresden, Hanover, Goth-
enburg and Stockholm; composed 3
overtures, 1 opera, quartets, trios, so-

SATTLER, Helnrlch (1811-1891) :
b. Quedllnburg, d. Brunswick; pupil
of Hummel in Weimar; teacher in the
seminary at Oldenburg; pub. a method
for the organ; composed an oratorio,
a cantata, a mass for 3 women's voices,
chamber music, organ works, etc.;
wrote Erinnerungen an Mozarts Leben
und Werke (1856).

SATTER (1) Wllbelm (1831- ):
b. Friedland, Mecklenburg; organ-
builder at Frankfort-on-Oder ; pupil of
his father; travelled for study In Ger-
many, France, England, etc.; built
many large instruments in Berlin,
Magdeburg, St. Petersburg, Mannheim,
Leipzig (Thomaskirche and Petri-
kirche), Cologne (Gurzenich), etc. (2)
Emll (1862- ): b. Hamburg; stud-
ied with Rubinstein and Liszt; piano
virtuoso who toured Germany, Aus-
tria, Rumania, Russia, Sweden, Den-
mark, Spain, Italy and England and the
Unite4 States. He has composed 2
piano concertos, 24 concert-etudes, 2
piano sonatas, a modem suite, valse
de concert, etc., and revised editions
of pedagogical works for Peters.

SAUREIj, Emma (1850- ): b.
Palermo; operatic soprano, d£but in
Pisa; sang In Italy, North and South
America, Portugal, Russia and Ger-
many.

SAURET, fimlle (1852- ): b.
Dun-le-Roi (Cher) ; studied in Brus-
sels and in Paris; violinist in France,
Italy, Austria, England and the Amer-
icas; teacher in Berlin (Stern Cons.),
London (Royal Academy); and, 1893-
1906, Chicago (Ziegfeld Cons.) ; com-
poser of a concerto and rhapsody for
the violin and orch., transcriptions,
etudes, and many other violin works.
He -vas married to Teresa Carreno, the
pianist, for some years.

SAinrEVB, Jo»epli (1653-1716): b,

152

Savart

La FISche, d. Paris; acoustician and
member of the Academie; was deaf,
and to his 7th year dumb, but so re-
markable a mathematician that he was
able to direct important investigations
of sound phenomena, and was the first
to calculate the absolute number of
vibrations of a tone; demonstrated sci-
entifically the over-tone phenoilaenon.
He wrote Principes d'acoustique ft de
musigue (1700-01) ; Application des
sons harmonigues d. la composition des
jeux d'orgue (1702) ; Mithode ginirale
pour former des sgstemes tempiria de
musigues (1711) ; Rapports des sons des
cordes d'instruments de musique aux
flich.es des cordes et nonvelles deter-
minations de sons fixes (1713).

SAUZAY, EnsSne (1809-1901): b.
Paris, d. there; studied with Vidal,
Baillot (later his father-in-law), sec-
ond violin (later viola) in the latter's
quartet. He later organized chamber-
music soirees on his own account in
Paris; was solo violinist to Louis
Philippe, and later chief of second
violins to Napoleon IH.; violin pro-
fessor at the Cons., from 1860; pub.
a string trio, ttades harmoniques (op.
13), fantasias and other pieces for pi-
ano and violin; author of a study of
Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven quartets
(1861). I

SAVAGE, Henry W.t b Boston,
Mass.; contemp. opera manager; first
engaged in the real estate business and
built the Castle Square, Boston; to

grotect his interest in the playhouse
e took over the management and gave
opera in English. This venture was
successful, and in 1900 he established
the English Grand Opera Co. at the
American Theatre, New York; in the
same year gave a season at the Metro-
politan Opera House in conjunction
with Maurice Grau; prod. 'Madame
Butterfly' for the first time in New
York and the first time in English in
America (1906); prod. 'Parsifal' for
the first time in English; also 'The
Girl of the Golden West' (1911); has
produced many musical comedies. Ref. :
rV. 137, 147ff.

SAVARD, Marie Gabriel Ansnstln
(1814-1881): b. Paris, d. there; profes-
sor of solfige, then harmony, at the
Conservatoire; author of several books
on harmony, plain-chant, etc.

SAVART, E^lts: (1791-1841) : b. M6-
zl6res, d. Pari?; conservator of the
physical laboratory at the College de
France and a member of the Academie;
famous acoustician, who made experi-
ments on strengthening string tone
through resonance boards, also on the
influence of the material of organ
pipes on pitch; ]pub. Mimoire sur la
construction des instruments d cordes
et d. archet (1819) ; Sur la communica-
tion des mouvements vibratoires entre
les corps solides (1820) ; Sur les vi-
brations de I'air (1823) ; Sur la votx
humaine (1825) ; Sur la communica-

Hon des mouvements vibratoires par
les liquides (1826); Sur la voix des
oiseaiix (1826), etc.

SAWYER, Frank Joaepb (1857-
1900); b. Brighton, d. there; wrote an
oratorio "Mary the Virgin,' cantatas/'and
educational works.

SAX (1) Charles Joseph (1791-
1865) : b. Dinant-sur-Meuse, Belgium,
d. Paris ; founder of a factory for brass
Instruments, pianos, violins, harps,
etc.; inventor of Improvements in the
scale of brass instruments mailing for
greatest fullness and roundness of
tone. Ref.: VIII. 105. (2) Adolphe
(correctly Antolne Joseph) (1814-
1894) : b. Oinant-sur-Meuse, a. Paris ;
son of (1), learned to play the flute
and clarinet; perfected the clarinet and
bass clarinet in his father's factory;
then went to Paris (1842) with the
newly invented 'Saxophone' (a brass
Instrument with single reed). It was
advocated by Berlioz, and with his and
other help he was able to introduce
his instrument which he made in dif-
ferent sizes (Saxhorn, Saxotromba,
etc.). These instruments were adopted
in French military bands. S. took out
patents for them, but had to defend
them in various lawsuits (cf. Wie-
precht). He became teacher of Saxo-
phone at the Paris Conservatoire and
pub. a M ethod for the instrument.
fleA; Vm. 7, 105. (3) Marie. Pseu-
donym for ItlABIE Sass.

SBRIGIilA, Giovanni (1840- ):
b. Naples, a pupil of de Roxas, made
his debut as a tenor in Naples (1861),
and sang with great success through-
out Italy and under Maretzek's manage-
ment in America. His extraordinary
success as a vocal teacher, however, in-
duced him to give up the stage and
settle In Paris. The de Reszkes, Nor-
dica, and Sybil Sanderson were among
his pupils.

SCACCHI. Marco (16th cent.): b.
Rome; pupil of Felice Amerio, Royal
Polish conductor and composer at War-
saw; then retired to Gallese, near
Rome; pub. madrigals (3 books, 5-
part, 1638), masses (4- to 6-part, 1638),
a funeral ode for Job. Stobaus (1647),
etc.; also an opera L'amore di Cupido
e di Psiche (Danzig, 1634) and an ora-
torio La Santa Cecilia (1637). He
wrote polemics in the controversy be-
tween Paul Seifert and Easpar Forster
(in favor of the latter), etc.

SOAliABRIWI, Faola (1713-1806) :
b. Lucca, d. there; appeared as a mem-
ber of Mingottis opera troupe in Go-
rizia (1742), in his own Oronte, ri di
Seita; succeeded Scheibe as court con-
ductor, Copenhagen in 1748, and was
pensioned in 1753, making way for
Sarti. After Sarti's dismissal once
more appointed (1775), but retired
1781 with half-pay.

SCAIjCHI, Sofia (1850- ): b.
Turin; studied with Bocca Badati;
operatic mezzo-soprano in Mantua, Lon-

Scarlatti

don, St. Petersburg, Vienna, Madrid,
Brazil, New York, etc.; especially suc-
cessful in operas by Verdi, Donizetti,
Cimarosa, Meyerbeer, etc.

SCAIiBRO, Rosario (1873- ): b.
Moncalieri; pupil of the Liceo musicale
in Turin, studied later in Leipzig,
where he also played the violin in con-
certs; was a pupil of A. Wilhelmj in
London; 1896 violin Instructor in
Lyons; then studied composition for
seven years with Mandyczewsky in Vi-
enna, before settling down in Rome.
He wrote piano, violin and vocal com-
positions in good style. Ret.: III.
395.

SCAIiETTA, Orazlo ([?]-1630): b.
Cremona, d. Padua; church maestro
in Salo, Cremona, Bergamo and Padua;
composed madrigals, yilanella alia
Romana (1590), Canzonette (1595); a
requiem mass, etc.; wrote two text-
hooks on musical theory.

SCAXDEIiLI (or Scandellns) An-
tonio (1517-1580) : b. Bergamo, d. Dres-
den; electoral court musician, vice-
Kapellmeister, then Kapellmeister; fine
cornettist and composer; pub. Can-
zoni Napolitane (24 for 4 voices, 1566,
also 1572, 1583, Nuremberg; 24 for 4
to 5 voices, 1577), also German songs,
sacred and secular (4 to 6 parts, 1568,
1570, 1575, etc.) ; also several Passions,
motets, and a 6-part Auferstehung Jesa
Christi aus den vier Eoangelisten Ivon
Anthonius Scandellus} (1568). Ref.:
VI. 237.

SCARIA, Emll (1840-1886): b. Graz,
d. Blasewitz, near Dresden; studied at
Graz and in Vienna; operatic bass:
sang in Budapest, Leipzig, Dresden and
the Vienna court opera.' He was a
noted Wagner singer (Wotan, Hans
Sachs, Dutchman, etc.).

SCARLATTI (1) Alessandro (1659-
1725): b. Trapani, Sicily (?), d. Na-
ples; is said to have been a pupil of
Carissimi. His first opera L'errore in-
nocente was performed in Rome, 1679,
and in the following year L'onesta
neir amore was given in the palace of
Queen Christine of Sweden, who made
him court conductor (till 1684). In
1694 he was court conductor in Na-
ples; from 1703-08 at Santa Maria
Maggiore in Rome, 1708 again at Na-
ples in his old position and director
of the Sant'Onofrio conservatory, where
Logroscino, Durante and Hasse were
his pupils. His musical productivity
was enormous; apparently he wrote
115 operas, of which many are Itnown
only by ttieir titles. One of his last
to be performed was La virth negli
amore (Rome, 1721). Besides, he com-
posed about 200 masses, and an in-
credible number of cantatas and ora-
torios, including II sacriflzio d'Abramo,
La Maddalena Pentita, etc.; motets,
misereres, madrigals, chamber duets,
pieces for organ and for harpsichord.
The most important of his operas are:
La Rosaura (1690), Teodora (1693),

153

Schaab

PiTTO e Demetrio (Naples, 1694), II
prigioniero fortnnato, Laodiceo e Bere-
nice (1701), Tigrane (1715), etc. Ref.:
I. 347, 388, 392ff, 397f, 401, 409; II. 5;
V. 156f, 159, 161; VI. 106ff, 137, 230f;
Vn* 38, 42ff, 111; IX. 17ff, 33, 68, 91,
368; VIH. 84, 85; mus. ex., XIII. 65,
67. (2) Francesco t brother of Alessan-
dro (1) ; was church choirmaster at
Palermo, 1689-1715; lii Vienna, 1715,
and went to London with his nephew
Domenlco (1720), where he gave a con-
cert of his own works. Some of his
works exist in MS., among them a
mass and a 16-part Dixit. (3) Do-
menlco (1685-1757) : b. Naples, d.
there; son of Alessandro (1); celebrated
as harpsichord player and composer;
pupil of his father and Gasparlni;
wrote some operas for Rome, and there
was introduced to Handel in 1709. He
became maestro at St. Peter's, 1715;
went to London, 1719, where he staged
his opera Narciso; was court pianist
and teacher of the Portuguese prin-
cesses in Lisbon, 1721, and returned
^o Naples, 1725, but followed the Prin-
cess Magdalene Theresia to Madrid, and
did not revisit Naples till 1754. There
are few details known concerning the
last 25 years of his life. He wrote a
large number of piano pieces, the
largest known collection of which con-
tains 349, mostly sonatas In one move-
ment. Of his 27 operas, 5 were writ-
ten for the Austrian capital. S.'s
thematic material is strongly Influenced
by Italian violin music and hence
brought new and important elements
into keyboard music. Ref.: /. 397 ff,
453; H. 51, 55, 60: VI. 109, 453; VIL
S. 19, 38, 41, tiff, 45, 86, 91, lOSff, 109,
131, 276; K. 15, 36, 54; mus. ex., XHI.
95; portrait, Vn. 110. (4) Giuseppe
(1712-1777): b. Naples, d. Vienna;
nephew of (1), but not son of (3). He
lived in Italy till 1757, then settled in
Vienna.

SCHAAB, Robert (1817-1887): b.
Rotha, near Leipzig, d. Leipzig; or-
ganist and pupil of E. F. Becker and
Mendelssohn; teaciier and organist in
Leipzig; published organ music and
musico-historical tables (1878).

SCHACHlVEiR, Rudolf Joseph
(1821-1896) : b. Munich, d. Reichenhall;
studied with Mme. von Fladt and
Cramer; pianist in Vienna, Paris, Leip-
zig and London; composer of oratorio,
piano concertosj fantasies, etc., also
an oratorio.

SCHACHT, Mattlilas Heinrich
(1660-1700): b. Viborg, Jutland, d.
Eierteminde; writer of a musical dic-
tionary, part of which was used by
Gerher in his lexicon.

SCHACK (or Czlak), Benedlkt
(1758-1826) : b. MIrowitz, Bohemia, d.
Munich; tenor of Schikaneder's troupe,
for whom Mozart wrote the part of
Tamino; sang in Prague, Salzburg, Vi-
enna, Graz, Munich; himself produced
several opera$ {Die beiden Antone,

154

Scbafhautl

1789), a mass, and some vocal mu-
sic.

SCHAD, Josepb (1812-1879): b.
Steinach, SBavarla, d. Bordeaux; stud-
ied at Wtirzburg Cons, and at Frank-
fort; pianist, organist and Muslkdl-
rektor in Switzerland; teacher at the
Geneva Cons., and frdm 1847 in Bor-
deaux, His compositions Include fan-
tasias, transcriptions, a ballet, songs,
and popular pianoforte music.

SCHAJDB: (1) (Schadaeus) (17th
cent.) ; b. Senftenberg ; cantor in Tor-
gau; rector in Bautzen; compiler of a
celebrated collective work, Promptna-
Hum mnsicum. (2) Carl (early 19th
cent.) : singing teacher in the schools
of Halberstadt; published singing
books for school classes, and pedagogi-
cal studies on school singing (1828-31).

SCHXFBR, Alexander Nlfcolale-
vltcK (1866- ): b. St. Petersburg;
pupil of the Conservatory there until
1866, then teacher at different institu-
tions and conductor of the Panaieff
theatre and, since 1901, conductor at
the Volkshaus Kaiser Nikolaas II in
Petrograd. He has composed operas
(Die Zigeuner, St. Petersburg, 1901), a
ballet. Die Phantasieinsel, 2 sympho-
nies, 3 suites for orchestra, string quar-
tets, piano pieces and songs.

SCHXFFER (1) Karl Friedrich
liUdtvis (1746-1817): b. Oppeln, d.
Breslau as a lawyer; composed a mass,
two operas, six piano concertos, sere-
nades, etc. (2) HeinrlGli (1808-1874):
b, Cassel, d. Hamburg; tenor, active in
the theatres of Magdeburg, Brunswick
and Hamburg; retired 1838 and devoted
himself to composition, writing cho-
ruses (5- to 6-part) for male voices
(published) ana symphonies, quartets,
etc. (in MS.). (3) August (1814-1879):
b. Rheinsberg, d. Baden-Baden; studied
with Mendelssohn in Berlin; composed
humorous songs, duets, part-songs and
operas (Josi Riccardo and Der Junker
von Habakuk, prod. Hanover). (4)
Julius (1823-1902) : b. Krevese, Alt-
mark, d. Breslau; studied at Halle,
where he was close to Franz; also in
Leipzig and Berlin; Musikdirektor at
Schwerin and at the university, and
professor of the Singakademie, Breslau,
1860; composed part-songs, songs, etc.;
pub. chorale books and brochures de-
fending Franz's editions of Handel and
Bach against Spitta and Chrysander;
also historical writings. (5) Willy! con-
temporary composer of operas (Signe,
Coblentz, one act, 1907; Dos Buch
Hiob, Brunswick, 1912).

SCBAFHAUTL, Karl Franz XJmil
von (1803-1890): b. Ingolstadt, d. Mu-
nich, as professor of mining and cus-
todian of the state geological collec-
tions; was a student of acoustics and
a friend of Theobald Bohm, whom he
advised and aided in the construction
of his instruments; pub. in the Neae
Annalen der Chemie, Theorie gedaxikter
cglindrischer und conischer Pfeifen and

Scballapin^

der Querndten (1833). Vber Schall,
Ton, Knall und einige azidere Gegen-
stSnda der Akustik (1834), both printed
separately; contributed other essays to
musical periodicals, 1833, 1879; also
Vber Plionometrie (1854), Der echte
GregorUmische Choral in seiner Ent-
wickeltmg (1869) ; Ein Spaziergang
durch die liturgische Masikgeschlchte
der katholischen Kirche (1887); 'Life
of Abb* Vogler' (1888).

SCHAIilAPIlV. See Chaliapine.

SCBALK (1) Josef (1857-1911): b.
Vienna, d, there; pupil of Epstein and
Bruckner, in 1899 temporarily con-
ductor at Berlin royal opera, 1900 at
the Vienna court opera. He is remem-
bered in particular for his piano
scores of the Bruckner symphonies.
(2) FranE (1863- ): b. Vienna,
brother of (1), pupil of Bruckner, first
conductor of the Vienna court opera
and director of the Gesellschaftskon-
zerte as the successor of Ferdinand
Lowe.

SCHAI.I,, Klaus (1757-1835) : b.
Copenhagen, d. on his estate, Kongens
Lyngby; violinist in the orchestra at
the Boyal Theatre at Copenhagen; then
concert-master, 1792; finally musical
director, 1817-34. S. composed many
notable ballets, also a Singspiel and
several violin concertos.

SCHANTZ, F. von (1835-1865) : Fin-
nish composer. Ref.: III. 100.

SCHARFE, Gnstav (1835-1892): b.
Grimma, Saxony, d. Dresden; baritone
in the Dresden court opera; teacher of
singing at the Dresden Cons.; author of
Die Methodische Entwickelung der
Stimme,

SCHARFBNBEJRG, IKrilhelm (1819-
1895) : b. Cassel, d. Quogue, Long
Island, N. V.; studied at Vienna, sec-
ond violin in the quartet led by Spohr;
pianist in New York, where in 1863
be was president of the old Philhar-
monic Society; editor in the music
firm of G. Schirmer.

SCHARRER, Ansnst (1866- ):
b. Strasburg; pupil of Miiller-Reuter,
in that city, and of H. Hofmann and
Rufer (Berlin); 1898-1900 conductor,
Ratisbon; 1900-04 second conductor of
the Kaim Orchestra, Munich; 1904-07
conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic
orchestra; in 1914 director of the Nu-
remburg Teachers' Choral Union. His
compositions include a symphony: Per
aspera ad txstra, symphonic poems,
suites, ballet music and other orches-
tral numbers; chamber music, larger
choral works, choruses and songs. An
opera, Erlosung, is in MS.
• SCHAR-WENKA (1) [Lddwig] PWl-
Ipp (1847- ) : b. in Samter, Fosen;
educated in Posen and in Berlin
(1865); pupil of Wiierst and H. Dom
at Kullak's Academy; Instructor there,
1870; teacher of composition at his
brother Xaver's conservatory, 1881, of
which he was a co-director after its
transfer to America, He has earned a

155

' Schaub

distinguished reputation as composer
of orchestral and vocal works as well
as of concert and chamber music of all
kinds, of which Berbstfeier for chorus
and orchestra, a symphony in D mln.,
2 trios for piano, violin and 'cello, the
piano-quintet, op. 118 in B. mln., and
some string quartets are conspicuous.
Ret.: in. 212; VII. 321. (2) Xaver
(1850- ): b. Samter, Posen; brother
of (1) and his fellow-student till leav-
ing Kullak's Academy ( Kullak and
Wiierst his special teachers) ; was
teacher in Kullak's Academy, 1868;
made a successful d^but as pianist in
the Berlin Singakademle, 1869, subse-
quently playing in Berlin and many
other cities; gave up his position,
1874, and concertized in nearly every
European country; he founded a con-
servatory in Berlin, 1887, and from
1891 headed a conservatory which hore
his name In New York. The Berlin
conservatory united with Klindworth's
in 1898, and S. returned from New York
to resume his place as director. In
1914 he established a music school and
piano teachers' seminary with Petzel.
He has composed numierous works,
among them 4r piano concertos, a piano
quartet, a symphony and many piano
pieces, among which are his well-
known 'Polish Dances.' His opera
Mataswintha was performed in Berlin,
New York and Weimar. Of his lit-
erary productions, Methodik des Kla-
vierspiels is notable. Ref.: Ill, 212;
VII. 321 323f.

s'cHATTMANN, Alfred i contemp.
German composer of operas (Die Freier,
Stuttgart, 1904, and Des Teufels Per-
gament, Weimar, 1913).

SCHATZ (1) Albert (1839-1910):
b. Rostock, d. there; commercially ac-
tive in Hamburg and San Francisco;
collected material for a comprehensive
history of opera. The tangible result
of his labors, the collection of 12,000
operatic text-books, was purchased by
the Congressional Library (1908) and,
increased by additions, now represents
the largest collection of its kind. A
catalogue was pub. by Sonneck (2
vols., 1914). (2) Karl (1850- ): b.
Hamburg, where he is active as a
violin teacher; pupil of Schradiek and
composer of instructive pieces for his
instrument.

SCHAUB, Hans F. (1880- ): b.
Frankfort; pupil of Iwan Knorr, Hum-
perdinck and Arnold Mendelssohn;
1902, choral director, Bingen; 1904,
teacher of theory, Breslau Cons.;
1906, teacher of composition, Benda
Cons., and editor of the Deutsche Mu-
sikzeitung, Charlottenburg; has com-
posed for orchestra, songs, violin pieces
and an opera, Der Pascha (MS.). At
-die international music-pedagogical con-
gress ~ (Berlin, 1913) he was active in
behalf of a timely reform in theoreti-
cal instruction (abolition of figured
bass) .

Schebek

SCHEBEK, Edmnnd (1819-1895) :
b. Petersdorf, Moravia, d. Prague;
counsellor at Prague; author of the
offlcial report on musical instruments
exhibited in Paris in 1855; also pub.
Der Geigenbau in Italien und sein
deatscher Uriprung (1874).

SCHBBBST, Asnes (1813-1869): b.
Vienna, d. Stuttgart; studied at Dres-
den; operatic mezzo-soprano in Dres-
den, Budapest, Vienna and Carlsruhe,
etc.; married D. F. Strauss in 1841 and
retired from public life; wrote an au-
tobiography (1857) and Rede und
Gebarde (1862).

SCHKCHNE:R--WAAGE:]V, Nanette
(1806-1860): b. Munich, d. there; op-
eratic soprano in German operas in
Vienna, Berlin and Munich; married
1832 and retired in 1835 on account of
ill-health.

SCHX:e:i„ Fritz (1852-1907): b.
Lubeck, d. Philadelphia; violinist, pu-
pil of David; concert-master in Bremer-
hafen, Chemnitz, Hamburg; went to
San Francisco, 1894, and to Phila-
delphia, 1900, as conductor of the sym-
phony orchestra of the Orpheus Club
and of the Eurydice Choral Society.

SCHEFF, Frltzl (1879- ): b. Vi-
enna; operatic soprano (soubrette) ;
studied at Frankfort, where she made
her d£but as Juliet in 'Romeo and
Juliet' (1897) and sang in opera for
two years; subsequently toured Ger-
many and was engaged in 1900 for the
Metropolitan Opera, New York, where
she sang a variety of r61es for three
years; went into musical comedy in
the title role of 'Babette' (1903) and
has since sung altogether in musical
comedy and vaudeville. Re/.; IV. 148.

SCHFIBB (1) Johann (d. 1748):
builder of organs in Leipzig in the
middle of the 18th cent. His organ at
Johanniskirche was considered by Bach
to be perfect. (2) Jobann Adolpli
(1708-1776): b. Leipzig, d. Copenhagen;
abandoned the study of law for that
of music; failing to obtain the organ-
ist's post at the Thomaskirche, he trav-
elled, then settled in Hamburg, where
he published attacks on Bach (one of
the judges who awarded the Leipzig
position to his competitor) in the mu-
sical journal Der critische Musikus
from 1737 to 1740. He then became
conductor to the Margrave of Branden-
burg-Eulmbach, and four years later
at '&e Copenhagen court and there piib.
Ibe Critischen Musicus in Increased edi-
tion. He also published treatises on
the origin of music (being perhaps the
first to seek the origin of polyphony in
the North), polemics, etc., and com-
posed a Danish opera, Thasnelda, can-
tatas, trios, sonatas, 2 oratorios, church
compositions, 150 concertos for the vio-
lin and 30 for the flute, etc., 70 quatuors
(symphonies), etc., only a small num-
ber of which was published.

SCBFIBIiFR (1) Johann Heinrlcli
(1777-1838) : b. Montjoie, near Aachen,

156

Scheldt

d. Crefeld, where he was a silk manu-
facturer; became Interested in acoustic
phenomena and Invented an appa-
ratus consisting of 56 tuning-forks for
tuning fixed tone Instruments accord-
ing to the equally tempered scale; ex-
plained the invention in several pamph-
lets (1834), later published collectively
as Schriften uber physikalische und
musikalische Tonmessung . . . (1838).
Topfer (1842). Vincent (1849), and
Lecomte (1856) explained the system
more clearly. At the Stuttgart con-
gress of physicists in 1834, S. proposed
the so-called 'Stuttgart pitch' (ai=440
vibrations at 69° Fahr.), which was
adopted. (2) I^advng (1848- ): b.
Montjoie, near Aachen; after working
in his father's textile factory, took up
the study of art history and made ex-
tended journeys in Europe, became an
authoritative connoisseur and was em-
ployed in the Berlin Gallery ; after mar-
riage he resumed the studjj of piano,
pursued in his youth, and investigated
the history of piano music of the 18th
and 19th cent., publishing numerous
articles in various journals. He also
pub. Franz Schubert (with O. E.
Deutsch, 1913ff).

SCHFIDFBIAXN, Heinrich (1596-
1663) : b. Hamburg, d. there ; pupil of
his father, Hans, whom he succeeded
as organist at St. Catherine's Church,
Hamburg; also a pupil of Sweelinck in
Amsterdam (1613-14) ; pub. Fiinfter
und letzter Theil der Ristischen Lieder,
in Melodien gebracht (1651) and Die
verschmdhte Eitelkeit; 24 Gesprdche
(1658), and left a great number of or-
gan and clavier pieces in MS. Ref.:
VI. 432 (footnote).

SCHFIDFMANTFI., Karl (1859-) :
b. Weimar; studied with Bodo Bor-
chers, operatic baritone at the Weimar
court opera, 1878-86, studied further
with Stockhausen, and joined the Dres-
den court opera in 1886, in which year
he also sang Amfortas at Bayreuth, par-
ticipating in subsequent festivals there.
He prod, a new text revision of Mo-
zart's Cosi fan tutte (as Dame Ko-
bold), also translated Don Giovanni,
and wrote other opera texts; also wrote
Stimmbildung (1907, 4th ed., 1913, as
Gesangsbildung, English by Carljrie) ;
edited a song collection, tleisterweisen.

SCHFIDIiBR, Dorette. See Spohb.

SCHFIDT, Samnel (1587-1654): b.
Halle, d. there; studied with Sweelinck
in Amsterdam; organist at the Moritz-
kirche and Kapellmeister to the Ad-
ministrators Christian Wilhelm and
August at Halle; noteworthy as the first
composer to use the chorale in organ
composition artistically and in char-
acteristic organ style. Besides toccatas,
fantasias, magnificats, hymns, sacred
concerti, etc., he pub. a Tabulatura
nova in three volumes (1624) ; also
Tabulaturbuch 100 geistlicher Lieder
und Psalmen (1650), Cantiones sacrae
8 vac. (1620), Concerti sacri 2-12 voc.

Scfaeln

etc. K1621, 1622), Ludi musici (1621,
1622), Liebliche Kraftblikmlein (with
figured bass, 1625), and 4 sets sacred
concerti (1631-40) : also symphonies
'auf KonzertenmanieT' In 3 parts with
figured bass (1644). Ref.: VI. 432 (foot-
note) ; VII. 16; portrait, VI. 426.

SGHBIIV, Johann Hermann (1586-
1630): b. Grunhaiu, d. Leipzig; cantor
of St. Thomas' Church, Leipzig, as
predecessor of Bach; singer in Dres-
den, 1599; pupil of the convent school
in Schulpforta, 1603; studied law at
Leipzig university. 1607, later was for
a time family instructor; In 1615 court
orchestra leader in Weimar, and 1616
cantor at St. Thomas'. His composi-
tions (as far as preserved) comprise
many vocal and some organ and cham-
ber-music pieces, such as Venus-KTdntz-
lein, Oder neae weltliche Lieder za 5
Stimmen (secular 5-part songs, 1609) ;
Cymbalum Sioniam sive cantiones
sacrae 5-12 voc. (1615) ; Banchetto
musicaJe newer anmutiger Padou-
anen, GagliaTden. (1617, 20 5-move-
ment variation suites). Das Tedeum mit
li Stimmen (1618), Balletto pastorale
3 voc. (1620), Musica divina 8-2i voc.
(1620), Musica boscareccia a 3 (3 parts,
1621, 1626, 1628), Fontana d'Israel
(1623); Madrigali a 5 voc. (1623),
Diletti pastorali, Htrten-Lust (5 v.,
1624, 16S0) ; Villanella 3 voc. (1625 and
1627), Opella nova, geistl. Konzerte
(3-5 v., 2 parts, 1618, 1626), Studenten-
schmaass (5 v., 1626, 1634). He also
wrote a church hymnal, Cantional oder
Gesangbnch augsburg. Konfession (1627).
containing 312 hymns in 4 and 6 parts
(ed. of, 1645, 339 hymns). Ref.: VIH.

SCHEINPFliUG, Panl (1875- ):
b. Loschwltz, near Dresden; 1890-1894
pupil of Dresden Cons. (Draeseke,
Braunroth, Rappoldl) ; 1898 concert-
master of the Bremen Philharmonle,
conductor of various choral bodies;
conductor in Eonigsberg, 1909; of the
Bluthner orchestra, Berlin, 1914. He
first attracted attention as a composer
with his piano quartet in E major
(Basle, 1903), and has since composed
various works for orchestra, strings,
chorus and a number of songs.

SCHEIiBIiB, Johann Nepomnk
(1789-1837): b. Huflngen, Black Forest,
d. Frankfort; chorister at the Marchthal
monastery; studied with Welsse and
Abb6 Vogler; court singer and teacher
in thr Royal Musical Institute, Stutt-
gart; from 1813 sang in Vienna, Press-
burg, Berlin, etc.; Uien teacher at the
opera in Frankfort, where he conducted
the Akademie and in 1818 founded the
Cacillenverein, and from 1831 main-
tained It at his own risk. He originat-
ed a method of elementary music teach-
ing, based on the clear conception of
a limited number of tones, which led
to the cultivation of absolute pitch.
This method, disseminated by his pu-
pils, has had salutory results.

157

Scbenk

SCHBIiLE (1) Johann (1648-1701):
b. Gelsingen, d. Leipzig; cantor at the
Thomaskirche, Leipzig, from 1676. He
composed melodies to Feller's An-
ddchtigen Studenten (pub.), also church
music (MS.). (2) Karl ESdnard (1816-
1882) : b. Biesenthal, near Berlin, d.
Vienna; musical lecturer in Vienna;
music critic of the Presse; author of a
study on -'The Papal Singing SchooMn
Rome, called the Sistine Chapel' (1872),
also Der Tannhduser in Paris (1861).

SCHELI/I]VG,ErneBt[HENHY](1876-) :
b. Belvedere, New Jersey; pupil of
Mathias in the Paris Cons.; also of
Moszkowskl, Pruckner, Hans Huber,
Pfltzner, Leschetlzky and Paderewski;
has toured with great success as a pi-
anist and composed a piano concerto,
a suite, various brilliant pieces for
piano, a symphony, a symphonic legend
for orchestra and chamber music.
Ref.: rv. 450.

SCHEIiPER (correctly Buck), Otto
(1844-1906): b. Rostock, d. Leipzig;
self-taught dramatic baritone In vari-
ous German cities (Berlin, 1871-73; Co-
logne, Leipzig) ; played Hans Sachs,
Dutchman, Don Giovanni, etc.

SCHEIiTZER, Sigismnnd (16th
cent.) : perfector of an early form of
bassoon. Ref.: VIII. 78.

SCHEMKIilil, Georg Christian
(1676-17]): leader of the palace choir
at Zeitz; published a book of 'Old and
New Songs and Arias' (1736), which
was edited by Bach.

SCHENCK, Johann: a 17th century
gamba virtuoso at the elector-palatlnal
court in Diisseldorf, later in Amster-
dam, where he wrote a number of
pieces for the gamba, also 12 chamber
sonatas for 2 violins, gamba and bass
and 18 sonatas for violin and figured
bass, besides a few vocal composi-
tions.

SCHBNK (1) Johann (1753-1836):
b. near Vienna, d. Vienna; pupil of
Wagensell; was privately active as a
teacher (Beethoven being among his
pupils, though only in secret) and died
In poverty. He composed masses (the
first prod. 1778), cantatas, concerto for
harp, 2 symphonies, and numerous
Singspiele which were popular for dec-
ades. Of these Der Dorfbarbier (1796)
was a drawing card on all German
stages because of its wholesome hu-
mor both in the text and music. The
others include Die Weinlese (1785),
Die Weihnacht auf dem Lande (1786),
Im Finstern ist nicht gut tappen (1787),
Dos unvermutete Seefest (1788), Das
Singspiel ohne Titel (1789), Der Ernte-
kranz (1790), Achmet und Almanzine
(1795), Der Bettelstudent (1796), Die
Jagd (1797) and Der Fassbinder (1802).
Two cantatas. Die Euldigang and Der
Mai, were his last works. (2) Peter
PetTOTltcli (1870- ) : b. St. Peters-
burg; pupil of the St. Petersburg Cons.,
and of Solovieff in composition; con-
cert pianist till 1890; now librarian

Scherer

of the central library of the Imperial
theatres In St. Petersburg; also critic;
composed 3 operas, 2 ballets, 3 sym-
phonies, an orchestra] fantasy, 'Ghosts,'
a symphonic poem, 'Herq and Leander,'
an orch. suite, a concert overture,
theme and variation and 4 pieces for
orch., a string quartet, a violin sonata,
pieces for violin, for 'cello, and for
piano (including 2 sonatas. Petite
Suite, etc.), a cappella choruses, 5
cantatas and songs.

SCHBRBR, Sebastian Anton (1631
[?]-1712): b. Ulm. d. there; organist
of Ulm cathedral from 1671; pub.
Musica sacra (masses, motets) j sonatas
for 2 violins and gamba, 1680; lute
suites etc

SCHKRIIVG, Arnold (1877- ): b.
Breslau; educated in Dresden; studied
at the universities of Berlin and Leip-
zig, at the same time pupil of Joachim
in violin and of Succo in composi-
tion. Dr. phil, 1902, vpith a history of
the instrumental (violin) concerto.
From 1907 he lectured on history and
aesthetics of music at Leipzig University
and became professor in 1915; since
1909 lectures on musical history, acous-
tics and pedagogics at the Leipzig Cons. ;
wrote numerous scientific worlcs on
musical subjects, such as Bach's works,
ancient music, music of the renaissance,
his Geschichte des Oratoriums (1911)
being especially notable; also edited
and revised important worlds of past
periods. Ref.: (cited) I. 443.

SCHXIRZEIR, Otto (1821-1886): b.
Ansbach, d. Stuttgart; violinist and
organist; Musikdirektor at Tiibingen
Univ. until 1877; composed songs and
piano pieces; also organ works (MS.).

SCHESSIN GBR, Daniel (19th cent.)/:
b. Hamburg; pupil of F. Ries, con-
ductor in Germany and New York
(Concordia Society), etc. Ref.: TV. 97.

SCHETKV, Christoph (1740-1773):
b. Darmstadt, d. Edinburg; 'cellist and
composer of 6 string quartets, 6 string
trios, 6 duos for violin and 'cello, 6
'cello sonatas with bass, 6 flute duos,
6 sonatas for violin and 'cello, etc.
He was a pupil of Anton Filtz in Mann-
heim and lived successively in Darm-
stadt, Hamburg and London.

SCHBITRIiEiEIR, Daniel Francois
(1855- ): b. The Hague; banker and
honorary Dr. of the University of Ley-
den; owner of a valuable collection
of music and musical Instruments; has
written a number of monographs of a
musico-historical character for the jour-
nal of the Society for the Musical His-
tory of the Netherlands.

SCHICHT, Joliann Gottfried (1753-
1823) : b. Reichenau, Saxony, d. Leip-
zig; student of law, organist and pi-
anist. He played in Hiller's Liebhaber-
Eonzerte and at the Gewandhaus, where
he succeeded Hiller as conductor, 1785.
In 1810 he became cantor at the Thomas-
klrche. His compositions include 3
oratorios, motets, masses, Te Deums and

158

SchllUne

other church music, a concerto, sonatas
and caprices. His most important pub-
lication Is his great Chorale-book
(1819), containing 1285 melodies, of
which 306 are signed by himself,
though not all composed by him. In
1812 he published Grundregeln der Bar-
monie and translated the piano methods
of dementi, Pleyel and the vocal
method of Pellegrini-Celoni.

SCHICK, Marsarete liVlse (1773-
1809): b. Mayence, d. Berlin; studied
with Steffanl and Bighini; operatic so-
prano in the Boyal Opera, Berlin; espe-
cially noted as a Gluck interpreter.

SCHIEDBRMAYER, Johann Bap-
tist (1779-1840): b. near Straubing, d.
Linz; organist in the cathedral there;
composer of church music, 2 sympho-
nies, string trios, sonatas, organ
pieces, etc.; also Singspiele; published
a Theoretisch-praktische Chorallehre
zum Gebrauch beim katholischen Kirch-
enritus (1828).

SCHIBDMATSIR nnd Sdhne:
pianoforte firm in Stuttgart, founded
at Eriangen in 1781. The founder was
Joliann Ijorenz S., the grandfather of
Adolf S., the present head of the firm.

SCHIICANElDEiR, Johann Bmannel
(1751-1812): b. Ratisbon, d. Vienna;
actor, singer, etc., with a roving theat-
rical troupe, the director of which be-
came his father-in-law, whom he suc-
ceeded later. The troupe played in
larger cities throughout Austria Hun-
gary. In a suburban Vienna theatre it
prod. Mozart's Zauberflote, for which
S. wrote the text (as he did for a num-
ber of other Singspiele) and the suc-
cess of this piece saved the troupe from
bankruptcy. Ref.: II. 108, 109, 124;
VL 131; IX. 100.

SCHILDKNECHT, Josef (1861-
1899) ; d. Rorschach, as teacher at the
Teachers' Seminary ; pub. choral works,
including masses, organ pieces; also a
Praktische Anleitung znm Registrteren,
and an Organum comitans ad Graduale
Romanum.

SCBILDT, melclUor (1592-1667): b.
Hanover, d. there; organist, pupil of
Sweelinck, succeeded his fauier and
brother at the Marktklrche at Han-
over; composed chorale arrangements
for organ and clavichord-variations, of
which two sets are preserved. Ref.:
VI. 432 (footnote).

SCHILIiBR (1) Frledriclit the great
German poet. Ref.: IL 171; V. 199; VI.
146, 200, 204, 349, 395; VHL 174, 199,
252, 315, 432; IX. 348, 358, 410; X. 166,
250; portrait, V. 200. (2) Madelines
studied with Benedict, Hall£, Moscheles;
pianist; made her d^but at me Gewand-
haus with Mendelssohn's G minor con-
certo; travelled in Australia and the
United States, where she married Mar-
cus EJmer Bennett.

SCHILIiING, Gnstav (1803-1881) : b.
Schwiegerhausen near Hanover, d. Ne-
braska; student of theology and music
at GOttingen and Halle; director of a

SchilUnga

music school In Stuttgart; political
refugte In New York, Montreal and
Nebraska; author of an encyclopedia of
music (German, 6 vols., 1835-38, 2nd
ed., 7 vols., 1840-42), a Method of Thor-
ough-bass, a history of modem music
(1841), Franz Liszt, and other histor-
ical, pedagogical and philosophical
essays on music; also a revision of
Emanuel Bach's Versuch fiber die
wahre Art, das Clavier za spielen.

SCHILLINGS. Max IvonJ (1868-) :
b. Mark-Dtlren; pupil of Brambach
and Eonigslow in Bonn; then studied
three years in Munich, where he re-
mained and was made a professor In
1903. In 1908 he became conductor of
the court concerts and Generalmusik-
direktor in Stuttgart; Dr.phil. hoa. e.
from the universities of T^ingen and
Heidelberg (1911), and ennobled by the
King of Wiirttemberg (1913). He has
composed a numher of operas of gen-
erally Wagnerian tendency, among
them Der Pfeifertag (1899); Moloch
(1906); ilfona Lisa (1915); also inci-
dental music to ^schylus' Orestes and
Goethe's Faust (1908) and a symphonic
prologue to CEdipus (1900) ; besides
many other compositions, including the
orchestral fantasias Meergmss and See-
morgen (1896), a 'dialogue' for solo
violin and 'cello with small orch., a
violin concerto, a hymnic rhapsody
'Dent Verkldrten' for mixed chorus,
baritone and orch.; men's choruses,
piano pieces, songs; chamber music, 6
string quartets, pieces for' piano and
violin, and melodramatic recitations
with orchestral or piano accompani-
ment. Including the Hexenlied
(•Witches' Song'). Ref.: m. viii, 243f;
Vin. 413; DC. 421.

SCHIHON (1) Adolf (1820-1887) : b.
Vienna, d. Leipzig; studied with Berton
and HaKvy at the Conservatoire ; an ex-
ponent of the Italian method of sing-
ing, which he studied while accom-
ganylng classes for Bordognl and
anderali. He composed an opera
Stradella, produced in Florence (1846),
and a comic opera List um List was
prod, by Flotow in Schwerin (1858).
He was maestro at cembalo in London
(1850) and Paris (1852). After his
marriage to the soprano Anna Regan
(1872), he taught at Leipzig Cons., the
Munich School of Music, and again in
Lei^pzig. Among his compositions are
strmg quartets, a trio, a violin sonata,
Italian, French and German songs. (2)
S.-Regan, Anna (1842-1902) : niece and
pupil of Carlotta Unger, concert-so-
prano and wife of Adolph Schlmon (1).
SCHINDBLMXHSSUR, Lndvris
(1811-1864) : b. Konlgsberg, d. Darm-
stadt; conductor In various German
cities and at Budapest; court conductor
at Wiesbaden (1851) and Darmstadt
(1853) ; produced 6 operas, a ballet, a
concerto for orchestra and four clari-
nets, compositions for piano, an over-
ture, an oratorio and various songs.

159

Schlra

He was a friend of Wagner's youth and
prod, his Tannhduser and Lohengrin in
Wiesbaden and Darmstadt.
^^SCHINDLER (1) Anton (1795-
1864): b. Meedl, near Neustadt, Mo-
ravia, d. Bockenheim, Frankfurt on the
Main: Beethoven's companion during
his last years. He studied law in
Vienna, practicing music at the same
time; became acquainted with Bee-
thoven through Dr. Bach, in whose law
office he worked. Schindler's life of
Beethoven, Biographic Ludwig von
Beethovens (1840-1845), became the
foundation of all Beethoven biogra-
phies, even Thayer recognizing the
general correctness of his statements.
1831 he was musical director of the
Cathedral of Milnster; 1835 in Aachen;
in 1842 he returned to Miinster and
later went to Bockenheim. S. left a
large collection of personal notes,
sketch books, etc., concerning Bee-
thoven's life. Ref.: II. 133, 143; IX. 188.
(2) Knrt (1882- ): b. Berlin; con-
ductor, composer, pianist; studied with
Ludwig Bussler, Conrad Ansorge, Fried-
rich Gemsheim, Ludwig Thuille; con-
ductor at Stuttgart Court Theatre,
1902-3, Wurzburg Stadttheater, 1903-4,
assistant conductor at Berlin Royal
Opera under R. Strauss, 1904-5, Metro-
politan Opera House, New York, 1905-8;
musical director of Schola Cantorum,
New York, since 1910; edited collec-
tions of Russian songs; wrote pam-
phlets on Schonberg and on Moussorg-
sky and composed about 80 songs.
Ref.: TV. 213, 449f.

SCHINDLOCKER (1) PhOIpp
(1753-1827): b. Mons, Hainault, d. Vt
enna; 'cellist at the court Opera and
the cathedral; Imperial chamber vir-
tuoso, composer (only a serenade for
'cello and guitar pub.). (2) 'Wolf-
gang (b. Vienna, 1789) : nephew of (1) ;
'cellist and oboist; composer of cham-
ber music for wind instruments and
'cello duets.

SCHIOLEJR, Axel (1872- ): b.
Guldager, Denmark; violin pupil of
Tofte and Berthelier, member of the
Lamoureux Orchestra, Paris, 1896-97;
conductor of the Bergin Musical So-
ciety 1899-1901, Copenhagen People's
Theatre 1903, Copenhagen Philharmonic
Society 1905-07, leader of the munici-
pal free concerts in Rosenborgshavn,
1909; composer of 2 symphonies.

SCHIOTT, Valdemar Johannes
Lndvlg (1826-1915) : b. Copenhagen, d.
there; one of the founders (1847),
Hutist, and to 1849 conductor of the
New Musical Society, music teacher
at the Institute for the Blind, 1853-
1903, Introduced Braille's musical no-
tation for the blind there, also orig-
inal pedagogical devices; comp. can-
tatas, piano pieces and songs.

SCHIRA, Francesco (1815-1883): b.
Malta, d. London; studied at Milan
Cons.; composer of Italian operas; con-
ductor in Lisbon and London, where

Scblnuer

he also taught singing with success. He
produced 7 operas in Lisbon, London
and Venice, also one operetta and a
cantata, "The Lord of Burleigh,' writ-
ten for the Birmingham Music Fes-
tival, 1873; also ballets for Lisbon, and
other compositions.

SCHIRMBR, Gnsta-r (1829-1893) : b.
Eonigsee, Saxony, d. Eisenach, Thu-
ringia, •while on a journey to restore
his health; founder of the New York
music publishing house of G. Schirmer;
son and grandson of piano-makers to
the court of Sondershausen ; went to
New York in 1837; entered the music-
store of Scharfenberg & Luis, and be-
came manager of Breusing's music busi-
ness in 1854; conducted the business
with Beer until 1866, when he obtained
entire control of it. Since then his
house has become the largest of its
kind in America and one of the largest
in the world. Its present head is Rn-
dolpb, a son of the founder. Another
son, Gnstav, Jr., founded llie Boston
Music Co. in Boston, now under the
management of his son, Ernest C, and
closely affiliated with the New York
house.

SCHJELDERTJP, Gerhard (1859-) :
b. Christiansand, Southern Norwa;^;
studied philology at Christiania, music
with Franchomme ('cello), and Savard
and Massenet (composition) in Paris;
settled in Dresden, 1896; wrote orches-
tral pieces ('Sunday Morning,' Munich,
1893), a symphony, music dramas
('Norwegian Wedding,' Prague, 1900;
and 2 others) and a one-act opera,
•Spring Night' (1908) ; a string quartet,
choruses and songs. He wrote a
short Danish biography of E. Grieg
(1903), another longer one with W.
Niemann (in German, 1908), and
a biography of Bichard Wagner (Dan-
ish 1908, German 1913). Be/.; III.
99f.

SCH1.ADEBACH, Julias (1810-
1872) : b. Dresden, d. Kiel ; German
physician and author of a Neues Univer-
sal-Lexikon der Tonkunst (1854), Die
Bildung der menschlicheti Stimme zum
Gesang (1860), etc.

SCHIiXGER (1) Hans (1820-1885):
b. Filskirchen, Upper Austria, d. Salz-
burg; studied with Preyer; chorus mas-
ter and conductor at Salzburg; com-
poser of 2 operas, a symphonic tone
picture, 3 orchestral masses, sympho-
nies, etc. In 1867 he married the Coun-
tess Zichy. (2) (correctly lianten-
schlttser) Antonle (1860-1900) : b.
near Vienna, d. Vienna; operetta
singer there, then dramatic singer, en-
gaged for the Vienna court opera in
1882; married Herr von Theumer, 1894.
(3) Geore (1870- ); b. Weida, stu-
dent of philology, wrote thesis Studien
iiber das Tagelied (Jena, 1895) ; also
pub. Vber Musik und Strophenbau der
franzosischen Romanzen. (1900) and
other studies.

SCHIiEJCHT, Rafmiind (1811-1891):

Schletterer

b. Eichstadt, d. there; priest, councillor
and president of the seminary at Eich-
stadt; author of books on church mu-
sic. Including a 'History of Church
Music' (1871) and articles in the Afonats-
hefte fixT Musikgeschichte.

SCHLEGEL, lieander (1844-1913):
b. Overveen near Haarlem, d. there;
pupil of the conservatories at The
Hague and Leipzig (Reinecke) ; trav-
elled as pianist with Aug. Wilhelmj;
1871-1898 director of the Society for
the Improvement in Music in Haarlem
and for ten years leader of a singing
society there. From 1898 he was di-
rector of his own music school in Over-
Veen, His compositions comprise a
piano quartet and 2 string quartets, a
sonata, a concerto for violin, a Pas-
sacaglia for 2 jpianos and many other
piano compositions and songs, showing
the influence of Bralmis. Ref.: IX. 188.

SCHIiEINITZ, [Heinbich] Konrad
(1802-1881) : b. Zschaltz near Dobeln,
Saxony; d. Leipzig; studied music at
the Thomasschule ; member of the
board of managers of the Gewandbaus
and director of the Leipzig Cons, after
the death of his friend Mendelssohn.

SCHIiESIlVGElR (1) : name of two
prominent publishing firms, one at
Berlin, founded, 1810, by Adalph Mar-
tin S., the founder of the musical pe-
riodical Echo, the other in Paris, estab-
lished in 1834 by Morltz Adolph S.,
son of Adolph Martin. The latter
founded the Gazette Musicale, which
became the Revue et gazette musicale
in 1835. In 1846 Louis Brandus bought
the Paris firm. (2) Sebastian Ben-
son (1837- ) ; b. Hamburg; studied
with Dresel in Boston; in 1899 a resi-
dent in Paris, after 17 years as Impe-
rial German consul at Boston. His
compositions, although those of an
amateur, are of value, and include,
besides some 120 songs. Melodic
Studies, a Novellette, a Notetume, an
impromptu-caprice, etc. (3) Daniel
(19th cent.) : b. Hamburg, pupil of F.
Reis, conductor' of the 'Concordia' and
otherwise active in New York. Ref.:
rV. 97. (4) Kathleen: contemp. Eng-
lish writer on music; pub. 'Instruments
of the Orchestra . . .' (1910), 'A Bibli-
ography of Musical Instruments . . .'
(1912), 'The Precursors of the Modem
Violin Family' (1914).

SCHLBTTERBR, E[ans Michel
(1824-1893) : b. Ansbach, d. Augsburg;
studied with Durmer and Meyer, Spohr
and Kraushaar in Cassel, Davis and
Richter in Leipzig; Musikdirektor at
Heidelberg University, church Kapell-
meister and vocal teacher in Augsburg,
where he founded the Oratorio Society
and the School of Music; composed op-
erettas, cantatas, several books of a
cappella choruses, choral singing books
and numerous piano transcriptions of
classical works. Besides several essays
he wrote on the history of church mu-
sic, German dramatic music, old instru-

160

SchUck

ments. J. F. Reichard (1 vol. rtub.,
1865), etc., etc.

SCHLICK (1) Arnold (early 16th
cent.) : b. Bohemia ; blind organist at
the court of the Electoi>Palatine in
Heidelberg; pub. Spiegel der Orgel-
macher und Organisten (1511; repub.
by Eitner) and a collection of vocal
■works In arrangements for organ and
in part for lute, with and without
voice. In tablature (1512), which was
one_ of the famous printings of Peter
Schoffer the younger (very rare) repub-
lished by Breitkopf & Hartel. Ref.:
VI. 427. (2) Jobann C6nrad (d.
Gotha, 1825): 'cellist in Miinster, later
in the Gotha Ducal orchestra; composer
of a concertante for violin and 'cello,
3 trios, 3 string quartets, quintets for
flute and strings, 2 'cello concerto, so-
natas for 'cello and bass, etc.

SCHUJUBACH, GeoTg Christian
S'riedrlch (bom 1760) : b. Ohrdruf,
Thuringia, d. Wiirzburg; organist in
Prenzlau, then head of a Berlin music
school; published a pamphlet on the
structure, etc., of the organ (1801) and
contributed to the Berlin Masikalische
Zeitung,

SCHLOGS:!^ Xavler (1854-1889) : b.
Brillonville, Fammenne, Belgium, d.
Clney, Mamur; studied at the Li^ge
Cons.; composed C/ionfs bretona (1888);
Messe solennelle, for male voices, with
organ and orchestra; a string quartet,
piano trios, orchestra music, the song
Le jeuae tnalade, etc.

SCHIiOGBR. Matteo (18th cent.):
Vienna court pianist; composer of in-
strumental music, including a 'Partita,'
In reality a symphony (1722, with 4
movements, adding to the customary 3
movements in the Italian fashion a
minuet with trio) ; also a cembalo con-
certo which, according to Kretzschmar,
'shows Its modern tendency even more
plainly' and has as a finale (3rd move-
ment) a Tempo di Menaetto. Ret.:
Vin. 139.

SCHLOSSER (1) I^onln (1800-1886):
b. Darmstadt, d. there; court conductor
and dramatic composer; student at
Darmstadt,' Vienna (Salieii, etc.) and
the Paris Conservatoire; produced 2
operas, a melodrame. Incidental music,
ballets, symphonies, concertos, piano

Eieees, songs, etc, (2) Adolf (1830-) :
. in Darmstadt; the son of (1) ; con-
cert pianist in Germany, France and
England; teacher in London; professor
in the Royal Academy of Music; com-
posed a piano quartet and a trio, 24
Studies and pieces for piano (2 and 4
hands) and part-songs.

SCHL.OTTMANN, I.onls (1826- ) t
b. Berlin; studied music with Taubert
and Dehn; concert pianist in London,
teacher in Berlin, where he gained the
tiUe of Royal Musikdirektor (1875);
composed chamber-music, piano pieces,
an orchestral Trauermarsch, an over-
ture to 'Romeo and Juliet,' etc.

SCHIiUTBR, Max (1878- ): b.

Scbmld

Copenhagen; violinist; pupil of Jo-
achim in Berlin, toured Japan, China,
Australia and America, since 1909 resi-
dent in Copenhagen.

SCHMEJDJBS, Brlk (1868- ): b.
Gjentofte, near Copenhagen; studied
singing with Rothmiihl (Berlin), Ress
(Vienna), Iflert (Dresden) and Padilla
(Paris) ; lyric tenor in Wiesbaden,
1891, municipal theatre, Nuremberg,
1894; Dresden Royal Opera, 1896; Vi-
enna court opera, 1898; has simg Sieg-
fried and Parsifal at Rayreuth since
1899. (2) Hakon (1877- ): b.
Gjentofte; pupil of Ysaye, violinist in
Berlin, Brussels, Paris, Boston and
Copenhagen, toured as virtuoso, com-
posed an operetta (1907), songs, piano
and violin pieces, etc.

SCHMELZGiR, Johann Helnrich
(ca. 1630-1680) : d. Vienna; court cham-
ber musician, later Kapellmeister in
Vienna; published sonatas for violin,
violas and trombones, violin solo so-
natas, sonatas for 2 violins and con-
tinuo, or 'for violin, gamba and con-
tinuo (Nuremberg, 1659) ; also trumpet
fanfares for Bertoli's La contesa dell'
aria, etc.; also (MS.) vocal and other
instr. works.

SCHMID (1) (or Scbmldt) Bernard
(16th cent.) : organist at the Thomas-
kirche and the minster of Strassburg;
published a treatise on organ-building
and a tablature book of preludes; toc-
catas, motets, canzonets, etc. Ref.: VI.
68, 428, 450. (2) Bernhard the young-
er; son and successor of (1). at the
Thomaskirche and the minster of
Strassburg; pub. a tablature book of
preludes, toccatas, fugues, madrigals,
etc. (1607). Ref.: VI. 404, 428. (3)
Jobann Chrlatopli. See Smith (2). (4)
Anton (1787-1857): b. Pihl, Bohemia,
d. Vienna; librarian of the music de-
partment in the Vienna Library ; author
of several important monographs on
Ottavlano del Petrucci and his succes-
sors (1845), Haydn and Zingarelll
(1847), a full biography of Gluck, and
important historical research articles in
Dehn's Cdcilie. (5) Otto (1858- ):
b. Dresden; studied law in Leipzig,
then music with E. Kretschmer; music
critic of the Dresden Journal and
teacher of musical history at the Dres-
den Cons. (Royal professor, 1905) ; pub.
biographical sketches of Koschat,
Kretschmer, Michael Haydn, etc.;
studies on Czemohorsky, the musical
activities of the Saxon Royal house,
etc.; edited Musik am sdclisischen Hofe
(10 vols., including works of Hasse,
Binder, Petzold, Naumann, members of
the Royal family, {etc.). (6) Joseph
(1868- ) : b. Mumlch, where he stud-
ied at the Royal' School of Music
(Rheinberger) and became organist of
the Church of the Holy Spirit and of
the Kaim concerts, organist at the
Frauenkirche, 1901, and conductor of
the academical choral society 'Miln-
chen'; pub. male choruses, a cappella

161

Scbmidt

part-songs, church music, organ pieces,
a 'cello sonata, piano pieces, and many
songs, also an opera (MS.). (7) Hein-
rlch Katipar (1874- ) : b. London;
chorlster-puplI of Mitterer at the Ratls-
bon cathedral, graduated from the
Munich Academy with honors; became
teacher at the Athens Cons. (Odeon),
but after concert tours as pianist re-
turned to Munich, as teacher at the
Academy and conductor of male cho-
ruses. He composed songs, children's
songs, male choruses, mixed choruses,
children's choruses and piano pieces.

SCHMIDT. See also Schmid.

SCHSIIDT (1) Johann PhUipp
Samnel (1779-1853): b. Konlgsberg, d.
Berlin; government ofQcial, author and
musical amateur who wrote 10 operas
for Berlin and Konigsberg, many can-
tatas, 9 oratorios and masses, symplio-
nies for orchestra, string quartets and
quintets, many of them published. For
30 years he was critic for the Spenersche
Zeitung and contributed largely to
Berlin and Leipzig musical periodi-
cals. He also arranged symphonies by
Mozart and Haydn, Radziwill's Fans*
and other compositions for piano. (2)
Joseplt (1795-1865): b. Buckeburg,
d. there; -violinist; composer of an
oratorio. Die Geburt Christi, quartets
and choruses, psalms, and other church
music. (3) Hermann (1810-1845): b.
Berlin, d. there; ballet conductor; a
pupil of Bohmer and Gabrielskl, com-
posed a number of operettas, bal-
lets, and works fior orchestra and
strings. (4) Gnstav (1816-1882): b.
Weimar, d. Darmstadt, as court con-
ductor, particularly successful with
his opera Prinz Engen (1845) ; also
prod. Kaiser Konrad vor Weinsberg
(WeibeTtreae, 1858); La Reole (1863)
and Alibi. He also composed songs,
ballads and male choruses in folk-
style. (5) Karl FrledTich (1827-
1892) : b. Jonitz, near Dessau, d. Heil-
bronn, founder of the music publishing
firm of C. F. Schmidt, Heilbronn; con-
ducted, after his retirement in 1889, by
his sons Hermann and Oscab. (6)
Frtedrlcli (1840- ): b. Hartefeld
near Guelders, took holy orders (1864),
director of the cathedral choir, Miinster,
1866; papal chamberlain, 1890; mem-
ber of the cathedral chapter, 1909. His
musical works include masses, motets, a
litany, and instructive organ pieces. He
is editor of the Fliegende Blatter fUr
Katholische Kirchenmusik since 1890.
(7) Artliiir P. (1846- ): b. Altona,
founded in 1876 the Boston music pub-
lishing house which bears his name. It
soon attained large dimensions and
now has branches in New York and
Leipzig. (8) Felix (1848- ): b.
Dresden, pupil of Mantius (singing),
Weitzmann (theory) and of Ad. Schulze,
Kiel and Barth; celebrated concert bass
and teacher of singing. Since 1913 he
is director of the section of singing in
the Royal Hochschule. He married his

ScbmlM

pupil Maria Eohne (who under the
name of Mme. Schmldt-KShne has
made a great name as a concert singer)
in 1878. (9) lieopold (1860- ): b.
Berlin, active as conductor in Heidel-
berg (1887J, Berlin (1888), ZUrlch
(1891), Halle (1895) ; since 1897 music
critic Berliner Tageblatt; teacher of
musical history in the Stem Cons.,
1900, at Elindworth-Scharwenka con-
servatory since 1912; has composed a
violin sonata, choruses, songs, and
written a number of essays and books
on musical subjects, among them:
Geschichte der Musik im 19. Jahrhun-
dert (1901); Fuhrer durch Richard
Strauss' Salome (1912), and Beethoven
(1914) ; also edited Beethovenbriefe
(1908) and Brahmsbriefe (1909). (10)
HelnTich (1861- ): b. Eirchenlam-
itz, Fichtelgebirge, studied at the Mu-
nich Royal Music School (Rheinberger,
Biehl, Kellermann, Hieber) ; now semi-
nary teacher in Bayreuth; has pub-
lished incidental stage music, concerto
for organ with strings, songs and cho-
ruses; also edited David's Duette and
Hohmann's 'Violin School,' wrote Die
Orgel nnserer Zeit in Wort und Bild
(1904) and (with Hartmann) Richard
Wagner in Bayreuth (1914). (11) Karl
(1869- ): b. Friedberg, Hesse, stud-
ied at Leipzig Conservatory, is pro-
fessor of the Fridericianum, Laubach;
since 1902 at the Augustinian School of
the same city. He has written exhaus-
tively on musical pedagogics and biog-
raphy; was assistant editor of Edstlin's
Geschichte der Musik in Umriss (1899),
and has composed a piano concerto,
music to Sophocles' Ajax, and songs.
(12) Franz (1874- ): b. Pressburg,
pupil of Hellmesberger In Vienna;
teacher of 'cello at the Royal and Imp.
Institute, 1892, and teacher of piano
there from 1910. He composed an op-
era, Notre-Dame (Vienna, 1914), and
two" symphonies (prize-crowned, 1900,
1913).

SCHMITT (1) Aloys (1788-1866) : b.
Erlenbach, Bavaria, d. Frankfort;
studied with his father, a cantor, and
with Andr£ at Offenbach; distinguished
pianist in Frankfort and Berlin, also
notable as a teacher. During 1825-1829
he was organist to the Duke of Cam-
bridge at Hanover. His compositions
comprise sonatinas, etudes, etc., for pi-
ano, a concertino for piano and or-
chestra, overtures, piano quartets and
trios; also three operas, two oratorios,
overtures and masses with orchestra.
(2) Jakob (Jacques) (1803-1853): b.
Obemburg, Bavaria, d. Hamburg;
brother and pupil of (l) ; teacher of
piano in Hamburg; composer of nearly
400 compositions including piano
etudes, piano sonatas, variations
(some accompanied by string quartet),
much salon-music and one opera. (3)
Josepb: monk in Eberbach 1766-80; d.
Frankf ort-on-Maine ; abandoned his or-
ders as monk at Eberbach to become

162

Scbinlt:!

a musician; music-dealer at Amsterdam
till 1785, when J. J. Hummel took his
business over. He was known as a
skillful Tiolinlst and composer of ec-
clesiastical music; was conductor at
Frankfort and piiblished besides his
church music, string quartets, trios and
duets. (4) Frledrlch (1812-1884): b.
Frankfort, d. Berlin; said to have been
a son of (3) ; pupil of Aloys Schmitt
and Osterieth; Intended for a commer-
cial career but studied singing with
Charlotte Mangold, Darmstadt, Stunz in
Munich; was tenor in Magdeburg, Leip-
zig, and Dresden, lost his voice and
became vocal teacher in Mimich, where
Julius Hey (q.v.) became his pupil.
He pub. Grosse Gesangschule fiir
Deutschland (Munich, 1854), Die Auf-
flndnng der voix mixte (ib., 1868), etc.
(5) GeoTK Aloys (1827-1902) : b. Han-
over, d. Dresden; son of (1); studied
with his father and VoUweiler; concert-

Sianist who toured Germany, France,
elgium, Algiers and London; conduc-
tor at WB theatres of Aix-la-Chapelle,
Wiirzburg and at the court of Schwerin ;
director of the Dreyssig Singakademie
at Dresden from 1893; prod. 3 operas,
including Trilby (1845) and composed
overtures and orchestral music, string
quartets, trios, piano pieces. Incidental
dramatic music, songs, etc. Ret.: Vt.
333. (6) Hans (1835- ): b. Koben,
Bohemia; studied at Prague Cons., and
became oboist at Bucharest and Vienna.
Forced to abandon his instrument on
account of throat trouble, he studied pi-
ano at the Vienna Cons., and became
teacher there in 1862. He pub. etudes,
fundamental piano exercises, instruc-
tive pieces, etc., pub. Schule des Ge-
hSrs, etc., and edited dementi's Gradus
ad parnassum; also composed a violin
concert piece and an opera (MS.). (7)
Florent (1870- ): b. Blamont,
Meurthe-et-Moselle; pupil of Hess and
G. Sandre in Nancy; of Th. Dubois,
Lavignac, Massenet and Faur£ at the
Paris Cons.; obtained second, then first,
prix de Rome with cantatas Fridigonde

(1892) and Simtramis (1900) respec-
tively: and aroused general interest
wilb his piano quintet, op. 51. Be-
sides these works he wrote En iti

(1893) and Le palals hanti (1904) for
orch.; the ballets La Tragidie de Sa-
lami (Paris, 1907), and Ourvaci (MS.),
a number of piano compositions
(Musiques intimes, Feuillets de voy-
ages. Reflets d'Allemagne) ; also 3
Rhapsodies for 2 pianos, vocal com-
positions with piano, a cappella cho-
ruses, choral works with orch. or pi-
ano (4 hands) ; pieces for piano and
violin, piano and 'cello. Andante and
Scherzo for harp and string quartet
Lied and Scherzo for double wind
quintet. Ref.: HL xi, xiv, xviii, 321,
363, 36i: VI. 386, 390; VII. 365f.

SCHMITZ, Bnsen (1882- ): b.
Neuburg; since 1908 music critic of the
MiXnchener Zeitang and editor of the

ScIineideP

Neae Masikalische Rundschau, tempo-
rarily director of the Salzburg Mo-
zarteum, 1914, musical editor of the,
Dresden Naehrichien, 1915; has written
extensively on music-historical sub-
jects; pub. Hugo Wolf (1906), Richard
Strauss als Musikdramatiker (1907),
Harmonielehre als Theorte (1911), Ge-
schichte der weltlichen Solokantate
(1914) ; also edited works of Johann
Staden, Naumann's Musikgeschichte
(1908), and composed choruses and
ballads for baritone and piano (MS.).

SCHXABBI< (1) Josepb [lenaz]
(1767-1831) : b. Naumburg-on-Queiss,
Silesia, d. Breslau; conductor at the
Breslau cathedral, Musikdirektor at the
university there, teacher and director
of the Roman Catholic Seminary, and
of the Royal Institute for Church Mu-
sic. His compositions consist of church
music (masses, graduals, antiphones,
marches, etc.), also milltaiy marches,
male quartets, songs, a clarinet-con-
certo and quintet for guitar and strings.
(2) Ulckael (1775-1842): b. Naum-
burg, d. Breslau; brother of (1) and
founder of a piano factory in Breslau,
1814. (3) Karl (1809-1881): son of
(2), pianist, successor to his father as
head of the piano manufacturing flrm,
educated in music by his uncle (1),
later devoted himself to composition;
pvd>. orchestral and piano music, can-
tatas, masses and operas.

SCHNKCKKR, Peter Ansnst
(1850- ): b. in Hesse-Darmstadt;
studied music with Oscar Paul at Leip-
zig, organist and teacher in America
where he has published church music,
pianoforte music and collections of or-
gan music. Ref.: Vf. 358.

SCHIVBDIiER-PEJTBRSEiJr, Fred-
erlfe (1867- ): b. Rhudhiohing; vio-
linist and conductor; pupil of Copen-
hagen Cons. (1885-1888), of Joachim in
Berlin (1888-1892), concert-master and
conductor of the Copenhagen 'Tlvoli'
orchestra, 1898-1901, conductor at Mari-
enbad, 1904-5, at Abo, Finland, 1905-8,
and since 1909 of the 'Tivoli and
Palais Concerts,' Copenhagen.

SCHNEBGASS (Snegasslns), Cyri-
acns (1546-1597) : b. Buschleben, near
Gotha, d. Friedrichroda: pastor there
and composer of graduals, motets,

Esalms and motets; author of several
ooks on musical theory in Latin (1 in
German) ,

SCHNKIDEIR (1) Johann (1702-
1787) : b. Lauter near Coburg, d. Leip-
zig; organist, celebrated for his im- ,
provisations ; pupil of J, S, Bach in
Cothen; court organist in Saalfeld,
chamber-musician (violinist) in Wei-
mar, organist ~of St. Nicholas' Church,
Leipzig, from 1730. Ref.: VI. 458. (2)
Johann Gottlob (1753-1840): b. Alt-
waltersdorf, d. Gersdorf as organist;
was at first a weaver, but persisted in
his studies till he could make mu^c
his profession, and train his 3 sons
Friedrich (6), Johann (7) and Gottlob

163

Schneider

(8) as musicians. (3) Geors Abra-
ham (1770-t839) : b. Darmstadt, d. Ber-
lin; born virtuoso, played in the Ber-
lin Royal orcbestra, established sub-
scription concerts there; later, after
conducting in theatre at Reval, became
Kapellmeister of the Berlin Court
Opera and Muslkmeister of the Guard
regiments; composed 5 operettas, bal-
lets, cantatas, symphonies, and over-
tures, concertos for horn, flute, oboe,
bassoon; also oratorios. Incidental mu-
sic, chamber-music,- etc., and many
pieces for wind instruments. (4) Jo-
luinn Geore Wllhelm (1781-1811): b.
Rathenow, Prussia, d. Berlin; studied
with his father and Turck; concert
pianist and teacher in Berlin, composed
an orchestral fantasia with pianoforte;
dances and marches for piano, etc.;
also a melodrame. Use, and songs
(postbumous) ; also pub. a Commers-
buch, and a Musikalisches Taschen-
bnch (2 years) imder the pen-name of
Werder. (5) Wllhelm (1783-1843): b.
Neudorf, Saxony, d. Merseburg, vphere
he was organist and Musilidirelitor ;
author of several didactic works for
organists, also a Musikalisehe Gram-
matik and Die Orgelregister, deren
Entstehnng, Najnen, Behandlung, etc.
(1835), and Historisch-technische Be-
schreibung der musikalischen ln.stra~
metite (1834). (6) [Johann Christian]
FrledTlch (1786-1853): b. Altwalters-
dorf near Zittau, d. Dessau; studied at
Leipzig University; pub. 3 piano so-
natas in 1803; became organist of St.
Paul's Church, 1807; conductor of
Sekonda's opera troupe, 1811; organist
of St. Thomas' Church and musical
director of liie Municipal Theatre,
Leipzig, 1813; court conductor in Des-
sau, 1821, where he Improved both or-
chestral and vocal music, and founded
a choral society. In 1829 he opened a
very successful music school, which
had wide influence until the Leipzig
Cons, was founded; also directed mu-
sical festivals in many cities. He
wrote 16 oratorios of which 'The Del-
uge' (1823), 'The Last Judgment' (1819)
and 'Paradise Lost' (1824) are the best
knovm. He also composed 25 cantatas,
5 hymns, 13 psalms, 7 operas, 23 sym-
phonies, many overtures, piano quar-
tets, trios, sonatas for flute and for
piano; about 400 sacred choruses and
200 songs. Among his educational
works are an 'Elementary Harmony'
(1820) ; 'Preparatory School of Music'
(1827) and the 'Organist's Handbook.'
S. received his title Dr. phil. from the
University of Halle, 1830. Ref.: VHI.
232. (7) Johann Gottloh (1789-1864) :
b. Alt-Gersdorf, d. Dresden; was boy
soprano, then tenor and choir prefect
of the Zittau Sangerchor; then studied
law at Leipzig, but succeeded his
brother (6) as organist at the Univer-
sity; later organist at Gorlitz and 1825
at the Dresden Protestant court church;
also became conductor of the Dreyssig

Schneidei?

Singakademle. He was famous both as
a teacher and virtuoso, counting among
his pupils Berthold, Naumann, Van
Eycken, Merkel, etc. His published
works Include organ preludes, fan-
tasias and fugues. Ref.: \I. 459, 469.
(8) [Johann] Gottlieb (1797-1856): b.
Alt-Gersdorf, d. Hirschberg; brother of
(6) and (7) ; organist In Hirschberg,
also a fine player. (9) Iionls (1805-
1878) : b. Berlin, d. Potsdam ; son of
(3) ; court councillor and author of a
'History of the Opera and of the Royal
Opera House at Berlin' (1852) ; also ar-
ranged Mozart's Schauspieldirektor.
(10) Johann Jnllns (18(f5-1885) : b.
Berlin, d. there; studied with A. W.
Bach, Berger, Hausmann, Klein; organ-
ist, cantor, singing teacher. Royal Mu-
sikdlrektor. He taught at the Royal
Institute for Church Music, was Royal
inspector of organs; founded several
choral societies and led the Verein fiir
Klassiche Kammermusik in Potsdam,
1844-47; composed 2 operas and ora-
torios, church music, 200 male quartets,
organ and chamber music, a piano con-
certo, church music (Te Deum, Mass,
12-part Paternoster, etc.). (11) Karl
Elrnst (1819-1893) : b. Aschersleben, d.
Dresden; music teacher in schools and
author of Das mnsikalische Lied in
geschichtlicher Entwicklung (3 parts,
1863-67), Zur Periodisierung der Musik-
geschichte (1863), Musik, Klavier und
Klavierspiel (1872). (12) Karl (1822-
1882) ; b. Strehlen, d. Cologne; operatic
tenor in Leipzig, Frankfort, Wiesbaden,
Rotterdam; and for many years pre-
eminent in the part of the Evangelist in
Bach's St. Matthew Passion; vocal
teacher at the Cologne Cons, from 1872.
(13) Theodor (1827-1909) : b. Dessau,
d. Zittau; studied with his father (6),
and 'cello with Drechsler; 'cellist in
the Dessau court orchestra, cantor and
choirmaster in Dessau, Chenmitz, where
he also directed a Singakademie and a
male chorus, which be founded In
1870. (14) Richard lindvrls (1857-
1913) ; b. Dresden, d. Blasewitz; pupil,
then teacher at the Dresden Cons.; in
1890 founded the Dresden School of
Music (Royal professor, 1908) ; pub.
piano etudes and instructive pieces, and
wrote on musical metrics. (15) Ed-
ward F. (1872- ) : American com-
poser of a symphony, violin pieces,
songs, grove play 'Apollo' (1915). Ref.:
rv. 397f; mus. ex., XIV. 288. (16)
Max (1875- ) : b. Eisleben, studied
musical science at Leipzig Univ.; the-
ory with Jadassohn ; opera conductor in
Halle, 1897-1901; librarian of the mu-
sical seminary of Berlin Univ. from
1904, assistant to Kopfermann at the
Royal Library, 1907-14, teacher of or-
chestration at the Royal Institute for
Church Music; professor 1913. He
wrote a Bach bibliography, a J. S. Bach
catalogue and a Bach Family catalogue,
and other studies on Bach and his pe-
riod, and edited works by Telemann,

164

BcbnltgeF

Kelser (Denkmaler deutscher Tonknnst)
and Bach. In 1915 he became regular
professor at the Univ. of Breslau and
teacher at the Royal Institute for Church
Music there.

SCHNITGER (1) Arp (1648-1720):
b. Godswarden in Oldenburg, d. Neueu-
felde; organ builder \rho built among
others the organs of 3 churches in
Hamburg, 2 in Bremen, 1 each in
Magdeburg, Berlin and Frankfurt on
the Oder. (2) Franz Kaspar (d. 1729),
son of (1) ; assisted his father; went
after his father's death to Zwolle in
Holland and there took his older
brother into the business; built organs
in Zwolle (63 stops) and Alkmar (56
stops). Ref.: VI. 405.

SCHNORR VOIV CAROIiSFBI/D,
L,adTvle (1836-1865): b. Munich, d.
Dresden; studied with J. Otto and at
the Leipzig Cons., dramatic art with
Devrlent; made his debut as dramatic
tenor at Karlsruhe; heroic tenor in
Dresden, 1860. He created Tristan in
1865; was generally famous as Wagner
singer especially as Tannhauser. He
married SXalvrlna Garrignes (1825-
1904; b. Copenhagen, d. Karlsruhe),
dramatic soprano who frequently ap-
peared with him.

SCHNYDBR VOX WARTENSEE,
Xaver (1786-1868): b. Lucerne, d.
Frankfort; studied in Vienna, music
teacher at the Pestalozzi Institute at
Yverdun, and from 1817 in Frankfort;
composed an oratorio, a fairy opera, 2
symphonies, a piano sonata, songs of
religious and secular character, Swiss
songs for male chorus; wrote articles
for musical magazines, also System der
Rhythmik (pub. by B. Widmann).

SCHOBER, Franz von (1798-1883) :
b. Malmo, Sweden, d. Dresden; poet
and intimate friend of Franz Schubert.

SCHOBERI.ECH1VER, Franz (1797-
1843): b. Vienna, d. Berlin; studied
with Hummel and E. A. Fbrster; pian-
ist, playing a concerto by Hummel
(written for him) at 10; travelled as
virtuoso in Italy; became conductor to
the Duchess of Lucca; went to Vienna
and St. Petersburg, where he married
the singer Soi>hie dall'Occa. He pro-
duced operas in Florence, Lucca, etc.,
wrote an overture, orchestral varia-
tions, sonatas, fantasias, rondos and
sonatas for piano, string-quartets, trios,
a violin (or flute) sonata, etc.

SCHOBERLEIST, liUdvrlg (1813-
1881) : b. Kolmberg, near Ansbach, d.
Gottingen; theologian; professor at
Heidelberg and Gottingen; pub. (with
F. Riegel) the Schatz des liturgischen
Chor- and Gemeindegesangs (3 vols.,
1865-72) and Musica sacra (1869).

SCHOBERT, Johann ([?]-1767): b.
(according to Baron Grimm) Silesia, d.
Paris; chamber cembalist to the Prince
of Conti from about 1760, celebrated
clavlcinist in Paris (second only to
Eckardt as salon favorite) and com-
poser for his instrument; the first to

Scholtz

make chamber music, with obbligato
piano part a specialty. A creative, mu-
sician of marked originality, he clearly
shows the influence of the famous
Mannheim school, to which he may
have reacted In Crermany on his way
to Paris (being variously reported in
Augsburg and Strassburg). His works
(op. 1-20, pub, in Paris and London
and reprinted by J. J. Hummel In
Amsterdam) include some sonatas for
piano solo, mostly piano sonatas with
violin, trios for piano, violin and
'cello, gnatuoTS for piano, 2 violins
and 'cello, symphonies for piano, vio-
lin and 2 horns, also 4 piano concertos
with string orch, and 2 horns, 2 others
do. with 2 flutes or oboes added. He
also prod, a vaudeville Le garde chasse
et le braeoimier (Paris, 1765). Ref.:
IL 67ff, 102; VH. 97, 98, 113, 114. 117,
123, 426, 498; VIII. 166.

SCHOECIC, Otiimar: contemporary
composer who has published son^s, a
serenade for small orchestra, a violin
sonata, a concerto for violin, a string
quartet and various choruses.

SCHOEIVEFEI/D, Henry (1857- ):
b. Milwaukee, Wis. ; graduated from ,
Leipzig Cons., 1878; studied also with
Lassen in Weimar; concert pianist,
composer and teacher; won the Na-
tional Conservatory symphony prize,
1892; the Henri Marteau prize for piano
and violin sonata, Paris, 1898; Nordlca
song prize, 1906. His works include 2
symphonies, polonaises for piano,
other piano music, instrumental pieces,
choruses and songs. Ref.: IV. 311,
346, 433f.

SCH(}FPER, Peter [the younger]
(16th cent.) : one of the earliest Ger-
man music-printers, whose work is dis-
tinguished by accuracy and elegance,
being equal to that of Petrucci. He
worked in Mayence till 1512, then in
Mayence and Worms, and, with Mat-
thias Apiarus in Strassburg, 1534-37.
In 1540 he is recorded as printing in
Venice. The Liederbuch printed by
him in 1513 was reprinted in facsimile
in 1913.

SCHOIiCHER, Victor (1804-1893):
b. Paris, d. there; French statesman
who settled in England. An enthusias-
tic admirer of Handel, he published a
life of that master (1857) and collected
an excellent Handel library, also a col-
lection of musical instruments, be-
queathed to the Paris Conservatoire.

SCHOIiTZ, Hermann (1845- ) : b.
Breslau; studied with Brosig there, and
Hledel, Plaidy, etc., in Leipzig, then
with von Billow and Rheinberger in
the Munich Royal School of Music;
teacher of pianoforte in that institu-
tion, then in Dresden where he be-
came Royal chamber virtuoso and pro-
fessor; wrote a piano concerto, a trio,
a sonata, variations and other composi-
tions for the piano, especially several
series of lync pieces. He edited
Chopin's works. Heller's etudes, etc.

165

Schol2

SCHOLZ (1) Betfuliard E. (1835-):
b. in Mayence, studied the piano with
Ernst Pauer, and theory with Dehn;
teacher of theory at the Munich Royal
School of Music, and court conductor
in Hanover, later conductor of the
Breslau Orchestervereln ; succeeded Raff
as director of the Hoch Cons, in Frank-
fort, 1883, and conducted the Rflhl Ge-
sangverein from 1884. He prod, operas,
and also composed cantatas, violin and
piano sonatas, waltzes, 2 string quar-
tets, a quintet, a symphony, a sym-
phonic poem, overtures, choral works
with orch., sonatinas for piano, songs,
etc. He also pub. a treatise on counter-
point and imitation, etc. (2) Hans
(1879- ): b. Breslau, pupil of the
Hoch Conservatory, Frankfort, pub-
lished (1911) a monograph on Sigmund
Kusser, 1910 became lecturer on har-
mony and coimterpoint at Munich Uni-
versity. He published a German trans-
lation of Berlioz's Memoirs in 1914.

SCHOLZB (1) Jobann Slsismiind.
See SPEHONrES. (2) Anton (1864- ) ;
b. at Oberhennersdorf, in Bohemia;
studied in Komotau, became teacher of
music at the Lehrerbildungsanstalt in
Eger, 1898, He has composed an opera,
Haima (Saaz and Eger, 1914), songs,
choruses, piano music; and pub. Bilder
aus der Musikgeschichte (1913).

SCHON (1) MoTltz (1808-1885): b.
Kronau, Moravia, d. Breslau; studied
virith R|es, Miiller, Spohr; violinist and
virtuoso; toured Germany and Holland;
theatre conductor and founder of a vio-
lin school in Breslau; wrote 'Lessons
for Beginners,' violin duets, etc. (2)
Kdnard (1825-1879): b. Engelsburg,
Silesia, d. Deutsch-Jasnik ; German
councillor and jurist, composer of male
quartets, which he wrote under pseudo-
nym of E. S. Engelsberg.

SCHUlVBElRCi, Arnold (1874- ):
b. Vienna; originally self-taught, pupil
of A. von Zemlinsky, 1894; then, on
Strauss* recommendation studied at the
Stem Cons, in Berlin (1901-3), later
again in Vienna, where he was influ-
enced by Mahler. In 1910 he became
instructor of composition in the Royal
and Imperial Academy; from 1911
taught privately in Berlin. S. at first
composed in the style of Wagner and
Liszt, but later became an exponent
of the most ultra-modem tendency. He
pub. several sets of songs, with and with-
out orchestra, 2 sets of piano pieces, the
Gurre-Lieder for soli chorus and orch.,
and Pierrot Innaire for declamation
and string orch., flute and clarinet; a
cappella choruses; 2 string quartets, a
string sextet, VerklOrte Nacht; Five Or-
chestral Pieces; a symphonic poem
Pelleas und Melisande, and a Kammer-
sinfonie in E maj. In 1913 S. was
awarded the Mahler prize for composi-
tion. His Harmoniefehre (1911) is not
a pedagogical work in the ordinary
sense, but a study suggesting the pos-
sibilities of harmonic development.

Schott

Re/.: n. 369; m. xx, S71ff; songs, V.
342ff; choral works, VI. 353f; piano
works, VII. 324; chamber music, VII.
565ff; orchestral works, VIII. 435f ; mus.
ex., XIV. 78; portrait, VII. 802.

SCHON BBRGKR, Benno (1883- ) :
b. Vienna, studied music with Door,
Bruckner, Volkmann, Liszt; concert pi-
anist who toured Russia, Germany,
Austria, Belgium, Sweden and London;
composed sonatas, fantasias, a polo-
naise, bolero, rhapsodies and many

SOUCES

SCHOimORF, Johannes (1833- ) :
b. at Robel in Mecklenburg; studied
at the Stern-KuUak Cons, in Berlin;
organist teacher and choral conductor
at Gustrow; composer of choruses for
mixed and men's voices, songs and
piano compositions.

SCHOIVSJFEILD. See SCHOENEFELD.

SCHONF'EIL.D, Hermann (1829- ) :
b. Breslau; cantor there and Royal
Musikdirektor ; composer of a violin
sonata, three overtures, a symphony
and a piano trio; 4 cantatas, motets
and psalms ; also songs for school chil-
dren and 42 4-part chorales for schools.

SCHONSTEIN, Karl, Baron (1797-
1876) : b. Of en, d. Vienna; an Aus-
trian government ofBcial holding vari-
ous high positions; during his younger
years an excellent singer and one of
the first to interpret Schubert's songs
in a masterly maniler. Schubert dedi-
cated to him his Mullerlieder.

SCHOP, Johann (17th cent.): vio-
linist and composer of instrumental
music: musician at the Danish court,
1615-19; director of municipal music at
Hamburg, 1621; also organist and mu-
nicipal Kapellmeister there at later
date; composed two books of dance
suites, church concertos, etc.

SCHOPENHAtrER, Arfhiur, the
Grerman philosopher. Ret.: n. 173,
415, 417; V. 87.

SCHOR, David (1867- ): b. Sim-
feropol, pianist; studied at the St.
Petersburg Cons. (Amenda, Van Ark,
Safonoff), founded, with Erein and Alt-
schuler, the "Moscow Trio' (1892),
whose annual historical concerts of
chamber music have been most success-
ful in Russia and abroad.

SCHOTT (1) B., & S»hne: impor-
tant music publishing house of May-
ence founded in 1773 by Bemhard
Sebott (d. 1817), continued by his sons
Andreas S. (1781-1840) and Jobann
Josef 8. (1782-1855), who established a
branch in Antwerp early in the 19th
cent, and who Introduced lithography
in music printing. Another branch
was opened in London by Adam S.,
the Antwerp firm having removed to
Brussels. Of the next generation Franz
Phllipp was active in enlarging the
business, and his brother Peter in
finding a greater market for its prod-
ucts in Paris and Brussels, where the
firm operated as Schott frSres (now
owned by Otto Junne), and pub. from

166

Scbrader

1854 the Guide Musical. In London
J. B. Wolf continued the work of
Adam & and at present Cajo. Volkert.
After tbe second generation the house
passed into the hands of Peteb Schott
and Fk&nz von Lamdwehr (nephews)
and Db. Ludwiq Stseceer, the first-
named Inheriting the Brussels and
Paris houses. The firm of S. puh. no
less than 25,000 works, including the
last works of Beethoven (Symphony
IX, quartets, and Missa solemnis), the
operas of Donizetti, Bosslni, Auher, etc.,
and Wagner's Meisterstager, Nibe-
lungen-Ring and Parsifal. (2) Anton
(1846-1913): b. Schloss Staufeneck, d.
Stuttgart; abandoned an army career
to study singing with Frau Schebest-
Strauss; operatic tenor at Munich,
Berlin, Schwerln, Hanover, London
and in Italy, me last with Neu-
mann's Wagnerian troupe; also made
extended concert tours; wrote Hie Welf,
hie Waibling (1904), a polemic on vocal

pedagogy. Ref.: TV. 138.

SCHRADEiR, Helnrich (1844-
1911) : b. Jerxheim, d. Brunswick;
studied at the Stem Conservatory, Ber-
lin; was organist St. Andrew's church,
Brunswick, 1869, cathedral organist
there, 1882, professor, 1901; also direc-
tor of male and mixed choral societies
and Ducal Musikdjrektor (1886). He
composed organ pieces, choruses and
songs.

SCHRADIECK, Henry (1846- ):
b. Hamburg; violinist, studied with his
father, wltt Leonard and David; con-
cert-master at Bremen, Moscow Cons.,
Hamburg, Leipzig ((jfewandhaus and
Stadttheater) ; teacher at the Leipzig
Cons, for a time; then professor of
violin at Cincinnati Conservatory
(1883), and after a term as concert-
master of the Hamburg Philharmonic
Society, teacher at the National Cons,
in New York (1898), changing to the
S. Broad Street Cons,, Philadelphia, in
1899. At present he teaches privately in
New York. His compositions are solely
of an instructive character, including
25 grosse Stadien far Geige allein,
•Guide to the Study of Chords,' 'Finger
Exercises,' 'Scale Studies,' etc.

SCHRAMIM, MelcUoi: (16th cent.):
b. Silesia; member of the band of
Count Carl of Hohenzollem, 1574,
organist at Offenburg, Baden, 1595;
contrapuntist and composer of sacred
songs, motets and Neue auserlesene
deutche Gesange, mit i Stimmen (1579).

SCHREiCK, Gnstav (1849- ): b.
Zeulenroda; studied with Plaidy, Pap-
peritz, Jadassohn at the Leipzig Cons.;
music teacher at the German Gym-
nasium In Wiborg, Finland, 1871-74,
theory teacher at the Cons, in Leipzig
from 1887, and cantor of the Thomas-
schule from 1892, Boyal professor
1898, honorary Dr. phil., Leipzig, 1909.
He composed Konig Fjalar and Der
Falken-Reiner for male chorus, soli
and orch., BegrUssung dea Meeres for

167

Schroder

male chorus, 2 horns and piano, an
oratorio, Christus der Auferstandene,
Gott ist die Liebe and Salvum. fac
regum for mixed chorus and orch.,
other mixed and male choruses, duets,
terzets for women's voices; also a
fantasy and double fugue for organ
and orch., nonet for wind instr., a
bassoon sonata, oboe sonata, violin ro-
manza, piano pieces for 4 hands and
2 hands; also edited Ausgewahlte
Gesange des ThomanerchoTS zu Leipzig
(1913), Pergolesi's Stabat mater (1909)
and S. S. Bach's 6 sonatas for piano
and violin,

SCHRKIBBR (1) Friedrick Gns-
tav (1817-1889): b. Bienstedt, near
Gotha, d. Muhlhausen, Thuringla ; stud-
led in Erfurt; organ teacher at the
National Institute of Music in Prague;
cantor (1851) and Boyal Musikdirek-
tor (1859) in Muhlhausen, where he
founded and conducted 2 mixed cho-
ruses; pub. a Pestalozzi cantata and
Der deutsche Geist (both soli, chorus
and orch.), Borussia (for male chorus
and orch.), songs, and a scherzo for
piano. He also wrote an oratorio,
cantatas, psalms, motets, symphonies,
overtures and piano pieces (MS.). (2)
Friedricli (1824- ) : the last pro-

grietor of the Vienna music publisnlng
ouse founded by MoUo in 1801, taken
over by Diabelll in 1818 and by Spina
in 1852. The house, which pub. about
30,000 works, changed its name with
each proprietor. „„_„

SCHRBKBR, Franz (1878- ):
b. Monaco; pupil of Robert Fuchs m
"Vienna; in 1911 founded and has since
led the Philharmonic Chorus there;
composition teacher at the Imper. and
Royal Academy; composer of an over-
ture, Bkkehard, a suite for full orch.,
an intermezzo for strmg orch. and
Nachtstiick for full orch.; Prelude to a
Drama (1914); also Psalm 116 for
chorus and orch., Schwanengesang for
do., 2 pantomimes, and 4 operas, Der
feme Klang (Frankfort, 1912); Das
Spielwerk der Prinzessm (Vienna,
1913); Der rote Tod and Die Gegen-
partie (the last two still unperformed) ;
and about 40 songs. Ref.: TX. 432f;
V. 345.

SCHRESMS, Joseph (1815-1872): b.
Warmensteinach, Upper Palatinate, d.
Ratisbon; priest, cathedral Kapell-
meister and inspector of prebendary in
Ratisbon; active with Proske and Met-
tenlelter in the revival of old church
music; greatly enriched the archives of
Ratisbon Cathedral; continued the pub-
lication of Musica divina after Proske's
death.

SCHRODBR (1) Hermann (1843-) :
b. Quedlinburg, d. Berlin; studied mu-
sic with his father, Kabl S. (b. En-
dorf, 1823; Musikdirektor in Quedlin-
burg), and A.' Bitter in Magdeburg;
violinist and teacher at the Royal In-
stitute for Church Music in Berlin; also
founded a Musical Institute of his own

Schroder-Devrient

(1878). He composed orchestral and
chamber music, pub. a violin-method.
Die Kunst ■ des Yiolinspiels, etc. (2)
Cart (1848- ): b. Quedlinburg,
brother of (1), 'cellist; pupU of his
father and of Drechsler In Dessau;
'cellist In the Sondershausen court
band, and from 1873 first 'cellist of the
Brunswick court orchestra; solo 'cellist
at the Gewandhaus and the Leipzig
theatre. With his 3 brothers, Hermann,
Franz (1st and 2nd vln.) and Alwin
(viola) he formed the Schroder Quartet
in 1871 which travelled through Ger-
many. In 1881 he became court con-
ductor at Sondershausen, where he
founded a Conservatory, sold 1886 to
Ad. Schultze. He conducted the Ger-
man Opera in Rotterdam in 1888, and
was called to Berlin as first Kapell-
meister of the court opera; then suc-
ceeded Sucher in Hamburg, returning to
Sondershausen in 1890 as conductor of
the court opera, and directed the (now
'Filrstllches') Cons. He retired as court
councillor, 1907, but again conducted
orchestral concerts in Leipzig, Dresden,
etc., and from 1911 has taught at the
Stem Cons, in Berlin. His composi-
tions include 2 operas; also 2 string
quartets, songs and piano pieces, and
for 'cello a concerto, caprices, etudes
and arrangements of classics; also pub.
'catechisms' of conducting, 'cello play-
ing and violin playing. (3) Alwln
(1855- ) : b. Neuhaldensleben ;
brother of (1) and (2) ; studied the

Siano with his father and his brother
crmanu also with Andrd, and the vio-
lin with de Ahna and theory with Tap-
pert. He became a 'cellist entirely by
his own efforts, became first 'cellist
in Liebig's concert orchestra, then un-
der Fliege and Laube (Hamburg), then
succeeding his brother Carl in the Ge-
wandhaus Orchestra and the Conserva-
tory. He was also a member of Petri's
Quartet; went to the United States
where he became 'cellist of the Kneisel
Quartet and the Boston Symphony Or-
chestra, then returned to Europe
(Frankfort, Geneva), going again to
Boston as 'cellist of the Hess Quartet
(1908).

SCHR»DER-DEVRIE!1VT, 'WUhel-
mlne (1804-1860) : b. Hamburg, d. Co-
burg; daughter of the baritone Fried-
rich S. and the famous actress Sophie
S. ; appeared in juvenile rfiles and as
actress to the age of 17. She then stud-
led with Mozatti in Vienna, reappeared
as operatic soprano in Vienna (as
Pamina, 1821), appeared in Prague and
the Dresden court opera, and, achieving
an extraordinary success asFidelio in
1822, was at once recognized as one of
the foremost singers in Europe. She
was a member of the Dresden opera
from 1823 till she retired in 1847; mean-
time making occasional tours to Paris,
London, etc. She sang In the 'Magic
Flute,' Agathe in Der Frelschutz, Adri-
ano Colonna in Wagner's Rienzi (which

Schubart

she created), etc. Her dramatic power
was the chief element of her success,
overcoming all her musical shortcom-
ings. S. married the actoi- Carl Dev-
rient in 1823, but divorced him in 1828
and was twice again married. She had
to leave Dresden for participation in
the May revolution of 1849, and her
entry into Russia was also temporarily
resisted. From 1856 she appeared with
novel success as lieder-slnger. Ref.: IX,
261, 274; portrait, V. 152.

SCHRSDER-HAlVFSTXlVGIi. See
Hanfstangl.

SCHROTER (1) Leonhard (ca. 1540-
1595) : b. Torgau, d. Magdeburg as can-
tor of the Altstadt school; contrapun-
tist and composer of 4- to 8-part mo-
tets (1576-87), German Protestant songs
(1562), a Te Deum (1576), etc. (2)
Chrlstoph Gottlieb (1699-1782): b.
Hohnstein, near Schandau, Saxony, d.
Nordhausen; chorister in Dresden, stu-
dent of theology, but abandoned it for
music; became copyist for Lotti in
Dresden, 1717-19; travelled with a
wealthy music-lover in Germany, Hol-
land and England, then lectured on mu-
sic in Jena; became organist in Min-
den, 1726, and 1732 in Nordhausen.
He composed 7 annual series of canta-
tas, a Passion ('The Seven Words'), sec-
ular cantatas and serenades, concertos,
overtures, sonatas, ensemble works, or-
gan preludes and fugues. He wrote a
treatise on thorough-bass (1772), etc.,
also polemic and critical articles in
Mizler's Bibliothek and ,Marpurg's
Kritische Briefe, among the last being
the well-known description of the pi-
anoforte (1763) which is important for
the history of the instrument. (3)
Corona Elizabeth WlHtelmlne (1751-
1802): b. Guben, d. llmeuau; studied
with her father; concert soprano in
Leipzig at 16, and, from 1778, in opera
in Weimar. She composed songs, of
which 25 were pub. in 2 books (1786;
new ed., 1907). (4) Johann Sanrnel
(1750-1788): b. Warsaw, d. London;
brother of (3) ; pianist to the Prince
of Wales, composer of 15 piano con-
certos, 8 trios, 3 quintets and 6 piano
sonatas. (5) Johann Helnrlcli (b.
Warsaw, 1762); brother of (2) and
(3); violinist in London and Paris;
wrote duets for 2 violins or flutes, also
for violin and 'cello. , (6) Oscar: con-
temporary composer; prod, an opera,
Jodocns der Narr, in Bremen (1903).

SCHUHART, [Christian Friedrich]
Daniel (1739-1791) : b. Sontheim, Swa-
bia, d. Stuttgart; German poet, was at
first organist in Gelslingen, then music
teacher in Ludwigsburg, but, first on
account of amorous affairs, then be-
cause of free thinking tendencies, was
forced to roam and was twice impris-
oned. He became director of court
music, theatre poet and editor of the
Vaterlandschronik in Stuttgart. He
composed music for piano and for
voice, etc., but of greater interest are

168

Scbubaur

his Ideen zu einer Xsthetik der Ton-
kunst (1806), pub. by his son Ludwig,
•which gave considerable impulse to
subsequent fantastic writings on musi-
cal aesthetics. His autobiography, also
pub. by his son, contains not very re-
liable remarks concerning contemporary
musicians, especially tiie Mannheim
school. Ref.: VII. 417.

SCHUBAI7R, Johann I.nka8 (1749-
1813) : b. Lechfeld, Swabia, d. Mu-
nich; novice in Wiblungen monastery,
later studied medicine in Vienna and
practiced medicine in Neuburg-on-
Danube and Munich, where he held
the highest medical positions. While
studying in Vienna he taught music
for a living, and later composed a
number of Singspiele, which are
among the most successful examples
of the (then) new form. They include
Melida, i)er Schiffer (Munich, 1781),
Die DoTfdeputierten (ib., 1783), Das
Lustlager (ib., 1784), and Die treuen
Kohler (ib., 1786). S. also set Psalm
107 in Moses Mendelssohn's transla-
tion.

SCHUBERT (1) Josepb (1757-1812) :
b. Warnsdorf, Bohemia, d. Dresden;
court violinist and composer of a large
quantity of instrumental music, of
which he published pianoforte sonatas,
sonatas for violin with continue, a
'cello concerto, suites for wind instru-
ments, etc. He also composed 4 op-
eras. (2) Johann FTiedrlcIi (1770-
1811): b. Rudolstadt, d. Cologne; vio-
linist and conductor of various the-
atrical troupes; pub. a violin concerto,
duos for the violin, a concertante for
oboe and bassoon, piano pieces and
one opera produced at Stettin (1798) ;
also pub. a Neue Singschule oder griind'
liche nnd vollsidndige Anweisungzur
Singkunst (1804). (3) Ferdinand
(1794-1859) ; b. Lichtenthal, near Vi-
enna, d. Vienna; brother of the great
composer (4) ; was assistant teacher at
the Waisenhaus in Vienna, regens chori
in Altlerchenfeld, 1820, and later di-
rector of the Norman School of St.
Anna in Vienna (1851). He composed
church music, 2 (MS.) operas for chil-
dren, etc., and a Requiem for his
brother, Franz, whose posthumous
works he inherited. (4) Franz Peter
(1797-1828) : b. Lichtenthal, near Vi-
enna, d. Vienna; the great master of
the Lied; studied violin with his fa-
ther; theory with Rucziska and Salieri,
and in 1813 taught elementary school
in Lichtenthal for three years, at the
same time composing 8 operas, 4 masses
and other church music and many
songs (among them 'The Erlking' and
'The Wanderer'). From 1817 S. de-
voted himself altogether to music; but
although he made warm friends and
his songs were praised by Beethoven,
he was never materially successful.
His most important achievement is
undoubtedly the virtual creation of the
art-song (Lied), and his over 600 ex-

Schubert

amples of this form are his greatest
and most imperishable monument.
Much of their flue lyric sentiment is
found in his piano pieces as well, and
his Impromptas and Moments musicals,
together with Beethoven's Bagatelles,
were the point of departure for the
typical piano miniatures of the Ro-
mantic period. Without having stud-
ied counterpoint, S. was a master of
musical form. His piano sonatas have
high value and his chamber music,
the posthumous string quartet (D min.)
and quintet (C major) are in the first
rank. His C maj. symphony and the
'Unfinished' symphony in B min. are '
among the most lofty creations in the
realm of orchestra music since Beetho-
ven. Considering his short career, S.
was very prolific: he wrote operas,
Singspiele, incidental music, etc., for
the stage, including the opera Alfonso
nnd Estrella (prod. Weimar, 1854, at
Liszt's initiative) ; music to Rosamnnde
(1823); and Fierrabras (1861, Vienna).
Of his many choral compositions 'Miri-
am's Song of Triumph' (soprano, cho-
rus and orchestra) is probably the best
known. In addition he composed
masses, an unfinished oratorio; psalms,
etc., for the church. Furthermore he
composed 6 symphonies, 14 string quar-
tets, a number of chamber music and
other instrumental compositions, and
his songs (some 603 in number). A
thematic index to the Schubert songs
was published by Nottebohm (1874) ;
and a critically revised edition of his
complete works, edited by E. Man-
dyczewski (40 vols, in 21 parts), by
Breitkopf and Hartel (1888-1897). It
Includes the following numbers:

For Piano (2 Hands) : Some 20 so-
natas (including the 3 grand posth.
sonatas in C min.. A, and B-flat) ; 8
Impromptus, op. 90, and op. 142; 6 Mo-
ments mnsicals, op. 94; Adagio and
Rondo, op. 145; Fantasia, op. 15, In
C; sets of variations (op. 10, E min.,
on a French air; op. 35, in A-flat; on
a Diabelll waltz, in C min.; op. 82, in
C, on Harold's Marie; etc.) ; many
waltzes, op. 9, 18, 33, 50, 67, 77, 91:
Wanderer-Pantasie in C, op. 15; 2
Scherzi; 5 Klavierstiicke ; etc.

For Piano (4 Hands) : 2 sonatas (op.
30, B-flat; op. 140, C) ; Divertissement
d. Vhongroise, op. 54 ; Divertissement- in
E min., op. 63; Fantasia in F min^
op. 103; (irand rondo in A, op. 107-
Notre amitii, rondo in D, op. 138;
Andantino and rondo, op. 84; Lebens-
stUrme, allegro charact£ristique, op. 144;
Fugue in E min., op. 52 ; Polonaises, op.
61, 75; Variations, op. 10, 35, 82; 3
Waltzes, op. 33; 4 Landler; several
marches, op. 27, 40, 51, 55 (Trauer-
marsch), 66 {Hiroique) and 121.

Songs with piano acc. : Erlkonig, op.
1; Gretchen am Spinnrade, op. 2; Hei-
denroslein, op. 3; Der Wanderer, and Der
du von dem Himmel bist, in pp. 4; 3
Gesange des Haifners (Wilhelm Mei-

169

Schubert

iter), op. 12 ; Erster Verlust, Der Fischer,
Es war ein Konig in Thule, op. 5; the
Sttleika songs, op. 14, 31; An Schwager
Kronos, op. 19; Mlgnon's songs iWilh.
Metster), op. 62; Vber alien Gipfeln
ist Ruh, In op. 96 (all the above by
Goethe) ; the song-cycles by Wllhelm
Muller, Die Schone Milllerin, op. 25,
and Die Winterreise, op. 89, containing
20 and 24 numbers respectively ; 7 songs
from Scott's 'Lady of the Lake,' op.
52, and 9 songs from 'Ossian'; Der
Tod und das Mddchen; Ndhe des
Geliebten; Des Mddchens Klage; Gruppe
aas dem Tartarus; Nnr wer die Sehn-
sucht kennt; FrUhlingsglanbe ; Die
Forelle; Du bist die Ruh'; Auf dem
Wasser zu singen; 6 songs by Heine, In
the Schwanengesang; and many others.

For Orchestha: 10 symphonies, of
which No. 8 (the TJnflnished, in B
min.), and No. 10, in C, are the best
known; 7 overtures (Nos. 2 and 5
'in the Italian style') ; violin concerto
in D; Rondo for violin and orch.

Chamber Music: Octet for strings,
horn, bassoon and clar., op. 166; piano
quintet in A, op. 114 (the Forellen-
gaintett, with doiU)Ie-bass) ; string quin-
tet in C, op. 163 (with 2 'celli) ; 20
string quartets; 2 piano trios; 2 string
trios; a Rondo brillant in B min., for
piano and violin, op. 70; a Phantasie
m C, for do., op. 159; a violin sonata
In A, op. 162 ; 3 violin sonatinas, op.
137; nocturne for 'cello and 'cello and
piano In E-flat, op. 148; Introd. and
Variations for flute and piano, op.
160.

Operas and lNcn>. Music: Des Teufels
Lustschloss, 3-act operetta; Der vier-
Jdhrlge Posten and Fernando, 1-act
SIngspIel; Claudine von ViLlabella, un-
finished 3-act SIngspIel; Der Spiegel-
ritter, 3-act operetta; Adrast, unfin-
ished opera; Die Freunde von Sala-
manca, 2-act SIngspiel; Der liinne-
sanger, SIngspIel (none performed) ;
Die Zwillingsbrader, 1-act farce (1820) ;
Die Zauberharfe, melodrama (1820) ;
Sakontala, unfinished 3-act opera
(comp. 1820; not perf.) ; Alfonso und
Estrella, 3-act opera; Die Verschwor-
enen, Oder der tiansliche Krieg, 1-act
operetta (Vienna, 1861) ; Fierabras, 3-
act opera (Vienna, 1861) ; music to the
drama Rosamunde (Vienna, 1823) ; Die
Burgschaft, 3-act opera (written 1816;
prod, by Franz Lachner at Pesth, 1827) ;
Der Graf von Gleichen, 3-act opera
(1827; not prod.); Die Salzbergwerke,
opera (not prod.).

Choral Works: 6 masses (Nos. 5 and
6 pub. in full score) ; Deutsche Messe
(4-part mixed chor. with organ); Laza-
rus, unfinished oratorio ; Psalm 92
(bar. solo and mixed ' chorus) ; 2 Tan-
tum ergo (4-part mixed chorus and
orch.) ; 2 Stabat Mater (4 voices with
orch.) ; several Salve regina; Miriams
Siegesgesang (sop. solo, chorus and
orcii.) ; Gebet vor der Schlacht (soli,
mixed chorus and piano) ; hymn Herr

170

Schnbertb

nnser Gott (8-part male chorus and
wind) ; Hgmne an den Heiligen Geist
(8-part male chorus and orcn.) ; Mor-
gengesang im Walde (4-part male cho-
rus and orch.) ; Nachtgesang im Walde
and Nachthelle (4-part male chorus with
horns) ; Schlachtlied (8-part male cho-
rus and piano) ; Glaube, Hoffnung und
Liebe (mixed chorus and wind) ; sev-
eral occasional cantatas and a num-
ber of part-songs. Ref.: For life
and work see II. 221fr, 279ff, 299ff, 380;
songs, V. 186ff, 293f; choral works,

VI. 149f ; piano compositions, VII. 193fr,
(transcriptions) 296, 306, 307, 310; vio-
lin music, Vn. 456; chamber music,

VII. 536ff, 602; orchestral works, VIH.
211ff; operas, IX. 121f; mus. ex., XIII.
298, 300, 302, 315, 317, 318; portrait,
II. 226, 266. For general references
see individual indexes, (5) Frans
Anton (1768-1824): b. Dresden, d.
there; violinist; Royal concert-master.
(6) Franz (1808-1878): b. Dresden,
d. there; son of (5) ; violinist;
studied with his father, Rottmeier,
Haase, also Lafont in Paris; concert-
master in the Dresden Royal Orches-
tra from 1861; composer of violin
Mudes, fantasy for violin and orches-
tra, 2 concertantes for violin and 'cello,
etc. (7) (nie Schneider) Maschlnka
(1815-1882): b. Reval, d. Dresden; wife
of (6) ; daughter of Georg Abraham
Schneider (q.v.) ; coloratura singer;
studied with Bordognl and Blanch! ;
operatic soprano at the German opera
in London and at the Dresden opera,
where she was engaged till 1860. (8)
I.onl8 (1828-1884) : b. Dessau, d. Dres-
den; violinist in St. Petersburg from
the age of 17; concert-master at the
Konlgsberg theatre; teacher of singing
In Dresden from 1862. His composi-
tions Include four operettas, a violin
method, duos for t)ie violin, songs, and
a Gesangschule in Liedern. (9) Geor-
gine (1840-1878) : b. Dresden, d. Pots-
dam; daughter of (6) and (7) ; studied
with her mother, Jenny Lind and Gar-
cia; operatic soprano at Hamburg,
Prague, Florence, Berlin, Frankfort,
Paris (Theatre lyrique), Hanover, Stre-
litz. She sang with great success in
London (Monday Concerts) and other

SCHUB^RTH (1) Gottlob (1778-
1846) : b. Karsdorf , d. Hamburg ; oboe
and clarinet virtuoso at Magdeburg
and Hamburg, composer of piano mu-
sic. (2) Jnllns Ferdinand Georg
(1804-1875): b. Magdeburg, d. Leipzig;
eldest son of (1), founder of a music
publishing firm in Hamburg, 1832, and
branches in Leipzig (1832) and New
York (1850). He continued to manage
the two branches successfully under
the name of J. Schubertli & Co., but
sold the Hamburg house to his broth-
er (3). He pub. musical Journals in
Hamburg and New York. His firm was
taken over in 1891 by Felix Siegel,
the founder of the Musikalische Vni-

Schublger

versal-Bibliothek. (3) Frledrlch Wll-
helin (1817- ) : brother of (2), and
hi* successor In the Hamburg publish-
ing house. (4) Carl (1811-1863): b.
Magdeburg, d. Zttrlch; studied with
Hesse and Dotzauer: at flrst 'cellist
in the Magdeburg Theatre; then con-
certlzed In Hamburg, Holland, Belgium,
Paris, London, K5nigsberg, Riga, Dor-
pat, St. Petersburg. At St. Petersburg
he became Imperial solo 'Cellist, di-
rector of music at the university and
conductor of the court orchestra. His
compositions comprise 2 'cello con-
certos, a 'cello sonata, fantasies, va-
riations, etc., for 'cello and orchestra,
an octet, 3 quintets, and 4 quartets
for string Instruments.

SCHITBIGESR. Anselm (1815-1888):
b. Vznach, Canton of St. Gall, d. at
the Monastery of Einsiedeln, where he
had taken holy orders in 1835; authori-
tative writer on the music of the Mid-
dle Ages; pub. Die Sangerschule von
St. Gallen (1858) ; Die Pflege des Ktrch-
engesangs und der Kirehenmusik in
der deutschen katholischen Schweiz
(1873) ; Masikatische Spictleglen (1876),
containing essays on Das liturglsche
Drama des Uittelalters, OrgeWaa und
Orgelspiel im Mittelalter, Die ausser-
liturgischen Lieder, and Zur mittelalter-
lichen Instrumentalmusik; also papers
in the Monatshefte fur Musikgeschichte.

