A list of the birds known to inhabit the Island of Celebes

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[ 23 ]

Il. A List of the Birds known to inhabit the Island of Celebes. By ARTHUR,
Viscount Wanpen, F.R.S., President of the Society.

Read May 2nd, 1871.

[Puates III. to X.]

SITUATED in the midst of the vast collection of islands which contribute to form the
Malay archipelago, Celebes possesses an avifauna of a type peculiar to itself. The
geographical position of the island and the leading characteristics of its fauna have been
so clearly explained and depicted by Mr. Wallace’, that it is almost unnecessary for me
to add any observations of my own on these points.

This great naturalist has shown that the principal and most striking peculiarity of
the fauna of Celebes is its individuality—a generalization fully supported by the
evidence furnished by its birds; and it is the chief object of this paper to give a list
of all the birds authentically recorded as inhabitants of Celebes, and to show in some
detail the zoogeographical relations of its genera and species.

Our knowledge of the Celebean ornis has been principally derived from the discoveries
of the Dutch travellers Forsten, Von Rosenberg, and Bernstein, and from those of Mr.
Wallace. Yet although the Dutch naturalists and our great English traveller ransacked
those parts of Celebes they traversed or resided in, they all more or less covered the
same ground. The larger portion of the island (fully two thirds of its area) still
remains ornithologically unknown.

All the species yet described from Celebes appear to have been obtained from the
districts of Macassar and Bonthain in the south, and from the districts of Gorontalo and
Minahassa in the north. That part of the island which stretches north from about the
fifth parallel S. lat. to the Gulf of Tontoli, and east thence to Limbotto, the lesser of
the two eastern limbs of the island, the whole of the south-east limb, and all the central
country from which these limbs extend seem to have never been explored by an orni-
thologist.

The group of islands of which Peling is the largest, and which are only separated
from the Sula Islands by the Greyhound Straits, the Togian or Schildpad Islands in the
Gulf of Tomini, the islands of Pagasane and of Beeton, and the island of Saleyer, with
its train of smaller satellites almost connecting Celebes with Flores, are nearly wholly
unknown. The Sanghir Islands in the north, and the Sula Islands to the east, although
as yet only partially investigated, have been shown to possess some species identical
with those found in Celebes; consequently they have been regarded by recent authors

* Malay Archipelago, vol. i. chap. xviii.
VOL. VII.—PART I. May, 1872. F

24 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

as forming along with Celebes a separate zoological subarea. But I propose in the
following list to include only those species of birds which are known to inhabit the
island of Celebes itself. A more definite and more accurate idea of the peculiarities
of the Celebean ornis will thus be presented, than if genera which occur in the Sula
Islands were placed side by side with Celebean genera. If we threw together the ornis
of the Sula Islands with that of Celebes, we should find non-Celebean genera (such
as Criniger, Ceyx, Platycercus, Pachycephala, and Monarcha) appearing in the list, and
the really anomalous character of the Celebean avifauna actually existing on the main
island would thereby be apparently greatly modified.

Mr. Wallace (op. cit. i. p. 425) has estimated the number of known Celebean species
of birds at one hundred and ninety-one. I have only been able to add two more to that
number; yet there are doubtless many more species represented by Celebean examples
in the museums of Europe. On the other hand, many species have been described as
possessing a Celebean origin which most assuredly do not occur in the island.

To give a clear idea of the geographical relation of the Celebean avifauna I have
thrown its one hundred and forty-eight genera into tables, and classed them according
to the regions and subregions they may be said to belong to. The geographical cha-
racter of a genus has been determined according to the area which possesses the pre-
ponderating number of species. Thus Avtamus is classed as an Australian genus,
because at least thirteen species of it occur within the Australian region, while one
only is peculiar to the Indian; Arachnothera as an Indian genus, although one species
is found in New Guinea.

By means of these tables it will be seen that thirty-seven Indian genera occur in
Celebes; of these, three are peculiarly Indo-Malayan.

TasLE I.—Showing the Indian genera found in Celebes.—N.B. Those peculiar to
the Indo-Malayan subregion are marked with an asterisk.

Poliornis. Pheenicophaés. Cyornis. *Prionochilus.
Spilornis. *Centrococcyx. Myiolestes. Munia.
Polioaétus. Cranorrhinus. Hypothymis. * Padda.
Limnaétus. Lyncornis. Aithopyga. Acridotheres.
Neopus. Pelargopsis. Nectarophila. Sturnia.
Lophospiza. Callialcyon. *Anthreptes. Osmotreron.
Ephialtes. Geocichla. Arachnechthra. Gallus.
Loriculus. Broderipus. Diceeum. Erythra.
Yungipicus. Trichostoma. Arachnothera. Rallina.
Mulleripicus.

The next table consists of the twenty-three Australian genera which are also Celebean.
Two of these appear to be peculiar to the Australian subregion’; of the remainder some
are Papuan, and some extend into the Polynesian subregion.

" Conf. Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 125.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 25

TaBLE I.—Showing the Australian genera found in Celebes.—N.B. Those belonging
especially to the Australian subregion are marked with a dagger (tf); to the
Papuan' with an asterisk (*).

*Teraspiza,

*Erythrospiza.
Cacatua.

*Tanygnathus.
Trichoglossus.
Sauropatis.

Collocalia.
+Scythrops.
*Dicrurus.

Artamus.

Graucalus.

Lalage,

*Chalcostetha.

*Zoncenas,

*Turaccena.

*Calcenas.
Phlogcenas.

*Myristicivora.

*Lamprotreron,
*Totreron.
*Leucotreron,
Megapodius.
+Hydralector.

Highteen Celebean genera may be considered common to the Indian and Australian
regions, the proportion of species in each region being about equal. Some occur out-

side the limits.

Tasie III.—Showing the genera found in Celebes which are also common to the Indian
and Australian regions.—N.B. Genera which do not occur in the Polynesian sub-

region are marked with an asterisk.

*Tachyspiza.
*Haliastur.
*Cuncuma,
*Baza.

*Eudynamis.

Cacomantis.
*Macropteryx.
*Hirundinapus.
*Pitta.
*Volvocivora.

*Calornis.
*Ducula.
*Macropygia.
*Chalcophaps.

*Geopelia.
*Carpophaga.
*Excalfactoria.
*Esacus.

Fifty-eight are genera which are found within the limits of the Indian region and
also beyond. Eight of these belong to the Rapaces, six to the Picarie, two to the
Galline, twenty-five to the Gralle, ten to the Anseres, and only seven to the Passeres.
Nine of these fifty-eight genera are unrepresented in the Australian subregion.

Taste IV.—Showing the genera represented in Celebes which likewise occur both
within and beyond the limits of the Indian region.—N.B. Genera not occurring

in the Australian subregion are marked with an asterisk.

Tinnunculus.
*Hypotriorchis.
*Pernis.

Milvus.

Elanus..

Circus.

Athene,

Strix,

Hirundo.

Merops.
*Coracias.

VOL, VIII.—PART II.

Eurystomus.
*Aleedo.
*Buceros.

Acrocephalus.

Cisticola,
*Budytes.
*Pratincola,
*Monticola,

Zosterops.

Corvus.
*Turtur.

1 The Papuan Dicrurt are generically separable.

May, 1872.

Turnix.
Eudromias,
Akgialites.
Charadrius.
Strepsilas.
Himantopus.
Porphyrio.

Hypotenidia,

Rallina.
Gallinula.
Numenius,

Actitis, \

Lobipes. \
Totanus.

Limosa,

Tringa.

Gallinago.
Melanopelargus,
Falcinellus,

Ardea.

Herodias,

Ardetta,

26 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Demiegretta. *Querquedula. Onychoprion. Phalacrocorax.
Ardeola. Mareca. Pelecanopus. Dysporus.
Nycticorax. Dendrocygna. Plotus. Podiceps.
Butorides. Hydrochelidon.

The following nine genera are peculiar to the island of Celebes:—Meropogon,
Monachalcyon, Ceycopsis, Artamides, Gazzola, Streptocitta, Enodes, Scissirostrum, Mega-
cephalon. One genus is restricted to Celebes and the Sanghir Islands, Cittura; one to
Celebes and Philippines, Prioniturus ; and one to Celebes and Ceram, Basilornis.

Of these twelve genera, Meropogon, Streptocitta, and Basilornis belong to the non-
Australian families; Gazzola to the almost universal Corvine ; Monachalcyon, Ceycopsis,
and Cittwra are isolated genera of a family in which the Australian region is pre-
eminently rich; Enodes and Scissirostrum have affinities with genera common to the
Indian and Australian regions; Megacephalon is strictly Australian. The affinities of
Prioniturus seem to be with Australian genera.

The total number of Celebean genera also found within the Indian region, but not in
the Australian, is forty-eight’.

The total number of Celebean genera also occurring in the Australian region, but not
in the Indian, is twenty-three. If we compare these numbers, we find that Celebes
contains twenty-five more Indian than Australian genera.

If we make the same comparison by orders, the following results are obtained :—

Indian region. Australian region.

Psittaci . . . ... I 3
Rapaces . . ... . 10 2
Picarie ..... .d1I1 3
Passeres . . . . . . 20 5
Columbe . 2 . 8
Gallinz SBA ht te Ok 1
Gralle. . . . . . . 2 1
Anseres 1 . O

Total . . . 48 23

So, while the Celebean Rapaces and Passeres contain a large majority of Indian genera,
in the Psittaci and Columbe Australian genera preponderate. Loriculus is classed as
an Indian genus; yet until the zoogeographical positions of the Philippines and of
Celebes are determined the zoogeographical characters of Loriculus cannot be established.
Within the limits of the Philippine and Celebean areas, seven out of the thirteen known
species occur. Another, L. amabilis, a representative form of the Celebean L. stigmatus,
occurs in the Sanghir Islands, and is also Papuan, being found at Gilolo and Batchian.

1 Tt is true that Buceros, Alcedo, Budytes, and Pratincola occur in some of the Papuan and Moluccan islands ;
but they cannot be regarded as genera belonging to the Australian region.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 27

The remaining five, one of which (Z. flosculus) is the Flores representative of the Javan
L. pusillus, are peculiar to the Indian region. If, then, we cease to regard Loriculus as
having an Indian origin, all the five genera of Psittaci known in Celebes are either
Australian or peculiar. The Columbe, while imparting a decided, it may even be
affirmed an absolute, Australian character to the Celebean avifauna, as clearly indicate
a very close Philippine affinity.

Among the Galline, Gallus and Megapodius are severally representatives of equally
important typical families, characterizing one the Indian, the other the Australian
region. But Celebes and the Philippines are the only areas where representatives of
the Phasianide and Megapodide are associated.

Among the Picarie, the presence of Scythrops can hardly be deemed sufficient to
balance the two genera of Picide, more especially if Scythrops be migratory in Celebes,
as in Australia. But though three of the genera belonging to the Alcedinide are
Indian, yet the great richness of the family in Celebes forms an important element in
favour of the Australian nature of the Celebean ornis.

But to obtain a still more complete conception of the zoogeographical characters of
Celebean ornithology the following tables have been prepared, showing the principal
Indian and Australian genera that do not occur in the island.

Notwithstanding the great preponderance of Indian genera, some entire families, and
a large number of genera characteristic of, if not altogether peculiar to, the Indian
regions are wanting in Celebes. For instance, the following important families are
without representation :—Sittide, Trogonide, Megalaimide, Paride, Brachypodide,
Pycnonotide, Laniide, and Alaudide.

And the great families of the Picide and Timaliide are but poorly indicated—the
first by two genera, the last by but a single genus. Among the Gralle and Anseres,
the Otidide, Cursoriide, Glareolide and Gruide, and the Pheenicopteride, all families
having representation in the Indian region, appear to be unknown in Celebes. The
absence of the Vulturide is a feature in common with the whole Indo-Malayan region.
The number of Anatide and Laride recorded from Celebes is so small that it seems
probable that members of those families have been overlooked by collectors.

After excluding from the list of genera found in the Indian region all those that do
not likewise possess an Indo-Malayan habitat, at least eighty-eight Indian genera are
absent from Celebes; of these twelve are purely Indo-Malayan.

Taste V.—Showing the principal Indian genera which are wanting in Celebes.
N.B. Purely Indo-Malayan genera are marked with a dagger.

Terax. Bulaca. Batrachostomus. Psarisomus.
Ketupa. Phodilus. }+Hurylaimus. +Corydon.

* It is as yet uncertain whether the Philippine Gallus inhabits the same islands as the Philippine Megapodii.
Gallus is only known for certain to occur in Luzon. ©

G2

28 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

+Cymbirhynchus. Tole. Dissemurus. Meiglyptes.

tCalyptomena. Criniger. Chaptia. Hemicircus.
Harpactes. Irena. Bhringa. Micropternus.
Ceyx. Analcipus. Pericrocotus. Chrysocolaptes.
Nyctiornis. Brachypteryx. Hemipus, Chrysophlegma.
Chalcococcyx. Myiophonus. Eumnyias. Tiga.
Dendrophila. Mixornis. +Philentoma. Sasia.
Chalcoparia. Malacopteron. Tchitrea. Rhopodytes.
Orthotomus. +Macronus. Leucocirca. Coccystes.
Prinia. Alcippe. Cissa. +Peloperdix.
Enicurus. Timalia. +Temuurus. Arborophila.
Corydalla. Megalurus. Dendrocitta. Perdicula.
Copsychus. Garrulax. Crypsirhina. Pavo.
Cittocincla. Pomatorhinus. Eulabes. tArgusianus.
Phyllornis. Pteruthius. Ploceus. Polyplectron.
Tora. Parus. Passer. Euplocamus.
Hypsipetes. tPlatylophus. Mirafra. tRollulus.
Ixos. Lanius. Palzornis. Metopidius.
Brachypodius. Tephrodornis. Megalaima. Gallicrex.
Pycnonotus. Buchanga. Xantholema. Hydrophasianus.

The islands to the eastward of Celebes (the Papuan or Austro-Malayan region of
Mr. Wallace) are characterized by a large number of peculiar genera. Of these at least
forty-four are absent from Celebes. Besides the families of the Epimachide and the
Paridiseide, important groups, such as Podargus, Pachycephala, and Manucodia, are all
wanting. Nor does a single Papuan Muscicapine form occur in Celebes. Papuan
genera belonging to the two great orders Psittaci and Columbe, orders which are so
largely developed in the Australian region, and in no part of that region to a greater
extent than in its Papuan subregion, are found in Celebes. ‘This fact is justly regarded
as sufficient to stamp the ornis of that island with a Papuan character. Yet among the
Psittacide such essentially typical Australian genera (also Papuan) as Lorius and Pla-
tycercus do not extend to Celebes. And several peculiar Papuan types are there
unknown. The Columbe of the Papuan subregion are well represented in Celebes;
yet, with one exception (Phlogenas), all the Papuan genera of the Gouride are
missing’.

By the annexed table it will also be seen that several remarkable Papuan forms
belonging to another characteristic Papuan family (Alcedinide) are not found in
Celebes.

Calenas is a migratory form.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 29

TaBLE VI.—Showing the principal Austro-Malayan or Papuan genera which do not
occur in Celebes.

Henicopernis. Meliphaga. Mimeta. Geoffroyius.
Podargus. Anthochera. Rectes. Charmosyna.
ALigotheles. Philemon. Cracticus. Platycercus.
Eurystopodus. Gerygone. Pachycephala. Psittacula (Cyclopsitta).
Choucalcyon. Petroica. Myiolestes. Nasiterna.
Mellidora. Peltops. Manucodia. Microglossum.
Cyanalcyon. Macherirhynchus. Ptilonorhynchus. Dasyptilus.
Syma. Arses. Lycocorax. Trugon.
Alcyone. Monarcha. Gymnocorvus. Goura.
Myzomela. Piezorhynchus. Eos. Henicophaps.
Entomophila. Micreca. Lorius. Casuarius.
Glyciphila. Todopsis.

The zoogeographical relationship of the Philippines and Celebes, as exemplified by
their birds, has been adverted to by Mr. Wallace and other writers. Unfortunately
the Philippine archipelago, with its twelve hundred islands, has been but imperfectly
explored; while the localities of many, if not of all, the known Philippine species are
but vaguely ascertained. Luzon, the island whose ornithology has been the most
investigated, is the furthest off from Celebes, and has the large island of Mindanao
and many of less importance intervening. The resemblance which exists between
the Celebean and Philippine avifaunas rests on the occurrence of Papuan genera in
Mindanao, and perhaps in South Luzon, which likewise occur in Celebes: Cacatua,
Tanygnathus, Phlogenas’, Hemiphaga, and Megapodius may be cited. ‘Two genera
seem to be confined to Celebes and the Philippines—Prioniturus and Pyrrhocentor ;
this last is only known from Mindanao. Megapodius cumingi (Gould) is stated by
Camel (v. Martens, op. cit. p. 26) to be found in Mindanao and in Mindoro. The
exact habitats of the other genera remain to be determined. The known Philippine
genera of the Picarie and Passeres are nearly all Indo-Malayan; but then they have
mostly been as yet only obtained from the neighbourhood of Manilla. They include
characteristic Indian genera unknown in Celebes. Such are, besides Hierazx, Harpactes,
Chrysocolaptes, and several other Picide, Xantholema, Irena, Copsychus, Cittacincla,
Tchitrea, Ixos, Hypsipetes, Parus, and genera such as Lanius and Turdus.

That Mindanao contains a strong Indian element, however, is shown by the fact that
Xantholema, Irena, and Copsychus have been there obtained ; rena also occurs in the
island of Panay. ‘Thus enough is known of the Philippine ornis to justify anticipation,
when it is worked out, of highly interesting zoogeographical facts, but not sufficient to

enable us to determine the degree of relationship between the avifauna of the Philippine
and Celebean areas.

1 Phlogeenas luzonica (Scop.), =cruenta (Gm.), is said by Buzeta to occur in the Calamines (conf. v. Martens,
J. fiir O. 1866, p. 25).

30 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

The absence of the two genera Criniger and Rhipidura in Celebes constitutes one of
the many peculiarities of its ornis. Criniger, represented in the neighbouring Sula
Islands by a peculiar species, possesses other representatives in many of the Moluccan
islands and throughout the Indo-Malayan subregion.

Rhipidura is still more widely and largely represented in the whole Australian region,
and in the Indo-Malayan subregion, having representatives in all the islands of the
Malay archipelago, excepting Celebes and the Sula Islands.

Then, again, the presence of the two genera Coracias and Myialestes is equally
remarkable; for they are both unknown in any part of the Indo-Malayan region, and
only reappear on the mainland of Asia.

After rejecting all those species whose Celebean origin does not rest upon the most
undoubted authority, I find that the number of birds inhabiting Celebes amounts to, at
least, one hundred and ninety-three. Of this number sixty-five are peculiar to the
island. ‘Twenty more are found also in the Sula Islands, or the Sanghir group, making
a total of eighty-five species peculiar to Celebes and the two groups just mentioned.
Of the remaining one hundred and eight species, fifty-five have Indian affinities (that
is, are elsewhere only found in the Indian region as opposed to the Australian), though
many extend beyond the limits of the Indian region; fourteen are found in the Aus-
tralian and not in the Indian region, and twenty-eight are common to both regions;
eight more species seem to be confined to the Moluccan islands; and three, not included
above, are doubtfully found beyond Celebes: these are Elanus hypoleucos, Ephialtes
menadensis, and the Celebean form of Lotreron melanocephala.

PSITTACI.
PLYCTOLOPHID.

Cacatua, Vieillot.

1. Cacatua suLPHUREA (Gm.), S. N. ed. xiii. i. p. 330, “ Moluccas” (1788), ex Brisson,
Orn. iv. p. 206, no. 9; O. Finsch, Papag. i. p. 296.
Cacatua equatorialis, Temm., Wallace, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 280.

Hab. Tomini (Forsten); Flores, Lombock (Wallace).

Dr. O. Finsch regards the individuals inhabiting the islands of Flores and Lombock
as belonging to this Celebean species. This is also Mr. Wallace’s view (/.c.). Both
authors concur in specifically separating the Timorese bird. On the other hand,
Professor Schlegel continues to include the Timorese form (C. sulphurea, apud Wallace
l. ¢., =P. buffoni, O. Finsch, op. cit. p. 300). The eminent Professor also mentions
that in the Celebean Cockatoo the iris is red, while in those of Flores, Timor, and
Lombock it is of a darker red, often passing into brown (conf. Nederl. Tijdschr. 1866,

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 31

p. 319). Dr. O. Finsch (J. ¢. p. 298), on the contrary, says that he has seen undoubted
Celebean examples with the iris almost black. Mr. G. R. Gray (Hand-list, no. 8395)
enumerates C. wquatorialis, Temm., as the title of a second Celebean species of Cacatua:
Temminck’s title was given in fact to C. sulphwrea (Gm.), and there is no evidence of
two species of Cockatoo occurring in Celebes.

PSITTACIDZ.

Tanyenatuus, Wagler.

2. Tanyenatnus mizuerr (S. Miiller & Schlegel), Verhandl. Land- en Volkenk. p. 108,
*“ Celebes ” (1839).

Psittacus sumatranus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 281, “Sumatra” (1822).

Tanygnathus albirostris, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 336, ‘‘Celebes and Sula Islands.”

Eclectus miilleri (Temm.), O. Finsch, Papag. p. 357; Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. 1866, p. 185.

Hab. Macassar, Menado, Sula Islands (Wallace); Sanghir Islands (Schlegel); Sama
Island (Cuming).

Professor Schlegel and Dr. O. Finsch affirm that the white-billed form (7. albirostris)
represents only a phase of colouring, and is not a species distinct from the red-billed
T. niilleri. The evidence which they have produced in support of this view (O. Finsch,
Papag. ii. p. 361) is strong; and examples of both forms in my own collection appear
to belong to the same species. Mr. Wallace, on the other hand, maintains that the two
birds are distinct species, and recently has written to me that “ 7. albirostris is certainly
distinct.” While Dr. O. Finsch (/.c.) states that he has seen living examples in the
Amsterdam Zoological Gardens with the white bill passing into the red bill of 7.
miilleri, Mr. Wallace informs us (J. c.) that the cry of 7. albirostris is different from that
of 7. miilleri, and that the white-billed form “is universally recognized by the natives
of Celebes as another bird.” Between the highest authority on the Psittaci and the

greatest field-naturalist of the day it is difficult to decide; and we must leave the ques-
tion open for further investigation.

If the white-billed species prove distinct, it will have in strictness to take the title
of sumatranus of Raffles. And if both forms prove to be the same species, the title
of miillert will have to fall. In his remarks on Raffles’s title, Dr. O. Finsch (J. c.) has
somewhat misunderstood Sir Stamford’s words. That author distinctly left it to be
understood that his P. swmatranus was an indigenous Sumatran species. That it is not
an inhabitant of Sumatra seems to be quite established.

82 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

PRIONITURUS, Wagler.
3. PRIONITURUS PLATURUS (Kuhl), Consp. p. 43, “‘ Nova Caledonia” (1820).

Psittacus setarius, Temm. Pl. Col. 15, “ Timor,” errore (October 7, 1820).
Prioniturus wallacei, Gould, Birds of Asia, pt. 14, “ Celebes ” (1862),

Hab. Menado, Macassar (Wallace).

Dr. O. Finsch in his great work (Papageien, ii. p. 395) has thoroughly disentangled
the synonymy of this species, the true habitat of which Mr. Wallace was the first to
discover. The existence of any species of the genus, much less of this one, in the island
of Timor, is quite unauthenticated; nor has this bird been found in New Caledonia.

4, PRIONITURUS FLAVICANS, Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 73 (1853); Gould,
Birds of Asia, pt. 14.

Hab. Tondano (Forsten).

Loricuus, Blyth.

5. LoricuLus stiematus (Miiller & Schlegel), Verhandl. Land- en Volkenk. p. 182,
“ Celebes ” (1841); Schlegel, Dierentuin, p. 70, woodcut.

Hab. Gorontalo, Tondano (Forsten) ; Macassar (Wallace).

6. LoricuLus scLaTERI, Wallace, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 336, pl. 38, ‘Sula Islands,”

Hab. Sula Islands (Wallace); Celebes (Von Rosenberg, fide Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr.
1866, p. 186),

7. LoricuLus extuis, Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. p. 185 (1865); O. Finsch, Papag. ii.
p. 729, pl. 5.

Hab. North Celebes (Schlegel, fide O. Finsch); Menado (Meyer).
In the original description the origin of this species was omitted by Professor Schlegel.

TRICHOGLOSSIDA.

TricuoeLossus, Vigors & Horsfield.

8, 'TRICHOGLOSSUS ORNATUS (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 143. no. 19, “ Asia” (1766),
ex Edwards, pl. 174.

Hab. Macassar (Wallace); Minahasa (Von Rosenberg); Menado (mus. nostr.).
This species is also stated by 8S. Miiller and Von Rosenberg to inhabit the island of
Buton—an assertion on which Dr. O. Finsch (Papag. ii. p. 844) places little reliance.

9. TRicHoGLossus MEYERI (Pl. IV.), Walden, Ann. N. H. series 4, vol. viii. p. 281,
“ Menado ” (1871).

Hab, Menado (Meyer).

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 33

RAPACES.
FALCONID.

FALCONINA.
Hyportriorcuis, Boie.
10. Hyporriorcuis severvs (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 135, “Java ” (1822);
Wallace, Ibis, 1868, p. 5.
Falco aldrovandi, Reinw., Temm. Pl. Col. 128, “ Java” (August 2, 1823).
Hab. Macassar, Salwatty ; most probably occurs in every island of the archipelago
(Wallace); Java (Schlegel); Nipaul (Hodgson); Himalayas (Jerdon); Ceylon (Holds-

worth).
Tinnuncuvs, Vieillot’.

11. Tixnuncuus Motuccensis, Jacquin. & Pucheran, Voy. Péle Sud, Zool. iii. p. 47,
«“ Amboyna” (1853).

Cresserelle des Moluques, Hombr. & Jacquin. op. cit, Atlas, pl. 1. fig. 2 (July 1843) ; Schlegel,
Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 3 (1842).

Hab. Celebes, all the Moluccas, Flores, Timor, and Goram (Wallace); Borneo
(Schlegel); Java (Bocarmé); Menado (mus. nostr.).

The Javan habitat of this Kestrel seems to rest solely on the authority of the Vicomte
de Bocarmé, as quoted by Professor Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, Falcones, p. 28).

ACCIPITRINA.

LopHospizA, Kaup.
12. LopHospiza @RisEiceps (Schlegel), Mus. Pays-Bas, Astwres, p. 23 (1862), “* Celebes ;”
Wallace, Ibis, 1864, p. 184, pl. 5.
Hab. Macassar, Menado (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.); Gorontalo (Forsten).

TrraspizA, Kaup.
13. TeRaspiza RHODOGASTRA (Schlegel), Valkv. Nederl. Ind. pp. 21 & 60, pl. 12. figs. 5 & 6.
Nisus virgatus rhodogaster, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Astures, p. 32.

Hab. Celebes (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.); Gounong-Pello, district of Gorontalo
(Forsten).
Eryturospiza, Kaup.
14. Eryrarospiza TRInotata (Bp.), Consp. Av. i. p. 33, “ Celebes” (1850).
Nisus trinotatus, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Astures, p. 45; Valkv. Nederl. Ind. pp. 27 & 65, pl. 19.
figs. 1, 2, 3.
Hab. Macassar, Menado (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.); Gorontalo (Forsten).

1 It is a debatable question whether the generic title Cerchnets, Boie (1826), the type of which is F.
rupicolus, Daud., should not be employed rather than that of Tinnunculus, Vieillot (1807), the type of which
is F. columbarius, Linn,

VOL, VIIL—-PART Il. May, 1872. H

34 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Eryrurosriza rocastra (S. Miller), Verhandl. Land- en Volkenk. p. 110, “Amboyna” (1839 ?).
Accipiter hyogaster, 8. Miiller, Jacquin. & Pucheran, Voy. Péle Sud. iii. p. 48, “‘ Macassar.”
Epervier océanien, Hombron & Jacquin. op. cit. Atlas, pl. 2. fig. 1.

Jacquinot is our only authority for the occurrence of this species, as identified by
Pucheran, in Celebes ; but as his notes relating to localities are not always trustworthy,
and as A. iogaster is not given from Celebes by either 8. Miiller, Professor Schlegel, or
Mr. Wallace, I shall not include it in this list. In this instance Jacquinot’s authority
is doubly untrustworthy; for he identified A. rufitorques, Peale, with A. iogaster, and
noted the two examples, which he figured (J. ¢.) as having been obtained in the Viti
Islands and at Macassar. It is quite possible that A. togaster does occur in Celebes ;
and it is difficult to determine the A. cruentus, Gould, ap. Schlegel, M. P.-Bas, Astures,
p- 42, male adulte, Célébes, Voy. de Reinwardt, “gorge d’un roussdtre uniforme,”
unless we refer it to A. iogaster. And yet, under Nisus cruentus (Valkv. Nederl. Ind.
p. 61), Professor Schlegel does not allude to this specimen, nor does he give Celebes
as a locality for V. cruentus.

Tacuyspiza, Kaup.
15. Tacuyspiza soLoinsis (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 137, “Java” (1822); Mus.
Pays-Bas, Astures, p. 44.
Falco cuculoides, Temm. Pl. Col. livr. xxii. pls. 110, 129, “‘ Java” (August 2, 1828).

Hab. New Guinea, Batchian, Sumatra, Malacca (Wallace); Java, Philippines
(Schlegel); Menado (mus. nostr.) ; North Celebes (Forsten).

AQUILINA.