SCHT7CH, Ernst [von] (1848-1914) :
b. Graz, Styria, d. Dresden; studied
with Stoltz and DessofT, later with
Karl Dumont in Breslau, where he
acted as Musikdirektor of Lobe's The-
atre, then at Wiirzburg, Graz and
Basle; became conductor of Pollini's
Italian opera (1872), then of the court
opera, in Dresden, being made Royal
Kapellmeister in 1873, and alternating
with Rietz in conducting the opera.
After ceding the position to WiUlner
for a time, S. w^as given full direc-
tion of the opera in 1882. He became
court couneillor, 1878, Generalmusik-
dlrektor, 1889, and privy-councillor,
1899. He was especially noted as an
orchestral drill-master, but also as a
discoverer of yotmg talents, and was
responsible for a number of brilliant
flrst productions. He married Cle-
mentine Prosfea (b. Vienna, 1853),
coloratura singer at the Dresden Court
theatre, 1873-1904. His daughter Lilsel
became coloratura singer at the Dres-
den court opera in 1914.

SCHITCHARDT, Frledrlch (1876-) :
b. Ciotha ; pupil of the Leipzig Conserva-
tory (ReMecke, Jadassohn), turned to
theology and is clergyman in Gotha.
He composed several operas, including
Die Bergmannsbraat (Gotha, 1904),
choral works, songs and ballads.

SCHVCHT, Jean F. (1832-1894) :
b. Holzthalleben, Thuruigl^, d. Leip-
zig; studied with Hauptmann, Spohr
and Schnyder von Wartensee; musical
writer and critic; pub. Lexikon der
Tonkunst, a practical harmony method.

171

Scbultz-Adajewsld

biographies of Meyerbeer (1869) and
of ChopUi (1880); contributed to the
Neae Zeltachrift fOr Musik.

SCHUttCKBR, ESdmiind (1860- ) :
b, Vienna; harpist, pupil of Zamara
at the Vienna Cons, until 1877; harp-
teacher in Leipzig Cons., 1877; harpist
in the Gewandhaus Orch.; court harp-
ist to the Duke of Saxe-AItenburg,
1890; member of the Chicago Orch. un-
der Thomas from 1891. He composed
music for the harp.

SCHUIiHOFF, Jnllna (1825-1898):
b. Prague, d. Berlin ; studied with
Eisch, Tedesco, Tomaschek; d^but in
Dresden, 1842; played in the Gewand-
haus and in Paris; toured France,
Austria, England, Spain, Southern Rus-
sia, etc.; taught in Paris from 1853
to 1870, then in Dresden and later
in Berlin. His compositions include
pianoforte salon music, waltzes, im-
promptus, mazurkas, a grand sonata
in F minor, etudes, etc.

SCHUI<TX:SIVS, Joliann Panl (1748-
1816) : b. Fechheim, Saxe-Coburg, d.
Leghorn; composed quartets for piano
and string instruments, sonatas for
piano and violin variations; pub.
Memoria sopra la musica di chiesa
(1810).

SCHUIiTHBISS, Benedict (d. 1693) :
organist of the Aegidienklrche, Nurem-
berg; pub. clavier pieces under the
title Mut und Geist ermunternde Kla-
vierlust (1670).

SCHriiTZ (1) Jakannes ([?]-ca.
1605) : organist at Dannenberg, Bruns-
wick; published tO neue anserlesene
schone liebliche Paduan, Intraden und
Gagliarden mil i Stimmen (1617), as
well as other collections of instru-
mental music in 1621, 1622, 1623 and
1645. (2) EJdvrIn (1827-1907) : b. Dan-
zig, d. near Berlin; studied singing
with Brandstatter, concert baritone,
teacher, choral conductor and composer
of male quartets, duets, songs, etc. He
compiled a military song book (1800)
and MeisterstUcke fur Pianoforte. (3)
Detlef (1872- ): b. Schwerin; be-
came viola player (Ritter's viola alta)
in orchestras in Leipzig, Dantzig, Petro-
grad and Bayreuth; received the de-
gree of Dr. phil. in Leipzig, 1900, since
men active as music critic (editor of
the Signale until 1902), and writer on
musical subjects, now resident in Swe-
den. He is the author of Stimmpflege
und Tonhehandlung nach Mazdaxnan
(1912), etc.

SCHTTLTZ-ADAJK^V^SKI, Flla TOn
(1846- ): b. Petrograd; concert pi-
anist, pupil of Henselt, Rubinstein,
Dreyschock, Zaremba, Faminzin; has
given special attention to ancient Greek
music. She has composed a eappella
choruses for the Greek church; a
Sonate grecque for piano and clarinet
(1880) ; a Russian folk-opera Die Mor-
genrothe der Freiheit (1881), chamber
music, piano pieces and songs. She
has lived since 1882 in Venice, where

Scbiiltze

she has collected and published Italian
folk-songs.

SCHULTZE (1) Johann (early
17th cent.) : organist at Dannenhurg,
Brunswick; pub. 4-part motets (1612-
27). (2) Christoph (17th cent.): can-
tor at Delltzsch, Saxony; pub. melodies
to Pratorius' Jauchzender Libanon
(1659-68), and other church music.

(3) WiUielm Helnrlch (1827-1888) : b.
Celle, Hanover, d. Syracuse, N. Y. ; vio-
linist in the Boston Mendelssohn Quin-
tette Club and professor of music at
Syracuse University. (4) Adolph
(1853- ): b. Schwerin; studied at
the Eullak Academy in Berlin, where
he later taught; court conductor and
conservatory director at Sondershau-
sen; later teacher in Berlin. He com-
posed a concerto and other music for
the piano, also works for orchestra.

SCHUI/Z (1) Johann Abraham
Peter (1747-1800) : b. Liineburg, d.
Schwedt; studied with Kirnberger, Ber-
lin; taught in Berlin; Musikdlrektor
at the French Theatre there, 1776-78;
Kapellmeister to Prince Heinrich, 1780-
87; court conductor at Copenhagen
until 1794; composed many songs, in-
cluding Lieder im Yolkston (1785),
Uzens lyrische Gedichte (1784) and
other collections; prod, a number of
operas (1782-90) ; also wrote an ora-
torio, a cantata and piano music. (2)
Johann Phlllpp Christian (1773-1827) :
b. Langensalza, Thuringia, d. Leipzig;
studied with Angler and Schicht at
Leipzig; conductor and composer of
incidental dance music, marches, songs,
etc. (3) Otto Carl Frtedrlch T*rilhelm
(1805-[?]): b. Gortz, Brandenburg;
studied with Klein and Zelter; organ-
ist and Royal musical director; au-
thor of theoretical and practical sing-
ing method and an easy method for
pianoforte. He composed vocal mu-
sic of religious and secular character.

(4) Carl (early 19th cent.) : assistant-
pastor at Filrstenwalde and author of
elementary singing books, pub. 1812-
16. (5) Adolph (1817-1884): b. Ber-
lin, d. there; studied with Bohmer;
violinist In the Hofoper, Berlin; com-
posed incidental music, a symphony
and a sonata for the piano. (6) Ferdi-
nand (1821-1897) : b. Kossar, near
Krossen, d. Berlin; studied with A. W.
Bach, Grell, Kollitschgy and Dehn,
Berlin; conductor and director of mu-
sic, organist and singing teacher; com-
posed church music, male choruses,
piano music and songs. (7) August
(1837-1909): b. Brunswick, d. there;
studied with Zinkeisen, Joachim and
Leibrock; conductor of the Ducal
orchestra; composed popular male
quartets.

SCHUIiZE: (1) Johann PMUpp
Christian. See Schulz. (2) Johann
Friedrleh (1793-1858) : b. Milbitz,
Thuringia, d. Paulinzelle, Thuringia;
organ builder who settled in Paulin-
zelle with his business, which he car-

Schmnami

pled on under the name of Schulze &
Sohn. (3) Adolf (1835- ) : b. Mann-
hagen. near Molln; studied with Carl
Voigt at Hamburg, and Garcia at Lon-
don; professor of singing at the Royal
High School, Berlin.

SCHUMANN (1) Robert [Alexan-
der] (1810-1856) : b. Zwickau, Saxony,
d. Endenich, Bonn; was the son of a
bookseller, who was not unwilling to
have his son become a musician (even
corresponded with Weber with a view
to having Robert study with him), but
in accordance with his mother's wish he
graduated from the Zwickau Gymna-
sium and studied jurisprudence in
Leipzig. He first studied piano with
Friedrich Wieck, and in 1830 obtained
his mother's consent to devote himself
to music. On the way to become a
pianist of the first rank, S. ruined the
second finger of his right hand by ex-
cessive use of a mechanical contri-
vance intended to hasten acquisition
of Independence, and, obliged to give
up thoughts of a career as virtuoso,
determined to devote himself to com-
position. In 1834 he founded (with
J. Knorr, L. Schunke and Friedrich
Wieck) the Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik,
as an organ for musical progress and
an antidote to the deterioration of good
taste brought about by the works of
the composers of French and Italian
opera, and the German and French
pianist-composers (Czerny, Herz, Hiin-
ten, etc.). This made S. a party
leader, and his first piano composi-
tions, highly original, reflect this pro-
gressive trend of their creator. He
edited the journal from 1835-44, wrote
many leading articles himself, and
was one of the first to call attention
to the genius of Chopin and of Brahms.
In 1840 he married Clara Wieck, de-
spite her father's opposition, and his
love for her undoubtedly influenced the
creation of a number of songs which
n^ay be classed among the most per-
fect exampiles of lyric composition.
In 1841 S. wrote his first symphony
(B-flat maj.), and a little later his
finest choral work. Das Paradies und
die Peri. In 1843 he became a teacher
at the newly founded Leipzig Conserva-
tory, but resigned and made a concert
tour to Russia with his wife the fol-
lowing year. He succeeded F. Hiller
as municipal Musikdlrektor at Diissel-
dorf in 1850, but a mental affection
which had been developing since 1833
began to grow more and more pro-
nounced. He gradually lost control
of his mind, and In an attack of acute
Insanity threw himself from a window
of his house into the Rhine (Feb. 27,
1854). Though rescued, his condition
was such that confinement in an asy-
lum (Endenich) was necessary, and here
he died after two years, Schumann
is the greatest and most characteristic
figure of German romanticism and one
■ of the most poetic natures in the whole

172

Schumaim

history of music. In piano Ilteratare
he brought a new genre to wonderful
perfection, and his depth of feeling is
shown no less in his songs, which are
generally recognized to ne equal to
those of Schubert. His larger works
occasionally betray the fact that the
smaller forms are best suited to him,
but the great G min, sonata for piano
is a. conspicuous exception. His com-
positions are numerous in every field,
except that of opera, Genoveva (prod.
Leipzig, 1848) being the only work
of this, class. Besides this, the list
includes :

For Orchestra: 4 symphonies (No.
1, op. 38, In B-flat; No. 2, op. 61, in C;
No. 3, op. 97, In E-flat ['Rhenish' or
'Cologne' symphony]; No. 4, op. 120,
In D min.) ; Ouvertilre, Scherzo und
Finale, op. 52; 4 concert overtures
{Die Braut von Messina, op. 100; Fest-
ouvertiire, op. 123; Julius Ceesar, op.
128; Hermann und Dorothea, op. 136);
piano concerto in A min., op. 54; Kon-
zertstUck in G, for piano and orch.,
op. 92; Concert-Allegro for piano and
orch., in D min., op. 134; KonzertstiXck
for 4 horns, op. 86; 'cello concerto, op.
129; Fantasia for yiolin and orch., op.
131.

Chamber Music: Piano quintet in E-
flat, op. 44; 3 string quartets, in A min.,
F and A, op. 41 ; piano quartet in E-flat,
op. 47; 3 piano trios (No. 1, in D min.,
op. 63; No. 2, in F, op. 80; No. 3, in
G min., op. 110); 4 Fantasiestilcke for
piano, violin, and 'cello, op. 88; Adagio
and Allegro for piano and horn, op. 70 ;
3 Fantasiestilcke tor piano and clar.,
op. 73 ; 3 Romanzen tor piano and oboe,
op. 94; 5 StUcke im Volkston, for pi-
ano and 'cello, op. 102; 2 sonatas for
piano and violin (No. 1, in A min., op.
105; No. 2, in D min., op. 121); 4
Marchenbilder for piano and viola, op.
113; 4 Marchenerzdhlungen for piano
and:. clarinet, op. 132.

For Organ (or Pedai. Piano) : 6 stud-
ies in canon-form, op. 56; Skizzen fiir
den Pedalflngel, op. 58; six fugues on
B-A-C-H, op. 60.

For Piano; Variations on A-B-E-G-G,
op. 1; Papillons, op. 2; Studies after
Paganini's Caprices, op. 3; Intermezzi,
op. 4; Impromptus on theme by Clara
Wleck, op. 5; DavidshUndlertanze, op.
6; Toccata, op. 7; Allegro, op. 8; Car-
naval, op. 9; six Studies on Paganini's
Caprices, op. 10 ; Sonata No. 1, in F-sharp
min., op. 11; Fantasiestilcke (2 books),
op. 12; ttudes sgmphoniques, op. ,13;
Sonata No. 2, in F min., op. 14; 13
Kinderscenen, op. 15; Kreisleriana, op.
16; Fantasie in C, op. 17; Arabeske,
op. 18; Blumenstuck, op. 19; Humor-
eske, op. 20; Novelletten (4 books), op.
21; Sonata No. 3, in G min. (Con-
cert sans orchestre), op. 22; Nacht-
stUcke, op. 23; Faschingsschwank aus
Wien, op. 26; 3 Romanzen, op. 28;
Scherzo, Gigue, Romanze und Fughette,
op. 32; Album fiXr die Jugend, op. 68;

Schumann

4 Fugues, op. 72; 4 Marches, op. 76;
Waldscenen, op. 82; Bunte Blatter, op.
99; 3 Fantasiestucke, op. Ill; 3 So-
natas for the Young, op. 118; Album-
bldtter, op. 124; 7 pieces in fughetta-
form, op. 126; Gesdnge der Frilhe, op.
133; also a Scherzo (orlg. in Sonata
op, 14), Presto passionato (orlg. finale
of Sonata op. 22) ; and a canon on An
Alexis.

For Piano (4 Hands) : Bilder aus
Osten, op. 66; 12 vierhdndige Klavier-
stixcke fur kleine und grosse Kinder,
op. 85; Ballscenen, op. 109; Kinder-
ball, op. 130; Andante and Variations
in B-flat (for 2 pianos), op. 46.

Choral Works with Orch. : Genoveva,
4-act opera, op. 81; music to Byron's
Manfred, op. 115; scenes from Goethe's
Faust; cantata Das Paradies und die
Peri, op. 50, for solo, chorus, and
orch.; Adventlied, op. 71, for sop.,
chorus and orch.; Abschiedslied, op.
84, for chorus and wood-wind or piano;
Requiem for Mignon, op. 986; Nacht-
lied, op. 108, for chorus and orch.;
cantata Der Rose Pilgerfahrt, op. 112,
for soli, chorus, and orch.; ballade
Der Konigssohn, op. 116, for soli, cho-
rus and orch.; ballade Des Sdngers
Fluch, op. 139, for do.; 4 ballades Yom
Pagen und der Kdnigstochter, op. 140,
for do.; ballade Dos Gliick von Eden-
hall, op. 143, for do.; Neujahrslied,
op. 144, for chorus and orch.; Missa
sacra, with orch., op. 147; Requiem
mass, with orch., op. 148.

Choruses a cappella: 6 4-part songs
for men's voices, op. 33; 9 songs for
mixed chorus, op. 55, 59; 3 songs for
male chorus, op. 62; 7 Ritomelle in
canon-form, for male voices, op. 65;

5 Romances and Ballades for chorus,
op. 67, 75; 6 Romances for fetnale
voices, with piano ad lib., op. 69, 91;
Verzweifle nicht im Schmerzensthal,
motet for double male chorus, organ
ad lib., op. 93; 5 Jagdlieder for male
chorus, 4 horns ad lib., op. 137; 4
songs for double chorus, op. 141.

Duets, etc., w. piano : 3 poems by Gei-
bel, op. 29 (No. 1, for 2 sopranos; No.
2, for 3 sopranos; No. 3, for small
chorus) ; 8 duets for sop. and ten., op.
34, 78; 3 2-part songs, op. 43; Span-
tsches Liederspiel for one voice or
mixed quartet, op. 74; Minnespiel from
Riickert's Liebesfriihling, for one or
several voices, op. 101 ; Mddchenlieder
for 2 sopranos, op. 103; 3 songs for 3
female voices, op. 114; 10 Spanische
Liebeslleder, lor one or several voices,
with 4-hand accomp., op. 138.

Vocal solos with piano acc. : the bal-
lads BelsazoT (op. 51), Der Hand-
schuh (op. 87), Schon Hedwig (op.
106), for declamation with piano, two
others, do. (Ballade vom Haideknaben,
Die Flilchtlinge) , op. 122; Liederkreis
(Heine), song-cycle, op. 24, and Lieder-
kreis, 12 poems by EichendorfF, op.
39; Mnrthen, op. 25; Lieder und Ge-
sdnge, 5 sets (op. 27, 51, 77. 96, 127);

173

Schmnaim

3 poems by Geibel, op. 30; 3 songs,
op. 31; 12 poems (Kerner), op. 35; 6
poems (Ruckert), op. 36; 12 do.
(Rttckert), comp. with Clara S., op.
37; 5 songs for low voice, op. 40;
Franenliebe und Leben, op. 42; Dich-
terliebe, op. 48; Romanzen und Balla-
den, 4 sets (op. 45, 49, 53, 64) ; Lieder-
album fiiT die Jugend, op. 79; 6 songs,
op. 89; 6 poems by Lenau, and Re-
ouiem, op. 90; 6 songs from Byron's
'Hebrew Melodies,' op. 95 (with piano
or harp) ; 9 Lteder und Gesdnge from
Wilhelm Meister, op. 98a; 7 songs, op.
104; 6 songs, op. 107; four Husaren-
lieder for bar., op. 117; 3 Waldlieder,
op. 119; 5 heitere Gesdnge, op. 125;
Gedichte der Konigin Maria Stuart, op.
135; 4 songs, op. 142; and Der deutsche
Rhein.

A collection of S.'s essays in the
Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik has been
issued by M. Kreisig (4 vols., 1914;
an Eng. transl. of an earlier issue
[Jansen] by Fanny R. Ritter, London,
1875). His Jngendbriefe were edited
by Clara S. (1885) and later letters
[1828-54] by Jansen (1886).

Ref.: Life and works, IL 262ff, 284ff,
304ir, 380, 448f ; songs, V. 231-257, 268ff;
choral works, VI. 161ff; piano works,
VIL 218flf; violin sonatas, VII. 457f;
chamber music, VII. 541fr, 578, 587, 603,
('cello) 595, (viola) 598; orchestral
works, Vin. 236ir; opera, IX. 172, 222;
mus. ex., XHL 304, 307, 346, 347; por-
traits, IL 286; V. 238. (2) Clara
[Josephine] (maiden namie, Clara
Wleck) (1819-1896) : b. Leipzig, d.
Frankfort-bn-Main; piano pupil of her
father, Friedrich Wieck; played in
concerts at the age of 10 and made
concert tours when 13; became engaged
to Robert Schumann in 1837 and mar-
ried him in 1840. A virtuoso since
childhood, she became under her hus-
band's influence one of the greatest
pianists of her time. After his death
she lived with her mother in Berlin
for some years, then resumed her ca-
reer as concert pianist. In 1863 she
- moved to Lichtenthal. She wrote a
small number of compositions: a pi-
ano concerto, a piano trio, pieces for
violin and piano and , songs. Ref. :
II. 264, 449, 452, 453, 455, 457; IH. 14,
69; V. 254; VIL 133, 300, 584. (3)
Geors [Alfred] (1866- ): b. K6-
nigstein. Saxony; pupil of C. A. Fischer,
B. Rollfuss and Fr. Bavunfelder in
Dresden, and of the Leipzig Conserva-
tory, 1882-88; director of the Danzig
Singing Society, 1890-96; director of
the Philharmonic (orchestra and cho-
rus) in Bremen, 1896-99. In 1900 he
was made a professor, then director
of the . Berlin Singakademie ; in 1913
superintendent of a master-school for
composition (Berlin). He has written
many compositions for orchestra (2
symphonies, overtures, orchestral suite)
and symphonic variations, also for
ckoms with orchestra; Amor und Psy-

174

Schur£

che, Prels- und Danklied, Ruth, ora-
torio (1908), Totenklage from Die Braut
von Messina, Sehnsucht and Das Trdnen-
kriiglein (soli, chorus, piano, harp and
harmonium) ; also variations and dou-
ble fugue, 2 sets of variations on
themes by Bach and Beethoven re-
spectively for organ, chamber music
(piano quartets, trios and duos), and
piano pieces. Ref.: IH. 209; VL 351f,
462; VIII. 418.

SCHUMANN - HBINK, Ernestine
(nie Roessler) (1861- ) : b. Lieben,
near Prague; studied with Mariette von
Leclair in Graz; made her d£but as
Azucena at the Dresden court opera,
where she remained till her first mar-
riage in 1882; joined the Hamburg
Opera in 1883, and after a successful
guest engagement at Kroll's, Berlin, in
1891, she appeared in Paris, London
and New York. She was for years a
member of the Metropolitan Opera
Company, New York, the Berlin court
opera, 1899-1904, and, having become
noted as a leading interpreter of Wag-
nerian rdles (Ortrud, Erda, Waltraute,
Fricka, etc.), sang regularly in Bay-
reuth from 1896. She created Klytem-
nestra in Strauss' Elektra in Dresden,
1909, and has made many successful
concert tours, especially in America.
Ref.: IV. 147, 152; portrait, V. 286.

SCHTTNKX; (1) Carl (1801-1839): b.
Magdeburg, d. Paris; studied with
Hies; pianist in London and Paris;
composed many popular transcriptions
of operatic airs. (2) Lndwis (1810-
1834) : b. Kassel, d. Leipzig ; studied
with Kalkbrenner and Reicha; played
in Paris, Vienna, Stuttgart and Prague;
friend of Schumann and co-founder of
the Neue Zeitschrift fUr Musik; com-
posed for the piano.

SCHUPPAN, Adolf (1863- ): b.
Berlin; pupil of Benno Hartel; has
composed chamber music, a string
quartet, a piano trio, a 'cello sonata
and piano pieces, among them Deutsche
Tanze, op. 15.

SCHUPPANZIGH, Ignaz (1776-
1830) : b. Vienna, d. there ; violinist
and conductor; member of the quar-
tet which, first maintained by Prince
Lichnowsky, then Count Rosoumowsky,
is famous as the first to interpret the
quartets of Beethoven, also playing
those of Haydn and Mozart in fine
style. The quartet, consisting of S.
Mayseder, Weiss and Linke (later
Kraft), toured Germany, Poland and
(1816-23) Russia. In 1824 S. became
a member of the Vienna court orches-
tra and four years later became musi-
cal director of the German opera. His
works include a violin solo with quar-
tet, and variations. For a time Beetho-
ven was his pupil in violin playing.
Ref.: II. 143, 152; VH. 419, 510 (foot-
note), 513.

SCHURfi, Bdonard (1841- ): b.
Strassburg; studied law and Germanic
literature there; then lived at Bonn,

Sdbvaet

BerUn and Munich, became acquainted
■with D. F. Strauss, Ad. Stahr, Wag-
ner and others, and since 1867 has
devoted himself to awakening apprecia-
tion for German literature in France.
Besides works which do not treat of
music, he wrote Histoire du Lied ou
la chanson populaire en Allemagne
(1883; latest ed., 1903); Le drome mu-
sical (1875) and Erinnerungen an R.
Wagner (1900). Be/.; U. 208.

SCHVREIR, Jobann Geors (1732-
1786) : b. Raudnitz, Bohemia, d. Dres-
den; composer; prod. 4 operas, a Sing-
spiel, and much church music, includ-
ing oratorios, masses. Requiems and
Psalms.

SCHVRICHT, Cart (1880- ): b.
Danzig, member of a family of emi-
nent organ builders; studied with Ru-
dorff and Humperdinck at the Berlin
Royal High School for Music; volim-
tary Kapellmeister in Mayence, then
obtained scholarships in composition in
Berlin, and prod, a piano sonata, pre-
ludes, BerbststUcke for orch., etc. He
became choral and orchestral conductor
in various towns; conductor of the
Riihl Choral Society in Frankfort and
since 1912 also Municipal Musikdirektor
and director of symphony concerts in
Wiesbaden.

SCHTJRIG, [YoLEiviABi Julius [W1I>
belm] (1822 - 1899) : b. Aue - on - the -
Mulde, Saxony, a. Dresden; studied
with Schneider, Otto and Uhlig; choir-
master and organist at Budapest and
Dresden; teacher at the RoUfuss Acad-
emy after 1876; pub. fantasias and
preludes for the organ, sacred songs
and duets, children's songs, and a col-
lection, Liederperlen deutscher Ton-
hunst.

SCHt^RMANN, GeoTK Kaspar (1672-
1751): b. Hanover, d. Wolf enbiittel ;
1693 church and opera singer in Ham-
burg; 1697 at the court in Wolf en-
biittel; sent to Italy because of a duel.
Appeared in 1705 in Naumburg, 1706
in Melnigen and returned 1707 to
Wolfenbilttel as court conductor. He
was a very prolific composer of operas
(Telemach, 1706; Claudio ed Agrippina,
1717; Alceste, 1719}. Only a few of
his church compositions and cantatas
have survived. Re/..- IX. 47, 79.

SCHUSTKR (1) Josef (1748-1812):
b. Dresden, d. there; pupil of Schiirer;
after 4 years in Italy became court
and chamber-composer in Dresden,
1772; again in -Bologna, studied 2 years
with Padre Martini; prod. Italian
operas, and was made honorary maes-
tro to the King of Naples; finally set-
tled in Dresden, conducting at church
and theatre alternately with Naumann,
Schiirer and Seydelmann as Kapell-
meister. He prod. 20 Italian operas
and 4 (ierman ones which became pop-
ular (,Der gleichg&ltige Ehemann, Doc-
tor Murner, Sieg der Liebe nber die
Zauberei, and Das Laternenfest) ; also
wrote a cantata. Das Lob der Uusik

(his best Work), other cantatas, ora-
torios, a mass, etc.; also piano pieces
for 2 and 4 hands, divertissements for
piano and violin, etc., also symphonies,
a concerto for 2 pianos, etc. (2) Bern-
hard (1870): b. Berlin; opera con-
ductor In Magdeburg and Berlin; com-
poser of songs (some pub.), also an
opera, a symphony, a suite for small
orch., 2 dioral works with orch., a
string quartet, etc. (MS.) ; editor of
Die Musik since 1901 (pub. by Schuster
& Loeffer, which firm also publishes
books on music).

SCHCTKY, Frans Josepli (1871-
1893) : b. Kratzau in Bohemia, d.
Stuttgart; operatic bass; pupil of
Prague Cons; sang in Linz (ddbut,
1840), Prague, Lemberg and Vienna
(Theater an der Wien), Hamburg,
where he sang and acted from 1849, and
at the Stuttgart Court Opera from 1854
to his death. In 1848 he was theatre
director in Salzburg.

SCHttTT, Xldnard (1856- ): b.
St. Petersburg; studied in the St. Pe-
tersburg Cons, and the Leipzig Cons.;
conductor of the Academic Wagner So-
ciety at Vienna; has composed piano-
forte pieces, 2 piano concertos, a sere-
nade for string orchestra, chamber mu-
sic, songs, and a comic opera.

SCHttTZ (Sagittarius), Heinrleli
(1585-1672): b. Kostritz, d. Dresden;
the great master who intrqduced in
Germany the extensive reforms in com-

?osition which had developed about
600; in the domain of church compo-
sition, the most important 17th cen-
tury precursor of J. S. Bach. In 1591
his, parents established themselves in
Weissenfels, where his beautiful so-
prano voice aroused the Interest of the
Landgrave Moritz of Hesse, who in 1599
secured his acceptance in the Collegium
mauricianum, founded by him in
Cassel. In 1609 he entered Marburg
University to study law, but in the
same year received a stipeild for the
purpose of studying music in Italy for
two years. In 1609-12 he was a pupil
of Giovanni Gabrieli in Venice. After
Gabrieli's death (1612) he returned,
full of new ideas and undoubtedly in-
fluenced by the development of monody
and the dramatic style. In 1613 he
became court organist in Cassel. His
reputation grew steadily and in 1614
the Elector of Saxony asked the Land-
grave of Hesse' for the loan' of
Schiitz in order to lead orchestral per-
formances for a Royal baptism. In
1615 the Eaector borrowed him for sev-
eral years, and finally he became court
conductor in Dresden, in which posi-
tion he remained for 55 years, and dur-
ing which time he made frequent
journeys to Italy (1628-29), to Copen-
hagen (3 times, 1633-1635), to Bruns-
wick (1638il639), etc. S. was a wid-
ower from 1625 and survived both his
daughters., He wrote the first German
opera, Daphne, to the words of Mar-

175

Schiitze

tin Opltz, -who had translated Peri's
Dafne too freely to fit tlie Italian mu-
sic (1627, at Hartenfels Castle, Torgau;
music not preserved) ; the ballet Or-
pheus und Eurgdice (not preserved) ; a
number of passions of great historic
and cultural value, including Die 7
Worte Christi am Kreuz, Die Historia
des Leidens und Sterbens unsers Hey-
landes Jesu Christi (4 Passions, accord-
ing to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John).
Karl Riedel has edited the 'Seven
Words' and compiled a passion from
parts of the Historia (1870) ; further,
another Historia of the Resurrection
(printed 1623) and a Christmas ora-
torio (printed 1664, restored by Arnold
Schering). He also pub. many motets,
of which several have an oratorio-like
or almost dramatic form, madrigals,
etc., pub. as follows: II prima libra del
Madrlgali (1611), Psalmen Davids
sem.pt etlichen Matetten und Kanzerten
mii 8 und mehr Stim.m.en nebenst an-
deren zwei Kapellen, etc. (1613), Psalm
133 (1619), Sgncharma musicum, tribus
charts (1621), Kldglicher Abschied von
der churfUrstlichen Grufft (1623), Can-
tianes sacrae U vac. cum bassa ad org.
(1625), De vitae fugacitate aria • 5 vac.
(1625), Psalmen Davids deutsch durch
Corneltum Beckern in i Stimmen ges-
tellt (1628, 1640, 1661, 1677, 1712,
chorale style), Symphaniae sacrae 3-6
vac. (1629), Das ist gewisslich mahr
(6-part motet, 1631), Kleine geistliche
Konzerte mtt 1-5 Stimmen (1636 and
1639, 2 parts), Symphaniarum sacrarum
n. pars (3-5 v. with 2 instr., 1647),
3rd part of same (5-8 v., 1650), Uusi-
calia ad chorum sacrarum, etc. (5-7 v.
and bass, 1648), Canticum B. Simeonis:
Herr nun lassest du (6 v., 1657), 12
geistliche Ge^ange mtt i Stimmen filr
kleinere Kantoreien ("with continuo,
1657), En novas elysiis succedit (triple-
choir motets, no date) ; also numerous
'occasional' compositions, perhaps also
a ballet (MS. in Dresden Royal Lib.).
S.'s works have been in part reprint-
ed by Winterfeld, Commer (Musica
sacra), Reissmann (Musikgesehichte) ,
etc. Among S.'s most famous pupils
are Chr. Bemhard, Math. Weckmann,
Adam Krieger and Heinrlch Albert.
Ref.: I. 384f, 387, 424, 478, 480; choral
works, VI. 236f, 421; opera, IX. 29, 30;
mus. ex., XIIL 124; portrait, VI. 234.

SCHttTZB, Karl (1853- ): b.
Obergebra, Harz; studied in Erfurt,
Berlin, Leipzig Cfons. (Reinecke, Rich-
ter, Jadassohn) ; since 1887 director of
his own music school in Leipzig;
wrote an elementary piano method, a
course of piano technic, etc.

SCH'WAB, FranfoIs-IHaTte-IiOnlii
(1829-1882): b. in Strassburg, d.
there; conductor, composer, music critic.
He has written comic operas, orches-
tral mass, concerto for 'cello, can-

SCHWAI.H (1) Robert (1845-1912):
b. Erfurt, d. Eonigsberg; studied with

Schwarz

Pflughaupt, and at the Leipzig Cons.;
conductor of musical societies at El-
bing and Konigsberg; Royal professor.
He wrote the opera Frauenlob (Leipzig,
1885) ; male choruses with orch., Der
Gothen Tadesgesang, Abendstille am
Meere; Flottenlied (prize-crowned); an
oratorio, Der JUngling von Nain; sere-
nade for orch., op. 50; string quartet;
KanzertstUck for 'cello, etc. (2) Oscar
(1856- ) : b. Erfurt; brother of (1) ;
studied at Leipzig Cons. (Wenzel,
Reinecke, Paul and Jadassohn) ; pro-
prietor of Kahnt's publishing house In
Leipzig from 1886, selling out to Dr.
Paul Simon in 1888; also critic for
the Tageblatt and other Leipzig pa-
pers; composed an overture to Fitger's
Konig Drosselbart; piano music, songs,
school songs, etc. He is now manager
of the Berlin branch of Bliithner's
piano house.

SCHTVAXBERG, Johann Gottfried
(1740-1804) : b. Wolfenbuttel, d. Bruns-
wick ; studied with Latilla, Saratelli and
Hasse; court Kapellmeister at Bruns-
wick; composed concertos for piano
and violin, cantatas, 12 Italian operas
modelled on those of Hasse and 3 so-
natas for the piano.

SCH-WANTZER, Hugo (1829-1886);
b. Oberglogau, d. Berlin; studied at
the Institute for Church Music, Ber-
lin; organist at the Reformed Syna-
gogue; teacher of piano and organ at
the Stem Cons., 1856-69; pub. compo-
sitions for organ, pianoforte, voice,
etc. He founded the Schwantzer Con-
servatory in Berlin.

SCHWARTZ (1) RndoU (1859-) :
b. in Berlin; musicologist, historian
and student of mediaeval music; has
edited much' old music and written
valuable monographs on subjects of
muslco-historical interest. His Die
Tankunst im 19. Jahrhundert appeared
in separate form in 1900. (2) Alex-
ander (1874- ) : b. Petrograd; stud-
ied there, in Berlin and in Leipzig;
was active for a year as coach at the
Berlin opera, but is best known as a
composer. He has written a number
of excellent songs, a piano trio and
a Bilderbuch ohne Bilder (Ander-
sen) for declamation with piano accom-
paniment.

SCHWARZ (1) Andreas Gottlob
(1743-1804): b. Leipzig, d. Berlin; per-
former on the bassoon in London and
at the Berlin court. His son, Chrls-
toph Gottlieb, was a bassoon-player
and chamber-musician to the Prince of
Wales, later at the Berlin court. (2)
Wllbelm (1825-1878): b. Stuttgart, d.
Berlin; abandoned theology to become
a singer and vocal teacher in Han-
over and Berlin; the originator of an
unsuccessful method, set forth in two
books published 1857-60. (3) Max
(1856- ): b. Hanover; son of (2);
studied with Bendel, von Biilow and
Liszt; pianist and teacher in the Hoch
Cons, of Frankfort; a co-founder and

176

Schwedler

director of the Raff Cons, since 1885.
(4) Bianca. See Bianchi (5).

SCHWBDIiElR, [Otto] MaxmllUan
(1853- ): b. Hirschberg, Silesia;
pupil of F. Meinel at Dresden; flutist
in orchestras at Warmbrunn, Meissen,
Konlgsberg, Diisseldorf and Leipzig
(Municipal and Gewandhaus orches-
tras) ; Inventor of the 'Schwedler flute'
(1885), which he described in his
Katechismus der Fldte und des Flo-
tenspiels (Leipzig, 1897), manufactured
by Kruspe in Erfurt (RefoTmflote) .

SCHWBITZSR (1) Anton (1737-
1787): b. Coburg, d. Gotha; Ducal
charoher musician in Hildburghausen,
studied further in Bayreuth and Italy;
Ducal chamber composer and Eapell-
meister, 1766; musical director of the
Seyler theatrical troupe, which func-
tioned in Weimar, then (rotha, where S.
succeeded G. Benda. He is chiefly dis-
tinguished as composer of Singspiele,
which include Walmir und Gertraud
(1770), Elgsium (1770), Apollo unter
den Hirten (1770) and Die Dorfgala
(1772). He also tried to make serious
opera with German text popular (Al-
ceste, Weimar, 1773, etc., and Rosa-
munde, Mannheim, 1780, both texts by
Wieland). Schweitzer was the first to
introduce the melodrame in Germany
(music to Rousseau's Pygmalion, 1772) ;
also wrote cantatas and symphonies.
(2) Albert (1875- ): b. Gunsbach,
Upper Alsace; studied organ In Miihl-
hausen and Strassburg, and with Widor
in Paris; theologian and physician en-
gaged in special studies & the Congo.
He wrote Jean Sebastian Bach, le mnsi-
cien-poite (Paris, 1905; in German [ex-
tended], Leipzig, 1907; English by
Ernest Newman, 1912) ; also Deutsche
und fTonzosiscne Orgelbaakunst und
Orgelkunst (Leipzig, 1906), in which he
advocates the simplification of the
modem organ, and especially a lower
wind-pressure to increase purity of
tone. S. is one of the founders of the
Paris Bach Society (1906) and made a
special study of the organ accompani-
ment of Bach's cantatas. Ref.: (cited)
I. 476; Vni. 133.

SCHWElXCKi: (1) (Christian Fried-
rich Gottlieb (1767-1822): b. Wachen-
hausen, Harz, d. Hamburg; successor
of C. P. E. Bach as town cantor and
church music director; composer of
church music, organ fugues, sonatas
for violin and piano, sacred and secu-
lar cantatas, etc. (2) Jobann Fried-
rich (1792-1852): b. Hamburg, d.
there; son of (1) ; organist and com-
poser of organ preludes and postludes,
cantatas, a septet for five 'celli, dou-
ble bass and kettle drums. He har-
monized the settings of about a thou-
sand chorales and a number of Rus-
sian folk-songs; pub. a collection of
chorales, besides piano arrangement of
classics. (3) Friedrich Gottlieb
(1823-1896): b. Hamburg, d. there; son
of (2) ; organ and piano virtuoso who

Scbytte

gave concerts in Paris and succeeded his
father as organist in Hamburg. He
composed fantasias for organ, trum-
pet, trombone and kettledrums, reli-
gious lyrics for organ and women's
voices, and wrote a revised edition of
his father's Hamburgtsches Choralbuch.
(4) Karl (b. Hamburg, 1797): brother
of (3) ; pianist who, after making
tours to St. Petersburg, Stockholm, and
Paris, settled in Nussdorf, near Vi-
enna; composed a solemn mass, a sym-
phony (1843), a violin sonata, a piano
sonata for 4 hands, etc. Beethoven
wrote a canon for him in 1824. His
memoirs appeared in print in the
Hamburger Korrespondent (1884-85).
■ SCHWEIRS, Paul (1874- ): b.
Spandau; jiupil of the Royal Hoch-
schule, Berlin, and of Ludwig Bussler;
was active in Berlin (1895) as organ-
ist and choral conductor, but soon de-
voted himself to literature and com-
position. During 1898-1905 he was
musical editor of Germania; since 1907
of the Allgemeine Musikzeitung. He
has written numerous musical essays,
and composed choruses, chamber mu-
sic and, in particular, songs.

SCHAVICKFRATH, Bberhard
(1856- ) : b. Solingen ; was a pupil of
Seiss and Jensen (Cologne), Door and
Bruckner (Vienna) ; director of a large
o cappella choral society in Cologne
(1882-87) and teacher at the Conserva-
tory ; went to Aachen in 1887 and found-
ed a society for a cappella singing,
which he has especially cultivated. In
1912 he became a director of the Mu-
nich Royal Akademie der Tonkunst and
director of various choral organizations
in that city.

SCHWIlVDKIi, Friedrich (d. 1786) : ,
b. probably in Silesia; d. Carlsruhe;
concert-master to the Margrave of
Baden; one of the many South German
composers who adopted the style of
the Mannheim school; composed sym-
phonies, quartets, clavier trios, duets,

SCHYTTB (1) Henrik Visaing

(1827-1909) : b. Aarhus, Jutland, d. Co-
penhagen; 'cellist, music critic on Dan-
ish newspapers; editor of the Musik-
bladet, 1884-93; pub. a Nordisk Mu-
siklexikon (1882-95), based on Riemann
except for Scandinavian musicians. (2)
L.ndvlg (1850-1909) : b. Aarhus, Jut-
land, d. Berlin; at 22 abandoned
chemistry to study music under Ree,
Neupert and Gade; became teacher
at Horak's Music Schools in Vienna,
later at the Stem Cons, in Berlin; pi-
anist and composer of more than 100
compositions for the piano, including
a concerto in C-sharp min., Nordische
Volkstimmen, Naturstimmen, Pantomi-
men, a sonata, op. 53, Launen und
Phantasien, AmoHnen, etudes (Die
moderne Kunst des Vortrags), Schule
des modernen Klavierspiels, Studien
zuT Ornamentik und Dynamik, also a
song cycle Die Yerlassene, a dramatic

177

Scontrlno

scene Hero (Copenhagen, 1898) and 2
operettas (Der Mameluk, Vienna, 1903,
and Der Student von Salamanka, lb.,
1909). Ref.: III. 76.

SCONTRINO, Antonio (1850- ) :
b. Trapanl; son of a violin maker;
pupil of Platanla at Palermo; lived
several years in Milan as teacher and
composer; professor of composition in
Palermo Cons., since 1892 at the Flor-
ence Institute of Music. He composed
the operas Matelda (Milan, 1879) ; II
Progettista (farce, Rome, 1882) ; 11
SoTtilegio (Turin, 1883) ; GHngoire
(1890) ; and La Coriigiana (Milan,
1896) ; also music to d'Annunzio's
Francesca da Rimini (1901), Sinfonia
marinareica, Sinfonia- Tomantica, over-
ture to Marenco's Celeste, 3 string quar-
tets, sacred and secular songs, pieces
for violin, 'cello, double-bass, etc.

SCOTT (1) [Sir] Walter. Ref.: U.
194, 209, 223; V. 110; VI. 180, 199, 380;
VIII. 286; IX. 215, 226. (2) CyrU
flUelrr] (1879- ): b. Oxton, Chesh-
ire; pupil in composition of Enorr at
Frankfort, 1896; composer -who follows
the most modem impressionistic trend
('Grove's Dictionary' calls him 'the
English Debussy'). He has written a
symphony, two rhapsodies, overtures
(Christmas overture, Aglavaine et Sely-
setfe, ,etc.) and other orchestral pieces
(Aubade for small orch.) ; also vocal
works with piano or orchestral accom-
paniment (La belle dame sans merci
for sop. and bar., 'Helen of Kirkcolon-
nel,' for bar.) ; chamber music (piano
sextet, string quartets, piano quintet)
and a number of piano pieces. Ref.:
m. xiv, xix, 355; V.,373f; VH. 339.

SCOTTI, Antonio (1866- ): b.
Naples; oi>eratic baritone; studied with
Mme. Trifarl Paganini; d^but as
Amoiiasro in Alda, Malta (1899) ; has
sung in many Italian cities, as well
as in Madrid, St. Petersburg, Moscow,
Warsaw, Odessa, London, etc.; seven
seasons in South America; annual sea-
son at Metropolitan Opera House, New
York, since 1899; principal roles in-
clude Don Giovanni, Scarpia, Tonio,
Falstaff, lago and Amonasro. Ref.: lU,
374f; IV. 148.

SCOTTO, Ottaviano (16th cent.) :
music printer in Venice, 1536-39.
Glrolamo, his son, published a vol-
ume of madrigals written by himself,
and carried on his father's business,
1539-73.

SCRIABINE:, Alexander Xlkolale-
vltcli (1872-1915): b. Moscow, d. there;
educated in the cadet corps; studied
music at the Moscow (Jonservatory
(Safonoff) till 1892, then lived in Brus-
sels, Paris, Amsterdam, etc.; professor
of piano at the Moscow Conservatory,
1898-1903. His compositions in the
earlier period influenced by Chopin,
are in the later period of ultra-modem
tendency, and harmonically iconoclastic.
They include Prometheus (Le poime
du feu introducing the clavier a lu-

Sechter

miire), op. 60, for chorus and orches-
tra; Reverie; Le poeme d'Extase; 3
symphonies (No. 3, op. 43, Le divin
poime) ; and other orchestral pieces: a
piano concerto, 10 piano sonatas, etudes,
preludes, impromptus and other piano
pieces. Ref.: III. x, xl, xii, xiv, xx, 2,
155, 156ff, 164; VI. 376; VII. 335ff; VIH.
467ff; mus. ex., XIV. 131.

SCRIBB, Eugene (1791-1861): b.
Paris, d. there; opera librettist, one of
the best known and most popular. He
wrote for Auber, Meyerbeer, Boieldieu,
HalSvy and many others. Among the
best known of his librettos are Fra
Diavolo, Les Huguenots, Manon Les-
caut, La Muette de Portici, etc. Ref.:
II. 187, 200, 203, 210; IX. 159, 160, 167,
170, 176, 181, 227; X. 103.

SCTJDO, Paul (1806-1864) : b. Venice,
d. Blois; writer on music; pub. Critique
et littirature musicale, 2 parts (1850
and 1859) ; L'art ancien et modeme;
nouveaux milanges, etc. (1854) ; L'an-
nie musicale, ou Revue des thidtres
lyriques et des concerts, 3 parts (1860-
1862) ; La masique en 1S62 (1863) ; Le
chevalier Sarti, a musical novel (1857),
a continuation of which, Fridirique,
was published in the Revae des deu±
mondes. He also contributed to va-
rious musical and other papers and
wrote articles for a general encyclopse-
dia. Ref.: (quoted) II. 209.

SKBAIiD (1) Amalle. See Tbomas
(8). (2) Alexander (1869- ): b.
Pesth; virtuoso violinist, pupil of
Saphir and of C^sar Thomson, from
1903 to 1907 made extensive concert
tours ; then founded a violin school
in Berlin, and was made Royal pro-
fessor In 1913. He wrote a Geigentech-
nik and composed songs and violin
pieces.

SEBASTIANI, Jobann (1622-1683):
b. Weimar, d. Konigsberg; conductor at
Eonigsberg; composed a Passion (1672)
memorable for its Introduction of de-
votional chorales; also pub. sacred
and secular songs, 1675. Ref.: I. 481.

SEBASTIEIV, Claude; organist, who
pub. a curious allegorical work, Bellum
musicale inter plant et mensarabilis
eantus reges de principata musicae . . .
(1553, also 1563, 1568).

SEJBOR, Karel (1843-1903) : b. Bran-
deis, Bohemia, d. Prague; studied with
EittI and at the Prague Cons.; con-
ducted a National Opera and tjhe mili-
tary band in Vienna; composed 4 op-
eras, all produced at Prague (1864-70),
a quartet and a quintet for strings,
overtures, cantatas, and songs.

SBCHTBR, Simon (1788-1867): b.
Friedberg, Bohemia, d. Vienna; famous
teacher of counterpoint; studied under
Eotzeluch and Hartmann at Vienna;
teacher at the Institute for the Blind
in 1811; first court organist, 1825; pro-
fessor of harmony and composition at
the Vienna Cons, from^ 1851. His pu-

pils include Henselt, Bruckner, Notte-
ho' — ■ ' ~- - '

178

}ohm, Vieuxtemps, Thalberg, and.

Seckendortt

Pauer. He composed a vast amount of
church music, mostly in MS., and pub,
many fugues, preludes, and other or-
gan music; several intricate piano
pieces, including 4 books of amusing
fugues for 4 bands on national and
operatic airs; 2 string ijuartets; the
burlesque opera AH Hitsch-Hatsch
(1844); songs, etc.; wrote Die Grund-
s&tze der musikalischen Composition
(3 vols., 1853-54), also a Generalbass-
Schule, and a new ed. of Marpurg's
Abhandlnng von der Fuge.

SECKBNDORFF, Karl Siegmnnd,
Baron (1744-1809) : b. Erlangen, d.
Ansbach; an officer in Austrian and
Sardinian service, a musical dilettante,
who composed the music to several of
Goethe's poems before they were pub-
lished. He also composed some cham-
ber music and a monodrama, Proser-
pina, the libretto of which was writ-
ten by Goethe (Weimar, 1778).

SEDAINK, Hicliel (1719-1797): b.
Paris, d. there; wrote several small
comedies, notably Impromptu de Thalia
and Le diable d qnatre, etc., which have
rather an important place in the early
history of French comic opera.

SBEGEiR (Segert, Seegr), Joaeph
(1716-1782) : b. near Melnik, Bohemia,
d. Prague; studied with Czemohorsky
and Felix Benda; was organist of the
Martinskirche, later of the Teln-Elrche,
Prague. S. wrote many masses, psalms,
litanies, etc. He was teacher of Kotze-
luch, Mysliweczek, MaSek and other
distinguished musicians.

SKEWING. Hans (1828-1862): b.
Prague, d. there; pianist in Italy, the
Orient, Paris and Germany. His com-
positions include concert studies, a
Loreleg and other pieces.

SKGHBRS, Francois Jean Baptlste
(1801-1881) : b. Brussels, d. Margency,
near Paris; studied violin with Gensse
(Munich) and Baillot (Paris Cons.).:
co-founder of the Concerts du Conserva-
toire; founder of the Soci«6 Ste. C6-
cile, 1848, and its conductor till 1854,
after which it declined rapidly. Ref.:
HI. 278.

SEGNI, Glnllo (called Glnllo da
Modena) (1498-[?]): b. Modena, d.
Rome; organist of the second organ of
St. Mark's, Venice; called to Rome by
Cardinal Santa Flora. Doni credits him
with a work entitled Ricercate, intabo-
latura di organo e di liuto (1550).

8KGOND, L.. A. (19th cent.) : Paris
physician; studied voice with Manuel
Garcia; imblished a work on the
causes of^ diseases affecting the voice
of singers and preventive remedies
(1846), also a series of lectures given
at the Academic on the anatomy and
physiology of phonetics (1859).

SKIDEIi (1) Friedrlch liUdwls
(1765-1831) : b. Treuenbrietzen, Bran-
denburg, d. Charlottenburg ; studied
with Benda in Berlin; organist, then
assistant conductor, at the National
Theatre, director of the Royal band.

Seiflert

and (1822) court Kapellmeister; com-
posed several operas. Incidental music,
church music, an oratorio, songs, etc.
(2) Johann Julins (1810-1856): b.
Breslau, d. there; organist; wrote Die
Orgel and ihr Ban (1843: 3rd ed. by
K. Kuntze, 1875; 4th ed. by B. Kothe,
1887, with suppl. by H. Schmidt, 1907).

SBIDL (1) Anton (1850-1898) : b.
Pesth, d. New York; studied at Leip-
zig Cons., 1870-72; chorus-master at
the Vienna Opera; on Richter's rec-
onunendation, assisted Wagner in pre-
paring the Nibelungen trilogy for per-
formance in Bayreuth to 1879; Kapell-
meister at the Leipzig Stadttheater,
conductor for Angelo Neumann's Wag-
ner tour until 1883; conducted the
Bremen opera, 1883-85, Metropolitan
Opera Company, New York, 1885-92,
and in 1896-97, with a supplementary
season of German opera in 1895; also
conducted the Philharmonic Society of
New York, also Sunday Night Concerts
and toured with his orchestra. In
1897 S. conducted at Covent Garden,
London, and at the Bayreuth Festi-
val. He married the soprano Augusta
Krauss. Ref.: IV. 140, 145f, 183; VIII.
489; portrait, IV. 210. (2) S.-Kranss,
AnenBta: opera singer; wife of Anton
(1). Ref.: TV. 138, 140. (3) Artbnr
(1863- ): b. Munich; studied at the
Royal School of Music, Ratisbon,
and with Paul, Stade, Spitta and
Bellermann; Dr. phil., Leipzig, 1887,
with the dissertation Yom Musikalisch-
Erhabenen, Prolegomena ziir isthetik
der Tonkunst; also pub. Zur Ge-
schichte des Erhabenheitsbegrlffs sett
Kant (1889).

SBIFERT (1) Panl ([?]-1666): or-
ganist at Danzig. Ref.: VI. 432 (foot-
note). (2) ITso (1853- ): b. Rom-
hill, Thiirlngia; studied at Dresden
Cons., where he now teaches; organist
in Dresden and composer of a Capric-
cietto, Yalse-impromptu, Polonaise, etc.,
for the piano; also a popular method,
songs, etc. (3) Ernat (1855- ): b.
Siilzdorf, Meiningen; founded an organ
building establishment in Cologne,
1885 (branch in Kevelaer, 1891), which
has erected over 200 instruments in
Kevelaer (122 stops), Cologne, Diissel-
dorf, etc,

SB5IFPERT (1) Max (1868- ) : b.
Beeskow-on-Spree; at first studied
classical philology, thc^n musical science
under Spitta; Dr. phil., Berlin, 1891,
with J. P. Sweelinck and seine direkten
deutschen Schiller (1891) ; Royal pro-
fessor, 1707; member of the Academy,
1914. He further wrote a Geschichte
der Klaviermusik (1st vol., 1899) ; edit-
ed the complete works of Sweelinck, In
12 vols,, also Scheldt's Tabulatura
nova, in the Denkmdler dentscher Ton-
kunst, and works of Walther (organ),
Franz Tunder, Zachau, J. and W. H.
Pachelbel (piano), Leopold Mozart
et al., also revisions, according to his-
torical principles, of certain works for

179

Seifriz

the Neue Bach-Gesellschaft; also A.
van Noort's Tabnlaturboek and C. Bo-
koop's Psaltnen Davids, and a number
of practical editions of Handel -works.
He further wrote an Archiv fur
deutsche Musikgeschichte (1914) and
edited the Sammelbande of the Int.
Mus. Soc. Ref.: (cited) IV. 5. (2)
Karl (1856- ) : b. Bremen, where he
is seminary music teacher and critic;
composed vocal works (solo and
choral), violin pieces, piano pieces,
overtures, etc.; wrote 'guides' to
Lortzing operas; and a book of experi-
ences in harmony teaching (1898).

SEIPRIZ, Max (1827-1885) : b. Rott-
weil, Wiirttemberg, d. Stuttgart; stud-
ied with Taglichsbeck ; violinist, court
conductor and music director; com-
poser of incidental dramatic music, a
concert cantata, a symphony, and

SEIISS', Isidor Tl^Uhelm (1840-1905) :
b. Dresden, d. Cologne; studied piano
with Fr. Wieck, theory with J. Otto
and Hauptmann; professor at Cologne
Cons., conductor of the concerts of the
Musikalische Gesellschaft till 1900;
comijoser of instructive pianoforte mu-
sic, including sonatinas, preludes, bra-
vura etudes, etc.; also Feierliche Szene
and MoTsch for orch.. Adagio for 'cello,
piano pieces and an opera. He has
made arangements of contre-danses
and Danses allemandes by Beethoven,
Haydn quartet movements, and revised
the E-flat concerto of Weber.

SE:ITZ (1) Robert (1837-1889): b.
Leipzig, d. there; music publisher and
founder of an unsuccessful piano fac-
tory; pub. Das Musikalische Central-
blatt until 1884. (2) Frledrlch (Fritz)
(1848- ) : b. Gunthersleben, violin-
ist; studied with Uhlrich; leader of
the Dessau court orchestra from 1884.

S£:JAN, Nicolas (1745-1819); b.
Paris, d. there; studied with Forqueray,
organist at St. Andri-des-Arts, Notre
Dame, St. Sulpice, Invalides, and the
Royal chapel (1789 and from 1814),
composer of 6 violin sonatas, piano
pieces, organ pieces, and 3 piano trios.
For a time be taught at the ficole royale
de chant. Ref.: VI. 466.

SBKIiKS, Bembard (1872- ): b.
Frankfort; pupil of the Hoch Cons.;
active as theatre conductor in Heidel-
berg (1893-94) and Mayence (1894-95) ;
became teacher of theory at Hoch Cons.
in 1896. He has composed a symphonic
poem, Aus den Garten der Semiramis,
and a suite for orchestra, chamber
music, a 'dance-play,' Der Zwerg und
die Infantin (Frankfort, 1913), piano
pieces, songs iSchi-King), and cho-
ruses.

SEII/BY, 'William (18th cent.): b.
England; organist of King's Chapel,
Boston, from about 1772; pioneer in
American musical activity. Ref.: IV.
59ff.

SUIilGMASriV [Hippolyte] Prosper
(1817-1882): b. Paris, d. Monte Carlo;

Sembrich

'cellist; prize student at the Conserva-
toire ; composed etudes, character pieces,
fantasies, caprices, etc., for 'cello and
pianoforte; also 2 books of songs.

SBliLE, TJiomas (1599-1663): b.
Zorblg, Saxony, d. Hamburg; cantor
at Hamburg cathedral and church mu-
sic director; published secular songs,
church concertos, Deliciorum juventl-
ium decas (voice with violin and con-
tinuo) and similar works (1624-51),
also, in MS., 3- to 16-part madrigals,
concert! and motets.

SELLNKR, Josepli (1787-1843) : b.
Landau, Bavaria, d. Vienna; virtu-
oso on the oboe, teacher in Vienna
Cons, and conductor there of the stu-
dent concerts; published an excellent
method for the oboe, concertos and
concertinos for the oboe and orchestra,
a quartet for oboe with strings, etc.

SSIilUER, Joliann (1844-1910): b.
Christiania, d. Venice; composer; first
studied law, then travelled in South-
ern Europe and the Orient. From 1868
to the outbreak of the Franco-Prus-
sian war S. was a pupil of Ambroise
Thomas (Paris Cons.), then of Richter
and Paul in Leipzig. In 1879 the Nor-
wegian parliament awarded bim an
honorary grant of money. He conducted
the philharmonic concerts in Christiania,
1883-86. His orchestral works (influ-
enced by Berlioz's style) Include
'Northern Festival Procession,' 'In the
Mountains,' etc. He also wrote vocal
works with orchestra (La captive, alto
solo; Hilsen til Nidaros, for male
chorus, etc.) ; songs for mixed and
for women's voices, songs, duets and
piano pieces. Ref.: III. 97f.

SEMBRICH, Marcella (correctly
Praxede Alarcelline ICocltanska)
(1858- ) : b. Wisniewczyk in Ga-
licia; celebrated singer, began the
study of piano In her fourth, of vio-
lin in her sixth year; entered the con-
servatory in Lemberg at the age of
12, and there became a pupil of her
future husband, the pianist Wilhelm
Stengel (b. 1846), who after 5 years
brought her to Epstein in Vienna for
further Instruction. In 1875 she stud-
ied singing with Victor Rokitansky,
then in Milan with G. B. Lamperti.
She made her debut at Athens in
/ Puritani in 1877; then studied further
under Richard Lewy in Vienna, and in
1878 appeared in Dresden. In 1880
she went to London, where she was
immediately engaged for five seasons.
After concert tours embracing all the
larger cities of the Continent and
America (1883-84), she took a course
of Instruction under F. Lamperti (Sr.)
in the summer of 1884. Since 1878
she has lived alternately in Berlin and
Dresden, whence she has undertaken
her concert tours with constant suc-
cess. For several years she was a
leading member of the Metropolitan
Opera Company In New York. Mme.
S. is not only a singer and pianist,

180

Semet

but also an admirable violinist. Ret.:
IV. 137; portrait, V. 286.

SBMST, Tbeaphlle - AlmC - fimlle

(1824-1888) : b. Lille, d. Corbeil, near
Paris; studied with Hal£vy; drummer
at the Op^ra, and composer of five
successfully produced operas (1869).

SBNAIIiLCi, Jean BapUste (1687-
1730): b. Paris, d. there; member of
the 24 "violons du Roi'; one of the
first French composers of chamber mu-
sic. He pub. 50 violin sonatas with
figured bass, in 5 books of 10 each
(1710, 1712. 1716, 1721. 1727). Ref.:
Vn. 406.

SfiNART, Manrlce: Parisian music
publishing establishment, which has
issued a number of publications of
value in the study of musical history,
among them the series of Maitres Musi-
ciens de la Renaissance franQaise (for-
merly published by Alpnonse Leduc) ;
the musical publications of the Insti-
tut frangais de Florence (edited by H.
Expert and P. Masson) ; the Musique
classique, the repertory of the Schola
Cantorum, edited by d'Indy, as well
as that (same title) of the Brussels
Conservatory, edited by Ad. Wouters;
also many other collections of similar
nature.

SEXEFBIiDER, Alois (1771-1834):
b. Prague, d. Munich; inventor of lith-
ography, which process was finally
adopted for music printing in place
of the type printing in use since the
15th cent. At first only the titles were
lithographed by S. for Breitkopf &
Hartel, then Gleissnes (q.v.) began to
print the music itself in this way for
Falter in Munich. Associated with
him, S. lithographed music first for
J. Andr£ in Offenbach in 1799. In the
following year he erected a lithograph-
ing establishment in Vienna for all
purposes.

SBNESINO, Francesco BernaTdl
(1680-[?]): b. Vienna; a celebrated
artificial soprano, who was first en-
gaged for Dresden, but in 1720 Handel
secured him for London, with whom
he quarrelled in 1729, going over to
Bononcini and returning to Italy in
1739. Ref.: I. 434, 437; IL 4, 185.

SBNFP, Bartholt (1815-1900) : b.
Friedrichshall, near Coburg, d. Leip-
zig; founder of a musical publishing
firm at Leipzig in 1850, where he edited
and published the weekly Signale fixT
die Musikalische Welt.

SBIVFL (or SenSl, Senfel), Iind-
wlg (1492-1555): b. Baselaugst, d.
Munich; studied with H. Isaak, whom
he succeeded as Imperial Kapellmeister
and later court conductor at Munich.
He pub. Salutations Domini nostri
Hiesu Christi (4-part motets, 1526),
Magnificat 8 tonorum (4-5 parts, 1532),
Varia carminum genera, gaibas turn
Horatius turn alii (4 parts, 1534) ; also
single pieces in various contempora-
neous collections, 8 Odes in P. Hof-
hainer's Barmoniae poeticae; other

S£rleyx

works in MS. (Munich Library). Ref.;
I. 288, 304f.

SBIVGBR-BXITTAQ.'UB, Katharina

(1862- ): b. Berlin; well-known
singer, pupil of Helnrich Dorn, ap-
peared at the Royal Opera as Agathe
(1879), and sang successively in Mainz,
Leipzig, Rotterdam, Bremen, Hamburg,
Munich and Stuttgart (1880-1906). She
married the actor Alexander Senger (d.
1902) in 1895.

SENILOFF, Vladimir Alexlevltch
(1875- ): b. Vlatka; studied with
H. Biemann (Leipzig), Rimsky-Korsa-
koff and GlazounoiT (St. Petersburg) ;
and has composed a symphony, over-
ture, symphonic poems (among them
'Pan' and 'The Scythians'), 2 string
quartets, piano pieces, songs, choruses
and 2 operas, 'George the Bold' and
Vassilg Buszlajan, (MS.) . Ref,: IIL 155.

SBNKRAH (correctly Harkness),
Arma Leoretta (1864- ) : b. New York ;
violinist; pupil of Arno Hilf at Leip-
zig, Wieniawski at Brussels, and Mas-
sart at the Paris Cons., 1881 (first
prize) ; has toured since 1882. She
married a Weimar lawyer named Hoff-
mann in 1888.

SEBAFINO (1) Santo (18th cent.):
Venetian maker of violins in the style
of Stainer and Amati which are now
extremely rare and valuable. (2)
Gresorlo: nephew of Santo, also a
maker of violins.

SERASSI (1) Glnseppe, il vecchio
(1694-1760): b. Gordano, d. Crema;
was the founder of a celebrated
family of Bergamo organ-builders.
(2) Andrea Lnlgi (1725-1799): son
of Giuseppe, maker of organs at the
cathedrals of Crema, Parma and Fos-
sano. (3) Giuseppe, il giovane (1750-
1817): b. Bergamo, d. there; maker of
nearly 350 organs in Lombardy; pub-
lished description and history of the
organ (1808). His sons. Carlo and
Giuseppe, successors to the firm, pub-
lished a catalogue (1852) which shows
the family to have constructed a total
of 654 organs.

SERATO, Anrleo (1877- ): b.
Bologna; distinguished violin virtuoso,
pupil of Federigo Sarti, and first ap-
peared In Berlin with great success
in 1895. Ref.: VIL 466.

S£R£. Octave. See Foueigh, Mabia
Octave G^haud Jean.

SERGIVS II., Pope. Ref.: I. 167.

S«:RIEYX, Jean Marie Charles
Anguste (1865- ): b. Amiens; au-
thor and composer; studied theory
with Adrien Barthe, counterpoint with
Andrfi GMalge. When Vincent d'Indy
founded the Schola cantorum, S. be-
came his pupil (1897-1907) in compo-
sition, and in 1900 the latter confided
the editing of his Court de composi-
tion (1st vol. 1902, 2d vol. 1903) to
him. He has written Les trois itats
de la tonaliti (1909) ; La musique de
I'iglise (lecture) ; Vincent d'Indy
(1914), and numerous articles for mu-

181

Sering

sioal papers. As a composer he pub.
piano and organ pieces, songs, a so-
nata for Tiolln and piano (1904) and
a song with orchestral accompt.. La
vote lactie (1911). Be/..- -in. 3(57.

SBRING, Frledrleh Wlllielin (1822-
1901) : b. Filrstenwalde, near Frank-
fort-on-Oder, d. Hanover; from 1871
seminary teacher In StraSsburg, -where
he organized a Gesangverein ; composed
an oratorio, Christi' Einzug in Jerusa-
lem; an Advent cantata; Psalm 72 for
chorus and piano; and male choruses
\Hohenzollernlied) ; pub. a Gesanglehre
fur Volkschulen; Die Choralfigaration,
theoTetisch-nraktish; an elementary vio-
lin method, and a concise harmony
text-book,

SBRmiST, Claude de (or Clandln)
(16th cent.) : maitre de chappelle at
the courts of Frangois I and Henri II;
pub. 3- and 4-part masses (1583) ; mo-
tets, chansons, and other masses are
In collections.

SBROFF (1) Alexander Nlfcolale-
Tltch (1820-1871) : b. St. Petersburg, d.
there; graduated from school of law
(1840), held various official positions
(1840-45), assistant procurator in Sim-
feropol and PskofT (1845-48), in the
interior department, 1855, postal cen-
sor, 1857-68. As a composer he was
exclusively self-taught. Of his two
youthful operas, 'The Miller-Maid?
(1846) and "May Night' (1853), only
fragments are preserved. He arranged
and orchestrated many symphonic and
operatic movements by classical com-
posers, but later devoted his time es-
pecially to criticism, writing on Glinka
Verstowskl, Dargomijski, Beethoven,
Mozart and Spontini. He was the first
to Introduce the Wagnerian ideals In
Russia. At a rather late period he
interested the public as a composer.
His opera 'Judith,' inspired by seeing
Adelaide Bistori in the drama Giuditta,
was given in St. Petersburg in 1863,
and' immediately recognized as work
of high merit. His second opera,
Rogneta (1866), had an even greater
success, and gave rise to the idea that
a new epoch in Russian art had be-
gun. A third opera, 'The Enemy's
IV>wer' (1871), remained unfinished,
while a fourth, 'Christmas,' was only
sketched. Among his other works are
a Stabat mater, an Ave Maria, music
to the drama 'Nero' (1869), Christmas
songs and some choruses and orches-
tral pieces. The score of his opera
'Judith' was printed at the expense of
the Czar in 1903. Ref.: IX. 380, 404.
(2) Valentine Siemonova (1846- ):
b. Moscow; wife of Alexander (1),
showed musical talent at an early age.
Admitted to A. Rubinstein's class in
the Petrograd conservatory, she left
soon after to study composition with
her future husband. She has written
several operas, of which the only suc-
cessful one was Uriel Acosta (1885).
Among her smaller compositions the

SetterqToIst

'Musical Vignettes' for piano are known.
She also wrote (with her husband)
criticisms, notes for periodicals, and
edited his posthumous works.

SBRPBTTEj, Henri - Charles - An-
tolne'Gaaton (1846-1904): b. Nantes,
d. Paris; studied with A, Thomas at
the Conservatoire; composed a cantata,
Jeanne, which won the grand prix de
Rome, also 31 operettas, mostly prod,
in Paris, and other compositions of
similarly light character.

SBRRA^O (1) Paolo (1830- ): b.
Filadelfla, Catangaro; studied at Na-
ples Cons., where he afterwards (1863)
became professor; composer of operas
(L'impostore, 1852; Pergolesi, 1857; La
duchessa di Guisa, 1865), of an ora-
torio, a magnificat, a funeral symphony
for Mercadante, an overture, etc. Ret,:
II. 11. (2) Bmllio (1850- ) : b. Vic-
toria, Spain; court pianist to the In-
fanta Isabel, director of the Royal
opera and professor at the Madrid
Cons.; prod, the operas, Irene d'
Otranto (1891) and Gonzalo de Cor-
doba (1898) in Madrid.

SERVAIS (1) Adrien - Francois
(1807-1866): b. Hal, near Brussels; d.
there; studied with his father and at
the Brussels Cons.; theatre and con-
cert 'cellist in Paris, at the London
Philharmonic; toured the Continent,
and Siberia; professor at Brussels
Cons., soloist to the King; composed
concertos, fantasies, etudes and duos
for 'cello with piano, violin or orches-
tra. (2) Joseph (1850-1885): b. Hal,
d. there; son of (1); 'cellist in the
Weimar orchestra and professor at the
Brussels Cons.

SFRVIfiRKS, Georges (1858- ):
b. Fr^jus; Parisian novelist and mu-
sic critic; has lectured in Germany and
Austro-Hungary, and is attached to the
editorial stafF of Renaissance musicale.
Guide mnsicali Art, Revue musicale,
S. I. M., Repue d'art dramatique, etc.
He has made a rhythmic translation
of Weber's Freischiltz for the use of
the Schola Cantorum, and written va-
rious monogi^aphs and books on musi-
cal subjects. Among the latter are La
musique franfaise moderne (1897) and
Episodes d'histoire musicale (1914).

SETACCIOIil, Glacomo (1868- ) :
b. Cometo Tarqutnia; pupil of the St.
Cecilia Liceo, Rome (de Sanctis,^ flute
with Franceschini) ; produced his op-
era La sorella di Mark in Rome in
1896, and in 1906 his Adrienne Le-
couvreur. He has devoted himself
principally to teaching (theory), has
translated Riemann's Handbuch der
Harmonielehre into Italian; pub. a
pamphlet, Debussy i un novatore?
(negative) ; composed symphonic poems
and other works for orchestra, cham-
ber and choral music, piano pieces and
songs.

SBTTElRaTIST, Brlfe Adolf (1809-
1885): b. Hallsberg, d. Orebro; or-
gan builder at Hallsberg from 1835,

182

SevOk

Strangnas, 1857-60, Orebro since 1860.
There his son Gastav Adolf (1842-1906)
succeeded him, followed by the lat-
ter's son KtUe Gnstav Gunnac (b.
Orebro, 1879).

SBVCIK. Otokar (1852- ): b.
Horazdiowitz, Bohemia ; celebrated
teacher of violin, studied at Prague
Conservatory, concert-master of the
Salzburg Mozarteum (1870-73) ; then of
the comic opera, Vienna; travelled in
Russia, professor of violin at Kieff
(1875), tiien at Prague Conservatory
(1892). In this last position he devel-
oped astonishing results in the train-
ing of young virtuosi (Kubelik, Ondri-
cek, and Efrem Zimbalist being among
his pupils) and was active until 1906.
In 1909 he went to Vienna as the di-
rector of the Master School for Violin
(Royal and Imperial Academy), and in
1911 gave 7 extremely successful concerts
in London with six of his pupils. He
wrote a number of books of technical
exercises and studies for his Instru-
ment, notably the 'School of Violin
Technique' (1883) and the 'School of
Bow Technique" (1903).

S£VeRAC, DSodat de (1873- ):
b. St. Felix de Caraman ; composer ;
visited the high school at Sorize and
the university and conservatory at Tou-
louse, but completed his professional
education in Paris as a pupil of Albert
Maynard and Vincent d'Indy at the
Schola cantorum (1897-1907). He is
a member of the Soci£t£ nationale de
musique and an enthusiastic repre-
sentative of musical progress. His
compositions, which show him to be
a talented impressionist, include a
Sonata for piano, B min., the sym-
phonic poem Ngmphe au crSpascule,
a Suite for organ, D min., a comic
opera Le ccenr dn moulin (1909), mu-
sic to the tragedy Hiliogabale (191Q),
and Hiline de Sparte (1912); also
many songs, dances and piano pieces.
A symphonic poem Nansica, a music
drama L'itudiant de Viche, and a hymn
are in MS. Ref.: III. 315, 362.

SEVERI, li^ancesco ([?]-1630): d.
Rome ; choir singer in the Papal Chapel,
1613; published Salmi passeggiati . . .
sopra i falsiboTdoni (1615) and Arie
da cantarsi net Chitarrone (1626).

SEVHRX, Bdmnnd (1862- ): b.
Nottingham, England; composer; came
to U. S. in 1866; studied with his fa-
ther and with Franz Milke, Bemhard
Listemann, Emanuel Wirth, Philip
Scharwenka and George W. Chadwlck;
composer of orchestral, chamber, cho-
ral, instrumental and vocal music.
Ref.: IV. 401f.

SEWAIili, Samnel (ISth cent.):
church precentor in Colonial New Eng-
land. Ref.: (quoted) IV; 16f.

SE:VB0L.D, Arthnr (1868- ): b.
Hamburg; studied at Hamburg Cons.,
specializing in violin; went to Rus-
sia with Laube orchestra (1888), joined
Btllow orchestra (1890) and thence-

Sgambatl

foiih was active as violin teacher and
conductor of male singing societies.
His compositions Include pleasing vio-
lin pieces, soi^gs and choruses, as well
as a violin method: Das neue System.

SBYSBIi, lUartln (1871- ): b.
Gr^hlis, near Leipzig; studied singing
under Friedrich Renner, established
himself as singing teacher in Leipzig
(1898) ; teacher of vocal interpreta-
tion, Leipzig University (1900) ; Royal
professor (1913). His Grundfragen der
Siimmkunde appeared in 1909.

SBYDELBIAIVN, Franz (1748-1806) :
b. Dresden, d. there; studied with
Schuster and Naumann; composer of
church music to the Elector, cembalist
and conductor; composed a large
amount of church music, including
masses, cantatas, offertories, a Re-
quiem, etc.; also 7 Italian operas,
sonatas for violin and flute, songs, etc. i

SESlfFFARTH, Si^nst Hermann
(1859- ): b. Krefeld; studied at
Cologne Cions. and the Berlin Hoch-
schule; conductor of the New Choral
Society at Stuttgart, teacher of theory
and piano at the Cons, there, and com-
poser of a dramatic scene Thasnelda.l
Traaerfeier beim Tode einer Jnngfraa;
a patriotic concert cantata (op. 25)
Aus Deutschlands grosser Zeit, for 4
solo voices, chorus and orch. ; Festge-
sang, for male chorus and orch., Frieae,
for baritone and orch.; a symphony in
D, pieces for violin and orch., piano
quartet, string quartet, violin sonata,
piano sonata, a song cycle Vom
Schwarzwald zum Rhein (op. 2), songs,
etc.; also an opera. Die Glockea von
Plurs (Krefeld, 1912).

SBTFRIED, Ignaz Xaver, Bitter
von (1776-1841): b. Vienna, d. there;
was a pupil of Mozart and Kotzeluch
(piano) and Albrechtsberger and P. von
Winter (composition) ; Kapellmeister in
Schikaneder's theatre, 1797-1828; com-
poser of more than 100 dramatic works
(operas, ballets, melodramas, etc.), also
masses, psalms, motets and other
church music, oratorios, symphonies,
overtures, quartets, sonatas, etc. He
pub. a complete edition of Albrechts-
berger's theoretical works (Wiener
Tonschule, etc., 1827). He was a con-
tributor to the Mayence Cdcilia and the
Allgemeine Musikzeitung, Vienna, which
his brother, Josepli von S., edited,
1819-20. The latter also made German
translations of many opera texts.
Ref.: VI. 458; EX. 209.

SGAMBATI, Giovanni (1843-1914):
b. Rome, d. there; studied with Bar-
berl, Natalucci and Aldega, and be-
came a piano virtuoso at a very early
age. Liszt soon became interested in
him, and in 1866 he made a great suc-
cess with a piano quartet; in the same
year made a successful debut in Rome
as conductor of Beethoven's Eroiea and
Liszt's Dante symphony. He also in-
troduced the music of Schumann (1862)
and Brahms into Italy. In 1877 be

183

Sbad-well

was engaged as first professor of pi-
ano at the newly founded musical
lyceum of the St. Cecilia Academy in
Rome. Wagner recommended him to
the House of Schott, who subsequently
published most of his works: piano
quintets and piano concertos, a strinf
quartet, a requiem for baritone, chorus
and orchestra, 2 symphonies and va-
rious other orchestral compositions, a
number of songs and many piano
pieces. Ref.: III. 386f; VII. 338f, 589;
Vni. 446; mus. ex., XIV. 158.

SHADWBLl.: 17th cent. English
dramatist. Ref.: IX. 94.

SHAKBSPEAREi (1) -William, the
great dramatist. Ref.: I. xlv; II. 139,
380, 388, 488f, 500; HI. 110; V. 149,
168; Vin. 226, 294, 370, 373, 380;
operatic versions, IX. 184, 205, 222, 238,
243, 246, 259, 260, 368, 371, 420, 461.
(2), William (1849- ) : b. Croydon,
London, where he was choirboy and
at 13 became organist; studied compo-
sition with Molique (1862-65), then
with Bennett at the Royal Academy of
Music, where he was given a scholar-
ship and where he became Mendelssohn
scholar in 1871 (after having composed
a piano concerto and chamber music).
As such he studied at the Leipzig Cons,
under Reinecke and singing with Lam-
perti in Milan; became known upon his
return to England as concert singer,
pianist, and especially as a teacher of
singing, in which capacity he was en-
gaged at the Royal Academy in 1878.
He wrote 'The Art of Singing' (1900-1).
His compositions consist of sympho-
nies, overtures, etc., in a style akin
to that of the German romanticists.

SHAIilAPIN. See Chaliapine.

SHAPI/BIGH, Bertram (1871- ) :
b. Boston, Mass.; composer; studied
at New England Cons.; lecturer on
oriental music; has composed two
operas, the orchestral suites 'Ramayana'
and 'Gur Amir,' a choral setting of
Poe's 'Raven' and other works for cho-
rus, also over 100 songs. Ref.: TV.
402.

SHARP, Cecil J. (1859- ): b.
Denmark Hill, London; studied at Cam-
bridge; choirmaster and organist at
the cathedral in Adelaide, South Aus-
tralia, and conductor of the Philhar-
monic Society in that city; conductor
of the Finsbury Choral Association,
London (1893-97); principal of the
Hampstead Cons, of Music (1896-1905) ;
principal of the Vacation School of
Folk-Song and Dance at Stratford-on-
Avon; has composed the light opera
'Sylvia' (1890) and published a 'Book
of British Song' (1902). He is a col-
lector of and recognized authority on
British folk-niusic and has written a
number of books on folk-song and
dance. Ref.: III. 423; V. 137, 109fr.

sharps: (1) Herbert Francis
(1861-): b. Halifax, Yorkshire; studied
at the National Training School of Mu-
sic; concert pianist, professor at the

184

Shepherd

Royal College of Music and in 1890 ex-
aminer. His works include pianoforte
compositions, chamber music, part-
songs, songs, an overture, a comic op-
era, a romance for two pianos, etc.;
also pub. a Piano School (with Stan-
ley Lucas). (2) -William. iJef. : rV. 364.

SHA-W (1) David T. (19th cent.) :
American vaudeville singer, who for
a time figured unjustly as the com-
poser of 'Columbia, the Gem of the
Ocean,' composed by Thomas k Becket
in 1843. (2) Oliver (1848- ): b.
Middleboro, Mass.; singing teacher,
composer of psalms and ballads, which
he sang at concerts, among them 'Sweet
Little Ann," 'Mary's Tears,' etc. (3)
George Bernard. Ref.: IX. 96.

SHEAFE, -William (18th cent.):
pioneer in American musical activity.
Ref.: rv. 57.

SHEDLiOCK, John Sonth (1843-) :
b. Reading, England; editor; studied at
London Univ., 1864, piano with E. Lii-
beck, composition with Lalo, then in
London; taught and gave concerts till
1879, then critic for the 'Academy';
lectured at the Royal Academy. He
pub. articles on Beethoven's sketch
books In the 'Musical Times' (1892) ;
an edition of Vol. I of Cramer's stud-
ies, with notes by Beethoven (discov-
ered by S. in Berlin, 1893) ; 'The Pi-
ano Sonata, Its Origin and Develop-
ment' (London, 1895) ; a small Beetho-
ven biography and articles on Raff's
symphonies, etc.; edited Kuhnau's Bib-
lical Sonatas (1895) and a selection of
piano pieces by Pasquini; translated
Riemann's Musiklexikon into English;
composed a string quartet, a Romance
and Scherzino for piano, etc. Ref.:
(cited, etc.) -VII. 38 (footnote), 43, 50,
257, 267.

SHEIiliEY (1) Percy Bysshe, the
great poet. Ref.: I. xlv. (2) Harry
Rowe (1858- ): b. Connecticut; or-
ganist and composer; studied with
Stoeckel, Dudley Buck and Dvofik;
organist In Brooklyn until 1899, and
since then organist of the Fifth Avenue
Baptist Church, New York; has com-
posed a symphony, a lyrical Intermezzo,
a lyric music drama, 2 sacred cantatas,
much organ music, songs, violin con-
certo, etc.; has compiled and edited sev-
eral vols, of anthems and pieces for
the organ. Ref.: IV. 357f; VI. 209, 501.

SHEPHERD, Arthur (l880- ) :

b. Paris, Idaho; studied at the New
England Cons, under Denude and Fael-
ten (piano), Goetschius and Chad wick
(harmony and composition) ; teacher
and conductor of symphony and thea-
tre orchestras. Salt Lake City, Utah,
1897-1908; teacher of harmony and
counterpoint at the New England Cons,
since 1908, conductor of the Musical
Art Society for 3 seasons; composer of
a sonata and other pieces for piano;
OnvertttTe Jogeuse (Paderewskl prize,
1903), suite, and overture 'The Festi-
val of Youth,' for orch. (MSS.), Hu-

ShermetieS

moreske for piano and orch. (MS.),
also songs, part-songs for women's
voices, a motet, etc. Ref.: IV. 417ff,

SHKRDIEITIBIFF, Count Alexander

(1859- ) : a cultivated Russian mu-
sic-lover, one of whose ancestors main-
tained his own private choir In the
eighteenth century, as did his own
father. Count Alexander founded a
singing society under Archangelski's
direction in 1884, also a symphony
orchestra (1882). In 1898 he insti-
tuted popular symphony concerts in
St. Petersburg, with chorus, in which
he conducted together with Vladimlroff.
He has composed a 'Pathetic Fantasy'
and a funeral march for orchestra, and
was appointed head of the Imperial
Court Choir in 1902.

SHBRWOOD (1) TVilllam Hall
(1854-1911): b. Lyons, N. Y.; d. Chi-
cago; pianist and teacher; studied with
William Mason and others in America,
and with Kullak, Weissmann, Deppe
and Liszt in Germany; concert appear-
ances in New York, Boston, Philadel-
phia, Chicago, etc. ; teacher at New Eng-
land Cons., later in New York, and
finally in Chicago, where he founded
the Sherwood Piano School m 1897;
composer of works for piano. (2)
Percy (1866- ) : b. Dresden,; com-
poser and pianist; studied at the Dres-
den Cons.; teacher of piano and score-
reading there; composer of 2 sym-
phonies, a requiem, several overtures,
chamber music, piano pieces and songs.

SHIBIiD, William (1748-1829): b.
Whickham, Durham, d. London; stud-
ied under his father, a singing-master;
thorough-bass under Avlson; led the
subscription concerts at Newcastle, and
became leader at the theatre and con-
certs In Scarborough; violinist In the
opera orch., London, in 1772; princi-
pal viola player in the theatre and
concerts, 1773; produced his first comic
opera, 'A Flitch of Bacon,' at the Hay-
market in 1778, and was appointed
composer to Covent Garden (1778-91,
1792-97) ; succeeded Parsons as Master
of the Royal Music, 1817. S. was
buried in Westminster Abbey; his com-
positions include 40 operas, panto-
mimes, musical farces, 6 string trios,
6 violin duets, and a number of songs,
for which he was esijecially famous;
also pub. an 'Introduction to Harmony'
(1794) and 'Rudiments of Thorough-

SHORB, Jolin (ca. 1625-1750): Eng-
lish trumpeter and supposed inventor
of the tuning-fork.

SHOSTAKOVSKI, Peter Adamo-
vltch (1853- ) : made his dibut as
pianist in Riga at 15, studied at Petro-
grad conservatory, with Kullak (Ber-
lin), and Liszt (Weimar), was pro-
fessor at the Moscow Cons., but in 1878
founded a music school of his own in
Moscow, which he transferred to the
Philharmonic Society organized with his

Siebeck

help (1883), and which became a prop-
erly constituted Russian Cons, in 1886.
S. was director and teacher of piano In
this institution, and also conducted the
symphonic concerts of the Philharmonic
Society; and in 1889 and 1894 the Ital-
ian opera in Moscow. He retired in
1898.

SHTJDI. See Broadwood.

SHUKOVSKYs Russian poet. Ret.:
HI. 42.

SIBBIiIVS, Jean (1865- ): b.
Tawastehus, Finland; at first studied
law in Helslngfors, later music with
M. Wegelius and Alb. Becker in Ber-
lin, and Goldmark and Robert Fuchs
in Vienna. S. is recognized as the real
founder of a national Finnish school
of composition. His published works
consist of the symphonic poems and
orchestral suites 'The Swan of Tuonela,'
'Flnlandia,' 'Song of Spring,' 'Lemin-
k^inen's Home-coming,' 'Karelia,' 'Poh-
Jola's Daughter,' 'Pelleas and Meli-
sande,' 'Svanehvit,' 'Night Ride and
Sunrise,' 'The Bard,' the dance inter-
mezzo 'Pan and Echo'; also a violin
concerto, a string quartet, the opera
'The Virgin in the Tower' (Helslng-
fors, 1896), incidental music to the
dramas 'King Christian the Second' (A.
Paul) and 'Belshazzar' (Procope), 4
symphonies (E mln., D maj., C maj.,
A mln.) and 2 suites for orchestra
iScines histoHqaes) , 2 serenades for
violin and orchestral choruses, aca-
demic festival cantata, 2 choral works
with orch., male choruses, many songs
and many piano pieces. Ref.: IH. xi,
xiv, 64, 67, 68, 70, lOlff; V. 370f; VIL
465; VIII. 471ff; mus. ex., XIV. 134;
portrait, HI. 104.

SIBONI, Brlk [Anton Waldemar]
(1828-1892): b. Copenhagen, d. there;
son of the tenor Giuseppe S. ([1780-
1839] : b. Forli, d. Copenhagen, as Di-
rector of the opera and Cons.), pianist,
studied under J. P. E. Harlmann at
Leipzig, 1847; also with Sechter at
Vienna, 1851-53; organist and piano
professor at the Royal Academy of Mu-
sic at Soro, 1864; prod, the opera
'Flight of Charles IP in Copenhagen
(1862); comp. 'Tragic' overture; 2 sym-

ghonles; a piano quartet; other cham-
er music; the choral works 'Battle of
Murten/ 'Storming of Copenhagen,' the
111th Psalm, and others.

SIBYLiliA, Duchess of Wilrttemberg.
Ref.: VII. 24.

SICHRA, Andreas Osslpovltclt
(1772-1861) : b. Vilna, d. Petersburg;
noted guitar player; invented the seven-
string Russian guitar and composed 75
pieces for this instrument.

SICK, Tbeodore Bernliard (1827-) :
b. Copenhagen, Denmark; artillery offi-
cer (pensioned 1880) and prolific com-
poser of chamber music (some 65 com-
positions, incl. sonatas, etc.).

SIBBBCK (1) Gnstav Heinrlch
Gottfried (1815-1851): b. Kisleben, d.
Gera; pupil of A. W. Bach and A. B.

185

Siebenbaar

Marx, Berlin; composed organ pieces,
male choruses and songs, and was du-
cal music director at Gera. (2) Her-
mann (1842- ): b. Eisleben; philos-
opher and sesthetician, teacher in Gera,
Stargard, Halle, professor in Basle;
author of ^works on musico-aesthetic
subjects, including Grundfragen zuT
Pspehologie "and Aesthetik der Tonkunst
(1909).

SIBBBIVHAAR, Malachlas (1616-
1685): b. Creibitz. d. Magdeburg; stud-
led in Wittenberg, became cantor in
Tangermunde, and from 1644 in Magde-
burg (City School). Married to the
daughter of the pastor Andreas in
Eilenburg, he became clergyman in
Nischwltz in Saxony, then at the
Ulrlchsklrche in Magdeburg. Here he
composed motets (printed copies in
the Brit. Mus.) ; also songs, being one
of the most active collaborators of his
friend Zesen's song collections.

SIBBBR (1) Johann Georg (1734-
1815): b. Franconia, d. Paris; Wald-
horn player in the Op^ra Comique,
Op£ra, etc.; founded a music publish-
ing house in 1771, later taken over
by his son Georges Julien, who mar-
ried a daughter of the violinist and
publisher Pierre Leduc and thus ac-
quired the publications of Huberty, La
Chevardifere and Venier, containing
many compositions of the Mannheim
school. (2) Ferdinand (1822-1895) : b.
Vienna, d. Berlin; famous singing
teacher, pupil' of J. Miksch and Greorgio
Ronconi; sang in opera, taught in Dres-
den, 1848-54, then in Berlin (titular
professor, 1864). He pub. 100 Vocalisea
und Solfeggien (6 books, sopr., mezzo-
sop., alto, tenor, baritone and bass) ;
Schule der Gelduflgkeit, 60 leichte Vo-
calisen und Solfeggien (for 6 different
ranges), SO 2-, 3- und i-stimmige Yo-
calisen (for various combinations of
voices), 60 Vocalisen fur Dorgerucktere
Gesangschuler, Die Kunst des Gesangs
(2 parts, with supplement) ; Vorschule
des Gesangs . .'. vor dem Stimmwech-
sel; Vollstandiges Lehrbuch der Ge-
sangskunst fUr Lehrer und Schiller;
Katechismus der Gesangskunst; Kurze
Anleitung zum griXndlichen Studium
des Gesangs; Handbuch des deutschen
Liederschatzes, and other valuable
study works.

SIEFKRT (1) Paul (1586-1666): b.
Danzig, d. there; studied with Swee-
linck at Amsterdam; was first in the
orchestra of Slgismund HI of Poland;
became organist in the Marienkirche,
Danzig, 1623, where Kaspar Forster was
Kapellmeister, with whom he was in
constant controversy. The Warsaw
Kapellmeister, M. Scacchi, defended
Forster witti his Cribram musicnm;
S. answered with Anticribratio mustca
ad avenam Scacchianam. (1645). All
that survives of his compositions is
2 volumes of psalms. (2) Otto. See

Gbossmann (3).

SIEGilBI. (1) SJ, F.

W. (d. 1869):

Silas

founder of a music publishing busi-
ness, Leipzig (1846), which passed into
the possession of Richard Linnemann
(d. 1909). (2) Felix. See Schuberth,
Julius.

SIE2HR, GuHtav (1837-1896): b.
Amsberg, d. Munich; dramatic bass
at the Munich Royal Opera;, created
Hagen at Bayreuth, 1876.

SIBVBKING, AlartlnnB (1867- ) :
b. Amsterdam; studied with his fa-
ther, with Rontgen and Coenen; pian-
ist in Paris, London, and on concert
tours (also in America). His suite
for orchestra was played in Paris by
the Lamoureux orchestra.

SIFACE, Giovanni Francesco
(1653-1697): b. Pescia, d. Northern
Italy; famous soprano; sang in the
Papal Chapel, at Venice and in Lon-
don. His family name was Grossi.

SIGHICELLI (1) Fillppo (1686-
1773) : b. San Cesario, Modena, d. Mo-
dena; first violin to Prince Hercules
of Este. (2) Glnseppe (1737-1826) : b.
Modena, d. there; son of (1), violin-
ist and maestro to Ercole Rinaldo HI
d'Este until the time of Napoleon. (3)
Carlo (1^72-1806): b. Modena, d.
there; son of (2); violinist, also at-
tached to the court. (4) Antonio
(1802-1883): b. Modena, d. there; son
of (3); famous violinist and cond.;
studied under his grandfather and Gio-
vanni Marl; conducted orchestras at
Cento, Bologna, and Ferrara; leader at
the Modena theatre and cond. of the
Ducal orch. from 1835. (5) Vlncenzo
(1830-1905): b. Cento, d. Paris; son
of (4) ; studied under his father,
Hellmesberger, Mayseder, and Sechter
at Vienna; solo violinist and assistant
cond. to the court, Modena, 1849; taught
in Paris after 1855; pub. original
pieces and fantasias on operatic airs
for violin and piano.

SIGISMONDI, Giuseppe (1739-
1826): b. Naples, d. there; librarian
of the Naples Cons, after 1808; teacher
of singing; composer of vocal music,
piano and organ compositions, and
operas.

SIGISMTTND, Archbishop. See Salz-
burg.

SIGWART, Botho (correctly Sig-
vrart Botlio, Count zu Bulenburg)
(1884-1915): b. Eulenburg, d. in bat-
tle, France; son of Count Philipp zu S.;
composer of a melodrame, Hektors Bes-
tattung, a string quartet, songs and
an opera. Die Lieder des Euripides,
written for Dresden. He married the
singer, Helene Stagemann.

SIKI.OS, Albert (1878- ): b.
Budapest; pupil , of Kossler at the Na-
tional Academy, then teacher at the
Fodor Musical Institute; 1910 at the
National Musical Academy. He com-
posed piano pieces (Rokoko-Suite) , a
piano quintet, some duos for 'cello
and piano, etc. Ref.: III. 200.

SII/AS, Kdnard (1827-1909): b.
Amsterdam, d. London; musical prod-

186

SUbermann

iey, appearing in concerts In Mannheim
at 10; studied at Paris Cons., where
he received the first prize in organ
playing, 1849 (in competition with
Saint-Saens et al); organist and teach-
er In the Guildhall School pi Music
and the Academy of Music in London
from 1850. He wrote an opera, an ora-
torio, a mass (prize-crowned in Brus-
sels, 1866), cantatas, etc., also Eng-
lish and German vocal pieces, 3 sym-
phonies, 3 overtures, 2 piano concertos,
and a Scotch fantasia for piano and
orchestra, a nonet for strings and wind,
trios, 'cello, organ and piano pieces.
He pub. a school 'Harmony' (1885).
Ref.: VI. 346.

SIIiBERMAlVN (1) Andreas (1678-
1734) : b. Elein-Bobritzsch in Saxony,
d. Strassburg; the founder of the cele-
brated family of organ builders of
that name, went to Strassburg during
the first years of the 18th century;
built 30 organs in Strassburg, Basel,
Offenburg, Eolmar, etc., and was con-
sidered one of the greatest builders of
his time. Ref.: (S. family) VI. 406.
(2) Gottfried (1683-1753): b. Eleln-
Bobritzsch in Saxony, d. Dresden;
brother of Andreas, the most celebrat-
ed of the family; intended for the
book-binding trade, he ran away from
home because of some boyish prank,
and went to Strassburg to be an ap-
prentice of his brother Andreas. In
1712 he returned to his home, and 1714
created his masterpiece, the organ for
the cathedral in Freiberg. He built
in all 47 organs, among them 25 with
two and 4 with three manuals. S.
also excelled in other ways: although
not the inventor of the pianoforte, he
probably Improved the instrument and
was the first to be successful in intro-
ducing it; also constructed a cembal
d'amouT and a clavichord with strings
of double length. Ref.: U. 163. (3)
Johann Andreas (1712-1783): b.
Strassburg, d. there; eldest son of (1) ;
built 44 organs in Strassburg, Basle,
Eolmar, etc.; made a great reputation
and wrote a 'History of the City of
Strassburg' (1773). Johann Josias S.,
his son, was his successor, and a grand-
son, Frledrlch Theodor S. (d. 1816),
was a good 'cellist. (4) Johann Dan-
iel (1717-1766): b. Strassburg, d.
Leipzig; went to his uncle Gottfried
in Freiberg in 1748, and after the tat-
ter's death was active as a piano maker
there. (5) Johann Helnrlch (1727-
1799): b. Strassburg, d. there; youngest
son of Andreas, was principally en-
gaged in building pianos after the sys-
tem of his uncle Gottfried, and intro-
duced them in France. He was a good
pianist, organist and composer. (6)
Johann Friedrlch (1762-1817) : b.
Strassburg, d. there; son of (5); was a
fine organ builder and performer; or-
ganist at the church of St. Thomas in
Strassburg, also a composer (Hymne
a la paix, German songs, etc.).

SilTCP

SIIiCHCR, [Philipp] Friedrlch
(1789-1860) : b. Schnaith, Wurttemberg,
d. Tubingen; was appointed director of
music at the University of Tubingen,
which position he held till a few
months before his death. In 1852 he
received the honorary title of Dr.
phil. He was a great propagandist for
German folk-lore, especially through
his 'Collection of German Popular
Songs' in 12 books, containing many
of his own melodies which were des-
tined to become so popular as to
rank with genuine folk-songs, in-
cluding Xnnchen von Tharau, Die
Loreleg, 'Morgen muss ich fort von
hier,' 'Zu ' Strassburg auf der Schanz,'
>etc. These songs were published for
one and two voices, also as men's
choruses. Among his ether works are
a book of 3-part church chorales, 3
books of 4-part hymns for Sunday and
church festivals, Tuhinger Liedertafel
(men's voices), etc. He also published
a Geschichte des evangel. Kirchenge-
sojigs, and a Harmonie- und Kompo-
sitionslehre (1851). Ref.: IL 276; V.
107, 229f, 293; IX. 192.

SIIiOTI, Alexander (1863- ): b.
Eharkoff, Bussia; pianist; studied at
the Moscow Cons, under Zvereff, Nicolas
Rubinstein, Tschaikowsky and Hubert;
later with Liszt at Weimar; d^but at
Moscow; toured Russia, German:K, Bel-
gium, France, England and the United
States; professor at the Moscow
Cons., 1886-1890; conductor of the
Moscow Philharmonic Symphony Con-
certs, 1901-1902; conductor in St. Pe-
tersburg, 1903-1904; edited Bach's D-
flat Concerto for piano, viola and flute
(with string orchestra), and Vivaldi's
D-sharp concerto for small orchestra;
author of Meine Erinnerungen an. Fr.
Liszt (1913).

SIIiVA (1) Andreas de (16th cent.) :
contrapuntist and composer of motets
and sacred songs. (2) Francisco
(1795-1865) : b. Rio de Janeiro, d. there;
reorganized the Cons, there (1841) and
became Royal concert-master. (3) Poll
de (1834-1875): b. St. Esprit, near
Bayonne, d. Clermont; studied with
Hal^vy at the Conservatoire; com-
posed piano pieces, songs, chamber mu-
sic and a Stabat Mater (1871) ; other
works in MS.

SIIiVANI, Marino (17fh cent.):
noted music publisher of Bologna
about 1665. He was succeeded by his
two sons, Marino and Giuseppe An-
tonio, the latter being a composer of
masses, motets and litanies.

SIIiVBR, Charles (1868- ): b.
Paris; studied with Dubois and Mas-'
senet at the Conservatoire, where he
won the grand prix de Rome; com-
poser of the operas La belle aa bois
dormant (19020, Le clos (1906) and
Myriane (1913), the ballad opera
Neigllde (1908), the cantata L'interdit
(1891), the oratorio Tobie (1902); also
works for orchestra and songs.

187

SUvestre

SILVBSTRB, Armand: French
poet. Be/..- in. 293.

SIMANDIi, Franz (1840-1912): b.
Blatna, Bohemia; d. Vienna; double-
bass player in the Vienna court or-
chestra, teacher at the Vienna Cons.;
pub. Neueste Methode des Kontrabass-
Spiels (In 3 parts: I. Preparation for
orchestral playing, with 30 studies; II.
Preparation for concert playing, with
studies and sonatas by Kreutzer, etc.;
III. Advanced school, in 9 books) ; also
30 etudes for the acquisition of a vig-
orous tone and rhythmic certainty on
the double-bass.

SIMAO. See Portugal.

SIMON (1) Johann Kaspar (18th
cent.) : cantor, organist and composer
of organ preludes and fugues at Nord-
llngen; pub. pieces for the clavier,
a musical ABC for the organ (1754),
etc. (2) Jean-Henri (1783-1861): b.
Antwerp, d. there; studied with La-
haussaye. Rode, Gossec, Catel; con-
cert violinist and teacher in Antwerp,
where VIeuxtemps, Janssens, and
Meerts studied with him; composed 7
violin concertos, an oratorio, cantatas
and a trio for violins and bass, (3)
Prosper Charles (1788-1866): b. Bor-
deaux, d. Paris; organist in Bordeaux,
studied further wlUi Reicha in Paris,
where he became organist at Notre
Dame and at the great CavallM-Coll
organ in the chapel of St. Denis. He
composed a Te Deum, etc., and wrote
Nouveaa Manuel complet de I'Organiste
(1863). (4) Christian (1809-1872): b.
Sohernberg, d. Sondershausen ; double-
bassist during the greater part of his
life at the Sondershausen court orches-
tra. (5) Dr. Panl. See Kahnt. (6)
Anton (1851- ): b. France; stud-
ied with Marmontel, Mathias and Du-
prato at the Conservatoire; went to
Moscow, 1871, and became successively
conductor of the 'Bouffes' theatre, piano
professor at the Philharmonic School,
Intendant of the orchestras of the Im-
perial Theatre and musical Inspector
of the Alexander Institute. He com-
posed the operas Rolla (Moscow, 1892)
and 'The Song of Triumphant Love'
(ib., 1899), 2 ballets, the mimodrama
Esmeralda (,1b., 1902), an overture, a
suite, a Dance of Bayaderes, a fan-
tasy overture on Little Russian themes,
an Ouvertare solennelle on 3 Russian
themes and 2 symphonic poems (all
for orch.), a piano concerto, clarinet
concerto, 'cello fantasy, 2 trios, a
string quartet, a brass quartet, 22 other
pieces for wind ensemble, pieces for
piano (2, 4 and 8 hands), choral
works, including a mass, and songs.
(7) James (1880- ): b. Berlin; stud-
led piano with Ansorge and composition
with Bruch (Royal High School and
Master School of the Academy) In
Berlin; Dr. phil., Munich, with a
monograph on Abb£ Vogler; pianist
and teacher at the Klindworth-Schar-
wenka Cons. In Berlin; pub. Faust in

Slndlns

der Musik (1906), also essays in Musik,
etc. He composed 6 books of songs,
a piano concerto, etc,

SIMONIDBS OF KBOSi ancient
Greek poet and musician (leader in
choral lyricism). Ref.: I. 118.

SIMONS - CANDBIIiLK. See Can-

DEILLE (2),

SIMPSON (Sympson) (1) Thomas

(16th and 17th cent.) : born and raised
in England; musician in the orchestra
of Christian IV at Copenhagen, 1618;
one of the finest composers of instru-
mental music of his time. He pub-
lished Opus neuer Pauanen, Galliarden,
Couranten und Yolten (Frankfort,
1611) ; Opus neuer Pavanen, Gagliarden,
Intraden, Kanzonen, Ricercare, Fant.,
Rallett, Allemanden, Couranten, Yolten
und Passamezzen (Hamburg, 1617),
etc. (2) Christopher (1610-1677): d.
Turnstile, near London; was a virtu-
oso on the viola da gamba, published
"The divlsion-violist, or an introduction
to the playing upon a ground' (1659),
also 'The principles of practical muslck'
(1665), and annotations to Campion's
treatise on composition ('The art of
descant or composing music in parts
by Dr. Thom. Campion, with annota-
tions thereon,* by. Mr. C. S., 1655).
Ref.: I. 367; VII. 394.

SIMROCK, Nlcolaos (1755-1834) :
b. Mayence, d. Bonn; established a
music publishing firm in 1790, which
passed into the hands of Fritz Sim-
rock in Berlin, 1870. Ref.: VL. 132,
147.

SINCLAIR (1) John (1791-1857): b.
Edinburgh, d. Margate; popular tenor,
who sang in London, Paris (1819),
Italy (1821-23) and in America. (2)
George Robertson (1863- ) : b.
Croydon; since 1889 cathedral organ-
ist at Herefort; 1891-1906 director of
the Three-Choirs Music Festival, Here-
ford, and since 1899 of the Festival
Choral Society of Birmingham. He re-
ceived the degree of Mus. D. from the
Archbishop of Canterbury.

SINDING, Christian (1856- ) : b.
Kongsberg, Norway; pupil of the Leip-
zig Conservatory, 1874-1877 and in
1880, when he studied on a Royal
stipend in Leipzig, Munich and espe-
cially in Berlin. He has written a
piano quintet, a string quartet, 2 piano
trios, 3 violin sonatas, a piano con-
certo, 2 symphonies, a Ligende and a
Suite for violin and orchestra: Rondo
infinito and Episodes chevaleresques
for orchestra, suite for flute and orch.,
concerto for viola; serenade for 2 vio-
lins and piano; variations for 2 pi-
anos, a sonata and a great number
of various pieces for piano besides vo-
cal music comprising choruses, the
song-cycle Heimfahrt and an opera Der
heilige Berg (Dessau, 1914). He re-
sides in Christiania. Ref.: IH. xv, 70,
96f; V. 369; VIL 328f, 590; VIII. 346,
354f; mus. ex., XTV. 28; portrait, V.
346.

188

SINGBLfix:. Jean-Baptlste (1812-
1875): b. Brussels, d. Ostend; violinist
and composer of more than 100 works
for the violin.

SINGER (1) Hana (16th cent.):
Maglster in Nuremherg, who wrote Ein
kurzer Auszug der Musik, den jungen,
die singen und auff den Instramenten
lernen wollen ganz n&tzlich (1531).
(2) Peter (1810-1882): b. Hafelgehr
(Lechthal), ds Salzburg, as Franciscan
monk; invented the 'Pansymphonikon,'
a kind of orchestrion with reeds, in
1839; composed 101 masses, 600 offer-
tories, a Cantus choralis, etc., atid pub.
Metapht/sische Blicke in die Tonwelt,
nebst emem . , . neuea System der Ton-
wissenschaft (1847). (3) Edmund
(1831-1912) : b. Tolls, Hungagr, d. Stutt-
gart; violinist; pupil of Elllnger at
Pesth, of Bidley Eohne, Joseph Bohm
at Vienna, and at Paris Cons.; toured,
became solo violinist at the Pesth the-
atre, 1846 leader at Weimar, then at
Stuttgart, where he also taught at the
Cons.; comp. Morceaux de salon. Airs
variis. Nocturnes, Fantaisies, etc., and
wrote (with M. Seifriz) a Grosse theor.-
prakt, Violinschule; edited various fa-
mous study works, and wrote cadenzas
for Beethoven and Brahms concertos.
(4) Otto (1833-1894) : b. Sora, Saxony,
d. New York: studied at the Kreuz-
schule, Bresden, the Leipzig Cons.
(Moscheles, Hauptmann, and Richter),
and with Liszt; taught in Leipzig,
Dresden, and from 1867 in New York
(Mason dnd Thomas Cons.) ; conducted
the flrst May Festival at Cincinnati,
1873, and became i>iano and theory
teacher in the Cincinnati College of
Music. He wrote symphonies, a sym-
phonic fantasia, 2 piano concertos, a
violin sonata, a piano sonata, and
other pieces for piano. (5) Otto, Jr.
(1863- ): b. Dresden; violinist;
studied in Paris, Berlin and Munich
(Rheinberger) ; conductor of the Heidel-
berg Liederkranz, 1888; teacher in Co-
logne Cons, from 1890, and cond. of
the Mannergesangverein in Leipzig from
1892, and Berlin 1900; composed male
choruses, a Eonzertstiick for violin and
orch. ; and made piano arrangements
of Strauss operas, etc.

SIMCO (1) Francesco (1810-1865):
b. Trieste, d. there; musical director
in a Jesuit monastery; wrote much
choral music. (2) Glaaeppe (1836-
1907): b. Trieste, d. there; son of (1) ;
wrote 3 operas for Trieste; Marinella
(1854); / moschettieri (1859); Aurora
di Nivers (1861) ; Spartaco (1886) ; and
a fourth for Lugo, Alessandro Stradella
(1863).

SINIGAGIilA, lieone (1868- ) : b.
Turin; pupil of Bolzoni there, Man-
dyczewskl in Vienna, aroused attention
with his violin concerto in A, op. 20
(1901). His other compositions Include
songs, choruses, string quartets, quin-
tets and a trio, some orchestral pieces:
Danze Piemontesi; suite Piemonte, the

189

Sjogren

overture Le baruffe chiozzotte; also va-
rious solo pieces for violin (Rapsodia
Piemontesi, op. 26), 'cello, oboe, horn,
etc., with orchestral or piano accom-

ganiment. He makes effective use of
ledmout folk-melodies. Re/.; UL 389,
390, 395; VIL 466.

SINN, Chrlstoph Albert (early 18th
cent.) : civil engineer at the court of
the Duke of Brunswick and author of
Die aus mathematischen Griinden rich-
tig gestellte Temperatura practica, pub,
at Wemigerode (1717).

SITT, Hans (1850- ): b. Prague;
violinist; studied with Bennewitz,
Mildner, Kittl and Krejii at the Prague
Cons.; leader of the theatre orchestra
and subsequently Kapellmeister at
Breslau, later in Prague and Chemnitz,
and for a year conductor of the pri-
vate orchesfra of the Baron von Der-
wies in Nice; teacher of violin at the
Leipzig Cons., and viola player in the
Brodsky Quartet, 1883; conductor of
the Baeh-verein, 1885; also conductor
of the Leipzig Lehrergesangverein and
SingaJcademie and the subscription con-
certs at Altenburg; has composed vio-
lin concertos, and other works , for
violin, a 'cello concerto, piano pieces,
and songs.

SITTARD (1) Joseph (1846-1903):
b. Aachen, d. Hamburg; musicologist,
studied at Stuttgart Ckins., lectured
there on musical history (1883-84), mu-
sical editor of Hamburg Korrespondent,
1885, professor, 1891. He is the author
of many qiiuslcal monographs and
books on music: Kompendium der
Geschichte der Kirchenmasik (1881),
Gesehichte der Oper am Hofe zu Stutt-
gart (1890, 1891) and others. (2)
Alfred (1878- ): b. Stuttgart; organ
virtuoso, studied with Armbrust, Koh-
ler, Wiillner, Franke, Seiss; became or-
ganist of Kreuzkirche, Dresden, 1903,
of the new St. Michael's Church, Ham-
burg, 1912, and director of its impor-
tant choir; known as the composer of
organ compositions and sacred and
secular choruses.

SIVORI, Ernesto CamlllO- (1815-
1894) : b. Genoa, d. there ; famous vio-
lin virtuoso; was an 'infant prodigyj'
attracting the attention of Paganini,
who undertook his musical education
when he was 6 years old, composing
for him 6 violin sonatas. At the age
of 10 he began his concert tours, which
extended 'later to America, 1862-63. He
composed 2 violin concertos, a fan-
tasy caprice for violin and orchestra,
2 duos, concertantes for piano and vio-
lin, etc.

SJOGREN, [JOHANK GCSTAV] Emll
(1853- ): b. Stockholm; studied in
the Conservatory there and with Kiel
and Haupt in Berlin ; organist in Stock-
holm since 1891; published songs (sets,
op. 9 Der Kontrabandist [for bass], Der
Vogt von Tenneberg, Tannhdaserlie-
der) ; 4 sonatas for piano and violin,
piano pieces (Erotikon, Noveletten, Auf

Skalitzky

der Wanderschaft, 2 sonatas, variations,
scheTzo-fantaisie) ; Ibsen's Bergmanden.
for bass solo and orch., Bacclianale for
male chorus, cantatas, etc. Ref.: III.
80. 81f; V. 369f; portrait, V. 346.

SKAI,ITZKY, Brnst (1853- ) : b.
Prague; studied with Mildner, at the
Prague Conservatory and with Joachim;
concert-master of the Amsterdam Parli
Orchestra and of the Icemen Philhar-
monic Orchestra; teacher and chamber-
music player at Bremen; member of
the Schumann Quartet.

SKRJABIN, Alexander Nicolale-
vltcli. See ScBUBiNE.

SKROTTP (1) Frantliek: (1801-1862) :
b. Voslc, Bohemia, d. Rotterdam; stud-
ied at Koniggratz and Prague; con-
ductor there and at Rotterdam; first to
produce Bohemian operas; composed
incidental dramatic music, chamber
music, overtures, songs, etc. (2) Jan
JVepomnk (1811-1892): b. Vosic, d.
Prague; brother of (1); chorus-master,
asst. theatre conductor, singing teacher,
and cathedral Kapellmeister in Prague;
wrote Bohemian operas, church music,
Manuale pro sacris functionibas, Mn-
sica sacra pro populo; also a vocal
method. Ref.: HI. 168.

SKUHERSK-t, Franz Zdenbo
(1830-1892) : b. Opocno, Bohemia, d.
Budweis; studied at the Prague Organ
School, of which he later became di-
rector (1860) ; municipal choral director
and court conductor, 1868; examiner
for middle schools, 1874-89; and from
1879 lecturer on music at the uni-
versity. S. wrote various successful
operas produced in Prague, among
them Samo (1854, his first) and Rec-
tor a general (1873), masses and songs;
also theoretical works: Musikalische
Formenlehre (1879) ; Kompositionslehre
(1881) ; Die Orgel und ihre Stmktur
(1882) ; Barmonielehre atif wissen-
schaftlicher Grundlage (1885). Ref.:
in. 180.

SliADEJK, -nrendelln (d. 1901):
noted double-bass player and teacher
at the Prague Conservatory.

SliATIlVN, Ilia Ilyltcli (1845- ):
b. Belgorod, Govt. Eursk; studied with
Dreyschock, Zaremba, EuUak, and
Wiierst; founded and directed a branch
of the Imperial Russian Musical So-
ciety at Kharkoff; professor of piano-
forte and ensemble playing there, con-
ducted in St. Petersburg, Moscow, etc.
In 1887 he was made an honorary
member of the St. Petersburg Section
of the Imperial Russian Musical So-
ciety.

fSIiATTGHTBR (1) A. IValter (1860-
1908) : b. London, d. there; London cho-
rister and conductor; composed several
musical comedies. (2) Marjorle (1888-) :
daughter of A. W. (1) ; composer of
operettas from 1906.

SliAVIEC, Joseph. See Slawj-e.

SIjAVJANSKI. See Agreneff.

SliAWJK (Slavic), Joseph (1806-
1833) : b. Jince, Bohemia, d. Pesth;

190

Smart

violin virtuoso, pupil of Plxis at the
Conservatory of Prague, where he be-
came a member of the theatre orches-
tra; violinist at the Vienna court op-
era, 1825; successfully gave concerts
in Vienna, Paris, etc.; wrote 2 violin
concertos, a double concerto for 2 vio-
lins, a string quartet and other cham-
ber music. Ref.: VII. 445f.

SLBBPBR, Henry Dike (1865-) :
b. in Patten, Me,; educator; instructor
and professor of music in various col-
leges and organist in several Congre-
gational churches; professor of music
at Smith College since 1904; editor of
'Hymns of Worship and Service' (1909) ;
associate editor 'The Common Order
Choir Book' (1903) ; composer and ar-
ranger of numerous pieces of church,
organ and orchestral music, part-songs,
etc.; writer on musical education,
church music, etc. Ref.: (cited) IV.
261.

SI/BZAK, lieo (1875- ) : b. Schon-
berg, Moravia; operatic tenor; studied
wilii Robinson, made his d^but as
Lohengrin in Briinn, 1896; engaged at
Berlin and Breslau operas, became he-
roic tenor of the Vienna Court Opera
in Vienna; also sang at Metropolitan
Opera House, New York; Austrian and
Rumanian court chamber singer. Ref.:
rv. 155.

SlilVINSKI, JoBeph Ton (1865-);
b. Warsaw; studied piano with Strobl,
Leschetizky and A. Rubinstein; pian-
ist of distinction; toured America In
1893.

SliOPBR, Edward Hnelt Iilndsay
(1826-1887): b. London, d. there; stud-
ied with Moscheles, A. Schmitt, VoU-
weiler) and Bousselot; d^but as pian-
ist, London, 1846; professor of piano
at Guildhall School of Music, 1880;
composed suite for orchestra, piano
pieces, studies and songs.

SMAIiliWOOD, WUUam (1831-1897) :
b. Kendal, England, d. there; organist
and composer; author of 'Pianoforte
Tutor.'

SMAREGIilA, Antonio (1854- ):
b. Pola, Istria; studied at Vienna and
Milan Cons.; produced operas showing
influence of Wagner, including Prezt-
osa (Milan, 1879), Bianca da Ceruia
(Milan, 1882), Ri Nala (Venice, 1887),
Der Yasall von Szigeth (Vienna, 1889),
Cornelius Schutt (Prague, 1893), Nozze
Istriane (Trieste, 1895), La Falena
(Venice, 1895), Oceana (Milan, 1903)
and L'abisso (Milan, 1914) ; also wrote
a symphonic poem Leonora and songs.
Ref.: III. 369.

SMART (1) [Sir] George Thomas
(1776-1867): b. London, d. there; con-
ductor, organist and composer; founder
and associate-conductor of the London
Philharmonic Society, 1813-44; organ-
ist and composer to we Chapel Royal;
first made Beethoven's and Schumann's
works known in England; conducted
many oratorio and other music festi-
vals, at which Sontag, Und, Mallbran,

Smetana

and other famous artists appeared ; was
In charge of music at coronations of
King William rV (1820) and Queen
Victoria (1837); was knighted in 1811.
He composed many anthems, glees and
canons and edited Gibbons' 'Madrigals'
and Handel's 'Dettingen Te Deum."
Ref.: VI. 265. (2) Henry (1813-1879):
b. London, d. there; nephew of (1) and
son of Henry S. (1778-1823; d. Dub-
lin; violinist and piano manufacturer
in London). The Younger Henry S.
was a celebrated organist and notable
composer; pub. many cantatas, songs,
duets, trios, choruses and organ pieces.
In later years, when completely olind,
he even composed an opera, 'Bertha,'
and several cantatas, among them the
well-known 'King Rent's Daughter.' S.
was organist at St. Pancras'. Ret.: VI.
181f, 475f.

SMETANA, Frledrlcli (1824-1884):
b. Leitomlschl, d. Prague (in the asy-
lum for the insane) ; pupil of Proksch
in Prague, later of Liszt; established
a music school in Prague; married
the pianist Eathebina Eolab and be-
came director of the Philharmonic So-
ciety, Gothenburg, in 1860. In 1861 he
made a concert tour through Sweden as
pianist; became conductor of the Na-
tional Theatre, Prague, in 1866, but
was obliged to resign in 1874, owing
to total loss of hearing. S. was an
essentially national Bohemian composer.
He wrote 8 Czech operas, of which
•The Bartered Bride' (1866) is the best
known, the others being Dalibor (1868),
Zwel Witwen (1874), Der Kuss (1876),
Das Geheimnis (1878), Libussa (1881)
and Die Teufelswand (1882) ; also a
series of symphonic poems for orches-
tra, including Wallensteins hager, Rich-
ard III, Hdkon JaTl, Mein Vaterland
(embracing ViSehrad, Vltava, Sdrka,
Aus Bohmens Bain and Flur, Tabor
and Blanik), a 'Triumphal Symphony'
(1853) and 'Carnival of Prague'; also
2 string quartets (E minor and C
major), a piano trio, Bohemian na-
tional dances for piano, choruses, piano
pieces, etc. Ret.: III. xi, xli, xiv, xv,
165, 166, 169ff, 181; (inHuence) III. 183;
chamber music, VII. 556f, 561, 589; or-
chestral works, Vni. 373ff; opera, IX.
439; mus. ex., XIV. 141; portrait. III.
178.

SMXTTZIiBR, Jolin ,(I710-late 18th
cent.) : b. Passau, d. London ; English
organ builder.

SMITH (1) Robert (1689-1768) : pro-
fessor of physics, natural history and
astronomy at Cambridge; published
'Harmonics, or the Philosophy of Mu-
sical Sounds' (1749, 1759, 1762). (2)
John Christopher (correctly Johann
Chrlstopb Schmld) (1712-1795): b.
Anspach, d. Bath; pupil and assist-
ant of Handel, who after ^le became
blind dictated his compositions to S.
He wrote 4 English and 3 Italian
operas (including 'The Fairies' and
'The Tempest') ; 7 oratorios, of which

191

Smolian

the best is 'Paradise Lost,' cantatas,
pastorales, etc. (3) John Spencer
(1769-1845): b. London, d. Caen,, Nor-
mandy; wrote Mimotre sur la culture
de la muslque dans la ville de Caen
et dans I'anclenne Basse-Normandie
(1828). (4) John Stafford (1750-1836):
b. Gloucester, d. London, as organist
of the Chapel Royal; published many
glees and a valuable collection, 'Musica
antiqua, a Selection of Music from the
XII to liie XVIII Century' (1812). Ref.:
IV. 325. (5) [Rev.] Samuel V. (19th
cent.) : author of the text of the na-
tional anthem 'America,' set to the
tune of the English 'God Save the King'
(1832). Ref.: IV. 324. (6) Sidney
(1839-1889): b. Dorchester, d. London;
pianist; pupil of the Leipzig conserva-
tory; music teacher in London from
1858; published a great number of
brilliant and popular salon pieces for
piano, also a piano method. (7) Wil-
son li. (1855- ) : contemporary
American composer of piano music and
songs. Ret.: IV. 352f. (8) David
Stanley (1877- ): b. Toledo, Ohio;
pupil of Horatio Parker at Yale Uni-
versity, of ThuiUe in Munich and
Widor In Paris; since 1904 assistant
professor of music at Yale University;
also active as an organist in New
Haven. He has composed 2 symphonies
(C min. and F min.), symphonic poems,
'Darkness and Dawn' and^ 'Prince Hal,*
overtures, etc., for orchestra: chamber
music, cantatas, anthems and choruses.
Ret.: IV. 387f; VI. 385; mus. ex., XIV.
310. (9) Crertrnde Norman: contem-
porary American composer. Ref.: IV.
404.

SMITHSON, Henriette: actress, wife
of Berlioz. Ref.: II. 254, 354.

SMOIiElVSKI, Stepan VassilieTltcb
(1848-1909): b. Kazan, d. there; taught
17 years at the seminary in Kazan;
director of Moscow Synodal School,
1889 ; succeeded D. Rasumowsky as pro-
fessor of history of Russian church
music at Moscow Cons. During 1901-03
he directed the court choir in St. Pe-
tersburg. At the Synodal School he
founded 'the only special library of
church song MSS. in Russia (XV-XIX
centuries). Among his books are a
'Course in Ecclesiastical Choral Song'
(Moscow, 1900) ; and 'The Old Russian
Notation' (1901). He also contributed
musical articles to the 'Russian Musi-
cal Journal.' Ref.: III. 142.

SMOLIAIV, Artnr (1856-1911): b.
Riga, d. Leipzig; studied with Rhein-
berger, Willlner, etc., at the Royal
School of Music, Munich theatre con-
ductor in Berlin, Basel, Stettin; con-
ductor of the Leipzig Mannergesang-
vereln; teacher in Wiesbaden and the
Carlsruhe Cons., and music critic of
the Carlsruhe Zeitung and from 1901 of
the Leipziger Zeitung. He began the
publication of the miniature Berlioz
scores (Eulenburg) with aesthetic com-
ment; also undertook the UasikfuhreT

Smulders

and Opernf&hTer editions for H. See-
mann; edited the Neue Muslkallsche
Presse till 1903, collaborated on Brock-
haus' Konversations-Lexikon, and wrote
Vom Schwinden der Gesangskunst (1903)
and Stella del monte. He also com-
posed vocal pieces (solo and in parts) ;
assisted in tne Bayreuth festivals since
1889, and was made professor In 1911.

SMUIiDERS, Karl Anton (1863-) :
b. Maestricht; studied at the Li^ge
Conservatory, teacher there, music
critic and composer. Has written 8
symphonic poems, piano concertos, vio-
lin sonatas, etc., choruses and a num-
ber of songs.

SMYTH, Ethel Mary (1858- ):
b. London; a pupil of the Leipzig Con-
servatory and later of H. V. Herzogen-
berg, comiposer of chamber music,
songs, an orchestral serenade in D, an
overture 'Anthony and Cleopatra'
(1890), solemn mass (1893), choruses
with orch., the choral work 'Songs of
Sunrise,' songs and three operas. Fan-
tasia (1898) ; Der Wald (Dresden,
1901); 'The Wreckers' (Leipzig, 1906,
etc., as Das Strandreeht; English in
London, 1909). Be/.: III. 426.

SWEL, Joseph Francois (1793-
1861) : b. Brussels, d. Koekelberg, near
Brussels; studied under Baillot at the
Conservatoire; solo violinist, conductor
and director in Brussels; general in*
spector of army music schools (1829).
Besides operas, symphonies and military
music, he wrote concertos for violin
and wind instruments, duos for violin
and piano and church music.

S1VOER, Johannes (1868- ) : b.
Amsterdam; studied with Schuecker
there; harp virtuoso; played in the
Gewandhaus and Bayreuth orchestras,
then the Winderstein Orchestra; com-
posed for his instrument (150 works)
and published a book on its use in the
orchestra (1898).

SWOW (1) Moses ([?]-1702): mem-
ber of the Chapel Boyal. (2) Valen-
tine ([?]-1770): trumpet virtuoso, for
whom Handel wrote the obbligato trum-
pet parts of his oratorios; sergeant
trumpeter to the King.

SOBOLBVSKI, Bdnard (1808-

1872): b. Konigsberg, d. St. Louis;
was in touch with Wagner during the
latter's stay at Konigsberg; received en-
couragement from Liszt, who prod, his
opera Comala and 2 symphonic poems
in Weimar, besides "which he composed
several oratorios, etc. He advocated
the aims of the New German School
in his writings, which include Oper
nicht Drama (1857) and Das Gekeimnis
der neuesten Schule der Musik (1859).

SOCRATES (ca. B.C. 469-399) : the
Athenian philosopher. Ref.: X. 54, 56.

SODERMANIV, August Johan(1832-
1876): b. Stockholm, d. there; theatre
conductor; studied at Leipzig Cons.;
produced Swedish operettas, a solemn
mass, a concert overture, incidental
music and songs.

192

Solenlere

SOFFREDINI, Alfredo: editor-in-
chief of the Gazzetta Musicale since
1896; prod, the operas II piccolo Haydn.
(Pavia, 1893), Salvatorello (Pavia,
1894) and Tarcisio (Milan, 1895).

SOHIER, Charles Joseph (1782-
1759): b. Lille, d. there; pub. violin
sonatas with continuo (1750), and 6
symphonies a i (1754).

SOKALSKI (1) Peter Petrovltch
(1832-1887): b. Kharkoif, d. Odessa;
Russian folklorist and composer;
founded Odessa Philharmonic Society
(1864). His principal work was 'The
Russian Folk-song in Great Russia and
Little Russia, Its Melodic Structure and
Harmonic Peculiarities' ( KharkofF, 1888,
in Russian). In It the author tries to
develop the rhythmic structure of the
Russian folk-song from the prosody of
its texts. He also composed operas ('The
Siege of Dubno,' 1884), a Southern
Slav rhapsody, piano pieces and songs.
(2) Vladimir Ivanovitch (1863- ):
b. Heidelberg; is a nephew and pu-
pil of (1), composed a symphony in
G min. (Kharkoff, 1894), -and a dra-
matic fantasy for orchestra, also a
children's opera 'The Beet' (Kharkoff,
1900) ; songs and piano pieces.

SOKOLiOFF, Nikolai Alexandro-
vitch (1859- ): b. St. Petersburg;
pupil of Johannsen and Rimsky-Kor-
sakoff in the St. Petersburg Cons. ; 1886
instructor of theory in the court chapel
choir, at the conservatory, 1896. He
has composed string quartets, cho-
ruses, many songs, violin and 'cello
pieces and a few for orchestra, also
incidental music to Shakespeare's 'The
Tempest'; and a ballet, 'The Wild
Swans'; pub. a 'Practical Manual of
Chords' (1906, Russian). Ref.: HL
145; Vn. 555.

SOKOI/OVA: Russian ballerina.
Ref.: X. 151, 183.

SOLANO, Francisco Ignatlo (1720-
1800): b. Coimbra, d. Lisbon; writer
on musical subjects, whose works in-
clude Nova instrucdo musical (1764) ;
Nova arte e breve compendio (1768) ;
Novo tratado de m^usica metrica e
rythmica (1779), etc.

SOLDAT [-ROGER], Marie (1864-) :
b. Graz; studied there with Pleiner, Pott
and Joachim in Berlin; violinist; mar-
ried the jurist Roger in Vienna, 1889.

SOLDENE, Emily (19th cent.) : Eng-
lish light opera singer, leader of a
troupe appearing successfully in Lon-
don, etc., and in New York, 1874.
Ref.: IV. 175f.

SOLiENie:RE, Eugene de (1872-
1904): b. Paris, d. there; educated in
Monipellier, Munich and Brunswick,
resided in Paris and lectured on musi-
cal aesthetics. Among his writings are
La femme compositeur (1894) ; Ca-
mille Saint-Saens (1899) ; Cent annies
de musique frangaise [1800-1900] (1901) ;
Notules et impressions musicales (1902) ;
and an analysis of Camille ErIanger's
opera Le fils de I'itoile (1904).

Solerti

SOIiBRTI, Angela (d. Rome, 1907) :
historian of Italian literature; did im-
portant work for musical history in
Le origini del melodramma (Turin,
1903), containing a number of con-
temporary reports, prefaces, etc., on
the first operas; also pub. the texts of
the first operas In Gli alboH del melo-
dramma (3 vols., 1905), and wrote
Musica balli e drammatico alia corte
Medicea di 1600 a 1637 (1905).

SOLie (correctly Soulier), Jean-
Pierre (1812- ) : b. Nimes, d. Paris;
at first tenor at the Paris Op^ra-Com-
ique; then changed to baritone, then
a novelty at the Comique, so that r61es
were written expressly for him by sev-
eral composers; prod, over 30 comic
operas. Including Le Jockey, Le Chapt-
tre second, Le Diable d quatre, and
Mile, de Guise.

SOIiliS:, Frledrlch (1806-1884) : b.
Zeulenroda, Thuringia, d. there; cantor
and composer of a popular violin
method.

SOI^OBfOHr, Edward (1853-1895): b.
London, d. there; prod. 22 operas dur-
ing 1876-93, mostly in German, at Reel's
theatre. His brother, Fred S., a singer,
also produced an operetta In 1883.

SOLOVIEJFF, Nikolai Theopompto-
vltch (1846- ): b. Petrosadovsk,
Russia; composer; studied with Zarem-
ba at St. Petersburg Cons.; professor
of theory there from 1874 and teacher
of a class in composition since 1885;
composer of the operas "Vakula, the
Smith' (1875), 'Cordelia' (1883) and
"The Little House in Kolomua,' a can-
tata, a fantasy for orchestra, a sym-
phonic poem, choruses, songs and pi-
ano pieces; orchestrated Seroff's opera
'The Enemy's Power'; known also as
a critic; musical editor of the Russian
edition of the Brockhaus-Bfron Konver-
sations-Lexikon.

SOLTYS, Mieczyslav (1863- ) : b.
Lemberg; pupil of Krenn in theory
(Vienna) ; of Gigout in organ (Paris) ;
since 1901 director and teacher of com-
position at Lemberg Conservatory; has
composed the operas Die Republik von
Babin (1905) and Maria (1910), an ora-
torio, a symphony, symphonic poem,
piano concerto, piano pieces and songs.

SOMBORIV, Theodor Karl (1851-) :
b. In Barmen; is a pupil of Rheinberger
and Wullner; 1878 assumed direction
of Lahrer singing society, Leipzig, and
during 1882-1911 was teacher and li-
brarian at the Municipal Conservatory,
Strassburg; has resided in Munich
since 1913; composed an opera Philenor,
successfully produced in Strassburg
(1903), choruses, songs and piano
pieces.

SOMBRSXIT, Lord Henry [Richard
Charles] (b. 1849) : musical amateur
who composed 10 polkas for orchestra,
piano pieces, anthems, and many

SOUECS

SOniKRVBLL. ArtlHir (1863- ) :
b. Windermere, England; composer;

Sonneck

studied at the Berlin Hochschule fiir
Musik and at the Royal College of Mu-
sic, London, under Parry and Stan-
ford; Inspector of music to the Board
of Education and the Scotch Education
Department; his compositions include
a mass for soli, chorus and orchestra,
a symphony, symphonic variations, a
Konzertstiick for violin and orchestra;
works for chorus and orchestra, songs,
piano pieces, etc. Ref.: III. 437; VI.
371.

SOMIS (1) Giovanni Battlsta (1676-
1763) : b. Piemont, d. Turin as Royal
conductor; violinist; pupil of Corelll;
teacher of Chabran, Friz, Giardini, Le-
clalr and Pugnani; pub. Sonate a vio-
lino e violincelli o cembalo (1722) and
Trattenimenti per camera (trio-sonatas,
1733). Ref.: VII. 402. (2) Lorenzo:
brother of (1) ; violinist and composer
of violin sonatas with continuo, and
trio sonatas (1725).

SOMMEIR, Hans (correctly Hans
Frledrich Angnst Zlnken) (1837-) :
b. in Brunswick; composer. He first
studied mathematics; then music with
J. O. Grimm and W. Moves, Bruns-
wick; Dr. phil. in GotUngen, 1858; pub-
lished works on dioptrics and during
1859-84 was active as a teacher at the
Technical High School In Brunswick
(director, 1875-87). In 1865 he conduct-
ed Handel's Samson after the original
score with piano and organ; and went
to Berlin in 1885, and to Weimar, 1888,
returning to Brunswick, 1898. He has
written about 200 songs, 7 operas, which
were successfully performed in Bruns-
wick, Munich and Weimar (Loreley,
1891; Satnt-Foix, 1894; Der Meermann,
1896; Riquet mit dem Schopf, 1907, and
Der Waldschratt, 1912); 'Festival
Sounds' for orchestra, male choruses,
marches, etc. With R. Strauss, M.
Schillings and F. Rosch he founded the
'Association of German Composers' in
the interest of copyright protection, and
occasionally contributed to musical pa-
pers and magazines. Ref.: III. 240,
268.

SONNEiCK, Oscar George Theo-
dore (1873- ) : b. Jersey City, N. J. ;
musical historian; studied in Germany
under Sandberger, Sachs, Kwast, Knorr,
etc. ; chief of the music division, Library
of Congress, since 1902; editor of 'The
Musical Quarterly' since 1915; author
of Protest gegen den Sytnbolismus in
der Musik (1897), 'Classification of
Music and Literature of Music' (1904),
'Francis Hopkinson and James Lyon —
Two Studies in Early American Music'
(1905), 'Bibliography of Early Secular
American Music' (1905), 'Early Concert
Life in America' (1907), 'Report on
"The Star Spangled Banner," "Amer-
ica," "Hail Columbia," "Yankee Doo-
dle" ' (1909), 'The Star Spangled Ban-
ner' (1913), 'Early Opera in America'
(1915), and numerous special studies
in musical periodicals, European and
American, also 'Catalogue of Opera

193

Sonnleifbnee;

Scores' (1908) and^'Catafogue ' of Or-
chestral Scores' (1912) and other val-
uable catalogues based on the Library
of Congress collection. He has com-
posed songs, etc. Ret.: (cited) IV. 36,
39f, 47ff, 56, 64, 68, 78f, 82, 89f, 98,
101, 104, 323f.

SONNIiBITHNBR (1) Chrlstoph
von (1734-1786): b. Szegedln, d. Vi-
enna; deacon of the Vienna faculty
of jurisprudence; musical amateur;
composed 4 string quartets (printed),
etc. (2) Joseph Ton (1765-1835): b.
Szegedin, d. Vienna; son of (1); first
district commissary, then secretary of
the court theatre, later government
councillor; a founder of the Society of
the Friends of Music and its Con-
servatory, at the time of his death
secretary of both. He -willed to the
Society his collection of instruments
and his library. During 1794-1796 he
edited an interesting "Vienna Theatre
Almanac'; in 1827 he discovered the
antiphonary Cod.. 359, of St. Gall, said
to be a copy of the antiphonary
sent by Bomanus at the wish of Charles
the Great in 790. Ref.: IX. 123. (3)
Iieopoia von (1797-1873) : b. Vienna, d.
there; nephew of (2); was instrumen-
tal In having the first in Schubert's
worts, the 'Erl King,' printed; inti-
mate friend of Schubert, who had sev-
eral MS. worlis performed for the first
time in S.'s house.

SOIVTAG, Henrlette [Gertrude
TITalpnrgls] (1806-1854): b. Coblentz,
d. Mexico. Being Intended for the
stage, she played juvenile roles at an
early age. In 1814 she entered Prague
Cons., where she became the pupil of
Triebensee, Pixis, Bayer and Frau
Ceska. From 1822 she sang alternately
in the Italian and the German opera
in Vienna and in 1823 created Weber's
'Euryanthe.' Her fame began in 1825,
when she triumphed in FreischiXtz and
Euryanthe in Leipzig and was engaged
for the Konigstadt Theatre in Berlin.
She visited Paris in 1826 and created
a sensation as Bosine in Bossini's Bar-
biere di Siviglia (singing Bode's in-
terpolated variations, in which she
showed herself to be superior in tech-
nique to Catalani). Engaged at the
Italian opera in Paris in 1827, she mar-
ried Count Bossi in the following year;
then after singing in the same concert
and the same operas with Malibran
in Paris, she abandoned public life in
1830, after having been ennobled by
the King of Prussia (von L&uenstein).
She was again active as a concert
singer in St. Petersburg (1838-43),
where her husband was ambassador.
Unfavorable financial circumstances
compelled her to resume her career;
she again sang in concerts and in the
opera at Brussels, Paris, London and
(1852) in America, where her Lucrezia
created great enthusiasm. In 1854 she
accepted a brilliant engagement at the
Italian opera in Mexico, but died soon

194

SoTmann'

after of cholera^"; Ref.: U, 185: Vn.
439; K. 214.

SONTHBIDI, HelnrfcK (1820-1912):
b. Bebenhausen, d, Stuttgart; opera
singer (heroic tenor), attached to the
court theatre, Stuttgart, 1856-72; also
sang in Karlsruhe, Vienna, Munich and
Berlin,

SOOMBR, ^Valter (1878- ): b.
Liegnitz; dramatic baritone; first sang
important Wagner rdles in Halle (1903-
06), was engaged for Leipzig,'then Bay-
reuth (regularly since 1908), where he
sang Kurwenal, Donner, Wotan, the Wan-
derer and Hans Sachs. During 1909-11
he was at the Metropolitan Opera, New
York; since 1911 at the Dresden court
opera.

SOPHOCIiBS, the Greek dramatist.
Ref.: VI. 155, 156; IX. 436.

SORas:, Georg Andreas (1703-
1778) : b. Mellenbach, Schwarzburg, d.
Lobenstein; court organist there for 56
years; composed 6 clavier sonatas, 24
Prdludien unit nntermischten Doppel-
fugen; Clavierubung in 6 nach ital.
gusto gesetzten Sonatinen; Wohlge-
wurzte Klangspeisen in 6 Parthien;
Kleine Orgelsonaten, 2i kurze Prdludia,
Neue Orgelsonaten; 6 Sginphonien fUrs
Clavier; i2 Menuetten furs Clavier; 12
Menuetten fiirs Clavier (with violin) ;
Toccata per omnem circulum XXIV
modorum fUrs Clavier; Parthien fUr
2 Querfloten, also church music and
organ pieces in MS. He wrote Gener-
alogia allegorica intervallorum octave
diatonico-ehTomaticae, d. h. Geschlechts-
register der Intervallen nach Anleitung
der Kldnge des grossen Waldhorns
(1741), Anweisung zur Stimmung und
TemperatuT (1744) and Vorgemach der
mus. Composition (in 3 parts, 1745-47) ;
describing his discovery of combination
tones before Tartlui, also several other
detailed discussions of temperament
and tuning methods, treatises on organ
tone, organ building, harmony, and
Killer's interval system In Hiller's
Nachrichten; also Anleitung zur Pan-
tos ie.

SORIANO, Francesco. See Sdbiano.

SORIA]VO-F17£RTES, Don Mariano
(1817-1880): b. Murcia, d. Madrid;
studied under his father, the director
of. the Boyal chamber music; founded
a paper, Iberia musical y literaria
(1841); prod, several zarzuelas in an
attempt to establish a national opera;
teacher at the Madrid Cons., 1843; di-
rector of the Lyceums at Cordova, Se-
villa, Cadiz and Barcelona, 1852, where
he founded the Gaceta musical in 1860;
pub. Miisica Arabe-Espanola, an impor-
tant work.

SORMAlflT, Alfred [Richard Gott-
hllfl (1861-1913): b. Danzig, d. Berlin;
studied at the Berlin Hochschule;
concert pianist in Germany, Ducal court
pianist, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1889; for
a time teacher at the Stern Cons., Ber-
lin; composer of a piano concerto, vir-
tuoso studies, etc., for the piano, cho^

Sonbles

ruses, a trio, 2 string quartets, fes-
tival overtures, and 2 operas,

SOVBIKS, Albert (1846- ): b.
Paris; historian and critic; studied
with Savard, Bazin and Guilmant at
the Conservatoire; editor for five
years of the Almanach des spectacles
de Paris; subsequently music critic of
Le Soir and later of the Reuue de I'Art
dramatique; contributor to Le Mines-
trel, etc.; author of histories of music
In Spain, Hungary, Bohemia, Russia,
Portugal, Germany, Switzerland, Bel-
gium, Holland, the Scandinavian coun-
tries and the British Isles: Histoire de
I'Opira comique (with Malherbe, 1840-
1887); Histoire da Thidtre lyrique de
1851 A 1870 (1899) ; Documents inidits
sur le Faust de Gounod (with H. de
Curzon, 1912), Le Thidtre Italien de
1801 a 1913 (1913), Massenet hUtorien
(1913), etc.

SOITBRE:, £tleime-JasepIt (1813-
1871) : b. Li^ge, d. there; studied at the
lAige Cons., where he succeeded Daus-
soigne-M^hiil as director in 1862; prod,
the opera Isoline, Brussels (1855) ;
Sgmphonie Triomphale (1854), vtrhlch
won a prize; composed 2 cantatas; Re-
quiem with orch.; Stahat Mater and
Ave Verum with orch.; Hymne A Gode-
froid de Bouillon for male chorus and
orch.; church music, choruses, over-
tures, symphonies, etc.

SOUHAITTY, Jean Jacanes (17th
cent.): Franciscan monk in Paris; first
to bring into use 'figure notation'
(numbers) for music, which has more
recently been used in the popular
teaching of sight-singing. He pub.
Nouvelle methode pour apprendre le
plain-chant et la musique (1665 ; 2nd ed.
as Nouveanx iliments du chant, on
I'essai d'une nouvelle dicouverte, etc.,
1667) and Essai du chant de I'iglise
par la nouvelle mithode des chiffres
(1679).

SOriilElR. See SoLi£.

SOVSA, Jolini FhlUp (1854- ) : b.
Washington, D. C; composer and con-
ductor; first violin in Offenbach's or-
chestra when the latter visited Amer-
ica; band leader of U. S. Marine Corps,
1880-92; director of Sousa's Band since
1892; toured Europe in 1900, 1901, 1903
and 1905, and the world in 1910-11;
composer of "Washington Post,' 'Liberty
Bell,' 'Stars and Stripes Forever,' and
other popular marches, several suites,
a symphonic poem 'The Chariot Race'
('Ben Hur'), and the comic operas
'The Smugglers,' 'Desire,' 'The (Jueen
of Hearts,' 'El Capitan,' 'The Bride
Elect,' 'The Charlatan,' 'Chris and the
Wonderful Lamp,' 'The Free Lance,'
and 'American Maid.' Ref.: IV. 460f;
mus. ex., XIV. 218; portrait, IV. 458.

SOVINSKY, Albert (Czyll Vo-
Jech) (ca. 1803-1880): b. Lajlyzyn,
Ukraine, d. Paris; pianist; studied
under Czerny, Leldersdorf and von
Seyfried at Vienna; toured Italy, and
settled in Paris, where he gave con-

195

Spark

certs and taught pianoj 1830; played
in London, 1842; pub. Les musiciens
polonais et slaves anciens et modernes,
dictionnaire . . . pricidi d'un risumi
de I'histoire de la musique (1857) ; also
orchestral and chamber music, and
piano pieces; composed 2 operas and
much church music.

SPACCINI, Giovanni Battista (1570-
1636) : b. Modena, d. there ; wrote a
chronicle of his native city (Cronana
Modenese) which contains exact entries
on the music life of his time. The
work has been pub. by Bertoni, T.
Sandomini and P. E. Viclnl in Monu-
menti di Storia Patria delle Provinzie
Modenesi, vol. xvi (1911).

SPADARIUS (or Spadaro). See
Spatabo.

SPASTH, Sigmnnd (1885- ): b.
Philadelphia, Pa.; music critic; stud-
ied violin with Rattay and Schmidt in
Philadelphia; Ph. D. Princeton Univ.,
1910 (dissertation 'Milton's Knowledge
of Music,' New York, 1912) ; musical
editor of the New York 'Evening Mall'
since 1914; contributed musical articles
to numerous magazines; translated
songs and librettos; composed several
songs and violin pieces (MS.). Ref.:
(cited) IV. 12.

SPAliDING, Walter Raymond
(1865- ) : b. Northampton, Mass. ;
A. M., Harvard Univ. (honors in music) ;
studied music in France, Germany, and
England; teacher of classics and music,
St. Mark's Preparatory School, South-
borough, Mass., 1889-92; organist at
Emmanuel Church, Boston, 1887-88 an(|
1898-1900; assistant professor of mUslc,
Harvard University and Radcllffe Col-
lege, from 1903, professor since 1912;
wrote 'Tonal C!ounterpoinf (1904) ;
with A. Foote, 'Modem Harmony in
Its Theory and Practice' (1905).

SPANGE]VBE;RG (l) Johann (1484-
1550) : b. Hardeisen, near Gottingen,
d. Eisleben; author of a pamphlet on
the music of the Nordhausen School
(1536) and a volume of Lutheran songs
(1545). (2) Cyriak (1528-1604): b.
Nordhausen; d. Strassburg; son of (1);
author of a work on the music of the
Melstersingers (1598).

SPANITTH, Angnst (1857- ): b.
Brlnkum, Hanover; pupil of Heymann
and Raff at the Hoch Conservatory,
Frankfort; went to America as concert
pianist (1888), taught at Chicago Con-
servatory, was musical editor of the
New York Staats Zeitung, 1893-1906;
then returned to Berlin, where he be-
came teacher at the Stem Cons., and
(1907) editor of the Signale. He has
published books of piano exercises
and studies and, together with Xaver
Scharwenka, a Uethodik des Klavier-
spiels (1907).

SPARK, [Dr.] Tirilliam (1823-1897):
b. Exeter, E&igland, d. Leeds ; chorister
in Exeter Cathedral; studied under Dr.
S. S. Wesley; organist at Tiverton, at
Daventry and at St. George's, Leeds,

Spataro

1850-80; founded the Leeds Madrigal
and Motet Society, 1851 ; borough or-
ganist of Leeds, 1860; Mus. Doc, Dub-
lin, 1861; editor of The Organist's
QuarteTly Journal; composed the ora-
torio Immanuel (Leeds, 1887), cantatas,
anthems and other church music, glees,
part songs, songs, and orgau_i>ieces ;
wrote 'Memoir of Dr. S. S. Wesley,'
'Henry Smart, His Life and Works'
(London, 1881), 'Musical Memories'
(1888); and 'Musical Reminiscences'
(1892). Ref.: VI. 476.

SPATARO (or Spatarns, Spadaro,
Spadarius), Giovanni (ca. 1460-1541) :
b. Qologna, d. there as maestro at San
Petronio; author of polemical pam-
phlets in defense of hfs master Ramls
de Pareja, and a -work called Tractato
di musiea, nel quale si tracta de la per-
tectione de la sesqui altera producta in
la musiea mensurata (1531).

SPXTH. See also Spaeth.

SPXTH (1) Johaim (17th cent.):
Cathedral organist at Augsburg, who
pub. a great collection of organ and
clavier pieces (Ars magna consoni et
dissoni, 1693). Ref.: A/l. 431. (2)
(Spatli), Franz Jakob (d. 1796):
builder of organs and pianos in Ratis-
bon; built both cembali and piano-
fortes, of which Mozart owned one till
1777. Ref.: n. 163. (3) Johann Adam
(1742-1794) : b. Anspach, d. there as
chamber musician and town cantor;
composer of songs that have become
folk-songs. (4) Andreas (1792-1876):
b. Rossach, near Coburg, d. Gotha; or-
ganist and musical director in Neflcha-
tel, court Kapellmeister in Coburg, com-
poser of operas, oratorios and instru-
mental works.

SPAZIER, Joliann Gottlieb Karl
(1761-1805) : b. Berlin, d. Leipzig;
studied philosophy at Halle and Gottin-
gen; professor at Giessen; settled in
Leipzig, 1800; wrote many songs, some
of which became great favorites; pub.
the autobiographical Karl Pilgers Ro-
man seines Lebens (3 vols., 1792-96) ;
Freie Gedanken Uber die Gottesvereh-
rung der Protestanten (1788) ; Einige
Gedanken . . . zur Einfiihrung eines
neuen Gesangbuchs (1790) ; Etwas Uber
Gluckische Musik und die Oper 'Iphi-
genia in Tanris' (1795) ; Rechtfertigung
Marpurgs . . . (1800) and Vber Yolks-
gesang, in the Allgemeine musikalische
Zeitung; edited Dittersdorf's autobiog-
raphy, and translated the first part of
Gritry's Mimoires et essais sur la
musiqne (1800).

SPEAKS, Oley: contemp. American
song writer. Ref.: IV. 355.

SPEE: [von Iicngenfeld], Fried-
ricli (1591-1635) : b. Kaiserswerth, on
the Rhine, d. Treves; a Jesuit, the
writer of the text and probably also
the composer of the music of the books
of church songs, GUldenes Tugendbuch
(1649) and Tratznachtigall Oder geist-
Itch-poetisches Lustwaldlein (1649,
often republished).

Speyep

SPEIBR (1) Daniel (17th cent.) : can-
tor at Walblingen, 1692; pub. Evange-
aische Seelengedanken (1681), Jubilum
coeleste (1692), Philomele angelica
(1693), a Choralbuch (1692) ; a book of
secular songs, Recens fabricatus labor
Oder die lustige Tafelmusik mit 3 Vo-
cal und i Instrumentalstimmen (1686) ;
and the pamphlet, Grundrichtiger . . .
Vnterricht in der musikalischen Kunst
(1687). (2) Charlton T. (1859- ):
b. Cheltenham; pupil of the Macfarrens
and Steggal; 1885 professor of piano
at the Royal Academy of Music; com-
poser of the operas 'Odysseus' and
'Zara'; cantatas, symphonic poem, pi-
ano pieces and songs. (3) William
Henry (1863- ) : b. London ; pupil
of C. H. Lloyd, Parratt and Stanford;
Mus. D. Cambridge, 1906, since when
he has been organist of the Parochial
church, Bexhill. He has composed a
ballad for chorus and orchestra, "The
Jackdaw of Rheims,' orchestral com-
positions, a string quartet and songs.

SPEIDEIi, TSVilhelm (1826-1899): b.
Ulm, d. Stuttgart; pianist; studied
composition with Ignaz Lachner; teach-
er at Thann, Alsatia, 1846-48, at Mu-
nich, 1848-54; Musikdirektor at Ulm,
1854; cond. of the Liederkranz at
Stuttgart, 1857; co-founder of the Cons.,
and famous teacher of the piano there
until 1874, when he founded the
'Kilnstler- und Dilettantenschule fur
Klavier,' which was united with the
Cons, in 1884; wrote 'Chorus of Spir-
its' from Faust for male chorus and
orch.; Wikinger Ansfahrt for tenor
solo, male chorus and orch.; Volkers
Schwanenlied for male chorus with
orch.; other male choruses, symphony
in D major, overture and intermezzo
to Konig Helge, piano trios, a 'cello so-
nata with piano, one for violin, 2
piano sonatas, piano pieces and songs.

SPEBTCBR (1) Herbert: the English
philosopher; enunciated a theory of
the origin of music. Ret.: I. 4f; V.
88. (2) -Wlllard (1855- ): Coopers-
town, N. Y. ; composer of piano pieces,
also a comic operetta, etc.

SPENDIAROFP, A.: contemp. Rus-
sian composer of symphonic pieces, ,
etc. Ref.: III. 141.

SPElVGEili, Jnlins Heinrlclt (1853-) :
b. Hamburg; studied music at the Co-
logne Consi and the Berlin Hochschule
with , Rudorfi', Joachim, Kiel, Schulze,
etc.; singing teacher in Hamburg, con-
ductor of the Cacilienverein and teacher
at the teachers' seminary of the con-
vent school, organist of the church of
St. Gertrude from 1886; appointed
Royal Musikdirektor in 1902 and Royal
professor in 1906; his compositions in-
clude a piano quartet, a symphony, a
'cello sonata, choral works, songs, etc.;
edited Handel's Eelshazzar (1905) and
wrote a guide to Bach's B-minor mass.

SPERONTBS. See Addenda.

SPETER (or Speier), WHhelm
(1790-1878) : b. Offenbach, d. there; a

196

Splcker

tradesman by vocation, but gave his
leisure to music; studied theory -with
Vollweiler and Andri and violin with
Ferd. Franzel; close friend of Spohr.
He published string quartets, violin
duets, choruses for male voices, etc.

SPICKBR, Max (1858-1912): b.
Ednigsberg, d. New York; studied with
Louis K6hler and at the Leipzig Cons,
with Wenzel, Belnecke, Rlchter and
Paul; conductor of theatre orchestras
at Heidelberg, Cologne, Ghent, Alx-la-
Chapelle and Potsdam; conductor of
the Beethoven Mannerchor, New York,
1882-88; director of the Brooklyn Cons.,
1888-95; teacher of harmony and coun-
terpoint at the National Cons., New
York, since 1895; composer of a suite
for orchestra, incidental music to Schil-
ler's Demetrius, cantata 'The Pilot' for
male chorus and orchestra, piano pieces,
songs, etc.

SPIBIiTEIR, Hermann (1860- ):
b. Bremen, studied at Leipzig Conserva-
tory (1881-85). In 1894 he became
director of the Beethoven Mannerchor
of New York and Is a teacher at the
New York College of Music. He has
composed songs, male choruses, cham-
ber music, and pieces for piano, for
violin and for 'cello.

SPIBRI]V», Theodore (1871- ):
b. St. Louis, Mo.: studied with his fa-
ther, Ernst S. (1845-1887, b. Lilbeck,
d. St. Louis), with Schradleck at Cin-
cinnati, then with Joachim at the Ber-
lin Hochschule; also private pupil of
G. Vierling; became 3rd concert-master
of the Thomas Orchestra in Chicago
on his return to America, organized
his own string quartet In 1893 and led
it 12 years. He taught at the Chicago
Cons., 1898-99, conducted a violin school
of his own, 1899-1902, and was co-
director of the Chicago Musical Col-
lege till 1905. He lived in Berlin from
1905, taught at the Stem Cons, there,
but returned to New York as concert-
master of the Philharmonic Society un-
der Mahler, for whom he substituted
during part of the season 1910-11.
After a further sojourn in Berlin, he
returned to New York in 1914. He
has composed a book of songs, violin
etudes etc

SPIES, Hermlne (1857-1893): b.
Lohneberger, Hiltte, near Wellburg, d.
Wiesbaden; studied at the Wiesbaden
Cons., also with Slever and Stockhau-
sen; appeared as concert contralto from
1882, recognized as authoritative in-
terpreter of the songs of Brahms. She
married Dr. W. A. F. Hardtmuth in
1892.

SPIEISS (1) Melnraa (1683-1761): b.
Honsolgen, Swabia, d. as prior of
Yrsee Monastery; comp. Antiphonarium
Marianum, 24 numbers for soprano or
alto solo with 2 violins and organ
(1713) ; Cithara Davidts, 4-part vesper
psalms with strings and organ (1717) ;
Philomele ecclesiastica, motets for solo
voices, 2 violins, and organ (1718);

Splrtdlon

Caltas latreuHco-musictts, masses and
4-part Requiems with strings and or-
gan (1719) ; other church music and
12 sonatas for 2 violins, vlolone and
organ (1734); published Musikalischer
Traetat (1745). (2) Joliann Martin
(18th cent.): organist at Heidelberg
and Berlin; pub. Davids Harfenspiel ia
150 Psalmen aaf 342 Liedermelodien
(1745; also as Geistliche Liebesposau-
n«n, etc.); and 26 Geistliche Ariett
(1761).

SPIGIi, Friedrlch (1860- ); b.
Vienna; pianist; studied with Dachs,
Bruckner and Krenn, taught at the
Horak Piano School and became its
director in 1914. He has composed
only a few songs, but has written
largely on pedagogic and other musical
subjects. He was one of the earliest
advocates of the science of musical
phrasing, and wrote, with Horak, Der
Klavierunterricht in neue Bahnen ge-
lenkti which prepared the way for the
new ideas in piano technique advocated
by Billow and Riemann. His essay
Wagner et Debussg, In the Revue bleue
(1902), attracted much attention. He
also prepared piano solo arrangements
of classical orchestral compositions, and
has written a number of opera librettos.

SPIlVDIiER (1) Franz Stanlslans
(1759-1819): b. Stelngaden, Bavaria, d.
Strassburg; operatic tenor in Augsburg,
then variously engaged as actor and
singer in Innsbruck, Brfinn, Breslau
(where he sang Don Giovanni, Alma-
vlva, and Tamino), changing to bass
after an accident. He later became a
theatre manager and in Strassburg
Kapellmeister at the Milnster; com-
posed a number of melodramas and
Singsplele, also incidental music and
an oratorio. (2) Fritz (1817-1905) ; b.
Wiirzbach, near Lobenstein, d. Loss-
nitz, near Dresden; studied from 1835
with F. Schneider at Dessau; taught
in Dresden from 1841; composer of 2
symphonies and a quintet for piano,
oboe, clarinet, horn and bassoon; a
piano quartet, a piano concerto, sev-
eral trios, and many brilliant salon-
pieces for piano; also instructive sona-

SPINEliLI/I, Nlccola (1865-1909): b.
Turin, d. Rome; studied at Naples
Cons.; won the second Sonzogno prize
with his opera Labilia (Rome, 1890) ;
also produced A basso porta (3 acts,
Cologne, 1894, Rome, 1895, etc.), etc.
Ref.: m. 369, 371; IX. 481.

SFIRIDIO, Bertbold (17th cent.):
monk and organist at the monastery
of St. Teodor near Bamberg; pub. a
collection, Musica Rontana, 3-part
church music with 2 violins (1665) ; '
Musica Theoliturgica (1668) ; a quaint
Instruction book for organ and clavier
playing, Neue und bis data unbekannte
Unterweisung, etc. (1670), with many
musical examples, including Toccate,
ricercari e canzoni francesi (1691).

SPIRIDIOX. See Xyndas.

197

Spitta

SPITTA (1) [J. August] FhlUpp
(1841-1894): b. Wechold in Hanover,
d. Berlin; biographer of Bach. He
studied philology at Gottingen, -was
teacher in the Reval School for Nobles
(1864-66), at the Gymnasium In Son-
dershausen (until 1874) and at the
Nicolai Gymnasium in Leipzig, where
he was a co-founder of the Bach So-
ciety in 1874. In 1875 he became pro-
fessor-extraordinary of musical history
and permanent secretary of the Royal
Academy of Arts in Berlin; at the same
time teacher and administrative di-
rector of the Royal High School for
Music. His musical reputation dated
from the publication of his biography
of J. S. Bach (2 vols^ 1873-80), which
is not only a life of Bach developed
along the most modem lines of his-
torical research, but also supplies ex-
haustive aesthetic analyses of Bach's
individual works. He was able to
educate an able staff of assistants (in-
cluding K. Vogel, M. Friedlander, etc.),
among whom he divided the various
branches of his research work. Be-
sides this biography, S. also published
a critical edition of Dietrich Buxte-
hade's organ works (1875-76) in two
volumes; a complete edition of Hein-
rich Schutz's "works in 16 volumes; and
a selection of the musical works of
Frederick the Great (1889). S. gave the
Impulse to the publication of the now
famous Denkmdler deutscher Tonknnst.
He contributed to the various musical
periodicals and was the author of nu-
merous musical essays, some pub.
in collections (Znr Musik, 16 arti-
cles, 1892; Musikgeschichtliche Aafsdtze,
1894, etc.). He left (almost completed)
a history of the romantic opera in
Germany. Ref.: I. 455, 467; VI. 118, 120,
437. (2) Friedrlcli (1852- ): b.
WitUngen, Hanover; brother of (1) ;
professor of theology in Strassburg;
with J. Smend, editor of the Monat-
schrift filT Gottesdienst und kirchltche
Knnst, which devotes much space to
music. He is also president of the
Evangelical Church Choral Society for
Alsace-Lorraine since 1898, and himself
conducts a church choir, which culti-
vates the works of Heinrich Schutz in
particular. He pub. Entwurf einer
preussischen Agende (1893), and col-
laborated on various Evangelical cho-
rale books, and has written on Benedikt
Duels (fundamental biography), Schiltz,
Luther's songs, chorales, etc.

SPITZBR-HECYXISI, liUdwlg (1853-
1894) : b. Urpad, Hungary, d. Cologne ;
'cellist in the Florentine Quartet;
teacher at the Cologne Cons.

SFOHR, liUdnls (1784-1859): b.
Brunswick, d. Cassel; great violinist,
conductor and composer; was early en-
couraged to musical activity, as his
father played the flute and his mother
the piano and also sang. He received
his first violin instruction at 5 or 6
and henceforth participated in the fam-

198

Spohr

ily concerts. His talent recognized, the
boy was sent to study theory with the
pedantic Brunswick organist Hartung
and violin with the able concert-master
Maucort. His progress secured his ap-
pointment as Ducal chamber musician,
and the Duke's offer to bear the ex-
pense of his artistic training. Hence
he became the pupil of Franz Eck In
1802, and travelled with him for a
year and a half, studying and hearing
music. S. undertook his first concert
tour in 1804 and created a great sen-
sation as virtuoso and composer. En-
gaged as concert-master in 18()5, he
married Dorette Scheidler, the harp
virtuoso, in the following year and
in conjunction with his wife he
made further concert trips in 1807 and
1809, and In 1812 became conductor
at the Theater an der Wlen, Vienna,
after having competed with Rode. He
left Vienna in 1816, journeyed through
Italy, where he met Paganini, and in
1817 was engaged as conductor of the
municipal theatre in Frankfurt. In
1820 he played in London with suc-
cess, but after a rather cool recep-
tion in Paris he went to Dresden, 1821,
and in 1822 followed a call to Cassel
as court conductor, and there remained.
St>ohr has written in all 150 works,
among them 10 operas, of which Faust
(1816), Jessonda (1823) and Zemire
und Azor (1819) are the best (the others
being Die Prafung, 1806, Alruna, 1808,
Der Zweikampf mit der Geliebten,
Hamburg, 1811, D«r Berggelsi, Cassel,
1825, Pietro von Abano, 1828, Die
Kreuzfahrer, Cassel, 1845, Das befreite
Deutschland, Die letzten Dinge, 1826,
Des Heilaad's letzte Stunden, 1835) : 9
symphonies, of which the 'Consecration
of Tone' (op. 86) is the most popular
(I. &flat maj., op. 20; H. D min., op.
49; in. C min., op. 78; IV. F maj., op.
86;,V. C min., op. 102; VI. G maj., op.
116, the 'Historical'; VH. C maj., op.
121 [2 orchestras] ; VIII. G min., op. 137:
IX. B min., op. 143, 'The Seasons') and
other orchestral pieces (3 concert over-
tures, a tragedy overture ['Macbeth'],
etc.) ; a mass, Klopstock's Vater Vnser
for S-part choruses, psalms, cantatas,
male choruses and songs. His violin con-
certos are still very popular (No. 8, the
Gesatigsscene, being the favorite) and
there are besides 3 concertinos and 2
concertantes for 2 violins with orch.
and harp, and violin and orch.; also
a quadruple concerto, op. 131, for
string quartet and orch. Besides these
works, S. pub. a Violin School in 3
divisions (1831), as well as 34 string
quartets (6 quatuors brillants with solo
first violin), 4 double quartets, a string
sextet, 6 string quintets, 4 potpourri
for violin and orch., 3 violin sonatas
with piano, 15 violin duets and piano
and violin duets (instructive), 5 pi-
ano trios, 3 piano quintets, a septet
with piano, an octet for 2 violas, a 'cello,
clarinet, 2 boms and bass, a nonet for

Spontini

strings and wind, 4 clarinet concertos,
a harp fantasy and several books of
piano pieces. Among S.'s compositions
the best are those for violin. He is
considered a romantic composer, but
in his adherence to classic principles
is more akin to Mozart, Schubert and
Mendelssohn than to Wojer, Marschner
and Schumann. Nevertheless, his chro-
matic harmony in places is conspicu-
ous and his open appreciation of Wag-
ner must be mentioned as significant.
After the death of his first wife Spohr
married (1836) the pianist Marianne
Pfeiffer, who outlived him (d. 1892).
Ref.: n. 329ff, 346f, 377, 386, 397; songs,
V. 183; choral works, VI. 150f, 266f;
violin music, VII. 412, 418, 430, 438;
orchestral works, VIII. 278ff; operas,
DC. xil. 189, 190, 209ff; mus. ex., Xm.
330, 332; portrait, VII. 536.

SPONTINI, Gasparo l4iiigl Faclflco
[Papal title, Conte di Sant' Andrea]
(1774-1851) : b. Majolatl, d. there; com-
poser; studied at the Conservatorio della
Fletk, Naples (1791) ; produced his first
opera / puntiglt delle donne In Rome,
1796; and studied with Plccinl, on
his return to Naples. Several unsuc-
cessful operas In Naples preceded Mil-
ton (Theatre Feydeau, Paris), in which
city he was favored by the Empress
Josephine, and he Increased his repu-
tation with the Austerlitz cantata
Eccelsa gara. His La Vestale (Paris,
1807) was triumphantly successfm and
received Napoleon's decennial opera
prize. In 1809 his next great opera
Ferdinando CoTtez was produced; and
in 1810 S. became director of the Ital-
ian Opera in Paris and produced Mo-
zart's Don Giovanni in its original form
for the first time in that city. After
the Restoration he wrote various oc-
casional operas for Louis XVIII iPi-
lage, 1814, Les dieux rivaax, 1816), and
in 1819 produced the third of his cele-
brated works, Olgmpie. In 1820 S.
went to Berlin as court composer and
general musical director to Frledrich
Wilhelm III of Prussia, and in the fol-
lowing year produced his festival play,
Lalla Roolth, and the opera Nour-
mahal, followed in 1825 by Alcindor,
and in 1829 by Agnes von Hohen-
staafen. His vanity and arrogance
made him universally disliked In Ber-
lin, however, and he was obliged to
resign his position in 1842. There-
after he lived for a short time In Paris,
but returned to Italy and died in his
native town. Ref.: II. 197 ff: IX. xi,
118, /57/f, 167, 183; mus. ex., XIH. 212;
portrait, II. 200.

SFORCK, GeoTses (1870- ): b.
Paris; studied with Niedermeyer, and
at the Conservatoire (Pessard, Colomer,
Guiraud, Dubois), then with d'Indy.
His compositions Include Marche solen-
nelle (organ and orchestra), symphonic
sketches and preludes, symphonic
poems {Islande, Boabdil, Pagsages Nor-
mandes, etc.), Sgmphonie Vivaiais; and

Stade

he has analytically edited Beethoven
and Mozart sonatas.

SPRINGBR (1) Hermann (1872-):
b. at DSbeln in Saxony; studied Ro-
mance philology and musical history
(Leipzig, Berlin and Paris) and is now
librarian of the department of music
in the Royal Library, Berlin. Since
1895 he is music critic of the Deutsche
Tageszeitang and has written many
monographs on muslco-historical sub-
jects, occupying himself especially with
the history of music In Italy and Ital-
ian musical typography. Among his
works are Das Partiturautograph von
G. Scarlattts verschollener Clemenza di
Tito (1913) and Die venezianische Lied-
musik des Settecento. (2) Max: (1877-) :
b. at Schwendi in Wurrtemberg; stud-
ied music with Sehachleitner and
Eliika, and became organist and choir
director of the Abbey of Emaus. He
wrote "The Art of Choral Accompanl-
menf (Eng., 1908), choral solfeggios,
and many organ pieces, as well as
songs, chamber music and composi-
tions for orchestra.

SPROSS, Charles Gilbert: con-
temp. American organist; accompanist
and composer of songs. Ref.: IV. 355.

SPURNI, DoTotliea. See Mendling.

SQ,UARCIAIiUPI (or Sgaarcialnpl),
Antonio (15th cent.) : celebrated Ital-
ian organist (he went by the name
of Antonio degll organl^, a contem-
porary of Dufay and by him highly es-
teemed. One of the most Important
collections of 14th century Florentine
madrigal was once the property of S.
(Cod. Palat. 87, Florence). Ref.: VI.
416.

SQ,IIIRB (1) 'William Barclay
(1885- )! b. Feltham Hill, Middle-
sex; music historian; appointed to
take charge of the printed music in
the British Museum (1885), where he
is now assistant keeper; musical critic
for some years of the 'Saturday Review'
and other papers; has compiled a
catalogue In 2 vols, of the Printed Mu-
sic In the British Museum (1487-1800)
and catalogue of music in the Chap-
ter Library, Westminster and the Royal
College of Music. Ref.: HL 430. (2)
■W^m. Henry (1871- ): b. Ross,
England; 'cellist and song writer; stud-
led at the Royal College of Music; has
been principal 'cellist at the Royal
Opera, Covent Garden, and at the Leeds,
Norwich, Hereford, Gloucester and
Worcester festivals; frequent tours;
professor at the Royal College of Mu-
sic; and the Guildhall School of
Music; examiner at the Royal Acad-
emy of Music; composer of songs.
Ref.: m. 443.

STABIIjE:, Annlbale ([?]-ca. 1595):
d. Rome; studied with Palestrina;
maestro at the church of S. Maria
Maggiore; composed motets, madrigals,
litanies, etc. (1584-92).

STADE (1) Helnrlch (1816-1882):
b. Ettischleben, near Amstadt, d. Arn-

199

Staden

stadt; cantor and organist; rehabili-
tated tlie organ in the church of St.
Boniface, celebrated as one of the
places -where Bach played from 1703
to 1707. He published a book on organ
preludes, postludes and chorales. (2)
FrledTlch [Lndwls RadoU] (1844-) :
b. Sondershausen ; studied philogy,
then music with Riedel and Richter in
Leipzig; contributed to the Neue Zeit-
schTift fiiT Musik, etc.; pub. Vom
Mnsikalisch-SchSnen (contra Hanslick,
1870 [1904]), and edited the 6th ed.
of Brendel's Geschichie der Musik, also
J. S. Bach's Well-Tempered Clavichord
in score, etc.; teacher and organist in
Leipzig; secretary for the Gewandhaus
concerts; Royal Professor, 1914.

STADBN (1) Johann [not Joh.
Gottlieb] (ca. 1579-1634): b. Nurem-
berg, d. there ; organist of the Sebaldus-
kirche; pub. many motets, Magnificats,
and other music. Including dances, dur-
ing the years 1606-43. (2) Sigmimd
TbeophUns (1607-1655): b. Nurem-
berg, d. there ; son of (1) ; a German
organist who composed in the new
monodic style, "was organist of the
St. Lorenzo Church in Nuremberg, and
published the oldest extant German op-
era, Seelewig (1644, in Harsdorffers
GespTdchspiele, 1644). S. also pub.
Seelen-Musik trostreicher Lieder (1644)
and Der 7 Tugenden Planeten-Tone
Oder Stimmen (1645) ; some melodies in
Rist's Neue himmlische Lieder (1651) ;
edited H. L. Hassler's Kirchengesdnge
(1637). Ref.: IX. 29.

STADIiSlR (1) Maximilian (1748-
1833) : b. Melk, Lower Austria, d. Vi-
enna; abbot at LUienfeld, 1786-89; set-
tled in Vienna, 1815; pub. many
masses. Requiems, psalms, organ
fugues, piano sonatas, songs with pi-
ano, etc.; wrote Yertheidigung der
Echtheit des Mozartschen Requiems
(1826-27). (2) Brothers: improved the
clarinet, 1789. Ref.: VIII. '98.

STADIilHATElR, Johaiiii (1560-ca.
1646): b. Freising, Bavaria; Kapell-
meister to the Archduchess Claudia at
Innsbruck; pub. much church music,
including masses, hymns. Misereres,
psalms, and a Reciuiem, during the
years 1593-1646.

STADTFEI>DT, Alexander (1826-
1853) : b. Wiesbaden, d. Brussels ; stud-
led under Fitis in Brussels Cons.,
where he won the grand prix de Rome
in 1849; wrote the operas Hamlet
(Darmstadt, 1857) ; (Weimar, 1882) ;
Abu Hassan, L'Ulusion, and La Pe-
drina (MS.) ; a cantata, vocal scenes
with orch., 4 symphonies, overtures,
2 concertinos for piano and orch.,
string quartet, etc.

STXGKMAIVIV, Max (1843- ): b.
Freienwalde-on-Oder ; studied at Dres-
den Cons., operatic baritone; sang at
Hanover and Berlin; theatre director
at Eonigsberg from 1876, but in 1879
removed to Berlin, where he sang in
concert and taught. He became di-

200

Stamitz

rector of the Leipzig Stadttheater in
1882. He married the violinist Hllde-
gard Klrchner (d. 1913), and his son
Waldemar as well as his daughter
Helene are singers, the former bari-
tone at the Dresden Court Opera, the
latter (soprano) a lieder singer, mar-
ried the composer Botho Sigwart (q.v.).
STAGNO, Alberto (1836-1897): b.
Palermo, d. Genoa; studied with Ma-
rlot and Lamperti; operatic tenor in
Italy, Austria, England, Russia, Spain

STAHLKNECHT (1) Adolf (1813-
1887): b. Warsaw, d. Berlin; chamber
violinist there; wrote chamber music,
an opera and symphonies. (2) Julius
(1817-1892): b. Posen, d. Berlin; broth-
er of (1) ; first 'cellist in the Berlin
Royal orchestra; toured with his broth-
er, composed for the 'cello.

STAIPTER, [Sir] John (1840-1901):
b. London, d. en route to Verona; or-
ganist and director of a London church
at the age of 14; pupil of Bailey and
Steggal (theory) and George Cooper
(organ). In 1859 he became organist
of Magdalen Church, Oxford; soon after
university organist; Mus. Doc, 1865.
During 1872-88 he was organist of St.
Paul's, London; in 1876 became pro-
fessor of organ and harmony at Na-
tional Training School; in 1881 di-
rector, and when it became the Royal
College of Music, professor (1883). In
1888 he retired because of blindness,
was knighted same year and made pro-
fessor of music at Oxford, 1889.
Among his compositions should be
mentioned the oratorio 'Gideon,' and
the very popular passion cantata 'The
Crucifixion,* the cantatas 'The Daugh-
ter of Jairus' and 'St. Mary Magdalen'
(Gloucester Music Festival, 1883), two
cathedral services and a number of an-
thems. S. also published (with C. Hu-
bert H. Parry) a number of musical
catechisms; a text-book on harmony
which has been reprinted several times;
and, together with Barrett, a dictionary
of musical terms (1876). With his son
John and daughter Cede, S. also is-
sued 'Dufay and His Contemporaries'
(1898), a selection of compositions by
Dufay and other 15th century com-
posers. Ref.: (cited) VI. 31, 493.

STAINER and BELL.: English mu-
sic publishers. Ref.: III. 435.

STAMATY, CamUle-Marie (1811-
1870): b. Bome, d. Paris; pianist;
studied under Kalkbrenner; d^but
1835; one of the most eminent teachers
in Paris, among whose pupils were
Saint-Saens and Gottschalk; pub. a pi-
ano concerto, 2 sonatas, a piano trio,
'Variations,' many fine educational
pieces, including 12 etudes pittoresques,
6 etudes sur Oberon; La rgthme des
dolgts it I'aide du mitronome, £tudes
progressives and others.

STAMITZ (1) Johann [^V^enzel
Anton] (1717-1757) : b. Deutsch-Brod,
Bohemia, d. (probably) Mannheim;

Stamltz

now recognized as the creator of the
modem instriunental style of music
and the precursor of Haydn and Mo-
zart; first attracted attention as a vio-
lin virtuoso at the coronation of Em-
peror Charles VII, Frankfort (1742) ;
and three years later became concert-
master and director of the music to the
Elector Palatine, Karl Theodor. From
1747 he was assisted in his reforms in
instrumental style by the chamber
composer Franz Xaver Richter. These
reforms consisted In the introduction
of rapid contrasts in themes and sud-
den change of expression within the
compass of a single movement. They
attracted an enormous amount of at-
tention and were immediately Imitated
by Johann Schobert, Ernst Richter, Jo-
hann Christian Bach, Boccherini, Dit-
tersdorf, Gossec, van Malder, and the
sons (Earl and Anton) and pupils (A.
FUtz, Cannabich, Toeschi, F. Beck) of
S. Though his innovations were se-
verely criticized by the North German
critics, they found Immediate accept-
ance in the great musical concert cen-
tres of the time, Paris and London ; and
in 1751 the Concerts spirituels of Le
Gros produced a symphony with Cym-
bals, trumpets and horns; and during
the winter of 1754-55, when S. himself
was in Paris, one with horns and
oboes, and one with horns and. clari-
nets. S.'s gifts as a virtuoso and teach-
er, long recognized, now appear as sec-
ondary to his importance as a com-
poser. He wrote 10 orchestral trios, 50
symphonies, 12 violin concertos and a
number of sonatas for the same instru-
ment. An autograph mass in D is pre-
served in the Royal Hausbibliothek,
Berlin. Ref.: I. xiv (footnote), 481;
II. 8, 12, 57, 63ff, 67, 94; IV. 38, 63,
66f, 69, 75, 79, 81; VH. 98, 112f, 413,
418, 420, 487, 491, 499; VIII. 92, 126,
140, li3f, 169; mus. ex., XIII. 167. (2)
Anton Tliaddans (1721 - 1768) : b.
Deutsch-Brod, d. Altbunzlau as archi-
eplscopal land vicar and canon; brother
of (1), an able 'cellist and for a time
member of the Mannheim orchestra
(Gerber). (3) Carl (1746-1801): b.
Mannheim, d. Jena; son and pupil of
(1) ; associated with Franz Xaver Rich-
ter in Strassburg (1770), thei;eafter led
wandering life as viola and viola
d'amour virtuoso (1778, Paris, Lon-
don, later St. Petersburg) ; was con-
cert-master to the Duke of Noailles,
Paris, 1785; to Prince Hohenlohe-
Schillingsf first, 1787; directed music-
lovers' concerts, Cassel, 1789-90; then
travelled in Russia, and in 1794 be-
came academic concert-master in Jena.
He v(rrote 70 symphonies, trios, duos,
solos for violin, viola, and 'cello;
also composed the two operas: Der
verliebte Ydrmund (Frankfort) and
Dardanns (St. Petersburg). Be/.: VII.
418. (4) Johann Anton (1754-1820):
b. Mannheim; accompanied his brother
(3) to Strassburg and Paris (where

201

stanhope

he remained). His works Include 13
symphonies, string quartetSj trio so-
natas, duos for strings, violin sonatas,
piano concertos. Ref.: VH. 418, 432.

STANDFUSS, J. O. ([?]-17567): d.
Hamburg; was in 1752 ballet violin-
ist and drillmaster of the Koch theatre
troupe, Leipzig. Composed the Sing-
spiel Der Teufel ist los (Hamburg,
1747; the text an arrangement of Cof-
fey's 'The Devil to Pay,' by Weisse);
also motets, incidental music and songs.
Ref.: IL 8; IX. 80.

STANFORD, [Sir] Charles VlllieTS
(1852- ) : b. Duhlin ; studied compo-
sition with O'Leary and Stewart; cho-
rister-pupil at Queen's College, Oxford
(1870) ; organist at Trinity College,
Oxford (1873), and director of the Uni-
versity Musical Society (1874) ; was a
pupil of Reinecke and Kiel during va-
cations (1874-76); M. A. Oxford, 1877;
honorary Mus. Doc, 1883, do. Cam- .
bridge, 1888. He became director of
the Bach Choir in London, 1885, suc-
ceeded Macfarren as professor in Cam-
bridge, 1887; director of the Philhar-
monic Society, Leeds, from 1897; di-
rector of the Leeds Music Festival from
1901. He was knighted 1901 and made
a member of the Berlin Academy in
1904. He composed 5 operas, the last
'Much Ado About Nothing' (London,
1900) ; overtures and incidental music
for the stage; 6 symphonies (of which
the 'Irish,' op. 28, is the best known) ;
and many other compositions for or-
chestra, among them 'Irish Rhapsodies'
and 'Irish Dances'; chamber music with
and without piano, including 6 Irish
fantasias for piano and violin, 2 'cello
sonatas, a piano quartet, a piano quin-
tet, 2 trios, 4 string quartets, 2 string
quintets, a piano sonata, Irish dances
and other pieces for piano, as well as
compositions for violin, for clarinet,
'cello, etc. S. has also written organ
music, church services, anthems,
psalms, an oratorio 'The Three Holy
Children' (Birmingham, 1885) ; many
secular chorus works, cantatas and
choral ballads (TThe Battle of the Bal-
tic,' Hereford, 1891); and a great many
songs and ballads. He has compiled
collections of Irish songs, 'Songs of
Erin,' 'Songs of Old Ireland' (1882),
'Irish Songs and Ballads' (1893), etc.,
and is the author of 'Studies and Mem-
ories' (1908), 'Musical Composition'
(1912), and (with C. Forsyth) 'A His-
tory of Music' (1916). Ref.: III. 415,
419, 423; VI. 211, 346, 310f; VIH. 474;
mus. ex., XrV. 179.

STANGE, Hermann (1835-1914): b.
Kiel, d. there; studied at Leipzig Cons.;
private tutor to Count Bernstorff in
Hanover and the Prince of Wied at
Neuwied; organist at Bossal College,
England, 1860-64; from 1878 musical
director and from 1887 professor at
Kiel University.

STANHOPE, Charles, Earl of (1753-
1816) : d. London; author of 'Principles

Stanley

of Tuning Instruments with Fixed
Tones.'

STA]VI,EY (1) [Charles] John (1713-
1786): b. London, d. there; blind from
early youth; studied under J. Reading
and M. Greene; was organist in sev-
eral churches, and succeeded Boyce as
Master of the Royal Band in 1779. As
a friend of Handel he cond. the ora-
torio ' performances with Smith after
the composer's death: wrote the ora-
torios Jephtha (1757), Zimri (1760),
The Fall of Egypt (1774) ; dram, pas-
toral Arcadia (for George III.'s wed-
ding) ; songs and instrumental music.
(2) Albert Angnstns (1851- ) : b.
Manville, R. I.; composer and edu-
cator; studied at Leipzig Cons.; pro-
fessor of music, Univ. of Michigan,
since 1888, and director of the Univ.
School of Music there since 1903; a
founder of the College of Musicians
and the American Guild of Organists;
has composed a symphony, symphonic
poem for orchestra, 'Psalm of Victory'
for tenor solo, chorus and orchestra, in-
cidental music to Percj; Mackaye's
'Sappho and Phseon,' music to 'Alces-
tis,' Laus Deo for chorus, orchestra and
organ, songs, church music, etc. Ret.:
rV. 268.

STANTON, Edmond C.i contemp.
American opera manager. Ret.: IV.
140.

STARCK, IngeboTg. See Bronsart.

STARK (1) liUdTvlg (1831-1884): b.
Munich, d. Stuttgart; pupil of Ignaz
and Franz Lachner; co-founder of the
Stuttgart Cons., 1857, and teacher of
singing, also harmony, playing from
score and history of music till 1873,
then only theory and history; honorary
degree of Dr. phil., Tiibingen, 1873;
Royal Professor, 1868; founder and
conductor of the Stuttgart Singverein;
with Lebert edited a Grosse Klavier-
schule; with Faisst, an elementary and
choral singing method, a Liederschnle,
etc. He composed sacred and secular
choral works, piano pieces, songs, etc.
(2) Robert (1847- ) : b. Klingenthal,
Saxony; clarinettist; studied at Dres-
den Cons., orchestral player In Chem-
nitz, solo clarinettist in Wiesbaden,
teacher (professor, 1903) at the Royal
Music School, Wurzburg; wrote for
clarinet 3 concertos, romance, solo
pieces, and etudes; also a wind quintet
and a serenade for oboe and piano;
pub. a Practical Clarinet School and
Hohe Schnle des Klarinettspiels.

STARKB, Fi-ledricli (1774-1835): b.
Elsterwerda, d. Dobling n. Vienna;
Austrian bandmaster; pub. military
music, orchestral masses and a Wiener
Pianoforte-Sehule (1820) .

STARZER, Josef (1726-1787): d. in
Vienna; violinist, composer; was at
first concert-master of the court or-
chestra in Vienna; then concert-master
and court composer in St. Petersburg,
where he produced 2 ballets: Floras
Sieg and L'amore medico; collaborated

Stcherbatchefl

with Baupach on the prologue 'New
Laurels' to the opera Alceste. Other
notable ballets by him are Adelheid von
Ponthiea (Petersburg, 1797) and Die
Horaxier. He also composed an orato-
rio, symphonies, a violin concerto and
much chamber music and violin pieces.

STASNY, liUdTClg (1823-1883): b.
Prague, d. Frankfort; conductor at the
'Palmengarten,' 1871-83; composed two
operas produced at Mayence, also dance
music and orchestral arrangements
from Wagnerian dramas.

STASSOFF, Vladimir Vassllie-
vltch (1824-1906) : b. St. Petersburg,
d. there; important art and music
critic; attended the law school and
there became a friend of Seroff. In
1845 he secured a position in the St.
Petersburg Public Library; in 1851
went to Italy as secretary of Prince
Demidoif, and obtained copies of rare
old MSS. which he presented to the
St. Petersburg library. He wrote a
number of musical biographies (Glin-
ka, Borodine, Moussorgskjr, Bimsky-
Korsakoff, Cui, etc), besides many
essays and articles on music. Among
the latter, the Series Die russische Mu-
stk der letzten 25 JaJire (EuTopdischer
Bote, 1885), advocating the neo-Russian
movement, is noteworthy. On S.'s 70th
birthday his works were issued in three
octavo volumes (1894). Ref.: III. 38,
107; IX. 391, 401, 405.

STATKOVSKI, Roman (1860- ):
b. Szczypiorna, near Kalisch, Poland;
studied with Zelenski in Warsaw and
at the St. Petersburg Cons. (Solovleflf),
and Is now teacher of instrumentation
and history of music at Warsaw Cons.
He has composed many piano pieces, a
string quartet, an orchestral fantasy
and a polonaise, as well as the operas
Philaenis (Warsaw, 1904) and Maria
(Warsaw, 1906).

STAUDIGIi (1) Josef (1807-1861):
b. Wollersdorf, Lower Austria, d. in-
sane at Michaelbeuerngrund, near Vi-
enna; celebrated dramatic bass;, gave
up the study of medicine to join the
court opera chorus at Vienna, where
he became leading bass, later court
conductor. (2) Josef (1850- ): b.
Vienna; son of (1); studied under
Rokitansky at the Cons.; chamber
singer (baritone) to the Grand Duke
at Karlsruhe, and a member of the
court opera.

STAVENHAGEN, Bernbard (1862-
1914): b. Greiz, Beuss, d. Geneva; pi-
anist; pupil of Kiel, Rudorff and Liszt;
pianist to the Grand Duke of Saxe-
Weimar, 1890; court conductor at Wei-
mar, 1895-98, and at Munich, 1898-
1904; director of the Academy of Mu-
sic, Munich, 1901-04; conductor of the
suBscription concerts at Geneva from
1907; composed 2 piano concertos and
many lesser pieces for piano.

STCHERBATCHEPF (1) Nicolas
(1853- ): contemporary composer of
songs, piano pieces, etc. (some 60 in

202

Steames

all); resident in Nice. Ref.: III. 146;
VII. 334. (2) Stefan (1845-1910): b.
Budapest, d. Vienna ; composer of many

Slano pieces showing tlie Influence of
rahms, also wrote a number of songs.

STEARNES, Henry V.t contemp.
American composer of chamber music,
etc. Ref.: IV. 400.

STECKER, Karl (1861- ): b.
Kosmanos, Bohemia; writer and com-
poser: studied at the Prague Organ
School, and was organ teacher there,
1885-89; also choir-director at the mon-
astery church of St. Ursula and sing-
ing teacher at the Young Ladies' School
in Prague; professor of counterpoint
and history of music at the Prague
Cons., from 1889; lecturer in musical
science at the Bohemian University,
from 1888; editor of the musical
monthly Hydebnd-Revue since 1907;
author of 'General History of Music'
(2 vols., 1892-1903), 'Studies in Organ
Improyisation' (1903), lilusical Forms'
(1905), 'Critical Contributions to Some
Disputed Questions in Musical Science,'
all in Bohemian, besides in Czech
musical journals; composer of an or-
gan sonata, a Missa solemnis, a Te
Deum, andante and scherzo for strings,
motets, songs, etc.

STEEIVKISTE, Vincent Josepli van
(1812-1896) : b. Valenciennes, d. fitretat;
noted flutist; studied with Guillou at
the Paris Conservatoire; for many years
soloist with the Op£ra, also teacher at
the Conservatoire, succeeding Tulous;
has composed much flute music. His
sister, Julie Aimte Joseph Dorus-Gras
(1805-1896), -was a noted singer.

STEB-ANI, Jan (1746-1829): b.
Prague, d. Warsaw; musical director
of the Warsaw Cathedral. His first
opera. Die Krakowiter and die Berg-
volker (1794), was a tremendous suc-
cess, being performed 200 times.
Among his other operas, not so popu-
lar, are Die Polin (1807) ; Der alte
Jdger (1809) ; Die dankbaren Unter-
tanen. (1796). He also produced a great
number of masses and polonaises.

STEFFAN, Josepb Anton (1726-
before 1800) : b. Copidino, Bohemia, d.
Vienna; studied wiui Wagenseil; court
piano teacher at Vienna; composed so-
natas and variations for piano, and es-
pecially songs, for which he was fa-
mous. Among his pupils were Marie
Antoinette, later Queen of France, and
Caroline, later Queen of Naples.

STEFFANI, Agostlno (1654-1728):
b. Castelfranco, Venetia, d. Frankfurt;
one of the leading representatives of
the best in Italian musical art of about
1700. He studied with Kerll (1668-71) ;
with Ercole Bemabei (Rome, 1672-74) ;
and became court organist at Munich
(1675). During a stay in Paris (1678-
79) LuUy's music strongly influenced
htm. On his return to Munich entered
the priesthood in 1680 (abbot in 1682):
and was made director of the electoral
chantber music together with Bemabei

203

Stehle

(1681). He wrote 6 otieras for Munich,
among them Alarico (1687), and 9 for
Hanover, where he went as ducal con-
ductor in 1688; as well as 3 for Diis-
seldorf. He was a distinguished diplo-
mat as well as composer, becoming suc-
cessively papal protonotarius, ambassa-
dor. Bishop of Splga, and apostolic vicar
to North Germany (1709). In 1722-25
he lived in Italy; 1724 became honorary
president of the London 'Academy of
Ancient Music' Besides his operas
he composed many masses, cantatas,
psalms, arias, etc., though after he
had become a diplomat he is said to
have had his MS. signed by his copy-
ist, Gregorio Piva. A MS. score of his
Brlseide (1696) in the British Museum
is signed by Pietro Torri, but S.'s au-
thorship is unquestioned. Ref. : I. 429 ;
IX. 30.

STEFFETfS, Jnlins (1831-1882): b.
Stargard, Pomerania, d. Wiesbaden;
studied with Ganz and Schuberth; 'Cel-
list in the Imperial orchestra at St.
Petersburg; pub. concertos and other
pieces for 'cello.

STE6GAL (1) Charles (1826-1905):
b. London, d. there; studied with Stern-
dale Bennett at the Royal Academy of
Music; organist at Maida Hill, 1847;
teacher at the Academy, 1851; organ-
ist at Christ Church, 1855; organist
of Lincoln's Inn Chapel, from 1864;
composer of church songs; author of
'Church Psalmody' (1848) and 'Hymns
Ancient and Modern' (1889). (2) Regi-
nald (1867- ): b. London; son of
(1) ; studied at the Royal Academy of
Music; professor of organ there since
1895, and assistant organist at Lin-
coln's Inn Chapel; composer of orches-
tral works, church music, organ music,

STE&IHAIVN, Karl David (1751-1826) :
b. Dresden, d. Bonn; studied with
Zillich, Homillus and Weisse; concert
and operatic tenor at Breslau and Ko-
nigsberg; conductor and director of
Hamburg opera; composed operas,
ballets, symphonies, piano music, etc.

STEGMAYER, Ferdinand (1803-
1863) : b. Vienna, d. there ; son and
pupil of the actor-poet known as
'Rochus Pumpemlckel'; also studied
under Triebensee and Seyfried; was
chorus-master at Linz and yienna, then
Musikdirektor at the Konigstadter The-
atre, Berlin, 1825; cond. of the Roeckel
German opera troupe in Paris, 1829-30;
theatre conductor at Leipzig, Bremen,
Prague and Vienna, where he was also
teacher of dramatic and choral sing-
ing at the Cons., 1835-37; with Aug.
Schmidt founded the Singakademle in
1858; pub. 2 graduals and an offertory
for male voices ; piano pieces, songs and
other works.

STEHLE (1) J. Gnstav Ednard
(1839-1915) : b. Steinhausen, Wiirttem-
berg, d. St. Gall, where he became con-
ductor at the cathedral in 1874; organ
virtuoso, skilled contrapuntist and

Stelbelt

choirmaster, whose choir is reckoned
among the best of the time (140
voices). He received the honorary de-
gree of doctor from Freiburg (Swltz.)
Univ. and many other honors; edited
the Chorwdchter for 25 years; wrote
ChoT-Photographien and expert reports
on organs, chimes and festivals. He
composed a number of masses, motets
and other choral works, including Im-
portant male choruses a cappella (Der
Pilgrim vor St. Just, Althessische Sage,
Untergang, Der litis, Der Trompeter an
der Katzbach), an oratorio, Cdcilia, a
festival cantata. Lumen de coelo, a
tragedy, Absalom, and Frithjofs Heim-
kehr (for soli, chorus and orch.) ; also
a symphonic tone-painting for organ,
Saul, and other organ works. (2)
Sophie (1838- ): b. Hohenzollem-
Sigmaringen; dramatic singer, made
her d^but at the Munich Court Opera
in 1860 and sang there till she mar-
ried (W. Freiherr von Enigge). She
sang Senta under Wagner's personal
direction in 1864, created Frlcka and
Briinnhllde in Rheingold and Walkure
respectively (1870) and was a noted
interpreter of Wagnerian r61es gener-
ally; also successful in other operas
and in concerts.

STBIBBLT, Daniel (1765-1823) : b.
Berlin, d. St. Petersburg; fashionable
and celebrated pianist and composer,
rival of Pleyel; pupil of Kimberger;
travelled from 1789, was in Paris the
following year and became a fashion-
able teacher there. His unsteady and
thriftless life made it impossible for
him to get a permanent footing either
in Paris or London. In the former
place he prod, a cantata to celebrate
the battle of Austerlltz (La fete
de Mars), 1806, but his opera. La
Princesse de Babylon, failed of per-
formance because he had to flee
his creditors. In St. Petersburg he se-
cured a position as conductor of the
French opera in place of Boleldieu,
prod, his Parisian operas and wrote
Cendrillon and Sargines. Among his
many compositions (without permanent
value) are overtures, 7 piano concertos
(Incl. L'orage), piano trios, quartets
and quintets; more than ,60 violin so-
natas, more than 40 harp and piano
sonatas, and numerous piano pieces of
all descriptions. Ref.: II. 161; "VII.
182.

STEIGIiElDBR, Jobann rirlcli
(1580-1635): b. Llndau, d. Stuttgart;
court organist at Stuttgart; one of the
more important of the early German
organists. He published Kicercar Tabu-
latura (1624) and considerable organ
music.

STEIIN (1) Johann Andreas (1728-
1792) : b. Heidesheim, Palatinate, d.
Augsburg; organ builder and piano
maker in Strassburg. He was succeed-
ed by his son, M. Andreas, and his
daughter Nanette (married name
Stretcher), who moved the business

204

Steinltzer

to Vienna. ISOS. Ref.: II. 163. 231; VII.
156, 158. (2) Eidnard (1818-1864): b.
Klelnschlrma, Saxony, d. Sondershau-
sen; court conductor there after 1853;
composer of a famous concerto for
double-bass. (3) Theodor (1819-1893):
b. Altona, d. St. Petersburg; pianist,
appearing at 12; lived at Stockholm,
Helsingfors and Reval; since 1872 pro-
fessor of piano at St. Petersburg Cons.;
noted as improvisator.

STEINBACH (1) Bmll (1849- ):
b. Lengenrieden, Baden; conductor;
studied at the Leipzig Cons., and un-
der Hermann Levi in Karlsruhe; sec-
ond Kapellmeister in Mannheim, 1871-
74; then first Kapellmeister in Ham-
burg, court Kapellmeister in Darmstadt,
Kapellmeister in Mayence, and con-
ductor at the Municipal Theatre in the
last-named city; Wagnerian conductor
at Covent Garden, London, 1893; has
composed chamber music, works for
orchestra, songs, etc. (2) Fritz (1855-) :
b. Grilnsfeld, Baden; noted conductor;
studied with his brother, Emil, and at
the Leipzig Cons., with Lachner in
Karlsruhe and Nottebohm in Vienna;
won the Mozart Scholarship; second
Kapellmeister at Mayence, 1880-86, and
subsequently court Kapellmeister at
Meiningen; succeeded Wiillner as mu-
nicipal Kapellmeister and director of
the Cons, at Cologne, 1902; settled In
Municli, 1914; composer of a septet,
a 'cello sonata, songs, etc.; orchestrated
4 German dances of Mozart; noted as
a conductor of Brahms.

STEINBBRG, Maximilian Osee-
vitcli (1888- ): b. Vilna; studied
at St. Petersburg Univ. (1901-06), and
until 1908 at the conservatory (Rimsky-
Korsakoff and Glazounoff), where he
later became teacher of instrumentation
and composition. Glazounoff performed
portions of a ballet by S. with the
Russian Musical Society (1907), and the
publisher Belaieff has brought out 2
symphonies, Rassalka overture, a dra-
matic fantasy, prelude, and variations
for orchestra, as well as songs. In
1913 S. edited posthumous works by
Rimsky-Korsakoff, also the latter's 'In-
strumentation.* Ref.: III. 154.

STEJINER (or Stalner), Jacob
(1621-1683) : b. Absam, Tyrol, d. there:
was celebrated violin-maker; receivea
the title of imperial court musician
(1658), but was miserably paid for his
now so highly esteemed violins and
died in poverty and insane. Ret.;
Vin. 72.

STEHTTGRXBER, Theodor (1830-
1904) : b. Neustadt-on-the-Orla, d. Leip-
zig; founded a music publishing house
at Hanover, transferred in 1890 to
Leipzig; author of a pianoforte method
pub. under the pseudonym of Gustav
Damm. His father, Joh. Gottlieb S..
and his cousin, Bdnard S. (1823-
1906), were piano manufacturers, the
latter in Bayreuth.

STBINITZBR, Max (1864- ): b.

Steimiray

Innsbruck; musicologist and writer,
pupil of Kircliner and Httttner in Mu-
nich, tauglit in Amalie Joaclilm's sing-
ing scliool (1890-94), in Salzburg, EI-
berfeld and Munich; art and music
critic of the Mayence Tageblatt (1894-
1895) ; teacher at Freiburg Cons. (1903) :
since 1911 has been opera and 'concert
critic of the Leipziger Neaeste Nach-
Tichten. He has written a number of
monographs and books, among them a
biography of Richard Strauss (1911,
1914), and melodramatic music to Die
Braut von Korinth.

STEINWAY and SONS: one of the
most important piano manufacturing
firms of the present time, with head-
quarters in New York, branch facto-
ries in Hamburg, and branch houses
in London, etc. It was founded by
Helnridi Engelhard Stelimeg (1797-
1871; b. Wolfshagen, Harz, d. New
York), who learned cabinet-making
and organ building in Goslar, and who
first engaged in the making of guitars
and zithers in Brunswick, but later
specialized in piano making. Leaving
to his son, TheodoT, the Brunswick
business, he went to New York with
four other sons. After working in va-
rious other factories they established
an independent business (under the an-
glicized name Steinway) in 1853 and
2 years later won the first prize for
their short-string instruments in the
New York Industrial Exposition, after
which the business flourished more and
more. Heinrich's son, IVllhelin (1836-
1896), was for a long time the head
of the business. After his death and
that of his brothers, Heinrlch (d.
1865), Albert (d. 1875) and Carl (d.
1877), Karl Friedrich Theodor, the
brother who had remained in Germany,
disposed of his business (which is
now known as Theodor Steinweq
Nacef., Grotian, Helfebich & Schulz)
and entered the New York firm. Hein-
rich's sons, Charles Herman (1857-) :
and Frederick Theodore (1860- ) ;
together with a grandson of the foun-
der, Henhy ^ZiEGLEH, also Nahum Stet-
son and Fbiedbich Reidemeister, are
the present heads of the company.

STEILZNER, Alfred (d. 1906, a sui-
cide) : instrument maker in Wiesbaden
and Leipzig: in 1891 aroused attention
with string instruments built on a new
system; also attempted to introduce 2
new sizes, called the 'Violotta' and the
•Cellone.' W. also prod. 2 operas In
Dresden and Cassel and wrote 2 oth-
ers, using the violotta and cellone In
his scores. , ,

STENDHAL, pseudonym of [Marie]
Henri Beyle (1783-1842) : b. Grenoble,
d. Paris; an official of Napoleon's mili-
tary administration in Germany and
Russia; lived, after Napoleon's fall, In
Milan and Rome, in 1830 as French
consul at Trieste. He wrote much on
music, though his musical writings are
Inferior to his philosophical novels.

Stephanie

His best-known contributions to musi-
cal literature are Lettres icrites de Vi-
enne, en Autrtche, sur le cilihre com-
positeur Joseph Haydn et suivies d'une
vie de Mozart et de considirations surMi-
tastase et I'itat prisent de la. musique
en France et en Italie (Paris, 1814, un-
der pseudonjrm C£sar Bombet; also
English, 1817, under the pseudonym
Stendhal), and Vie de Rossini (1823).
Ref.: (quoted) H. 186.

STENHAIHBIAR, Wilhelm (1871-) :
b. Stockholm, Sweden; son of ulbie S.
(1829-75; composer of songs, an ora-
torio, etc.) ; studied at Stockholm Con-
servatory with R. Andersson, Sjogren,
Dente; then with H. Barth in Berlin
(1892-93); conductor of the Stockholm
Philharmonic Society, 1897, 2ud conduct-
or of the Royal Theatre, 1900, conductor
of Tor Aulin's Symphony Orchestra,
1907-13. S.'s choral work Prinsessan
och Svennen (with soil and orchestra)
was produced in Stockholm (1892) and
his Das Fest auf Solhaug, after Ibsen,
in Stuttgart (1899). Besides various
other choral works, S. has written a
symphony, an overture, a rhapsody for
orchestra; string quartets, piano com-
positions (2 concertos), and especially
songs. He is noted as pianist. Ref.:
m. 69, 85f; VIII. 470.

STEFAN, W.: contemp. Bohemian
composer. Ref.: HI. 182.

STEFHAN (1) Clemens (16th cent.) ;
cantor at Nuremberg in 1520, composed
a Passion according to St. Matthew
(1550), and various collections of poly-
phonic sacred songs. (2) Johann (16th-
17th cent.) : organist in Liineburg, pub-
lished Neue teutsche Gesange nach Art
der Madrigalien, 4-part (1599), and
Neue teutsche weltliche Madrigalien
und Ballete, 5-part (1619). (3) Rudl
(1887-1915) : b. Worms, d. on the battle
field on the German west front; pupil of
B.Sekles in Frankfort, Heinrich Schwartz
and Rudolf Louis in Munich; composed
Bine Musik fUr 7 Saiteninstrumente
(1912), Musik fur Orchester (1913),
songs, piano pieces and other compo-
sitions, also an opera. Die ersten
Menschen (not yet perf.).

STEFHAN I, King Of Honsary.
Ref.: III. 187.

STEPHANI, Hermann (1877- ):
b. Grimma; studied at the Leipzig
Cons., founded oratorio society, Son-
derburg (1903), became director of the
Teachers* Choral Union and Orchestral
Society, Flensburg (1905), organist St.
Andrew's church and conductor of the
Bach society, Elsleben (1906). He has
written musical monograjihs on a va-
riety of subjects; edited (In Wagnerian
style) oratorios by Handel and Weber's
Eurganthe; and has been the unsuc-
cessful defender of an attempt to re-
strict all musical notation to the
G-clef, with octave signs.

STEPHANIE, Gottlieb (18tfa cent.) :
librettist of Mozart's EntfUhrung. Ref.:
IX. 87.

205

Stephens

STEPHENS (1) Catherine (1791-
1882) : b. London, a, there; concert and
operatic soprano, -who In 1838 married
the aged Earl of Essex. She was best
known in the stage world as 'Kitty-
Stephens.' (2) Ward: contemp. Amer-
ican song writer. Ref.: IV. 355.

STERKEIi, Abb6 Joltann Franz
Xaver (1750-1817): b. Wurzburg, d.
Mayence; noted amateur composer;
court chaplain and organist at May-
ence, 1778; Kapellmeister and canon
from 1793; founded a singing-school in
Ratisbon, 1807 ; returned to Mayence in
1814; pub. 10 symphonies, 2 overtures,
6 piano concertos, a string quintet, 6
trios for violins and 'cello, 6 duos for
violin and viola, violin sonatas, piano
sonatas for 2 and 4 hands, rondos, can-
zonettas, songs, duets and other works.

STERIilNG (1) Antoinette (1850-
1904) : b. Sterliugville, N. Y., d. Hamp-
stead, London; singer; studied with
Marches!, Vlardot-Garcia and Manuel
Garcia; sang in Henry Ward Beecher's
Church, Brooklyn, and In recitals; Lon-
don d^but at Rivifere's Promenade Con-
certs, Covent Garden, 1873; well known
in concert and oratorio. (2) -WlntliTop
S. (1859- ): b. Cincinnati; organist;
studied at Leipzig Cons, under Zwint-
scher, Jadassohn and Relnecke and In
London under Turpin, Behnke and
Shakespeare; organist of W. London
Tabernacle; head of organ department
at Cincinnati College of Music.

STERN (1) Jnlins (1820-1883): b.
Breslau, d. Berlin; studied violin there,
also composition with Rungenhagen at
the Academy. After further study in
Dresden and in Paris, where he con-
ducted the German Choral Society, he
founded in Berlin the Stern Gesang-
verein, 1847, conducting It till 1878. In
1850 he founded, with Kullak and
Marx, the Stern Cons, and from 1857
directed it alone. He also conducted
symphony concerts, became Royal Mu-
sikdlrektor, 1849, and Professor, I860.'
(2) margaretbe (nie Heir) (1857-
1899): b. Dresden, d. there; pianist;
pupil of Karl Kragen, Liszt and Clara
Schumann. She married the poet and
literary historian Dr. Adolpli Stern,
who pub. Liszfs Briefe an K. Gille,
and wrote Wanderbucn (on Bayreuth,
1877) and Die Musik in. der dentschen
Dichtung.

STERNBERG, Constantin Ivano-
vltefc von (1852- ) : b. St. Peters-
burg; pianist; studied with Moscheles,
Coccius and Richter at the Leipzig
Cons., with Kullak and Dom at the
Berlin Akademie, and, iijr a time, with
Liszt; conductor at the Bruhl Theatre
and assistant chorus-master at the mu-
nicipal theatre, Leipzig, 1867-69; con-
ductor at the Wilrzburg theatre and the
Kissingen sunamer theatre, 1870; con-
ductor of the court opera at Mecklen-
burg-Strelitz, 1871 ; director of the Acad-
emy Music School and court pianist at
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 1875-77 ; made

Sttch

concert tours In Germany, Russia, Asia
Minor and Central Asia and the United
States, 1877-85; director of the College
of Music at Atlanta, Ga., 1885-89; since
1890 director of the Sternberg School
of Music, Philadelphia; composer of
numerous pieces for piano, songs,

STERNFEIiD, RleliaTd (1858- ) :
b. Konigsberg; professor of history at
the University of Berlin who has writ-
ten much on music. His books Include
Schiller und Wagner (1905), Richard
Wagner und die Bagreuther Festspiele
(1906), and Aus Richard Wagners
Pariser Zeit (1906). He has also com-
posed and contributes to musical peri-
odicals.

STEVENS, Rlcbard John Samuel
(1757-1837): b. London, d. there; pro-
fessor of music at Gresham College;
composer of many glees of great popu-
larly in England, including 'Sigh no
more, Ladies.'

STEWART (1) [Sir] Robert Preacott
(1825-1894) : b. Dublin, d. there; organ-
ist of Christ Church Cathedral, Dub-
lin; conductor of the University Cho-
ral Society in 1846; Mus. Doc, Dub-
lin, 1851 ; vicar-choral at St. Patrick's,
1852; knighted m 1872; professor of
harmony at the Royal Irish Academy
of Music; conductor of the Philhar-
monic In 1873; composed many odes
and cantatas, church service^ motets,
anthems, glees, songs, etc. (2) Hnm-
phrey John (1856- ) : b. London,
England; organist and composer; or-
ganist of various churches in San Fran-
cisco, 1886-1901, Trinity Church, Bos-
ton, 1901-02, St. Dominic's Church, San
Francisco, 1902-14; ofllcial organist
Panama California Exposition, San
Diego, 1915; solo organist Buffalo Ex-
position, 1901; a founder of American
Guild of Organists; has coniposed the
romantic opera 'King Hal' (1911), the
comic operas 'His Majesty' (1890) and
'The Conspirators' (1900), an oratorio,
two orchestral suites, two masses, inci-
dental music, songs, piano and violin
pieces, part songs, church music, etc.
Ref.: IV. 397.

STIASTNT (1) Bernhard W^enzel
(1760-1835): b. Prague, d. there; 'cel-
list in the theatre orch. ; professor at
the Cons, from 1810-12; wrote sonatas
and fugal pieces for 2 'cello and a
'cello method. (2) Franz Johann
(1764-ca. 1820): b. Prague; brother of
(1) ; was 'cello virtuoso in Prague,
Nuremberg, and/ Mannheim; pub. a
concertino fpr 'cello, 'cello duets, a
divertissement for 'cello, viola, and
bass, 'cello sonatas with bass and other
works.

STIGH, Johann Wenzel (Italian-
ized to Giovanni Pnnto) (1746-1803):
b. Zschuzicz, Bohemia, d. Prague; cele-
brated horn virtuoso; played at the
episcopal court of Wttrzburg, 1781, was
chamber musician to the Count of
Artois (later Charles X) in Paris, 1782,

206

Stiegei*

returned to Germany, 1799, and for
the most part lived a roving life. His
playing inspired Beethoven to write
the sonata op. 17. He pub. 14 horn
concertos, a sextet for horn, clarinet,
bassoon, violin, viola and double bass,
a quintet for horn, flute and string
trio, 20 trios for horns, duets for horn
and double bass, horn studies, also a
Horn Method (1798), string trios, vio-
lin duets, and Hymne a la liberti, with
orch. Ref.: VII. 600.

STIKGBR, Pranz (1843- ): b.
Marburg, musical amateur and col-
lector of data referring to musical his-
tory, especially that of the opera, on
which he has a rich and valuable fund
of material, collaborated with H. Rie-
mann on the latter's Opernhandbuch
and his Musiklexicon.

STIEHIi (1) Karl Johann Chrls-
toph (1826-1911): b. Liibeck, d. there;
organist; conductor ' of the Musik-
verein and Singakademie there since
1878; music critic for the Lubecker
Zeitung and custodian of the music
section in the Liibeck Library; pub.
ZuT Geschichte der Instrumentalmusik
in Liibeck (1885) ; Lilbeckisches Ton-
kilnstter-Lexikon (1887) ; also Musik-
geschtchte der Stadt Liibeck (1891) and
a history of the theatre in Liibeck
(1902). (2) Helnrlcli Franz Daniel
(1829-1886) : brother of (1) ; b. Liibeck,
d. Reval; studied under Lobe and
Moscheles, Gade and Hauptmann at
Leipzig Cons.; organist and choral con-
ductor at St. Petersburg; then toured
Germany, Italy and England; conductor
of the St. Cecilia Society at Belfast,
1874-78; taught at Hastings, organist
at Reval and conductor of the Singa-
kademie from 1880; wrote 2 operettas,
Der Schatzgraber and Jerg undBdtelg;
pantomimic Intermezzo, Schneewittchen;
Ouverture triomphale and Die Vision
for orch.; Elfenkonigin for chorus; a
string quartet, 3 piano trios; a 'cello
sonata; Several violin sonatas; 5 Fan-
tasiestUcke and other pieces for piano;
songs (Psalter und Harfe), etc.

STIEHLE!, r.navrlg Maximilian
Adolph (1850-1896): b. Frankfort, d.
Muhlhausen; violinist; pupil of Vieux-
temps, Heermann and Joachim; mem-
ber of Alard's Quartet, Paris, 1872,
the quartet of the Baron von Dervies,
Nice,' 1873, and the Hochberg Quartet,
1875; later gave quartet soirees with
Hans Huber in Basel; owned a val-
uable collection of old chamber music.

STILLFRIED, Isnaz von (18th-
19th cent.) : friend and benefactor of
Ditters von Dittersdorf. Ref.: II. 71.

STILLMAlV-KBIiliElY. See Kellet.

STIRIilNG, FUzabetli (1819-1895):
b. Greenwich, England, d. London ; stud-
ied organ and piano with W. B. Wilson
and E. Holmes, composition with J. A.
Hamilton and G. A. Macfarren; organ-
ist, 1858-80; passed the examination for
the degree of Mus. Bac. at Oxford
in 1853 with a 5-part Psalm 130 with

Stolii^

orch.; married F. A. Bridge in 1863;
pub. 3 pedal fugues, and other excel-
lent organ pieces and some part-songs,
including 'All Among the Barley.'

STIVORI, Francesco (16th-17th
cent.): organist and composer of
church music; studied with Claudio
Merulo; organist at Montagnana, Mi-
lan; later court organist of Grand
Duke Ferdinand of Austria; published
6 volumes of Sacrae cantiones (1579-
1602), etc.

STOBXUS, Jobann (1580-1646): b.
Graudenz, W. Prussia, d. Konigsberg;
church composer; studied under Job.
Eccard at Konigsberg, where lie also
attended the Univ.; bass singer in the
Electoral chapel, 1601; cantor of the
cathedral school, 1602; Electoral Kapell-
meister, 1627; wrote Cantiones sacrae
5-10 vocum item Magnificat (1624) ;
many songs for special occasions; and
contributed to Eccard's Preussische
Festlieder (1642) and Geistliche Lieder,
5-part motets (1634).

STOCK, Fredericlc A. (1872- ):
b. Diilich, German^; studied at Cologne
Univ.; joined the Thomas Orchestra as
viola player in 1895; was. assistant
conductor for several years, and since
1905 has been conductor of the Theo-
dore Thomas Orchestra (now the Chi-
cago Symphony Orchestra) ; has com-
posed symphonic variations, a tone
poem, a symphony in C min., over-
ture 'Life's Springtide,* a string quar-
tet and other chamber music works,
solo pieces, songs, etc. Ref.: IV. 192;
portrait, IV. 276.

STOCKER, Ednard (1842-1913) :
b. Budapest, d. Vienna; pupil of Volk-
mann, Nottebohm and Dessoff, noted as
an Interpreter of Beethoven, Schumann
and Liszt's piano music. He wrote
songs and piano pieces.

STOCKHATJSBX (1) Franz, Sr.
(1792-1868): b. Cologne, d. Colmar;
harp virtuoso, founded the Paris Acad-
emic de chant; conce^tized frequently
with his wife Margarete (nie Schmuck) ,
singer (d. 1877) ; composed much for
harp, (i) Jnllns (1826-1906) : b. Paris,
d. Frankfort; studied at Paris Cons,
and with Manuel Garcia; concert singer,
conductor of the Singakademie in Ham-
burg and the Stern Gesangverein in
Berlin; vocal teacher at the Hoch Cons.,
Frankfort, 1878, from 1879 privately.
He pub. a Vocal Method (2 vols., 1886-
87), etc. (3) Franz, Jr. See Addenda.

STOECKBIi, Carl (1858- ): b.
New Haven, Conn.; music patron;
founded in. 1899 the Litchfield Ckjunty
Choral Union of 700 nr.embers and built
on his private grounds at Norfolk the
'Music Shed,' where free concerts with
soloists of international reputation are
given annually; has also established
a fund for the yearly productions of
2 new compositions; is a trustee of
the New England Cons, of Music. Ref.:
TV. 224.

STOHR, Richard (1874- ) : b. Vi-

207

StojanoTlts

enna, where he studied at the conserva-
tory -with Fuchs, Schenner, Vockner,
becoming teacher of theory in 1904.
Has composed much chamber music,
music for orchestra, Including various
symphonies, piano pieces, choral works
and songs ; and written books on theory,
among them Praktischer Leitfaden der
Harmonielehre (Hamburg, 1914).

STOJANOVITS, Peter liazar
(1877- ): b. Budapest; studied vio-
lin with Jeno Hubay, Jacob Griin, com-
position with Heuberger and Fuchs;
was during 1909-10 violin teacher at
the 'New Conservatory,' Vienna; found-
ed a school for advanced instruction
there in 1913. His compositions In-
clude a violin concerto, a piano quar-
tet, a quintet and a trio, violin pieces
and a 'School of Scale Technic' for vio-
lin; also the Hungarian operas The
Tiger' (Budapest, 1905) and Floribella.

STOJOWSKI, SIgismnnd (1870- ) :
b. Strelzy, Poland; pianist and com-
poser, first studied with Zeltaski in
Cracow, then piano with Diemer and
Paderewski, and composition with
Dubois and Massenet in Paris. He
has concertized In France, Belgium,
England, Poland, etc., and has resided
in New York since 1907, first as teacher
at the Institute of Musical Art, since
1913 at the Von Ende School of Music.
His compositions include an orchestra
suite, a symphony, op. 21 (awarded a
prize at Leipzig, 1898) ; a piano con-
certo, violin concerto, Polish rhapsody
for piano and orchestra; itudes and
pieces for the piano and for violin,
and choral works, among the latter
a 'Prayer for Poland' (mixed voices,
soli and orchestra. New York, 1916).
Ref.: VIII. 466.

STOKOWSKI, lieopold [Anton
Stanlslaw] (1882- ): b. London;
contemp. conductor; studied in Paris;
conducted opera, symphony concerts
and oratorios ip London and Paris;
musical director of St. Bartholomew's
church. New York, 1905-08; conductor
of the Cincinnati Orchestra, 1909-12;
conductor of the Philadelphia Orches-
tra since 1912; conducted first Ameri-
can performance of Mahler's 8th Sym-
phony in New York and Philadelphia,
1916. He married Mme. Olga Sama-
roff, the American pianist. Ref.: IV.
200; portrait, IV. 276.

STOIiTZ, Roslne (Vlctorine Nob,
also appeared as Mme. Ternaux and
Mlle. Heloise) (1815-1903) : b. Paris,
d. there; mezzo-soprano; pupil of
Choron's school; sang at Brussels, and
1837-1847 at the Paris Opfira; also else-
where and in concert.

STOI.TZER, Thomas (ca. 1490-
1526): b. Silesia, d. Of en; Eoyal Ka-
pellmeister and composer of psalms
and other church music (1537-1543).
Ref.: in. 187, 305.

STOIiZELf, Gottfried Helnrich
(1690-1749): b. Griinstadtl, Saxony, d.
Gotha; studied under cantor Umlauf at

Storace

Schneeberg, and Melchior Hofmann at
Leipzig; taught at Breslau and prod,
his first opera, Narcissus, there in 1711;
Valeria, Artemisia and Orion at Naum-
burg in 1712; journeyed through Italy
and Bohemia, where he brought out
Venus und Adonis, Prague, 1714; Acis
ttnd Galathea, 1715; and Das durch die
Liebe besiegte GlUck, 1716: Diomedes,
Bayreuth, 1717; court cond. at Gotha
in 1719, where he prod. Der Musenberg,
1723. S. composed 22 operas; the pas-
toral Rosen und Dornen; 14 oratorios;
8 double sets of cantatas and motets
for the church year; masses; sym-
phonies, serenades, and table music.

STOiZENBERG, Benno (1827-
1908): b. Konigsberg, d. Berlin; op-
eratic tenor; studied with Mantius and
Heinrich Dom; sang in opera in Karls-
ruhe and Leipzig; director of the Mu-
nicipal Theatre, Danzig, 1878-82; sub-
sequently singing teacher in Berlin un-
til 1885, when he became teacher of
solo singing at the Cologne Cons.; di-
rector of a school of singing in Berlin
from 1896.

STDLiZLi, Heinricli (1780-1844): b.
Pless, Silesia, d. Berlin; horn player
in the Boyal Orchestra, Berlin. He
abolished the key mechanism for trum-
pet and horn (invented by Kalbel,
1770), introducing the valve mechan-
ism of Bliihmel (invented 1813), which
S. patented for himself in Prussia in
1818. Ref.: Vm. 104.

STONE, WilUam H. Ref.! (quoted)
VIII. 24.

STOPEIi (1) Franz David Cliris-
topk (1794-1836) : b. Oberheldrungen,
Saxony, d. Paris; introduced Logier's
method of piano teaching in Berlin,
1822, also in other cities and finally
Paris; pub. System der Harmonielehre,
1825, after Logier; GrundziXge der
Geschichte der modernen Musik (1821) ;
Beitrdge zur WUrdigung der, ■ neuen
Methode des gleichzeitigen Vnterrichts
einer MehrzaJil Schiller in Pianoforte-
spiel und der Theorie der Harmonie
(1823) ; Vber J. B. Logiers System der
Musikwissensehaft (1827), etc. (2)
Robert Angnst (1821-1887); b. Ber-
lin, d. New York; educated in Paris,
settled in New York, 1850; prod, the
operas Indiana (Paris) and Aldershot
(New York).

STOR, Karl (1814-1889): b. Stol-
berg, Harz, d. Weimar; violinist; stud-
ied with Gotze and Lobe at Weimar;
court musician in 1827; court cond.
in 1857; failing eyesight forced him to
resign a few years later; composed the
opera Die Flu'cht (Weimar, 1843) ;
Tonbilder zn Schillers 'Lied von der
Glocke' tor orch. ; overtures; ballets;
a Standchen for 'cello with orch.; male
choruses and songs.

STORACE (1) Stephen (1763-1796):
b. London, d. there; studied under his
father, a noted double-bass player, and
at the Cons, di S. Onofrio at Naples;
prod, a comic Italian opera at Vienna;

208

Storch

composed for the principal tiieatres in
London, where he brought out about
18 stage works, besides adaptations of
Dittersdorf's Doctor und Apotheker and
Salleri's Grotta di Trofonio. (2) Anna
Sellna (1766-1817): noted coloratura
soprano, who studied under Sacchlni In
Venice

STORCH, Anton M. (1813-1887): b.
Vienna, d. there; Kapellmeister at the
Carl and Josephstadter theatres; wrote
many favorite quartets for male voices,
including Letzte Treue, Grun; also mu-
sic to burlesques, 8 operas and oper-
ettas, etc.

STORIONi:, Ijorenzo (b. Cremona,
1751) ; the last of the celebrated Cre-
monese violin makers, worked after the
model of Ant. Stradivari about 1776-95.
His 'cellos are especially valued for
their tone.

STOVER, Charles B.: New York
Commissioner of Parks, 1910-14; ef-
fected improvements in municipal con-
certs and worked to provide good music
in the public parks. Ret.: tV. 274f.

STOIVE, Gnstav (1835-1891): b.
Potsdam, d. there ; studied at the Stem-
Marx Cons., Berlin; founded the Pots-
dam School of Music, 1875; director
there, 1875-91; pub. Die Klaviertechnik,
dargestellt uls musikalisch-phpsiolo-
gische Bewegungslehre (1886), contain-
ing an analysis of the elements of
piano touch; also papers in Breslaur's
KlavierlehTer; wrote piano pieces and
songs.

STRABO. Ref.: (cited) I. 77, 85.

STRADA, Anna Marie (early 18th
cent.) : b. Bergamo, celehrated singer
who appeared in Naples and Venice,
when Handel engaged her for his Lon-
don opera. There she celebrated tri-
umphs till the enterprise failed, re-
maining loyal to Handel and returning
to Italy.

STRADEIiliA, Alessandro (1645-
1681[?]): b. Naples, d.. (murdered)
Genoa; Italian composer, who wrote a
number of oratorios and operas (La
forza dell' amor patemo, Genoa, 1678),
trio sonatas, sinfonie, etc. Of his life
little Is known beyond the love affair
which has been made the basis of
Flotow's opera Stradella, and in con-
sequence of which (involving the com-
poser's abduction of the mistress of a
Venetian nobleman who was the ob-
ject of his passion) he was killed, after
an earlier attempt on his life (Turin,
1677) had not been successful. Of his
compositions the oratorios San Gio-
vanni Battista, Esther, S. Pelagia, S.
Giovanni CrisostomOf Susanna and S.
Edita vergine, the text-book of the op-
era above mentioned, other operas, trio
sonatas, etc., are preserved in the
Modena library, a book of 21 cantatas
in St. Mark's, Venice (of which 10
have been pub. with piano accomp. by
Halivy), and other works in London,
Oxford and in private libraries. The
songs O del mio dotce ardor, PietA, Sig-

Stratton

nore and Se i miei sospiri, which are
current under S.'s name, were not com-
posed by him. Ref.: I. 441f ; VI. 232f;

STRADIVARI (or Stradnariiu),
Antonio (1644-1737) : b. Cremona, d.
in the same city; the greatest of all
violin makers. A pupil of Nlccolb
Axnati, S. signed his first violins, made
for Amati, with the latter's name; but
after his marriage in 1667 it Is prob-
able that he began to use his own.
He was twice married and had eleven
children, of whom but two sons be-
came violin makers: Francesco (1671-
1743) and Omobono (1679-1742). In
the course of 70 years S. made a great
number of Instruments and his 'cellos
were quite as good as his violins and
violas. His last known violin is dated
1736. His sons workedi with their
father and were both advanced in years
when he died and all three rest in
one grave. A. Riecher's 'The Violin
and the Art of Its Construction; a
Treatise on Stradivari' (1895) and
Hill's 'Antonio St., His Life and Work,
1644-1737' are detailed biographies.
Be?.; I. 362; VIII. 72, 74; portrajt, VII.

STRAESSER, Eiwald (1867- ):
b. Burgscheid, Berg; pupil of Wiillner
at Cologne Cons., where he now teaches
counterpoint; has written string quar-
tets, a piano quintet, symphonies and
a suite for orchestra, sonata for piano
and violin, pieces for piano and strings,
choruses and songs.

STRAKOSCH, Maurice (1825-1887):
b. Lemherg, d. Paris; pianist impresa-
rio, teacher and brother-in-law of Ade-
llna PattI; composer of piano works
and 2 operas. His managerial activi-
ties extended especially to New York,
where he provided the opera for some
seasons. His brother Ferdinand (d.
1902, Paris) was also active as im-
presario. Ref.: TV. 132f, 171.