Neopvus, Hodgson.
16. NEopus MALayEnsis (Reinw.), Pl. Col. 117 (26th June, 1824), “Java, Sumatra.”
NS

Hab. Java, Sumatra (Temminck); most of the hilly and jungly districts of India
(Jerdon); Simla (mus. nostr.); Nepaul (Hodgs.); Malacca (mus. nostr.); Celebes
(Bernstein) ; Ceylon (Layard).

Limnaétus, Vigors.
17. Limwaiirus LANCEOLATUS, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 29, “ Celebes” (1850).

Spizaétus cirratus, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Astures, p. 9, ex Celebes.

Hab. Celebes (Waill.); Menado (mus. nostr.); Tondano (Forsten); Sula Islands
(Wallace).

The example in my collection has been identified by Mr. J. H. Gurney as a young
individual of the above species. Underneath pure white; thigh-coverts faintly fringed
with pale fulvous; entire head and nape pale fulvous-white; remaining upper plumage
hair-brown, darkest in shade at the end of each feather, unexposed portion of each

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 35

feather being pure white; minor and major under wing-coverts pure white, a few
possessing a terminal light-brown spot or drop; axillaries immaculate white; major
wing-coverts brown on outer, white, barred with brown, on the inner web; no trace of
an occipital crest; bill exceedingly powerful, height from festoon to culmen being full
five eighths of an inch. This bird closely resembles a Cingalese example of a young
8. cirrhatus, Gm. (=8. cristatellus, Temm.) in my collection. The only points of dif-
ference in the Cingalese individual being, besides its smaller dimensions, a black
occipital crest three inches and a half long, the major wing-coverts being mostly white,
and the axillaries and thigh-coverts being white, largely dashed, freckled, and barred
with a clear tint of pale rufous. In the Celebean bird the tarsal feathers incline to
cover the insertion of the toes. Dimensions:—wing 16 inches, tail 118, tarsus 34,
mid toe with claw 23, bill from gape 2,

Po.ioaktus, Kaup.

18. Poxioaiitus nuMIiis (Miill. et Schlegel), Verh. Ned. overz. Bez. Aves, p. 47, pl. 6,
“Sumatra;” Wallace, Ibis, 1868, p. 14; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Aguile,
p. 18.

Hab. Celebes (Wallace); Sumatra (Miller); Malay peninsula (Blyth); Bengal
(Schlegel).

Cuncuma, Hodgson.

19. Cuncuma LEUcOoGASTER (Gm.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 257 (1788); Valkv. Neder. Ind. pl. 4.
figs. 1,2; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p.15; Mus. Pays-Bas, Aquila, p. 14.

Hab. Malacca, Celebes, Gilolo, Batchian, Morty, Aru Islands (Wallace); Macassar
(mus. nostr); all over India, chiefly on the coast (Jerdon); Australia, Tasmania (Gould);
Timor, Sumatra, Java, Ternate (Schlegel); Ceylon (Layard).

Sprtornis, G. R. Gray.

20. SpPILORNIS RUFIPECTUS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 222, “ Macassar;” Schlegel, Valky.
Nederl. Ind. p. 72, pl. 23; Mus. Pays-Bas, Buteones, p. 27.

Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.); Celebes (Wallace); Tondano, Gorontalo (Forsten).

MILVINA.

Hatiastvr, Selby.

21. HALIASTUR LEUCOSTERNUS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 138, “ Australia ;” Birds of Austr.
i. pl. 4; Valkv. Nederl. Ind. pl. 4. fig. 3.
Hab. Celebes, all the Moluccas, New Guinea (Wallace); northern and eastern shores

of Australia (Gould); Macassar (8. Miller); Goenong-Tello, district of Gorontalo,
Tondano (forsten).

H2

36 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Mitvvs, Cuvier.

22. MILvus aFFINIs, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 140; Birds of Austr. i. pl. 21; Wallace,
Ibis, 1868, p. 16; Valkv. Nederl. Ind. pl. 20. fig. 1.

Hab. Macassar, Timor (Wallace); Australia (Gould).
I hesitate to include Sumatra within the range of this form, as that habitat rests
only on the correct identification of a skeleton in the Leyden Museum.

Exanvs, Savigny.

23. ELANUS HyYPoLEucus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 127, “‘ Macassar;” Wallace, Ibis,
1868, p. 17.

? Elanus intermedius, Schlegel, Mus. Pas-Bas, Milvi, p. 7 (1862).

Hab. Macassar (Wallace); and if the same as FE. intermedius, Schlegel, North Celebes,
Borneo, Java (Schlegel).

Prrnis, Cuvier.

24, PERNIS PTILORHYNCHA (Temm.), Pl. Col. livr. viii. pl. 44, “Java et Sumatra” (26th
July, 1823); Verh. Ned. overz. Bezitt. Aves, p. 49, pl. 7, “Sumatra.”
Pernis cristata, Cuv.' R. Anim. ed. 2, i. p. 835, “ Java” (1829).
Var. celebensis, Schlegel, Valkv. Nederl. Ind. pl. 26. f. 4; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 17.
Hab. Celebes only, if distinct from Indian and Malayan species (conf. Wallace, 1. c.).
In Mr. J. H. Gurney’s opinion the Celebean Pernis should receive a distinct specific
title; and Mr. Wallace writes that it is distinct. I have been unable to examine any
examples.

Baza, Hodgson.

25. Baza Maantrostris, G. R. Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 19, “ Philippine
Islands;” Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 8343; Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866,
p- 328; Schlegel, Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 40, 75, pl. 28. f. 4, 5.
Pernis crassirostris, Kaup, Contrib. Orn. 1850, p. 77.
Hab. Philippines (type); Celebes, Sulu Islands (Wallace); Borneo (Schlegel).
Professor Schlegel (Valkv. p. 77) states that the types of Lophotes reinwardtit,
Schlegel & Miiller (Verh. Ned. overz. Bezitt. Aves, p. 37, pl. 5. figs. 1, 2, “ Celebes”’),
were not obtained by Reinwardt in Celebes, and that the Dutch travellers have never
obtained it in that island. The Professor, while identifying the Celebean Baza with
the Philippine species, points out differences which may eventually prove sufficient to
justify the Celebean bird being specifically separated from the Philippine.
In the ‘ Hand-list’ Mr. Gray has introduced B. reinwardtit as a second Celebean

1 Tt seems to have been overlooked that, although Cuvier discriminated this species in 1817, he only conferred
a Latin title on it in 1829.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 87

species. No authentic account of its occurrence in Celebes has as yet been published,
while Professor Schlegel and Mr. Wallace restrict its range to Bourou, Ceram, and
Amboyna.

BuTrEONINA.

Pottornis, Kaup.

26. PoLIoRNIS LIVENTER (Temm.), Pl. Col. livr. Ixxiv. pl. 438, “Java” (September 22,
1837); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Buteones, p. 21.

Hab. Celebes (Wallace); Java, Timor (Mus. Lugd.); Macassar (S. Miller); Toungoo,
Burma (mus. nostr.); Siam (Gurney).

27. Potiornis npicus (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 264. no. 68 (1789), ex Latham.
Javan Hawk, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 34%. no. 8, 7d, “ Java.”

Falco javanicus, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 163. no. 87, ex Lath. (1821).

Falco poliogenys (Temm.), Pl. Col. livr. lv. pl. 325, “Tle de Lugon” (February 28, 1825).

Buteo pyrrhogenys, Schlegel (lapsu calami), Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 21, pl. 73, “ Japan.”

Astur barbatus, Eyton, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 227, “ Malacca” (1845).

Buteo pygmeus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 177, “ Tenasserim provinces,” op. cit. 1850, p. 339.

Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.); Gilolo (mus. nostr.); Lugon (Dussumier); Japan
(Schlegel); Morty Isl., Sanguir Isl. (Mus. Lugd.); Java (Latham); Malacca (Eyton) ;
Tenasserim Prov. (Blyth).

The designation F. indicus, Gm., is rejected by Professor Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas,
Buteones), on the ground of its being undeterminable. Gmelin gave that title to the
Javan Hawk, described by Latham from an individual which flew on board a vessel off
the coast of Java. Mr. J. H. Gurney informs me (7m epist.) that, having compared
Latham’s description with the three Asiatic species of Poliornis, he agrees with the late
Mr. Strickland (and consequently with Mr. G. R. Gray, List B. Mus. p. 68, 1848) in
identifying it with F. poliogenys, Temm. “ Latham’s description agrees in all respects,”
continues Mr. Gurney, “‘ except that he speaks of five transverse bars on the tail, and I
have not seen more than four, and in one specimen only three.” My Celebean and
Gilolo examples only possess three bars. But in the ‘Fauna Japonica’ Professar
Schlegel states that this species has four or five caudal bands.

Mr. Blyth tells me that he considers his B. pygmcus to be the same as F. poliogenys,
Temm., and that Mr. Eyton’s description of Astur barbatus sufficiently applies to
B. pygmeus.

Circus, Lacépéde.

28. CIRCUS ASSIMILIS, Jardine & Selby, Illustr. Ornith. ii. pl. 51, juw., “ New Holland”
(1826); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Circi, p.9; Walkv. Nederl. Ind. pl. 20. figs. 2, 3.

Circus jardinii, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 141, “ New South Wales ;” Wallace, Ibis, 1868, p. 19, adult.
Hab. Celebes (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.); Gorontalo (Forsten); Macassar

38 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES:

S. Miller); New South Wales (Gould); Central Polynesia, if identical with C. approai-
mans (Peale); Viti islands (Finsch and Hartlaub).

Professor Schlegel (J. c.) mentions that the Macassar example in the Leyden Museum,
a female in first plumage, obtained by S. Miiller, perfectly agrees with the figures of
C. assimilis as given by both Jardine and Selby and by Mr. Gould. But C. assimilis,
J. &S., and C. assimilis, J. & S. apud Gould (B. Austr. pl. 26), are two distinct species,
both inhabiting Australia, but with different ranges, C. assimilis, J. & S., being the
young bird of C. jardinii, Gould, pl. 27, and C. assimilis, J. & S. apud Gould, pl. 26,
being a distinct species ranging into New Zealand, but not occurring in South Aus-
tralia, and named C. gouldi, Bp. Consp. p. 34, ex Austr., and Rev. de Zool. 1850, p. 491,
“de la Nouvelle Hollande.” C. gouldi, Bp., was described by its author (fide Schlegel,
l.c.) from specimens in the Leyden Museum, “acquis comme provenant de la Pata-
gonie;” and Professor Schlegel identifies them with C. macropterus, Vieill. Mr. J. H.
Gurney is of opinion that they are not C. macropterus, that the types came from
Australia, as twice over stated by Prince Bonaparte, and not from South America, and
that they are identical with C. assimilis, J. & 8. apud Gould, nec J. & S.C. assimilis,
J.&8., =C. jardinii, Gould, Mr. Gurney informs me, has alone been obtained in
Celebes. C. wolfi, Gurney, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 823, pl. 44, ex New Caledonia, and which
Messrs. Finsch and Hartlaub (Centr. Polyn. p. 7) identify with one of the two Aus-
tralian Harriers (for they confound the two), Mr. Gurney assures me is a perfectly
distinct species.

STRIGID.

ATHENE, Boie.

29. ATHENE PUNCTULATA (Quoy et Gaim.), Voy. Astrolabe, Zool. i. p. 165, pl. i. f. 1,
“ Celebes” (1830); Mus. Pays-Bas, Striges, p. 29.

Hab. Macassar (Wallace) ; Menado (Schlegel).
30. ATHENE OCHRACEA (Schlegel), Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, p. 183, “ Negrilama,
Celebes” (1866).

’ Hab. Celebes (Rosenberg).

I refer this species to Athene with some doubt, never having seen an example. The
description reads like that of a Vinor. One specimen only, and that of a female, seems
to be known. Professor Schlegel (/. ¢.) remarks that it resembles generally his Noctua
philippensis’, but that it has a longer tail, and that the style of colouring differs.

? Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, p. 183, = Ninow philippensis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xli. p. 655 (1855)?

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 39

EpHIALTES, Keyserling & Blasius.

81. Epuianres macious (Schlegel), Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 25, “ Amboyna, Celebes ” (1842) ;
Bp. Consp. p. 46; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Odi, p. 22.

Ephialtes leucospila, G. R. Gray apud Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 25.

Hab. Amboyna (S. Miller); Gorontalo (Forsten).

The range of the Celebean species referred to the above title has not as yet been
ascertained ; and its right to that title even has yet to be proved. Otus magicus is the
MS. title given by S. Miiller to a Scops Owl inhabiting Amboyna. Professor Schlegel
(Faun. Jap.) seems to have identified the Celebean bird with that of Amboyna; for there
is no note in the Mus. Pays-Bas of Celebean examples obtained by S. Miller. Unfor-
tunately, as Miiller never published a description, his title cannot be fixed on the
Amboyna bird. If Professor Schlegel is right in considering the Amboyna and Cele-
bean species identical, there can be no question that their title must stand EZ. magicus
But this view is not adopted by Mr. Wallace, who identifies (/. c.) the Celebean
species with the Papuan E. leucospila, G. R. Gray, and leaves E. magicus as the title of
the Amboyna and Ceram forms. Mr. J. H. Gurney is doubtful whether EZ. leucospila
can be separated from FE. magicus, but has had no Amboyna examples for comparison.
He has kindly sent me the following note on the subject:—‘*The Norwich Museum
has ten specimens of Ephialtes lewcospila, but only one of E. magicus as limited
by Mr. Wallace. This specimen does not differ from some of those of E. leucospila
more than they do amongst themselves; and I am therefore disposed to agree with
Professor Schlegel in thinking that the two are not really separable, unless it be right
to separate the different phases of E. leucospila, which appear to vary somewhat in
measurement, and also a good deal in the relative darkness of their markings. In the
following list of the Norwich specimens I begin with the darkest and finish with the
lightest, and I also give the length of the tarsus and of the wing from the carpal joint
to the tip :—

Wing. Tarsus.
E. LEUcOsPILA.
No. 1. East Gilolot .......... a" 6 | 1” 83' | Very dark. Mr. Gray’s type specimen.
2. Morty Island .......... 7 0 1 2 | Dark and rufous.
3. Morty Island.......... 6 6 12 ))
4. Morty Island,?........ 7 0 1 2
Be GilolO:23 wade snes we ces 6 9 1 2 Intermediate in colour between the darkest and
6. Ternate, d ........ 0 eee 7 0 1 2 lightest extremes, and all nearly alike.
7. Batchian,@ .......... 7 0 1 2
8. Celebes,@ ........000. 7 6 1 8
9. Bouru,d ........000. 5 1 3 :
10. tia ee 5 1 3 \ Much paler, and nearly alike.
1.¢ re ee re eee ; 7 9 1 3 Rather more mottled on the back than the specimen
of E. leucospila, but comes very near to no. 8.

? Erroneously given in P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 345, as 6” 6’.

40 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

“Tf the races are separable, I should think that probably the birds from Ceram, and
Amboyna also (according to Wallace), and perhaps those from Celebes, should stand as
E. magicus, and those from Morty, Gilolo, Ternate, and Batchian as E. leucospila,
from which the pale-coloured birds from Bouru may be also separable. But the
differences are too slender to form a basis for specific distinction, and very probably
are not constant.”

Mr. G. R. Gray (Hand-list, i. p. 46) treats these forms as distinct species, but makes
them both to be inhabitants of Celebes.

32, EPHIALTES MENADENSIS (Quoy et Gaimard), Voy. Astrolabe, Zool. i. p. 170, pl. 2.
fig. 2, “ Menado” (1830); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ott, p. 20; Wallace, Ibis,
1868, p. 25.

Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten); Macassar, Menado, Island of Flores (Wallace).

Dr. Hartlaub (Faun. Madagasc.) identified the Madagascar brown form, Scops mada-
gascariensis, Grandid., with the Celebean EL. menadensis, but retained S. rutilus, Pucher.
(Archives du Mus. iv. pl. 22), as a distinct species. Professor Schlegel (Rech. s. 1.
Faun. Mad.) concurs with Dr. Hartlaub, but besides points out that S. rutilus is
nothing but the rufous phase. Mr. J. H. Gurney (Ibis, 1869, p. 452) admits the
identity of the two Madagascar forms, but considers the Madagascar to be a larger
local race of the Celebean FE. menadensis, and (in epist.) “ would be disposed to rank
it as one for which a specific name is convenient.” One of Forsten’s Celebean
examples (Mus. Pays-Bas, /. c.), “‘ teintes tirant fortement au roux,” leads us to expect
that EH. menadensis will yet be found in Celebes exhibiting the rufous livery of 8.
rutilus, Pucher. The Flores habitat rests solely on the authority of Mr. Wallace.
Celebean examples only are contained in the Leyden Museum.

Ninox, Hodgson.
33. Ninox Japonicus (Bp.), Consp. i. p. 41 (1850), ex Schlegel, Faun. Jap. pl. 9.
Noctua hirsuta japonica, Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. 1866, p. 182.

Hab. Celebes (Von Rosenberg); Japan, China (Schlegel).

The occurrence of a species of Minox in Celebes was first made known by Professor
Schlegel (J. c.). One example, collected by Von Rosenberg, is stated by the Professor
to be absolutely identical with Japanese and Chinese individuals. A second Celebean
example, obtained by the same collector, Professor Schlegel considers to be more nearly
related to the Minox of continental India. A third example, sent from the island of
Sanghir, the same author regards as most nearly resembling the Bornean form Athene
borneensis, Bp., but with larger dimensions. The range of the subgenus Minor is
extensive. Its members are found in Ceylon, which furnished the type of Strix hirsuta,
Temm.; in Southern and Central India, 8. lugubris, Tickell; in the Himalayas, WV.
nipalensis, Hodgs., whence they extend eastward and north-eastward to Japan, where

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 4]

they become A. japonica, Bp. To the southward they are found in Bengal, Burma,
and Cochin China. In the Malaccan peninsula they bear the title of A. malaccensis,
Eyton, in the Andamans, WV. affinis, Tytler; while of the Indo-Malayan Islands,
Sumatra contains the type of S&. scutulata, Raffles; Borneo, A. borneensis, Bp.; and
the Philippines, WV. philippensis, Bp. (Compt. Rend. xli. p. 655, 1855). A skeleton in
the Leyden Museum is our only evidence of Java possessing a species of this group, to
which A. florensis, Wallace, ex Flores, appears also to belong. The Madagascar WV.
madagascariensis, Bp., so closely resembles the Indian Minox, that Dr. Hartlaub
(Faun. Madagasc.) considers that it can hardly be separated as even a local race
(conf. J. H. Gurney, Ibis, 1869, p. 453). Enough has been said to show that all the
local varieties have yet to be rigidly compared with one another before the exact title
of the Celebean Minox can be absolutely determined.

Srrix, Linneus.
34, STRIX ROSENBERGI, Schlegel, Neder]. Tijdschr. iii. p. 181, “ Celebes” (1866); Wallace,
Ibis, 1868, p. 26.

Hab. Molido, Boni, Gorontalo (Rosenberg); Menado (mus. nostr.); Macassar
(Wallace).

A very distinct and fine species.

PICARLA.

PICIDZ.

MULLERIPICUS, Bonaparte.

35. MULLERIPICUS FULVUS (Quoy et Gaimard), Voy. Astrol. i. p. 228, pl. 17. f. 2, 2,
“ Celebes” (1830); Malh. Monogr. i. p. 53, pl.14. f.1,¢, £.2,2.

Hab. Macassar, Menado (mus. nostr.).

The affinities of this interesting species are nearer to M. pulverulentus (Tem.) than to
the group of large black-and-white species represented by P. javensis. Malherbe (2. ¢.)
erroneously referred P. fulvigaster, Drap. (Dict. Sc. Nat. viii. p. 621, ex Java), to this
species, instead of to P. javensis, o, Horsf. (1822), =P. horsfeldit, , Wagler (1827),
=P. leucogaster, Reinw. (1830).

Younerricus, Bonaparte.

36, YUNGIPIcUS TEMMINcKII (Malherbe), Rev. Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 529, “ Celebes ;”
Malh. Monogr. i. p. 155, pl. 36. f. 3, 2.

Hab. Celebes (Mus. Lugd.); Macassar (Wallace).
VOL. VIII.—PART 11. May, 1872. I

42 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Founded on a single example of a female in the Leyden Museum. Allied to Y. kisuki,
but considered a good species by Temminck and Bonaparte.

Prince Bonaparte (Consp. i. p. 129) described a specimen of a Woodpecker, Picus
sanguineus, Lichtenst. (Cat. Hamb. p. 17), which was wrongly labelled in the Leyden
Museum as coming from Celebes, under the title of Venilia albertuli.

MEROPID.

Menrops, Linnezeus.

37. MEROPS PHILIPPINUS, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13' (Vindob.), i. p. 183. no. 5 (1767), ex
Brisson.
Apiaster philippensis major, Brisson, Orn. iv. p. 560, “ Philippine Islands.”

Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.); Indian region.

Examples of the Bee-eater, usually referred to Brisson’s Philippine species, from
North-east India, Candeish, Malabar, Coorg, Ceylon, Sumatra, and Java, are undistin-
guishable; and my Celebean specimens do not appear to differ.

In the Hand-list, no. 1208, Mr. G. R. Gray keeps the species which inhabits India,
Ceylon, Java, Flores, Lombok, and Timor separate from the Philippine bird, and refers
it to Merops daudini, Cuvier. Cuvier bestowed this title (Régne Anim. i. p. 442) on
Levaillant’s Guépier daudin (pl. 14). Levaillant distinctly states that he described
his species from examples brought from the Philippines by Sonnerat and Poivre. The
title of Merops daudini therefore applies to a Philippine species, and cannot be used for
the Indian species even if the Indian bird really does differ.

38. MrrRops ornatus, Latham, Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxxv, “New Holland” (1801);
Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 147; P.Z.S. 1862, p. 338.

Hab. Celebes (Wallace); Java (mus. nostr.); Flores, Lombock, Timor, Sula Islands,
Sumbawa, Ternate, Mysol, New Guinea (Wallace); Gilolo (Bernstein); New South
Wales, South Australia (Gould); Clarence River, Port Albany (mus. nostr.).

Sula-Island examples perfectly agree with Australian. The Philippine Bee-eater
referred to this species by Von Martens (J. fiir Orn. 1866, p. 17), seems to belong to
another species allied to J. viridis, Linn.

Meropocon, Bonaparte.

39. MEROPOGON FORSTENI (Temm.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 164, “ Celebes” (1850); Schlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Merops, p. 8; Meyer, J. fiir O. 1871, p. 231.

Hab. Tondano (Forsten); Rurukan (Meyer).
Mr. Wallace failed in obtaining this species (Ibis, 1860, p. 142).

* In the twelfth edition (“‘ Holmiz”) the title of this species was omitted by the printer’s mistake.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 43

CORACIID.

Coracias, Linneeus.

40, Coractas TemMincxnt (Vieillot), N. Dict. Sc. Nat. xxix. p. 435, “I'Inde” (1819), ex
Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Promér. & Guép. iii. Suppl. p. 46, pl. G; Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, Coraces, p.138; Wallace, Malay Archipel. i. p. 337.

Coracias papuensis, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de ’Astrol. Zool. p. 220, pl. 16, “ Dorey,” errore (1830).

Hab. Kema (Forsten); Gorontalo, Modelido (Von Rosenberg) ; Menado (mus. nostr.) ;

Macassar (Wallace).

In the ‘ Hand-list,’ no. 899, Mr. G. R. Gray extends the range of this species to the

Sula Islands. Mr. Wallace is unable to confirm this statement, but writes to me that it

is probable. I have failed in finding any confirmation among the Dutch writers.

Evrystomus, Vieillot.

41. Evrystomus orientauis (Linn.), S. N. ed. 12, i. p. 159, ex Briss.; Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, Coraces, p. 139.
Eurystomus pacificus (Lath.), ap. Wallace, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 339.

Hab. Limbotto, Gorontalo, Bongka, Ayer-pannas, Boné (Von Rosenberg); Menado
(mus. nostr.); Indian region.

The Eurystomus of Celebes belongs to the Asiatic and not to the Australian type,
E. pacificus (Lath.). It is not to be distinguished from Ceylon and Indian examples.

ALCEDINID.

DACELONINA.

Monacuatcyon, Reichenbach.

42. MONACHALCYON PRINCEPS (Forsten), Mus. Lugd.; Bp. Consp. i. p. 154, “ Celebes,”
adult; Schlegel, Vog. Ned. Ind. Zjsvogels, pl. 7. f. 1, 2, 3.
Dacelo cyanocephalus, Forsten, Mus. Lugd.

monachus, Temm. Mus. Lugd.
Monachalcyon monachus, Sharpe, Mon. Alcedinide, pt. xi. no. 87.

Hab. Kema, Menado (Forsten).

Mr. Sharpe, in his excellent Monograph, has adopted the specific title of monachus,
given by Temminck to the very young bird. I have preferred, in the absence of any
recognized rule in such a case, to use the title bestowed by Forsten on the fully adult
bird.

Ceram and Ternate are cited by Mr. G. R. Gray (Hand-list, no. 1068) as additional
habitats of this remarkable species; it appears, however, to be a purely Celebean bird.

12

44 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

SAUROPATIS, Cabanis.
43. SAUROPATIS CHLORIS (Bodd.), Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 49 (1783), ex Buff.; Sharpe, Monogr.
pt. xii. no. 102.
Alcedo collaris, Scopoli, Fl. Faun. Insub. ii. p. 90 (1786), ex Sonn.
Hab. Macassar (Wallace).

The geographical distribution of this species will be found fully given by Mr. Sharpe
(2. 8. 6).

44, Savropatis sancta (Vig. & Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 206, ‘“ New Holland”
(1825); Sharpe, Monogr. p. xii. no. 104.

Mr. Sharpe (/.¢.) has not included Celebes within the range of this species; but
Mr. Wallace has informed me that he obtained it, as well as S. chloris, at Macassar.

45, SAUROPATIS FORSTENI, Temm. Bp. Consp. i. p. 157, “Celebes” (1850); Schlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Alcedines, p. 87; Schlegel, Vog. Ned. Ind. Zjsvogels, p. 29, pl. 11.
f.1; Sharpe, Monogr. pt. xii. no. 103.

Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten).

The type specimen, an adult female, preserved at Leyden, is the only individual
known. In Prince Bonaparte’s diagnosis Professor Schlegel (J. c.) substitutes the words
“ subtus nigrescens” for “ subtus alba.” Mr. Sharpe informs me that “it is close to
H. chloris, of which perhaps it is only an accidental variety.”

Todiramphus funebris (Forsten), Bp. (0. ¢.), is from Gilolo, and not from Celebes, nor
has Alcedo diops, Temm., been found there since Temminck described the species.

CALLIALCYON, Bonaparte.
46. CaLLIALcYon RUFA (Wallace), P. Z. S. 1862, p. 338, “Sula Islands and Celebes.”
Halcyon coromanda (Lath., pt.), Sharpe, Monogr. pt. ix. no. 69.

Hab. Celebes, Sula Islands (Wallace); Macassar (Wallace).

The Celebean Callialcyon is the largest and most brilliantly coloured of the group.
In both these respects it differs; and I therefore do not hesitate to retain Mr. Wallace’s
title.

Crrrura, Reichenbach.
47. Crrtura cyanovis (Temm.), Nouv. Rec. livr. xliv. pl. 262, “Sumatra” (!), errore
(March 27, 1824); Sharpe, Monogr. pt. ii. no. 10, “Celebes;” Wallace, Ibis,
1860, p. 142.

Hab. Kema (Forsten); Celebes (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.).

The true habitat of this species was made known by Professor Schlegel some seven
years ago (Mus. Pays-Bas); and to Mr. Wallace we owe not only a confirmation of the
fact, but interesting notes on the habits of the bird. It is not improbable that the
differences whereon Mr. Sharpe founded his C. sanghirensis will prove to be common to
the Celebean bird in certain phases of plumage.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 45

Crycopsis, Salvadori.

48, CHYCOPSIS FALLAX (Schlegel), Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, p. 187, “ Celebes ;”
Sharpe, Monogr. part v. no. 37.
Hab. Edges of creeks in the mountainous parts of Celebes (Schlegel) ; Menado (mus.
nostr.).
Tanysiptera riedelit, J. Verreaux, N. Arch. du Mus. ii. Bulletin, p. 23, pl. 3. £1
(1866), is not a Celebean bird. See P. Z. 8. 1872, p. I.

ALCEDININ A.

PELARGOPSIS, Gloger.

49, PELARGOPSIS MELANORHYNCHA (Temm.), Pl. Col. 391, “ Celebes” (10th June, 1826);
Sharpe, Monogr. pt. ix. no. 66.

Hab Celebes (Reinwardt); Menado (mus. nostr.); Sula Islands (Wallace).

Aucepo, Linneus.
50. ALcEDO MoLvccENsIs, Blyth, J. A.S. B. xv. p. 11, “Moluccas” (1846); Cat. Calc.
Mus. no. 215, p. 49, “ Celebes, Moluccas ;” Sharpe, Mongr. pt. x. no. 74.
Alcedo minor moluccensis, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Alcedines, p.8; Schlegel, Vog. Ned. Ind.
Gsvogels, p. 5, pl. 1. f. 4, 5.
Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten); Celebes, Bouru, Gilolo, Flores (Wallace); Salawati,
Ceram, Batchian, Mysol, Amboina (Von Rosenberg).

It was probably Celebean examples of this species which Temminck mistook for the
common European Kingfisher (Pl. Col. 272, note).

51. ALCEDO ASIATICA, Swainson, Zool. Illustr. Ist ser. i. pl. 50, “some part of India”
(1820-21); Sharpe, Monogr. pt. x. no. 75.