STRANSKY, Josef (1872- ): b.
Humpoletz, near Deutschbrod, Bohe-
mia; conductor; at first studied medi-
cine, then music with Jadassohn at
Leipzig, Fuchs and Bruckner in Vienna;
became conductor of the German Na-
tional Theatre, Prague, ,1898-1903, of
the Hamburg Opera and Symphony
Concerts, 1903-10; also conducted the
Bliithner Orchestra in Berlin In 1909,
and, using the same orchestra, directed
the Gura Opera during the summer;
then conducted the symphony concerts
of the Dresden Verein der Muslkfreunde
and directed operatic and concert per-
formances in various other European
cities. He has been conductor of the
Philharmonic Society of New York
since 1911; has composed songs, an
opera, a suite for orchestra, sympho-
nies, etc. Ref.: XV. 184.

STRATTOIV, Stephen Samnel
(1840- ): b. London; organist; in
1877 became music critic of the Bir-
mingham 'Daily Post'; also taught, lee-

209

Stranbe

tared and composed. Together with
J. D. Brown he complied 'British Mu-
sical Biography' (1897) and wrote bi-
ographies of 'Mendelssohn' (1901) and
'Paganinl' (1907) for the series 'Master
Musicians,*

STRAUBE:, Karl (1873- >: b.
Berlin; pupU of H. Reimann (organ),
P. Riifer and Albert Becker; has ap-
peared since 1894 as organ virtuoso
(historical recitals). In 1897 he be-
came organist of the Willibrordl Ca-
thedral in Wesel; in 1902 organist of
the Thomaskirche, Leipzig. In 1904 he
conducted the second Bach festival, and
the Leipzig Bach festivals of 1908,
1911 and 1914. He has edited organ
works by Bach, Liszt and old masters,
and is noted as an interpreter of Max
Reger's organ compositions.

STRAUS (1) I,ndwls (1835- ):
violinist, pupil of Bohm; soloist in the
court orchestra in London, 1864, leader
of the Philharmonic, and of the Hall6
Orchestra; also played in quartets and
taught at London Academy of Music.
Ref.: Vn. 445. (2) Oscar (1870- ):
b. Vienna; pupil of Gradener and
Bruch; theatre conductor at Brunn,
Teplitz, Mayence, Berlin, then conductor
of Wolzogen's 'tSberbrettl,' for which
he wrote a number of light pieces ; also
composed an overture, Ser Traam ein
Leben, serenade for string orch., vio-
lin sonata, etc. His operettas became
extraordinarily popular, some also
abroad ('The WaHz Dream,' 1907; 'Lit-
tle May,' 1909, etc.). Rund um die
Liebe played 275 performances in Vi-
enna (1914-15).

STRAUSS (1) Joseph (1793-1866):
b. Briinn, d. Karlsruhe; violinist, con-
ductor and composer; active as a con-
ductor in Temesvar, Briinn, Strassburg,
Mannheim, Karlsruhe, etc. He com-
posed several operas. Incidental music,
an oratorio, Judith, a string quartet,
songs and violin pieces. (2) Joliann,
Sr. (1804-1849): b. Vienna, d. there;
one of the most popular of all compos-
ers of dance-music, though his son, of
the same name, obtained the favor of
the public to an even higher degree.
He was largely self-educated in music,
but in 1825 had already founded his
own dance orchestra and began to in-
troduce his waltzes, which soon made
him the hero of the day. In 1833 he
began concertizing with his excellently
drilled orchestra, visiting Paris, Lon-
don, etc., in 1837. In 1835 he assumed
charge of the music at the Austrian
court balls. His opus numbers total
479, chiefly representing marches,
potpourris, etc. A complete edition
was issued by Breitkopf & Hartel
(1889), edited by his son Johann. Ref.:
U. 455, 460; IH. 21, 230; IX. 235. (3)
Jobann, Jr. (1825-1899) : b. Vienna, d.
there; founded his own orchestra in
1844, but assumed charge of his fa-
ther's when the latter died. He con-
certized largely and successfully In St.

210

Strauss

Petersburg, Berlin, London, Paris and
America. In 1863 he married the sing-
er Jetty Tbeffz and turned his orches-
tra over to his brothers Joseph and
Eduaho. As a composer he followed
in his father's footsteps. His 'Blue
Danube' waltz has become Austrian
(or, more specifically, Viennese) folk-
music, while many of his other waltz
creations have become immensely pop-
ular (KUnstlerleben, Wiener Blut, Bei
uns z' Haas, etc., etc.) and some of
them have been effectively arranged as
concert pieces for piano (Taussig, etc.).
S. also wrote a number of operettas.
Indigo (1871), Der Karneval m Rom
(1873), Die Fledermans (1874), Cagli-
ostTo (W75), Methasalem (1877), Blinde-
kuh (1878), Das Spltzentuch der' Kd-
nigin (1880), Der lustige Krleg (1881),
Eine Nacht in Venedig (1883), Der
Zigeunerbaron (1885), Simplicissimus
(1887), Ritter Pasman, opera (1892),
Furstin Ninetta (1893), Jabuka (1894),
Waldmeister (1895), and Die Gottln der
Vernunft (1897), all successful. A bal-
let, Aschenbrodel, was found in MS.
after his death. S.'s waltzes are nota-
ble for piquant rhythm, melodic dis-
tinction and a subtle orchestration
which even Brahms and Billow have
praised. (4) Joseph (1827-1870): b.
Vienna, d. there; brother of (3) ; di-
rector of the latter's orchestra (1863)
and also composer of dance music, yet
not with his brother's distinction and
skill. Some of his operettas have been
given in Vienna (Das Teufelsmddel,
1908). (5) Ednard (1835- ): b.
Vienna; succeeded (4) as conductor
of their father's orchestra and dissolved
it in New York (1901) after a con-
tinued existence of 78 years. S. has
composed some 318 dances and, to-
gether with his son Johann, who writes
dance music as well, is established in
Berlin as conductor of popular con-
certs. (6) Richard (1864- ): b.
Munich; son of Franz S. (1822-1905),
waldhom player and court musician in
Munich. He became a pupil of court
Kapellmeister W. Meyer in Munich, and
first attracted attention with a string
quartet, op. 2 (1881) and a symphony
in D minor (unpublished, but per-
formed by Levi). During 1883 and
1884 his C min. overture was performed
under Radecke (Berlin) and his Sere-
nade for 13 wind instruments under
Bulow in Meinlngen. In 1885 he suc-
ceeded Bulow as conductor of the
Meiningen orchestra, in 1886 went to
Munich as third conductor of the court
orchestra, and in 1889 to Weimar as
Hofkapellmeister. In 1894 he returned
to Munich, and 1898 went to Berlin
to conduct the court orchestra, be-
coming Generalmusikdirektor in 1908.
His published works include 5 piano
pieces, op. 3; do. (Stitnmungsbilder) ,
op. 9; a Burleske for piano and orches-
tra; piano sonata, op. 5; 'cello sonata,
op. 6; violin sonata, op. 18; violin con-

Stravinsky

certo, op. 8; a concerto for Waldhorn,
op. 11; Wanderers Sturmlied, for 6-
part chorus and orchestra, op. 14;
Taillefer, for soil, chorus and orches-
tra (1903) ; a piano (juartet, op. 13 ;
a suite for 13 wind instruments, op. 4;
a symphony In F minor, op. 12; the
symphonic poems A us Italien (op. 16),
Don Juan (op. 20, 1889) : Tod und
YerklSrang (op. 23, 1890); Macbeth
(op. 24, 1891); Till Eulenspiegels Itts-
tige Streiche (op. 28, 1895) ; Also
sprach Zarathustra (op. 30, 1896); Don
Quixote (Variations, op. 35, 1898) ; and
Bin Heldenleben (op. 40, 1899) ; Sin-
fonia domestica (op. 53, 1904), and the
Alpensinfonte (1915). His operas are
Guntram (Weimar, 1894), Feuersnot
(Dresden, 1901), Salome (Dresden,
1905), Elektra (Dresden, 1909), Der
Rosenkavalier (Dresden, 1911), Ariadne
auf Naxos ([Interlude to Moll&re's
Bourgeois gentilhomme] Stuttgart, 1912),
to which must be added the pantomime-
ballet Josephs Legende, produced In
Paris, 1914. He has also composed
many widely sung songs, 'German mo-
tets,* a cappella choruses and marches
for military band, and has revised
Gluck's Iphigenia auf Tauris. In 1894
Strauss married the singer Pauline de
Ahna, who created the r61e of Frelhlld
in Guntram. Ref.: HI. 213 ff, 2i9ff;
songs, v. 338ff; choral works, VI. 348ff;
piano music, VII. 324; chamber music,
VII. 465f. 590. 597f : horn concerto, Vn.
604; orchestral works, VIII. 3830;
operas, IX.~ i33ff; ballet, X. 204f ; mus.
ex., XIV. 60, 63; portrait, IBt. 214;
MS. facsimile, IX. 436; mus. ex., XIV.
60, 63; tiortralt. HI. 214; MS. fac-
simile, IX. 436. For general references
see individual indexes. (7) Edmund
Ton (1869- ) : b. Olmiitz ; educated
In Vienna; theatre conductor In Prague,
Lubeck and Bremen; Kapellmeister at
the Royal Opera, Berlin, and since 1910
also conductor of the Bliithner Orches-
tra; composer of songs and duets.

STRAVIXSKY. Igor (1882- ) : b.
St. Petersburg; first attracted attention
with his ballets Petrouchka, L'oiseau
de feu and Le sacre du printemps, per-
formed by Diaghileff's Ballet Russe in
Paris, London, New York, etc. He also
prod. jB fairy opera Le Rossignol (Paris,
1914), as well as a brilliant orchestral
composition. Feu d'artiflce, also a string
quartet and other chamber music, and
songs (op. 2, Faune et Bergire). Ref.:
m. xx-f, 128, 155f, IBiff; VI. 396; VII.
362; vni. 467; IX. 390, 415; mus. ex.,
XTV. 132.

STRKATFIEIiD, R. A.: contempo-
rary English writer on music; author
of "Masters of Italian Music' (New
York, 1895), 'The Opera' (London,
1897)', 'Modem Music and Musicians'
(London, 1906), 'Handel' (London,
1909), 'Life Stories of Great Composers'
(Phila., 1910). Ref.: (cited) IX. 2.

STREICHBR (1) Joliann AndreaB
(1761-1833): b. Stuttgart, d. Vienna;

2:

Strlgglo

pupil of the Karlsschule with Schiller,
with whom he ran away. He married
Nanette Stein (1769-1833, b. Augsburg,
d. Vienna), the daughter of the piano
manufacturer Andreas Stelu (q.v.), re-
moved the latter's factory to Vienna
and devoted himself to Uie study of
instrument-making. He invented, ap-
parently simultaneously with the Eng-
lishman Robert Womum, the piano
action in which the hammers strike
from above, which was imitated by
Pape and became a permanent feature
of piano mechanism. From 1798 to his
death Beethoven stood in friendly rela-
tion to S. (cf. B.'s letter to Frau Nanette
[von] Stretcher, Thayer's Beethoven).
Ref.: n. 142. (2) Tbeodor (1874- ):
b. Vienna, great-grandson of (1) and
Nanette Stein; son of the quondam
owner of the Vienna piano firm, Emil
S., studied to be an actor, then sing- ,
ing with F. Jager, Sr., in Vienna and
Kniese in Bayreuth, also counterpoint
with Schulz-Beuthen in Dresden, and
instrumentation with F. Lowe in Ber-
lin. He composed songs (texts from
Des Knaben Wunderhorn, Hafiz and
modem poets), also choral works
(Mignons Exequien, with orch., 1907,
Kriegs- und Soldatenlieder, male chorus
and orch.. Wanderers Nachtlied, male
chorus, etc.), scenes and pictures from
Goethe's Faust (Faust's monologues, for
string sextet), etc. Ref.: IIL 268; VII.
156, 158.

STREIiETZKI, Anton [pseudonym
of a Mr. Bumand] (1859- ) : b.
Croydon, England; pianist; studied at
the Leipzig Cons, and with Clara Schu-
mann ; Known in America as a concert
pianist; composed a large amount of
popular piano music.

STRICKI,E:ir, Edward G.t contemp.
American composer resident in San
Francisco; wrote music of 'The Green
Knight' (grove play), etc.

STRIGGIO (1) Alessandro (1535-
111): b. Mantua; was one of the first
composers of intermedias. He was first
attached to court of Cosimo de' Medici,
Florence, later court Maestro di cappella
at Mantua. Among his intermedias are
Psiche ed Amore (1565) and L'amico
fldo (1569, not preserved). He wrote
various others for courtly weddings and
festivities, notably the wedding of
Francesco de' Medici and Bianca Ca-
pello, 1597 (in collaboration with Stroz-
zi, Gaccinl and Merulo) ; as well as a
number of madrigals, of which were
printed 2 books 6-part (1560, several
editions), 5 books 5-part (1560-97),
II cicalamento delle donne at buccato,
e la caccia etc. (in imitation of Janne-
quhi's manner, 1567, etc.), Di Hettore
Vidue ed' Alessandro Striggio ed' abtri
. . . madrigali a 5 e 6 voci (1566), and
others in collections. After 1567, S. was
in Paris and England. Ref.: I. 276f;'
VII. 376. (2) Alessandro (also called
Alessandrlno) (16th-17th cent.) : son
of (1) and celebrated as a player on

1

Strtnasacbi

the violin and lira. He was at the
court of Mantua (1607) ; was the libret-
tist of Monteverdi's Orteo: and puij-
lished (1596-97) th,e third book of his
father's 5-part madrigals.

STRINASACm, Reglna (1764-
1839) : b. near Mantua, d. Dresden;
noted violin player; studied at the
Conservatorlo della Pietk, Venice. She
married the celebrated 'cellist J. C.
ScHLiCK. Mozart composed for her his
B-major violin sonata.

STRIXDBBRG, Aagmst, Norwegian
dramatist. Ref.: in. 77, 105.

STRONG, Georse Templeton
(1855- ): b. in New York; com-
poser, who studied at the Leipzig Cons. ;
teacher at the New England Cons., 1891-
92; since resident in Switzerland; com-
poser of 2 symphonies, a symphonic
poem, 'The Haunted MUl' for chorus,

STROZZI (1) Pietro (16th cent.):
Florentine composer; co-creator of the
stile rappresentativo ; set to music Cao-
clni's libretto. La. Mascarada degli acce-
eati, in 1595. See Stbiggio. (2) [Abbate]
Gresorlo (17th cent.) : apostolic pro-
tonotary at Naples; pub. Blementarum
mnsicae praxis (1683) and Capricci da
suonare sopra cembali ed organi (1687).

STRUBE3, Gnstav (1867- ): b.
Ballenstedt, Harz; violinist; studied
with Brodsky, Reckendorf, Reinecke
and Jadassohn at the Leipzig Cons.;
violin teacher at the Mannheim Cons.;
joined the Boston Symphony Orchestra,
1891; director of the summer concerts
and assistant director of the Music
Festival at Worcester; violin teacher at
the Peabody Cons., Baltimore, 1913;
composer of 2 symphonies, 3 overtures,
2 symphonic poems, rhapsody for or-
chestra, 2 violin concertos, a string
quartet, a suite for piano and violin,
Uphiginia's Prayer,' for soprano and
orchestra, 'Hymn to Eros* for chorus
and orchestra, etc.

STRUNGK (or Stnmefe), NikoIaUB
Adam (1640-1700) : b. Brunswick, d.
Dresden; violinist and prolific com-

goser of operas; in 1682 became cham-
er musician to Duke Ernst August of
Hanover, with whom he travelled to
Italy and called forth Corelli's admira-
tion by his double-bowing (with scor-
datura). Played and conducted in Vi-
enna, Dresden, Leipzig, Hamburg, where
he produced two German operas. For
Leipzig he wrote 16 operas in all, and
for Dresden an Easter oratorio (1688),
Ref.: Vn. 392, 412; IX. 30, 47.

STRVSS, Fritz (1847- ) : b. Ham-
burg; violinist; studied with Unruh,
Auer and Joachim; successively mem-
ber of the Royal Chapel of Schwerin
and Berlin; Royal concert-master in
Berlin from 1887, and for some time
teacher at the Scharwenka-Klindworth
Cons.; has composed pieces for violin.

STUART, liesUe <Tlioma8 A. Bar-
rett) (1866- ): b. Southport, Eng-
land; composer; organist at Roman

212

Sucher

Catholic Church, Salford, for 7 years;
wrote songs for Signor Foil, includ-
ing 'Rip Van Winkle,' 'The Bandolero'
and others; wrote a number of musical
comedies for the London stage, includ-
ing 'Soldiers of the Queen' (1895-96),
'Florodora' (1899), 'The Silver Slipper'
(1901), 'The Belle of Mayfair' («06),
'The Slim Princess' (1910), and others,
also successful in the United States.

STUCKEIIV, Frank Valentin van
der. See Van der Stucken.

STUMPP, Karl (1848- ) : b. Wle-
sentheid. Lower Franconia; philoso-
pher and theologian, also musicologist:
author of Tonpsychologie (vols. 1 and
2, 1883, 1890), regarded as the first step
beyond Helmholtz's theory, transferring
the scientific explanation of acoustic
phenomena from the realm of physics
to that of psychology. His work, un-
fortunately, has not as ytit progressed
to the development of the sense of
sound. Other important hooks by S.
are Vber den psychologischen Ursprung
der Raumvorstellung (1873) ; Die pseu-
do-aristotelischen Probleme (1897) ; Ge-
schichte des Konsonanzbegriffs (1. Al-
tertum, 1897) and Die Anfange der
Musik (Leipzig, 1911). He has also
written articles in various journals.
Ref.: cited, I. 22.

STUNTZ, Joseph Hartmann (1793-
1859) : b. Arlesheim near Basle, d. Mu-
nich; prod, operas at Milan, Venice,
etc. ; chorus-master at the Munich Court
Opera, 1824; succeeded his teacher,
Peter von Winter, as court cond. in
1826; brought out 3 German operas and
a ballet in Munich; wrote much church
music; and pub. 2 overtures, a string
quartet, male choruses, and vocal 2-
part nocturnes.

STTARD, Jean Bapilste Antolne
(1734-1817); b. Besanfon, d. Paris;
member of the Academy. In the con-
troversy between PiccinI and Gluck he
was a warm defender of the latter
(in the Journal de Paris and Mercure
de France, etc.). He also wrote Mi-
langes de literature (1803). Ref.: TX.
28.

SUCCO (1) Reinliold (1837-1897):
b. Gorlitz, d. Breslau; studied at the
Berlin Akademie ; organist of the Thom-
askirche, 1863; teacher of theory at the
Hochschule, 1874; Senator of the Royal
Academy of Arts, 1888 ; composer of sa-
cred and secular vocal works, and or-
gan pieces. (2) Frledrlcli (1868- ) :
b. Berlin; clergyman who wrote
Rhgthmischer Choral, Altarweisen und
griechtsche Rhgthmik (Gutersloh, 1906).

STJGHER (1) Joseph (1843-1908) : b.
D6b6r, Hungary, d. Berlin; conductor;
studied in Vienna, and was conductor
of the Academic Gesangverein and coach
at the court opera there; later con-
ductor at the Komische Oper; became
conductor at the Leipzig Stadttheater,
1876, and for PoUini at Hamburg in
1878; conductor at the Royal Opera,
Berlin, 1888-99. (2) Roaa HasselbeclE

Snda

(1849- ^^): b. Velburg, Upper PalaU-
nate; -wife of (1) ; singer, prima donna
m Hamburg and at the Royal Opera,
Berlin, while her husband was con-
ductor there; especially noted a^ Isolde
and Sleglinde; wrote Aus meinem Le-
ben (1914): singing teacher in Vienna
smce 1909.

SUDA, Stanislaus (1865- ): b.
Pilsen; composer of Czech operas pro-
duced in Pilsen, Prague and Briinn.

STJK (1) vasa (1861- ) : b. Klad-
no, Bohemia; studied at Prague Cons.
(1879); conductor at theatres in Kleff
and Moscow (1881-84) ; since 1906 con-
ductor of the Imperial opera at Mos-
cow. His opera Der Waldkonig was
performed in Kieff and Kharkoff, 1900, in
Prague, 1903. He also composed a sym-
phonic poem Johann Huss, serenade for
string orchestra and lesser works.
Ref.: in. l&l. (2) Joscpli (1874- ):
b. Kfecofic, Bohemia; pupil of his fa-
ther, a school teacher, and the violin
school of Prague Cons.; studied theory
with Knittl and Stecker, composition
with Ant. Dvofdk (whose daughter he
married) ; second violin of the Bohe-
mian String Quartet since 1892. S.'s
compositions include an orchestral suite
(after the fairy tale 'Raduz and Mahu-
lena'), symphonic poems Praga (1905)
and Asrael; chamber music, piano com-
positions, choral works and choruses,
songs and duets. Ref.: lU. 182f; VIH.
382; portrait, III. 178.

SUIiMVAJV, [Sir] ATthnT (1842-
1900): b. London, d. there; pupil of
Royal Academy of Music and the Leip-
zig Conservatory (1858-61) ; succeeded
Bennett as professor of composition
at the Royal Academy, 1865 ; was di-
rector of National Training School of
Music, 1876-81; knighted in 1883. His
compositions include an overture and
incidental music to Shakespeare's 'Tem-
pest,' 'Merchant of VeniceJ 'Merry
Wives of Windsor,' 'Henry YHI' and
'Macbeth' (1888); the ballet L'tsle en-
chantie (1864) ; a symphony and over-
tures for orchestra; oratorios, among
them 'The Martyr of Antioch' (1880);
cantatas ('The Golden Legend,' Leeds,
1886) ; compositions for piano, for pi-
ano and 'cello and songs. His oper-
ettas have been extremely successful
In England and in America, and have
even been partly so in Germany ('Mi-
kado'). Of these the best known are
'Box and Cox,' 'H.M.S. Pinafore,'
'Pirates of Penzance,' 'Patience,' 'lolan-
the' 'The Mikado' (1885), 'The Yeomen
of the Guard' (1888), and 'The Rose of
Persia' (1899). He also prod, a grand
opera, Ivanhoe' (1891), and the ballets
•Victoria' and 'Merrie England' (1897).
Ref.: in. ix, 91, 415f; IV. 175f, 179,
457; V. 326f; VI. 206f, 322; K. 235;
mus. ex., XIV. 169; portrait, IH. 424;
VI. 202.

Siri.l.Y - PRUDHOMniX:, contemp.
French poet. Ref.: IIL 293.

SriiZER (1) Johann Georg (1720-

2]

Soriano

1779): b. Wlnterthur, d. Berlin, where
he had been professor at the Joa-
chimsthal Gymnasium and the Rltter-
akademie; pub. a report on Hohlfeld's
Melograph for the Akademle (1771);
Pinsies sur Porigine . . . des sciences,
et des beaux-arts (1757) ; Allgemeine
TheOTie der schonen KVlnste (1772),
supplemented by Blankenburg, 1796-98,
and Dyck and Schatz, 1792-1806. (2)
Salomon (1804-1890) : b. Hohenems,
Vorarlberg, d. Vienna; studied compo-
sition with Seyfried at Vienna and was
cantor at the chief synagogue there
after 1825; regenerated the Jewish song
service by adapting the old religious
melodies; professor of singing at the
Cons., 1844-47; received the gold medal
for science and art; also the Order of
Franz Joseph, 1868; wrote Schir Zion,
Hebrew hymns; Dudaim, songs for
school and home; Psalms, etc. (3)
Jnllns (1834-1891): b. Vienna, d. there;
son of (2) ; violinist; Kapellmeister at
the Hofburgtheater at Vienna in 1875;
prod, several operas, a 'symphonic
tone-painting,' piano music, and songs.
STIPPfi, Franz -von [Francesco Eze-

CHIELE EaMENEGnLDO CaVALIEBE SuPPfi

Demelli] (1819-1895); b. Spalato, Dal-
matia, d. Vienna; studied at Vienna
Cons, with Sechter and Seyfried; thea-
tre conductor in Vienna (first Joseph-
stadter Theater, then [till 1862] The-
ater an der Wien, then Theater an
der Leopoldstadt [1865]). He composed
some 211 works for the stage, among
them 31 operettas; also a mass, a
requiem, a symphony, quartets, over-
tures (that to 'Poet and Peasant' be-
came Immensely popular), songs, etc.
His reputation rests on his catchy oper-
ettas in the style of Offenbach. They
include Der Apfel (1834), Dos Mddchen
vom Lande (1847), Paragraph 3 (1858),
Das Pensionat (1860), Die Karten-
schldgerin, Zehn Mddchen nnd kein
Mann (1862), Flotte Bursche (1863),
Das Korps der Rache (1863), Piqae-
Dame (1864), Fronz Schubert (1864),
Die schone Galathea '^(1865), Leichte
Kavallerie (1866), Freigeister, Canne-
bas, Banditenstreiche (1867), Fraa Mei-
sterin (1868), Isabella, Die Prinzessin
von Dragant (1870), Fatinitza (1876),
Der Teufel oaf Erden (1879), Boccaccio
(1879), Donna Juanita (1880), Der
Gaskogner (1881), Herzbldttchen (1882),
Die Afrikareise (1883), Des Matrosea
Heimkehr (1885), Bellmann (1887), Die
Jagd nach dem GlUeke (1888), and two
unfinished ones, also 180 farces, ballets,
etc. Ref.: III. 22; IX. 235.

ST7RIA1VO (or Soiiano), Francesco
(1549-1620): b. Rome, d. there; stud-
ied under Nanini and Falestrina ; maes-
tro at Luigi de Frances! in 1581; at Si
Maria Maggiore in 1587; at S. Giovanni
In Laterno, 1599; again at S. Maria
Maggiore next year: at St. Peter's, 1603;
pub. much church music, including
books of 4- and 5-part madrigals, 4- to
8-part masses, 8- to 16-part motets and

3

Snsato

psalms, a 3-part vlllanelle, a 4-part
Magnificat and a Passion, during the
yean 1581-1619. Under commission of
the publisher, Baimondi, lie undertook
■with Felice Anerlo a revision of the
Gradual (Edltio Medlcaea) in the spirit
of those previously vmdertaken by
Palestrina and ZoHo, but not based on
their manuscript (1614). Cf. Pales-
trina.

SVSATO (1) Jobannes (15th cent.) .
b. probably in Westphalia; supposed
to have lived in Cologne. All that Is
known of him is at second hand, but
he is referred to by many writers of
his own and a later period as a learned
authority on music. (2) Tlelmann,
Tylman, or Thlelmann (16th cent.) :
lived in Antwerp and probably a son
of (1); noted printer of music; mu-
sician in the' Antwerp Cathedral, 1531,
then founded a music printing estab-
lishment, 1543, which grew to big di-
mensions. He himself composed some
chansons and motets. (3) Jacqnes
([?]-1564): son of (2), whom he suc-
ceeded in the ownership and manage-
ment of the music-printing establish-
ment.

SVSSMAirR, Franz Xaver (1766-
1803) : b. Schwanenstadt, Austria, d.
Vienna; is known because of bis re-
lations with Mozart, whose pupil he
was, and' whose Requiem he completed
after sketches left by the master. It
has been established that the Sanetus
of the Requiem is altogether by Siiss-
mayr. S. himself wrote a number of
operas, of which Soliman II, Der Spie-
gel von Arkadien (1795) and Der Wild-
faag were printed. He became conduc-
tor at the Vienna National-theater in
1792, second conductor of the Court
Opera in 1794. Ref.: U. 125; VI. 330;
VII. 425.

SCTfiR, Hermann (1870- ): b.
Eaiserstum, Switzerland; studied in
Zurich, Basle, Stuttgart and Leipzig
conservatories; active from 1892-1902 in
Ziirich as music teacher, organist and
conductor. He has become widely
known as the conductor of the Basle
music festival of the Allgemeiner
Deutscher Masikoerein (1903). His
compositions include two string quar-
tets, a symphonic poem, Walpurgis-
nacht, many choral works and songs.

SUTOR, IVllIielm (1774-1828): b.
Edelstetten, Bavaria, d. Linden, near
Hanover; studied with Valesi; was at
first court tenor to the Prince-bishop of
Eichstadt, then chorus director at the
court theatre at Stuttgart, 1806; court
Kapellmeister at Hanover, 1818. He
wrote for Hanover the operas Appolos
Wettgesang, Pauline, Das Tagebuch; the
oratorio Der Tod Abels; also wrote
music for 'Macbeth,' etc.

ST7TTB;RHS:IH, Baron von (18-
19th cent.) : friend of Beethoven, to
whom the master dedicated one of his
last quartets (C-sharp minor), Ref.:
VII. 528.

Swoboda

STENDSBN (1) 01n£ (1832-1888):
b. Christiania, d. London; flute virtu-
oso, pupil of the Brussels conservatory,
and professionally active in London,
where from 1867 on he was a teacher
at the Royal Academy of Music. (2)
Johann Severln (1840-1911) : b. Chris-
tiania, d. Copenhagen; pupil of his
father, Gcldbrand S., and the Leip-
zig Conservatory (David, Hauptmann,
Rlchter, Reinecke) ; travelled in Den-
mark, Scotland, Faroe Islands, Ice-
land and England; lived in Paris,
1868-69; was concert-master of the
Euterpe concerts, Leipzig, 1871-72; mar-
ried an American in New York, 1871;
was conductor of the Musical Society
conceits in Christiania, 1872-77; trav-
elled imtil 1880 (Rome, London, Paris)
and in 1883 became court conductor in
Copenhagen; retired 1908. He com-
posed for orchestra 2 symphonies; 4
Norwegian rhapsodies; the 'legend'
Zorahayde, overture to 'Romeo and
Juliet,' prelude to Bjomsen's Sigurd
Slem.be, marches, etc.; also string quar-
tets, a string quintet and octet; con-
certos for 'cello and for violin; songs,
piano and orchestra arrangements; and
the celebrated Romanza in G major for
violin with orchestra. Ref.: IH. xv,
88; Vm. 351ff; mus. ex., XIV. 24.

SWKEIilNCK, Jan Fletera (1562-
1621) : b. Deventer or Amsterdam, d.
last-named place; pupil of Zarlino in
Venice; historically important as the
founder of the organ fugue, which he
built up on a single theme to which
other themes were gradually added,
their development growing increasingly
more complicated and reaching their
climax toward the end of the compo-
sition. None of his numerous pupils —
he was called 'the maker of German
organists* — ^attempted to emulate him.
Only Johann Sebastian Bach was des-
tined to bring this form to perfection.
S. wrote organ pieces, and choral mu-
sic, sacred and secular, including
Psaumes de David a i-S parties (1604-
23) ; Rimes franfoises et italiennes a
2-3 part, avec chansons A 4 part (1612),
and others. Ref.: I. 358ff; VI. 427, 429,
446; VII. 16, 21; portrait, VL 426.

SWIKTBN, Gottfried, Baron ot
(1734-1803): b. Leyden, d. Vienna; was
director of the Imperial court library
in last-named city; translated and
adapted the texts of Haydn's 'Crea-
tion' and 'The Seasons' from English
into German; induced Mozart to revise
the instrumentation of the works of
Handel ; and was a patron of the youth-
ful Beethoven (who dedicated first sym-
phony to him) during the latter's first
Vienna period. C. P. E. Bach wrote
at the request of S. the six string quar-
tets of 1773 which were of such value
in the further development of the quar-
tet. Ref.: II. 91; VI. 259.

SWOBODA (1) Ansnst (19th cent.) :
Viennese music teScher; pub. Allge-
meine Theorie der Tonjtunst (1826),

Sylvester

Harmonielehre (2 vols., 1828-29), and
Instrumentierungslehre (1832). (2) Adal-
bert Victor (1828-1902) : b. Prague, d.
Munich; Dr. phil., professor; founder
of the Neue Masikzeitung, 1880, and its
editor till his death ; also pub. an Illus-
tTierte Mnsikgeschichte (2 vols., 1893).

SYIiVXlSTXlR, Pope. Ref.: VI. 6.

SYMIUEIS, [Rev.] Tbonuwt Colonial
American divine. Ref.: (quoted on
early American musical conditions) IV.
16. 18, 21, 26f, 232f.

SlfMONDS, Jolin Addlngton. Ref.:
(quoted) I. 64, 188, 258fr, 268.

SYMOiys, Arthw. Ref.! (quoted)
n. 153, 159, 160, 169.

SYMPSOJT. See Simpson.

SYRMESST, Maddalena (b. Venice,
1735) : studied with Tartini ; appeared
as a violinist at Paris and London
'with much success. She married the
violinist Iindovlco S., musical director
of the church at Bergamo. Both to-
gether have composed string quartets,
violin concertos, trio sonatas and a
violin duet.

SZANTO, Theodor (1877- )_'. b.
Vienna; pupil of Chovin, Eossler
(Pesth) ; pianist in Paris. He has com-
posed a Violin sonata In the Hungarian
style, brilliant piano pieces, and has
made concert transcriptions of Bach
organ compositions for the piano.

SZEILI., Georg (1897- ): b. Buda-
pest; pupil of Mandyczewskl, J. B.
Fdrster, and . Richar^ Robert (piano) ;
pianist and composer, who made his
dibut with sensational success in Vi-
enna in 1907, playing also in Dresden,
Munich, Prague and other cities. He
has composed an overture, a symphony
in B major, a rondo for piano and or-
chestra, a piano quintet and other
pieces.

Szymanowski

SZE:KBI,Y, Imre (1823-1887); b.
Matyasfalva, Hungary, d. Pesth; pian-
ist ; known on me concert stage in
London, Paris, Hamburg, etc.; teacher
in Pesth from 1852; composer of many
works for orchestra, piano and string
ensembles.

SZE3NDY, Arpad (1863- ): b.
Szarvas (Bekes) ; is a pupil of Gobbi,
Liszt and Kohler at the Pesth National
Academy of Music; since 1890 teacher
of piano there (master-school) ; com-
poser of piano pieces in the Hungarian
national style and the editor of classi-
cal editions. Ref.: III. 197.

SZOPSKI, Feltclan (1865- ): b.
Erzeszowice; pupil of Zelefiski in Cra-
cow and H. Urban in Berlin; during
1897-1906 teacher at the Cracow Cons.,
since then at Warsaw Cons.; music
critic and composer; has written songs,
piano pieces and an opera, 'The Lilies.'

SZTOJANOVICS (1) Engen: com-
poser of 5 Hungarian operettas, 5 bal-
lets and an opera (Nina, 1898), for
Pesth. (2) Peter. See Stojanovits.

SZYMAJIOWSKA., Slarla (nie Wo-
lowsfea) (1790-1831) : b. Poland, d. St.
Petersburg; piano virtuoso; studied un-
der Field at Moscow; lived in Warsaw
and made tours ih Germany, 1815-30;
also gave concerts at St. Petersburg,
where she was made court pianist; pub.
Studies, 24 Mazurkas, a . Nocturne, Le
muTmure, and other pieces which were
approved by Schumann.

SZTMANOWSKI, Karol (1883- ):
b. at Timoshovka, near Eieff; pupil
of S. Noskowski in Warsaw: has com-
posed piano works, Choplnesque in
style and of impressionistic character.
He has also written piano Sonatas, a
sonata for violin, two symphonies, a
concert overture and songs.

215

Tabonrot

TABOUROT, Jean (1519-1595): b.
Dijon, d. Langres; published an Or-
chisographie (1589, 1596), a curious
mettiod booli for dancing and playing
of flfe and drum.

TACCHINARDI (1) Nicola (1772-
1859): b. Legnano, d. Florence; oper-
atic tenor of repulsive exterior, but
extraordinarily beautiful voice; sang in
Italy and at the Italian Opera of Paris,
also singer at the Florentine court;
pub. vocal exercises, also Dell' opera
in. musica sul teatro italiano e de saoi
difetti. His daughter was the famous
Fanny Pebsiani (q.v.). (2) Gnldo
(1840- ): b. Florence; son of (1) ;
pupil of Teodulo Mabellini; teacher,
since 1891 director of the Heal Insti-
tutlo Musicale, Florence; composer of
church music, orchestral pieces, con-
certos for violin and for 'cello, and
author of theoretical treatises (Gram-
matlca musicale, 3rd ed., 1912, etc.).
(3) Alberto: .contemporary theorist;
pub. Aucnsiica musicale (1911) and
Ritmica musicale (1910).

TACITUS. Ref.: (cited) X. 76.

TADOIilJVI, Giovanni (1793-1872) :
b. Bologna, d. there; studied compo-
sition with Mattel and singing with
Bablni; accompanist and chorus-master
at the Theatre des Italiens, Paris, un-
der Spontini In 1811-14 and again 1830-
39; meantime prod, a number of op-
eras in Italy, including La Principessa
di Navarra (Bologna, 1816) ; La fata
Alcina (Venice, 1815) ; II Credulo de-
luso (Rome, 1817) ; Tamerlano (Bo-
logna, 1818) ; II flnto molinaro (Rome,
1820) ; Moctar (Milan, 1824) ; Mitridate
(Venice, 1826), and Altnanzor (Trieste,
1827). T. wrote romances, cantatas
and canzonets; a trio for piano, oboe,
and bassoon, etc. Ref.: IX. 133.

TAFFANEL,, Clande-Faal (1844-) ;
b. Bordeaux; noted flutist; pupil of
Dorus and in composition of Reber;
third chef d'orchestre at the Paris
Opira; director of the Paris Cons,
concerts, 1892-1903; professor of flute-
playing at the Conservatoire from 1892.

TAG, ChTistian Gotthtlf (1735-
1811) : b. Bayerfeld, Saxony, d. Nieder-
zwonitz; studied at the Dresden Kreuz-
schule; cantor in Hohenstein; wrote
chorale preludes (1783, 1795, with or-
gan symi)hony), 72 cantatas, 11 masses,
motets, hymns, etc., and several books
of songs, including a dramatic scene
and a 4-part hymn.

TagUonl

TAGIilAFICO, Jooeph - DlendonnS

(1821-1900) : d. Nice; celebrated sing-
er, made his d^but at the Italian Opera
in Paris; sang also at the Imperial
Russian Opera; stage manager at
Covent Garden opera, London; song-
writer and critic.

TAGIilAXA, Emilia (1854- ) : b.
Milan; coloratura soprano who studied
at the Conservatoire and with Lam-
perti, later with Rlchter; sang in
Italian cities, in Paris, Odessa and
Vienna: court chamber singer in Ber-
lin, and sang Carmen, for the first time
there.

TXGIilCHSBECK, Thomas (1799-
1867) :,b. Ansbach, d. Baden-Baden;
violinist in the orchestra of the Mu-
nich theatre, also substitute conductor,
made concert tours and was Kapell-
meister to the Prince of Hohenzollem-
Hechingen; lived in Strassburg, Lowen-
burg and Dresden; wrote fantasies, va-
riations, etc., for violin and piano
(also orch.), an orchestral mass, male
choruses, 2 symphonies, other violin
pieces, songs, etc.

TAGIilBTTI, Ginllo (17th cent.):
Italian composer of instrumental music.
Ref.: VII. 478.

TAGIilONI (1) Salvatore (17th-
18th cent.): b. Italy; Italian ballet-
master, engaged at the Swedish Royal
Opera, Stockholm, where his daughter,
Maria T. (3), was bom. He was in-
fluenced by the reform ideas of Noverre
and gave his daughter the benefit of a
thorough training, which was the foun-
dation of her phenomenal success.
Ref.: X. 151, 152, 161. (2) Ferdinando
(b. Naples, 1810) : church maestro, con-
ductor of the municipal orchestra at
Lanciano, concert-master at the San
Carlo Theatre, Naples; imprisoned for
political offenses; then editor of the
Naples Gazetta musicale, established
historical concerts and founded a chor-
al singing school. He wrote advocating
compulsory musical education in pri-
mary and normal schools (1865), and
several text-books for the teaching of
choral singing in schools, etc.; also
Disegno di un coTso di estetica musi-
cale (1873). (3) Maria (1804-1884):
celebrated ballet dancer; b. Stockholm,
d. Marseilles ; daughter of (1) ; made
her dibut in Venice and subsequently
celebrated triumphs in Paris, Stuttgart,
Munich, London, etc., until the appear-
ance of Elssler began to diminish her

216

Tagore

fame (1847). Ref.: X. il, 151, 152ff.
156, 157. 193.

TAGORB, Rajah Sonrlndro Mohnnt

writer on Hindu music; pub. 'A Few
Lyrics of Owen Meredith Set to Hindu
Music' (Calcutta, 1877), «A Few Speci-
mens of Indian Songs' (Lb., 1879), and
'Hindu Music from Various Authors'
(lb., 1882, 2 parts).
TAINE, H. A. Ref.: (quoted) H.

TAKATS, Mtcbael (1863-1913): b.
Nagyvarad, Hungary; d. Keszthely;
celebrated heroic tenor at the Budapest
court opera from 1885; sang also at
Bayreuth.

TAIiBOT, Howard (pseudonym for
Richard Lansdale Monklttrlck;) (1865-
1911): b. New York; composer or
joint composer (with P. A. Rubens,
Lionel Monckton, etc.) of 13 musical
comedies, includtog 'A Chinese Honey-
moon,' 'Miss Wlngrove,' 'The Blue
Moon,' 'The White Chrysanthemum,'
'The Girl Behind the Counter,' 'The
Three Kisses,' 'The Belle of Brittany,'
'The Arcadians,' 'The Mousm^,' etc.,
prod, in London, New York and else-
where (1894-1913). Ref.: IH. 433.

TAIiLIS, Thomas (ca. 1520-1585):
d. London; organist and composer to
the Tudor courts of Henry VIII and his
children; obtained with Qie organist
Byrd the privilege of printing music
and ruled music paper in 1575, when
they pub. their first work, Cantiones
quae ab argumento sucrae vocantar, 5
et 6 partium, containing 16 motets by
T. and 18 by Byrd; composed a 'Song
of 40 Parts,' entitled Spem in aliam
non habui. In Barnard's 'First Book
of Selected Church Music' (1641) is a
First Service or Short Service {Venite,
Te Deum, Benedictus, Kyrie, Credo,
Sanctus, Gloria, Magnificat, and Nunc
dlmlttls, all In 4 parts), Preces, Re-
sponses, etc., often republished (by
Rimbault, Novello, Jebb) ; examples of
his music are also in J. Day's 'Morning
and Evening Prayer* (1560), Boyce's
'Cathedral Music' and the histories by
Hawkins and Bumey. Rimbault repub.
the 'Order of Daily Service, with the
Musical Notation'; other works In MS.
at Oxford, Cambridge, and Liondon.
Ref.: I. 305; VI. 136, 448f.

TALOIV, Pierre (1721-1785): ' b.
Bhelms, d. Paris; 'cellist In the Royal
Orchestra, Parts; pub. six 4-part sym-
phonies written for 3 violins and bass
(the continuo being obbligato), (op.
1 and 5, 1753, 1767), trios for violin,
'cello and continuo (op. 3 and 4) and
a miatuor for violin, oboe, 'cello
obbligato and continuo (op. 2, 1761).

VA.MA.GJtO, Francesco (1851-1903);
b. Turin, d. Varese, near there; cele-
brated tenor; made dibut in Palermo
in his teacher Pedrottl's 'Masked Ball,'
1872. After achieving fame by sub-
stituting in Donizetti's Poltuto, he sang
in London, Italy, Spain, Portugal,
Paris, and with Patti in America; ere-

217

Tapper

ated the rdles of Emanl and of Oiello
(1902). Ref.: IV. 142, 144.

TAIMARO, Josef (1824-1902): b.
Barcelona, d. New York; tenor who
studied with Lampertl and from 1876
taught In New York.

TAmBKRLICK, Bnrlco (1820-1889) :
b. Rome, d. Paris; operatic tenor, sang
In Italy, Spain, Portugal, Paris, Lon-
don and St. Petersburg and the

TAMBITRIIVI. Antonio (1800-1876):
b. Faenza, d. Nice; operatic bass in
Italy, Vienna, Russia, London, etc. At
first a member of a travelling opera
troupe, he achieved a great reputation
and was engaged by Barbaja, 1824-32,
and later celebrated triumphs by the
side of Rublni, Lablache, Perslanl,
Grisl and Viardot in Paris. He mar-
ried the singer Mabietta Goj^a in 1822.
Ref.: portrait, IX. 150.

TANAKA, Shohe (19th cent.) : Japa-
nese writer on musical theory; trained
in Berlin under Spitta; inventor of
the 'Enharmonium' (so called by Bil-
low), a harmonium with absolute
(natural) tuning.

TANBIEFF (1) Alexander Ser-
gelevltcli (1850- ): b. St. Peters-
burg; studied at the University and
entered state service; became conductor
of the Czar's personal chancery; stud-
led music with Reichel in Dresden and
Rimsky-Korsakoff. He wrote an opera,
orchestral suites, 2 mazurkas, a festi-
val march, a 'Hamlet' overture, sym-
phonies, 2 string quartets, piano pieces,
a cappella choruses, etc. Ref.: VI.
396. (2) Sergei Ivanovltch (1856-
1915): b. Govt, of Vladimir, d. Mos-
cow; nephew of (1); studied piano
with N. Rubinstein, composition with
Tschaikowsky at the Moscow Conserva-
tory, where he later taught and became
director in 1885. Before settling In
Moscow as teacher he toured Russia
with Auer, and lived in Paris, 1877-78.
Among his compositions are 4 sym-
phonies, a 'Russian' overture, 6 string
quartets, a string trio, 2 string quin-
tets, a piano quartet, a suite for
violin and orch., an opera trilogy
Oresteta (St. Petersburg, 1895), a can-
tata, choral works, piano pieces and
songs. He wrote a treatise on Imi-
tative counterpoint in strict style (2
vols.) and translated 2 books of Bussler
into Russian. Ref.: HI. x, xlv, xvll,
142, 143, U8tr; V. 368; VI. 396; VH.
555; IX. 414; X. 224.

TAIVIVHXUSBR, minnesinger. Ref.:
I. 218.

TAJVSUR, William (ca. 1700-1783):
b. Dunchurch, Warwickshire, d. St.
Neots; pub. harmonies, psalmodies,
musical granunars and dictionaries
(1724-71). Ref.: (works printed In.
America) IV. 29f, 45.

TAFPBR, Thomas (1864- ) : b.
Canton, Mass.; editor of the 'Musical
Record and Review,' 1903-04, and 'The
Musician' (Boston), 1904-07; teacher at

Tappert

the Institute of Musical Art, New York;
author of 'A short Course in Music,'
'Harmonic Music,', '100 Rhythmical
Studies,' 'The Modem Grand Piano
Course,' and other popular works.

TAPPERT, AVUbelm (1830-1907) :
b. Oberthomaswaldau, d. Berlin; aban-
doned school teaching for music, 1856;
studied at the EuUak Cons., and pri-
vately with Dehn; teacher and critic
In Glogau from 1858; in Berlin as
teacher and musicologist from 1866.
He edited the Allgemeine deutsche Mu-
sikzeitang, 1876-80, collaborated on
other musical journals, and pub. Musik
und musikalische Erziehung (1866),
Musikalische Studien (1868), R. Wag-
ner (1883) and a Wagner-Lexicon con-
taining 'coarse, derisive, hateful and
libellous expressions which have been
used against the master, his works
and his disciples by his enemies'
(1887; 2nd ed., 1903); also pub.
Wandernde Melodien (1890), 54 Erlko-
nig-Kompositionen (1898; 2nd ed.,
1906), Sang und Klang aus alter Zeit
(100 lute pieces, 1906), and collected
old tablatures, etc. His library, bought
by the Berlin Royal Library, contained
2 manuscripts of 2 valuable works on
the history of musical notation. He
■wrote songs, piano etudes, etc.

TARANTIjri (1) Gaetano (1872-) :
Italian composer of a 3-act opera,
Uaritana (Barl, 1911). (2) lieopoldo
(1873- ) : Italian composer of operas
(.Manuel Garcia, Naples, 1904; Marion
de Lorme, Trani, 1910).

TARCHI, Angelo (1760-1814): b.
Naples, d. Paris; studied with Taran-
tino and Sala; writer of Italian operas
produced in Italy and London, and
French comic operas produced in
France (D'auberge A auberge, prod, at
Th^tre Feydeau, 1800, also printed in
German and prod, in Hamburg and
Vienna) .

TARDITI, Orazio (17th cent.):
monk in Ravenna, organist at Murano,
Arezzo, and conductor at Faenza Cathe-
dral; composed masses, motets, psalms,
etc. (1639-68).

TAREINGHI, Mario (1870- ): b.
Bergamo; pupil of the Cons, there and
at Milan; pianist and director of the
Scuolo musicale di Milano; composer
of operas, including Marcella (Ber-
gamo, 1901), Gara antica (Brilla, 1907),
La notte di Quarto (Genoa, 1910) ; also
piano pieces (variations for 2 pianos
on a theme by Schumann) and cliam-
ber music. Ref.: HI. 394.

TARISIO, liOlgl (19th cent.): b.
Fontanetto, near Milan; connoisseur
and dealer in string instruments; col-
lected a great number of fine exam-
ples of genuine Amati, Stradivari, Guar-
neri and other violins in Italy and
marketed them in London and Paris
(1820-46) ; also collected fragments of
good instruments with which defective
ones could be repaired.

TARBBfrA lEIPMBA, Francisco

Taskin

(1854-1909): b. Villareal, d. Barcelona;
guitar virtuoso and prolific composer
and arranger of music for guitar.

TARTINI, Ginseppe (1692-1770) :
b. Plrano, Istrla, d. Padua; abandoned
the priesthood and studied law at
Padua in 1710; also studied the violin
there, at Assist, and at Ancona, after
hearing Veracini at Venice. He was
solo violinist and orchestral conductor
in Padua, 1721, chamber musician to
Count Kinsky in Prague, 1723-25,
founder of a violin-school in Padua,
1728. He was famed for his style of
bowing and his discovery of combi-
nation sounds; his theory follows that
of Rameau and of Zarlino. His many
compositions are universally accept-
ed classics; pub. op. 1, Six Concertos
(1734; 3 repub. in Paris; 3 others
*epub. there with 2 viola parts added
by Blainville, as Concerti grossi) ; also
as op. 1, 12 violin sonatas with 'cello
and cembalo; op. 2, 6 sonatas for
violin, 'cello and cembalo; op. 3, 12
sonatas [with op. 2] for violin and
bass; op. 4, Sei concerti a violino solo,
2 violini, viola e violoncello a cem-
balo di concerto, 6 sonatas for violin
with basso contlnuo; op. 5, 6, 7 com-
prise 6 sonatas each; Sei sonate a 3,
due violini col basso; op. 9, 6 sonatas;
and L'Arte dell' arco (reprinted in
French by Cartler; also by Choron
and by AndrS). The famous- 'Devil's
Trill' was pub. posthumously. His
theoretical works include Trattato di
musica secondo la vera scienza dell'
armonia (1754) ; Riposta alia critlca
del di lul Trattato di musica di Msgr.
Le Serre di Ginevra (1767) ; De princi-
pi dell' armonia m.usicale contenuta
nel diatonico genere (1767) ; Lettera
alia Signora Maddalena Lombardini,
inserviente ad una importante lezione
per i suonatori di violino (1770; Eng-
lish by Bumey, 1771, and Bremner,
1779; German in 1786); and another
treatise, only pub. in a French trans-
lation by P. Denis, Traite des agre-
ments de la musique (1782). Ret.: II.
50; VI. 490; VIL 122 (footnote), 402,
412, 415, 417, 427f, 430; portrait, VII.
398

TASCA, Baron Pier Antonio (1863-) :
b. Noto, Sicily. T. has composed four
Italian operas, produced in Florence
(Bianca, 1885), Berlin (A Santa Lucia,
1892; Pergolesi, 1898) and Noto (Stu-
denti e sartine, 1-act comic opera).
Ref.: m. 369, 371.

TASKIN (1) Pascal (1723-1793): b.
Theux, d. Paris; successor to Blanchet
as maker of clavecins, inventor of im-
provements on the harpsichord (leather
plectrum), etc. (2) Pascal-Josepb T.:
nephew of (1) ; upon his recommenda-
tion, keeper of musical instruments to
Louis XIV^ (3) Henri-Joseph (1779-
1852) : b. Versailles, d. there: son of
(2); musical page to Louis XVI; pu-
pil of the organist Mme. Couperin, his
aunt; composer of trios, a piano con-

8

Tasso

certo, caprice for piano and violin;
piano pieces and songs. (4) Alexan-
dre (1853-1897) : grandson of (2) ; bari-
tone at the Paris Op^ra Comlque, teach-
er of operatic singing at the Conserva-
toire.
^ TAMO. Ref.: I. 327; H. 363; VI.

TATE. IValinm. Ref.: IX. 28.

TAUBERT (1) Karl Gottfried ■Wtl-
helm (1811-1891): b. Berlin, d. there;
studied with Neithardt, Berger and
lUein; conductor of opera and sym-
phony concerts; royal Kapellmeister,
1845; president of the Akademle after
1875. T. composed the operas Die
Kirmess (1832); Der Zigeuner (1834);
Marqais und Dieb (1842) ; Joggeli
(1853) ; Macbeth (1857) ; Cesario (1874) ;
music to Shakespeare's 'Tempest'
(Darmstadt, 1891) ; to Euripedes' Me-,
dea: to Tleck's Der gestiefelte Katc'r
(1844), and to Blaubart (1845); t^e
overtures Aas 1001 Nacht, to 'Othelifo,'
and to the play Das graue MannlAir' •
4 symphonies; a concertino for viiofii
with orchestra; chamber music; %iriao
pieces, songs, of which the Kinder/lit jjgp
are especially popular, etc. Refl.: tn
18; V. 256; VIII. 249. (2) Otto I ("1*33.
1903): b. Naumburg, d. Torgau /j Jf ud-
ied in Naumburg, Halle and / ''B'mn-
teacher, cantor and singing / sc cietv
director at Torgau; published/ f^ongs
choruses and poems and w/ro te on
musical subjects relating to/ "r 'nrenn
(3) EiniBt Ednard (1838- ).^ g"

Regenwalde, Pomerania; stad' led the-
ology and music, the latter.- t ,ith Kiel
in Berlin; taught there at ;'4jjg stem
Conservatory and later bticlo-jjg Roval
professor; composer for tWe y^iano, and
musical critic on the Pdst. '

TAUBMANN, Otto/ (18f 9. ). b

Hamburg; studied witi Wf jiner, Risch-
bieter, Nlcodi, etc., at/ the Dresden Con-
servatory, took oyci t'ne Wiesbaden

F°°«'Ba''"*»J"7""* '*/;«▼ er to A. Fuchs
in 1889; theatre co;iidv .ctor in St. Pe-
tersburg, 1891-92; cc nductor of the
Cecilia Society ln_ £y dwigshafen, 1895,
Uien music critic rn '^jerlin (Roy^ pro-
fessor, 1910). lie composed Psalm
13 for soli, chO£Ufj, orch. and organ.
Sine deutsche Me sse for do. (1898),
TaaioeKer for m? le chorus and orch.,
SangeTweihe <jfi^>iTal drama, with a
chorus and cirgs „ in the auditorium
as ideal spe^^tat jr,' 1904), also an op-
era PoTzia (Jijlot perf .) ; arranged Wag-
"I'o* 3^2'^^l^.lt* c., for piano, and edit-

™ . 5SH.I. ^ .ristmas Oratorio,' etc.
^..S^^^^Vi, Antoine [-Antonln-Bar-
thilemy] (If j46- ): b. Perpignan;
Irench vlo' inist, studied and later
taught at t ae Conservatoire, composed
a trio for flute, viola and 'cello, a
piano Xnr J, a string quartet, a violin
concerto and orchestral works.

TAIgr o, Ensen [von Szyll] (1856-) :
b. IP P ressburg; composer of four op-
erettas (Des GouverneuT, Graz, 1890;
Oje f ^achtraube, etc., Vienna, 1895ff) ;

Taylor

(1905) **1 '^*'"^*^*'*' 'instructive letters'

XI Tf ll?P" i*^ t' '»»« (1762-1817) : b.
Heidelbdrg, d. 'Berlin; clarinettist in
court oifchestr»-s of Mannheim, Munich
and Beiflin; r>frote 2 clarinet concertos,
2 concfertaD ces for 2 clarinets, duets

J "&""'- 's. trios, etc., for clarinets
l?T ^P^n'r wind instruments. (2)
Frled4ni«Ji Wllhelm (d. 1845) : son of
i^rana (1 ) • also a distinguished clarinet-
"St. /(3) Julius (1827-1895): b. Des-
sau, /a. Bonn; studied at Leipzig Cons.,
'^°nC4uc'tor in Dusseldorf, where he suc-
cee^ileo. Schumann as director of the
|U Dsr ription concerts and the Musical
o'JOlfjty; also co-conductor at Lower
'/the nlsh festivals. He wrote choral
wo rks with orchestra, male choruses
arid male quartets, also piano works,
Ti festival overture, songs and duets.

TATJSIG (1) Aloys (1820-1885): pi-
anist and composer; studied with
Thalberg. (2) Carl (1841-1871): b.
Warsaw, d. Leipzig; studied wiUi his
father (1) and with Liszt; made his
debut at a concert conducted by Bil-
low, Berlin, 1858; during the next two
years T. gave concerts in German
cities, making Dresden his headquar->
ters; then went to Vienna In 1862,
giving concerts with programs similar
to Billow's at Berlin; opened a 'Schule
des hoheren Klavlerspiels' there in
1865; later toured Germany and Rus-
sia; composed 2 itudes de concert in
F-sharp and A-flat; Vngarische Zi-
geunerweisen for piano; Nouvelles
soiries de Vieane, Yalses-Caprices on
themes from Strauss; Tdgliche Studien
for piano, valuable transposing chro-
matic exercises, edited by &rlich;
complete piano score of Wagner's
Meistersinger; a selection of studies
from dementi's Gradus ad Parnassum,
with variants and changed fingerings;
and various transcriptions of Bach,
Weber, Beethoven and Wagner. His
wife, Seraphine von Vrabely, was a
noted pianist. Ref.: II. 442; (Bach
transcriptions) VI. 440; VIL 44, 290.

TA1JWITZ (1) Eduard (1812-1894):
b. Glatz, d. Prague; theatre conductor
In Vilna, Riga, Breslau and Prague;
director of the Sophia Academy and
chorus-master of the German Male Cho-
ral Society; wrote church music, songs,
part-songs and 3 operas. (2) Jnlins
(1826-1898): d. Posen; theatre con-
ductor, director, teacher and composer
there.

TAVERNER (1) Jolin (16th cent.):
•Master of the Children,' appointed by
Cardinal Wolsey; considered In the
first rank hy his contemporary musi-
cians, composer of masses, church
services, motets, etc. (2) John (1584-
1638) : rector at Stoke Newlngton, Eng-
land; professor of music at Gresham
College.

TAYBER. See Teyber.

TAYLOR (1) Edward (1784-1863):
b. Norwich, Engl., d. Brentwood; stud-

"1^:

Tcherepnlne

ied under Charles SmjfA and Dr. Becfc
•with; bass singer at v^^ Nonvlch Con-
certs; co-founder of tt^f> Norwich Mu
sic Festival, 1824, ■whiCi> he isonducted
1839 and 1842; became SiPger, teacher,
and music critic for the 'Spt'cta *<"' '• suc-
ceeded Stevens as professor Ot Gresham
College in 1837; founder of ttve 'Purcell
Club"; also with Rimbault ai«l Chap-
pell, of the Musical Antiquai-'an So-
ciety; pub. 'Three Inaugural f .^tures
(1838) ; 'An Address from the <i i"esham
Prof, of Music to the Patrons an\ ' Lov-
ers of Art' (1838); 'The EngHsiv» p^"
thedral Service; its Glory, its De\'iijf>
and Its Destined Extinction' (ISi*?)!
'People's Music Book' (1844) and V A.rt
of Singing at Sight' (1846) ; edited Pi gr-
een's 'King Arthur' and translatft^"
libretti. (2) FranUln (1843- ): fik-
Birmingham, Engl.; studied with C,^
Flavell and T. Bedsmore; also at Leip-
zig Cons. Returning to London via
Paris in 1862, he settled there as a
highjy successful concert-pianist and
teacher; professor at the National
Training School, 1876-82, and since
1883 at the Royal College of Music;
a director of the Philharmonic, 1891-
93; wrote 'Primer of Piano Playing'
(1877) ; 'Piano Tutor,' 'Technique and
Expression in Piano Playing' (1897) ;
contributed to Grove's Dictionary and
translated E. F. Blchter's works. (3)
Deems: contemp. American composer
of songs, choral works, etc. Ref.: IV.
442, 462. (4) David Clark (1871- ) :
b. New York City; vocal teacher; stud-
ied piano with W. O. Wilkinson, the-
ory with A. M. Remy; pub. 'Psychology
of Singing' (New York, 1908, German
transl., Berlin, 1910), 'Self Help for
Singers' (New York, 1914, German
transl., 1914), 'New Light on the Old
Italian Method' (New York, 1916) ; con-
tributing editor to 'The Art of Music'
(1915) and author of magazine arti-
cles.

TCHKRKPNINK, Nikolai Nlkolale-
vltck (1873- ) : studied law in St.
Petersburg, also music under Rlmsky-
Korsakoif at the Cons.; composed an
overture to Rostand's La princesse
lointaine, a Fantaisie dramatique for
orch. (op. 17), a lyric p6em for violin
and orch., choruses with orch., 'The
Song of Sappho' for soprano, women's
choruses and orch., mixed and male
choruses and a ballet Le Pavilion d'
Armide, prod, by Dlaghlleff's Ballet
Russe, also piano pieces, songs and
duets. Ref.: III. xvii, 128, 154; X. 185,
226 229

TCHBSHICHIIV, Vsevolod levsra-
fovitch (1865- ): b. Riga; poet,
critic of music and literature; author
of a study on Shukovsky as the trans-
lator of Schiller, which was prize-
crowned by the Academy of Sciences.
He was music and literary critic of
the Riga "Messenger,' 1888-94, since 1896
of the Pribaltiski Listok, and pub.
'Echoes of Opera and Concert, 1888-95'

Telematm

(1896), "The History of Russian Opera'
(1902; 2nd ed., 1904), 'P. Tschaikow-
sky' (Riga, 1893), 'Short Libretti' (Riga,
1894) and a critical study of Parsifal.
He translated Tristan and Parsifal mto
Russian.
TCHESNIKOFF. See Cbesmieoff.
TBBAIiDINI, Giovanni (1864- ) :
b. Brescia; theatre chorus director
there, and organist in a Piedmont coun-
try town; then a student at the Milan
Conservatory, continued historical stud-
ies at Ratisbon; reformed the music
at St. Mark's, Venice, became maestro
at San Antonio, Padua, and in 1897
director of the Parma Conservatory; is
maestro di cappella at Loreto since
1903. He wrote La musica sacra in
Italia (1894), Felipe Pedrell (1897),
etc., contributed to the Rivista musi-
calei and composed motets, masses,
,, services, etc., also an Arabic Fantasy
ifor orchestra. He edited a periodical
j).<i scuda Yeneta di musica sacra in
1R.'92, and with E. Bossi wrote a 'Mod-
,p-A\ Organ Method' (1903). Ref.: VI.
393X 491.

/fi^DBSCO (1) Ignaz Amadens
(18114 '-1882) : b. Prague, d. Odessa;
stu(?u*<i with Tomaschek; noted Bohe-
mias pianist (nick-named 'Hannibal of
the it- ''^t^^^s') and composer of bril-
liant \ piano pieces. (2) Fortnnata
(1826-\ ) • t*- Mantua; successful op-
ei-atip aVinger in Vienna, America, Paris
(Opera \ 1851-57, 1860-62), Lisbon and
Madrid*: \ pupil °' Vaccai.

TBIBiXB!H., Hermann (1865-1906) :
b Oberleit'^**'^**!'"'^' Bohemia, d. Mu-
nich* jolii»- *<litor with Batka of the
Neue mulP'*''''*'^''* Rundschau, 1896-
97; translaSj'"^.°' Wolf-Ferrari's Donne
curio^e etcA- '"*" German.

TEICHMeVt'I'ER, Robert (1863-) :
b. Brunswleki, .^"^s .» pupil of his fa-

ther and PlaitOy I then studied at the
Leipzig Conscr^Va^OT, but was forced
through Illness ^o ^»°ton the career
of a piano virtuoiV '5^ I- * of teacher,
in which he becaaVe distmguished. He
is member of the Vitudy council of xhe
Leipzig ConservatorV' ^^s ™ade Royal
professor, 1908. ^ d < -v co

TBLEMACHUS. k^^''^;, "'*• „a<n
TELBMANN, GeoA^ PhUlpp (1681-
1767): b. Magdeburgjj. S- .Hamburg;
noted contemporary 9% ^^^•='1! J'*"?™*
organist and MusikdirM^or at the Neu-,
klrche in 1701, where i^'.e enlarged the
choir by a student's sJ "^'"S society;
Kapellmeister to Count \ f ronmitz at
Sorau, 1704-08; then concV'''*"™?:**^'^ ^*
the court of Eisenach, wB, <='^e he suc-
ceeded Hebenstrelt In 170"
conductor ; Kapellmeister

1 as court
at the

churches of the 'Barefootei

Friars'

and St. Catherine, Frankfok'*' \lli\
Muslkdirektor at Hamburg froV^ A

composed 12 series of cantatVY p
motets for the church-year; 4* .^^^'
sions; 33 Hamburger CapitdnsmA^^ '^l.
20 pieces for jubilees, consecratlott?" 9J

coronations; ^■^ fnnppal «*»rTri#»Aoft' 1*

12 funeral serviced

220

Telesbova

numbers of wedding music; over 300
overtures; many serenades and ora-
torios and about 40 operas for Ham-
burg; pub. 12 violin sonatas (1715);
Die kleine Kammermuiiik (1716); 6
trios for various instruments (1718);
Harmonischer Gottesdtenst Oder fireist-
llche Kantaten (1725) ; Der getreue Ma-
sikmeister (1728), and many other
works. Ref.: I. 415. 422f, 452ff, 465;
V. 164; vn. 413.

TBLSSHOTA. ballerina. Ref.: X.
151, 181.

TBLiETHUSA, Roman dancer. Ref.:
X. 77.

TBIiFORD. See BoOtt, Fhanois.

TBLLEFFSXIN, Tbomas Dyke
Auckland (1823-1874): b. Drontheim,
d. Paris; studied with Chopin, taught
piano and pub, 2 piano concertos, so-
natas for violin and for 'cello, waltzes,
nocturnes, mazurkas, etc.

TKLLEZ, Gabriel (17th cent):
Spanish poet. Ref.: K. 94.

TEMPIA, Stefano (1832-1878): b.
Racconizl, Piedmont, d. Turin; con-
ductor at Turin, teacher of violin at
the Conservatory there, composer of
orchestral pieces, masses, and studies
for violin, ,also writer on music
(Studii sulla musicografla, 1873).

TEIHPIiK, Hope (19th cent.): b.
Dublih, of English parentage; studied
with Bamett, SUas and Messager; com-
posed operetta and wrote popular songs.
She married her teacher, Messager.
Ref.: m. 443.

'SESIVJJE.VOTS, Jolm (1802-1886) :
b. Riccarton, near Kilmarnock, Scot-
land, d. London; operatic and concert
tenor ; sang in the provinces, then sang
at Drury Lane, London, sang with
Mallbran, 1835, and from 1840 chiefly
in concert,

TEJIHFO, Antonio da (14th cent.):
wrote about 1332 an interesting and
valuable study on the Italian lyric
forms of the 14th. century, now known
to be Important in musical history
(Trattato delle rime volgari, pub. by
G. Grion, 1869).

TENAGIiIA, Antonio FrancescI
(17th cent.) : Florentine composer
whose opera Cleano was proa, in
Rome, 1661; also wrote cantatas (pre-
served in the Brussels Cons. Library,
Vienna Court Library, etc.), canzoni,
etc. Ref.: V. 156.
TX:n BRIIVK. See Brink.

TEiNDTJCCI, Ginsto Ferdlnando
(ca. 1736-early 19th cent.): b. Siena,
d. Italy; sopranist of great popularity
in London, Dublin, etc., sang in West-
minster Abbey, conducted ttie Handel
Festivals of 1784 and 1791, and also
wrote operas and a Vocal Method.

TEjNGSJR, IHarlami pseudonym of
the [unknown] author of the pamphlet
Beethovens unsterbliche Geliebte (Bonn,
1890), the first to assert decisively that
the Countess Therese Brunswick was
the addressee of Beethoven's famous
love letter (dated July 6, no year).

221

TElVGIilN. Hans (15th-16th cent.):
•German composer of 4-part songs Min
Forster's collections) ,

TEJBT KATE. See Kate.

TEN-KUN.5, Chinese dancing tcaeh-\
er. Ref.: X. 31.

TENWYSON, Alfred, Lord. Ref.:
VI. 211.

TERNINA, Milka (1864- ): b.
Vezisfie, Croatia; studied with Gans-
bacher at the Vienna Cons., operatic
soprano at Agram, Bremen, Munich,
throughout Germany, in' England, Rus-
sia, and the United States, where she
was a leading member of the New York
Metropolitan Opera Company; also at
Bayreuth (1899). Her greatest suc-
cess was in Wagnerian r61es (Isolde,
Briinnhllde, Kundry). She is Royal
Bavarian chamber singer. Ref.: IV.
148f.

TERPANDER (7th cent. B.C.):
Lesbian musician and lyric poet, 'fa-
ther of Greek Music' Ref.: I. 112ff.

TERRABTTGIO, Glnseppe (1842-) :
b. Prlmiera; studied music in Padua
and Munich (Rhelnberger) ; editor of
Musica sacra in Milan from 1883, and
reformer of church music; member of
academies in Rome, Florence and
Trent; composer of church music
(masses, vespers, hymns, motets, etc.,
Cante Ambrosiani, etc.), also an organ
sonata, organ fugue, etc., organ accom-
paniments for the service (L'organista
pratico, 2 vols.) ; also overtures, a
quartet, a Requiem, etc. (MS.) ; revised
Mltterer's Praktische Orgelschule.

TERRASSE, Clande: b. Cdte St.
Andri; contemp. French composer;
wrote ballets and other stage pieces,
also 24 operettas including L'heure da
berger (Paris, 1900; his first), Les
travaax d'Hercule (1901), Le Sire de
Vergu (1903), ilfonsieur de la Palisse
(1904), Paris, or Le bon juge (1906),
Le coq d'Inde (1909), Le mariage de
Telemaque (1910), Les Transatlantiques
(1911), Cartouche (1912) ; also a heroic-
comic opera Pantagruel (Lyon, 1911). '

TERRADELiIiAS, or Terradeslias,
Domenlco (Dominech Miguel Ber-
NABO) (1713-1751): b. Barcelona, d.
Rome; studied in Naples under Du-
rante, became a successful composer
in the style of the Neapolitan School,
producing Astarto (Rome, 1739), Gli
intrighi delle eantarine (Naples, 1740),
Cerere (Rome, 1741), Issipile (Florence.
1741), Artaserse (Venice, 1744), Merope
(Florence, 1743), Mitridate (London,
1746), Semiramide riconosciuta (Flor-
ence, 1746), Bellerofonte (London,
1747), Imeneo in Atene (Venice, 1750),
Didone (Turin, 1750), Sesostri (Rome,
1751). He was maestro di cappella of
the Spanish church in Rome at the time
of his death.

TERRY, Richard Rnnciman (1865-) :
b. Ellington; has been organist and schodl
music teacher in Elstow, organist and
choirmaster in Antigua, West Indies,
and from 1896 in London (Downside

AbDeiy), and from 1901 organist and
masical director of Westminster Ca-
tnedral, where his church concerts
Itroiised much attention. He has been
largely instrumental in the revival of
early English church music (Byrd, Tal-
' lis, Tye, Mcrley) .

/ TERSCHAK, Adolf (1832-1901): b.
Hermannstadt, d. Breslau; studied at
Vienna Conservatory, flute virtuosd and
composer of 150 works for his instru-
ment.

TBRZIANI, Elngenio (1825-1889) :
b. Rome, d. there; studied at the Royal
Cons., Naples; maestro at the Teatro
Apollo, Rome, 1848; at La Scala, 1867-
71; professor of composition at the Ce-
cilian Acadeihy after 1877; prod, an
oratorio La cadata di Gerico (1844)
and 3 operas at Rome, the last one,
Niccolo de' Lapi, in 1883.

TESCHIVBR (1) Melchior (1584-
1685): b. Fraustadi, d. Oberpritschen ;
cantor and choral composer. (2) Crus-
tav ffriihelm (1800-1883) : b. Magde-
burg, d. Dresden; studied in Magde-
burg, Berlin and Italy; taught in Dres-
den and Berlin; Royal Prussian pro-
fessor, 1873. His compositions consist
of solfeggi and elementary vocal ex-
ercises, also editions of early sacred
chorales and of Italian canzonets and
folli-songs of historical importance.

TE:SI (or Tesl-Tramontinl), Vit-
toria (ca. 1695-1775) : b. Florence, d.
Vienna; operatic contralto, pupil of
Redi and Campeggi. She sang in Italy,
Dresden and Madrid; founded a singing
school at Vienna, 1747-48.

TSSSARIIV, Francesco (1820- ):
b. Venice; pupil of Ferrari and friend
of Wagner; composer of church mu-
sic, a cantata and an opera L'ultimo
Abencerragia (1858) and piano pieces.

TESSARINI. Carlo (1690- ?) : b.
Rimini; violinist at St. Mark's, Ven-
ice; concert conductor there and at
Briinn; composed many sonatas, trio
sonatas, and concerti grossi; also a
harmony and a violin method.

TBSTORi: (1) Carlo Glnseppe
(1690-1715): b. Milanese; violin maker,
pupil of Grancino, whose instruments
his simulated; built fine 'cellos and
basses. (2) Carlo Antonio and (3)
Paolo Antonio (1715-45) : sons of
(l), worked during the first half of
the 18th century and imitated the vio-
lins of Giuseppe Guameri.

TESTORI, Carlo Giovanni (ca.
1714-ca. 1782): b. Vercelli, d. there;
piib. Musica ragionata (1767, supple-
ments 1771, 1773, 1782), a treatise of
music from the rudiments to 8-part
writing.

TBTRAZZIWI, liOlsa: contemporary
Italian coloratura soprano, whose
voice has extraordinary flexibility and
smoothness, sang in Italy and America;

Erima donna in Hammerstein's Man-
attan Opera House, where such op-
eras as Bellini's / Paritani were re-
vived for her sake. Ret-: IV. 152,

222

Tballon

TBTTERODE;, li. Adrian van

(1858- ) : b. Amsterdam, where he
teaches; composer of piano suite, fan-
tasia for a piano, etc,

TEWKBSBTJRY, John of (14th
cent.) : English theoretician of the time
of Edward III, whose name is on the
title page of the QuatnoT principalia
of Simon Tunstede (preserved Oxford,
Digby, 90), reprinted by Coussemaker
(Script, rv), who ascribes to him a
tract which bears the name Theinredus
(Digby, 17).

TBYBBR (or Taylier) (1) Anton
(1754-1822) : b. Vienna, d. there; mem-
ber of Dresden court chapel, cembalist
at the Viennese court opera and ad-
junct to Salieri, Imperial chamber com-
poser and teacher of the Imperial chil-
dren; comjposer of church music, sym-
phonies, violin concertos, an oratorio,
string quartet, fugues, sonatas, dance
music, etc. He wrote also several un-
published books of theory. (2) Franz
(1756-1810): b. Vienna, d. there; broth-
er of (1) ; conducted the Schikane-
der theatrical troupe on its South
German and Swiss tours, also in Vi-
enna; wrote operas and Singspiele, also
an oratorio, songs, etc., and church
music. He was appointed Imperial
court organist shortly before his death.

THACKERAY, W. M.t English
novelist. Ref.: (cited) IV. 316; (quoted
on Taglioni) X. 143. ■

THAPEWALDT, Hermann (1827-
1909) : b. Bodenhagen, Fomerania, d,
Berlin; bandmaster and conductor in
Dusseldorf, Dieppe and Berlin; founder
(1872) and president of the Allgemeiner
deutscher Musikerverband (German Mu-
sicians' Union) ,

THALBERG. Slgismnnd (1812-
1871): b. Geneva, d. Naples; studied
with Hummel, Sechter and Mittag;
toured southern Germany, 1830; court

gianist at Vienna, 1834; toured France,
elgium, England, Holland, Russia and
Spain, later through Brazil and the
United States; prod. 2 operas unsuc-
cessfully; pub. Grand concerto for pi-
ano, op. 5; divertissement, op. 7; Ca-
prices, op. 15, 19; 6 nocturnes, op. 16,
21, 28; Scherzo, op. 31; Andante, op.
32; Grand nocturne, op. 35; Mrennes
aux jeunes piantstes; 6 pieces, op. 36;
Romance et itade, op. 38; 2 Romances
sans paroles, op. 41; Thime original
et itude, op. 45; Grandes valses bril-
lantes, op. 47; Le Dipart, varii en
forme d'itude, op. 55; 10 morceaux,
op. 57; Grande sonate, op. 56; Marche
funibre variie, op, 59; Barcarolle, op.
60; Valse milodique, op. 62; Les Ca-
pricieuses, op. 64; Tarentelle, op. 65;
Souvenir de Pesth, and many tran-
scriptions. Ref.: II. 313; III. 18; VII.
286, 291ff, 299i', 449.

THAIiliON, Robert (1852- ): b.
Liverpool; came to America in child-
hood; studied in Stuttgart, Leipzig,
Paris, Florence; organist and music
teacher in Brooklyn, N. Y,

Thayer

THAYKR, Alexander Wheeloek

(1817-1897): b. South Natlck, Mass.,
d. Trieste; graduated from Harvard
Univ. in 1843; became assistant-
librarian there, where he formed a
plan for writing a complete and ac-
curate biography of Beethoven. After
some years spent in Germany, T. be-
came attached to the American em-
bassy at Vienna, and in 1865 President
Lincoln appointed him consul at
Trieste; pub. first a Chronologisches
Verzeichniss der Werke Ladwig eon
Beethovens (Berlin, 1865) ; then his
great work, Ludwig van Beethovens
Leben, being the CTerman translation
made from his English MS. by Dr.
Hermann Deiters (vol. i, 1866; vol. ii,
1872; vol lii, 1878; vol. iv, unfinished).
In s^ite of offers from English and
American publishers, he refused to give
his English version to the press, hoping
to recast it entirely. He also pub.
Ein kritischer Beitrag zur Beethoven-
Litteratur (1877). Be/..- (quoted) II.
138, 143, 162; VU. 433.

THEIIjE:, Johann (1646-1724): b.
Naumberg, d. there; called by his con-
temporaries the father of counterpoint;
studied with H. Schiitz at Weissenfels,
and later became the teacher of Buxte-
hude, Hasse and Zachau. He was
Kapellmeister to the Duke of Holstein
at Gottorp in 1673; prod, the Sing-
spiele Adam und Eva and Orontes in
Hamburg, 1678; and a Christmas ora-
torio in 1681; was Kapellmeister to
the Brunswick court at WolfenbUttel,
1685; then Kapellmeister at Merseburg;
wrote a German Passion (pub. LUbeck,
1675) ; Noviter inventum opus musi-
calis compositionis i et 5 vocnm pro
plena choro (20 masses), and a collec-
tion of instrumental 2- to 5-part so-
natas, preludes, courantes, airs and
sarabandes in single, double, triple
and quadruple counterpoint, entitled
Opus secundum, novae sonatae raris-
stmee artis et suavitatis musicee. Ref.:
I. 422; VI. 462; IX. 30.

THEO OV SMYRNA (2nd cent.):
writer on music in Hadrian's time;
his Excerpta rerum mathematicarum
ad legendum Platonam utilium give in-
teresting information concerning the
time when the foundation scale of the
Kithara was changed to B minor
(repub. by Bouillaud, Paris, 1644: re-
cently by Ed. Hiller, Leipzig, 1878).

THEODERICrS, SlxtUB. See Die-

fWWf.TT

THKOGERTTS OF METZ (Dlet-

ger) (11th cent.) : Benedictine monk at
Hirsau about 1090; later Bishop of
Metz; wrote a tract on music (re-
printed in Gerbert's Scriptores, II).

THERKT (1) Karl (1817-1886): b.
Igl6, Upper Hungary, d. Vienna; stud-
ied at Pesth, where he became con-
ductor of the National Theatre and pro-
fessor at the National Conservatory.
He wrote folk songs, arrangements, and
produced 3 successful operas at Pesth.

Tbiel

(2) WlUy (1847-1911): b. Ofen, d.
Vienna; son of Karl; studied with
Moscheles and Reinecke; toured Brus-
sels, Paris, England, Holland, etc.;
taught at the Hor&k Piano School. (3)
Louis (1848- ): b. Pesth; studied
and toured with his brother (2) ; taught
at Vienna Conservatory.

THESEUS. Ref.: X. iv, 54, 69.

THESPIS. Ref.: I. 120.

THEY, Chinese Monarch. Ref.: X.
30.

THLARD-LAFOREST, Josef (1841-
1897) : b. Puspoki, d. Pressburg, where
he had studied under Kumlick; band-
master, director of the Linz Musical
Society, cathedral Kapellmeister in
Pressburg; wrote sacred and secular
vocal works.

THIBAUD, Jacanes (1880- ):
b. Bordeaux; studied at the Conserva-
toire; solo violinist in the Colonne or-
chestra, virtuoso with world-wide
reputation.

THIBAUT (1) Anton Friedrlcli
Justus (1774-1840): b. Hamein, d.
Heidelberg; professor of law at Hei-
delberg, Jena and again at Heidelberg;
author of Ober Reinheit der Tonkunst
(1825, 7th ed. 1893, new reprint of 1st
and 2nd ed., 1907, by Henler, English
by W. H. Gladstone, 1877), a work
which has awakened much interest and
understanding of early church music.
(2) Jean Baptlste: contemp. Augus-
tinlan monk, member of the Russian
Archaeological Institute in Constanti-
nople; writer on Byzantine music in
the Institute's bulletin, etc.; pub.
Origine byzantique de la notation neu-
matique de I'iglise latine (1907), Mon-
uments de la notation ekphonitique
(St. Petersburg, 1912), La notation mu-
sicale, son origine et sa evolution (Paris,
1912). Ref.: (cited) I. 320; portrait,
Vn. 464.

THIBAUT IV (1201-1253): b.
Troyes, d. Pamplona; king of Na-
varre, trouvire, composer of 63 songs
still preserved in Paris Library and
dedicated to Queen Blanche, mother
of St. Louis (collected and pub. as
Poisies du rot de Navarre [2 vols.],
by Bishop La Ravalli^re). Ref.: 1.320.

THIfiBAUT, Henri (1865- ): b.
Schaerbeck, near Brussels: music
teacher and critic in Brussels, where
he opened a women's school of music
and elocution, which developed into the
Institut des hautes etudes musicales
et dramatiques ' in 1907. His composi-
tions are songs, choruses, and orches-
tral pieces.

THIEIi, Karl (1862- ): b. Klein-
OIs, Silesia; studied In Berlin and
Italy, won the Mendelssohn prize in
1894; organist and teacher at the Royal
Academical Institute for Church Mu-
sic, and conductor of its a cappella
chorus; composed church music. In-
cluding masses, motets, a penitential
psalm for chorus and orch. and a can-
tata, Maria (with orch.).

223

Thiele

THIEILE: (1) Bdnard (1812-1895):
b. Dessau, d. there; court conductor,
founder of a Lledertafel, composer for
voice and instruments. (2) [Johann
Friedrich] liudwig (1816-1848): b.
Quedlinburg, d. Berlin; studied witli
A. W. Bach at the Berlin Royal Insti-
tute for Church Music; organist and
bell-ringer at the Parochial Church In
Berlin, wrote concertos, trios, etc., for
organ. Ref.: VI. 462. (3) Ungen
Felix Richard (1847-1903): b. Ber-
lin, d. there; son of (2); composer
and director of the Winter's Tale per-
formances at KroU's Theatre, 1880-86;
organist at the English Church in Ber-
lin, etc.; wrote part-songs, piano and
orchestral pieces, also the 'German Flag
Song.'

THIEMi: (or Thteme), Friedricb (d.
Bonn, 1802): b. Germany; music teach-
er in Paris and Bonn, author of mu-
sical text-books, and composer of vio-
lin duets.

THIERFBLDEIR, Albert (1846-) :
b. in Miihlhausen, Thuringia; studied
at the Leipzig University, and with
Hauptmann, Richter, and Paul; con-
ductor in Elbing, Musikdirelitor in
Rostock University from 1888; pro-
fessor, 1890; wrote treatises on pre-
Ambrosian psalms and hymns, and
Greek Instrumental notation; composer
of 4 operas, a concert drama Horand
und Hilde (Rostock, 1911), 2 sym-
phonies, choral works, vocal quartets
and chamber music; arranged Greek
musical fragments for concert perform-
ance (Breitkopf & Hartel).

THIBRIOT (1) Paul Emil (1780-
1831): b. Leipzig, d. Wiesbaden ; vio-
lin virtuoso and friend of Jean Paul.
(2) Ferdinand (1838- ): b. Ham-
burg; studied with Marxsen and Rhein-
berger; taught and directed in Ham-
burg, Leipzig, Glogau and Graz, etc.;
composed a slnfonietta, an overture
and orchestral 'Idyll,' a serenade for
string orchestra, a violin concerto, a
concerto for 3 violins and orch., cham-
ber music, organ pieces, songs and
choral songs.

THIIiliOJV (n£e Hunt), Anna (1819-
1903): b. London, d. Torquay; soprano
with range from B-flat below the staff
to E-flat In alt. ; studied with Tadolinl,
Bordogni, Thillon (later her husband) ;
sang at Havre, Clermont, Nantes, Paris,
where she had great vogue and where
Auber and Balfe wrote parts for her.
In 1844 she first appeared in England,
singing in. the London Philharmonic,
Drury Lane, Haymarket, etc.

THIMUS, Albert, Freiherr von
(1806-1878): b. Alx, d. Cologne; stud-
ied in Universities of Bonn and Hei-
delberg; judge of the Appellate Court;
wrote Die harmonikale Sgmbolik des
Alterthums (1868-76).

THIRIi-WAI^I. (1) John -Wade
(1809-1875): b. ShilbotUe, d. London;
collector of Northumbrian airs; music
director at the Haymarket, Drury Liane,

224

Thomas

Olympic, etc.; composed ballads, songs,
violin solos, Instnmiental trios, etc.;
music critic, painter, and poet. (2)
Annie (1855- ): daughter of (1);
concert and operatic soprano.

THOINAW, drneste. See Roquet.

THOMA, Rudolf (1829-1908): b.
Lehsewitz, near Steinau-on-Oder, d.
Breslau; studied in Bunzlau and the
Berlin Royal Institute for Church Mu-
sic; cantor in Hirschberg and Breslau;
director of the Breslau Cons., etc.;
composer of church music, 2 orato-
rios, and 2 operas.

THOIUAS (1) Christian Gottfried
(1748-1806) : b. Wehrsdorf, near Baut-
zen, d. Leipzig, where he lived as a
composer and writer; pub. Praktische
Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Musik, ma-
sikal. Litteratur, etc. (1778) ; Vnp'ar-
ieiische Krltik der vorziiglichten. seit
3 Jdhren in Leipzig aufgefUhrtea and
fernerhin aufzufUhrenden grossen Kir-
chenmusiken, Konzerte und Opern
(1798-99) ; and Musikalische kritische
Zeitschrift (1805, 2 vols.) ; composed
church music, quartets, etc., also a
cantata in honor of Joseph II. (2)
[Robert]' Harold (1834-1885): b. Chel-
tenham, d. London; pupil of Bennett,
Potter and Blagrove at the Royal Acad-
emy, London, where he became piano
professor, holding a similar post in
the Guildhall School of Music; pian-
ist; composer of piano music, 2 over-
tures ('As You Like It,' 'Mountain,
Lake and Moorland'), etc. (3) [Charles
Louis] Amhrolse (1811-1896) : b.
Metz, d. Paris; studied at the Paris
Conservatory in 1828 with Zimmerman,
KallLbrenner, Dourlen, Barbereau and
Le Sueur; won the grand prix de Rome
with the cantata Hermann et Kettg,
1832. After visiting various cities in
Italy and Austria, T. prod, in Paris
La double ichelle (1837), Le Perraqnier
de la Rigence (1838), La Ggpsg, ballet
(Op^ra, 1839), Le ipanier fleuri (1839),
Carline (1840), Le comte de Carmagno-
la (1841), Le Guerillero (1842), Angi-
llque et Midor (1843), and Mina, on
le minage a irois (1843), then Bettg,
a ballet (1846), Le Caid (1849) and Le
Songe d'ane nuit d'iti (1850). He was
elected to the Academic in 1851; then
followed 6 operas, Ragmond (1851),
La Tonelli (1853), La couT de Cilimine
(1855), Psgehi (1857), Le Carnaval de
Yenise (1857) and Le roman d'Elvire
(1860). Mignon (Op^ra-Comique, 1866)
was the most successful, and Hamlet
(Opira, 1868) almost equally so. T.
became director of the Conservatoire in
1871. Gllle et Gillotin (1874), Fron-
eoise de Rimini (1882), and the ballet
La Tempete (Op4ra, 1889) complete the
list of his dramatic works. Ref.: H.
388; IIL 278; V. 315; IX. 238, 245ff;
portrait, IX. 248. (4) Theodore (1835-
1905): b. Esens, E. Friesland, d. Chi-
cago; studied violin with Ms father,
played in public at 6. His family went
to New York in 1845, where he be-

Thomas

came an orchestral player; then toured
as soloist (1851), also with Jenny Lind,
Grlsl, Sontag, and others. He appeared
In chamber music from 1855 (Mason
and Thomas soirees), played in various
opera orchestras till 1861, organized an
orchestra for 'Symphony Soirees' at
Irving Hall, New York (discontinued
1869, resumed at Steinway Hall in
1872), and established summer con-
certs in Terrace Garden (1866) and
Central Park Garden (1868), which ex-
erted a great influence on musical cul-
ture in New York. The Thomas or-
chestra made its first tour in 1869 (54
players), but it was forced to disband
in 1876. T. became president of the
new Cincinnati College of Music in
1878 (after conducting the New York
Philharmonic for a time) ; was elected
conductor of the New York Philhar-
monic Orchestra in 1880, and was ap-
pointed director of the Chicago Con-
servatory in 1888. In 1890 he founded
the Chicago Orchestra, brought it to
a high state of efllclency and finally
secured its permanent establishment by
the building of a concert hall. His
successor as conductor of the 'Theo-
dore Thomas Orchestra' is Frederick
Stock. Ref.: IV. 140f, 168, 171, 183,
185, 191f, 193, 203, 222; VI. 288, 292;
Vin. 489; portrait, IV. 210. (5) Ar-
thur Goring (1851-1892) : b. Ralton
Park, Sussex; d. London; pupil of E.
Durand at Paris, and of Sullivan and
Prout at the Royal Academy, London,
where he won the Lucas prize in 1879.
He wrote the operas Esmeralda
(Drury Lane, 1883) ; Nadeshda (ib.,
1885); The Golden Web (unfinished;
score completed by Waddington; prod.
Liverpool, 1893) ; a choral ode, 'The
Sun Worshippers' (Norwich, 1881) ;
cantata 'The Swan and the Skylark'
(Birmingham, 1894; orchestrated by
C. V. Stanford) ; psalm for sop,, cho-
rus and orch. (1878) ;' 3 vocal scenes,
'Hero and Leander" (1880) ; duets and
songs; a violin sonata, a suite de
ballet for orch., etc. Ref.: III. 415,
417f; V. 298, 327f, 371; mus. ex., XIV.
177. (6) Otto (1857- ): b. Krippen;
pupil of Gerkel, organist in Dresden,
church Musikdirektor (retired), 1910;
composer of motets and sacred choruses,
choral arrangements for mixed chorus,
sacred songs with organ, Christmas
pastoral fantasies, preludes or post-
ludes, lyric pieces, variations on a
Bach theme, etc., for organ. (7)
OslEar Heinrich (1872- ): pupil of
the Weimar Orchestra School and the
Leipzig Cons., violin teacher at the
Zurich Academy of Music; pub. Natiir-
liches LehTsystem des Violinspiels
(part i, first position). (8) (T.-SaM-
Galli), Wolfgang (1874- ): b. Ba-
denweiler; studied legal science, phi-
losophy and history (Dr. jnr., 1898);
married the pianist Helene San-Galli,
was viola player of the 'South Ger-
man String Quartet' in Freiburg, 1899-

Thomson

1908; edited the Rheinische Mnsik- und
Theatirzeitunq. 1908-1911; critic and
author in Berlin; wrote Johannes
Brahms (1905), Musik und Kultur
(1908), Musikalische Easags (1908),
and Die unsterbliche Geliebte Beetho-
vens, Amalie Sebald (1909), in which
he tried to prove Amalie Sebald to be
the addressee of the famous Beethoven
love-letter; also other writings on
Beethoven, Mozart, Brahms, etc.

[St.] THOJMAS AQUINAS (1227-
1274) : b. Rocca Secca, near Naples, d.
in the Cistercian Abbey, Fossa Nuova,
near Terracina. He' entered the Do-
minican order in 1243, and at the re-
quest of Pope Urban IV wrote a Com-
munion office, in which occur the se-
quence Lauda Sion and the hymns
Pange Lingua, Sacris solemniis, Verbum
supernum, and Adoro te devote, which
have made his name immortal in mu-
sical history. He also wrote on music
in his Summa theologica. Ref.: VI.
155; Vn. 371.

THOMASIUS, Chrlstrlan Gottfried.
See Thomas (1).

THOMASSIN, Deislre (1858- ):
b. Vienna; studied music in Munich,
was landscape painter, but also wrote
masses, choruses, orchestral music
(symphonies, overture, rhapsody),
much Chamber music and pieces for
'cello, violin and oboe.

THOMffi, [Fran^ois-Lucienl Joseph
(1850-1909) : b. Port Louis, Mauritius,
d. Paris; studied at the Conservatoire,
composer of a choral work with orch.
(Hymne A la nuit), a mystery, 2 op-
eras, an operetta, Barbe-Bleuette (Paris,
1889), pantomimes, ballets, and bril-
liant pieces for piano. Ref.: VII. 342.

THOMEltilN, Jacfines (17th 'tent.):
one of the four organists of houfs XIV,
in 1667; then organist at St. Jacques
la Boucherie, Paris, 1669; a friend
of Charles Couperln and the first teach-
er of Francois Couperln le Grand. His
works, clavier and organ music, still
remain in manuscript. Ref.: VH. 52.

THOMPSON (1) Lady. See Lodeb.
(2) Vance: American writer. Ref.:
(cited) rv. 351.

THOMSON (1) George (1757-1851):
b. Limekilns, Fife, d. Leith; was sec-
retary to the 'Board of Trustees for
the Encouragement of Arts and Manu-
factures in Scotland,' 1780-1830, an en-
thusiastic collector of Scotch, Welsh
and Irish melodies, for which he com-
missioned the most eminent musicians
(Beethoven, Haydn, Pleyel, Kozeluch)
to write special instrumental accom-
paniments, so that each song had, ac-
cordingly, . a prelude, coda, and ad
libitum parts throughout , for violin,
flute or 'cello. They were pub. in the
following collections: 'A Select Col-
lection of Original Scottish Airs . . .'
(London, 6 vols., 1793-1841); 'Col-
lection of the Songs of Robert Bums,
Sir W. Scott, etc' (London, 6 vols.,
1822): 'Select Collection of Original

225

lliooft

Welsh Airs . . .' (London, 3 vols.,
1809) ; 'Select Collection of Irish Airs'
(London, 2 vols., 1814-16); and '20
Scottish Melodies' (Edinburgh, 1839).
(2) John (1805-1841): b. Sprouston,
Roxhurgh, d. Edinburgh; pupil of
Schnyder v. Wartensee at Leipzig, and
a friend of Mendelssohn, Schumann,
and Moscheles; first Reid Professor of
Music at Edinburgh Univ. from 1839;
composer of operas, instrumental mu-
sic, and songs. T. conducted the Edin-
burgh Professional Society and as such
issued the first analytical program on
record (Feb., 1837). (3) CSsar (1857-) :
b. Liige, Belgium, where he became a
pupil of the Cons, at the age of 7, win-
ning the gold medal at 11; then stud-
ied under Vieuxtemps, Leonard, Wien-
iawski and Massart. After successful
tours he was for some time chamber-
musician to Baron von Derwies at Lu-
gano, again toured and became a mem-
ber of the Bilse Orchestra at Berlin;
while teaching violin at Liige Cons, he
made tours of European capitals and
the United States; succeeded Ysaye as
professor of violin-playing at the Brus-
sels Cons, in 1898, and also formed
,a string quartet there. T.'s technique
in double-stopping is especially re-

THOOFT, TVIllem Frans (1829-
1900): b. Amsterdam, d. Rotterdam;
studied in Rotterdam and Leipzig;
founded the Rotterdam German opera,
1860; composed 3 symphonies, a prize-
crowned choral symphony, 'Charles V,'
an overture, orchestral fantasy, psalms,
piano sonatas, and one opera, Aleida
von Holland (1866).

THORIiKT, Handel (1823-1910): d.
Manchester; bass singer, more than 40
years associated with the Hall£ or-

dl f^ sf 7*3.

THORNDIKX:. Herbert EllUot

(1851- ) : b. Liverpool ; London bass-
singer in concerts, Cambridge, Drury
Lane, etc.

THORNB (1) Jabn, of Yorfc (d.
1573) : musician probably attached to
York Cathedral, where he is buried;
also a skilled logician. He is men-
tioned in "Morley's Introduction' and
a 3-part motet by him is reprinted in
Hawkins' History; other works pre-
served in MS. at Oxford and in the
British Museum. (2) ESdvrard Henry
(1834- ) : b. Cranboume, Dorset-
shire; pupil of Elvey in the Windsor
Chapel, organist in Henley, at Chiches-
ter Cathedral, Brighton and London;
composer of church music, organ pieces,
piano sonatas, violin sonatas, etc. (3)
Thomas Pcarsall (19th cent.) : Ameri-
can composer of comic operas, wrote
'A Maid of Plymouth' prod, by the
'Bostonians.'

THOTJRET, Georg (1855- ) : b.
Berlin; studied philology and history
in Tubingen, Leipzig and Berlin; di-
rector of the Helmholtz Realgymna-
sium, Schoneberg, Berlin; Investigator

226

^iirlings

in musical history, especially in the
field of band music; was commissioned
by the Kaiser to compile the collec-
tion of historical music in the house
library of the Berlin Royal Palace;
member of the advisory conunission
for the German Folk-song Book; pub.
3 patriotic festival plays, a collection
of old Prussian military marches,
Friedrich der Grosse als Mnsikfreund
und Musiker (1898), etc., etc.

THRANE, Waldemar (1790-1828) :
b. Christiania, d. there; studied with
Baillot, Reicha and Habeneck in Paris;
violinist, conductor, founder of a
string quartet in Christiania, and com-
poser of overtures, cantatas, orches-
tral dances, etc. Ref.: III. 87.

THUIIiliB, liUdvrlg (1861-1907): b.
Bozen, Tyrol, d. Munich; studied in
Innsbruck and with Rheinberger in
Munich; Mozart scholar 1883, when he
became teacher in the Royal School of
Music, Munich, and Royal professor,
1890. His work here was important
for his influence on a number of
younger composers forming the so-
called Munich school. His B major
sextet for piano and wind instruments
first made his name known. This was
followed by an organ sonata, a ro-
mantic overture, Traumsommernacht,
for orch., male choruses, 'cello sonata,
a piano quintet, 2 violin sonatas, pi-
ano pieces, songs, the operas Theuer-
dank (Munich, 1897) and Gugeline
(Bremen, 1901), and the stage play
Lobetanz (Karlsruhe, 1898). He re-
vised Cornelius' Cid, and with R. Louis
pub. a Harmonielehre (1908) . Ref. : HI.
243, 247; VI. 357; IX. 428; mus. ex.,
XIV. 53; portrait, IIL 246.

THtnv, Countess. Ref.: II. 86.

THUNDER, Henry G. (1832-1891):
b. near Dublin, d. New York; pianist
and organist; composer of church mu-
sic, songs, etc.

THITRBBR, Jeanette M.t Ameri-
can music teacher who in 1885 founded
the National Conservatory of Music in
New York (chartered 1891) and has
been its head to the present time. Ref.:
IV. 255.

THURFAU, Hermann (1836-1905):
b. Klausthal, d. Eisenach; studied at
Gottingen and the Leipzig Cons.; or-
ganist, court cantor and Musikdirektor
in Eisenach.

THt^RING. Joachim (17th cent.):
b. Fiirstenberg, Mecklenberg; poet lau-
reate, wrote on musical theory (Nu-
cleus musicus de modis sentonis, 1622,
with a sequel, 1624).

THtJRMNGS, Adolf (1844-1915): b.
Kaldenkirchen, d. Berne; professor of
early Catholic theology at Berne from
1887, whose doctor's degree was won in
1877 with a thesis in defense of the
dual system of harmony. He lectured
on musical history, contributed to mu-
sical journals, and pub. Die schwelzer-
isehen Tonmeister im Zeitalter der
Reformaiion (1903), etc. He made a

Thumei"

deep study of the music of the old
Catholic ' church of Germany and
Switzerland, and in his hymn books
(for which he himself -wrote some
tunes) has used the so-called rhythmic
version of the old melodies. He pub. a
selection of the 5-part motets of Pales-
trina on the 'Song of Songs' for con-
cert use.

THTJRNEIR (1) Frledrtcli Bngen
(1785-1827): b. Mompelgard, Wurttem-
berg, d. Amsterdam; studied in Mu-
nich, oboist (virtuoso) in Brunswick,
Cassel, Frankfort, and Amsterdam;
composer of 3 sysiphonies, an over-
ture, 4 oboe concertos, 4 quartets for
oboe and strings, rondos, etc., for oboe
and string quartet, a. trio for oboe and
2 horns, duos for oboe and piano, so-
nata for horn and piano, piano pieces,
etc. (2) Theodor (1806-1885): b.
Ruffach, Alsace, d. there; organist and
composer of 30 masses and other
church music.

THVRSBY, Emma (1857- ): b.
Brooklyn, N. Y.; studied there, Milan
(Lamperti and Sangiovannl) and Mme.
RudersdorS in Roston; made d£but
as concert soprano (compass, c'-e'"),
Plymouth Church, Brooklyn; toured
America and Europe with success dur-
ing 1875-82. In 1903 she visited China
and Japan and later became a vocal
teacher in New York.

TIBBRIUSi Roman emperor. Ref.:
X. 76.

TIBtTRTIlVO DA TISVOIil, GlnU-
ano (16th cent.) : composer of masses,
motets and madrigals, etc.; pub. Mu-
sica diversa a 3 voci (1549), Fantasie e
Rtcercari a 3 voci (1549) ; said to have
been a celebrated gamba player.

TICHATSCHEiK, JOBepb Aloys
(1807-1886) : b. Oberweckelsdorf, Bo-
hemia, d. Blasewitz near Dresden; stud-
ied medicine in Vienna, but was en-
gaged as chorister in the Kamthner-
theater, then took lessons with Cimera
and appeared as soloist in Graz, also
sang as guest in Vienna and Dresden,
where he was engaged for the court
opera in 1838. He created Tannhauser
and Rienzi, and sang a great number
of heroic as w611 as lyric rdles. He
was pensioned in 1872.

TIECK, liUdwlg: German poet. Ref.:
EX. 188.

TIEDEBOHI., Otto von (1863- ) ;
b. Voronesh; violin virtuoso, toured
from 1893; teacher at Tamboff Cons,
and concert-master of the symphony
concerts of the Imperial Russian Mu-
sical Society; studied further with
Hollander at the Stem Cons., but had
to abandon his virtuoso career because
of a nervous ijialady. He pub. a vio-
lin concerto, an orchestral suite, a
polonaise for violin and orch. and
other violin pieces, other works in
MS.

TIEFFENBRt^CKBR. See DciFFO-
PBDCCAB.

TIKHSBN, Otto (1817-1849): b.

Tllborghs

Danzig, d. Berlin; studied Berlin Royal
Academy; composed songs, church mu-
sic and a comic opera, Annette (1847).

TIBRIB, Anton H. (1870- ): b.
Wagenlngen; organist, teacher at the
Conservatory and director of the ora-
torio society in Amsterdam.

TIEIRSCH, Otto (1838-1892): b.
Kalbsrieth, Thuringia; d. Berlin; stud-
ied in Weimar and Berlin, taught in the
latter city at the Stern Conservatory,
also as municipal singing teacher;
wrote books on counterpoint, harmony,
rhythm, pedagogy, etc.. Including Alle-
gemeine Musiklehre (with L. Erk,
1885), Lehrbuch fiir Klaviersatz und
Akkompagement (1881), and Rhgth-
mik, Dgnamik uad PhTosierungslehre
(1886), etc.

TIERSOT, [Jean - Baptiste - Elis^e-]
Jnllen (1857- ): b. Bourg, Bresse;
pupil of Savard, Massenet and C£sar
Franck at the Paris Conservatoire;
assistant-librarian of the Conservatoire,
1883; Weckerlin's successor as first
librarian, 1909; pub. Histoire de la
Chanson populaire en France (Bordun
prize, 1885) ; also Rouget de Lisle, son
ceuvre, sa vie, and Les fetes de la
Revolution franfaise (in Le Minestrel),
which won the Kastner-Boursault prize.
With Charles Bordes he arranged the
first Paris performance of works of
the Palestrina epoch. He collaborated
on the de luxe edition of Gluck's com-
plete works and gathered the folk-
songs of the French Alps for the
French Government (1903); also re-
vised and arranged Adam de la Halle's
Jeu de Robin et de Marion and con-
ducted its performance in Paris and
Arras. He has lectured on folk-songs
in France and elsewhere and contribut-
ed to various musical journals on folk-
songs, Orlando di Lasso, the Master-
singers, Berlioz, Rousseau, Gluck, etc.
He composed Hellas, for soli, chorus
and orchestra, music to Cornellle's An-
dromide (1897), the symphonic legend
Sire Halewyn, the orch. suite Danses
populaires frangaises (1900) and sev-
eral choral works for festival occa-
sions; also orchestral rhapsodies on
popular airs, songs, etc. Ret.: (cited)
I. 43, 190, 194, 199, 339; U. 43, 472;
IX. 117.

TIESSBIV, Heinz (1887- ) : b.
Konigsberg; studied with Rufer, Klef-
fel and Klatte in Berlin, where he is
now music critic; composed 2 sym-
phonies, Ibsenfeier for orch., a piano
sonata, Lgrik fiir Klavier, songs, etc.

TIETJEiJVS (correctly Tletiens),
Therese [Johanne Alexandra] (1831-
1877) : b. Hamburg, d. London; oper-
atic soprano whose studies and dSbut
were made in Hamburg; sang in
Frankfort, at the Vienna court opera,
from 1856, and after 1858 in London,
both in opera and oratorio; also toured
in America. Ref.: IV. 134.

TILBORGHS, Joseph (1830- ):
b. Nleuwmoer; studied at the Brus-

227

Tillmetz

sels Conservatory with Lemmens and
Fitis; teaclier at Lierre, professor at
the Conservatories of Ghent (organ)
and Antwerp (counterpoint) ; wrote for
the organ, also motets with organ
accompaniment.

TIIil^METZ, Rndolf (1847- ): b.
Munich; flutist in the Munich court
orchestra, chamber musician and
chamber-music director to Prince Lud-
wlg Ferdinand; established (with
Franz Strauss) regular chamber-music
concerts with wind Instr. ; composer
of studies for his instrument. Rhap-
sodic bosnienne and cadenzas to Mo-
zart's flute concertos.

TILLYARD, Henry (1881- ): b.
Cambridge; studied there and during
1904-07 at the English schools of Ath-
ens and Rome. He has specialized in
ancient and medieval music, and has
accepted Riemann's theory of the
rhythmic interpretation of Byzantine
music, with exception of the meaning
of certain individual interval signs.
Among his works are 'Instrumental
Music in the Roman Age' (1907) and
'Studies on Byzantine Music' (1913).

TIIiMAlV, Alfred (1848-1898): b.
Brussels, d. Schaerbeck; studied at the
Brussels Conservatory and wrote a Re-
quiem, Te Deum, cantatas, fugues, etc.

TILiMANT, rrheopIiUe-Alexanare
(1799-1878): b. Valenciennes, d. As-
ni^res; violin pupil of Kreutzer at the
Paris Cons., where he was second con-
ductor of the concerts, later conductor
of the Theatre Italien and finally at the
Op£ra-Comique.

TIMANOFF, Vera (1855- ): b.
Ufa, Russia; concert pianist in St.
Petersburg; pupil of Novltsky, Tauslg
and Liszt, making a number of con-
cert tours in the meantime; now active
as teacher in St. Petersburg.

TIMIMBRIHAIVS, Armand (I860-) :
b. Antwerp; studied music in the Con-
servatory there; teacher; composer of
choral works with and .without orch.

TIMIHNKR, Christian (1859- ) : b.
Den Helder, Holland; studied at the
Hague, Brussels and Rotterdam; vio-
linist and conductor of the Berlin Bllse
orchestra (1883) and of the Amsterdam
Concert-House Orchestra (1888).

TINCTORIS, Joannes de (or Gio-
vanni del Tlntore, Jolkn Tlnctor)
(ca. 1446-1511): b. Poperlnghe, Bel-
gium, d. Nlvelles; first studied law,
took doctor's degree in jurisprudence
and theologjr, priest and canon in his
birthplace; in 1476 in the service of
Ferdinand of Aragon, King of Naples,
as chaplain and cantor, member of the
papal chapel, 1484-1500; founded a mu-
sic school in Naples and then wrote
most of his theoretical works^ which
Include Expositio manus. Liber de
natura et proprieiate Tonoram (1476),
De notis ac pausis, De regulari valore
notoTum, Liber imperfectionnm. notar-
um, Tractatus alterationum. Super
punctis musicalibus. Liber de arte con-

Tlsctaer

trapancti, Proportionale masices, Com-
plexus affectuttm musices and Termi-
noTUtn musicae diffini tonium, the last
thought to be the first musical diction-
ary ever printed. T.'s compositions are
mostly in MS. (Papal Chapel archives,
Dijon, etc.), others were printed by
Petrucci ('Lamentations,' 1506, Odheca-
ton, 1501). A Missa I'homme armi by
T. is remarkable for the great number
of extraneous sentences interpolated in
the text. Re/..- (cited) I. 239, 244.

TINEL, Edgar (1854-1912): b.
Sinay, Belgium, d. Brussels; pupil of
Brassln, Gevaert and Kufi'erath at the
Brussels Cons., won the grand prix
de Rome in 1877 with the cantata
Klokki Roeland (op. 17). In 1881 he
became director of the Institute for
Sacred Music at Malines, succeeding
Lenunens; in 1888 he brought out his
oratorio Franciscus (op. 36). He be-
came inspector of the state music-
schools 1889, and professor of coun-
terpoint at Brussels Cons, in 1896, suc-
ceeding Gevaert as director in 1909.
He has also t>rod. a 5-part grand Mass
of the Holy Virgin of Lourdes (op. 41) ;
Te Deum for 4-part mixed chorus with
organ; Alleluia for 4 equal voices with
organ; several motets and sacred songs
(Marienlieder) ; entr'acte music to Cor-
neille's Polyeacte; Kollebloemen for
tenor solo, chorus and orch.; De drie
RiddeTs for bar. solo, chorus and
orch.; a music drama Godoleva (1897),
a sacred opera Katharina (Brussels,
1909), and piano pieces. He pub. Le
chant grigoTien, ihioTie sommaire de
son execution (1895). Ref.: \I. 299f,
392, 470; portrait, VL 300.

TINTORETTO, the Renaissance
painter. Ref.: I. 327f.

TIRABOSCHI, Geronlmo (1731-
1784) : b. Bergamo, d. Modena ; custo-
dian of the court library there: author
of an extensive history of Italian lit.*
erature (13 vols., 1772-82; 2nd ed., 20
vols., 1605-12), containing references to
musical history.

TIRI]VDEIiIiI,Pietro Adolf o (1858-) :
b. at Conegllano; studied at the Milan
Conservatory, with Boniforti, Griin
and Massart; professor of the violin at
Venice, where he directed and con-
ducted the 'Verdi Orchestra.' In 1895
he was a member of the Boston Sym-
phony; is a chevalier of the Italian
Crown and composer of concertos, op-
eras, cantatas, etc.

TISCHER (1) Joliann Nlkolans
(18th cent.) : pupU of J. S. Bach, or-
ganist and composer at Schmalkalden
from 1731; wrote clavier suites, con-
certos, orchestral suites, church music,
etc. (2) Gerhard (1877- ): b;
LObnltz, philologist and musicologist In
Berlin; Ph. D., Berlin, with a study
on 'The Aristotelian Problems,' 1903;
lecturer on musical history In the Han-
delshochschule, Cologne, and editor of
the Rheinische Musik und Theater-
zeitung.

228

Titeloiize

TITEIiOUZB, Jean (1563-1633): b.
St. Omer, d. Rouen; organist at the
Cathedral of Rouen, 1588-1633, founder
of the French style of organ playing
(as distinguished from the German by
the greater use of registration effects).
He pub, a 4-part mass on In. ecclesia
(1626), church hymns (1623) and other
church music in organ arrangements.
His complete organ works are pub.
by GuUmant in Archives des Mattres
d'orgue. Ref.: VI. 441f.

TITI/, Anton Emil (1809-1882): b.
Moravia, d. Vienna ; produced 2 ~ op-
eras and other stage music; conductor
of the Vienna Burgtheater.

TITOF-F (1) VassUy (17th cent.):
composed the psalter of Simeon of
Polotzk; a 6-part liturgy and other sa-
cred vocal works, including the famous
'Many Years.' (2) Alexei Nikolale-
vitcli (1769-1827) ; b. St. Petersburg, d.
there; major general of cavalry; wrote
a number of operas in Mozartian style.
(3) Sergei NilEolaievitcIi (b. St. Pe-
tersburg, 1770) : brother of (2) ; com-
poser of several operas and ballets,
etc. Some of his operas may have
been confused with those of his broth-
er. (4) Nikolai Alexelvltcli (1800-
1875) : b. St. Petersburg, d. there;
called 'the grandfather of Russian
song,' son of (2) ; his dances, marches,
etc., were very popular in the nine-
teenth century and his romances were
long thought to be the first genuine
Russian 'art songs.' In any case they
were the first to become widely knovtrn
(■The Lonesome Pine,' 1820).