Alcedo meninting, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 172, “Java” (1822); Temm. Nouv. Rec. pl. 239,
f, 2, “ Java and Sumatra ;” Schlegel, Vog. Ned. Ind. Jjsvogels, p. 6, pl. 3. f. 2, 3.

Hab. Indo-Malayan region, Macassar (Wallace); Gorontalo (Von Rosenberg); Lom-
bock (Wallace).

CYPSELIDZ.

MacroptTeryx, Swainson.
52. Macropreryx WALLaci (Gould), P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 100, ** Macassar.”’
Hab. Celebes, Sula Islands (Wallace); Macassar, Menado (mus. nostr.).
This species is closely allied to M. klecho, but differs in being considerably larger and
in haying the crown of the head, the shoulder-coverts, the edgings of the quills, and the

upper surface of the rectrices of a deeper shade of blue-green. Dimensions of wing in
M. wallacti, seven inches and a quarter; in M. klecho, six inches and a quarter.

46 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

CotuocaLia, G. R. Gray.

53. CoLLOcALIA ESCULENTA (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 343. no. 2 (1766), ex Rumph.
Herb. Amb.; Wallace, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 384.
Collocalia hypoleuca, G. R. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 170, “ Aru Islands ;”? Hand-list, no. 749; Ann.
Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xvii. p. 120.

Hab. Celebes, Timor, Moluccas, Aru Islands (Wallace).

Notwithstanding the reasons advanced by Mr. G. R. Gray (0. c.), Mr. Wallace’s argu-
ments in favour of this species being the true Hirundo esculenta, Linn., appear to me to
be decisive. Rumphius does not speak of “the concealed white spots on the tail-feathers
as if there were one on each” (Gray, op. cit. p. 126). On the contrary, by the expres-
sion “‘only when the feathers are separated the white spots become visible,” Rumphius
leaves it to be inferred that all the white spots are concealed, and therefore that the
middle pair of tail-feathers are immaculate. The statement of Linneus that “ all the
tail-feathers are spotted with white,” is an inaccurate rendering of the description given
by Rumphius.

54, CoLLOcALIA FUCIPHAGA (Thunberg), Act. Holm. xxxiii. p. 151, pl. 4, “Java” (1772);
Wallace, P. Z. 8. p. 384.

Collocalia nidifica, var., G. R. Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xvii. p. 119; F. Moore, Cat. Mus.
E. Ind. Co. i. p. 98.

Hab. Macassar (Wallace); Java (H. esculenta, ap. Horsf.); Sumatra (H. esculenta,
ap. Raffles); Bourbon, Mauritius (var. francica, Gm.); Neilgherries (H. unicolor,
Jerdon, =C. concolor, Blyth); Malabar coast and Western Ghauts (Jerdon); Ceylon
(Layard); Darjeeling (Tickell); Assam (H. brevirostris, McClelland); Bootan (Pem-
berton); Sikim (Blyth); the whole of the Malay islands (Wallace).

The further limits of this species depend on the true value of H. vanicorensis, Quoy
& Gaim., =. leucophea, Peale.

Hirunpinapus, Hodgson.
55. HIRUNDINAPUS GIGANTEUS (V. Hasselt): Pl. Col. livr. xli. pl. 364, “Java” (27th
August 1825).

Chetura gigantea, var. celebensis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 609, “ Menado.”

Hab: Java (type), Sumatra, Celebes (Mus. Lugd.); India (Jerdon); Ceylon (Layard).

Dr. Sclater (/. ¢.) points out differences which distinguish the Celebean Hirundinapus
from typical Javan and Sumatran examples. As one of these distinctions he mentions “a
well-marked narrow white patch on the front on each side of the nostrils.” Dr. Sclater
also alludes to the Celebean bird as “a very distinct form.” The white frontal marks
are also found in the Indian bird, while in a Penang specimen, along with other slight
differential characters, Dr. Jerdon (B. of Ind. i. p. 173) found the white frontal patches
wanting. This Penang individual thus agreed with the type as described by Temminck.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 47

But it seems possible that the absence and presence of the white frontal spots only denote
phases of plumage. If not, the Indian bird will belong to a different species, while the
Celebean may be either the same as the Indian (in itself highly improbable), or repre-
sent a third form.

CAPRIMULGIDA.

Lyncornis, Gould.

56, LyNcoRNIS MACROPTERUS, Bp. Consp. i. p. 62, “Celebes” (1850); Wallace, Ibis,
1860, p. 141.

Hab. Menado ( Wallace).
BUCEROTID&.

Buceros, Linnzeus.

57. Buceros Exaratus, “ Reinw.,” Temm. Nouv. Recueil, livr. xxxvi. pl. 211, 2,
“Celebes” (2nd August, 1823); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Buceros, p. 10.
(PL. V. fig. 1, 3; fig. 2, 2.)

Hab. Tondano (Forsten); Menado (mus. nostr.); appears to be restricted to the
north-eastern parts of Celebes.

The male is distinguished from the female by having the throat, cheeks, ear-coverts,
sides of neck, and superciliary stripes springing from base of mandible white. In my
examples the white supercilium has light ferruginous-brown feathers intermixed. In
dimensions the female appears to be somewhat smaller. The example I note from is
marked by the collector “female,” while the entirely black individuals are marked
“males.” According to Professor Schlegel (J. c.) the subject of Temminck’s plate was a
female; and, together with Salomon Miiller, he describes the male as having the throat
and sides of the head white.

As this curious form does not belong to any of the established subdivisions of the
family, I leave it for the present in the old Linnean genus. It is certainly not a
Hydrocissa, as classed by Prince Bonaparte. It belongs to the group of Hornbills, in
which the casque and the true maxilla are completely blended together, the pro-
longation of the casque forming, in old birds, the apex of the maxilla.

CRANORRHINUS, Cabanis,
58. CRANORRHINUS cassIDIx (Temm.), Pl. Col. 210, 3, “Celebes” (2nd August, 1823).

Buceros cassidix, Temm.; Schlegel & Miiller, Verhandel. Zool. Aves, p. 24, pl. 4 bis, 2 ; Schlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Buceros, p. 9; Wallace, Malay Archip. i. p. 364.

Hab. Tondano (Reinwardt); Menado (mus. nostr.); district of Maros, Macassar
(Wallace).
The types of the two plates above cited came from Tondano. In the old males the

48 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

colouring of the neck is pale tawny, with scarcely any of the bright ferruginous tint
exhibited by the younger birds. Thus the dark chestnut-brown feathers on the crown,
occiput, and nape appear more isolated, the much paler hue of the neck-plumage
forming a greater contrast. In other respects there are no characters whereby the
younger may be distinguished from the older birds, save the somewhat smaller general
dimensions, and the form, proportion, and adjuncts of the bill. After the full
plumage has been acquired, the bill still passes through three very distinct stages of
structure. In the younger (fig. 1) the casque looks more like an inflation of the

Fig. 1.

dip

Cranorrhinus cassidix, g jun.

culmen than a separate part of the maxilla, so little is it detached. It is swollen
posteriorly, and already reaches to above the eye. Anteriorly it falls rapidly towards

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 49

the culmen without exhibiting an erect edge. The cutting-edges of the mandibles
are not broken or serrated. In the mature bird the bill measures two inches more
than in the younger; yet in the younger bird the mandibles are as high, or are higher,
throughout their length than in the fully adult; or, in other words, in the latter the bill

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Cranorrhinus cassidix, 9.

is prolonged at the expense of its height. In this stage there are no traces of the basal
lateral plates. The walls of the mandibles are quite smooth, without any indications
VOL. VIII.—PART 11. May, 1872. K

50 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

of lateral folds. But the position which is occupied by the lateral plates in older
individuals is indicated by a dingy reddish brown colour.

In the next stage (fig. 2, p. 48) the bill measures about one inch longer, and has
acquired the form which exists in the old bird; but the cutting-edges are unbroken.
The casque is more inflated, appears more detached from the culmen, and reaches
further back on the crown of the head. In front it stands up ata right angle to the
culmen, and is much compressed. A thin, smooth plate has grown on the basal half of
the two mandibles; but there are no traces of folds or grooves. The substance of these
plates seems to be secreted from the walls of the mandibles.

In the fully adult bird (fig. 8, p. 49) the commissure is serrated, notched, and broken.
The casque extends back past the line of the eye. Anteriorly it is less compressed
than in the previous stages, although not so much swollen as the posterior portion. The
anterior edge stands at an acute angle to the culmen. ‘The casque displays five distinct
folds or, rather, undulations. At the base of the mandibles the lateral plates are much
thickened. On each side of the maxilla they are divided by a single, deep, diagonal
groove into two equally broad flat folds. On the sides of the mandible there are two
grooves thus forming three similar folds.

In the adult female (fig. 4, p. 49) the commissures are much broken and serrated.
The casque is smaller, the anterior edge rising at a right angle to the culmen. It is
also divided into five almost equal undulations or folds. The basal plates are divided
both on the mandibula and maxilla into three broad flat bands. In a second example
of a female (mus. nostr.) a third band has been partially arrested in its development, the
groove being being partly obliterated. While the female has certainly three flat bands
at the base of both the mandibles, it will be interesting to know whether the male has
never more than two at the base of the maxilla. In Temminck’s plate (J. ¢.) the male
is figured with only two; while in that given by Schlegel and S. Miiller (J. c.) the
female is figured with three both above and below. The following dimensions are
taken from Menado examples in my collection. The bill is measured in a straight line
from the gape to the apex.

Dimensions.
Wing. Tail. Bill. Circumference of casque. Casque.
Outer. Inner. Height.
inches. inches. inches. inches. inches. inches,
Male, young .......... 163 113 63 53 4 14
Male, intermediate...... 173 14 732 54 33 23
Male, adult............ 17z 14 82 3 34 33
Female, adult .......... 15 12 2 5 34 2

It will be seen that the bill increases in length after the wings and tail have reached
their maximum. The inner circumference of the casque is greater in the youngest
than in the adult. The anterior part of the casque, at its union with the culmen,

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 51

appears to become absorbed, and to retreat as the bird increases in age; or, as the
anterior edge becomes more and more perpendicular to the culmen, it perhaps wears
off, or is broken off. This can be traced in one example—the indent or hollow from
which the fore part of the casque sprung, and in which it was attached to the culmen,
a groove shaped like a V, three quarters of an inch long, not being filled up.

Buceros sulcatus, Temm., from the Philippines, and B. corrugatus, Temm., from
Borneo, belong to the same genus.

CUCULIDA.
ScyTHROPINA.

Scyturops, Latham.

59. ScyTHROPS NOV-HOLLANDLA, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 141, “ Nova Hollandia” (1790) ;
Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Cuculi, p. 36; Temm. Pl. Col. 290.
Cuculus presagus, Reinw. MS., ex Celebes.

Hab. Menado, Macassar (mus. nostr.); Kema (Forsten); Ceram, north coast (Jus.
Iugd.); Ceram, south coast, adult males, April (Zoedt); Obi-major, adult male, 29th
of June, Batchian, adult male and female, end of June, a male, 8th of September
(Bernstein); Flores (Wallace); New South Wales, between October and January
(Gould); Cape York (mus. nostr.).

Two individuals from the vicinity of Menado are, in their colouring and markings,
almost identical with an example from Cape York. The dimensions of the wing and
tail also agree. But the bill of the Menado male, measured from the nostril, is full
two inches and three quarters in length, and that of the female two and five eighths,
whereas that of the Cape-York bird is only two inches and a quarter. In form the
bill of the Celebean bird differs from that of the Cape-York example. In the latter
the culmen is rounded, smooth, and broad, and there is only one lateral channel or
groove present. This starts from above the nostril, and runs in a line more or less
parallel with the culmen. In the Menado male the culmen, on leaving the forehead,
forms a distinct narrow ridge; on each side of it is a depression or shallow valley,
formed and bounded by a second ridge, below which again is the channel observable in
the Cape-York bird. In the bill of the Menado female the culmen is sharper and still
more clearly defined; and the lateral channels, while being deeper, are prolonged
nearly to the apex of the maxilla’. The type of structure is essentially that of the
bill in some species of the Bucerotide.

We know nothing of this form out of Australia. In that country it is migratory.
Its geograpical distribution in the archipelago, as at present known, is anomalous; for
it occurs in Flores, and is not recorded from Lombock or Timor. It has been found in
Batchian, but not in Gilolo; in Ceram, but not in Bourou.

1 A Macassar example, since obtained, presents a similar structure.

K2

a

52 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

PHE@NICOPHAINA.

Puenicopuais, Vieillot.

60. PHa@NICOPHAES CALORHYNCHUS (Temm.), Nouv. Rec. livr. lix. pl. 349, “‘Celebes”
(25th of June 1825); Wallace, Malay Archip. ii. p. 340.

Le Malcoha a bec peint, Less. Complém. de Buffon, ii. p. 618, pl. —. fig. 1.

Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten); Menado, Macassar (mus. nostr.).

MM. Verreaux proposed (Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1855, p. 356) to restrict Vieillot’s generic
title Phenicophaés to a small group consisting of this species, of P. curvirostris, Shaw,
P. erythrognathus, Temm., and a fourth species, P. wneicaudus, Verr., not since obtained.
And they suggested a new generic title, Alectorops, for the reception of Cuculus pyrrho-
cephalus, Forster. But, as Forster’s Ceylon Malkoha is the type of Phenicophaés, this
arrangement cannot be recognized.

Dr. Cabanis (Mus. Hein. iv. p. 85), concurring in the propriety of separating the
Ceylon species from the others, retained it, Vieillot’s type species, in Phenicophaés,
and proposed Rhamphococcyx for the small Indo-Malayan group. The grounds for
this separation are the great extent of naked space surrounding the eye, the abnormal
colouring of the plumage, the form of the bill, and the position and shape of the nostrils
in P. pyrrhocephalus. The naked space is certainly more extended than in P. curvi-
rostris or P. erythrognathus ; but then P. calorhynchus has the ophthalmic region almost
entirely clothed. The colouring of the plumage differs principally in that white replaces
the rufous of P. curvirostris and P. erythrognathus, thus evincing an affinity to Rhopo-
dytes, Cab. (Zanclostomus of Indian authors, but not of Swainson). The tail is tipped
with white instead of rufous; but the upper plumage in all three is green. In P.
calorhynchus green is entirely absent, and the tail is uniform in colour. In colouring
P. calorhynchus is as much an isolated species as P. pyrrhocephalus. The form of the
bill in all four species is very similar; but the position and shape of the nostrils is
different in each of the four. The nostril of P. pyrrhocephalus (fig. 8) is placed in a
narrow, depressed, lengthened, oval slit, which runs almost parallel with the commis-
sure, yet slightly descending. Its situation is almost on the edge of the commissure,
and at an unusual distance from the base of the maxilla. In P. curvirostris (Shaw)
(fig. 6) the nostrils are set at the commencement of a deep narrow groove or channel.
In P. erythrognathus, Bp.’ (fig. 7), the nostril is a simple round hole. The nostril of P.
calorhynchus (fig. 5) isan elongated slit, like that of P. pyrrhocephalus, but running quite
parallel with the commissure, and not so near its edge; nor is it as advanced from the
base of the maxilla. The position and shape of the nostrils in these four species is so
peculiar and distinctive, that the species could be determined from a fragment of the
maxilla alone. The striking difference in the shape of the nasal opening of the Javan
P. curvirostris and Sumatran, Moluccan, and Bornean P. erythrognathus (forms which

> Consp. i. p. 98.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. D3

are otherwise difficult to recognize as distinct species) is very remarkable. The four
species form a natural group which cannot be consistently subdivided, unless P. calo-
rhynchus be also made the type of a separate genus. Within the limits of Phanicophués
I am also inclined to include Melias diardi, Less., and also Cuculus sumatranus, Raffles

Fig. 6.
Fig. 5. =

Pheenicophaés calorhynchus.

Fig. 7.

Pheenicophaés erythrognathus. Pheenicophaés pyrrhocephatus.

CUCULINA.

Evupynamis, Vigors & Horsfield.

61. EUDYNAMIS MELANORHYNCHA, S, Miiller, Verhandel. p. 176; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
Cuculi, p. 20; Walden, Ibis, 1869, p. 344.

Hab. Kema, Tondano, Gorontalo (Forsten); Menado (mus. nostr.).

Cacomantis, S. Miiller.
62. CAcoMANTIS LANCEOLATUS, S. Miiller, Verhandel. p. 178.

Hab. Macassar (Wallace, mus. nostr.); Java (type).

The synonymy of the species usually comprised in Cacomantis, S. Miiller, is still so
entangled, that a few general remarks on the Plaintive Cuckoos of the Indian and
Australian regions are necessary to enable us to establish the identity of the Celebean
member of the genus.

54 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

In India there are two species: 1, C. passerinus (Vahl), without any rufous in the
adult plumage; 2, C. tenuirostris (Gray, apud Jerdon), with a rufous belly. Both pass
through an hepatic phase. C. passerinus (Vahl) chiefly inhabits western and south-
western India and Ceylon; C. tenwirostris, Gray, ap. Jerdon, frequents Bengal and
the countries to the eastward, including Burma. In Bengal the two species are said to
meet and interbreed. C. passerinus (Vahl) has no representative ; but C. tenutrostris,
Gray, ap. Jerdon, is represented in the Malay peninsula by C. threnodes, Cab.; in
Borneo by C. borneensis, Bp.; in the Philippines by C. merulinus (Scopoli) verus ; and
in Java by Cuculus flavus, Gm., apud Horsf., 8. Miller, &c., =Cacomantis merulinus,
Scop., ap. Cab., and Polyphasia merulina, Scop., ap. Horsf. & Moore. The Javan bird,
in the hepatic stage, is probably the C. lanceolatus, 8. Miller. When fully adult it
has the head, nape, throat, and breast pale ashy; the remaining lower parts fulvous,
more or less inclining to rufous; the caudal bands are white; and the quills uni-
colorous. In the young and in the transition stage these bands, which are broad,
equidistant, and unbroken, are rufous, and the quills are either all or partly rufous-
banded. This description will apply more or less to all the races above alluded to.

C. sepulchralis, 8. Miiller, is the title of a third very distinct species, which inhabits
Java. When adult it may be at once recognized from C. merulinus of Java by its
longer bill, and from all the races of that species by its much longer wings and tail,
by the chin, cheeks, and ear-coverts only being pale ashy, the head dark grey, the
upper surface bronze-green, and by the whole under surface, the chin excepted, being
ruddy fulvous. The white markings on the rectrices are fewer, smaller, and chiefly
consist of triangular edge-spots, and not of bands running right through. In transition
plumage this is in all probability the C. pyrogaster, Drapiez. C. sepulchralis, S. Miller,
belongs to the group which includes C. flabelliformis, Lath., C. dumetorum, Gould, and
C. insperatus, Gould, from Australia, also several races of small Cuckoos of the Austro-
Malayan archipelago, as C. assimilis, G. R. Gray, Aru Islands, C. infaustus, Cabanis,
Mysol, and some undetermined species in Goram, Batchian, Morty, and Salawati,
likewise C. simus, Peale, Feejee Islands, C. castaneiventris, Gould, Cape York, and C.
bronzinus, G. R. Gray, in New Caledonia. No member of this group has been identified
as inhabiting Continental Asia; yet the Bengal specimen, stated by Dr. Jerdon (B. of
Ind. i. p. 335) to have the rufous extending to the chin, may belong to it.

A fourth group of Plaintive Cuckoos is represented by C. tymbonomus, S. Miiller,
from Timor; to it belongs the C. pallidus (Lath.) of Australia, and an undetermined
species from Waigiou. In C. tymbonomus the upper surface is pale olive-brown,
inclining to ashy on the head and rump; the under surface is paler and more
cinereous ; under tail-coverts tawny, or pallid rufous; middle pair of rectrices imma-
culate, but broadly tipped with brown; the remainder tipped with white, and partially
toothed on the inner webs with white. This species and its allies also pass through a
rufous phase.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 55

C. sonnerati, Lath., founded on Sonnerat’s Petit coucow des Indes (Voy. Indes, is
p. 211), from its being more or less rufous at all ages, and a small species, has been
often confounded with either one or other of the foregoing. Its Javan representative,
but slightly differing, is the 0. pravatus, Horsf., =C. fasciolatus, 8. Miller, =C. rufo-
vittatus, Drapiez. The group is also represented in Sumatra, Malacca, Borneo, and
Ceylon. This form, raised to generic rank by Dr. Cabanis (Penthoceryx), has the bill
long, broad at the base, and uncompressed throughout its entire length, the maxilla
overlapping the mandibula. In old birds the rufous and dark brown bands of the
upper plumage are washed with bronze-green. From the chin to the under tail-
coverts each feather is white, traversed by usually three narrow, dusky, irregular lines ;
the white interspaces being three or four times as broad as the dusky lines. A
uniform transverse striated appearance is thus imparted to the under plumage, never
found in any other group of the small Asiatic Cuckoos. The middle pair of rectrices
are, according to age, either almost entirely dark brown with a bronzy gloss, or else
have both sides of the shaft dark brown, indented with bright rufous. The lateral
rectrices are never evenly barred through, are always bright rufous with dark cross
marks, have a white or else a pale fulvous terminal spot and a penultimate broad
dark brown band. Many of the frontal plumes are white at their base and in the
centre—a character alone sufficient to distinguish this group from any of the Plaintive
Cuckoos in hepatic plumage.

C. infuscatus, Hartl., is either another type of the Plaintive Cuckoos, or else it
belongs to the same subsection of C. passerinus; or it may prove to be only a phase of
C. simus.

A Macassar specimen, collected by Mr. Wallace, appears to belong to the group of
which C. merulinus is typical. It has six of the secondary quills with rufous bars, part
of the unmoulted hepatic dress; otherwise it is undistinguishable from Javan examples
of C. lanceolatus. The lateral rectrices are, as in that species, broadly barred with pure
white. It is, however, a larger bird, with wings and tail somewhat longer. Wing 44,
tail 48.

CENTROPODINZ.

PyYRRHOCENTOR, Cabanis.

63. PYRRHOCENTOR CELEBENSIS (Quoy & Gaimard), Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 230, pl. 20,
“‘Menado ” (1830).

Centropus bicolor, Cuvier, Mus. Paris, fide Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1852, p- 472; Lesson, Tr.
p. 137 (1831).
Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.); Gorontalo (Forsten).
I cannot find that Cuvier ever published his title of C. bicolor. A second species of
this subsection inhabits the Philippines (P. wnirufus, Cab.). But it is not unlikely that

56 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Cabanis’s species is the same as C. melanops, Less. ex Cuv., said to have been obtained
by the Paris Museum from Java (conf. Pucheran, op. cit. p. 473). C. melanops is cer-
tainly not a Javan bird; and though Professor Schlegel has identified it with C. ruf-
pennis, Illiger, it belongs to a different group of Coucals. Notwithstanding the opinion
of the learned Professor, of Prince Bonaparte, who made it equal to C. medius, Miiller,
and Dr. Cabanis, Mr. Cassin appears to have correctly identified it with C. nigrifrons,
Peale. C. ateralbus, Less., ex New Ireland, is a closely allied form.

In P. celebensis, the fully adult bird loses the bright yellow-rufous chin-, throat-, neck-,
and breast-plumage of the younger bird. These parts become very pale fulvous, and
contrast with the dark chestnut of the remaining lower region. In this state Cuvier’s
title of bicolor is applicable. The young bird is bright rufous throughout; and, judging
by analogy, the Philippine P. wnitrufus, Cab., is the young bird of C. melanops, Less.,
=C. nigrifrons, Peale.

Crentrococcyx, Cabanis.
64, Cenrrococcyx aFFiNis (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 180, “Java” (1821).

Centropus medius, Bernst. Nat. Tjdschr: Ned. Ind. xxi. p. 27; J. fiir Orn. 1860, p. 269.
rectunguis, Strickl., ap. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Cuculi, p. 69.

Hab. Macassar (mus. nostr.); Java (mus. nostr.).

The red-and-black Coucals of the Indian region form a natural and well-defined
group; and I concur with Dr. Cabanis in the propriety of separating them from the
African genus Centropus. Notwithstanding the labours of Dr. Cabanis and Professor
Schlegel, the species are far from being clearly established. Examples of two species
from Celebes are in my collection, and would, were I to follow Professor Schlegel, be
referable to C. rectunguis, Strickl., a title made by the learned Professor to include most
of the smaller Asiatic Coucals and even an African species. An examination of a con-
siderable series of this group has led me to conclusions widely differing from those
contained in the Catalogue of the Leyden Museum.

The difficulties which meet a student of the genus Centrococcysx arise from the general
resemblance in the plumage of its members, the blue, the green, or the purple hue
of the black portion, and the deeper or less intense shades of the rufous not being
sufficiently striking and well marked, except in perfect plumage, to be relied on as
distinguishing characters. We also find in the Coucals, as in other natural groups the
members of which are numerous, the colouring of the adult in one species representing,
more or less, the transition colouring of the young of another species. Thus the dingy
greenish brown hue of the rectrices in an immature C. rectunguis changes to glossy
dark green in the next stage, and is again converted into deep blue in the adult bird.
But in the common Indian Crow-Pheasant the colour of the rectrices is arrested at the
green stage, and green remains the hue of that part of the plumage in the fully adult
bird. A complete series of fully adult examples from all parts is consequently essential

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. oT

before characters founded on the colouring can be relied on. Another source of diffi-
culty is the extreme variability of the plumage in the first and second years, the
young wearing a livery greatly resembling in general characters the adult garb of Aus-
tralian C. phasianus and its allies. It is likely that this variability is more apparent
than real, and that each species, as in Eudynamis for instance, has special phases of
immature plumage peculiar to itself. Happily certain characters are always present
whereby typical specific groups can be separated from one another. The most important
are the dimensions and the form of the bill. Three distinct groups of Asiatic Coucals
can thus be separated ; and as Java is the only known locality where all three are repre-
sented, we may use the Javan species as standards :—

First, C. bubutus, Horsf., as the type of the large species, such as :—C. sinensis, Stephens,
ex China; C. rujfipennis, Mliger, India and Ceylon; C. ewrycercus, A. Hay, Malacca;
C. borneensis, Bp., Borneo; and the very distinct C. chlororhynchus, Blyth, ex Ceylon.
This group appears to be unrepresented in Celebes; nor has it been discovered in the
Philippines or in Formosa.

The second group comprises species smaller in size, with short, but proportionally
very high bills, the diminished length of the bill making it appear disproportionately
broad at the base. The Javan representative is C. affinis, Horsf. An identical form
inhabits Flores; and a somewhat larger species is found in Ceram, which, if the same
as the Amboyna Centrococcyx, must stand as C. medius, Bp., ex Miiller. A Macassar
individual, collected by Mr. Wallace, although in young plumage, bill pale flesh-colour,
and plumage streaked and mottled, so closely resembles Javan C. affinis in dimensions
and form of the bill, that I cannot separate it.

The third group consists of the smallest species, represented in Java by C. javanensis,
Dumont, =C. lepidus, Horsf. In these the bill is a miniature resemblance of that of
the second group. The upper tail-coverts are highly developed, or, in other words, they
are the tail-coverts of the C. affinis group. C. bengalensis, Gm., of India; C. viridis,
Scop., of the Philippines; C. moluccensis, Cab., ex Bernst., of Ternate, very near to
C. javanensis, but with a proportionately longer tail; and C. dimidiatus, Blyth, =C. lig-
nator, Swinh., of Formosa and China, come within these limits. Malaccan and Banjar-
massing individuals scarcely differ from the Javan species; and judging from the mea-
surements given by Professor Schlegel, representatives occur in Ceram, Sambawa,
Bangka, Sumatra, and Amboyna.

A Celebean example of a young bird, with a pale bill and buff-streaked plumage,
offers no distinctive characters, either in its proportional dimensions or in the form of
the bill, whereby it can be separated from C. javanensis. Yet it must be recollected
that the adult bird may present characters more than enough to stamp it as distinct.
C. rectunguis, Strickland, a perfectly distinct species, as yet only known from Malacca,
is a miniature C. rufipennis. By its external structure it belongs to the first group.
The bill is long and much compressed. The wings are short and much rounded, the

VOL. VIII.—PART Il. May, 1872. 9

58 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

seventh quill, if any thing, the longest. The claw of the hallux is short, and therefore
appears straight; in character, it is the claw of the large species, shortened in pro-
portion to the size of the bird. In the second and third groups the hind claws are
not proportionately diminished, and therefore appear disproportionate when compared
with those of the large species. The upper surface of the tail is a deep, rich, almost
purple blue. The nape is glossy violet-blue, contrasting with the duller green-black of
the head. The adolescent plumage possesses characters peculiar to the species. From
this it will be seen that it has no characters in common with the members of the second
and third groups. It does not appear to be contained in the Leyden Museum.

The following is a synopsis of the smaller Asiatic Coucals, together with the dimen-
sions of the individuals I have had access to. Cuculus tolu, Gm., ex Madagascar, seems
to belong to the Asiatic and not to the African section of Centropodine.

A.
1. Centrococcyx affinis (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 180, “Java” (1821).

Cuculus totu, Gm., ap. Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 285, is either the Sumatran form of this
species or else of C. javanensis.

Hab. Java, Sumatra (2), Celebes, Flores.

2. Centrococcyx medius (Bp.), ex Miiller, Consp. i. p. 108, “ Amboyna” (1850).
Professor Schlegel applies this title to the Amboyna species. Prince Bonaparte
includes the Javan form.
Hab. Amboyna, Ceram.
B.

1. Centrococcyx javanensis (Dumont de Ste. Croix): Dict. Sc. Nat. xi. p. 144, “Java”
(1818).
Centropus lepidus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 180, “ Java” (1821).
Centropus pumilus, Less. Traité, p. 136, “ Java” (1831).
Lesson described partly from the example on which Dumont founded the title of
javanensis. My Bornean example is smaller than Javan individuals.
Hab. Java, Malacca, Banjermassing, Celebes.

2. Centrococcyx viridis (Scop.), Del. Fl. Faun. Insub. ii. p. 89 (1786), “ Philippines,”
ex Sonn.
Centropus philippensis, Cuv. R. An. i. p. 426 (1817), ex Pl. Enl. 824, “ Philippines.”
Corydonix pyrrhopterus, Vieill. Enc. Method. iii. p. 1853, ex Pl. Enl. 824, “ Philippines” (1828).
Centropus molkenboeri, Bp. Consp. i. p. 108, descr. orig. (1850), “ Philippines.”
In the first edition of the Régn. An., Cuvier erroneously quotes Pl. Enl. 884. In the
edition of 1829 this error is corrected. Vieillot founded his species on Pl. Enl. 225—also

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 59

an obvious error. Iam not acquainted with this species. It is admitted as perfectly
distinct by Professor Schlegel.
Hab. Philippines.

3. Centrococcyx moluccensis, Cab., ex Bernst. Mus. Hein. iv. p. 113 (1862), “Tinor”
(Timor 2).
The types of Bernstein’s MS. title moluccensis, in the Berlin Museum, were from
Ternate. Is Tinor a misprint for Timor or Tidore?
Hab. Ternate.

4. Centrococcyx bengalensis (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed, 13, i. p. 112 (1788), “ Bengal,” ex
Brown, pl. 13.

Corydonix maculatus, Vieill, Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1853 (1823), ex Brown, pl. 13.

Centropus pygmeus, Hodgs. Gray’s Zool. Mise. p. 85 (1844), “ Nipaul.”

Centropus viridis, Scop., ap. Blyth, Jerdon, Horsf. & Moore, and Swinhoe.

The following titles are usually associated with this species:—Polophilus lathami,
Leach, Zool. Mise. pl. 56, described from a British Museum specimen ; locality unknown.
The species is undeterminable, Leach’s plate and description being insufficient.

Centropus rufinus, Cuv. R. An. (1817), p. 426, and Polophilus rufus, Stephens, Gen.
Zool, Aves, ix. p. 44 (1815), titles founded on Levaillant’s 221st plate (Ois. d’Afr.),
would take precedence of C. affinis, Horsf., if, as suggested by Professor Sundevall,
Levaillant figures the Javan bird (Krit. Framst. p. 48). Dr. Cabanis deems it more
probable that the “Lesser Indian Coucal” formed the subject of Levaillant’s plate.
From the figure it is impossible to decide which of these two opinions is correct; while
Lveaillant’s mendacious account only tends to mislead us.

Hab. Bengal, Mysore, Central India, Burma.

5. Centrococcyx dimidiatus (Blyth), J. A. S. B. 1842, p. 945, “ Chusan.”

Centropus lignator, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 48, ex Formosa, Amoy, Hong Kong.

Centropus viridis (Scop.), ap. Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 266, “ South China, Formosa ;” Ibis, 187 0,
p. 235, “ Hainan.”

It is not as yet satisfactorily determined whether the Chinese Lesser Coucal is a
distinct species—and if not, whether it is the same as C, viridis (Scop.) or C. benga-
lensis (Gm.).

Hab. South China, Hainan, Formosa (Swinhoe).

60 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Dimensions.

Wing. | Tail. | Tarsus. | Bill. | Claw.

inches, | inches. | inches. | inch. | inch.
C. affinis, Horsf. ...... 7:000 | 9°750 | 1-8750) 0-6825) 1-125 Java. Not quite adult.
2 so) aE 6°875 | 9-375 | 1°7500) 0-6250] 1-250 |Macassar. 9 young.

3 sf 6-750 | 9°625 | 1-7500| 06825} 1-125 |Flores. Moulting into adult plumage.
C. medius, Bp., ex Mill...) 7-875 |10-000 | 2:1250} 0-7500] 1-375 |North Ceram. 9 adult.
C. javanensis, Dumont ..| 6-250] 7-875 | 1-5000] 0°6250]} .... Java. Not quite adult; claw broken.

“3 is ..| 5°875 | 7-250 | 15000; 0-6250} .... |Banjarmassing. Adult; hind claw broken.
$y sy ..| 5375 | 6875 | 15625] 0-5625) 0-875 |Penang. Very young.
5 35 ..| 6-125 | 8-375 | 1-°7500) 0-6250} 1-125 |Malacca. Adult.
5 re ..| 6-000} 8-625 | 1:5625] 0-6250| 1-125 |Macassar. Young.
?C. moluccensis, Cab. ....| 6°125} 9-000 | 1-6250| 0-6250] 1-000 |Timor. Moulting into adult plumage.

C. bengalensis, Gm. ....| 6-500] 8-000] 1-:2500) .... | 1-000 Jerd. Birds of Ind. i. p. 351.

C. rectunguis, Strick. ..| 6-375} 9-000 | 1-7500} 1-0000) 0-625 |Malacca. Adult.
i 3 ..| 5°875 | 8-375 | 1:7500) 0-9375} 0-625 |Malacca. Young.

65. CENTROCOCCYX JAVANENSIS (Dumont de Ste. Croix), Dict. Sc. Nat. xi. p. 144 (1818),
“ Java.”
Centropus lepidus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 180 (1821), “ Java.”
Centropus pumilus, Less. Traité, p. 186 (1831), “Java;” Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 56.
Centropus affinis, Horsf., ap. Bernst. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxi. p. 27; J. fiir Orn. 1859. p. 185,
1860, p. 269.

Hab. Macassar, Java, Malacca, Banjarmassing (mus. nostr.).

An interesting account of the habits and nesting of this species in Java, and of the
peculiar structure of its spinal column, has been given by Bernstein (J. fiir O. 7. ¢.); also
detailed observations on parts of its internal anatomy, and of that of C. affinis (Horsf.),
by the same author, in the Tijdschrift (/.c.). The skeleton of the Celebean bird will
have to be compared with that of the Javan before the absolute identity of the two
species can be established.

PASSERES.

ORIOLIDA.

Broveripus, Bonaparte.

66. BropERIPUS coroNnaTUS (Swains.): An. in Menager. p. 342 (1837), “ Java.’

Oriolus horsfieldii, Bp. Consp. p. 348 (1850), “ Java.”
Oriolus galbula, ap. Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. p. 152, “ Java.”
Oriolus hippocrepis, Wagler, part., Syst. Av. Oriolus (1827).
Oriolus indicus, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas., Coraces, p. 102.
Hab. Java (mus. nostr.); Macassar, Menado (Wallace); Bougka, Gorontalo (Von
Rosenberg).

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 61

I have compared two Macassar male examples collected by Mr. Wallace with a large
series of Javan individuals, and have failed in detecting any valid specific differences.
The black-naped Orioles, before attaining their full plumage, pass through a stage
wherein the two centre rectrices retain the olive-green hue found in younger birds,
while they have already put on the black feathers which surround the head, and the full
bright adult yellow plumage of the entire under surface, the crown, the neck, and the
rump, the plumage of the back alone showing immaturity by traces, more or less, of
dingy greenish-yellow. It would seem that the central pair of olive-coloured rectrices
are not moulted and replaced by a pair of new black feathers, but rather that the olive-
green hue changes gradually into black, commencing from near the tips, which are pure
yellow at the earliest stage, and thence passing upwards. In adult Javan examples the
lesser wing-coverts are tipped with yellow, thus forming a conspicuous yellow speculum.
But in Javan examples in the stage of plumage above described, these yellow tips are
frequently absent, or only commencing to be developed. The two Macassar examples
are in the intermediate stage of plumage described above: one has no yellow tips to
the lesser wing-coverts; in the other they are just appearing. Whether in perfect
plumage the yellow alar bar is wanting, as in the Sula B. frontalis, has yet to be ascer-
tained. In the mean time I shall retain the Macassar Oriole under the title of the Javan
bird. The Macassar species is somewhat larger. Wing 58, tail 4%, bill $.

The only Menado example I have been able to examine is in the intermediate stage
of plumage, with green middle rectrices and no alar bar. It differs in that the black
coronal ring does not unite at the nape, the yellow of the crown being thus confluent
with that of the nape. As indications of the complete black circle in Broderipus
appear in the earliest stages of plumage, this break in the coronal ring cannot be a
sign of nonage. The dimensions differ from those of the southern form. Wing 532,
tail 43, bill . It possibly represents a distinct species.

TURDIDZ.

GeocicHLa, Kuhl.
67. GEocIcHLA ERYTHRONOTA, Sclater, Ibis, i. p. 113, “ Macassar” (1859). (Pl. VI.
fig. 2.)

Hab. Macassar (Wadllace).

This species and G. interpres (Kuhl) form a section of the genus which perhaps
deserves a subgeneric title.

Turdus avensis, J. E. Gray, Griffith, Anim. Kingd. Birds, i. p. 530, pl. —, named from
an Indian drawing, is either G. interpres or else an unknown Burmese representative
form.

62 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

TIMALIID.

TricHosToMA, Blyth.
68. ‘[RICHOSTOMA CELEBENSE, Strickland, Contr. Ornith. 1849, p. 128, pl. —, “ Celebes.”

Hab. Macassar (Wallace).

A species of the above genus, collected by Mr. Wallace, is referred, with some doubt,
to the bird figured and described by the late Mr. Strickland. The chin and throat are
white; the rest of the under surface is washed with pale ferruginous faintly tinged with
brown. The upper plumage and wings are dark olive-brown, the loose plumes of the
lower back being tinged with rusty, and the upper tail-coverts being distinctly rust-
coloured. The outer edges of the rectrices are rusty brown. Lores and cheeks dingy
white. Wing 24, tail 23, tarsus 1.

While evidently belonging to the genus T7richostoma, this species differs structurally
from 7’. bicolor (Lesson) of Sumatra and Malacca, by having the rictal bristles but
slightly developed and the tail proportionally short.

PITTID.

Me anopitra, Bonaparte.
69. MELANOPITTA FORSTENI (Bp.), Consp. i. p. 256, “ Celebes” (1850).

Pitta melanocephala, Forsten (nec Wagler), Schlegel & 8. Miller, Verhandl. Zool. Aves, p. 19,
“Tondano ;”? Westerman, Bijdr. i. pt. 6. p. 46, pl. 2; Schlegel, Vog. Ned. Ind. Pitta, p. 5,
pl. 2. f. 1. ,

Brachyurus forsteni, Bp. Elliot, Monogr. p. 83, pl. 24; Wallace, Ibis, 1864, p. 106.

Hab. Kema, Tondano (forsten).

ErytHropitta, Bonaparte.

70. ERYTHROPITTA CELEBENSIS (Forsten), Schlegel & S. Miiller, Verhandel. Zool. Aves,
p- 18, “ Tondano ;” Westerman, Bijdr. i. p. 6. p. 46, pi. 3; Schlegel, Vog. Ned.
Ind. Pitta, p. 17, pl. 4. fig. 4; Wallace, Ibis, 1864, p. 106.

Brachyurus celebensis (Forst.), Elliot, Monogr. p. 67, pl. 17.

Hab. North Celebes (Forsten).

This species was found to be scarce by Mr. Wallace (Ibis, 1860, p. 142). When
remarking that three species of Pitta inhabited Celebes, Mr. Wallace (J. ¢.) was probably
misled by Bonaparte’s Conspectus, wherein P. miilleri, Bp., is stated to be from Celebes
instead of Borneo. .

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 63

SAXICOLID.

Monticoua, Boie.

71. Moyticona sourtarta (P. L. 8. Miiller), Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 142. no. 46 (1776), ex
Buffon, Pl. Enl. 564. f. 2.
Le Merle solitaire de Manille, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 363. no. 1, descr. orig. ex Sonnerat; Pl.
Enl. 636, ¢; 564, f.2, ¢ vel 9 adolesc.
Turdus manilla, Boddaert, Tab. Pl. Enl. 636 (1783).
Merula solitaria philippensis, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 272, no. 32, “Ins. Philipp.” descr. orig. ex Poivre
(avis juv ?).
Le Merle solitaire des Philippines, Montb. op. cit. p. 364, no. 2; Pl. Enl. 339, ex Brisson, no. 321.
Turdus philippensis, P. L. S. Miiller, op. cit. p. 145. no. 59, ex Buffon, Pl. Enl. 339 (1776).
Turdus philippensis, Bodd. op. cit., ex Buffon, Pl. Enl. 339 (1783).
Turdus eremita, Gm. Syst. Nat. 18th ed. i. p. 833 (1788), ex Brisson, no. 32.
Merula solitaria maniillensis, Brisson, op. cit. p. 270. no. 31, “ Manilla,” descr. orig.
Turdus manillensis, Gm. op. cit. p. 833 (1788), ex Brisson, no. 31.
Turdus manillensis, auct.; Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 67.
Hab. North Celebes (Forsten); Philippines (type); China, Formosa, Japan (Swinhoe).
There seems little doubt that the Merle solitaire de Manille and the Merle solitaire
des Philippines of Montbeillard are the same species in different phases of plumage.
This was Montbeillard’s own opinion (op. cit. p. 365). The most recent authors, how-
ever, have continued to treat them as distinct.

PRatincoLa, Koch.

72. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 335. no. 33, “ Luzon” (1766),
ex Brisson, Orn. iii. p. 440.

Hab. Macassar (Wallace) ; Philippines (mus. nostr.) ; common all over India (Jerdon) ;
Tongoo (mus. nostr.); Aracan (Blyth); Java (Horsfield); Nipaul (Hodgson); Moul-
mein, Lombock, Timor, Flores (mus. nostr.); Simla (Beavan); Coorg, Candeish (mus.
nostr.).

An example of a young male individual of this species was collected by Mr. Wallace
at Macassar. It in no way differs from Philippine specimens in my collection.

Examples from the localities above cited agree well in their dimensions. Those from
Candeish are larger, but not so large as the Ceylon P. atrata, Blyth.

* Montbeillard’s account contains internal evidence sufficient to prove that it was compiled from Brisson’s
description. The plate (339) appears also to have been drawn from Brisson’s description only. This will
explain the unnatural colouring of the head.

64 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES,

SYLVIID/.

ACROCEPHALUS, Naumann.
73. ACROCEPHALUS ORIENTALIS (Bp.), Consp. i. p. 285 (1850), ex Schlegel.

Salicaria turdina orientalis, Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 50, pl. 21, “ Japan.”
Acrocephalus magnirostris, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 51, “ Amoy, Shanghai.”
Hab. Celebes (Schlegel); Menado (mus. nostr.); Japan (Schlegel) ; China (Swinhoe).
Two examples of a large Reed-Warbler from Menado agree best with Amoy indivi-
viduals. I therefore provisionally refer them to the Chinese species. They, however,
differ from my examples of A. orientalis (Amoy), A. brunnescens (Coorg), and A. arun-
dinaceus (Linn.) (Holland), in having the rectrices conspicuously tipped with dirty
white. The proportion of the quills in these examples does not exactly coincide with
the proportions existing in the other species alluded to; nor do the dimensions com-
pletely agree.

Bill. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

inch. inches. inches. inch.
A. arundinaceus (Zinn.) .......... 4375 3:5625 3-250 1-0000
A. brunnescens (Jerd.) ...........- *5625 3°4375 3-250 11250
A. orientalis (Bp.) ........ 0.00.00 5625 32500 3-000 1:1250
Acrocephalus, sp., ex Cashmere...... 6250 3°4375 3500 1:1875
55 a Menado ...... 5625 3:4375 3-000 1:1250

A. arundinaceus (Linn.). First long primary nearly as long as second, which is
longest; third shorter than first.

A. brunnescens (Serd.). First much shorter than third and fourth, which are longest.
In one example the third is longest; in another the fourth is longest.

A. orientalis (Bp.). Second longest, third nearly equal to second, first equal to fourth.

Ex Menado. Second longest, first nearly equal to third, first longer than fourth.

Ex Cashmere. Second equal to fourth, third longest; first somewhat shorter than
second and fourth, which are nearly equal to third.

The Cashmere example seems to belong to a distinct species, and differs from
A. brunnescens of Southern India in its longer and stouter bill, longer tail, and in the
upper plumage being darker brown.

CisticoLa, Kaup.

74. CisticoLa cursiTans (Franklin), P. Z. 8. 1831, p. 118.
Sylvia cisticola, Temm. Man. d’Orn. i. p. 228 (1820).
Cisticola schenicola, Bp. Birds of Europe, p. 12 (1838).
Hab. Macassar (Wallace). For complete range cf. Von Heuglin, Orn. N.-O. Afr.
pp. 269, 270.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 65

A Macassar example of a male Cisticola, kindly lent to me by Mr. Wallace, I am
unable to distinguish from Assamese and Daccan individuals of C. cursitans. It is
labelled C. lineocapilla, Gould, with the note, “tail rather more distinctly marked.”
Wing 14, tail 143. The range of this tiny species is very extensive.

MOTACILLID.

Bupytes, Cuvier.

75. Bupyres viripis (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 962 (1788), “Ceylon,” ex Brown,
pl. 33.

Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.).

One example, in winter plumage. Olive-green above. Upper part of breast sulphur-
yellow; rest of under surface pure white, some of the ventral and under tail-coverts
dashed with sulphur-yellow. Supercilium conspicuous, broad, and pure white. Agrees
perfectly with examples from continental India.

Motacilla flavescens, Stephens, Gen. Zool. Aves, x. p. 559, is enumerated in the
‘Hand-list’ by Mr. G. R. Gray as a distinct species, with the habitats of the Moluccas,
Celebes, Timor, and Java assigned. Stephens gave this title to Buffon’s “ Bergeronnette
de Vile de Timor,” Hist. Nat. v. p. 275. Buffon’s bird belongs to that phase of plumage
of B. viridis (Gm.) in which the superciliary stripe is yellow, the upper plumage ash-
coloured, and the under yellow.

HIRUNDINIDZ.

Hirvunpo, Linnezeus.

76. Hirunpo GUTTURALIS, Scopoli, Del. Fl. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 96. no. 115, ex Sonn.
(1786).

DL’ Hirondelle d’ Antigue, Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 118, pl. 78.

Hirundo panayana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1018, ex Sonn. (1788).

Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.) ; Indian region.

Celebean examples agree with specimens from India, Japan, China, Java, Malacca,
and Morty Island. In one the crown is ashy brown, the forehead albescent. The
black pectoral band is present, and the chin and throat are dirty rufous; on the outer
tail-feathers the white mark is in the form of a diagonal oval drop. An example of an
adult bird has the head steel-blue; forehead, chin, and throat deep rufous, as in the
European H. rustica, the rufous breast being bounded by the usual black pectoral
band. Wing 43 inches.

Whether this and the other races of Chimney-Swallows which inhabit the Malay
archipelago and Eastern Asia are or are not of the same species as the European bird,
they undoubtedly belong to Sonnerat’s Hirondelle d Antique.

VOL. VIII.—PART 11. May, 1872. M

66 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

77. Hirunpo savanica, Sparrman, Mus. Carls. pl. 100, “ Java” (1789).
Hab. Indo-Malayan region.

Mr. Wallace informs me that he found this species common at Macassar, “ building
its mud nests in verandas in the town.”

MUSCICAPIDA.

Cyornis, Blyth.
78. Cyoryis RUFIGULA, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 476, “ Menado.” (PI. VII. fig. 3.)
Hab. Menado (Wallace).

MyIAcestEs, Reichenbach.
79. MYIALESTES HELIANTHEA |(Wallace), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 476, “ Menado, (PI. VIL.
fig. 1.)
Hab. Menado (Wallace).
This is a representative form of MZ. cinereocapilla (Vieill.), differing from that species

by wanting the ashy head, nape, throat, and breast of the Indian bird. The head is
subcrested.

Hypotuymis, Boie.

80. Hypornymis PUELLA (Wallace), P. Z.S. 1862, p. 340, “Sula Islands and Celebes.”
(P. VII. fig. 2.)

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes (Wallace).

The azure Flycatchers form a natural section consisting of several very closely allied
species, which have yet to be worked out. The group is characteristic of the Indian as
distinguished from the Australian region; and Boie’s generic title is here adopted in
preference to classing VW. azurea, Bodd., and its allies with the Australian Myiagra
rubeculoides, Vig. & Horsf., and its allied species.

81. HyPorHyMIs MANADENSIS (Quoy et Gaimard), Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 176, “‘ Menado”
(1830), pl. 3. fig. 3.

Hab. Menado (Quoy et Gaim.).

Prince Bonaparte (Coll. Delattre, p. 81) refers this form to Hypothymis, where I
place it with doubt, being unacquainted with the species.

Butalis hypogrammica, Wallace, Ibis, 1862, p. 350, is recorded from Celebes by Mr.
G. R. Gray (Hand-list, no. 4814). Mr. Wallace cannot assure me positively that it
occurs in that island. But as it is a summer visitant in China, and was obtained in
Ceram and Morty Island by Mr. Wallace, it is not unlikely to be a winter resident in
Celebes. Hemichelidon griseosticta, Swinhoe, is undoubtedly the same species; and
that title takes precedence (Ibis, 1861, p. 330).

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 67

ARTAMID.

ARTAMUS, Vieillot.

82. ARTAMUS MonacHus, Temm.; Bp. Conspectus, i. p. 343, “ Celebes” (1850); Wallace,
P. Z.S. 1862, p. 840; Ibis, 1860, p. 141. (Pl. VI. fig. 1.)

Hab. Mountain districts of North Celebes, as well as the Sula Islands (Wallace).

The diagnosis by Mr. Wallace was taken from Sula examples. Neither does it, nor
do Sula individuals (mus. nostr.) altogether agree with the description given by Prince
Bonaparte (. c.).

83. ARTAMUS LEUCORHYNCHUS (Linn.): Mantissa Plant. p. 524, ex Brisson, “ Manilla”
(1771).

Lanius manillensis, Briss. Ornith. ii. p. 180, “ Manilla,” descr. orig. (1760).

leucorhynchus, Gm. 8. N, ed. 18, i. p. 805, ex Brisson (1788).

dominicanus, Gm. op. cit. p. 307, ex Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 55, pl. 25.

? Lanius leucogaster, Valenc. Mém. du Mus. vi. p. 27, “ Timor” (1820).

Artamus leucopygialis, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1842, p. 17, “Australia.”

papuensis, Temm.; Bp. Consp. i. p. 344, “ Nov. Guinea, Timor.”

Leptopteryx leucorhynchus (Linn.) ; Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 244, “ Java.”

Lanius leucorhynchus, Linn.; Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 306, “ Sumatra.”

Artamus leucogaster (Valenc.) ; Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 28; Walden, P. Z. 8S. 1866, p. 555;

Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 324.

leucorhynchus, Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 141.

Hab. Timor, Flores, Lombock, Bouru, and the whole archipelago from Sumatra to
New Guinea, Celebes (Wallace); Sumatra (Raffles); Java (Horsfield); Andamans
(Beavan) ; Cape York, Moreton Bay, Queensland, Mysol, Menado, Manilla, Andamans,
Java (mus. nostr.).

I am unable to distinguish individuals of the white-bellied Swallow-shrike inhabiting
the Philippines, Andamans, Java, Lombock, Mysol, Australia, and Celebes. In colora-
tion they appear to be absolutely identical. In dimension, with the exception of the
large Celebean form, they vary but little. I have therefore included all under the
oldest title given by Linneus to the Philippine bird. The Celebean is much the
largest, and ought, perhaps, to receive a separate specific name. Mr. Wallace (P. Z. S.
1863, p. 485) entitles the Timor bird A. lewcogaster, var.; but it was from Timor
. specimens that Valenciennes described A. leucogaster.

A, mentalis, Jard. (Fidjee Islands), and A. melaleucus (Forsten), a good species (New

Caledonia), belong to this group. A. monachus (Temm.) ought, perhaps, to be also
included,

M2

68 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Dimensions of Artamus leucorhynchus.

: : ill Bill
Wing. Tail. Tarsus. from oe from nostril.
inches. inches. inch. inch. inch.
Manilla agate ied Cacia salbigwicnis wa ees 5:250 2-625 “625 *7500 -5000
Om DOCK we ww.aesSenea te eoreta wane aod vedas 5°250 2-750 625 +8125 5625
MY8Oly sna veel Baked eee eee ees 5-250 2-625 “625 “7500 -5625
Queensland vi iciy card os ie ieee rene as 5375 2-625 625 6875 5625
Cape: VOrkKi spar nance wrk aR phe eda Soe aot 5-250 2°625 +625 *6875 | -5000
Moreton Bay’ occ .c execeeweed eaweeeea 5125 2-750 625 6875 *5000
DAV Bs 5 Oh ities: alge aw ‘scale becgpeen oaheeeee 5-250 2-500 *625 *7500 +5625
ATCA TANS © sos sie, syortack wok echoed ave Swe 5°125 2-500 5625 “6875 -5000
Metiad0: i -ii3 6 oa cnscensg teed dink aes wee 5°625 3-000 “625 +8750 +5625

CAMPEPHAGIDE.

Gravcaus, Cuvier.

84. GravcaLus aTriceps, S. Miill. Verhand. Land- en Volk. p. 190, “Celebes ” (1839-44);
Hartlaub, J. fiir Orn. 1864, p. 437.
Hab. Celebes (8. Miller); Ceram, Sumbawa, Flores (Hartlaud).
In his admirable monograph, Dr. Hartlaub (J. ¢.) describes from a Ceram male and
a Sumbawa female. It is not stated whether they were compared with Celebean
individuals, I therefore include these localities with some doubt. Mr. Wallace (P. Z.S.
1863, p. 485) notes only one Graucalus as inhabiting Flores, G. personatus, 8. Miiller. -

85. GRAUCALUS LEUCOPYGIUS, Bp. Consp. i. p. 354, “ Celebes” (1850); Hartlaub, J. fiir
Orn. 1864, p. 443.
Hab. Macassar (Hartlaub); Macassar, Menado (mus. nostr.).

86. GRAUCALUS TEMMINCKII, S. Miiller, Verhandel. Land- en Volkenk. p. 191, “ North-
eastern Celebes” (1839-44); Hartlaub, J. fiir Orn. 1864, p. 446.

Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten, fide Hartlaub).

This is a most remarkable form, and seems to be rare. In 1864 only one example
was contained in the Leyden Museum. Another, a male, is preserved in the British
Museum. The types (for S. Miiller also described the female, /. c.) were obtained by
Forsten in North-eastern Celebes. Mr. Wallace (P. Z. S. 1862, p. 342) has added the
Sula Islands to its range, on S. Miiller’s authority. I have failed in finding any state-
ment of S. Miiller to that effect.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 69

Votvocivora, Hodgson.

87. Vonvocrvora morto (S. Miiller), Verhandel. Land- en Volkenk. p. 189, “ Celebes”’
(1839-44); Hartlaub, J. fiir Orn. 1865, p. 156. (Pl. VIII. fig. 1.)

Edoliosoma melanolema, G. R. Gray, Hand-list, no. 5099, “ Celebes ” (1869).

Hab. Tondano, Gorontalo (Hartlaub); Macassar (mus. nostr.).

This and several Indo-Malayan and Papuan species are classed by Dr. Hartlaub (J. ¢.)
under Campephaga, Vieillot, the type of that genus being the African Campephaga
nigra, Vieill. This species, in its turn, Dr. Hartlaub transfers to Lesson’s genus
Lanicterus. I venture, however, to refer the Celebean bird to Volvocivora, Hodgs., as
it is nearly allied to the type of that genus, Lanius silens, Tickell (1833), = Ceblepyris
lugubris, Sundev. (1837), = Volvocivora melaschistos, Hodgs. (1837).

On examination I find that Edoliosoma melanolema, a title published without descrip-
tion, refers to S. Miiller’s species; while the E. morio, of the Hand-list, no. 5097, appears
to be C. fimbriatus, Temm. The British-Museum examples of the last are noted from
Celebes ; but that locality requires further confirmation.

LaLaGE, Boie.
88. LALAGE LEUCOPYGIALIS, n.s. (PI. VIII. fig. 2.)

Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.).

S. Miiller, Hartlaub, O. Finsch, and others have hitherto included Celebes within
the range of the Lalage of Java, Turdus dominicus, P. L. S. Miller, =T. terat, Bodd.,
=T. orientalis, Gm. Two examples of a Lalage, one of an adult male, and the other
of an adult female, received by me from Menado, are to be readily distinguished from
the Javan bird by having the lower back and rump pure white, the long upper tail-
coverts only being grey. In this respect the Celebean Lalage agrees with L. mela-
noleuca (Blyth) from the Philippines; but that species is without a white supercilium
(fide Hartl. J. fiir Orn. 1865, p. 163).

This is probably the L. leucopygialis of Mr. Gray’s Hand-list ; but as no description
is given, his title cannot be noticed.

The Lalage which inhabits South-eastern Borneo differs from the Javan form in its
longer wing and broader though not longer bill.

Wing. | Tail, | Tarsus. fr Ries et

inches. | inches. inch. inch,
Java. GUE occ siacs, 3 arse eaves Agee 3°375 | 3-000] +7500 500 L. dominica.
Banjarmassing. gd adult............ 3°750| 3-250] -7500 500 ” ”
Menado. g adult................0. 3:500| 3-125] -6875 500 L. leucopygiatis.
Menado. 2 AUD bcieiee es cheese wees 3°500 | 3°125 6875 _ 1500 er 2» *

70 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES,

Lalage aurea (Temm.), Pl. Col. livr. lxiv. pl. 382. fig. 2, “Timor” (21st December
1825); Bp. Consp. i. p. 8355; Coll. Delattre, p. 78; Hartlaub, J. fiir Orn. 1865,
p. 168.
This species is stated to occur in Celebes by Bonaparte and Dr. Hartlaub. Mr,
Wallace, however, is of opinion that it cannot be considered a Celebean bird.