TITUS, Roman Emperor. Ref.: X.
34.

TIVENDEIiL. Frederick (1825-) :
b. in London; was organist In Liver-
pool, then studied with Spohr in Cas-
sel, Leipzig and Dresden; esteemed pi-
anist, accompanist and chamber-music
player in Cassel.

TIVOI.I, Francesco, Manelll dl.
See Manelli.

TOCH. Kmst (1887- ): b. Vi-
enna; self-taught in music and winner
of the Mozart scholarship, 1909, the
Mendelssohn scholarship and 4 times
the Austrian state prize for composi-
tion; studied with Willy Rehberg in
Frankfort and became a pianist; teach-
er at the Hochschule fur Musik in
Mannheim, 1913; composer of 12 string
quartets, a chamber symphony, a sym-
phony. An mein Vaterland (with soli
chorus and organ), a piano concerto,
sonatas, violin pieces, piano pieces,

TOD, Bdnard Adolf (1839-1872) : b.
Nauhausen, d. Stuttgart; studied at
Stuttgart Conservatory, taught there
from 1862 and was distinguished as
organ virtuoso and composer for or-
gan and piano.

TODI, Ijnlza Rosa (nie de Agnlar)
(1753-1833): b. Setubal, Portugal, d.
Lisbon; operatic mezzo-soprano, the
most celebrated singer of Portuguese

Toeschi

parentage; studied with Perez, after
having appeared as actress as early
as 1868 (in Moliire's Tartuffe). She
sang in London, 1772 and 1777; cele-
brated her first triumph in Madrid in
1777 In PaSsiello's Olimpiade, then ap-
peared in the Concerts spirltuel in
Paris, 1781-82, with success, and in
Berlin, where after singing at the Vi-
enna court she accepted an engagement,
1781, which did not last. Her famous
contest with Mara (q.v.) in Paris,
1783, left her victor; St. Petersburg
was her next place of triumph, and
finally Berlin, where she was engaged
by Frederick William II, 1780. She
went to Paris again in 1789, but was
frightened away by the approaching
revolution. Her new demands (6000
Thalers) were refused in Berlin and
she returned to Portugal by way of
Italy. She married the violinist Fban-
cisco Saverio Todi (of Italian descent).

TODIM, Mlckele (ca. 1625- ) : b.
Saluzza, Piedmont; virtuoso on the
musette (bagpipe) and constructor of
an instrument of complicated mechan-
ism combining the character of the
organ, piano, lute and bowed string
instruments, and others of similar in-
tricacy. He was custodian of the
instruments In the Congregazione dl S.
Cecilia in Rome.

TODT (1) Johann Angnst Wil-
helm (1833-1900) : b. Dflsterort, d. Stet-
tin, where he was a pupil of Loewe;
violinist there, after studying with A.
W. Bach at the Royal Institute for
Church Music; cantor at Eustrin and
organist and cantor at Stettin. He com-
posed a symphony, piano sonatas,
psalms, works for organ and for pi-
ano, songs, etc. (2) B. . . . (d. Wetzlar,
1907) ; prepared piano scores of all of
Bach's cantatas for Breitkopf & Har-
tel, also a Vademecum durch die Bach-
schen Kantaten (1895).

TOBDT, Tbeodore J. (1853- ):
b. New York; singer in church, con-
cert and oratorio; since his blindness
(1895) has taught singing, privately
and at the Institute of Musical Art
in New York.

TOBBGE:, George (19th cent.):
founder in 1873, and conductor of the
'Germania' orchestra in Pittsburgh, Pa.
Ref.: rf. 195.

TOBSCHI (1) Carlo Giuseppe (or
Josepb), correctly Toesca della Caa-
tella-Monte (1724-1788) : b. in the
Romagna, d. Munich; pupil of Johann
Stamitz, violinist in the Mannheim Or-
chestra, concert-master 1759; later also
director of chamber music; in 1778
went to Munich with the court; com-
poser of many symphonies, quartets,
etc., a number of which were published
in Paris, also ballets for the Mannheim
court. His work is not to be com-
pared with that of his teacher. (2)
Johann Baptist, brother of (1) (d.
Munich, 1800) ; member of Mannheim
Orchestra from 1755, concert-master

229

Tofano

1774; pub. 6 trios for 2 violins and
'cello.

TOFANO, GuBtBTO (1844-1899): b.
Naples, d. there; pupil of Golinelll and
his successor as professor of piano at
the Bologna Cons.; wrote an opera, a
ballet, cantatas, and other music; pi-
anist of repute.

TOPPT, Alfred (1865- ): b. Co-
penhagen; studied with Nebelong and
G. Bohlmann; composed songs, 'St.
Cecilia' for alto with violin and or-
gan, little piano pieces, pieces for vio-
lin and piano, and an opera, Vifan-
daka, produced at Copenhagen, 1898.

TOFTB, Lars Waldemar (1832-
1907): b. Copenhagen, d. there; first
violin in the Copenhagen Music So-
ciety under Gade, solo violinist of
the Royal Orchestra and music teacher
at the Conservatory, after studying
several years with Spohr and Joachim.

TOFTS. Katherine (early 18th
cent.) : soprano in Italian opera in
England; sang at subscription concerts,
Drury Lane and the court; had a
brilliant reputation and received large
sums for her performances, but lost
her mind in 1709 and never totally
rc covered

TOLBECCtUE (1) Jean-Baptlste-
Joseph (1797-1869) : b. Hanzinne, Bel-
gium, d. Paris; studied at the Con-
servatoire, wherte he also played in
the concerts, for a time violinist at
the Italian Opera, the favorite con-
ductor at balls before the time of
Musard and composer of popular

?uadrilles, etc. (2) Isidore Joseph
1794-1871): d. Vichy; like his brother
1) composer of dance music. (3)
Augnste-Josepli (1801-1869) : violin-
ist in the Paris Op^ra and Conserva-
toire concerts, also in the London
Royal opera. (4) CIiaTles-Joseph
(1806-1835): brother of (1), (2) and
(3) ; violinist and conductor of the
Theatre des Varietfis, Paris. (5) Am-
snste (1830- ): b. Paris; 'cellist,
pupil of the Conservatoire, where he
later played at the concerts; for 6
years teacher at Marseilles Conserva-
tory; wrote Souvenirs d'un musicien
en province (1896) and h'art du luthier
(1903). (6) Jean (1857- ): 'cellist;
prize student at the Cons., 1873.

TOIiLET, Tbomas (17th cent.):
English publisher and composer.

TOIiLIUS, Jan (ca. 1550-ca. 1603) :
b. Amersfort, d. Copenhagen; church
conductor at Amersfort, Assist, Home,
Padua, and singer in the court chapel
of Copenhagen. He wrote motets and
madrigals.

TOLSTOFF, Victor Panlovlclt
(1843- ): b. St. Petersburg; de-
serted the study of mathematics for
that of music, which he pursued un-
der Leschetlzky; in 1887 became teach-
er (1889 professor) at St. Petersburg
Conservatory.

TOLSTOY (1) Count TheopMI
Matvelevitch (1809-1881) : music critic

230

Tommasl

and composer, studied singing with
Rubini, composition with Fuchs and
Miller in St. Petersburg, Ralmondi in
Naples and Hebel in Moscow, The
failure of his opera II Birochino di
Parigi (first prod, in Naples, 1832) in
St. Petersburg, 1835, caused Nicholas I
to issue a decree forbidding Italian
singers to appear in operas written by
Russians. T. also wrote about 200
songs, some of which became popular.
He became a critic under the pseu-
donym RosTiSLAv, and pub. analyses of
operas by Glinka and Seroff. (2)
Count Leo, famous Russian author.
Ref.: II. 418; III. 39, 140, 144, 145, 363;
IX. 486.

TOaiASCHElK, Jobann W^enzel
(1774-1850) : b. Skutsch, Bohemia, d.
Prague; studied singing, violin, the or-
gan and theory in Chrudim, etc.; be-
came the first music teacher of Prague,
among his pupils being Dreyschock
Klttel, etc.; also distinguished as com-
poser of sacred and secular part-songs,
an orchestral mass and other church
music, concertos and sonatas for pi-
ano, a string quartet, a symphony, one
opera, Seraphine, etc. Ref.: III. 168;
Vm. 374.

TOMASINI, Loigl (1741-1808): b.
Pesaro, d. Esterh^; conducted con-
certs and directed chamber music on
the Esterhazy estate under the super-
vision of Haydn; violinist and com-
poser of concertos, duos, concertantes,
quartets, etc., for his instrument. His
two daughters sang in Eisenstadt for
the church and at the opera; his two
sons, Luigi and Anton, were able vio-
linists.

TOMBBLLE:, Ferdinand de la
(1854- ): b. Paris; studied at the
Conservatoire, wrote prize quartet and
symphony; officer of public instruction
and composer in Paris; has written or-
chestral suites, etc. Ref.: VI. 486.

TOOIBO, Rndolf. Ref.: (quoted)
IV. 262.

T0BIE:0NI (1) Florida (1757-1820):
b. Lucca, d. Paris; studied in Naples,
then went as a teacher to Paris; wrote
a harmony method (in French) 'on the
principles of the Naples school'; a
vocal method and vocal pieces. (2)
PellegTlno (1759- ) : brother of
(1) ; music teacher in Florence, where
he published a treatise on figured bass
accompaniment ( 1795 ) .

TOMKIIVS, 'Hrilliam Lawrence
(1844- ): b. London; pupil of G. A.
Macfarren and E. Silas, went to Amer-
ica in 1870, was conductor of the
Apollo Club in Chicago, trained chil-
dren's choirs there and from 1898 spe-
cialized in the training of school music
teachers, founding the National Train-
ing School for Music Teachers in 1903;
pub. 'Children's Songs and How to Sing
Them.'

TOIHIMASI, Giuseppe Maria (1649-
1713) : b. Castle Alicate, Sicily, as son
of a Prince of Parma, d. Rome; car-

I'onassl

dlnal in the Roman Church, student
of languages and the history of church
music; pub. Codices sacramentorum
nongentis annis vetustiores . . , Missale
Gothictitn .... Missale Francorum,
Missale Gallicanum (1680) ; Psalterinm
. . . (1683) ; Responsorialia et Antipho-
naria . . . (1686) ; Antlqui libri mte-
sarum . . . (1691) ; Psalterium cum can-
ticis . . . (1697).

TONASSI. Pletro (1801-1877): b.
Venice, d. there; composer of church
music, a symphony, 7 quartets, a fes-
tival cantata, etc.

TONBIilil. Antonio (1686-1765): b.
Carpi, Italy, d. there; 'cellist, composer
of oratorios, cantatas, etc.; conductor
at the cathedral at Carpi.

TONINI, Bernardo (17th cent.):
Italian composer of Instrumental music.
Ref.: VII. 390, 478.

TONSOR, Mlcliael (16th cent.): b.
Ingolstadt, cantor there and organist
at Dunkelsbiihel near Ottingen, till
1590; pub. (with the assistance of Duke
WUhelm V of Bavaria) Selecta quae-
dam cantiones sacrae 5 voc. (1570),
Sacrae cantiones plane novae 4, 5 et
pluT voc. (1573), Cantiones ecclesias-
ticae U et 5 voc. (1590), Fasciculus
cantionum ecclesiasticarum 5 et 6 voc.
(1605).

TOPFER, Johann Gottlob (1791-
1870) : b. Niederrossla, Thurlngia, d.
Weimar; student, teacher and city or-
ganist in Weimar; wrote on the or-
gan, his works being widely cited and
copied since their publication (Die
Orgelbaukunst, 1833; Die Scheiblersche
Stimmethode, 1842; Die Orgel, Zweck
nnd Beschaffenheit ihrer Teile, 1843;
TheoTetisch-praktische Organistenschule,
1845; Lehrbuch der Orgelbaukunst, 4
vols. 1856, 2nd ed. by Max Alllhn,
1888). He also pub. a cantata Die
Orgelweihei a 4-part chorale book
(with interludes), Konzertstuck, grand
sonata, etc., for organ, sonatas for
flute and piano and piano solo, a trio,

TOPI/XJR, MlcIiael (1804-1874): b.
miersdorf, d. Briihl-on-Rhlne; studied
In Breslau and the Berlin Royal In-
stitute for Church Music; seminary
music teacher In Briihl: Royal Musik-
dlrektor, 1853. He conducted the Sieg-
Rheinische Lehrergesangverein, 1846 ;
published old chorale melodies with
organ accompaniment, male choruses,
church music, and a work on the co-
operation of elementary schools in the
advancement of church song (1871),
being generally active in the interest
of the revival of classical church music.

TORCHI, liOlgl (1858- ): b.
Mordano; studied at the Royal Llceo
muslcale in Bologna and later under
Serrao at the Royal Cons., Naples, and
under Jadassohn, Reinecke, and Paul
at the Leipzig Cons., being in the
meantime appointed maestro composi-
toTe by the Philharmonic Academy of
Bologna. He became teacher of mu-

231

Torranpe

slcal history and aesthetics at the Ros-
sini Cons., Pesaro, 1885, at the Llceo
muslcale, Bologna, 1891, professor of
composition there in 1895 and presi-
dent of the Philharmonic Academy in
1894. He has composed a symphony,
an overture, 2 operas, and church mu-
sic, but his muslco-sclentlflc work is
of greater importance. He wrote vol. 3
of the catalogue of the library of the
Llceo muslcale (1893), of which he is
librarian; founded in 1894 and edited
for 10 years the Rivista musicale itali-
ana, in which he pub. his La musica
inStrumentale in Italia net secoli XVI,
XVII e XVIII (separately 1902); edited
a collection of violin pieces of the
16th-17th cent., with the figured bass
worked out (Boosey), and Eleganti
canzoni et arie del XVIII sec. (1893).
He also undertook the edition of the
great 34 vol. collection L'arte musicale
in Italia and wrote a study on Wag-
ner (1890), whose 'Opera and Drama'
he translated in Italian (also other
German works). Ref.: lU. 369, 377;
(quoted) III. 396.

TORBI^I.1 (1) (or Torrelll), Gas-
pare (late 16th-early 17th cent.) :
teacher of music at Borgo San Sepolcro,
composed a favola pastorale in 4-part
madrigal style / fldi amanti (1600),
also 5-part madrigals, Brevi concetti
d'amore (1598), and 4 books of 3-part
canzonettas (1593, 1594, . . . 1608). (2)
Giuseppe (17th cent.-1708) : b. Verona,
d. Bologna; celebrated violinist, at San
Petronio, Bologna, 1685-95, prod, an
oratorio in Vienna 1695; then conductor
of the court chapel at Ansbach (Kapell-
meister to the Margrave in 1698), after
which he returned to Bologna. T.'s
Concern grosse con una pastorale per
il Santissimo Natale, op. 8, written for
2 concertante violins, 2 ripleno violins,
vlolo and continuo (1707), were pub-
lished 6 years before Corelli's con-
cern grossi, op. 6, but according to
Georg Muffat's testimony Corelll per7
formed works of this type as early as
1682 in Rome, while Scherlng gives
evidence of concerti grossi by Alessan-
dro Stradella, who died 1681. On the
other hand, T . is to be credited with
the creation of the solo violin concerto
(op. 6, op. 8, No. 7-12). He pub.
further Sonate a 3 stromenti (1686),
Concerto da Camera (dance suites,
1686), Sinfonle a 2-4 istromenti (1689),
Concertino per camera a violino e vio-
loncello (dance suites with serious In-
troduzione), 6 sinfonie a 3, e 6 con-
certi (orch. suites) a i (1692), Concerti
mnsicali a 4 (orchestral suites calcu-
lated for full Besetzung, with soli for
a principal violin, which is the real
beginning of the solo violin concerto) ;
and Capricci musicali per camera a
violinio e viola overo arciliuto. Ref.:
VIII. 388f, 399, 413, 483; (influence on
Bach) VIII. 422.

TORRAXCB, George William
(1835-1907) : b. Bathmines, near Dub-

Torre

lin; d. Kilkenny; chorister and. or-
ganist in Dublin, student at Leipzig
Cons, and Dublin University (Mus. D.,
1879), priest in Melbourne, Australia,
and canon at Kilkenny; composer of
three oratorios, 'Abraham' (1855), 'The
Captivity' (1864) and 'The Revelation'
(1882), an opera, 'William of Nor-
mandy' (1895), a prize madrigal, etc.

TORRE, Francesco delta (17th
cent.) : Italian opera composer {Ales-
sandro Bala, 1678). Be/.; IX. 17 (foot-
note).

TORREiFRAlVCA, Fausto: contem-
porary writer on music, librarian of
the Conservatorlo San Pietro a Majella,
Naples; pub. historical essays in the
Rivista musicale italiana, in one of
which he put forward Giovanni Platti
as the founder of the classical Instru-
mental style (as against Stamitz).

TORRI, Pietro (ca. 1665-1737):
studied with A. Steifani, chamber or-
ganist in Miinich, court conductor in
Hanover and Bayreuth; then Munich,
whence he followed Prince Max Eman-
uel into exile in Brussels; was made
Kapellmeister, 1732. He composed 26
operas, mostly for Munich (1690-1736),
an oratorio and chamber duets.

TOSCANIIVI, Arturo (1867- ) :
b. Parma; studied at the Royal Cons.,
Parma; 'cellist and conductor, Rio de
Janeiro, 1886; conducted at Turin, Tre-
viso, Grenoa, La Scala, Milan and at
the Metropolitan Opera House, New
York, 1908-1915. He is noted for his
extraordinary memory which permits
him to conduct even the longest works
(including those of Wagner) without
score. He conducted the premiere of
Puccini's Fanciulla del West in 1910
and produced several new Italian works
for llie first time in America (11 segreto
di Susanna by Wolf-Ferrari, L'amore
del tre ri, by Montemezzi, etc.). Ref.:
Ul. 400; IV. 153.

TOSELIil, ESnrlco (1877- ): b.
Florence; studied pianoforte playing
with Sgambati and Martucci; pianist
at Monte Carlo, London, America, etc.

TOSI, Pier Francesco (1647-1727):
b. Bologna, d. London; celebrated male
contralto and singing teacher, son of
the opera composer Giuseppe Felice (b.
1630) ; sang in Italian opera in Dres-
den and German cities; after the loss
of his voice, singing teacher in Lon-
don, where he settled In 1692. He pub.
the celebrated work Opinioni de' can-
toTi antichi e moderni o sieno Osserva-
zioni sopra il canto flgurato (1723, new
ed. by L. Leoni, Naples, 1904; Eng-
lish tranl. by Galliard, 1742, new ed.
1906; also tranl. into German and
French). Ref.: V. 46, 49.

TOSTI, [Sir] Francesco Paolo (1848-
1916): b. Ortona, Abruzzi, d. Rome;
studied in the Naples Cons, with Mer-
cadante, who made him assistant
teacher, but he fell ill and went to
Rome, where Sgambati introduced him
at court as singer, which resulted in

Toura

his appointment as court singing teach-
er, m 1880 he secured a similar posi-
tion in London; In 1894 became pro-
fessor at the Royal Academy of Music.
He composed a number of songs in
Italian (Canti populari Abrazzesi) and
English, some of which have become
very popular ('Good-bye Forever,' etc.).
Ref.: III. 401; V. 323.

TOTTMAJfPT, Karl Albert (1837-) :
b. Zittau, Saxony; pupil of the Leipzig
Cons., violinist at the Gewandhaus,
and Musikdirektor at the Old Theatre
in. Leipzig, 1868-70; writer on musi-
cal histbry, violin and viola music,
school singing, etc.; composer of
hymns, choruses, a melodrame, piano
pieces, etc.

TOUCHEMOtJLIN, Joseph (1727-
1801) : b. Chalons, d: Ratisbon; vio-
linist in the Bonn court orchestra, and
at the expense of the Elector Clement
August was sent to Padua to_study
with Tartini; became court Kapell-
meister in Bonn, 1760, but resigned in
the following year. He composed a
4-part mass, several symphonies, so-
natas, and concertos. Ref.: VII. 409.

TOUlrMOUCHB, Frederic Michel
(1850-1909): b. Nantes, d. Paris; pro-
duced one opera in Brussels {Le moa-
tier de St. Guignolet, 1885), 2 in Paris
(La veille des noces, 1888, and L'dme
da Cantal, 1895), one in St. Brieuc, also
a number of operettas and ballets in
Paris.

TOlTRjeE, Eben (1834-1890): b.
Warwick, Rhode Island, d. Boston; at
17 years of age opened a music store
at Fall River, Mass., and began class
teaching in organ, singing and piano.
This was the introduction of class
teaching in America. In 1863 he toured
Europe, studying methods of instruc-
tion (Haupt in Berlin), and four years
later opened the New England Conser-
vatory of Boston. He also founded
the East Greenwich Institute for Mu-
sic and the Providence Conservatory;
was dean of the College of Music, Bos-
ton University, and was made Mus. D.
by Middleton College. Ref.: TV. 248.

TOURNBMIRX;, Charles Amonld
(1870- ): b. Bordeaux; pupil of the
Conservatoire and of d'Indy in Paris;
organist at St. Clotilde; composed cham-
ber music, a symphony, songs, organ
pieces and a choral work "with orch.,
Le sang de la Sirene, which won the
great prize of the City of Paris.

TOURS (1) Jacanes (1759-1811):
b. Rotterdam, d. there; organist and
composer of church music, pieces for
organ and piano, symphonies, over-
tures, etc. (2) Bartheiemy (1797-
1864): b. Rotterdam, d. there; son
of (1) ; organist, co-founder of the
'Eruditio Musica' society ; conductor and
inaugurator of regular chamber-music
concerts. (3) Berthold (1838-1897):
b. Rotterdam, d. London ; son of (2) ;
studied in the conservatories of Brus-
sels and Leipzig; violinist and teacher

232

Tonrte

in London from 1861; author of a vio-
lin 'catechism' and composer of An-
glican church music; editor for No-
vello. Ewer & Co. (4) Frank E3.
(1877- ) : b. London, composer of a
comic opera Melmotte, London (1901),
and the musical comedies 'The Hoyden'
(London, 1905), 'The Dairymaids' (with
P. A. Rubens, 1906), and 'The Dashing
Little Duke' (1909).

TOURTE, Francots (1747-1835): b.
Paris, d. there; continued his father's
work in improving the violin bow,
originated the present inward curve
of the stick. Introduced the metal
clamp at the nut, and the use of bent
Pemambuco wood. He is called the
'Stradivari of the bow.' Ret.: VU.
431; Vm. 74.

TOVEY, Donald Francis (1875-) :
b. Eton; in youth a musical prodigy,
began to compose at 8 years of age;
studied composition witii Parrat, J.
Higgs and Parrjr; appeared as pianist
with Joachim in 1894, subsequently
gave concerts of his own compositions
in London, Berlin and Vienna. He
pub. a piano quintet, a piano quartet,
4 trios, 2 string quartets, a 'cello so-
nata, a piano sonata, a piano con-
certo; also composed chalnber music
with wind instruments, a violin so-
nata, music to Maeterlinck's Aglavaine
et Silysette (string orch.), 'Balliol
Dances' for piano 4 hands, 25 Rounds
or Catches for equal voices, vocal
pieces and church music. Ref.: in.
429.

TO'WKRS, Jabn (1836- ): b.
Salford; studied at the Royal Acad-
emy of Music, London, and with Marx
_in Berlin; choir conductor In Alder-
*ley Edge, Fallowfleld, Rochdale, and
Charlton. Later he left England and in
1890 became vocal professor in the
Indianapolis School of Music, and in
1892 at the Utlca Conservatory. He
pub. a chronological catalogue of
Beethoven's works, a 'Dictionary-Cata-
logue of Operas and Operettas' (Mor-
gantown, 1910), etc.

TOWJVSBND, Anrelian (17th cent):
English masque writer. Ref.: X. 84f.

TBABACGI, Giovanni Blaria (early
17th cent.) : composer of ricercate
(1603-1615), 5- to 8-part motets (1602),
masses, vesper psalms, madrigals, vil-
lanelles, organ pieces, etc., published
in Naples, where he was court organist.

TRAEITTA (Trajetta) (1) Tom-
maso (1727-1779): b. Bitonto, Naples,
d. Venice; pupil of Durante at the
Cons, dl Loreto; prod, his first opera
Farnaee (with immediate success) at
the San Carlo Theatre in 1751, and
thereafter worked industriously to sup-
ply leading Italian cities with new op-
eras. He became court conductor and
teacher to the princesses at Parma,
1758, and with the production of his
opera Ippolita ed Aricia for the mar-
riage of one of the princesses to the
Prince of the Asturias earned a pen

TrebeUl-Bettlnl

sion from the King of Spain. In 1765
he became director of a girls' conserva-
tory in Venice, but left it to Sacchini
in 1768, to become Galuppi's successor
in St. Petersburg as court composer
to Catherine II; and in 1774 returned
by way of London to Italy. His op-
eras, distinguished from those of his
contemporaries by scenic eifectiveness
and dramatic fidelity, reached the num-
ber of 42, besides which he wrote an
oratorio, a Stabat, a Passion, motets
and other church music. R'ef.: II. 14;
IX. 21, 36, 59, 63. (2) Fillppo: son
of (1); pupil of Plccini, etc.; after en-
tering the Italian revolutionary army
was captured and escaped to America
in 1799; taught singing in Boston,
toured the South as theatrical manager,
and settled in Philadelphia as teacher
and composer. Ref.: TV. Ill, 236.

TRAJETTA. See Thaetta.

TRAMPEIil (1) Johann Paul, (2)
CIiTiatlan 'Wilhelm and (3) Johann
Gottlob: brothers, celebrated organ
builders in Adorf, Saxony, at the end
of the 18th century. Ref.: VI. 405.

TRASTJNTINO, Vlto: Venetian harp-
sichord maker, inventor of an enhar-
monic keyboard with 125 keys.

TRAUTMANIV (1) MATie. See
JAfii, (3). (2) Gnatav (1866- ): b.
Brieg, Silesia; studied in Breslau and
in Frankfort, Mozart scholar, 1888-93;
taught at the Hoch Conservatory and
was conductor of the Schuler male cho-
rus; also director of music at Giessen
University, titular prof essor, 1906.

TRAUTNER, [Friedrich] Wilhelm
[Lorenz] (1855- )■: b. Buch-am-
Fofst, Franconia; cantor, organist,
singing teacher and director of a
church choral society in Nordlingen;
composed a Reformation cantata, Mar-
tin iMther, other works for chorus, or-
gan and piano; wrote Die grosse Orgel
in. der St. Georgs-Hauptkirche za Nord-
lingen and Evangelische Kirchenmusik
und die evangelische Kirchenmasik
Bayerns im Bauptamt (1913).

TRAVTWEIN, Trangott:' founder
of a Berlin music publishing firm in

1820, associated with MendUieim in

1821, sold the business to J. Guttentao
in 1840, who in turn sold it to Maktin
Bahn (d. 1902), who under his own
name brought it to prominence. Upon
the latter's death the Heinrichshofen
firm absorbed the business.

TRAVERSA, Gloachlmo (18th
cent.) : about 1770 chamber violinist
to the Prince of Carlgnan; published
6 violin sonatas with continuo, 6
auataors concertants. a concerto for
violin, etc.

TREBEIilil - BETTINI (correctly
Gnlllebert), Zella (1838-1892): b.
Paris, d. fitretat; mezzo-soprano; made
her d^but in Madrid in II Barbiere,
sang in Berlin, London and the United
States with great success; married to
Signor Bettini, from whom she later
separated.

233

Trediakowsky

TRBDIAKOTirSKT (181h cent.) :
Russian playwright. Ref.: IX. 380.

TRE3GIAX, Francis (1574-[?]) : b.
London; spent his youth in Spain and
Portugal, his father being a religious
refugee; educated in Douy, lived in
Rome at the house of Cardinal Aller,
returned to England where he was im-

Srisoned as a Catholic till his death.
e (or one of his sisters) is said to
have been the author of the famous
Fitzwilliam virginal book.

TRBIBBR, WlUielm (1838-1899) : b.
Graz, d. Cassel; pianist, toured (Ger-
many and Austria, directed the Leip-
zig Euterpe Concerts, and became court
Kapellmeister in Cassel, 1881.

TREIITSCHKE:, Helmrlch von: Ger-
man author (17th-18th cent.). Ref.:
IX. 128.

TRBNTINI, Enuna: contemporary
Italian opera singer (coloratura so-
prano), appeared in soubrette roles at
the Manhattan Opera House, New York,
etc. Ref.: IV. 152, 179.

TRBNTO, Vlttorio (1761 - after
1825): b. Venice; pupil of Bertonl,
composer of ballets (more than SO to
1792), then operas for Venice (includ-
ing Qnanti cosi In un sol giorno, 1801) ;
became director of music at the Lis-
bon Italian Opera in 1806; director
of the Royal Opera there, returned to
Italy for a time, but was again in Lis-
bon, 1821-23. He prod, two operas in
Florence in 1824 and 1825. Ref.: IX.
133.

TRSITT (called Fldele in Italy),
Daniel GottUeb (1695-1749): b. Stutt-
gart, d. Breslau; violinist, studied
with Eusser in Stuttgart, then at the
duke's expense with Vivaldi in Ven-
ice; director of an Italian opera
troupe playing in Breslau till 1727;
composer of the operas Astarte, Corio-
lano, Vlisse e Teletnacco and Don
Chisciotte; later conductor in Prague
and Hlrschberg.

TReVIIiLE! (or lie Glerce), Yvonne
de: contemporary operatic soprano;
studied with Mme. Marchesl; has sung
in Madrid, Paris, Stockholm, St. Pe-
tersburg, and the United States, where
she now resides.

TRIAL (1) Jean-CIande (1732-
1771) : b. Avignon, d. Paris; with Ber-
ton director of the Op£ra, composer of
4 operas, cantatas,, and orchestral
works. (2) Antoine (1736-1795):
brother of (1), tenor at the Op^ra-
Comique. (3) Armand - Bmmannel
(1771-1803): son of (2); composer of
a number of successful operas. (4)
MaTle Jeannet wife of (2) ; coloratura
soprano whose stage name was Mme.
Mandeville.

TRICKLIR, Jean Balthaaar (1745-
1813): b. Dijon, d. Dresden; 'cellist
in a Berlin string quartet, with Schick,
Friedrich Benda, and Hofmann; mem-
ber of Dresden Court Orchestra from
1783; composer of 'cello concertos and
sonatas, writer of theoretical works.

Trost

TRIPONOPF, Porphyrins Alexle-
vltcli (1844-1896): b. St. Petersburg,
d. Tsarskoe-Selo ; champion of the neo-
Russian School; writer of essays on
Liszt, Dargomijski, Schumann, Rlmsky-
Korsakoff, Moussorgsky, Borodine, etc.,
mostly published in the 'European
Messenger.'

TRITTO (1) Qlacomo (1733-1824):
b. Altamura, near Naples, d. Naples;
student, assistant teacher to his master
Cafaro, and later professor at the coun-
terpoint and composition at the Con-
servatory della Piet&; also musical
director at the San Carlo Theatre.
His compositions include 51 operas,
many masses (one for 8 integral voices
and 2 orchestras), psalms, etc., also
a 5-part Te Deum with orch., a Re-
quiem, 2 Passions (all MS.). He also
wrote text-books on musical theory.
(2) Domenieo: son of Giacomo; wrot^
several operas for Naples (1815-18).

TRNBCBK, Hans (1848- ): b.
Prague; studied there; harpist and
conductor at Franzensbad, harpist at
the court theatre of Schwerin, later
professor of harp and piano at Prague,
virtuoso on the Janko keyboard (see
JANK6) ; composer of a piano concerto,
music for the harp, etc.; also a dance
suite, a symphony, a violin concerto,
a German opera, Der Geiger voti Cre-
mona (1886), 2 Czechish operas Ara-
manth (Prague, 1890) and Andrea
Crini (lb., 1910), another (posthumous)
opera, also much chamber music and
transcriptions.

TROIIiO, Antonio (17th cent.):
town musician at Vincenza, composer
of 4- to 5-part canzoni da sonar (1606),
other instrumental music, and a mag-
nificat, 10 5-part psalms, etc.

TROMBBTTI (1) Ascanio (late
16th cent.) : member of the Bolognese
council band, maestro di cappella in
Mantua; composer of motets, madri-
gals, etc. (2) eiTolamo (late 16th-
early 17th cent.) : succeeded his broth-
er in Mantua; composed madrigals and
was a virtuoso on trombone.

TROMBONCINO, Bartolomeo (15th-
16th cent.): b. in Verona; composer
of frottolas, printed in Petrucci's col-
lection (9 books, 1504-08).

TROHLITZ, Johann Georg (1726-
1805): b. Gera, d. Leipzig; flutist,
flute maker, and composer of 3 flute
concertos, a string quartet, 2 flute (and
piano) sonatas, flute pieces, songs, etc.;
also 3 treatises on flute playing and
articles on the flute in the Allgem. Mas.
Zeitang (1799). T. added the F key
to the flute. Ref.: VIII. 99.

TROST (1) Johann Caspar (early
17th cent.) : organist at Halberstadt,
writer of theory and criticism. (2)
Johann Caspar (17th cent.) : son of
(1) ; organist at Weissenfels, wrote a
description of the new organ at Au-
gustusburg, 1677. (3) Gottfried Heln-
rlcli (early 18th cent.) : organ builder
at Altenburg, ca. 1708-39.

234

Trostler

TROSTIiBR, Bernhard (early 19th
cent.) : German musician who settled
In Paris, 1806; wrote 3 books on theory,
harmony and organ music.

TROUHANOVA, JVatasliai contem-
porary Russian interpretive dancer.
Ref.: X. 45, 244, 256f.

TROTTTBEICK, John (1832-1899) : b.
Blencowe, Cumberland, d. London;
precentor at Manchester Cathedral,
canon at Westminster, 1869; pub.
books of church hymns and a musical
catechism; translated texts of works
by Beethoven, Gade, and Wagner.

TROTEiR, Carlos : contemporary
composer, b. in Alsace, resident in
America, has collected and harmonized
American Indian songs (Zuni). Ret.:
IV. 442f.

TROYTE, Arthur H. D. (1811-1857) :
Devonshire composer.

TRXIHN, [Friedrlch] Hleronymns
(1811-1886): b. Elbing, d. Berlin;
studied with Klein, Dehn and Men-
delssohn; conductor In the Danzig
theatre, Musikdirektor in Elbing and
in Berlin, where he settled as critic,
founded the Neue Liedertafel, and com-
posed songs, choral 'works, an opera
Trilbu (Berlin, 1835), an operetta and
a melodrame; also wrote on singing.
He lived for a time in Riga and toured
with Billow in 1854.

TRUNK, Rlcliard (1879- ): b.
Tauberblschof shelm, Baden ; studied
there, at the Hoch Cons, in Frankfort
and in the Munich Royal Music Acad-
emy (Rheinberger, Bach, etc.) ; con-
ductor of male choruses in Munich, ac-
companist to Eugen Gura and other
singers, in 1906 became Gymnasium
singing teacher and in 1907 conductor
of the Munich Biirgersingerzunft and
the People's Choral Union (250 voices).
In 1912 he went to New York as con-
ductor of the Arion Society and the
Newark Arion. He was music critic of
the Munich 'Post,' 1906-09. His com-
positions include some 100 songs, male
and mixed choruses (some with orch.),
an orchestral Groteske and a 'reform
operetta.'

TSCHAVKOW^SKT, Peter Ilyttch
(1840-1893) : b. Votklnsk, Government
of Vlatka, d. St. Petersburg. His fa-
ther was mining director in Votkinsk,
later director of the Technological In-
stitute in St. Petersburg. Here T. en-
tered the law school and in 1859 was
employed in the ministry of finance.
Meantime he had received piano In-
struction from Rudolf Klindlnger and
had sung in Lomakin's church choir.
Only his association with the poet
Apuchtln, however, revealed his musi-
cal talent, and, upon his father's urg-
ing, he decided to make music his
profession. In 1863 he entered the
newly founded St. Petersburg Cons.
and studied theory with Zaremba, com-
position with A. Rubinstein, flute with
Clardl and organ with H. Stlehl. He
graduated in 1865 with a prize for

235

Tscba'ikowsky

his 'Hymn to Joy' (Schiller), and in
1866 Nicolas Rubinstein called him to
the Moscow Cons, as teacher of theory,
commissioned him to translate Gevaert's
Traiti d'instrumentation and assisted
him materially. During 1872-74 he
was musical collaborator on the 'Rus-
sian News,' but composition absorbed
his attention more and more, while
the publisher, Jurgenson, accepted his
works on N. Rubinstein's recommenda-
tion. His first published work was
the Scherzo and Impromptu for piano,
op, 1. His first orchestral composition
to be performed was the 'Dances of
the Hay Women' under Johann Strauss
in Pavlovsk, 1865, while the first im-
portant successful work was the 'Ro-
meo and Juliet' overture (1869). He
resigned his conservatory position in
1877 and thereafter devoted himself
entirely to composition. In the same
year he married, but separated from
his wife after a few weeks. He was
at this time fortunate in having the
patronage of Mme. von Meek, a wealthy
admirer, who gave him a pension of
6000 rubles a year. For short periods
he lived on her various estates, at
other times In Italy, in Switzerland, at
his country place in Maidanovo near
Klin, in St. Petersburg, and in Mos-
cow. He began to appear as concert
conductor in 1887, gradually overcom-
ing an extraordinary shyness and fear
of publicity. He conducted concerts
In Moscow, St. Petersburg, Leipzig,
Hamburg, Berlin, Prague, Paris, Lon-
don, Cologne, etc., and in 1891 visited
New York for the dedication of the
new Carnegie Music Hall. During 1892-
93 he visited Vienna, Prague, Paris,
Brussels, Odessa, Kharkoff and Lon-
don, and at Cambridge Univ. received
the title of Mus. Doc. His last ap-
pearance was in St. Petersburg, 9 days
before his death, conducting his 6th
Symphony. He received an honorary
allowance of 3000 rubles from the
Czar from 1888. His greatest con-
tributions to music are his orchestral
works, particularly his symphonies,
symphonic poems, suites and overtures,
while his operas, mostly on native
national subjects, are little known out-
side of Russia. His piano concerto in
B-flat is one of the most effective
modem works of its class, and his
solo piano pieces (belonging in the
better class of salon music) are melo-
dically spontaneous and original in
harmony. His string quartet is one
of the most popular In the modern
repertoire. His works include the fol-
lowing :

Fob orchestba: 6 symphonies (I. G
maj., op. 13; II. C min., op. 17; III.
D maj., op. 29; IV. F. min., op. 36;
V. E min., op. 64; VI. B min. IPa-
thitique}, op. 74), the 'Manfred' sym-
phony, op. 58; 6 orch. suites (I. op. 43;
II. op. 53; III. op. 55; IV. 'Mozartiana,'
op. 61; V. from 'The Sleeping Beauty,'

Tschaikowsky

op. 66a; VI. from Casse-Noisette, op.
71a), Italian Caprlccio, op. 45; gtlins
serenade, op. 48; oyertures in F mal.
(MS.), E min. (MS.), to 'The Voyevode'
(destroyed opera), op. 3, 'Danish,' op.
15, '1812,' op. 49, 'The Storm' (to
Ostrovsky's drama, posth.), op. 76; the
ov»ture-fantasies 'Romeo and Juliet'
(1870) and 'Hamlet,' op. 67a; the fan-
tasies 'The Tempest,' op. 18, 'Francesca
da Rimini,' op. 32; symphonic poem
•Fatum' (1868, score destroyed, but re-
constructed after his death as op. 77) ;
symphonic ballade 'The Voyevode' (de-
stroyed, but later pub. as op. 78) ;
Marche slave, op. 31, 'Coronation
March,' 'March of the Law Students'
(1885), 'Military March,' Elegy for
string orch. (1884, later Interpolated in
the 'Hamlet' miisic, op. 67b) ; 3 piano
concertos (op. 23, 44, 75) ; a piano fan-
tasia with orch. (op. 56) ; violin con-
certo (op. 35) ; caprlccio for 'cello with
orch. (op. 62).

Chamber music: String sextet en-
titled Souvenir de Florence (op. 70) ; 3
string quartets (op. 11, 22, 30) ; a
trio (op. 50) ; variations for 'cello and
piano (op. . 33) : pieces for violin and
piano (op. 26, 34) ; many piano pieces.
Souvenir de Hapsal, 3 numbers, op.
2; Romance, op. 5; 3 morceaux, op. 9;
2 morceaux, op. 10; 6 morceaux, op.
19; sonata, op. 37; 'The Seasons,' 12
character pieces, op. 37a; Kinder-
Album, 24 numbers, op. 39; 12 mor-
ceaux, op. 40; 6 do., op. 5l; 18 do.,
op. 72; sonata in C-sharp min. (pos-
thumous), op. 80; also an Impromptu-
Caprice (1885) Momento lirico. Im-
promptu, A maj., Valse-Scherzo No. 2,
etc., besides arrangements, 50 folk-
songs for piano 4 hands, the piano
score of A. Rubinstein's 'Ivan the Ter-
rible,' etc.

Dramatic works: 10 operas, 'The
Voyevode' (Moscow, 1868, later de-
stroyed for the most part) ; Undine
(1868, not prod., destroyed) ; Opritch-
nik (text by T., Moscow, 1874), 'Vakula
Oie Smith,' op. 14 (prize of the Imp.
Russian Mus. Soc, 1875; revised as
Tcherevitchki, 4 acts, in 1885) ; 'Eugen
Onegin' ('lyric scenes,' text by T. after
Pushkin, 1877; prod. Moscow Cons,,
1879), 'The Maid of Orleans' (text by
T., St. Petersburg, 1881), 'Mazeppa'
(Moscow and St. Petersburg, 1884),
Tcharodjeika ('The Sorceress,' St. Pe-
tersburg, 1887), Pigue Dame (text by
Modest Tschaikowsky, St. Petersburg,
1890), 'Yolanthe' (text by Modest T.,
2 acts, St. Petersburg, 1892) ; 3 ballets,
Le lac des cygnes, op. 20 (Moscow,
1876), La belle au bois dormant, op.
66 (St. Petersburg, 1890), Le Casse-
noisette, op. 71 (ib., 1892) ; also music
to Ostrovsky's Snegourotchka for solo,
chor. and orch. (Moscow, 1873), to
'Hamlet' (14 pieces), to Ostrovsky's
'The False Dimitri and Vassily Shulsky'
(MS.), a melodrame to Ostrovsky's
Voyevode (MS.), recitatives, etc. to Au-

Tsphamuda

ber's 'Black Domino' and Mozart's
'Figaro.'

Vocal: 'Ode to Joy' (Schiller), for
chor. and orch. (1866, MS.), cantata
for the opening of the Polytechnic Ex-
position (1872, Ms.), Coronation Can-
tata (Moscow, 1883), 'Chorus of Insects'
from the unfinished opera Mandragora
(with orch.), 'Romeo and Juliet' for
sop. ten., and orch. (finished by Ta-
neieff), several a cappella choruses,
etc.; songs, op. 6, 16, 25, 27, 28, 38, 47,
54, 57, 60, 63, 65, 73, etc. (about 100
in all), 6 duets, op. 46; also church
music (liturgy of John Slatoust, op.
41 [15 pieces], op. 52 [17 pieces], 9
compositions for large chorus [1885]
and hymns in honor of Saints Eyrill
and Methodius [1885]).

T. wrote a 'Harmony' (Moscow, 1870,
6th ed., 1897; English, 1900), 'Short
Treatise of Harmony' (2nd ed., 1895),
translated Gevaert's Traiti d'lnstru-
mentation (1866), Lobe's 'Catechism of
Music' (1870), the libretto of Mozart's
'Figaro,' etc., and edited the church
works of Bortniansky.

Ref.: For life and works see III. 52ff;
songs, V. 323fr; piano music, 331ff; vio-
lin music, 463f; chamber music, 553f,
561, 580; for orchestral music, VIII.
357ff; mus. ex., XIV. 18; portrait. III.
48, VIII. 358. For general references
see individual indexes.

TSCHEREPNIN, Nikolai Nikolale-
vich. See Tcherbpnine.

TSCHESNIKOFF. See Chesnikoff.

TSCHIRCH (1) Hermann (1808-
1829) : b. Lichtenau, d. Schmiedeberg;
noted organist. (2) Karl Adolf (1815-
1875): b. Lichtenau, d. Guben; pian-
ist and writer on the Neue Zeitschrift
fur Musik. (3) Friedrlcli ■Wllhelm
(1818-1892): b. Lichtenau, d. Gera;
studied in Bunzlau, and in the Ber-
lin Royal Institute for Church Music;
Musikdirektor in Liegnitz, Court Ea- .
pellmeister at Gera; toured the United
States on the invitation of various cho-
ral societies and gave concerts in New
York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Balti-
more, etc. He composed several choral
works with orch. (Eine Nacht auf dem
Meere, prize-crowned), a mass, an op-
era Meister Martin und seine Gesellen
(Leipzig, 1861), a concert-overture
'Niagara' and salon music for piano,
using the pseudonym Alexander Czer-
SEI. (4) Ernst tiebereclit (1819-
1854) : b. Lichtenau, d. Berlin ; theatre
conductor at Stettin, composer of un-
produced operas, orchestral works, and
an overture. (5) Heinricli Julius
(1820-1867): b. IHchtenau, d. Hirsch-
berg; pianist and composer of in-
structive piano compositions. (6)
Rudolf (1825-1872) : b. Lichtenau, d.
Berlin, as Royal Musikdirektor; founder
of the Markischer Zentral-Sangerbund
(1860) ; composer of band music.

TSCHXJDI. See Broadwood.

TSPHA9ITJDA, Indian goddess. Ret. :
X. 26.

236

Tua

TUA, Maria Fellcttlk, called Tere-
alna (wife of Count Franchey-Verney) :
pupil of Massart at the Conservatoire
(first prize) ; violin virtuoso known in
Europe and America.

TVBBS (1) Frank Herbert (1853-) :
b. Brighton, Mass.; studied music in
Boston, London and Italy (singing with
Manuel Garcia, E. Behnke, Shakespeare,
Sanglovannl and Lampertl) ; founder of
New York Vocal Institute, choirmaster
and writer of books and essays on the
voice. (2) Jamea: violin bow maker
in London, 1890.

TVCHXIR [anf Slmmelsdorf ], Gott-
lieb, Freiherr von (1798-1877): b.
Nuremberg, d. Munich; judicial coun-
cillor, writer on church music advo-
cating the revival of old a cappella mu-
sic; pub. Kirchengesange der berilhm-
testen alteren italienischen Meister,
gesammelt und Herrn von Beethoven
gewidmet (1827), etc.

TUCKXiRaiAN, Samuel Parbman
(1819-1890): b. Boston, d. Newport,
Rhode Island; organist at St. Paul's,
Boston; then studied church music in
England, Mus. Doc. (Lambeth-Grad of
Canterbury) ; returned to his post in
Boston, wrote church music and pub.
'Cathedral Chants' and 'Trinity Col-
lection of Church Music,' also collect-
ed a valuable musical library. Ref.:
VI. 497.

TTTCKEY, William (18th cent.):
Anglo-American composer of church
music, resident in New York, Ref.:
IV. 30, 37, 39f, 64f, 233.

TUCZKK (1) Vincens Vmiai (1755-
after 1820) : b. Prague, d. Pesth; at first
tenor, later ducal concert-master in
Sagan, Muslkdlrektor at the Breslau
Theatre, 1800, conductor at the Leo-
poldstadt Theatre in Vienna; composed
oratorios, cantatas, favorite dance mu-
sic, and over 30 Slngspiele for Prague,
Breslau, Vienna and Pesth (Lanassa,
1813). (2) [-Hebbenbubg], Iicopoldlne
(1821-1883): b. Vienna, d. Baden, near
there; coloratura singer In the Berlin
court opera; also sang dramatic roles.

TUDWAY, Tbomas (ca. 1660-1730) :
choir boy at the Chapel Royal, pro-
fessor of music at Cambridge, V05,
and again from 1707; composer of part-
songs; began a valuable collection of
old church music in MS., now in the
British Museum.

TTTFTS, [Rev.] John (18th cent):
early American teacher and collector
of psalm tunes. Ref.: TV. 27ff.

TTJI^OU (1) Jean Pierre (d. 1799):
professor of the bassoon at the Con-
servatoire and composer for his in-
stnmient. (2) Jean-Iionls (1786-1865):
b. Paris, d. Nantes; son of (1); cele-
brated flutist who received the first
prize at the age of 15; engaged at the
Italian opera, and in 1813 the Grand
Op^ra In Paris; for a time in Royal
disgrace, then again engaged as first
flutist at the Opdra and professor at
the Conservatoire. He composed about

Tiirk

100 pieces for the flute (concertl, va-
riations, duets, trios, etc.).

TUMA, Franz (1704-1774): b. Kos-
telec, Bohemia, d. Vienna; pupil of
Czernohorsky and J. J. Fux; composer
for the gamba, on which he was a
virtuoso; also wrote church music (30
masses, 2 of which are highly praised
by Ambros) and instrumental works.

TUNDBR, Franz (1614-1667): or-
ganist at Liibeck; predecessor and
father-in-law of Buxfehude; pupil of
Frescobaldi in Rome; composer of
solo-cantatas and choruses; also cho-
rale arrangements in tablature.

TUNDSTEDE (or Dnnstede), Si-
mon ([?]-1369): b. Norwich, d. Bru-
zard, SuCfolk, as prior of the Fran-
ciscan order; regens chori of Francis-
can monastery in Oxford; wrote Oe
Quatuor principalibus musicae (re-
printed in Coussemaker's Scriptores).

TUOTIIiO (or Tntilo) (10th cent.):
monk at St. Gall about A. D. 900 ; com-
poser of the Christmas trope Hodie
cantandus est nobis puer, the begin-
ning of the Christmas plays.

TUBA, Gennaro det contemporary
tenor in Milan, Europe, and with Ham-
merstein's London opera company.

TURGKNIEFF, Russian novelist.
Ref.: n. 238; III. 40, 108, 110; IX. 388f,
411; X. 104, 155f, 171.

TURIN A, Joaquin: contemp. Span-
ish opera composer (Fea e con Gracia,
1905). Ref.: IX. 478.

TURINI (1) Gresorlo (ca. 1560-ca.
1600) : b. Brescia, d. Prague ; Imperial
court cornet virtuoso in Prague; cbm-

?osed Cantiones for 4 equal voices
1589), 4-part canzonets, and Teutsche
Lieder nach Art der Welschen Vil-
lanellen mit U Stimmen. (2) Fran-
cesco (ca. 1589-1656): b. Prague, d.
Brescia; son of (1); organist at the
Prague Imperial court, and at the ca-
thedral of Brescia; composer of masses,
motets, madrigals (3 books, the third
for 3 voices, 2 violins and bass, 1629,
in which is Included the madrigal
Mentre vag' Angioletta, a remarkable
chamber cantata in which virtuoso
singing Is parodied). Ref.: I. 368; VII.
475.

TORK, Daniel Gottlob (1750-1813) :
b. Claussnltz, near Chemnitz, d. Halle;
studied at the Dresden Ereuzschule and
Leipzig Univ., pupil of Homilius and
J. A. Hiller, became proficient on the
violin, organ and nearly all wind in-
struments, cantor at Halle, where he
became teacher in the gymnasium and
Muslkdlrektor at the University, also or-
ganist at the Llebfrauenkirche. Among
his pupils was Karl Loewe. T. wrote
an oratorio, 18 piano sonatas, 18 sona-
tinas, piano pieces and songs; also
MS. pieces for organ and piano, sym-
phonies and songs. He wrote KlavieT~
schule (1789), Kleines Lehrbuch fur
Anf anger im Klavierspielen (1792), Von
den wichtigsten Pflichten eines Or-
ganisten, etc. (1787), Kurze Anweisuag

237

Tnrle

zum GeneTalbassspielen (1791, rev.
1800, etc.) and Anleitung zu Tempera-
turberechnnngen (1806).

TITRIiE:, James (1802-1882): b.
Somerton, d. London; organist and
choirmaster at Westminster Abbey, di-
rector of the Ancient Concerts, 1840-43,
teacher and composer of church mu-
sic; pub. 'The People's Song Book'
■with E. Taylor, also 'Sacred Music'
(1848). His brother, Robert (1804-
1877) and his cousin, WUIiain Tann-
ton (b. 1795), were both organists.

TTJHX.EY, Johann Tobias (1773-
1829) : b. Treuenbrletzen, Branden-
burg, d. there; builder of organs.

TTJRBiTER, (1) William (1652-1739-
40): b. Oxford, d. London; Royal
chapel singer, vicar choral at St. Paul's,
lay vicar at Westminster; Mus. D.,
Cambridge, 1696; wrote anthems, serv-
ices, etc. (2) Alfred DndleT (1854-
1888); b. St. Albans, Me., d. there;
pianist, teacher and composer.

TTJRIVHOUT (1) Gerard de (cor-
rectly Gheert Jacques, called T.) (ca.
1520-1580) : b. Turnhout, d. Madrid;
singer (1545), master of the Confririe
de la Vierge (1562), and conductor
(1563) at Antwerp Cathedral, where
he restored organ, library, etc., which
suffered from the vandalism of 1566;
conductor to King Philip II at Madrid
from 1572. He pub. 4- to 5-part mo-
tets (1568), 3-part motets and chan-
sons (1569), a collection of xnasses by
various authors, including one (No.
6) by himself (1570), and other works
in collections. (2) Jean de (correctly
Jean Jacques) (late 16th-early 17th
cent.) ; son of (1) ; conductor to Duke
Alex. Famese, governor of the Neth-
erlands, in Brussels, 1586; second,
then (1618) first conductor of the royal
chapel there; composer of 6-part
madrigals (1589) ; 5-part madrigals
(1595), and 5- to 8-part motets (1594).

TITRPIX, Edmnnd Hart (1835-
1907) : b. Nottingham, d. London,
where he was organist and secretary
of the Organists' School; editor of the
Musical Standard, composer of vocal
works and organ pieces. Ref.: VI. 493.

TURTSHAJflNOFF, Peter Ivano-
Ttcli (1779-1856) : b. St. Petersburg, d.
there; church chorister who became a
pupil of Sarti; priest choral regent
of the Metropolitan; singing teacher

Tzartb

of the court choir, 1827, high priest
at various churches. He harmonized
the old melodies of the church books
in an individual manner (cantus ftrmus
in the alto, tenor or bass). His own
compositions (pub. In 4 vols.) con-
tain 15 3-part vocal pieces, canons.
Cherubim songs, etc.

TUTKOVSKI, Nikolai Apollono-
vltch (1857- ) : b. Lipovetz, Govt.
Kleff; pianist, teacher of piano, pro-
fessor of musical history at the St.
Petersburg Cons, and since 1893 di-
rector of his own music school in
Kieff; composer of a symphony, other
orchestral pieces and songs; pub. a
Russian 'Harmony' (1905).

TYE, Christopher ([?]-1572); Eng-
lish divine, organist and composer;
Mus. Doc, Cambridge, 1545; professor
of music at Oxford, 1548, and priest
at Newton and Doddington cum March
(to 1570). He pub. 'The Acts of the
Apostles,' etc. (1553), being a setting
of the first 2 verses of each of the
first 14 chapters of the Book of the
Apostles; also anthems and other sa-
cred vocal works pub. in collections
(Page's Harmonica sacra, Boyce's 'Ca-
thedral Music,' etc.) ; also a MS. Pas-
sion according to St. John. Ret.: I.
305; VI. 98, 448. 475.

TYIiMAN (or Tilman, Tielman,
Thieleman), Snsato: music printer
and composer, Antwerp, in the 16th
century.

TYNDAIili, John (1820-1893): b.
Ireland, d. Surrey; professor of physics
at the Royal Institution, London;
wrote, among his other scientific
works, 'Sound, a Course of 8 Lectures,'
etc. (1867, 3rd ed. 1875, also transl.
into German and French), and- 'On
the Transmission of Sound by the
Atmosphere' (1874).

TYRT^aSUS. Ref.: I. 118.

TZARTH (Czarth, Zarth), Georg
(1708-1778) : b. Hochten, near Deutsch-
brod, Bohemia, d. Mannheim ; went to
Warsaw with Benda, entered the court
orchestra of the Crown Prince Fried-
rich at Rheinsberg. He became a mem-
ber of the Mannheim Orchestra in
1758; esteemed as violinist and com-
poser for his Instniment. He wrote
violin concertos, sonatas, trios, soli,
also symphonies, few of which were
printed.

238

tJ

trbaldaEl

ITBAIiDUS. See Hucbald.

UBER (1) Christian Benjamin

(1746-1812) : b. Breslau, d. there as
state's attorney, etc.; noted as musi-
cal amateur who wrote an operetta,
Clarisse; music to the comedy Der
Volontar; cantata Deukalion und
Pyrrha; several divertimentos, con-
certinos, etc.; piano sonatas, a sere-
nade, and a quintet. (2) Frledrich
Chrlatlan Hermann (1781-1822): b.
Breslau, d. Dresden; son of (1); stud-
ied law in Halle and music under
Tiirk; became chamber-musician to
Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia;
opera-conductor at Cassel and May-
ence; from 1818 cantor and Musikdi-
rektor of the Kreuzkirche, Dresden.
He wrote Les Marins, opSra-comique;
Der falsche Weber, intermezzo (Cassel,
1808) ; Der frohe Tag, opera (Mayence,
1915); music to various dramas; an
oratorio. Die letzten Worte des ErlS-
sers; cantatas, a violin concerto, Ger-
man and French songs, etc. (3) Alex-
ander (1784-1824) : b. Breslau, d.
Carolath, Silesia; 'cellist; conductor to
Prince von Schonaich-Carolath ; pub.
a 'cello concerto, variations for 'cello
with orch., caprices and other 'cello
pieces; a septet for clarinet, horn, and
strings; variations for wind instru-
ments and songs.

tfBEULtlE, Adelbert (1837-1897) :
b. Berlin, d. Charlottenberg ; organ-
ist. Royal Musikdirektor ; composer of
an opera, 2 oratorios, a Requiem, a
Stabat Mater, piano pieces and songs.

UBERTI (Hubert), Antonio (1697
[?]-1783): b. Verona, d. Berlin; so-
pranist; 'star pupil' of Porpora, hence
called *11 Porporino'; was in the serv-
ice of Frederick the Great at Berlin
from 1741.

rrCCELIillVI, Don Marco I maestro
to the Duke of Modena; prod, operas
at Florence (1673) and Naples (1677);
pub. Sonate, sinfonie, concertt, arte,
and canzoni, in 1 to 4 parts, for strings
and continuo (1639-49). Ref.: VII. 385.
. TTDBYB, Martin Andreas (1820-) :
b. Drontheim; organist and composer;
studied music with Hauptmann and
Becker in Leipzig; returned to Dron-
theim to become organist; composed
an operetta, an opera, organ pre-
ludes, works for piano and 'cello, 3
string quartets, 2 cantatas, male cho-
ruses, and pub. a 3-part Song Book
(166 songs for equal voices).

239

ttiig

ITGALiDE:, DelpUne (n^e BeancC)
(1829-1910): b. Paris, d. there; so-
prano in the Op^ra, Opira-Comique and
Theatre Lyrique; undertook the direc-
tion of the Bouffes-Parisiens in 1866,
and performed leading roles in operas
of Offenbach. She herself composed
one opera, La halte au moulin, and has
taught distinguished pupils, among
them her daughter, Mabgueiute U., and
Marie Sass.

ITGBAIiDUS. See Hvcbald.

ITGOIilNI (1) Baccio (14th cent.) :
Italian singer who took the part of
Orpheus in Poliziano's drama (with
music, 1474). Ref.: I. 326. (2) Vln-
cenzo (16th-17th cent.) : pupil of B.
Nanini ; composer of the Roman School ;
maestro di cappella Santa Maria Mag-
giore, Rome, aTso at other churches,
and from 1620 at St. Peter's, Rome. His
works, written in the Palestrina style,
include 5-part madrigals (1615), 1- to
4-part motets with continuo, 8- to 12-
part masses and psalms. He was the
teacher of Beuevoli. (3) Blazio (18th
cent.) : Venetian priest, author of The-
saurus caitiquitatum sacrum, etc. (34
folio vols., 1744-69), dealing with the
music of the Hebrews.

UGOIilNO DB ORVIETO (ca.
1400) : priest at Ferrara ; musical the-
oretician, who wrote De mnsica mensu-
rata (MS. in Vie Casanatensi Library,
Rome) .

TTHIi, Xldmnnd (1853- ): b.
Prague: organist, teacher and critic.
He studied at the Leipzig Conservatory
with Richter, Reinecke, Jadassohn and
Wenzel; taught at Wiesbaden Conser-
vatory; became music critic of the
Rheinische Courier. He has written
chamber music, an opera, 3 Slavic in-
termezzi for orchestra, a romanza for
violin with orchestra, a prelude to
Hauptmann's 'Simken Bell,' and piano
pieces and songs.

UHIiAXD, liUdvrlst 19th cent. Ger-
man poet. Ref.i n. 223, 291; VI. 166,
212, ^9; VIL 252.

VHIilG, Theodor (1822-1853): b.
Wurzen, near Leipzig, d, Dresden;
studied in Dessau under Schneider;
violinist in Royal Orchestra, Dresden,
from 1845; author of 2 theoretical
books and another on the misprints
in Beethoven's symphony scores; left
84 compositions. Including chamber
music, Singspiele, symphonies, etc.
His correspondence with Wagner, pub-

tTblrich

lished in 1888 and translated Into
English 2 years later. Is Interesting
because of his change from bitter op-
position to support of the Wagnerian
principles.

UHLRICH, Karl Wllhelm (1815-
1874) : b. Leipzig, d. Stendal ; member
of the Gewandhaus orchestra, concert-
master at Magdeburg and court con-
cert-master In Sondershausen, where he
helped to bring the Loh concerts into
high repute.

UJJ, Bela von (1875- ): b. Vi-
enna; blind composer of an opera,
prod. 1897, and 6 operettas, produced
at Vienna and at Graz. Another op-
era, Frajifois Villon, is awaiting
production.

niilBICHEiFF, Alexandre Diml-
trieTltch. (1794-1858) : b. Dresden, d.
Mlshnlj-Novgorod ; Russian diplomat
at various European courts, editor of
Journal de St. Petersbourg, 1812-30;
author of a biography of Mozart, Nou-
velle biographte de Mozart, suivie d'un
aperfu sur I'histoire ginirale de la
mnsique (4 vols. 1844, transl. into
German, 2nd ed. 1859), which con-
tained an antagonistic criticism of
Beeihoveh, and called forth a polemic
by Lenz.

IJLiI/BIAlVlV, Bernard (19th cent.):
American operatic limpresarlo, asso-
ciated with M. Strakosch. Ref.: IV.
132f.

17IiRICH (1) Hugo (1827-1872); b.
Oppeln, Silesia, d. Berlin; studied
wlUi Mosewlus In Breslau and Dehn
in Berlin; taught composition at the
Stem Conservatory, Berlin, then en-
gaged In editorial work for publishers;
composer of a piano trio, and an un-
finished opera, 'cello sonata, string
quartet and 3 symphonies (including
the Sgmphonie Triomphale, the winner
of the Brussels Academy prize in 1853).
(2) Bernhard (1880- ) : b. Hassel-
felde (Harz) ; studied musical theory
and musical science In Leipzig and
voice culture with George Amlm; Dr.
phil. with Die Grnndsatze der Stimm-
bildung wahrend der A-cappella-Periode
und zur Zeit des Aufkommens der
Oper; also wrote on vocal method in
various journals; was professor of
artistic singing and musical history in
the Rlemann Cons, in Danzig, and then
became head of his own Schola ean-
torum in Berlin, where he was also
active as concert baritone.

rXYSSBS. Ref.: X. 52.

ITBIBRBIT, Karl GottUeb (1763-
1829) : b. Rehstedt, near Amstadt, d.
there; for thirty-flve years a distin-
guished organist at Sonnenborn near
Gotha; composer of church music, cho-
rales and organ pieces. He pub. an
Allgemeines Choralbuch for the Prot-
estant church (332 4-part chorales, with
an introduction, 1811) and other col-
lections.

VHHjAW (1) Ignaz (1756-1796): b.
Vienna, d. there; musical director of

Tpton

the German opera in Vienna, where he
produced his Singsplele, Die Bergknap-
pen, for the opening of the National
Slngsplel Theatre, 1788; also Die
Apotheke, Das Irrlicht, etc.; also wrote
a very popular romanza, Za Steffen
sprach im Traume; associated with
Sallerl. Ref.: II. 106; IX. 83. (2)
Micbael (1781-1842): b. Vienna, d.
there; son of (1) ; violinist in the Vi-
enna German Opera, then substitute
conductor and, after the death of Welgl,
conductor of the German Opera; wrote
a Slngsplel, an opera, 6 ballets, church
music, piano music, a violin sonata,
etc.; he conducted Beethoven's concerts
during the master's deafness.

UMIiAUFT, Paul (1853- >! b.
Meissen; won the Mozart scholarship
at the Leipzig Conservatory (1879-83) ;
has written vocal pieces, Agandecca,
for male chorus, soli and orchestra,
and a one-act opera, Evanthia, prod, at
Gotha, 1893 (prize-crowned), and an-
other opera, Betrogene BetrUger (Cas-
sel, 1899).

rriVGElR (1) Joliann Frledrlch
(1716-1781); b. Brunswick, d. there;
Invented a machine attached to the
piano to record whatever is played
upon it (described by himself, 1774).
He claimed priority over a similar in-
vention by the mechanic Hahlfeld
(1752). (2) Caroline (1803-1877): b.
Stuhlwelssenburg, Hungary, d. near
Florence; operatic soprano; studied in
Vienna and with Ronconi in Milan;
made her d^but In Vienna in Cosi fan
tutte; sang in Italy, France and Vi-
enna, where she was a friend of
Beethoven. In 1840 she married Saba-
tier and soon after retired. (3) Georg
(1837-1887) : b. Leipzig, d. there; tenor;
made his d^but in Leipzig, 1867; sang
in Cassel, Zurich, Bremen, Mannheim,
etc., and was chosen by Wagner to cre-
ate Siegfried (Bayreuth, 1876), which
role he sang in Bayreuth and else-
where with good success.

ITirGHElR-SABATIBR. See Ungeb
(2).

UNTERSTBINBR, Alfredo (1859-) ;
b. Rovereto, South Tyrol; studied
law and music in Innsbruck; musical
historian in Meran; author of a Storia
delta masica (2nd ed. 1902), Storia del
violino e delta masica di violino (1904)
and contribution to the Milan Gaxetta
mnsicale.

'UFHAM, J. Baxter: patron of mu-
sic, president of Boston Music Hall
Association (1855-1884) and of Handel
and Haydn Society (1860-1870).

VFTOX, George Putnam (1835-) :
b. Boston, Mass.; music critic on Chica-
go journals ('Native Citizen,' 'Journal,'
'Tribune') since 1855 ; founded and was
the first president of the Apollo Club;
author of 'Woman in Music' (1880),
'Standard Operas' (1886), 'Standard
Oratorios' (1887), 'Standard Sympho-
(1889), 'Standard Light Operas'

240

(1902), 'Musical Pastels' (1902), 'Stand-

TTrbach

ard Concert Guide' (1908), 'Standard
Concert Repertory* (1909), also a biog-
raphy of Theodore Thomas (1905) and
one of E. Rem^nyi (1906).

TJRBACH, Otto (1871- ): b. Ei-
senach; studied with Muller-Harting,
Stavenhagen, Scholz, Knorr, Humper-
dlnck, Draeseke and Kllndworth; pfono
teacher at Dresden Conservatory since
1898 (Royal professor, 1911) ; com-
poser of a comic opera, Der MiXlleT
von Sanssonci (Frankfort, 1896), a
string quartet, an overture, etc.

URBAN (1) Christian (1778-after
1825): b. Elbing; town musician there
and in Berlin, then municipal musical
director in Danzig, theorist and com-
poser of one opera and music for
Scliiller's Brant von Messina. (2)
Helnrlcb (1837-1901): b. Berlin, d.
there; teacher and composer; studied
with Ries, Laub, Hellmann; teacher of
S. Ochs and Faderewski, etc., at the
Eullak Academy. His compositions
consist of a symphony, 3 overtures, a
fantasy, a violin concerto, violin pieces,
songs, etc. (3) Frledrlcli JnllnB
(1838- ) : b. Berlin; brdther of Hein-
rich (2) ; pupil of Ries, Hellmann (vio-
lin), Grell (theory), Elssler and Man-
tius (singing) ; singing teacher in Ber-
lin, author of Kunst des Gesanges;
composer of sacred and secular songs.

URBAN III., Pope. Ref.: IX. 22.

URBANEJK, Jan: b. Slanin, Bohe-
mia, 1809; violinist and conductor;
studied with Pixis at Prague Cons.,
became concert-master at tiie Eonig-
stadt Theatre, Berlin.

URBANI. See Valentini (3).

URHAN, Chretien (1790-1845); b.
Montjoie, near Aachen, d. Paris; violin
pupil of his father, self-taught in piano
and composition until, patronized by
Empress Josephine, he became a pupil
of Leseuer. He entered the orchestra
of the Op£ra in 1816, where In 1831
he became violin soloist. His skill
with unusual string instruments led
to Meyerbeer's writing for him the
viola d'amour solo of the 'Huguenots.'
He also played in the Concerts du Con-
servatoire, Baillot's Quartet (as viola
player) and Fetis' Concerts Historiques.
He added a low c string to the violin,
thus gaining the range of the viola in
addition to that of the violin iViolon-
alto, cf. WoLDBMAa). His compositions
include 2 'Romantic Quintets' tor string
instruments, a quintet for 3 violas,
'cello and bass, piano pieces and songs.

URIO, Francesco Antonio (ca.
1660-after 1690): b. Milan; in 1690
a Franciscan monk in Rome and
maestro di cappella of the Church of
the Twelve Apostles there, later of
the Frarl in Venice; composer of a
Te Deum (edited and published, 1871),

Untenilal

from which Handel borrowed themes
in his 'Dettingen Te Deum,' 'Saul,'
'Israel In Egypt' and 'L' Allegro'; wrote
also motets, Psalmi concertate a 3 v.
conviolint, an oratorio, etc.

URIiUS, Jacqaest a contemporary
German tenor; sang at Leipzig Stadt-
theater, Boston Opera, the Metropolitan
Opera House, New York, etc., espe-
cially successful in heroic Wagner
roles (Siegfried, etc.). Ref.: TV. 155.

UR^UHART, Thomas: London
maker of flutes and violins in the
reign of Charles 11.

URSIIiliO, Fablo (called FiBib)
(18th cent.) : virtuoso on the archiliuto
(bass lute) in Rome; composer of trio
sonatas (2 violins and continuo or
flute, violin and continuo), concerti
grossi, etc. (pub. in Amsterdam and
London).

URSO, Camilla (1842-1902) : b. Nan-
tes, France, d. New York; studied with
Massart, made world tours as a virtu-
oso, and became the wife of F. Luire;
toured America first with Sontag and
Albonl, later alone, and did much to
further the study of the violin on the
part of American girls.

URSFRUCH, Anton (1850-1907): b.
Frankfort, d. uiere; pianist and com-
poser; studied with Lachner, Wallen-
stein, Raff and Liszt; taught the piano
at Hoch and Raff conservatories in
Frankfort; composed a piano sonata,
a piano concerto, variations and fugue
on a theme by Bach for 2 pianos, a
piano quartet, a trio, choruses, 2 op-
eras, Der Sturm (1888) and Das
Vnmdglichste von Allem (Earlsruhe,
1897). Ref.: K. 429, 497.

URSUS. See Bahb.

USANDIZAGA, K.: contemporary
Spanish composer; pupil of Vincent
d'Indy in Paris; prod, the opera Las
Coloudrinas (Madrid, 1914), etc. Ref.:
III. 407; IX. 478.

USIGIilO. Elmllio (1841-1910): b.
Parma, d. Milan; operatic composer.

UTBNDALi, Alexander ([?]-1581):
b. Flanders, d. Innsbruck; Eapellmeis-
ter to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
at Innsbruck; composed 7 psalmt
poenitentiales (1570), 3 books of mo-
tets (in 5 and more parts, 1570-77),
3 5- to 6-part masses. Magnificats,
also secular part-songs (German and
French) and organ pieces.

UTTINI, Francesco Antonio Bar-
telomeo (1723-1795): b. Bologna, d.
Stockholm; court conductor there;
composer of Italian and French operas,
also Swedish (first to employ that lan-
guage tn opera: Thetis och Peleus, 1773,
and Aline, 1776) ; also an oratorio,
Gittditta (1742), and music to Racine's
Athalie and Iphiginie.

UUTBNDAIi, Alex. See Utendal.

241

Vacaresco

VACARESCO, Helen: Bumanlan
collector of folk-songs. Be/.: V. 81.

VACCAI. NlecolS (1790-1848): b.
Tolentino, Papal States, d. Pesaro;
studied counterpoint with Jannaconl at
Borne, and dramatic composition with
Paeslello at Naples, where he produced
his first opera, / solitari di Scozia, In
1815. Unsuccessful as a composer, he
became a singing teacher, but neverthe-
less brought out 16 operas to 1845. Of
these Giulieita e Romeo (Milan, 1825)
made the rounds of Italian theatres and
its third act was generally substituted
for that of Bellini's Capuleti e Montec-
cht As a teacher his fame grew apace.
Active successively in Trieste, Vienna,
Paris and London (1832) he returned to
Italy in 1838 as professor of composi-
tion at the Milan Cons, and censor, re-
tiring to Pesaro in 1844. V. also wrote
4 ballets, cantatas, and church music;
also vocal duets, arias, and romances.
With Coppola, Donizetti, Mercadante
and Pacini he wrote a funeral cantata
for Malibrau; and he pub. the cele-
brated Metodo pTatico di canto italiano
per camera, and 12 ariette per cam^era,
per I'insegnamenio del bel canto itali-
ano. Ref.: II. 196; IX. 155.

VACCARI, FmngoUi (1775-after
1823) : b. Modena, d. Portugal ; violin-
virtuoso; a 'wonder-child,' who after
three years of study under Nardini
began his concert career at the age of
13" at Mentone. He was linown in all
the large Italian cities, during 1804-8
played in the Spanish court band, and
travelled extensively in Germany, Eng-
land and France. His compositions con-
sist only of medleys and variations of
well-known tunes for violin and piano.

VACHBR (liEIVACHER), Pierre
Jean (1772-1819): b. Paris, d. there;
pupil of Monin and Viotti; violinist
and conductor at Bordeaux during the
French Bevolutlon, later at the Paris
ThMtre du Vaudeville and Theatre Fey-
deau; still later violinist at the Op^ra.
He wrote airs and trios, since pub-
lished by Nadermann, Gaveaux and
others.

VACHON, Pierre (1731-1802) : b.
Aries, d. Berlin; pupil of Chabran, vio-
linist distinguished in France, England
and Germany; conductor for the Prince
of Contl and (1784-1798) to the German
Emperor, composer of operas and
chamber music, quartets, trios, sonatas,
etc.

Valente

VACaTTBRAS, Beltrame (15th
cent.) : singer at St. Peter's, 1481, two
years later at the papal cbapel, where
he sang until 1507; composer, of whose
works one chanson and one motet were
printed by Petrucci (1501, 1503) and
Glarean (1547) ; while many masses and
motets are preserved in MS. in the
papal chapel archives.

VADB, Jean Josepb (1720-1759): b.
Ham, d. Paris; one of the first poets
for the French vaudeville in its in-
fancy (Les troqneurs by Dauvergne,
1753, etc.).

VAET, Jacqnes ([?]-1567): d. Vi-
enna; Kapellmeister to Maximilian II;
Flemish contrapuntist who wrote Moda-
lationes 5 vocum (1562) ; 25 motets in
Joannelll's Novns thesaurus; other mo-
tets, chansons, etc., pub. in Tylman
Susato's Ecclesiasticae cantiones (1553),
Montan-Neuber's Evangelien-Sammlung
(1554-56) and Thesaurus musicus
(1564), etc.

VAIi, Francois dn (or Duval)
(d. Paris, 1738): violinist at court of
Louis XlV; distinguished as the first
French composer to introduce the
Italian style of violin sonata, with
basso continuo. He wrote 6 books of
these compositions, the earliest pub-
lished in 1704, the sixth in 1718. Copies
of all six are extant in the Bibllotheque
Natlonale in Paris.

VAIiBEKE, liOd-tvIg van (12th-13th
cent.) : organist in Brabant, said to have
Invented organ pedals ca. 1300. Ref.:
VI. 403.

VAIiDRIGHI, liUlgl Francesco,
Conte (1837-1899): b. Modena, d. there;
collector of old musical Instruments,
presented to the museum of his birth-
place; author of Ricerche sulla Mteria
et violineria Modenese antica e modema
(1878), also Nomocheliurgografla antica
e moderna (1884, supplements, 1888,
1894), a continuation of Gandlni's
Cronistoria del teatri di Modena (with
G. Ferrari-Moreni, 1873) ; pub. a col-
lection of monographs on Modena mu-
sicians under the collective title Musur-
glana, also studies on / Bononcini di
Modena (1884), the Phagotus of Afranio,
etc., in the memoirs of the Modena
Academy, of which he was an honorary
member, as also of the St. Cecilia Acad-
emy of Bome.

VAL.ENTE (1) Antonio (16th cent.) :
Neapolitan organist whose blindness
caused him to be sumamed il cieco;

242

Talentla

composer, pub. Versi spiritaali sopra
tntte le note con diverso Canoni spartiti
per suonar negli organi (1580). (2)
Vlncenzo (1855- ) : b. Corlgllano,
near Cosenza; composer of 5 Italian
operettas and of popular songs (can-
zonettl) .

VALBNTIN (nie PIcMer), Caro-
line (1855- ): b. Frankfort; vocal
pupil of Gustav Gunz at the Hoch
Cons.; -wrote on unknown letters of
Leopold and W. A. Mozart, letters of
BeethoTen and Frankfort musical his-
tory. Her largest work was Geschichte
der Musik in Frankfort a. M. vom An-
fange des U. bis ziim Anfange des IS.
Jahrhunderts (1906).

VAIiEINTINE, Gwendoline (ballet
dancer). Ref.: X. 206.

VAtENTINI (1) Giovanni (17th
cent.) : court organist to Emperor Fer-
dinand in Vienna, distinguished as or-
gan teacher, composer of church mu-
sic (masses. Magnificats, a Stabat Mater,
etc., in MS.) ; pub. 6-part motets (1611),
5 books of madrigals for 3-11 voices
with instruments; Musiche a 2 voci col
basso per organo (1622), etc. His so-
natas (4- to 5-part), preserved in MS.
in Cassel, are remarkable for their bold
harmony. (2) Fier E^ancesco (ca.
1570-1654) : d. Rome; composer of the
Roman School, pub. a canon over the
words of the Salve Regina with 2,000
possible resolutions, besides other can-
ons, 2 favoli (operas) with inter-
mezzi. La Mitra and La transforma-
zione di Dafne (1654) ; also left 2 books
of 5-part madrigals with continuo ad
lib. (1654), 2 books of motets (1 voice
with instruments) and several books of
canzonetti, canzont, litanies and other
sacred music; also wrote theoretical
works (MSS., Rome). (3) Valentino
TJrbant: artificial concert and operatic
contralto (later high tenor) ; sang in
London, 1707-15. (4) Giuseppe (b.
1681, probably in Rome) ; violinist in
Bologna and (1735) at the Florentine
court; composer of 12 sinfonie a 3
(2 violins and continuo), 1701, 7 Rizar-
rerie per camera a 3 (do.), 12 Fantasie
(do.), 8 Idee da camera a violino solo
e violoncello, 12 Suonate da camera for
violin and bass, etc.

VALERIANO, Cavallere Valeriano
Pelllgrlni (18th cent.) : distinguished
counter-tenor of the Court of the Elec-
tor Palatine, who during the season of
1712-13 sang in London opera.

VAIiEJRIirS, Adrlanns (17th cent.-
1625) : b. Middelburg, d. Veer; pub.
Nederlandtsche Gedenck-Clanck, a col-
lection of songs in tablature (Haarlem,
1626).

VAI/BSI (correctly WalUshanser),
Johann Evangelist (1735-1811): b.
Unterhattenhofen, Bavaria, d. Munich;
pupil of Camerloher there; court singer
of the Prince-Bishop of Freising, sang
in Amsterdam, Brussels, and in Mu-
nich, where he was Ducal chamber
singer; also sang in opera in Italy,

243

Valverde

Prague and Dresden. From 1778 he
sang only in Munich, where he was
also much sought as teacher (among
his pupils being Adamberger and
Weber). His son Joseph (1778-1897)
and his daughters, Magdalena, Anna,
Thekia, and Crescentia, were all noted

VALBTTA, IppoUto. See Fran-
CHi-Vesney.

VALLB, Fletro delta (1586-1652):
studied with the best Roman masters
from his seventh year; wrote church
music, including a Tantam ergo a 12
voci, and wrote a remarkable Discorso
delta Mnsica dell'etA nostra (1640),
which G. B. Doni pub. in his famous
Trattato delta Musica scenica (repub.
by A. Solerti in Le origini del Melo-
dramma, 1903). Ref.: IX. 13 (foot-
note).

[del] VAIiLB DK PAZ. Bdgar
Samuel (1861- ) : b. Alexandria,
Egypt; pupil of the Naples Conserva-
tory, pianist, teacher of pianoforte at
the Real Instituto muslcale, Florence,
founder and editor (till 1914) of La
naova musica, composer of symphonic
suites, a piano sonata, one opera,
Oriana (Florence, 1907), pianoforte
pieces, progressive 'solfeggi' for 4
hands, and a Scuola pratica del piano-
forte.

VAIiliBRIA, Alvrlna (A. V. liob-
mann Schoenlng) b. Baltimore,
Maryland, 1848) : studied at the Royal
Academy of Music in London and later
with Arditi; operatic soprano (1871-
.86) in Russia, Italy, England and

VALIiET, Nicolas (early 17th cent.) :
publisher of Het Secret oft Gehegmnisse
der Musen (French, German and Eng-
lish songs, fantasies, preludes, etc., in
lute tablature, 1615), also 21 psalms of
David (in lute tablature, 1619), and Le
second livre de tablature de luth (1618,
2 parts).

VAIiliOTTI, Francesco Antonio
(1697-1780): b. Vercelll, d. Padua;
Franciscan monk, maestro di cappella
and organist at St. Anthony's Church,
Padua; a pupil of Caligari, and the
teacher of Abb£ Vogler and Sabbatlni.
In 1779 he issued the first of four vol-
umes of theory, Delia scienza teorica e
practica delta moderna musica, in
which he combatted the systems of
Rameau and Tartinl. Three unpub-
lished volumes of the same work In-
cluded a study of the scale, tempera-
ment, ecclesiastical and modem modes,
counterpoint and thorough-bass. His
system was explained in La vera idea
delle musicali numeriche signature by
Sabbatlni. He also pub. Responsoria
and Resp. in Coena Domini, all a i
in parasceve, Resp. in Sabbato Sancto,
(masses, motets, etc., in MS. at Padua),
and was one of the foremost organ-
ists of his time. Ref.: VI. 458, 490.

TAIiVBRDB (1) Joaqulm (d.
Madrid, 1910) : Spanish composer of

Van

operettas or zarzuelas (partly with
Chueca and Torregosa), including La
gran via (Madrid, 1886). (2) Qnlrlnoi
son of (1) ; from 1896 composer of over
60 zarzuelas (mostly -with Caballero,
Torregosa, Rablo, Barrera, Serrao, Cal-
leja, etc.).

VAN, Van der, etc.; Most Dutch
names with these prefixes are to be
found under the principal word (i.e.,
VAN Brbe under Bbee). Names of Ang-
licized or Americanized Dutchmen,
however, are entered below.

VANATIUS PORTtriVATTJS (16th
cent.) : introduced the trochaic tetram-
eter into the liturgy. Be/..- I. 136f ; VU.
368.

VAIV BTTREiN, Alicia: contemporary
American composer. Ref.: IV. 406.

VAN CL.EVE, Jolin Smltb (1851-) !
b. Maysville, Ky.; pianist, teacher and
composer. He studied with Nothnagel,
Lang, Apthorp and Steinbrecher ; from
1879-1897 he was associated with the
Cincinnati Conservatory and College of
Music as teacher, writer and lecturer,
critic of the 'Cincinnati Commercial';
pub. a Gavotte humoresque for piano;
and, in book-form, 'Annotations' on
Campanarl's 22 Quartet Concerts given
1892-93

van' DEN BOORN-COCLET, Hen-
rlette (1866- ): b. lAige, pupil of
Th. Redoux and Sylvain Dupuis ; teach-
er of harmony at the Li^ge Conserva-
tory; composer of a cantata Calirrhoi
(Li^ge, 1895), songs, piano pieces, a
prize violin sonata (Paris, 1907), a
symphony and a symphonic poem,
Renouveau (1913) .

VAN DEN BORREN, Charles Jean
Eugene (1874- ): b. Ixelles, Brus-
sels; studied theory with Ernest Clos-
sons, eminent musicologist and re-
search worker in musical history; lec-
tures at the Institut des hautes itudes
musicales et dramatiques on the begin-
nings of polyphony and the history of
music in Belgium, and at the new Brus-
sels University on the history of piano
music; critic and contributor to L'art
moderne and (since 1909) L'lndipend-
ance Beige. Among his many historical
and other monographs are Les origines
de la masique de clavecin en Angle-
terre (1913), Les dibuts de la musique
a Venise (1914).

VAN DEN EEDEN, GlUes (18th
cent.) : court organist at Bonn, early
teacher of Beethoven. Ref.: II. 131.

VAN DEN HOEVEN (1) DIna
(1874- ) : b. Amsterdam ; pianist,
pupil of the Cologne Conservatory,
Mengelberg and Mme. Carreiio. (2)
Catean (1879- ): b. Amsterdam; sis-
ter of (ij, pupil of Maare, Mossel, Hek-
king and Kes, 'cellist in the Amsterdam
Concert House Orchestra.

VANDERIilNDEN, C. (1839- ) ;

b. Dordrecht, pupil of Bohme and
Rwast; conductor of choral societies.
Philharmonic Soc. and the National
Guard band in Dordrecht, composer of

244

Van Dnyze

2 operas, overtures, choruses with
orch., songs, etc.

VAN DER MEVLEN, JoBepht pro-
duced three Flemish operas in Ghent,
the first in 1902, the others thres years
later.

VANDERSTItAETEN (1) Edmond
(1826-1895) : b. Audenarde, d. there;
Belgian musicologist, studied philoso-
phy in Ghent, lived in Brussels fromi
1857, and for a time in Dijon; editor
of the Nord, music critic of the Echo
da Parlajnent beige, 1859-72, and one
of the keepers of tiie Royal archives.
His principal work is La musique aux
Pays-bas (8 vols., pub. 1867-88). He
also pub. Le noordsche Balck du mnsie
communal d'Ypres (1868); Wagner,
Verslag aan den Heer minister van bin-
nen landsche Zaaken (1871) ; Le thidtre
villageois en Flandre (1. Bd. 1874) ; Les
musiciens Beiges en Italie (1875) ; So-
ciitis dramatiques des environs d'Au-
denarde (no date) ; Voltaire musicien
(1878) ; La milodie populaire dans I'op-
ira Gaillaume Tell de Rossini (1879) ;
Lohengrin, instrumentation et philoso-
phic (1879) ; Turin musical (1880) ;
Jacques de St. Luc (1886) ; La musique
congratulatoire en 1454 etc. (1888) ; 5
lettres intimes de Roland de Lassus
(1891) ; Notes sur quelques instruments
de musique (1891) ; Les billets des rois
en Flandre; xylographie, musique, eou-
tumes (1892) ; Nos piriodiques mu-
sicanx (1893) ; Charles Y. musicien
(1894) and Les Willems, luthiers Gan-
tois du XVII" siicle (1896). (2) Ed-
mund (1855- ) : b. Dilsseldorf ; 'cel-
list; studied with Humperdinck, Prout
and Richter, member of the college or-
chestra at Trinity, instructor in a Lon-
don school of music. His composi-
tions consist of original works and
transcHptions for his own instrument
and he has written a 'Technique of the
Violoncello' and a history of 'cello
playing.

VAN DER STUCKEN, Frank
[Valentin] (1858- ) : b. Fredericks-
burg, Texas; returned with parents to
Antwerp, 1864, studied with Benolt, later
with Remecke, Langer and Grieg; con-
ductor at Breslau, Rudolstadt, and
Weimar; became musical director of
the New York 'Arion' 1884, conductor
of the Cincinnati Symphony Orch. and
director of the Cincinnati Conservatory
in 1895. He composed an opera Ylasda
(1883), a ballet, an orchestral episode,
Pagina d'amore with choruses and
songs, and several piano pieces ; for
the 'Arion' he wrote an 'Inauguration
March' and a 'Festival Hymn'; also
prod, a 'Festival March,' symphonic
prologue 'William Ratcltff,' church mu-
sic, 4-part mixed and male choruses a
cappella, and songs. Ref.: portrait,
IVT 276.

VAN DUCK. See Van Dyck.

VAN DinrZE, Florimond (b. Ghent,
1843) : lawyer and musical dilettante;
composer of 7 operas, all produced in

Tan Dyck

Ghent or Antwerp, an ode-symphony,
De nacht, and a cantata which received
the grand prix de Rome during hli
student days at the Ghent Conserva-
tory; collector of Netherland music
pf historical value.

VAN DYCK, Xlrnaat [Marie Hu-
bert] (1861- ): b. Antwerp; dra-
matic tenor; at first studied law, then
singing with St.- Yves Bax at Paris,
sang at the Concerts Lamoureux; be-
came famous in 1886 by his interpre-
tation of the r61e of Parsifal at Bay-
reuth, and went to the Vienna Court
Opera in 1888; made several tern's and
for several seasons sang with the Metro-
politan Opera Company In New York,

VANHA1.I, (Van Hal), Johann
Baptist (1739-1813) : b. Neu Nechanitz,
Bohemia, d. Vienna; pupil of Ditters-
dorf ; became music teacher in families
of high standing in Venice, then moved
to Vienna, though he visited Italy sev-
eral times again. Of his compositions
were printed 12 symphonies, 12 string
quartets, 12 string trios, quartets (con-
certo for piano, 2 violins and 'cello,
for piano, flute, violin and 'cello, etc.,
piano sonatas (5 4-hand, 4 2-hand), 6
sonatas for violin and piano, varia-
tions, dances, etc., for piano, preludes,
fugues, etc., for organ; also 2 masses
(with orch.), offertories, etc. 88 sym-
phonies, 94 string quartets, 23 masses,
etc., are MS. For some time his activ-
ity was interrupted by a mental dis-
turbance. Ref.: II. 81, 114.

VANNED, Stetano (1493-after 1553) :
b. Recanati, Ancona; maestro di cap-
pella at the Augustinian monastery at
Ascoll, author of a scholarly work on
musical theory of the day, Recaaetum
de masica awrea.

VANNIXJS. See Wannenmacher.

VAN OS, Albert (12th cent.) : re-
nowned organ builder at Utrecht,
known as 'Albert the Great.'

VAN ROOY, Anton (1870- ): b.
Rotterdam; baritone in Wagnerian op-
era. He studied at Frankfort with
Stockhausen and then sang at concerts
and in oratorio until 1897, when he
was engaged at Bayreuth for the part
of Wotan. He subsequently sang for
a number of seasons at Covent Garden
and at the New York Metropolitan Op-
era (from 1899).

VAN -WESTERHOTTT, Niccold
(1862-1898) : b. Mola di Bari, d. Na-
ples; operatic composer of Dutch par-
entage; pupil of Nicola d'Arienzo at
the Naples Cons., where he was him-
self professor of harmony from 1897.
He composed the operas Tilde (not
perf.) ; Cimbelino (Rome, 1892) ; Kor-
tunio (Milan, 1895) ; Dono Flor (Mola
di Bari, 1896, on the opening of the
Teatro Van Westerhout, named after
the author); and Colomba (not perf.);
also 2 symphonies, a violin concerto,
several orchestral works, a violin so-
pata, many piano pieces, songs, etc.

Vaasilenko

VARliAMOFF, Alexander Yseoro-
vltcli (1801-1848): b. Moscow, d. St
Petersburg; singer in the court chapel
(1811-19), where he later taught sing-
ing (1829-31) ; choir-master to the Rus-
sian embassy at the Hague until 1823,
teacher at Moscow, later St. Petersburg;
composer of more than 200 songs,
among them the celebrated 'Red Sara-
fan.' A complete edition was under-
taken by Stellovsky (in 12 books). V.
is the author of the first Russian Vocal
Method (Moscow, 1840).

VARNEY (1) Pierre Josepli Al-
phonse (1811-1879): b. Paris, d. there;
violinist, conductor of theatre orches-.
tras at (ihent. The Hague, Rouen, Paris
and Bordeaux; composer of 1-act op-
erettas for Bouffes Parisiens, and of
Dumas' Chant des Girondins, 'Mourir
pour la patrie,' popular in the revolu-
tion of 1848. (2) liouls (1844-1908):
b. Paris, d. Cauterets; son and pupil
of (1) ; dramatic composer; wrote 38
operettas, revues, etc., in 32 years,
written and produced in great part
in Paris. His 3-act operetta Les Forains
(Paris, 1894) was given at Vienna,
1895, as Olympia, and at Berlin, 1895,
as Bte Gaukler.

VASCONCEI/IiOS, Joaqnlm de: con-
temporary Portuguese lexicographer
and biographer, author of Os musicos
portuguezes (2 vols., 1870), also a
monograph on Luiza Todi (1873),
an Ensajo critico sobre o catalogo del
rey Don Joao IV (1893), and articles in
Pougin's supplement to Fitis' Biog-
raphie universelle,

VASaVEZ Y GOMEZ, Marino
(1831-1894): b. Granada, d. Madrid;
concert-master at the Zarzuela Theatre
and at the Royal Theatre of Madrid;
composer of church music and of
zarzulas.

VASSETJR, [Felix-Acgdstin-Joseph-]
Iieon (1844- ) : b. Bapaume, Pas-
de-Calais; studied at the Ecole Nleder-
meyer; became organist of Versailles
Cathedral, 1870; chef d'orchestre at
the Folies-Bergfere and the Concerts de
Paris in 1882; prod, a large number
of operettas, comic operas, etc., on
minor Parisian stages, including
La timbale d'argent (1872), Le
voyage de Suzette (1890), La famille
Venus (1891), Le pays de Vor (1892),
Le commandant Laripite (1892), Le
Pritentaine (1893), La pension Ton-
chard, Aspasie, La foire aux amours,
etc.; pub. L'offlce dlvin, a collection of
masses, offertories, antijphones, etc.;
transcriptions for harmonium and piano,
and an organ and harmonium method.

VASSII/ENKO, Sergei Nlfeoforo-
vltcli (1892- ) : b. Moscow; attended
the Moscow Univ., and the Cons., where
he studied with Taneieff and Ippolitoff-
Ivanoff (gold medal) ; composer of a
cantata 'The Tale of the Sunken City
of Kltesh' (Moscow, as opera, 1903),
and orchestral epic poem, choruses and
songs for the performances of the Mos-

245

TatieUl

cow Artists' Federation, Valse fantas-
tique for orch., piano suite Au Soleil,
etc. Ref.: III. 159f; IX. 415.

VATIEIilil, Francesco (1877- ):
b. Pesaro; pupil, then teacher of mu-
sical history at the Liceo musicale, Bo-
logna, librarian there from 1905 (as
Torchi's successor) ; author of Un
musicista Pesarese net secolo XVI°
[Zacconl] (1904), 1 'Canoni musicaW di
Ludovico Zacconi (1904) and La 'Lyra
Barberina' di G. B. Doni; also his-
torical articles in the Nnova musica,
etc.; edited Anttche cantate d'amore
(17th cent, arias), and composed inter-
mezzi and fragments to Poliziano's
Favola d'Orfeo (1905).

VAITCORBEHL, Ansnste - Bnunan-
nel (1821-1884): b. Rouen, d. Paris;
pupil of Marmontel, Dourlen, and
Cherubini at Paris Cons.; composer
of songs and 2 string quartets, piano
pieces, sacred songs, etc.; prod, a comic
opera, Bataille d'amour (1863), and a
lyric scene. La mort de Diane, at the
Concerts spirituels. He was govern-
ment commissioner for the subsidized
theatres of Paris, 1872; director of the
Op^ra, 1880.

VAUDOYER, J. li. Ref.: X. 229.

VAUGHAN (1) Thomas (1782-
1843) ; b. Norwich, d. Birmingham ;
tenor. (2) Kate (19th cent.): Eng-
lish dancer. Ref.: X. 193.
' VAUTOR, Thomas (17th cent.):
composer to Sir George Villlers; Mus.
Bac. Oxon. 1616; published book of
madrigals and part-songs (1619).

VAVRIJTECZ, Mauritlns (1858-) :
b. Czegled, Hungary; studied at the
Pesth Cons., later with R. Volkmann;
cathedral-conductor at Pesth; composer
of the operas Ratcliff (Prague, 1895),
Rosamunda (1 act, Frankfort, 1895,
succ.) ; the oratorio Christas, a Stabat
Mater, 5 massed, a Requiem, a sym-
phony, overture to Byron's 'Bride of
Abydos,' a 'Dithyramb' for orch., etc.
Ref.: VI. 396.

VECCHI (1) Orfeo (ca. 1540-1613) :
b. Milan, d. there; maestro at the
church of Santa Maria della Scala,
where most of his MSS. are preserved;
published a book of 6-part motets
(1603) ; one of 4-part motets (1603) ;
5-part psalms, 2 Magnificats, etc. (1614).
(2) Orazio (1551-1605): b. Modena, d.
there; maestro at Modena Cathedral
from 1596; composer of madrigals and
otlier contrapuntal works of dramatic
character but without the use of
monody, the most remarkable being
L'Amflparnasso (comedia harmonica),
prod. 1594. He pub. Selva di varie
ricreationi a 3-10 (Venice, 1590; 2nd
ed., 1595, contains Madrigali, Capricci,
Balli, Arie, Justiniane, Canzonette,
Fantasie, Serenate, Dialoghi, un Lotto
amoroso, con nna Battaglia a 10 net
fine ed accommodatavi la intavolatura
di Unto alle Arie. ai Balli ed alle Can-
zonette), and Le Veglie di Siena da
3 a 6 voci, ovvero i varii hamori della

246

Vento

mastca moderna (Venice, 1604; also
1605 as Nodes ludicrae; presenting
musical characterizations of the vari-
ous moods, as grave, allegro, dolente,
lusinghiero, affettuoso, etc.) ; also 4
books of 4-part canzonette (1580; 2nd
ed. often repub.) ; selected 4-part
canzoni (PhaUse, Antwerp, 1611; also,
with German words, at Nuremberg,
1601, and Gera, 1614) ; 6-part canzo-
nette (1587) ; 2 books of 3-part can-
zonette (1597-99; Book i with German
version added, 1608) ; 2 books of
madrigals (6-part, some 7- to 10-part,
1583, 1591) ; a book of 5-part madri-
gals (1589) ; a Convito musicale (3- to
8-part, 1597) ; also a number of church
works. Including Lamentations for 4
equal voices (1587) ; besides 4- to 8-
part motets (1590) ; 4- and 8-part -
masses (1607) and hymns for the en-
tire church year. Ref.: I. 276ff, 280;
mus. ex., XIII. 51.

VECSEY, Franz -ran (1893- ):
b. Budapest; prodigy; virtuoso on vio-
lin; studied with Hubay; well known
in Germany, England and the Ameri-
cas.

VEGA, liope de: author. Ref.: IX.
429.

VEIT, -fVenzel Helnricli (Vftclav
Jlndflch) (1806-1864); b. Repnic, near
Leitmeritz, Bohemia, d. Lei;tmeritz, as
president of the district court; self-
taught in music; composed a solemn
mass, a Te Deum, graduals, a festival
cantata, a symphony, a concert over-
ture, 5 string quintets, 6 string quar-
tets, a trio, in Bohemian and German
male choruses, songs, etc.

VELLTITI, Giovanni Battlsta (1781-
1861) : b. Monterone, Ancona, d. San
Burson; celebrated sopranist; pupil of
CalpI at Ravenna; sang with great suc-
cess in Italy, also in London (1825).
He was the last of the castrati.

VENATORINI. See Mysliweczek.

VENERA, Indian goddess. Ref.:
X. 24.

VENEZIA, Franco dat contempo-
rary Italian composer of piano music.
Ref.: HL 393.

VEIVOSA, Prince of. See Gesualdo.

VEXTADOTJR, Bernard de (1140-
1195): Provencal Troubadour. Ref.: I.
211.

VENTH, Karl (1860- ): b. Co-
logne; studied in conservatories of
Cologne and Brussels ; concert-master
of the Metropolitan orchestra, founder
of a music school in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
in 1888; composer of choral works
with orchestra, piano pieces and songs.

VENTO (1) Ivo de (16th cent.):
Spanish conductor in Landhut and or-
ganist to the Munich Court, 1569-75;
produced 4-part and 5-part motets
(1569, 1574, 1570); several books of
3-part Neue teutsche Lieder (1572,
1573, 1576, 1591), and 4- to 6-part do.
(1570, 1571, 1582); also masses (MSS.
in Munich Library). (2) Mattla
(1739-1777) : b. Naples, d. London; pu-

Ventnrelll

pil of the Cons, di Loreto, Maples ; prod.
2 operas in Naples, and 4 In London;
piib. 6 string trios, 36 piano trios, 6
piano sonatas, 12 1- and 2-part can-
zonets.

VBNTTTRBLI,!. Vlncenzo (1851-
1895) : b. Mantua, d. there (by sui-
cide) ; dram, comp.; <;ontributor to the
Milan Gazzetta Mnsicale and composer
of the operas 22 conte di Lara (Flor-
ence, 1876) and Maria di Xeris (not
prod.).

VENTXJRINI, Francesco ([?]-1745):
violinist, pupil of J. B. Farinelli and
his successor as director of instru-
mental music at the Hanover court,
whither he went in 1698 as violinist in
the court band; pub, 4- to 9-part Con-
certi da camera (Amsterdam, 1713),
also overtures (MSS, in Dresden and
Schwerin) .

VENZANO, liUlgl (ca. 1814-1878):
b. Genoa, d. there; 'cellist, teacher and
composer; prod, an opera Benvenuto
Cellini (Genoa, 1870) ; an operetta
buffa in 2 acts La notte degli schiaffl
(Genoa, 1873) ; a ballet, Lidia; also
wrote 12 Solfeggt, piano pieces, and
many songs (his Valzer cantabile, often
sung in the lesson scene of the Bar-
biere, made him popular),

•VEKZl., Josepli (1842- ) : b. Mu-
nich; studied in the Royal School
of Music there; violinist in the court
orchestra. Royal chamber musician;
composed a violin concerto Ave Maria
for violin and organ, a Modulations
buch for organ, 3 sets of violin pieces
(one for violin alone), also pub, stud-
ies for violin, a Violin School, etc.;
edited violin sonatas of Viotti and
Campagnoli. He advocates the intro-
duction of the G-clef for viola, im-
E lying a transposition to the fifth
elow.

VERACINI (1) Antonio (17th cent.) :
Florentine violinist and composer of
chamber music; pub. sonatas for 2
violins and bass with continuo, op. 1
(1692) ; church sonatas for 2 violins
with bass, op. 2; chamber sonatas for

2 violins with bass and continuo, op.

3 (1696). A sonata from op. 1. and
another from op. 2, have been reprint-
ed by G. Jensen. Ref.: VII. 390, 479,
483. (2) liVanccBCO Maria (ca. 1685'
ca. 1750) : b. Florence, d. near Pisa ;
made successful tours and, playing in
Venice, had great influence on Tar-
tini's style; was soloist at the Italian
Opera in London, 1715-17; chamber
virtuoso at Dresden for 5 years; then
for a long time with Count Kinsky at
Prague; retired to Pisa in 1747, after
an unsuccessful rivalry with Geminiani
at London, 1736. His compositions in-
clude 24 violin sonatas with bass, in
2 books; other works MS. Ref.: VII.
401, 483.

TERBONNET, Jean. See Ghiselin.

VERDEIiOT, or Verdelotto. Phil-
ippe (d. before 1567) : Netherland com-
poser; sang for a time in St. Mark'Sr

Verdi

Venice; lived In Florence during 1530-
1540. Of his coinpositions are pre-
served 3 books of 4-part madrigals
( . . . [1537], 1536 [1537], 1537) ; 1
book of 5-part madrigals (1538) ; 4
books of 5-part madrigals by V. and
others (ca. 1535, 1537, ca. 1538, 1540),
2 books 6-part madrigals by V. and
others (1541 [1546], 1561). Madrigals
by V. in lute arrangement appeared as
early as 1536. He also pub. a book
of motets, Philippi Verdeloti electiones
diversorum motettorum distanctae 4
vocum (1549) ; detached motets in Gar-
dane's Motteti del frutto, 3. Modeme's
Motetti del flore, Montan-Neuber's Mag-
num opus, Kriessteln's Cantiones selec-
tissimae, Graphaus' Novum et insigne
opus, Attaignant's collection, and else-
where, also a mass in Scotto's Missarum
quinque liber primus cum i voc. (1544).
Ref.: I. 273f, 277.

VERDI (1) [Fortunio] Glnseppe
[Francesco] (1813-1901) : b. Roncole,
near Busseto, Duchy of Parma, d. Mi-
lan; was the son of an innkeeper and
grocer, who received his first training
from the village organist, Balstrocchi,
whom he succeeded at the age of 10.
After three years of study with Ferdi-
nando Provesi at Busset he was sent,
with pecuniary aid from his father's
friend, Antonio Barezzi, of Busseto, to
Milan, but was refused admission to
the Conservatory because he was said
to lack musical talent. He therefore
took private lessons in composition of
Lavigna, cembalist at La Scala; and in
1833 returned to Busseto as organist and
conductor of the Philharmonic So-
ciety; in 1836 married Barezzi's daugh-
ter Margherita, and in 1838, with his
wife and two children, returned to
Milan with the finished score of an
opera Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio,
which was accepted by Merelli for La
Scala, and successfully produced in
November, 1839. Thereupon he was
conunlssioned to write 3 operas, one
every eight months, at 4000 lire each,
with half the proceeds of the copy-
right. While at work on the first, a
comic opera, Vn giorno di regno, his
wife and both children died in swift
succession, and the work naturally was
a failure (1840). Discouraged and de-
termined to give up composition, he
finally yelded to Merelli's persuasion to
set Solera's Nabucco, which, prod, at
La Scala, 1842, was a great success
and was followed by a still greater
one, / Lombardi alia prima Crociata
(La Scala, 1843). This work, the pop-
ularity of which was in part due to
its patriotic content, was successful
in Brussels, less so at Qaris (as Jiru-
salem). Ernani, written for Venice
(1844), was prod, on 15 different
stages within 9 months. A succession
of operas, which were given largely
on account of the composer's reputa-
tion, followed: / Hue Foscari (Rome,
1844), Giovanna d'Arco (Milan, 1845),

247

Verdi

Alzira (Naples, 1845), AttUa (Venice,
1846), Macbeth (Florence, 1847), / Mas-
nadieri (London, 1847), Jirusalem [/
Lombardi, revised and augmented]
(Paris, 1847), II Cotsoto (Trieste,
1848), and La baitaglia di Legnano
[later as I'Assedio d'Arlem] (Rome,
1849), and Laisa Miller (Naples, 1849).
Only the last enjoyed enduring suc-
cess, ■while Stiff elio (Trieste, 1850; later
as Gn^lielmo Welingrode; also, with
another libretto, as Aroldo) was a fail-
ure. Now came Rigoletto, written in
40 days (Venice, 1851), which was the
first of a hrilliant series, being followed
by II Trovatore (Rome, 1853), La
Traviata (Venice, 1853) and, less suc-
cessful, Les vipres sicilieimes (Paris,
1855), Stmon Boccanegra (Venice, 1857;
revised, and successfully revived at
Milan, 1881), Aroldo, a revision of
Stiff elio (Rimini, 1857), Vn ballo in
maschera (Rome, 1859), La forza del
destino (St. Petersburg, 1862), Mac-
beth, revised (Paris, 1865), and Don
Carlos (Paris, 1867). A new and richer
s^Ie attained its development in Ai'ifa,
written for the Khedive of Egypt
(Cairo, 1871), with tremendous suc-
cess, reaiSrmea by productions through-
out Europe. It was followed by the
production of the Manzoni Requiem
in 1874, which produced a sensation
in Italy, and the last and greatest dra-
matic works, Otello (Milan, 1887) and
Falstaff (Milan, 1893). Besides the op-
eras and the Requiem, V. wrote 2 books
of Romances, 2 songs for-bass, a Not-
tumo for soprano, tenor and bass, etc.,
Inno delle Nazioni for the London Ex-
hibition (1862), a Pater noster, an Ave
Maria, and a string quartet (1873).
Among his youthful works, written be-
tween 13 and 18, are marches for brass
band, short symphonies, 6 concertos,
and variations for piano, several
serenate, cantate, arte, daettl, terzetti
and church works, to which he added
in his first stay in Milan 2 symphonies
and a cantata, and after his return
home a Messa, a Vespro and other
church music, and choruses to A. Man-
zoni's tragedies, etc. V.'s second mar-
riage to Giuseppina Strepponl (see be-
low) occurred in 1844. In 1895 the
King of Italy conferred on him the
title of Marchese di Busseto. Ref.: For
life and works' see II. 477fF: (Influence)
m. 366fr; Requiem, VI. 343f; Rigoletto
transcription, VII. 309; operas, IX. 345ff;
mus. ex., Xin. 264; portrait, II. 496;
birthplace (illus.) 11. 480; facsimile
MS., IX. 372. For general references
see individual indexes. (2) Crlnaep-

Eina (nie Strepponl) (181S-1897) : b.
odi, d. Busseto; wife of (1); dra-
matic soprano; was the daughter of the
dramatic composer Fbliciamo S. (d.
Trieste, 1832). She studied at the Mi-
Ian Ck)ns., 1830-35, made her dihut in
Trieste, 1835, in Matilde di Shabran;
then was engaged for the Italian Opera
at Vienna; sang later in chief Italian

Verovio"

towns; at La Scala, Milan, In Doni-
zetti's Belisario.- She created the rdle
of Abigaile in Verdi's Nabacco, and
shared the young composer's triumph.
After their marriage, m 1844, she re-
tired from the stage.

VERDONCK, CornelliM (1564-1625) :
b. Turnhout, Belgium, d. Antwerp;
Flemish composer of chansons; 2 books
of 6-part madrigals; 1 of 7-part do.;
also a 5-part Magnificat (1585).

VEIRB [-Sapio], Clementine Dn-
ehSne des contemporary concert and
operatic soprano, b. Paris; studied
there and with Mme. Albertini-Bau-
carde at Florence; made her d^but
there at 16 as Marguerite de Valois
in Les Hagenots; then sang in leading
theatres in Italy, France, Spain, and
Mexico, also in Berlin, London, Aus-
tralia, and the United States. In New
York, in 1896, she sang Marguerite in
Berlioz's Damnation de Faust, in 1897
became a member of the Abbey & Grau
troupe, and sang leading Italian and
French roles. She married RoMUAtDO
Sapio, then vocal teacher at the Na-
tional Cons., returned to Europe, toured
as far as Australia, and later was a
member of the Moody-Manners Opera
Co., now again in New York as teacher.

VBRHBY, F. H. H. (1848- ): b.

Rotterdam; pupU of the Royal Music
School in The Hague, and of Barglel
in Berlin; teacher in Rotterdam; com-
poser of 3 operas, a solemn mass, a
Te Deum, chamber music, piano music,
songs, and a violin concerto (A min.).

VEjRHULST, Jean Josephns Her-
mann (1816-1891) : b. The Hague, d.
there; studied at The Hague Conserva-
tory and with Klein in Cologne; was
encouraged by Mendelssohn, upon whose
recommendation he' became conductor
of the Euterpe concerts in Leipzig, also
conducted in The Hague and at Rot-
terdam and Amsterdam for a number
of years (Maatschappij concerts, Felix
merltis society, and Cecilia concerts).
He composed symphonies, overtures,
choral works, string quartets, and
many church works, including a Re-
quiem for male chor., choruses and
songs. His daughter Anna is a pianist.

VBRXAINB, Pant (19th cent.):
French poet. Ref.: IIL 287, 293.

VERNIER. Jean AlmS (1769- ) :
b. Paris, d. there; harpist at the Opira-
Comique, later at the Op^ra, pensioned
1838; composed sonatas for solo harp,
and for violin and harp; a quartet for
harp, piano, oboe, and horn; trios for
harp, flute and 'cello; harp duos; fan-
tasias, variations, etc., for harp.

VBR1VON, Josepli (d. South Lam-
beth, 1782) : male soprano, later tenor,
and composer.

VEROVIO, Sfmone (16th-17th cent.) :
Roman music printer, the first to use
copper plates. His process marked a
long step beyond Petrucci's movable
types. He worked in Rome ca. 1586-
1604.

248

VershbUoTitcb

TBRSHBII.OVITCH, Alexander
ValerlanoTltch (1850-1911): d. St. Pe-
tersburg; studied -with Davldoff at the
St. Petersburg Cons.; solo 'cellist at
the Italian and the Russian operas
there; professor of 'cello at the con-
servatory from 1885.