ARTAMIDES, Hartlaub.

89. ARTAMIDES BICOLOR (Temm.), Pl. Col. livr. xlvii. pl. 278, “Sumatra” (!) (June 26,
1824); S. Miiller, Verh. Land- en Volk. p. 191, “Celebes;” G, R. Gray, Hand-
list, no. 5091, “ Banda, Celebes, Sumatra.”

Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.).
Salomon Miiller (/. ¢.) expressly states that this species inhabits Celebes, and neither

Sumatra nor Banda.

DICRURIDA,

Dicrurvs, Vieillot.
90. Dicrurvs Levcops, Wallace, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 478, “ Celebes.”

Hab. Macassar, Menado (Wallace).

Closely resembles D. pectoralis, Wallace, of the Sula Islands, but is somewhat larger
in all its dimensions. The irides are stated by Mr. Wallace to be invariably milk-
white, while in the Sula species and in all others known they are red.

The type of Vieillot’s genus Dicrurus, Corvus balicassius, L., appears to stand alone;
and it will be perhaps necessary to form a separate genus for the reception of all the
Austro-Malayan Dicruride, whose affinities seem to be with Chibia, Hodgs.

NECTARINIID.

NECTARININA.

ARACHNOTHERA, Temminck. -
91. ARACHNOTHERA q
Arachnothera longirostra (Lath.), 8S. Miller, Verhandel. Zool. Aves, p. 69, ex Celebes.
I have not had an opportunity of examining an example of the Celebean Arachno-

thera, and am therefore unable to determine its correct title.

ANTHREPTES, Swainson.

92. ANTHREPTES MALACCENSIS (Scopoli), Del. Fl. et Faun. Insub. ii. p. 90. no. 62 (1786);
Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 47. no. 38,

Hab, Celebes (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.); Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Malacca;

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. WZ

(S. Miiller); Sula Islands, Flores (Wallace); Avacan, Tenasserim (Blyth); Labuan
(Motley & Dillwyn); Banjermassing (Sclater); Siam (Gould); Cambodia (Walden).

This must be a common species in the neighbourhood of Menado, judging from the
number of examples sent from that locality.

CHALCOSTETHA, Cabanis.

93. CHALCOSTETHA PORPHYROLZMA (Wallace), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 479, “Macassar ;” Walden,
Ibis, 1870, p. 46. no. 35,
Nectarinia aspasia (Less.), Schlegel & S. Miller, Verhand. Zool. Aves, p. 58, “ Macassar” (?).

Hab. Macassar (Wallace).

ARACHNECHTHRA, Cabanis.

94, ARACHNECHTHRA FRENATA (S. Miiller), Verhandl. p. 173, “New Guinea, Menado”
(1843); op. cit. Zool. Aves, p. 61, pl. 8. f.1; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 26. no. 6.
Hab. Celebes, Sula Islands, Mysol, Moluccas, Kaisa Island (Wallace); Batchian,
Ternate, Aru Islands, New Guinea, Islands of Torres Straits (G. R. Gray); North-east
coast of Australia (J. Macgillivray).
A, flavigastra (Gould), ex New Ireland, is closely related to this species. The male,
as described by Lesson and Garnot (Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 344, note), is undistinguishable.

NECTAROPHILA, Reichenbach.

95. NEcTAROPHILA GRAYI (Wallace), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 479, “Menado;” Walden, Ibis,
1870, p. 42. no. 80, pl. 1. f. 2.

Hab. Menado (Wallace).

AitHopyea, Cabanis.

96. AETHOPYGA FLAVOSTRIATA (Wallace), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 478, pl. 29. f. 2; Walden, Ibis,
1870, p. 35. no. 18; Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 141.

Hab. Menado (Wallace).

In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society (/. c.) Mr. Wallace states Menado to
be the habitat of this species; but elsewhere (Ibis, /.c.) that gentleman states that he
obtained this Sun-bird in a forest district beyond the Lake of Tondano, at an elevation
of about 1500 feet.

A sixth species of Nectarinia appears to inhabit Celebes (conf. Walden, Ibis, 1870,
p. 42. no. 30).

72 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

DIicaINA.

Dica&um, Cuvier.

97. Diczum cEeLEBIcuM, S. Miiller, Verhandel. p. 162, ‘“‘Celebes;” Wallace, P. Z.S.
1862, p. 324.

Diceum leclancherii, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 94, “ Menado ;” op. cit. 1846, p. 42; Hartl. op. cit.
1846, pp. 4, 47, 111.

Hab. Celebes, Sula Islands (Wallace).

PrionocuHiLvs, Strickland.
98. PRIONOCHILUS AUREOLIMBATUS, Wallace, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 477, pl. 29. f. 1, “ North
Celebes;” Salvadori, Atti Accad. Scien. Torino, 1868, p. 420.
?, Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 141.
Hab. Mountains of Minahasa (Wallace).
The female scarcely differs from the male.

Parus

MELIPHAGID.

ZOSTEROPS, Vigors.

99. ZosTEROPS INTERMEDIA, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 493, ‘“‘Macassar and Lombock ;”
Hart]. J. fiir Orn. 1865, p. 16. (Pl. IX. fig. 2.)

Hab. Macassar, Lombock (Wallace).
The above specific title was attached to a Macassar example in the British Museum

by Mr. G. R. Gray, and was adopted by Mr. Wallace, who first discovered and first
described the species.

100. ZostERors atrirrons, Wallace, P. Z. 8.1863, p. 493, “Menado.” (Pl. IX. fig. 3.)
Zosterops nigrifrons, Temm. Mus. Lugd.; Hartl. J. fiir Orn. 1865, p. 22.
Hab. Menado (Wallace); Gorontalo (Mus. Lugd.).

PLOCEID.

Pappa, Reichenbach.
101. Pappa oryzivora (Linn.), Amoen. Acad. iv. p. 243. no. 16 (1759), ex Edwards,
pl. 41.

Hab. Macassar (Wallace); Java (Horsf.); Sumatra (Raffles); Malacca (Cantor);

Lombock (Wallace); Banjarmassing (Sclater); South China (Swinhoe); Manilla (Von
Martens).

Mr. Wallace informs me that this species is abundant near the town of Macassar.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 73

Monta, Hodgson.

102. Monta wisonia (Temm.), Pl. Col. 500. f. 2, “Java” (8 May, 1830); conf. Blyth,
Ibis, 1870, p. 172; Walden, Ibis, 1869, p. 211, note.

Hab. Macassar (Wallace); Java (mus. nostr.).

A single Celebean example in Mr. Wallace’s collection, the only individual I have
been able to examine, agrees well with Javan specimens. The upper tail-coverts and
edges of the rectrices, however, are olive-green, and not grey as is the case in all my
Javan examples. Mr. Blyth (J. c.) observes that the Celebean race has no pale shafts to
the feathers of the upper parts; but in this Macassar individual the pale shafts are very
conspicuous. The two principal characters which distinguish the Javan I. nisoria (T.)
from the Indian MV. punctularia (L.), are the rufous colouring of the breast-markings
and the grey colour of the upper tail-coverts and edges of rectrices. In the Indian bird
these are golden yellow, and the breast-markings are almost black. Moulmein indivi-
duals, again, differ from those of India in having the breast-markings rufous, and from
both Javan and Indian in having the upper tail-coverts and edges of the rectrices
yellowish green; nor are the breast-markings in the Moulmein race as well defined. In
the race which inhabits Flores the upper tail-coverts are pale olive-green, as in the
Celebean bird.

MM. punctularia and M. nisoria, in young plumage, before the breast-markings appear
and the upper coverts assume the waxy lustre found in the adult, are extremely difficult
to distinguish. The Indian bird, however, is considerably larger, and has the bill much
stouter. From MV. rubro-nigra and its allies, when in first plumage, they are likewise
difficult to separate. The only sure characters are the sinuated commissure and massive
form of the bill in MZ. rubro-nigra.

103. Munia motucca (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 302 (1766), ex Brisson, Orn. iii.
p. 241. no. 10; Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 147.
Hab. Macassar (Wallace); Flores (mus. nostr.).
A Celebean example of an adult male collected by Mr. Wallace perfectly agrees with
Brisson’s description of Count Bentick’s specimen obtained in the Moluccas, on which
Linneus bestowed the above specific title.

104. Munia BRUNNEICEPS, n.sp. (Pl. IX. fig. 1.) Conf. Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 171.

Hab. Macassar (Wallace).

Head, chin, throat, and breast brown; abdominal stripe, vent, and under tail-coverts
black; remainder of plumage dark chestnut. From a Macassar example of a male
collected by Mr. Wallace. In another example from the same locality, marked a female,
the head and nape are of a lighter and less decided shade of brown. Wing 2 inches,

VOL. VIII.—PaRT U1. May, 1872. N

74 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Were it not that Mr. Blyth had already remarked the imbrowned colouring of the head
and neck in examples from Celebes, contained in the Leyden Museum, I should have
felt less confidence in considering these Macassar individuals distinct from M. rubdro-
nigra, Hodgs.

CORVID.

Corvus, Linnzeus.

105. Corvus ENnca (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 164, “Java” (1822); Schlegel,
Bijdrag. part viii. p. 13, pl. 1. fig. 23; Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, p. 29,

Corvus validus, var., Wallace, partim, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 343.

Hab. Macassar (Bernstein) ; Limbotto, Gorontalo, Kema, Toulabello (Von Rosenberg) ;
Java (type).

The species inhabiting Celebes has not been satisfactorily identified. By Professor
Schlegel it is considered the same as that found in Java, while true C. validus, Temm.,
Bp. (Consp. i. p. 385), is from Sumatra, and does not occur in Java.

GazzoLa, Bonaparte.

106. Gazzoua tyPica, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxvii. p. 828, “ Nouvelle Calédonie,” errore
(5th December 1853); Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 6 (1854); Sclater, Ibis,
1859, p. 113.
Corvus advena, Schlegel, Bijdragen tot de Dierk. pt. viii. p. 3, pl. 2, “ Sumatra,” errore (1859) ; Mus.
Pays-Bas, Coraces, p. 6, “‘ Macassar ;”” Wallace, Mal. Archip. i. p. 375.

Hab. Macassar (Wallace). ;

This species has hitherto been found only in the Macassar district. My. Wallace (J. c.)
alludes to it as rare. It is an anomalous form, hardly exceeding a Lycos in size, but
with a bill equal to that of Corvus corone, and of much the same character. The
arrangement of the quills is peculiar: The fourth much exceeds the others; and the
first is very short. Prince Bonaparte separated it generically, but placed it next to
Corvus (Physocorax) moneduloides (Less.), another unique and aberrant Corvine form,
with which it has nothing in common beyond its general family relations.

This species has partly been the subject of some of the most curious mistakes in
ornithological literature; and the position of the generic title Gazzola, Bp., whether’
among the Campephagide or the Corvide, depends on a correct history and explanation
of how the confusion arose. In the thirteenth edition of the ‘Systema,’ Gmelin gave
the title of Corvus caledonicus to Latham’s “‘ New-Caledonian Crow,” a species described
by Latham (General Syn. i. p. 377) from a drawing belonging to Sir Joseph Banks.
This is a true New-Caledonian Graucalus. In the second supplement to the ‘ Synopsis,’
Latham inserted a distinct bird (Labillardiére’s “Pie de la Nouvelle Calédonie”)
under the title of “Caledonian Crow,” and called it in the supplement to the ‘ Index

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 75

Ornithologicus’ Corvus caledonicus. Thus there became a Corvus caledonicus, Gm., and
a Corvus caledonicus, Lath., the first being a Graucalus, the last a Streptocitta, the first
being a really New-Caledonian species, the last being only found in Celebes. In
1850 Bonaparte founded his genus Gazzola, making C. caledonicus, Gm., the type, and
associating with it the correct synonyms of true C. caledonicus, Gm. Still it is evident
that Bonaparte was confounding the then unique specimen in the Paris Museum of
the Celebean black-and-white Crow (which was labelled “ Corvus dauricus de la Nou-
velle Calédonie”) with Corvus caledonicus, Lath., the black-and-white Streptocitta ; for
the Prince would never have identified a true Graucalus with either a Pica or a Corvus,
and he made Gazzola the connecting link between the Garrulide and the Corvide.
Thus the elements of confusion were these :—one Corvus caledonicus, Gm.; two species
under that title in Latham, one of them being described as black and white; a black-
and-white Corvus in the Paris Museum labelled “C. dauricus de la Nouvelle Calédonie,”—
only one of the three species being a New-Caledonian bird. Three years later Bona-
parte partly cleared up the confusion. He (Notes Ornith. /.c.) changed the title from
Gazzola caledonica (Gm.) to that of Gazzola typica, Bp., on the ground that the type of
his genus Gazzola was neither of the “deux C. caledonicus, de Latham,”’ nor that of
Labillardiére, nor that of Gmelin. The question now arises whether Corvus caledonicus,
Gm., ought to be considered the type of the genus Gazzola. It has been so treated by
Mr. G. R. Gray (Hand-list, no. 1246). But as the Prince has described the species he
founded the genus on, I have thought it best to retain Gazzola for that species, which
is the same as Corvus advena, Schlegel.

MM. Verreaux and O. des Murs (Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 432) included Gazzola
typica, Bp., in their list of New-Caledonian birds, trusting, in all probability, to the
erroneous locality on the label of the Paris-Museum specimen.

Srreprocitra, Bonaparte.

107. Srreprocirra CALEDONICA (Lath.), Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxv. no. 3 (1801), ex Voy.
Entrecasteaux, ii. p. 226, pl. 35 (392), “ New Caledonia,” errore.
Pie of New Caledonia, Labillardiére, Voy. Entrecasteaux, Eng. Tr. (Stockdale), ii. p. 227, pl. 39;
G. R. Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Isl. p. 25.
Pica albicollis, Vieill. N. D. Sc. Nat. xxvi. p. 128, ex Voy. Entrecast. pl. 39.
Streptocitia caledonica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 382.
albicollis, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 118; Wallace, Malay Archip. i. p. 430.
Hab. Macassar (Wallace, fide Sclater ; Mus. Brit.).
Although Labillardiére (J. c.) tells us, very circumstantially, the date and the occasion
when and where he obtained his Pie de la Nouvelle Calédonie, Mr. Sclater’s explanation

1 This is a good illustration of the confusion that may be created by not quoting the names of the original
authors, or by replacing them with the names of subsequent authors, who may have quoted or misquoted.

N2

76 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

(J. ¢.) of the probable cause of the error is most likely correct. Yet it must be borne
in mind that Labillardiére never set foot on the island of Celebes proper; nor does
Entrecasteaux’s expedition appear to have had any direct communication with that
island on either of the occasions of its presence in the Moluccas. On its way from
Bouru to Sourabaya, in October 1793, the expedition, after failing in its attempt to pass
the Straits of Tioro, occupied several days in passing those of Boeton, and remained a
day at the town of Boeton itself. During this period the French naturalist made
several excursions on shore, and, as he particularly mentions, in the island of Pangasane,
and one, of two hours’ duration, in the neighbourhood of the town of Boeton. It is
most probable therefore that this form of Streptocitta was obtained either on the island
of Pangasane or of Boeton; for the expedition did not touch the mainland of Celebes,
nor at the island of Saleyer when passing the straits of that name.

I identify the species which inhabits the district of Macassar with Labillardiére’s bird,
because it best agrees with his short description. By him the bill is stated to be “ofa
light black from the root to within one third of the point, the remainder is yellowish.”
This and the green hue of the black portion of the plumage easily distinguish the
South from the North Celebean species. The bill is also more slender than that of the
following species.

108. Srreprocirra ToRQUATA (Temm.), Nouv. Rec. 75°™° livr. Pl. Col. 444, “Celebes”’
(Jan. 5, 1828); G. R. Gray, Birds Trop. Isl. p. 25.

Hab. Menado (Mus. nostr.).

I quite agree with Mr. G. R. Gray in regarding this form as specifically distinct from
the true S. caledonica, from which it differs by its strong, jet-black bill, and by having
the black portions of its plumage glossed with dark blue. Mr. G. R. Gray (J. c.) states
that the actual individual from which Temminck’s figure was drawn is in the British
Museum.

In this species the first quill is barely one inch long; the fourth and fifth are nearly
equal, the fifth being slightly the longest; the third is somewhat shorter than the
fourth ; the second still a little shorter than the third. The wing measures 5% inches.
The second pair of rectrices exceeds the first by $ of an inch; the third the second by
13; the fourth the third by 14; the fifth the fourth by 14; and the sixth, or middle
pair, the fifth by 27; the total length of the middle pair is 114; bill from nostril & of
an inch; tarsus 12.

Temminck’s surmise that this species occurs in Borneo has not been, as yet,
realized.

Professor Schlegel has generically separated his Charitornis albertine from Strepto-
citta; but it is difficult to seize the characters wherein it generically differs. The
structure of the wings, tail, and feet is identical. The colouring of the plumage is
congeneric. The nostrils are similar in form and position. The bill differs in being

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 77

more arched and stouter, but it does not differ in form from that of S. torquata so
much as the bill of 8. torguata does from that of S. caledonica. In C. albertine, how-
ever, the naked spaces, which are confined to the ophthalmic region in the Celebean
birds, extend to under the throat. In it also the frontal plumes are not developed and
curved back as in the two species of Streptocitte. Indeed the normal condition of the
frontal or nasal plumes is the only external character in which Charitornis differs from
Streptocitta. It seems more in accordance with the facts to regard the three species
as belonging to the same natural genus, with S. caledonica as the connecting link. In
the colouring of the plumage C. albertine only differs from S. caledonica by having the
head white. By the black-and-yellow colouring of the bill, the South-Celebean species
occupies an intermediate position between the completely black bill of S. torquata and
the completely yellow bill of C. albertine.

Mr. Wallace has led us to infer (Malay Archip. i. p. 430) that Charitornis is confined
to Celebes; but this is doubtless an error. Professor Schlegel’s types were obtained
in the island of Soula Mangouli; and the species has not been recorded from any other
locality.

I cannot concur with the Leyden Professor in placing Streptocitta among the Gracu-
lide ; though a most anomalous form, its nearest affinities seem to be with the Corvide.

BasILEORNIS, Temminck.
109. BasILEORNIS CELEBENSIS, Temm. (Mus. Lugd.); G. R. Gray, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 184.
no. 2, fig. 2; Wallace, Malay Archip. i. p. 430; Ibis, 1861, pl. 9. fig. 2.
Basileornis corythaix (Wagler), Bp. Consp. p. 420 (?), nec Wagler ; Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 113.
Hab. Menado, Macassar ( Wallace).
Prince Bonaparte’s description is so vague that it is impossible to decide whether he
described from the Celebean or the Ceramese bird.

ACRIDOTHERES, Vieillot.

110. AcRIDOTHERES CINEREUS, Miiller (Mus. Lugd.); Bp. Consp. i. p. 420, “ Celebes ”
(1850). (Plate X. fig. 1.)

Hab. Celebes (Mus. Lugd.); Macassar (mus. nostr.).

This is a well-marked species, most nearly allied to A. javanicus, Cab. (= Pastor
griseus, Horsf., nec Wagl.), but readily distinguishable by the upper and lower
plumage being light grey, and not dark iron-grey. All its dimensions are less; and
it has the base of the mandible with traces of black, but not as marked as in its other
congener, A. fuscus (Wagler), ap. Jerd., of continental Asia.

78 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Srurnia, Lesson.
111. Srurnia? pyrrHocenys (Schlegel), Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 86, “ Japan, Borneo” (1842).
Lamprotornis pyrrhopogon, Schlegel, op. cit. pl. 46.

Hab. Japan, Borneo (Schlegel); Philippines (Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 302. no. 217) ;
Celebes (Salvin).

Three examples, agreeing in every respect with Japanese individuals, are contained in
Mr. O. Salvin’s collection; and that gentleman tells me that they were all procured in
Celebes. Although I have adopted Professor Schlegel’s name, I have little doubt that
eventually, after comparison has been made with Philippine examples, it will have to
give way to dominicanus, Bodd., =T. dominicanus, Gm. These similar titles were
founded on Le Merle dominiquain des Philippines of Montbeillard (Hist. Nat. Ois.
iii. p. 396), who described it from a Philippine individual obtained by Sonnerat which
was figured by Daubenton (Pl. Enl. 627. f. 2). | Gmelin’s title has hitherto most
unaccountably been applied to the Sturnus dauricus, Pall. Pastor ruficollis, Wagler,
Syst. Nat. Av. p. 92, ex Manilla, is also clearly a synonym of 7. dominicanus, Bodd. &
Gm., and not a distinct species as enumerated by Prince Bonaparte.

One of Mr. Salvin’s specimens has the chin, tips and outer edges of the quills, the
under and upper tail-coverts, and the rectrices deeply tinged with bright rusty red.
Traces of this hue appear in other parts of the plumage. This peculiarity in members
of this group has been remarked upon by Mr. Swinhoe (P. Z. S. 1863, p. 302), and is
said by him to prevail during the breeding-season. Is the species, therefore, a per-
manent resident in Celebes?

In S. pyrrhogenys, Schlegel, and S. dauricus, Pall., the first quill is longest, and the
second nearly as long, the third and following quills being much shorter. This indi-
cates an affinity of these two species to true Sturnus; and the structure of the tail and
the metallic hues of the plumage strengthen the evidences of the relationship. The
form of the bill is peculiar, being short and stout, albeit Sturnine. On the other
hand, Oriolus sinensis, Gm., the type of Sturnia, Lesson, is a true Temenuchus, Cab. ;
consequently all the species falling under the latter generic title must be referred to
Sturnia,and Temenuchus will have to be suppressed. A distinct subgenus will probably
have to be made for S. pyrrhogenys and S. dauricus, and another for the reception of
the isolated Cingalese form Pastor senex, Temm., =Sturnia albofrontata, Layard.

Enopes, Temminck.

112. EnopEs ERYTHROPHRYS (Temm.), Nouv. Rec. xlv° livr.; Pl. Col. 267, “ Celebes,

environs de Menado, et dans lile Taguatto (1st of May 1824);” Wallace, Ibis,
1860, p. 141.

Hab. N.-E. Celebes, confined to the interior mountain districts, never abundant
(Wallace).

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES, 79

Catornis, G. R. Gray.

113. CALORNIS NEGLECTA, Nn. 8.
Calornis obscura, var., Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 343.

Hab. Celebes (mus. nostr.) ; Sula Islands (Wallace).

Having carefully compared examples of nearly all the described species of this
genus, I have no hesitation in considering the Calornis of Celebes and the Sula
Islands distinct. In colouring it most nearly approaches C. chalybea (Horsf.), ex
Java, with the allied races from Sumatra, Malacca, Borneo, and Cambodja; but its
dimensions are much greater. From C. obscura (Forst.), ex Gilolo and Batchian, it
can be readily discriminated by its bright green colouring. From all the members of
the C. metallica group it may be known by the total absence of any iridescent colours.
It perfectly agrees with examples from the Sula Islands.

The individuals on which this species is founded were sent from Menado in a
box which contained nothing but Celebean birds. Notwithstanding, therefore, Mr.
Wallace’s statement (Mal. Archip. i. p. 431) that the genus does not occur in Celebes,
we may, I venture to think, conclude that that island is not an exception to the
general rule which prevails in the geographic distribution of Calornis.

The following attempt at an analysis of the species belonging to this difficult genus
may perhaps assist in clearing up the confusion in which the synonymy of its members
is involved. All the species are divisible into two distinct groups:—first, those in
which the plumage is uniform green, varying from light to very dark green; secondly,
those which have, added to the prevailing green colour of the plumage, metallic reflec-
tions of purple and violet. The uniform green species may be further subdivided into
light green and dark green; while the metallic-green species are usually also distin-
guished by having the middle pair of rectrices much prolonged. In general terms it
may be said that the first subdivision embraces all the Indo-Malayan, the second and
third all the Australian forms.

A. Uniform green plumage.
a. Light green.

1. Muscicapa panayensis, Scop., ex Sonn. pl. 73, =Turdus cantor, Gm., ex Sonn. pl. 73,
=Turdus columbinus, Gm., ex Montbeillard, ex Sonn., “ Philippines.”

2. Turdus chalybeus, Horsf., =Turdus strigatus, Horsf. (av. juv.), =Lamprotornis
cantor, Gm., ap. Temm. Pl. Col. 149, “Java.”

3. Turdus insidiator, Raffles, “ Sumatra.”

4. Calornis affinis, A. Hay, “Tipperah, Arracan, Tenasserim, Nicobars.”

It is very questionable whether these last three species are separable. To them

80 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

belong the Malaccan, Sarawak, and Cambodjan races, which are as yet without titles,
but exhibit certain differences.

5. Calornis neglecta, nob., “ Celebes, Sula Islands.”

Turdus palmarum, Bodd., =Turdus mauritianus, Gm., both titles being founded on
Le Merle vert de Vile de France, of Montbeillard; and Pl. Enl. 648. f. 2 belongs to one
of these species; but to which, it is now impossible to say.

b. Dark green.

6. Lamprotornis obscura, Forst.; Bp. Consp. p. 417, “Gilolo.” Given also from
Batchian by Mr. G. R. Gray. A good species. Dark purplish green.

7. Calornis crassirostris, nob., “ Lombock.” Collected by Mr. Wallace. Very dark
green. Bill high and stout as in Aplonis. ‘The locality may not be correct.

8. Calornis mysolensis, G. R. Gray, “‘Mysol.” Closely allied to, if not the same as,
C. obscura.

9. Calornis cantoroides, G. R. Gray. Like C. mysolensis, only that the tail is shorter

and nearly square. Considered by Mr. Wallace to be a good species (P. Z. S.
1862, p. 343).

10. Lanius pacificus, Gm., ex Lath., =Calornis kittlitzi, O. Finsch, =Lamprotornis
columbinus, ap. Kittlitz (“ Mariannes, Carolines, and Puynipet”’?), from the descrip-
tion, seems to belong to this subgroup.

B. Green with purple and violet reflections.
11. Lamprotornis metallica, Temm. Pl. Col. 226. Described from Timor and Celebes.
The type was probably from Amboyna, perhaps from Australia, possibly from Timor.

12. Calornis purpurascens, G. R. Gray, =C. metallica, Temm., ap. Gould, “ North and
East Australia.”

13. Calornis amboinensis, G. R. Gray, “Amboyna.” Closely resembles the Australian
species, but is smaller.

14. Lamprotornis minor, Mill.; Bp. Consp. 417, “Timor.” Wallace gives it also
from Flores and Lombock. A very distinct species.

15. Calornis viridescens, G. R. Gray, “Aru Islands.” Near to C. amboinensis. Also

given from Dorey by Mr. G. R. Gray under the inaccurate title of C. virescens
(P. Z. S. 1859, p. 158).

16. Calornis gularis, G. R. Gray, “ Mysol.” Apparently nothing but C. viridescens.

17. Calornis nitida, G. R. Gray, “ New Ireland,” ex Less. & Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool. i.
p- 343. Seems to belong to the green and purple group.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 81

Dimensions.
Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. Locality.
inches. inches. inch, inch.
C. purpurascens, G. RB. Gray... cece eee 4-250 4-750 5625 8750 | Cape York.
C. amboinensis, G. BR. Gray oo... eee eee 3°875 | 3-500 5000 *8125 | Amboyna.
Cominor MUILY calvsiieck ante as Madeae eines 3°875 2-500 5000 “7500 | Timor.
C. chalybea (Horsf.) .... 0... ce cee ce eee eee 3°750 2-500 5000 -7500 | Java.
C. insidiator (Raffl.)? .. 6. ce eee 4-000 2-875 -5000 *8125 | Malacca.
i Soon picasa ois cana aliuernel tate MGA aCe 3°625 2-625 “5000 °8125 | Sarawak.
8 my] 0 gessieseeaaeacona os ahs eaten Saks 3°750 2-750 5000 *8125 | Cambodja.
C. neglecta, Nob. scacsvaa kin cas eeu esses wes 4-125 3:250 5625 *8750 | Celebes.
C. crassirostris, nob. .. 0... 0. ccc ce ee eee 4-000 4-125 -5000 -8750 | Lombock.
C. cantoroides, G. R. Gray ..... 0. eee eee. 3°750 2-500 -5000 *8125 | Mysol.

ScissrrostruM, Lafresnaye.

114. ScissrrosrruM DuBIUM (Latham), Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xviii. no. 5 (1801), ex Lath.
Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 73. no. 11, descr. orig.
Scissirostrum pagei, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 93, “ Manado;” Mag. Zool. 1845, pl. 59; Wallace,
Ibis, 1860, p. 141 ; Malay Archip. i. p. 430.

Hab. Scarce at Macassar, plentiful near Menado (Wallace).

We owe the identification of this most anomalous form with the Lanius dubius,
Lath., to Dr. Hartlaub (Arch. Nat. xiii. 2. p. 57). Notwithstanding Prince Bonaparte’s
incredulity (Consp. i. p. 423), a reference to Latham’s original description, taken from
a specimen “at Mr. Thompson’s, Little St. Martin’s Lane, London, but without any
history of its manners or country annexed,” leaves no doubt of its identity.

The sequence and relative proportions of the quills in this species are the same as in
Calornis. The structure of the tail is similar to that of Calornis metallica (Temm.).
The bill resembles most nearly, in its massiveness and general outline, that of Eulabes
Javanus, Cuv.; but the peculiar position of the nostrils, situated in narrow and deep
ascending grooves, is quite unique. The sole existing representative of a subfamily (?)
long since extinct, its systematic place seems to between Calornis and Eulabes.