VERSTOVSKY, Alexel Nlkolale-
vltch (1799-1862): b. on his family's
estate In the Govt, of Tamboff, d. Mos-
cow; studied engineering in St. Peters-
burg, but also piano -with Steibelt and
Field, violin with Bohm and Maurer,
counterpoint with Brandt and Zeuner,
and singing with Tarquinl. After pro-
ducing several vaudevilles in St. Pe-
tersburg (1819ff) he became inspector
of the Imperial theatres in Moscow, and
in 1842 became head of the Theatre
Bureau. As a composer of operas he
is considered the forerunner of Glinka,
having produced Pan Tvardovski
(1828), Vadim or 'Twelve Sleeping
Virgins' (1832), 'Askold's Grave' (1835,
given 400 times in Moscow and 200
times in St. Petersburg during Its first
25 years, and still performed), 'Home-
sickness' (1835), 'The Valley of Tchu-
roff' (1841) and The Storm' (1858), all
in Moscow. He also wrote 22 vaude-
villes and operettas, music for many
stage pieces, melodrames, divertisse-
ments, 10 cantatas, choruses, a mass,
a sacred concerto, 29 songs; also pub.
a 'Dramatic Album' (1826) and a "Mu-
sical Albimi' (1827-28), containing
small compositions of his own. He
left his MSS. (30 vols., 24 preserved)
to the Moscow division of the Imperial
Russian Musical Society. Ref.: T&. 41;
IX 380

VKSdtlE: voir PttTTIilNGEN, Jo-
hanii (1803-1883): b. Opole, Poland, d.
Vienna; studied jurisprudence in Vi-
enna (Dr. jur.) and became a coun-
cillor of state; but studied music un-
der Moscheles and Sechter, was an ex-
cellent pianist; composed the operas
Turandot, 1838; Johanna d'Arc, 1840;
Liebeszauber (Kdthchen von Heil-
bTonn), 1845; Bin A&en*ener Karls II.,
1850; Der Insttge Rath, 1852; and Lips
Tellian, 1854; wrote Das musiJcalische
Autorrecht (1865).

VESTRIO, I.nela E. (1797-1856) : b.
London, d. FSiIham; opera singer at
Drury Lane, Covent Garden, Italian
Opera in Paris and the King's Thea-
tre, London.

VEISTRIS, Angnste (b. 1760); fa-
mous ballet dancer; premier danseur
of the Paris Op^ra for 36 years, retired
at the age of 66; then taught. Ref.: H.
33; X. 91, 101, 148, 151, 162.

VETTER (1) IVlkolans (1666-1710):
Konigsee, d. Rudolstadt; pupil of
Pachelbel; organist at Erfurt and at
the Rudolstadt court; middle German
forerunner of Bach in chorale figura-
tion. (2) Hermann (1859- ) : b.
Grossdrebnitz, near Bischofswerda, Sax-
ony; pupil of WuUner, Kirchner, etc.,
at the Dresden Conservatory, and

Vlanna da Motta

teacher of piano there since 1883;
director of the piano school and mem-
ber of the council since 1906; Royal
professor; composer of piano etudes
and piano pieces; edited works of
Cramer, Liszt, Kirchner, Duvemoy, etc.,
and pub. Zur Technik des Klavierspiels
(1908).

VIADANA, lindovlco [da] (correct
family name Grossl) (1564-1645) : b.
Viadana, near Mantua, d. Gualtleri;
maestro di cappella at Mantua Cathe-
dral, 1594-1609, later at Fano, Papal
States, at Concordia In Venetia, and
finally (1644) at Mantua.. Being the
first to write church concertos with so
few parts that the continuo was neces-
sary for harmonic support, he was long
credited with the invention of the basso
continuo (thorough-bass), but Peri's
Euridice (1600) as well as Banchieri's
Concerti ecclesiastici (1595) both em-
ployed the figured bass in some num-
bers, whereas V.'s Cento Concerti ec-
clesiastici a 1, a 2} a 3 et i voci con il
basso continuo per sonar nelV organo.
Nova inventlone comoda per orgni sorte
di Cantori e per gli Orgaaistl did not
appear till 1602 (Book ii, 1607; book
iii, 1611; variously republished). His
other works include 4-part Canzonets
(1590) and 3-part do. (1594); 4-part
madrigals (1591), 6-part do. (1593);
4-part masses (1S96, often repub.) ; 2
books of 5-part vesper psalms (1595,
1604), 8-part do. (1602) ; Falsi bordoni
a 5 (1596) ; 2 books Contp2etoriuni ro-
manum a 8 (1597, 1608) ; 8-part mo-
tets (1597); 4-part psalms ana Magnifi-
cats (1598, often repub.) ; Offlcium
defanctorum (1600); 3- to i2-part
litanies (1607 [2nd ed.]) ; Offlcium ac
missae defunctorum 5 voc. (1604) ;
Lamentationes Bieremiae for 4 equal
voices (1609) ; Symphonic musicali a 8,
for all kinds of instruments with fig-
ured organ bass (1610) ; Responsoria
ad lamentationes Bieremiae 4 voc.
(1609) ; Completorium romanum qua-
ternis oocibas decantandum una cum
b. cont. pro organo (1609) ; Salmi a
i voci pari col basso per I'organo,
brevi, comodl ed ariosi con 2 Magnificat
(1610) ; Te Deum and Salve regina a 8
(1612) ; 24 Credo a canto fermo . . .
(1619) ; and Missa defunctorum a 3
(posthumous, 1667). Ref.: VII. 474.

VIAIVESI, Ansnste Charles Iieo-
nard Francois (1837-1908) : b. Legna-
no, d. New York: studied with Pacini
and Rossini in Paris (1857) ; became
conductor at Drury Lane, London, in
1859; was then at New York, Moscow
and St. Petersburg, later conducting
Italian opera for 12 years at Covent
Garden; also conducted Italian opera-
troupes in many other cities; from 1887
was ilrst chef d'orchestre at the Paris
Op^ra, and during 1891-92 conduct-
ed opera in New York and Philadel-
phia.

VIANNA DA MOTTA, JosC. See

MoiTA.

249

Vlard-IiOiiis

VIARD-IiOUIS, Jennie (1831- ) :
b. Carcassonne; London teacher and
concert pianist.

VIARDOT-GARCIA (1) [Michelle-
Ferdinande-] Pauline (1821-1910) : b.
Paris, d. there; famous opera singer,
daughter of Manuel del Popolo Garcia
(q.v.) ; was taken to England and Amer-
ica by her parents; studied piano -with
Vega, organist at Mexico Cathedral, la-
ter with Meysenberg and Liszt in Paris,
where she also studied harmony with
Belcha and singing with her father and
mother. She made her debut in con-
cert at Brussels, 1837; then sang in
Germany and Paris; and first appeared
In opera In London, 1839, as Desde-
mona in Otello, and was engaged by
Vlardot, the director of the Theatre
Italien, Paris, whom she married In
1841, and who then accompanied her
on long tours through Europe. She
created the role of Fides in Le Prophite
at the Paris OpSra (1849), that of
Sapho in Gounod's opera (1851) and
that of Orphie in Berlioz's revival of
Gluck's opera (1850), singing the part
150 nights to crowded houses, and sang
the title role in the revival of Gluck's
Alceste (1861). She retired to Baden-
Baden in 1863; lived In Paris and Bou-
gival from 1871. She composed several
privately prod, operettas and songs,
arranged 6 mazurkas of Chopin for
voice, and edited some vocal classics.
Ref. : TX.. 48 ; portrait, V. 152. (2) Louise
Pauline Marie Herltte (1841- ):
b. Paris; teacher at St. Petersburg con-
servatory and In Frankfort; lives in
Berlin as teacher and composer and
has composed an opera, a cantata, a
piano quartet, etc. (3) Madame Cha-
merot- and Marie Anne: daughters
of (1) ; singers in concert. (4) Paul
(1857- ) : b. Courtavent; son of
(1); violinist, pupil of Leonard; au-
thor of a musical history (French,
1904, preface by l^alnt-Saens), also
Rapport official sur la masiqae en
Scandinavie (1908) and Souvenirs d'un
artiste (1910).

VICENTINO, Nicola (1511-1572) : b.
Vicenza, d. Milan; studied with Will-
aert at Venice; musician in the service
of the Princes d'Este at Ferrara, then
of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este at Rome,
where he pub. his book of 5-part
madrigals, an attempt to revive the
chromatic and enharmonic genera of
the Greeks. This led to an academic
controversy with the learned Portu-
guese musician Lusitano, in which V.
was defeated, and thereupon pub.
L'antiea musica ridotta alia modema
prattica (1555), which also contains a
description of an instrument invented
by him and called the Archieembalo
(having 6 keyboards, with separate
strings and keys for distinguishing the
ancient genera — diatonic, chromatic,
and enharmonic). He also invented
and described (1561) an Archiorgano.
His work foreshadowed the chromati-

Vierling

clsm of de Rore and Don Gesualdo,
was a step in the direction of abolish-
ing the church modes, and paved the
way for the monodic style. Ref.: VIL
467 (footnote).

VICTORIA. See ViTTOHiA.

VIDAIi (1) Peirei troubadour. Ref.:
I. 211. (2) Jean Joseph (1789-1867):
b. Sorize, d. Paris; violinist. (3)
Louls-Antolne (1820-1891) : b. Rouen,
d. Paris; studied 'cello with Fran-
chomme; author of Les instruments a
archet, les fatseurs, les joueurs d'in-
straments, leur histoire sur le conti-
nent euTopien, suivie d'un catalogue
giniral de la mnsigue de chambre (3
vols., Paris, 1876-78, with 120 illus-
trative plates engraved by Fr^d^ric
Hillemacher) , also La chapelle St.-
Julien-des-Minitriers (an extract from
the above, 1878), and La lutherie et
les luthiers (1889). Ref.: (cited) VIII.
60. (4) Paul-Antoine (1863- ): b.
Toulouse; studied at the Paris Cons.,
where he won the grand prix de Rome
in 1881; teacher of solffege at the Cons.,
1894; conductor of the Sunday Con-
certs, then (1896) chef d'orchestre at
the Op^ra; prod. 3 pantomimes, a 3-
act lyric fantasy ^ros (1892), a ballet
La Maladetta (1893), 2 1-act operettas,
Le mariage d'Yvette and La devotion
a St.-Andri, and the 3-act lyric drama
Guernica (Opera-Comique, 1895) ; many
choral works, an orchestral suite, Les
mgstires d'Eleasis, and songs, etc. Ref. :
V. 357f.

VIEIIRA, Xlrnesto; contemporary
Portuguese musical biographer; pub.
Diccionario biographico de musicos
portuguezes (Lisbon, 1900).

VIELHORSKY (1) Matwei George-
vitcli. Count (1787-1863) : b. in Volhy-
nia; studied with Bernhard Romberg
and became an excellent violinist;
founder of the Philharmonic Society
in St. Petersburg. His valuable musi-
cal library he presented to the St. Pe-
tersburg Conservatory. (2) Michael
GeoTgevltch, Count (1788-1856) : b. in
Volhynia, d. in Moscow; brother of
(1) ; art patron, at whose house gath-
ered famous musicians, among them
Schumann, Liszt, Berlioz and others. '
Some of his songs were much sung in
his time, one of them, 'Once Upon a
Time,' being transcribed by Liszt.

VIBRDANK, Joliann (17th cent.):
organist in Stralsund; composer of
Newe Pavanen, Gaglierden, Balletten
und Konzerten, for 2 violins, violone
and continuo (1641, 2 parts), also
2-j 3- and 4-part sacred concertos,
with double continuo (2 parts, 1642,
1643).

VIERIillVG (1) Johann Gottfried
(1750-1813) : b. Metzels, near Meinin-
gen, d. Schmalkalden ; pupil and suc-
cessor of the organist Nikolaus Tischer
in Schmalkalden, also pupil of C. P. E.
Bach in Hamburg and Kirnberger in
Berlin; pub. 2 piano trios, a piano
quartet, 6 piano sonatas ' (1781), a

250

Viettnghoff-Scheel

4-part chorale-book (1789), 12 easy
organ pieces (with directions for in-
terludes and modulation tables) ; 3
collections of organ pieces (2 easy) ;
3 books of easy chorale preludes
(1807), Allgemein fasslicher Vnterricht
im General-bass (1805) ; also vocal
church music, etc., in MS. (2) Georg
(1820-1901) : b. Frankenthal, Palatinate,
d. Wiesbaden; studied with his father,
tlie teacher and organist Jacob V. (1797-
1867) ; piano with Neeb at Frankfort,
organ with Rinck at Darmstadt, com-
position with Marx at Berlin; became
organist of the Oberkirche, Frankfort-
on-Oder (1840-45); conductor of the
Mayence Liedertafcl, 1852-53; then
lived in Berlin, where he founded and
for 6 years conducted the Bach-Verein;
also conducting the subscription con-
certs in Frankfort-on-Oder and the
Konzertverein In Potsdam; Royal Mu-
sikdirektor, 1859. He composed the
secular cantatas (oratorios) Der Raub
der Sabinerinnen, Alarichs Tod and
Konstantin: Psalm 137, for tenor solo,
chorus and orch.. Hero und Leander,
for do. ; Znr Weinlese, for soli, male
chorus and orch.; Zechcantate, for soli,
male chorus and piano; Psalm 100;
for chorus a cappella, and many other
choral works; also a symphony in C,
overtures to 'The Tempest,' Maria
Stuart, Die Hermannschlacht (Kleist),
Die Hexe (Fitger) and Im Friihling,
Capriccio for piano and orch., Phan-
tasiestiicke for piano and violin, 2
string quartets, a trio, piano pieces,
organ pieces, etc. Ref.: III. 208.

VIBTIIVGHOFF-SCHEBL,, Baron
Boris Alexandrovltch (1829-1901) : d.
St. Petersburg; composer of 5 operas
(Mazeppa, St. Petersburg, 1859; 'Judith,'
in concert, Paris, 1884; 'The Demon,'
St. Petersburg, 1885; 'Tamara,' ib.,
1886, and Juan de Tenorio, ib., 1888)
and a ballet (St. Petersburg, 1887).

VIEIJXTBMPS (1) Henri (1820-
1881) : b. Verviers, Belgium, d. Mus-
tapha, Algiers; famous violinist; re-
ceived his first lessons from his
father, a piano tuner and instrument-
maker; then studied with Lecloux
(with whom he made a concert tour
at 8) and with de B^riot at Brussels;
also harmony with Sechter at Vienna;
meantime he played in Paris and toured
Germany, visited London in 1834, and
studied composition with Relcha in
Paris in 1835. He revisited Vienna,
made successful Russian tours in 1838-
39; composed his first concerto (in E)
and the Fantaisie-Caprice in A, which
he played with great success in Ant-
werp, 1840, Paris and London, 1841.
He toured America, 1844-45; was solo
violinist to the Czar, and professor at
the St. Petersburg Cons., 1846-52; re-
visited America, in 1857 with Thal-
berg, and in 1870 with Christine Nils-
son and Marie Krebs. He became vio-
lin professor at the Brussels Cons.
in 1871, and continued to teach for

251

Vilauova

a time after 1873, when a stroke of
paralysis, aifecting his left side, cut
short his career as a virtuoso. His
compositions include 6 concertos (No.
1, op. 10, in E; 2, op. 19, in F-sharp
min. ; 3, op. 25, m A; 4, op. 31, in
D min.; 5, op. 37, in A min.; 6, op. 47,
in G), several concertinos, Fantasie,
Ballade and Polonaise, Fantaisie-Ca-
price (all with orch.), fantasies on
Slavic themes; Introduction et Rondo,
Hommage d Paganini (Claprlce), so-
nata, op. 12; variations on 'Yankee
Doodle,' Duo concertant for piano and
violin, on Don Giovanni, Duo brilliant
on Hungarian themes for piano and
violin (with Erkel), suite, op. 43; 6
concert studies with piano, op. 16; 3
cadenzas to Beethoven's violin con-
certo; fantasies, caprices, etc. He also
wrote 2 'cello concertos; an Elegy,
and a sonata for viola or 'cello } a
Grand duo for violin and 'cello (with
Servais) ; an overture on the Belgian
national hymn, etc. Ref.: III. 194; VII.
412, 446, 448f, 453; portrait, VII. 448.
(2) Josepbine (nde Eder) (1815-1868) :
b. Vienna, d. Celle; pianist; mar-
ried Henri V. (1) in 1844. (3) Jean
Joseph I>nclen (1828-1901) : b. Ver-
viers, d. Brussels; pianist; brother of
(1) ; teacher and composer of many
piano pieces. (4) Jules J.oseph Ernest
(1832-1896): b. Brussels, d. Belfast;
brother of (1) and (3) ; solo 'cellist
in London (Italian Opera) and Man-
chester (Hall£ Orch.).

[Lecerf de] VIEVII<I-B, Jean tau-
Tcnt, Seigneur de Fresneuse (1647-
1710): b. Rouen, d. there; partisan of
LUlly, pub. Comparaison de la mu-
sique italienne et de la musique fran-
eaise (Brussels, 1704; 2nd. ed., 1705-
06), a reply to Raguenet's Parallels des
Italiens et des Frangois (1702), which
in turn elicited a Difense from Rague-
net (1705). This dispute is regarded
as a prelude to the Guerre des
bonffons.

VIGANO, Salvatore (1769-1821): b.
Naples, d. Milan; ballet dancer; com-
poser and author of the ballet scenario
Die GeschSpfe des Prometheus, for
which Beethoven wrote the music;
wrote several ballets in which he ap-
peared in Venice and Vienna, and an
opera buffa. La Yedova scoperta
(Rome, 1786).

VIGIER» Countess. See Cruvelli.

VIGENA, Arturo: studied in the
Milan Conservatory, conductor, engaged
at the Metropolitan Opera House, New
York, 1903-07.

VII.A, Pedro Alberto (1517-1582);
conductor at the cathedral of Bar-
celona; pub. a book of madrigals
(Barcelona, 1561) and wrote vocal
church music (MSS. in Barcelona).
Some of his compositions are includ-
ed in Flecha's Ensaladas (1581).

VIIiANOVA, Ramon (1801-1870) : b.
Barcelona, d. there; conductor, teacher
and composer of church music.

VUar

VILAR, Josepb Teodore (1836-1905) :
b. Barcelona; studied with Vllanova,
Herz, Bazln and Halivy; theatre con-
ductor and composer of zarzuelas.

VIIiBAC, [Alphonsb-Chables-I Ren-
aud de (1829-1884): b. Montpelller, d.
Paris; studied with H&liyy, Lemolne
and Benolst at the Conservatoire; or-
ganist and composer in Paris; prod,
several comic operas there (1857-1858) ;
wrote brilliant piano pieces.

VILLAFIORITA, Giuseppe Bnrglo
dl (1845-1902): b. Palermo, d. Milan;
composed 4 operas, prod, in Milan,
Adrio, Brescia, and Florence. The last,
II Paria (prod. 1872), was popular
throughout Italy.

VIIiliANIS (1) Angelo (1821-1865):
b. Turin, d. there; operatic composer.
(2) I/nlgl Alberto (1863- ) : b. San
Mauro, near Turin; ahandoned law for
music, studied composition with Ther-
mlgnon and Cravero, and became pro-
fessor of musical aesthetics and history
at Turin Univ., in 1890 ; lectured on
the philosophy of music, 1895-97, and
contributed to the Gazzetta Musicale
of Milan and other journals; pub. II
contenuto delta musica (1891) ; Estetica
del libretto nella musica (1892); It
leit-motiv nella musica moderna (1891) ;
L'estetica e la Psyche moderna nella
musica contemporanea (1895) ; Come si
ascolta la musica, e come si dovrebbe
ascoltare (1896) ; and L'arte del cla-
vicembalo (1901), L'arte del piano-
forte in Italia da dementi a Sgambati
(1907) ; Une chanson frangaise du XVI.
siicle (1902) ; Lo spirito moderno nella
musica (1903), Saggio di psicologia mu-
sicale (1904), Piccolo guida alia bibli-
ografla musicale (1906). He also wrote
the text of Bossi's Paradise perduto,
and composed a string quartet and
other works.

VILI/AROSA, Carlantonto de Rosa,
Marchese di (1762-1847): b. Naples, d.
there; in 1823 became Ro;^al histori-
ographer; author of Memorie del com-
positore di musica del regno di Napoli
(1840), now superseded by Florimo's
Genni storici; also Lettera biograflca
intorno alia patria ed alia vita di G. B.
Pergolesi (2nd ed., as Biografla di G.
B. P., 1843).

VIliliARS, Francois de (1825-1879) :
b. Isle of Bourbon, d. Paris; musical
feuilletoniste of L'Europe, and con-
tributor to L'Art Musical/ pub. La
Serva padrona, son apparition a Paris,
1752, son analyse, son influence (1863) ;
Notices sur Luigi e Federieo Ricct
suivies d'une analyse critique de
Crispino e la Comare (1866) ; and Les
deax Iphiginie de Glack (1868).

VILiLfEBOIS, Constantin Fefro-
Titch (1817-1882) : b. St. Petersburg,
d. Warsaw; composer of 3 operas, of
which only one was produced at Mos-
cow and St. Petersburg; also songs;
collector of folk-songs.

VlIililANI, Mme. (19th cent.) : bal-
let dancer. Ref.: X. 22, 193.

Vincent

VILLOING (1) Alexander Ivano-
vltch (1808-1878): b. St. Petersburg,
d. there; piano teacher of Anton and
Nicolas Rubinstein, and other pupils
of note; assisted at A. Rubinstein's di-
but, Paris, 1841; pub, an ttcole pratique
du Piano, containing very Ingenious
and practical exercises; also composed
a concerto, and smaller pieces. (2)
Vasslly JnlleTitcK (1850- ) : b.
Moscow; founder of a branch of the
Imperial Russian Musical Society at
Nljnl-Novgorod ; composer of a ju-
venile opera. Instrumental soil, songs,
etc., and author of 'Elements of Musi-
cal Theory' (1900).

VII/L.0T]E:A1T, Galllanme- Andre
(1759-1839) : b. Bell^me, Orne, d. Tours;
chorister at Le Mans Cathedral, Notre
Dame, Paris; chorus-singer at the
Op^ra; studied philosophy at the Sor-
bonne, and became a member of the
scientific commission which accom-
panied Napoleon to Egypt, where he
made a special study of Oriental Mu-
sic. To the great Description de
I'igypte Issued by the government he
contributed 4 essays; Dissertation sur
la musiqae des anciens iggptiens;
Dissertation sur les diverses espices
d'instruments de musique que Von
remarque parm^i les sculptures qui di-
corent les antiques monuments de
l'6gypte . . . ; De Vital actual de Vart
musical en Sgypte, etc.; and Descrip-
tion historique, technique et littiraire
des instruments de milsique des Orien-
taux; also piib. Mimoire sur la pos-
sibility et I'utiliti d'une thiorie exacte
des priricipes naturels de la musique
(1807), an introduction to his Richer-
ches sur I'analogie de la musique avec
les arts qui ont pour objet Vimitation
du langage, etc. (2 vols., 1807). Ref.:
(quoted) I. 51.

VIIiAIN, L.eandre (1866- ): b.
Trazegnles, Belgium; pupil of Brussels
conservatory; organist and teacher in
Ostend and Ghent; virtuoso on his
instrument.

VINACESI, (17th cent.) : Ital-
ian composer of Instrumental music.
Ref.: Vn. 390, 478.

VINCEXT (1) Alexandre-Josepli-
Hydnlplie (1797-1868) : b. Hesdin, Pas-
de-Calals, d. Paris ; professor of mathe-
matics at the College St.-Louis, Paris;
member of the Acaddmie; custodian
of the library of learned societies at
the Ministry of Public Instruction. He
made researches in ancient Greek and
Latin music and put forward the opin-
ion that the Greeks used harmony; also
advocated the revival of the quarter-
tones; pub. numerous essays, some of
which were reprinted in pamphlet
form, and reports of the Academle,
scientific journals, etc., and was scath-
ingly criticized by F«ls. (2) Hein-
Ticb Josepb (1819-1901): b. Theil-
heim, near Wilrzburg, d. Vienna; oper-
atic tenor at Vienna, Halle and Wiirz-
burg; from 1872, singing teacher, and

252

Vinci

conductor of the choral society at Czer-
nowltz, Bukovlna; later removed to
Vleima; composer of the operas Die
Bettlerin (Halle, 1864) and KSnig
Murat (WQrzburg, 1870); also oper-
ettas, and popular songs; pub. Rein
Generalbass mehr (1860), Die Einheit
in der Tonwelt (1862), Die Neuclaviatur
(1874) ; and articles on the chromatic
keyboard and notation. (3) Charles
John (1852- ): b. Houghton-le-
Spring, Durham; pupil of his father
the organist Charles John V., later of
Leipzig Cons.; organist at Monkwear-
mouth, 1867, later organist at Ta-
vistock and Kelly College; at Christ
Church,' Hampstead, London,, 1883-91.
He visited South Africa (1893) and
Australia (1897) as examiner for Trin-
ity College, and was joint-editor of the
'Organist and Choirmaster.' He com-
posed an oratorio 'Ruth' (1886) ; Psalm
68, cantatas with orch.; 6 cantatas for
female voices; a choral fugue in 8
parts, vocal duets, over 100 songs,
pieces for piano and 'cello, Violin
and piano solo and organ; also an
overture 'The Storm'; pub. 'A Year's
Study at the Piano,* 'First Principles
of Music,* 'Choral Instructor for Treble
Voices,* etc. (4) George Frederick
(1855- ) : brother of (3) ; studied at
Leipzig Cons.; organist and choirmaster
at St. Thomas's, Sunderland, 1832; con-
ductor of choral and instrumental so-
cieties there; composer of a cantata
with orch., 'Sir Humphrey Gilbert,' as
well as songs, anthems, etc., 2 fantasias
and fugues for 2 pianos, piano pieces,
2 vols, of organ pieces, operettas, etc.

VINCI (1) lieonardo da (1452-
1519) : b. Vinci, near Empoli, d. Castle
Closluce, near Amboise, France; paint-
er and sculptor; was also known 'as
singer, lutenist and composer. He in-
vented a new type of lute and im-
proved the fingerboard of the viola.
Ref.: I. 325, 327f; HI. 334. (2J Fletro
(b, Nicosia, SicUy, 1540) : conductor at
Bergamo Cathedral; composer of ii
Sonetti spirituali a piii voci, masses
and 10 books of madrigals. (3)
Iieouardo (1690-1732): b. Strongoli,
Calabria, d. Naples; studied with Greco
at the Conservatorio dei Poveri, Na-
ples; conductor of the Royal Chapel
in Naples; composer of 41 successful
operas, produced in Naples, Rome, Ven-
ice (Iftgenia in Tauride and Astianatte,
1725). He also wrote 2 oratorios, 2
masses, motets, etc. Ref.: I. 400f; II.
6; DC. 21, 36. ^ „ ^

VINfiE:, Anaelme: b. Loudun, VI-
^nne; pupil of Guiraud in Paris; com-
posed 2 suites for orchestra, a piano
sextet with wind Instrmnents, a trio
serenade for piano or harp with flute
and English horn or oboe (the last two
prize-crowned), Lamento for 'cello and
orch., sonatas for violin, darlnet, 'cello
(1 each), a sonata for violin alone,
duets for 2 violins and violin and
*cello, variations for piano and trum-

Viottl

pet, etc., and songs. He pub. Essai
d'un systime giairal de musique (1901)
and Principes du susteme musical
(Paris, 1910).

VINBR. MTllUam lietton (1790-
1867): b. Bath, d. Westfleld, Mass.; or-
ganist and composer of popular hymn
tunes; from 1859 in America.

VINING, Helen SlieTwood (1855-):
b. Brooklyn, N. Y. ; pub. a piano primer
and other instructive works.

VIKTJVING. Louisa (1836-1904): b.
Kinsbridge, Devon, d. London; soprano
in concert and oratorio; sang at Crys-
tal Palace, Monday Popular Concerts,

VIIVOGRADSKT, Alexander Nlko-
laievitch (1856- ) : b. EiefT; con-
ductor; studied with Solovieff in St.
Petersburg; director of the Imperial
School of Music at Saratoff, 1884-86;
president and conductor of the Im-
perial Society of Music at Kieff since
1889; also known as a conductor in
Vienna, Berlin, Paris, Antwerp, etc.;
his compositions include 2 string quar-
tets, a violin sonata, orchestral varia-
tions, a symphonic poem. Air Finnois
for violin and orchestra, etc.

VIOLA' (1) AUonso della (16th
cent.) : maestro at the court of Ercole
II d'Este, early composer of pastorals
and incidental music for the court of
Ferrara (L'Orbacche, 1541; II Sacriflzio,
1554; Lo Sfortunato, 1557, and Aretusa,
1563) in madrigal-style, the dialogue
sung by a chorus; also pub. 5-part
madrigals (1559). (2) Francesco
(16th cent.) : maestro at the court of
Duke Alfonso d'Este; pupil of WlUaert;
pub. 2 books of madrigals (1567, 1573) ;
also Willaert's Musica nova (motets
and madrigals) in 1558. Ref.: I. 317.
(3) Alessandro delta. See Alessan-
DRO Romano. (4) Glan Fietro della
(16th cent.): Italian painter. Ref.: I.
326.

VIOLB, Rndolt (1815-1867): b.
Schochwitz, Mansfeld, d. Berlin; pupil
of Liszt, pianist and teacher in Ber-
lin; composed 11 piano sonatas. Die
mnsikalische Gartenlaube, 100 studies
for piano; Caprices hiroiques; Poisies
lyriques; a Polonaise, a Ballade, etc.

VIOTTA, Henri (1848- ): h.
Amsterdam; studied originally law aQd
practiced it for a time; also stud-
ied music at Cologne Cons., and in
1883 organized and became conductor
of the Amsterdam Wagner Society;
also of the 'Excelsior' and the 'Cecilia';
succeeded Nicolai as Director of the
Cons, at The Hague in 1896; editor of
the Maandblad voor Muziek from 1889;
pub. Lexicon der Toonkunst (1889) and
articles in various journals.

VIOTTI, Giovanni Battlsta (1753-
1824) : b. Fontaneto da P6, Vercelli, d.
London; the son of a blacksmith; in
early youth he taught himself to play
on a toy violin, and so attracted the
attention of the Bishop of Stramblno,
who secured him the patronage of Al-

.253

Virdung

fonso del Pozzo, Prince della Clsterna.
He thus came under the tutelage of
Pugnani at Turin, and soon entered
the court orchestra. He made a tour
of Germany, Poland and Russia with
his teacher in 1780, and was ffited at
the court of Catherine H. In London
he won new triumphs in 1782; in Paris,
at the Concerts Spirituels, his art was
acknowledged as unrivalled. In the
next year, offended by the apparent
preference of a mediocre violinist by
a Paris audience, he abruptly ceased
public appearances and devoted him-
self to teaching and composing, while
acting as accompanist to Queen Marie
Antoinette, and mattre de chapelle to
the Prince de Soubise. Failing to ob-
tain the directorship of the Op^ra in
1787, he joined the Queen's friseur
Leonard, in establishing an Italian
opera, opened at the Tuileries In 1780,
transferred to the Theatre de la Foire
St. Germain in 1790, and in 1791 to
the newly erected Theatre Feydeau,
where the Revolution ruined the en-
terprise. Forced to resume his vir-
tuoso career, V. went to London, and
gave a series of successful concerts
at the Hanover Square Rooms; but a
rumor that he was an efnlssary of the
revolutionists caused him to retire to
Hamburg until 1794, when he resumed
concert-giving in London, was man-
ager of the Italian Opera for a season
and director of the Opera Concerts in
1795. Failure caused him to embark in
the wine-trade, but on a visit to Paris
in 1S02, persuaded to play before
Cherubini and others, he surpassed his
earlier performances. In 1819 he se-
cured the coveted directorship of the
Op^ra, and in 1822 resigned with a
pension of 6000 francs. His two great
pupils were Rode and Baillot, and by
virtue of his influence exerted through
them he has been called the 'father
of modem violin-playing.' His works,
classics of violin literature, include
the first violin concertos in the broad
modem sonata form and displaying
the full resources of the orchestra.
Of these he published 29 (No. 22, In A
min.. Is still a favorite) ; also 2 Con-
certantes for 2 violins, 21 string quar-
tets, 21 trios for 2 violins and viola,
51 violin duos, 18 sonatas with bass,
3 Divertissements (Nocturnes) for pi-
ano and violin and a piano sonata.
Ref..- II. 90; VII. 402, 404f, 408, ilOff,
428, 430, 431, 433, 488.

VIRDUNG, Sebastian (16th cent.):
priest at Amberg and organist at Basle;
wrote the historically important illus-
trated work Musica getutscht nnd
aaszgezogen darch Sebastianum Vir-
dung, Priester von Amberg, um alles
Gesang aus den Noten in die Tabula-
turen dieser benannten dreye Instru-
mente der Orgeln, der Lauten und der
Floten transferireen zu lernen Kiirzlich
gemacht (1511) ; facsimile reprint by
Breitkopf & Hartel (1882). Four of his

Vitry

songs are printed in Po Schoffer's
Teutsche Lieder mil 4 !jtimmen (1513).
Ref.: VII. 374.

VISBTTI, Albert Anthonr (1846-) !
b. Spalato, Dalmatia; studied at Lilian
Conservatory, singing teacher, "Professor
at the Royal College of Music, London,
director of the Bath Philharmonic So-
ciety; translated into Italian Hullah's
'History of Modern Music' and Hiiifer's
'Musical Studies,' and pub. a 'History
of the Art of Singing.'

VITALiI (1) Filliipo (17th cent):
b. Florence; singer in the Papal Chapel,
Rome (1631), and chamber-singer to
Cardinal Barberini; pub. 5-part madri-
gals (1616) ; Uusiche a 2, 3 e 6 voci (in
monodic style, 1617) ; Musiche a 1 e 2
voci con il basso per I'organo (1618) ;
Intermedj . . . fatti per la commedia
degli Accademici inconstanti (1623,
prod, at the palace of Cardinal de'
Medici, Florence) ; 2- to 5-part motets
(1630); 2-part Arte (1635); Hgmni
Urbani VIIl. (1636); 3-part Arie (1639);
5-part psalms (1640) ; Libri V di arie
a 3 voci (1647). (2) Giovanni Bat-
tlsta (ca. 1644-1692) : b. Cremona, d.
Modena, as second maestro di cappella
to <the Duke (from 1674). He was a
pupil of Cazzati and pub. Baletti, cor-
renti, gighe, allemande, etc. (1668) ;
Sonate a 2 vlolini con basso continuo
per I'organo (1667, 2nd cd., 1685) ; Bal-
letti, correnti alia francese, gagliarde e
brando per ballare (1685) ; Balletti,
correnti e sinfonie da camera a k siro-
menti (1677, 2nd ed., 1685) ; Balletti,
correnti, etc., a violino e violone o
spinetta, con il secondo violino a bene-
placito (1678) ; Sonate a 2-5 stromenti
(1681) ; Salmi concertati a 2-5 (with
instruments, 1677) ; Sonate a 2 violini e
basso continuo (op. 9) ; Inni sacri . . .
a voce sola con 5 stromenti (1681) ;
Varie sonate alia francese ed all'itali-
ana a 6 stromenti (1689) ; Balli in
stile francese a 5 stromenti (1690) ;
Artifici musicali a diversi stromenti
(1689) ; Sonate da camera a i stromenti
(1692) ; other works in MS. at Modena.
Ref.; L 365f; VII. 387, 479; mus. ex.,
XIII. 121. (3) Tommaso Antonio
(18th cent.) : son of (2) ; member of
the Philharmonic Academy at Bologna,
and composer of chamber music (So-
nata da chiesa a 3). Ref.: VIL 383,
388.

VITRTJVIUS (1st cent. B. C.) :
Roman architect, who described the
hydraulic organ of Ktesibos (De Arch.,
X. ii). Ref.: I. 133; VI. 398 (footnote).

VITRY, Pblllppe de (Philippus di
ViTRiACo) (ca. 1290-1361): b. Vitry,
Champagne, d. as Bishop of Meaux;
composer in the new contrapuntal
style of which Machault is the first im-
portant exponent (Ars nova) ; none of
his compositions has as yet been found,
and the writings on mensurable music
ascribed to him printed in Scriptores
Hi are also spurious. According to
Joh. Wolf, who has treated the whole

254

Vittorl

school In his Geschtchte der Mensural-
notation, Jean de Murls (q.v.) is the
theoretical representative of V.'s prac-
tice. He probably simplified the nota-
tion of the 14th cent. Italian master
and laid the foundation for the method
in use in succeeding centuries. Ret.:
1. 228; VI. 53.

VITTORI, Loreto (ca. 1588-1670):
b. Spoleto, d. Rome; Florentine court
singer and p^pal singer at Rome (from
1622); pub. Arte a voce sola (1639); a
cantata a voce sola, Irene (1648) ; a
dramma in musica. La Galatea (1639)
and a dramma saero. La pellegrina
costante (1647).

VITTORIA, liUdOTlco Tomaso da
(correctly Ijnls Tomas de Victoria)
(ca. 1540-ca. 1613) : b. Avila, Spain, d.
Madrid (?) ; in his youth a pupil of
Escobedo and Morales, singers in the
Papal Chapel at Rome ; in 1573, maestro
at the Collegium Germanicum; in 1575,
at San Apollinare; from 1589-1602,
vice-maesfro of the Royal Chapel, Ma-
drid. He was an eminent composer of
the time of Palestrlno with whom he
was intimate, and pub. Liber primus,
gut missas, psalmos. Magnificat, ad
Virginem Dei Matrem. salutationes
aliaque complectitur a 6-S (1576) ;
Magnificats a i, wilih 4 antiphones to
the Virgin a 5-8 (1581) ; Hymni totius
anni a 4, with 4 psalms a 8 (1581;
,1600); masses a i-8 (2 vols., 1583;
1592) ; OfUcium hebdomadae sanctae
(1585) ; Motetta festorum totius anni
cum communi sanctorum a 5-8 (1585;
often repub., an ed. of 1589 in-
cludes 12-part motets) ; and his famous
requiem for the Empress Maria, Offlci-
nm defunctorum sex vocibus (1605).
Several works by V. aue repub. In
Proske's Musica divina. Ref.: I. 321;
VI. 68.

VIVAIiM, Antonio (ca. 1714-1743);
b. Venice, d. there; celebrated violin-
ist, son of GiAMBATTisTA V., violluist at
St. Mark's; took holy orders early in
life and was surnamed 'it prete rosso'
on account of his red hair. He was
probably in the service of Philip of
Hesse, regent In Mantua, 1?07-13, and
bore the title of Ducal maestro. From
1714 he was active at St. Mark's; di-
rector of the Girls' Cons. Ospedale della
Pieti. Some of his violin sonatas and
concertos are still highly prized. His
works -.include trios for 2 violins and
•cello, op. 1; 18 violin sonatas with
bass, op. 2 and 5; Estro poetico, 12
concerti for 4 violins, 2 violas, 'cello,
knd organ bass,^ op. 3 ; 23 Concerti per
vtolino principale, 2 violini di ripieno,
viola e basso per I'organo op. 4, 6 and
7; Le quattro stagioni, 12 Concerti a 5,
op. 8; La cetra, 6 do., op. 9; 6 Concerti
for flute, violin, viola, 'cello, and organ
bass, op. 10; and 12 Concerti per vio-
lini principale, 2 violini concertanti,
viola, violoncello, e basso d'organo, op.
12 and 22. V. also prod. 28 operas,
mostly in Venice. Ref.: I. 396. 471;

Vockerodt

VII. 37, 69, 95, 98, 399, 400, 413, 422,
i3Sf; mus. ex., XIH. 92; portrait, VII.
398.

VIVEIili, Padre Colestln (1846-) :
b. Wolfach, Baden; Benedictine monk
in Seckau, Styria; writer on Gregorian
chant (Die liturgisch-gesangliche Re-
form Gregors d. Gr., 1904; Erklitrung
der vatikanischen Choralschrift, 1906),
etc.; pub. an alphabetical list of the
beginnings of the tracts contained in
Gerbert's and Coussemaker's Scriptores,
also an Index rerum et verborum trac-
tatuum de musica editorum (printed
1915).

VIVBS, Amedeo; contemporary Span-
ish composer of 3 operas, Artus (Bar-
celona, 1897), Don Lucas de Cigarral
(Madrid, 1899) and Erda d'Vriach (Bar-
celona, 1900), and about 30 operettas
(zarzuelas). Ref.: III. 407; IX. 478.

VIVIBR (1) Albert Josepli (1816-
1903): b. Huy, Belgium, d. Brussels;
pupil at the Brussels conservatory,
where he brought out a one-act opera,
Padillo le tavernier, in 1857, author of
Traiti complet d'harmonie (1862; sev-
eral times reprinted) and other books
on theory. (2) Eugene Ii£on (1821-
1900) : b. Ajaccio, d. Nice ; horn vir-
tuoso in the Italian opera and the
Grand Op^ra in Paris. He is said to
have produced 2 and even 3 tones
simultaneously on the horn, but by
what means remains a mystery. He
wrote Vn pen de ce qui se dit tous les
jours.

VIZENTINI, lionis Albert (1841-
1906) : b. Paris, d. there; studied at the
conservatories of Brussels and Paris;
solo violinist at the Theatre Lyrlgue
and under Pasdeloup and music critic
on Figaro; then conductor in Paris
theatres and in London; bought the
'GaitS' from Offenbach and made it the
Theatre National Lyrique; became ad-
ministrator of the Imperial theatres in
St. Petersburg and upon his return from
Paris of the Vari^tes, director of the
Folies Dramatiques, head stage director
of the Gymnase and for a time director
of the Grand Theatre Lyons, finally
stage director of the Op^ra-Comique,
Paris. He produced one original ballet
in St. Petersburg, 2 operettas in Paris,
and wrote orchestral pieces, fantasies,
etc., also criticism.

VliEESHOTIWER, Albert de

(1863-) : b. Antwerp; pupil of Jan
Blockx; prod. 2 operas, L'icole des
pires (1892), and Zrgni (Antwerp,
1895) ; a sjrmphonic poem, De wilde
jager; an Idyll for orch., etc.

VOCKERODT, aottfrled (1665-
1727) : b. Miihlhausen, Thuringia, d.
Gotha, as rector of the Gymnasium;
author of Consultatio . . . de cavenda
falsa mentium intemperatam medicina
(1696) ; Missbrauch der freien Kunst,
insonderheit der Musik (1697) ; and
Wiederholtes Zeugniss der Wahrheit
gegen die verderbte Musik and Schau-
spiele, Opera, etc. (1698), in which he

255

Vockner

advocated the idea that excessive en-
joyment of music injures the intellect,
and that Nero and Caligula became
totally depraved through . their passion
for music.

VOCKIVKR, Josef (1842-1906): b.
Ebensee, Upper Austria, d. Vienna;
studied with Bruckner, taught the or-
gan at Vienna Conservatory, composed
church music, an oratorio, organ
fugues, a piano quartet, etc.

VOICiT (1) Johann Georg Her-
mann (1769-1811): b. Osterwieck, Sax-
ony, d. Leipzig; organist at St. Thomas'
Church, Leipzig; composer of 12 or-
chestral minuets, 7 quartets and a trio
for string instruments, 3 piano sonatas
and 6 Scherzi for piano 4 hands, a
Polonaise for 'cello and orch., a viola
concerto, etc. (2) Carl (1808-1879) : b.
Hamburg, d. there; conductor of the
Cecilian Society at Frankfort (1838),
founder and conductor of the Cecilia
Society at Hamburg (1840). (3) Hen-
rlette (1808-1839) : b. Leipzig, d. there;
pianist in Leipzig, the friend of Men-
delssohn and Schumann.

VOISINS, Comte Gilbert des (19th
cent.): husband of Taglioni. Ref.: X.
154.

VOGBIi (1) Joliann Chrlstopli
(1859-1908): b. Nuremberg, d. Paris;
pupil of Riepel at Ratisbon; prod, op-
eras in Gluck's style (La toison d'or,
1786; given later as Medde a Colchis),
and Dimophon (1789) in Paris; also
wrote 3 symphonies, 2 concertantes for
2 horns, and one for oboe and bassoon;
a bassoon concerto ; 3 clarinet concertos ;
6 string quartets ; 6 quartets . for horn
and strings; 3 quartets for bassoon
and ctrings; 6 trios for 2 violins and
bass; 6 duos for 2 clarinets; and 6
duos for 2 bassoons. (2) Frledricti
IVimelm Ferdinand (b. Havelberg,
Prussia, 1807) : organist; pupil of
Blmbach at Berlin; made tours as a
virtuoso, taught In Hamburg 1838-41,
and from 1852 at the school for organ-
playing and composition at Bergen,
Norway; pub. a concertino for organ
and trombones; 60 chorale preludes and
10 postludes; 2 preludes and fugues; a
symphony, an overture, an orchestral
suite in canon-form, chamber music,
choruses, and 2 operettas. (3) CCharles
Louis] Adolphe (1808-1892): b. Lille,
d. Paris; violinist; pupil of A. Kreut-
zer, and in composition of Reicha at
the Conservatoire. His song Les trots
conleuTS became popular in the Revo-
lution of 1830. He prod, the operas Le
Podestat (Opira-Comique, 1831) ; Le
siige de Leyde (The Hague, 1847) ; La
moissonnense (Theatre Lyrique, 1853) ;
RomponsI (Bouffes-Parisiens, 1857);
Le nid de cigognes (Baden-Baden,
1858) ; Gredin de Pigoche (Folies-
Marigny, 1866) ; La ftllenle du roi
(Brussels and Paris, 1875) ; and wrote
symphonies, church music, chamber
and other music. (4) [Wllhelm]
aiorltz (1846- ) : b. Sorgau, near

Yogi

Freiburg, Silesia; studied at Leipzig
Cons.; pianist, teacher and critic in
Leipzig, also conductor of choral socie-
ties; pub. a series of instructive works
for piano, including rondos, sonatinas,
etudes, etc., and a Method in 12 parts;
also motets and part-songs; also pub. a
Geschichte der Musik (1900) and Kleine
Elementarmasiklehre (1896). (5)

[Adolf] Bernhard (1847-1898): b.
Plauen, Saxony, d. Leipzig; studied
law and philosophy at Leipzig Univ.
(Dr. phil.), also music at the Conser-
vatory; became contributor to the Neue
Zeitschrift filr Musik and the Leipziger
Nachrichten; the Leipziger Tageblatti
edited the Deutsche Liederhalle in 1885;
pub. monographs on R. Volkmann,
Wagner, Billow, Brahms, Rubinstein,
Liszt, on Schumanns Klaviertonpoesie,
and (with K. Kipke) a history of the
Leipzig Cons. (1888) ; also composed
male and mixed choruses, sacred songs,
and piano pieces. (6) Bmll (1859-
1908) : b. Wriezen-on-Oder, d. near Ber-
lin; studied at Greifswald and Berlin;
(Dr. phiL in 1887) ; was sent by the
Prussian government to Italy as Ha-
berl's assistant in 1883, was librarian
of the Peters Musical Library at Leip-
zig 1893-1901, and edited the Peters
Jahrbnch during that period. He pub.
a monograph , on Monteverdi (1887),
and one on Marco da Gagliano and
music in Florence from 1570-1650
(1889), both in the Yierteljahrsschrift
filr Musikwissenschaft; also a catalogue
of the manuscripts and early printed
works in the music division of Wolfen-
buttel Ducal Library (1890) ; also a
2-vol. Bibliothek der gedrackten welt-
lichen Yokalinusik Italiens aus den
Jahren 1500-1700 (1892). He was an
honorary member of the Royal Acad-
emy, Florence.

VOGBLBIS, martin (1861- ): b.
Ersteln, Alsace; teacher of music at the
Episcopal seminary at Zillesheim, 1886-
91, priest In Behlenheim, 1896-1906,
since 1908 in Schlettstadt ; special inves-
tigator of the musical history of Alsa-
tia; published a number of monographs
of value, as well as Qaellen und
Bausteine zn einer Geschichte der Mu-
sik und des Theaters im Elsass, 500-
1800 (1911), the fruit of long years of
archivlstic study.

VOGBIiSANG. See Ornithopabcus.

VOGGETTHUBBR, Vilnta von (Frau
V.-Krolop) (1845-1888) : b. Pesth, d.
Berlin; pupil of Stoll at Berlin;
made her d^ut, 1862, at the National
Theatre, Pesth, as Romeo in Bellini's
opera; sang there until 1865, vis-
ited Germany and Holland, and the
Vienna Court Opera, became a member
of the Berlin court opera in 1868, and
was noted as an interpreter of Isolde,
Elisabeth, Fldello, Iphigenia, Armlda,
Donna Anna, Norma, etc.

VOGL. (1) Johann Mlcbael (1768-
1840): b. Steyr, d. Vienna; tenor who
introduced Scdiubert's songs to the pub-

256

Vogler

lie; studied law in Vienna, then joined
the court theatre company at the in-
stance of Siissmayer, the conductor.
Ref.: II. 225. (2) Helnrlcli (1845-
1903): b. Au, near Munich; d. Munich;
operatic tenor, at first a schoolmaster
at Ebersburg, 1862-5, he pursued mu-
sical and Tocal studies, continued at
Munich under Fr. Lachner and Jenk;
made successful ddbut as Max in Der
FTeischiXiz, 1865, as member of the Mu-
nich Court Opera. After Schnorr von
Carolsfeld (d. 1865) he figured for some
years as the model Tristan and was
generally successful as a Wagner
singer. He prod, an opera, Der Fremd-
Ung, at Munich in 1899, and wrote
songs and ballads. (3) Therese (.nie
Thoma) (1845- ) : b. Tutzlng, on the
Lake of Stamberg; wife of (2); dra-
matic soprano, studied at the Munich
Cons., sang at Karlsruhe, 1864, and
Munich, 1865-92. Like her husband she
was remarkable as a Wagner singer,
especially for her' Interpretation of
Isolde.

VOGIiER (1) Jabann Caspar (1696-
mlddle 18th cent.) : b. Hansen, near
Amstadt; pupil of J. S. Bach; organist
at Stadtllm and at the Weimar court;
pub. Vermischte Choral Ged'anken
(1738). (2) GeoTg Josepli (known as
Abbe Vogler) (1749-1814): b. Wiirz-
burg, d. Darmstadt; studied for a
short time with Padre Martini at Bo-
logna; pupil of Vallotti at Padua, and
there studied theology; took Holy Or-
ders at Rome, and received numerous
high honors. After returning to Ger-
many he founded the Mannheimer Ton-
schule, became court chaplain and sec-
ond Kapellmeister. He also produced
2 operas, Der Kaufmann von Smgrna
(Mayence, 1780), and Albert III von
Bai/ern (Munich, 1781) ; a third, La
Kermesse, failed totally at Paris (1783),
in Spain and the East. V. was court
cond. at Stockholm (1786-99) and there
founded a music school. He then trav-
elled as a concert-organist, with a port-
able organ called 'orchestrion,' which
he invented, visltinjg Copenhagen, Ham-
burg, Amsterdam, London, Paris, etc.,
explaining his system of simplifying
organs and obtaining various orders for
remodeling organs according to it. By
uniting an 8-foot pipe with a 5-1/3 foot
(quint) pipe, he obtained a 16-foot tone
through the tones of combination, an
idea still put in practice by combining
a 16-foot pipe with a 10-2/3 pipe to get
a 32-foot tone. Most of his other sim-
plifications, such as discarding mix-
tures and display-pipes, have persisted.
In 1807 he became court Kapellmeister
at Darmstadt, where he established a
third 'Tonschule' where Weber and
Meyerbeer were taught and V. exerted
a strong influence on the rising gen-
eration of musicians. His theoretical
writings Include Tonwissenschaft und
Tonsetzkunst (1776), Stimmbildungs-
kutist (1776) and ChurpfiUzisehe Ton-

Vogt

schule (1778), all 3 repub. together as
Mannheimer Tonschule; also pub. a
monthly paper, Betrachtungen der'
Mannheimer Tonschule (1778-81) ; In-
ledning til harmoniens konnedom
(Stockholm, 1795) ; Swedish methods
for piano, organ, and thorough-bass
(1797); Choralsgstem (Copenhagen,
1800) ; Data zur Akustik (1800) ; Hand-
buch zur Harmonielehre (1802) ; Vber
die harmonische Akustik (1807) ;
Grundliche Anweisung zum Clavier-
stimmen (1807) ; Deutsche Kirehenmu-
sik (1807); Ober Choral und Kirchen-
gesdnge (1814) ; System fur den Fugen-
baa. Besides the operas already men-
tioned he composed Egld, Erwin und
Elvira (Darmstadt, 1781; Paris, 1782);
Le 'Patriotisme (written 1788 for the
Paris Opira; not prod.); Castor und
Pollux (in Ital. at Munich, 1784; in
Ger. at Mannheim, 1791); Gustavus
Adolphus (Swedish opera, Stockholm,
1791) ; Hermann von tjnna (also as H.
I'on Staufen, Copenhagen, 1800) ; Sa-
mori (Vienna, 1804) ; and Der Admiral
(Darmstadt, 1810) ; also overture and
entr'actes to 'Hamlet'; choruses to
Athalia, ballets, much church music
(masses, a Requiem, Miserere, Te
Deum, psalms, motets, etc.), a sym-
phony, overtures, piano concerto, a
piano quartet, 'The Matrimonial Quar-
rel,' Polgmelos, ou caractires de mu-
sique de diffirentes nations (piano and
strings), a concerto, preludes, chorales,
etc., for organ. Ref.: H. 199; VL 458f,
490; VIL 191.

VOGRICH, Max [Wllhelm Carl]
(1852-1916): b. Szeben (Hermannstadt) ,
Transylvania, d. New York; pianist,
appeared in public at 7; studied with
Wenzel, Reincke, Moscheles, Hauptmann
and Richter at the Leipzig Cons.;
toured Germany, Austria, Russia,
France, Spain, Italy, Mexico and South
America as pianist, also the United
States with Wilhelmj; lived in Aus-
tralia, 1882-86., then in New York as
composer. His works Include the op-
eras Vanda (Florence, 1875), Lanzelot
(1890), 'King Arthur" (Leipzig, 1893),
'Buddha' (Weimar, 1904) and other
dramatic works in MS.; an oratorio,
'The Captivity' (1884) ; the cantatas
'The Diver* (1890), and 'The Young King
and the Shepherdess'; Missa solemnis;
2 symphonies, 2 violin-concertos, piano-
concerto (1886), 12 concert studies for'
piano, many other piano pieces, an-
thems, terzets, duets and songs, also
music to Wildenbruch's Die Lieder des
Euripides (1905).

VOGT (1) Gnstave (1781-1870): b.
Strassburg, d. Paris; pupil of the Con-
servatoire, oboist at the Opfira Coralque
and Opira, Paris; and in the Conser-
vatoire concerts, also professor at the
Cons. He wrote 4 oboe concertos, vari-
ations for oboe and orch., potpourris,
marches, etc., for band; concert piece
for English horn, duos for 2 oboes. (2)
.lean (Johann) (1823-1888): b. Gross-

257

VolgUandep

Tlnz, Llegnitz, d. Eberswalde ; studied
in Berlin and Breslau, taught piano in
St. Petersburg, toured as pianist, lived
in Dresden, Berlin and New York; be-
came professor at the Stern Conserva-
tory, Berlin; wrote an oratorio, cham-
ber music, instructive piano pieces, also
impromptus, salon pieces, valse bril-
lante, etc., for piano. (3) A. S.: con-
ductor of the Mendelssohn Cons, of
Toronto from its foundation to the
present time (1916). Ref.: rv. 218tr,
259. (4) Theodore: contemp. Ameri-
can composer, resident in San Fran-
cisco, composed music for the 1905
'Midsummer High Jinks.' Ret.: IV.
399

VOIGTIiANDBlR, Gabriel (17th
cent.) : court fleld-trumpeter and cham-
ber musician at the Danish Court, pub.
Allerhand Oden and Lieder welche auff
allerley als Italienische Franzosische
Bnglische und anderen Deutsche gute
KomponWen Melodien. und Arien ge-
richtet, etc., containing 98 melodies
with bass (Soro, 1642; 5th ed., 1664),
historically important as a collection
of songs then popular.

VOI^BACH, Fritz (1861- ): b.
Wipperfurth (Bbineland) ; studied in
the Cologne Cons., later at the Royal
Institute for Church Music and com-
position with Grill (Akademie) in Ber-
lin, in the meantime having studied
philosophy in Heidelberg and Bonn.
He became teacher at the Royal In-
stitute for Church Music, Berlin, and
conductor of the Academic Liedertafel
and the Klindworth Chorus in 1887,
then conductor of the Liedertafel, etc.,
in Mayence, and in 1907 he became
Musikdlrektor in Tubingen Univ. (Pro-
fessor). He composed 3 symphonic
poems, a symphony, a ballade cycle for
chorus and orchestra, other choruses, a
piano quintet, etc. He also wrote a text
book on accompanying Gregorian chant,
biographies of Handel and Beethoven,
as well as Die deutsche Musik im 19.
Jahrhundert (1909), Die Instrumente
des Orchesters (Leipzig, 1913) and an-
alyses for the Konzertfiihrer. His pre-
mieres of the new Chrysander editions
of Handel and his edition of the piano
arrangements of Berlioz's 'Damnation
of Faust' entitle him to special recog-
nition.

VOI.BORTH, Elngen -ron (1854-) :
b. St. Petersburg; studied with A. K.
Bernhardt and Anton Rubinstein, also
with Lassen and Liszt in Weimar;
wrote 4 operas, produced at Stettin,
1898; Weimar, 1899; Wiesbaden, 1903;
and Karlsruhe (Die Zaubersaite, 1904),
also songs, ballades, and piano pieces.
He is Imperial Russian state councillor
with the title of Excellency.

VOI,CKL,AND, Alfred (1841-1905) :
b. Brunswick, d. Basle ; studied at Leip-
zig Cons.; court pianist and court con-
ductor at Sondersheim, conductor of
the 'Euterpe' in Leipzig, founder (with
Holstein and Spitta) of the Bach So-

Volkmann

ciety there; from 1875 conductor of the
Allgemelne Musikgesellschaft, Gesang-
verein and Liedertafel In Basle, where
he received the honorary degree of Dr.
phil. from the Univ.

VOIiCKMAR, Wllhelm Talentin
(1812-1887) : b. Hersfeld, near Cassel,
d. Homburg; near Cassel; organ virtu-
oso, teacher and musical director at
Homburg; composer of 20 organ so-
natas, organ concertos, an organ sym-
phony and other works for the organ;
also piano pieces and violin music;
wrote an Orgelschule and a Schule der
Gelaufigkeit for organ.

VOIilSflN, Alexander: contemporary
Russian ballet dancer. Ref.: X. 185,
187. 247.

VOIiKEI/T, Johannes (1848- ):
b. Lipnik, Galicia; studied Vienna, Jena
and Leipzig; professor at Basle, Wilrz-
burg and Leipzig; writer on sesthetics,

VOLKBRT, Franz (1767-1845): b.
Friedland, near Bunzlau, d. Vienna,
where he was organist at the Schot-
tenstift, also conductor at the Leopold-
stadt Theatre; composer of over 100
comic operas, Singspiele, melodramas,
farces, etc., many very popular; also
church music, piano concertos, piano
trios, organ music, etc.

VOIiKHOlVSKTf, Prince Serge t con-
temporary authority on the ballet.
Ref.: (quoted) X. 197f, 212f, 215ff, 232,

VOLKLAND, Alfred. See VoLCK-

LAND.

VOLKMANN (1) [Friedrich] Rohert
(1815-1883) : b. Lommatzsch, Saxony, d.
Pesth; pupil of his father, a cantor,
in organ and piano; of Friebel in vio-
lin and 'cello; in composition with
Anacker in Freiberg and K. F. Becker
in Leipzig, where he received encour-
agement from Schumann. He taught in
Prague, 1839-42, then Pesth, and ex-
cepting 4 years (1854-58) in Vienna, he
lived there till his death. For some
years he was professor of harmony and
counterpoint at the National Academy
of Music. His compositions include:
For orchestra: 2 symphonies (op. 44,
D min. ; op. 53, B-flat) ; 3 serenades for
strings, op. 62, 63, 69 ('cello obbligato) ;
2 overtures, op. 50 and 68 ('Richard
III'); 'cello concerto, op. 33; Konzert-
stiicke (for piano and orch.), op. 42.
Chamber music: 6 string quartets, 2 pi-
ano trios, Romanze for 'cello, op. 7;
Romanze for violin, op. 10; Allegretto
capriccioso (op. 15) ; Rhapsody (op.
31), and 2 sonatinas for piano and
violin (op. 60, 61). For piano: Phan-
tasiebilder, op. 1; Dithyrambe und Toc-
cate, op. 4; Souvenir de Mahrolh, op.
6; Nocturne, op. 8; sonata, op. 12;
Buch der Lieder, op. 17; Deutsche
Tdnze, op. 18; Cavatine und Barcarole,
Visegrad, op. 21; 4 marches, op. 22;
Wanderskizzen, op. 23; Lieder der
Grossmutter, op. 27; 3 Improvisations,
op. 36; Am Grab des Graf en Szechinyi,

258

Volkoff

op. 41; Ballade und Scherzetto, op. 51;
transcriptions of songs by Mozart and
Schubert, etc. For piano 4 hands:
Sonatina, op. 57; Musikalisches Lieder-
buch, op. 11; Vngarische Skizzen, op.
24; Die Tageszeiteti, op. 39; 3 marches,
op. 40; Rondino and Marcia-Capriccio,
op. 55; sonatina, op. 57; and Varia-
tions on a Handel theme for 2 pianos,
op. 26. Vocal works: 2 masses for
male chorus, op. 28, 29; 5 sacred songs
for mixed chorus, op. 38 and 70; offer-
tories for soli, chorus and orch., op.
47; songs for male chorus, op. 48, 58;
Christmas carol of the 12th century, op.
59; old German hymns for double male
chorus, op. 64; 6 duets on old German
poems, op. 67; 2 wedding-songs for
mixed chorus, op. 71; alto solo with
orch.. An die Nacht, op. 45; Sappho,
dramatic scene for sop. and orch., op.
49; Kirchenarie for bass with flute and
strings, op. 65; and many songs (2 for
mezzo-sop. with piano and 'cello).
Ref.: III. 13, 192; songs, V. 256; string
quartet, Vll. 457; orchestral works,
VIII. 248, 251; mus. ex., XIV. 356;
portrait, VIII. 250. (2) Wllbelm. See
Bbeitkopf & Hartel. (3) Hans (1875-) :
b. Bischof swerda ; studied in Dresden,
Munich and Berlin, chiefly art history,
also musical history; writer of literary
and musical essays, a monograph on
Em. d'Astorga, a biography of Robert
Volkmann (his grand-uncle) (1902,
1915), also Neues fiber Beethoven
(1904), other articles on Beethoven; and
edited R. Volkmann's letters. (4) I.nd-
vfIs. See Breitkopf & Habtel.

VOLKOPF, FeodoT GrlgorieTitch
(1729-1763): b. Kostroma, d. St. Pe-
tersburg; is credited with the founda-
tion of the Russian theatre. His opera
Tanjusha, produced 1729, is the first
composed by a Russian. His operatic
libretto 'The Charitable Titus,' set to
music by Araja, 1751, was also the first
original Russian libretto. He revised
the title of 'first court actor' upon the
founding of the Russian theatre.

VOLIiBBDING, Johann Chrlstopli
(1757- ) : b. Schonebeck, near
Magdeburg; teacher of belles-lettres in
Berlin and translator into German of
Dom Bedos' history of the organ and
of Heron's description of the hydraulic
organ.

VOr.L,HARDT, [Emil] ReinliaTdt
(1858- ): b. Seifersdorf, Saxony;
studied Leipzig Cons., 1883-86; pian-
ist and organist, cantor of the Marlen-
klrche, and conductor of choral socie-
ties in Zwickau; Royal professor,
1915; composer of sacred and secular
choruses and songs; wrote a history
of the cantors and organists in Saxon
cities (1899), etc.

VOI/IiWBILER, Karl (1813-1848) :
b. Offenbach, d. Heidelberg; teacher in
Frankfort, St. Petersburg and Heidel-
berg; "composer of 1 symphony, 2 pi-
ano trios, a sonata, and other pieces
for piano, piano studies, Variations on

Voss

a Russian theme for string quartet, etc.

VOLPE, Arnold (1869- ): b.
Kovno, Russia; studied in the Warsaw
Mtisical Institute and St. Petersburg
Cons, (violin with Auer, theory and
composition with Solovleff) ; conductor
of the Young Men's Symphony Orches-
tra, New York, since 1902; founder
(1904) and conductor of the Volpo
Symphony Orchestra, New York; also
orchestral conductor at the Brooklyn
Inst, of Arts and Sciences, and in Mu-
nicipal Concerts, New York. Ref.: IV.
188.

VOLTAIRE. Ref.: (quoted) II. 34,
47, 76; IV. 356; IX. 73; X. 99.

VOIiTJMIER, Jean Baptlste (1677-
1728) : b. Spain, d. Dresden; educated
at the French court; court concert-mas-
ter and dance-master In Berlin, 1672-
1706, from 1709 in Dresden.

VOIV DER HEIDE, John Frederic
(1857- ): b. Cincinnati; studied
singing and violin from early child-
hood, playing and singing in public
at 10 ; later continued study of voice-
culture and piano in Cincinnati, then
in Europe. He was director of the
Buffalo School of Music, 1882-84;
taught at the New York Cons., 1885-91,
then privately till 1897; has been sec-
retary, treasurer and president (2
terms) of the New York Music Teach-
ers' Association.

VON HOLST, Gnstave Theodore.
See HoLST.

VOPEI/IUS, Gottfried (1635-1715) :
b. Herwigsdorf, Zittau, d. Leipzig; can-
tor of the Nicolaikirche there; pub.
Neues Leipziger Gesangbach (1682),
containing chorales by himself, which
are still in use.

VORETZSCH, Jobannes Felix
(1835-1908): b. Altkirchen, d. Halle;
studied at the Leipzig Cons.; musical
director at Glogau, conductor of the
Bobert Franz Singakademie, the sub-
scription concerts from 1868, and of
the Neue Singakademie in Halle from
1903 (Royal professor).

VOS (1) Eduard de (1833- ): b.
Ghent; teacher of music and singing
at Ghent Cons., conductor of the Ghent
Sociit6 des Choeurs; composer of vocal
music. (2) Isidore (1851-1876): b.
Ghent, d. there; composer of cantata
De Meermin (prix de Rome), piano
pieces and songs. (3) Franz: brother
of (2) ; teacher at the Ghent Cons.

VOSS (1) (Vossins), Gerhard Jo-
hann (1577-1649): b. Heidelberg, d.
Amsterdam, "where he was professor
of history; pub. De artium et scien-
tiarum musica (1650-58; 2nd ed., 1660;
treats in detail of music). (2) (Vos-
sins) Isaak (1618-1689) : b. Leyden,
d. Windsor, England, as canon; pub.
De poematum canta et viribus rhuthmi
(1673). (3) Charles (1815-1882): b.
Schmarsow, near Demmin, Pomerania,
d. Verona; pianist; studied in Berlin,
then lived in Paris, 1846, as player and
composer of high repute; composer of

259

Vowles

numerous salon pieces, fantasias, tran-
scriptions, paraphrases, etc., for piano,
also concertos (of which the first, op.
52, in F. min., was praised by Men-
delssohn), and dtudes.

VOWLBS, W. G. (early 19th cent.) :
organ builder at Bristol.

VRABBLY, Seraphlne von. See
Tavsiq.

VRIBSIiANDBR, Otto (1880- ):
b. Miinster, Westphalia; studied with
Buth in DUsseldorf, and at Cologne
Conservatory; lives in Munich; com-
poser of songs showing the influence of
Hugo Wolf (Pierrot Innaire, 46 poems
by A. Guiraud, 12 Goethe Songs, 1900,
12 songs, 1901-02, and 22 songs from
Des Knaben Wnnderhom, 1903).

VKEDBMANN (1) Jakob (17th
cent.) : music teacher at Leuwarden, ca.
1600-40; pub. 4- and 5-part madrigals,
canzoni, and yillanelles with Dutch
texts (1603) and a text-book, Isagoge
musicae, etc. (1618). (2) Michael
(early 17th cent.) : teacher of music
at Amheim, described a new string
instrument "half violin, half cither"
(in Dutch, 1612).

VREUI.S, Victor (1876- ): b.
Verviers; studied there, at Li^ge Cons.,
and Willi d'Indy in Paris; harmony
teacher in the Schola Cantorum, Paris;
wrote a symphonic poem, adagio for
string orchestra, poime for 'cello and
orch., Triptyque for voice and orch.,
symphony with violin solo, piano quar-
tet, trio, violin sonata, piano pieces
and songs. In 1903 he won the Picard
prize at the Belgian Academic libre,

V R O Y B , Theodore - Joseph, de
(1804-1873): b. VUlers-la-Ville, Bel-
gium, d. Liige, as canon and grand
chantre at the Cfathedral; pub. Tesperal
(1829); Graduel (1831); Traiti du
plain-chant d I'asage des seminaires
(1839) : Uanuale cantorum (1849) ; Pro-
cessiotude (1849); Ritaalt Romanum

Vulpiua

(1862) ; De la musique religieuse (with
Elewyck, 1866).

VUIIiliAUMB (1) Clande (1771-
1834) : b. Mirecourt, d. there; violin-
maker, whose family had followed the
trade since 1625. (2) Jean Bap-
tlste (1798-1875): b. Mirecourt, d.
Temes; was taught violin-making by
his father, Claude, then worked under
Chanot and LiU. In 1828 he began
to make his excellent imitations of
Stradivari models, and gained a world-
wide reputation; also built a new type
of viola with especially large tone,
which he called Contralto, also a dou-
ble bass ioctabasse), an octave lower
than the 'cello; also invented a ma-
chine for making pure strings, another
for making bows, etc. (3) Nicolas
(1800-1871): b. Mirecourt, d. there;
brother of (2) ; manufacturer of vio-
lins in Mirecourt. (4) IVlcolas Fran-
cois (1812-1876) : worked first for his
brother (2) ; settled as luthier- and
violin-maker in Brussels, where he
died. (5) Claude Francois (1807-
1862): b. Mirecourt; brother of (2),
(3) and (4) ; maker of violins, later
organ-builder. (6) Sebastlem (1835-
1875): b. Paris; son of (5) ; maker
of violins and bows.

VxriiCAN. Ref.: X. 53.

VVIiPITTS, Melchior (d. 1615) : can-
tor in Weimar, 1602-15; composer of
contrapuntal church music; pub. 2
books of eantiones sacrae (1602, 1604),
Kirchengesdnge und geistliche Lieder
Dr. Luthers u. a. mit i und 5 Stimmen
(1604), Canticnm beatissimae Virginis
Mariae 4, 5, 6 et plurium voc. (1605),
etc.; also a Passion according to St.
Matthew (1613), Evangelical Sprtiche,
etc. He edited H. Faber's Compendio-
lum musicae with German translations
and added chapters; author of Musicae
compendium latino-germanicttm M, Hen-
rici Fabri, etc. (1610).

260

Waack

WAACK, Karl (1861- ): b. Lfi-
beck; studied In Weimar, Hamburg
and Sonderstaausen ; active as a teacher,
conductor and writer on musical sub-
jects; prominent in the musical life of
Riga; In 1897 he instituted a Schubert
festival in the Riga municipal theatre;
in 1897-1900 was active in connection
with the Bayreuth festival perform-
ances as violinist and as assisting
stage director; director of the Riga
Choral Society, 1903, and recently of
the Riga Bach Society. He has pub-
lished analytical guides of Wagner's
Tristan and Lohengrin, and, driven
from Riga by the war (1915), became
conductor of the popular concerts of
the Verein der Muslkfreunde In
Lubeck.

'WACH. Karl Gottfried luriUielm
(1755-1833) : b. Lobau. d. Leipzig;
double-bass player in the Gewandhaus
orchestra, etc.

WACHS, Paul (1851- ): pianist;
b. Paris; pupil of Mass£, Marmontel,
C^sar Franck and Duprato at the Con-
servatoire (first prize for organ-playing,
1872) ; composer of a large number
of salon pieces for piano, many of
which are popular. Ref.: VHI. 342.

'WACHSE:!,, Plato livovitch (1844-) :
b. Strelna; musical and dramatic critic
In St. Petersburg; chancellor In Im-
perial Court Ministry; author of a
biography of Glinka and a short his-
tory of Portuguese music.

WA.CMSMA.jnH, Johann (1787-
1853) : b. Uthmoden, d. Barhy; studied
with Zelter; Muslkdlrektor of the
Magdeburg cathedral choir, and at the
Teachers* seminary there; pub. a Prak-
tische SingschuU, a Gesangflbel fiir
Elementarklassen (1822), Gesangflbel in
Ziffern (1827), Vierstimmige Schulge-
sdnge (1840), Elementarschule far Pi-
anoforte, Altargesange, and Choralme-
lodien zttm Magdebnrgischen. Gesang-
buch^

■WACHTEl,, Theodor (1823-1893) :
b. Hamburg, d. Frankf ort-on-Maln ; fa-
mous stage tenor; was a cab driver
and had his voice 'discovered' by a
customer; it was trained by Fraulein
Grandjean and a successful dibut fol-
lowed in 18 months. Sang heroic
parts, then went to Vienna for further
training; appeared in London, 1862;
engaged for Berlin Royal Opera, 1865;
sang in Paris, 1869; went to United
States, 1871, and sang at the Stadt

w

Waelpnt

Theatre, New York; returned, 1875,
singing in German and Italian opera.
His voice was a powerful and bril-
liant lyric tenor and was especially
successful In such parts as the Pos-
tilion in Adam's Postilion de Lonju-
meaa, Arnold in Rossini's Tell, etc.,
but he failed utterly as Lohengrin.
Ref.: TV. 159.

WACHTBR, Ernst (1872- ): b.
Muhlhausen; studied with his father
and Goldberg; bass in Dresden Opera;
sang Fasolt in Bayreuth.

WACKBRTTAGBIi. PUllpp (1800-
1877): b. Berlin, d. Dresden; authoi; of
Das deutsche Ktrchenlied von Luther
bis N. Hermann (1841) ; Bibliographie
zur Geschichte des deutsehen Klrchen-
liedes im 16. Jahrh. (1855) ; and Das
deutsche Ktrchenlied von den dltesten
Zeiten bis zu Anfung des 17. Jahrh.
(1863-77). Ref.: (cited on German
hymns) VI. 78 (footnote).

\irADDINGTON. Sldner Peine
(1869- ) : b. Lincoln ; student and
later teacher of harmony and counter-
point at the Royal College of Music,
London; also sent to Frankfort and
Vienna for study; Mendelssohn scholar,
1890-92; maestro al pianoforte at the
Royal Opera, Covent Garden; composed
an 'Ode to Music' for soli, chorus and
orchestra, sonatas for violin and 'cello,
string trio and quartet, quintet for
piano and wind, a piano concerto, fan-
tasia for piano solo and suite for
piano duet.

'WADE!, Joaepb Angnstlne ([?]-
1845): b. Dublin, d. London; ballad
composer of obscure origin, at first a
surgeon, later employed In the record
ofilce in Dublin; went to London, con-
ducted opera under Monck Mason for
a time and was employed by Chappell
& Co., for whom, in association with
Dr. Crotch and G. A. Macfarren, he
made piano arrangements for the earlier
issues of National English Airs (1838),
He also wrote a 'Handbook for the
Pianoforte,' dedicated to Liszt. Among
his ballads, some of which became ex-
tremely popular, are 'Meet Me by Moon-
light Alone' and 'I've Wondered in
Dreams'; also wrote an oratorio, an
operetta, 'Polish Melodies,' 'Series of
Select Airs' (1818), etc.

WAKIiPtTT, Hendrik (1845-1885) :
b. Ghent, d. there; took the Prix de
Rome at Brussels- Cons. (1866) for a
Flemish cantata, Bet woud; became dl-

261

Waelrant

rector of Bruges Cons. (1869), where
he conducted popular concerts; later
conductor in Ghent and harmony pro-
fessor of Antwerp Cons. His compo-
sitions Include 4 symphonies, several
cantatas, a festival march and songs.

WAELRANT, Hubert (1517-1595) :
b. Tongerloo, Brabant, d. Antwerp;
composer and music publisher; studied
with Willaert in Venice; tenor at Notre
Dame, Antwerp, 1544; associated with
Jean Laet in founding a music pub-
lishing house. His own compositions
were published through this medium,
among them 6 books of motets, a vol-
ume of madrigals and several of chan-
sons, etc. Among the important col-
lections published by W. and Laet is
Symphonia angelica (1565).

WAGEIVABR, Johann (1862- ) :
b. Utrecht; organist at. the cathedral
there; composed overtures and other
orch. pieces, a piano quintet, works
for organ, piano and songs. '

WAGEIVMANN, Josef Hermann
(1876- ): b. Endingen, Baden; stud-
ied law in Heidelberg and Leipzig, but
abandoned that profession for sing-
ing, which he studied with L. C. Tors-
leff in Leipzig, then in Italy. He has
taught singing in Leipzig and Berlin
and has published 5 books on voice
training, among them Lilli Lehmanns
Geheimnis der Stimmbdnder (1905)
and Enrico Caruso nnd das Problem
der Stimmbildung (1911).

WAGENSEIL, Georg Chrlstoph
(1715-1777): b. Vienna, d. there; pupil
of J. J. Fux. He was music teacher
to the Empress Maria Theresa and her
children ; later chamber composer to the
court and a highly esteemed composer
of the earlier Viennese period. He
pub. Suavis artificiose elaboratus con-
centns musicus continens VI parthias
selectas ad clavicembalum compositas
(1740) ; 18 Divertimenti di cembalo; a
Divertimento for 2 harpsichords, 2 vio-
lins and 'cello; 30 grand symphonies,
10 symphonies for harpsichords, 2 vio-
lins and 'cello; 6 violin sonatas with
harpsichord; 27 harpsichord concertos,
etc.; also 10 operas. Be/.; II. 63, 67,
71f, 82 (footnote); VH. 113, 117, 123f,
498 • Vni. 139.

WAGNER ' (1) Gotthard (1697-
1739) : b. Erding, d. at the Benedic-
tine monastery of Tegernsee; pub.
Der Marianische Schwan (1710), Mu-
sikalischer Hofgarten (1717), Der musi-
kalische Sprtngbrunnen (1720), and
Das Marianische Immeleln (1730), con-
taining sacred songs for one voice
with instrumental accompaniment. (2)
Georg Gottfried (1698-1760) : b. Miihl-
berg. Saxony, d. Plauen; pupil of
Kuhnau and Bach at the Thomasschule,
Leipzig; cantor at Plauen; wrote con-
certos and soli for violin, oratorios,
cantatas, overtures, trios, etc. (MS.).
(3) Johann Joachim (early 18th
cent.) : famous organ buUder in Ber-
lin, where a' number of organs built

Wagner

by him still exist. (4) Brothers Jo-
hann and Michael (18th cent.) : organ
builders at Schmiedef eld ; built the
great organ at Arnheim (47 stops).
(5) Brothers Christian Salomon and
Johann Gottlob (18tti cent.) : harpsi-
chord makers at Dresden, who pro-
duced over 800 instruments, including
the Clavecin royal (1774) with 3 pedals
(Pantalonzug, Harfenzug, Lautenzug),
another with 3 keyboards (1786). (6)
Karl JalEob (1772-1822): b. Darm-
stadt, d. there; horn virtuoso; pupil
of Portmann and Abbi Vogler; in
1790 first horn player in the Darmstadt
orch., later concert-master, then con-
ductor; also toured; prod. 5 operas at
Darmstadt, also a melodrama, dramatic
cantatas, etc., as well as 2 symphonies,
4 overtures, 3 violin sonatas, pieces
for violin and 'cello, for flute and
violin, 40 horn duets, piano variations,
etc. (7) Ernst David (1806-1883) : b.
Dramburg, Pomerania, d. Berlin; pu-
pil of A. W. Bach and Bungenhagen in
Berlin, cantor of the Matthaikirche,
organist of the Trinitatiskirche (Royal
Musikdirektor, 1858) ; composed an
oratorio, motets, psalms, songs, organ
pieces, piano pieces; also pub. a Cho-
ralbuch and an essay. Die musikalische
Ornamentik (1868). (8) [WiLHELia]
Richard (1813-1883) : b. Leipzig, d.
Venice. He was the son of a police
official, who died during Richard's in-
fancy. His mother soon after married
Ludwig Geyer, actor and playwright,
who stimulated his interest for the
stage. At 14 he wrote a grand tragedy
in Shakespearean style, but showed no
special musical talent. However, a
little later he was deeply impressed by
Weber's music, and still more so by
Beethoven's. He then studied Logier's
Thoroughbass by himself; took lessons
in theory from the organist Gottlieb
MuUer, -writing a string quartet, a so-
nata and an aria; took a half year's
course in 'composition under Theodor
Weinlig, 1830; published a piano
sonata in 4 movements (Breitkopf &
Hartel) and a 4-hand Polonaise dur-
ing this period ; made a thorough study
of Beethoven's symphonies and pro-
duced a symphony in 4 movements in
C major at the Gewandhaus, Leipzig,
1833. While in Prague he wrote his
first opera libretto. Die Hochzeit, of
which he composed an introduction,
a septet and a chorus, but work was
afterwards abandoned. In 1833 he be-
gan his career as a professional musi-
cian, being invited by his brother
Albert, stage manager at the Wurzburg
Theatre, to take the position of chorus-
master there. In Wiirzburg he com-
posed book and music of Die Feen, a
romantic opera in 3 acts, which was
not performed during his lifetime. In
1834 he became conductor of the Magde-
burg Theatre. He brought out 2 over-
tures, that to Die Feen and another,
Columbus; also songs to the farce Der

262

Wagner

Berggeist; and finished book and score
of a 2-act opera. Das Liebesverbot, but
its production (1836) was a total fiasco.
After failing to have it accepted in
Leipzig and Berlin, W. went to Konigs-
berg, became conductor of the theatre
and (1836) married the actress "Wll-
helmlne Planer. He was appointed
conductor of the Riga opera next year,
and went to Paris, 1839, where he re-
mained until 1842. Unsuccessful in
his attempts to obtain a hearing for
Rienzi there, he found himself In straits
and lived by song-writing and prepar-
ing the piano score for HaUvy's Reine
de Chgpre and other operas, writing
articles for musical papers, etc. He
also sold the book of 'The Flying
Dutchman' to the Op£ra, for composi-
tion by Pierre Dletsch, after his own
setting was refused. Here also he
wrote Eine Faust-Oaverture, Intended
for the first movement of a 'Faust Sym-
phony' (1840). 'Rienzi was finally ac-
cepted at Dresden and W. went there, in
1842, to superintend rehearsals. It was
produced with great success, which
caused the management to bring out
the rewritten 'Flying Dutchman.' W.
then succeeded Morlacchi as conductor
of the Dresden Opera, in which ca-
pacity, during the next 6 years, he was
very active, bringing out Der Frei-
schUtz, Eurganthe, Don Giovanni, Fi-
delio, and many other works with memo-
rable brilliance. He also conducted the
Dresden Lledertafel, for which he wrote
a 'Biblical scene,' Das Liebesmahl der
Apostel, for 3 choirs of male voices.
In 1844 he finished Tannhduser, which,
produced in 1845, aroused much oijpo-
sition, but made its way to all principal
German cities. Liszt, afterwards nls
leading champion, Spohr, and even
Schumann now recognized the com-
poser's genius and his high ideals.
Lohengrin was finished early in 1848,
but only the finale to Act I produced,
at the 300th anniversary of the court
orchestra. Dissatisfied with the con-
servatism of the existing theatres, W.
sent to the Saxon Ministry a 'Proposi-
tion for a National Theatre of the
Kingdom of Saxony,' which was ig-
nored. Then, because of his expressed
revolutionary sympathies, W. was com-
pelled to leave Dresden to escape arrest
(1849), joined Liszt in Weimar, but
was again compelled to flee to Paris,
and shortly after continued his exile
in Zilrlch. Here he wrote a remarkable
series of essays: Die Kanst and die
Revolution (1849) ; Das Kanstwerk der
Zukunft, Kunst and Klima, Das 3a-
denthum . in der Musik (1850) ; Oper
und Drama; Eine Mittheilung an meine
Freunde; Vber die Goethe-Stiftung, Ein
Theater in ZUrich, Erinnerungen an
Spontini (1851) ; ttber die Auffiihrung
des Tannhduser; Bemerkungen zur
Auffiihrung der Oper 'Der fliegende
Hollander' (1862). After writing a
3-act prose drama Wieland der

Wagner

Schmied, which be sought to bring
out in Paris as an opera in French
verse, he completed the poems of the
Nibeliingen trilogy in 1852, and had
them privately printed in 1853. The
composition of Das Rheingold was fin-
ished in 1854, and Die Walkure in
1856, while at the same time he con-
ducted orchestral concerts, lectured on
the musical drama, and produced
Tannhduser at Zurich. He also con-
ducted 8 concerts of the London Pliil-
harmonic Society, 1855; gave concerts
of his own works in Paris, 1860. Here
Napoleon III ordered that Tannhduser
should be rehearsed at the Op^ra, and
It was produced in 1861, with unfortu-
nate results, because of the outrageous
behavior of a hostile clique. Amnes-
tied, W. returned to Germany in hopes
of soon producing Tristan. But, after
57 rehearsals at the Vienna Court Op-
era, the work was rejected as imprac-
ticable. However, W. here heard for
the first time his Lohengrin (1861,),
which had previously become popular
throughout Germany. In this year
Wagner was separated from his first
wife. Subsequently (in 1870) he mar-
ried Coslma, the daughter of Liszt,
after her divorce from her first hus-
band, Hans von Billow. The plan
for Die Meistersinger von Niirnberg,
sketched out in 1845, was revived and
the text finished in Paris, 1862, but the
score was not completed until 1867.
Despite concert-giving, successful espe-
cially in Russia, W.'s finances were In
a critical condition. Having lost hope
of finishing the music, he published the
poems of the Nibelungen Ring cycle in
1863. In the next year came a sud-
den turn in his fortune. King Lud-
wig II of Bavaria, who had just
ascended the throne, invited him to
Munich, and i>romlsed every aid in
carrying out his projects. Hans von
Billow was made court Kapellmeister
and charged with the production of
Tristan und Isolde in 1865. However,
opposition on the part of other musi-
cians made W.'s situation so unpleasant
that he left Munich and went to
Triebschen, on Lake Lucerne, where he
worked hard, completing the scores of
Die Meistersinger and the remaining
Ring operas, Siegfried and Gotter-
dammerung. Plans for a special Wag-
ner theatre for their performance in
Munich having failed, the composer
fixed upon Bayreuth, where the cor-
ner-stone of the Festsplelhaus was
laid in 1871, funds being provided by
public subscription through Wagner-
Vereine founded throughout the coun-
try. The Festspielhaus was completed
in 1876, and three complete perform-
ances of Der Ring des Nibelungen
given, at which Emperor William I
and King Ludwig were present. Hans
Bichter conducted the orchestra and
Wilhelmj led the violins. Despite Its
great success and Royal patronage, the

263

Wagner

enterprise left W. heavily In debt.
Tlie next few years, until his death,
were spent ham at work, with con-
certs ^ven at Albert Hall, London,
which yielded little, with literary
work and the composition of his last
work, Parsifal, finished early In 1882
and prod, under his supervision in
July. In the autumn. Ill-health drove
him to Venice, where he died in Febru-
ary following.

We have omitted all conunent upon
Wagner's reforms, and their signifi-
cance. For these and other matters
the reader Is referred to the fearller
volumes of this work. His works may
be summarized as follows: Operas
AND MUSIC dramas: Die Hochzeit (frag-
ment, 1833) ; Die Feen (1833, prod.
1888) ; Das Liebesverbot (1836) ; Rienzi,
der letzte der Tribunen (1838-40, prod.
1842); Der fliegende Hollander (1841,
prod. 1843) ; Tannhduser und der Sdn-
gerkrieg auf der Wartburg (1845) ;
Lohengrin (1845-48, prod. 1850) ; Das
Rheingold (1848-53); Die Wa?/cure
(1848-56); Siegfried (1857-69); Die
GSiterddmmeTUng (1870-74) — ^the last 4
constituting the cycle Der Ring des
Nibelungen (prod. 1869, 1870, 1876,
1876, respectively, the first two at Mu-
nich, the last two at Bayreuth) ; Tris-
tan und Isolde (1857-59, prod. 1865);
Die Meistersinger von NUrnberg (1861-
67, prod. 1868) ; Parsifal (1876-82, prod.

* 1882) . Orchestral works : 7 overtures
(B-flat, D min., C IKonzert-Ouverture],
C [Polonia], Columbus [score lost!,
'Rule Britannia,' Faust Ouvertiire, 1840) ;
incidental music to Glelch's Der Berg-
geist (1836) r Huldigungsmarsch (1864)
for band (orch. score finished by Kaff) ;
Siegfried-Idyll (1870) ; KaisermaTsch
(1871) ; 'Festival March' (for the Cen-
tennial Exposition, Philadelphia, 1876).
VoCAi. works: New Year's Cantata
(1834) ; Das Liebesmahl der Apostel,
for male chorus and orch. (1846) ;
Gelegenheits-Cantata (1843) ; Gtuss ail
den Konig (1843) ; An Webers Grabe
(funeral march for wind instr. on mo-
tives from Earganthe and double
quartet for voices, 1844). Songs:
Fiinf Gedichte (1, Der Engel; 2, Stehe
Still; 3, Im Treibhaus; 4, Schmerzen;
5, Trdume) ; also a few single songs
(4 in French, 2 in German). For
piano: Sonata in B-flat (1832); Po-
lonaise In D, four hands (1831) ; Fon-
taisie, F-sharp min. (1831) ; Albumso-
nate fUr Fran Mathilde Wesendonck
(1853) ; Ankunft bei den schmarzen
Schwanen (1861) ; Ein Albumblatt f&r
Fiirstin Metternich (1861) ; Albumblatt
fur Frau Betty Schott, E-flat (1875) ;
also arrangements of Gludk's Iphigenie
en Aulide (1859) ; Mozart's Don Giovan-
ni; Palestrlna's Stabat Mater, with indi-
cations for performance (1877) ; Beetho-

, ven's Ninth Symphony (1830), etc.

' His writings were pub. In 10 vols.,
1871-83; 5th ed. in 12 vols., 1911, ex-
clusive of several volumes of letters.

Wagner'

etc., and his Autobiography TMein
Leben} (1911); English I'My Life']
(2 vols., 1911). Ref.: For life and
works see II. 436if ; songs, V. 29017; or-
chestral works, VIII. 232, 317f ; operas,
music dramas, IX.' 254if; mus. ex.,
XIII. 274, 278, 281, 286; portraits, II.
404, 424; caricature, Vllf. 270; MS.
facsimile, IX. 296. For general ref-
erences see individual indexes. (9)
(Jachmann-'Wasner), Johanna (1828-
1894) : b. near Hanover, d. Wiirzburg;
niece of Richard W. (daughter of his
brother Albert [1799-1874]); dramatic
soprano, first singing children's
rdles at Wurzburg and Bemberg, later
leading soprano at Dresden (1844),
where she created the r61e of Elisabeth
in 1845; after study with Mme. Viar-
dot-Garcia in Paris, she was engaged
at Hamburg, then at the Berlin court
opera (1850-62), after which she ap-
peared as actress, chiefly in tragedy.
At Bayreuth In 1876, however, she sang
the part of one of the Valkyries and
the First Norn. She taught dramatic
singing at the Munich School of Music,
1882-84, then privately. (10) Gerrlt
Anthonte Alexandre (1862-1892): b.
Amsterdam, d. Antwerp, where he was
conductor of the Antwerpsch Mannen-
kor and the Deutsche Lledertafel; com-
poser of choral works with orchestra.
(11) Peter Josef (1865- ): b.
Kilrenz, near Treves; studied philoso-
phy at Strassburg, musical history un-
der Jacobsthal there (dissertation,
Palestrina als weltlicher Komponist) ;
also with Bellermann and Spitta In
Berlin; docent (1893), professor (1897)
at Freiburg (Switzerland) Univ., where
he established the Gregorian Academy,
a high school for scientific and prac-
tical choral studies. He pub. Das
Madrigal und Palestrina (1892, Vier-
teljahrschrift fiir Musikwissenschaft),
Francesco Petrarcas Vergini in der
Komposition des Cipriano de Rare
(1893), several works on Gregorian
chant and liturgy. Das Freiburger Drei-
konigspiel (1903) and a Geschichte der
Messe (1914, Part 1) ; also articles in
various journals. (12) Siegfried
<1869- ): b. Triebschen; son of
Richard W. (8) ; studied under Kniese
and Humperdinck; a concert conductor
since 1893, he has travelled extensively
through Germany, Austria, Italy and
England, with success; conducted the
performances of Der Ring des Nibelun-
gen at Bayreuth, 1896, and has been
one of the conductors of the festivals
since that time. His compositions in-
clude a symphonic poem, Sehnsucht,
and the operas Der Bdrenhauter (Mu-
nich Court Theatre, 1899), Berzog
Wildfang (ib., 1901); Der Kobold
(Hamburg, 1904) ; Bruder Lastig (.ib.,
1905); Das Sternengebot (ib., 1908);
Banadietrich (Karlsruhe, 1910) ; also,
not yet performed, Schwarzschwanen-
reich (1914) and Der Heidenkonia
(1915). Ref.: HI. 257; IX. 423. (13)

264

Wahls

Franz [Max Gears] (1870- ) : b.
Schweldnitz ; organist and choral con-
ductor in Neumittelwalde, Bunzlau,
Guben; organist and teacher In high
schools in Grunewald-Berlin ; conductor
of the Berlin Lledertafel, with which
he toured in the Orient, Russia, Fin-
land and Sweden; Royal Musikdirektor,
1903, professor, 1910; composer of
choral works (some with orch.), pieces
for piano, for violin, and for 'cello,
and co-author of a Schulgesangbuch.
(14) Hans (1872- ): b. Schon-
kirchen, Lower Austria; music teacher
at the Vienna Normal Institute, chorus-
master of the Lower Austrian Sanger-
bund, conductor of the Academic
Gesangverein ; founder of the Vienna
teachers' a-cappella chorus, 1912; com-
poser of choral works, for men's and
for women's voices (with and with-
out orch.) ; editor of the Musikpdda-
gogische Zeitung (Vienna), etc.

IVAHLS. Helnrich (1853- ): b.
Grevismuhlen, Mecklenburg ; founder
and leader of an amateur orchestral
society in Leipzig; singing teacher at
the 4th Realschule; writer of methods
and exercises for violin, piano, flute,
clarinet, trumpet, etc. His wife, Agnes
W, (1861- ), is a singer and vocal
teacher.

A^TAIN^nUGHT (1) John (t?]-
1768) : b. Stockport, Cheshire, d. Man-
chester; organist and composer of
anthems, chants, etc. (2) Roliert
(1748-1782) : b. Stockport, d. Liverpool ;
son of John (1); Mus. Doc. Oxon.; or-
ganist in Liverpool and Manchester;
composed an oratorio (prod. Liver-
pool, 1780 and 1801), also services and
anthems. (3) Richard (1758-1825): b.
Manchester, d. Liverpool [?] ; brother
of (2); organist in Liverpool; pub-
lished hymn tUnes and wrote the popu-
lar glee, 'Life's a Bumper.' (4) WU-
Uant ([?]-1797): b. Stockport, d.
Manchester; brother of (2) and (3) ;
double-bass virtuoso; member of a
music publishing firm in Manchester.

'WAISSEIi, Matthias (16th cent.) :
b. Bartenstein, Prussia; produced 2
books of music for the lute, one of
songs, the other of dance music (1573,
1592).

VJTAKKFIBIjD, Angrnsta Mary
(1853- ): b. Sedgwick; studied with
Randegger, Alari and Sgambati; con-
tralto and organizer of competitive
festivals; lecturer and song composer.

AVAKBLET, Antony (1672-1717) :
English , organist and composer.

'WAIiCKBR, Ebcrhard Frlederlch
(1794-1872) : b. Kannstatl, d. Ludwigs-
burg; one of the most productive or-
gan manufacturers of the 19th cent.;
foimded his establishment in Ludwigs-
burg in 1820 and turned out such ex-
cellent work that it soon became world
famous.

WAIiDAITBR, Angnst (1825-1900):
d. St. Louis; founder and director or
a 'Beethoven Conservatory' there.

Walker

'WAI.DKilt, Johannr Jakob (1750t
1817): b. Unterwetzlkon, near Zurich;
d. Zurich; friend and pupil of Egll
and contributor to the latter's song
collections; composed a cantata; pub-
lished a collection of 4-part sacred
songs (1791), GesSnge am Klavier
(1780), etc.

'WALDERSBEj. Paul, Count -ron
(1831-1906): b. Potsdam; d. KSnigs-
berg; Prussian officer, 1848-71; then
associate editor in the Breitkopf &
Hartel editions of the complete works
of Beethoven and Mozart. He pub. a
well-known collection of musical lec-
tures (Sammlung musikcdischer Vor-
trdge) and separately R. Schumann's
Manfred (1880) and G. P. de Palestrina
(1884).

IVALDXBR, Franz (1843- ): b.
Gratsch, near Meran; writer on the his-
tory of music at the Innsbruck court
(2 parts, 1490-1519 and 1567-1596), also
of monographs on Petrus Trltonlus and
H. Isaac, also notices on Tyrolean Lute
and Violin Makers (1903-11).

WAL.DSTBIN (1) Ferdinand, Count
von (1762-1823) : b. Dux, Bohemia, d.
Vienna; novice in the German Knights'
Order in Bonn, 1787, from which date
to Beethoven's departure for Vienna in
1792 (which he may have caused) he
played an important rdle in the mas-
ter's life. He made music with
Beethoven, induced him to cultivate his
talent for improvising variations, made
him a present of a pianoforte, etc., and
Beethoven In return dedicated the
great C-major sonata (op. 53) to him.
W. also composed music. Ref.: H.
140, 141. (2) "W^llhelm von: composer
of the opera Tonietta (Linz, 1904).

TirAI^DTBUFBIi, EmU (1837- ):
b. Strassburg; studied for a short time
at the Paris Conservatoire, then be-
came test-player in the piano factory
of Scholtus. He was chamber-pianist
to the Empress Eugenie from 1865, and
director of the Imperial court balls,
and as such conducted the Opera balls;
composer of hundreds of dances
(waltzes 'Gretna Green,' 'Espafia,' 'Es-
tudiantlna') which became immensely
popular, and were also pub. in ar-
rangements (5 W.-Albums). Ref.: X.
132

WAIiEY. Simon (1827-1875); b.
London, d. there; pianist and com-
poser.

WALKER (1) John (1732-1807) : b.
Friern-Barnet, d. London; author of
'The Melody of Speaking Delineated'
(1787), an attempt at a system of giv-
ing a definite meaning to the Inflec-
tions of the voice. (2) Joseph Cooper
(1760-1810) : b. Dublin, d. St. Valery,
France; author of a book on Irish
bards and their instruments (1786).
(3) Frederick Edward (1835- ) :
b. Marylebone, London; chorister in
the Chapel Royal, vicar-choral and
Master of the Boys, St. Paul's; Phil-
harmonic conductor, Brixton; vocal

265

Wallace

Srofessor at the Royal Academy of
iusic; concert tenor, also organist, vio-
linist and pianist. (4) Elrnest (1870-) :
b. Bombay, India; studied in the Royal
Academy of Music and at Oxford; or-
ganist and musical director at Balllol
College, Oxford; composer of choruses
with orchestra ('Hymn to Dionysos,'
'Ode to a Nightingale'), anthems, a vio-
lin sonata, a piano quintet, etc.; au-
thor of 'Beethoven' (1906) and 'A
History of Music in England' (1906).
Re}.: m. 429; VI. 249f. (5) Bdlth
(1870- ): b. New York; studied at
Dresden Cons. (Orgeni) ; first con-
tralto at the Vienna court opera, later
a member of the Metropolitan Opera
Company, New York, where she ex-
celled in Wagner rfiles (Ortrud, Erda,
etc.) ; then (till 1912) at the Hamburg
Opera; also sang in Bayreuth, and at
present In the Munich Festsplele. (6)
Joseph, & Sons: London firm of or-
gan manufacturers. (7) Caroline
Holme: contemp. American song com-
poser. Ref.: IV. 406.

WAIiIiACB (1) 'William Vincent
(1813-1865): b. Waterford, Ireland, d.
Ch&teau Bages, Haute Garonne; educat-
ed in Dublin; violinist in the theatre
orch. and conductor of subscription
concerts there; at 18 travelled on ac-
count of illness to Australia, New
Zealand, India and the Americas, giv-
ing concerts everywhere; conducted the
Italian opera in Mexico, 1841; returned
to Europe in 1853, living alternately
in London and Paris. He produced
in London the operas 'Maritana' (1845),
•Mathilda of Hungary' (1847), 'Lurline,'
The Amber Witch' (1861), 'Love's Tri-
umph,' (1863) and 'The Desert Flower'
(1863), and left an unfinished opera,
'Estrella.' He also wrote many bril-
liant piano pieces. Ref.: V. 267. (2)
William (1860- ): b. Greenock;
studied ophthalmology in Glasgow and
Vienna (M. D., 1888), also music at
the Royal Academy of Music, London,
and devoted himself to composition.
His works include 6 symphonic poems,
•The Passing of Beatrice' (1892), 'An-
vil or Hammer" (1896), 'Sister Helen'
(1899), 'Greetings to the New Century'
(1901), 'Sir William Wallace' (1905),
and 'Francois Villon' (1909): a sym-
phony, 'The Creation' (1899) ; over-
tures, several orchestral suites, 'Scotch
Fantasy,' and a choral symphony,
'Kohelett.' He wrote 'The Threshold
of Music' (1908), edited the 'New Quar-
terly Musical Review' in 1893, and con-
tributed to this and other journals.
Ref.: IH. x, xl, xix, 428.

-WALLASCKKK, Richard (I860-) :
b. Briinn; studied law and philosophy
(Dr. jur. and Dr. phil.), decent in
philosophy at Freiburg Univ.; pub.
Jisthetik der Tonkunst, 1886, and other
musico-psychological studies. After
further studies and investigation in the
British Museum, London, 1890-95, he
became professor extraordinary in mu-

WaUworth

sical science at Vienna University and
contributed articles on musical psy-
chology, etc., to musical journals; also
pub. in English, 'On the Origin of
Music' (1891), 'Natural Selection and
Music' (1892), 'On the Difference of
Time and Rhythm in Music' (1893),
'Primitive Music' (1893, Ger. [extend-
ed] as Anfdnge der Tonkunst), and in
German Musikalische Ergehnisse des
Stadiums der Ethnologie (1895), etc.,
etc. W. was teacher of ^Esthetics at the
Conservatory of the Society of the
Friends of Music in Vienna, 1900-02.
Ref.: (cited) I. 26ff; IV. 288; VIII.

WALIiBIVSTBIJV, Martin (1843-
1896): b. Frankfort, d. there; studied
with Dreyschock, Hauptmann and
Rietz; wrote a piano concerto, an over-
ture, an opera. Das Testament (Frank-
fort, 1870).

WALLBRSTBIN, Anton (1813-
1892): b. Dresden, d. Geneva; violin-
ist in the court orchestras of Dresden
and Hanover; composed nearly 300
pieces of dance music, which he pro-
duced in London and Paris; wrote also
songs and variations for violin and

WALLIS, John (1616-1703): b.
Ashford, d. London; professor of
mathematics at Oxford; author of nu-
merous works on Greek harmony pub.
in 3 vols. (1699) and investigations of
acoustics in 'Philosophical Transac-
tions' (1672-98).

WALIilSBR, Chrlstoph Thomas
(1568-1648): b. Strassburg, d. there;
Muslkdirektor of cathedral, church and
university; pub. a work on theory of
music (1611) and many volumes of
church music (1611-27), also 4- to 6-
part choruses to the dramatic work,
Charlcles (1641).

WALLISHAVSBR. See Vaiesi.

WALIiNKR (1) I^eopold (1847-) :
b. Kieff, Russia; music teacher in
Brussels; wrote De la Mathisis dans
la musique. (2) Bertha Antonla
(1876- ): b. Munich; studied at the
Munich Academy and privately; Dr.
phil., Munich, 1910; pub. Musikalische
Denkmdler der Steindtzkanst des XVI.
und XVH. Jahrhunderts nebst Beitrd-
gen zur Musikpflege dieser Zeit (1912),
also a study on Sebastian Virdung
(Kirchenmusik - Jahrbuch, xxiv) and
other articles in musical journals.

VTALIiNOFBR, Adolf (1854- ):
b. Vienna; studied composition with
WaldmuUer, Erenn, Dessoif, singing
with Rokitansky; concert-baritone, then
changed into tenor; sang in opera at
Olmiltz, in Netunann's Wagner troupe,
in Bremen, Prague and New York
(1897-98). He composed the opera
Eddy stone (Prague, 1889), ballads,
songs, etc., and 2 works for chorus
and orch.

TfTAIil^ WORTH, Thomas Adilngton
(1834-1904): d. Brixton; student, then
professor of singing at the Royal Acad-

266

Walmlsley

emy of Music, London; sang in Pyne
& Harrison Opera Company.

WALMISLEY (1) Tbomas Forbes

(1783-1866) : b. London, d. there; stud-
led with Attwood; organist of St. Mar-
tin's In the Fields; composer of glees;
published collections of glees, rounds,
etc. (2) Thomas Attwood (1814-
1856): d. Hastings; studied with Att-
wood ; organist of Croydon Church,
1830; at Cambridge, 1833; Mus. Bac.
Oantab., 1833; Mus. Doc, 1848; pro-
fessor of music at Cambridge, 1836;
wrote 2 Installation-odes, a 4-part cho-
ral hymn, and songs, and edited col-
lections, such as 'Cathedral Music'
(1857); 'Collection of Chants with the
Kesponses in Use at the Chapels of
King's Trinity and St. John's Colleges,
Cambridge' (1845). He also edited
church music by his teacher Attwood,
and gave valued illustrated lectures on
musical history.

WAI.POL,E, Horace (18th cent.
English politician). Be/..- K. 76, 77.

'WALPTTRQIS, Antonla. See Mabu
Amtonia WALPtmois.

liVAIiSEGG, Count Franz von (18th
cent.) ; commissioned Mozart to write
the 'Requiem.' Re/.; VI. 330.

AV^AIiSH, John ([?]-1736): d. Lon-
don; important London music pub-
lisher; one of the earliest to engrave
music on zinc (pewter) ; Introduced the
use of punches to supersede hand-
engraving. He started in business
about 1690 at 'The Golden Harp and
Hautboy,' Catherine St., Strand, was
also Royal instrument maker, received
his privilege In 1724, and in that year
pub. Croft's anthems; was succeeded
by his son John (who died 1766) ; after
which W. Randaix Henby Wright and
RoBEBT BiHCHALL Were the successive
heads of the establishment.

IVAIiTBR (1) [Rev.] Thomas (early
18th cent.) : New England divine and
musical pedagogue. Be/.: (cited) IV.
17, 21, 28. (2) Ignaz (1759-1822): b.
Radowitz, Bohemia, d. Ratisbon; cele-
brated tenor, sang in Prague, Mayence
and In Hanover with the Grossmanu
troupe, which he managed after Gross-
mann's death, singing with it In Frank-
fort and Ratisbon. He wrote for It
about 12 Singspiele (incl. Doktor Faust,
the first opera on Goethe's drama) ;
also wrote masses, cantatas, etc. He
married Jnliane Roberts, a well-
known singer. (3) Georg Anton
(17th-18th cent.); b. Germany; violin-
ist, pupil of Kreutzer in Paris; opera
conductor in Rouen, 1792; composed
string quartets, etc. (4) Albert (18lh-
19th cent.): b. Coblentz; clarinettist,
active in Paris from 1795; pub. con-
certante for 2 clarinets, and other
works for clarinet in various combi-
nations. (5) Angnst (1821-1896): b.
Stuttgart, d. Basle; pupil of Sechter
In Vienna; Musikdirektor in Basle;
composed songs, male choruses, a
symphony and chamber music. He

Walther

married the concert singer Fran W.-
Stranss. (6) 'William Henry (b.

Newark, N. J., 1825) : organist in New-
ark and New York and at the Colum-
bian Univ., Washington, where he re-
ceived the honorary degree of Mus.
Doc. He composed masses, psalms,
anthem services, etc., and pub. a 'Com-
mon Prayer with Ritual Song.' (7)
George ^(VUllam (1851- ): b. New
York; son of (6); musical prodigy in
his youth; pupil of J. K. Paine in Bos-
ton, and Samuel P. Warren in New
York; organist resident in Washington
since 1869, where he was made Mus.
Doc. by Columbian Univ. (8) Josef
(1831-1875): b. Neuburg-on-Danube, d.
Munich, where he sjtudied at the Cons.;
also pupil of de B^riot in Brussels,
^member of court orchestras in Vienna
and Hanover, concert-master and teach-
er at Royal School of Music, Munich,
from 1859. (9) Gnstav (1834-1910) : b.
Bilin, Bohemia, d. Vienna; tenor, first
engaged' in Briinn; later first lyric
tenor at the Vienna court opera; also
appeared in concert, being noted as
Lleder-slnger. His son, Raoul W,
(1865- ), Is engaged as a lyric
tenor at the Munich court opera. (10)
Benno (1847-1901) : b. Munich, d. Con-
stance; brother of (8); violinist in the
Munich court band, successor to his
brother as concert-master and teacher
at the Cons.; toured European conti-
nent and America. (11) Karl (1862-) :
b. Cransberg, Taunus; teacher, organ-
ist and choir regent in Biebrich-on-
Rhine; seminary music teacher in Mon-
tabaux; diocese inspector of organs and
chime-building, 1819; docent for church
music at the theological seminary of
Limburg ; wrote a Glockenkunde (1913) ;
collected valuable historical material
and wrote on Catholic church music
and kindred subjects in various jour-
nals; also composed vocal music, sa-
cred and secular. (12) Friedrlch Wil-
helm (1870- ) : b. Mannheim, where
he lives as music critic; wrote 3 books
on local music history. (13) Georg ^.
(1875- ): b. New York; singer;
studied in Milan (Melchiorre Vidal),
Dresden (Scheidemantel) and London;
also composition with Wilhelm Berger;
made a special study of Bach's music
and reached more than ordinary per-
fection in Its performance, taking part
in most of the German Bach festivals
of recent years. (14) Brnno (correctly
Sehlesinger) (1876- ): b. Berlin;
studied at Stern Cons, there; opera
conductor at Cologne, Hamburg, Bres-
lau, etc., at the Royal Opera, Berlin,
and the Vienna court opera; General-
musikdlrektor in Munich from 1914;
composed 2 symphonies. Das Siegesfest
for chorus, soli and orchestra, cham-
ber music and songs.

WALTHEiR (1) Johann (1496-
1570): b. Thuringia, d. Torgau; dinger
in the Electoral Chapel, 1524, and was
then summoned by Luther to Witten-

267

Walther

berg to assist In the composition and
regulation of the German Mass. Court
Kapellmeister at Torgau, 1525-30; Ka-

Sellmeister to Morltz of Saxony of the
iresden Court Chapel, 1548-55; pub-
lished Geystlich Gesangk BUchlein. (Wit-
tenberg, 1524), the first Protestant sing-
ing book; Magnificat 8 tonoTum (1557);
Etn newes christliches Lied (1561) ;
Ein gar schoner geistlicher und christ-
licher Bergkreyen. (1561) ; Lob und
Preis der himmlischen Kunst Musica
(1564) ; Das christlich Kinderlied Dr.
Martin Lathers 'Erhalt ans Herr hey
deinem Wort' (1566) and other pieces
pub. in contemporary collections. Ref.:
I. 290f; VI. 85, 484; VIII. 122. (2)
Johann Jakob (b. Witterda, near
Erfurt, 1650) : electoral Saxon chamber
musician, 1676, then Italian secretary
at the Electoral court of Mayence; pub.
Scherzl for violin solo with continuo
or ad lib with viol or lute; also an-
other, most remarkable work for vio-
lin solo, containing a number in which
various instrmnents, etc., are imitated
(1688). Ref.: VII. 386, 422. (3) Jo-
Iiann Gotttried (1684-1748): b. Er-
furt, d. Weimar; composer, lexicog-
rapher: organist at St. Thomas',
Erfurt, then city organist at Weimar
and music teacher to the ducal princes;
court musician, 1720. He was a near
relation and for a time a close friend
of J. S. Bach, who probably profited
a good deal from their intercourse. He
is said to have been second only to
Bach in organ arrangements of cho-
. rales; also arranged Vivaldi concertos,
and- was called a 'second Pachelbel' by
Matthesen. He pub. a clavier concerto
without accomp., also Preludes and
Fugues (1741), and 4 varied chorales;
while several chorale arrangements,
fugues, preludes and toccatas are pre-
served m MS. in the Berlin Library
and elsewhere. W. is best known by
his Musikalisckes Lexikon, Oder Masi-
kallsche Bibliothek (1732), the first
biographical, bibliographical, technical
encyclopedia of music, upon which all
later ones have been based. He after-
wards collected corrections and addi-
tions, which Gerber used in his revi-
sion of the work. A Kompositionslehre
(1708) remained MS., but was in fact
superseded by the lexicon. (4) Johann
Iiudolf (d. Gottlngen, 1752) : university
librarian in Gottlngen, who pub. a
Lexicon diplomaticum containing one
of the oldest paleographies with at-
tempts at deciphering the neumatic no-
tation, which in general are correct
according to modem ideas.

WALTHER VON DER VOGEL.-
WEIDE (ca. 1160-after 1227): b. pos-
sibly in the Tyrol, d. ' Wiirzburg ; fa-
mous minnesinger and lyric poet, who
is iinpersonated in Tannhduser. Among
modem editions of his work are those
of Simrock (7th ed., Leipzig, 1883) and
Lachmann (5th ed., Berlin, 1885). Ret.:
y. 44, 142.

Wanskt

W^ALTHfiVF, Richard H. (1873-):
b. London; studied in London at the
Guildhall School and the Royal College
of Music under Parry; became musi-
cal director at Passmore Edward's Set-
tlement, teacher at Queen's College, and
(1905) director of the opera' class in
the Guildhall School of Music, then
also leader of the University Musical
Society, and 1909 conductor of the
South Place Orchestra; composer of
works for chorus and orchestra; 2 op-
erettas. The Gardeners' and 'The En-
chanted Island,' a concert piece for
violin and orchestra, a piano quartet,
2 trios, a violin sonata, suites for clar-
inet and piano, over 100 songs, and"
part-songs with piano. Ref.: III. 442.

WXIiZEIi, Camille (pseudonym F.
Zell) (1829-1895): b. Magdeburg, d.
Vienna; began literary work as a
translator of French comedies and
writer of short stage pieces, such as
Die BUste; later, usually in collabora-
tion with Richard Genie, wrote libretti
for J. Strauss, Suppi, Millocker, Genie,
Max Wolf, Czibulka, Dellinger, and
others, which contributed largely to
the success of German operettas in the
19th century.

WAMBACH (1) Paul (d. Antwerp,
1899) : was professor of the bassoon
at Antwerp conservatory, (2) fimlle
[Xavier] (1854- ); b. Arlon, Lux-
emburg; pupil of his father, Benoit,
Mertens, and Callaerts at Antwerp
Cons.; composer of a symphonic poem,
Aan de boorden van de Schelde, orches-
tral fantasias, the Flemish drama
Nathans Parabel; 2 oratorios, Moses
op den Ngl and Yolande; the cantata
Vlaanderland for male chorus; De
lente for female chorus and orch.; a
cantata for the Rubens Festival; a
children's cantata; Memorare, and a
Hymn, for chorus and orch.; a mass,
a Te Deum, and other church music;
choruses, songs and piano pieces.

WAJVGEMAWIV, Otto (1838- ):
b. Loitz-on-the-Peene; studied with G.
Fliigel in Stettin and Kiel in Berlin;
school singing teacher and organist at
Treptow, Demmin, Charlottenburg and
Berlin; wrote an outline history of
music (1878), history of the organ
(1877; 3rd ed., 1887), also Leitfaden
far den Singanterrichf an Ggmnasien;
also a Wethnachtsmusik tor soli, cho-
rus and orch., school songs, and piano
pieces; edited Der Organist in 1879,
Tonkunst in 1880.

WANHAIi. See Vanhall.

WAIVNENMACHER, (Vannlns) Jo-
hannes ([?]-1551): b. Neuenburg-on-
Rhine, d. Interlaken; cantor at Berne,
choirmaster and cantor at Freiburg;
banished to Switzerland for sympathy
for the Reformation; composed masses
and motets, Bicinia germanica (Berne,
1553). Some of his works were print-
ed by Glarean (1547), Ott (1540) and
Schoffer (1536).

WANSKI (1) Jan W. (1762-after

268

Wauzara

1800) : Polish composer of popular
songs and mazurkas, also symphonies,
chamber and church music. (2) Jo-
Iiann Nepomiik (1880- ) : Polish
violinist; son of (1) ; studied at Ealisch
and Warsaw; also In Paris with
BalUot; toured southern Europe; taught
in Aix; composed exercises for violin
and viola, violin Mudes, variations,
fugues, fantasies and romances, etc.;
also wrote a harmony method.

WAlVZrRA, Ernst, Baron (ca.
1750-1802) : b. Waneburg, Hungary, d.
St. Petersburg; violinist, employed in
the direction of the Imperial theatres;
director of the court music and first
violinist at the Opera from 1787; prod,
an opera Archidegitch (Petersburg,
1787).

WARD (1) John (16th-17th cent.):
English composer of madrigals, of
which he printed a number in 3, 4, 5
and 6 parts; also a funeral song on
the death of Prince Henry (London,
1613). (2) Jolm Charles (1835- ):
b. London; concertlna-sololst, choris-
ter, organist; composed vocal church
music; cantatas, pianoforte and con-
certina polonaise, etc. (3) Frank
Edwin (1872- ) ; b. Wysox, Brad-
ford County, Pa.; studied at New York
College of Music, Scharwenka Cons.,
and under MacDowell at Columbia
Univ.; fellow In music, since 1909 as-
sociate in music (instructor in har-
mony, etc.), Columbia Univ.; organ-
ist Church of the Holy Trinity, etc.;
composer of cantatas, and other sacred
choral works. Ocean Rhapsody for
orch., chamber music, pieces for pi-
ano, organ and songs. Ref.: TV. 358f,
393f; mus. ex., XIV. 300.

■ward-Stephens; See Stephens.

IV ARE, Harriet: b. Waupun, Wis.;
contemporary American composer ; stud-
led in Minnesota, New York, Paris and
Berlin; composed a cantata, prod, by
New York Symphony, 1910; songs and
piano music for piano. Ref.: IV. 403f.

WARISTG, William (18th cent.) :
teacher of music In London; translat-
ed Rousseau's musical dictionary as 'A.
Complete Dictionary of Music' (anony-
mous, 1770; 2nd ed. under his name,
with Rousseau's authorship acknowl-
edged) .

W^ARIiAMOPF, Alexander Jegoro-
Titch (1801-1848): d. St. Petersburg;
chorister In the court chapel, leader
of the choir at the Russian embassy
at Holland; teacher of singing in Mos-
cow and St. Petersburg; composerof
songs of popularity, including The
Red Sarafan*; author of a method of
singing. _ . , .

AVARNECKE, Johann Helnrlch
Frledericli (1856- ) : b. Bodentelch,
Hanover; double-bass player; 1889 in
Hamburg; 1893 teacher of double-bass
at the conservatory. In 1888 he be-
gan to devote attention to the theory
of double-bass playing and wrote the
notable work Ad inflnitum, Der Kon-

Warren

trabass, seine Geschichte und seine
Zukunft, Probleme und deren Losang
zur Hebung des Kontrabassspiels (Ham-
burg, 1909). He also wrote exercises
for the Instrument.

WARNKB, Helnrlch (1871- ):
b. Wesselbiiren; studied at the Ham-
burg Conservatory and with Klengel at
Leipzig; 'cellist in various orchestras,
especially the Kaim Orchestra and the
Boston Symphony.

W^ARNOTS (1) Henri (1832-1893):
b. Brussels, d. St. Josse ten Noode ; stud-
ied with his father and at the Brus-
sels Cons.; operatic tenor at lAkge
(d^but, 1856), Opira-Comigue, Paris,
Strassburg and Brussels; teacher of
singing at Brussels Cons., director of
municipal music and founder (1870) of
a music school near Brussels. (2)
EUy (1857- ): b. Lifege; daughter of
(1) ;. operatic soprano in Brussels
(d^but Monnale, 1879), Florence, Opira-
Comique, Paris, and In London (Ital-
ian Opera), where she also sang at the
Promenade Concerts, at Crystal Palace,

WAROT (1) Charles (1804-1836);
b. Dunkirk, d. Brussels; studied with
A. Frldzeri at Antwerp; violinist and
conductor In Brussels; composed an
opera (1829), a national cantata,
masses, a Requiem, and other church
music. (2) Victor (1808-1877): b.
Ghent, d. Bols Colombes, on the Seine;
brother of (1) ; conductor in Amster-
dam, Dijon, etc.; teacher at Rennes
and Paris; composed 2 short operas,
works for orchestra ahd a mass. (3)
Constant Noel Adolphe (1812-1875):
b. Antwerp, d. St. Josse ten Noode,
near Brussels; brother of (1); teacher
of 'cello at Brussels Conservatory;
composed for 'cello, also choruses and
songs. (4) Victor Alexandre Joseph
(1834-1906): b. Verviers, d. Paris; son
of (2) ; operatic tenor In Paris and
Brussels; teacher of singing at the
Conservatoire; author of Le Briviarie
du Chanteur, 1901.

WARREN (1) E. Thomas (18th
cent.) : secretary of the 'Catch Club,*
1761-94; pub. "Warren's Collection' of
glees, madrigals, canons and catches
(32 vols., 1762). (2) Georee William
(1828- ): b. Albany, N. Y.; organist
at St. Peter's, Albany, 1846-58; later
at Brooklyn; since 1870 organist and
musical director of St. Thomas's
Church, New York. His works Include
church music (a Te Deum, anthems,
hymns, etc.) ; "Warren's Hymns and
Tunes, as Sung at St. Thomas's Church'
(1888); piano pieces, etc. Ref.: VI.
497. (3) Samnel Frowse (1841-1915) :
b. Montreal; d. New York; was a pupil
of Haupt, Gustav Schumann and Wle-
precht In Berlin; organist successively
of "AH Souls', Trinity and Grace (1868-
74 and 1876-94) churches In New York.
He has regularly given organ recitals
in Trinity Church and promoted the
cause of good organ music; composed

269

Wamim

sacred vocal works, choruses, organ
and piano pieces. (4) Ricbard Henry
(1859- ) : b. Albany, N. Y.; pupil of
his father, George William W. (Mus.
D.), P. A. Schnecker, etc.; also studied
in Europe; successively organist and
musical director of the Church of St.
John the Evangelist, Reformed Episco-
pal, All Souls', St. Bartholomew's and
Church of the Ascension (since 1907),
New York; composer of a cantata with
orch., church anthems and services, 3
operettas, 'Ingala,' 1880; 'AH on a
Summer's Day,' 1882; 'Magnolia,' 1896 ;
an opera, 'Phyllis,' 1897; string quar-
tet, songs, etc.

'WARRUM, Helen: b. Washington,
D. C; studied in New York with Saeng-
er; sang with the Chicago Opera Com-
pany, 1912.

WARTSIi (1) Pierre-Francois (1806-
1882): b. Versailles, d. Paris; studied
at the Conseirvatoire and at Choron's
Institute for Church Music; tenor at
the Op6ra, concert singer throughout
Europe; then singing teacher in Paris
(teacher of Trebelli, etc.). (2) Atala
Tberese, nie Adkien (1814-1865): b.
Paris, d. there; wife of (1); pianist
and teacher at the Conservatoire; au-
thor of an analysis of Beethoven's
piano sonatas. (3) Elmlls son of (1)
and (2) ; singer at the Lyrliiue; estab-
lished a school.

TVARWICK (also TTarrock) (1)
Tltomas (16th-17th cent.) : organist at
Hereford Cathedral and the Chapel
Royal; composer of anthems, church
music, etc. (2) Glnla (d. 1904) : pian-
ist and operatic singer; teacher of
singing at Guildhall School of Music
and in her own academy.

WASEJVUS, C. G. (19th cent.) : Fin-
nish composer. Ref.: III. 100.

■WASHIJfGTOJT (1) George. Ref.:
TV. 33f, 79. (2) Booker T.i contemp.
American educator. Ref.: (quoted) IV.
298

WASn:i.KWSKl, Josepb Mr. von
(1822-1896) : b. Gross-Leesen, near Dan-
zig, d. Sondershausen ; violinist; pri-
vate pupil of David at Leipzig, also
studying at the Conservatory under
Hauptmann and Mendelssohn, 1843-46;
joined the Gewandhaus orchestra, was
critic for the Signale and wrote for
the Leipziger Zeitung and the Dresdener
Journal; was concert-master under
Schumann at Dusseldorf, 1850-52; then
conducted the new Choral Society at
Bonn, till 1855; became municipal Mu-
sikdirektor at Bonn, 1869; wrote Robert
Schumanns Biographte (1858), supple-
mentary material to the same in Schu-
manntana (1884) ; Die Yioline und ihre
Meister (1869); Die Yioline im 17.
Jahrhundert und die Anfdnge der
Instrumentalkomposition (1874) ; Ge-
schichte der Instrumentalmusik im 16.
Jahrhundert (1878) ; Das Violoncell und
seine Geschichte (1889) ; a biography of
Carl Reinecke (1892), also many short
articles. Among his compositions are

270

Webb

Berbstblumen, a set of 9 violin pieces;
a Nocturne for violin with piano; the
Kaiserlied im Yolkston and other pa-
triotic songs. Ref.: (cited) VI. 421,
422; VH. 122 (footnote).

WASSERMANN, Helnrlch Joaeph
(1791-1838) : b. Schwarzbach, near
Fulda, d. Rlchen, near Basle; studied
with Spohr; violinist at Hecbingen,
Zurich, Donaueschlngen ; conductor of
orchestras in Geneva and Basle; com-
posed a string quartet and other cham-
ber music, orchestral dances, pieces for
s\i its r ptc

WASSHANX, Karl (d. Schoneberg,
Black Forest, 1902): violinist in the
court orchestra and teacher at the Cons,
in Karlsruhe; pub. Entdeckungen znr
Erleichterung und Erweiterung der Yio-
lintechnik (2nd ed., 1901) and Voll-
standig neue Yiolinmethode (2 parts),
also Kritik der Lagenbezeichnungen.

WATSON (1) Thomas (late 16th
cent.) : pub. 'Italian Madrigals Eng-
lished' (by L.J Marenzio, some by
Byrde), 1590; also a collection of son-
nets (1581) and original poems ('Eng-
land's Helicon,' 1614). (2) John Jay
(1830-1902): b. Gloucester, Mass.; d.
Boston; violinist and conductor. (3)
WllUam micliael (pseudonym Jules
Favrb) (1840-1889) : b. Newcastle-on-
Tyne, d. E. Dulwich; founded school
of music in London (1883) ; wrote a
cantata, part-songs and piano pieces.
(4) Henry: collected a musical li-
brary, especially rich in English gamba
music of the 16th and 17th centuries,
which he bequeathed to the city of
Manchester,

WATT, Isaac (18th cent.) ; pub. a
collection of psalms In America, 1741.
Ref.: IV. 29.

W^BAVBR, John (1673-1760): b.
Shrewsbury, d. there; teacher of danc-
ing; published an English translation
of LefeulUet's Chorigraphie (1706) and
'A small treatise of time and cadence
in dancing reduc'd to an easy and
exact method,' also 'An essay toward
an history of dancing' (1712), 'Anatom-
ical and mechanical lectures upon
dancing' (1721) and 'The History of
Mimes and Pantomimes' (1728).

WEBB (1) Daniel (1735-1815): b.
Taunton, d. Bath; author of 'Observa-
tions on the Correspondence between
Poetry and Music' (1769), translated
Into German two years later and re-
printed in 1803 in his 'Miscellanies.'
(2) George James (1803-1887): b.
Rushmore Lodge, near Salisbury, Eng-
land, d. Orange, New Jersey; organist
in Boston, where he was associated in
the founding of the Academy (1836)
and president of the Handel and
Haydn Society. He was joint editor of
'The Music Library' and 'The Music
Cabinet'; published several books on
vocal technique and collections of glees,
etc. Ref.: IV. 188. (3) Frank Rnsh
(1851- ) : b. Covington, Maryland:
studied at the New England Cons, and

Webbe

In Indianapolis; organist, choirmaster,
teacher and director in Lima and Ada,
Ohio, and at Staunton, Va. He cpm-
posed band, salon and church music.

WEIBBK (1) Samuel (1740-1816) : b.
Minorca, d. London; chapel-master at
the Portuguese Chapel, London, 1776;
his works include many glees, 8 an-
thems, 8 antiphones for double choir,
a Cecilian Ode, a concerto for harpsi-
chord, a Divertissements for wind band,
etc. Be/..- VI. 139f. (2) Samuel J.
(1770-1843): b. London, d. there; son
of (1) ; studied under his father and
Clement!; organist at St. Patrick's
Roman Catholic Chapel, Liverpool;
later organist at the Spanish Embassy
chapel and teacher at Kalkbrenner and
Logier's School of Music. His works
Include L'Amico del principiante, glees,
duets, hymn-tunes, etc.

WKBBKR, Amherst (1867- ) : b.
Cannes; studied in Oxford, Dresden
and the Paris Conservatoire; maestro
al piano at Covent Garden and at the
Metropolitan Opera House, New York;
composed a symphony (prod. Warsaw,
1904; Boston Symphony, 1905), also a
1-act comic opera, Fiorella, produced
in London, small vocal pieces, etc.

W^EBBR (1) Georg Tl6th cent.): b.
Weisenfels, where he was cantor before
and after studying at Leipzig IJnlv.
(ca. 1554). He was a pioneer In his
work; wrote a year's series of Geist-
liche Deutsche Lieder und Psalmen
(1588 and 1596), also Teatsche Psalmen
Davids mit i-6 St. (1568 and 1569).
(2) Berahard Christian (early 18th
cent.) : organist at Tennstedt, Thurin-
gia; wrote Das wohltemperierte Klavier
Oder Fugen und Prdludien durch alle
Tone und Semitonia sowohl Tertiam
majorem oder VTREMI verlangend als
Tertiam minorem oder REMIFA (MS.).
Though dated 1869 It was probably
written after Bach's 'Well-Tempered
Clavichord.' It is preserved in the
Brussels Cons. Library. (3) Frledrlch
August (1753-1806) : b. Heilbronn,
where he was a physician and amateur
musician; composed 2 operettas, 2 ora-
torios, many cantatas for chorus and
orch., s3rmphonies, chamber music, so-
natas for piano, 4 hands, etc. (4)
Bemhard Anselm (1766-1821): b.
Mannheim, d. Berlin; pianist, pupil of
Abb^ Vogler, Einberger and Holzbauer;
toured as a concert performer on R61-
lig's Xanorphica; musical director of
the Grossmann opera troupe at Han-
over from 1797, travelled with Abb6
Vogler to Stockholm in 1790, and in
1792 became Kapellmeister of the Ko-
nlgstadter Theater, Berlin, and Royal
Kapellmeister after its consolidation
with the Italian Opera. He prod, op-
eras, operettas, and melodramas. (5)
[Fbiedhich] Dlonys (1766-1842): b.
Welchau, Bohemia, d. Prague; pupil of
Abb£ Vogler; founder and first director
of the Prague Conservatory, 1811; com-
poser of operas, 18 cantatas, masses^

Webei"

military marches, a sextet for 6 trom-
bones, quartets for 4 comets, numer-
ous popular quadrilles, etc. Also wrote
Allgemeine theoretische Vorschule der
Musik (1828) and Theoretisch prak-
tisches Lehrbuch der Harmonie und des
Generalbasses (1830-34). Ref.: HI. 168.
(6) Gottfried (1779-1839): b. Frelns-
heim, near Mannheim, d. Kreuznach;
practiced law at Mannheim, Mayence,
and Darmstadt, where he was State
Attorney from 1832; amateur pianist,
flutist, and 'cellist; conducted a music
society and founded the Cons, at Mann-
heim, was opera director at Mayence;
studied the theories of Marpurg, Kim-
berger, Vogler, Knecht, etc., and pub-
lished Versuch einer geordneten Theo-
rie der Tonsetzkunst (3 vols., 1817-21),
translated into English by Warner
(Boston) and Bishop (London, 1851),
introducing the system of indicating
chords by capitals (major) and small
letters (minor), seventh chords by add-
ing a superior 7 (G'), etc.; also wrote
Vber chronometrische Tempobezeich-
nung (1817) ; Beschreibung und Ton-
leiter der G. Weberschen Doppelpo-
saune (1817) ; Allgemeine Musiklehre
(1822) ; Die Generalbasslehre zam Selbst-
unterricht (1833) ; also many essays
on acoustics, etc., in the Allgem. ma-
sikalische Zettang and his own Cdcilia
(foimded at Mayence, 1824). He com-
posed masses, a Requiem, and a Te
Deum (all with orch.) ; part-songs and
songs, variations for guitar and 'cello,
a trio, a piano sonata, etc. (7) Carl
Maria [Frledrlch Ernst], Freiherr
von (1786-1826): b. Eutln, Oldenburg,
d. London; came of a musical family,
being Mozart's first cousin by mar-
riage. His father was the director of
a travelling dramatic troupe. He stud-
ied piano under his step-brother Fritz,
a pupil of Joseph Haydn, at Hildburg-
hausen, 1796, was chorister in the ca-
thedral at Salzburg, 1797; studied sing-
ing at Munich under Valesi, 1798-1800;
composition imder Kalcher. In 1799 he
wrote his first opera. Die Macht der
Liebe und des Weins, the MS. of which
was later burned by accident. In 1800
he produced Das Waldmddchen with
success in Freiberg; then went to Vi-
enna, 1803, where he studied the great
masters under Abb4 Vogler; became
Kapellmeister of the Breslau Stadtthea-
ter, 1804-06; music Intendant to Duke
Eugen of Wiirttemburg till 1807; then
private secretary to Duke Ludwlg at
Stuttgart and music master to his chil-
dren. His Silvana was produced at
Frankfort in 1810, and Abu Hassan, a
comic 1-act Singsplel, at Munich, 1811.
After a concert tour of the larger cities
in 1811, W. was appointed Kapell-
meister at the National Theatre, Prague,
1813; the King of Saxony called him to
Dresden to reorganize the Royal Opera
in 1816; and during his stay there Der
Freischatz was produced in Berlin,
1821, with such tremendous success that

271

Webet

he became at once a national figure.
Freischutz was technically a Slngspiel.
EuTyanihe, a full-fledged, romantic oi>-
era (durchkomponiert) , followed in Vi-
enna, in 1823. Besides these he wrote
'Oberon' for London, in 1826; produced
it himself with little success, and died
before he could return to Germany.
An earlier work, Rubezahl, begun in
Breslau, was not completed, but the re-
vised overture was brought out as Der
Beherrscher der Geister; another frag-
ment. Die drei Plntos, was later com-
pleted by Mahler after W.'s sketches
(Leipzig, 1888). He also wrote the mu-
sic to Wolff's Preciosa, consisting of an
overture, 4 choruses, 1 song, 3 melo-
dramas and dances; also music to
Schiller's Turandot, Gehe's Heinrich IV
and other plays. His other vocal works
include the cantata Der erste Ton, for
declamation, chorus and orchestra
(1808); cantata Kampf and Sieg
(1815); the hymn In seiner Ordnnng
schafft der Berr (1812) ; Natur und
Liebe, a cantata for 2 sopranos, 2 ten-
ors and 2 basses, with piano (1818) ; 2
masses, 2 offertories, 19 part-songs for
male voices; four scenes and arias for
soprano with orchestra, Misera me
(1811) ; Ah, se Edmondo rosse I'uccisor,
for M^hul's Belene (1815) ; Non paven-
tar, mid vita, for Inez de Castro (1816) ;
and Was sag ich? Schaudern macht
mieh der Gedanke, for Cherubini's
Lodoisha, besides many songs, etc.
W.'s instrumental works include 2 sym-
phonies, both in C; Jubel-Ouvertiire ; 2
clarinet-concertos; concertino for clari-
net; bassoon concerto; Adagio e rondo
ungarese tor bassoon with orch.; con-
certino for horn; Romanza siciliana for
flute with orch.; variations for viola,
potpourri for 'cello, etc., with orch.;
quintet for clarinet and strings; 7 vari-
ations and grand duo concertant for
clarinet and piano. Fob pianoforte: 2
concertos, in G and E flat; Konzert-
stilck with orch., in F min.; 6 sonatas
for piano and violin; 9 variations on a
Norwegian air, for piano and violin; 4
piano sonatas; 4-hand sonata; trio for
piano, flute, and 'celloi op. 63; piano
quartet in E-flat; Momento capriccioso
va B-flat; Polonaise in E-flat, op. 21;
Rondo brillant in E-flat, op; 62; Anf-
forderang zum Tanze in D-flat, op. 65;
Polacea brillante in E, op. 72; 12 Alle-
mandes, op. 4; 6 Ecossaises; 18 Valses
favorites de Vimpiratrice de France;
several sets of Variations (6 on an orig-
inal theme In C, op. 2 ; 8 on 'Castor and
Pollux,' in F, op. 5; 6 on 'Samori,' in
B-flat, op. 61; 7 on Vien qua Dorina
bella, in C, op. 7; 7 on an orig. theme
in F, op. 9; 9 on a Norwegian theme in
D min. with violin, op. 22; 7 on Sil-
vana, in B-flat, op. 33; 7 on 'Joseph,'
in C, op. 28; 9 on Schone Minka, in C,
op. 40; 7 on a Gypsy air, in C) ; also
for 4 hands, 6 petites piices faciles, op.
3; 6 pieces, op. 10; and 8 pieces, op.
60. Ref.: For life and works see II.

272

Webet

234ff, 238ff, 302; songs, V. 227f; choral
works, VI. 147ff; piano compositions,
VII. 183ff, (Preciosa transcription) 296;
clarinet compositions, VII. 602f; or-
chestral works, VIII. ix, x, xii, 102f,
231f; operas, IX. 190ff; mus. ex., Xm.
223, 231; portrait, II. 240; birthplace
illus., n. 372; MS. facsimile, IX. 194.
(8) Bdmnnd von (1786-1828): b.
Hlldesheim, d. Wiirzburg; stepbrother
of Carl Maria von W., was an able
composer and conductor, functioning
successively at Cassel, Berne, Liibeck,
Danzig, Konigsberg, Cologne, etc. (9)
Ernst Heinrich (1795-1878): b. Wit-
tenberg, d. Leipzig, where he was pro-
fessor of physiology at the Univ. ; wrote
De aure et audita hominis et animalium
(1820) ; and, with his brother Wilhelm
Eduabd W. (1804-1891, professor at Got-
Ungen), Die Wellenlehre (1825) ; also
essays on acoustics in Schweizer and
Poggendorff's Annalen, and G. Weber's
Cdcilia. (10) Wilhelm Bdnardi the
celebrated German physicist (1804-
1831), professor at (Jottingen; wrote,
among other things, a niunber of short
studies in acoustics, pub. partly in ,
Gottfried Weber's Cacilta, partly in the
Annalen of Schweizer and Poggendorf.
(11) Franz (1805-1876): b. Cologne, d.
there; pupil of B. Klein at Berlin, or-
ganist of the Cologne Cathedral; also
cond. of the Mannergesangvereln ; com-
posed Psalm 57 and numerous male
choruses, (including Kriegsgesang der
Rheinpreassen. (with orch.). (12)
Jobann ChTlstlan. See Weeber. (13)
Johannes (1818-1902) : b. Brusmath,
Alsace, d. Paris; was secretary to Mey-
erbeer, and music critic of tiie Temps
(Paris), 1861-95; also wrote a treatise
on modulation, an Elementary Har-
mony, a Musical Grammar; also La
situation musicale en France (1884),
Les illusions musicales et la viriti
sur I'expression (2nd ed., 1899), and
Meyerbeer, notes et souvenirs d'un de
ses secretaires (1898). (14) Karl
Helnricli (Kyrill ESduardovlch)
(1834- ) : b. Frankenberg, near Chem-
nitz, went to Riga, 1839; studied at
Leipzig Cons, with Mendelssohn, etc.;
teacher in Minsk, Riga, Moscow Cons,
and Alexander Inst., Tamboff; director
of the Imp. Russian Musical Soc., Sara-
toff division, 1877-81, Tamboff division
since 1899. Pub. a book on the present
state of music instruction in Russia
(1885) and 2 treatises on piano teach-
ing, which has gone through several
editions. (15) Geors Victor (1838-) :
b. Ober-Erlenbach, Upper Hesse; pupil
of Schrems, Ratlsbon; took holy orders
in 1863; authority on organ building
and Gregorian chant; Kapellmeister of
Mayence Cath., 1866, where his choir
gave notable concerts of o cappella
music of the 15th-16th centuries under
his direction. He wrote Manuale can-
tas ecclesiastici jmcta ritnm S. Rom.
ecclesiae (1878) ; Orgelbuch zum Uain-
zer Diocesan-Gesangbuch (1880) ; ttber

Webem

Sprachgesang (1883) ; Vber, Orgeldispo-
sitionen (1890) ; Die Verbesserung der
Medictea (1901) ; also articles in vari-
ous journals; composed masses, motets,
Ssalms, etc. (16) Giutav (1845-1887) :
Munchenbuchsee, Switzerland, d.
Ziiricb; studied at Leipzig Cons, and
with Vincenz Lachner at Mannheim,
later also with Tausig at Berlin; con-
ductor at Aarau and Zurich in 1870,
where he became also organist at St.
Peter's, teacher at the Cons., and cond.
of the Harmonie. He composed a sym-
phonic poem, Zur Iliade, prod, by Liszt
at the Beethoven Festival, 1870; a pi-
ano sonata, five duets for soprano and
alto, 4-hand piano waltzes, i>iano
quartet, piano trio. Elegies for piano,
5 Idyllen for piano, violin sonata, a
number of other piano pieces, includ-
ing easy ones for young people; cho-
ruses and choral arrangements of old
German songs; contributed to Vol. 11
of Helm's coll. of male choruses ; edited
the Schweizerische Musikzeitang for
some years. (17) miroslav (1854-
1906): b. Prague, d. Munich; violinist;
toured and played before the Emperor
of Austria at 10; studied with Blazek
at the Prague Organ School, also at the
Cons.; concert-master at Darmstadt in
1875, where he also organized a quar-
tet; first concert-master of the Eoyal
Orch. at Wiesbaden, and second con-
ductor at the opera till 1893; then
Royal concert-master and leader of a
string quartet in Munich; composed
music to Pels' Olaf (1884), and
Schulte's Prinz Bibu; a ballet. Die
Rheinnixe (Wiesbaden, 1884); 2 light
operas; 2 orchestral suites; septet for
violin, viola, 'cello, clarinet, bassoon,
and 2 horns; 2 string quartets, etc.
(18) -Willielm (1859- ): b. Bruch-
sal, Baden; pupil of Stuttgart Cons.,
teacher at the Augsburg School of Mu-
sic, and its director from 1905 (Royal
professor) ; also conductor of the Ora-
torio Society; translated the texts of,
and prod, for the" first time in Ger-
many, the choral works of Gabriel
Pieme and Enrico Bossi; was made
officer of the French Academy. He con-
ducted the Beethoven Festival of 1908,
etc., and wrote Beethovens Missa so-
lemnis (2nd ed., 1903), Bandels Ora-
toTien, abersetzt nnd bearbeitet yon
Ft. Chrasander (1898, 1900, 1902);
composed 2 books of Landknechts-
lieder. .

TVEBERX, Anton vons contempo-
rary Viennese composer of ultra-mod-
em tendency; pupil of Arnold Schbn-
berg. Ref.: V. 345; VI. 353.

-WEJCKEIR, Georg Kaspar (1632-
1695): b. Nuremberg, d. there; studied
with Kindermann and his successor as
organist of the Xgidlenkirche ; prede-
cessor of his pupil Pachelbel at St.
Sebaldus', 1686. Of his compositions
only one fugue has been preserved,
though he published 18 sacred concerti
for voices and instrvunents for the fes-

273

Weeber

tival days of the entire year ad lib.
(1695).

WECKIJRLIN, Jean Baptlste The-
odore (1821-1910) : b. Gebweller, Alsa-
tia, d. there; studied singing under
Ponchard and composition under
Hal£vy at the Paris Cons., producing a
heroic symphony, Roland, 1874. On
leaving the Conservatoire in 1849 he
gave music lessons, took part with
Seghers in the direction of the Sociiti
Sainte-Cicile. He became assistant li-
brarian to the Conservatoire, 1869,
succeeding F^licien David as librarian
in 1876, also custodian of the archives
of the SociM£ des compositeurs de mu-
sique. He has won distinction as a
composer of grand choral works, such
as tile oratorio, Le jugement dernier;
the cantatas, L'Anrore and Paix,
chaxiti, grandeur (Op£ra, 1866), 25
choruses for girls' voices, Soiries pari-
siennes for mixed chorus, etc., the sym-
phonic ode Les Poimes de la mer
(1860) ; L'Inde, Sgmphonie de la forit,
1-act comic opera L'organiste dans
I'embarras (1853), which was per-
formed 100 times in the Theatre Lyr-
ique, followed by a number of salon
operas, 2 operas in Alsatian dialect
(prod. Colmar), and in 1877 the 1-act
operetta Apris Fontenay (Theatre Lyr-
Igue). His book, Histoire de I'instru-
mentation depuis le seiziime siicle
jusqu'd. I'ipoque actuelle won the gold
medal of the Academy in 1875, and his
collections of folk-songs have gained
world-wide acceptance. They include
Echos du temps passi (3 vols.), Echos
d'Angleterre (folk-songs with piano,
1877), Chansons et rondes popalaires
(children's songs with piano), Les
poites franeais mis en mnsique (1868),
Chansons popalaires des provinces de
la France (with Champfleury), La
chanson popalaire (1886), ^Masicana
(3 vols., 1877, 1890 and 1899), L'anci-
enne chanson populaire en France
(1887), Chansons popalaires du Pays
de France (2 vols., 1903). Ref.: V. 107.

-WBCKHANIV, Matthias (1621-
1674): b. Oppershausen, Thuringia, d.
Hamburg; studied with Heinrich
Schiltz, who brought him to Hamburg,
1637; court organist of the prince-
elector at Dresden, 1641; court organist
of the crown prince of Denmark, at
Copenhagen, 1642; organist of the
Jacobikirche, Hamburg, 1655; where he
founded the Collegium musicum, which
ceased to exist after his death, how-
ever; composed considerable clavier
music. , ,

-WXIDKKIND, Erlka (1869- ) : b.
Hanover; studied at the Dresden Con-
servatory (Orgeni) ; operatic and con-
cert coloratura soprano, engaged 'at the
Dresden court opera, 1894-1909; then
member of Berlin Comic Opera.

WEBBER, Johann Christian (1808-
1877) : b. Warmbronn, Wurttemberg,
d. Niirtingen; teacher of music at Stet-
tin and Niirtingen; Royal Musikdirek-

Weed

tor, founder and director of the
Swabian Vocal School for Teachers;
collected school songs, church choruses,
etc.; composed male choruses, works
for organ and pianoforte.

'WI2E}D, Marlon: b. Rochester, N.
Y.; operatic soprano; sang at New
York Metropolitan Opera House, 1903-4.

WEEI/KES, Thomaa (late 16th-
early 17th cent.) : organist at Win-
chester, 1600, later at Chichester cathe-
dral; published 3- to 6-part madrigals
(1597, repub. by E. J. Hopkins, 1843),
5- to 6-part ballets and madrigals
(1598), 6-part madrigals (1600); also
a collection of 'Ayres and phantasticke
Spirites' for 3 voices (1618), and sin-
gle pieces pub. in 'The Triumphs of
Diana,' Barnard's 'Church Music' and
Leighton's 'Teares.' Ref.: VI. 75.

WEGENER, Franz Gerbard (1765-
1848) : b. Bonn, d. Coblentz; at 19 pro-
fessor of medicine at Bonn University,
later physician in Coblentz, friend of
Beethoven and husband of Eleanore
von Breuning; pub. with Ferd. Hies
Btographische Notizen. fiber Ludwig
von Beethoven (1638; suppl., 1845;
repub. 1908; also Dutch and French),
important for information on Beetho-
ven's youth. Ref.: H. 148, 151.

WBGBMUS, Martin (1846-1906) : b.
Helsingfors, d. there; pupil of Ru-
dolf Bibl, Vienna, and Richter and
Paul, Leipzig; conductor of the Fin-
nish Opera at Helsingfors from 1878,
also of a musical society and director
of a Cons, there. He wrote an over-
ture, Daniel BjoTt; a Rondo quasi fan-
tasia for piano and orch. ; a Christmas
cantata; a festival cantata, 'The Sixth
of May'; a ballade for tenor solo with
orch.; Mignon, for soprano solo with
orch.; a Cliristmas cantata, piano
pieces and songs; pub. a Harmony
(in Swedish), and an outline of mu-
sical history, etc. Ref.: III. 100,
102.

■WTJHLE, Karl (1825-1883): b.
Prague, d. Paris; studied with Mosche-
les and EuUak; piano virtuoso; toured
through Asia and America; lived chiefly
in Paris, where he pub. brilliant pi-
ano music, including a sonata, 2
tarantellas, impromptus, ballades and
nocturnes, etc.

WEHRIiE, Hugo (1847- ): b.
Donaueschingen ; studied at the Leip-
zig Cons, and in Paris ; in . boyhood
a member of the Ealllwoda Quartet,
violinist in the Weimar court orches-
tra, 1865, second concert-master in the
Stuttgart court orchestra; retired to
Freiburg on account of nervous affec-
tion. His compositions are solo pieces
for the violin, songs and male cho-
ruses; also published collections of old
works for his violin, and 32 Spinnlie-
der (including 7 by himself).

'WEICHLER, Maximilian: flutist
in the Gewandhaus orchestra; author
of a text-book for the flute (pub.
1898).

Welgl

WEICHSEL, Bllsabetli. See BiL-

LINGTON.

WBIDIG, Adolf (1867- ): b.
Hamburg; studied with Riemann at
the Hamburg Conservatory and with
Rheinberger in Munich; teacher of mu-
sic in Chicago from 1892; co-director
of the American Conservatory. His
compositions include chamber music
(trio) and orchestral works ('3 Epi-
sodes'), pieces for violin, 'cello and
piano, and songs.

-WXJIDINGER, Anton (17th-18th
cent.) : court trumpeter in Vienna;
constructed the bugle-horn in 1801.

WBIDT (1) Heinrlcb (1828-1901):
b. Coburg, d. Graz; conductor of thea-
tres at Zurich, Berne, Aachen, Cassel,
Hamburg, Pesth, etc.; composed light
operas, one grand opera, Adelma, oper-
ettas, male choruses and popular songs
(.Wie schon bist da, etc.). (2) Karl
(1857- ): b. Berne; conductor of
singing societies at Klagenfurt and
Heidelburg; favorite composer of male

CllOf USGS

WEIGL (1) Joseph (1766-1846): b.
Eisenstadt, Hungary, d. Vienna; pupil
of Albrechtsberger and Salieri; wrote
his first opera. Die unnlltze Vorsicht,
at 16. The first to be performed, II
pazzo per forza (1788) was success-
ful; after which, till 1825, he brought
out 30 more, German and Italian, be-
sides 20 ballets. The most popular.
Die Schweizerfamilie (Vienna, 1809),
is still performed, and nearly as high
in public favor stood Das Waisenhaus
(1818). W. also wrote 2 oratorios,
many German and Italian cantatas,
chamber music and songs. He was ap-

?ointed second court Kapellmeister in
825, after which he wrote little but
church music. Including many orato-
rios, 10 masses, cantatas, offertories,
graduals; also some chamber mUslc
and vocal pieces. Ref.: IX. 119, 499.
(2) Thaddans (1774-1844) : b. Vienna,
d. there; brother of (1); custodian
of the Imperial library and owner of
a music store; produced 5 operettas
and 15 ballets. (3) Karl (1881- ):
b. Vienna; pupil of Zemlinsky, also
studied at the Cons, and the Univ.
(musical science; Dr. phil., 1903) ;
coach at the Vienna Court Opera,
1904-06; since then teacher and com-
poser of a symphony, a symphonic fan-
tasy, a string sextet, 3 string quartets,
piano pieces, a cappella choruses, vo-
cal quartets with piano, duets, and
some 100 songs. (4) Brnno (1881-) :
b. Brilnn, where he graduated from
the High School and studied with
Mojsisovics; composer of organ pieces,
piano pieces. Psalm 144 for unison male
chorus and organ, 3 male choruses;
also a farce Mandragola (1912), a song
cycle Fasching, for bar. and orch.
(1911), an orch. serenade, and many
shorter works. He pub. a Handbuch
der Violoncell - Litteratur (1911), a
Geschichte des Walzers nebst einem

274

Welgle

Anhang Uber die moderne Operette
(1910), articles in newspapers, etc.

WKIGIiB. Karl Gottlieb (1810-
1S82): b. Ludwlgsburg, d. Stuttgart;
in 1845 founded -well-known firm of
organ builders (GebkOdeb Weiolb)
there; one of the first to adopt electric
action.

WEIGMANN, Friedrich (1869-) :
b. Lauf, Nuremburg; studied with
Thuille, Giehrl and Rheinberger; be-
gan his career as conductor in 1894,
active in Bremen, Berne, Riga, Ulm,
Nurembnrg, Gorizia; engaged at the
Royal Theatre in Hanover, 1911. He
has composed an opera, Der Klari-
nettenmacheT (Hamburg, 1913), music
to Goethe's Faust, other incidental dra-
matic music, choruses and orchestral
compositions.

TinBIIi (1) Helnrlcli (181S-1909) : b.
Frankfort, d. Paris ; naturalized French-
man; student of ancient languages. Dr.
is leitres, professor in Besanfon and
Paris, academician; wrote much on
ancient music, incl. ttudes de litUra-
ture et de ryfhmique grecques (1902).
(2) Hermanns contemp. operatic bari-
tone, singing Wagnerian and other
rdles in German opera houses and the
Metropolitan, New York, Refl.: IV.

WBINBEIRGBR, Karl Rudolf

(1861- ) : b. Vienna ; composer of
the operas Pagenstreiche (1888), Der
Adjutant (1889), Angelor (1890), Die
Vlanen (1891), Lachende Erben (1892),
ilf unchener Kindl (1893), Die Karls-
schulerin (1895), Prima Ballerina
(1895), Der Schmetterling (1896), Die
Blumen-Uarg (1897), 'Adam and Eve'
(1899), Der WundertTonk (1900), Die
Diva (1900), Das gewisse Etwas (1902),
Schlaraffenland (1904), Die roman-
tische Fran (1910), Der Frechling
(1913), Die Nachtprinzessin (1914).

-WEIIIVKR, lico (1885- ): b. Bu-
dapest; since 1903 teacher of theory
at National Academy of Music in that
city. He has composed various sym-
phonic pieces (Serenade, Humoresque,
for orchestra), a string quartet, a trio,
piano pieces, and incidental dramatic
music. Ref.: IH. 197.

■HTEINGARTWER, [Paul] Felix [von]
(1863- ): b. Zara, Dalmatia; con-
ductor and composer; studied at Graz
with Remy and at the Leipzig Cons.;
went in 1883 to Weimar and stayed
with Liszt, who produced his first
opera, Sakuntala; subsequently con-
ductor at Eonigsberg, 1884, Danzig,
1885-87, Hamburg, 1887-89, and Mann-
heim, 1889-91; director of the Royal
Opera, Berlin, 1891-98; conductor of
the symphony concerts of the Royal
Orchestra, Berlin, from 1891; con-
ductor of the Kaim concerts, Munich,
from 1898; director of the Vienna
Opera, 1908-10 ; conductor of the Mu-
nicipal Theatre, Hamburg, 1912-14;
since 1914 Generalmusikdirektor in
Darmstadt and conductor of the sym-

Welnmann

phony concerts of the Munich Kon-
zertverein. His compositions include
the symphonic poems Konig Lear and
Die Gefllde der Seligen; 3 symphonies,
a serenade for string orchestra, a
violin concerto, a quintet for strings
and 2 oboes ; 3 string quintets, a piano ,
sextet, a piano quintet (with clari- '
net), 2 violin sonatas; Traamnacht and
Sturmmythus, for mixed chorus and
orchestra; songs with piano and with
orchestra ; piano pieces ; the operas
Malavita (1886), Genesius (1893),
Orestes (a trilogy, 1902), FrUhlings-
marchenspiel (1908), Kain und Abel
(1914) ; music to 'Faust' (1908) ; edited
Weber's Oberon; author of Die Lehre
von der Wiedergeburt und Das musi-
kalische Drama (1895), Vber das Diri-
gieren (1895), Bayreuth 1816-1896
(1896), Die Sgmphonie naeh Beethoven
(1897), Ratschldge fUr Auffiihrungen
der Sinfonien Beethovens (1906), Mu-
sikalische Walpurgisnacht (1907), Ak-
korde (1912) and Erlebnisse eines Kgl.
Kapellmeisters in Berlin (1912) ; also
revised the score of Wagner's Hollan-
der, published M^hul's Joseph with
recitatives (1909), and is engaged <m
complete editions of the works of
Berlioz and Haydn. Ref.: HI. viii, xi,
xii, 113, 243, 244, 267; IV. 184, 186;
VIH. 411f; IX. 432.

WKINLiIG CWelnllcli) (1) Chris-
tian Fhresott (1743-1813): b. Dres-
den, d. there; organist; pupil of
Homilius at the Kreuzschule; organist
of the Reformed Church, Leipzig,
Frauenkirche, Dresden, and in 1785
successor to Homilius as cantor of the
Kreuzschule; pub. a book of clavier
pieces, 2 books flute sonatas, also left
oratorios, passions, cantatas, etc. (MS.).
(2) Christian Theodor (1780-1842):
b. Dresden, d. Leipzig; pupil of Padre
Mattel at Bologna, etc.; cantor at the
Kreuzschule, Dresden, 1814-17; cantor
of the Thomaskirche, Leipzig, 1823;
theory teacher of distinction, among his
pupils being Richard Wagner. He pub.
a Deatsches Magnificat (soli, chorus,
and orch.) ; vocalises for voices of
different ranges, also for 2 sopranos;
and Anleitang zur Fnge fiXr den
Selbstunterricht (2nd ed., 1852). Ref.:
II. 404; IX. 259.

-WEINIHANN', Karl (1893- ): b.
Vohenstrauss, Upper Palatinate; stud-
ied music in an ecclesiastical institute
at Ratisbon, where he later became mu-
sical prefect; later Magister choralis
in the theological Konvikt at Innsbruck;
became priest in Berlin, and Dr. phiL
in Freiburg, Switzerland; Kapellmeis-
ter at the Collegiate Church in Ratisbon
and instructor in musical history and
aesthetics at the Ratisbon Church Music
School, its director since 1910 and di-
rector of the episcopal library since
1909; also president of the commission
of the Allgemeiner deutscher Cdcilien-
verein. He wrote Das Hgmnarium
Parisiense (1905), Kleine Geschichte der

275

Weinwurm

Kirchenmnsik (1906; 2nd ed., 1913;
English, 1910, and various other lan-
guages), and a monograph on Leonhard
Pamlnger, and edits the 'German
Church Music Annual' since 1908 and
the Musica sacra, since 1911; also
editor of yarlous graduals, oiBces, etc.,
in accordance with the Editio \atican.a.
Ref.: (cited) VI. 20.

WBINWtJRM, Rudolf (1835-1911):
b. Schaidldorf-on-the-Thaya, Lower
Austria, d. Vienna; educated as cho-
rister in the court chapel of Vienna;
founder of a singing society in the
University, 1858; director of the Vi-
enna Singakademie, 1864, and of the
Vienna Mannergesangverein ; Inspector of
the musical department of the Imperial
Institute for Female Teachers. In
1880 he became Musikdirektor at Vi-
enna University. He pub. Allgemeine
Musiklehre; Methodik des Gesanganter-
Tichts; composed male and mixed
choruses.

WEINZIKRIi, Max, Ritter van
(1841-1898): b. Bergstadtl, Bohemia, d.
Modling, near Vienna; Kapellmeister
at the Comic Opera and the Ringthea-
ter, Vienna; director of the vocal acad-
emy there after 1882; produced the
operettas Don Quixote (Vienna, 1879,
with L. Roth); Die- weiblichen Jdger
(1880); Moclemos (1880); Fioretta
(Prague, 1886); Page Fritz (Prague,
1889) ; also many choral works, songs
and the oratorio Hiob (Vienna, 1870).

WXIIS, Karel (1862- ): pro-
duced several operas, one in Czechish
('As You Like It,' after Shakespeare,
Prague, 1892; also German in Frank-
fort, 1902, as Die ZivilUage) , the rest
in German (Der polnisehe Jude, Prague,
1901; Die Dorfmusikanten, 1904; Der
Sturm auf der .MUhle, Vienna, 1914),
also an operetta, a vaudeville and a
symphony.

WEISMAXX, Jnllna (1879- ): b.
Freiburg, in Breisgau; pupU of Rhein-
berger, Bussmeyer, Dimmler, von Her-
zogenberg, Thuill; composer of a sym-
phony, string quartet, trio, sonatas for
violin, choral works with orchestra
accompaniment, a sacred cantata, cho-
ruses, songs and piano pieces.

WSISS (1) Sylvius lieopold (1686-
1750) : b. Breslau, d. Dresden as cham-
ber virtuoso; celebrated lutenist. (2)
Carl (ca. 1738-1795): b. Miihlhausen
(Thurlngia), d. London; went to Rome
with an English lord, later entered the
private band of George III; wrote 6
symphonies, 10 quartets for flute and
strings; trios for flutes. (3) Carl (b.
1777): son of (2), who in 1784 took
him to England and, after study and
travel on the Continent, he also set-
tled there; wrote a concerto for flute,
also trios, duos, and solos, and a 'New
Methodical Instruction Book for the
Flute.' (4) Franz (1788-1830): b.
Silesia, d. Vienna; viola virtuoso;
chamber musician to Prince Rasou-
mowsky at Vienna, member of the

276

Welssenseo

Schuppanzich Quartet; wrote music for
ballets, also wrote symphonies, over-
tures, concertantes for flute, bassoon
and trombone with orch.; Variations
brillantes for violin and orch.; a string
quintet and 6 string quartets, duos for
violins, for flutes and piano sonatas.
(5) Jnllns (1814-1898): b. Berlin, d.
there; violinist; pupil of Henning; pub.
educational works for violin. He also
taught, wrote criticisms and in 1852
succeeded to the music business estab-
lished by his father (pub. instructive
piano works by himself). (6)
(ScIineetvelBB) Amalle. See Joachiu.
(7) Johann (1850- ): b. Styria; pre-
fect in the Graz boys' seminary; stud-
ied at the Ratisbon School of Church
Music; teacher of choral singing at the
clerical seminary, Graz; cathedral Ka-
pellmeister there, 1884-91; then pro-
fessor at the Univ., etc.; expert in or-
gan construction; organist of note,
co-editor of the Gregorianische Rund-
schau since 1902 and author of Die
musikalischen Instrumente in den
heiligen Schriften des alien Testaments
(1895). (8) Angnst (1861- ): b.
Deidesheim, Rhenish Palatinate; pu-
pil of Raff at the Hoch Cons., Frank-
fort; composer of a Gutenberg Hymn
for male chorus and orch., violin ro-
manza, piano pieces, etc. (9) Joseph
(1864- ): b. Kaschau, Hungary;
pupil of Liszt and Volkmann ; professor
of piano at St. Petersburg Cons., 1891-
93; composer of virtuoso pieces for
piano.

WBISSBEICK, Johann Michael
(1756-1808) : b. Cnterlalmbach, Swabia,
d. Nuremberg, as cantor and organist
of the Liebf rauenkirche ; pub. Protesta-
tionsschrift Oder exemplarische Wl-
derlegnng einiger Stellen und Perioden
der Kapellmeister Vogler'schen Ton-
wissenschaft und Tonsetzknnst (1783);
an answer to Knecht's defense of
Vogler (1802) ; also Ober Herrn Abt
Yoglers Orgel-Orchestrion (1797) ; Etwas
uber Herrn Gottlob Turks wichtige
Organistenpflichten (1798) ; and other
satirical pamphlets on Vogler, Rosier
and Hassler.

TirBisSE:, Christian Felix (1726-
1804) : b. Annaberg, d. Leipzig; well-
known poet and writer for yoimg peo-
ple, of interest to the musical world
on account of his part in the produc-
tion of the Singspiel, having written
the text for many of Killer's produc-
tions, published in 2 vols., with a
preface by W. (1777). He has also
written the words of many of Hiller's
songs (.Lieder fOr Kinder, 1779). Ref.:
IX 79 81

WEISSENBACH, Aloys (18th-19th
cent.) : author of text of Beethoven's
Der glorreiehe Augenblick. Ret.: VI.
145.

'WEISSENSEiE:, Frledrich (ca. 1560-
1622) : b. Schwerstedt, Thuringia, d.
Altenweddingen ; school rector in Ge-
besse and Magdeburg, then clergyman

Weisshelmer

in Altenweddingen ; ranks high as mu-
sician among his German contempo-
raries, being a follower (perhaps pu-
pil) of the great Venetians; pub. Opus
mellcum, sontalning 73 4- to 12-part
motets.

WKISSHBIBIKR, TTendelln (1838-
1910): b. Osthofen, d. Nuremburg; was
pupil of Leipzig conservatory; in 1866
theatre conductor in Wurzburg; then
in Mayence; taught music in Strass-
burg; and finally devoted himself alto-
gether to composition .and literary
work. He has written two operas,
Theodor Korner (1872), Meister Martin
(1879), a cantata, several songs and
Erlebnisse mit Richard Wagner, Franz
Liszt und vielen anderen Zeitgenossen,
nebst deren Brief en (1898).

WEISSMANN, Adolph (1873- ):
b. Rosenberg, Upper Silesia; studied
in Breslau, Innsbruck, Florence, Berne,
and lives in Berlin; active as a music
critic and musical author. He wrote Ber-
lin als Musikstadt [1740-1911] (1911);
G. Bizet (1907), and Chopin (Berlin,
1912).

WBIST-HIIili (1) Thomas Henry
(1830-1891): b. London, d. there; stud-
ied at the Royal Academy of Music;
concert violinist in London, America
and Europe; conductor in London and

Srincipal of the Guildhall School of
[usic. (2) Ferdlnandi son of (1),
studied at Brussels Conservatoire, vio-
linist in London. (3) Thomas: son of
(1), studied at the Royal College of
Music; London 'cellist of repute.

^^EITZMANN, Carl Frledrleh
(1808-1880): b. Berlin, d. there; stud-
ied violin with Kenning, theory with
Klein, also with Spohr and Hauptmann
in Cassel; chorus-master and violin-
ist at the Riga theatre, 1832, founded
the Liedertafel with Dom; chorus-
master at Reval: leader of the Imp.
Orchestra at St. Petersburg, and music
director of St. Ann's Church, 1836;
teacher of composition in Berlin after
1848. He prod, the operas Rauberliebe,
Walpurgisnacht, and Lorbeer und Bet-
telstab at Reval; wrote for piano 2
books of canonic 'Riddles' (4 hands) ;
2 books of contrapuntal studies; 1800
preludes and modulations and 3 books
of Valses nobles; also sacred songs for
mixed chorus, songs with piano, and

Sub. a number of special studies on
armony, Greek music, etc., also Har-
montesystem (I860), Die neue Harmo-
nielehre im. Streit mit der alien;
Geschichte des Klauierspiels und der
Klavierlitteratur (1863, as Part iii of
the Lebert-Stark piano method; 2nd ed.
printed separately with a history of the
piano added [Engl, transl.. New York,
1893]; 3rd German ed. by Max Seiffert
[a new work entirely], Leipzig, 1899),
and Der letzte der Virtaosen [Tausig],
1868. 'Weitzmann's Manual of Musi-
cal Theory,' by E. M. Bowman (New
York, 1877), is a full exposition of his
method. Ref.: (cited) Vn. 137.

277

Welsb

WBLCH, J. Bacon (1839- ): b.
Northampton; English singing teacher.

'fVEIiCKESR. Peter (18th cent.):
founder of a London music publishing
house in Gerard Street, St. Ann's, Soho,
before 1764, which by 1773 had already
produced 500 works. Many products
of the Mannheim school, other cham-
ber music and operas were among its
publications. The house was located
successively at 9 Haymarket, opposite
the Opera (J. Blundell), and in Coven-
try Street (John Welcker). W.'s son
John and his son-in-law, James Blitk-
DELL, inherited the business, which ex-
isted at least till 1785.

WBLDOIV (1) John (1676-1736): b.
Chichester, England, d. London; pupil
of John Wilton, and of Purcell; or-
ganist of New College, Oxford; Gen-
tleman Extraordinary of the Chapel
Royal, succeeded Blow as organist
there, 1708, and became second com-
poser, 1715; later organist of St.
Bride's, Fleet St., and St. Martin's-in-
the-Flelds ; pub. some anthems, 3 books
of songs, and wrote a setting of Con-
greve's masque, 'The Judgment of
Paris,' which won first prize (1700).
(2) eeorgina (n^e Treherne) (1837-) :
b. London; singer and writer; friend
of Gounod and his hostess during his
London sojourn; established a School
of Singing In 1871 and lectured on mu-
sic; pub. La destruction de Polyeucte
de Gounod (1875) ; Autobiographie de
Charles Gounod (only to 1857) ; 'Mu-
sical Reform' (1875) and 'Hints for
Pronunciation in Singing' (1872).

WELIiBSZ, Elson (1885- ): b.
Vienna; studied under G. Adler, Carl
Frilhling, Arnold Schonberg (counter-
point) and Bruno Walter (composi-
tion) ; has written many monographs
on musico-hlstorical subjects, among
them: Renaisscuice und Barok (1909)
and Cavalli und der Stil der vene-
tianischen Oper (Adlers Studien zur
Musikwissenschaft, 1913). In 1911 he
became teacher of musical history at
the Vienna 'New Conservatory.' He
has composed, after the manner of his
teacher Schonberg, a string quartet,
piano pieces and songs.

-WEIililNGS, Joseph Milton (1850-) :
b. Handsworth, near Birmingham, Eng. ;
composed popular songs; wrote The
Dancing Master.?

TVE3IiI.IHAiyiir (1) Christian (18th
cent.) : teacher of gymnastics in the
Russian cadet corps, organizer of the
Imperial ballet school. Ref.: X. 180.
(2) Frledrlclt Konrad (1870- ): b.
Waren, Mecklenburg-Schwerin ; writer
on local musical history in Bremen.

WBIiS, Charles (1825- ): b.
Prague; studied with Tomaschek ; court
pianist in Poland; concert pianist and
teacher in New York; composer of a
concert overture, a concerto for the
piano, an orchestral suite, etc.

VtrSiliSH, Thomafi (1770-1848): b.
Wells, Somerset, d. Brighton; basso.

Welti

and vocal teacher; chorister in Wells
Cathedral; studied under J. B. Cramer
and Baumgarten ; d^but in opera, Lon-
don, 1792; sang in oratorio at the Hay-
market, 1796; Gentleman of the Chapel
Royal; pub. 'Vocal Instructor, or the
Art of Singing' (1825) ; piano sonatas
(1819) ; glees, duets and part-songs,
and dramatic pieces. His wife and pu-
pil, Mary Anne, nie Wilson (1802-
1867), was a famous soprano in opera
and concert; d^but at Drury Lane in
Ame's Artaxerxes, 1821.

WB1.TI, Helnrlch (1859- ): b.
Wettlngen, Switzerland; studied phi-
lology and literary history in Munich,
Ziirich and Paris (Dr. phil., Munich,
1882) ; later music critic in Munich
and Berlin, now in Switzerland; writer
of a biography of Gluck and many
articles on dramatic history for the
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographic, Vier-
teljahrsschrift fUr Musikwissenschaft,
etc. He married the singer Emilia
Herzog.

WBNCK, Angnst Helnrlch: vio-
linist; studied with Benda; lived in
Paris, 1786, and in Amsterdam, 1806;
composer of piano sonatas and violin
and piano pot-pourri; inventor of the
metronome (1798).

■WBNCKEIi, Johann Frledrich 'Wtl-
helm (1734-1792) : b. Niedergebra, near
Nordhausen, d. f)lzen; studied with
C. P. E. Bach, Kirnberger and Mar-
purg; wrote sonatas and other pieces
for clavier, duets for the flute and a
polemic against Quantz.

WENDEI,, Ernst (1876- ): b.
Breslau; studied with Wirth, Joachim,
Succo and Bargiel; violinist in the
Theodore Thomas orchestra in Chi-
cago, 1896; director of the concerts of
the Musikverein at Konigsberg, 1898;
conductor of the Bremen 'Philharmo-
nie,' 1909, and the Musikalische Gesell-
schaft in Berlin; composed male cho-
ruses with orchestra.

WENDLAND, -Rraldemar (1873-) :
b. Liegnitz; for a time pupil of Hum-
perdinck, now devoting himself to com-
position in Berlin. He has written
songs, 2 pantomimes, and 3 operas.
Das kluge Felleisen (1909), Das
vergessene Ich (1911), and Der Schnei-
der von Malta (1912) ; also a grand
opera, Peter Sukoff.

WEXDL.ING (1) Johann Baptist
(1720-1797): b. Alsatia, d. Munich;
flutist of the Mannheim Orchestra,
1754-78, with which he moved to Mu-
nich; composed concertos, quartets
and trios, etc., for flute and strings,
also flute duos. (2) DoTothea, nie
Spnrnl (1737-1811): b. Stuttgart, d.
Munich; wife of (1); distinguished in
Munich as a singer. (3) Augnste
EUsaheth (d. 1794) : the wife of the
violinist (1766-78) of the Mannheim
Orchestra, Eabl W.; also a favorite
singer in Mannheim and Munich. (4)
Karl (1857- ) : b. Frankenthal,
Bbenish Palatinate; student and later

Werkentbln

teacher at the Leipzig Cons.; court pi-
anist to the Prince of Waldeck, pro-
fessor, 1909; also performer on the
Jankd keyboard.

WENDT (1) Johann Gottlieb
[Amadens] (1783-1836) : b. Leipzig, d.
Gdttingen as professor of philosophy;
pub. Rossini's Leben und Arbeiten
(Leipzig, 1824) ; Vber die Haaptperioden
der schonen Kttzist (Leipzig, 1831), and
essays (1807-90). (2) Ernst Ad6U
(1806-1850) : b. Schwiebus, Prussia, d.
Neuwied, where he taught in the Teach-
ers' Seminary; studied with Zelter,
Klein and A. W. Bach in Berlin; pub.
compositions for organ, piano with or-
chestra, a piano trio and a 4-hand
sonata. (3) Ednard (1807-1890): b.
Berlin, d. Magdeburg; violinist and
quartet-player; co-founder of the Ton-
"kunstler-Verein, Magdeburg; pub. string
quartets.

-fVENlVERBERG, Gnnnar (1817-
1901) : b. Lidkoping, d. Castle of
Lecko; Swedish government ofHcial;
poet and composer in his youth; wrote
•Freedom Songs' (1848) ; 30 humorous
duets for baritone and bass, 40 psalms
for solo; choruses, songs, an orato-
rio; his collected works published in
4 vols., 1881-85.

"WENZEIj (1) Ernst Ferdinand
(1808-1880): b. Walddorf, near Lobau,
d. Bad Kosen; studied philosophy in
Leipzig, where he was a piano pupil
of Wieek; taught at the Conservatory
there from 1843, when he became in-
timate with Mendelssohn; contributed
to the 'Neue Zeitschrift' during the
editorship of his friend Schumann. (2)
Leopold (1847- ): b. Naples; stud-
ied at the Royal Conservatory there;
conductor in Naples, Marseilles and
Paris; produced operettas in Paris,
ballets there and In London, where
he settled, 1889.

WENZEL OF SAMTER (Szamo-
tnlskl, Scamotnllnns) (ca. 1525-1572) :
b. Samter, d. Cracow; Polish church
composer (motets and songs).

WERBEGKE, Gaspar van. See
Addenda under Gaspab.

WERCKMEISTER, Andreas (1645-
1706) : b. Beneckenstein, d. Halberstadt;
as organist of the Martinskirche from
1696; comp. violin pieces, Musikalische
Privatlust (1689) ; wrote many books
during the years 1681-1707, on theory
of music, composition, figured bass,
organ testing, a description of the cele-
brated Gruning court-organ, also the
earliest treatise on equal temperament
called Musikalische Temperatur oder
deutlicher und wahrer mathematischer
Vnterrlcht, wie man durch Anweisung
des Monochordi ein Clavier, sonderlich
die Orgelwerke. Positive, Regale, Spi-
netten und dergleichen wohltemperirt
stimmen konne (1691).

WERDER. See Schneider (4).

WEBKENTHIJf, Albert (1842-
1914): b. Berlin, d. there; student, later
teacher, at the Stern Conservatory;

278

Wermaim

taught at the Eullak Academy and
founded a school of music of his own,
which he conducted till 1892; critic of
the Yolkszeitung, author of 'Die Lehre
vom Klavierspiel, Lehrstoff und Me-
thode' (3 vols., 1889; 2nd ed., 1897).

WmUHANN, Friedrtch Oskar (1840-
1906) : b. Nelchen, near Trebsen, Sax-
ony, d. Oberloschwltz, near Dresden;
organist and composer; studied at the
Leipzig Cons, with Hauptmann, Rich-
ter and Reinecke; conductor and or-
ganist at Wesserling and Neufchatel,
and professor in the music school of
the latter city; later teacher in the
Royal Seminary, Dresden, where he
became organist of 3 churches and
cantor of the Ereuzschule. His com-
positions include 2 cantatas, mass for
double chorus and soloists, 4-part mass
for men's voices, motets, hymns,
psalms, solo songs with organ, 4 or-
gan sonatas, organ pieces, pieces for
violin, 'cello, horn, etc., with organ,
overtures, a symphonic poem, songs,

WERIVKBTTRG, Jo&ann Friedricli
Christian: teacher at Cassel, Gotha
and Weimar; produced sonatas for

Eianoforte (1796) and a method (1812)
ased on that of Rousseau, which em-
ployed numerals in place of notes.

'WXiRNBR (1) Gresorius Josepb
(1695-1766): d. Eisenstadt; Haydn's
predecessor as Kapellmeister to Prince
Esterh4zy; pub. Sex symphoniae sen-
aeque sonatae for 2 violins and clavier,
ana Neuer Instrumentalkalender, par-
thien-weiss mit 2 Yiolinen und Bass
in die 12 Jahrmonathe eingetheilet;
wrote oratorios, masses, etc. (2) Jo-
hann Gottlob (1777-1822): b. Grossen-
hain, d. Merseburg, where he was ca-
thedral organist and music director;
pub. an Orgelschule (1805) ; Part ii,
Lehrbuch, das Orgelwerk kennen, zn
lernen (1823) ; Musikalisches ABC for
beginners on the piano (1806; often
repub.) ; Versuch einer kurzen und
deutlichen Darstellung der Harmonie-
lehre (2 parts, 1818-19); also 2 Cho-
TalbUcher, chorale collections, chorale
preludes, and organ pieces for begin-
ners. (3) Helnricli (1800-1833): b.
Kirchohmfeld (Province of Saxony), d.
Brunswick, as music teacher and con-
ductor; composer of the song Hei-
deroslein which has become a German
folk-song, also other songs, male quar-
tets and piano pieces. (4) Josef
(1837): b. Wtirzburg; 'cellist; studied
at the Wurzburg Cons.; member of
the Munich court orch., and teacher
in the Munich School of Music; pub.
a quartet for 'celli, duos for 'celli,
an Elegie and various solo pieces for
'cello, also a 'cello method. (5)
Karl Iindwlg (1862-1902): b. Maim-
helm, d. Freiburg, Bavaria; organist
at Davos, later at Baden-Baden and
Freiburg; virtuoso on his instrument,

Slayed in the Trocadiro, Paris, on
nilmant's recommendation. (6) Amo

279

Wesley

(1865- ): b. Prlttltz (Welssenfels) ;
organist and teacher of singing in Blt-
terfeld; catalogued musical objects in
schools, churches, archives in the
Province of Saxony, Royal Professor;
wrote Samuel und Gottfried Scheldt
(1900) and local muslco-historical
studies.

WKRRA, Ernst von (1854-1913) : b.
Leuk, Switzerland; studied In Stutt-
gart; was organist of the German Na-
tional church in Rome (1885) ; choir
director and organist of Constance
cathedral (1890) and director of the
church music school, Beuron (1907).
W. has written many valuable essays on
organ playing and organ literature and
edited old MSS. and originals.

fVElRREKORBlN, ECermaim MatM-
as (16th century) : Maestro di cappella
in Milan, 1538-55, and composer of
a 'tone painting' In Jannequin's style,
'The Battle of Pavia.' He also wrote
some scattered motets and a book of
5-part songs (1555).

WHJRT, Jakob van (Giaches db W.,
Jacques de Wy etc.) (1536-1596) ; b.
Flanders, d. Mantua; famous contra-
puntist; succeeded Giov. Continuo as
maestro to the Duke of Mantua about
1566; was vice-maestro at Novellara,
1568-74; then maestro at the church of
Santa Barbara, Mantua; wrote 11 books
of 5-part madrigals; canzonets, 5- to
6-part motets, all pub. during years
1558-1633.

WfiRY, Nicolas liambert (1789-
1867) : b. Huy, near Li^ge, d. Bande,
Luxemburg; violinist In Metz, teacher
at Sedan and Paris, solo violinist and
teacher in the Brussels Cons. (1823-60).

WEiSIlMBECK. See Bubbubb de W.

■WESENHO'SCK. (l) otto (1814-
1896): b. Berlin, d. there; wholesale
merchant and one of Wagner's most
generous friends. (2) MatMlde (d.
1902); wife of (1); poet; wrote the
texts of Wagner's 5 songs (Tristan stud-
ies) ; his intimate friend in the period
during which Tristan was composed — a
relation which is supposed to have
had a great influence on the master's
work.

-WESIiBT (1) Charles (1757-1834):
b. Bristol, England, d. London; organ-
ist of St. George's, Hanover Square;
organist in ordinary to George IV;
published «A Set of Eight Songs'
(1784) ; 'A Set of Six Concertos for the
Organ or Harpsichord'; anthems,
hymns. Ref.: VI. 472 (footnote). (2)
Samuel (1766-1837): b. Bristol, Eng-
land, d. London; brother and pupil of
Charles (1) ; became the foremost Eng-
lish organist of his time; deputy or-
ganist at Abbey Church, Bath; organ-
ist of Camden Chapel, London, 1824;
published '8 Harpsichord Lessons'
(1777) ; 11 sonatas, 2 sonatinas, 16
rondos, 4 marches, a Polacca, a Grand
Fugue, 7 sets of variations, 4 waltzes,
etc.; also much church music. Ref.:
VI. 473. His son, (3) Samuel Sebas-

Wessel

tlan (1810-1876) : b. London, d. Glouces-
ter; distinguished organist and com-
poser; organist at Hereford Cathedral,
1832; Exeter Cathedral, 1835; Leeds
Parish Church, 1842; Winchester Ca-
thedral, 1849; Gloucester Cathedral,
1865. His works include 4 church serv-
ices, many anthems, glees, songs; and
•A Few Words on Cathedral Music and
the Musical System of the Church, with
a Plan for Reform' (1849). Be/.; VI.
475.

\irESSEL, Christian Rndolpli (1797-
1885): b. Bremen, d. Eastbourne;
founded a musical publishing house in
London (where he went in 1825) in
conjunction with a music lover named
Stoddart. The latter retired in 1838,
and his place in the partnership was
taken by Stapleton in 1839, who left
the firm in 1845. In 1860 W. sold the
business to Edwin Ashdown and Henry
John Pabky, the latter of whom re-
tired in 1882. The business is now
a corporation (Edwin Ashdown Lim-
ited).

WESSBIiACK, Johann GeoTg (1828-
1866) : b. Sattelpeilestein, Upper Pala-
tinate, d. Ratisbon, as regens chori
and seminary inspector; edited the 4th
volume of Proske's Musica Divina, with
a biography of its author.

WBSSELt^ (1) Johann (1762-1814):
b. Frauenberg, d. Ballenstedt; violinist
and composer of 14 string quartets and
3 string trios, 3 quartets for clarinets
and strings, 10 variations for horn and
violin with orch., 6 variations for
clarinet with orch., 2 Singspiele. (2)
Karl Berttliara (1768-1826) : b. Berlin,
d. Potsdam; studied with Schulz; di-
rector in Konigsstadt, conductor at
Rheinsberg, subaltern in Berlin and
Potsdam, where he founded and led a
society for classic music. His com-
positions include cantatas, operas and
ballets, 3 string quartets, etc.

'WEIST, Jolin Ebenezer (1863- ) :
b. South Hackney, London; studied at
the Royal Academy of Music (Dr.
Bridge and E. Prout) ; church and con-
cert organist; composed 2 cantatas,
'The Healing of the Canaanite's Daugh-
, ter' (1882) and 'Seed-time and Harvest'
(1892) ; Psalm 130 (1891) ; services,
anthems, part-songs, songs; overture
and incidental music to Longfellow's
'King Robert of Sicily,' a march for
orch., 'Victoria, Our Queen,' a sonata,
fugue and other pieces for organ.

WBSTBROOK, "William Joseph
(1831-1894): b. London, d. Sydenham;
organist at Bethnal Green, then Syden-
ham, Mus. Doc. Cambridge, 1878; ex-
aminer for music at the College of
Preceptors; assistant organist at Crys-
tal Palace for 3 years and conductor
of the Musical Society of South Nor-
wood; composer of a- short oratorio
'Jesus' (with orch.), organ pieces, in-
structive organ works, choruses and
songs; pub. English adaptations of
songs by Mozart, Schubert and Fesca,

Wetz

also translations, of de B^riot's, Dan-
cla's and Alard'g violin methods.
WKSTHOFF, Johann Paul Ton

(1656-1705): b. Dresden, d. Wittenberg;
violinist in the Dresden Orchestra;
made concert tours throughout Europe;
composed 6 sonatas for the violin and
conUnuo (printed 1694), etc.

VirElSTIiAKE:, Frederick (1840-
1898) : b. Romsey, Hampshire, d. Lon-
don; studied with W. and G. A. Mac-
farren at the Royal Academy of Music,
where he was later professor of piano;
composed masses, a piano and 'cello
duo concertante, an organ prelude and
fugue, hymns, part-songs, etc.

fVElSTniEYElR, Wilhelm (1832-
1880) : b. Iburg, near Osnabrilck, d.
in a sanitarium at Bonn; studied at
Leipzig Conservatory and with J.' Chr.
Lobe; composed 2 operas, Amanda and
Der "Wald bei Hermannstadt (Leipzig,
1859), a Kaiserouverture, etc.; alsa
symphonies, quartets, songs, etc.

WBSTMOREII.AIVD, John Fane,
Earl of (1784-1859): b. London, d.
Apthorpe House; studied composition
with Portugal at Lisbon, 181)9-12;
founded the Royal Academy of Music
in 1822; wrote 7 Italian operas prod,
in Florence and London, Bajazet (1821),
L'Eroe di Lancastro (1826), Lo scom-
piglio teatrale (1836), Catarina (1830),
Fedra (1828), II Torneo (1826), 11 ratto
di Proserpina (1845) ; also 3 sym-
phonies; string quartets, pianoforte
pieces, and church music.

WBSTPHAIi, Radolf Georg Her-
mann (1826-1892) : b. Oberkirchen,
Lippe - Schaumburg, d. Stadthagen,
Lippe; professor at the Katkoff Mu-
seum, Moscow; an authority on the
music of ancient Greece and on the
theory of metrics and rhythm. His
worlds touching on these subjects are
Metrik der griechischen Dramaiiker und
Lgriker (1854-65) ; Die Fragmente und
Lehrsatze der griechischen Rhythmiker
(1861) ; Geschichte der alien und mit-
telalterlichen Musik (1864), etc.

WESTROP (1) Henry J. (1812-
1879) : b. Lawenham, Suffolk, d. Lon-
don; performer on the piano and the p
violin, also singer, organist and con-
ductor; composer of string quintets, so-
natas, etc. (2) Kate, his daughter,
succeeded him as organist.

WBTTE, Adelhelde; contemporary
German author, sister of Engelbert
Humperdinck and librettist of his
Hansel und Gretel. Ref.: IX. 425.

WETZ, Richard (1875- ) : b.
Gleiwitz; studied at the Leipzig Cons.,
with A. Apel and Richard Hofmann,
and with Thullle in Munich; theatre
conductor there, later conductor leader
of the Erfurt Musical Society and Sing-
akademie, then also of the Erfurt
'Arion' and Teachers' Choral Society;
teacher of composition and musical
history at Erfurt Cons, from 1911; con-
ductor of the Riedel-Verein in Leip-
zig, 1913-14. He composed a number

280

Wetzel

of songs, male choruses a cappella,
choral works with orchestra {Gesang
des Lebens, for men's voices; Nicht
geboren ist dm beste from Oedipus, for
mixed chorus, TTaumsommernacht for
women's voices, Hyperion for bar. and
mixed chorus), an opera. Das ewige
Feuer (Dtisseldorf, 1907), a Kleist
Ouvertiire, a sonata for violin alone,

WEiTZBI., Hermann (1879- ) : b.
Kyritz, Brandenburg; studied natural
sciences. Dr. phU., 1901, but devoted
himself to music; became teacher at
the Riemann Cons., Stettin, and since
1910 at the Elindworth-Scharwenka
Cons, in Berlin. He wrote aesthetic and
critical studies; pub. Elementartheorie
der Musik (Leipzig, 1911), etc.; also
ed ited selected songs by J. F. Reichardt.

•WETZliER, Hermann Hans (1870-) :
b. Frankfort; studied with Madame
Schumann, B. Scholz, I. Knorr, Heer-
mann and Humperdlnck at the Hoch
Cons.; organist in New York (Old
Trlnlly), 1897-1901, gave orchestral con-
certs in Carnegie Hall In 1902, and in
1903 established the Wetzler Symphony
Concerts, which culminated in a Rich-
ard Strauss Festival with Strauss' per-
sonal cooperation In 1904. W. then
became Kapellmeister at the Hamburg
Stadttheater, conducted concerts in St.
Petersburg Opera House, then succes-
sively first Kapellmeister at the Stadt-
theater of Elberfeld, of Riga, of Halle,
and since 1915 of Lubeck. He com-
posed an early English ballad, 'The
Fairye Queen'; a concert overture, pi-
ano pieces, etc.

'VrXi'WEILBR, Ansnst (1868- ):
b. Recke, Westphalia; studied in Leip-
zig Conservatory, then lived in Det-
mold; composed duets, trios, quartets
for women's voices, an oratorio and
male choruses ; produced a fairy op-
era, Dornroschen, at Cassel (1903), and
a comic opera, Der grobe Marker, in
Detmold (1908) ; pub. a polemic, Ave
Musica (1913).

WKXSCHAIili, F^ederik tThor-
kUdson] (1798-1845) : b. Copenhagen,
d. there; studied with Lem, Moser,
Tlenroth and Spohr; violin soloist In
the Copenhagen Royal Orchestra;
taught, among others, Ole Bull and
Gade. '

■WEYMARN, Panl Platonovltch
(1857- ) : b. St. Petersburg; aban-
doned the army for music, which he
studied with Ark and Haller; com-
posed pieces for piano and for 'cello,
also songs; wrote biographies of
Glinka (1892), Napravnlk (1889), Cui
(1897), etc.; music critic and contrib-
utor to the Russian edition of Rie-
mann's Musiklexikon; for a time editor
of Bajan, a musical journal.

'WXIYSE:, Chrlstdph Ernst Frled-
rlcli (1774-1842) : b. Altona, d. Copen-
hagen; studied with his grandfather,
who was cantor in Altona, and with
J. A. P. Schulz In Copenhagen; pro-

281

Whiting

duced 6 operas there, otherwise wrote
chiefly church music, also a symphony,
overtures, piano sonatas, etc.

WHISTLER, James MclVelUi Amer-
ican painter. Ref.: III. 321. ■

TVHISTIillve, Karl Frledrlchi
bookseller in Leipzig; pub. flrst vol.
of the Handbuch der musikalischen.
Litteratur, 1817; later continued by F.
Hofmelster and A. Rothlng.

VITHITE (1) (Tirhyte), Robert (ca.
1540-1574): organist at Ely cathedral,
then Westminster Abbey; composer of
church music, (2) Alice Marie (nie
Smitb) (1839-1884): b. London, d.
there; pupil of Bennett and 6. A. Mac-
farren; composer of a symphbny, 4
overtures, 2 piano quartets, 2 string
quintets, music for a masque, 'Pandora,'
choral works with orchestra, part-
songs and songs. (3) John (1855-) :
b. W. Springfield, Mass.; studied with
Dudley Buck and with Haujpt in Ber-
lin; later with Rhelnberger in Munich;
meantime organist of St. Francis
Xavier, New York, for three years;
was organist and choirmaster of the
Church of the Ascension, New York,
1887-96, thereafter resident in Munich;
composed a Missa solemnis, O salataris,
Adorate devoto, Ave verum. Magnificat,
Nunc dimittis, etc. (4) Charles (19th
cent.) : American 'negro' minstrel. Ref.:
rV. 316. (5) Maude Valerie (1855-) :
b. Dieppe (of English parents) ; stud-
ied with O. May and W. S. Rockstro,
Royal Academy of Music from 1876
(elected Mendelssohn scholar in 1879),
tiien in Vienna. She composed a mass
(1888) ; 14 'Pictures from Abroad';
scherzetto and other pieces for piano;
Naissance d'amour for piano and 'cello;
songs, etc. Ref.: III. 443. (6) Richard
Grant. Ref.: (quoted) IV. 202.

WHITELEY, John 'W.t contemp.
English organ builder. Ref.: VI. 410.

'WHITELOCKE, BalnstTode (17th
cent.) : English diplomat, musical ama-
teur and composer. Ref.: IV. 13, 347f,
357.

WHITING (1) George ElbrldKC
(1842- ): b. Holllston, Mass.; organ-
ist at Hartford, Conn., where he found-
ed the Beethoven Society; organist of
various churches In Boston and Albany
from 1862; studied with Morgan in
New York, Best in Liverpool, and
Haupt and Radecke in Berlin between
1863 and 1872; teacher of organ at the
New England Cons, of Music for sev-
eral years; organist Cincinnati Music
Hall and professor of organ and com-
position Cincinnati College of Music,
1878-83; has composed 2 masses with
orch. and organ, a symphony, piano
concerto, suite for orchestra, a 1-act
opera 'Lenora,' preludes and other
works for organ, etc. Ref. : IV. , 343 ;
VI. 221. 500. (2) Arthur BatteUe
(1861- ): b. Cambridge, Mass.; pi-
anist and composer; studied with
Chadwlck and J. C. D. Parker, and In
Munich with Rheinberger; teacher of

Whitman

piano and composition in New York;
has composed orchestral and chamber
music, songs, organ and church music,
a concerto and many other works for
piano. Ref.: IV. 347f, 357; VI. 222.

WHITMAN, -Wnlt, American poet.
Ref.: m. 117, 436, 441.

"WHITMBR, Tihamas] Carl (1873-) :
b. Altoona, Pennsylvania; pupil of S. P.
Warren and W. W. Gilchrist; director
of music schools at Stephens College
(1899-1909), and the Pennsylvania Col-
lege for Women (1909-16) ; organist of
churches in Harrisburg (1898-99) and
Pittsburg, where he is also a member
of the faculty of the Musical Institute.
He has composed songs, 'Ballad of
Trees and the Master' (with orch.),
piano pieces, including a concerto
(MS.), organ pieces, a violin sonata and
other pieces for violin and piano, 6
'Mysteries,' 'Miniatures,' and 'Symbol-
isms' for orch., an Elegiac Rhapsody
for solo, chorus and orch., part-songs
for women's voices, and church an-
thems. Ref.: IV. 428f.

WHITTIEIR, J. G., American poet.
Ref.: VI. 368.

^vriCHBRN, KaroIIne (1836-1906):
b. Horn, near Hamburg; pupil of Haff-
ner and Gradener, studied theory under
Weitzmann (Berlin), was active as
choral conductor and as teacher of
music in Manchester, England (1881-
96). In 1900 she conducted an orches-
tra concert of her own compositions in
Hamburg. She has also written songs,
choruses, piano pieces, and pieces for
violin and 'cello.

TinCHMANN, Hermann (1824- ) :
b. Berlin; studied composition at the
Royal Academy there and with Tau-
bert, Mendelssohn and Spohr; con-
ductor in Bielefeld, then lived in Italy
and Berlin; produced pieces for piano,
songs and chamber music; pub.
Gesammelte Aufsdtze (2 vols., 1884,
1887).

WICHTI/, Gears (1805-1877): b.
Trostberg, ^varia, d. Bunzlau, Silesia :
violinist; studied at Munich, and
played in the orch. of the Isarthal
Theatre; first violin in orch. of Prince
of HohenzoUem-Hechingen at Lowen-
berg, Silesia, 1826; Royal Musikdirektor
and second Eapellmeister there from
1852; comp. an opera, a melodrama,
and an oratorio; a mass; songs; sym-
phonies and overtures; a string quar-
tet; violin concertos; etc.

WICKBDE:, Friedricb von (1834-
1904) : b. D6mitz-on-Elbe, d. Schwerin ;
army officer in Mecklenburg; lived in
Leipzig, Mannheim, Munich, Hamburg,
and Schwerin; composed an opera,
Ingo, an overture. Per aspera ad astra,
a funeral march for Emperor William
I, etc.

W^ICKi:NHATrSSE)R. Rlcbard
(1867- ): b. Brfinn; pupil of Leip-
zig Conservatory; conductor of the Ger-
man Academic Singing Society in 1895;
artistic director of the Steiermark Mji-

Widor

sic Society, Gorizla, 1902; of the Vi-
enna Singakademie, 1907. He has com-
posed male, mixed and female cho-
ruses, chamber music, songs and so-
natas for 'cello, for violin and for
piano.

WIDMANiy (1) Xirasmns (1572-.
1634) : b. Hall, Wiirttemberg, d. Rothen-
burg-on-Tauber ; poet, cantor at Graz,
Eapellmeister in Weickersheim and
cantor in Rothenburg; poet-laureate;
pub. 4-part Teutsche Gesdnglein (1607),
Musikalische Kurtzweil newer teutscher
. . . Gesdnglein, Tdntz und Curranten
(1611), Musikalisches Tugendspiel mil
schonen historischen und politischen
Texten (5-part, ad lib. 4-part, 1614),
Musieae precepta latino - germanica
(1615) and similar works; also a book
of 3- to 8-part motets (1619), 2 books
of canzonas, intradas, ballets, etc. (1618,
1623), etc. (2) Benedlkt (1820-1910):
b. Braunllngen, near Donaueschingen,
d. Frankfort; rector, author and com-
poser; pupil of Schnyder von Warten-
see, whose System der Rhgthmik he
edited; pub. Formenlehre der Instni-
mental-musik (1862), Katechismus der
allgemeinen Musiklehre, GrundzUge der
musikalischen Klanglehre (1863), a
rational singing method, handbook of
harmony, etc., also Melodie- und For-
menlehre (4th ed., 1880) and General-
bassUbungen (1859; 6th ed., 1913). (3)
Joseph Victor (1842-1912) : b. Nenno-
wltz, Moravia: d. Berne; distinguished
poet and dramatist; came to Switzer-
land as a child, in 1845, literary editon
of the Bernese Bund; wrote the libretto
of Gotz's opera Der Widerspenstigen
Zahmung, also Johannes Brahms in
Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1898). Ref.: II.
450f; IX. 420.

WIDOR, Charles - Marie (1845-) :
b. Lyons; distinguished organist and
composer; studied under his father,
who was organist at the Church of St.
Franfois, Lyons; studied later at Brus-
sels under Lemmens and composition
under Fills; succeeded his father In
Lyons, 1860; since 1869 has been or-
ganist at St. Sulpice, Paris; succeeded
Cesar Franck as professor of organ
playing at the Paris Clonservatory,
1890; replaced Dubois as professor of
counterpoint, fugue and composition,
1896; for many years musical critic
for paper L'Estafette; also conductor
of La Concordia society. His works in-
clude a 2-act ballet. La Korrigane
(Opera, 1880) ; music to the play Conte
d'Avril and to Les Jacobites; a 4-act
lyric drama, Mattre Ambros (1896) ; a
3-act pantomime, Jeanne d'Arc (1890) ;
the opera Les Marins, etc.; also a mass
for 2 choirs and 2 organs; Psalm 112
for choir, orchestra and organ; 2 mo-
tets; an Ave Maria; 2 O salutaris, one
for baritone, the other for tenor, with
'cello and organ; La nuit de Walpurgis,
for chorus and orchestra; 2 symphonies,
etc., etc. Ref.: IH. 36; VL 468, 479, 482;
VHL 335; portrait, VI. 464.

282

Wleck

• ». WIECK (1) Frledrlch (1785-1873):
b. Pretzsch near Torgau, d. LoschwHz
near Dresden ; piano teacher; aban-
doned the study of theology for a mu-
sical career; established a piano fac-
tory and a circulating library of music
at Leipzig. R. Schumann, H. von Bft-
low, Anton Krause, Fritz Splndler, I.
Seiss, B. Rollfuss, G. Merkef, and his
daughters, Clara and Marie, were
among his pupils there; studied
Mieksch's smgmg-method and taught
singing, Dresden, 1840; pub. Clavier
und Gesang (1853), and Musikalische
BauernspTiiche (2nd ed., 1876, by Marie
Wieck), and 2 books of piano studies.
(2) Alwln (1821-1885): b. Leipzig, d.
there; son of (1); violinist; studied
under David; member of the Italian
Opera orch. at St. Petersburg, 1849-59;
later teacher of piano at Dresden; pub.
Materialien zu Friedrich Wiecks Piano-
fortemethodik (1875). (3) Clara:
daughter of (1) ; married Robert Schu-
mann. See Schumann. (4) Marie
(1835- ): b. Leipzig; daughter of
(1) ; court pianist to the Prince of
Hohenzollem in 1858; made concert
lours to Sweden and London; estab-
lished a school for piano playing ^
Dresden; received the title of pro-
fessor 1914.

Wi'ede'mAXN, Ernst Jobann
(1797-1873) : b. Hohengiersdorf, Silesia,
d. Potsdam, as vocal teacher at the
Cadet School; organist of the Roman
Catholic Church, 1818-52; founder and
cond. of 2 singing societies; comp.
masses, a Te Deum, hymns, etc.

WIEDERKEHR, Jakob Cbrlstlan
Mlcbael (1739-1823): b. Strassburg, d.
Paris; 'cellist at the Concerts spiritu-
els, Paris, 1783; bassoonist at the
Theatre Lyrique, trombonist at the
Opira; teacher of singing at the Cons.
from 1795-1802; comp. 12 concertantes
for wind instr. ; 2 quintets and 10
quartets for strings; 6' quintets for pi-
ano and wind; 6 piano trios; 6 violin
sonatas; and other works.

WIEGAND, Joseph Anton Heln-
rlcb (1842-1899) : b. Frankisch-Crum-
bach in the Odenwald, d. Frankfort;
dramatic bass; studied voice in Paris;
joined the opera at Zurich in 1870 ; sang
in Cologne, and was leading bass at
Frankfort from 1873-77; toured Amer-
ica with the Adams-Pappenheim troupe,
1877; at Leipzig, 1878-82; at the Vi-
enna Court Opera, 1882-84; later at
Hamburg; sang the rdles of Gurnemanz
and Konig Marke at Bayreuth in 1886;
also appeared in Berlin and London
in the Nibelungen Ring during 1881-82.

TVIEIi, Taddeo ' (1849- ) : b.
Oderzo, Treviso; studied with P. To-
nassi and F. Maggi; member of the
council of the Liceo musicale Benedetto
Marcello In Venice, and one of the
most distinguished of modern Italian
musicologists. He has written many
monographs on musical history, among
them / Teatri musicali Veneziani del

283

Wleprecht

Settecento [1701-1800] (Venice, 1897);
and has composed several operas and
songs.

WIEIiAND, German poet. Be/.: IL
48; IX. 205.

WIEIiHORSKI. See ViELHOBSKY.

WIEMANN, Robert (1870- ): b.
Frankenhausen; studied at the Leip-
zig Cons.; conductor in theatres in the
Rhenish Palatinate, choral societies iu
Pforzheim, Bremerhavcn and Osna-
bruck, when he became municipal
Musikdirektor, 1907, changing to a
similar post in Stettin, 1910 (also con-
ductor of various choruses). He com-
posed symphonic poems (Erdenwallen,
Bergwanderung, Kassandra, Am Meere
[with final chorus]), choral works with
orchestra (Sonnensieg, Weltenfriede,
Die Okeaniden, Frith jof und Ingeborg),
chamber music (3 string quartets, vio-
lin sonata), piano music, songs and
duets.

WIENIA-WSKI (1) Henri (1835-
1880) :'b. Lublin, Poland, d. Moscow;
distin^ished violinist; entered Clavel's
class in the Paris Conservatory at 8;
and the advanced class of Massart,
1844, winning first prize for violin
playing, 1846; gave first concerts in
St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1848; then
studied harmony at the Paris Cons.,
1849-50; began a series of concert tours
over Europe with his brother Joseph
(pianist) ; named solo violinist to the
Czar, 1860; taught in the Imperial Con-
servatory at St. Petersburg till 1872;
then toured the United States with
Anton Rubinstein; succeeded Vieux-
temps as professor of violin-playing at
the Brussels Conservatory, 1874-77;
then toured till his death. He com-
posed 2 concertos, some fantasias,
pieces de salon and studies. Ref.: 111.
194; VII. 447, 450; portrait, VIL 448.
(2) Joseph (1837-1912): b. Lublin, d.
Brussels; as important a pianist as his
brother (1) was a violinist; pupil of
the Paris conservatory (Zimmerman,
Alkan, Marmontel, Le Couppey) ; con-
certlzed in Russia; studied with Liszt
in Weimar, Marx in Berlin, and, after
several years spent in Paris, settled
in Moscow, where he was professor
at the conservatory, 1865-69. During
1875-76 he was director of the War-
saw conservatory and then professor
at the conservatory of Brussels. He
wrote an overture, a string quartet, a
piano sonata, various concert pieces
for the piano and a set of itudes for
that instrument. Ref. : portrait, VII. 448.
WIBPRECHT, Frledrlcb TiriUielm
(1802-1872) : b. Aschersleben, d. Ber-
lin; studied in Dresden and Leipzig;
violinist in the court orchestra at Ber-
lin, 1824; later director of all the
Prussian military bands. He invented
the bass tuba with the Instrument
maker, Moritz, 1835; the bathyphon, a
sort of bass clarinet, with Skorra, 1839 ;
the 'piangendo' on brass instruments
with pistons, and an improved contra-

Wiese

bass bassoon. He claimed to have
invented the saxhorns before Sax, but
was not sustained by the courts. Ret.:
VIII. 105.

WIKSBi, Christian IiiidTrlg Gns-
tav. Baron (1732-1800) : b. Ansbach, d.
Dresden; writer on musical subjects.
His works include Thiorie de la divi-
sion harmonique des cordes vibrantes
(manuscript in the Dresden Library) ;
Anweisung nach einer mechanischen
Behandlnng das Klavier zu stimmen
(1790), etc.

WIBSEJIVTHAIi, E\ma and Grete
(sisters) : contemporary German danc-
ers. Be/..- X; 202f, 212.

WIETROWETZ, Gabriele (1869-) :
b. Laibach; violinist; studied with
Geyer, Caspar and Joachim; won the
Mendelssohn prize in 1883; first woman
teacher at the Berlin Royal High School.

■WIHTOL, Joseph (1863- ): b.
Volmar, Livonia; studied harmony with
Johansen and composition with Rimsky-
Korsakoff at the St. Petersburg Cons,
and professor of harmony there since
1886; composer of La fete Ligho, sym-
phonic poem on Lettish themes, Lettish
overture Spriditis, fantasia on Lettish
folk-songs for violin and orch., dra-
matic overture, symphony, string quar-
tet, 5 piano sonatas and other piano
pieces, choruses (a cappella and with
orch.), songs and arrangements of Let-
tish folk-melodies. Ref.: VII. 334.

'WIIiBYB, John (16th cent.) : one
of the greatest English madrigal com-
posers, concerning whose life nothing
is known except that the dedication (to
Sir Charles Cavendish) of his first set
of madrigals is dated 'From the Augus-
tine Fryers the xii of Aprill, 1598.'
This was for 3, 4, 5, and 6 voices, and
was printed by Thomas Este in 1598.
The other of his compositions to be
printed during his lifetime are a 6-
part madrigal contributed to 'The
Triumphs of Oriana' (1601), two others
(4 and 5 parts) iprinted iu Leighton's
'Teares' (1614) and a second set of
madrigals in 3, 4, 5, and 6 parts 'apt
both for Voyals and Voyces' (1609),
all reprinted in score by the Musical
Antiquarian Society. Ref.: VI. 75.

■WHjH, Franz (1792-1860): b. Nie-
derhollabrunn, Lower Austria, d. Ober-
dobling, near Vienna; chorister at
Klosterneuburg and later in the court
chapel; tenor soloist at Eisenstadt; in
Vienna, 1813, Berlin, Darmstadt, Cajs-
sel, and again in Vienna from 1830.

"WIIiDES. Oscari English author.
Ref.: III. 160, 254; IX. 435.

liaiiDEJIl, jerOme Albert Victor
van (1835-1892): b. Wettem, near
Ghent, d. Paris; contributed to Le
Menestrel, and other publications;
translated German songs and opera
texts into French; wrote Mozart,
I'homme et I'artiste (1880).

WILHAR, Franz (1852- ): b.
Senoschetsche; was pupil of Prague
- - al

conservatory; cathedral organist at

284

WilhelmJ

Temesvar, 1873; director of the Kar-
lowatz (Croatia) music school, 1882;
has lived in Agram since 1891. He
is one of the most prolific of Croatian
composers, and besides songs and cho-
ral and orchestral compositions, has
composed the Croatian operas Zwoni-
mir, Smlljana and Ivanjska kraljica
and the operetta Madame Pokondiro-
vitch.

WILHELH, Carl (1815-1873): b.
Schmalkalden, d. there; studied with
Andr£ and Aloys Schmitt in Frankfort;
director of the Crefeld Liedertafel from
1839-64; composed many male choruses,
including Die Wacht am Rhein, which
during the Franco-German war became
virtually the German national song
(words written by Max Schneckenbur-
ger and first set to music by the or-
ganist Wendel in 1842). It was first
performed in 1854. W. received the
title of Royal Prussian Musikdirektor,

1860, and was granted a pension of
3000 marks two years before his death.

WILHBIiBI ERNST, Duke of Wei- ■
mar. Ref.: I. 460.

TI^IiHEIiK VOIV HIRSAU (11th
cent.) : abbot of the monastery at Hir-
sau,. Schwarzwald, from 1068 to 1091;
wrote a treatise on music theory pub.
in Vol. ii of Gerbert's Scriptores, also
with German translation and conunen-
tary, by Dr. Hans Miiller (Leipzig,
1873). In von Murr's Notitia duorum
codicam musicorum (Nuremberg, 1801)
there is a reference to W.'s De musica
et tonis.

^VIIiHEIiMJ (1) Ansnst [Emll
Daniel, Ferdinand] (1845-1908) : b.
U&ingen, Nassau, d. London; studied
under Fischer, at Wiesbaden; played
in concerts at 8; played before Liszt,

1861, who introduced him to David as
a 'second Paganini'; studied at the
Leipzig Conservatory under David,
Hauptmann and Richter; played in the
Gewandhaus, 1862; went for further
study to Raff, at Frankfort, 1864; next
year made his first concert tour to
Switzerland; then visited Holland and
England, 1866, France and Italy, 1867,
continuing his tours till 1878, when he
visited the United States and South
America, covering 4 years. He was
the leader of the Bayreuth orchestra
in 1876; established a school for vio-
lin playing with R. Niemann, at
Biebrich-on-Rhine ; was apjpointed head
professor of violin playing at the
Guildhall School of Music, London,
1894. He was considered one of the
foremost violinists of his time. His
works include Hochzeits-Cantate for
soli, chorus and orchestra, a violin
concerto, solo pieces and transcriptions
for violin, a string quartet and varia-
tions for string quartet on a Schubert
theme. He began the publication of
a 'Grand Violin School' (1st part pub.
by Novello, 1903). Ref.: VIL 443; VIII.
135. (2) Adolf: son of (1); was ap-
pointed violin professor at Belfast Con-

Wilhem

servatory, 1898. (3) IHarla VF., nie
Gastell (b. Mayence, 1856) : sister-in-
law of (1) ; Is a noted concert so-
prano, a pupil of Mme. Vlardot-Garcia.

'WIIiHEM (correctly BocaulUon),
GnlUanine I.oals (1781-1842) : b. Paris,
d. there; son of an army ofDcer; en-
tered active service when 12 years old;
studied at the school of Liancourt,
1795-1801, and at the Cons, for 2 years ;
taught music in the military school of
Saint Cyr, and at the Lycte Ndpolion,
1810-42; organized a system of music
instruction for the primary schools in
Paris, 1819; vocal teacher at the Poly-
technique, and director of a Normal
School of Music, 1820. W. instituted
in 1833 a chorus of elementary school
pupils called 'Orph£on,* the forerunner
of many modern singing societies; be-
came director-general of music Instruc-
tion in all primary schools of Paris,
and was created a chevalier of the
Legion of Honor, 1835; pub. a great
nuniber of songs and choruses; also
Orphean, in 5 (later 10) vols.; a col-
lection of a cappella choruses; and a
complete exposition of his method
(1839).

WIIiKE: (1) ChTlstlaii Frledrlcli
GottUeb (1769-1848) : b. Spandau, d.
Treuenbrietzen ; expert on organ build-
ing; organist at Spandau, at Neu-
Ruppln, 1809; Royal Musikdirektor,
1812; pub. Beitrdge zur Geschichte der
neuern Orgelbaukunst (1846), Ober
Wichtigkeit und Unentbehrlichkeit der
Orgelmixtureii (1839): also articles in
musical journals. (2) Franz (1861-) :
b. Gallies, Pomerania; studied with
Hiller; conductor in Kottbus; founder
there for school for choristers; com-
posed for orchestra and wrote a har-
mony method.

wlIiKES, Captain: traveller. Ref.:
(cited on primitive music) I. 8.

-WILKINSOiy, [Sir] Gardner. Ref.:
(cited) X. 18f, 20f.

-WlLiIiAERT CWlgUardas, Vlgllar,
Vnlellart), Adrian (called Adriano)
(ca. 1480-1562) : b. Flanders (Bruges
or Roulers), d. Venice; pupil of Jean
Mouton; went to Rome in 1516, but
found no position, lived for a time
at the court of Ludwig 11 of Bohemia
and Hungary, appointed maestro at St.
Mark's, Venice, 1527; there founded a
music school from which were gradu-
ated Zarlino, Cipriano di Bore and
Andrea Gabrieli; as teacher of these
W. Is considered the founder of the
Venetian school of composition; also
regarded as the creator of the style
of writing for 2 choirs, prompted
thereto by the two separate organs at
St. Marks, as well as the co-founder
of the 'new madrigal' and the ricercar.
The freer use of modulation character-
istic of the so-called 'chromatic' school
also received its impulse from W., who
consciously opposed the stereotyped
practice governing the use of the ec-
clesiastical modes. His extant compo-

Wllllams

sltions Include a book of 4-part masses
(1536), 2 books of 4-part motets (1539
[15451). a book of 5-part motets (1539
[1550]), a book of 6-part motets (1542),
2 books of 4^ to 7-part motets (1561) ;
lute transcriptions of 22 madrigals by
Verdelot (1536), 19 3-part chansons (in
Andreas Antlquus' La couronne et flear
de chansons, 1536; also Le Roy and
Ballard's collection, 3rd book, 1560),
4-part Canzont villanesche (1545), 4-
part madrigals (1563), 3-part chansons
(Lib. 3 of Scotto's Libra delle Muse,
1562), Fantasie ricercari . . . a i e 5
voci (by W. and de Rore, 1559), ves-
per psalms for single and double
choirs (1550), 4-part hymns (1542),
Musica nova (4- to 7-part motets and
madrigals), Sacri e santi salmi che si
cantano a vespro et campietd. i vac.
(1555, etc.), and single pieces in col-
lections by Scotto, Petrucci and other
contemporaries (also French and Ger-i,
man), also single madrigals in edi-
tions by Verdelot. His famous chro-
matic duo was composed while W. was
in Rome. Ref.: VI. 69, 417, 420; IX.
21; mus. ex., XIH. 31.

IVHiliCOX, Jolin Henry (1827-
1875) : American organist, resident
chiefly in Boston. Ref.: VI. 497.

HVHiIiBNT, Jean Baptlste Joseph
(1809-1852): b. Douai, d. Paris; bas-
soonist; studied with Delcambre at
the Paris Conservatoire; was at first
bassoonist in the London Italian Op-
er^; after several years of concert
touring, also in America, he became
bassoon teacher in the Paris Conserva-
toire, in 1848. He wrote a bassoon
method, 4 fantasies for the bassoon
and orchestra (or piano), a concer-
tante for bassoon and ' clarinet and a
duo for oboe and bassoon; also 2
operas, produced in Brussels, 1844 and
1845. .

WIIililABI (1) Duke of Bavaria.
Ref.: VI. 56. (2) II, King of Prussia.
Ref.: U. 115. (3) III, King of Prussia.
Ref.: IX. 158. (4) II, German Em-
peror. Ref.: IX. 484; X. 130. (5) IV,
King of Prussia. Ref.: VI. 155.

WIIiIilABI DE IiONGCHAMPS,
Bishop of Ely. Ref.: V. 134.

WII/IilAM OF MAI/lHEiSBURY.
Ref.: VL 401.

WIIiLIAIHS (1) Aaron (18th cent.) :
English music engraver; publisher and
composer of psalm tunes, etc.; pub.
'The New Universal Psalmodist,' 1763.
Ref.: IV. 30, 45. (2) Anne (b. 1818),
soprano, and Martha [Mrs. Lockey]
(1821-1897), contralto, sisters, both b.
Bitterley; pupils of Tom Cooke and
Negri; famous as duet singers, 1840-50.
(3) Charles tee (1853- ); b. Win-
chester, pupil and assistant of G. B.
Arnold, organist of the cathedral 'there ;
teacher and organist at St. Columba's
College, Ireland; organist and choir-
master of LlandofT Cathedral; cathedral
organist at Gloucester and conductor
of the festivals there, 1882-98 ; Mus. Bac.

285

WllUng

Oxon., examiner for the Royal Acad-
emy of Music. He composed a num-
ber of choral works (cantata 'Bethany,'
etc.) and considerable church music.
(4) Charles Francis Abdy: contemp.
English writer on music; studied at
Leipzig Cons.; organist of Dover Col-
lege, 1881-85; organist and choirmas-
ter, St. Mary's, Boltons, S. W., 1885-95;
professor of music, Bradfleld College,
1895-1901; author of several works on
the history and theory of music. Ret.:
VI. 432 (footnote). (5) Charles L,ce:
contemp. English organist and com-
poser; studied at Oxford; organist of
Winchester Cathedral (deputy), St.
Columbia's College, Dublin; Llandaff
Cathedral and Gloucester Cathedral;
has composed a large number of cho-
ral works, chiefly sacred. Ref.: VI.
379. (6) Ralph Vanghan (1872- ) :
English composer; studied at Royal
College of Music under Parry, Stan-
ford, Parrat and Herbert Sharpe; In
Berlin under Max Bruch and in Ps^ris
under Maurice Ravel. His composi-
tions Include Towards the Unknown
Region,' for chorus and orchestra;
■Willowwood,' for baritone solo, cho-
rus and orchestra; 'A Sea Symphony,'
for soprano and baritone solo, chorus
and orchestra; 'Five Mystical Songs,'
for baritone solo, chorus and orches-
tra; 'Three Norfolk Rhapsodies,' for
orch. ; serenade for small orchestra;
•Bucolic Suite' for orchestra; 'Heroic
Elegy' for orchestra; 'In the Fen Coun-
try,' symphonic Impression; fantasia
for piano and orchestra; 2 Orchestral
Impressions, 'Harnham Down' and
'Boldrewood' ; fantasia on a theme by
Tallis for string orchestra; orchestral
suite, 'The Wasps'; choruses and inci-
dental music to Ben Johnson's masque,
'Pan's Anniversary'; choruses and in-
cidental music to 'The Wasps,' of
Aristophanes; a quintet for piano, vio-
lin, viola, 'cello and double bass; a
string quartet; several song cycles, and
a large number of single songs, part-
songs, arrangements of folk-songs, etc.
Ref.: III. 434, 436?; VI. 377.

WIIil/ING (1) Johann IiUdvris
(1755-1805): b. Kiihndorf, d. Nord-
hausen; organist and composer of so-
natas for violin and 'cello, English
dances for the piano, etc. (2) Chr.
Bdwln (1830- ) : b. London; Lon-
don organist, conductor and teacher.

WllililS, Henry (1821-1901): d.
London; organ builder, in 1847 re-
built the Gloucester cathedral organ
and, after exhibiting a large organ in
1851, was chosen to rebuild one for
St. (jeorge's Hall, Liverpool. This was
followed by the very large organs for
the Royal Albert Hall, Alexandra Pal-
ace (the second organ) and for St.
Paul's Cathedral, as well as those of
Canterbury, Carlisle, Durham, Here-
ford, Oxford, Salisbury, Wells, Win-
chester, Truro. Edinburgh, and Glas-
gow, besides many colleges, Windsor

286

Wilsiug

Castle, etc. He took 7 patents and sev-
eral medals, having invented an im-
proved exhausting valve to the pneu-
matic lever, pneumatic levers in com-
pound form, etc. Ref.: VI. 407, 408,
411.

WILIiMAN, [Per] Anders [Johan]
(1834- ): b. Stockholm, where he
made his debut as bass in 1854; stud-
ied further with Urlaub and Duprez;
first bass at the Stockholm Opera ; di-
rector of the Dramatic School and
Royal Theatre.

WILIilMANN (1) Johann Ignaz
(d. 1821): b. Vienna; concert-master at
Montjoie, near Aachen, in 1765; mem-
ber of the Bonn court orch., Muslk-
direktor, etc., in Vienna; father of the
following 4 musicians. (2) Max
(1768-1812) : b. Forchtenberg, Wurttem-
berg, d. Vienna; son of (1); brilliant
'cellist; solo 'cellist at the Theater
an der Wien. (3) Marie (Mme. Hn-
ber ) : sister of (2) ; brilliant pianist ;
pupil of Mozart. (4) Magdalena
(Mme. Galvani): ([?]-1801) : sister
of (2) and (3) ; singer, pupil of
Rhlghinl; sang with great success In
Germany and Italy and was finally en-
gaged at the court opera in Vienna.
Beethoven desired to marry her, but
she decided in favor of her Italian
husband. Ref.: II. 145. (5) Carl (d.
before 1794) : violinist in the Bonn
orchestra; young brother of (2), (3)
and (4).

WILM, Nlcolai von (1834-1911) : b.
Riga, d. Wiesbaden; pianist and com-
poser; studied at Leipzig Cons, under
Hauptmann, Richter, Rietz, Plaidy, etc.;
second Kapellmeister, Riga Municipal
Theatre, 1857-1858; professor of piano
and theory at the Imperial Nicolal In-
stitute, St. Petersburg, 1860-1875; sub-
sequently lived in Dresden and Wies-
baden; composed a string sextet, a
sonata for piano and 'cello, sonatas
and suites for piano and violin, many
piano duets and solo pieces, male cho-
ruses, motets, songs, etc.

T^TCLMS, Jan Willem (1772-1847):
b. Witzhelden, d. Amsterdam; composer
of the Dutch national hymn, Wien
Nederlands blood; music teacher in
Amsterdam; member of the Nether-
lands Academy, etc.; pub. a string
quartet, 2 trios, a violin sonata, also
3 piano concertos, a flute concerto,'
etc. Ref.: VIII. 208.

WILPHINGSSDEIR, Amhroslns (d.
Nuremburg, 1563) : cantor of St. Se-
baldus' church, Nuremburg; puh. a
musical catechism entitled Erotemata
musices practicae (1563, several times
repub., in 1561 in German as Musika
teutsch der Jugend zu gut gestellt).

WIIiSIlVG, Daniel Frledrlch Bdn-
ard (1809-1893) : b. Horde, near Dort-
mund, d. Berlin; organist in Wesel,
1829-34; wrote an oratorio, Jesas
Christas, in 2 parts, prod. Bonn, 1889,
hy W.'s pupil Arnold Mendelssohn; a
16-part De profundis, which won the

Wilson

Gold Medal for Art at Berlin; also
sonatas and piano songs.

WIIiSON, John (1594-1673): b. Fa-
versham, Kent, d. London; Mus. Doc,
Oxon., 1644; professor of music at Ox-
ford University, 1656-62; Gentleman of
the Chapel Royal, and chamljer musi-
cian to Charles II; pub. 'Psalterium
Carolinum. The Devotions of His Sa-
cred Majestie In His Solitudes and Suf-
fering, Rendered in Verse, Set to
Musick for 3 Voices, and an Organ or
Theorbo' (1657); 'Cheerful Ayres or
Ballads' (1660) ; also pieces in Play-
ford's 'Musical Companion' (1667) ; and
songs In 'Select Musicall Ayres and
Dialogues' (1652, '53, '69).

'WILiT, Marie inie Iilebentlialer)
(1833-1891): b. Vienna, d. there; dra-
matic soprano; studied singing under
Gansbacher and Wolf after her mar-
riage with the civil engineer, Franz
Wilt; d^but at Graz as Donna Anna,
1865; sang in Vienna and Berlin in
1866; appeared as Norma at Covent
Garden, London, 1866; sang in opera
and concert at Vienna for ten years;
also at London, 1874-75; Leipzig in
1877 ; later at Briinn, Pesth, and again
at Vienna.

"WIIiTBERGER (1) Helnrlcb
(1841- ): b. Sobemheim; one of
the founders of Alsatian Cecilia So-
ciety; the most popular male chorus
composer in Alsatia (choruses in Alsa-
tian folk-song style) ; also composer of
sacred choral music. (2) Ansust
(1850- ) : b. Sobernheim ; brother of
(1); studied in Boppard; academic
teacher of music in Kolmar, 1873,
Munstermaifeld, 1880, Briihl, 1884. He
has written much church music, an
organ school, a harmony method,
secular songs, marches, various ora-
torios and a secular cantata ; and has
arranged classic compositions for string
quartet and piano.

WINDERSTEIN, Hans (1856- ) :
b. Liineburg; conductor; studied at the
Leipzig Cons.; teacher in the Music
School and director of the Municipal
Orchestra at Winterthur, Switzerland,
1884-87; conducted a concert orchestra
at Nuremberg and later of the Phil-
harmonic Society there; directed the
Eaim Concerts and the Philharmonic
Orchestra, Munich, 1893-96; conductor
of the Winderstein Orchestra and the
Philharmonic concerts, Leipzig, from
1896; also director of the Philharmonic
concerts at Halle; composed a sym-
phonic suite, orchestral pieces, violin
solos, etc.; conductor of the Leipzig
Singakademie, 1898-99. ,_„,

WINDING, August Hendrlk (1835-
1899) : b. Taaro, Denmark, d. Copen-
hagen; studied with Reinecke, Drey-
schock, Gade; director and professor
at the Copenhagen Cons.; composed a
- piano concerto, 2 overtures, a sym-
phony, concert allegro for piano and
orch., a string quartet, 2 violin so-
natas; Phantasiestucke for piano and

Winter

violin or clarinet; studies, preludes In
all keys, a toccata, 10 Ldndliche Scenen,
3 waltzes, a Humoreske, 2 books of
'Contrasts,' all for piano; piano duets,
op. 32; also a violin concerto, a sym-
phony, etc., in MS. Ref.: III. 73.

WINGHAM. Thomas (1846-1893) :
b. London, d. there; studied at Dr.
Wylde's London Academy of Music,
1863; entered the Royal Academy of
Music in 1867; professor of piano play-
ing in 1871; organist at All Saints',
Paddington, from 1864; wrote 2 masses
(1876, 1887), Te Deum with orchestra
and organ (1884), motets, ofTertories, 4
symphonies, 6 overtures, a serenade,
and an Elegy for orchestra; concert
cai>ricclo for piano and orchestra; 2
string quartets; a piano septet, etc.

AVINKEL, DletTlch IVlfeolans (ca.
1780-1826): b. Amsterdam, d. there;
constructed various peculiar instru-
ments, among them a 'Variation ma-
chine,' or 'Componlum,' as he called it.