COLUMB.
TRERONID.

Osmorreron, Bonaparte.
115. OsMoTRERON VERNANS (Linn.), Mantissa, p. 526 (1771), ex Briss. Om. i. p. 143,
“ Philipp. Ins. ;” Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 789, ex Linn.; Wallace, Ibis, 1863, p. 320.

Columba viridis, Scop. Del. Fl. Insub. ii. p. 94 (1786), ex Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guin, p. 110,
pl. 64, ¢, pl. 65, 2, “files de Lucon et D’ Antigue.”

VOL. VIII.—PART 11. May, 1872. Oo

82 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Treron viridis (Scop.), Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 374.
—— vernans, Steph., Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. i. p. 70.

Hab. Philippine Islands (type); Penang, Sumatra, Borneo, Macassar (Wallace) ; Java,
Gorontalo, Sumatra, Bangka (Schlegel).

The Celebean form is here retained under the title of the Philippine bird, as I have
not been able to compare examples from the two localities. But both from Mr. Wallace’s
and Professor Schlegel’s remarks on the differences existing in examples from the dif-
ferent Indo-Malayan islands, it seems probable that the species inhabiting the localities
given above will be all found to differ from one another specifically. On the Sumatran,
Javan, Bankan, and Celebean birds, Professor Schlegel has bestowed the title of grisei-
capilla. And yet he distinguishes the Javan and Celebean forms from the Sumatran
and Bankan species by remarking that the former has the head and throat dark greyish-
green, while the latter has those parts “jolie gris bleuatre.”

116. OsmorRERON' GRISEICAUDA (G. R. Gray), Mus. Brit. Columbe, p. 10, “ patr. incert.”
(1856); Wallace, ex Gray, P. Z.S. 1862, p. 344, “Sula Islands, Celebes;”’
Schlegel, Neder]. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, pp. 210, 346 ; Wallace, Ibis, 1863, p. 319.

Hab. Celebes, Sula Islands (Wallace).

Professor Schlegel (J. c.) is unable to discover any sufficient and constant distinctions
between the Javan 7. pulverulenta, Wallace, and this Celebean species. The Sanghir
bird, on account of its stouter bill, the learned Professor considers to possess greater
claims, but to be very closely allied. The Sula and Javan examples I have had an
opportunity of comparing exhibit the differential characters Mr. Wallace has insisted
on, and they seem to me sufficient. It would perhaps be convenient to separate the
maroon-backed members of Osmotreron under a distinct subgeneric title.

Lamprotreron, Bonaparte.

117. Lamprotreron Formosa (G. R. Gray), P. Z.S. 1860, p. 360; Wallace, Ibis, 1865,
p- 379, “ Celebes.”

Hab. Macassar, Menado (Waillace).
Closely allied to P. superbus (Temm.), and hardly admitted as distinct by Professor
Schlegel.

2 The type of Treron, Vieillot, is C. curvirostra, Gm., ex Lath., a species as yet not satisfactorily identified,
and not C. aromatica, Gm., as stated by Mr. G. R. Gray (Gen. and Subgen. no. 1654). To whatever species
Latham’s Hooked-billed Pigeon belongs, it is evident from the plate (Syn. ii. pl. 59) that in it the corneous
culmen extends to the forehead. Prince Bonaparte (Consp. ii. p. 10) reduced Toria, Hodgs., to a synonym of
Treron, but associated C. psittacea and C. aromatica with Toria nipalensis, species not possessing the characters
on which Mr. Hodgson founded his genus. Treron =Toria contains only two species, 7’. nipalensis and T. nasica ;
C. curvirostris. belongs to either the one or the other, probably (as already suggested by Mr. Wallace).to 7. nasica,
Schlegel.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 83

JotrERON, Bonaparte.

118. Iorrrron MELANOcEPHALA (Forster), Zool. Indica, p. 16, pl. 7, “Java” (1781').
Ptilopus melanocephalus, Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. p. 207.

Hab. Java (type); Flores, Sumbawa, Celebes, Sula Islands, Ceram, Sanghir (Schlegel) ;
Lombock (Wallace).

Professor Schlegel (J. c.) has detailed the characters which distinguish the several
races of this Pigeon inhabiting the islands of Java, Flores, Celebes, Sula, Ceram, and
Sanghir. They undoubtedly should receive distinguishing titles; for until they and
analogous forms are separately named, the physical geographer will only find half the
truth when studying zoological catalogues. The Celebean bird has the yellow gular
patch tinged with orange (conf. Schlegel, /. c.),

Levucorreron, Bonaparte.

119. Levcorreron GuLaRIs (Quoy et Gaimard), Voy. Astr. Zool. i. p. 247, pl. 29,
“‘Menado” (1830).

Hab. Menado (Wallace).

C. diademata, Temm., C. monacha, Reinwardt, and C. hypogastra, Reinwardt, belonging
to the Péilopodinew, were erroneously described by Temminck as inhabiting Celebes
(conf. Wallace, Ibis, 1865).

CarpopuaGa, Selby.

120. CarporHaca PAULINA, Temm. Mus. Lugd. (Columba enea, 2, Temm., Knipp, Pig.
i. pl. 4); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 35; Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 385; Schlegel, Nederl.
Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. p. 200.

Hab. Macassar, Menado, Sula Islands (Wallace).

A Philippine example in the Leyden Museum is stated by Professor Schlegel (J. c.) to
resemble the Celebean bird. But the differential characters it possesses render it likely
that the Philippine bird is specifically distinct. The examples in the same collection,
said to have been brought from the Mariannes (?), differ but slightly from the Celebean
species, according to Professor Schlegel. Both Prince Bonaparte and Mr. Wallace rank
this fine Fruit-Pigeon under Ducula, Hodgs. It appears to me to be a typical Carpo-
phaga, Selby.

* T have not been able to refer to the first edition of Pennant’s ‘ Indian Zoology ;’ but if this species is there
named, it will have to take Pennant’s title (1769).

02

84 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Dvucvia, Hodgson.

121. Ducuna rosacea (Temm.), Pl. Col. 578, “Timor” (1835); Wallace, Ibis, 1865,
p- 386; Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. pp. 201, 345.

Hab. Timor (type); Macassar, Flores (Wallace); Tolofoko (northern peninsula of
Halmaheira), Little Key Island (Schlegel).

The Celebean habitat of this Pigeon rests on the authority of Mr. Wallace (J. c.).
The Gilolo bird discovered by the late Dr. Bernstein is stated by Professor Schlegel
(7. c.) not to differ from the type species.

Myristicivora, Reichenbach.

122. Myristicivora LucTuosa (Reinw.), Temm. Pl. Col. livr. xlii. pl. 247 (26th Feb.
1825); Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 386.

Hab. Menado, Macassar, Sula Islands (Wallace); Menado (mus. nostr.).

Professor Schlegel (Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. p. 343) mentions the fact that, in this
species only, the breast and abdomen are sometimes washed or even spotted with black.
Mr. Cassin (United States Exped. p. 266) pointed out that while C. bicolor (Scop.)
possesses fourteen rectrices, the North-Australian C. luctuosa (=. spilorrhoa, G. R.
Gray) has only twelve. An examination of examples in my collection fully bears out
this observation ; for I find that examples of

1. M. bicolor (Scop.), ex New Guinea, has fourteen rectrices.

2. 55 re ex Batchian, has fourteen rectrices.

3. M. luctuosa (Reinw.), ex Sula Islands, has fourteen rectrices.

4, i 53 ex Menado, has fourteen rectrices.

5. - 5 ex Menado, has twelve rectrices.

6. M. spilorrhoa, G. R. Gray, ex Port Albany, has twelve rectrices.
ie “ - ex Somerset, has twelve rectrices.

The Menado example, with only twelve rectrices (no. 5), appears to have originally
possessed two more, which have been lost.

ZON@NAS, Reichenbach.

123. Zonamwas RADIATA (Quoy et Gaim.), Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 244, pl. 26, “* Menado ”
(1830).

Hab. Macassar, Menado (Wallace).

HeEmipHaca, Bonaparte.

124. HEMIPHAGA FoRSTENI (Temm.), Knipp. Pig. ii. pl. 47; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 39 ; Wallace,
Ibis, 1865, p. 387.

Hab. Menado; appears to be confined to the mountainous district of Minahassa

(Wallace).

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 85

COLUMBID.

Macropyeia, Swainson.
125. Macropyeta ALBICAPILLA, Temm. Mus. Lugd.; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 57, “Celebes”
(1857).
Hab. Macassar, Tondano, Sula Islands ( Wallace).

126. MAcRoPYGIA MACASSARIENSIS, Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 389.

Hab. Macassar (Wallace).

Mr. Blyth (Ibis, 1870, p. 173) observes that UM. leptogrammica (Temm.) is not from
Java, but from Celebes. Its author (Pl. Col. 560) states that it inhabits Java and
Sumatra. Mr. Wallace (op. cit. p. 390) restricts its range to west Java, where it is
found up to an elevation of 7500 feet.

Turacena, Bonaparte.

127. TuRAc@NA MENADENSIS (Quoy et Gaim.), Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 248, pl. 30,
“* Menado ” (1830).
Hab. Macassar, Menado, Sula Island (Wallace).
Prince Bonaparte (Consp. ii. p. 59), apparently on Temminck’s authority (Nouv. Rec.
Pl. Col. 248), cites Celebes as the habitat of Reinwardtena reinwardti (Temm.). Mr.
Wallace (Ibis, 1865, p. 391) does not include Celebes within its range.

Turtur, Selby.
128. Turrur rigRina (Temm.), Knipp, Pig. pl. 43 (1811); Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 391.
Turtur chinensis, ap. Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 147.

Hab. Java, Malay peninsula, Lombock, Flores, Timor, Ternate, Celebes (Wallace) ;
Menado (mus. nostr.).

GOURID£.

Puioca@nas, Reichenbach.

129. Patocanas rTristiemata (Temm.), Mus. Lugd.; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 87, “'Tondano”
(1857); Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 393, pl.10; Malay Archip. i. p. 413.

Hab. Macassar, Menado (Wallace).

CHaLcopHaPs, Gould.
130. CHALCOPHAPS STEPHANI, Jacq. et Puch. Voy. Péle Sud, Zool. p. 119, “ Nouv. Guinée,
céte occidentale” (1853); Peristére d Etienne, Homb. et Jacq. Atlas, pl. 28. f. 2

(January 1846); Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 394; Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk.
1866, pp. 265, 345.

Hab. North Celebes (Wadlace).

86 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Mr. Wallace (J. c.) has separated the New Guinea, Waigiou, and Mysol race from that
inhabiting Celebes, and conferred on it the title of Ch. hombroni. But as the type of
Ch. stephani was obtained in New Guinea, if the two races are distinct, the Celebean,
and not the New-Guinea bird requires a new title.

131. CuaucopHaps inpica (Linn.), Syst. Nat. 12, i. p. 284 (1766), ex Edwards, pl. 14;
Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, p. 267.

Only two species of this subgenus are recognized by Professor Schlegel :—first,
Ch. stephani, as restricted above; secondly, all the remaining races of Asia, its islands,
Australia, New Caledonia, and the islands of the Gilolo and Ceram groups. Members
of this second species are stated by the Professor (J. c.) to also inhabit Celebes and New
Guinea, but to be exceedingly rare in those two localities. Mr. Wallace does not
appear to have met with it in either country.

GEOPELIA, Swainson.
132. Gropenia striata (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 282 (1766), “ India orientali”
(1766), ex Brisson.

Hab. Macassar (Wallace) ; Java (Sparrman) ; Queda (Sonnerat) ; Lombock (Wadlace) ;
Philippines (Von Martens).
I include this species on the authority of Mr. Wallace.

Catanas, G. R. Gray.

133. Cata@was NicoBaRica (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 283, “insula Nicombar”
(1766), ex Albin, pl. 47; Wallace, Ibis, 1865, p. 400; Von Pelzeln, Reise der
Novara, Vogel, p. 110.

Hab. Malacca and Singapore, Celebes, Batchian, New Guinea (Wallace); Treis
Island, Nicobars (Von Pelzein).

This species is given from Celebes by Mr. Wallace in his table of distribution (J. c.);
but it is to be inferred, from the interesting account given by the same author of its
range and habits (Malay Archip. ii. p. 65), that the Nicobar Pigeon is not found on
the main island.

GALLINA.
PHASIANID.

Ga.uus, Linneus.
134. GaLLus BANKIVA, Temm. Pig. et Gallin. ii. p. 87, “Java” (1813).

Hab. Java (type); Macassar (Wallace).
Mr. Wallace has informed me that this species occurs in Celebes.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 87

Gmelin’s diagnosis of G. ferrugineus was undoubtedly taken from Latham’s sixty-sixth
plate, which represents the hen of the red Indian Jungle-fowl. But Gmelin first quoted
Sonnerat’s Grande caille de la chine (It. ii. p. 171), a bird that cannot, by its description,
be referred to the genus Gallus, and which seems to have been described from an
example of 7. perlatus, Gm. Latham having erroneously identified Sonnerat’s species
with his own Hackled Partridge, was copied by Gmelin; hence two distinct birds are
included under Zetrao ferrugineus, Gm.

It will be necessary to compare Celebean examples with those from other parts of
Asia before we can decide to which species they belong.

TETRAONID.

EXxcaLFAcToris, Bonaparte.
135. EXcALFACTORIA MINIMA, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 128, “ Macassar,” Birds of Asia,
pt. xiii. ’
Hab. Macassar (Wallace).
A representative form of E. chinensis (Linn.), if admissible as distinct.

TURNICID.

Turnix, Bonnaterre.
136. Turnix RuFILATUS, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 480, “ Macassar.”
Hab. Macassar (Wallace).

MEGAPODIID.

Mecapopivs, Quoy et Gaimard.
137. MrcaPopius GILBERTI, G. R. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 289, “Celebes;” Schlegel,
Nederl. Tijdschr. 1866, p. 263.
Megapodius of small size, Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 142.
Hab. Celebes (Wallace, Schlegel); Island of Siao (Sanghir group ?) (Schlegel).
M. rubripes, Temm. Pl. Col. 411, “Celebes,” is neither from Celebes nor Amboyna
(conf. Schlegel, op. cit. p. 260).

MEGACEPHALON, Temminck.
138. MEGACEPHALON MALEO, Temminck.

Megapodius rubripes, Temm., apud Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 239, pl. 25, av. juv., nec
Temm.

Megacephalon rufipes (Quoy et Gaim.), Gray & Mitch. Genera, iii. pl. 123.

maleo, Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 142.

—— rubripes, Wallace, Malay Archip. i. p. 413.

88 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Megacephalon maleo, Temm., Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 876 (1856).
rubripes, G. R. Gray, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 288; op. cit. 1864, p. 42, nec Temm.

Hab. North-east Celebes (Wallace).

Although we owe to Messrs. Gray and Mitchell (/. c.) an excellent figure, and to
Mr. Wallace (J. c.) a most interesting account of this species, no description, with a
distinctive title, appears ever to have been published of the adult bird. The specific
title adopted above is the name by which this Megapode is known to the natives of
North Celebes. 'Temminck’s only published notice of the species is in these words :—
“Le grand Mégapode, connu aux Célébes sous le nom de Maleo ne nous est point
encore parvenu” (Pl. Col. 411); and he then states that it must not be confounded with
the other Celebean Megapode, M. rubripes, Temm. It was, however, so confounded for
many years after, until Prince Bonaparte (J. c.) enumerated it as a distinct species in
his ‘Tableaux Paralléliques.’ Temminck does not appear either to have published the
characters of his genus Megacephalon.

A fine male from North-east Celebes (mus. nostr.) has the head, chin, throat, and
entire upper half of the neck naked, with a few straggling, short, brown feathers
interspersed. The quills, rectrices, upper and under tail-coverts are deep brown, nearly
black, with a dark green gloss. Upper breast and entire upper surface dark brown.
Under surface and flanks salmon-colour. Fifth and sixth quills equal, and longest;
fourth and seventh a trifle shorter, and equal; third somewhat shorter than fourth; the
second an inch shorter than the third, and the first an inch shorter than the second.

GRALL.
CHARADRITD.

Cuaraprivs, Linneus.

139. CHARADRIUS FULVUS, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 687, ex Lath. Syn. iii. p. 211,
“Otaheite ;” Schelgel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 30.

Hab. Gorontalo, April, males passing into perfect plumage, female passing into
perfect plumage, April 20 (Rosenberg); Gorontalo, passing out of perfect plumage,
September 24 (Forsten).

The complete range of this species cannot be given until we have agreed upon the
races which ought to be included under the above title. For an exhaustive essay on
the subject, conf. Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 188.

Evupromias, Boie.

140. Evpromias vereDus (Gould), P. Z.S. 1848, p. 38, “ Northern Australia ;” Harting,
Ibis, 1870, p. 209.

Hab. Macassar (Wallace); Northern and Eastern Asia, Malay archipelago, New
Guinea, Australia.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 89

JEci.itEs, Boie.

141. AEGIALirEs puBrus (Scop.), Del. Faun. et Fl. Insub. ii. p. 93. no. 81 (1786), ex
Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 84, pl. 46, “Luzon.”

Charadrius philippinus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 745. no. 11 (1790), ex Sonn. J. c.

alexandrius, Hasselq. var. 5, Gm. 8S. N. ed. 12, i. p. 684, ex Sonn. /. ¢.

—— philippinus, Scop. (!), Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 28.

? Aigialites minutus (Pall.), ap. Jerdon, Birds Ind. iii. p. 641.

Hab. Ayer-pannas, 6th of August (Von Rosenberg).

A Celebean example of a Ring-Plover, collected by Von Rosenberg, has been
identified by Professor Schlegel (J. c.) with Le petit Pluvier & collier de Lugon of
Sonnerat; and he has further united it with the Lesser Ring-Plover of Europe. A
Philippine Ring-Plover has also been identified by Dr. von Martens (J. fiir O. 1866,
p. 26) with the European bird, i.e. C. cwronicus, Gm. (ex Beseke, Schr. Berl. Gesellsch.
nat. Freunde, vii. p. 463. no. 48, who gave no title)}—the C. minor, Meyer, of recent
authors. In India, besides C. curonicus (=C. minor, or else C. intermedius, Ménétr., if
really distinct), another small Ring-Plover occurs, the 4. minutus (Pall.) ap. Jerdon, a
species distinct from C. curonicus,Gm.; and the question arises whether this is not
the species Sonnerat figured. As is the case in India, it is not impossible that both
species inhabit the Philippines and also Celebes. Without inquiring into the validity
of C. minutus, Pallas, and whether or not it indicates only C. curonicus in young
plumage, as maintained by O. Finsch and Hartlaub (Orn. Ost-Afr. p. 661), these
gentlemen seem to have been somewhat hasty in identifying Sonnerat’s bird with #.
curonicus (Gm.). Sonnerat states that the bill and feet are “noiratres.” Both Sonnerat
and Buffon (Hist. Nat. viii. p. 93), who refers to Sonnerat’s Philippine specimen, say
that the Philippine species differs but little from the European Little Ring-Plover.
But both those authors included it also among North- and South-American species,
and Buffon hardly recognized the specific distinctness of . hiaticula.

4. minutus (Pall.) ap. Jerd., is a smaller and more delicately formed species. In
plumage it closely resembles . curonicus, but has the head-markings better defined
than those of any example of that species I have as yet seen. Its chief distinction is to
be found in the smallness of the feet and shortness of the legs. A Katmandoo specimen
has the legs dark reddish brown, instead of yellow, It behoves naturalists in India to
investigate these differences. I am inclined to believe in there being two species, but
have not been able to examine a sufficiency of individuals to form a decided opinion.
Should the Philippine smallest Ring-Plover prove identical with the European C. curo-
nicus, Gm., both will have to take the title of dubius, Scop.

44. minutus (Pall.) ap. Jerd, may be identical with Charadrius pusillus, Horsf,
Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 187, ex Java,

VOL, VIIL—PART . May, 1872. P

90 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Table of Dimensions.

Wing. | Tarsus.| Tail. | Bill.

inches. | inch. | inches. | inch.
ZS. curonicus (Gim.) ..) 4500) -8750| 2-875] -5000| Piedmont. 9. May; not quite full plumage.
* ss ..| 4°750| -8750| 2°875| -5000| Europe. Not quite full plumage.
33 5 ..| 4625] +8750] 2°625| -5625) Bengal. Not quite full plumage.
9 59 ..| 4500] -8750} 2°625| -5000| Malta, April 4. Not quite full plumage.

- » ++| 4250] -8750| 2°875| -5000| Malta, April 4. Not quite full plumage.
.-[|....7| '8750] 2°750| -5625 | Calcutta, February. Not full plumage.
a » ++| 4875) -8750| 2°750|} -5000! Turkey, May 7. Almost full plumage.
ee 35 ..| 4625 | °8750| 2-750] -5000| Abyssinia, R. Amba, August 21. g. Young plumage.
A 5 ..| 4875 | -8750| 2°750] -5000|Coorg. ‘Winter? or first plumage?
4-625 | -8750| 2°750| -5000|Coorg. Winter? or first plumage ?

TOPOS D sae sos Stee ake te 4:250| -7500| 2:375| -4375|Candeish. Full plumage.
> 39 ..| 4125] -7500| 2-875) -5000|Candeish. Full plumage.
igs 35 ..| 4375 | +7500] 2°875 | -4375 | North-western India. Full plumage.
zs 45 ..| 4375 °7500 | 2°875) -5000|Maunbhoom, December 16. Full plumage.
4 x ..| 4:125 | +6875] 2°875| -3750|Katmandoo. Full plumage.

142. /KGIALITES PERONII (Temm.), Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 33, “1 Archipel
Indien” (March 1865); Swinhoe, P. Z.S. 1870, p. 139. (Pl. X. fig. 2.)

Hab. Borneo, Java, Semao (Schlegel) ; Macassar (Wallace).

An example of this species in summer plumage was obtained by Mr. Wallace in
Celebes. Mr. Swinhoe, who has also examined this individual, agrees with me in
identifying it as above. It belongs to the subsection of which 4. cantianus may be
regarded as the type. As it is a rare species, I append the following description :—

Forehead, from the base of the bill, pure white; a broad white superciliary stripe,
confluent with the white forehead, terminates above the black ear-coverts; narrow
frontal band, lores, ear-coverts, and a broad band crossing the back and reaching to the
sides black ; a black pectoral stripe, continued from the black sides, is narrowed into a
thin line on the breast, where it does not quite meet ; this excepted, the entire under
surface, cheeks, under wing-coverts, and a broad nuchal collar pure white. Upper
plumage pale earthy brown, most of the feathers with albescent edgings, conspicuous
on the wing-coverts, some of which are edged with a purer white; primaries reddish
brown ; secondaries paler brown, broadly margined on the inner webs, and tipped with
white, more or less cinereous; all the shafts white; three outer pairs of rectrices pure
white; the next pair pale brown, much mixed with white (the rest of the rectrices are
absent in this example); bill jet-black, no trace of any other colour; legs, in dried
skin, pale yellow brown. Wing 33, bill from forehead §, tarsus 1, tail 18.

The frontal white patch is broad, more so than in European examples of Z. hiaticula.
In proportion the black frontal band is narrow, and is not posteriorly edged with white.

? First primaries wanting.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 91

SrreEpsi.as, Iliger.

143, SrREpsiLas INTERPRES (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 248; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
Cursores, p. 43.

Hab. Celebes (Mus. Lugd.): almost universal.

Esacus, Lesson.

144. Esacus macnirosrris (Geoffroy St.-Hilaire): Vieill. N. Dict. xxiii. p. 231 (1818),
nec Latham.
Gidicnemus magnirostris, Geoffroy, Temm. Pl. Col. 387, “ Celebes ;” Wagler, Syst. Av. Charadrius,
no. 3, “ New Holland” (1827) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 22.
Charadrius giganteus, Lichtenst.; Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 647, “ New Holland.”
Esacus magnirostris, Geoffroy, Gould, Hand-b. B. Austr. ii. p. 218.
(Latham), Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 846, nec Latham.

Hab. Celebes (Reinwardt); Island of Raou, near Morty, Island of Moor, east coast of
Gilolo, Waigiou, Bangka (Mus. Lugd.); northern and north-western parts of Australia
(Gould) ; Sula Islands, New Guinea (Wadlace).

The Australian ‘“Great-billed Plover” of Latham (Syn. Supp. ii. p. 319, C. magni-
rostris, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 66) has been shown by Mr. Strickland (Ann. Nat. Hist.
xi. p. 337) to be nothing but @dicnemus grallarius (Lath.). Consequently Iliger’s
genus Burhinus (Prodrom. p. 250, 1811), founded on C. magnirostris, Lath., is syno-
nymous, not with Esacus, but with Cédicnenws, over which generic title it takes
priority.

The name magnirostris, Geoffroy, seems to have been an unpublished museum title.
I can find no earlier description of the species than that of Vieillot’s (7. c.), who adopted
the name from the Paris Museum.

Temminck figured (7. c.) a Celebean example collected by Reinwardt; but he united
with it as belonging to one species individuals from India, Java, and les iles Papous.
The Celebean bird in size, he observes, holds a middle place between the Indian and
the Papuan, the last being the largest and having the plumage very dark-coloured.
The Indian E. recurvirostris (Cuv.) is a recognized species; but may not the Celebean
bird prove to be a species distinct from the Australian? Professor Schlegel unites the
archipelagic with the Australian; but have they been compared ?

Himantorvs, Brisson.

145. HimanTopus LEUCOCEPHALUS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 26, “Australia, Java,
Sumatra;” Birds Austr. vi. pl. 24; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces,
p- 106; conf. Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 35.
Hab. Gorontalo, October 9 (Forsten); Ayer-pannas, August 14; Limbotto, August
29; Wawou, a few days old, August 27 (Rosenberg); Bengal (H. intermedius, Blyth,
P2

92 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

J.A.S.B.2; Cat. Mus. Calc. no. 1573); rare in India, J. A.S. B. 1845, p. 459 (Blyth) ;
Java, Borneo, Amboyna, Ternate, Sumbawa, Timor, Lobo (New Guinea) (Mus. Lugd.) ;
Australia (Gould).

RALLIDZ.

PorpuHyrio, Brisson.

146. Porpuyrio inpicus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 194, “Java” (1822, read 18th
of April 1820); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p.55; Finsch & Hartl. Faun.
Centralpolyn. Aves, p. 170, pl. xii. f. 2.

Porphyrio smaragdinus, Temm. Pl. Col. 421, “Java” (February 1827).

Hab. Macassar, Menado (mus. nostr.); Tondano, 21st of April (Forsten); Gorontalo,
18th of April, 24th of May, 26th of June; Ayer-pannas, 11th of August (Von
Rosenberg); Java (type); Ceram, Bouru (Mus. Lugd.); Banda (G. R. Gray); Sumatra
(Cassin) ; Samoa Islands (Peale).

The absolute identity of the race of purple Coots inhabiting the islands above cited
has yet to be established. To the Ceram race Temminck applied the title of mela-
nopterus ; that of Samoa has received the designation of samoénsis, Peale. It is true
that the late Mr. Cassin could detect no difference between the Samoan and the Javan
Porphyrio; and Messrs. Finsch & Hartlaub (/.c.) agree in uniting them. On the
other hand, Professor Schlegel has observed slight distinctions between the individuals
inhabiting Java, Celebes, and Ceram. I have not been able to compare a sufficient
series in full plumage to form a decided opinion. But Celebean birds appear to have
the throat, upper breast, and shoulder-coverts of a much richer and deeper blue than
what I have found in Javan examples. I am unable to discover sufficient evidence to
justify Latham’s title of poliocephalus (Suppl. Ind. Orn. p. 58) being applied to the
Philippine Porphyrio, rather than to the one of Continental India (P. neglectus,
Schlegel). Latham’s Grey-headed Gallinule (Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 375) was described by
him from a drawing by General Davies, of an individual in Exeter Change. The
description agrees well enough with the Indian bird, and better than with the
Philippine. It is certainly not sufficiently minute to enable us to refer it without
doubt to the latter species, P. pulverulentus, Temm. (Pl. Col. 405, erroneously given
from Africa); while the probabilities are in favour of the type having come to London
from India, and not from the Philippines.

Hypra.ector, Wagler.

147, HyDRALECTOR GALLINACEUS (Temm.): Pl. Col. 464, “ Moluques” (5th of July 1828) ;
Gould, Birds Austr. vi. pl. 75.

Parra cristata, Vieill., Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 68.
Hab. Menado, Macassar (mus. nostr.); Ayer-pannas, adult male, 21st of August,

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 93

adult female, 18th of August, male partly moulting, 22nd of August, young female,
21st of August; Limbotto, adult male of small dimensions, 31st of August, female
moulted, 29th of August; Gorontalo, adult female, 30th of April; Wawou, very
young male, 27th of August (Von Rosenberg); Gorontalo, young female, 29th of June
(Forsten) ; Port Essington, Eastern Australia (Gould) ; Queensland (mus. nostr.).

Temminck (1. ¢.) states that this is a bird of passage at Amboyna. Mr. Gould (Hand-
book, Austr. ii. p. 331, where an interesting account of its habits is given) mentions
that it is a native of New Guinea. No authority is quoted; and I can find no con-
firmation of the statement. Professor Schlegel confines its range to Celebes and
Australia. It breeds in Eastern Australia (Gould, /.c.); but unfortunately the month
is not stated.