WINKELBIAIVN, Henuann (1845-
1912): b. Brunswick, d. Vienna; tenor;
studied with Koch at Hanover; made
his d^but at Sonderhausen, 1875; sang
at Altenburg, Darmstadt and Ham-
burg; subsequently at the Vienna Court
Opera, 1883-1906; sang Parsifal at Bay-
reuth, 1882.

-WINKLER (1) Theodor (d. 1905):
for many years first flute in the Wei-
mar court orchestra; composed valua-
ble studies and a concerto for his in-
strument, and introduced the Bohn
flute In Weimar (under Liszt). (2)
Alexander (1865- ): b. Eharkoff;
pianist and composer; studied with
Duvemoy in Paris, and Leschetizky in
Vienna; teacher of piano In the Khar-
koff Music School, 1890-96; then at the
St. Petersburg Conservatory. He has
written chamber music, orchestral
variations, an overture En Bretagne,
piano pieces and songs.

-WINNEBERGER, Paul (1758-1821) :
b. Mergentheim, d. Hamburg; 'cellist at
the French Theatre, Hamburg, 1821, and
in the orchestra of the Prince of Otlin-
gen In Wallerstein, 1782, where, he suc-
ceeded Joseph Reicha as first 'cellist.
He composed symphonies, etc.

WIIVOGRADSKI. See Vimogradski.

WINTER, Peter von (1754-1825) : b.
Mannheim, d. Munich; dramatic com-
poser; pupil of Abbfi Vogler and
violinist In the Electoral orchestra;
musical director at the court theatre,
1776; went with the court to Munich,
1778; from 1788 till his death was court
Kapellmeister, with frequent leaves of
absence, during which he brought out
operas in the principal cities. His
works Include about 40 Italian operas
and German Singspiele, produced in
Munich, Venice, Naple^ Vienna, Ham-
burg, Prague, Berlin, Bayreuth, Paris,
London, Milan, ejlc., of which the most
notable are I fratelli rivali (Venice,
1792) ; Der Sturm (Munich, 1793) ; Das
anterbTOchene Opferfest (Vienna, 1796,

287

Winterberger

given in Italy as II sacriflzio intir-
rotto) ; his most famous work Baby-
Ions Pgramiden (ib., 1797) ; Marie von
Montalban (Mmilch, 1798) ; Tamerlan
(Paris, 1802) and Calgpso (I^ondon,
1803), He also wrote 3 oratorios and
17 sacred cantatas for the court chapel;
26 masses, and much other church
music; also several secular cantatas
with orch. or piano; 9 symphonies
(incl. the grand choral symphony Die
Schlacht), overtures, 2 septets, 6 string
quartets, 2 string quintets, an octet for
strings and wind, a sextet for strings
and 2 horns, concertos for clar., bas-
soon, etc. He pub. a Vollstdndige Sing-
schule In 3 parts. Ref.: VIH. 200.

'WINTBRBEIRGER, Alexander
(1834-1914): b. Weimar, d. Leipzig;
pianist; studied at the Leipzig Cons,
and with Liszt; professor at the St.
Petersburg Cons, for some years; music
critic of the Leipziger Neueste Nachrich-
ten, 1903-07; wrote many piano pieces
and songs, and pub. Liszt's Technische
Studien.

WINTERFEiLD, Carl Georg: An-
snst VlTlgens von (1784-1852) : b.
Berlin, d. there; studied law at Halle;
assessor In Berlin in 1811; judge at
Breslau and keeper of the music sec-
tion in the University Library, 1816;
Geheimer Obertribunalrath at Berlin in
1832; pensioned 1847. His valuable
collection of old music was left to the
Berlin Library; wrote Johannes Pier-
luigi von Palestrina (1832, with criti-
cal notes on Baini's Palestrina) ; Jo-
hannes Gabrieli und sein Zeitalter
(1834), Der evangelische Kirchengesang
und sein Verhdltniss zur Kunst des
Tonsatzes (1843-47, valuable source for
the study of evangelical church music
of the 16th-17th centuries) ; other im-
portant works on musical history, pub.
1839-50. Bef.: (cited on Passion
music) VI. 236 (footnote).

WIXTBR-HJSILM, Otto (1837-) :
b. Chrlstlanla; studied at the Leipzig
Cons., also with Kullak and Wuerst In
Berlin; teacher, later also organist in
Christianla, conducted the Philharmonic
Society there and, after Its dissolu-
tion, arranged his own symphonic and
church concerts; wrote 2 symphonies,
choral compositions, songs and many
piano pieces; pub. a method for organ
and piano; also SO psalm-tunes and 46
Norwegian mountain songs with piano
accompaniment. Ref.: III. 88.

-WTIVTZER, Richard (1866- ) : b.
Nauendorf, near Halle; studied In the
Berlin Hochschule, 1888-90; attracted
attention as a composer with songs,
piano pieces, and his operas Die Willis
and Maximilian (1905, very success-
fully produced in Halle).

■WIPO (early 11th cent.) : chancellor
at the Burguudian court, 1024-60; com-
posed the Easter sequence Victimae
paschali landes, still sung to-day.

WIRTH, Emannel (1842- ): b.
Lnditz, Bohemia: vioUnist; studied at

288

Witt

Prague Cons, with Eittl and MUdner;
concert-master of the Eurorchester at
Baden-Baden; violin teacher at the Bot-
terdam Cons., and concert-master at
the opera untU 1877; succeeded Bap-
poldl as viola player of the Joachim
Quartet and violin professor at the
Hochschule, Berlin.

AVIRTZ, Charles Lonls (1841- ) :
b. The Hague ; student, later pianoforte
teacher, at the Conservatory there; com-
posed church music, including a Te
Deum for double choir, brass and or-
gan, motets, etc.

tVlSKB, Mortimer (1853- ) : b.
Troy, New York; came to New York
City in 1872, and has for years been
active as an organist and choral di-
rector In Brooklyn and Newark. He
has composed choral works, church
music and organ pieces.

•WIT, Paul de (1852- ): b. Mae-
stricht; 'cellist; founded, with O.
Laffert, the Zeitschrift fUr Instrnmen-
tenbaa, 1880; conducted a museum of
musical Instruments, 1886-90, selling
his collection In the latter year to
the Berlin Hochschule; subsequently
made a second collection, now In the
possession of W. Heyer in Cologne;
tried to bring the viola da gamba into
use; author of Weltadressbuch der
gesamten Masikinstrumenten - Industrie
(8th ed., 1912) and Geigenzettel alter
Meister vom 16. bis Mitte 19. Jahrhun-
derts (1902).

■WITEK, Anton (1872- ): b.
Saaz, Bohemia; violinist; studied with
Bennewltz in Prague; concert-master of
the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra,
1894, of the Boston Symphony Orchestra,
1910; violin professor at the Von Ende
School of Music, New York.

•WITKOWSKI, Geprses Martin
(1867- ): b. Mostagneux, Algeria;
French of&cer; produced an opera, Le
mattre d chanter (Nantes, 1890), and
a symphonic poem, Harold (1894) ; then
entered the Schola cantorum, studied
composition with d'Indy, and has since
composed 2 symphonies, a symphonic
poem and chamber music, and a large
choral work, Poime de la maison. In
1902 he founded a Schola cantorum,
and in 1905 -a. Sociiti des Grands Con-
certs In Lyons.

■WITT (1) CWltte), Christian
Frledrlch (ca. 1660-1716): b. Alten-
burg, d. there as Ducal Kapellmeister;
composer of a passacaglla In D minor
which was Included In the works of
Bach by mistake; pub. a Psalmodia
sacra (1715) ; also wrote 3 French
overtures, a 7-part sonata, 2 4-part
suites (preserved), other works Incl.
his cantatas are lost. (2) EViedrich
(1771-1837): b. Halten-Bergstetten, d.
Wurzburg; violinist, pupil of Bosetti at
Wallerstein; first violin in Prince von
Ottingen's orchestra. Kapellmeister at
Wurzburg from 1802; composed a his-
torical opera, Palma (Frankfort, 1804);
the comic opera Das Fischerweib

Wltte

(Wilrzburg, 1806) ; the oratorios Der
leidende Heiland (Wiirzburg, 1802) and
Die Auferstehung Jesu; masses and can-
tatas; 9 symphonies, a flute concerto,
a septet for clarinet, horn, bassoon,
and strings, quintet for piano and
-wind, etc. (3) Julius (b. Konigsberg,
1819) ; teacher of singing and com-
poser of favorite male choruses in
Konigsberg. (4) Tbeodar de (1823-
1855): b. Wesel, d. Rome; studied un-
der his father, an organist; later with
Dehn in Berlin through the generosity
of Liszt, who sent him there; studied
old church music in Italy after 1846,
where he began the work on Breitkopf
& Hartel's complete edition of Pales-
trina's works ; composed a piano sonata,
and some songs. (5) S^anz (1834-
1888) : b. Walderbach, Bavaria, d.
Schatzhofen, near Landshut; pupil of
Proske and Schrems at Ratisbon;
founded the Allgemeiner deutscher
Cdcilienverein for the Improvement of
Catholic church song, 1867; established
and was editor of the Fliegende Blatter
fur katolische Kirchenmustk and Dfu-
sica sacra; published Der Znstand der
katolischen Kirchenmustk (1865) ; Vber
das Dtrigiren der katolischen Kirchen-
mnsik; and Das bagerische Kultus-
ministerium (1886). Ref.: (quoted on
masses) VI. 323. (6) Joaef von (1843-
1887) : b. Prague, d. Berlin; operatic
tenor; at first an Austrian ofBcer; re-
tired from the army and studied sing-
ing with Uffmann at Vienna; sang at
Graz, then at Dresden, and from 1877
at Schwerin in leading rdles.

'WiTTE, GeoTS Hendrtk (1843-) :
b. Utrecht; composer; studied with
Nicolai at the Royal Music School, The
Hague, and with , Moscheles, etc., at
the Leipzig Cons. ; director of the Essen
Musikverein from 1871; retired in 1911;
composer of a piano quartet, a 'cello
sonata, pieces for 'ceflo and piano,
'Hymn to the Sun' for chorus and or-
chestra; published a chorale book, and
34 studies of Cramer vrith Indications
for phrasing; author of Der Essener
Musikverein 1838-1913.

WITTEKOPF, Rudolf (1863- ):
b. Berlin; concert and operatic bass;
studied at Stem Conservatory; sang at
Aachen, Leipzig, the Berlin court opera,
1899, and Breslau municipal opera,
1907.

WITTICH, Bfarle (1868- ): b.
Giessen; studied in Wiirzburg with
Frau Otto-Ubrldz; operatic soprano at
Diisseldorf, Basle, and Schwerin ; prima
donna of the Dresden Court Opera,
1889-1914; also sang in Bayreuth. She
married Dr; Karl Faul.

WITTMANjr, Karl Friedrlcli (1839-
1903): b. Coburg, d. Berlin; actor at
Konigsberg, Hanover, Darmstadt and
Oldenburg; theatre director to Prince
Heinrich XXIV of Beuss; director of
the Royal (now National) Theatre of
Heligoland, 1876-95; editor of opera
books in the dramatic section of

Wolf

Beclam's Universal Library and nu-
merous piano arrangements.

WIZIiAW -von RVGBNt minne-
singer. Ret,: I. 218, 219; mus. ex.,
XIII. 8.

WOERMANN', Karl I contemp. Ger-
man author. Ref.: VIII. 417.

WOHIiFAHRT, Heinrich (1797-
1883) : b. in Kossnitz, near Apolda, d.
Connewltz, near Leipzig; famous teach-
er; studied imdei^ Haser at Weimar;
cantor and tutor in Thuringian towns;
teacher at Jena and Leipzig from 1867;
pub. Kinder-Klavierschule (24 edi-
tions), Der erste Klavierunterricht, Der
Klavierfreund (36 children's studies) ;
Klavieriibungen, Grdssere and rein
praktiscfie Elementar - Klavierschale,
Schule der Fingermechanik, Antholo-
gische Klavierschule, Theoretisch-prak-
tische ModulationschulCr Vorschule der
Harmonielehre, Wegweiser znm Com-
poniren; also instructive pieces for
piano; 3 children's sonatas; Kleine
Leute, etc. His sons, FrauE and
Robert, teachers in Leipzig, pub. other
works of similar nature.

WOKLGEMITTH, Gnstav (1863-) :
studied in Leipzig; ' taught at Anger
and Reudnitz (1887-1891) ; founded
Leipzig Mannerchor, 1891; conductor of
the Singakademie, 1900; conducted the
German singing societies' festivals at
Gorlzia (1902), Breslau (1907) and
Nuremburg (1912), and is known as
composer of male choruses.

\iroiK01VSKI-BIBDA1T, Victor von
(1866- ) : b. Nieder-Arnsdorf, near
Schweidnitz; studied in Leipzig, Frei-
burg, Berlin and Breslau (Dr. phil.),
pupil of B. Wolff and W. Berger. His
compositions are songs (about 100),
ballades for baritone and orch., an
orchestral prelude, 3 melodrames and 3
operas (Belga, Der lange Kerl, Das
Nothemd) produced in 1904, 1905 and
1913, in Wiesbaden, Berlin and Dessau
respectively.

ViroiiDElBIAR, Michel (real family
name Michel) (1750-1816) : b. Orleans,
d. Clermont-Ferrand; pupil of LoUi;
musical director of a travelling the-
atrical troupe; pub. 3 violin concertos,
a concerto for a violin of 5 strings
(c added), which he called violin-alto
(having the combined range of violin
and viola) ; also a string quartet, duets
for 2 violins and violins and viola, 12
large violin soli. Senate* fantomagiques ;
double-stop etudes (.Nouveau labyrinthe
harmonigue), other itudes; also a
method for violin, for viola and for
piano. He invented a sort of musical
stenography, described in his Tableau
milotachygraphique. Ref.: VII. 436.

WOLF (1) Ernst WUhelm (1735-
1792) : b. Grossheringen, d. Weimar,
where he was court Kapellmeister and
prod, about 20 operas, dramatic can-
tataSs etc.; also wrote Passion orato-
rios, Easter cantatas, etc.; piano con-,
certos, 4 quintets for piano, flute, vio-
lin, viola, and 'cello; 6 string quar-

289

Wolf

tets; 42 piano sonatas; and (MS.) 15
symphonies, 17 partitas, and much
chamher music; pub. Kleine musi-
kalische Reise (1782) and Musikalischer
Unterricht (1788). (2) Georg Fried-
ricfc (1762-1814): b. Hainrode, d.
Wernlgerode as Kapellmeister; wrote
KuTzer Unterricht im Klavierspielen
(1783, etc.) ; Unterricht in der Singe-
kunst (1784, etc.) ; Kurzgefasstes mn-
sikalisches Lexicon (1787, etc.). (3)
Ferdinand (1796-1866) : b. Vienna, d.
there; librarian of the Imperial Li-
brary; wrote Vber die Laif, Seqaenzen
und Leiche. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte
der rhythmischen Formen und Sing-
weisen der Yolkslieder und der volks-
mdssigen Kirchen- nnd Kiinstler-Lieder
im Mittelalter (Heidelberg, 1841). (4)
(-Wolfl), J. C. lindwlg (1804-1859):
b. Frankfort, d. Vienna; pianist and
violinist; composer (pupil of Seyfried) ;
wrote 3 string quartets, a piano quar-
tet, 4 string trios (prize at Mannheim),
etc. (5) Cyril (1825- ) : b. Muglitz,
Moravia; choral director of the Do-
minicans and at the Univ. of Vienna;
Kapellmeister at the Church of the
Minorites; teacher of harmony in the
St. Cecilia Society, , Vienna ; composer
of vocal church music. (6) Bembard
(1835- ): b. RakowitZj West Prussia ;
pupil of Billow; pianist, teacher at
Berlin Cons.; composer of instructive

?iano worics; pub. a simplified ed. of
iSna's 60 Exercises, etc. (7) 'WUUam
(1838-1913); b. Breslau, d. Berlin; pu-
pil of the Stem-Kullak Cons, and Kul-
lak Academy in Berlin; because of a
strained finger gave up pianistic career
for theory and teaching; gave popular
illustrated musico-scientific lectures ;
decent at the Humboldt Academy, Ber-
lin, since 1881; choral leader of the
Jewish Congregation since 1891; wrote
articles in various journals, pub. as
Gesammelte mnsikdsthetische Anfsatze
(1894), also Musik-Asthetik in kurzer
nnd gemeinverstdndlicher Darstellung
(2 vols., 1896, 1906). (8) Maximilian
(1840-1886): b. Moravia, d. Vienna;
pupil of Marx and Dessoff; composer
of successful operettas, including Die
Schule der Liebe, In Manen des Konigs,
Die blane Dame, Rosa und Reseda, Der
Pilger, Die Portrdtdame, Cdsarine, Ra-
faella, prod, in Vienna and elsewhere.
(9) Hugo (1860-1903): b. Windisch-
graz. Lower Styria, d. Vienna (in an
asylum for the insane) ; went to Vi-
enna in 1875 and for a short time
studied at the Conservatory. Except
for a short stay in Salzburg, where he
was Kapellmeister in 1881, his life was
passed in Vienna as teacher and music
critic of the Salonblait. As artist he
met with much opposition and an-
tagonism. W. is the modem master
of the German Lied, his position in
that field being analogous to that of
Wagner in the opera. He 'set' individ-
ual poets rather than single poems and
gave bis song cycles a comprehensive

290

Wolf

unity of conception. Nearest the folk-
type are his Morike songs (1888),
which were followed by an EichendoriBf
cycle, and one after Goethe (1883-89).
A 'Spanish Song-Book' (sacred and
secular songs) appeared during 1889-
90, succeeded by six songs after Keller,
for female voice; an 'Italian Song-Book'
(1890-96) and three poems by Michel
Angelo. Wolf in ^is songs lays stress
on text values, psychologically true
declamation, and thematic development.
Aside from the songs, he composed a
hymn Christnacht for soli, chorus and
orchestra (Mannheim, 1891), music to
Ibsen's Fest auf Solhaug (1892), Elfen-
Ited and Feuerreiter, a Morike song
in choral arangement (Vienna, 1892) ;
6 sacred choruses a cappella after
Eichendorff (1881), 'Morning Hymn'
for chorus and orch. ; Dem Vaterland,
hynui for male chorus and orch., and
FriihIingschor (from Manuel Venegas).
also a comic opera Oer Corregidor
(1895). A secona opera, Manuel Vene-
gas, was not completed, as the composer
became mentally affected in September,
1897, and soon ceased all creative
work. Altogether, W. wrote 232 songs;
some were orchestrated by him (20
preserved) . A string quartet in D min.,
Penthisilea, symphonic poem for grand
orchestra, and an 'Italian Serenade' for
small orchestra (also string quartet)
complete the list of his works. Ref.:
ni. 201f, 257/^. songs, V. 331ff; opera,
ES. 429f; mus. ex., XTV. 47, 51; por-
trait, V. 332. (10) Johannes (1869-) :
b. Berlin; studied Germanics and mu-
sical science (under Spitta) at Berlin
Univ.; music at the Royal High School
there; made researches in the chief li-
braries of Europe in 1902; became
decent at the Univ. of Berlin, in 1908
professor; also teacher of musical his-
tory at the Royal Institute for Church
Music; and became librarian and cu-
rator of the musical collections of the
Royal Library, Berlin, in 1915. He is
the author of many valuable special
studies on historical and theoretical
subjects pub. in the leading German
and Dutch musical periodicals; edited,
with Oskar Fleischer, the Sammelbdnde
of the Int. Musical Soc, 1899-1904; and,
commissioned by the Berlin Academy,
is at present engaged on a bibliography
of Latin musico-theoretical treatises of
the Middle Ages, to serve as a basis
for a Corpus scriptorum de jnusica
medii eevu W. republished the Musiea
practica of Bartolomeo Ramis de
Pareja (1901), also vocal works of
Rudolph Able, and the secular works
of Heinrich Isaak (German and Aus-
trian Denkmdler respectively), and ar-
ranged a complete edition of me works
of Obrecht for the Society for North
Netherland Musical History; also a col-
lection of 16th cent. Dutch songs, etc.
He pub. Geschichte der Mensnralnota-
tion von 1250-H60 nach den theo-
reiischen und praktischen Quelkn, a

Woltt

work which throws new light on the
music of this period, containing many
musical examples in original notation
and transcription (3-part, 1905) ; also
Deutsche Lieder des 15. Jahrhunderts
(Lillencron-Festschrift, 1910) and Hand-
buch der Notationskunde (Vol. I, Leip-
zig, 1913). *^
WOL,FF (1) Helnrlch (1813-1898):
b. Frankfort, d. Leipzig; toured as vio-
linist in boyhood; pupil of Ferny,
Schnyder von Wartensee, and of
May seder and Seyfried In Vienna;
toured Europe from 1830; concert-mas-
ter at Frankfort Stadttheater, 1838-78;
composed 9 string quartets, 6 string
quintets, 6 symphonies, 4 overtures, 2
violin sonatas, 4 violin concertos, va-
riations, etc., but only some violin
etudes, etc., were published. (2)
fidonard (1816-1880): b. Warsaw, d.
Paris; studied in Warsaw and Vienna;
lived In Paris from 1835 as concert-
pianist and composer of piano works
in a style akin to that of his friend
Chopin. His 350 works include, for
piano, etudes, op. 20 (24 numbers),
op. 50 (24), op. 90 (24 itudes faciles),
op. 100 (24 Improvisations In 6tude-
form), L'art de chanter sar le piano
(48 etudes), L'art de I'expression;
Valse La favorite; Chansons polonaises
orginales; Tarentelle; Chansons bac-
chiques and a concerto; also wrote,
with de Birlot, 30 celebrated duos for
piano and violin, and 8 others with
Vieuxtemps. (3) Augnste DCsire
Bernard (1821-1887): pupil of Zim-
mermann at the Paris Cons., where he
later became teacher of piano; entered
the piano manufactory of Camille
Pleyel, 1850, became associate, 1852,
and head of the house, 1855 (Pleyel,
Wolff & Co.). He was himself active
in the construction of the instruments
and made several improvements. He
also composed, was honorary president
of the Soci£t£ des compositeurs de mu-
sique, and founded the annual Pleyel-
Wolff prize for the best piano compo-
sition with or without orchestra. (4)
Hermann (1845- ): b. Cologne;
pupil of Franz KroU and Wiierst;
editor of the Neue Berliner Musik-
zeitung, 1878-79; co-editor of the Mu-
sikmelt; concert manager in Berlin.
(5) Leonbard (1848- ): studied at
Cologne Cons., won the Mozart Scholar-
ship and studied with Vieuxtemps,
Leonhard Kiel and Joachim; choral con-
ductor in Wiesbaden, municipal and
academical Musikdirektor at Bonn, Dr.
phil.. Royal professor; wrote Bachs
Kirchenkantaten (1913). (6) E]rnst:
contemp. German writer on music ; pub.
biographies of Schumann (1906) and
Mendelssohn (1911) and edited the let-
ter's Meister-Briefe (1907). (7) Erich
J. (1874-1913) : b. Vienna, d. New York;
pupil of Door, and Robert and J. N.
Fuchs at the Cons, of the Friends of
Music, Vienna; lived in Vienna till
1906, then In Berlin as accompanist.

Wolfl

etc.; composer of Lieder; also a ballet
Zlatarog (Prague, 1913), a violin con-
certo and a string quartet. Ref.: III.
266f, 268.

WOLF-FERRARI, Ermanno
(1876- ) : b. Venice; son of a painter,
native of Baden; was largely self-taught
in music, though later a pupil of
Rhelnberger in Munich; director of the
Liceo Benedetto Marcello, Venice, 1902-
09; prod, a Biblical stage-play. La
Sulamita (Venice, 1898), and the op-
eras Cenerentola (ib., 1900; in Ger-
man as Aschenbrodel, Bremen, 1902) ;
Le donne curiose (as Die Neugierigen.
Frauen, Munich, 1903) ; Die vier Gro-
biane (Munich, 1906) ; I Gioje delta
Madonna (1908) ; 11 Segreto di Susanna
(Munich, 1909) and Der Liebhaber als
Arzt (Dresden, 1913) ; also composed
Talitta Kama ('The Daughter of
Jairus'), a 'mystery' for soli chorus
and orch. ; La vita nuova for soli, cho-
rus, orch., organ and piano- (1903) ;
also a chamber symphony, 2 violin so-
natas, a piano quintet, trios, piano
pieces and duets. Ref.: III. viii, ix,
xiv, 369, 375; VI. 393f; IX. 497, 499ff;
mus. ex., XIV. 164; portrait, IH. 372.

WOIiFFHEIM, Werner (1877- ) :
b. Berlin; studied Berlin (Eretzschmar,
Johannes Wolf and O. Fleischer) ;
musicologist and author of valuable
musical monographs; organizer of the
musical division of the first congress
for aesthetics and ui\iversal art in Ber-
lin, 1913. With H. Springer and Max
Schneider he is editor of the Miscel-
lanea bio-bibliographica (addenda and
corrections to Eitner's Quellenlexicon) .

WOLFIi CWSlffl, Woelf), Josepli
(1772-1812): b. Salzburg, d. London;
noted pianist; studied piano and com-
position with Leopold Mozart and
Michael Haydn; appeared as a concert
player in Warsaw, 1792-94; left Poland
and settled in Vienna; brought out 3
pieces for the stage, Der Hollenberg
(1795), Das schone Milchmadchen
(1797), and Der Kopf ohne Mann
(1798) ; made a long tour, playing in
Brunn, Prague, Leipzig, Dresden, Ber-
lin, and Hamburg during 1798-99; again
in Leipzig and Berlin, 1800; Paris,
1801-05, where he was eminently suc-
cessful; prod, an opera, L'Amour ro-
manesque, at the Thiatre Feydeau
(1804) ; the heroic opera Fernando, ou
les Maures (1805). After some doubt-
ful adventures on the continent W. re-
sided in London 7 years, where he
prod, piano concertos and symphonies
of his own (1805) ; 2 ballets at the
King's "Theatre, La surprise de Diane
(1805) and Alzire (1807). Henceforth
the course of his life is obscure, though
he continued to publish compositions
for several years./ They comprise 69
works with opus-numbers and many
others for piano without, including
the Concerto militaire, op. 43, and Le
Calme; the grand sonatas Non plus
ultra, op. 41, and Le diabU i quatre,

291

Wolfram

op. 50; 2 symphonies, 9 string quar-
tets, a dozen piano trios, 2 trios for

2 clarinets, and bassoon, many violin
sonatas, a flute sonata, a 'cello sonata,
about 40 piano sonatas, duos with vio-
lin, a duo for 2 pianos, a Mithode de
piano, songs, instrumental music, etc.;
also the comic opera Liebe nacht jkur-
zen Process, Oder Die Heirath auf
gewisse Art (1801) and several others
■written for Vienna. Ref.: II. 162.

WOLFRAM (1) Johann Christtiln
(1766-1828) : organist and teacher of a
gjrls' school at Golda; wrote Anleitung
zuT Kenntnis, Beurteilung und Erhal-
tnng der Orgeln (1815). (2) Joseph
STarlas b. Dobrzan, Bohemia, d. Tep-
litz; pupil of Eozeluch at Prague, and
Drechsler at Vienna, where he taught,
1811-13; secured a government posi-
tion at Theuslng, and became mayor of
Teplitz in 1824. He was a devoted
amateur composer; prod, an opera at
Teplitz in 1820 (?) and several others
in Dresden during 1826-38 (?), of which
one, Alfred (1826), was so successful
that Its composer was considered for
the Kapellmeister's post to succeed
Weber. He also pub. piano pieces and
songs.

WOIiFRAM VON ESCHBXBACH:
minnesinger. Ref.: V. 142; IX. 281.

WOIiE-RUM (1) PMllpp (1854-):
b. Schwarzenbach am Wald, Upper
Franconla; studied with Bheinberger,
Wullner, etc., at the Munich Royal
School of Music; seminary music
teacher in Bamberg, 1878-84, since then
organist and University Musikdirektor
In Heidelberg; conductor of the Bach-
verein and the Evangelical Church Cho-
rus at Baden; Dr. phil., Leipzig, 1890,
with the essay Die Entstehnng nnd
erste Entwickelung der deutschen evan-
gelischen Kirchenlieder in musikal-
ischer Beziehung ; professor of musical
science since 1898; Generalmusikdirek-
tor, 1907; honorary Dr. theol, Heidel-
berg, 1910. He composed 3 sonatas,

3 tone-poems, etc., for .organ; string
quartet, piano quintet, trio (with viola),
'cello sonata, piano pieces, an over-
ture, choral works (Grosses Hallelujah,
Weihnachtsmysterinum [1899; Hereford,
1903]), part-songs for mixed and men's
voices, and many songs. He designed
an adjustable concert piatform capable
of variable lighting. Re/.: VI. 355.
(2) Karl (1857-) : b. Schwarzenbach;
brother of (1) ; seminary music teacher
in Altdorf near Nuremberg; studied at
the Munich Royal School of Music as
government scholar; composed organ
works, including 3 sonatas and prel-
udes, also vocal church music.

WOLKEXSTEIN, Oswald von (ca.
1377-1445) : b. Groden, Tyrol, d. at his
castle Hauenstein; one of the last
minnesingers, whose songs with melo-
dies were republished by Josef Schatz
and Oswald Koller in the Denkmaler
der Tonkunst in Ssterreich (IX. 1).

WOLLANCK, Frledrlch (1782-1831) :

Wolstenlioliae

b. Berlin, d. there, as judicial coun-
cillor. He composed an opera Der
Alpenhirt (Berlin, 1811) ; Liederspiel
Thibaat von Lovls; music to Gubitz's
drama Liebe und Frieden; monologues
from Maria Stuart and Die Braut von
Messina; 2 masses, a Requiem, and
other church-music; over 100 songs, 33
part-songs; the cantata Hedwig von
Rungenhagen; and much instrumental
music,

WOIiliB, Jolin Frederick (1863-) :
b, Bethlehem, Pa,; pupil of Rheinber-
ger in Munich (1884-85) ; organist in
Bethlehem, Pa,, 1884-1905, and Packer
Memorial Church, Lehigh Univ,, 1887-
1905; professor of music, Univ, of
California, 1905-11, and conductor
Univ. of California symphony concerts;
organized the Bethlehem Choral Union, <
1882, the Easton Choral Society, 1883,
and the Bach Choir, 1898; conducted
the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Bach Festivals
(1900, 1901, 1903), at Bethlehem, Pa.;
organized the California Bach Choir
(1909) and gave the first and second
California Bach Festivals (1909-10) ;
gave first complete American perform-
ance of the St. John Passion, the Christ-
mas Oratorio and many of the Bach
cantatas; reestablished the Bach Fes-
tivals at Bethlehem, Pa., which he made
nationally famous, in 1911; conductor
Harrlsburg (Pa.) Choral Society and
York (Pa.) Oratorio Society since 1914;
composer of hymn tunes, anthems for
chorus and orchestra, organ transcrip-
tions, etc. Ref.: VI. 327.

WOLI/EIVHAUPT, Hermann Adolf
(1827-1863) : b. Schkeuditz, near Leip-
zig, d. New York; studied with Knorr
and Hauptmann at Leipzig; played at
a concert of the Philharmonic Society,
New York, in 1845, and became a
concert-pianist and teacher; made a
successful concert-tour of Europe, 1855 ;
composed nearly 100 brilliant piano
pieces, including 2 military marches;
Galop di bravura; 2 Valses stgriennes;
Improvisation; Nocturne; Scherzo bril-
lante.

WOLIilCK, Nicolas: b. Bar-Ie-Duc;
studied at Cologne, teacher at Metz;
pub. Opus aureum musices castigatis-
simum, de gregoriana et ftgurativa . . .
(Cologne, 1501, 3rd [remodelled] ed.
as En chiridion musices . . . de grego-
riana, etc., 1509; 5th ed., 1521).

[St.] WOIiSTAN (10th cent.): de-
scribed the Winchester organ in verse.
Ref.: VI. 401.

-WOLiSTElNHOIiSIF, -William
(1865- ): b. Blackburn; blind from
birth; studied with Done; graduated
Mus. Bac. from Oxford; organist In
London since 1888; also toured the
United States as organ virtuoso. He
composed a sonata in F, sonata in
Handel style, a fantasy in E, prelude
and fugue, festival toccata, Irish Fan-
tasy and sonatinas for organ, a sonata
and other pieces for piano, chamber
music (piano quartet, string quartets.

292

WoltJ!

piano trio, wind quintet, violin so-
nata) and other pieces for violin, for
viola and for 'cello with piano, a suite
for string orchestra, other pieces for
organ and orch., viola and orch., etc.,
also choral ballades 'Sir Humphry Gil-
bert' and 'The Three Fishers' for
women's voices. Ref.: III. 442; VI.
494.

WOLTZ, Jobann (17th cent.) : or-
ganist at Hellbronn for 40 years; pub.
Nova musices organicae tabulatura
(1617), a tablature work containing no
less than 215 pieces, and In its third
part 77 organ movements, in which
German masters are well represented.
Ref.: VI. 428.

WOIiKOGElV (1) [C;arl August] Al-
fred, Frelherr von (1833-1883) : b.
Franlifort, d. San Remo; Intendant of
the court theatre at Schwerin froiii
1868; wrote Vber Theater and Mustk
(1860) ; Vber die szenische Darstellung
von Mozarts Don Giovanni (1860) ; Wil-
helmine Schroder-Devrient (1863) ; and
made a new German version of Mo-
zart's Don Giovanni and Schauspiel-
dlrektor. (2) Hans [Paul] Frelherr
von (1848- ): b. Potsdam; studied
mythology and comparative philology
at Berlin, then lived In Potsdam and
devoted himself to literature. An en-
thusiastic Wagnerian, he was called by
the master to Bayreuth to edit the
Bayreuther Blatter in 1877; also pub.
Der Nibelungenmythus in Sage und Lit-
teratuT (1876) ; Thematischer Leitfaden
duTch die Musik von R. Wagner's Fest-
spiel Der Ring des Nibelangen (1876,
4th ed., as Erlduterungen zu R. W.'s
Nlbelungendrama,' 1878, etc.) ; Die Tra-
godle in Bagreuth und Oir Satgrsplel
(1876, etc.) ; Grundlage and Anfgabe
des allgemeinen Patronatvereins zar
Pfiege und Erhaltung der BiXhnenfest-
spiele In Bagreuth (1877) ; Wagner's
Siegfried (1879); Parsifal (21st ed.,
1914) ; Die Sprache in Wagner's Dicht-
ungen (1877, 2nd ed., 1880); Richard
Wagner's Tristan und Isolde (1880) ;
Richard Wagner's Heldengestalten er-
lautert (2nd ed., 1886) ; Richard Wag-
ner und die Tierwelt; ouch elne Bi-
ographic (1890, 3rd ed., 1900); Rich-
ard Wagner's Lebensbericht (1884; first
pub. in the 'North American Review' as
'The Work and Mission of My [Wag-
ner's] Life'; Erinnerungen on Richard
Wagner (1883) ; Wagner-Brevier (1904) ;
Bagreuth (1904) ; Kunst und Kiiche
I (1913) and several other essays on
Wagner's works and theories; also
wrote the texts of Hans Sommer's Das
Schloss der Berzen (1899) and d'Al-
bert's Flauto solo (1905). (3) Ernst,
Frelherr von (1855- ): son of (1);
is the originator of the modem Ger-
man poet's vaudeville called tJber-
brettl, for which he wrote a number
of skits. His wife, Hsa Laura, has
appeared as singer of folk-songs to
lute accomp., of which ^he pub. sev-
" " '^ 434

eral collections. Ref.: IX. 434.

Wooldrldge

'WONNBGBR (or Vnonnegser), Jo-
Iiann Iindwlg (16th cent.) : friend of
Glarean in Freiburg, Bavaria; pub. an
extract from his friend's 'Dodecachordo'
(1557, also 1559).

WOOD (1) [Sir] Henry Joseph
(1870- ): b. ' London; conductor;
deputy organist of St. Mary's Alderman-
bury at 10, and organist of St. John's,
Fulham, at 17 ; gave organ recitals at ex-
hibitions at South Kensington (1883-
85) ; studied at Royal Academy of Music
with Prout,. Macf arren, Steggall, Manuel
Garcia and Duvivler; conducted vari-
ous suburban musical societies; con-
ductor of various travelling opera com-
panies, 1890-94; has conducted prome-
nade concerts at Queen's Hall and the
Queen's Hall Orchestra since 1895; con-
ducted Berlin Philharmonic (1899) and
the New York Philharmonic Society
(1904)} founder and conductor of the
Nottingham City Orchestra; conductor
of many important festivals in Eng-
land, the Crystal Palace Concerts, Lon-
don (1901-02), etc.; also known as a
vocal teacher; author of 'Breathing
Tones and Their Qualities.' Ref.: IH.
422; VI. 379; portrait, VIH. 488. (2)
Charles: contemp. Irish composer; has
written a string quartet, a set of orches-
tral variations in the Irish tune, 'Pat-
rick Sarsfleld,' 'Ballad of Dundee' for
chorus, songs, etc. Ref.: IH. 426f. (3)
Hardn (1882- ' ) : b. Slaithwalte,
■Yorkshire; violinist and composer;
studied at Royal College of Music,
with Arbos, and C£sar Thomson in
Brussels; composition with Stanford;
has toured British Isles and Canada as
solo violinist; composer of an orches-
tral suite, fantasia for strings, a set
of variations and a Suite de Ballet for
orchestra, a piano concerto, songs, vio-
lin pieces, etc. Ref.: III. 443.

-WOODBRIDGE:, 'WUllam C. Ref.:
(cited) IV. 240f.

WOODPORDB-FINDEIN, Amy: b.
Valparaiso, Chili, as the daughter of
a British consul; composer of songs,
including 'Four Indian Love Lyrics,'
'Lover in Damascus,' 'O Jhulem River,'
'O Flower of All the World,* 'The
Pagoda of Flowers,' 'A Dream of
Egypt,' 'Golden Hours,' 'Stars of the
Desert,' etc. She married .Ck)lonel
Woodforde-Finden, of the Indian Army.
Ref.: III. 443.

'WOODMAN, Raymond Hnntlnston
(1861- ) : b. Brooklyn, N. Y. ; organ-
ist and composer; studied with Dud-'
ley Buck and Cisar Franck; assistant
organist Christ Church, Norwich, Conn.
(1879-80) ; organist and choirmaster
First Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn,
since 1880; professor of music at Pack-
ard Collegiate Institute; has composed
songs, cantatas, anthems, part-songs
and compositions for piano and organ;
edited the 'Church Music' department
of the New York 'Evangelist' for 3
years. Ref.: TV. 355. ,,„„ »

WOOLDRIDGE:, H. EIUb (1845-):

293

Woolhonse

b. Winchester; at first studied painting
and became a decorative artist, and In
1895 became Slade professor of Fine
Arts at Oxford Univ. In tlie meantime
be made musico-historical researches
and wrote a study on the origin
of the English church song, 'The Eng-
lish Metrical Psalter* (In 'Grove's Dic-
tionary,' Appendix, 1890) ; also pub.
'Old English Popular Music' (a revi-
sion I of 'Chappell's Popular Music of
Olden Times,' 2 vols., 1893) ; .'Early
English Harmony' (1896); with Robert
Bridges edited the 'Yattendon Hymnal'
(1897) ; contributed 'The Polyphonic
Period' [1250-1600] to the 'Oxford His-
tory of Music' (vols. I-II, 1901, 1905);
edited (-with Arkwright) the new edi-
tion of Purcell's church compositions,
and contributed valuable studies to the
'Musical Antiquary.' Ret.: III. 430;
(cited) I. 183.

WOOIiHOUSB, Welesly S. B. (1809-
1893): b. North Shields, d. London;
mathematician and musician, chief as-
sistant at the Nautical Almanac Es-
tablishment; wrote 'Essays on Musical
Intervals, Harmonics and the Tempera-
ment of the Musical Scale' (1835) ; and
'Cathechism of Music' (1843).

1VORDSWORTH, -WlUiam, the Eng-
lish poet. Ref.: II. 99.

WORK, Henry Clay (1832-1884) : b.
Middletown, Conn., d. Hartford, Conn.;
son of an ardent abolitionist; edu-
cated in Illinois; studied music in
Hartford; wrote war-songs during the
American Civil War, some of which
have become virtually folk-songs
('Kingdom Comin', 'Marching Through
Georgia,' 'Babylon Is Fallen'), also
other songs of sentimental character,
altogether to the number of nearly
one hundred. After an unsuccessfiU
business venture, W. connected him-
self with Root and Cady, the publishers
of his songs, in Chicago.

"WORMSE/R, Andre Alphonse Tons-
saint (1851- ): b. Paris; composer;
studied with Bazin and Marmontel at
the Conservatoire; composer lof the
operas Adile de Ponthieu (1887), Rivoli
(1896) and several others; the panto-
mime L'Enfant Prodigue (1890; played
in New York as 'Pierrot the Prodigal,'
1916) ; ballets, operettas, orchestral
overtures and suites, piano pieces, etc.

WORNTJM, Robert (1780-1852): b.
London, d. there; inventor of the up-
right piano action. He constructed
diagonally and upright strung pianos
in 1811 and 1813, named respectively
the 'Unique' and the 'Harmonic' In
1827 he brought out a 'piccolo piano,'
and in 1829 perfected his crank action
(patented 1826), which was afterwards
universally adopted as the 'cottage' or
'pianino' action. It was Introduced in
Paris by Pape and adopted by Pleyel,
and hence was called the French ac-
tion. It is of great Importance in con-
nection with the development of the
upright piano. W. first started in bust-

294

Woyrsch

ness with George Wilkinson in 1810,
which partnership was dissolved In
1812. He later established a warehouse
and concert room in Stone Street, Lon-
don, under the name of Wornum &
Sons. A grandson, A. N. 'Wornnm,
succeeded to the management of the
business.

WORRSIilj, Iiola Carrier: contemp.
American song writer. Ref.: TV. 406.

WOSS, Josef Venantins (1863-) :
b. Cattaro, Dalmatia; studied at the
Vienna Cons.; piano teacher in Weiss-
klrchen, Bohemia, then harmony teach-
er in the Kirchenmusik-Vereinschule of
the votive church, Vienna. He com-
posed symphonies, divertimenti and
serenades for orch., overtures, chamber
music, piano pieces; ajso masses, a
Te Deum, motets, choruses with orches-
tra, male choruses, songs; also the
operas Lenzlage (Elberfeld, 1905) and
Flaviennes Abenteuer (Breslau, 1910).

WOTQ,UEJrjVB, Alfred (1867- ):
b. Lobbes, Hainault; pupil of Mailly,
Dupont and Gevaert at Brussels Cons.;
since 1894 .librarian of that institu-
tion; author of a number of valuable
bibliographical works, including B.
Galuppi (1899) ; thematic catalogues of
Italian opera librettos, works of Gluck
(1904), Ph. Em. Bach (1905), Rossi
(1909), an alphabetical list of the dra-
matic works of Zeno, Metastasio and
Goldonl (1905). To the Gevaert Re-
pertoire classique and Ripertoire fran-
(ais he is adding a Ripertoire Wot-
quenne, and is completing a card cata-
logue (18,000) of Italian chamber can-
tatas (18th cent.) for purposes of study,
and a new detailed catalogue of the
conservatory library.

WOTTON, 'William: English organ
builder flourishing about 1487. Ref.:
VI. 405.

W^OTJTERS, [Francois] Adolplie
(1841- ): b. Brussels; studied at the
Brussels Cons.; organist of Notre Dame
de Finistfere and mattre de chapelle
at St. Nicolas, 1868; professor of piano
at the Cons, from 1871; composer of
masses, a grand Te Deum and other
sacred music, male choruses, a synx-
phonic overture, technical studies and
transcriptions for piano, etc.; edited
many editions of classical piano works.

WOYRSCH, Felix von (1860- ):
b. Troppau, Austrian Silesia ; composer,
chiefly self-taught; conductor ot the
Altona Slngakademie and organist of
the Friedenskirche ; also organist of
the Johanniskirche, and conductor of
the Altona Symphony and People's con-
certs since 1903; composer of a sym-
phonic prologue to Dante's Pivina Corn-
media, 2 symphonies, a violin concerto,
an overture, a string quartet, the op-
eras Der Pfarrer von Meudon (1886),
Der Weiberkrieg (1890) and Wikin-
gerfahrt (1896) ; a ballad, Edward, for
baritone and orchestra; Der Geborne
Jesu, for soli, chorus and orchestra;
a passion oratorio, for soli, orchestra

Wrangell

and organ; Sappische Ode aa Aphrodite,
for soprano, women's chorus and or-
chestra; Totentanz, a mystery for soil,
chorus orchestra and organ; Deutscher
Heerbann, for soil, men's chorus and
orchestra; Der Bandalen Auszug, for
men's chorus and orchestra; songs,
mixed choruses, choruses for men's
voices and for women's voices, etc.

WRANGEL.!., VaalU Georslevltch,
Baron (1862-1901); b. St. Petersburg,
d. there; studied at the St. Petersburg
Conservatory; edited the musical pub-
lication, Nove List, and wrote songs,
several orchestral suites, a symphony In
D major (1894), the music to TchaplefF's
'Treacherous Demetrius' (1896) and
'The Daughter of the Mikado.'

WRANITSKir (1) Paul (1756-1808):
b. Neureusch, Moravia, d. Vienna; pu-
pil of J. Krauss, at Vienna; violinist
in the Esterhazy orchestra under
Haydn; Kapellmeister of the Imperial
Opera, Vienna, 1785; produced numer-
ous operas, operettas, ballets; wrote
music TO several dramas ; composed 27
symphonies, 12 quintets, 45 quartets, 9
trios for string, 3 trios for 2 flutes and
'cello, etc. (2) Anton (1761-1819): b.
Neureusch, d. Vienna; violinist; broth-
er and pupil of Paul (1), also pupil
of Albrechtsberger, Mozart and Haydn;
Kapellmeister to Prince Lobkowitz,
esteemed as teacher; wrote 2 masses,
a violin concerto, 6 string quintets, 15
string quartets, duos and variations
for 2 violins, violin sonatas and a
method for violin. Ref.: VII. 419; IX.
101.

DITREIDE:, Ferdinand (1827-1899) :
b. Hanover, d. Frankfort-on-the-Oder;

alanist; studied under Marschner,
[ethfessel, and LltoUF; cantor of the
Marienkirche, Frankfort; conductor of
the Singakademie, and singing teacher
In the public schools; composed niale
choruses, songs and piano pieces.

WRIGHT (1) Tbomas (1763-1829):
b. Stockton-on-Fees, d. there; organist
at Stockton and Kirkleafham; noted for
his extempore voluntaries, also as
piano teacher; composer of a piano
concerto, which is one of the first com-
positions to bear metronome marks,
also anthems, hymn-tunes, etc. W.
himself invented a pocket metronome
of simple design, also an 'organ at-
tachment' to a square piano. (2)
Ijonlse Drake: contemporary Ameri-
can song-writer. Ref.: tV. 406.

WRIGHTOJr, W. T. (1816-1880):
d. Tunbridge Wells; composer of pop-
ular English songs; edited with Beale
'Congregational Psalmody' (London,
1858).

■WtJBRST, Rlcliard Ferdinand
(1824-1881) : b. Berlin, d. there; stud-
led with Rungenbagen at the Academy;
violin with Hubert Ries and David;
composition with Mendelssohn; became
Royal Muslkdlrektor 1856, professor
1877, in Berlin, where he was teacher
of composition at Eullak's Academy

Wiillner

for some years; also member of the
Academy. He composed 7 operas, a
lyric cantata, Der Wasserneck, 3 sym-
phonies, overtures, orchestral serenade,
MBTchen, variations and intermezzo for
orchestra; a violin concerto, string
quartets, an aria, songs, etc. W. edited
the Afeue Berliner Masikzeitang, 1874-
75, and wrote valued criticisms for the
Berliner Fremdenblatt. Ref.: Ill, 11,
257.

Wt^LLNBR (1) Franz (1832-1902):
b. Miinster, Westphalia, d. Braunfels-
on-Lahn; studied with C. Arnold and
with A. Schindler in Miinster, Kessler
in Frankfort, Grell, Dehn and Rungen-
bagen in Berlin, also at Brussels, Co-
logne, Bremen, Hanover, and Leipzig.
After giving piano recitals in which
Beethoven's last sonatas were featured,
he went to Munich and became piano
teacher at the Cons. In 1856; municipal
(later Royal) Muslkdlrektor at Aix-
la-Chapelle from 1858. W. conducted,
with Rietz, the 41st Lower Rhine Mu-
sic Festival of 1864, returned to Munich
to conduct In the court chapel, and In
1867 became director of the choral
classes In the reorganized School of
Music, writing for them his ChoriX-
bungen der MUnchener Masikschule.
He became conductor of the Court (Jp-
era and the Academy Concerts as Bu-
low's successor In 1869, was made first
court conductor in 1870 and Royal pro-
fessor in 1875. In 1877 he succeeded
Rietz as Royal court Kapellmeister In
Dresden, and artistic director of the
Cons, there., He was excluded from the
court opera in favor of Schuch in 1882.
W. In the same year conducted the
Lower Rhine Festival at Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, and in 1883-84 the Berlin Phil-
harmonic Concerts. He succeeded Hiller
as director of the Cologne Cons., and
conductor of the Gurzenlch Concerts,
1884; also directed two other Lower
Rhine Festivals (1886, 1890). He com-
posed a cantata, Heinrich der Finkler,
soli, male chorus, and orchestra
(1864) ; additional recitatives to Web-
er's Oberon (accepted by various lead-
ing theatres in Germany) ; Psalm 125
for chorus and orchestra; Miserere for
double choir, op. 26; Stabat Mater for
double choir; other masses, motets,
songs for mixed chorus, and songs;
also 2 violin sonatas, a trio^ variations
for piano and 'cello, and piano pieces.
Ref.: in. 212. (2) liUdwlgr. (1858-) :
b. Miinster; son of (1) ; student of
Germanic culture in Munich, Berlin
and Strassburg Univ.; Dr. phil. and
docent at Miinster Academy, 1884-87;
then studied music at Cologne Cons.;
was conductor of the Kirchenchor
there, but soon became an actor at
Meiningen; travelled as elocutionist
from 1895, as baritone Lieder-slnger
from 1896, and became widely known
in Europe and America as an extraor-
dinarily genial Interpreter of German
songs, especially Brahms', though

295

Wunderllch

lacking In vocal equipment and tech-
nique. He has also appeared success-
fully as violinist. Ret.: portrait, V.
364.

WUNDBRIilCH, Jobann Georff
(1755-1819): b. Bayreuth, d. Paris;
ilute virtuoso; studied with his father,
and with Bault at Paris; appeared at
a Concert splrituel In 1779; first flute
in the royal orch. and at the Op^ra,
1787; flute professor at the Cons., 1794-
1819, where Tulon was among his
pupils; pub. 6 duos for flutes; so-
natas for flute and bass; sonatas for
flute, bass and bassoon; 6 solos for
flute; 9 grand flute solos; 6 divertisse-
ments; caprices, etudes, and a Flute
Method.

WfJRFBIi, Wilhelm (1791-1852): b.
Planian, Bohemia, d. Vienna; famous
pianist and teacher; professor at the
Warsaw Cons., 1815; assistant con-
ductof, of the Karntnerthor Theatre,
Vienna, from 1826; composed an opera
Ruhezahl (Prague, 1824) ; comic opera
Rothmantel (Vienna, 1832) ; piano con-
certo; "Wellington's Victory* for piano
4 hands; Fantalsie; rondos; polonaises,
variations and other piano music.

VirTTRBI (1) ViriUielm (1826-1904) : b.
Brunswick, d. St. Petersburg; virtuoso
on the comet-k-plstons ; lived most of
his life in St. Petersburg, where he
taught his instrument at the Cons, and
was conductor of the Russian Guards'
band; composed many pieces for cor-
net. (2) Mary J. A. (I860- ): b.
Southampton, England; pianist; stud-
ied at tile Stuttgart (^ons., and with
Raff and Clara Schumann; later in
London with Sullivan, Stanford and
Bridge; gave recitals In London, Leip-
zig, Meiningen, Berlin, etc.; has com-
posed a piano concerto, a string quar-
tet, a 'cello sonata, many piano pieces,
songs, etc.

■WTTDOW (or Wedow, Widow, wry-
dewe), Robert ([?]-1505): b. Thaxted,
Essex, d. Buckland Newton; Mus. Bac.
at Oxford (the first on record) and
Cambridge; master of a school and
vicar at Thaxted; travelled in France
and Germany, returning to hold vari-
ous positions in England; rector, canon
and succentor; patronized by Edward
rV; author of a rhythmical 'Life of
Edward the Black Prince.' Of his
musical compositions none has been
preserved.

WIfDZGA, J. Tat contemporary

Wyzewa

composer of a Polish opera. Pan
Tadeusz, produced in Lemberg (1907).

WYLDE, Henry (1822-1890): b.
Bushey, Hertfordshire, d. London;
studied with Moscheles, later with
Potter at the Royal Academy of Music,
London ; organist of , St. Ann's, in
1844; professor in the Royal Academy
of Music; founded the New Philhar-
monic Society in 1852, and conducted
its concerts, 1858-79; Mus. Doc, Cam-
bridge, 1851; Gresham professor of
music in 1863. He built St. George's
Hall, and in 1871 established the Lon-
don Academy of Music; pub. 'Harmony
and Science of Music' (1865 and 1872) ;
'Music in its Art Mysteries' (1867) ;
'Modern Counterpoint in Major Keys'
(1873) ; 'Occult Principles of Music'
(1881) ; 'Music as an Educator' (1882) ;
'Evolution of the Beautiful in Sound'
(1887) ; a cantata, 'Praise and Prayer,'
and instrumental music.

W^YMAN (1) Addison P. (1832-
1872): b. Cornish, N. H., d. Washing-
ton, Pennsylvania; taught music at
Wheeling, W. Va., in 1859; founded a
music school at Claremont, N. H., in
1869; pub. popular piano pieces, such
as 'Silvery Waves,' "Woodland Echoes,'
'Moonlight Musings,' and 'Music Among
the Pines.' (2) lioralnei contemp.
singer; pupil of Yvette Guilbert. Ref.:
V. 111.

W^YNS, Charlotte FeUde (1868-) :
b. Paris; studied at the Conservatoire,
where she took 3 first prizes in one
year; mezzo-soprano at the Paris and
Brussels operas; married E. de Bruijn
In 1899.

WYSSOTZSKI, Mlcbael Tlmofele-
Tltcb (1790-1837) : b. Moscow, d.
there; guitar-player celebrated for ex-
traordinary virtuosity and improvisa-
tional ability. He composed 83 works,
among them fantasies and variations
on Russian themes, guitar arrange-
ments of pieces by Beethoven, Field,
Bach (fugues) ; also wrote a method
for the guitar (1901).

WYZEW^A, Tbeodor de (1862-) :
b. Kalusik, Russia; settled in France
In early youth; founded the Revue
Wagneriana in Paris with Edouard
Dujardln; wrote Beethoven et Wagner
(1903-04, Revue des Deux Mondes), and
(with G. de Saint-Foix) W.-A. Mozart,
sa vie et son oeuvre de I'enfance d la
plelne matariti [1756-77] (2 vols.,
1911).

296

Xanrof

XANROF (correctly Fonrnean),
liSon (1867- ): b. Paris; lawyer;
composed songs for Yvette Guilbert and
several operettas prod, in Paris since
1890; music critic for various Parisian
journals.

XENOPHON. Ref.: (quoted) X.
55f.

XYItANDER (real name Holta-

Xyndas

mann), MriUelm (1532-1576) : b. Augs-
burg, d. Heidelberg; professor of
Greek there ; translated Psello's treatise
on music as mathematics into Latin
(Leyden, 1647).

XYJVDAS, Spiridion (1812-1896) :
b. Corfu, d. Athens; dramatic com-
poser who produced 3 successful op-
eras and wrote many popular songs.

297

Tanowsky

YANOWSKY: contemp. Russian
composer. Ref.: III. 161.

YAW, Bllen Beacb (1868- ): b.
Boston; concert soprano, celebrated for
her unusual range to c""; studied with
delle Sedie, Paris; concert d^but at St.
Paul, Minn., 1894; operatic d^but in
Rome, 1897; toured Europe and
America.

YELI/AND, marie (1883- ): b.
St. Dennis, Cornwall; concert and op-
eratic conixalto; studied at Royal Col-
lege of Music; made her d^but at
Queen's Hall, 1906.

YON, Fletro Alessandro (18S6-) :
b. Settimo, Italy; organist at the
Church of St. Francis Xavier, New
York; composed several masses, also
'Christmas in Sicily' and 'Prelude Pas-
torale' for organ. Ref.: III. 397.

YONGB. See Young.

YOST, Mlcbel (1754-1786) : b. Paris,
d. there; clarinettist, pupil of von Beer;
composer of clarinet concertos, varia-
tions and quartets for clarinet and
stringed instruments, etc.

YOTJNe (1) [Rev.] Mattbew (1750-
1800); b. Roscommon, Wales, d. there;
acoustician; Welsh bishop and pro-
fessor in Dublin University ; in 1784 he
published 'An Inquiry into the Principal
Phenomena of Sounds and Musical
Strings.' (2) Thomas (1809-1872): b.
Canterbury, d. Walmouth; one of the
last male contraltos of note; sang in
Canterbury and Westminster.. (3)
J«Iin Matthew -Wilson (1822-1897):
b. Durham, d. W. Norwood; boy solo-
ist at Durham Cathedral; pupil there
of Dr. Henshaw; organist at Lincoln
Cathedral and composer of church mu-
sic; services, Te Deums, etc., also of
a sacred cantata, prod. 1892, at the
Lincoln Festival. (4) DalkonBle

Yzac

(1866- ): b. India; studied with
Paderewski and Leschetizky; composed
chorales and songs and has European
and American reputation as a concert
pianist. (5) Jessie Bret (1883- ) :
b. Wilmslow; English Lieder singer.

YRADIBR, Sebastian (d. Vittoria,
1865) : composer of Spanish sopgs, in-
cluding the popular Ay Chiquita. A
collection of 25 were published in
French at Paris.

YRIARTB, Don Tomas de (ca.
1750-1791): b. TenerifFe, d. Santa Maria;
composer of songs, quartets, etc., also
La Musica, a poem combining analysis
and history of music, and translated
into French, German, Italian and Eng-
lish (1811).

YSATfB, BagSne (1858- ) : b.
Lifege, Belgium; studied with his fa-
ther; then at Li6ge Cons., and with
Wleniawski and Vieuxtemps at Brus-
sels; later in Paris; led Bilse's or-
chestra, Berlin, to 1881 ; toured through-
out Europe and North America; from
1886 first professor of violin-playing
at the Brussels Cons., and leader of
the 'Ysaye Quartet'; Chevalier of the
Legion of Honor in 1893; wrote 6 vio-
lin concertos; variations on a theme
by Paganini; 3 Mazurkas for violin;
Poime iUgiaque for violin with orches-
tra, etc. Ref.: VII. 461; portrait, VII.
464.

YtTSStJPOPP (Ynsnpov), Prince
Nicolas (1827-1891) : b. St. Petersburg,
d. Baden-Baden; virtuoso on violin;
taught by Vieuxtemps; composed a
Concerto symphonique, a program sym-
phony, and wrote a work on the his-
tory of Russian music (1862).

YU-WANG, Chinese emperor. Ref.;
X 33.
- YZAC. See ISAASL.

29S

Zabalza

ZABAIiZA y OliASO, Don Damaso

(1833-1894) : b. Irurita, Navarra, d.
Madrid; studied with Sagabeta, Vldaola
and Mariano Garcia; concert-pianist
and teacher In Madrid, 1858; professor
of theory and declamation at the Na-
tional Conservatory; wrote a great
number of piano pieces; also sona-
tinas, and studies used in Barcelona,
Madrid, Milan and vParis conserva-
tories.

ZABBL (1) Karl (1822-1883): b.
Berlin, d. Brunswick; second Kapell-
meister at the court theatre there; com-
posed military band music, dances and
ballets. (2) Albert (1835-1910): b.
Berlin, d. St. Petersburg; harp vir-
tuoso; was recommended by Meyerbeer
for a scholarship at the Berlin Boyal
Institute for Church Music and studied
there; accompanied Gungl on a tour
of Germany, Russia, England and
America; became soloist at the Berlin
Opera, 1848, in the Royal Ballet Or-
chestra at St. Petersburg, 1862, where
he also became professor at the Cons.
He composed a concerto for the harp,
a duo for two harps, etc., and wrote a
monograph on the orchestral applica-
tion of the harp (Russian, 1899).

ZACCONI, Iiudovico (1555-1627): b.
Pesaro, d. Fiorenzuola~; Augustine
monk, choir director and theoretician.
He was a member of the court chapels
at Vienna, Munich and Venice; directed
the choir in his monastery at Venice;
wrote the Practica di Musica, 1592, an
authoritative work on mensuration,
counterpoint, and the instruments then
used. Ref.: Vn. 375.

ZACH, Johann (1699-1773): b.
Czelakowicz, Bohemia; d. Bruchsal (in-
sane asylum) ; Kapellmeister to the
Archbishop of Mayence; composer of
unpublished church music, string quar-
tets, symphonies, masses, etc.

ZACHARIil (1) Frledrlch 'WtHielm
(1726-1777) : b. Frankenhausen, d.
Brunswick; well-known poet; also
composer, leaving published 6 piano
symphonies, 5 duets, 17 arias under the
title Sammlung einiger musikaliseher
Versnche (1760-61, 2 parts), also a so-
nata printed In Haffner's (Euvres mi-
Ues, and other pieces (some MS.). (2)
Sldnard (1828- ) : b. Holzappeler-
Hutte, Nassau; theologian, musician, in-
ventor of the Knnstpedal, a combina-
tion of four pedals lifting the dampers
from 8 separate divisions of the piano's

Zahn

range. He wrote Yollstdndige Kunst-
pedalschule (1869) and Dos Luftreso-
nanziverk an TcLsteninstrumenten (1877).

ZACHARIAS, Xlcolaos (15th cent.) :
one of the last composers of the
Florentine caccia; singer in the papal
chapel, 1420-32. Some of his works
are preserved in Florence, Oxford
and Bologna codeces. He was known
as 'Zacharias Cantor' with sometimes
'D[omlni] N[ostrl] P[apae]' added.

ZACHARIIS (Zaccarils), Caesar de
(16th cent.): b. Cremona; musician at
the Bavariai^ then the Furstenberg
court (till 1594 or later) ; composer of
church music (Cantiones sacrae a i,
1590; hymns a 5, etc., also canzonette
a i, 1595).

ZACHATJ (1) Peter (17th cent.):
town musician at Lubeck, who pub.
7 Branlen, daza Gigen, Gavotten . . .
mit 3 Coaranten (1683), and preludes,
allemandes, etc., under the title Erster
Theil vierstimmiger Viol di Gamb
Lustspiele solo (1693). (2) Frledrlch
-Wilhelm (1663-1712): b. Leipzig, d.
Halle, where he was organist of the
Liebfrauenklrche from 1864^ and the
teacher of Handel. He wrote organ
pieces, figured chorales, etc., pub. in
Sammlung von Prdludien, Fugen, etc.
(Breitkopf & Hartel), and elsewhere.
Ref.: I. 421.

ZACHBRBVITCH, Michael (1879-) :
b. OstroiT, Russia; violinist, enabled by
Tchaikowsky's aid to study with Sevfiik
and Ysaye.

ZADORA, Michael von (1882-) :
b. New York; studied with his father,
at the Paris Conservatoire (1899), with
Leschetlzky and (1893) Busoni; has
made a reputation as a concert pianist,
and composed some brilliant pieces
for the Instrument, 'Kirghiz Sketches.'

ZAHIV, Johannes (1817-1895) : b.
Espenbach, Franconia, d. Neudettelsau ;
theologian, director of the Royal, Teach-
ers' Seminary at Altdorf, honorary Dr.
theol. 1893. He was recommended by
G. von Tucher to the Protestant con-
sistory for the rhythmical arrangement
of the church hymns. His chief work
in this field is Die Melodien der
dentschen Evangelischen Kirchenlieder,
aus den Quellen geschdpft und mit-
geteilt (6 vols., 1888-93), and he also
pub. a number of chorale books for
the Evangelical church in 1844, 1847
(male chorus), 1852 (4-part revised),
1853, 1854 (with Tucher and Falsst),

299

Zajlc

1854 (for Bavaria), 1858 (for schools),
1873 (funeral songs), (1875) (for Bohe-
mia and Morayla) , 1884 (mixed chorus),
1886 (for the home), 1888 (for Hesse),
1892 (funeral songs for male chorus),
1894 (for American Sunday schools),
etc.; also supplements. Besides these
there are books of chorale preludes,
puh. 1859, 1868 (for Bavaria, with J.
Helm, 4th ed., 1907), also Geistliche
Ariea von Handel, Bach nnd Haydn
(■with Helm, 1869), 84 geistliche Lieder
for voice and piano or harmonium by
J. S. Bach (1870, 4th ed., 1903), Hand-
biichlein fur Kantoren und Organisten
(1871, 3rd ed., 1899); a Theoretisch
praktische Harmoniamlehre (2 parts,
1884), etc., etc. Z. also contributed
to the Allgem. deutsche Biographie and
Heroldt's Siona, in which compositions
by him have appeared as supplements.

ZAJIC, FloTlau) (1853- ): b.
Unhoscht,' Bohemia ; violinist. He stud-
ied under Mildner and Bennewitz at
the Prague Conservatory; played at
Augsburg in the orchestra of the the-
atre, conducted concerts at Mannheim,
Strassburg, and Hamburg. He became
violin teacher at the Stem Cons, in
Berlin, and Is known through his ex-
tensive tours. He was given the Rus-
sian order of Stanislas.

ZAJICEK, Jnlins (1877- ): b.
Vienna; dramatic composer; produced
the operas Helmbrecht (Graz, 1906) and
Ferdinand und Luise (Stuttgart, 1914).

ZAIHARA (1) Antonio (1829-1901):
b. Milan, d. Hietzing, near Vienna;
harpist and composer; studied with
Sechter at Vienna; became a member of
the Karntnerthor Theatre and teacher at
the Vienna Cons.; composed for harp,
violin, 'cello, horn and flute. (2)
Alfred [Maria Victor] (1863- ):
b. Vienna; composer of 8 operettas,

E reduced at Vienna, Munich and Ham-
urg.

ZAMMIIVER, Frledricb (ca. 1818-
1856) : b. Darmstadt, d. Giessen ; acous-
tician; author of Die Musik und die
musikalischen Instrumente in ihrer
Beziehung zu den Gesetzen der Akustik
(1855).

ZAMRZIiA, Rndolf (1869- ): b.
Prague; musical director at the
Czech National Theatre; editor of
the musical journal Dalibor; composer
of an opera, Eine Hochzeitsnaxht
(1913), songs, choruses and piano
pieces.

ZAiVARDINI, Angelo (1820-1893) :
b. Venice, d. Milan; prod, at Venice the
opera Amleto, in 1854; also wrote the
libretti for Ponchielli's H flgliuol
prodigo, Massenet's Hirodiade, Man-
cinelli's Isora di Provenza, Catalani's
Dejanice, Domeniceti's U lago delle
fate, etc.; and translated into Italian
many foreign libretti.

ZANATA, Domenico (17th cent.) :
Italian composer of instrumental mu-
sic. Ref.: Vn. 390, 478.

zanpe:r, Adolf (1843- ): b.

Zani de Fertanti

Bamewltz, near Brandenburg; founder
of Berliner Liedertafel, organist at tha
Sophienkirche, and vocal teacher,

ZANDONAI, Rlccardo (1883- ):
b. Sacco; studied with Gianferral, and
at the Rossini Cons. His compositions
comprise 4 operas. Including II Grille
del Focolare (Turin, 1908), Conchita
(Milan, 1912, also Chicago, New York,
etc., 1913), Melenis (Milan, ,1912), Fran-
cesco da Rimini (Scala, Milan, 1914,
also Covent Garden, London, 1914, and
Met. Opera, New York, 1916) ; also a
symphonic poem Vere Novo, a Serenata
Mediovale, etc., for orchestra; works
for organ, string instruments, and for
voice (2 sets of songs). Ref.: III. ix,
378, 379, 389, 399; VIII. 446,447, 448;
IX. 401f; portrait. III. 372.

ZANDT, Marie van (b. 1861): b.
New York; operatic soprano (compass
a— f "') ; pupil of her mother, then of
Lamperti in Milan; made her d^but
in Turin, 1879, as Zerlina, in Don Gio-
vanni; sang in Paris Opira until criti-
cism for a temporary loss of voice
drove her from the stage there, but
she returned to sing at the Op^ra
Comique in 1896, after successes in St.
Petersburg and in England (in orato-
rio, concert and opera). She married
a Moscow professor and retired from
the stage.

ZANEIil/A, Amllcare (1873- ):
b. Monticelli, d. Angina; conductor and
composer, fie studied with Andriotti,
and later at the Parma Cons. He con-
ducted Marinelli's opera company in
South America until 1903, when he
returned to Parma as director of the
Royal Cons., becoming director of the
Liceo musicale Rossini in Pesaro. He
wrote a symphony, a fantasy and
fugue for piano and orchestra, piano
pieces, a trio and two operas (not
perf .) .

ZANEiTTINI. See GiANETTiNr.

ZANG, Johann Heinrlch, (1733-
1811) : b. Zella St. Blasii, near Gotha,
d. Mainstockheim; studied with J. S.
Bach at Leipzig; composed Die sing-
ende Muse am Main (1776) ; wrote a
Knnst- und Handwerksbuch (1840) ; also
church cantatas, organ trios, piano so-
natas in MS.

ZAIVGE (or Zanglns), Nicolans
(d. Berlin ca. 1620) : Kapellmeister at
Brunswick, Vienna, and Berlin; com-
posed 5-part Schone teatsche geistliche
und weltliche Lieder (1597), Ander
Theil deutscher Lieder (3-part, 1611),
Lustige neue deutsche Lieder und
Quodlibete (5- to 6-part, 1620), and
6-part Cantiones sacrae (1630) ; other
works in MS.

ZANGER, Jabann (16th cent.): b.
Innsbruck; teacher of music in Bruns-
wick; produced a compendium entitled
Practicae musicae praecepta (1554).

ZANI UE FERRANTI, Marco An-
rello (1800-1878): b. Bologna, d. Pisa;
guitar-virtuoso; appeared in Paris, St.
Petersburg, Hamburg, Brussels, and

300

Zaoobl

London, acting as private secretary in
St. Petersburg, and as teacher of the
guitar in Brussels, where in 1846 he
became professor of Italian at the
Cons. He at first studied violin, but
developed an unprecedented technique
and a remarkable cantabile style on
the guitar.

ZANOBI. See Gagliano.

ZANTKX, Cornelle van (1855- ) :
b. Dordrecht; operatic contralto; stud-
ied -with H. Geul there, Schneider at
the Cologne Cons., and Lamperti in
Milan; made a successful debut in
Turin; sang thereafter at Breslau, Cas-
sel, Hamburg, New York (tour of the
United States vpith the National Opera
Co.), St. Petersburg, Moscow and
Amsterdam, where she taught in the
Conservatory. Since 1903 she has been
a vocal teacher in Berlin. She pub.
several books of songs and a Leitfaden
zum Kttnsigesang (1903, also Dutch).

ZARATE3, Elleodoro Ortiz de (b.
1865): b. Valparaiso; operatic com-
poser; studied at Valparaiso, at the
Milan Cons., and elsewhere in Italy;
successfully prod, the first Chilian
opera, Im. Fioraia de Lugano.

ZAREMBA (1) Nicolal Ivanovltcli
(1824-1879): b. Govt, of Witebsk, d.
St. Petersburg; studied with Marx in
Berlin; lectured on the theory of music
before the musical classes of the Im-
perial Russian Musical Society, which
soon after became the St. Petersburg
Conservatory, Z. becoming its director
(1867-72). Among his pupils were
Tschaikowsky, Laroche and Altani.
He composed an oratorio, 'John the
Baptist' (2) Vladislav Ivanovltcli
(1833- ): b. Podolia; pupil of
Joseph and Anton Eozinski; music
teacher at Kieff since 1862; composer
of songs, transcriber of Little Rus-
sian songs, etc.; pub. 2 collections of
Polish and Little Russian art- and
folk-music for piano. (3) Slgismnnd
Vladlslavovltch (1861- ): b. Shi-
tomir; studied with his father (2),
with Sattel and Alois; director of the
branch of the Imp, Russian Musical
Society at Voronesh and conductor of
the symphony concerts there; then
resident in St. Petersburg; composed a
suite, a Slavic dance, a Polonaise for
orch., a string quartet, piano pieces
and songs.

ZABBIHBSKI, Jnles de (1854-
1885): b. Shltomir, Russian Poland, d.
there; pupil of Dachs and Liszt; pi-
anist at the Paris World's Fair; suc-
cessor of Brassin at 'Uie Brussels Cons. ;
wrote 3 concert studies, a ballade,
Sirinade burlesque; Berceuse; A. tra-
■vers Pologne (6 pieces) ; Sirinade
espagnole; itrennes (6 pieces).

ZARI/INO, eioseflo (1517-1590):
b, Chioggia, d. Venice; entered the
Franciscan order in 1537; studied
under Willaert in Venice, 1541;
maestro di cappella at St. Mark's.
1565-90, and chaplain at San Severo,

Zehler

His only extant compositions are 21
Modulationes a 6 (Venice, 1566) ; 3
Lectiones pro mortuis and a mass (MS.
in Bologna). His most famous theo-
retical works are Institnzioni har-
moniche (Venice, 1558) ; Dimostrazioni
harmonlche (1571-1573) ; and Soppli-
menti musicali (1588), all of which
make up 4 vols, of collected works
(1589). The Instiluzioni, his most im-
portant work, was republished in 1562
and 1573. In it the author establishes
the dual nature of harmony (opposi-
tion of the major and minor uird),
which was again taken lip by Tartini
and more recently formed the basis
of the theoretical systems of Haupt-
mann, Riemann, etc. A clear and
practical demonstration of double
counterpoint illustrated by musical ex-
amples is also a feature of this work.
Z. was referred to by Foscarini as the
famous regenerator' of music in all
Italy. Ref.: I. 269ff, 303.

ZARZYCKI, Alexander (1831-1895) :
b. Lemberg, Austrian Poland, d. War-
saw; studied In Lemburg and Paris;
became a concert pianist of continental
fame, conductor of the Warsaw Musi-
cal Society, 1870, and director of the
Cons, there, 1879; wrote many piano
pieces, including Grande Polonaise (with
orch.) Nocturnes, piano concerto; Grand
Yalse; mazurkas; Serenade and Valse-
Impromptu; Suite polonaise with orch.,
and other pieces.

ZAYTZ, Giovanni von (1837- ):
b. Flume ; studied at Milan Cons. ; lived
in Fiume, then in Vienna; conductor
at Agram; teacher of singing; com-
poser of choral works, masses, songs,
instrumental pieces and of 14 operas
and 19 operettas, Italian, German and
Creation. Among the last are Zaraen-
ica mesinske (Fiume, 1861), Adelia
(ib.. 1861), Mislawa (Agram, 1870),
Ban Legat (ib., 1872), Nicola Subis
Zrinjski (1876), Lizinka (1878), Pan
Twardowski (1880), Zlatka (1883),
Kraljeew Kir (1889), Armida (1897),
Primorka (1901),

ZBCKWEJR, Ricbard (1850- ):
b, Stendal, Prussia ; ~ student at Leipzig
Cons.; organist, teacher and director
in Philadelphia; composer of songs
and pieces for orchestra and piano;
author of a pamphlet on touch system
for pianoforte.

ZBEiliANDIA, Benrlcns de (15th
cent.): Flemish theoretician; author of
a tract De musica, based on Johannes
de Muris (Prague Library).

ZSHLER, V Carl (1840- ): if.
Benndorf, near Merseburg; pupil of
Jadassohn, Rlchter, etc., at the Leip-
zig Cons.; succeeded Franz at the
XJlrichskirche, Halle, then at the Ma-
rienkirche there (1880-1915) ; music
teacher at the Francke Stiftung, 1876-
1911; conductor of student choruses,
etc.; Royal Muslkdirektor; pub. W.
Friedemann, Bach und seine Hallesche
Wirksamkeit (1910); composed Psalm

301

Zelsler

23 for alto solo and organ. Psalm 100
for solo, chorus and organ, and 30 or-
gan pieces.

ZXIISLBR, Fanny Bloomfleld
(1866- ): b. Bielitz, Austrian Si-
lesia; brought to Chicago in childhood,
pupil there of B. Ziehn and K. Wolf-
sohn, and of Leschetizky in Vienna;
has toured Europe and America as
pianist since 1893.

ZBIiDENRUST, Bduard (1865-
1910) : b. Amsterdam, d. there ; stud-
led with Hiller, Kwast, and Jensen at
Cologne Cons.; with Gemsheim in Rot-
terdam and Marmontel in Paris; distin-
guished pianist, who from 1890 lived
in London.

ZElIiKXKA, Jan DIsmas (1679-
1745) : b. Lannowicz, Bohemia, d. Dres-
den; assistant conductor to Heinichen
at Dresden, and after the latter's death
conductor ; appointed court church com-
poser, 1735; wrote a Latin melodrama,
and sacred music, including 20 masses,
3 Requiems, 2 Te Deums; also 3 ora'
torios. Die eherne Schlange, Jesus oaf
Golgotha, and / penitenti al sepolcTo;
cantetas and arias.

ZEILEXSKI, Ladlslans (1837- ) :

b. on his family's estate, Gorod-Kowlzy,
Galicia; studied with Mirecki in Cra-
cow, Krejfii in Prague, and Reber in
Paris ; professor of composition at War-
saw (^ons. ; wrote Im Tatra-Gebirge for
full orchestra; Traaerklange for or-
chestra; a symphony; 2 cantatas with
orchestra; Romanze for 'cello with or-
chestra; a string sextet; string quartet;
variations for 2 violins, viola and
'cello; piano trio; piano pieces; the
operas Konrad Wallenrod (Lemherg,
1885), Goplana (Cracow, 1896), Janek
(Lemberg, 1900), Stara B&rn (ib., 1907)
and Balandina (Lemberg, 1900) ; also
cantatas, masses, motets, songs, etc.

ZBIiliEI, Friedricb (1845- ) : b.
Berlin; studied piano with KuUak,
composition with F. Geyer and H. Bel-
lermann; in 1893 became Musikdirektor
of a Berlin Realschule, and lectured at
the Hmnboldt Academy. He pub.
Bettrdge zur Geschichte der altesten
deutschen Oper (1. J. W. Franck
[1889], 2. Joh. Theile [1891], 3. J. Ph.
Fortsch [1893]), Die Singweisen der
altesten evangelischen Lieder. (1895-
1900), Theorie der Musik (1880), 3
works on early chorale books, one on
the ballets in Keiser's operas, etc. He
revised new editions of works by Hass-
ler, Franck, Keiser, Sebastiani, etc.

ZBIiLBR (1) Franz Adolf (1837-
1881); b. Weissenstein, d. Raggenzell;
studied music in Batisbon; became
priest, vicar in various places, first
encumbent of the new office of Musik-
repetent at the Wllhelmsstift in Tu-
bingen (for students of Catholic the-
ology), where he became a noted
teacher of church music; also theory
and history of music; pub. Das Gesang-
buch der Diozese Rottenburg, Beitrdge
zu einer Geschichte seiner Weisen and

Zeno

rea;/e (1870) and Sammlung Katho-
lischer Kirchengesdnge filr 4 MSnner-
stimmen (1867-72). (2) Karl (1844-
1898) : b. St. Peter-in-der-Au, Lower
Austria, d. Baden, near Vienna; court
councillor in the ministry of educa-
tion; composed numerous popular op-
erettas (Der Yogelhdndler, Der Ober-
steiger, etc.).

ZBIiLNER (1) Iieopold Alexander
(1823-1894): b. Agram, d. Vienna;
taught there; founded and edited a
musical journal, the Blatter fiir Uusik
(1855-68) ; harmony professor in the
Cons., 1868; virtuoso on harmonium;
composer of instructive pieces for pi-
ano 4 hands, 'cello pieces and cho-
ruses. He excelled as a harmonium-
player; wrote a method and transcrip-
tions for the instrument and made
improvements in its mechanism. He
published 2 volvuues of lectures on
acoustics and the organ. (2) Julius
(1832-1900) : b. Vienna, d. Miirzzusch-
lag, Styria; taught in Vienna? composed
2 symphonies, chamber music, a sym-
phonic poem, piano pieces, songs, etc.

ZE:L,TE:r, Carl Friedricb (1758-
1832) : b. Berlin, d. there; studied with
Kimberger and Fasch; conducted Rell-
stab's 'Liebhaber-Concerte' ; wrote a
funeral cantata on the death of Fred-
erick the Great, 1786; succeeded Fasch
as conductor of the Singakademie in
1800; became associate of the Akademie,
1806, and professor there in 1809; or-
ganized the 'Liedertafel' in Berlin,
1809, for which he composed many
male choruses; founder and director
of the Royal Institute for Church Mu-
sic, 1819-1832. A friend of Goethe,
he pub. their correspondence in 6 vols.
(1833-36),; also composed much church
music and wrote a life of Fasch (1801).
Ref.: XL 277f; IH. 62; V. 191, 193, 195;
portrait, V. 192.

ZXiMLIlVSKir, Alexander von
(1877- ) : b. Vienna ; studied in the
Cons, there, with Fuchs; he has com-
posed a prize symphony, a prize op-
era, piano pieces, and a fairy opera,
which he successfully produced (about
1900) at the court opera there. He is
conductor in a Vienna theatre.

ZENATBIiLO, Giovanni: b. Verona;
contemporary operatic tenor; sang in
Italian cities, London and the U. S.

ZBIVGFR, Max (1837-1911) : b. Mu-
nich, d. there; studied at Munich and
at the Leipzig Cons.; Kapellmeister at
Ratishon, 1860; Musikdirektor of the
Munich court opera, 1869; at Karlsruhe,
1872; Munich Oratorio Society, 1878-85;
honorary Dr. phil., Univ. of Muniiih,
1897; composed the operas Die Foscari
(Munich, 1863), Ruy Bias (Mannheim,
1868), Wieland der Schmied (Munich,
1880), an oratorio Kain (Munich, 1867),
cantatas, ballets, 2 symphonies, over-
tures, piano pieces, etc. Ref.: IX. 117.

ZBNO, Apostolo (1668-1750): b.
Venice, d. there; the most eminent
operatic librettist before Metastasio;

302

Zepler

lived in Vienna (1718-29) as court
poet, then in Venice; founded Giornale
dei litterati d'ltalia, which contained
the first notice of the invention of the
pianoforte by Crlstofori.

ZBPIiER, Bosomll (1858- ): b.
Breslau; pupil of Heinrich Urban;
composer of comic operas, the first of
■which (1891) was a parody of Caval-
leria Rusticana (Cavalleria Berolina),
followed by Der Brautmarkt zu. Hira
(1 act, 1892), Der Yicomte von Leto-
riires (1897), Monsieur Bonaparte (3
acts, 191), Naeht (1 act, 1900), and a
number of operettas, a fairy play Dem
Konig dr&ckt der Schuli (Vienna,
1905), also 2 ballet suites for orch.,
and songs. He has edited Musik fur
Alle since 1906.

ZKRR, Anna (1822-1881) : b. Baden-
Baden, d. near Oberklrch; operatic so-
prano; pupil of Bordogni; sang at
Karlsruhe, Vienna, England and
America.

ZERRAHN, Carl (1826-1910): b.
Malchow, Mecklenburg, d. Boston; pu-
pil of F. Weber at Rostock; also stud-
ied in Hanover and Berlin; went to
America in 1848 as a member of the
Germania Orch., and settled in Bos-
ton, where he became an eminent factor
in the musical life of the city. He
was conductor of the Handel and Haydn
Society, 1854-95; also conducted the
Harvard Symphony Concerts for a
number of years; and was professor of
harmony, instrumentation and singing
at the New England Cons. Ref.: IV.
189, 222.

ZBUGHBBR (called J. Z. Her-
mann), Jakob (1805-1865) : b. Zurich,
d. Liverpool; Tiolinist; studied under
Wassermann and Franzl; founded in
1824 the world-famous string quartet
called Hermann Brothers; conducted In
Manchester and directed the Liverpool
Philharmonic Society.

ZBUNER (1) Martin (17th cent.):
organist at die Brandenburg-Ansbach
court from 1612; pub. 82 Schone geist-
liche Psalmen, 5 v. (Nuremberg, 1616),
Schone teutsche weltliche Stucklein
4-5 V. (lb., 1617), wedding pieces for
4 and 12 voices (Kach, Ansbach, 1612).
(2) Carl Trangott (1775-1841): b.
Dresden, d. Paris; pianist; studied with
Tiirk at Halle and Clementl at St. Pe-
tersburg; has taught and given con-
certs in Paris, Vienna, St. Petersburg,
and Dresden; wrote 2 piano con-
certos; a string quartet; variations on
a Russian theme, for piano, violin and
'cello; Polonaises, and much piano
music. (3) Charles (1797-1857): b.
Germany, d. Philadelphia; teacher, con-
ductor and composer.

ZIANI (1) Pletro Andrea (1630-
1711) : b. Venice, d. Vienna ; second or-
ganist at San Marco in 1666; entered
the service of Empress Eleonora at
Vienna, in 1677; wrote 21 operas for
Venice, Bologna, and Vienna; an ora-
torio, Le Lagrime delta Verglne (Ven-

Zilcher

ice, 1662) ; Sacrae laudes a 5, and
sonatas. (2) Marco Antonio (1653-
1715): b. Venice, d. Vienna; vice-
Kapellmeister at the Vienna court in
1700; in 1712 Kapellmeister; wrote
about 40 operas and serenades; also a
number of oratorios produced In Vi-
enna and Venice.

ZICHY, Geza (1849- ) : b. Sztara,
Hungary; studied with Mayrberger,
Volkmann and Liszt and became a
brilliant pianist, although he lost his
right arm at an early age; president of
the Hungarian National Academy of
Music to 1892; Intendant of the Na-
tional Theatre at Pesth, 1890-94; com-
posed piano works, songs, etudes and
2 operas. Ref.: III. 190, 191f; mus. ex.,
XIV. 152; portrait, HI. 192.

ZIBGFSlIiD, Florenz: b. Jever,
Oldenburg; studied with Moscheles,
Richter, David, etc., at the Leipzig
Cons.; settled in America in 1863 and
founded the Ziegfeld Musical College
in Chicago, 1867, remaining its head to
the present time. Ref.: IV. 252.

ZIBHX, Bernhard (1845-1912): b.
Erfurt, d. Chicago; organist; at first
school teacher, in which capacity he
went to Chicago, but devoted himself
to music in 1871; author of two books
of theory, Harmonie und Modulations-
lehre (Berlin, 1887) and a 'Manual of
Harmony' (vol. 1, Milwaukee, 1907) ;
also a 'System of Piano Exercises,' and
a 'New Method for Beginners,' which
especially aims at the equal use of
both hands (symmetrical inversion) ;
also articles in German musical jour-
nals. Including polemics against Hugo
Rjemann. Ref.: VI. 492.

ZIBHRBR, Carl Michael (1843-) :
b. Vienna; military bandmaster; or-
ganized a band of his own with which
he travelled, and became Royal Rou-
manian court conductor. He composed
some 600 dances, and 22 operettas, in-
cluding Ein tolles Mddel (Wiesbaden,
1907) and Das dumme Herz (Vienna,
1914).

ZIBLBNIEWICZ, Mathlas (1st
half of 18th cent.) : conductor In
Cracow cathedral; composed masses
and motets (MS.).

ZIBLGNSKI (early 17th cent.):
archlepiscopal Kapellmeister in Gne-
sen; pub. (Venice, 1611) offertories,
communions and other church music.

ZIBIVTARSKI (1) Romuald [Grl-
eoTievitebJ (1831-1874) : b. Plozk, d.
Warsaw; pupil of Joseph Eisner; com-
poser of 3 symphonies, 4 oratorios and ~
over 600 other works; professor of
Gregorian chant at the Roman Catholic
Academy in Warsaw; author of Muzgka
Koscielna choralna i figuralna (3
vols.). (2) Victor Romnaldovitch
(1854- ): b. Warsaw; son of (1);
composer for the voice and for piano.

ZIIjCHEIB, Hermann (1881- )i
b. Frankfort; studied at the Hoch
Cons.; teacher at the Royal Academy
of Music in Munich; composer of a

303

ZimbaUst

concerto for 2 violins, a violin (solo)
concerto, piano pieces, an opera, Fitze-
Butze, and songs.

ZIMBALIST, Btrem (1889- ): b.
Rostoff, Russia; studied -with his fa-
ther and with Auer at St. Petersburg;
.also with Ottokar Svecik in Prague;
violin virtuoso who has toured Eu-
rope and America with great suc-
cess. His compositions consist of three
Slavic dance tunes and other pieces for
the violin.

ZIMMEIR (1) Frledrlcb Angnst
(1826-1899): b. Herrengosserstadt, Thu-
rlngia, d. Zehlendorf, near Berlin;
studied with Hentschel at Weissenfels;
taught at Gardelegen Seminary, 1854;
Royal Muslkdirektor at Osterburg, 1859 ;
pub. Elementcwmusiklehre, Yiolinschale,
Gesanglehre, Evangelisches Choralbuch
and Die Orgel (1897). (2) Otto (1822-
1896) : b. Priskorslne, Silesia, d. Bres-
lau; studied with Rlchter and Mose-
wlus there; organist and Royal Mu-
slkdirektor at Oels; editor of the
'Fliegende Blatter fiir evangellsche
Kirchenmusik.' (3) Robert (1828-
1857): b. Berlin, d. there; studied with
Dehn; taught in EuUak's Academy
after 1856; pub. a critique of Becker's
edition of Bach's piano work (1854).

ZIBIBIERniAN (1) Anton (1741-
1781) : b. Pressburg, d. there ; Kapell-
meister to Prince Batthydny; organist
at Pressburg Cathedral; prod, a Sing-
spiel, Andromeda utid Perseus (Vienna,
1781) ; pub. 9 violin and piano sonatas,
a piano concerto, and other instru-
mental music. (2) Flerre-Joseph-
Gnlllanme (1785-1853): b. Paris, d.
there; studifed at the Conservatoire; be-
came professor there in 1816, where, he
taught until 1848. His pupils Includ-
ed Mosskwa, D^jazet, Marmontel, Le-
febvre and Thomas. Z. was made
Chevalier of the Legion of Honor,
1848 ; pub. the Encyclopidle dn Pianiste,
a complete method for piano, also
many etudes, a sonata, 2 concertos, etc. ;
prod, a comic opera, L'Enlivement
(Op£ra-Comique, 1830). (3) Agnes
(1845- ) : b. Cologne; studied at the
London Royal Academy of Music; won
the King's Scholarship in 1860 and
1862; d£but at the Crystal Palace, 1863;
played at the Gewandhaus, Leipzig,
1864; toured England and Germany;
composed many piano pieces and edited
compositions of Schumann, Mozart and
Beethoven. (4) Jnllns Helnrlcli
(1851- ): b. Sternberg, Mecklenburg;
founded a publishing firm in St. Pe-
tersburg (1876), which established
branches in Moscow 1882, Leipzig
1886, and Riga 1903. (5) Baldwin:
composer of the operas Das Winter-
mOrchen (Erfurt, 1900), Maja (Elber-
feld, 1902), Sakuntala (Erfurt, 1905).

ZINCK, Harnack Otto Konrad
(1746-1832): b. Husum, d. Copenhagen;
singer at Hamburg and Copenhagen;
flutist in the orchestra at Ludwigs-
lusf; 1777i singing master at the Co-

304

Zmeskall

penhagen Court Theatre, 1787, also or-
ganist and music teacher at the semi-
nary; composer of an oratorio, can-
tatas (MS.), piano sonatas, a piano
sonata with violin and 'cello, an ode
(1783) ; also pub. Kompositionen fOr
den Gesang und das Klavier (4 books,
1791-93).

ZINGARElLIil, Nicola Antonio
(1752-1837): b. Naples, d. Torre del
Greco, near Naples; studied composi-
tion with Fenaroll at the Cons, dl'
Loreto and completed his studies un-
der Speranza; his two earliest attempts
at opera, / quattro pazzi, prod, at the
Cons, in 1768, and Montezuma (Teatro
San Carlo, 1781), were not highly suc-
cessful. Hence he taught until pro-
duction of Alsinda at La Scala, Milan,
in 1785, which assured his fame. In
all Zingarelli produced 31 operas up
to 1811, of which Giulietta e Romeo Is
considered his masterpiece. In 1792
he became maestro di cappella at Milan
Cathedral, at the 'Santa Casa' in Lo-
reto In 1794, and In 1804 at St. Peter's,
Rome; became director of the Royal
CoUegio di Musica, Naples, in 1813, and
in 1816 succeeded Paesiello as maestro
at the Cathedral. Among his pupils
were Bellini, Mercadante, Carlo Conti,
Lauro Rossi, Morlacchi, etc. He wrote
a vast amount of church music, includ-
ing the collection Annuale di Zingarelli
(or Annuale di Loreto), a series of
masses for every day in the year, a
4-part Miserere alia Palestrina (1827) ;
about 80 Magnificats, 28 Stabat Maters,
21 Credos, many Te Deums, motets,
hymns, etc.; also 3 oratorios, a string
quartet, organ sonatas, arias, solfeggi,
etc. Ref.: 11. 182; IX. 133.

ZTSGEIj, RndoM I^wald (1876-) :
b. Liegnitz; student at the Berlin Royal
High School of Music; organist in
Spandau and in Frankfort-on-Oder;
choral conductor there from 1899 to
1907, when he became Muslkdirektor at
Greifswald University. He produced 3
operas, Margot (1902), Liebeszauber
(1908) and PersepoUs (1909).

ZINKJBISEN, Konrad lindvrlg Dle-
trlcli (1779-1838): b. Hanover, d.
Brunswick; violinist; studied under
Rode at Wolf enbuttel ; concert-leader
in Gottingen, Royal chamber-musician
in Brunswick, 1819; composed many
Instrumental pieces. Including 4 over-
tures, 6 violin concertos, quartets for
string and wind instruments, military
music, etc.

ZIPOIil, Domenlco (1675-[?]) : b.
Nola; studied at the Cons, della Pietk,
Naples; organist at the Jesuit Church
in Rome, 1716; composer of works for
organ and for harpsichord, a cantata
and a violin solo; pub. Sonate d'tnta-
volatura per organo o cembalo (Rome,
1716). Ref.: VI. 426.

ZME!SKAIiIi, Nlcolans, Edler von
Domanowecz (ca. 1760- ) : court
secretary, d£Bclal in the Royal Hun-
garian chancellery in Vienna, friend

ZoboU

of Beethoven from the beginning of
the letter's Viennese period. The 100
or more notes written to him by
Beethoven are biographically very im-
portant. He is said to have been an
able 'cellist, and he composed 3 string
quartets, etc. Ref.: II. 141, 143: Vn.
492, 518.

ZOBOIil, Giovanni (1821-1S84) : b.
Naples, d. there; studied and later
taught at the Cons. Albergo de" poverl,
there; composer of operas and much
church music with orchestra,

ZOCCA, Gaetano (1784-1834) : b.
Ferrara, d. there; instrumental in the
advancement of Italian violin playing;
theatre and cathedral conductor at Mi-
lan, later of the Ferrara Philharmonic.

ZOBIiliER, Carl (1840-1889): b.
Berlin, d. London; studied with Ries;
Garich and Grell at the Royal Acad-
emy, Berlin; travelled with German
opera troupes; bandmaster of the 7th
('Queen's Own') Hussars in 1879;
member of the Royal Academia dl San
Cecilia, Rome, 1884; honorary member
Royal Institute of Music, Florence, 1885 ;
Fellow of the London Society of Sci-
ences, Arts, etc., 1886; wrote a comic
operetta, 'The Missing Heir'; a lyrical
monodrama, 'Mary Stuart of Fotherin-
gay'; a scene for sop. and orch., 'The
Rhine King's Daughter'; 4 overtures;
other orchestral pieces and much con-
certed instrumental music; church mu-
sic, songs; pub. 'The Viole-d'amour, Its
Origin, History, etc.,' and edited 'The
llnited Service Military Band.'

ZOIliO, Annlbale (16th cent.) :
maestro dt cappella at the Lateran,
1561-70; singer in the papal chapel,
1571; composed masses, madrigals and
other church music, some in MS. in the
Vatican Library.

ZOIS r-EIdelBtelnl, Hans, Frelherr
von (1861- ) : b. Gfraz ; composer of
songs, an opera, Der VenetUmer (1892),
and 3 operettas.

ZOLA, fimlle, the French novelist.
Ref.: n. 206; UL 342, 343; IX. 462,
463, 464.

ZOLLIVBR (1) Karl Helnrlck
(1792-1836) : b. Dels, Silesia, d. Wands-
beck, near Hamburg; toured Germany
as an organ-virtuoso until 1833; pro-
duced an opera, Kunz von Kaufangen
(Vienna, 1825[?]); a melodrama, Ein
Vhr; published masses, motets, psalms,
part-songs, organ pieces, a piano so-
nata, other piano music, a method for
piano, a violin sonata, etc. Ref.: IX.
423. (2) Karl Friedricli (1800-1860):
b. Mittelhausen, Thuringia, d. Leipzig;
studied at the Thomasschule, Leipzig,
under Cantor Schlcht, from 1814; be-
came a vocal instructor at the Raths-
freischule in 1820, and organized a
musical institute In 1822; founded a
Liedertafel known as the Zollner-
Verein in 1833; composed part-songs
for male choruses, motets and songs
for chorus and piano. (3) Andreas
(1804-1862): b. Amstadt, d. Melnlngen;

Zuccalmaslio

Musikdirektor ; pub. popular part-songs
for male voices. (4) Helnrlch (1854-):
b. Leipzig; studied at the Leipzig Cons,
under Reinecke, Jadassohn, Rlchter,
and Wenzel; Musikdirektor at Dorpat
University in 1878; conductor of the
Cologne MJlnnergesangvereln in 1885:
also taught at the Cons, and conducted
the Cologne Gesangverein, the Wagner-
Vereln, and the Musical Society; toured
Italy in 1889; became the conductor of
the Deutscher Llederkranz, in New
York, in 1890; Musikdirektor and con-
ductor of the Paulinerchor, Leipzig
Univ., 1898; composed the operas
Frithjof (Cologne, 1884), Faust (ft87),
the 'Knegsduologle' Im Jahre 1870, con-
sisting of Bei Sedan (Leipzig, 1895)
and Der Vberfall (Dresden, 1895); and
the musical comedy Das holzerne
Schwert (Cassel, 1897) ; grand choral
works. Die Hannenschlacht (Leipzig,
1880) ; Konig Sigards BroJitfahrt (1895),
Heldenrequiem, cantata Die neue Welt,
"which won the international prize at
Cleveland, Ohio, 1892; also many songs,
violin pieces and other works.

Z0L0TARS:FF, Vasslly Andrele-
vltch (1879- ): b. Taganrog; pupil
of Erasnokulsky and Liadoff; had to
abandon violin playing on account of
nervousness, then studied composition
with BalakirefT and Rimsky- Korsakoff ;
theory teacher at Moscow Cons, since
1900. His compositions include a sym-
phony, an overture, a Hebraic Rhap-
sody, a piano quintet, string quartets
(MS.), a trio, a piano sonata, piano
pieces, choruses and songs. Ref.: III.
146; Vni. 466.

ZOFFF, Hermann (1826-1883): b.
Glogau, d. Leipzig; took the degree of
Dr. phil., and entered the Stem Cons.,
Berlin, in 1850; later foimded an
'Opemakademle,* an 'Orchesterverein,'
etc.. In Berlin ; in 1864 became co-editor
of the Neue Zeitschrift fiXr Masik, and
editor-in-chief after Brendel's death in
1868; pub. several large choral works,
a Theorie der Oper, and a Gesangschule.

ZSCHIEISCHEI, Angnst (1800-1876):
b. Berlin, d. there; sang in the choir
of the Berlin Theatre as soprano, tenor,
and bass. From 1820-26 he sang at
Pesth and Temesvar, then returned to
Berlin, where he sang in the court
opera, 1829-61, when he was pensioned.

ZSCHOCHBR, Joliann (1821-1897):
b. Leipzig, d. there; pianist; studied
with Knorr, Kullak, Henselt and Liszt;
founded an Institute for Music, Leipzig,
1846.

ZUBXSR, Gregor (17th cent.) : musi-
cian to lie town council and violin-
ist at Liibeck; published 5-part dance
suites (2 books), consisting' of paduans,
galliards, ballets, courantes and sara-
bandes (1649, 1659).

ZTJCCALMAGLIO^ Anton 'Wllhetm
Florentln von (1803-1869) : b. Wald-
brol, d. Nachrodt near Griina, Westpha-
lia; contributor to the Neue Zeitschrift
far Masik, while edited by SchumanB

305

Zucchetti

and joint author with Kretschmer of
Deutsche Volkslieder mit ihren Origi-
nalweisen (2 vols., 1838-40), contain-
ing some anonymously composed by Z.

ZUCCHETTI (14th cent.): Italian
organ builder. Ref.: VI. 419.

ZUMFK, Hermann (1850-1903) : b.
Taubenheim, Upper Lusatia, d. Mu-
nich; conductor and composer; stud-
ied at Bautzen, taught at Weigsdorf,
then at Leipzig, where he was a pupil
of Tottmann; assisted in the prepa-
ration of the Nibelimgen cycle at Bay-
reuth during 1873-76; later he became
Kapellmeister in the theatres at Salz-
burg, Wiirzburg, Magdeburg, Frankfort
and Hamburg; became court chapel-
master at Stuttgart in 1891, where two
years later he inaugurated a society
for classical church music. This post
he exchanged for conductor of the Kaim
Concerts in Munich, and in 1900 was
made general director of music to the
court near Munich. His compositions
consist of songs, several operettas, the
opera Anahra (Berlin, 1880), and other
works.

ZUMSTBSIG (1) Johann Rudolf
(1760-1802) : b. Sachsenflur, Odenwald,
d. Stuttgart; a pupil of the Earlsschule,
where he was a friend of Schiller. As a
follower of the conductor Poll, he became
distinguished, first as a 'cellist, later
for composition, and in 1792 as suc-
cessor to Poll at the Stuttgart court.
He was one of the earliest writers of
the ballade type of music, later so
popular with Klein, Schubert, Schu-
mann, and others; also composed
church cantatas, operas and pieces for
the 'cello. Ref.: U. 278; V. 192f, 197;
portrait, V. 192. (2) Xlmllle (1797-
1857): b. Stuttgart, d. there; daugh-
ter of (1) ; known as a composer of
songs.

ZTTR Mt^HLEN. Ralmnnd von
(1854- ): b. Livonia; tenor; pupil
of Berlin Hochschule, of Stockhausen
at Frankfort and of Bussine in Paris;
teacher of singing in London; noted as
a Lieder singer.

ZUR NIBDBIV, Albrecht (1819-
1873) : b. Emmerich-on-Rhine, d. Duis-
burg; studied with Fr. Schneider at
Dessau; taught at Bonn, where Joseph
Brambach was among his pupils; be-
came conductor in Duisburg after 1850;

Zwyssig

pub. songs, a Dentscher Marsch and the
choral works Die Sage von der Mar-
tinsmand; Der blinde Konig; and Das
Grab auf Basento; others In MS.

ZVSCHNEilD. Kaxl (1856- ): b.
Oberglogau, Silesia; student at the
Stuttgart Cions.; director of music so-
cieties in G6ttingen, Minden, and Et-
furt. In 1907 he succeeded Bopps as
director of the Mannheim Hochschule
fiir Musik; Ducal professor, 1914. He
wrote male choruses with orchestra and
a cappella, mixed choruses with orch.
and a cappella, piano pieces. Improvi-
sations for string orchestra, a Kon-
zertstuck for violin and orch., etc.;
pub. a 'Piano School' and a 'Methodical
Guide to Piano Teaching'; also Neuer
Liederhort, a collection of 300 part-
songs.

ZVONAft, Joseph lieopold (1824-
1865) : b. Kublov, near Prague, d.
Prague; studied at the Organ School
there, where he later became teacher
and then director; at the Sophien-
Akademie, 1859 ; pub. the first Bohemian
treatise on harmony (1861) ; also wrote
an opera, Zabdj.

ZWKBRS, Bernard (1854- ) : b.
Amsterdam; studied in Holland and
under Jadassohn in Leipzig; teacher of
musical theory at the. Amsterdam Cons. ;
composer of church music, 3 sympho-
nies, cantatas, songs, etc.

Z-WiNTSCHBR, Bmno (1838-1905):
b. Ziegenhain, Saxony, d. Oberliissnitz,
near Dresden; studied with Julius Otto
at Dresden, later at the Leipzig Cons.,
where he became piano teacher in 1875 ;
pub. a 'Technical School,' a continua-
tion of Plaidy's work, and a 'School
of Ornaments.'

ZWYSSIG, Alberlcb (correctly Jo-
seph) (1808-1854) : b. Bauen, d. in the
Cistercian abbey, Mehrerau, near Bre-
genz; Kapellmeister in the Cistercian
monastery of Wettingen, where he lived
until the monastery was discontinued
in 1841, then successively in Zug,
Wormbach monastery and Mehrerau,
where the friars were permitted to
settle. He "was the composer of the
well-known 'Swiss Psalm' (Trittst im
Morgenrot daher) for male chorus, in
which he uses the melody of the
Dlligam te domine; also wrote church
music.

306

ADDENDA

ADDENDA FOR BOOK II (M-Z)

AfaUing

MAIililNG (2) Otto: d. Copenhagen,
Oct. 5, 1915.

MAYR, Rupert Ignaz (1646-1712) :
b. Schaerding, Upper Austria, d. Frels-
ing; violinist in the Munich court band,
1685-90 and 1692; composer of Pytha-
gorische Schmids-FiXncklein, consisting
of 7 dance suites with overture, sona-
tina, sinfonie, prilude, aria adagio or
passagaglia as first movement. Most of
them contain the principal movements
of Froberger's order. Only one copy Is
preserved, in the Munich Court and
State Library, and was described by B.
Ulrich in the Sammelban.de of the Int.
Mus. Soc. (IX). Another similar work
by M., Arion sacer i v. col. B. c, (1678)
is apparently lost, but psalms for one
voice with Instr. (Augsburg, 1702) and
13 vocal pieces w. instr. (In P. F.
Lang's Theatrum solttedinis asceticae,
Munich, 1717) are preserved.

MAVERHOFF, Franz: Add that he
succeeded R. Wetz as conductor of the
Riedelvereln in 1915.

MElVGElIiBERG, Karl Rndolf : Add
that he became Dr. phil., Leipzig, 1915,
with a dissertation on Giov. Alb. Rls-
tori.

MIIVGOTTI, Anselo (18th cent.) :
elder brother of Pietbo M. (q.v.) and
associated with him in his Italian
opera enterprise (1732-56), operating In
Austria, Germany and Denmark. Cuz-
zoni, Marianne Pirker, Rosalie Holz-
bauer and Regina Valentlni, later the
wife of Pletro M. (q.v.), etc., were
among their singers, and Gluck and
Paolo Scalabrini wrote operas for
them.

JHOAR (2) Elmannel! Add to his
works a second symphony (In C), 2
violin sonatas, a string quintet (in A).

NERUDA (2) \frilma (Lady HalU)
(1839- ) ; daughter of Josef N. (or-
ganist) ; violinist; pupil of Jansa; ap-
peared in public at the age of 7 with
her sister Amalie, pianist; toured Ger-
many with her father, sister and
brother (3) ; in Paris, 1864, she mar-
ried L. Nermann; has played annually
In London since 1869, and in 1888 she
married Sir Charles Hall* (q.v.), with
whom she toured Australia and Amer-
ica. (3) Franz (1843-1915): b. Briinn,
d. Copenhagen; brother of (2); 'cellist
who at an early age made tours with
his father and sisters; member of the
Royal Orchestra, Copenhagen, 1864-76;

Rosen

founded the Chamber Music Society
there in 1868. He succeeded Gade as
conductor of the Copenhagen Musical
Society in 1892, also conducting the
Stockholm Musical Society in Stock-
holm. He became professor In 1894.
N. composed 'Slovak Marches', an orch,
suite, string quartets, a 'cello concerto,
other pieces, for 'cello, for piano, for
organ, and songs.

NEITBECK, Lndvrls (1882- ): b.
Schwerln; pupil of court Kapellmeister
Melssner there, and of Humperdlnck In
Berlin; conductor of the Schwerin court
theatre, 1904; first conductor In Lu-
cerne, Gorlitz, Metz, and since 1912 of
the Kiel Opera, where he also directs
the Chorverein and is substitute di-
rector of studies at the Conservatory.
He assisted in productions at Bayreuth,
1909, and Munich (Prlnzregententhea-
ter), 1909-11. He composed songs,
choruses, piano, violin and chamber
music, also a Hnldigangsmarsch, and
music for Schiller's Jangfrau von Or-
leans.

PERGOLESI, Givannl Battlsta.
The famous aria Tre giorni son che
Nina, ascribed to P., was composed by
Rlnaldo da Capua (q.v.).

PETZ, Johann Chrlgtoph ( [?]-
1716) : b. Munich, d. Stuttgart; Kapell-
meister at Bonn to Elector Joseph
Clemens; when the latter was exiled
(1701), went to Stuttgart and became
chief Kapellmeister there in 1706. He
composed a festa di danza, 11 giudizio
di Marforio (LiSge, 1695), an opera
Trajano (Bonn, 1699), and a serenate
teatrale, II riso d'Apolline (Bonn,
1701) ; also instrumental works. Includ-
ing 'Senate da camera or Chamber
Musick of several Suites of Overtures
and Aires for 2 Fl. and a B.' (pub. Lon-
don).

ROSfiN (1) Erik Gabriel von
(1775-1866): b. Stockholm, d. Djurl-
gSrdsbrunn, near Stockholm; was a ju-
dicial ofllcer to 1845, at the same time
acting as organist (from 1797) of the
principal church in Stockholm from
1800; constructed several house organs
('Orchestron', 'Organochordlum', etc.)
with new devices; adapted J. H.
Knecht's 'Organ School' in Swedish;
composed many church hymns. (2)
Johann lUagnnB (1806-1885) : b. Got-
enburg, d. Stockholm; studied at Up-
sala, secretary of the court war coun-

307

Bozydd

ADDENDA

Waller

cil; actiye as music critic, pub. the
Nordmannaharpan with E. Drake, 1830-
31, edited the Tidning for Teater o. Mu-
sik, also the art periodical Helios:
composed orchestral pieces, a choral
fantasy, an operetta, pieces for piano
and Tlolln, clarinet and piano, 12 Ger-
man songs and Incld. music for com-

RO'ZYCKI (2) lindomlT. Add to

his works the opera 'Eros and Psyche'
(1915).

Rt^DUVGKR, [Fritz] Albert [Chris-
tian] (1838- ): b. Copenhagen; 'cel-
list and teacher in Copenhagen; pub. a
'Cello Method (1891), which has ex-
perienced 5 editions, also ' transcrip-
tions for his Instrument, and a work
on the history of 'cello playing (1907).

RUNDBEiRG, [ESNST] Axel (1855-
1901): b. Stockholm, d. there; studied
at the Stockholm Cons, and in Paris;
buffo tenor, sang at Hie Royal Theatre,
Stockholm; vocal teacher In Vienna
and again in Stockholm (Wasa The-
atre).

SCHIRmACEmR, Dora (1857- ) :
b. Liverpool; studied at Leipzig Cons.;
pianist at the Gewandhaus, Crystal
Palace, London, Liverpool, Manchester,
Amsterdam and in Germany. Her com-
positions Include a sonata, a serenade,
a valse-caprice, a suite, etc.

SCHNBilDKR (15) Max: He was
made professor in extraordinary at the
Univ. of Breslau and teacher at the
Royal Inst, for Church Music there in
1915.

SCHOrSBOB, Fritz [Angrnst Fred-
erik Alexander] (1857-1898); b. Rlbe,
Denmark, d. Cologne; pupil of Neu-
pert and the Copenhagen Cons.; teacher
at the Scharwenka Cons., Berlin, 1883,
then Geneva and Cologne conserva-

tories; toured as pianist; pub. songa
and piano pieces.

SFBRONTEiS, pseudonym of Jo-
hann Slgiiamiuid ScholEe (1705-1750):
b. Lobendau near Liegnltz, d. Leipzig;
pub. Singende Muse an der Pletsse, a
collection of poems with familiar mel-
odies to which they may be sung (4
parts, the first 2 parts had 3 editions,
the last 2, 2 editions). They were the
first of the long series of collections of
odes with music, in vogue down to the
beginning of the lyricism of Goethe,

STOCKHAUSBX, Franz, Jr. (1839-) :
b. Gebweller, Alsatla; pupil of Alkan
in Paris and of Moscheles, Richter, and
Hauptmann at Leipzig Cons.; conductor
of the Socl£t£ de chant sacr£ at Strass-
burg, 1868-79, and musical director of
the cathedral; director of the Strass-
bUTg Cons, and the municipal concerts
from 1871 ; Royal professor in 1892.

TRfilMISOT, £donard (1874- ):
contemporary composer of operas, for
which he also writes the texts: Pyrame
et Thisbd (Monaco, 1904) and L'aareole
(Nice, 1913).

VAN DER PAI.S (1) I.eopold (VAN
GiLSE VAN DEB P.) (1884- ): b. St.

Petersburg, of Dutch descent; composer,
trained in St. Petersburg and in Berlin,
where he lives; wrote symphonic
sketches for orch., 'Spring' and 'Au-
tumn', KonzeTtstUck for violin w. orch.,
op. 10, etc. (2) NikolaoB van Gllse
[VAN DER Pais] (1891- ): b. St.
Petersburg; Dr. phil. Leipzig, with a
comprehensive study on Rlmsky-Korsa-
koff, 1914.

WALLER, Henryj contemporary
American composer of light opera ('OI-
galalas,' prod, by the Bostonians).
Be/..- IV. 462.

308

m