I cannot follow Professor Schlegel (/.¢.) in referring this species to P. cristata,
Vieill. (N. D. xvi. p. 430, ex Ceylon). Vieillot’s title was given to Le Grand Jacana
verd & créte of Temminck (Cat. Syst. Cabinet d’Ornith. p. 265. no. 403, 1807), whose
description Vieillot reproduces almost word for word. Temminck’s Jacana, as has
already been shown by Dr. Hartlaub (Syst. Index, in Jard. Contrib. Ornith. 1849), is
clearly Parra indica, Lath. (Ind. Orn. ii. p. 765, 1790). Wagler (Isis, 1832, p. 280)
gives both P. cristata and P. gallinacea as the types of his genus Hydralector. But the
generic character, “ Ein aufrecht stehender Fleischkamm am Kopfe,” evidently indi-
cates P. gallinacea as the generic type.

My Macassar example, an adult, only differs from a Menado individual by being much
smaller. Wing 42 against 5§. All the other dimensions proportionally less; it is
therefore probably a male. A Queensland example, a young bird, crown and nape
rich rufous intermixed with black, only differs in having a much stouter bill.

GALLINULA, Brisson.

148. GaLLINULA FRONTATA, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 35, “ Bouru.”
Gallinula hematopus, Temm. Mus. Lugd.; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 44, “ Celebes.”

Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.); Ayer-pannas, 12th of August, adult male, 17th of
August, adult female, 26th of August, female, 19th of August, young, one day old;
Panybie, 9th of September, female of the year; Limbotto, 4th of September, female
of the year, 31st of August, male and female of the year, 28th of August, female (Von
Rosenberg); Amboyna (Mus. Lugd.); Bouru (type).

Professor Schlegel, in his admirable list of the birds of the Leyden Museum, the
most perfect and practically useful work of its kind ever published, identifies the
Celebean bird with that described by Mr. Wallace from Bouru. Temminck’s MS.
title of hematopus had never been hitherto used, except by Bonaparte (Comptes Rend.
xliii. p. 600, 1856), and then only as a synonym of the nearly allied G. tenebrosa, Gould
(P. Z. S. 1846, p. 20). I have therefore retained Mr. Wallace’s title for the species.

94 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

It must, however, be remembered that no actual comparison appears as yet to have
been made between Bouru and Celebean examples.

149. GALLINULA ORIENTALIS, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 195, “ Java” (1822).
Gallinula ardosiacea, Vieill. Galerie, ii. p. 173, pl. 268, “ Java” (1825).

Hab. Java (Horsfield); Macassar (Wallace).

An example of an adult male Moor-hen, closely resembling the common European
species, was collected by Mr. Wallace at Macassar. It differs from G. chloropus in its
smaller dimensions, and the size and form of the frontal plate. I have been unable to
compare it with Javan individuals; but I shall provisionally adopt the title of the race
which inhabits Java. Wing 5, tarsus 14, bill from anterior side of plate to tip 144,
greatest breadth of frontal plate +4.

Erytura, Reichenbach.
150. Eryrura pHaNicurA (Forsten): Zool. Ind. p. 19, pl. 9, “ Ceylon” (1781).

Hab. Macassar (Reinwardt); Gorontalo, adult male, 20th of April, 17th of July, 1st
of August—male with some black spots on sides of head, 26th of May; Negrielama,
male in first plumage, 20th of September (Von Rosenberg) ; Gorontalo, male in imper-
fect plumage, October (Forsten); Banka, Java, Borneo (Mus. Lugd.); China, summer
visitant (2), Formosa (Swinhoe); throughout India (Jerdon) ; Ceylon (type); Zamboanga
(Mindanao) (Von Martens); Malayan peninsula (Eyton).

ORTYGOMETRA, Linneeus.

151. OrryGoMETRA CINEREA (Vieillot): Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 29 (1819), ex
Java; Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 563; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
Ralli, p. 32.

Ortygometra quadristrigata (Horsf.), Finsch et Hartl. Fauna Centralpolyn. p. 164.

Hab. Gorontalo, April 21, May 23; Ayer-pannas, August 25, female in first plumage,
August 25 (Von Rosenberg).

For the geographical distribution of this species and its complete synonymy, exclusive
of the title, conf. Finsch and Hartl. J. c. Those gentlemen seem to have overlooked in
this and in one or two other instances Dr. Pucheran’s valuable notices of the types
contained in the Paris Museum. According to the learned doctor, Porphyrio cinereus,
Vieill., was collected in Java by Labillardiére. This species is included in Mr. Hodgson’s
Catalogue of the Birds of Nipaul (J. A. S. Bengal, 1855, p. 381. no. 765) under the
title of Zapornia nigrolineata. Mr. G. R. Gray, Cat. B. Mus. Nepal, 1846, p. 143,
identified Z. nigrolineata, Hodgs., with Rallus superciliaris, Eyton, ex Malacca, and
in the 8rd edition of that catalogue (1863) adopted Eyton’s specific title. Mr. Blyth
(Cat. Calc. Mus. p. 339) includes Nipaul within the range of FR. superciliaris, Eyton.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 96

Professor Schlegel (J. ¢.) has identified Eyton’s species with P. cinereus, Vieill.; and
Drs. Finsch & Hartlaub (J. c.) with R. quadristrigatus, Horsf. ‘The species, however,
is not included in Dr. Jerdon’s work as an inhabitant of India.

Hypotanipia, Reichenbach.

152. HyporzniDIA CELEBENSIS (Quoy et Gaimard), Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 250,
“Celebes,” pl. 24. f. 2; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 22.

Hab. Menado (Forsten); Gorontalo, Limbotto (Von Rosenberg).

This is a representative form of the Philippine Radlus torquatus, Linn. (Schlegel,
l.¢.). Von Pelzeln (Novara, Aves, p. 134), with doubt, refers an example of a young
Rail from Borneo to the Celebean species.

153. Hyporanipia striata (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 262 (1766), ex Brisson,
** Philippines.”
Rallus gularis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 196, “ Java” (1822).

Hab. Philippines (type); all India and Ceylon, Burmah (Jerdon); Sumatra (Raffles) ;
Java (Horsfield); Cochin-china (Diard); Formosa (Swinhoe); China (Mus. Lugd.);
Menado (Wallace); Banjarmassing (Sclater).

Mr. Wallace obtained near Menado a female example of a Rail which so well agrees
with Brisson’s description of the Philippine bird, that I have little hesitation in making
the above identification. It must, however, be noted that, in the specimen referred to,
the under tail-coverts are distinctly pale rufous and. black, and not white and black.

154. Hypor#NIDIA PHILIPPENSIS (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 263 (1766), ex Brisson,
Orn. v. p. 163, “ Philippines ;” Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Rall, p. 25.
Rallus pectoralis (Cuvier), Lesson, ap. Finsch et Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 157, nec Cuv.;
conf. Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 276.

Hab. Macassar (mus. nostr.); Tondano, in September (Forsten); Gorontalo, April
17, 24, May; a chick newly hatched, August 4 (Von Rosenberg); Australia (Gould);
New Caledonia (Verreaux et O. des Murs); Philippines (type).

The Celebean bird has the nape rusty as in Australian individuals. In the event of
the Philippine species proving distinct, the birds from the other localities above given
will require a different title. Messrs. Finsch & Hartlaub (/. c.) have adopted Cuvier’s
title of pectoralis, copied by Lesson (‘Ir. p. 536), for this species, although Dr. Pucheran
(i. c.) had shown that the type of R. pectoralis, Cuv., was 2. lewinii, Swains. (conf.
Hartl. J. fiir Orn. 1855, p. 420).

Raina, Reichenbach.
155. RALLINA MINAHASA, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 346, “Sula Islands, Minahasa.”
Hab. Minahasa (N. Celebes), Sula Islands (Wallace).

96 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

156. Raina ISABELLINA (Temm.), Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 16 “Celebes’
(1865).
Hab. Gorontalo, type (Forsten); Ayer-pannas, Modelido (Von Rosenberg).

157. Ratna (?) ROSENBERGII, Schlegel, Neder]. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, p. 213, “‘ Kema.”
Hab. Kema (Von Rosenberg).

SCOLOPACID.

Noumenivs, Linneus.
158. Numenius puorvs (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 243 (1766); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-
Bas, Scolopaces, p. 97.

Hab. Bonthain, South Celebes, March 7th (S. Miller); Tondano, North Celebes
(Forsten); The Old World and Australia.

Until the breeding-grounds of the so-called distinct species of Whimbrels are dis-
covered it is useless to attempt discriminating between them. Both the Celebean
examples in the Leyden Museum possess the characters whereby Mr. Gould has distin-
guished his V. uropygialis.

159. Numenius minutus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1840, p. 176, “New South Wales;” Schlegel,
Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1866, p. 348.
Numenius minor, S. Miller, Verhandl. p. 110, “‘Amboyna;” Schlegel, Faun. Japon. Aves, p.111,
pl. 67.
Hab. North Celebes, Aru Islands (Schlegel); Japan (Von Siebold); Amboyna
(S. Miller); coasts of China (Swinhoe); New S. Wales, Port Essington (Gould).

Actitis, Illiger.
160. AcriTIs GLAREOLA (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 677 (1788); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-
Bas, Scolopaces, p. 73.
Hab. Gorontalo, October 9th (Forsten); Europe, Africa, Asia and its islands.

161. Acritis HYPOLEUCcOs (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 250 (1766); Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 83.

Hab. Gorontalo, in October (Forsten); Europe, Africa, Australia, Asia and its islands.

Toranvs, Bechstein.
162. Toranus eLorris (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 245 (1766); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-
Bas, Scolopaces, p. 63.
Hab. Celebes, in winter plumage (forsten); Bonthain, South Celebes, in March
(S. Miller): universal.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. oF

163. Toranvus catipris (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 245 (1766); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-
Bas, Scolopaces, p. 67.
Hab. Celebes, winter plumage, November (Forsten); Europe, Asia and its islands,
Africa.

Limosa, Brisson.

164. Limosa uRropy@rauis, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 38, “ Australia;” Birds. Austr. Vi.
pl. 29; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 25.
Hab. Celebes, in November (Forsten); Gilolo (Bernstein); Java (Van Hasselt) ;
Timor (Miller); Japan, New Zealand (Mus. Lugd.); Australia (type). (Conf. Finsch &
Hartl. Fauna Centralpolyn. p. 177.)

Trinea, Linnzus.

165. Trinca minus, Leisler, Nachtr. Bechst. Naturgesch. Deutschlands, Heft i. p. 74
(1811-15); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 46.
Hab. Celebes, in November, winter plumage (Foursten); Europe, Africa, Asia, Malay
archipelago, New Guinea, Australia (Mus. Lugd.).

166. Trinea pAMAcENSIS (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 192, “ Java” (1822); Swinhoe,
P. Z.S. 1863, p. 8316; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 49.
Tringa subminuta, Von Middendorf, Sibir. Reise, Vogel, p. 222, pl. 19. f. 6 (tarsus).
Hab. Tondano, winter plumage; Tondano, male, partly in nuptial plumage, September;
Gorontalo, male, winter plumage, October 9th; Celebes, moulting into perfect plumage

(Forsten) ; Java (type); Borneo (Schwaner) ; China, Formosa (Swinhoe); Eastern Siberia
(Von Middendorf ); Amoor river (Schrenck).

Losipss, Cuvier.

167. LoBIPes HYPERBOREUS (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 249 (1766); Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 59.

Phalaropus australis, Temm. Mus. Lugd.; Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 421 (1856), “ Celebes,”’ fide
Schlegel, J. ¢.

Hab. Celebes, winter plumage (Reinwardt); Amboyna, winter plumage (Hoedt); Aru
Islands, in winter plumage (Wallace); Madras (Jerdon); Peninsula of Luichow, April
3rd (Swinhoe); high latitudes of northern hemisphere, in summer.

Are the Moluccas the only, or at least the principal, winter residence of this species?
Its occurrence has only been once observed in India.

VOL. VIII.—PART 11. May, 1872. Q

98 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

GaLinaco, Stephens.
168. GaLuinaGo MEGALA, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 343, “Amoy;” Schlegel, Mus. Pays-
Bas, Scolopaces, p. 12.

Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten); Gilolo, Batchian (Bernstein) ; China, Formosa (Swinhoe).

ARDEIDZ.

ArpzEA, Linneus.

169. ARDEA suMATRANA, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 325, “Sumatra” (1822); Jerd.
Birds Ind. ii. p. 740; Gould, Birds Austr. ii. p. 296.

Ardea typhon, Temm. Pl. Col. 475, “river Gambia” (errore), (Sept. 5, 1829) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-
Bas, Ardea, p. 3.

rectirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 22, “ New South Wales.”

fusca, Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 176, “ Arracan” (1844).

insignis, Hodgs., Gray’s Zool. Mise. p. 86.

Typhon robusta (S. Miill.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 110, “ Timor.”

Ardea goliath, Temm., Bp. J. c., “ Celebes.”

Ardeomega nobilis,.“ Blyth,’ Bp. J. c., nec Blyth. (Conf. Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 36.)

Hab. Celebes (Reinw.); “Inde continentale,” type of A. typhon, Temm. (Schlegel) ;
Morty Island, Batchian, Toloforo (Gilolo) (Bernstein); Sumatra (Raffles); Coburg
Peninsula (Gould); Clarence river (Australia) (Schlegel); Arracan (Blyth); N.-E.
Bengal, Nepaul, Sikim, Terai, Assam (Jerdon); Sindh (drawing, Sir A. Burnes);
Flores (Wallace).

ARDEOLA, Boie.

170. Arpeota speciosa (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 188, “Java” (1822); Zool.
Res. pl. —.

Hab. Java (type); Celebes (Wallace).

I include the Javan form of A. leucoptera, Bodd., =A. malaccensis, Gm., on the
authority of Mr. Wallace.

There appear to be four closely allied Asiatic species of Ardeola; but they yet require
to be brought together and closely compared.

1. A. leucoptera, Bodd, ex Pl. Enl. 911, =A. malaccensis, Gm., ex Pl. Enl. 911,
“Malacca,” av. juv. Buphus bacchus, Bp., having been described from a Malaccan
individual, becomes a synonym of the type species.

2. A. grayi, Sykes, “ India,” =A. leucoptera, Bodd., ap. Jerdon (B. of Ind.).

3. A. speciosa, Horsf., “Java.” Most probably the same as the Malaccan form.
Stated by Professor Schlegel to also occur in Sumbawa and Borneo.

4. A. prasinosceles, Swinhoe, “ China.”

Not recognizing the fact that Boddaert and Gmelin founded their titles on the same

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES, 99

plate, Mr. Blyth (Ibis, 1865, p. 38) called the Indian bird Jewcoptera, Bodd., and that
of the Malayan peninsula and Sumatra malaccensis, Gm.

HeEropias, Borg.

171. Heropras nicripes (Temm.), Man. d’Orn. 2nd edit. part iv. p. 376, “L’Archipel
des Indes” (1840); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardee, p. 14, “Lac de Gorontalo,
Celebes.”

Not possessing a sufficient number of examples of H. garzetta (Linn.) and its allies
to attempt an elucidation of its races, their habitats, and synonymy, I have followed
Temminck, and given to the Celebean bird the title by which the Dutch zoologist
distinguished the little Egret of India, of the Malay archipelago, and of New Guinea,
from the European, North Asiatic, and Japanese bird. Professor Schlegel (J. c.) does
not admit their specific distinction, and includes all under A. garzetta, Linn. To him
we owe the important fact that Temminck founded his A. nigripes on examples from
Java, Borneo, and Celebes now in the Leyden Museum. We are thus provided with a
clue to the maze of confusion into which Prince Bonaparte (Consp. ii.) has thrown the
synonymy of the White Egrets (conf. Schlegel, op. cit. p. 19).

172. Heropias EGReTTA (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 629 (1788), ex Buff. Hist. Nat.
Ois. vii. p. 377, “ America;” Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardea, p. 17.

Hab. Gorontalo (Lorsten).

I adopt Professor Schlegel’s determination with reserve, its correctness depending on
the identity of the Asiatic with the American bird. The Celebean example is probably
the H. alba (L.), ap. Jerd. (Birds of India), =A. modesta, Gray & Hardw., A. alba
vera being restricted by Professor Schlegel to Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and
Western Asia. The history of the Egrets has yet to be written.

Arpetra, G. R. Gray.

173. ARDETTA SINENSIS (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 642 (1788), ex Lath., “ China.”

Ardea melanoptera, Cuvier, Mus. Paris. Puch.; Rev. Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 575.
melanophis, Cuv., ap. Less. Tr. p. 578, errore.

lepida, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 190, “ Java.”

-—— melanotis, Cuv., ap. G. R. Gray, Genera, iii. Append. p. 25, errore.

Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.); all India (Jerdon); Java (Horsf.); Ceylon, Arracan
(Blyth); China, from Canton to Tientsin, Formosa, in summer (Swinhoe); Borneo,
Philippines (Mus. Lugd.); Ladrone or Marian Isles (?) (@. R. Gray).

I cannot concur with Mr. Blyth nor with Dr. Jerdon in regarding Ardea nebulosa,
Horsf. (/. c.), as belonging to this species. Horsfield’s diagnosis applies far better to
Ardetia cinnamomea (Gm.). The expression “cauda remigibusque badiis” appears to
me conclusive.

Q2

100 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

DemiecreTta, Blyth.
174. Demineretta sacra (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 640, ex Latham.

Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.).

Two examples of an Ashy Egret were received from Menado in the dark ashy phase,
but wanting the crest, dorsal trains, and pectoral plumes of the breeding-plumage.
Both have a narrow median white line commencing at the chin and descending, with
broken intervals, down the throat. No other part of the plumage is white. The wing
measures 103 inches; the bill, from the forehead, 3 inches; the tarsus 2} inches;
middle toe, without the nail, 1 inch. The dimensions of the bill, tarsus, and middle
toe are much less than those given by Dr. Jerdon of the Indian bird, D. asha (Sykes).

Dr. O. Finsch (Centralpolyn. p. 201) has united all the titles given to the numerous
named local races of this species under Gmelin’s title of sacra, bestowed by him on the
Sacred Heron of Latham, brought by Sir J. Banks from Otaheite. A want of a suf-
ficient number of examples prevents me from questioning the correctness of this
deduction, and I therefore provisionally adopt Gmelin’s title. For an elaborate essay
on the species, conf. Finsch & Hartl. J. ¢.

Nycticorax, Stephens.

175. Nycticorax GRISEUS (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 239 (1766); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-
Bas, Ardee, p. 58.

Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten); Europe, Africa, Asia, America (Ardea gardeni, Gm.).

176. Nycricorax CALEDONICUS (Gm.), Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 626, “Nova Caledonia”
(1788), ex Lath. Syn. iii. p. 55; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardew, p. 59.
Ardea maculata, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. lxiv (1801), “ New Holland,” fide Strickl. Ann. Nat.
Hist. xi. p. 338, av. juv.
Hab. Macassar (S. Miller); Tondano (Forsten); Timor, Gilolo, Morty Island, Am-
boyna (JZus. Lugd.); New Caledonia (type); Australia (Gould); Cape York (mus. nostr.).
Ardea caledonica, Forster, apud Meyen (N. Act. Ac. C. L. C. xvi. Suppl. prim. p. 103),
seems to be Nycticorax manilensis, Vigors; and I have therefore omitted the Philippines
from the range of Gmelin’s species.

BuToriDEs, Blyth.
177. Buroripes javanica (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 190, “Java” (1822);
Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardea, p. 44.
Hab. Gorontalo (Forsten); Menado (mus. nostr.).
The range of this Heron cannot be accurately stated until its conspecies have been
studied and defined. Conf. Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolynes. p. 207, by whom,
however, no specific differences are admitted to exist. My Menado example is in full

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 101

breeding-plumage, and conspicuously differs from Indian and Cingalese examples in
having the crown and crest dark green, almost black, instead of a much lighter shade
of green. Other differences are to be detected, which may not prove constant. For
instance, in a Ceylon example, all the wing-coverts, and the four secondary quills
nearest the body, are bordered with bright ochreous yellow, and not with white as in
the Menado individual. If the Menado bird agrees with the Javan, Mr. Hodgson
appears to have been justified in separating the continental form under the title of
chloriceps.

CICONTID.

MELANOPELARGUS, Reichenbach.
178. MELANOPELARGUS EPISCOPUS (Bodd.), Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), ex Daubent. Pl. Enl. 906.
Ardea leucocephala, Gm. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 642, “ Coromandel” (1788), ex Buffon, Hist. Nat.
Ois. vil. p. 370; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ciconie, p. 11.
Hab. Saoussou, in June (Rosenberg) ; Ceylon (mus. nostr.); all India, Burma (Jerdon) ;
Java, Borneo (Mus. Lugd.); Tropical Africa (Schlegel). Conf. O. Finsch & Hart]. Vég.
Ost-Afr. pp. 722, 723.

TANTALID.

FacineLuus, Bechstein.

179. FALcInELLUS 1GNEUs (S. G. Gmelin), Nov. Comm. Ac. Scient. Imp. Petropol. xv.
p- 460, pl. 18' (1771).

Numenius viridis, 8. G. Gmelin, op. cit. p. 462, pl. 19.

Tantalus castaneus, P. L. 8. Miiller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 112 (1776), ex Marsigli.

Falcinellus peregrinus (S. Miller), Mus. Lugd., Bp. Consp. ii. p. 159, “ Celebes, Java” (1857).

Ibis falcinellus, Vieill., Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Idis, p. 2.

Tantalus falcinellus, Linn. 8. N. ed. 12, i. p. 241 (1766).

Hab. Gorontalo, female, moulted, 30th September—male, in almost perfect plumage,
1st October—female in almost perfect plumage, September—male, moulted 30th Sep-
tember; Northern Celebes, male in perfect plumage; Celebes, examples in first
plumage (Forsten); Macassar, female, moulted, March (S. Miller).

I do not venture on the general distribution of the Glossy Ibis, as it is still an open
question whether the European, Asiatic, American, African, and Australian races are
identical (conf. Bp. J.¢.). §. Miiller’s specimen of Inocotis papillosa (Temm.), stated
by Prince Bonaparte (op. cit. ii. p. 154) to have been collected in Celebes, came from
Borneo (conf. Schlegel, op. cit. p. 10).

1 J. F. Gmelin (8. N. p. 649) quotes the thirteenth plate, thus copying a misprint in S. G. Gmelin’s text,
The thirteenth plate represents Caccabis rufa (Linn.),

102 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

ANSERES.
ANATIDZ.

QUERQUEDULA, Stephens.
180. QuERQUEDULA crRcta (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 204.
Anas querquedula, L., Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Anseres, p. 49.

Hab. Limbotto, 8th January, male in imperfect plumage—6th and 13th Jannary,
females (Von Rosenberg); Europe, Northern Africa, Asia to Island of Formosa.

Q. humeralis, Miiller (Verhandl. p. 159), described from examples obtained on the
north shores of Java, is not admitted to be distinct by Professor Schlegel.

Mareca, Stephens.

181. Marca qipperirrons, 8. Miiller, Verhandel. p. 159, “Celebes;” Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, Anseres, p. 58.

Anas gracilis, Buller, Ibis, 1869, p. 41, “New Zealand.”

Hab. Gorontalo, young bird and an adult male; Menado, adult male; Tondano,
male; Pegoiat, female, in November (Forsten); Ayer-pannas, 18th August, male,
13th August, female; Panybie, 13th September, female (Von Rosenberg); Macassar,
female (Miiller); Timor (Miller); near Port Essington (Mus. Lugd); Australia (Ver-
reaux); near Melbourne, S. Australia (Ferd. Miller); New Caledonia (Verreaua) ;
Flores (Wallace); New Zealand (Buller).

Professor Schlegel (/.c.) remarks that Celebean examples are smaller than those
from other localities. It is probably this species that Mr. Gould alludes to (B. Austr.
8vo, il. p. 366) as one of the races of VM. punctata (Cuvier) found in Australia.

DENDROCYGNA, Swainson.

182. Denwprocyena cuTTata (Forsten), Mus. Lugd.; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Anseres,
p. 85, “ Celebes.”

Dendrocygna guttulata, Temm.; Wallace, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 36.

» Miller; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1864, p. 300.

Hab. Limbotto, lst September, adult male; Panybie, 12th September, adult female ;
Kema, 24th August, adult male and female (Von Rosenberg); Ternate, Gilolo (Bern-
stein); island of Kelang, Amboyna (Hoedt); Bouru, Ceram (Wallace); Goram, Aru,
Little Key (Von Rosenberg).

183. DenpRocyena vacans, Eyton, MS. ; Fraser, Zool. Typica, pl. 68, “‘ Manilla” (1849) ;
Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Anseres, p. 88; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 300.

Hab. Tondano, December, adult female (Forsten); Limbotto, 9th January, adult

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 103

male; Gorontalo, 27th May and 20th July, male and female; Ayer-pannas, 11th, 15th,
17th August, males and females; Limbotto, 13th September, female; Pagouat 29th
July, a nestling (Von Rosenberg); Macassar, E. Timor (Wallace); Philippines (Cum-
ing); Java (Diard); New Caledonia (Verreaux). Conf. Hartl. & Finsch, Centralpolyn.
p. 212.

According to Mr. Sclater (J. c.) there appear to be three races of this Tree-Duck—
the Philippine, which is the type, the Australian (D. gouldi, Bp.), and the one inhabiting
Celebes and Timor. It is true that at a later date (P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 149) Mr. Sclater
maintained that the three races are not separable. Professor Schlegel mentions that
this species only occurs accidentally in Java.

LARID.

STERNIN A.

HypROCHELIDON, Boie.

184. HypRocHELipon ni@Rra (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 227 (1766); Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, Sterne, p. 31.

Hab. Northern Celebes (Forsten, fide Schlegel); Northern Africa; Southern Europe ;
Northern and Eastern Asia.

I include this species on Professor Schlegel’s authority. It has not been recorded
from any other island of the Malay archipelago, although found throughout China
(Swinhoe). Its occurrence in India rests on the evidence of specimens collected by
Dr. L. Stewart (Jerd. B. of India, iv. App. p. 875); in what part of India, is not
mentioned.

185, HypRocHELIDON LEUCOPAREIA (Natterer), Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2nd ed. ii. p. 746
(1820), “ Hungary;” Verner, Atlas, pl.

Sterna grisea, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 199, “ Java” (1822).

hybrida, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiatica, ii. p. 338 (1831), “ Volga;” Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,

Sterne, p. 32.

Viralva indica, Stephens, Shaw, Gen. Zool. Aves, xiii. p. 169, “India”’ (1825), ex Lath. Gen. Hist.
x. p. 103. no. 5.

Sterna delamotia, Vieill. Ency. Méth. Orn. Add. i. p. 350, “ Europe” (1823).

similis, J. E. Gray, Ilust. Ind. Zool. i. pl. 70. f. 2, ex India (1832).

Hydrochelidon flwiatilis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 140, “interior of New South Wales.”

delalandii, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 773, “ Cap. B. Spei” (1856).

Hab. Lake of Gorontalo, 8th of October, female passing into winter plumage (Forsten)
Pontianac, in Borneo (Diard); abundant in India (Jerdon); Ceylon (mus. nostr.); S.-W.
Formosa (Swinhoe); interior of Australia (Gould); Cape York (mus. nostr.); Java
(Horsfield); South and South eastern Europe; Northern and Western Africa.

104 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

Onycuoprion, Wagler.

186. ONnycHOPRION MELANAUCHEN (Temm.), Pl. Col. 427, “Celebes” (April 25, 1827);
Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Sterne, p. 28; Finsch & Hart]. Centralpolyn. p. 224 ;
S. Miller, Verhandel. Land- en Volkenk. p. 125.

Sterna sumatrana, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 329, “Sumatra” (1822).

Hab. Celebes (Reinwardt); Ternate, Morty, Raou (Bernstein); west coast of New
Guinea (S. Miller); common in the straits and bays of the Lobo district (S. Miller);
Bay of Bengal (Jerdon); Nicobars (Blyth); Andamans (Walden); New Caledonia
(Verr.); Loyalty Islands (G. R. Gray); Viti-Levu, Ovalu, Stewart Islands (Finsch &
Hartl.); Cape York (Macgillivray); Sumatra (Raffles).

An Andaman and a New-Guinea example in my collection are identical.

There can be little doubt that this is the S. swmatrana, Raffles. A title, most inap-
propriate, but which has priority.

187. ONYCHOPRION AN&ZSTHETUS (Scopoli), Del. Fl. Faun. Insub. ii. p. 92. no. 72 (1786),
ex Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guin. pl. 84.
Sterna panayensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, i. p. 607 (1788), ex Sonnerat, J. c.
panaya, Gm.; Finsch & Hartl. Orn. Centralpolyn. p. 228; Vogel Ost-Afr. p. 833.
Hab. (Salayer) Celebes (Wallace).
An example of this species, in young plumage, was obtained by Mr. Wallace at
Salayer.
For complete synonymy and distribution conf. O. Finsch & Hartl. (1. ¢.).

PELECANOPUS, Wagler.

188. PELEcaNorus MEDIvs (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. p. 199, “ Java” (1822).

Sterna affinis (Cretzsch.), Riipp. Reise, p. 23, pl. 14, “coasts of the Red Sea” (1826); Schlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Sterne, p. 6.

—— bengalensis, Cuv. Mus. Paris; Less. Tr. p. 621. no. 9, “cdtes de Inde” (1831) ; Pucheran,
Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 512; conf. Jerd. Birds Ind. iii. p. 843; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 39;
op. cit. (1867) p. 177.

Thalasseus torresi, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1842, p. 140, “ Port Essington.”

Hab. Macassar, March (S. Miller); North Celebes (Forsten).

If Mr. Blyth’s identifications of the North-African and South-Asiatic species be
correct, the range of this Tern extends from Sicily to Madagascar, the coasts of India,
of Northern Australia, and the islands of the Malay archipelago, at least as far as
Celebes. It must be remembered, however, that Dr. Pucheran (/.c.) has stated that
the Abyssinian and Bengal species differs “ par plus de noir dans les rémiges et par son
bec moins courbé, et par cela méme plus droit.” (Conf. Finsch & Hartl. Vogel
Ost-Afrika’s, p. 830.)

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 105

189. Percanopus crisratus (Stephens), Shaw, Gen. Zool. contin. Aves, xiii. p. 146,
“ China, many of the south-eastern islands of Asia” (1825).

Sterna pelecanoides, King, Surv. Intertrop. Austr. ii. App. Aves, p. 422 (1827) ; Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, Sterne, p. 9.

velox, Riipp.; S. Miiller, Verhandel. Land- en Volkenk. p. 125.

bergii, Lichtenst.; Finsch & Hartl. Centralpolyn. p. 216, part.

Hab. Celebes, female, winter plumage (Forsten); Batchian, Gilolo, Morty, Oby
(Berstein); Ceram (Forsten); Timor, west coast of New Guinea (S. Miller); Flores
(Semmelink); coast of W. Australia, Port Essington, Torres Straits (Gould); Mysol
(Wallace); Java (8. Miller); mouth of the Hoogly, Madras, Malabar coast (Jerdon) ;
Southern China, Formosa (Swinhoe).

A race of this species, probably belonging to the Asiatic form, inhabits many of the
islands still more to the eastward. Messrs. Finseh & Hartlaub (/. c.) have united the
large Sea-Terns of Eastern Africa (S. velox, Riipp.) and of South Australia and Van
Dieman’s Land (Thalasseus poliocercus, Gould) with the Asiatic and North-Australian
species, under the title of S. bergii, Lichtenstein, bestowed on a Cape-of-Good-Hope
individual. Professor Schlegel, in his masterly catalogue (J. c.), keeps these representa-
tive forms separate, but with much reluctance. With the exception of 7. poliocercus,
the facts known favour the opinion that the species are severally permanent residents
in the localities they frequent. Dr. S. Miiller, who identified the New-Guinea bird
with the Red-Sea S. velox, Riipp., states (/. c.) that it is known to the inhabitants of
the straits and bays of the Lobo district by the name of Ressa. Ata subsequent date
he appears to have regarded it as a distinct species; for Professor Schlegel cites Sterna
ressa, 8. Miller, as a synonym.

PODOCIPIDZ.

Popicrrs, Latham.

190. PopicePrs minor (Gm.), 8. N. ed. 18, i. p. 591 (1788); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
Urinatores, p. 45.

Hab. Panybie (Von Rosenberg).

According to Professor Schlegel the Little Grebe of Java and Celebes is identical
with that of Europe; and provisionally I refer the Celebean bird to the European
species. But judging from the few South-Asiatic examples I have been able to
compare with European individuals, I am not prepared to admit their identification
as absolute. For instance, the Javan Little Grebe has an exceedingly stout bill
which measures seven eighths of an inch in length, the wing being four inches and
a quarter. The cheeks, chin, and throat are black; and a dark ferruginous line starts
from behind each eye, and extends down each side of throat. Thus the Javan bird
closely resembles the Australian P. gularis, Gould—a species, however, which Professor
Schlegel does not admit.

VOL. VIII.—PART I. May, 1872. R

106 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

PELECANID~.

Dysporvs, Illiger.
191. Dysporus suLa (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. p. 218, “ Pelago indico” (1766).
Sula fiber, G. R. Gray; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Pelecani, p. 41.

Hab. Celebes (Mus. LIngd.). On the general distribution of this species, conf.
Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 261.

PHALAcRocoRAX, Brisson.

192. PHALOocROCORAX MELANOLEUCUS (Vieill.), Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vol. viii. p. 88,
New Holland (1817); Gould, Birds Austr. vii. pl. 70; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
Pelecani, p. 15.

Hab. Celebes, nuptial plumage (mus. nostr.); Gorontalo, imperfect plumage (Forsten);
Gilolo, Timor (Mus. Lugd.); Tasmania, every part of Australia (Gould); Salwati (mus.
nostr.).

Protvs, Linneeus.
193. PLorus MELANOGASTER (Forster), Zool. Ind. p. 22, pl. xii. “ Java, Ceylon” (1781).

Hab. Menado (mus. nostr.); all India, Ceylon, Burma (Jerdon); Java (Mus. Lugd.) ;
Australia (Schlegel).

A single example of a Plotus in adult male plumage is in my possession, collected
near Menado. It does not appear to differ from Indian examples. P. nove-hollandia,
Gould, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 34, is not admitted as distinct from P. melanogaster by
Professor Schlegel. Mr. Gould relies on its shorter scapularies and larger size.

List of species stated by various authors to occur in Celebes for which there is not
sufficient authority :—

Urospiza torquata (Cuv.), Hand-list Birds Brit. Mus. no. 327.

Scops mantis, J. Miiller, op. cit. no. 477.

Halcyon diops, Temm., op. cit. no. 1107.

Halcyon funebris, Forsten, op. cit. no. 1126.

Philemon moluccensis' (Gm.), op. cit. no. 2074.

Philemon inornatus, G. R. Gray, op. cit. no. 2077.

Philemon? collaris, Reichenbach, op. cit. no. 2083. The genus Philemon is un-
known in Celebes.

Climacteris leucophea (Lath.), op. cit. no. 2521. The genus Climacteris is un-
known in Celebes.

Dicrurus bimaénsis, Temm. op. cit. no. 4212.

Dicrurus atroceruleus, G. R. Gray, op. cit. no. 4220.

* This species is a Mimeta (conf. Wallace, P.'Z. 8. 1863, p 26).

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 107

Drymophila alecto, Temm. op. cit. no. 4794. The genus Drymophila is unknown
in Celebes.

Lalage aurea, Temm. op. cit. no. 5114.

Calornis metallica, Temm. op. cit. no. 6376.

Munia pallida, Wallace, op. cit. no. 6756.

Eos cochinsinensis (Lath.), op. cit. no. 8202. The genus Hos is unknown in
Celebes.

Psittacus cyanicollis, S. Miller and Schl. op. cit. no. 8275.

Prtilinopus flavicollis, G. R. Gray, op. cit. no. 9125.

Ptilinopus xanthogaster (Wagler), op. cit. no. 9136.

Ptilinopus hyogaster (Reinw.), op. cit. no. 9144.

Macropygia leptogrammica (Temm.), op. cit. no. 9305.

Reinwardtena reinwardti (Temm.), op. cit. no. 9310. The genus Reinwardtena
is unknown in Celebes.

Most of the erroneous habitats enumerated in the above list are transcribed from the
older authors. In nearly every instance they have been corrected by more recent
writers, especially by S. Miiller, Schlegel, Wallace, and O. Finsch.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE III.
Outline Map of Celebes and the adjoining islands, p. 23.

PLATE IV.

Trichoglossus meyeri, p. 32. From a specimen in Lord Walden’s collection.

PLATE V.

Buceros exaratus, 13,22, p.47. From specimens in Lord Walden’s collection.

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Artamus monachus, p. 67. From a specimen in Lord Walden’s collection.
Fig. 2. Geocichla erythronota, p.61. From the typical specimen in Mr. A. R. Wallace’s
- collection.
PLATE VII.
Fig. 1. Myialestes helianthea, p. 66.

Fig. 2. Hypothymis puella, p.66. >From specimens in Mr. A. R. Wallace’s collection.
Fig. 3. Cyornis rufigula, p. 66.

108

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.

. Volvocivora morio, p. 69.
. Lalage leucopygialis, p. 69.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

PLATE VIII.

\ From specimens in Lord Walden’s collection.

PLATE IX.

. Munia brunneiceps, p. 73.
. Zosterops intermedia, p. | rm specimens in Mr. A. R. Wallace’s collection.
. Zosterops atrifrons, p. 72.

PLATE X.

. Acridotheres cinereus, p. 77. From a specimen in Lord Walden’s collection.
. Aigialites peronti, p. 90. From a specimen in Mr. A. R. Wallace’s collection.

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[ 109 ]

III. Appendix to a List of Birds known to inhabit the Island of Celebes. By ARTHUR,
Viscount Wa.peEn, F.RS., President of the Society.

Read May 7th, 1872.

[Puates XI. to XIII.]

I. Additional Observations on the Birds included in the previous List.

WHILE the List of Celebean Birds contained in the preceding pages was passing
through the press the island of Celebes was being visited and its zoology investigated
by a most indefatigable collector and naturalist, Dr. Bernhard Meyer. With the
greatest liberality Dr. Meyer has permitted me to examine all the birds collected by him
in Celebes; and I avail myself of this opportunity to thank him for his courtesy. The
additional materials thus placed at my disposal have enabled me to add to the list several
species which had not previously been known to inhabit Celebes, as well as a few more
which were altogether new to science. The considerable number of examples, repre-
senting the rarer species, collected by Dr. Meyer, has also rendered it possible and
desirable to add some supplementary observations. The greater part of the collection
was made in North Celebes, and consequently on old ground; yet Dr. Meyer has added
twelve species new to the island, and at least four of which were previously undescribed.
In the Togian islands a small collection was likewise made, showing that these islands,
as we might have naturally supposed, possess a generally Celebean ornis; yet, among the
small number of species thus obtained, two’ were new to science, and have not as yet
been discovered on the mainland of Celebes.

TERASPIZA RHODOGASTRA, anted, p. 33. (Plate XI.)

Three stages of immature plumage, hitherto undescribed, are represented by three
individuals obtained in North Celebes.

One, a male (Pl. XI.), has the head dark brown, mixed with rufous. The back,
wings, and tail are bright rufous. The nuchal and dorsal feathers are centred with
dark brown. The wing-coverts have each a black subterminal drop. The secondary
quills are crossed by five distinct black bands. The basal halves of the primaries are
banded with brown and pale rufous alternating; the terminal halves are light brown,
obscurely banded with dark brown, rufous replacing the light brown on the outer webs.
On the under surface of the quills the dark brown bands are better defined and more
conspicuous. The five middle pairs of rectrices have four broad black bands, besides

1 Loriculus quadricolor, Walden, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ix. p. 398; and Criniger aureus, Walden,
dc. p. 400.

VOL. VIII.—PART 11. May, 1872. 8

110 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES,

an obscure brown band at the root of the feathers. The outer pair have seven bands.
The plumage of the under surface of the body is fulvous, each feather with a bold
brown longitudinal central stripe. The under tail- and shoulder-coverts are unspotted
fulvous. The middle toe is very long; and the tail is conspicuously forked.

The second example is of a young female, much resembling the male above described,
but having bold brown drops on the under shoulder-coverts and axillaries, and the
general colouring of the upper surface not quite so bright a chestnut. In it also the
tail is not forked, and the outer pair of rectrices are shorter than the middle.

The third example is of a young female passing from the chestnut plumage of no. 2
into that of the adult. The nuchal feathers are ashy; and a few similar plumes are
interspersed on the throat and upper part of the breast. The breast-feathers and a few
on the flanks are pure vinous red. A few of the upper tail-coverts are dark ashy; and
one of the long wing-coverts has come in ash-coloured, and with two pure white spots

on the inner web. The chestnut colouring of the remainder of the plumage is very
dingy and faded. The tail is not forked.

Dimensions.
Rectrices, Toes,
Wing. Tarsus.
Middle.| Outer. Outer. | Middle.| Inner. | Hallux.
inches. | inches. | inches. | inches. | inch. inch. inch. inch.

750 | 6-75 | 663 | 2:25 | 113] 1:62) -75 ‘75 |Q. Changing into adult plumage.
7-50 | 6:50 | 612) 2:13 | 1:12] 1:50] -75 ‘75 |. Immature.
6 5-12 | 5:50 | 1:87 *81 | 1:18) -50 ‘50 |g. Immature.

The toes are measured without the nails. The nails of the inner toe and hallux are

very large, strong, and equal. Those of the middle and outer toes are slender and
short.

TACHYSPIZA SOLOENSIS (Horsf.), anted, p. 34.

This species also inhabits China, extending at least as far north as Pekin (Swinhoe,
(P. Z.S. 1871, p. 342).

LIMNAETUS LANCEOLATUS, Bp., anted, p. 34.

Four examples from North Celebes have reached me—two (male and female) fully
adult, and two (male and female) in the immature plumage already described (. s. c.).
The adult pair do not differ; and the example of the immature female only differs from
that of the male by having the two pairs of middle rectrices more frequently banded
and in a different manner. In the adult birds of both sexes the middle rectrices have
a broad, terminal, dark brown band; then, above, a broader band of pale greyish brown,
and then three narrow dark brown bands separated by broad pale bands. This is also

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 111

the character of the banding on the middle rectrices of the immature male. But in the
immature female there is no terminal dark brown band, and the middle rectrices are
almost evenly divided by seven pale and seven dark-brown bands. Yet in all other
respects the immature pair are identical in plumage.

PERNIS CELEBENSIS.
Pernis ptilorhyncha (Temm.), anted, p. 36.

An examination of several examples of the Celebean Honey-Buzzard has convinced
me that it is distinct from the Indian and Javan species. In this view I am only con-
curring with both Messrs. Gurney and Wallace, and therefore propose the above title
for it. The remarkable resemblance of this species to Limnaétus lanceolatus, in adult
plumage, has been commented on by Mr. Wallace and Professor Schlegel.

Upper surface brown. Chin, throat, and cheeks white, each feather broadly centred
with dark brown. Breast pale rufous, some of the feathers with brown central stripes.
Abdominal and ventral region, flanks, under wing- and tail-coverts, and the thigh-coverts
white, with two, three, or four broad transverse bands. ‘Tail crossed by three broad
dark-brown bands, one being terminal; between the terminal band and the next a
broad, light greyish-brown band of irregular shading and marking ; between the second
dark-brown band and the third a paler brown band.

YuNGIPICUS TEMMINCKII (Malherbe), anted, p. 41.

Dr. Meyer has sent a male as well as several females of this rare species. The male,
hitherto unknown, is peculiar in having the sides of the neck blood-red instead of a
narrow stripe behind the eyes. In other respects it exactly resembles the female.
Notwithstanding Bonaparte’s remark (Consp. i. p. 137, no. 20), this species in no way
resembles Y. kisuki. It is an isolated form, readily distinguished by its olive-brown
plumage, spotted on the wings with yellowish-white dots, by its fulvous upper tail-
coverts and rump, and by all its rectrices being barred rufous and brown.

MEROPOGON FORSTENI (Temm.), anted, p. 42.

This species has the first primary half the length of the second, which is a little
shorter than the third. The third and fourth are longest, and equal. The fifth is
somewhat shorter than the third and fourth, but longer than the second. In the
structure of the wing, therefore, it differs from both Merops and Melittophagus', but
agrees with Nyctiornis. The grooved culmen of Myctiornis is not present; but a shallow
channel extends from the base of the maxilla, on both sides of the culmen, for two

* Prince Bonaparte says (Consp. i. p. 164), “ale Melittophagi;” but in Melittophagus, M. minutus being the
type, the third quill is the longest, The African species which most resembles M. forsteni in the graduation of
the quills and the form of the rectrices, the middle pair excepted, is M. bullockoides, Smith.

§2

112 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

thirds of its length. This character is not possessed by either Myctiornis, Merops, or
Melittophagus. The rectrices are truncated, as in Myctiornis; but the middle pair are
elongated, as in Merops, and closely resemble in form and proportion those of WU. philip-
pensis. 'The feet are those of the family. The elongated pectoral plumes resemble in
character the same feathers in Nyctiornis. Altogether M. forsteni may be regarded as
a link uniting Vyctiornis to Merops, but most nearly allied to Nyctiornis.

Crycopsis FALLAX (Schlegel), anted, p. 45.

Several examples were obtained in North Celebes by Dr. Meyer.

Tanysiptera riedelit was not obtained in Celebes (conf. P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 1); and as yet
there is no evidence that the genus occurs in the island.

LyYNCORNIS MACROPTERUS, Bp., anted, p. 47.

This species, L. macrotis, Vigors, and L. temmincki, Gould, are representative forms,
closely resembling each other in plumage, but differing in size, the Celebean species
being a little smaller than the Philippine. J. cerviniceps, Gould, the giant of the
genus, differs considerably in colouring and markings.

EUDYNAMIS MELANORHYNCHA, Mill., anted, p. 53.

This species also passes through a rufous phase of plumage. The entire upper
surface, in one individual, is deep bay, each feather being traversed by broad and per-
fectly regular black bands. The chin, throat, and cheeks darker bay, with longitudinal
black central streaks. A broad white stripe from the rictus to the neck. Lower
plumage fulvous, with narrow, crooked, transverse markings. Edge of shoulder white.

CrnTROCOCCYX AFFINIS (Horsf.), anted, p. 56.
CENTROCOCCYX JAVANENSIS (Dumont), anted, p. 60.

I have had an opportunity of examining a large Celebean series of both these species,
and find that they do not differ from Javan individuals.

BRODERIPUS CELEBENSIS.
Broderipus coronatus (Swains.), anted, p. 60.

Of fourteen examples of the Celebean Broderipus collected by Dr. Meyer, seven have
the black coronal ring complete, and seven incomplete. One of the latter exhibits faint
traces of yellow at the tips of the lesser wing-coverts. The remaining thirteen speci-
mens are without any indication of a wing-spot. None have the middle pair of rectrices
completely black, although in one example they are nearly so; and yet it shows no
wing-spot. The series illustrates the progress of the coronal ring before uniting. In
one individual the black loral mark of Oriolus galbula extends behind the eye somewhat

ee

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 113

further than what is found in O. kundoo; in others it has extended still further, until
it is found encircling the head. Unfortunately Dr. Meyer has not noted the localities
of the several individuals, and we are left in doubt whether there are two species or
one; but, from the graduations the coronal ring exhibits, it seems likely that there is
but one species. This gradual development of the coronal ring has not been observed
in any other species of Broderipus, and, taken together with the almost total absence of
the wing-spot, separates the Celebean Oriole from all known species.

GEOCICHLA ERYTHRONOTA, Sclater, anted, p- 61.

Several examples were collected in North Celebes.

‘TRICHOSTOMA CELEBENSE, Strickl., anted, p. 62.
Obtained in North Celebes.

ARTAMUS MONACHUS, Temm., anted, p. 67.

Celebean examples are identical with those obtained in the Sula Islands.

GRAUCALUS TEMMINCKII, S. Miiller, antead, p. 68. (Plate XII.)

A few examples of this rare species were obtained in North Celebes by Dr. Meyer.

Corvus ENcA (Horsf.), anted, p. 74.

Two examples sent by Dr. Meyer from Celebes give me the opportunity of comparison
with the Javan species. I am unable to detect any difference, except in the dimensions,
the Javan bird being somewhat the largest. C. validus, Temm., as represented at
Malacca is a very distinct species.

Dimensions.
Bill 7

Wing. from fowslhsad. Tail.
inches. inches. inches.

C. enca, ex Java .......... 11°75 2°50 6-50
a OR ce 11-50 2-50 6-37

» ex Celebes........ 10:50 2:12 5-50

5 | Ngatiasiace aah aess 11:12 2-18 5°75

CALORNIS NEGLECTA, Walden, anted, p. 79.

Numerous examples of this species were obtained by Dr. Meyer in Celebes, thus
fully establishing its Celebean haditat.

OSMOTRERON VERNANS (Linn.), anted, p. 81.

On examination of a large series of the Celebean form from North Celebes I find

114 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

that the grey cap is paler than in Malaccan examples. The greenish tinge on the
throat is common to individuals from both localities. I can find no difference between
the amount of lilac on the neck (conf. Wallace, Ibis, 1863, p. 320). Mr. Maingay
obtained the male and female of O. bicincta at Malacca.

CHALCOPHAPS STEPHANI, Jacq. & Puch. anted, p. 85.

A single example of this rare and well-marked species has been sent from North
Celebes by Dr. Meyer. It is in full plumage, and in every respect agrees with the
plate and description (J. s.¢.). If then the New-Guinea species differs, the origin of
the type must have been Celebes, and not New Guinea (west coast) as stated by
M. Pucheran (1. ¢.).

CHaLcopuars Inpica (Linn.), anted, p. 86.

Examples from North Celebes in no way differ from Ceylon, Indian, Burman,
Malaccan, and Javan individuals. Judging from the number of specimens obtained

by Dr. Meyer, this species cannot be so rare in Celebes as stated by Professor
Schlegel (J. s. ¢.).

Nycricorax caLEDonicvs (Gm.), anted, p. 100.

It may be inferred that this species breeds in Celebes, an example in spotted imma-
ture plumage having been obtained in the northern part of the island by Dr. Meyer.

II. List of Species to be added to the Celebean Avifauna.

Genus Caprimu.eus, Linn.
1. CaprimuLeus AFFINIS, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 142, “ Java” (1820).

Caprimulgus europeus, L. ap. Raffles, op. cit. p. 815, in part. “ Sumatra.”

Hab. Java (type); Sumatra (Raffles); East Timor, Lombock (Wallace); Celebes
(Meyer).

Dr. Meyer has sent from Celebes a single example of a Caprimulgus which appears
to belong to the species cited above. I have been unable to compare it with a Javan
individual; but it perfectly agrees with Lombock and East-Timor specimens. Four
pairs of rectrices are missing; and it is otherwise in indifferent order; I therefore add a
short description of the species, taken from a Lombock individual—Horsfield’s account,
the only one published, being very meagre.

Above, the general aspect of the plumage is iron-grey, somewhat mixed with brown,
caused by the feathers being finely dotted or sprinkled with black and grey, here and
there with fulvous. In some of the crown-feathers black prevails; but there are no
regular stripes on the head. On the sides of the throat are two white spots. The
lower breast-feathers are fulvous, with several well-defined brown transverse bars. The

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 115

ventral region and the under tail-coverts are fulvous, without any markings. The major
wing-coverts are distinctly banded with alternate rufous and brown. A large white spot
on each of the first four primaries. The chin, throat, and upper breast are clothed with
feathers finely marked with fulvous-grey points on a brown ground. Many of the
upper breast-feathers with bold rufo-fulvous tips. The middle rectrices have the
general colouring and marking of the upper plumage, and are traversed by eight or
nine more or less distinct irregular black bands. The two outer pairs are pure white
throughout their entire length. The wing in six examples averages 6-25 inches, and
the tail 4:25.

This species, as has been well observed by Mr. Blyth (Cat. Calc. Mus. p. 84, note), is
as diminutive as C. monticola, Frankl.

2. CAPRIMULGUS, sp. ?

A large dark-coloured Caprimulgus is among the novelties obtained in Celebes by
Dr. Meyer. The example is unfortunately in such indifferent order that the inherent
difficulties which attend the discrimination of many species of the family are very much
increased. Above, this Celebean Goat-Sucker closely resembles Javan examples of C.
macrourus, Horsf. Underneath, it is darker in colour, and the transverse barring of the
abdominal plumage is less regular and well defined. The principal points in which it
differs from a considerable series of C. macrourus are:—the great length of the rictal
bristles, which measure a full inch; the greater length of the bill; the smallness of the
terminal white spots on the two outer pairs of rectrices; and the peculiar markings on
the under surface of all the rectrices except the middle pair. In true C. macrourus
the white terminal spot on the outer pair of rectrices measures about two inches; in
this individual it measures only seven eighths of an inch. In the Javan bird the under
surface of the rectrices is more or less uniform brown, without markings; this
Celebean bird has some eleven or twelve distinct narrow rufous bars crossing the
rectrices. Its first primary has no white spot, while on each of the three next it is
much smaller than in C. macrourus, which has a large white spot on all four primaries.
The length of wing is equal to the average length observable in the Javan bird, seven
and a quarter inches; nor do the dimensions of the tail (six inches) differ.

As there are two Bornean species, C. arundinaceus, Jacq. & Puch., and C. binotatus,
Bp., which have yet to be satisfactorily identified, I refrain from conferring a distinct
title on this Celebean Nightjar.

Cucuuus, Linn,
3. CucuLus canorvs, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 168 (1766).

A single specimen obtained by Dr. Meyer in North Celebes is not to be distinguished
from a British-killed example of the adult Common Cuckoo. The wing alone is
shorter, 7°50 against 8°31; the tail is equal. ‘Two other specimens, with the upper

116 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

plumage changing to the adult stage, the transverse, pectoral, and abdominal bands
rather broader, and with immaculate buff under tail-coverts, seem to belong to the same
species; and a fourth, in bright chestnut and brown plumage, must be referred to it.
Without the example in full plumage it would have been difficult to say whether the
other three did not belong to C. canoroides, Miller. If C. canoroides is equal to C.
saturatus, Hodgs., =C. himalayanus, ap. Jerd., it is a very distinct form; but I have
never met with an Archipelagic Cuckoo in the dark adult plumage of Himalayan
C. saturatus. Timor and Amboyna examples of so-called C. canoroides only differ
from those of C. canorus by having a shorter wing. But individuals of C. canorus
from different parts of the Old World (that is, individuals identical in plumage) vary
extremely in the length of wing, as the following table shows :—

Bngland secisiavaweiessasavaeeeannw we 8°31

ADYESIMG cassia Rakisde Rae ewe sere ekeels 9-00

Menado: \ccayses eiesae os ie Saie reais eee 7-50 | These measurements are taken from

Déyra Doon, signs edad ss oe Bienes ain oa 8-00 {| examples in fully adult plumage,
a yy ad at ere ates ee aber toh de 8°75 and almost identical in colouring

Tindal aig operates arg oe Oe Pvalasasee gd 8a) 308 9:50 and marking.

PHUippines. vcgo.cs aa ge can wee wane 9-25

Simla, apenas owen ve View eee es ees sey x 8-50

Hirrococcrx, S. Miiller.

4, Hierococcyx crassrrostris, Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ix. p. 305,
“ North Celebes” (1st April 1872). (Plate XIII.)

This species, in mature plumage, most nearly resembles C. micropterus, Gould.

5. tCACOMANTIS SEPULCRALIS (Miiller), Verhandel. p. 177, not., sp. 2, “ Java, Sumatra.”

For the present I refer three examples of a Cacomantis obtained by Dr. Meyer in
North Celebes to the Javan species, rather than create a new title; for without a
large series of individuals inhabiting all parts of the archipelago it is impossible to
discriminate the species belonging to this perplexing group.

One of the three Celebean examples is in fully mature plumage, and has the chin,
cheeks, and throat pale grey, the head iron-grey, the upper plumage deep bronze-
green, the breast, abdominal region, flanks, under tail-, and shoulder-coverts deep
rufous; the middle pair of rectrices are black, the outer one black-brown tipped with
white, and with one or two small white shallow triangular marks on the edge of the
inner webs; the quills are traversed by the usual white band. Wing 4:25 inches,
tail 5°75.

These Celebean individuals differ from all examples of the Javan C. sepuleralis known
to me in the much deeper bronze-green of the upper plumage, the much deeper rufous
of the under, and in their shorter wings and tail.

VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES. 117

6. CisticoLa @Rayi, Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ix. p. 400, “ North
Celebes” (1st May 1872).

CoryDALLA, Vigors.
7. CoRYDALLA GusTAVI (Swinh.), P. Z. S. 1863, p. 90, “‘China;” op. cit. 1871, p. 366.

Pipastes batchianensis, G. R. Gray, H.-list, i. p. 251. no. 3642, “ Batchian” (1869).
Anthus arboreus, var., G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 350, “ Batchian.”’

Hab. Amoy, China (Swinhoe); Batchian (Wallace); North Celebes (Meyer).
A single individual from North Celebes agrees well with the Batchian example
contained in the British Museum, and there identified by Mr. Swinhoe.

8. Cyornis BANYUMAS (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 146, “Java” (1820); Zool. Res.
in Java, pl. —.

Muscicapa cantatriz, Temm. Pl. Col. 226, ¢, 2 (1828).
? Muscicapa rufigastra, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 312, “ Sumatra.”

Hab. Java (type); Sumatra? (Raffles); Banjarmassing (mus. nostr.); North Celebes
(Meyer).

Undistinguishable from Javan examples.

HyY.LoterrPe, Cabanis.

9. HIYLOTERPE SULFURIVENTRA, Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ix. p. 399,
“North Celebes” (1st May 1872).
Hab. North Celebes (Meyer).

Myzome.a, Vigors & Horsfield.

10. MyzomEta cHLoRopTERA, Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ix. p. 399,
“ Celebes” (1st May 1872).

The discovery of this species adds another Papuan genus to the Celebean fauna.

GLAREOLID.

GLaREOLA, Brisson.

11. GLAREOLA GRALLARIA, Temm. Man. d’Ornith. vol. ii. p. 503, ““Austral-Asie” (October
1820); Gould, B. of Austr. vol. vi. pl. 22.

Hab. Moreton Bay (Gould); west Coast of New Guinea (Miller); Obi-major
(Bernstein); Flores (Semmelink); Borneo (Schwaner); Java (Kuhl and V. Hasselt) ;
Celebes (Meyer).

Several examples in mature and immature plumage were obtained in Celebes by
Dr. Meyer.

VOL. VIII.—PART 11. May, 1872. uy

118 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS OF CELEBES.

STERNULA, Boie.
12. SrernuLa minut (Linn.), 8, N. vol. i. p. 228 (1766).

Several examples from North Celebes have been sent by Dr. Meyer. They are all in
full plumage. Tail pure white.

These twelve additional species thus raise the number of authentically recorded
Celebean birds to two hundred and five.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XI.

Teraspiza rhodogastra, p. 109. From a specimen in Lord Walden’s collection.

PLATE XII.

Graucalus temminckii, p. 113. From a specimen in Lord. Walden’s collection.

PLATE XIII.

Hierococcysx crassirostris, p. 116. From specimens in Lord Walden’s collection.

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